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WORRY! 

(By  James  Edward  Hungerford) 

"I'VE  done  a  heap  of  WORRYING", 

Said  Silas  Siggsby  Brown, 

"And  'bout  my  work  gone  flurrying, 

My  brow  creased  in  a  frown! 

I've  laid  awake  nights  muttering 

O'er  frets  befallen  me, 

And  dire  predictions  uttering 

Of  WORSE  things  yet  to  be, 

Until  my  heart  was  fluttering; 

My  nerves  a-twitch,  b'gee! 

My  pigs,  they  were  not  fattening 

The  way  they'd  ought  to  fat; 

My  bank-roll,  it  was  Battening — 

And  prices  gone  to  SKAT! 

My  baby-chicks  were  sickening; 

My  cows  looked  sad  and  glum; 

The  trouble-clouds  were  thickening — 

And  WORSE  was  yet  to  come! 

"And  so  I  kept  on  WORRYING 

'Bout  things  a-getting  worse; 

A-plunging  headlong — hurrying 

Myself  into  a  hearse! 

My  days  were  spent  in  frittering 

The  hours  away  in  GRIEF; 

For  me  no  birds  were  twittering — 

There  was  no  'farm-relief; 

No  'silver-lining'  glittering — 

No  grain  in  any  sheaf! 

And  then  one  day,  while  puttering 

Around — I  saw  a  hen 

Hop  off  her  nest  a-fluttering, 

And  then  hop  ON  again! 

While  other  hens  were  scurrying 

For  WORMS,  as  up  they'd  bob, 

That  fool  hen,  she  was  burying 

Herself — and  raising  hob; 

A- fussing,  fretting,  flurrying — 

To  hatch  a  dern  DOOR-KNOB! 

And  right  there  I  quit  WORRYING— 
And  got  back  ON  THE  JOB!" 


ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 


a 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  INC.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  Section  1103,  act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,   1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters.  Stair  Builders,  Machine  Wood  Workers.  Planing  Mill  Men,  and 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

and  Joinprs  of  America,  at 

Carpenters'  Building,  222  E-  Michigan  Street,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Advertising  Department,  25  Third  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y.  <^^^>51 


Established  in   1881 
Vol.  LIV. — Xo.  1. 


INDIANAPOLIS,    JANUARY,    1934 


One  Dollar  Per  Tear 
Ten   Cents  a   Copy 


NOTICE     

The  publishers  of  "The  Carpenter"  reserve  the  right  to  reject  all  advertising  matter 
which  may  be,  in  their  judgment,  unfair  or  objectionable  to  the  membership  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America. 

All  contracts  for  advertising  space  in  "The  Carpenter,''  including  those  stipulated  as 
non-cancellable,  are  only  accepted  subject  to  the  above  reserved  rights  of  the  publishers. 


TODAY 

Each  day  is  a  fresh  adventure, 
Each  day  you  begin  anew, 
Yesterday  is  gone  forever, 
But  TODAY  belongs  to  you. 

Tomorrow  holds  no  promise 

That  you  its  tasks  may  do; 

Fill     each     moment     with     worth-while 

labor, 
For  today  belongs  to  you. 

Yesterday  is  gone  forever, 
"With  whate'er  it  brought  to  you 
Of  either  success  or  failure, 
But  today  belongs  to  you. 

So  plan  not  for  the  morrow, 
Its  sun  you  may  not  see, 
But  do  the  task  that's  nearest, 
Today  belongs  to  thee. 

— Ex. 


T  II  I '-     CARP  i:  N  TER 


THE  RIGHT  TO  STRIKE 

(By  Wm.  Green,  President,  A.  F.  of  L. ) 


HE  right  of  workers  to 
strike  is  not  questioned 
by  the  National  Recovery 
Act.  Even  though  we  may 
exercise  great  control  in 
the  situation  that  now  ex- 
ists, the  strike  weapon  is  still  available 
— the  right  to  strike  against  imposition 
of  injustice  is  inherent.  Recognizing 
that  serious  difficulties  may  arise  which 
will  result  in  strike,  the  administration 
has  set  up  a  national  labor  board  so  that 
there  may  be  a  tribunal  to  which  such 
difficulties  may  be  referred  for  speedy 
adjustment. 

Much  depends  upon  the  success  of 
the  re-employment  program.  Whatever 
retards  the  program  endangers  the  in- 
terests of  all.  This  is  a  time  to  hold 
our  lines  steady  and  united  for  a  for- 
ward movement.  Those  who  know  con- 
ditions realize  that  wage-earners  are 
often  forced  into  situations  where  they 
cannot  avoid  strikes.  When  forced  into 
such  situations,  wage-earners  can  ap- 
peal at  once  to  the  government,  placing 
responsibility  for  continuation  of  the 
difficulties  upon  public  officials. 

The  spirit  of  the  recovery  agencies  as 
provided  by  law  is  that  of  collective  bar- 
gaining; presentation  of  the  facts  and 
mutual  agreement  upon  conclusions  in 
the  light  of  discussion  and  factual 
evidence.  When  a  decision  has  been 
reached,  it  should  be  put  into  effect.  If 
workers  or  employers  wish  to  file  pro- 
test, they  should  have  that  right  but 
work  should  be  resumed  pending  fur- 
ther action. 

We  are  facing  a  crisis  in  our  effort 
to  save  our  national  institutions  and 
it  is  wise  to  avoid  interferences  with 
work  if  possible.  On  the  other  hand 
we  have  repeated  evidence  that  many 
employers  are  trying  to  evade  the  pro- 
visions of  the  recovery  act  and  that 
others  are  deliberately  trying  to  pre- 
vent the  intent  of  the  codes  to  which 
they  are  committed.  Under  such  con- 
ditions there  must  be  recourse  for  those 
workers  who  voluntarily  forego  the 
right  to  strike  in  order  to  co-operate  for 
a  larger  purpose. 

If  the  proposal  for  industrial  partner- 
ship is  to  succeed,  employers  must  do 
their  part.  Industrial  executives  with 
autocratic  power  had  full  responsibility 


and  what  was  the  result  of  their  leader- 
ship? 

The  terms  of  the  recovery  act  are 
unmistakable.  Workers  have  the  right 
to  organize  in  unions  and  bargain  col- 
lectively. When  employers  recognize 
this  right  and  provide  true  collective 
bargaining  procedure  for  every  stage 
of  relationship,  workers  will  not  need 
to  strike.  The  only  safe  way  to  abolish 
strikes  is  to  eliminate  their  causes. 

However,  unless  employers  do  their 
part,  no  amount  of  self-control  or  tol- 
erance on  the  part  of  wage-earners 
will  be  effective.  Employers,  who,  as 
a  matter  of  policy,  refuse  to  meet  a 
union  official,  are  in  effect  denying  em- 
ployes the  right  of  collective  bargain- 
ing. When  an  employer  deliberately 
refuses  to  discuss  issues  with  the  rep- 
resentatives of  employes,  employes  have 
no  alternative  but  force.  It  is  not 
enough  to  create  collective  bargaining 
and  arbitration  agencies — employers 
and  employes  must  use  these  agencies 
to  effectuate  their  purposes. 

Working  people  cannot  surrender  the 
right  to  strike.  The  strike,  in  the  last 
analysis,  is  the  only  power  which  they 
can  effectively  use  in  protecting  them- 
selves against  the  perpetuation  of  wrong 
and  in  defense  of  the  exercise  of  social 
and  economic  rights.  Working  people 
have  suffered  because  they  have  been 
forced  to  go  through  strikes  and  lock- 
outs after  they  have  exhausted  all 
peaceful  avenues  for  the  settlement  of 
controversies.  Under  no  circumstances 
can  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
and  its  affiliated  membership  surrender 
the  right  to  strike  for  the  purpose  of  se- 
curing higher  wages,  improved  condi- 
tions of  work,  and  the  right  to  organize 
and  bargain  collectively.  The  right  to 
strike  is  an  inalienable  right  of  free 
people  to  protect  themselves  against 
exploitation  and  suppression. 


A  certain  amount  of  opposition  is  a 
great  help  to  a  man.  Kites  rise  against 
and  not  with  the  wind.  Even  a  head 
wind  is  better  than  none.  No  navigator 
ever  worked  his  passage  anywhere  in  a 
dead  calm. — John  Neal. 


Keep  Your  Dues  Paid  Up 


THE     CARPENTER 


INCREASED   PRODUCTION    OF    LABOR    DEMANDS 
SHORTER  WORK  WEEK 

(By  Executive  Council,  A.  F.  of  L. ) 


HE  increased  production 
of  American  workers  by 
the  use  of  machinery  and 
other  technological  im- 
provements makes  neces- 
sary drastic  decrease  in 
the  length  of  the  work  day  and  work 
week  in  order  to  provide  jobs  for  the 
millions  whom  employers  ordinarily 
toss  into  the  unemployed  army  when  the 
prospect  of  increased  profits  leads  them 
to  substitute  iron  men  and  women  for 
human  beings  in  the  production  and  dis- 
tribution of  wealth,  said  the  Executive 
Council  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  in  their  report  to  the  Federa- 
tion's 1933  convention. 

The  maximum  work  week,  the  Coun- 
cil said,  should  not  exceed  30  hours. 

While  admitting  that  some  of  the 
present  army  of  over  11,000,000  jobless 
are  in  their  unfortunate  condition  be- 
cause of  the  business  depression,  the 
Council  claimed  that  a  "large  propor- 
tion" of  them  are  unemployed  as  the 
•'result  of  technological  improvements 
in  industry,  both  before  the  depression 
and  in  the  years  since  19  29. 

"A  report  of  the  National  Bureau  of 
Economic  Research  shows  a  12  per  cent 
increase  in  production  per  worker  per 
hour  from  1929  to  1932  in  manufactur- 
ing industries.  For  the  period  since 
19  3  2,  judging  from  the  statistical  data 
available,  production  per  man  hour  has 
increased  even  more  rapidly  with  the 
rising  industrial  activity  this  spring 
than  it  did  in  the  full  three  years  of  de- 
pression." 

These  figures,  the  Council  said,  are 
confirmed  by  the  statistics  on  produc- 
tion and  employment  compiled  by  the 
United  States  Department  of  Labor  and 
the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  which 
"show  from  1929  to  1932  a  5  per  cent 
greater  decline  in  man-hours  worked 
than  in  production,  while  from  the  1932 
level  to  July,  1933,  the  increase  in  the 
production  index  was  greater  by  24  per 
cent  than  the  increase  in  man-hours. 
The  figures  are  as  follows:  From  1929 
to  19  32  (three  years)  production 
dropped  47  per  cent,  man-hours  52  per 
cent;  from  1932  to  July,  193  3  (less  than 
one  year),  production  rose  49  per  cent, 
man-hours  only  25  per  cent.  Thus  in 
both  these  periods  the  indexes  show  a 


shrinking  amount  of  work  time  in  com- 
parison to  production." 

It  has  been  the  permanent  policy  of 
the  owners  of  industry  under  the  pres- 
ent system  to  grab  for  profits  all  the 
"savings"  resulting  from  the  practice 
of  substituting  machinery  for  working 
men  and  women  in  the  production  and 
distribution  of  wealth,  throwing  the  dis- 
placed workers  into  the  army  of  the  un- 
employed and  leaving  them  dependent 
on  public  and  private  charity  for  a  liv- 
ing for  themselves  and  their  families. 

The  Executive  Council  emphatically 
demands  the  discard  of  this  jungle  pol- 
icy for  the  ethically  just  and  decidedly 
humane  one  of  reducing  the  length  of 
the  work  day  and  work  week  in  propor- 
tion to  the  increase  of  the  workers'  out- 
put with  the  use  of  machinery. 

"These  figures,  together  with  the  fig- 
ures of  the  National  Bureau  of  Eco- 
nomic Research,"  the  Council  said,  "in- 
dicate that  we  must  expect  steadily  in- 
creasing production  in  future  and  must 
adjust  work-hours  accordingly  unless 
we  are  to  have  a  continuing  and  increas- 
ing problem  of  unemployment  through 
the  years. 

"At  present,  with  industry  still  far 
below  normal  levels,  a  very  consider- 
able shortening  of  the  work  week  is 
necessary  if  those  out  of  work  are  to 
find  jobs.  Figures  from  the  Labor  De- 
partment, showing  employment  and 
man-hours  worked  in  industry,  indicate 
that,  with  industry  at  the  July  level,  a 
work  week  reduced  to  28.4  hrs.  would 
be  necessary  to  give  jobs  to  all  those  em- 
ployed in  1929. 

"Therefore,  we  are  convinced  that  the 
work  week  should  be  well  below  40 
hours  at  present  and  a  considerable  pe- 
riod of  time  in  the  future. 

"Our  immediate  problem  is  the  army 
of  over  11,000,000  still  unemployed,  an 
army  which  will  grow  with  the  winter 
months.  How  are  we  to  feed  them? 
Where  can  we  find  the  funds  to  clothe 
and  house  them?  How  can  their  idle 
time  be  turned  to  produce  wealth  which 
will  keep  body  and  soul  together  until 
they  may  again  find  their  rightful  places 
in  productive  work? 

"For  the  coming  winter  there  is  no 
question  that  work-hours  should  not  be 
over  30  a  week." 


T  II  E     ('  V  R  P  E  N  T  E  It 


STRAN-STEEL— CARPENTERS'  WORK 

(By  Dexter  W.  Johnson) 


HIS  past  summer  one  of 
the  big  features  at  the 
Century  of  Progress  at 
Chicago  was  the  Stran- 
Steel  House.  Its  popular- 
ity was  shown  by  the 
long  lines  of  people  always  in  wait  out- 
side the  door.  From  opening  until  clos- 
ing time  people  from  all  over  the  coun- 
try flocked  through  the  house  in  large 
numbers. 

Many  of  the  best  modern  features 
marked  this  remarkable  house.  The 
ladies  liked  the  design  and  the  interior 
furnishings.  The  men,  and  especially 
those  in  the  building  game,  keenly  ap- 
preciated the  construction.  Steel  con- 
struction has  been  used  in  building  for 
a  long  time.  But  the  Stran-Steel  fram- 
ing with  which  this  house  was  built  im- 
pressed builders  with  its  practicability 
and  ease  of  assembly. 

Stran-Steel  is  a  light  steel  lumber 
which  is  designed  to  replace  wood  in  the 
framework  of  houses,  light  commercial 
structures,  garages,  partitions  and  all 
other  places  where  a  strong,  fire-safe 
material  is  required.  The  Stran-Steel 
studs  and  joists  are  formed  by  riveting 
together  two  channel  irons  placed  back 
to  back. 

Other  steel  materials  have  been  made 
in  this  way,  but  the  feature  of  Stran- 
Steel  is  its  nailing  groove.  The  backs 
of  the  channels  are  corrugated,  and 
when  they  are  fitted  together,  the  corru- 
gations of  one  channel  fit  nicely  into 
the  corrugations  in  the  other.  Nails 
driven  between  the  two  channels  natur- 
ally follow  the  curves  of  the  steel  and 
lock  themselves  in  place.  It  has  been 
estimated  conservatively  that  a  nail 
driven  into  Stran-Steel  holds  more  than 
two  and  one-half  times  stronger  than  in 
ordinary  yellow  pine. 

The  Stran-Steel  House  at  A  Century 
of  Progress  was  built  to  demonstrate 
Stran-Steel.  At  first  glance  many  liked 
the  design  of  the  house.  Others  liked 
the  unique  porcelain  exterior  finish. 
But,  all  the  visitors  came  to  appreciate 
the  merits  of  the  Stran-Steel  construc- 
tion before  they  left  the  house. 

When  one  entered  the  house,  a  short 
talk  was  given  by  a  company  engineer, 
outlining  the  main  idea  of  Stran-Steel. 
Samples  of  the   steel  stud   were  shown 


in  which  nails  were  fixed  just  as  they 
had  been  driven  in.  Emphasis  was  made 
of  the  fact  that  all  wall  materials  are 
nailed  to  the  steel  frame  in  exactly  the 
same  way  that  they  might  have  been 
nailed   to   wood   studding. 

After  the  visitor  had  seen  the  interior 
of  the  house  he  went  out  into  the  gar- 
age. Ordinarily,  no  one  cares  much 
about  this  part  of  the  house.  But  here 
was  the  important  part  of  the  whole 
show.  The  interior  walls  of  the  garage 
were  left  exposed,  and  the  visitor  had 
a  chance  to  examine  just  how  Stran- 
Steel  goes  together.  An  opportunity 
was  given  for  carpenters  to  test  out 
their  skill  at  nailing  to  steel.  Hundreds 
of  them  did  just  that. 

There  were  two  demonstrations  of 
the  holding  powers  of  nails  driven  into 
Stran-Steel.  In  one  corner  of  the  garage 
a  large  limestone  boulder,  removed  from 
the  breakwater  along  the  lakefront, 
was  hung  from  a  board  which  was  held 
to  the  ceiling  joists  by  four  eight-penny 
box  nails.  The  second  proof  of  the 
holding  power  of  nails  in  this  type  of 
steel  frame  was  shown  by  letting  people 
drive  nails  into  the  steel  studs,  and 
then  having  them  pull  them  out. 

Stran-Steel  made  a  great  hit  at  the 
Pair,  and  as  this  issue  of  The  Carpen- 
ter's Journal  goes  to  press  there  are  five 
houses  actually  being  built  in  which 
Stran-Steel  was  used  in  place  of  the 
old  type  of  wood  framing.  Also,  it  is 
being  used  in  gas  stations,  office  parti- 
tions and  even  fences. 

Carpenters  are  employed  to  erect 
Stran-Steel.  They  lay  it  out  in  the  same 
way  that  they  have  used  with  wood. 
The  pieces  are  bolted  together  in  the 
same  places  that  wood  framing  would 
be  placed.  Due  to  its  strength,  Stran- 
Steel  studs  and  joists  are  placed  ordi- 
narily twenty-four  inches  apart  instead 
of  the  customary  sixteen. 

Once  the  frame  is  erected,  the  sheet- 
ing is  nailed  to  the  steel  frame  just  as 
if  the  frame  were  wood.  Anything  can 
be  fastened  to  Stran-Steel  that  can  be 
nailed  on,  clipped  on,  stuck  on,  or  any 
other  fastening  method  that  you  might 
think  of. 

By  an  examination  of  the  illustra- 
tions, our  reader  can  easily  see  that 
erection    of    Stran-Steel    is    carpenter's 


THE     CARPENTER 


work.  It  is  carpentry  in  steel  instead  of 
wood.  Aside  from  the  change  in  mate- 
rial, everything  is  exactly  the  same. 
Even  the  working  plans  are  the  same. 
A  blueprint  for  a  house  with  Stran- 
Steel  framing  looks  just  like  a  plan  for 
a  wood-framed  house. 

Let  us  follow  the  building  of  a  house 
with  a  Stran-Steel  frame.  The  concrete 
foundation  is  poured  in  the  usual  way. 
Care  is  taken  in  preparing  the  founda- 
tion, but  no  more  care  than  is  necessary 
and  right  in  ordinary  construction. 

After  the  framing  has  been  laid  out, 
the  carpenters  can  get  right  to  work  on 
erecting  the  studs  and  joists.  First  floor 
joists  are  laid  on  the  foundation.  Each 
partition  wall  is  assembled  on  saw 
horses  and  then  pushed  up  into  place. 
Window  and  door  headers  are  placed  in 
the  frame  as  they  are  in  wood.  A  plate 
is  placed  across  the  tops  of  the  studs. 

Second  floor  joists  are  put  in  place 
and  bolted  to  the  plate.  Then  another 
plate  is  bolted  on,  and  second  floor 
studs  are  erected.  Rafters  are  framed 
as  if  the  workman  were  handling  wood 
instead  of  a  material  many  times 
stronger.  Dormers,  hips  and  valleys, 
are  handled  like  typical  wood  construc- 
tion. 

Still  thinking  of  Stran-Steel  as  re- 
placing wood  framing,  we  can  under- 
stand the  ease  with  which  sheeting  is 
nailed  on.  Any  type  of  insulation  board 
may  be  applied,  and  if  the  specifications 
call  for  it,  the  space  between  the  studs 
can  be  packed  with  insulating  material. 

In  the  case  of  a  brick  veneer  wall, 
the  wall  ties  are  fastened  to  the  stud 
and  then  built  into  the  brick  veneer. 
Either  masonry  spikes  or  corrugated 
wall  ties  are  used.  Stucco  is  applied 
over  lath  nailed  onto  the  Stran-Steel 
studs.  Even  wood  siding  may  be  used, 
nailing  it  onto  the  steel  frame. 

There  are  many  different  types  of 
steel  framing.  We  are  all  familiar  with 
the  sky  scraper.  For  years  builders  have 
been  playing  with  the  idea  of  applying 
skyscraper  principles  to  home  construc- 
tion. Today  there  are  standing  houses 
built  as  a  result  of  such  experimenting. 
They  are  the  best  constructed  houses 
in  their  neighborhoods — but  they  cost 
so  much  to  build  that  no  one  will  buy 
them.  Hence,  many  of  them  are  stand- 
ing vacant  today. 

Steel  has  a  certain  amount  of  expan- 
sion. This  is  due  to  heat  and  cold.  How- 


ever, the  expansion  along  the  length  of  a 
ten-foot  steel  stud  such  as  is  used  in 
house  construction  is  less  than  the 
thickness  of  a  very  thin  dime!  Here  is 
your  insurance  against  "settling" — not 
a  movement  of  the  foundation,  but  as 
we  carpenters  know,  the  warping  and 
shrinking  of  the  wood  as  it  dries  out. 

Because  of  the  greater  strength  of 
steel,  it  is  possible  to  pour  concrete 
subfloors  throughout  the  house,  and  the 
finish  floor  is  fastened  to  this,  either  by 
mastic  or  by  sleepers.  Here  is  a  floor 
construction  that  is  rigid  and  squeak- 
less.  The  noise  from  one  floor  does  not 
pass  through  this  type  of  construction 
very  easily.  Also,  the  presence  of  the 
concrete  slab  between  floors  aids  great- 
ly to  the  fire-safety  of  the  entire  build- 
ing. 

While  we  are  speaking  of  fire-safety 
in  connection  with  construction  possible 
because  of  steel  construction,  we  must 
not  forget  that  one  of  the  great  fire  haz- 
ards is  removed  when  a  house  is  framed 
with  steel  instead  of  wood.  Flames  do 
not  spread  in  a  steel  framed  wall. 

It  would  be  possible  to  continue  for 
sometime,  outlining  the  merits  of  steel 
construction.  We  could  touch  on  the 
fact  that  vermin  and  termites  cannot  in- 
fest a  steel-framed  house.  We  could 
show  how  the  steel  frame  of  a  house 
really  serves  as  a  protection  against 
lightning.  But,  what  are  some  of  the 
disadvantages? 

The  one  which  comes  to  mind  right 
away  is  that  the  erection  of  steel  in  the 
ordinary  run  of  building  is  not  carpen- 
ters' work.  If  they  take  away  our  big- 
gest field,  that  of  house  framing,  what 
are  we  to  do?  With  this  thought  in 
mind,  a  carpenter  contractor  living 
in  south-eastern  Michigan  developed 
Stran-Steel.  He  worked  it  out  so  that 
it  is  put  together  just  like  wood  con- 
struction. His  aim  was  to  make  Stran- 
Steel  replace  wood  in  house  framing. 
He  has  accomplished  this.  You  can  even 
drive  nails  into  it. 

Some  years  ago  there  was  a  material 
on  the  market  that  had  this  nailing 
feature.  Many  of  the  readers  of  this 
article  have  worked  with  it.  It  was  made 
of  channels  riveted  back  to  back.  These 
backs  were  flat,  and  one  nail  driven  in 
would  hold  fine.  However,  if  you  drove 
in  a  bigger  nail  next  to  the  one  already 
there,  the  first  nail  fell  out.  Here  was 
a  problem. 


T  111'.     (   A  k  r  i:  XTER 


The  corrugated  nailing  groove  in 
every  Stran-Steel  member  solved  (his 
difficulty.  Nails  are  held  in  by  (he  ac- 
tual bending  and  clinching  of  the  nail 
within  (he  stud  or  joist. 

This  nailing  groove  has  solved  one 
of  the  big  troubles  -  which  went  along" 
with  every  steel  constructed  job.  You 
can  nail  on  all  your  sheeting.  It  is  not 
uecessary  to  monkey  around  with  fancy 
clips,  or  to  bend  a  nail  around  the  steel 
member. 

As  everybody  in  the  building  business 
knows,  the  cheapest,  the  quickest  and 
best  way  to  fasten  on  wall  coverings  is 
with  nails.  You  Nail  to  Stran-Steel. 
Carpenters  erect  Stran-Steel  just  as 
they  put  up  a  wood  house  frame.  In 
ordinary  cases  the  erection  time  is  ap- 
proximately the  same.  It  has  been 
shown  by  actual  tests  that  the  total 
cost    of   a    Stran-Steel    framed    house   is 


only  about  ten  per  cent  more  than  the 
same  house  built  with  wood. 

Stran-Steel  was  invented  by  a  car- 
penter-contractor who,  a  short  time 
alter  the  invention,  started  to  work  with 
a  lumber  and  building  material  dealer. 
These  two  men,  experts  in  construction 
work,  brought  Stran-Steel  to  its  pres- 
ent development.  Stran-Steel  houses 
have  been  and  are  being  built.  All  of 
the  Stran-Steel  framed  houses  ever  con- 
structed have  been  lived  in  ever  since 
the  job  was  finished.  Carpenters  erect- 
ed these  houses. 

The  aim  of  the  carpenter-contractor- 
inventor  of  Stran-Steel  has  been  to  pro- 
vide a  steel  material  which  has  all  the 
advantages  of  steel  together  with  the 
workability  and  adaptability  of  wood. 
Actual  construction  with  Stran-Steel 
proves  that  this  aim  has  been  accom- 
plished. 


A  VICTORY   FOR   THE   UNION   CONTRACTOR  WHO 
EMPLOYS  UNION  MEN  ON  GOVERNMENT 

WORK 


ECENTLY  there  came  to 
hand  from  the  Depart- 
ment of  Justice,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  an  opinion 
of  the  Honorable  Homer 
Cummings,  Attorney  Gen- 
eral of  the  United  States,  addressed 
to  Honorable  Harold  L.  Ickes,  Federal 
Emergency  Administrator  of  Public 
Works,  Washington,  D.  C,  with  refer- 
ence to  that  class  of  labor.  We  here- 
with take  pleasure  in  publishing  that 
opinion  in  detail  because  we  feel  it 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  our  local 
representatives  if  the  question  arises  in 
their   district. 

COPY 

Department    of  Justice, 
Washington. 
Sir: 

I  have  the  honor  to  respond  to  your 
request  of  September  27,  1933,  for  my 
opinion,  "whether  a  union  contractor 
who  employs  only  union  men  if  avail- 
able and  qualified  and  who  give  prefer- 
ence to  ex-service  men  with  dependents 
who  are  members  of  the  union,  is 
obliged  to  offer  employment  to  non- 
union ex-service  men  with  dependents 
before   employing   union   men   who    are 


not  ex-service  men."  This  question  has 
arisen  in  connection  with  the  construc- 
tion of  a  sewage  disposal  plant  in  Mil- 
waukee, financed  by  the  Public  Works 
Administration. 

The  statute  particularly  involved  is 
Section  2  06  of  the  National  Industrial 
Recovery  Act  of  June  16,  19  33,  the  rele- 
vant part  of  which  is  as  follows: 

All  contracts  let  for  construction 
projects  and  all  loans  and  grants 
pursuant  to  this  title  shall  con- 
tain such  provisions  as  are  nec- 
essary to  insure  ...  (4)  that 
the  employment  of  labor  in 
connection  with  any  such  pro- 
ject, preference  shall  be  given, 
where  they  are  qualified,  to  ex-ser- 
vice men  with  dependents,  and  then 
in  the  following  order:  (A)  To 
citizens  of  the  United  States  and 
aliens  who  have  declared  their  in- 
tention of  becoming  citizens,  who 
are  bona  fide  residents  of  the  poli- 
tical subdivision  and/or  county  in 
which  the  work  is  to  be  performed, 
and  (B)  to  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  aliens  who  have  de- 
clared their  intention  of  becoming 
citizens,  who  are  bona  fide  resi- 
dents of  the  State,  Territory,  or 
district  in  which  the  work  is  to  be 


THE     CARPENTER 


performed:  Provided,  that  these 
preferences  shall  apply  only  when 
such  labor  is  available  and  quali- 
fied to  perform  the  work  to  which 
the  employment  relates.    .   .   . 

Bulletin  No.  2,  Public  Works  Admin- 
istration, Article  C  (a)  page  3,  quotes 
the  above  provision  and  proceeds: 

"(b)         Employment    services. — 
To  the  fullest  extent  possible,  labor 
required  for  the  project  and  appro- 
priate  to   be  secured   through   em- 
ployment services,   shall  be  chosen 
from  the  lists  of  qualified  workers 
submitted     by     local     employment 
agencies  designated  by  the  United 
States    Employment    Service:     Pro- 
vided, however,  That  organized  la- 
bor, skilled  and  unskilled,  shall  not 
be  required  to  register  at  such  local 
employment  agencies  but  shall   be 
secured     in     the     customary     ways 
through  recognized  union  locals.  In 
the  event,   however,    that   qualified 
workers   are  not   furnished   by  the 
union  locals  within  48  hours   (Sun- 
days and  holidays   excluded)    after 
request    is    filed    by    the   employer, 
such  labor  may  be  chosen  from  lists 
of  qualified   workers   submitted   by 
local    agencies    designated    by    the 
United  States  Employment  Service. 
In   the  selection    of    workers    from 
lists  prepared  by  such  employment 
agencies  and  local  union,  the  labor 
preferences  provided  in  section  (a) 
of  this  article  shall  be  observed." 
The  question  relates,  to  the  duty  of  a 
union  contractor.    I  understand  the  un- 
ion   contractor    in    question    has    made 
agreements    with    the    classes    of    work- 
men performing  the  kind  of  work  which 
he  contracts   to   perform.     These  agree- 
ments   provide    that    he    shall    employ 
members  of  the  unions  to  perform  such 
work. 

The  Act  does  not  give  an  absolute 
preference  to  ex-service  men  with  de- 
pendents, but  that  "preference  shall  be 
given,  where  they  are  qualified,  to  ex- 
service  men  with  dependents,"  with  the 
proviso  that  the  preference  shall  apply 
only  when  such  labor  is  available  and 
qualified  to  perform  the  work  to  which 
the  employment  relates. 

The  question  to  be  decided  is  what  is 
meant  by  these  expressions.  Is  the  word 
"qualified"  to  be  construed  as  meaning 
only  technical  qualifications,  or  does  it 
include  these   and  any   other   qualifica- 


tions that  may  be  necessary  or  custom- 
ary under  the  particular  circumstances 
of  the  employment,  for  the  furtherance 
of  the  enterprise. 

I  am  informed  that  many  collective 
agreements  between  contractors  and 
labor  organizations  were  in  effect  prior 
to  and  at  the  time  of  the  enactment  of 
the  Recovery  Act  under  which  the  con- 
tractor was  obligated  to  employ  only 
members  of  the  said  organizations  in 
connection  with  his  work;  that  in  the 
great  cities  of  the  country,  practically 
all  construction  of  buildings  is  now  and 
has  been  for  a  long  time  performed  by 
contractors  under  said  obligations,  and 
that  a  number  of  contractors  who  are 
engaged  in  construction  of  sewers,  tun- 
nels, bridges  and  other  public  works 
have  entered  into  such  collective  agree- 
ments. 

In  the  case  of  the  union  contractor  in 
question  who  has  agreements  to  employ 
only  union  men,  an  ex-service  man  with 
dependents  who  is  not  a  member  of  the 
union,  might  be  the  cause  of  delays  and 
labor  disputes  if  the  contractor  under- 
took to  employ  him.  His  presence 
might  retard  the  work  rather  than 
further  it.  No  matter  what  his  techni- 
cal qualifications  might  be,  he  is  not 
"qualified"  in  the  sense  that  his  pres- 
ence would  be  of  advantage  to  the 
prosecution  of  the  work  and  thus  to 
the  furnishing  of  employment  for  other 
men. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  National  In- 
dustrial Recovery  Act  to  provide  em- 
ployment and  further  industry,  so  that 
as  one  enterprise  advances,  it  may  call 
to  life  other  dependent  and  contributing 
enterprises,  and  nation-wide  industry 
proceed  with  ever  increasing  momen- 
tum. One  labor  dispute  may  have  con- 
sequences much  more  far-reaching  than 
delaying  the  particular  job.  This  is 
abundantly  shown  in  the  Declaration  of 
Policy  set  forth  in  Section  1  of  the  Act. 
It  refers  to  the  "national  emergency" 
existing  and  proceeds — 

It  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the 
policy  of  Congress  to  remove  ob- 
structions to  the  free  flow  of  .  .  . 
commerce  ...  to  induce  and  main- 
tain united  action  of  labor  and 
management  under  adequate  gov- 
ernmental sanction  and  supervi- 
sion ...  to  promote  the  fullest 
possible  utilization  of  the  present 
capacity  of  industry  .... 


t  ii  i:    (A  it  i»  k  \  t  i:  it 


Congress  did  not  intend  that  the 
non-union  ex-service  men  with  depen- 
dents should  have  an  absolute  prefer- 
ence in  the  case  where  there  is  a  union 
contractor  who  employs  union  men  and 
deals  with  them  through  the  principle 
of  collective  bargaining.  Such  a  man  is 
not  "qualified"  in  a  broad  sense  for  that 
particular  word. 

Congress,  as  appears  by  legislative 
history,  was  aware  of  the  existence  of 
collective  bargaining  agreements.  Sec- 
tion V  of  the  Act  in  question  provides 
that  every  code  of  fair  competition  shall 
contain   the   following  provision: 

"That  employes  shall  have  the 
right  to  organize  and  bargain  col- 
lectively through  representatives  of 
their   own   choosing"   .... 

Other  enactments  of  Congress  have 
distinctly  recognized  the  system  of  la- 
bor unions  and  collective  bargaining. 
The  Act  of  June  29,  1886,  distinctly 
gives  trade  unions  the  right  of  incor- 
porate. The  so-called  Railway  Labor 
Act  of  19  2  6  recognizes  railroad  labor 
organizations  and  collective  bargaining. 
The  Act  approved  March  23,  1932,  47 
Stat.  7  0,  provides  that  it  is  a  matter  of 
public  policy  of  the  United  States  that 
the  worker  have  full  freedom  of  organ- 
ization and  collective  bargaining. 

Thus  it  appears  that  Congress  was 
wrell  aware  of  the  existence  of  collective 
agreements  and  of  customs  and  usages 
in  effect  in  the  construction  industry 
which  have  had  the  effect  of  restricting 
selection  of  employes. 

The  purpose  of  the  Act  was  among 
other  things,  to  provide  employment 
quickly.  At  the  time  of  the  enactment 
of  the  Recovery  Act  Congress  had  be- 
fore it  reports  of  the  Department  of 
Labor  and  of  other  agencies,  showing 
the  degree  of  unemployment  in  the  con- 
struction industry  which  was  shown  to 
be  approximately  86%.  It  was  also 
well  known  that  a  large  proportion  of 
this  unemployment  was  of  men  belong- 
ir.j  to  labor  organizations  having  col- 
lective agreements  with  employers  re- 
stricting selection  of  their  members.  In- 
asmuch as  Congress  was  aware  of  theso 
agreements  and  usages  and  bearing  in 
mind  the  purpose  of  the  Act  to  provide 
employment  in  the  field  of  public  works, 
the  'construction  of  phrases  of  doubtful 
import  should  be  in  accord  with  the  ex- 
isting situation. 


It  is  obvious  in  the  light  of  the  situa- 
tion that  the  word  "preference"  should 
not  be  construed  as  an  absolute  prefer- 
ence. Indeed  the  preference  to  ex-ser- 
vice men  with  dependents  is  to  extend 
only  to  those  qualified.  A  person  quali- 
fied to  engage  on  public  works  is  one 
whose  services  will  expedite  the  per- 
formance of  the  work.  If  his  conduct  is 
obstructive  or  had  an  abstractive  effect, 
or  even  if  his  participation  has  such  ef- 
fect, he  is  really  not  qualified  although 
he  may  have  strictly  technical  qualifica- 
tions. Thus  a  non-union  ex-service  man 
with  dependents  would  not  be  qualified 
for  employment  by  a  union  contractor 
having  a  collective  agreement  which  ex- 
culdes  non-union  men  from  employ- 
ment. 

It  follows  that  Section  206  (4)  of  the 
Recovery  Act  which  provides  for  prefer- 
ence to  ex-service  men  with  dependents 
where  they  are  qualified  should  be  con- 
strued in  such  manner  as  to  promote 
the  provision  of  employment  and  also 
to  obtain  such  employes  on  public  works 
as  will  not  obstruct  the  completion  of 
the  work.  A  construction  which  will 
promote  the  interruption  to  work  by 
strikes  should  be  avoided  in  order  also 
to  save  time  and  expense. 

For  these  reasons  the  Public  Works 
Administration  has  adopted  the  con- 
struction as  appears  from  the  recital 
above  that  organized  labor  is  not  re- 
quired to  register  at  the  United  States 
employment  agencies  but  is  to  be  ob- 
tained from  union  locals. 

The  provision  referred  to  was  adopted 
and  made  a  part  of  the  Public  Works 
Administration's  instructions  in  this 
field  after  conference  and  agreement 
with  the  Department  of  Labor  and  was 
urged  by  that  Department  on  the  ground 
that  serious  labor  disturbances  on  pro- 
jects of  the  Public  Works  Administra- 
tion will  occur  if  it  is  decided  that  union 
workers  cannot  be  taken  on  a  job  under 
collective  agreement  until  all  available 
veterans  have  been  employed.  This  ap- 
pears by  a  letter  to  me  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  Labor. 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  it  was  the 
intention  of  Congress  that  the  word 
"qualified"  should  not  be  limited  to 
technical  qualifications  but  to  effectuate 
what  would  be  a  reasonable  preference, 
that  is  to  say,  to  prefer  union  ex-service 
meii  to  non-union  and  to  prefer  ex-ser- 
vice men  in  fields  not  covered  by  collec- 


THE     CARPENTER 


tive  agreement  and  otherwise  to  leave 
such  collective  agreements  unaffected. 

For  these  reasons  it  is  my  opinion 
that  your  question  should  be  answered 
in  the  negative.  A  union  contractor 
must,  of  course,  give  the  preference 
among  union  men  to  those  union  men 
who  are  ex-service  men  with  depen- 
dents. He  is  not  required,  however,  to 
employ  an  ex-service  man  with  depen- 
dents who  is  not  a  member  of  the  union, 
in  preference  to  union  men  who  are  not 


ex-service  men  with  dependents.  This 
interpretation,  in  my  opinion,  is  in 
harmony  with  the  intention  of  the  law. 

Respectfully, 
(Signed)  Homer  Cummings 

Attorney  General. 

Honorable  Harold  L.   Ickes 
Federal    Emergency    Administration    of 
Public  Works, 

Washington,  D.  C. 


PUT  IDLE  LAND  TO  WORK 

(By  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  President,  American  Tree  Association) 


HERE  is  a  great  distance 
between  the  whirring 
sawmills  amid  the  crash- 
ing trees  in  the  lumber 
camps  of  the  Northwest 
and  the  quiet  offices  of 
the  Census  Bureau  in  Washington, 
where  figures  are  compiled,  but  the  two 
are  closely  related  in  indicating  the 
future  ratio  of  people  to  trees  in  the 
United  States  and  the  imperative  need 
for  replenishing  the  nation's  wood  sup- 
ply. Let  us  look  for  a  moment  to  the 
year  2000.  Time  goes  rapidly  and 
there  are  children  in  our  schools  today 
who  will  write  that  date.  Census  Bu- 
reau statisticians  tells  us  the  population 
of  this  country  is  increasing  at  the  rate 
of  1,000,000  a  year. 

It  is  high  time  then  we  all  awake 
up  on  this  important  economic  subject. 
Such  an  increase  in  population  means 
a  continually  increasing  call  for  wood. 
It  means  a  population  of  about  150,000,- 
000  in  1953  and  approximately  200,- 
000,000  in  the  year  2003. 

There  will  certainly  be  no  more  land 
than  there  is  right  now.  The  thing  to 
do  is  to  continue  the  reforestation  work 
now  started  and  put  the  millions  of 
acres  of  idle  land  we  have  to  work 
growing  trees.  Any  such  increase  in 
population  will  bring  a  demand  upon 
our  wood  resources  that  could  not  be 
supplied  if  all  our  forests  were  under 
the  best  management. 

Productive  forests  are  rapidly  de- 
creasing. In  19  50  we  may  have  an 
area  of  idle  land  larger  than  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia  and  all  the  New 
England  states. 

In  the  United  States  the  center  of 
the    lumber    industry   is    in   the   Rocky 


Mountain  region  far  removed  from  the 
great  manufacturing  centers,  the  points 
of  great  consumption  of  forest  products. 
States  like  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan  and  New  England,  once  the 
center  of  the  industry,  now  import  lum- 
ber over  long  hauls  to  keep  their  fac- 
tories going. 

What  will  it  mean  when  these  fac- 
tories try  to  meet  the  'demands  of  a 
population  of  200,000,000?  In  our  eco- 
nomic scheme  the  cost  of  wood  enters 
into  everything  in  one  way  or  another. 
There  are  millions  of  feet  of  pulpwood 
going  into  newspapers. 

About  two-thirds  of  the  population 
of  America  uses  wood  exclusively  for 
fuel.  A  greater  amount  of  it  is  used 
for  fuel  than  for  any  other  single  pur- 
pose. Americans  consume  one-third  of 
the  fuel  wood  used  in  the  world. 

The  reforestation  camps  recently  in- 
augurated are  the  beginning  of  a  move- 
ment that  will  no  doubt  become  perma- 
nent, as  the  demand  for  wood  from 
an  increasing  population  continues  to 
grow. 

We  must  grow  trees  for  a  growing 
people. 


State   of   California   Now  Leads   in   the 
Use  of  Wood 

California  used  more  softwoods  (pine, 
fir,  redwood,  cedar,  etc.)  than  any  other 
state  in  the  union,  the  estimate  by  the 
bureau  of  census,  based  on  the  19  30 
lumber  cut,  being  2,372,828,000  feet. 
New  York  is  second  with  nearly  two  bil- 
lion feet,  followed  by  Washington,  Illi- 
nois and  Pennsylvania  with  more  than 
a  billion  feet  each. 


Demand  the  LTnion  Label 


10 


THE     CARPENTER 


ADDRESS    OF    MR.    JAMES    ROWAN,    FRATERNAL 

DELEGATE     OF     THE     BRITISH     TRADE 

UNION  CONGRESS  TO  THE  A.  F.  OF  L. 

CONVENTION 


FEEL  much  honored  in 
being  appointed  by  the 
British  Trades  Union 
Congress  to  convey  to 
this  great  convention  the 
fraternal  greetings  of 
the  British  Trade  Union  movement,  by 
tradition  the  greatest  in  the  world,  and 
although  like  other  countries  severely 
crippled  by  the  adversity  of  recent 
years,  not  yet  so  lame  that  it  cannot 
make  its  power  felt  and  with  sufficient 
reserve  of  power  as  will  insure  its  fur- 
ther progress  as  and  when  trade  revives. 
True,  Britain  has,  like  your  own  coun- 
try, been  through  a  much  too  lengthy 
testing  time  and  the  trade  unions  have 
had  to  shoulder  financial  burdens  that 
should  never  have  been  placed  upon 
them.  Such  burdens  should  be  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  state.  So  far  as  Bri- 
tain is  concerned  the  government,  by 
its  misguided  policy  of  false  economy, 
has  been  the  dominating  influence  in 
accentuating  the  "slump".  The  mis- 
called national  government  has  done  all 
they  possibly  could  to  worsen  matters 
by  practicing  no  more  spending,  longer 
hours  of  labor,  and  a  lower  standard  of 
living — about  the  maddest  policy  any 
one  outside  a  lunatic  asylum  ever  tried 
to  impose  upon  a  sane  people.  Unfortu- 
nately it  was  successful  in  bringing 
about  the  biggest  slump  Britain  has  ex- 
perienced since  the  hungry  forties  of 
the  last  century.  Every  other  country 
appears  also  at  some  time  or  other  dur- 
ing the  last  few  years  to  have  been  prop- 
agating the  same  false  economic  policy 
that  you  can  only  improve  your  own 
position  by  worsening  the  position  of 
others,  and  they  never  seem  to  have 
seriously  considered  the  more  sensible 
proposition  that  they  ,  might  do  much 
better  for  themselves  by  assisting  each 
other  towards  recovery.  In  my  opinion, 
this  mad  policy  was  imposed  on  weak 
governments  by  the  bankers  and  inter- 
national financiers.  The  world  slump  is 
directly  due  to  the  international  eco- 
nomic war  that  for  some  time  past,  and 
still,  is  being  waged  by  these  sharks  to 
the  detriment  of  the  industrialists  and 
the  workers  of  the  world  who  are  being 
bled  white  in  the  process.    What  is  the 


remedy?  It  is  difficult  to  say  with  any 
degree  of  certainty,  but  the  same  gen- 
eral economic  crisis  which  has  provided 
you  with  tremendous  opportunities  for 
developing  the  influence  of  American 
Trade  Unionism  has  confronted  us  with 
enormous  perils. 

Events  in  Germany,  and  later  in  Aus- 
tria, with  similar  menacing  develop- 
ments in  other  European  countries,  have 
brought  us  as  trade  unionists  face  to 
face  with  the  fact  that  a  definite  and  de- 
termined attempt  to  destroy  the  organ- 
ization of  democracy  and  the  institu- 
tions of  free  citizenship  has  been  set  on 
foot. 

I  do  not  exaggerate  when  I  say  that 
my  fellow  trade  unionists  at  home  and 
in  Europe  at  large  feel  that  our  organ- 
ized movement  is  involved  in  a  struggle 
which  will  decide  for  generations  to 
come  whether  they  shall  remain  free  or 
become  enslaved  under  an  economic 
and  political  tyranny  more  oppressive 
than  history  has  yet  known. 

The  destruction  of  German  Trade  Un- 
ionism marks  the  beginning  of  this 
struggle.  I  don't  suppose  American 
Trade  Unionists  have  underestimated 
the  significance  of  that  event.  Here  was 
the  most  powerful  and  highly  organized 
Trade  Union  movement  in  the  world, 
with  a  membership  of  nearly  8,000,000, 
strongly  centralized  and  efficiently  ad- 
ministered, disciplined  and  loyal.  It  has 
been  wiped  out.  German  Trade  Union- 
ism disappeared  between  two  sunsets, 
as  if  it  had  been  a  feeble  struggling 
thing.  Practically  within  24  hours  the 
working  class  organization  was  smash- 
ed, its  leaders  imprisoned  or  driven  into 
exile,  its  funds  seized,  its  journals  sup- 
pressed, its  offices  occupied,  and  its  en- 
tire machinery  taken  over  by  Hitler's 
emissaries. 

It  happened  so  suddenly  that  most 
trade  unionists  found  it  impossible  to 
believe  that  such  a  thing  could  take 
place.  As  a  member  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  British  Trades  Union 
Congress  I  was"  made  aware  along  with 
my  colleagues  that  the  German  Trade 
Unions  were  confronting  a  very  real 
peril;  but  even  our  General  Council  was 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


taken  by  surprise  in  the  swift  march  of 
events  after  Hitler  seized  power  in  the 
spring  of  the  present  year. 

We  all  know  now  that  Hitlerism  is  a 
political  dictatorship,  ruling  by  methods 
of  terrorism  and  persecution  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  employing  and  landown- 
ing class,  the  militarists  and  monarch- 
ists, whose  power  was  broken  but  not 
destroyed  by  the  defeat  of  Germany  in 
the  great  war.  This  is  the  first  fact  I 
want  to  emphasize.  There  may  be 
American  Trade  Unionists,  who  have 
been  deceived  by  the  propaganda  of  the 
Nazis.  Admittedly  there  are  those  who 
have  been  confused  and  puzzled  by  the 
fact  that  the  Hitler  movement  calls  it- 
self "National-Socialist."  It  claims  to 
be  a  popular  movement,  supported  by 
the  overwhelming  mass  of  public  opin- 
ion. It  alleges  that  its  only  opponents 
are  communists,  internationalists,  pa- 
cifists, socialists  and  Jews.  You  have  to 
know  something  of  the  origins  of  this 
Hitler  movement  in  order  to  under- 
stand it  for  what  it  really  is — a  sinister, 
well-planned  conspiracy  on  the  part  of 
the  former  ruling  classes  of  Germany  to 
regain  the  power  they  lost  when  they 
lost  the  war. 

Hitler,  in  my  opinion,  an  opinion 
which  is  shared  by  a  great  many  of  my 
colleagues,  is  only  the  instrument,  the 
figure-head,  the  willing  agent  of  these 
reactionary  interests.  He  is  the  man 
who  organized,  in  association  with 
Field  Marshall  Ludendorff,  financed  by 
big  industrialists,  the  abortive  insur- 
rectionary movement  in  Bavaria  in  the 
closing  months  of  19  23.  In  the  trial 
that  followed  in  the  spring  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  it  was  proved  that  Hitler's 
organization  had  been  liberally  supplied 
with  money  by  representatives  of  the 
South   German  employers'   association. 

You  will  find  these  statements  re- 
corded in  the  famous  "Brown  Book" 
compiled  by  an  international  committee 
of  which  the  famous  scientist,  Einstein, 
is  the  president — the  book  which  caused 
the  Nazis  to  place  a  price  on  Einstein's 
head  and  drove  him  to  seek  sanctuary 
in  my  own  country.  In  that  book  it  is 
further  stated  that  an  agent  of  Hit- 
ler's in  Switzerland  from  French  capi- 
talist groups  and  it  is  alleged,  too,  that 
your  own  Henry  Ford  contributed  to 
Hitler's  financial  resources. 

This  latter  allegation,  I  am  aware, 
has  been  denied.  It  is  not,  however, 
denied    that    evidence    of    the    financial 


support  given  to  Hitler  by  the  big  in- 
dustrialists was  produced  at  the  Hitler- 
Ludendorff  trial  in  1924  which  resulted 
in  Hitler's  conviction  and  sentence  to 
five  years'  imprisonment.  Nor  is  it  pos- 
sible to  ignore  the  close  connection  of 
the  big  industrialists,  the  landowners, 
the  militarists  and  monarchist  elements 
with  the  Hitler  movement.  These  groups 
and  classes,  avowed  and  bitter  enemies 
of  the  German  democratic  and  parlia- 
mentary regime,  established  under  the 
constitution  of  Weimar,  framed  in  1919, 
joined  Hitler  in  the  assault  upon  the 
parliamentary  system.  They  made  their 
own  attempt  early  last  year  (in  May, 
193  2)  to  establish  a  dictatorship  with- 
out Hitler,  when  von  Papen  and  Gen- 
eral Sleicher  assumed  the  powers  of 
Government  and  tried  to  rule  by  de- 
cree. That  was  a  Government  of  big 
industrialists,  landowners  and  generals. 
It  failed  to  retain  power  because  it  had 
no  popular  following. 

It  was  when  these  people  realized 
that  they  must  have  the  reinforcement 
of  a  powerful  mass  organization  that 
they  joined  forces  with  Hitler  who  had 
control  of  a  great  armed  force,  a  disci- 
plined private  army  that  called  itself  a 
political  party.  In  fact,  the  Hitler  re- 
gime of  dictatorship  and  terrorism  be- 
gan in  January,  1933,  as  an  open  coa- 
lition with  these  capitalists,  landown- 
ing and  military  classes  and  groups. 

I  hope  no  delegate  at  this  convention, 
or  any  American  trade  unionists,  imag- 
ines that  because  Hitler  now  holds  su- 
preme power  and  his  capitalist  col- 
leagues have  retired  into  the  back- 
ground they  have  ceased  to  control  the 
situation  in  Germany.  Make  no  mis- 
take about  it — the  Hitler  Government 
is  the  instrument  of  the- reaction  these 
people  have  engineered.  It  is  to  serve 
their  interests  that  the  German  Trade 
Union   movement  has   been   destroyed." 

And  not  only  German  Trade  Unionism 
— the  whole  political  system  founded 
upon  the  principles  and  the  practice  of 
democracy  has  been  shattered  in  Ger- 
many. It  is  no  longer  a  country  ruled 
by  a  freely  elected  Parliament,  control- 
ling a  Government,  representative  of  a 
majority  of  the  people,  and  governing 
with  the  consent  of  the  governed.  It  is 
a  country  under  the  heel  of  an  iron  dic- 
tatorship which  rules  by  methods  of  ter- 
rorism and  lawless  violence  for  which 
no  parallel  can  be  found  until  you  get 
back  to  the  Dark  Ages. 


12 


THE     CARPENTER 


I  don't  know  how  much  you  American 
people  have  learned  from  your  news- 
papers of  the  awful,  the  degrading,  the 
abominable  atrocities  perpetrated  by 
the  Nazis.  Tortures  of  the  vilest  de- 
scription are  known  to  have  taken 
place.  The  cases  are  on  record.  Mur- 
ders, floggings,  mutilation  of  the  bodies 
of  hapless  victims  of  Nazi  terrorism, 
arson,  and  worse  crimes  too  filthy  to  de- 
scribe, are  fully  authenticated. 

In  our  own  country  we  published, 
under  the  auspices  of  our  National  Joint 
Council,  a  pamphlet  giving  the  details 
of  numerous  cases.  Other  publications 
have  since  appeared,  including  the 
"Brown  Book"  to  which  I  have  referred, 
which  repeat  and  amplify  the  evidence 
of  the  appalling  outbreak  of  terror- 
ism and  persecution,  incendiarism  and 
crime.  No  fewer  than  25  0  murder  cases 
are  listed  by  the  Einstein  international 
committee,  who  state  that  they  have 
definite  information  of  over  500  mur- 
ders carried  out  by  the  Nazis  since 
March  last. 

The  recorded  cases  of  torture  are  in 
some  instances  more  revolting  than  any- 
thing you  can  read  about  in  medieval 
history.  Worse  things  have  happened 
to  Jews,  men,  women  and  even  chil- 
dren, in  Germany  during  the  last  few 
months  than  they  suffered  in  the  Tsarist 
pogroms  or  in  the  persecutions  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  I  have  myself  seen  pho- 
tographs of  women  who  have  been 
shamefully  beaten  with  steel  whips  and 
rubber  truncheons.  The  horror  of  the 
thing  passes  belief. 

And  it  goes  on  as  part  of  a  deliber- 
ate policy.  You  must  not  imagine  that 
these  atrocities  are  merely  isolated  in- 
cidents, a  mere  matter  of  individual  ex- 
cesses perpetrated  by  a  few  criminally 
minded  creatures;  they  are  systematic, 
deliberate,  organized  crimes  instigated 
and  connived  at  by  Hitler  and  his  im- 
mediate colleagues  who  have  the  power 
*  of  Government  in  their  hands;  some  of 
them  are  known  criminals,  murderers, 
incendiaries,  drug  addicts,  sex  perverts, 
and  sadists. 

I  speak  of  these  things  with  a  full 
sense  of  my  responsibility  as  a  member 
of  the  general  council  of  the  British 
Trades  Union  Congress,  and  as  an  ac- 
credited representative  of  the  British 
Trade  Union  movement.  I  am  not  ex- 
aggerating the  facts  in  any  single  par- 
ticular, and  I  do  not  dwell  upon  these 
horrors   for  any  other  purpose  than  to 


let   the   American   trade    unionist   know 
what  has  taken  place. 

The  truth  is  coming  out.  As  I  left 
the  shores  of  my  own  land  an  interna- 
tional committee  of  eminent  lawyers 
were  meeting  in  London  to  prepare  for 
an  independent  examination  of  the  facts 
concerning  the  burning  of  the  Reich- 
stag, which  gave  the  signal  for  Hitler's 
seizure  of  power.  Your  newspapers  have 
been  carrying  accounts  I  suppose  whilst 
I  was  on  my  way  to  this  country  of  the 
trial  of  those  accused  of  this  incendia- 
rism. You  have  seen  it  stated  that  the 
real  incendiaries  were  not  the  men  ac- 
cused, but  Hitler's  own  associates,  and 
that  Hitler  himself  had  guilty  knowl- 
edge of  the  plan  to  burn  down  the 
Reichstag.  The  truth  should  be  pub- 
lished far  and  wide.  The  conscience  of 
civilized  mankind  has  been  outraged  by 
these  events.  All  the  truth  is  not  even 
yet  fully  known.  They  are  mysterious 
aspects  of  rise  and  progress  of  Facism 
in  Germany  particularly  and  in  Europe 
generally,  about  which  we  are  not  fully 
informed. 

We  shall  learn  more  presently,  I 
hope,  of  the  connection  of  international 
capital  with  these  events.  We  shall  un- 
derstand better  than  we  do  now,  when 
all  the  facts  are  known,  what  it  is  that 
Communism  and  Facism  have  in  com- 
mon. Questions  are  being  asked  that 
frankly  I  cannot  answer  about  the  con- 
nection of  the  Russian  Communists  with 
these  events  in  Germany.  The  Com- 
munist Parties  in  the  various  European 
countries  avow  themselves  in  active  op- 
position to  Facism,  but  I  have  seen  no 
evidence  that  the  Russian  Communist 
Government  or  the  Third  (Communist) 
International  has  done  anything  to  try 
to  stop  the  abominable  atrocities  of 
Hitlerism  or  has  made  any  representa- 
tions to  the  Hitler  Government  such  as 
other  Governments  have  made,  includ- 
ing even  the  Mussolini  Government, 
along  with  the  French  and  British  Gov- 
ernments. 

For  political  reasons,  arising  out  of 
the  position  of  Austria  under  the  peace 
treaties,  the  three  governments  I  have 
named  have  protested  against  some  as- 
pects of  Hitler's  policy.  But  so  far  as 
I  know,  so  far  as  the  public  generally 
knows,  the  awful  outrages  which  have 
taken  place  in  Germany  have  evoked  no 
governmental  protest.  There  has  been 
no  suggestion,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  of 


THE     CARPENTER 


any  country  breaking  off  diplomatic  re- 
lations with  the  criminal  gang  that 
holds  power  in  Germany  today. 

I  confess  that  this  makes  me  suspi- 
cious and  uneasy.  Having  in  view  the 
policy  these  governments  have  pursued 
in  relation  to  Soviet  Russia,  one  would 
have  expected  some  protest  against  the 
excesses  of  the  Hitler  dictatorship  in 
Germany,  some  threat  that  unless  these 


atrocities  ceased  Germany  would  be  ex- 
celled from  the  comity  of  nations  as 
Russia  was  expelled.  No  such  steps 
have  been  taken;  even  Soviet  Russia  it- 
self, for  reasons  that  I  personally  can- 
not fathom,  remains  in  diplomatic  and 
trading  relations  with  Germany  not- 
withstanding these  terrible — these  re- 
volting brutalities  and  outrages. 

(Continued  in  next  issue) 


THE  BOOTLEGGERS  OF  FREE  LABOR 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


H  HEN  the  Reconstruction 
Finance  Corporation, 
was  established,"  the 
philosopher  began,  "to 
give  the  big  financier 
that  over — $2,000,000,- 
000  lift,  there  was  much  talk  of  how 
the  money  was  going  to  filter  through 
into  the  pockets  of  the  working  man. 
Despite  all  that  talk,  I  have  yet  to  find 
the  first  working  man  who  has  had  even 
the  faintest  hope  of  such  a  realization. 
But  when  the  appropriation  for  un- 
employment relief  was  at  hand,  what 
did  we  find?  Well,  figuratively  speak- 
ing, by  a  highly  refined,  as-it-were  pain- 
less, pickpocket  method,  the  unemploy- 
ment relief  money  was  lifted  from  the 
working  man's  pockets,  and  was  slipped, 
with  a  great  deal  of  satisfaction,  into 
the  pockets  of  the  heavy  taxpayer;  who, 
by  the  way  was  the  same  financial  wiz- 
ard that  got  the  oVer-$2,000,000,000 
lift  in  the  first  place.  And  how  was  this 
done?  It  was  done  by  bootlegging  free 
labor  projects  into  the  relief  column, 
which  saved  the  taxpayer  just  that 
much  money,  but  didn't  give  the  work- 
ing man  any  more  work.  Moreover,  the 
working  man  was  required  to  furnish 
good  reliable  distress  qualifications  in 
order  to  be  eligible  to  work  on  these 
jobs;  jobs  which  according  to  the  com- 
mon laws  of  custom  and  tradition 
should  have  been  open  to  free  labor. 
Never  before  in  the  history  of  America 
were  working  men  prohibited  from 
working  on  free  labor  projects,  because 
they  weren't  poor  enough;  never  before 
were  they  locked  out,  because  they  paid 
taxes.  The  whole  system  of  relieving 
unemployment  was  a  degraded  type  of 
class  communism — an  injustice  and  a 
disgrace,  that  no  self-respecting  work- 
ing man  could  tolerate  with  approval." 


The  philosopher  was  aware  of  the 
fact,  that  in  many  instances  good  people 
with  the  very  best  intentions  were 
handling  the  federal  unemployment  re- 
lief money;  and  equally  conscientious 
people  were  in  charge  of  registering  the 
unemployed,  and  making  the  allot- 
ments; but  nevertheless,  the  system  was 
communistic,  which  gave __  the  working 
man  the  luxury  of  remaining  hopelessly 
poor,  while  the  heavy  taxpayer  was 
burdened  with  the  benefits. 

"Under  communism,  everybody  is 
poor  and  everybody  has  to  work,  but 
under  class  communism,  such  as  was 
employed  during  the  recent  hard  times, 
only  those  who  are  in  distress  are  al- 
lowed to  work,  and  those  who  still  have 
a  little  property,  have  to  wait  till  they 
are  penniless  before  they  are  eligible. 
This  unwritten  rule  applied  only  to  the 
working  class — it  did  not  apply — oh, 
no,  it  wouldn't  apply  to  bankers, — they 
were  sacrificing  themselves  handling  the 
money,  and  therefore  it  couldn't  apply 
to  them.  Nor  did  it  apply  to  railroad 
presidents  or  big  oil  men — these  were 
privileged  characters  in  this  new  order 
of  things — they  were  the  masters  who 
reaped  the  benefits;  for  by  bootlegging 
free  labor  projects  into  the  relief  col- 
umn, the  working  men  who  were  locked 
out  carried  the  burden;  their  jobs  were 
used  to  relieve  distress.  There  were 
many  who  did  not  understand  this,  but 
the  working  men  who  had  saved  up  a 
little  for  a  rainy  day,  soon  discovered 
it;  they  were  barred  from  working  and 
had  to  live  on  their  savings,  while  the 
men  who  were  crushed  by  our  social 
order  into  distress,  were  the  only  men 
who  were  allowed  to  work.  Under  free 
labor,  these  distress  laborers  and  their 
families  would  have  become  public 
charges,  and  the  heavy  taxpayer  would 


14 


THE     CARPENTER 


have  paid  his  share  of  the  expense,  but 
under  the  bootlegging  system  this  ex- 
pense was  shifted  onto  the  shoulders  of 
the  thrifty  working  men,  and  the  heavy 
taxpayer  went  scott  free." 

The  philosopher  ,  knew  well  whereof 
he  spoke,  for  did  he  not  own  his  home, 
and  was  he  not  barred  from  working  on 
that  account?  Did  he  not  know  of  other 
men  who  owned  unedible  property,  who 
were  locked  out — and  if  they  starved 
they  starved?  Did  he  not  also  know 
that  the  unemployed  were  advised  to 
utilize  their  back  yards  for  gardens,  and 
if  possible  find  some  other  plots  of 
ground  and  plant  potatoes,  turnips  and 
other  garden  stuff  for  winter  use;  and 
was  he  not  shocked,  when  those  who 
followed  this  advice,  found  that  their 
very  efforts  to  help  themselves  in  this 
way,  kept  them  from  getting  a  job? 
Did  the  philosopher  not  hear  a  member 
of  a  relief  committee  explain  that  per- 
sons who  had  potatoes,  turnips  and 
other  garden  stuff  in  the  cellar,  could 
not  expect  to  get  the  consideration  that 
those  got  who  did  not  have  them?  It 
was  plain  to  him,  that  the  shiftless  man, 
and  the  man  who  was  lazy  got  first 
consideration — in  other  words,  the 
prize.  All  of  these  things  the  philoso- 
pher knew,  and  he  knew  them  right 
well. 

"What  did  the  upper  strata  of  our 
social  order  say  to  us  in  those  days?" 
the  philosopher  asked  with  a  frown, 
"Those  bankers  and  those  public  spirit- 
ed philanthropists  and  those  public  offi- 
cials who  bootlegged  free  labor  projects 
into  the  relief  column?  Well,  this  is 
what  they  virtually  told  the  working 
men. 

'Be  good  citizens,  and  all  that  that  im- 
plies, pay  your  taxes,  pay  your  bills,  be 
public  spirited,  do  your  part  in  Sunday 
School  and  support  the  church;  in  short 
be  good  Christians,  but  we'll  be  damned 
if  we'll  let  you  work  unless  you  are 
broke!'  " 

We  have  no  apology  to  offer  for  the 
philosopher's  use  of  a  perfectly  legiti- 
mate English  word,  which  in  its  over- 
worked usage  is  profanity.  It  is  with 
words  as  it  is  with  tools,  sometimes  you 
must  select  a  very  sharp  and  highly 
dangerous  tool  in  order  to  get  the 
proper  results;  but  to  use  such  tools  in- 
discriminately whether  you  work  or 
whether  you  play,  or  whether  you  eat 
or  whether  you  drink;   or  to  use  them 


all  the  time  and  everywhere  you  go, 
would  be  as  foolish  as  the  over-worked 
use  of  profanity  in  our  day. 

"Bootlegging  free  labor  projects  into 
the  relief  column,"  the  philosopher  con- 
cluded, "was  responsible  for  the  prohi- 
bition of  the  opportunity  to  work,  which 
was  forced  upon  the  thrifty  working 
man.  Such  a  state  of  affairs  is  indeed 
deplorable  in  a  country  where  there  is 
enough  and  to  spare  of  everything  that 
is  good  to  make  life  livable,  and  keep 
alive  a  wholoesome  happiness  among 
the  people.  The  working  people  must 
register  their  demands  for  a  more  equit- 
able distribution  of  the  good  things  of 
life,  and  until  that  equitable  distribu- 
tion is  made  perfect,  let  us  boldly  de- 
mand unemployment  insurance,  old  age 
pension  and  disability  benefits  for  all 
who  have  to  work  for  a  livelihood." 


Don't  Give  A  Rap  About  Your  Enemies 
But  Be  Tolerant 

You  can't  make  a  real  success  with- 
out making  some  enemies. 

You  can't  hold  a  strong  position  with- 
out strong  opposition. 

You  won't  seem  right  to  any  if  you 
don't  seem  wrong  to  many. 

A  useful  life  can't  be  entirely  peace- 
ful and  care-free. 

You  must  do  your  duty  as  you  see  it. 

Every  earnest  man  in  every  genera- 
tion has  paid  the  price  of  individuality. 

You  can't  dodge. 

The  greater  you  are,  the  greater  the 
penalty  of  your  progress.  The  farther 
you  go,  the  wider  you  range,  the  more 
you  increase  the  point  of  contact  with 
which  you  must  reckon,  and,  therefore, 
you  multiply  your  battles  against  mis- 
conception and  slander  and  malice. 

You  can't  avoid  or  evade  your  allot- 
ted destiny — you  can  only  hold  down 
your  share  of  trouble  by  holding  back. 

In  every  sphere  men  gibe  and  sneer. 

So  long  as  you  aspire,  others  will  con- 
spire— so  long  as  you  try,  others  will 
vie. 

You'll  have  hostility  to  face  in  every 
place  and  at  every  pace. 

Go  straight  on  to  your  goal. 

So  long  as  your  conscience  isn't 
ashamed  to  acknowledge  you  as  a 
friend,  don't  give  a  rap  for  any  enemies. 
— Exchange. 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


U.  S.  BACKS  BIG  HOUSING  PROJECTS 


iJ>a  ILLIONS  of  dollars  for  the 
construction  of  housing 
projects  in  cities  and 
towns  throughout  the 
United  States  will  be 
loaned  by  the  Federal 
Administration  of  Public  Works  in  the 
near  future,  and  early  starting  of  work 
on  many  such  projects  is  indicated. 

Immediate  stimulus  to  the  building 
industry  will  be  the  result,  putting  thou- 
sands of  building  men  to  work  and  cre- 
ating a  demand  for  building  materials 
and  equipment.  Announcement  of  the 
first  loan  allotments  to  housing  projects 
was  made  August  24  by  Harold  L.  Ickes, 
Administrator,  subject  to  a  satisfactory 
contract  with  the  Federal  Emergency 
Administration  of  Public  Works. 

Action  on  the  projects  was  taken  with 
a  view  to  speeding  up  the  program  of 
making  public  works  funds  available  in 
as  short  time  as  possible  to  move  men 
from  relief  rolls  to  pay  rolls. 

Thirty-five  housing  projects  are  now 
being  considered  by  the  housing  division 
of  the  Public  Works  Administration 
under  Robert  D.  Kohn,  Director.  Tenta- 
tive action  on  the  first  projects  does  not 
in  any  way  indicate  that  they  are  better 
than  many  others  still  under  examina- 
tion, according  to  Mr.  Kohn,  but  they 
have  been  inspected  to  a  point  that  per- 
mitted tentative  approval.  Within  a 
short  time  it  is  expected  that  many  more 
projects  of  equal  or  greater  importance 
will  be  ready  for  a  similar  recommenda- 
tion. 

Tentative  approval  of  a  loan  of  $40,- 
000  to  the  Hutchinson,  (Kansas),  Sub- 
urban Housing  Association  was  one  of 
the  first  announced.  The  project  will 
provide  2  0  individual  four-room  and 
five-room  houses,  each  situated  on  two 
acres  of  land. 

The  action  is  interesting  as  being  the 
first  housing  loan  to  a  compartively 
small  city  and  providing  for  a  project 
under  the  Kansas  State  Housing  Laws, 
which  will  have  some  of  the  character- 
istics of  subsistence  homesteads.  The 
project  will  give  employment  to  35  men 
for  six  months  and  twice  as  much  indi- 
rect employment. 

Tentative  approval  of  an  $845,000 
loan  for  a  model  housing  project  in 
Philadelphia  was  given.  The  project  is 
to   be  built  by  a  limited   dividend  cor- 


poration formed  by  officers  and  members 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Full- 
Fashioned  Hosiery  workers  which  al- 
ready has  control  of  the  land  required 
and  is  prepared  to  make  a  large  invest- 
ment in  addition  to  the  government 
loan. 

The  site  covers  an  area  of  4  Vz  acres 
in  the  Kensington  district  of  Philadel- 
phia. The  housing  will  consist  of  three- 
story  semi-fireproof  buildings,  contain- 
ing 292  apartments,  totaling  1,074 
rooms. 

Union  officials  reported  they  had 
plenty  of  applications  for  space  and 
they  were  assured  of  filling  the  build- 
ings without  any  difficulty. 

A  loan  of  $3,210,000  was  given  ten- 
tative approval  for  a  project  to  be  built 
by  a  limited  dividend  company,  under 
the  New  York  State  Housing  Law  on  a 
site  in  Woodside,  Queens  Borough,  with- 
in 20  minutes  of  central  Manhattan  Is- 
land. 

The  proposed  housing  consists  of  10 
six-story  semi-fireproof  elevator  apart- 
ments, providing,  in  all,  1,632  residen- 
tial units  totaling  5,644  rooms.  The 
land  coverage  is  only  27  per  cent  of  the 
ground  area. 

The  project  will  give  direct  employ- 
ment to  800  men  on  the  job  for  18 
months  and  twice  as  much  indirect 
work. 

Tentative  approval  of  a  $2,025,000 
loan  to  the  Spence  Estate  Housing  Cor- 
poration for  a  model  housing  project  in 
Brooklyn  was  the  first  real  slum  clear- 
ance project  to  be  acted  upon  by  the 
Public  Works  Administration.  The  site 
covers  a  certain  block  in  Brooklyn  ad- 
jacent to  important  transit  line  and 
shopping  center.  Options  have  been  ob- 
tained on  the  land  but  titles  and  de- 
tails have  not  yet  been  confirmed.  The 
site  is  now  occupied  by  2  8  four-and 
seven-story  cold  water  flats  and  many 
shacks. 

The  proposed  housing  will  consist  of 
a  six-story  elevator  building  with  508 
apartments,  totaling  2,150  rooms,  of 
semi-fireproof  construction. 

The  Spence  Estate  Housing  Corpora- 
tion, which  is  under  the  New  York  State 
Model  Housing  Law,  is  making  a  large 
direct  investment  in  the  project  in  ad- 
dition to  the  government  loan. 


16 


T  II  E     CARPENTER 


A  $3,500,000  loan  to  Neptune  Gar- 
dens, Inc.,  for  a  model  housing  project 
in  Boston  was  tentatively  approved. 
This  will  enable  construction  of  over 
3,000  rooms. 

The  project  is  to  be  built  on  4  4  acres 
of  land  in  East  Boston  adjoining  Marine 
Memorial  Park  within  a  few  minutes  of 
the  Park  Street  station.  The  site  is  close 
to  a  public  park  and  is  designed  to  pro- 
vide playgrounds  for  children,  a  small 
local  library  and  even  a  group  of  small 
farm  garden  plots  for  the  use  of  ten- 
ants. 

There  will  be  approximately  700  resi- 
dential units,  totaling  3,170  rooms  in 
brick  two-story  row  houses,  two-family 
houses,  and  three-story  apartment  build- 
ings covering  approximately  17  per  cent 
of  the  land. 

Work  can  be  started  on  this  project 
in  about  thirty  days,  giving  approxi- 
mately 1,000  men  direct  employment  on 
the  job  for  a  year  while  twice  as  many 
men  will  receive  indirect  employment 
because  of  the  construction. 


Nation  Aided  By  Shipbuilding 

Accounts  of  the  Navy's  shipbuilding 
plans  to  aid  in  national  recovery  give 
but  little  inkling  of  the  far  flung  effect 
that  such  a  project  has  on  the  nation 
as  a  whole.  A  little  investigation  re- 
veals that  a  ship  is  not  a  local  but  a 
national  project,  the  building  of  which 
is  felt  by  the  entire  country. 

Carpenters,  machinists,  riveters, 
welders,  miners,  steel  workers,  factory 
workers,  lumberjacks  and  even  farmers 
produce  the  tiny  pieces  of  a  great  jig- 
saw puzzle  that  eventually  fit  together 
to  make  a  new  battleship.  Here's  why 
it  is  such  a  tremendous  job.  In  the  case 
of  naval  vessels  the  wheels  start  turning 
with  the  action  of  Congress  that  au- 
thorizes the  construction  and  appropri- 
ates the  money  necessary.  Then  the 
General  Board  of  the  Navy  decides  upon 
just  what  type  it  is  to  be  and  what  char- 
acteristics shall  go  into  the  building. 
Then  it  is  up  to  the  expert  draftsmen 
of  the  Navy  Department  to  turn  out 
small  detailed  sketches  of  the  ship. 

These  sketches  are  returned  to  the 
General  Board  and  after  any  necessary 
changes  to  insure  a  well  balanced  and 
up-to-date  ship,  plans  and  specifications 
are  drawn  up.  This  part  of  the  work 
alone   is   no   mean   task   as   often   more 


than  700  or  8  00  pages  are  required  for 
a  single  cruiser  and  enough  copies  must 
be  made  to  insure  one  for  each  pros- 
pective   bidder. 

If  private  shipyards  are  to  do  the 
work,  the  Board  of  Supplies  and  Ac- 
counts advertises  in  the  papers  for 
competitive  bias.  All  firms  interested 
reply  and  then  plans  and  specifications 
are  mailed  to  each  firm.  These  firms 
study  the  plans,  compute  the  cost  and 
submit  a  sealed  bid  which  remains  un- 
opened until  a  set  date  when  they  are 
opened  and  sent  to  the  Bureau  of  En- 
gineering, Construction  and  Repair. 
Conferences  are  held  and  all  differences 
between  the  contractors  and  the  board 
are  smoothed  out  and  the  bids  sent  to 
the  Judge  Advocate  General  who  awards 
the  contracts. 

It  is  estimated  by  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment that  85  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  a 
ship  goes  into  labor,  from  the  men  who 
produce  the  material  to  the  men  who 
put  it  together.  Thus,  of  the.  $238,000,- 
000  made  available  for  naval  shipbuild- 
ing more  than  $200,000,000  will  be 
spent  for  labor.  It  is  estimated  that 
over  the  three  year  period  more  than 
50,000  men  will  be  employed  directly. 
According  to  the  Census  Bureau,  the 
average  man  has  three  dependents  and 
this  would  bring  the  total  of  persons 
directly  aided  to  more  than  200,000  not 
to  mention  those  who  have  been  aided 
indirectly. 


Liberal  Is  Named  To  Federal  Bench 

William  H.  Holly,  Chicago  attorney, 
was  appointed  as  federal  judge  in  the 
northern  district  of  Illinois. 

He  is  6  4,  a  former  law  partner  of 
Clarence  Darrow,  and  has  been  in  the 
forefront  of  battles  on  behalf  of  the 
public   interests. 

Holly  had  the  indorsement  of  Pro- 
gressive Republicans,  but  his  selection 
is  said  to  be  a  bitter  disappointment  to 
the  local  bosses  of  both  old  parties.  The 
Chicago  "Tribune"  is  especially  un- 
happy. 

Old-timers  say  Holly  is  the  first  lib- 
eral to  be  put  on  the  Federal  bench  in 
the  northern  district  of  Ilinois  for  more 
than  a  generation. 


Every  competent  craftsman  is  entitled 
to  a  fair  return  for  services  rendered; 
let  him  try  to  get  it  without  an  organi- 
zation to  back  his  demands! 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the  15th   of   each   month   at  the 

CABPENTEBS'   BUILDING 

Indianapolis,   Ind. 

UNITED  BBOTHEBHOOD  OF 
CABPENTEBS  AND  JOINEBS  OF  AMEBICA, 

Publishers 
FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Subscription  Pbich 
One  Dollar  a  Year  In  Advance,  Postpaid 

The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avails- 
able  to  them  against  accepting  advertise* 
ments  from  other  than  reliable  firms,  but 
do  not  accept  any  responsibility  for  the 
contents  of  any  advertisement  which  ap- 
pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au- 
thorities. Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,    JANUARY,    1934 


Final  Victory  Certain 

ATTACKS  on  the  Child  Labor 
Amendment  by  newspaper  pub- 
lishers and  their  attempt  to  line 
up  the  public  against  ratification  indi- 
cate that  labor  and  other  forces  favor- 
ing the  amendment  are  in  for  a  hard 
fight. 

Next  year  and  19  3  5  will  be  crucial 
years  in  the  fight  for  the  amendment. 
In  1934  eight  States  which  have  not 
acted  favorably  will  meet  in  regular  leg- 
islative sessions  and  others  will  very 
likely  call  special  sessions.  In  193  4 
most  State  legislatures  will  be  in  ses- 
sion. 

Pointing  out  the  necessity  for  every 
friend  of  the  amendment  to  bestir  him- 


self or  herself  and  work  as  never  before 
for  final  victory,  the  American  Child, 
organ  of  the  National  Child  Labor  Com- 
mittee, says: 

"If  the  goal  of  3  6  ratifications  is 
reached  in   1935   it  will  make  pos- 
sible Federal  legislation  in  time  to 
replace  the  child  labor  restrictions 
in   industrial   codes   which  will   ex- 
pire   that    year,    according    to    the 
terms    of   the   Recovery   Act.     If   it 
be  not  ratified — then  we  must  ex- 
pect a  return  to   old  conditions  of 
child  exploitation.  For  previous  ex- 
perience indicates  that  when  a  pe- 
riod   of    unemployment    begins    to 
abate,   the  number  of  children  en- 
tering industry  tends  to  increase." 
There  is  no  doubt  that  the  child  La- 
bor   Amendment    will    be    ratified    and 
made  part  of  the  Federal  Constitution, 
however  hard  a  fight  is  made  to  defeat 
it.    That  is  settled.    Labor  has  made  up 
its    mind    child    labor    must    be    perma- 
nently abolished  and  will  see  that  this 
is    done   by    ratification    of    the    amend- 
ment. 


Return   of   Prosperity   Depends   Largely 
on  Revival  of  Building  Industry 

WORK  for  millions  of  people  would 
be  made  possible  through  a  re- 
vival of  building  construction. 
It  has  been  estimated  that  some  six 
million  workers  are  affected  by  pros- 
perity or  lack  of  prosperity  in  the 
building  industry.  Eighty-five  cents 
out  of  every  building  dollar  is  eventu- 
ally paid  to  labor. 

Building  construction  employs  thou- 
sands of  skilled  mechanics  and  laborers. 
Hundreds  of  mills  and  factories  employ- 
ing more  thousands  of  workers  must  be 
operated  to  meet  the  demand  for  ma- 
terial required  in  the  erection  of  build- 
ings. Transportation  by  rail,  air,  ship 
and  automobile  must  be  employed  to 
move  raw  and  fabricated  materials.  To 
convert  raw  material  into  use  for  build- 
ings requires  tools,  machinery  and 
power. 

Every  building  erected  means  work 
for  architects,  engineers,  draftsmen  and 


IS 


T  il  E     CAR  1*  E  X  TER 


workers  in  the  fields  of  finance  and  real 
estate.  When  the  amount  of  direct  and 
indirect  employment  affected  by  build- 
ing is  fully  realized,  the  importance  of 
the  building  industry  as  an  agency  for 
providing  jobs  for  workers  is  apparent. 

Putting  men  to  work  is  a  national 
and  fundamental  problem.  To  quickly 
accomplish  this  desirable  end  it  is  es- 
sential that  we  concentrate  on  stimulat- 
ing those  industries  which  affect  the 
greatest   number   of  workers. 

Building  is  responsible  for  the  em- 
ployment of  more  persons  than  any 
other  single  industry,  the  textile  indus- 
try excepted.  Building  construction  con- 
sumes a  greater  variety  of  materials 
produced  throughout  the  United  States 
than  any  other  single  industry.  The 
building  industry  is  a  barometer  that 
shows  the  upward  and  downward  move- 
ment of  all  business.  Private  building 
construction  is  the  major  product  of  the 
industry,  and  therefore  is  of  vast  im- 
portance in  our  national  economic  wel- 
fare. 

In  addition  to  its  Public  Works  Pro- 
gram the  federal  government  should 
stimulate  Private  building  construction. 
The  government  should  take  such  steps 
as  may  be  necessary  to  remove  the  ob- 
stacles to  building,  unite  forces,  and 
stimulate  construction. 

To  do  so  will  permit  employers  of 
labor  throughout  the  United  States  to 
put  millions  of  workers  back  to  work. 


Cost-of-Living  Wages 

A  deserved  denunciation  of  the  reac- 
tionary policy  of  limiting  wages  to  the 
amount  which  merchants  charge  the 
workers  for  the  necessities  of  life  was 
made  by  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  in  their 
report  to  the  convention  of  the  Federa- 
tion in  Washington. 

In  assailing  the  so-called  "economy" 
law  enacted  by  the  special  session  of 
Congress  last  March  the  Council  said: 

"The  law  provides  for  determining 
wages  on  the  basis  of  cost  of  living.  This 
plan  of  determining  wages  is  prob- 
ably the  most  indefensible  action  ever 
taken  by  Congress.  It  was  imported  from 
Denmark  where  the  wages  of  govern- 
ment employes  are  based  on  the  cost  of 
four  prime  necessities — clothes,  light, 
fuel  and  rent.  Food  there  is  not  con- 
sidered in   the  cost  of   living.     Besides, 


persons  are  paid  there  according  to 
whether  they  are  married  or  single, 
separated  from  husbands  or  wives,  and 
according  to  the  number  of  children. 

"This  was  explained  in  a  report  made 
to  the  7  2d  Congress.  The  plan  was  pro- 
posed in  that  Congress  by  Senator  Gore 
but  it  was  given  little  recognition  be- 
cause of  its  un-American  character." 

To  the  Council's  statement  it  should 
be  added  that  the  cost-of-living  wages 
theory  bars  the  workers  from  all  parti- 
cipation in  economic  and  social  prog- 
ress, which  makes  up  what  we  call  civ- 
ilization. 

In  the  application  of  this  theory  em- 
ployers, public  and  private,  paternalis- 
tically  and  autocratically  determine  on 
a  fixed  date  the  amount  of  money  re- 
quired to  buy  the  products  and  services 
which  they  believe  wage-earners  should 
be  paid  for  doing  the  necessary  work 
in  producing,  transporting  and  selling 
the  commodities,  which  constitute  the 
wealth  of  society  under  the  present  eco- 
nomic order,  and  performing  various 
other  essential  functions. 

If  manufacturers,  merchants  and  pro- 
fessional men  boost  the  price  of  these 
necessaries  and  services,  then  the  cost- 
of-living  wages  employers  declare  that 
wages  should  be  boosted  to  meet  that 
added  cost.  On  the  other  hand,  if  deal- 
ers reduce  prices,  then  the  workers'  pay 
should  be  cut  accordingly. 

It  is  apparent  that  under  the  applica- 
tion of  this  theory  working  men  and 
women  can  never  raise  the  standards  of 
living  for  themselves  and  their  families. 
They  are  tied  hand  and  foot  to  static 
standards  and  compelled  to  see  all  of 
the  blessings  of  more  efficient  produc- 
tion go  to  those  who  own  and  control 
modern  industry. 

The  Executive  Council  is  right.  Chain- 
ing hundreds  of  thousands  of  govern- 
ment employes  to  a  fixed  and  unalter- 
able living  standard  for  themselves  and 
their  dependents  is  ■  undoubtedly  "the 
most  indefensible  action  ever  taken  by 
Congress." 


We  denounce  the  non-unionists  be- 
cause they  will  not  join  their  respective 
organizations  and  feel  we  are  justified 
in  doing  so;  but  are  we  consistent  our- 
selves, at  all  times  refusing  to  purchase 
non-union  commodities  or  patronize 
non-union  places? 


Official  Information 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.  HUTCHBSON 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,  W.  T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth   District,  JAS.  L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth  District,   J.  W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.   Grand   Blvd.,    St.    Louis,   Mo. 


Sixth   District,   A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero  St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambor'   St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


NOTICE     TO     RECORDING 
SECRETARIES 

The  quarterly  circular  for  January, 
February  and  March,  containing  the 
quarterly  password  has  been  forwarded 
to  all  Local  Unions  of  the  United  Broth- 
erhood. Six  blanks  have  been  forward- 
ed for  the  Financial  Secretary,  three  of 
which  are  to  be  used  for  the  reports  to 
the  General  Office  for  the  months  of 
January,  February  and  March;  the  ex- 
tra ones  are  to  be  filled  out  in  duplicate 
and  kept  on  file  for  future  reference. 
Enclosed  also  were  six  blanks,  for  the 
Treasurer  to  be  used  in  transmitting 
money  to  the  General  Office.  Recording 
Secretaries  not  in  receipt  of  this  circu- 
lar should  immediately  notify  General 
Secretary  Frank  Duffy,  Carpenters' 
Building,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 


Brewing  Company  of  Parkersburg  Em- 
ploys Non-Union  Carpenters 

The  American  Brewing  Company  of 
Parkersburg,  West  Virginia,  is  doing  ex- 
tensive remodeling  work  on  one  of  its 
buildings,  and  the  efforts  of  Local  Union 
899  to  have  this  firm  employ  union  car- 
penters, have  been  unsuccessful.  At  the 
present  time  the  company  is  not  manu- 
facturing its  products  but  intends  to  do 
so  when  the  remodeling  work  is  com- 
pleted, and  Local  Union  89  9  of  Parkers- 
burg desires  the  membership  of  our  or- 
ganization to  be  informed  of  the  atti- 
tude of  the  Brewing  Company  towards 
members  of  our  organization  in  that 
city  on  their  construction  work. 


Picketing  Legalized 

An  interesting  article  has  been  sent 
us  by  Local  256  of  Savannah,  Georgia, 
from  the  Electrical  Workers  Journal 
with  regards  to  a  controversy  they  had 
with  the  Moving  Picture  Operators  at 
Savannah.  On  starting  the  picketing  of 
what  they  deemed  unfair  houses  each 
picket  was  arrested,  charged  with  dis- 
ordely  conduct,  and  fined  $5.00.  Bond 
was  given  in  all  the  cases  and  the  union 
insisted   that   they   would   not  accept   a 


20 


THE     CARPENTER 


suspension  of  sentence  and  remittance 
of  fines  but  they  intended  to  carry  the 
cases  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

On  trial  before  the  Recorder  the 
fines  and  sentences  were  vacated  and 
set  aside,  which  disposed  of  the  neces- 
sity of  a  certiorari  to  the  Superior 
Court.  The  men  were  represented  by 
Honorable  Minor  Dempsey,  who  has 
done  Herculean  work  for  the  labor 
movement  in  Georgia. 


steps,     and     all     will     be    Union     Label 
Boosters  from  the  youngest  to  the  old- 
est in  the  family. 
SPEED  THE  DAY! 


Speed   The  Day 

(By  John  J.   Manning,   Secretary-Treas- 
urer, Union  Label  Trades  Department) 

Trades  Unionists  who  are  Union  La- 
bel Boosters  are  those  who  are  endowed 
with  intelligence.  Intelligence  that  fore- 
sees that  Labor's  greatest  weapon  is  the 
Union  Label. 

Those  opposed  to  us  realize  the  power 
of  the  Union  Label  to  a  greater  extent 
than  most  of  the  members  of  Organized 
Labor  realize  this  power. 

To  test  this  just  say  "Union  Label" 
to  the  proprietor  of  any  non-union  shop 
and  watch  his  face.  He  may  try  to 
cover  his  fear  and  hatred  with  clever 
talk   but — WATCH   HIS  FACE. 

"Watch  the  face  of  the  unfriendly 
merchant,  who  despises  Organized  La- 
bor, the  next  time  you  ask  for  union- 
labeled  merchandise.  WATCH  HIS 
FACE  WHEN  YOU  INQUIRE  IF  HIS 
EMPLOYES  BELONG  TO  A  LABOR 
UNION. 

His  glib  tongue  will  give  you  argu- 
ments galore  but  his  face  will  reveal  to 
you  what  his  tongue  is  trying  so  hard 
to  conceal. 

After  this  test  any  trade  unionist 
with  an  ounce  of  spunk  or  intelligence 
will  join  the  Union  Label  Boosters. 

Union  Label  Boosters  are  forever  on 
the  job  for  your  label  and  for  mine.  It 
is  their  self-imposed  mission  to  increase 
the  union  shops  and  to  decrease  the 
non-union  shops. 

When  this  mission,  and  its  bearing 
on  the  welfare  of  the  wage  earners  of 
the  family,  is  explained  to  the  women 
who  do  the  most  of  the  purchasing  for 
the  family,  they  will  not  buy  anything 
without  the  Union  Label.  No  shop  will 
be  patronized  that  does  not  display  a 
Union  Card,  and  the  Working  Button 
will  be  demanded. 

These  loyal  women  will  teach  the 
little    children    to    walk    in    their    foot- 


Charters  Issued  in  December,  1933 

Columbus,   Ohio 
Port    Huron,    Mich. 
El  Centro,  Calif. 
Dallas,  Tex. 
St.   Helena,   Calif. 
San   Saba,   Tex. 
Keystone,  W.  Va. 
Belle  Glade,  Fla. 
Wheelwright,  &  Vic,  Ky. 
Seminole,   Okla. 
North  Platte,  Nebr. 
Wilmington,   N.   C. 
Rome,  Ga. 
Quakertown,  Pa. 
Algoma,  Wise. 
Grand  Island,  Nebr. 
Bogalusa,  La. 


Arne  T.  Rebey  Dies  in  Denver,  Colorado 

Arne  T.  Rebey,  a  member  of  our  or- 
ganization for  almost  thirty-four  years 
and  for  the  past  nine  years  a  member  of 
Local  Union  No.  55  of  Denver,  Colo., 
passed  away  October  17,  1933,  in  the 
Denver  General  Hospital  where  he  was 
a  patient  for  one  month. 

Brother  Rebey  was  born  in  Norway 
on  January  21,  1865,  and  came  to  this 
country  when  he  was  seventeen  years  of 
age.  For  a  number  of  years  he  followed 
the  water,  five  years  of  which  were 
spent  in  the  Merchant  Marine.  He  was 
admitted  to  membership  in  Local  Union 
767  of  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  March  12,  1900, 
and  was  active  in  the  interest  of  that 
Local  Union  and  other  Local  Unions  in 
the  states  of  Iowa,  Oklahoma  and  Penn- 
sylvania where  he  held  membership  at 
various  times. 

For  many  years  he  was  associated 
with  the  Volunteers  of  America  and  was 
also  active  in  the  affairs  of  that  organi- 
zation. 

A  large  number  of  the  members  of 
Local  Union  55  attended  the  funeral 
and  accompanied  the  remains  to  Crown 
Hill  Cemetery  where  interment  took 
place  and  the  Ritual  service  of  our  or- 
ganization was  held. 


CorrospondoncQ 


This  Journal   Is   Not  Responsible  For  Views   Expressed   By   Correspondents. 


Local  Union  No.   18  Favors  Creation  of 

Fund  to  Keep  Members  in  Good 

Standing 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

The  meeting  of  Local  No.  18,  Hamil- 
ton, Ontario,  held  on  Tuesday,  Decem- 
ber 5,  1933,  lasted  thirty-five  minutes, 
which  is  our  record  for  brevity. 

I  was  instructed  to  write  to  you, 
drawing  attention  to  the  fact  that  our 
Business  Agent,  Brother  Walter  Archer, 
had  been  successful  in  getting  the  A. 
and  P.  stores  in  Hamilton,  to  hire  union 
carpenters  to  install  their  fixtures. 

Back  of  that  accomplishment  lies 
hours  of  effort.  Local  No.  18  has  suf- 
fered severely  in  the  present  depression 
and  its  meetings  are  sometimes  fiery, 
but  underlying  it  all  is  a  spirit  of  loyal- 
ty, although  the  members  look  at  things 
from  different  angles. 

The  Carpenters  rented  the  basement 
of  the  Labor  Temple  for  the  use  of  their 
members  to  meet,  play  pool,  cards  or 
read.    A  radio  was  donated  to  them. 

This  movement  has  grown  so  that 
now  the  Recreation  Club  is  handled  by  a 
committee  from  all  the  building  trades. 

From  a  small  committee  elected  by 
the  Local  to  deal  with  relief  questions, 
a  powerful  organization  has  risen.  It  is 
The  Allied  Trades  Distress  and  Welfare 
Committee. 

The  Building  Trades  Council  has  in- 
vited the  officers  of  all  the  affiliated  lo- 
cals to  attend  the  next  meeting  of  the 
Council.  This  is  a  movement  to  secure 
closer  co-operation  between  the  differ- 
ent units. 

A  building  program  has  been 
launched  and  the  Municipal,  Provincial, 
and  Federal  authorities  requested  to 
give  financial  aid. 

As  soon  as  work  begins  to  open  up, 
we  should,  in  every  Local,  start  a  "De- 
pression Fund,"  to  take  care  of  our 
members'  dues  when  hard  times  come 
again.  We  are  beginning  to  climb  out 
of  this  one. 


The  General  Fund  will  not  stand  the 
drain  of  paying  members'  dues.  If  a 
special  fund  is  established  it  should  be 
used  for  no  other  purpose  than  taking 
care  of  members'  dues. 

Not  only  would  the  individual  be 
benefited,  but  the  Local  would  be  helped 
and  also  the  General  Office.  Although 
we  are  all  broke — the  few  that  are  not, 
are  badly  bent — we  know  that  an  or- 
ganization cannot  run  on  air — someone 
in  the  back  seat  says,  "on  hot  air,  yes," 
but  he  is  out  of  order. 

To  all  our  readers  I  wish  a  prosperous 
New  Year  that  will  remove  them  from 
an  "Hay  and  Oats"  basis,  and  give  to 
them  and  their  families  a  fairer  share  of 
the  good  things  of  life  than  has  been 
their  fortune  for  the  last  few  years. 

Albert  E.  Edgington,  R.  S., 
L.  U.  No.  18.  Hamilton,  Ont. 


Local  Union  246,   Displays   Honor   Roll 
in  Open  Meeting 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

For  a  number  of  years  past  the  cus- 
tom has  been  for  Local  No.  246  to  dis- 
play our  Honor  Roll  in  open  meeting 
and  read  off  the  names  of  those  in- 
scribed thereon. 

This  year  was  no  exception.  Our 
meeting  of  November  20,  19  3  3,  being 
the  first  to  follow  Armistice  Day,  this 
year,  President  Jas.  Cunningham  called 
upon  Fin.  Sec.  Gus  Darmstadt,  as  the 
Father  of  this  ceremony,  to  call  the 
Roll. 

The  sole  purpose  is  to  show  the  re- 
maining active  members  who  served  the 
Colors  during  the  World  War  that  Lo- 
cal No.  246  is  proud  of  their  records 
and  membership  which  not  only  helped 
to  bring  glory  to  our  country  but  a 
credit  and  an  inspiration  to  our  United 
Brotherhood. 

And   "WE  DO  NOT  FORGET." 

Of  the  thirty-five  original  names  en- 
rolled, all  of  whom  returned  after  the 
Armistice,    five    have    died    since    from 


22 


THE     CARPENTER 


effects  of  gas  poisoning  received  during 
active  service. 

A  rising  vote  of  remembrance  and 
silent  prayer  were  offered  for  our  de- 
parted Heroes,  namely: 

John   Agresta 

William  Bell 

Henry  Lang 

William   Matthews 

Albert    Schick 

At  the  end  of  the  proceedings  a  mo- 
tion was  unanimously  passed  to  present 
from  our  contingent  fund  three  months' 
dues  to  each  of  the  remaining  members 
on  the  Honor  Roll. 

A.  Darmstadt,  Fin.  Sec, 
L.  U.  No.  246.  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Asks   Assistance   in   Recovering   Stolen 
Due  Book 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

I  wish  to  report  the  loss  of  the  due 
book  of  Brother  Sander  Benson,  a  mem- 
ber of  Local  Union  141,  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois, (ledger  page  626)  which  was 
stolen  along  with  his  coat  while  working 
at  Metropolis,  Illinois,  on  December  8, 
1933.  Any  member  in  posession  of  in- 
formation that  would  lead  up  to  its  re- 
covery will  kindly  communicate  with 
the  undersigned. 

Geo.  C.  Yarnell,  Fin.  Sec, 
8106    Cornell    Avenue, 
Chicago,  Illinois. 


Ladies   Auxiliary   Union  No.   156 

Editor,    "The  Carpenter": 

The  members  of  Ladies  Auxiliary  Un- 
ion 156  of  Denver,  Colo.,  feel  that  a 
word  of  greeting  to  our  sister  auxiliar- 
ies may  not  be  amiss  at  this  time,  and 
may  encourage  them  to  carry  on. 

Since  our  last  letter,  the  depression 
has  forced  us  to  curtail  many  of  our 
usual  activities,  especially  those  con- 
cerned with  raising  money.  We  have 
instead  tried  to  do  those  things  which 
we  felt  would  best  help  to  sustain  the 
morale  of  those  within  our  circle.  A 
series  of  dances  were  given  during  the 
winter  to  promote  sociability,  and  of 
course  the  holiday  season  was  observed 
with  the  usual  Christmas  treat  for  the 
children. 

Our  president  and  a  committee  of 
volunteer    helpers    cooked    and    served 


hot  dinners  at  Carpenters  Hall  on  Mon- 
days, Wednesdays  and  Fridays  of  each 
week,  during  the  past  winter  for  unem- 
ployed carpenters,  especially  those  who 
had  no  other  homes  than  rooming 
houses;  on  alternate  days  the  men 
served  themselves.  Many  of  the  men, 
who  were  able  to  pay,  took  their  noon- 
day meals  with  us  and  their  contribu- 
tions, together  with  donations  of  vege- 
tables and  fruits,  kept  the  expense  of 
this  service  at  a  minimum.  A  special 
fund  was  set  aside  to  meet  the  needs  of 
married  men  and  their  families. 

Our  sixth  anniversary  dinner  for 
members  and  their  husbands  was  so 
successful  that  the  same  plan  was  fol- 
lowed for  the  seventh  anniversary.  With 
practically  every  member  and  her  hus- 
band present  and  the  daughters  of  mem- 
bers serving  the  delicious  food  prepared 
by  a  committee  of  members,  the  affair 
resembled  a  large  family  re-union  and 
will  long  be  remembered  by  all  those 
present. 

The  outstanding  event  of  the  year  for 
the  auxiliaries  of  Denver  was  the  second 
biennial  convention  of  the  National  Fed- 
eration of  Trade  Union  Auxiliaries  held 
in  our  city,  June  30  to  July  1,  1933. 

Its  sessions  were  an  inspiration  to 
all  who  had  the  privilege  of  attending 
and  its  purpose — to  help,  aid  and  pre- 
serve the  organized  labor  movement; 
to  mobilize  the  vast  purchasing  power 
of  union  auxiliary  women  behind  the 
union  label  and  to  impress  upon  them 
the  importance  of  intelligent  co-opera- 
tion in  their  efforts  to  further  the  cause 
of  union  labor — is  a  challenge  to  every 
union  man  to  encourage  and  support  the 
auxiliary  movement. 

At  the  convention  of  the  A.  F.  of  L. 
in  19  31  the  Committee  on  Organization 
recommended  that  "when  these  auxili- 
aries get  together  and  form  a  national 
women's  auxiliary  then  they  shall  be 
represented  by  a  fraternal  delegate." 
This  was  in  answer  to  a  request  from 
the  St.  Louis  Joint  Council  of  Women's 
Auxiliaries  for  fraternal  recognition, 
and  to  meet  this  requirement  this  na- 
tional federation  was  formed.  The  goal 
now  is  to  interest  enough  auxiliaries  in 
the  movement  to  make  it  truly  national 
in  scope  so  that  official  recognition  by 
the  A.  F.  of  L.  will  be  accorded  as 
speedily  as  possible. 

This  group  of  progressive  auxiliary 
women  are  looking  forward  to  the  time 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


when  every  labor  union  will  have  an 
auxiliary  and  these  auxiliaries  will  be 
united  under  the  banner  of  their  na- 
tional federation,  forming  as  it  were  a 
vast  auxiliary  to  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor. 

In  these  times  of  economic  stress  or- 
ganized labor  is  fighting  for  its  very  life 
and  we,  the  women  of  the  auxiliary 
movement,  must  avail  ourselves  of  every 
opportunity  to  promote  its  welfare.  May 
we  therefore  urge  all  who  read  this  to 
put  forth  every  effort  to  strengthen 
their  own  auxiliary  and  to  persuade 
other  unions  to  organize  auxiliaries. 

We  shall  be  glad  to  assist  in  this  work 
and  shall  be  glad  to  answer  any  ques- 
tions about  our  activities. 

Mrs.  A.  W.  North,  Rec  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.   156.  Denver,  Colo. 


Organizing  Work  of  the  A.  F.  of  L. 

The  militant  and  contructive  work 
performed  by  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  in  enrolling  thousands  of 
workers  in  the  ranks  of  trade  unionism 
was  told  with  clearness  and  precision 
by  the  Executive  Council  of  the  Federa- 
tion in  their  report  to  the  annual  con- 
vention. 

"Conscious  of  the  fact  that  lack  of 
organization  among  wage-earners  had 
been  a  major  factor  in  the  unbalance 
in  distribution  of  national  income  which 
was  one  of  the  causes  of  our  economic 
breakdown,  labor  regarded  the  passage 
of  the  National  Recovery  Act  as  impos- 
ing an  obligation  upon  wage-earners  to 
organize  in  trade  unions,"  the  Council 
said. 

"Wage-earners  have  been  quick  to 
r;eize  the  opportunity  for  organization 
which  the  legislation  affords  them.  Af- 
ter four  years  of  uncertainties  of  unem- 
ployment and  loss  of  savings,  wage- 
earners  turn  eagerly  to  an  agency  that 
provides  opportunity  for  effectively  bet- 
tering their  conditions  and  giving  them 
a  greater  degree  of  security.  Accord- 
ingly, both  spontaneous  and  directed  or- 
ganizing campaigns  have  been  vigorous- 
ly under  way.  More  charters  per  day 
since  July  1  have  been  granted  to  fed- 
eral labor  unions  than  at  any  previous 
time  for  which  we  have  records. 

"We  have  concentrated  our  efforts 
more  especially  upon  organizing  the 
workers  in  the  basic  industries;  that  is, 
steel,  automobiles,  textiles,  oil  and  rub- 


ber. To  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
Federation's  financial  ability  organi7ing 
campaigns  in  these  centers  have  been 
aggressively  carried  on. 

"Progress  has  been  made,  not  as  great 
as  our  hopes  would  realize,  but  amply 
sufficient  to  encourage  us  to  still  greater 
efforts. 

"National  and  international  unions 
nave  been  conducting  organizing  cam- 
paigns which  have  notably  increased 
membership  and  brought  a  new  spirit 
of  hope  to  wage-earners.  After  four 
years  of  depression  they  are  eager  for 
a  voice  in  determining  work  condi- 
tions and  are  eagerly  responding  to  the 
opportunity.  These  energetic,  well-or- 
ganized campaigns  are  steadily  increas- 
ing union  members. 

"We  urge  upon  all  organizations  of 
labor  and  their  individual  members  to 
support  and  co-operate  in  every  effort 
which  may  be  made  in  their  localities 
to  organize  the  unorganized  and  to 
build  up  and  strengthen  the  existing 
organizations. 

"We  recommend  that  the  organizing 
campaign  which  is  now  being  carried 
on  be  continued  in  a  broad,  vigorous 
and  progressive  way  so  that  all  workers 
may  be  accorded  the  widest  opportunity 
to  organize  and  become  affiliated  with 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor." 


America  Has 

Six  per  cent  of  the  world's  population; 

Seven  per  cent  of  the  world's  land. 

Twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  world's  pro- 
duction. 

Twenty  per  cent  of  the  world's  gold.     ■ 

Thirty-three  per  cent  of  the  world's 
silver. 

Forty  per  cent  of  the  world's  iron  and 
steel, 

Forty  per  cent  of  the  world's  railroads. 

Sixty  per  cent  of  the  world's  cotton  pro- 
duction; 

Sixty-six  per  of  the  world's  oil  produc- 
tion. 

Seventy  per  cent  of  the  world's  copper 
production. 

Seventy-five  per  cent  of  the  world's  corn 
production. 

Eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  world's  auto- 
mobiles. 

Eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  world's  lum- 
ber production. 


Demand  the  Union  Label 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


Spend  and  Save  Now 

A  recent  Dun  &  Bradstreet  report  ac- 
centuated a  fact  of  the  utmost  impor- 
tance: 

For  a  number  of  months  business  re- 
covery has  continued  without  recession, 
and  present  signs  do  not  indicate  any 
recession  will  occur  in  the  near  future. 

In  other  words,  we  are  not  having  a 
"rise  in  the  depression"  now.  We  are 
actually  throwing  off  depression.  The 
wise  property  owner  will  do  well  to 
think  that  over.  It  means  that  the  coun- 
try is  through  with  bargain  prices  for 
commodities  and  service,  that  the  ter- 
rific oversupply  of  goods  and  labor  isn't 
going  to  last  much  longer.  It  means 
higher  prices.  It  means  that  if  we  put 
off  fixing  our  houses  and  business  prop- 
erty or  rebuilding  the  tottering  garage 
for  another  few  months  we  are  going  to 
pay  a  lot  more  for  what  we  get. 

Yes,  it's  time  to  build,  to  improve,  to 
repair.  It  will  put  money  in  your  poc- 
ket, save  valuable  property  from  going 
to  pieces — and  demonstrate  your  faith 
in  the  maxim  that  investment  and  em- 
ployment are  cheaper  and  better  than 
charity. 


Senator  Wagner  Calls  on  Employers  to 
Confer  with  Their  Workers 

Reiterating  his  previous  declaration 
that  "we  do  not  object  to  workers  using 
the  strike  if  there  is  no  other  way  left 
open  to  them,"  Senator  Robert  P.  Wag- 
ner, issued  another  appeal  for  industrial 
peace. 

He  urged  employers  and  workers, 
however,  to  "try  to  negotiate  their  dif- 
ferences before  striking  or  locking  out." 

Experience  has  proved  that  differ- 
ences between  employers  and  employes 
can  be  ironed  out  around  the  conference 
table.  The  chances  for  it  are  better  if 
open  warfare  has  not  embittered  every- 
body. Even  after  a  strike  the  confer- 
ence table  is  the  place  to  settle. 

"T.ake  the  Berkeley  Woolen  Mills'  de- 
cision— a  clear-cut  ruling,  under  the 
textile  code  and  the  Recovery  Law,  that 
the  employes  had  the  right  to  represen- 
tatives, even  if  the  men  they  chose  were 
not  employes  of  the  company.  Confer- 
ring on  the  basis  of  that  decision,  I  am 
informed,  both  parties  (the  mill  man- 
agement and  representatives  of  the 
United  Textile  Workers)  came  to  an 
agreement  within  half  an  hour." 


Wagner's  statement  that  "things  can 
be  ironed  out  around  the  table"  backs 
up  a  contention  which  organized  labor 
has  made  for  years.  The  bulk  of  the 
nation's  strikes  have  been  caused  by 
employers  adopting  a  there-is-nothing- 
to-discuss  attitude. 

Records  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  show  that  most  of  the  strikes 
which  are  sweeping  the  country  today 
have  been  caused  by  the  bosses  refusing 
to  deal  with  bona  fide  union  represen- 
tatives chosen  as  spokesman  by  their 
employes. 


Martin's  Brainstorm  on  Child  Labor 

Lawyers  everywhere,  from  Chief 
Justice  Hughes  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  down  to  the  humblest  tyro 
lately  graduated  from  law  school,  are 
bowed  in  shame  or  angered  beyond  ex- 
pression by  the  tirade  in  support  of 
child  labor  launched  in  his  opening  ad- 
dress to  the  American  Bar  Association 
convention  by  its  president,  Clarence  E. 
Martin.  At  the  Federal  Child  Labor 
Amendment,  according  to  press  reports, 
he  shrieked: 

'It  is  a  communistic  effort  to  na- 
tionalize children,  making  them  primar- 
ily responsible  to  the  Government  in- 
stead of  to  their  parents.  It  strikes  at 
the  home.  It  appears  to  be  a  definite, 
positive  plan  to  destroy  the  Republic 
and  substitute  a  social  democracy." 

The  Child  Labor  Amendment,  which 
is  supported  wholeheartedly  by  hun- 
dreds of  great  publications,  by  practi- 
cally all  women's  organizations  and  by 
welfare  organizations  everywhere,  by 
the  entire  organized  labor  movement, 
by  President  Roosevelt  and  a  long  list 
of  his  predecessors,  simply  confers  upon 
Congress  the  right  to  regulate,  limit 
and  prohibit  the  employment  of  per- 
sons under  18  years  of  age  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  un-American  em- 
loyers  from  turning  the  tender  bodies 
and  minds  of  our  future  citizens  into 
interest  coupons  and  dividend  checks. 

And  this  really  noble  policy,  accord- 
ing to  the  President  of  the  American 
Bar  Association,  is  "a  communistic  ef- 
fort to  nationalize  children,"  "strikes 
at  the  home,"  and  aims  to  destroy  the 
Republic." 

All  thinking  people  will  ask  whether 
a  mind  can  make  so  foul  a  declaration 
as  this  and  be  sane. 


THE     CARPENTER 


2  5 


Attack  On  Building   Trades 

An  attack  on  the  building  unions, 
their  wages  and  conditions  has  been 
going  on  since  19  3  0.  It  is  wide-spread, 
determined,  well-financed,  and  well- 
manned.  Emanating  from  hostile  bank- 
ers, it  has  moved  deliberately  from  point 
to  point  until  it  has  developed  and  cen- 
tered on  NRA.  The  attack,  through 
codes,  upon  the  wage  structure  of  build- 
ing crafts,  which  has  been  going  for- 
ward during  the  depression,  speaks 
through  an  economic  "principle,"  and 
"research"   terminology. 

Building  employer  associates  declare 
that  the  principle  of  business  pick-up 
does  not  apply  to  capital  goods  indus- 
tries. Capital  goods  industries — those 
which  need  capital  to  initiate  produc- 
tion— must  offer  speculative  opportun- 
ity :n  order  to  attract  capital — they  say. 
There  facile  reasoners  then  glibly  de- 
clare that  wages  must  be  cut  heavily, 
for  wages  are  the  only  place  where  cuts 
can  be  made. 

What  cuts — oh,  about  60  per  cent. 

Will  building  materials  first  be  cut 
6  0  per  cent?  No,  they  will  probably  go 
up. 

Will  profits  be  cut  6  0  per  cent?  No, 
profits  must  be  larger  to  attract  capital. 

Will  interest  rates  be  cut  6  0  per  cent? 
No,  interest  rates  apparently  never  fall. 

The  upshot  is  that  labor,  the  workers, 
men  and  their  families  are  to  be  forced 
to  carry  the  speculative  banker  and  a 
top-heavy  and  impossible  set-up,  in 
order  that  bankers  may  take  their  ac- 
customed profit.  This  point  of  view  is 
being  determinedly  urged  upon  Hugh 
Johnson  and  deputy  administrtators  by 
powerfully  financed  propaganda  groups. 

The  answer:  Labor  will  not  take 
these  cuts.  If  building  construction  can 
not  get  started  without  further  penal- 
izing labor,  let  it  go  the  way  of  other 
industries,  the  way  of  oil,  railroads  and 
coal,  into  the  hands  of  the  President. 

It  is  plain  that  the  President  has 
seen  this  impasse.  The  President  has 
seen  the  paradox.  The  demand  for  capi- 
tal goods  is  boundless.  The  supply  of 
long-term  credit  is  nil.  The  President 
hasn't  said  "cut  wages."  He  has  ord- 
ered the  banking  facilities  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  supply  the  credit  lacking 
from  private  banking.  This  is  the  way 
out  for  construction — not  through  wage 
cuts. 


Hires  Union  Men  Because  They're  Best 

■<■  If  you  want  to  know  how  union  work- 
ers compare  with  those  who  are  un- 
organized, inquire  of  George  E.  Wyme, 
a  contractor,  who  has  erected  many 
schoolhouses  and  other  large  buildings 
in  Washington. 

Testifying  in  a  wage  case,  Wyme  was 
asked  by  an  attorney  whether  he  em- 
ployed union  men,  and  replied: 

"Certainly  I  do.  The  prevailing  rates 
are  union  scales.  You  certainly  wouldn't 
hire  a  non-union  man  if  you  had  to  pay 
a  union  price.  Union  men  are  far  super- 
ior in  their  workmanship." 


Filene  Points  Way  to  Prosperity 

There  is  but  one  road  to  prosperity — 
and  that  leads  to  a  steady  increase  in 
the  buying  power  of  the  masses  by  pay- 
ing ever  higher  wages  for  shorter  hours, 
while  striving  to  eliminate  waste  and 
reduce  costs. 

That  is  the  program  of  "enlightened 
selfishness"  which  is  offered  American 
business  by  an  outstanding  capitalist 
and  merchant  prince,  Edward  A.  Filene, 
head  of  a  big  Boston  department  store 
which  bears  his  name.  It  is  not  a  new 
idea  with  Filene,  for  he  has  been  preach- 
ing it  for  years  to  ears  that  were  closed 
against  its  logic. 

The  depression  resulted  because  the 
managers  of  industry  short-sightedly 
took  a  larger  share  of  created  wealth 
than  was  warranted,  thereby  depriving 
workers  of  purchasing  power  which 
alone  can  keep  the  machinery  moving, 
Filene  declared  in  a  recent  article. 

He  pointed  out  that  five-sixths  of  all 
the  goods  and  services  produced  in  the 
United  States  are  sold  those  having 
wages  and  salaries  under  $2,000,  while 
the  rich  buy  and  use  only  one-sixth. 

"In  their  own  interest,"  Filene  as- 
serted, "the  directors  must  manage  in- 
dustry and  business  to  provide  the  larg- 
est possible  income  for  the  five-sixths 
who  are  the  great  mass  market.  Gains 
in  effieciency  should  be  passed  on  to 
workers  in  increased  wages  and  shorter 
hours.  It  is  absurd  to  talk  of  over-pro- 
duction while  in  America  a  third  of  the 
people  cannot  obtain  the  goods  neces- 
sary to  a  minimum  standard  of  living." 


Start    the    New    Year    right,    get    new 
members. 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON  LXIV 

Knowing  how  to  sharpen  tools  prop- 
erly, is  half  the  carpenter  trade;  the 
other  half  is  being  able  to  skillfully 
handle  them.  The  work  is  merely  done 
to  make  a  living — and  that  brings  me 
to  what  I  wanted  to  say. 

There  is  a  distinction  between  sharp- 
ening tools  and  grinding  tools.  Even 
filing  tools  is  not  always  sharpening.  It 
depends  on  what  kind  of  edge  you  are 
after,  as  to  when  to  use  the  word 
"sharpening,"  and  when  to  use  "grind- 
ing." If  grinding  is  all  that  is  necessary 
to  give  you  the  edge  you  want,  then 
grinding  is  sharpening.  But  if  you  grind 
a  tool  and  then  put  it  on  the  oil  stone 
to  give  it  a  keen  edge,  then  grinding  is 
simply  grinding,  and  the  oil-stone  work 
is  sharpening.  If  filing  a  tool  gives  you 
the  edge  you  want,  then  filing  is  sharp- 
ening, but  if  you  have  to  finish  it  with 
the  oil  stone,  then  filing  is  filing,  and 
the  oil-stone  work  is  sharpening.  This 
reasoning  can  be  applied  to  all  tools 
that  from  time  to  time  need  sharpen- 
ing, and  having  said  this,  I  will  proceed 
to  take  up  the  subject  of  this  lesson, 
rough  openings  in  floors. 

There  is  no  better  recommendation  a 
carpenter  can  expect  to  have,  than  that 


Fig.  361 


of  making  smooth  and  well-fitting 
joints.  This  is  true,  not  only  in  finish- 
ing, but  it  is  also  true  in  all  rough  work, 
and  very  important.  A  well-fitting  joint 
doesn't    only    look    better,    but    it    is    a 


better  joint,  and  stronger,  than  the  ill- 
fitting  and  ugly  one,  such  as  one  so 
frequently  sees.  That  is  the  reason  I 
mentioned  tool  sharpening.  It  is  utter- 
ly impossible  to  make  good  joints  with 
poorly  sharpened  tools.  But  I  do  not 
want  to  be  misunderstood  in  this.  Good 
judgment  and  common  sense  are  assets 


Fig.  3  62 

that  no  carpenter  can  easily  afford  to 
dispense  with.  There  are  times  and  con- 
ditions under  which  it  would  be  stupid 
to  work  over  a  joint,  in  order  to  make 
it  well-fitting;  just  as  there  are 'times 
and  conditions  that  enter  into  the  tool 
sharpening.  To  know  when  to  do  these 
things  and  when  to  forego  doing  them, 
is  a  fine  shade  of  distinction  that  every 
mechanic  must  make  many  times  dur- 
ing his  whole  career,  and  happy  the 
man  who  has  cultivated  the  sense  of 
good  judgment  and  of  common  sense  to 
the  point  where  these  mental  attributes 
become  permanent  habits  with  him. 

Taking  up  the  illustrations:  Fig.  361 
shows,  in  part,  an  opening  for  a  stair- 
way, or  as  it  is  called,  a  wellhole  or 
well.  Here  we  have,  a  a,  trimmers;  b  b, 
carrying  joists;  c  c  c,  tail  joists,  and  d, 
header.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
carrying  joist  to  the  left,  answers  also 
for  the  left  trimmer  of  the  well.  This 
construction  is  not  an  unusual  one, 
however,  there  are  many  stairways  on 
which  it  can  not  be  used,  and  a  trimmer, 
such  as  is  shown  to  the  lower  right,  is 
required  on  either  side  of  the  well.  The 
joints  as  we  are  showing  them,  are 
held  together  with  nails,  and  for  most 
residence  work  that  is  sufficient;  but  in 
cases    where    the    header,    or    even    the 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


trimmers  and  the  tail  joists,  are  sub- 
jected to  a  great  deal  of  strain,  joist 
hangers  or  stirrups  should  be  used  for 
reinforcing.  Joist  hangers  can  be  ob- 
tained on  the  market,  or  they  can  be 
ordered  made  of  wrought  iron  at  any 
blacksmith  shop. 

Fig.  362  shows  a  wellhole  in  which 
the  carrying  joists,  a  a,  rest  on  a  brick 
wall.  The  dotted  line  represents  the 
inside  face  of  the  wall.  The  header,  b, 
in  this  case  is  on  the  side  and  runs  par- 


Fig.  363 

allel  with  the  run  of  the  stair,  whereas 
in  the  previous  figure  the  header  was 
on  the  end  of  the  well.  Three  of  the 
tail  joists  in  this  figure  are  marked  with 
c,  while  the  absence  of  the  mark  on  the 
others,  means  ditto.  What  we  said  about 
stirrups  in  the  explanation  of  the  pre- 
vious figure,  will  apply  throughout  this 
lesson. 

Fig.  363  shows  a  plain  perspective 
view  of  the  construction  of  a  fireplace 
opening  in  a  floor.  The  dotted  lines  rep- 
resent the  face  of  the  wall,  and  the 
reader    is    presumed    to    be    intelligent 


Fig.  36  4 

enough  to  locate  the  carrying  joists,  the 
header  and  the  tail  joists,  from  what 
was  said  concerning  the  two  previous 
illustrations. 


How  to  carry  joists  where  there  are 
flues  built  into  the  joist-supporting  wall, 
somewhat  on  the  order  shown  by  dotted 
lines,  is  illustrated  by  Fig.   36  4.    Some- 


Fig.  365 


times  a  chimney  brest  is  built  where 
such  flues  occur,  in  which  case  the  cen- 
struction  is  the  same,  excepting  that 
the  carrying  joists  extend  on  enough  to 
give  them  a  full  bearing  on  the  wall. 

Fig.  3  65  represents  a  method  of  con- 
struction that  should  be  used  cautious- 
ly. It  shows  how,  in  case  of  a  shortage 
of  full-length  floor  joists,  pieces  can  be 
utilized  by  framing  a  header  in  between 
two  carrying  joists,  as  shown.  Onto  this 
header  the  tail  joists,  for  that  is  what 
they  are,  are  nailed.  I  repeat,  this  con- 
struction should  not  be  used,  where  the 
floor  is  subjected  to  much  strain,  unless 
there  are  joist-supporting  partitions  un- 


Fig.  366 


derneath   located  in  such  a   manner  as 
to  make  the  floor  above  perfectly  safe. 

Fig.  366  shows  the  construction  of  an 
opening  for  a  chimney.  The  trimmers 
are  shown  at  a  a,  the  headers  at  b  b, 
the  tail  joists  at  c  c,  and  the  carrying 
joists  at  d  d.  The  upper  left  trimmer  is 
also  the  carrying  joist.  This  construc- 
tion is  all  right  when  the  chimney 
comes  right  for  it,  but  in  many  cases 
this  is  not  the  case,  and  then  two  trim- 
mers, one  on  either  side,  like  the  one  to 
the  right  must  be  put  in. 


2S 


T  II  E     <'  \  K  I*  EN  TER 


As  I  mentioned  in  a  previous  explana- 
tion, for  ordinary  residence  work,  nail- 
ing the  joints  is  sufficient  to  hold  them 
together,  and  that  is  even  more  true  of 
constructing  openings  for  chimneys. 
The  old  system  of  mortise-and-tenoning 
headers  into  the  carrying  joists,  and 
then  mortise-and  tenoning  the  tail  joists 
and  trimmers  into  the  headers,  is  a  poor 
construction:  although  it  might  have 
had  its  merits  in  the  olden  days.  Mor- 
tising a  carrying  joist,  as  I  have  seen 
many  in  old  buildings,  weakens  them  so 
much  that  they  would  hardly  carry  the 
load  that  ordinary  nailing  would  hold. 
The  intention  was  good,  but  the  good 
intentions  did  not  make  up  for  the  loss 
of  strength.  If  a  joint  needs  reinforc- 
ing, use  stirrups — saw-tooth  notching  is 
not  so  bad,  but  whenever  you  cut  into 
the  carrying  joists,  you  weaken  them. 


THE    FRAMING    SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART  TWENTY 

ROOF  PITCHES  CONCLUDED 

The  subject  of  roof  pitches  would 
not  have  been  considered  completely 
covered  if  the  third  method  of  deter- 
mining the  pitch  of  a  roof  should  have 
been  omitted.  This  method  is  known 
as  '"the  angle  of  inclination  in  degrees". 
It  means  that  the  pitch  is  expressed  by 
the  number  of  degrees  of  an  angle  that 
the  rafter  makes  with  the  plate.  Fig. 
1.  Thus,  Ave  may  have  a  2  0  degree 
roof,  a  30  degree  or  a  4  5  degree.  While 
this  method  is  not  at  present  commonly 
used  it  is  very  convenient  in  computa- 


tions  especially  when  the  angle  is  one 
of  the  commonly  used  values,  such  as 
30,  45  or  60  degrees.  This  is  the  only 
method  used  by  architects  and  engin- 
eers, and  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  will 
be  to  a  great  extent  used  in  the  future. 


To  sum  up,  we  have  the  following 
three  methods  used  in  determining  the 
pitch   of  a  roof. 

1.  The  pitch  may  be  described  in 
terms  of  the  ratio  of  the  total  rise  of 
the  roof  to  the  total  width  of  the  build- 
ing.     Thus,    we    may   have   a    Vz    pitch 


ff/S£  P£fi 

0£G/?££S. 

4 

/#*&' 

1 

4 

6 

es'&f 

/ 
3 

& 

33°4/' 

3 

/J 

9 

tt'se' 

& 

/# 

39°46' 

24 

// 

42° 3/' 

/ 
2 

tf 

43  W 

/S 

J/*?/?: 

2 
3 

f8 

33°M 

3 
4 

- 

&°/9' 

/7Q.-Z. 


roof,  *,£  pitch  or  a  %  pitch.  At  this 
point  it  is  well  to  mention  the  common 
error  made  by  many,  that  of  expressing 
the  pitch  as  a  ratio  of  the  rise  to  the 
half  span  of  the  building.  It  should 
be  firmly  implanted  in  your  mind  that  it 
is  the  ratio  of  the  rise  of  the  roof  to 
the  span  which  is  the  width  of  the 
building. 

2.  The  pitch  may  be  expressed  as 
the  relation  of  the  rise  to  the  run.  This 
is  more  conveniently  stated  as  the  rise 
per  foot  run,  which  means  so  many 
inches  of  vertical  rise  to  each  foot  of 
horizontal  run.  Thus,  we  may  say  a 
roof  has  a  slope  of  6  inches  in  12  or  8 
inches  in  12  inches  and  so  on. 

3.  The  pitch  of  a  roof  may  be  re- 
garded as  an  angle  of  inclination  which 
the  rafters  make  with  the  horizontal 
plane  of  the  plates.  For  instance,  a 
roof  may  be  of  35,  40  or  65  degrees.  In 
order  to  easily  compare  the  above  three 
methods  the  Table  in  Fig.  2  has  been 
prepared.  The  careful  study  of  the^e 
figures  will  materially  assist  you  in  com- 
mitting the  matter  to  your  mind. 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


Another,  very  useful  diagram  is 
shown  in  Fig.  3.  It  represents  the 
principal  roof  pitches  in  the  terminology 
used  in  the  first  method.  They  are 
called  one-half  pitch,  one-third  pitch 
etc.,  because  the  height  from  the  level 
of  the  wall  plates  to  the  ridge  of 
the  roof  is  one-half,  one-third  or  one- 
quarter  of  the  total  width  of  the  build- 
ing. 

This  rather  perplexing  subject  of 
roof  pitches  has  been  completely  cov- 
ered. No  effort  has  been  spared  as  to 
the  illumination  of  this  matter  from 
every  possible  angle  which  may  be 
viewed  in  the  practical  work  of  the 
builder.     The  subject    matter   has   been 


J  /?/S£P£/?f00rj?£/A' 


FIG.  3 
PR  INC/PAL    POOF  PITCHES 


profoundly  illustrated  with  drawings 
and  diagrams  to  further  facilitate  the 
mastery  of  the  topic  by  the  average 
reader. 

It  is  suggested  now  that  before  you 
make  any  further  attempt  to  proceed 
with  any  other  studies  on  roof  framing 
— get  the  subject  of  roof  pitches  estab- 
lished clearly  in  your  mind,  because  it 
is  one  of  the  most  important  funda- 
mentals. Get  the  right  understanding; 
this  is  the  principal  keynote  of  wisdom. 
Do  not  neglect  essentials:  if  you  do 
your  efforts  may  be  in  vain.  After  you 
are  convinced  that  you  have  mastered 
the  subject — you  may  proceed  with  the 
solution  of  the  problems  given  below. 
Drawing  rough  sketches  on  paper  in 
connection  with  these  problems  will 
prove   of  great  value. 


PROBLEMS  IN  ROOF  FRAMING. 

1.  A  roof  has  a  span  of  24  feet  and 
a  rise  of  12  feet.     What  is  the  pitch? 

2.  A  roof  is  16  feet  wide.  If  the  rise 
per  foot  run  is  10  inches,  what  is  the 
total  rise  of  the  roof? 

3.  Refer  to  Fig.  1.  The  roof  angle 
"B"  equals  to  %  of  angle  "C".  Angle 
"C"  is  45  degrees.  What  is  the  angle  of 
inclination  of  "B"? 

4.  What  is  the  pitch  of  a  roof,  hav- 
ing an  18  inch  rise  per  foot  run? 

Place  your  answer  in  the  blank  cir- 
cles in  diagram,  Fig.   3. 

5.  What  is  the  rise  per  foot  run  in 
a  roof  having  a  %   pitch? 

ANSWERS    TO    PROBLEMS. 

1.  The  pitch  of  a  roof  is  "the  rise  di- 
vided by  the  span."  If  the  rise  is  12 
feet  and  the  span  is  24  feet,  then  the 
pitch  is  12  divided  by  24,  equals   V2. 

2.  A  roof  16  feet  wide  has  a  run  of 
8  feet.  If  the  rise  per  foot  run  is  10 
inches  the  total  rise  is  8  x  10  equals  80 
inches  or  6  ft.   8  in. 

3.  Since  angle  "C"  is  a  45  degree 
angle,  one-third  of  45  equals  15  degrees. 
And  %  equal  15x2  which  is  30.  There- 
fore the  angle  of  inclination  of  "B"  is 
30  degrees. 

4.  The  roof  has  a   %   pitch. 

5.  If  a  roof  has  a  %  pitch  it  rises  15 
inches  to  every  foot.  Place  your  answer 
in  circle  in  diagram. 


Marking  A  Compound  Joint 
(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

We  have  seen  many  methods  of 
marking  the  cut  on  a  head  casing  for  a 
compound  joint;  that  is  a  joint  which 
is  mitered  enough  to  take  care  of  a 
rounded  corner,  and  the  rest  cut  on  a 
horizontal  line.  The  method,  though, 
we  are  showing  by  the  illustrations,  is 
one  we  have  used  successfully.  No 
doubt,  it  is  not  the  best  method,  but  it 
is  the  one  we  like  to  use. 

After  the  side  casings  have  been  cut 
and  nailed  into  place,  as  shown  in  part 
by  Fig.  1,  place  the  head  casing  onto 
them,  and  set  the  scribers  to  the  per- 
pendicular depth  of  the  miter-part  of 
the  joint,  in  the  manner  shown  by  the 
scribers  represented  at  A.  Then  hold 
the  scribers  in  the  manner  shown  at  B, 
and,  starting  at  point  a,  mark  the  hori- 


30 


THE     CARPENTER 


zontal  cut  from  a,  through  b  and  on  to 
the  end  of  the  casing.  This  done,  the 
miter  cut,  marked  c,  is  marked,  and 
the  casing  is  ready  to  be  cut.  Both  right 
and  left  cuts  of  the  head  casing  should 
be  marked  at  the  same  time.  The  round- 


ed corner,  shown  shaded,  gives  enough 
room  to  rest  one  leg  of  the  scribers  on 
the  end  of  the  side  casing,  while  the 
marking  is  done.  A  joint  marked  in 
this  way,  if  the  head  casing  is  straight, 
and  the  cutting  is  done  accurately  will 


Fig 


invariably    fit    as    snuggly    as    the    one 
shown  by  Fig.   2. 

The  compound  joint  is  used  a  great 
deal  in  these  days,  because  much  of  the 
casing    has    rounded    corners.     Another 


thing  a  full  miter  joint  is,  as  a 
rule,  unsatisfactory,  since  shrinking  and 
swelling  always  affects  it  more  than  a 
compound  joint. 


Lengths  and  Bevels  for  Bridging 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

In  looking  over  the  November  "Car- 
penter" I  noticed  H.  H.  Siegele'  Lesson 
LXII  relating  to  getting  the  length  and 
bevels  of  Bridging — Figure  351.  While 
his    method    will    give    the    length    and 


I'l'ITI'I'ITryriTITIMTI'I'I'I'I'li 

'  N  OX  E         ■ >T^^^^\. 

- 

THE     FIGURES          FO  R~~"'---^>-- 

- 

DISTANCE      BETWEEN 

AND     DEPTH      OF   JOIST 

- 

ARE      ON        OPPOSITE! 

- 

SIDES      OFTHE      PIECE 

- 

TO      BE       COT 

J^ 

T 


bevel,  allowance  must  be  made  for  the 
thickness   of  the  materials  used. 

I  am  submitting  a  sketch  showing  the 
way  that  I  get  the  length  and  bevel  of 
Bridging  with  the  Steel  Square  and  ac- 
cording to  this  method  it  makes  no  dif- 
ference what  is  the  thickness  of  the  ma- 
terial used,  it  will  give  the  exact  length. 

John  J.  O'Toole, 
L.  U.  No.  608.  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Miter  Box  for  Bridge  Cutting 

Editor,   "The   Carpenter": 

This  illustration  shows  how  I  make 
a  miter  box  for  cutting  bridging.  A  2x4 
is  used  for  the  bottom  and  a  2x6  for 
the  back.  The  bottom  should  be  about 
four  feet  long  to  allow  room  for  the 
bridging  to  drop  between  saw-horses. 
Make  notch  C  in  2x4  about  two  inches 
deep  and  two  inches  longer  than  the 
length  of  the  bridging  to  be  cut.  Nail 
the  2x6  on  the  back  edge  of  the  2x4 
with  the  notch  next  to  the  2x6.  Nail 
block  S  to  2x4  as  shown,  extending  it 
past    notch    A    one-half    inch.     Now    get 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


your  bridging  length  and  also  miter  cut 
and  make  your  miter  cut  in  2x6  at  IT. 
Nail  a  short  piece  of  1x2  edgewise  onto 
2x4  and  flush  with  notch  C  as  shown  by 
dotted  lines  E.  This  forms  a  guide  for 
your  bridging  to   drop  through  slot  C. 

I  have  found  this  box  works  to  good 
advantage  on  either  the  small  or  big 
jobs  as  it  takes  just  a  short  time  to 
build  and  it  saves  removing  the  bridg- 
ing each  time  a  cut  is  made.    Two  saw- 


\$n(vqttia  ;:'■   |  :|ffis;;<ttF 


I  '.■!■■   I.  '"'"    '  =  I  '  ■  =  1 1 : .  '  I  I  I  >  1 1 J I  ■  T 1 1 1 1 1  ulll'liu    mM 


horses  as  shown  in  illustration  are  used 
to  rest  the  miter  box  on.  This  box  is 
intended  for  cutting  either  one  or  two 
bridgings  at  once.  If  two  bridgings  are 
to  be  cut  at  once,  hold  two  bridging 
boards  flat  against  2x6  instead  of  one 
when  making  your  cuts.  The  cuts  in 
your  notch  should  be  at  about  the  same 
angle  as  your  miter  cuts  on  box. 


L.  U.  No.  678. 


Lon  W.  Skinner, 

Dubuque,  la. 


Assistance   Needed 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  a  problem  that  I  can 
not  solve.  A  little  help  from  some  of 
the  mathematically  inclined  fans  will  be 


appreciated. 

I   have  a  room   twelve   feet   wide,    by 
fourteen    feet    and    three    inches    long, 


(square  at  the  corners)  also  a  carpet 
three  feet  nine  inches  wide  to  be  cut 
off  square  at  the  ends.  The  carpet  is  to 
be  laid  diagonally  in  the  room  so  that 
the  corners  of  the  carpet  will  just  touch 
the  sides  of  the  room.  How  long  is  the 
carpet? 

A  little  drawing  may  be  helpful;  it 
is  self-explanatory.  Now  what  I  want  to 
see  is  a  solution  or  formula  for  working 
this  problem  and  not  just  an  answer. 

I  enjoy  all  the  problems  in  "The  Car- 
penter" and  think  they  are  very  in- 
structive provided  the  solutions  are 
shown  in  detail. 

Here's  for  more  problems. 


L.  U.  No.  417. 


G.  L.  Conrad, 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 


End  of  Typhoid  Is  Health  Goal 

Members  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association,  at  their  recent  con- 
vention held  in  Indianapolis,  were  told 
that  complete  eradication  of  typhoid 
fever  is  an  actual  possibility  and  is  the 
goal  toward  which  future  health  ef- 
forts should  be  directed. 

Pointing  out  that  the  mortality  rate 
of  the  disease  decreased  more  than  80 
per  cent  from  1913  to  1932,  Dr.  George 
H.  Ramsey,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  said  typhoid 
fever  prevention  should  no  longer  be 
discussed  in  terms  of  control. 

Dr.  Ramsey,  director  of  the  division 
of  communicable  diseases  of  the  New 
York  state  health  department,  spoke  be- 
fore a  joint  meeting  of  the  health  offi- 
cers, laboratory  and  epidemiology  sec- 
tions. 

A  study  of  the  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  the  disease,  he  said,  reveals  that 
the  greatest  problem  is  in  the  rural 
areas  of  the  south  where  the  least  de- 
crease has  occurred  and  where  the  mor- 
tality rate  is  now  seven  times  higher 
than  in  northern  states. 

Further  studies,  he  said,  show  that 
typhoid  has  become  "a  disease  of  small 
towns  rather  than  of  large  or  medium- 
sized  cities." 

Although  vaccination  is  of  proved  ef- 
ficacy he  expressed  doubt  as  to  the  wis- 
dom of  using  it  on  a  community  basis 
for  any  purpose  except  emergency  con- 
trol. 


Do  not  acquire  the  reputation  of  be- 
ing an  obstructionist.  Do  something  for 
the  good  of  the  organization. 


THE     CARPEXT E R 


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A  J\etv 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX   AND   OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
fibre  board  job.  It  grooves,  bevels  and  slits  any 
of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong    castings;;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
wood Handle  and  knob;  tool  steel  cutters  that  can  be  resharpened  like  a  regular 
plane  iron;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 

See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 


STANLEY  TOOLS 

New  Britain.  Connecticut 


Convict  Labor  Goods  Crimped  in  Seven- 
teen States 

The  unremitting  efforts  of  the  Execu- 
tive Council  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  in  favor  of  State  use  of  convict 
labor  goods  and  forbidding  interstate 
trade  in  them  have  resulted  in  the  enact- 
ment of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  convict  labor  bill 
by  17  States,  according  to  the  Council's 
report  to  the  1933  convention  of  the 
Federation  in  "Washington.  Twelve  of 
the  17  States  enacted  the  law  in  1933. 

The  States  now  having  laws  in  con- 
formity with  the  Hawes-Cooper  Act  are: 

Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho, 
Illinois,  Massachusetts,  Montana,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Dakota,  Utah,  Washington,  Wy- 
oming. 

"The  fact  that  no  convict-made  goods 
can  be  shipped  into  17  States  after 
January  19,  1934,  for  sale  on  the  open 
market,  will  serve  as  a  warning  to 
States  that  have  not  enacted  this  law 
.  that  they  must  adopt  the  State-use 
system,"  the  Council  said. 

"The  main  attack  on  the  Hawes- 
Cooper  Act  was  begun  by  the  attorney- 
general  of  Alabama,  who  asked  for  an 
injunction  restraining  16  States  from 
enforcing  their  convict  labor  laws.  The 
States  asked  to  be  enjoined  will  fight 
the  suit.  The  attorneys-general  of  those 
States  met  in  Chicago  and  appointed  a 
committee  to  draw  up  briefs  in  support 
of  the  constitutionality  of  the  Hawes- 
Cooper  Act. 

"Many  protests  have  been  made  by 
the  citizens  of  Alabama,  and  the  Execu- 
tive Council  believes  that  the  attorney- 
general  of  that  State  will  not  succeed  in 
his  efforts  to  uphold  convict  labor  com- 
petition with  free  labor. 

"Contracts  for  shirts  in  Kentucky  and 
Wyoming  prisons  were  cancelled  be- 
cause the  Hawes-Cooper  Act  would  be- 
come effective  after  January  19,  1934." 


American  Plan  Sent  Country  on  the 
Rocks 

(Rev.  R.  A.  McGowan) 

Company  unions  had  a  great  vogue 
right  after  the  War  and  during  the  de- 
pression that  began  with  1920.  They 
were  set  up  by  the  employers  and  con- 
trolled by  them.  The  propaganda  was 
sent  out  that  the  company  union  was 
the  real  old  genuine  American  Plan  and 
that  the  labor  union  was  an  invasion  of 


the  free-born  rights  of  an  American 
citizen. 

It  was  this  "American  Plan"  that  sent 
the  country  on  the  rocks.  The  free-born 
right  of  an  American  citizen  not  to  have 
his  wages,  hours  and  working  conditions 
influenced  by  a  labor  union  that  covered 
his  whole  trade  and  industry  meant  the 
free-born  right  of  the  American  em- 
ployers to  control  wages,  hours  and 
working  conditions. 

The  employers  controlled  to  their 
own  short-time  advantage.  They  often 
paid  less  than  a  bare  existence  wage 
and  never  enough  to  let  employes  buy 
their  share  of  the  goods  that  were  being 
produced  in  ever-growing  quantities. 
Unable  to  sell  their  goods  and  haphaz- 
ardly developing  their  plants  and  their 
production  without  regard  to  their  own 
competitors  and  hoping  always  to  sell 
more  and  more  goods,  the  very  employ- 
ers brought  upon  themselves  the  Great 
Depression. 

And  the  bitter  joke  of  it  was  that 
the  employers  were  only  partly  wrong 
when  they  said  that  their  idea  was  the 
true  American  idea.  For  there  is  no 
doubt  that  one  strong  strain  in  Ameri- 
can life  has  always  been  in  favor  of 
everyone  standing  on  his  own  feet  with- 
out regard  for  any  man.  But  at  last  we 
have  discovered  the  old  human  law  that 
the  man  who  makes  up  his  mind  to 
stand  always  on  his  own  feet  alone  is 
soon  either  standing  on  other  people's 
feet  or  is  not  standing  at  all. 

The  point  of  it  is  that  the  American 
Plan  was  a  method  and  the  method  con- 
flicted with  the  American  ideal.  The 
ideal  was  to  have  general  prosperity  and 
a  high  standard  of  living  for  all.  The 
method  of  Individualism  was  mistaken- 
ly thought  to  be  the  only  way  to  attain 
the  ideal.  Now  we  know  that  Individu- 
alism is  one  sure  way  not  to  attain  the 
ideal.  The  American  Plan  undermined 
the  ideal. 

Defeat  for  the  company  union  and  de- 
feat for  that  even  worse  thing — utter 
isolation  of  the  individual  workers — is 
one  of  the  great  victories  that  these 
months  are  gaining.  To  make  the  vic- 
tory sure,  employes  should  themselves 
join  the  labor  unions  in  great  armies. 
Then  they  will  be  in  a  position  not  only 
to  fix,  as  free  men  and  brothers,  the 
right  wage  rates  and  the  right  hours, 
but  to  rise  to  full  brotherhood  and  full 
dignity  in  their  industry  as  organized 
sharers  in  the  management,  profits  and 
ownership  of  the  things  with  which 
and  on  which  they  work. 


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LINCOLN,  THE  UNCONQUERABLE! 

(By  James  Edward  Hungerford) 

For  years  he  knew  naught  but  defeat 

At  ev'ry thing  he  tried; 

What  e'er  he  strove  to  do,  he'd  meet 

Rebuffs  from  ev'ry  side; 

Grim  failure  loomed  on  ev'ry  hand 

To  shatter  dreams  he  dreamed; 

No  matter  WHAT,  or  HOW,  he  planned, 

'Twas  futile,  so  it  seemed. 

Born  in  an  humble  woodman's  cot; 
Sore  handicapped  from  birth, 
He  fought  for  ev'rything  he  got — 
Against  the  odds  of  earth ! 
"Depression"  was  his  daily  fare, 
Through  years  of  ceaseless  strife, 
Bowed  down  by  ev'ry  worldly  care, 
Throughout  his  martyred  life. 

Through  endless  trials,  his  great  heart  bled; 

His  was  the  thorny-crown, 

But  on  he  fought,  when  hope  seemed  dead — 

No  odds  could  keep  him  down ! 

He  drank  deep  of  the  hemlock-cup, 

And  downed  the  dregs  of  gall, 

And  now  the  world  to  HIM  looks  up — 

Who  TRIUMPHED  over  all! 

ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

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October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,  1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters,  Stair  Builders,  Machine  Wood  Workers,  Planing  Mill  Men,  and 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

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Established  in   1881 
Vol.  LIV. — No.  2. 


INDIANAPOLIS,  FEBRUARY,   1934 


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which  may  be,  in  their  judgment,  unfair  or  objectionable  to  the  membership  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America. 

All  contracts  for  advertising  space  in  "The  Carpenter,"  including  those  stipulated  as 
non-cancellable,  are  only  accepted  subject  to  the  above  reserved  rights  of  the  publishers. 


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* 

SUCCESS 

♦ 

♦ 

* 

♦ 

It's  doing  your  job  the  best  you  can 

♦ 

♦> 

And  being  just  to  your  fellow  man; 

*> 

♦♦♦ 

It's  making  money,  but  holding  friends, 

♦ 

* 

And  staying  true  to  your  aims  and  ends; 

i* 

♦ 

It's  figuring  how  and  learning  why 

<i* 

And  looking  forward  and  thinking  high, 

*$* 

♦ 

And  dreaming  a  little  and  doing  much; 

<$> 

*♦♦ 

It's  keeping  always  in  closest  touch 

♦ 

* 

With  what  is  finest  in  word  and  deed, 

*> 

♦ 

It's  being  thorough,  yet  making  speed, 

♦ 

It's  daring  blithely  the  field  of  chance 

♦♦♦ 

♦ 

While  making  labor  a  brave  romance; 

♦ 

♦ 

It's  going  onward  despite  defeat 

♦ 

And  fighting  stanchly,  but  keeping  sweet; 

♦»* 

V 

It's  being  clean  and  it's  playing  fair, 

♦ 

It's  laughing  lightly  at  Dame  Despair; 

* 

It's  looking  up  at  the  stars  above 

♦ 

And  drinking  deeply  of  life  and  love; 

*•> 

* 

It's  struggling  on  with  the  will  to  win, 

♦ 

* 

But  taking  loss   with  a  cheeful  grin; 

*> 

♦!* 

It's  sharing  sorrow  and  work  and  mirth 

*> 

♦ 

And  making  better  this  good  old  earth; 

♦ 

It's  service,  striving  thru  strain  and  stress, 

*!♦ 

* 

It's  doing  your  noblest — that's  success. 

*♦* 

»> 

— Ex. 

»> 
* 

*> 
♦ 

►1+ 

♦^•^♦♦«*!»,j«^^«*J<  ,£♦♦£♦?*  ♦I»*J*»!**!«»t«*J*»J*»J**J**J**^ 

♦»* 

THE     CARPENTER 

SHORTER  HOURS 

(By  William  Green,  President,  A.  F.  of  L.) 


HE  United  States  Govern- 
ment has  decreed  that  the 
Federal  employes  must 
contribute  another  cut 
to  balancing  the  budget. 
Federal  employes,  like  all 
other  loyal  groups,  are  willing  to  make 
proportionate  sacrifices  to  national  best 
interests.  But  it  should  be  remembered 
that  because  of  the  supposed  greater  se- 
curity of  government  employment,  sal- 
aries of  Federal  employes  are  lower 
than  those  for  similar  work  in  private 
employment.  These  employes  have  al- 
ready had  one  pay  cut  that  seriously 
curtailed  income.  This  second  cut  means 
serious  problems  for  these  workers  and 
their  dependents.  This  group  of  efficient 
workers,  upon  whom  we  depend  to 
carry  on  government  services,  is  faced 
with  the  unpleasant  necessity  of  organ- 
izing their  lives  on  lower  standards  of 
living.  Recovery  for  them  will  be  slower 
than  for  other  groups. 

There  is  a  way  to  express  our  appre- 
ciation of  both  the  services  and  the  sac- 
rifices of  the  government  workers,  and 
to  compensate  in  a  measure  for  their 
losses — establish  the  five  day  week  for 
all  government  employes.  The  Federal 
government  should  in  all  its  work  rela- 
tionships  lead   in   establishing   the   best 


practices. 

The  five-day  week  would  automatic- 
ally raise  the  rate  of  pay  for  all.  It 
would  give  them  time  for  recreation  and 
those  avocations  which  mean  self-prog- 
ress for  the  individual  worker. 

When  the  Federal  government  estab- 
lishes the  five-day  week  as  accompany- 
ing compensation  for  cutting  income,  it 
will  set  a  precedent  for  private  industry 
and  work  of  all  kinds  to  follow.  Wage- 
earners  are  identified  with  industries  in 
producing  the  goods  or  services  which 
provide  income,  but  they  have  little 
or  inadequate  voice  in  deciding  policies 
or  distribution  of  income.  They  should 
be  the  last  asked  to  take  cuts.  When 
mismanagement  or  other  misfortunes 
make  wage  cuts  unavoidable,  the  basic 
work  week  should  be  cut  in  proportion. 
The  gain  in  hours  reduction  would  in  a 
measure  compensate  for  loss  of  income. 
By  maintaining  the  hours  standard  and 
seeking  increases  in  incomes,  when  bet- 
ter conditions  develop,  a  temporary  loss 
can  be  turned  into  permanent  advan-  ■ 
tage. 

Let  no  one  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that 
a  shorter  work  week  and  higher  incomes 
are  indexes  to  national  progress  as  well 
as  to  progress  for  the  individuals  con- 
cerned. 


CONSTRUCTION     GIVES     TENTH     OF    ALL 
EMPLOYMENT 


VERY  tenth  person  gain- 
fully employed  in  the 
United  States  in  1929  de- 
pended for  his  livelihood 
on  construction;  of  the 
total  of  $11,000,000,000 
of  construction  in  that  year,  the  greater 
part  went  eventually  to  wages.  Further, 
just  as  much  employment  was  furnished 
indirectly  in  dependent  industries  as 
was  created  by  actual  construction 
work. 

This  information  was  presented  by 
Robert  D.  Kohn,  past  president  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects,  and 
General  Chairman  of  the  Construction 
League  of  the  United  States. 

"That  the  railroads,  mines  and  other 
contributing  industries   lean  heavily  on 


construction  is  clear  from  the  facts  that 
one  out  of  every  five  carloads  of  freight 
moved  in  1929  carried  construction  ma- 
terials in  raw  or  finished  form,"  Mr. 
Kohn  said.  "Five  per  cent  of  all  coal 
mined  was  burned  to  make  these  mate- 
rials, and  eight  per  cent  of  the  whole- 
salers of  the  country  were  busy  with 
their  distribution.  This  multiple  divi- 
sion of  the  construction  dollar  proves  it 
to  be  a  tremendous  factor  in  the  compli- 
cated and  interlocking  economic  life  of 
today. 

"The  fact  that  the  jobs  of  a  tenth  of 
America's  workers  depend  on  construc- 
tion brings  home  the  importance  of  the 
public  works  program.  Construction 
paid  $7,000,000,000  to  4,500,000  per- 
sons in  1929  out  of  the  total  of  48,800,- 


THE     CARPEXTER 


000  gainfully  employed.  Over  half  of 
these  workers  were  engaged  in  direct 
construction. 

It  would  be  an  immense  step  forward 
if  we  muster  a  major  part  of  this  great 
force  during  the  recovery  period  and 
apply  it  intelligently  to  useful  and  far- 
sighted  public  projects,  not  for  selfish 
and  gainful  purposes,  but  rather  direct- 
ed to  the  common  good  and  for  the  bet- 
terment of  America's  living  conditions." 

The  Construction  League  nas  made 
the  first  really  exhaustive  survey  of  con- 
struction, obtaining  the  figures  in  Wash- 
ington in  the  various  government  de- 
partments. 

Though  the  bulk  of  construction  work 
is  done  in  large  cities  and  industrial 
areas,  the  indirect  employment  afforded 
in  the  manufacture  of  materials,  in 
transportation  and  in  distribution,  is  as 
great  as  the  employment  on  the  con- 
struction site.  The  production  of  raw 
and  finished  materials  is  carried  on  in 
every  section  of  the  country,  in  towns 
far  from  structure  or  project.  For  ex- 
ample, a  study  of  the  materials  sources 
for  Boulder  Dam  reveals  lumber  from 
the  northwest,  steel  work  from  Ohio, 
Illinois,  California,  Pennsylvania  and 
Alabama,  turbines  from  Wisconsin  and 
Virginia,  electrical  equipment  from  New 
York,  valves  from  Tennessee,  and  the 
cableway  from  New  Jersey. 

In  1929  the  raw  materials  produc- 
tion for  construction  engaged  over  60,- 
000  persons,  mostly  in  the  mines  and 
quarries.  The  value  of  their  products 
was  a  half-billion  dollars.  These  un- 
finished stone,  ore  and  mineral  products 
went  to  the  manufacturing  industries, 
which  converted  them,  together  with 
forest  products,  to  finished  materials, 
valued  at  three  and  three-quarter  bil- 
lions of  dollars.  In  this  manufacturing 
process  1,100,000  people  were  engaged, 
or  one  out  of  every  ten  occupied  in  all 
manufacturing  industries;  the  materials 
were  being  made  in  one-fourth  of  the 
mills  and  factories  of  the  country. 

Pennsylvania,  by  virtue  of  her  steel 
and  cement,  took  the  lead  in  the  produc- 
tion of  these  materials,  with  a  total  em- 
ployment of  133,000,  a  margin  of  50,- 
000  over  her  nearest  competitor.  New 
York,  number  one  when  all  industry  is 
considered,  dropped  to  third  place  as  a 
construction  supplier;  Ohio  was  the  sec- 
ond state. 

As  a  complement  to  the  manufactur- 
ing  division   of   the  survey,   a   study   of 


acoal  consumption  by  the  materials  pro- 
ducing industries  was  made,  revealing 
that  5  per  cent  of  all  coal  mined  in 
1929  was  used  for  these  materials  and 
that  25,000  people  were  employed  in  its 
production. 

Transportation  of  construction  ma- 
terials is  the  next  logical  step  in  the 
construction  process,  and  employed  180,- 
000  men  on  the  railroads,  moving  6,- 
800,000  carloads  of  raw  and  finished 
construction  freight,  or  roughly,  one 
out  of  every  five  carloads  for  1929.  This 
transportation  was  responsible  for  14 
per  cent  of  all  freight  revenue. 

Engaged  in  wholesale  distribution  of 
the  construction  materials  were  125,000 
persons,  reporting  net  sales  to  the  Cen- 
sus Bureau  of  $3,129,000,000,  part  of 
which  was  redistributed  by  310,000 
workers  in  retail  establishments.  This 
distribution  group  furnishes  10  per  cent 
of  all  construction  employment  and  is 
one  of  the  most  widely  dispersed  divi- 
sions. The  design  of  buildings,  struc- 
tures and  projects  of  all  kinds  occupied 
145,000  architects,  draftsmen,  engin- 
eers, and  designers  in  1929,  represent- 
ing 3  per  cent  of  the  construction  em- 
ployes. 

Of  the  $11,000,000,000  of  construc- 
tion, contractors  built  a  little  more 
than  half,  the  remainder  being  done 
by  railroads,  public  utilities  companies, 
municipal  governments  and  the  like.  Di- 
rect employment  was  2,500,000  men. 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  led 
in  number  of  employes  on  contract  con- 
struction work. 


It  is  hard- 


To  forget 
To  forgive 
To  apologize 
To  take  advice 
To  admit  error 
To  be  unselfish 
To  save  money 
To  be  charitable 
To  be  considerate 
To  avoid  mistakes 
To  keep  out  of  the  rut 
To  make  the  best  of  little  thing-s 
To  shoulder  blame 
To  keep  your  temper  at  all  times 
To  begin  all  over  again 
To  maintain  a  high  standard 
To  keep  on,  keeping  on 
To    think    first    and    act    after- 
wards— 
But  it  pays. 


THE     CARPENTER 


DISCRIMINATION   AGAINST   THE   OLDER   WORKER 

(By  Executive  Council,  A.  F.  of  L.) 


HE  policy  of  establishing 
an  age  limit  for  hiring 
workers  is  a  grave  men- 
ace to  the  older  worker. 
Developments  of  the  last 
few  years  have  brought 
no  relief.  In  fact,  this  policy  is,  if  any- 
thing, becoming  more  widespread.  It 
had  at  the  start  a  definite  connection 
with  the  spread  of  employe  benefit  plans 
financed  by  the  employer,  such  as  group 
insurance  or  old-age  pensions;  but  age 
limits  have  now  extended  far  beyond  the 
field  of  such  benefit  plans.  The  practice 
is  so  general  that  workers  over  45  in 
many  localities  find  it  practically  im- 
possible to  get  a  job,  and  workers  of 
40  and  even  35  are  also  finding  age 
limits  applied  against  them. 

The  far-reaching  effect  of  this  injus- 
tice to  the  worker  is  not  fully  realized. 
Men  who  have  spent  their  lives  in  hon- 
est, conscientious  work  for  an  employer, 
who  have  developed  skill  and  experience 
with  the  years,  may  be  laid  off  and  lit- 
erally thrown  on  the  scrap  heap  at  40 
or  45.  By  the  time  a  man  has  reached 
this    age,    his    children   are   at   the    age 


when  education  and  preparation  for  the 
future  will  determine  the  course  of  their 
lives.  If  he  loses  his  job  and  income, 
the  children  are  forced  to  leave  school 
and  go  to  work.  Many  a  young  man  of 
ability  has  thus  been  forced  to  abandon 
the  trade  or  career  for  which  he  was 
training  and  has  never  again  been  able 
to  rise  out  of  drudgery. 

The  age  limit  also  means  a  loss  to 
industry,  in  that  it  eliminates  workers 
who  have  reached  an  age  of  responsibil- 
ity and  who  have  twenty  or  thirty  years' 
training  in  industrial  work.  Experience 
and  responsibility  are  essential  in  any 
work  where  the  quality  of  the  product 
is  concerned. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor  is 
opposed  to  discriminating  against  work- 
ers in  industry  on  a  basis  of  age  as  well 
as  in  other  unfair  discriminations.  We 
also  oppose  the  Government's  setting 
any  maximum  age  for  applicants  for  em- 
ployment. The  employment  or  retention 
of  workers  should  be  based  upon  com- 
petence to  perform  work,  and  not  on 
arbitrary  age  limit. 


ADDRESS    OF    MR.    JAMES    ROWAN,    FRATERNAL 

DELEGATE    OF    THE    BRITISH    TRADE    UNION 

CONGRESS  TO  THE  A.   F.   OF   L.   CONVENTION 

(Continued  from  January  issue) 


AN  it  be  possible  that  Hit- 
lerism  is  condoned  by  in- 
ternational capital,  and 
by  capitalist  government; 
even  by  the  Communist 
Government  of  Russia, 
because  Hitler  is  destroying  democracy 
and  liberty?  He  has  already  destroyed 
Trade  Unionism  and  wiped  out  the 
workers'  political  organization  in  Ger- 
many. 

My  question  must  for  the  moment  go 
unanswered.  That  there  are  sinister 
forces  at  work  in  all  countries  in  un- 
dermining the  institutions  of  free  citi- 
zenship and  weakening  the  workers' 
organizations  seems  to  me  a  proven 
fact. 

In  my  deliberate  judgment,  the  small 
group  of  international  financiers  who 
control      the      great      aggregations      of 


capital,  with  the  governments  they  cre- 
ate and  maintain  in  power,  are  fighting 
desperately  and  unscrupulously  against 
the  advance  of  democracy.  Within  the 
last  generation  we  have  seen  working 
class  organization  gain  great  influence 
and  power,  industrially  and  politically. 
In  one  country  after  another,  the  or- 
ganized working  class  movement  was 
able  to  challenge  the  domination  of 
capital.  Trade  Unionism  had  developed 
the  method  of  collective  bargaining  and 
had  compelled  employers  to  meet  them 
on  something  like  equal  terms.  Indus- 
trial autocracy  was  coming  to  an  end. 
The  organized  wage  earners  were  be- 
ginning to  assert  their  claim  for  a 
voice  in  the  control  and  direction  of 
industry. 

Further,    in    countries    where    organ- 
ized   Labor    had    formed    political    par- 


THE     CARPENTER 


ties,  it  was  beginning  to  reach  out  to 
grasp  the  reins  of  Government. 

It  would  be  stupid  to  think  that  these 
developments  of  Labor's  power,  indus- 
trial and  political,  have  been  regarded 
complacently  by  organized  capital.  One 
cannot  imagine  that  capital  has  seen 
these  things  taking  place  without  won- 
dering what  was  going  to  happen. 

That  being  so,  it  seems  to  me  to  be 
probable,  prima  facie,  that  big  indus- 
trialists, financiers  and  international 
capital  generally  will  not  have  frowned 
upon  the  leaders  of  the  Fascist  move- 
ment, or  have  tried  to  dissuade  Hit- 
ler from  destroying  the  foundations 
of  democracy,  Trade  Unionism  and  free 
citizenship  in  Germany.  It  seems  to 
me  more  probable,  on  the  face  of  it, 
that  they  will  have  helped  him  to  do 
these  things  and  will  stand  ready  to 
help  anybody  who  will  play  the  part 
of  Hitler  in  other  countries  where 
Trade  Unionism  is  strong  and  militant. 
That  is  why,  I  have  spoken  at  some 
length  of  the  state  of  affairs  in  Germany 
and  Europe  at  large  rather  than  of  the 
British  Trade  Union  movement  general- 
ly. I  now  desire  to  refer  to  what,  in  my 
opinion,  is  one  of  the  most  important 
organizations  in  Europe — The  Interna- 
tional Labor  Office,  brought  into  exist- 
ence by  and  through  the  Versailles 
Treaty.  However  many  complaints  there 
may  be  in  respect  to  certain  clauses  of 
this  treaty  there  is  nothing  to  be  said 
against  the  principle  contained  in  Part 
8,  of  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  of  June, 
1919. 

The  opening  of  the  International  La- 
bor Office  at  Geneva  is  but  a  continua- 
tion of  the  history  of  this  centuries-old 
center  of  religious,  political  and  civil 
freedom.  In  this  city  a  most  wonderful 
monument  stands,  over  eighty  yards  in 
length  and  some  fourteen  yards  high, 
on  which  is  engraved  in  marble  the  dec- 
larations, over  three  hundred  years  old, 
of  the  various  European  countries  relat- 
ing to  their  liberty.  Amongst  others  are 
two  in  the  English  language;  First,  the 
Bill  of  Rights,  wrung  from  the  royalists 
in  Britain  by  the  forces  of  Cromwell; 
and,  Second,  the  Mayflower  Compact  of 
the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  in  themselves  two 
of  the  most  historical  documents  in  the 
world's  history.  In  this  hallowed  spot 
the  International  Labor  Office  is  cen- 
tered and  since  its  inception  has  done 
wonderful  work.    It  ought  to  be  remem- 


bered that  at  the  end  of  the  war  most 
of  Europe  was  in  a  most  deplorable  con- 
dition socially.  True,  one  or  two  of  the 
countries,  such  as  Britain,  thought  the 
era  of  artificial  prosperity  that  immedi- 
ately followed  the  war  would  continue, 
but  very  soon  they  were  disillusioned 
and  nearly  down  to  the  low  level  of 
other  European  countries.  Neutral  coun- 
tries, such  as  Scandinavia  and  Holland, 
certainly  had  a  good  harvest  during  the 
war  out  of  both  sides.  None  the  less 
they  were  later  brought  into  the  mael- 
strom of  the  industrial  depression.  The 
Treaty  of  Versailles  so  far  as  organiza- 
tion of  labor  on  an  international  basis 
was  concerned  was  an  honest  and  sin- 
cere endeavor  to  allay  the  terrible  de- 
gradation of  labor  that  might,  and-did, 
take  place.  Millions  of  workers  have 
been  on  the  poverty,  even  the  starva- 
tion line,  without  any  signs  of  political 
easement.  What  little  easement  has 
taken  place  in  Europe  was  owing  to  the 
machinery  of  the  International  Labor 
Office  through  the  pressure  of  trade  un- 
ion representatives  at  the  International 
Labor  Conferences.  The  good  work  ac- 
complished would  have  been  consider- 
ably increased  had  it  not  been  ham- 
pered at  every  turn  by  reactionary  gov- 
ernments and  hostile  employers'  organ- 
izations. In  spite,  however,  of  this  for- 
midable opposition  the  International 
Labor  Office  is  making  steady  and  cer- 
tain progress.  Conventions  have  been 
presented  dealing  with  such  important 
questions  as  unemployment;  employ- 
ment of  women;  minimum  age  of  ad- 
mission of  children  to  industrial  em- 
ployment; restrictions  of  employment 
of  young  persons  on  night  work;  ex- 
tension of  the  workmen's  compensa- 
tion to  agricultural  workers;  weekly 
rest  day  in  industrial  undertakings- 
conventions  affecting  those  who  go 
down  to  the  sea  in  ships,  such  as  in- 
demnities in  the  case  of  foundering  or 
loss  of  the  ship — minimum  age  of  em- 
ployment at  sea — facilities  for  finding 
work  for  seamen  and  many  others.  In 
respect  to  the  social  services  many  con- 
ventions have  been  brought  into  exist- 
ence dealing  among  other  subjects  with 
sickness,  invalidity,  widows'  and  or- 
phans' and  old  age  pensions.  These  are 
only  a  few  examples  of  the  work  accom- 
plished. 

It  might  be  said. — Yes,  but  how  does 
that  affect  us?  We  already  had  most 
of    these    laws    operating    to    a    greater 


THE     CARPENTER 


or  less  extent?  True,  but  the  Inter- 
national Labor  Office  is  in  existence 
for  the  express  purpose,  of  co-ordinat- 
ing the  social  and  industrial  legislation 
of  the  world,  and  endeavors  to  bring 
backward  countries  into  line. 

Samuel  Gompers  said  in  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  Convention,  1919: 
''But  I  see  in  this  draft  convention 
for  labor,  not  that  it  will  bring  very 
much  of  light  into  the  lives  of  Ameri- 
can workers,  but  I  do  believe  that  its 
adoption  and  operation  will  have  the 
effect  of  bringing  light  into  the  lives 
of  the  workers  in  the  more  backward 
countries.  What  concerned  me  most 
was  that  there  should  not  be  in  the 
draft  convention  anything  by  which 
1  lie  standards  of  American  labor 
could  be  reduced,  and  that  the  Sea- 
raen's  Act  should  be  protected  by  that 
protocol  to  Article  19  of  the  draft 
convention. 

"I  hold  that  the  resolution  must  be 
5  iterpreted  upon  the  basis  of  the  pre- 
:  mbles  to  the  resolution,  and  the  pre- 
:  mble  to  the  declaration  in  regard  to 
1  lie  labor  provisions  declares  that  'it 
i  5  of  the  utmost  importance  that  the 
conditions  of  labor  the  world  over 
must  be  improved,  and  that  therefore 
labor  cannot  be  regarded  "merely"  as 
a  commodity  or  an  article  of  com- 
merce.' It  has  got  to  be  read  in  the 
light  of  the  declarations  contained  in 
the  preamble." 

Could  we,  for  example,  bring  Japan 
into  line  on  hours,  conditions  of  work, 
social  service,  and  protection  of  child 
labor,  along  with  other  conditions 
brought  into  being  by  the  International 
Labor  Conventions  we  would  not  at 
present  be  faced  with  the  unfair  and 
indefensible  competition  we  in  Britain, 
like  yourself,  are  suffering  from.  There 
is  an  economic  side  to  this  question  that 
alone,  in  my  opinion,  will  bring  America 
into  line  to  assist  in  her  own  best  inter- 
ests in  removing  the  many  international 
anomalies  at  present  existing.  Your  own 
government  has  already  to  some  extent 
realized  this  by  sending  a  deputation 
this  year  to  Geneva  with  a  watching 
brief.  I  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting 
there  this  year  one  of  your  representa- 
tives our  good  friend  Mr.  Frayne,  and 
on  one  or  two  occasions,  compared  notes 
with  him.  I  am  bold  enough  to  believe 
that  as  a  result  of  his  visit  he  will  have 
convinced    himself    of    the    necessity   of 


the  continuance  and  strengthening  of 
this  body.  I,  myself,  as  a  result  of  at- 
tending the  last  three  conferences  have 
become  a  very  strong  advocate  of  the 
continuance  and  extension  of  this  in- 
stitution, believing  it  is  one  of  the  most 
necessary  in  the  world,  and  if  it  is  my 
good  fortune  to  attend  further  confer- 
ences at  Geneva  I  shall  be  a  most  happy 
man  to  meet  your  delegation  there  as 
fully  accredited  representatives  of  the 
great  United  States  of  America. 

About  our  movement  at  home  I  am 
not  going  to  speak  at  any  length  but  I 
feel  I  must  briefly  refer  to  the  increas- 
ing menace  to  the  working  class  of  un- 
controlled rationalization,  or  as  you 
more  aptly  put  it — technocracy.  In  my 
own  section  of  industry — electrical  en- 
gineering— we  have  as  remarkable  ex- 
amples as  yourself  of  changing  condi- 
tions which  have  bitten  us  as  much  as 
they  have  bitten  you.  For  instance, 
while  bald  statistics  may  show  for  Brit- 
ain the  production  of  electrical  machin- 
ery to  be  not  more  last  year  than  in 
previous  years  no  allowance  is  made  for 
the  fact  that  during  the  last  decade  the 
cost  of  production  and  the  weight  per 
electrical  unit  of  the  product  has  con- 
siderably decreased.  Therefore  we  have 
the  spectacle  of  more  productive  ma- 
chinery being  actually  manufactured 
and  put  on  the  market  while  the  statis- 
ticians say  there  is  less.  Statisticians. 
of  course,  say  that  statistics  never  lie. 

I  will  here  quote  only  one  example  of 
the  displacement  of  labor  caused  by  new 
methods.  In  the  manufacturing  of  elec- 
trical machinery  Stator  Carcass  were 
made  of  cast  steel,  necessitating  the  em- 
ployment of  engineers,  pattern  makers, 
and  moulders.  A  decision  was  arrived 
at  to  fabricate  these  stators  by  welding 
steel  plates  together  to  form  the  car- 
cass. The  result  was,  no  pattern  mak- 
ers or  moulders  were  required,  and  a 
class  of  labor  introduced  to  do  the  weld- 
ing at  semi-skilled  rates  of  wages.  This 
halved  the  cost  and  halved  the  weight 
and  halved  the  labor  or  the  out-put, 
giving  another  opportunity  to  the  stat- 
istician of  showing  he  knows  nothing 
of  the  practical  application  of  his 
theories.  What  has  happened  with  elec- 
trical engineering  has  happened  in 
nearly  every  other  industry.  The  irony 
of  it  all  is  that  when  this  machinery  is 
finished  it  is  used  for  the  purpose  of 
putting  further  people  out  of  employ- 
ment and  so  the  vicious   circle  is  ever 


THE     CARPENTER 


growing  larger.  Another  factor  that 
widens  the  differences  between  producer 
and  consumer  is  that  every  machine 
made  increases  production  and  reduces 
consumption;    machines  don't  eat. 

This  all  tends  to  emphasize  the  neces- 
sity of  the  program  put  forth  in  your 
President,  Mr.  Green's  splendid  address 
on  Monday,  that  the  only  immediate 
solution  in  the  present  state  of  society 
is  a  substantial  reduction  in  hours  and 
a  large  increase  in  the  spending  capac- 
ity of  the  workers  in  order  to  do  some- 
thing to  more  nearly  balance  the  pres- 
ent uneconomic  position.  I  might  add 
we  in  Britain  are  struggling  with  an 
economic  crisis  that  has  lasted  longer 
than  yours,  with  an  unemployment 
problem  which  has  been  with  us  now 
for  a  dozen  years,  and  with  a  reaction- 
ary Government  that  is  not  even  capable 
of  learning  the  lessons  your  Government 
has  been  teaching. 

Let  me  say  to  you  that  British  trade 
unionists  have  been  profoundly  im- 
pressed by  the  most  characteristic  fea- 
tures of  your  Government's  recovery 
program.  We  regard  those  features  as 
an  attempt  to  put  into  practice  the  prin- 
ciples of  trade  union  policy.  I  am 
charged  to  convey  to  you  our  warm  ap- 
preciation of  the  fight  your  Federation 
has  made  for  full  recognition  of  Trade 
Unionism  in  the  working  out  of  the  re- 
covery program.  We  hope  and  believe 
that  the  ultimate  result  will  be  such 
an  improvement  in  trade,  revival  of  in- 
dustry and  permanent  elevation  of  the 
people's  standard  of  life  as  will  vindi- 
cate your  Federation  in  its  insistence 
upon  the  policy  of  reducing  hours  of 
employment  and  raising  wages  as  the 
first  steps  toward  recovery. 

I  believe  that  you  have  initiated  here 
in  the  United  States  a  departure  in  the 
economic  life  of  nations  and  that  other 
countries  will  be  compelled  to  follow 
your  lead,  in  matters  of  fundamental 
policy.  And  out  of  our  common  tribula- 
tions and  our  common  interest  in  the 
maintenance  of  the  principles  of  free- 
dom and  democracy,  I  hope  that  a  closer 
organic  relationship  will  grow  between 
you  and  ourselves.  There  is  no  denying 
the  fact  that  European  Trade  Unionism 
has  suffered  a  grievous  blow;  our  inter- 
national organization  has  been  weak- 
ened; we  have  to  strengthen,  rebuild, 
consolidate  and  expand  our  organiza- 
tion. You  can  help  us.  No  other  coun- 
try can  help  us  so  much.    We  need  your 


help.    Never  have  we  needed  it  so  much 
as  now. 

Take  my  fraternal  message  from 
British  Trade  Unionism  as  an  appeal  for 
international  trade  union  co-operation 
against  common  dangers,  and  for  unity 
and  active  work  together  in  support  of 
the  ideals  we  hold  in  common  with  you 
in  the  brotherhood  of  labor  and  the 
cause  of  human  freedom. 


Home    Building    Loans    Would    Employ 
Millions,   Says  American  Builder 

Recommends   Federal  Loans  for  Build- 
ing,  Repairing   and   Modernizing 

That  sentiment  toward  federal  loans 
to  property  owners  to  permit  the  build- 
ing of  new  homes  and  the  repairs  and 
modernization  of  old  ones  is  crystaliz- 
ing  is  the  opinion  of  a  writer  whose  edi- 
torial appears  in  the  recent  issue  of  the 
American  Builder  Magazine. 

Declaring  itself  flatly  in  favor  of  the 
measure  as  a  means  for  increasing  em- 
ployment, the  publication  says  through 
its  editorial  writer:  "Surveys  show  that 
there  is  today  a  demand  for  new  mod- 
ern homes,  totaling  a  million  and  a  half 
units,  which  is  waiting  only  for  reason- 
able first  mortgage  money  to  be  trans- 
lated into   immediate  construction. 

"In  the  four  years  since  normal  home 
financing  was  available  this  great  po- 
tential demand  has  piled  up;  and  is  now 
available  to  President  Roosevelt's  ad- 
ministration as  a  sound  outlet  for  funds 
to  give  re-employment  and  to  stimulate 
business.  This  is  in  line  with  the  prin- 
ciple stated  in  these  columns  in  Octo- 
ber, that  a  million  small  or  average 
construction  jobs  (widely  scattered) 
would  do  more  for  employment  and 
prosperity  for  the  whole  people  than  the 
most  stupendous  of  public  works  pro- 
grams. 

"Such  loans,"  continues  the  editorial, 
"would  release  employment  in  every 
county  of  the  United  States  and  among 
the  workers  hardest  hit  by  the  depres- 
sion, namely,  the  building  trades.  Four 
million  men  directly  employed  in  build- 
ing, and  ten  million  others  back  in  the 
factories  and  plants  serving  this  indus- 
try indirectly,  would  feel  the  immedi- 
ate stimulation  of  this  needed  home 
building." 

The  editors  of  the  American  Builder 
declare  that  these  loans  would  represent 
real  value  if  they  amounted  to  75  per 
cent  of  the  value  of  the  buildings. 


T  hi:   carpenter 


REPRESENTATIVES     OF     NAVY     YARD     EMPLOYES 
APPEAL  TO  PRESIDENT  AND  SECRETARY 
SWANSON  RESCINDS  HIS  ORDER 
FOR  PAY  CUT 


HE  vigorous  protest  of  the 
A.  F.  of  L.  to  President 
Roosevelt  against  the  six- 
teen and  two-thirds  per 
cent  pay  cut  recently  im- 
posed by  Secretary  Swan- 
son  of  the  Navy  on  the  civilian  employes 
of  the  navy  yards  throughout  the  Unit- 
ed States  in  connection  with  the  forty- 
hour  work  week,  resulted  in  the  Presi- 
dent issuing  an  executive  order  releas- 
ing $5,000,000  additional  funds  for 
navy  expenditures  by  the  Bureau  of 
Budget,  and  Secretary  Swanson  rescind- 
ing his  order. 

Under  the  new  order  the  employes  of 
the  Washington  navy  yard  will  work  five 
and  one-half  days,  namely  forty-four 
hours  with  forty-eight  hours'  pay,  get- 
ting off  Saturday  afternoon.  The  next 
week  they  will  work  four  and  one-half 
days,  namely  thirty-six  hours  with  forty 
hours'  pay  and  so  on  alternately.  This 
will  average  forty  hours  of  work  and 
forty-four  hours  of  pay. 

The  same  rule  for  per  diem  employes 
on  full  time  applies  to  all  other  navy 
yards.  Under  this  plan  they  will  work 
five  and  one-half  days,  namely  forty- 
four  hours  work  with  forty-eight  hours' 
pay  one  week,  and  four  and  one-half 
days,  namely  thirty-six  hours  work  with 
forty  hours'  pay  the  alternate  week. 
Employes  ordered  to  work  on  Monday 
of  the  short  week  shall  be  required  to 
take  equivalent  time  off  without  pay 
before  the  following  Saturday. 

Previous  to  the  reduction  in  pay  cut, 
the  navy  yard  workers  were  employed 
forty-four  hours  a  week.  They  asked 
for  a  forty-hour  week  without  reduction 
in  pay.  Secretary  Swanson  gave  them 
the  forty-hours,  but  cut  their  wages 
proportionately,  which  amounted  to  a 
sixteen  and  two-thirds  per  cent  reduc- 
tion in  addition  to  the  fifteen  per  cent 
imposed  by  the  Economy  Act,  making  a 
total  wage  slash  of  nearly  one-third  of 
the  wages,  or  a  reduction  in  the  weekly 
earnings  twice  as  much  as  the  reduction 
in  the  weekly  hours  of  labor.  In  mak- 
ing the  cut,  Secretary  Swanson  said  it 
was  necessitated  by  the  Director  of  the 
Bureau  of  the  Budget  holding  up  as  an 


economy  measure  $55,000,000  of  the 
Navy's  regular  appropriation  for  the 
current  fiscal  year. 

This  is  but  one  of  the  almost  number- 
less cases  of  the  extraordinary  value  of 
trade  unionism,  and  shows  that  organi- 
zation is  indispensable  for  taking  care 
of  the  interest  of  wage-earners.  Un- 
doubtedly if  it  had  not  been  for  the 
two  able  representatives  going  before 
the  President  of  the  United  States  and 
presenting  their  case,  the  navy  yard  em- 
ployes would  have  had  to  accept  the  im- 
positions forced  upon  them,  as  an  indi- 
vidual is  practically  helpless  to  bargain 
successfully  in  connection  with  wages. 
Few  individual  wage-earners  have  eith- 
er the  time  or  the  facilities  for  studying 
the  industry  as  a  whole  or  presenting 
their  case,  as  in  this  case,  the  Presi- 
dent asked  numerous  questions  and  the 
representatives  had  to  be  prepared  to 
give  him  the  information  and  data;  that 
is  why  the  workers  need  an  agency  that 
will  attend  to  such  matters  for  them. 
They  need  representatives  who  have  had 
experience  in  handling  industrial  nego- 
tiations and  know  how  to  present  data 
effectively. 

That  is  why  we  hav«  an  imperative 
need  to  extend  trade  union  membership, 
not  only  to  benefit  the  unorganized,  but 
to  enable  the  limit  to  develop  to  its  full 
capacity.  The  union,  to  realize  its  full 
capacity  for  service,  should  represent 
all  the  workers  in  its  jurisdiction  and 
should  possess  the  facts  on  the  work  re- 
lations of  those  in  that  occupation.  Then 
the  union  is  in  a  position  to  speak  with 
authority  and  certainty  and  its  service 
becomes  indispensable  to  a  progressive 
industry.  High  percentage  of  organiza- 
tion gives  economic  power.  Experience 
and  the  facts  of  work  on  the  job  give 
the  union  authority  and  opportunity. 
The  union  possesses  information  neces- 
sary to  protect  workers  against  unfair 
proposals,  to  raise  standards  progres- 
sively and  to  stabilize  working  condi- 
tions. 

These  are  functions  that  only  a  trade 
union  can  perform,  and  it  is  necessary 
for  industrial  peace  and  progress  that 
the  trade-union  movement  increase  its 
effectiveness. 


THE     CARPENTER 


TRAINING  FOR   THE   CONSTRUCTION   INDUSTRIES 

(By  Nelson  L.  Burbank,  Instructor  in  Carpentry,   Building  Industries  Vocational 
High  Schools,  Cincinnati,  Ohio) 


HERE  are  30  major  trades 
in  the  building  construc- 
tion industries.  Training 
activities,  in  organized 
school  classes,  are  offered 
to  journeymen,  appren- 
tices in  hundreds  of  cities  throughout 
the  nation. 

The  following  list  gives  the  major 
trades,  number  of  cities  offering  train- 
ing in  each  trade  and  number  of  states 


in  which  these  cities  are  ! 

located. 

A. 
B. 
C. 

Major  trades 

Cities 

States 

Asbestos  workers 

37 

12 

D. 

Bricklaying 

76 

23 

E. 

Carpentry 

238 

48 

Cement  finishing 

4 

3 

F. 

Electrical  work 

363 

47 

G. 

Electrical  fixture  hanging 

363 

47 

Elevator  construction 

18 

11 

Furnace  setting 

37 

12 

Glazing 

37 

12 

H. 

Hoisting   engineering 

37 

12 

Iron   working    (ornamental)    2 

1 

I. 

Iron  working   (structural) 

2 

2 

J. 

Lathing 

37 

12 

Marble  setting 

4 

2 

Painting 

62 

25 

K. 

Plastering 

19 

9 

Plumbing 

162 

31 

L. 

Rodmen 

2 

2 

Sheetmetal  work 

142 

31 

Steam  fitting 

27 

17 

Stone  cutting 

4 

4 

Stone  masonry 

4 

4 

Stone  setting 

4 

4 

Terrazzo  work 

2 

1 

sk 

Tile  setting 

2 

1 

he 

A  study  of  this  list  reveals  the  ex- 
tensive program  of  instruction.  A  close 
analysis  of  certain  trades  will  bring  out 
many  points  of  similarity  one  with  an- 


other. Since  the  instruction  program  is 
extensive,  certain  trades  alike  in  per- 
formances and  the  demand  for  trained 
specialists  less  than  ever  before,  could 
not  the  training  for  many  trades  be 
combined? 

The  following  list  classifies  the  30 
major  trades  in  12  groups,  for  instruc- 
tion purposes.  Laboring,  hod  carrying 
not  included. 

Asbestos  trades:    Abestos  work. 
Carpentry  trades:    Carpentry. 
Glazing  trades:    Glazing. 
Heating  trades:   Furnace  setting. 
Hoisting     engineering:      Hoisting 
trades. 

Lathing  trades:   Lathing. 
Mechanical  trades:  Electrical  work, 
Electrical   fixture   hanging,    Plumb- 
ing,   Steam    fitting,    Elevator    con- 
struction. 

Metal  trades:  Rodmen,  Structural 
iron  work,  Ornamental  iron  work. 
Painting  trades:  Painting. 
Roofing  trades:  Roofing  (Composi- 
tion), Roofing  (Slate),  Roofing 
(Tile). 

Sheet  metal  trades:  Sheet  metal 
work. 

Trowel  trades:  Bricklaying,  Ce- 
ment finishing,  Marble  setting, 
Plastering,  Stone  masonry,  Tile 
setting,  Terrazzo  work,  Stone  cut- 
ting, Stone  setting. 

Re-grouping  and  combining  of  allied 
skills  and  technical  information  would 
be  possible  by  careful  study  on  the  part 
of  the  present  teaching  corps. 

The  entire  construction  field  would 
benefit  by  greater  co-ordination  and  co- 
operation. 


'BETTER  LIGHT— BETTER  SIGHT' 

(By  George  E.  Whitwell) 


URING  the  last  two  or 
three  years  it  has  become 
customary  on  the  part  of 
the  general  public  to 
save  money  by  "cutting 
down"  the  supply  of  light. 
Sometimes  this  has  been  done  by  sub- 


stituting bulbs  of  lower  wattage,  some- 
times by  cutting  out  alternate  lights  of 
a  circuit;  whatever  the  method,  it  is 
dangerous  to  lower  personal  efficiency 
through   inadequate   lighting. 

Every  good  craftsman  knows  the  im- 
portance   of    good    light;     in    fact,    for 


10 


THE     C  A  K P E  X  T  E  K 


careful  joinery,  good  finishing,  ordinary 
safety  in  working  with  machinery  and 
tools,  good  light  is  an  absolute  essential. 
It  is  therefore  surprising  that  thrift  in 
lighting  has  gripped  many  good  build- 
ing professionals;  ha3  endangered  their 
eyesight — even  their  lives  through  acci- 
dent hazards. 

In  homes,  shops,  factories  and  all 
other  buildings  the  incandescent  lamp 
furnishes  adequate  light  at  very  low 
cost.  When  the  entire  nation  is  fighting 
to  regain  its  prosperous  business  condi- 
tions, it  is  particularly  important  for 
each  individual,  in  whatever  line,  to 
function  with  as  few  handicaps  as  pos- 
sible. Poor  lighting  conditions  are  ad- 
mittedly a  great  handicap. 

In  the  past  twenty-five  years  we  have 
learned  many  things  about  the  proper 
application  of  light,  which  have  not 
been  broadcast  as  fully  as  possible.  For 
instance,  lighting  engineers  have  de- 
signed new  installations,  remarkable 
for  both  beauty  and  efficiency;  but  the 
general  public,  even  many  builders  and 
architects,  have  not  taken  advantage  of 
these  newer  ideas.  However,  the  build- 
ing contractor  is  usually  one  consulted 
on  lighting  plans.  He  should  be  famil- 
iar with  what  is  correct,  what  is  effi- 
cient, what  is  decorative  illumination. 
He  should  be  a  leader  in  the  parade  of 
lighting  progress. 

In  the  new  buildings,  and  in  struc- 
tures being  modernized,  it  will  be  well 
to  make  sure  that  adequate  lighting  is 


provided.  Usually  this  does  not  consti- 
tute any  important  structural  change  or 
expense;  but  the  building  professional 
who  looks  after  the  eyesight  of  his  cli- 
ents and  appreciates  the  direct  relation- 
ship of  correct  illumination  to  more 
business  in  stores,  greater  efficiency  of 
the  factory  workers,  or  greater  comfort 
in  the  home,  will  certainly  enjoy  a  con- 
stantly increasing  prestige. 

The  Electrical  Industry  believes  that 
now  is  the  opportune  time  to  urge  the 
attention  of  the  building  industry,  and 
all  other  electrical  consumers,  to  the 
value  of  correct  illumination  and  its  di- 
rect relationship  to  better  sight.  The 
Edison  Electric  Institute  is  sponsoring 
a  nation-wide  program  with  these  ob- 
jectives. 

The  major  executives  of  practically 
every  utility  company  in  the  country 
have  been  advised  and  their  response 
has  been  tremendous.  Manufacturers  of 
lighting  equipment  are  co-operating, 
through  their  local  agencies,  with  the 
local  utility  companies.  In  this  way  a 
comprehensive  program  is  under  way, 
based  entirely  on  local  condition.  The 
slogan  which  has  been  adopted  to  pro- 
mote this  activity  is:  "BETTER  LIGHT 
— BETTER  SIGHT."  The  opportunity 
for  constructive  public  service  is  unlim- 
ited— from  the  most  humble  residence 
to  the  greatest  skyscrapers;  and  the  in- 
telligent application  of  light  will  do 
much  to  relieve  the  strain  on  eyes  that 
are  already  overworked. 


'HE   LABORS    LEAST   AND   PRODUCES   MOST   WHO 
BEST  CO-OPERATES" 

("Bill"  Boggs,  Carpenter,  Dreams  A  Strange  Dream) 

(By  James  Edward  Hungerford) 


^jw^ps?  **  illiam  Templeton  Boggs, 
3ffy'R^]y  carpenter  and  builder, 
was  a  howling  advocate 
of  "co-operation."  He 
thought  about  it,  talked 
about  it,  dreamed  about 
it;  orated,  exhorted,  expounded  upon 
the  subject  whenever  and  wherever  his 
fellow  carpenters  would  give  him  ear. 
His  enthusiasm  was  such  you  would 
have  thought  he  INVENTED  the  word. 
He  tossed  it  about  like  a  basketball, 
slammed  it  like  a  baseball,  and  kicked 
it  around  like  a  football. 


But   never  was   HE   the   audience. 

No,  sir!  If  anyone  had  anything  to 
say  on  the  subject,  the  speaker  was 
Boggs.  What  he  knew  about  co-opera- 
tion would  have  filled  a  library.  What 
he  didn't  know  wouldn't  have  filled  an 
eye-tooth.  When  holding  forth  on  his 
favorite  topic  before  his  fellow  carpen- 
ters, he  was  Washington  at  Concord. 
Patrick  Henry  at  Philadelphia,  and 
Lincoln  at  Gettysburg.  He  was  as  stren- 
uous as  "Teddy"  Roosevelt,  as  aggres- 
sive as  Senator  Huey  Long,  as  masterful 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


as  Mussolini,  and  as  dominating  as  Si- 
mon Legree. 

When  he  pounded  a  speakers'-table 
at  meeting  of  carpenters,  the  water- 
glasses  shattered,  water  sloshed  out  of 
the  pitcher,  and  the  audience  shook. 
When  he  pointed  a  finger  at  his  listen- 
ers, it  had  the  effect  of  a  six-shooter  in 
a  stage-coach  hold-up,  or  a  machine- 
gun  in  a  gangster  war.  When  he  shout- 
ed the  word  "co-operation,"  furniture 
creaked,  window-panes  rattled,  and 
plaster  fell.  He  was  thunder-an'-light- 
ning,  a  typhoon,  cyclone,  earthquake, 
and  simoon  rolled  into  one. 

In  brief,  this  was  his  platform: 

"Whatever  my  political  affiliations 
are,  the  same  must  be  yours,  or  nobody 
worth-while  will  be  elected  to  anything. 
Whatever  religious  dogma  or  creed  I 
adhere  to  must  be  yours,  or  nobody  will 
inherit  the  Kingdom — but  ME.  What- 
ever my  business-ethics  are  must  be 
yours,  or  business  will  go  to  the  bow- 
wows. I  am  the  truth  and  the  way  in 
carpenter-and-builder  industry — follow 
ME.!" 

This  was  his  platform,  and  he  stood 
upon  it  solidly  and  stolidly,  stampeding 
all  opposition,  including  any  other  car- 
penters who  might  have  suggestions  or 
amendments  to  offer. 

Yet  somehow  he  always  forgot  his 
Brotherhood  dues  when  due,  and  had 
to  be  dunned;  never  .  attended  "get-to- 
gethers" of  his  brothers,  unless  HE  was 
the  chief-speaker;  ignored  all  meetings, 
unless  he  was  invited  to  expound  "co- 
operation"; neglected  to  pay  his  bills 
promptly,  and  in  a  personal-deal  it  was 
ALL  Boggs — to  heck  with  his  fellow- 
carpenters! 

One  afternoon,  when  soothing  sum- 
mer breezes  wafted  into  his  shop 
through  open  windows,  he  fell  asleep, 
and  dreamed  a  strange  dream. 

He  dremt  he  had  been  transported  to 
the  Pearly  Gates! 

Without  hesitation,  Boggs  approached 
the  Celestial  Gateman,  and  whacked 
him  familiarly  on  the  back. 

"Open  the  gate,  Pete!"  he  ordered 
bruskly.  "Where  is  Gabriel  and  the 
rest  of  the  band?  I  supposed  they'd  be 
waiting  to  greet  me  when  I  arrived! 
Not  even  a  trumpet-solo  to  welcome  me! 
You  folks  don't  seem  to  co-operate  very 


efficiently  up  here!  Whenever  a  great 
man  on  earth  returns  to  his  home-town, 
a  band  is  at  the  depot  to  meet  him, 
and — " 

"I'm  sorry,"  interjected  Saint  Peter 
gently.  "What  part  of  the  Universe  do 
ye  hail  from,  my  son?" 

Boggs  stared  in  amazement. 

"Why,  from  the  earth  of  course!" 
he  retorted.  "The  United  States  of 
America!" 

Saint  Peter  seemed  puzzled,  then 
suddenly  brightened.  "Ah,  yes,  I  re- 
member now.  That's  the  little  world 
where  George  Washington,  Abraham 
Lincoln,  and — " 

"I  came  from!"  interrupted  Boggs. 
"Surely  the  Recording  Angel  has  told 
you  about  William  Templeton  Boggs  of 
Hohokus,  Ohio?  Why,  I'm  the  man 
who — " 

Saint  Peter  lifted  a  hand,  silencing 
him.  Swiftly  he  ran  his  benevolent  gaze 
over  the  Heavenly  Scroll,  then  sadly 
shook  his  head. 

"Thy  name  is  not  here,  my  son,"  he 
announced  gravely. 

"Impossible!"  shouted  Boggs.  "Why, 
I'm  the  man  who  talked  at  dozens  of 
carpenters-and-b  u  i  1  d  er s'  get-togethers 
on  the  subject  of  CO-OPERATION!  My 
name  was  as  well-known  on  earth,  as 
any  man  who  ever  talked  three  hours 
at  a  meeting  without  pause,  or  a  drink 
of  water!  The  name  Boggs  should  ap- 
pear near  the  head  of  the  list,  under  the 
B's!  If  my  name  is  not  on  that  Scroll, 
the  Recording  Angel  is  playing  a  joke 
on  me!     Throw  open  the  gates!" 

He  seized  the  jasper-studded  gold- 
bars,  and  shook  them  violently. 

"Stop!"  commanded  Saint  Peter.  "No 
one  enters  here  whose  name  is  not  on 
this  Scroll.  This  is  my  authority  for 
admitting  those  who  sincerely  co-oper- 
ated on  earth,  and  are  worthy  to  tread 
upon  the  Streets  of  Gold.  I  fear,  my 
son,  that  enroute  from  the  earth-regions 
you  inadvertently  took  the  wrong  road, 
and — " 

"Just  a  minute!"  blurted  Boggs. 
"This — this  is  Heaven,  isn't  it?" 


"It      is,' 
gravely. 


confirmed      Saint      Peter 


12 


T  II  I :     C  A  R  P  E  VTER 


"Then — then  if  my  name  is  not 
on  that  Scroll,"  stammered  Boggs," 
"WHERE  do  I  go  from  here?" 

"Use  your  own  judgment,"  said  Saint 
Peter  solemnly.  "As  far  as  I  am  aware 
there  is  only  one  other  place." 

"Yon — yon  mean — "  exclaimed  Boggs 
in  horror.    "You — you  mean — " 

"GO  TO  THE  DEVIL!"  shouted  a 
voice  .  .  .  and  Boggs  woke  up  with  a 
gasp,  to  find  himself  in  his  carpenter- 
shop! 

The  voice  that  had  awakened  him  had 
come  from  the  street— a  truck-driver  in 
altercation  with  a  taxi-driver. 

Boggs  stared  about  dazedly,   and  his 


helper  entering  the  shop  a  minute  later 
found  him  in  a  state  of  collapse. 

Now  Bo*ggs  is  CO-OPERATING  in 
earnest,  while  here  on  earth. 

No  more  tiresome  talk,  and  windy 
speeches.  He  is  meeting  his  obligations 
promptly,  including  his  Brotherhood 
dues,  and  at  meetings  and  get-togethers 
of  his  fellow-carpenters  he  gives  atten- 
tive ear  to  what  the  other  fellow  may 
have  to  say  on  the  subject  of  co-opera- 
tion. 

Co-operation,  in  fact,  has  ceased  to 
be  just  a  WORD  with  him.  He  has  en- 
tered into  the  SPIRIT  of  it,  and  his 
name  is  being  graven  on  the  immortaJ 
"Scroll  of  SERVICE." 


THE  SLOGAN  PSYCHOLOGY 

(By  H.  H.   Siegele) 


SLOGAN  is  merely  a 
catch-phrase  that  will  ap- 
peal to  a  popular  senti- 
ment through  the  emo- 
tions. It  seldom  points  to 
the  goal,  and  rarely  ex- 
presses the  purpose  for  which  it  is  used. 
In  other  words,  a  slogan  represents 
something  that  ought  to  be  true  under 
ideal  conditions,  but  in  the  realm  of 
realities,  is  not.  The  purpose  of  a  slo- 
gan is  the  psychological  effects  it  pro- 
duces on  individuals  and  masses,  in 
order  to  bring  about  definite  results, 
without  a  clear  understanding  of  the 
facts  involved.  All  of  which  is  more  or 
less  true  with  all  slogans,  but  particu- 
larly with  war  slogans. 

"When  we  were  engaged  in  the 
world  war,"  the  philosopher  said,  stern- 
ly, "orators  everywhere,  and  individu- 
als, punctuated  their  eloquence  and 
their  conversation  with  appealing  slo- 
gans, such  as  'a  war  to  end  war,'  and, 
'a  war  to  make  the  world  safe  for  de- 
mocracy.' But  what  happened,  after 
our  young  men  had  gone  through  that 
maelstrom  of  Hell,  and  the  war  lords 
sat  at  the  peace  table  at  Versailles? 
Was  that  treaty  made  and  signed  with 
that  ideal  purpose  of  making  the  world 
safe  for  democracy  uppermost  in  the 
minds  of  those  who  signed  the  paper? 
Not  so  far  as  anyone  can  discover.  But 
bargaining  and  dickering  and  trading 
for  world   power   and   for   world   trade, 


were  so  interwoven  into  that  instru- 
ment that  it  constituted  a  nest  of  en- 
tangled germs  for  a  new  war  or  wars. 
That  is  why  millions  and  billions  of  dol- 
lars have  since  been  spent  on  arma- 
ments, while  not  one  cent  was  spent  to 
bring  about  a  democracy  that  would  sta- 
bilize employment  or  that  would  abol- 
ish unemployment." 

The  philosopher,  of  course  knew,  that 
while  the  working  people,  through  their 
sons  and  sacrifices,  have  to  win  or  lose 
wars,  wars  are  not  made,  in  these  days 
of  holding  companies  and  corporations, 
to  benefit  the  working  people — at  least 
not  so  that  it  will  be  noticeable.  The 
working  people  can  suffer  through  un- 
employment by  the  millions,  and  their 
children  starve  by  the  inch,  and  what 
do  we  do  about  it?  Nothing  permanent. 
But  if  one  of  those  powerful  companies 
or  corporations  makes  investments  in 
some  foreign  country,  and  something 
happens  to  those  investments,  we,  at  the 
risk  of  plunging  into  war  are  willing  to 
spend  large  sums  of  money  to  protect 
the  interests  of  American  concerns — we 
will  do  that,  and  if  expedient,  hide  the 
truth  under  a  well-sounding  slogan. 

"If  we  are  so  tremendously  con- 
cerned," the  philosopher  went  on, 
"about  American  interests,  and  even 
Americans  themselves  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, why  can't  we  be,  at  least,  some- 
what concerned  about  the  American  citi- 
zens who  stay  on  the  homeland.    If  we 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


can  spend  billions  of  dollars  to  protect 
the  interests  of  corporations  at  home 
and  abroad,  why  should  not  the  incomes 
and  fortunes  that  come  from  such  inter- 
ests, be  taxed,  in  order  to  establish  and 
maintain  a  security  fund  to  benefit  the 
unemployed  in  the  form  of  insurance 
and  pensions.  Too  much  can  not  be 
said  for  the  protection  that  our  country 
throws  around  its  citizens,  who  for  any 
reason  might  be  on  foreign  soil,  but  it 
is  not  fair  to  treat  the  citizens  on  our 
own  soil,  who  are  suffering  because  of 
unemployment,  with  shameful  neglect. 
The  wartime  slogan,  'Keep  the  home 
fires  burning,'  should  be  paraphrased  so 
as  to  read,  'Keep  the  home  fires  burn- 
ing and  the  people  fed,'  and  in  this  form 
applied  literally  to  our  unemployment 
situations.  That  would  mean  that  every 
man  or  woman  would  be  protected  by 
our  government  against  want,  either 
through  stabilized  employment  or  un- 
employment insurance.  Such  a  protec- 
tion would  be  in  keeping  with  the  con- 
stitutional guarantee  of  'life,  liberty  and 
the  pursuit  of  happiness.'  This  is  no 
more  than  fair,  for  if  private  property 
is  protected  by  law,  and  individuals  or 
firms,  by  reason  of  such  laws,  accumu- 
late so  much  property  that  thousands 
and  millions  of  honest  citizens  are  de- 
prived of  a  livelihood,  then  such  large 
accumulations  of  property  or  of  wealth 
should  be  compelled  by  law  to  provide 
the  means  of  insuring  those  who  are  so 
deprived  against  suffering  and  want. 
The  whole  question  is  one  of  property 
against  humanity — should  the  one  be 
protected  and  the  other  not;  or,  should 
they  both  be  protected  equally?" 

The  philosopher  was  well  aware  that 
theoretically  the  protection  of  the  law 
applies  to  rich  and  poor  alike;  but  he 
also  knew  that  in  practice  it  is  alto- 
gether a  different  matter.  The  protec- 
tion that  is  given  to  the  rich,  is  meas- 
ured by  the  amount  of  property  they 
own;  and  from  the  very  rich  on  down, 
the  protection  is  graduated  according  to 
the  riches,  until  the  man  with  no  prop- 
erty is  reached,  and  he,  as  a  rule,  is 
virtually  without  protection.  Putting  it 
in  another  way,  lifeless,  feelingless  and 
soulless  property  is  protected  by  law  to 
the  utmost,  while  humanity,  especially 
if  it  is  hungry  humanity  here  on  the 
homeland,  is  left  without  protection — 
that  is,  unless  you  want  to  call  Charity, 
protection.  The  home  fires  should  be 
kept  burning,  and  the  people  should  be 


fed,  in  this  land  of  plenty,  before  char- 
ity destroys  their  self-respect. 

"In  1932,"  the  philosopher  continued, 
"it  took  less  red  tape  and  less  time  for 
a  Chicago  banker  to  get  80  million  dol- 
lars from  the  Reconstruction  Finance 
Corporation,  than  was  required  of  a 
workingman  who  applied,  not  for  a  job, 
but  to  be  investigated  for  part-time 
work  on  a  project  that  was  financed  by 
the  same  corporation.  The  first  qualifi- 
cation necessary  for  eligibility  to  work 
on  such  a  job,  was:  The  man  had  to  be 
a  pauper — of  course,  it  increased  his 
chances  to  work  many  folds,  if  he  was 
not  only  a  pauper,  but  a  pauper  with  a 
pauper  wife  and  pauper  children.  In 
his  case  the  amount  that  he  was  allowed 
to  earn  per  week  was  limited,  and  the 
wages  were  fixed.  In  other  words,  the 
government  stepped  in  and  limited  each 
man  to  barely  enough  to  support  him- 
self and  his  dependents.  But  what  a 
contrast,  when  you  compare  this  with 
the  rich  banker?  He,  according  to  what 
one  of  his  friends  told  me,  simply  put  in 
a  telephone  call,  saying  that  he  expect- 
ed to  be  in  need  of  financial  aid,  within 
a  few  days,  but  that  he  was  not  asking 
for  help,  and  what  happened?  The 
friend  of  the  banker  told  me,  that  the 
authorities  wired  back  to  the  rich 
banker,  'For  God's  sake,  let  us  send  you 
80  million  dollars,'  to  which  offer,  the 
informant  said,  the  banker  reluctantly 
consented.  That  was  all  there  was  ne- 
cessary for  a  rich  man  to  get  help  in 
case  of  anticipated  financial  distress; 
while  the  workingman,  who  needed  help 
for  his  family,  had  to  be  in  actual  dis- 
tress and  had  to  prove  that  he  was  pen- 
niless, before  he  was  eligible  for,  not 
money,  but  work;  the  which,  if  he  got 
it,  was  limited  to  bare  necessities." 

The  reference  the  philosopher  made 
to  the  Chicago  banker  is  true,  and  the 
part  that  the  workingman  played  in  the 
story  is  only  too  often  true;  however, 
occasionally  a  man  with  a  pull  did  not 
have  to  be  penniless  in  order  to  get  a 
job  as  a  distress  laborer. 


Few  workers  stop  to  consider  what 
the  union  does  for  them.  They  only  re- 
member the  few  cents  dues  paid.  They 
forget  the  benefits  financial  and  social; 
and  that  they  may  be  the  next  recipi- 
ent. With  thorough  understanding  there 
would  be  less  carping  and  fewer  ar- 
rearages. 


14  THE     CARPENTER 


LINCOLN    ON    LABOR 

From  his  Message  to  Congress,  186 1 


"I  see  in  the  near  future  a  crisis  approaching  that  unnerves  me,  and 
causes  me  to  tremble  for  the  safety  of  my  country.  As  a  result  of  war, 
corporations  have  been  enthroned,  and  an  era  of  corruption  in  high  places 
will  follow,  and  the  money  power  of  the  country  will  endeavor  to  prolong 
its  reign  by  working  upon  the  prejudices  of  the  people  until  all  the  wealth 
is  aggregate  in  a  few  hands,  and  the  republic  is  destroyed.  I  feel  at  this 
moment  more  anxiety  for  the  safety  of  our  country  than  ever  before,  even 
in  the  midst  of  war.   God  grant  that  my  foreboding  may  be  groundless. 

"Monarchy  itself  is  sometimes  hinted  as  a  refuge  from  the  power  of 
thepeople.  In  my  present  position  I  could  scarcely  be  justified  were  I  to 
omit  to  raise  a  warning  voice  against  the  approach  of  returning  despo- 
tism. It  is  not  needed  nor  fitting  here  that  a  general  argument  should  be 
made  in  favor  of  popular  institutions ;  but  there  is  one  point  with  its  con- 
nections, not  so  hackneyed  as  most  others,  to  which  I  ask  brief  attention. 
It  is  assumed  that  labor  is  available  only  in  connection  with  capital ;  that 
nobody  labors  unless  somebody  else  owning  capital,  somehow  by  the  use 
of  it,  induces  him  to  labor.  Labor  is  prior  to  and  independent  of  capital. 
Capital  is  only  the  fruit  of  labor  and  could  not  have  existed  if  labor  had 
not  first  existed.  Labor  is  the  superior  of  capital  and  deserves  much  the 
higher  consideration.  I  BID  THE  LABORING  PEOPLE  BEWARE 
OF  SURRENDERING  THE  POWER  WHICH  THEY  POSSESS,  and 
which  if  surrendered  will  surely  be  used  to  shut  the  door  of  advancement 
for  such  as  they,  and  fix  new  disabilities  and  burdens  upon  them  until  all 
of  liberty  shall  be  lost. 

"In  the  early  days  of  our  race  the  Almighty  said  to  the  first  of  man- 
kind, 'In  the  sweat  of  thy  face  shalt  thou  eat  bread,'  and  since  then,  if  we 
expect  the  light  and  air  of  heaven,  no  good  thing  has  been  or  can  be  en- 
joyed by  us  without  first  having  cost  labor.  And  inasmuch  as  most  good 
things  have  been  produced  by  labor,  it  follows  that  all  such  things  belong 
of  right  to  those  whose  labor  has  produced  them.  But  it  has  so  happened,  in 
all  ages  of  the  world,  that  some  have  labored  and  others  have  without 
labor,  enjoyed  a  large  portion  of  the  fruits.  This  is  wrong  and  should  not 
continue.  To  secure  to  each  laborer  the  whole  product  of  his  labor,  as 
nearly  as  possible,  is  a  worthy  object  by  any  government. 

"It  seems  strange  that  any  man  should  dare  to  ask  a  just  God's  assist- 
ance in  wringing  bread  from  the  sweat  of  other  men's  faces.  THIS  COUN- 
TRY WITH  ITS  INSTITUTIONS  BELONGS  TO  THE  PEOPLE 
WHO  INHABIT  IT." 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the  15th   of  each   month   at  the 

CARPENTBBS'  BUILDING 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA, 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Subscription  Price 
One  Dollar  a  Year  in  Advance,  Postpaid 

The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avail" 
able  to  them  against  accepting  advertise- 
ments  from  other  than  reliable  firms,  but 
do  not  accept  any  responsibility  for  the 
contents  of  any  advertisement  which  ap- 
pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au- 
thorities. Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 


INDIANAPOLIS,  FEBRUARY,   1934 


Clean  Hands 

PRINCIPLES  of  equity  proceedings 
require  that  persons  asking  relief 
shall  come  with  clean  hands.  As 
long  as  injunctions  have  been  issued 
against  wage-earners  the  question  of 
whether  the  employer's  hand  were  clean 
was  never  fully  considered  until  Judge 
Harry  M.  Fisher  in  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Cook  County  handed  down  a  decision 
denying  the  La  Mode  Garment  Company 
an  injunction  against  the  Local  Union 
of  the  International  Ladies  Garment 
Workers. 

The  company  charged  that  the  gar- 
ment workers  were  picketing  their  shop 
and  threatening  their  employes  and 
thus    preventing    them    from    working. 


The  company  made  the  usual  charges  of 
violence  and  intimidation  and  asked 
that  the  workers  be  restrained. 

The  union  did  not  deny  picketing  the 
shop.  They  explained  the  strike  was 
against  sweatshop  conditions  where  wo- 
men workers  were  required  to  punch 
cards  at  5  o'clock  but  remain  working 
until  10  or  11,  receiving  from  $3  to  $5 
for  a  week  of  55  or  60  hours.  The  work- 
ers denied  violence  on  their  part  hut 
charged  the  employers  had  hired  detec- 
tives and  thugs.  The  workers  further 
stated  that  when  a  large  number  had 
joined  the  union  the  employer  promised 
not  to  interfere  with  the  union  or  dis- 
charge those  who  joined  and  that  de- 
spite this  promise,  the  most  active  mem- 
bers of  the  union  had  been  discharged. 

The  court  held  that  the  issuance  of 
the  injunction  rested  upon  whether  the 
complainant  came  into  court  with  clean 
hands.  The  judge  held  that  while  in- 
equitable conduct  of  an  employer  did 
not  justify  violence,  that  the  correction 
for  such  violence  was  the  province  of 
criminal  law.  The  opinion  advanced  the 
following  reasons  as  indicating  that  the 
employers'  hands  were  not  clean. 

1.  The  prevailing  conditions  in  com- 
plainant's industry  violate  the  spirit  of 
the  National  Recovery  Act. 

2.  They  violate  the  letter  and  spirit 
of  the  minimum  fair-wage  law  of  the 
State  of  Illinois. 

3.  The  issuance  of  the  injunction 
prayed  for  would  directly  aid  the  con- 
tinuance of  an  indefensible  condition  in 
the  industry  in  question. 

This  is  one  of  the  few  decisions  that 
undertake  to  consider  the  economic  and 
labor  facts  involved  and  their  implica- 
tions. It  is  only  by  seeking  justice  for  a 
particular  situation  that  we  shall  be 
able  to  make  such  adjustments  as  will 
lead  to  real  equity,  and  a  sense  of  fair 
treatment.  The  question  of  clean  hands 
is  the  key  to  justice  in  the  use  of  the 
injunction  in  labor  disputes.  This  is 
an  economic  and  human  question — not 
legal. 


16 


T  J I  E     CARPENTER 


Less   Fires  Proportionately  in  Lumber- 
Built   Than  in   Masonry   Structures 

AS  USUAL,  says  a  statement  by 
American  Forest  Products  Indus- 
tries, Fire  Prevention  Week  has 
been  taken  advantage  of  by  competing 
materials  to  depreciate  the  value  of  80 
per  cent  of  the  detached  residences  of 
America — those  built  of  wood.  Propa- 
ganda has  been  issued  in  large  vol- 
ume and  extensively  published,  which 
preaches  that  all  residences  should  be 
built  of  incombustible  material.  In 
blanket  answer  to  this  propaganda 
American  Forest  Products  Industries 
publishes  the  surprising  statement, 
based  on  data  collected  by  the  National 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  that  there 
are  more  fires  in  a  given  number  of 
brick  or  stone  buildings  than  in  the 
same  number  of  lumber  built  buildings. 
The  point  is  also  made  that  only  1.3 
per  cent  of  fires  extend  beyond  the 
building  in  which  they  start.  It  is  point- 
ed out,  too,  that  so  long  as  houses 
are  necessarily  filled  with  incombustible 
equipment  there  will  be  no  such  thing 
as  a  fireproof  home. 

Safety  in  all  types  of  buildings  de- 
pends upon  the  care  taken  to  prevent 
the  inception  of  fires  and  in  devices  that 
will  automatically  extinguish  fires  at  an 
early  stage. 

Washing  or  sponging  of  clothing, 
drapes,  gloves,  etc.,  in  gasoline  or  other 
inflammable  cleaning  fluids,  has  caused 
many  fires,  deaths  and  severe  burns. 
The  vapors  given  off  by  the  fluids  are 
readily  ignited  by  a  static  spark  or  open 
flame.  Starting  fires  with  kerosene  or 
other  oils  has  caused  many  deaths  and 
severe  burns. 

Stoves,  furnaces  and  ranges  and  their 
smoke  pipes,  permitted  to  become  over- 
heated, or  having  clothing  or  other 
combustibles  placed  too  near  them,  have 
caused  many  disastrous  fires.  Smoke 
pipes  and  chimneys  containing  deposits 
of  soot  or  creosote,  burn  out  at  frequent 
intervals  and  set  fire  to  any  combusti- 
bles near  them.  Smoke  pipes  having 
loose  joints  or  rust  holes  that  permit 
emission  of  sparks  are  a  hazard. 

Gas  plates  and  other  gas  burners  too 
near  window  curtains,  papered  walls  or 
woodwork,  is  a  common  fire  cause. 
Searching  for  articles  in  closets,  base- 
ments, trunks,  etc.,  with  lighted 
matches  or  candles,  cause  many  fires. 


To  advocate  the  abandonment  of  the 
popular  American  type  of  house — the 
one  best  suited  to  our  climate — is  at 
once  to  impose  a  heavy  burden  of  capi- 
tal investment  upon  the  house  owners 
of  America  and  to  strike  at  the  roots  of 
one  of  the  major  sources  of  well-being 
and  prosperity  of  the  American  people 
— and  all  because  of  unsupported  prop- 
aganda which  obviously  serves  lumber's 
competitors. 

Why  not  study  the  causes  of  fire,  as 
shown,  and  eliminate  any  that  may  ex- 
ist or  are  permitted  in  your  home  or 
place  of  business. 


November,   1933,  Home  Building  Shows 
Increase 

A  most  encouraging  upturn  in  resi- 
dential construction  is  seen  in  the  con- 
tract figure  for  the  first  half  of  Novem- 
ber ($12,553,600  for  the  37  states  east 
of  the  Rockies).  This  gives  an  estimat- 
ed total  for  November  of  $25,107,200, 
an  increase  over  October  of  $3,581,500, 
or  17  per  cent,  and  over  last  November 
of  $5,861,900  or  30  per  cent.  Evidently 
the  pressure  of  accumulating  housing 
needs  is  finally  breaking  through  the 
obstacles  which  lack  of  mortgage  mon- 
ey has  set  up  between  those  who  want 
to  build  and  the  realization  of  their 
plans. 

The  estimated  November  total  shows 
a  fall  bulge  comparable  to  that  of  last 
May  when  1933  residential  builrlirig 
volume  first  crossed  the  line  of  19?!  2. 
With  the  exception  of  October,  which 
fell  slightly  below  last  year,  every 
month  since  April  has  exceeded  the  cor- 
responding month  of  19  32.  There  has 
been  a  definite  upturn. 

Commenting  on  this  record,  Standard 
Statistics  Co.  in  its  Summary  and  Fore- 
cast of  Nov.  2  9  states,  "In  line  with 
general  business  trends,  private  build- 
ing, as  reflected  in  residential  contracts, 
will  probably  show  a  material  year-to- 
year  betterment  in  the  spring  of  1934, 
despite  financing  difficulties  and  rising 
construction  costs." 


The  women  are  the  greatest  potential 
force  existing  in  the  labor  movement  for 
advancement  of  the  Union.  With  their 
tremendous  combined  expenditures  they 
could  convert  this  nation  to  unionism 
in  short  time  if  they  demand  union 
goods  for  Union  Money. 


Official  Information 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 
Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.   LAKET 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,  W.  T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 

Fourth   District,  JAS.   L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.    Grand   Blvd.,    St.    Louis,   Mo. 

Sixth   District,   A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


A.  F.  L.  Mobilizes  Labor  for  Boycott  Of 
German-Made  Goods  and  Service 

William  Green,  president  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  in  a  vig- 
orous statement,  called  upon  organized 
labor  and  its  friends  to  mobilize  for  a 
militant  prosecution  of  the  boycott  of 
German  goods  and  service,  decreed  by 
the  1933  convention  of  the  Federation, 
"until  the  German  government  recog- 
nizes the  right  of  the  working  people  of 
Germany  to  organize  into  bona  fide,  in- 
dependent trade  unions  of  their  own 
choosing,  and  until  Germany  ceases  its 
repressive  policy  of  persecution  of  the 
Jewish  people." 

The  mobilization  call  was  sent  to  all 
affiliated  National  and  International  Un- 
ions, State  Federations  of  Labor,  City 
Central  Bodies,  and  Local  Trade  Unions, 
with  the  recommendation  that  commit- 
tees be  appointed  to  systematize  the  na- 
tion-wide drive  against  the  Nazi  atroc- 
ities, which  have  received  the  merited 
condemnation  of  every  civilized  country. 

"In  declaring  for  a  boycott  of  Ger- 
man-made goods  and  German  service," 
Mr.  Green  said,  "the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  recognizes  the  right  of 
the  German  people  to  govern  themselves 
and  to  formulate  and  adopt  their  own 
political  policies  and  to  do  so  without 
interference  from  any  other  nation. 

"Labor  is  therefore  not  fighting 
against  any  political  order  set  up  in 
Germany  or  against  the  German  people. 
We  are  asking  only  that  the  annihila- 
tion of  German  trade  unions  shall  cease 
and  that  the  persecution  of  German 
working  people,  and  of  Jewish  people 
merely  because  they  are  Jews,  shall  be 
terminated." 

Asserting  that  "it  is  readily  conceded 
that  only  a  most  unusual,  extraordi- 
nary condition  could  call  for  such  dras- 
tic action"  as  the  boycott,  Mr.  Green 
gave  a  trenchant  account  of  Hitler's 
shameless  destruction  of  the  German 
labor  movement  and  his  barbarous  per- 
secution, including  imprisonment  in 
Nazi  jails  and  torture,  of  German  labor 
officials   and   their   families. 


18  THE     CARPENTER 

REPORT    OF    THE     DELEGATES     TO     THE     FIFTY- 
THIRD    ANNUAL    CONVENTION    OF    THE 
AMERICAN  FEDERATION  OF  LABOR 

To  the  General  Executive  Board: 

Brothers — The  Fifty-third  Annual  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  was  held  in  the  Willard  Hotel,  Washington,  D.  C,  beginning  on  Monday, 
October  2,  1933,  and  lasted  two  weeks. 

Addresses  of  welcome  were  made  by  the  President  of  the  Central  Labor  Union, 
President  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  President 
Washington  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  Senator  King  of  Utah,  Chairman  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  Committee  of  the  United  States  Senate. 

The  make-up  of  the  Convention  herewith  follows: 


Number 

of                                            Name 
Unions    j 

Number 

of 
Delegates 

Number 

of 
Votes 

97            National   and    International 
4            Departments 

250 

4 

34 

253 

49 

4 

21,001 
4 

34            State    Bodies 

34 

253            Central    Labor    Unions 

253 

49            Trade  and  Federal  Labor  Unions 
3            Fraternal   Organizations 

65 
3 

440 

594 

21,360 

MEMBERSHIP 

According  to  the  report  of  Secretary  Morrison  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  consists  of:  108  National  and  International  Unions,  4  Departments,  49 
State  Bodies,  804  City  Central  Bodies,  673  Local  Trade  and  Federal  Labor  Unions, 
710  Local  Department  Councils,  29,988  Local  Unions  with  an  average  membership 
of  2,126,796. 

He  says: 

"Since  July  3rd  this  year,  we  have  been  in  the  throes  of  the  most  intensive  wave 
of  organization  which  is  sweeping  over  every  city  and  town  in  North  America. 
This  is  the  third  time  that  the  workers  have  evidenced  an  unusual  determination 
to  organize  and  affiliate  with  the  national  and  international  unions,  and  into  local 
unions  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor.  The  first  in  1901-1904  when  800,000 
were  added  to  the  membership  of  affiliated  unions — the  second  in  1916-1920  which 
added  2,000,000  members.  The  present  great  movement  is  more  intense  and  con- 
ditions and  circumstances  so  favorable  it  will  surpass  the  other  two  in  numbers, 
intensity  and  duration." 

FINANCE 

Balance  on  hand  August  31,   1932 $368,444  97 

Receipts  for  the  year 457,923  90 

Total    . $826,368  87 

Expenses   for   the  year 424,236  07 

Balance  on  hand  August  31,   1933 $402,132  80 

Divided  as  follows: 

In    General    Fund $    68,621  44 

In  Defense  Fund  for  local  trade  and  federal  labor  unions    333,511  36 

Balance  on  hand,  August  31,  1933 $402,132  80 


THE     CARPENTER  19 

A.  F.  of  L.  BUILDING 

Balance  on  hand  August  31,   1932 $    55,593  89 

Recepits  for  the  year 32,507  99 


Total    88,10188 

Expenses   for  the  year 37,649  34 


Balance  on  hand  August  31,   1933 $    50,452  54 

GOMPERS   MEMORIAL   FUND 

Total    Receipts $132,827  68 

Total    Expenses    63,008  62 


Balance  on  hand  August  31,   1933 $    69,819  06 

EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL'S  REPORT 

The  Executive  Council  in  its  report  says: 

It  is  especially  fitting  that  our  convention  for  this  year  should  be  held  in  Wash- 
ington, for  it  has  become  the  economic  as  well  as  the  political  capital  of  the  nation, 
and  labor  representatives  from  all  parts  of  the  country  can  have  personal  knowl- 
edge of  Labor's  new  problems  and  opportunities  arising  out  of  our  national  en- 
deavor. The  reason  for  our  choice  of  Washington  for  our  convention  city  this 
year,  constitutes  an  historic  link  in  the  continuity  of  union  development — the  dedi- 
cation of  a  memorial  to  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
— Samuel  Gompers.  The  memory  and  the  record  of  the  man  who  served  as  the 
chief  executive  of  the  Federation  for  more  than  40  years  are  an  inspiration  to  us 
in  this  period  of  re-birth.  In  the  founding  of  the  American  trade  union  movement, 
devotion,  sacrifice  and  passion  for  human  welfare  made  possible  the  Union  insti- 
tutions of  which  we  are  the  present  trustees.  The  life  of  Samuel  Gompers  was 
devoted  unreservedly  to  the  labor  movement  and  the  quality  of  his  leadership 
brought  respect  and  standing  to  our  movement.  As  in  this  convention  we  plan 
the  future  of  our  labor  movement  in  the  new  era  we  have  entered,  it  is  most  fit- 
ting we  should  be  mindful  of  the  record  of  the  past  and  the  principles  evolved 
under  the  leadership  of  our  first  president. 

As  we  turn  our  thoughts  from  the  present  to  the  leader  who  in  a  very  real 
sense  typifies  a  definite  epoch  in  development  of  labor  institutions,  we  are  helped 
to  distinguish  the  things  of  permanent  value.  Though  many  of  the  men  and  the 
women  who  were  the  pioneers  in  our  movement  are  gone,  the  spirit  of  Labor  goes 
on — love  of  fellow  men,  concern  for  their  problems  and  services,  the  will  to  get 
them  justice  in  daily  living,  to  help  them  steadily  and  surely  move  upward  and 
onward- — these  are  the  things  that  have  given  the  labor  movement  continuity  and 
purpose  and  endurance.  These  are  the  qualities  we  must  carry  from  the  past  into 
the  present  and  the  future. 

The  Report  then  deals  with  such  subjects  as: 

The  National  Recovery  Act, 

Public  Works, 

The  Right  to  Organize, 

The  Right  of  Representation, 

Unemployment, 

Relief, 

Discrimination  against  old  workers, 

Trade  Union  Benefits, 

National  Legislation, 

Immigration, 

Convict  Labor, 

Child  Labor, 


20  THE    CARPENTER 

Old  Age  Security, 

Jurisdictional  Disputes, 

The  Shorter  Work  Day  and  Work  Week, 

German  Labor  Movement,  etc. 

RESOLUTIONS 
Resolutions  in  which  we  were  especially  interested  herewith  follow: 

Building  Trades  vs.  Hansen  Packing  Co.,  Butte,  Mont. 

Resolution  No.  76 — By  Delegate  M.  J.  McDonough,  President,  Building  Trades 
Department. 

Whereas,  For  the  past  three  years  a  controversy  has  existed  between  the  Butte, 
Montana,  Building  Trades  Council  and  the  Hansen  Packing  Company; 

Whereas,  The  Hansen  Packing  Company  has  compelled  building  trades  me- 
chanics in  their  employ  to  join  Local  333,  Amalgamated  Meat  Cutters  and  Butcher 
Workmen  of  America; 

Whereas,  The  activities  of  the  Hansen  Packing  Company  has  aroused  turmoil 
and  confusion  among  the  organized  workmen  of  Butte; 

Whereas,  The  American  Federation  of  Labor  had  Organizer  Paul  Smith  make 
an  investigation  of  this  dispute,  report  of  which  is  available  for  this  convention; 

Whereas,  The  Central  Labor  Union  has  been  notified  by  the  Executive  Officials 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  that  the  Central  Labor  Union  of  Butte  lacks 
authority  to  place  the  Hansen  Packing  Company  on  the  unfair  list  merely  because 
of  a  jurisdictional  dispute  arising  out  of  the  performance  of  work  for  the  packing 
company  by  union  men; 

Whereas,  We  contend  that  no  jurisdictional  dispute  exists,  as  the  laws  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  and  the  Building  Trades  Department  cede  work 
such  as  painting,  plumbing,  electrical  work  and  carpentry  to  the  members  of  these 
respective  organizations; 

Whereas,  If  action  to  dispose  of  this  dispute  is  not  taken  by  this  convention, 
the  breach  between  the  members  of  organized  labor  in  Butte  will  be  widened; 
therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  assign  a  representative  to 
Butte  to  try  to  adjust  the  differences  existing  between  the  Butte  Building  Trades 
Council  and  the  Hansen  Packing  Company.  For  failure  on  the  part  of  the  Hansen 
Packing  Company  to  employ  members  of  the  building  trades  organizations  in  affili- 
ation with  the  Butte  Building  Trades  Council  on  their  maintenance  and  construc- 
tion work,  that  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  declare  the  Hansen  Packing 
Company  unfair. 

Referred  to  Committee  on  Industrial  Relations. 

Building  Trades — Meat  Cutters'  Dispute,  Butte,  Montana 

Resolution  No.  80 — By  Delegate  Chas.  Malloy,  Silver  Bow  Trades  and  Labor 
Council,  Butte,  Montana. 

Whereas,  A  jurisdiction  dispute  has  existed  for  three  years  past  in  Butte, 
Montana,  between  Local  No.  3  33  Amalgamated  Butcher  Workmen  and  Meat  Cut- 
ters of  America  and  the  several  local  organizations  affiliated  with  the  International 
Unions  of  the  Building  Trades  Department;  and 

Whereas,  This  dispute  through  its  long  duration  has  caused  considerable  fric- 
tion in  a  locality  that  is  100%  organized,  the  said  friction  causing  disregard  for 
laws  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.,  also  for  the  unfair  declaration;  and 

Whereas,  If  this  condition  is  allowed  to  continue  longer  it  will  be  the  cause  of 
breaking  down  a  harmonious  condition  that  has  stood  for  many  years;   and 

Whereas,  The  local  central  council  has  used  every  means  possible  to  bring 
about  an  adjustment  of  these  disputes  with  no  apparent  success;  and 

Whereas,  The  International  Officers  of  the  Unions  have  been  hesitant  in  lend- 


THE     CARPENTER  21 

ing  the  assistance  requested  to  adjust  this  trouble,  notwithstanding  numerous  ap- 
peals to  do  so;  be  it 

RESOLVED,  That  the  President  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  be  instructed  by  this  53d 
Annual  Convention  to  call  a  conference  of  the  International  Presidents  of  the  or- 
ganizations involved  as  soon  as  is  possible,  to  the  end  that  a  settlement  can  be 
reached. 

Referred  to  Committee  on  Industrial  Relations. 

Both  Resolutions  were  reported  on  as  follows: 

These  two  resolutions  refer  to  a  situation  that  has  developed  at  Butte,  Mon- 
tana, between  the  Local  No.  333  of  the  Amalgamated  Butcher  Workmen  and  Meat 
Cutters  of  America;  Building  Trades  Council  of  Butte,  Mont.,  and  the  Hansen 
Packing  Company  of  Butte,  Mont. 

Your  committee  on  Industrial  Relations  held  a  very  extended  session  on  these 
two  resolutions  and  as  they  refer  to  the  same  situation  recommends  that  they  be 
considered  and  acted  upon  jointly. 

This  controversy  involves  the  extension  of  the  rates  of  pay  adopted  by  the 
Building  Trades  Council  of  Butte,  Mont.,  for  construction  and  maintenance  work, 
largely  seasonable  to  the  plant  of  the  Hansen  Packing  Co.,  covering  steady  em- 
ployment. This  company  otherwise  employs  union  labor  exclusively.  Rates  of  pay 
in  the  City  of  Butte  vary  as  between  what  is  known  as  the  Hill  Rates  and  the  down 
town  rates  for  various  organizations  and  varying  according  to  the  price  of  copper 
for  employes  on  the  Hill. 

Due  to  the  refusal  of  the  Hansen  Packing  Co.  to  pay  the  rates  adopted  by  the 
Building  Trades  Council  of  Butte  for  construction  and  maintenance  work  in  their 
plant  based  on  their  claim  that  they  furnish  steady  employment  and  at  rates  higher 
than  paid  on  the  Hill,  whereas  the  general  employment  available  to  Building 
Trades  employes  of  Butte  is  of  seasonable  character.  The  maintenance  work  in  the 
Hansen  Packing  Co.  plant  has  been  done  either  by  members  of  the  Local  3  33  of 
the  Amalgamated  Butcher  Workmen  and  Meat  Cutters  of  America  or  by  new  em- 
ployes hired  and  non  members  of  the  organizations  affiliated  with  the  Building 
Trades  Council  of  Butte. 

Your  committee  recommends  that  the  subject  matter  of  the  two  Resolutions 
be  referred  to  the  Executive  Council  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  and  that 
the  Executive  Council  exert  its  best  efforts  to  bring  about  an  adjustment  of  the 
differences  between  the  Amalgamated  Meat  Cutters  and  Butcher  Workmen  of 
America  and  the  Building  Trades  Department  of  America  and  if  successful  to  then 
endeavor  to  bring  about  the  application  of  agreement  reached  between  these  two 
organizations  with  the  Hansen  Packing  Co. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  was  unanimously  adopted. 

DEDICATION    OF    THE    GOMPERS    MONUMENT 

On  Saturday  forenoon  at  10:30  o'clock  (October  7,  1933)  the  Monument  erect- 
ed to  the  memory  of  the  late  Samuel  Gompers  at  Triangular  Park,  Massachusetts 
Ave.  and  10th  St.,  Washington,  D.  C,  was  officially  dedicated  and  presented  to  the 
United  States  Government.    From  press  reports  8,000  persons  were  present. 

The  present  set  of  officers  were  re-elected  without  opposition  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, Calif.,  was  selected  as  the  city  in  which  to  hold  the  Convention  in  1934. 


Respectfully  submitted, 


WM.  L.   HUTCHESON, 
FRANK  DUFFY, 
GEO.   H.   LAKEY, 
THOS.  F.  FLYNN, 
CHAS.  HANSON, 

Delegates 


22 


THE     CARPENTER 


Traveling   Members   Attention 

The  General  Office  has  been  advised 
by  H.  F.  Cheesman,  business  agent  of 
Local  Union  377,  Alton,  Illinois,  that 
the  Local  is  being  flooded  with  requests 
from  our  members  in  Illinois  and  other 
states  for  information  in  regard  to  work 
on  the  Dam  and  Locks  to  be  built  at 
Alton,  Illinois.  He  desires  the  member- 
ship to  be  informed  that  the  specifica- 
tions for  this  project  provide  that  pref- 
erence shall  be  given  to  carpenters  who 
have  resided  for  at  least  one  year  in 
Madison  County,  Illinois,  or  Charles 
County,  Missouri.  And  as  there  are  more 
of  our  members  available  in  these  coun- 
ties than  is  necessary,  there  is  little  or 
no  opportunity  for  traveling  members  to 
secure  employment  on  this  project. 


our  own  allegiance  in  its  appeal  that  we 
employ  only  Union  Labor  with  the  mon- 
ey we  spend  by  buying  only  those  com- 
modities which  display  this  symbol — 
the  Union   Label. 


The  Union  Label 

Every  army  fights  under  some  flag, 
a  banner  borne  in  the  front  rank  of 
battle  as  a  symbol  of  country  and 
cause.  Wrapped  up  in  its  folds  are  the 
mainsprings  of  patriotism,  loyalty  which 
spells  home  and  country.  The  army  of 
Organized  Labor  has  a  flag  and  it,  like 
military  organizations,  must  carry  its 
banner  in  the  forefront  now  and  in  the 
tomorrows,  so  long  as  the  battle  may 
last.  That  flag  is  the  Union  Label.  It 
stands  for  everything  that  Organized 
Labor  has  been,  is  and  ever  expects  to 
be. 

It  is  a  symbol  of  good  goods  efficiently 
made.  It  is  the  sign  of  expert  work- 
manship, of  honest  endeavor  to  make 
the  best  possible  product.  It  is  the  guar- 
antee that  workman  is  being  paid  an 
honest  wage. 

The  Union  Label  must  not  be  aban- 
doned at  any  time  by  loyal  trades  un- 
ionists. It  must  be  demanded  at  all 
times.  To  do  so  is  to  demonstrate  both 
loyalty,  common  sense  and  good  judg- 
ment. Support  the  movement  which  has 
given  you  a  wage  on  which  you  can 
live. 

And  the  obligation  of  the  trades  un- 
ionist for  the  Label  goes  beyond  his 
personal  expenditures.  It  goes  to  every 
member  of  his  family  and  implies  the 
further  responsibility  of  preaching  the 
dogma  of  Union-made  goods  wherever 
he  goes  and  whenever  possible. 

The  Union  Label  is  the  symbol  of  all 
that  Organized  Labor  has  fought  for 
and  won.  It  is  a  badge  of  fair  dealing 
and   progress.     Most   surely   it   bids   for 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Youngsville,  Pa. 
Mansfield,  La. 
Glasgow,  Mont. 
Mesa,  Ariz. 
Nashville,  111. 
Seaside,  Ore. 
Junction  City,  Kans. 
Norfolk,  Va. 
Hattiesburg,  Miss. 
Fayetteville,  Ark. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Breckenridge,  Tex. 
Eugene,  Oregon. 

• 

Local  Union  No.  18  Mourns  the  Passing 
of  an  Old  Time  Member 

Herman  Reinholt,  one  of  the  oldest 
members  of  Local  Union  No.  18,  Hamil- 
ton, Ontario,  Canada,  ended  his  earthly 
labors  on  December  16,  1933,  after 
reaching  the  ripe  old  age  of  76  years. 
Brother  Reinholt  was  born  in  Hamilton 
on  November  2,  185  7,  and  joined  the  lo- 
cal branch  of  the  Amalgamated  Society 
of  Carpenters  on  July  21,  1884,  and 
held  every  office  within  the  gift  of  that 
organization.  Under  the  Plan  of  Solidi- 
fication, in  1914,  he  became  a  member 
of  Local  Union  2612,  and  of  Local  Un- 
ion 18  in  April,  1924,  on  which  date 
Local  Union  2612  consolidated  with 
Local  Union  18. 

Brother  Reinholt  was  a  man  of  ab- 
solute integrity  and  his  genial  disposi- 
tion made  for  him  a  host  of  friends  in 
the  organized  labor  movement  in  Hamil- 
ton who  mourn  his  passing. 

His  funeral  took  place  on  December 
19  and  was  attended  by  the  officers  and 
a  large  number  of  the  members  of  Local 
Union  18,  six  carpenters  acting  as  pall 
bearers.  Interment  was  in  Hamilton 
Cemetery. 


Death   Takes   Faithful   Officer   of  Local 
498 

The  members  of  Local  Union  49  8, 
Brantford,  Ontario,  Canada,  were  deep- 
ly grieved  to  learn  of  the  death  of  Bro- 
ther Charles  F.  Lovell,  which  occurred 
January  6,  at  the  age  of  64. 

Brother  Lovell  was  born  in  England 
and  joined  the  union  of  his  trade  when 
a  young  man.     Shortly  after  coming  to 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


Canada  he  joined  Local  498  and  served 
that  Local  Union  as  Recording  Secre- 
tary for  11  years,  which  office  he  held 
at  the  time  of  his  death. 

He  was  also  Vice-President  of  the 
Trades  and  Labor  Council  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Fellowship  for  Social  Justice. 
He  represented  the  Local  at  many  pro- 
vincial conventions. 

Brother  Lovell  was  always  happy 
when  working  for  the  interests  of  his 
fellow  men  and  his  passing  is  a  severe 
loss  to  the  Local  Union  that  he  served 
so  faithfully  as  an  officer. 


Recording  Secretary  of  Local  Union  751, 
Taken  By  Death 

In  the  death  of  Brother  George 
Wolfe,  Recording  Secretary  of  Local 
Union  751,  Santa  Rosa,  Calif.,  on  De- 
cember 27,  1933,  a  life  of  high  achieve- 
ment and  devotion  to  the  common  good 
came  to  an  end. 

Among  the  monuments  of  that  active 
and  useful  career,  George  Wolfe's  life- 
time of  service  to  the  interests  of  or- 
ganized labor  will  no  doubt  stand  as  one 
of  his  most  permanent  memorials. 

Brother  Wolfe  had  held  every  office 
in  the  gift  of  Carpenters'  Local  751  and 
filled  them  with  credit  to  all.  He  made 
the  Local  the  medium  whereby  he  con- 
secrated himself  to  the  cause  of  the 
Carpenters'  Union.  For  nearly  thirty- 
three  years — one  third  of  a  century — he 
was  always  found  at  every  meeting 
working  for  the  advancement  of  the 
Local  and  improved  conditions  for  the 
carpenters. 

He  joined  the  local  as  a  charter  mem- 
ber March  23,  1901,  and  had  worked 
diligently  and  faithfully  all  those  years. 
While  the  Local  struggled  along  in  its 
infancy  he  gave  encouragement  to  those 
who  faltered  or  thought  lightly  of  the 
union.  It  is  no  idle  statement  but  a 
tribute,  to  state  that  the  Union  today 
owes  its  position  in  the  ranks  of  organ- 
ized labor  as  much  to  the  influence  of 
George  Wolfe  as  to  any  other  single 
factor. 

He  was  an  esteemed  citizen  having 
filled  the  position  of  City  Councilman  for 
one  term,  serving  in  that  capacity  with 
fair  and  impartial  service  to  all.  He 
was  a  man  who  was  liked  and  respected 
by  everyone,  yet  to  those  who  were  with 
him  constantly  in  the  last  thirty-three 
years  in  the  work  of  organized  labor, 
was  know  his  true  worth  as  a  helper  to 
the  oppressed  working  man. 


Vito  Lucaviello  Recording  Secretary  of 
Local  1613,  Dies 

Members  of  Local  Union  No.  1613, 
Newark,  N.  J.,  were  severely  shocked  at 
the  sudden  passing  away  of  Brother  Vito 
Lucaviello  on  the  evening  of  Nov.  16, 
1933.  His  death  was  due  to  a  hem- 
orrhage of  the  brain.  Brother  Luca- 
viello was  born  in  Italy,  March  31, 
1881,  and  joined  Local  Union  No.  1613 
December  1,  1909.  His  24  years  of 
membership  was  a  period  of  immense 
activity  in  the  furtherance  of  the  Union 
ideals.  Since  1918  he  had  ser~ed  the 
Local  as  Financial  Secretary,  Trustee, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  Re- 
cording Secretary. 

Funeral  services  were  held  at  the 
home  of  the  deceased  and  were  attend- 
ed by  innumerable  civic  and  labor 
leaders. 


DEATH  ROLL 


J.  W.  TRUMBLE — Local  Union  No.  132, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


Never  Give  Up 

The  only  man  who  is  ever  really 
beaten  in  the  game  of  life  is  the  man 
who  gives  up.    He  beats  himself. 

A  man  may  be  overwhelmed,  crashed, 
baffled,  and  apparently  beaten  beyond 
redemption,  but  if  he  has  the  right  stuff 
in  him  there  will  be  something  in  him 
that  will  still  hold  out  and  raise  the 
flag  of  defiance. 

There  is  not  one  of  us  who  is  not  at 
some  time  tried  to  the  limits  of  our 
capacity.  There  are  many  of  us  whose 
whole  life  is  one  continuous  trial,  and 
yet  it  happens  often  that  those  who  are 
most  sorely  tried,  who  have  the  great- 
est misfortunes  and  bear  the  heaviest 
burdens,  are  the  most  cheerful  and  op- 
timistic and  inspiring  of  all. 

Never  give  up!  That  is  the  only  way 
you  can  be  beaten,  and  when  you  are 
beaten  in  that  way  it  is  by  yourself. 

The  enemy  you  been  fighting-  could 
not  have  crushed  you;  you  did  it  your- 
self. 

No  man  .of  character  who  is  fighting 
for  a  principle  and  is  resolved  never  to 
surrender  is  ever  beaten  in  the  battle 
of  life. 


Keep  Your  Dues  Paid  Up 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal   Is   Not   Responsible   For   Views   Expressed   By   Correspondents. 


Free  Courses  Offered  in  Practical  Sub- 
jects in  Carpentry 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

The  New  York  State  Department  of 
Education  is  conducting,  in  New  York 
City,  some  Free  Day  Adult  Classes 
which,  I  think,  would  benefit  a  great 
many  of  our  Brothers,  if  they  would 
avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity 
which  is  offered  to  them. 

The  courses,  which  I  have  in  mind, 
include  Plan  Reading  and  Estimating 
for  Builders,  Carpentry,  and  a  Build- 
ing Construction  and  Superintendent 
Course.  These  courses  are  taught  by 
men  who  are  fully  qualified,  because  of 
their  long  experience  and  educational 
background. 

Any  of  our  Brothers,  who  desire  to 
take  advantage  of  this  opportunity,  to 
improve  themselves,  and  to  prepare  for 
better  jobs,  should  register  at  the  West 
Side  Continuation  School,  20  8  West 
13th  Street,  at  any  time,  between  nine 
and  five  o'clock. 

Never  before,  have  such  practical 
courses,  taught  by  competent  instruc- 
tors, been  offered  free  of  charge,  to  the 
public. 

I  might  add  that  a  wide  range  of 
courses  in  trade  and  technical  and  cul- 
tural subject  are  presented  in  addition 
to  those  which  I  have  mentioned  above. 
Information  concerning  these  courses 
can  be  procured  at  the  address  men- 
tioned above. 

W.  D.   Hopkins,   Super- 
visor, Trade  and  Tech- 
nical Work. 
Member  L.  U.  No.  412,  Sayville,  N.  Y. 


Craftsmen    In    Ancient    Times 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

Recently  I  was  delving  into  ancient 
history,  having,  like  many  of  our  mem- 
bers, a  good  deal  of  leisure. 

According  to  "Dittenberger"  a  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  was  built  at  Lebadea,  in  the 
years  175-171  B.  C.  Some  of  the  con- 
tracts of  this  job  are  preserved  and  are 
interesting   to    us. 


A  contractor  was  not  then  a  capital- 
ist, but  was  a  master-workman  who  un- 
dertook the  work  and  accepted  respon- 
sibility for  its  performance..  He  was  ap- 
parently a  working  foreman  for  we  read: 

"He  shall  work  continuously 

working  with  a  sufficient  number  of 
craftsmen  according  as  the  nature  of 
the  craft  admits,  not  less  than  five,  and 
if  he  disobey  any  provision  written  down 
in  the  agreement  or  be  discovered  ex- 
ecuting bad  work  he  shall  be  punished 
by  the  overseers,  as  he  shall  seem  to 
them  to  deserve,  for  not  doing  accord- 
ing to  the  written  agreement;  and  if 
any  of  the  workmen  employed  under 
him  be  discovered  executing  bad  work, 
let  him  be  driven  out  from  the  work, 
and  no  longer  take  part  in  it;  and  if  he 
disobey  this  sentence  he  shall  be  pun- 
ished, together  with  the  contractor.  .  .  . 
and  if  the  contractor  injure  any  sound 
stone  in  the  course  of  his  work,  he 
shall  replace  it  at  his  own  expense  with- 
out interruption  to  the  work,  and  shall 
remove  the  spoilt  stone  out  of  the  tem- 
ple enclosure  within  five  days,  or  the 
stone  shall  become  sacred  property  .... 
and  if  the  contractors  have  any  dispute 
amongst  themselves  upon  anything  writ- 
ten in  the  agreement  the  overseers  shall 
decide  it." 

The  part  that  interested  me  the  most 
was  "Neither  in  Athens  nor  elsewhere 
do  we  find  any  traces  of  unemployed 
skilled  labourers." 

Apparently  they  could  use  women  and 
slaves  for  rough  labor,  but  it  takes  time 
to  acquire  skill. 

Surely  the  skill  of  our  members  is  an 
asset,  yet  buildings  are  falling  to  pieces 
and  our  carpenters  and  joiners  are  idle. 

The  dear  public  complain  that — "the 
old  gray  mare  ain't  what  she  used  to 
be,"  and  that  some  of  us  are  "has 
beens."  They  suggest  that  we  should 
take  more  interest  in  our  jobs.  The 
trouble  is  that  the  jobs  are  not  ours  for 
long  enough  now. 

Less  than  twenty  years  ago  it  was  the 
custom    to    pick    our    season's    job    and 


THE     CARPENTER 


25 


often  we  were  on  the  same  payroll  for 
several  years. 

Now  the  contractor  has  a  few  regular 
hands  and  does  the  bulk  of  his  work 
with  a  "storm  gang." 

The  new  apprentices  are  learning  to 
operate  skill-saws. 

Albert  E.  Edgington,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  U.  No.  18.  Hamilton,  Ont. 


Appreciates  Prompt  Payment  of  Death 
Claim 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  enclosing  a  letter  received  by 
me  concerning  the  recent  death  claim 
paid  by  the  General  Office  to  Mrs.  Mary 
Bowman  on  the  death  of  her  son,  Wm. 
H.  Bowman.  It  is  the  request  of  L.  U. 
No.  228  that  this  letter  be  forwarded  to 
you  and  published  in  "The  Carpenter." 

H.  E.  Michael,  P.  S., 
L.  U.  No.  228.  Pottsville,  Pa. 

Mr.  Harvey  E.  Michael, 
Fin.  Sec,  L.  U.  No.  228. 
602  North  Third  Street, 
Hazelton,  Penna. 
Dear  Mr.  Michael: 

Your  letter  with  enclosed  check 
reached  Mrs.  Mary  Bowman  a  day  or 
two  before  Christmas  and  she  requested 
me  to  thank  you  and  the  Union  for  your 
very  prompt  and  satisfactory  settlement, 
with  so  little  trouble  and  no  red  tape. 

Personally  I  want  to  add  my  thanks 
for  your  very  efficient  manner  in  hand- 
ling this  claim  and  to  wish  your  organ- 
ization continued  success. 


Very  truly  yours, 

Ellsworth  W. 


Miller. 


B.  C.  Forbes  Says: 

I  have  faith  enough — perhaps  you 
would  say  I  am  foolish  enough — to  be- 
lieve that  these  things  will  yet  be  wit- 
nessed in  America: 

Greater  and  better  prosperity  than 
ever  before  enjoyed. 

More  jobs  than  workers. 

Unprecedented  wages  for  unprece- 
dented short  hours. 

Agricultural  prosperity  unmatched  in 
our  history. 

Advances  in  many  securities  surpass- 
ing even  the  boom  figures  of  1929. 

Our  railroads  swamped  with  freight. 

Factories  unable  to  cope  with  orders. 

Construction  on  an  unparalleled  scale. 

Foreign  trade  dwarfing  anything  ex- 
perienced in  the  past. 


Savings  deposits  double  and  treble 
those  of  today. 

America  occupying  a  place  in  the 
world  infinitely  greater  than  heretofore. 

The  birth  and  expansion  of  new  in- 
dustries eclipsing  even  the  automobile's 
record. 

Profit-sharing  plans  which  will  make 
millions    well-to-do,    even   rich. 

Real  estate  values,  especially  in  busy 
centers,   transcending  all  past  peaks. 

Flying  as  common  as  motoring  is 
now. 

Trains  as  fast  as  the  airplane  of 
to-day. 

The  average  American  working  in  an 
air-conditioned  office  or  factory  and  liv- 
ing in  an  air-conditioned  home. 

Television  in  more  homes  than  the 
radio  has  yet  reached. 

The  elimination  of  racketeering  and 
drastic  reduction  of  crime. 

The  lightening  of  human  toil,  through 
science  and  invention,  on  a  scale  beyond 
all  present  conception. 

Higher  education  available  for  almost 
all. 

A  standard  of  living  higher  than  any 
now  imagined. 

God   speed   the  day! 


Figure  This  Out 

How  can  20  men  make  20  cents  each 
on  a  dollar  that  did  not  exist? 

A  gentleman  in  Philadelphia  sends  it 
along  so  that  the  rest  of  us  in  trying  to 
solve  the  depression,  can  crack  our 
skulls  on  it. 

It  seems  that  a  man  who  wanted  a 
necktie  went  and  bought  it  at  a  store. 
He  gave  the  merchant  a  check  for  a 
dollar.  The  merchant  passed  the  check 
on  for  cigars,  and  it  went  from  hand  to 
hand,  until  it  had  20  endorsements. 
When  there  was  room  for  no  more,  it 
was  paid  into  the  bank,  where  it  was 
found  there  was  no  account. 

The  20  endorsers  then  met  and  it 
transpired  that  each  of  them  had  made 
a  profit  of  approximately  25  per  cent. 

Wherefore,  they  contributed  5  cents 
each  and  redeemed  the  check. 

They  are  now  wondering  who  lost  the 
original  dollar  that  did  not  exist. 

This  is  a  very  neat  reflection  of  mod- 
ern finance.  If  the  check  had  been  paid 
in  at  once,  one  man  would  have  lost  a 
dollar.  As  it  is,  20  men  have  each  made 
20  cents. 

Where's  the  catch? 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON  LXV 

The  advent  of  the  radio  has  demon- 
strated to  the  world,  that,  not  only  the 
air,  but  the  whole  universe  is  full  of 
sounds,  sounds  not  audible  to  the  ear 
without  the  aid  of  instruments.  It  has 
been  suggested  by  some  adventurous 
minds,  that  the  time  would  come  when 
there  would  be  perfected  an  instrument 
which  would  pick  up  voices  of  men  that 
were  uttered  centuries  and  even  ages 
ago.  They  have  ventured  so  far  as  to 
say  that  some  time  we  could  sit  in  our 
homes  and  listen  to  the  orations  of  De- 
mosthenes, or  to  the  wisdom  of  Socra- 
tes, or  to  hear  Moses  when  he  was  de- 
livering the  children  of  Israel  from  in- 
dustrial and  political  slavery.  While  we 
regard  these  things  more  nearly  as  in- 


Fig.  367 

tellectual  gymnastics,  they  are  neverthe- 
less full  of  food  for  thought. 

The  radio,  it  is  claimed,  will  pene- 
trate the  thickest  wall;  deep  down  in 
the  earth,  in  caves,  the  radio  responds 
to  the  sound  wave.  It  is  further  claimed 
that  no  room,  as  yet,  has  been  so  per- 
fectly insulated,  that  the  sound  wave 
can  not  in  some  way  pass  through.  Be 
those  things  as  they  may,  the  carpenter 
is  interested  in  sound,  so  far  as  his 
trade  is  concerned,  only  insofar  as  it 
affects  his  daily  work,  or  to  bring  it  one 
step  closer  home,  his  daily  bread. 

Much  as  folks  are  anxious  to  hear, 
there  are  times  when  they  want  to  be 
where  it  is  quiet.  And  to  accomplish 
this  in  these  days  of  noise  and  clamor 
and  congested  population,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  use  insulation.  Bed  rooms,  of- 
fices, churches,  hospitals,  schools,  jails, 
theaters  and  other  buildings  or  parts  of 


buildings,  often  must  be  insulated  in 
order  to  make  them  give  the  highest 
degree  of  satisfaction  and  service. 

Recently  we  were  working  on  a  jail, 
which  was  built  in  connection  with  a 
city  building,  and  in  addition  to  mak- 
ing it  sound-proof  and  mouse-proof,  as 
it  seemed,  the  architect  informed  us, 
that  the  tin  under  the  floor,  which  ex- 


Fig.  368 

tended  for  some  distance  up  the  side  of 
the  walls,  was  not  so  much  to  make  the 
jail  mouse-proof,  as  it  was  to  make  it 
louse-proof.  Evidently,  the  city  officials, 
who  occupied  rooms  close  to  the  jail, 
did  not  exactly  enjoy  the  particular  vari- 
ety of  noises  coming  from  those  quar- 
ters, nor  did  they  want  to  be  inter- 
viewed by  parasitic  delegations  from  the 
jail's  occupants. 

There  are  a  number  of  sound- 
deadening  materials  on  the  market,  felt 
paper,  sound-deadening  felt,  asbestos 
sheathing,  Cabot's  Quilt;  in  fact,  almost 
any  building  paper  has  some  sort  of 
sound-deadening  qualities.  The  most 
satisfactory,  however,  are  those  which 
are  at  the  same  time  fire-proof  and  ver- 
min-proof. Fig.  367  shows  a  method  of 
sound-proofing  a  floor,  by  means  of  some 
kind  of  sound-deadening  felt  or  quilt. 
Onto    the   rough    flooring    is    laid    (not 


Fig.  369 

nailed)  a  layer  of  deadening  material, 
and  onto  it  2x2  strips  (also  not  nailed), 
and  then  the  flooring  is  nailed  onto  the 
2x2's  in  such  a  manner  that  no  nail  will 
enter  or  pass  through  the  deadening  ma- 
terial. This  is  a  good  method,  and  if 
fire-proof  deadening  material  is  used,  it 
can  hardly  be  improved  upon.  The  2x2 
strips,  and  the  sound-proofing  are  inex- 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


pensive,  and  the  extra  space  necessary 
under  ordinary  circumstances  would 
hardly  be  noticeable. 

Fig.  368  shows  an  air-space  method 
of  sound-proofing  a  floor.  Here  two  sets 
of  joists  are  employed;  one  set  to  sup- 
port the  floor,  and  another  to  carry  the 
ceiling.  In  addition  to  sound-proofing 
the  floor,  this  method  prevents  the  vi- 


Fig.  370 


bration  of  the  floor  from  being  trans- 
mitted to  the  ceiling.  This  is  desirable 
where  the  floor  is  to  be  used  for  danc- 
ing or  for  similar  purposes,  and  the 
ceiling  is  plastered.  The  dotted  line 
shows  how  a  sound-deadening  material 
can  be  added  to  this  construction,  not 
only  making  it  more  sound-proof,  but 
more  nearly  fire-proof,  provided  a  fire- 
proof material  is  used  and  carefully 
placed.  Without  the  fire-proof  sound- 
deadening  material  between  the  two  sets 
of  joists,  the  arrangement  is  a  danger- 
ous fire-trap.  The  fire,  in  case  of  fire, 
could  spread  in  every  direction  with 
fuel  enough  to  keep  it  going,  while  ac- 
cess for  extinguishing  the  fire  would  be 
difficult.  These  things  should  be  kept 
in  mind  when  this  method  of  sound- 
proofing is  considered. 

A  similar  method  of  sound-deadening 
for  partitions,  is  shown  by  Fig.  369.  The 
irregular  line  between  the  two  sets  of 
studding,     represents     sound-deadening 


Fig.  371 

material  of  some  kind.  What  we  said 
about  fire,  in  the  explanation  of  the 
previous  figure,  can  be  applied  to  this 
also. 

Fig.  370  shows  how  to  strip  joists, 
that  for  some  reason  are  not  spaced 
right  to  receive,  either  the  lath  or  other 


ceiling  material,  whatever  that  might 
be.  The  stripping,  of  course,  must  be 
governed  by  the  requirements  of  the 
material  used.  How  to  drop  the  ceiling 
some  distance  below  the  joists,  is  shown 
by  Fig.  371.  Fig.  372  shows  how  to 
drop  the  ceiling  when  the  joists  are 
spaced  right  for  the  ceiling  material. 
Here,  it  will  be  noticed,  the  nailing 
strips  run  parallel  with  the  joists, 
whereas,  in  the  previous  figure  they  ran 
crosswise. 

A  stripped  or  a  dropped  ceiling,  helps 
somewhat  to  deaden  sound,  the  fire- 
danger,  though,  is  greatly  increased. 
The  access  for  extinguishing  fires  in 
dropped  ceilings  is  difficult,  and  fire  can 
spread  in  a  few  moments  throughout 
the  space  between  the  ceiling  and  the 
floor,  eating  up  hangers  and  joists  for 
fuel. 

Mineral  wool  or  rock-wool  are  often 
used  between  joists  and  between  stud- 
ding in  partitions  for  sound-deadeners, 


Fig.  372 

packed  somewhat  in  the  order  shown  by 
Fig.  373  A,  for  floor  joists,  and  B,  for 
partitions.  The  principal  value  of  these 
materials  lie  in  their  insulation  and  fire- 
resisting  qualities.  They  protect  the  in- 
terior of  a  building  in  the  summer  from 
the  heat,  and  in  the  winter  from  the 
cold.  They  are  comparatively  inexpen- 
sive, and  can  be  obtained  on  the  market. 
The  appearance  of  both  mineral  wool 
and  rock-wool  is  much  like  sheep  wool, 
but  it  is  brittle  and  easily  crushed, 
which  destroys  much  of  its  value. 

In  order  to  make  doorways  more  or 
less  sound-proof,  two  doors  should  be 
used,  leaving  an  air-space  between  the 
doors  when  they  are  closed.  When  the 
doorway  is  used  for  heavy  traffic,  one 
door  can  be  left  open,  but  when  traffic 
is  light,  and  sound-proofing  is  desired, 
then  both  doors  should  be  kept  closed 
when  the  doorway  is  not  in  use.  In  cases 
of  outside  doorways,  a  storm  door  will 
answer  at  the  same  time  for  a  sound- 


2S 


THE     CARPENTER 


deadener.  The  same  can  be  said  of 
windows.  Interior  windows  with  two 
sets  of  sash,  leaving  an  air-space  be- 
tween,   will    prevent    to    a   great   extent 


Fig.  373 

the  transmission  of  sound.  For  outside 
windows,  a  storm  sash  added  to  the 
regular  window,  will  answer  both  for 
sound-deadening  and  against  cold. 


THE   FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART   TWENTY-ONE 

The  Elements  of  the  Roof  Frame 

The  various  types  of  roofs  were  dis- 
cussed in  the  previous  chapters.  Thus, 
we  know  that  there  are  shed  or  lean-to 
roofs,  gable  roofs,  hip  and  valley  and 
plain  hip  roofs.  These  are  the  shapes 
in  general  use  and,  in  addition  there 
are  such  modifications  as  gambrel,  pyra- 
mid,   mansard    and    conical    roofs.     All 


these  will  be  treated  in  order  of  their 
importance  in  the  subsequent  chapters. 
The  frame  of  any  roof  is  composed  of 
numerous  members.  These  are  inclined 
upwards,  usually,  in  pairs,  their  lower 
ends  resting  on  the  plates  and  their 
upper  ends  fastened  together  or  spiked 
to  a  ridge  board  all  depending  on  the 
method  of  construction. 

The  shape  of  the  roof,  its  height  and 
the  width  of  the  building  are  the  prin- 
cipal governing  factors  which  determine 
the  length  of  the  members,  their  rela- 
tive  position    towards    each    other    and, 


the  very  essential  feature  to  be  ob- 
served, the  shaping  of  the  lower  and 
upper  ends  where  they  are  connected  to 
the  superstructure  or  fastened  and 
framed  into  each  other. 

Unless  the  above  features  are  strictly 
observed  and  the  members  properly  and 
correctly  shaped  the  roof  will  lack 
strength  and  rigidity  and  consequently, 
will  impair  the  stability  of  the  entire 
structure. 

Although,  at  a  glance,  it  may  appear 
rather  elementary  to  the  veteran  car- 
penter and,  perhaps,  even  to  the  ad- 
vanced apprentice  to  be  approached 
with  a  request  of  giving  a  correct  defi- 
nition of  the  various  members  of  the 
roof  frame  and  their  respective  func- 
tions, we,  however,  take  the  initiative 
of  devoting  this  chapter  to  this  particu- 
lar feature.  You  may  discover  that  the 
subject  is  not  quite  as  simple  as  it  may 


£ '  0/^jft?<7/? 


appear  on  the  surface   and,   we  assure 
you — you  will  have  a  lot  of  fun. 

The  terms  common  rafter,  hip  rafter, 
jacks  and  others  have  been  so  commonly 
used  at  the  trade  that  with  many  it 
has  become  a  mere  mechanical,  and 
quite  frequently,  a  meaningless  reitera- 
tion. When  we  say  meaningless  we  mean 
just  that.  To  say  something  does  not  al- 
ways mean  that  the  utterance  is  based 
on  perfect  understanding.  You  all  know 
that.  Some  people  are  laboring  under 
the  impression  that  common  ideas  do 
not  require  or  do  not  deserve  any  par- 
ticular exertion  of  thought.  They  think 
they  know  it;  however,  when  it  comes 
to  a  test,  they  discover  that,  in  reality, 
they  had  a  distorted  idea  of  what  they 
thought  they  knew  all  about.  They  re- 
mind you  of  the  man,  in  the  story,  who 
was  walking  in  the  rain  with  a  stick  in 
his  hand  and,  who  discovered  upon  ar- 
riving home  all  drenched,  that  the  stick 
was  his  umbrella.  There  is  a  reason  for 
everything     we     do     or     say     and,     we 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


certainly  as  intelligent  human  beings, 
ought  to  be  in  a  position  to  account 
why  we  are  doing  things  in  certain  ways 
or  to  produce  a  substantial  backing  or 
explanation  to  our  statements. 

The  elements  of  the  roof  frame,  their 
definition  and  purpose  were  exhaustive- 
ly treated  before.  No  more  could  be 
said  on  the  subject  without  clogging 
your  mental  machinery  with  useless  in- 
formation. Now,  let  us  see  how  much 
of  it  you  have  assimilated;  how  much 
of  that  theoretical  material  may  be  con- 
verted into  practical  knowledge  and  ap- 
plied directly  to  your  job? 

The  accompanying  diagrams  were 
prepared  with  the  express  purpose  of 
making  the  work  more  interesting  and 
productive.  Write  your  answers  direct- 
ly on  the  drawing,  if  possible.  If  space 
does  not  permit — use  a  separate  sheet. 

PROBLEMS  IN  ROOF  FRAMING 

1.  What  is  a  ridge  board  and  what 
is  its  purpose?  How  is  this  member  in- 
dicated in  diagram  No.   1? 

2.  What  is  the  exact  definition  of  a 
Common  Rafter?  What  kind  of  a  geo- 
metrical figure  does  it  form  in  connec- 
tion with  the  plate  and  the  center  line 
of  the  roof  frame?  What  is  the  notation 
used  in  the  diagram?    Fig.  2. 

3.  What  is  a  valley  rafter  and  why 
is  it  called  so?  Its  indication  on  the 
drawing? 

4.  Indicate  the  hip  rafters  on  the 
diagram.  What  is  meant  by  a  "hip  raf- 
ter"? What  is  the  difference  between 
the  hip  and  valley  rafter?  Do  they  usu- 
ally differ  in  length? 

5.  What  are  jack  rafters  and  how 
many  types  are  there?  How  would  you 
call  the  jack  indiciated  by  "D"  in  Fig. 
1?  What  kind  of  a  jack  is  indicated  by 
"E,"  Fig.   1? 

ANSWERS   TO   PROBLEMS 

1.  The  ridge  board  is  the  horizontal 
member  used  for  connecting  the  upper 
ends  of  rafters  one  one  side  to  the  raf- 
ters on  the  opposite  side.  Its  function  is 
to  supply  rigidity  to  the  roof  frame;  it 
prevents  longitudinal  motion  and  thus, 
stiffens  the  structure.  It  is  indicated  by 
the  letter  "A." 

2.  A  common  rafter  is  a  roof  mem- 
ber extending  at  right  angles  from  the 
plate  to  the  ridge.  With  the  plate  and 
the  center  line  of  the  building  it  forms  a 


right  angled  triangle.     Fig.    2.    On  Fig. 
1  it  is  indicated  by  "B." 

3.  A  valley  rafter  is  one  extending 
diagonally  from  plate  to  ridge  at  the 
point  of  intersection  of  two  roof  sur- 
faces. "C"  on  Fig.  1. 

4.  A  hip  rafter  extends  diagonally 
from  the  corner  of  the  building  to  the 
ridge. 

5.  Any  rafter  that  does  not  extend 
from  plate  to  ridge  is  called  a  jack  raf- 
ter. According  to  the  position  they  oc- 
cupy they  may  be  classified  as:  hip 
jacks,  valley  jacks  and  cripple  jacks. 

A  jack  rafter  with  the  upper  end 
resting  against  a  hip  and  lower  end 
against  the  plate  is  called  a  hip  jack.. 
"D"  on  diagram. 

A  valley  jack  is  one  whose  upper  end 
rests  against  the  ridge  board  and  lower 
end  against  the  valley.    "F"  in  diagram. 

A  jack  that  is  cut  in  between  a  hip 
and  valley  rafter  is  called  a  cripple  jack. 
The  chief  characteristic  of  the  cripple 
jack  is  that  it  touches  neither  the  ridge 
nor  the  plate.  It  is  indicated  by  "F" 
in  Fig.  1. 


Another  Marking  Method 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

The  best  joint  for  casing  with  round- 
ed corners,  is  the  compound  joint.  We 
are    explaining    in    this    article    another 


Fig 


method  of  marking  such  a  joint.  Fig.  1 
shows  how  to  mark  the  side  casing  after 
the  miter-part  has  been  marked.  With  a 
joiner's  gauge,   set  to  the  depth   of  the 


so 


T  II  E     CARPENTER 


miter  cut,   And   the  intersection  of  the      off  a  lot  of  work,  especially  if  it  is  done 


horizontal  cut  with  the  miter  cut,  as 
shown  hy  the  dolled  line  on  the  draw- 
ing. The  intersection  established,  mark 
the  horizontal  .rut  with  a  square.  In 
somewhat  the  same  way,  mark  the  right 


Fig.  2 


and  left  cuts  of  the  head  casing,  as 
shown  by  Fig.  2.  Here  the  horizontal 
cut  is  marked  with  the  gauge  entirely. 
If  the  marking  for  both  the  side  casings 
and  for  the  head  casing,  has  been  done 
with  care,  and  the  cutting  is  carefully 
done,  then  the  joints  will  fit  tightly; 
much  on  the  order  of  the  joint  shown  by 
Fig.   3. 

The  joiner's  gauge  is  not  being  used 
as    extensively    by   the   present-day    car- 


Fig. 

penter,  as  it  was  in  the  days  of  our 
fathers.  However,  there  are  many  in- 
stances where  the  carpenter  would  do 
well  to  employ  this  useful  tool.  After 
all,  accuracy  and  a  job  well  done,  is  by 
far  of  greater  importance  than  turning 


at  the  expense  of  good  workmanship.  .  . 
Machine  efficiency,  in  our  day,  is  de- 
stroying much  of  what  was  good  in  the 
days  of  our  fathers.  So  much  is  being 
done  with  the  machine  in  these  days, 
that  the  mechanic  can  learn  how  to  do 
but  a  few  things,  by  doing  them.  ...  A 
movement  should  be  started  with  this 
slogan:  "Back  to  your  tools,  men,  back 
to  your  tools." 


A  Problem 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

I  would  greatly  appreciate  it  if  you 
would  submit  the  following  problem  to 
some  of  my  Brother  Chips  who  are  ex- 
perts in  solving  problems  of  this  kind, 
as  it  has  stumped  me. 

Referring  to  accompanying  sketch, — 
A  represents  a  building  15  yds  wide  and 


Q 

B- 

15 -YDS. 

o 

A 

-i.  270  SQ.YOS. 

00 

-< 

o 

en 

• 

o 


BXC-  540  SQ.  YDS* 

18  yds.  long  which  covers  an  area  of 
2  70  sq.  yds.,  and  sets  in  Exact-Center  of 
a  field  containing  540  sq.  yds. 

The  building  is  surrounded  by  a 
plank-walk  (D)  of  Equal-Parallel- 
Width,  which  also  has  an  area  of  270 
sq.  yds. 

Exact-Width     of     the 


What 
walk  D? 

What 
and  C? 


is     the 


are    the    Exact-Lengths    of    B 


L.  U.  No.   180. 


Frank  Miller, 
Vallejo,  Calif. 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


Member  Invents  Inverted  Claw  Hammer 

R.  J.  Hill,  a  member  of  Local  Union 
1738,  Hartford  City,  Indiana,  has  per- 
fected an  invention  which  he  calls  an 
"Inverted  Clawhammer,"  and  according 
to  the  inventor  it  is  a  great  improve- 
ment over  the  old  style  hammer  inas- 
much as  a  nail  can  be  pulled  with  it 
without  marring  the  finest  finish.  A 
spike  nail  can  be  pulled  with  it  with  no 
danger  of  breaking  or  getting  handle 
out  of  line. 

In  the  sketch,  1  designates  the  ham- 
mer head  mounted  on  the  handle;  2  and 


3  designate  the  improved  nail-pulling 
claws.  By  slipping  the  nail  head  in  the 
slot  4,  between  and  beneath  the  claws 
3,  the  nail  may  be  readily  pulled  with  a 
constant  evenly  distributed  and  efficient 
leverage  and  without  marring  surface 
of  work. 

The  model  has  been  shown  to  a  num- 
ber of  contractors  who  pronounced  it 
the  greatest  improvement  on  a  carpen- 
ter tool  that  has  been  made  in  a  long 
time.  The  address  of  Brother  Hill  is: 
Hartford  City,  Indiana. 


Why    AVage    Earners    Must    Continue 
Fighting 

The  employer  is  in  business  primar- 
ily to  make  money.  If  he  is  of  the  far- 
sighted  type,  he  will  give  his  employes 
short  working  time  per  week,  high 
wages  per  hour,  and  comfortable  sur- 
roundings in  which  to  work.  He  knows 
that  his  men  can  produce  more  per  hour 
if  they  work  less  hours  per  week.  He 
knows  also  that  his  employes  work  with 
greater  enthusiasm  when  they  receive 
a  higher  wage  per  hour.  And  further- 
more,   he    knows    that    his    men    stay 


healthier  and  more  efficient  if  their  sur- 
roundings are  as  comfortable  as  modern 
science  can  make  it.  This  type  of  em- 
ployer goes  along  with  the  labor  union 
one  hundred  per  cent  and  there  will  be 
no  trouble  between  him  and  the  Local 
Union.  Although  this  type  of  employer 
is  in  business  primarily  to  make  money, 
he  is  not  losing  sight  of  the  fact  that  if 
he  treats  his  employes  along  the  prin- 
ciples recommended  by  the  labor  union 
leaders,  he  can  make  more  money  than 
he  could  otherwise.  He  bears  in  mind 
also  that  if  he  runs  a  one-hundred-per- 
cent union  shop,  the  unionized  wage- 
earners  will  gladly  help  to  boost  the 
sale  of  his  product. 

But  the  type  of  employer  that  is  not 
far-sighted,  expects  to  make  money  by 
disregarding  the  principles  recommend- 
ed by  the  labor  union.  This  employer 
fails  to  see  that  a  union  shop  is  not 
only  of  benefit  to  others  but  also  to 
himself.  It  is  this  type  of  employer 
that  the  Local  Union  must  try  to  con- 
vert to  the  union  shop  idea.  If  tact  and 
diplomacy  and  strategy  will  not  effect 
the  purpose,  the  strike  must  be  called 
upon,'  to  convince  the  stubborn  employ- 
er that  he  should  operate  a  union  shop 
and  to  make  him  effect  a  union  shop  at 
once.  It  is  this  type  of  employer  that 
brings  about  labor  troubles. 


Tragedy    If    Labor    Misses    Its    Chance, 
Says  Senator  Nye 

Only  through  organization  may  the 
producers — the  farmers  and  the  indus- 
trial workers — secure  an  effective  voice 
in  their  government. 

Not  so  many  years  ago  the  United 
States  Senate  was  "the  American  house 
of  lords" — one  of  the  most  reactionary 
legislative  bodies  in  the  world.  It  has 
undergone  a  tremendous  change  in  re- 
cent years.  Instead  of  being  the  most 
reactionary,  it  is  now  probably  the  most 
progressive  legislative  body  in  the 
world. 

That  change  has  been  brought  about 
because  organized  labor  and  organized 
farmers  have  placed  principles  above 
men,  and  have  supported  Progressives 
without  regard  to  party  affiliations. 

The  Standard  Railroad  Labor  Organ- 
izations have  been  particularly  active. 
It  would  be  difficult  to  over-estimate  the 
influence  they  have  wielded  in  congres- 
sional elections. 


32 


TIIK     CARPENTER 


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If  I  am  fully  satisfied  after  10  days  I  will  send  you  $2. 
after  that  only  (3.00  a  month  until  the  total  special  cut 
price  of  only  $19.80  (former  price  $24.80)  is  paid.  I  am 
not  obligated  in  any  way  unless  I  keep  the  books. 
Name    


Address    

Employer's   Name 

Employer's    Address 


I  have  been  in  the  Senate  now  for 
eight  years.  In  all  that  time  every 
piece  of  legislation  designed  to  better 
the  condition  of  the  workers  has  been 
sponsored  by  organized  labor.  The  un- 
ion leaders  have  impressed  me  by  their 
fairness,  their  grasp  of  the  facts  and 
their  frank  recognition  of  the  mutual 
interests  of  all  classes  of  producers.  The 
farmers  of  this  country  have  never  had 
better  friends  in  Washington  than  the 
chiefs  of  the  labor  organizations. 

The  papers  are  full  of  debates  over 
the  labor  provisions  of  the  Emergency 
Railroad  Act  and  the  National  Recovery 
Act.  Every  member  of  Congress  knows 
that  those  provisions  were  written  into 
the  law  because  organized  labor  was  on 
the  job  in  Washington. 

It  would  be  an  appalling  tragedy  if 
the  workers  of  America  failed  to  take 
advantage  of  the  opportunity  now  af- 
forded them  to  still  further  strengthen 
their   position. 


Yesterday  is  gone.  Today  is  here  and 
today  you  should  Organize — not  tomor- 
row, for  tomorrow  never  comes. 


Demand  the  Union  Label 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX  AND   OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
fibre  board  job.  It  grooves,  bevels  and  slits  any 
of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong    castings;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
wood Handle  and  knob;  tool  steel  cutters  that  can  be  resharpened  like  a  regular 
plane  iron;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 

See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 

STANLEY  TOOLS 

New  Britain,  Connecticut 


WE  DOOUHPAM 


WOOD  IN  TUBES 
SAVES  CARPENTERS 
TIME  AND  LUMBER, 

WOOP 


This  marvelous  new  dis- 
covery— will  save  you  hours 
of  time — replacing  rotted 
wood,  repairing  cracked  or 
splintered  wood,  broken 
molding,  hiding  nicks,  seal- 
ing cracks.  Genuine  Plastic 
Wood  handles  easy  as  putty — hardens  quickly 
into  solid  wood  that  can  be  treated  and 
handled  just  like  real  wood.  It  is  actually 
stronger  than  real  wood.  Comes  in  tubes  and 
M-lb.,  1-lb.,  5-lb.  cans. 

Be  sure  to  get  Genuine 

PLASTIC  WOOD 


The  Man  of  Toil 

It  is  time  to  build  a  monument  for 
the  man  whom  monument-makers  have 
overlooked.  I  speak  of  the  man  of  toil. 
I  speak  of  him  who  carries  on  in  the 
storm  and  wind  and  hurricane,  in  the 
gloom  of  night  and  under  the  stifling 
heat  of  day.  I  speak  for  the  man  in 
overalls — the  living  symbol  of  the  real 
America. 

Let  us  build  him  a  monument  and 
let  us  raise  it  high  for  all  of  our  chil- 
dren to  see,  lest  they  forget  the  virtues 
and  the  rugged  courage  on  which  the 
comforts  they  have  are  reared. 

Let  us  build  it  high  and  on  its  base 
let  us  write  clear  and  luminous,  so  that 
all  may  read: 

To  the  man  of  Toil.  To  him  who 
braves  the  peril  of  the  mine  or  the 
angry  roar  of  the  furnace.  To  him  who 
ploughs  and  bends  and  builds  the  han- 
dicraft of  man.  To  the  man  of  sweat 
and  grime.  For  him  whose  brain  and 
brawn  have  conquered  the  mountains 
and  bridged  the  rivers — for  him  whose 
hands  have  known  the  wounds  of  work. 
For  he  is  the  breadgiver,  he  is  the 
builder,  his  is  the  loyalty  and  his,  the 
steadfast  heart.    He  is  America. 


NO  SIR- NO 

CHEAP  OIL 

FOR  ME/ 


You  seldom  find  an  ex- 
perienced carpenter  using 
"cheap"  oil.  Why  should  he — when 
3-in-One  does  so  much  more  good 
and  costs  so  little  more !  Due  to  its 
scientific  blending,  3-in-One  not 
only  oils  your  tools,  but  keeps  the 
working  parts  cleaner  and  prevents 
rust.  Wherever  you're  working, 
you  can  get  3-in-One 
nearby. 


3-IN-ONE  OIL 


PRICE  LIST 


OF 


SUPPLIES 


One  Charter  and  <  mi  lit $15.00 

Application  Blanks,  per  pad 50 

Application  Blanks,  Ladies'  Aux- 
iliary, per  100 1.00 

Constitutions,    each    05 

Constitutions,     Ladies'     Auxiliary, 

each   03 

Due  Books,   each    15 

Treas.   Cash   Books,   each 50 

l'.   s.  Receipt  Books,  each 35 

Treas.   Receipt   Books,   each 35 

R.  S.  Order  Books,  each 35 

Official  Note  Paper,  per  100 50 

Rituals,  each 50 

Rituals,   Ladies'   Auxiliary,   each..        .05 

Minute    Books,    100    pages 1.50 

Minute  Books,   200  pages 2.25 

Day   Books,    100   pages 1.75 

Day   Book,   200   pages 2.50 

Day  Book,   300   pages 3.50 

Ledgers,    100    pages .  '. 2.00 

Ledgers,    200    pages 3.00 

Ledgers,    300    pages 3.75 

Ledgers,    400    pages 4.50 

Ledgers,    500    pages 5.00 

Gavels     1.25 

Receipting  Dater  for  F.  S 1.75 

Srv.-jll  Round  Pencils 03 

Rubber  Tipped   Pencils 05 

Card   Cases    10 

Withdrawal  Cards,  issued  by  Gen- 
eral   Office    only,    each    (always 

send   name) 50 

Rubber    Seal    1.75 

Belt    Loop    Chain 75 

Watch    Fobs    50 

Key    Tags     15 

Rubber   Label   Stamps 1.00 

Match    Box    Holders 15 

Cuff  Links    1.50 

B.    A.    Badges 3.00 

Blanks  for  F.  S.  Reports  for  Treas- 
urer's Remittances  and  for  Do- 
nation   Claims Free 

Emblem  Buttons 50 

Emblem    Pins     50 

Ladies    Auxiliary    Pins 1.25 

Rolled  Gold  Watch   Charms 1.50 

Solid   Gold  Watch  Charms 7.50 

Solid  Gold  Rings 5.00 

PRICES  ON  SPECIAL  LEATHER 
BOUND  LEDGERS,  WORKING  CARDS, 
POSTCARD  NOTICES,  ARREARS  NO- 
TICES, OFFICER'S  CARDS,  STATION- 
ERY, ETC.,  WILL  BE  SUBMITTED  BY 
GENERAL  SECRETARY  UPON  RE- 
QUEST. 

Note — the  above  articles  will  be  supplied  only 
when  the  requisite  amount  of  cash  accompanies 
the  order.  Otherwise  the  order  will  not  be  recog- 
nized. All  supplies  sent  by  us  have  the  Postage 
prepaid   or  Express  charges  paid   in  advance. 


THE 


BROTHERHOOD 

is  now  manufacturing 

PLAYING 
CARDS 


( Regular  Decks  only  —  No  Pinochle ) 

25c 
per  pack 

Send  money  with  order  to  — 

FRANK  DUFFY 

General  Secretary 

222   E.  Michigan   St. 
INDIANAPOLIS  -  -  IND. 


Who's  "Hoarding"? 

(By  James  Edward  Hungerford) 

"You're  HOARDING  money,  my  friend,"  I  said 

To  my  neighbor  out  of  work, 

And  he  looked  at  me,  and  shook  Ms  head — 

My  friend  who  was  forced  to  shirk. 

"I  haven't  any  to  hoard,"  said  he — 

"The  last  of  my  savings  are  spent, 

And  MILLIONS  more  in  the  world,  like  ME, 

Are  down  to  their  last,  red  cent." 

"You're  HOARDING  money,  my  friend,"  I  said 

To  my  neighbor,  a  lowly  clerk, 

With  wife  and  children  who  must  be  fed, 

On  the  paltry  pay  from  his  work. 

"They  cut  my  salary  to  the  core"—— 

He  answered  dejectedly; 

"My  savings  are  gone  .  .  .  I  have  no  more  .  .  . 

There  are  MILLIONS  of  men  like  me." 

"You're  HOARDING  your  money,  my  friend,"  I  said 

To  the  man  who  PREACHED  "Don't  hoard!" 

And  he  looked  at  me,  with  a  smile,  well-fed, 

And  visioned  his  casks  well-stored  .... 

"DON'T  HOARD!"  said  he,  "and  prosperity 

Will  gush  from  a  million  founts, 

And  thousands  of  'well-heeled'  men  like  ME — 

Will  ADD  to  their  bank-accounts!" 


ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 


iLLLLLLLLIliU  I  _LLU  LI  MUJJ  f  1 1  !J  II I M  LUJLLLLLLUJLLLLLLLUJX 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  Section  1103,  act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,   1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters.  Stair  Builders,  Machine  Wood  Workers.  Planing  Mill  Men,  and 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

and  Joiners  of  America,  at 

Carpenters'  Building,  222  E.  Michigan  Street,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Advertising  Department,  25  Third  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Established  in   1881 
Vol.  LIV.— No.  3. 


INDIANAPOLIS,   MARCH,    1934 


One  Dollar  Per  Tear 
Ten  Cents  a  Copy 


NOTICE    

The  publishers  of  "The  Carpenter"  reserve  the  right  to  reject  all  advertising  matter 
which  may  be,  in  their  judgment,  unfair  or  objectionable  to  the  membership  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America. 

All  contracts  for  advertising  space  in  "The  Carpenter,"  including  those  stipulated  as 
non-cancellable,  are  only  accepted  subject  to  the  above  reserved  rights  of  the  publishers. 


Builders  All 

Isn't  it  strange  that  Princes  and  Kings 

And  clowns  that  caper  in  saw-dust  rings, 

And  common  folks  like  you  and  me, 

Are  Builders  for  Eternity? 

To  each  is  given  a  bag  of  tools, 

A  shapeless  mass  and  a  book  of  rules; 

And  each  must  make,  ere  life  is  flown, 

A  stumbling  block  or  a  stepping  stone. 

—Ex. 

T  III:     (A  R  I*  E  N  T  E  I J 


THE    INTERNATIONAL    LABOR    ORGANIZATION 
AND  UNEMPLOYMENT  INSURANCE 

(By  Tom  Moore,  President,  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada) 


ITH  more  than  forty- 
two  million  (42,000,000) 
workers  covered  by  vari- 
ous forms  of  unemploy- 
ment insurance  it  cannot 
be  said  that  there  is  lack- 
ing the  necessary  experience  to  judge  of 
the  social  value  of  legislation  of  this 
character. 

At  the  time  the  International  Labor 
Organization  came  into  existence  in 
1919,  Great  Britain  was  the  only  coun- 
try having  a  compulsory  insurance  sys- 
tem, whereas  today  nine  countries  have 
adopted  similar  measures  covering  over 
Thirty-eight  million  (38,000,000)  per- 
sons and  eight  other  voluntary  insur- 
ance schemes  covering  a  little  less  than 
Four  Million  (4,000,000).  This  com- 
pares with  a  total  number  insured  at 
the  beginning  of  1919  of  Four  and  a 
half  (4,500,000)  to  Five  million  (5,- 
000,000). 

The  rapid  development  of  unemploy- 
ment insurance  has  been  assisted  mater- 
ially by  the  International  Labor  Organ- 
ization, both  through  discussion  at  its 
annual  conferences  and  by  the  compil- 
ation and  circulation  of  statistical  data 
and  other  information  which  has  en- 
abled countries  to  proceed  much  more 
rapidly  in  devising  national  legislation 
than  otherwise  would  have  been  pos- 
sible. 

The  question  of  unemployment  insur- 
ance was  discussed  at  the  first  confer- 
ence of  the  International  Labor  Organ- 
ization at  Washington  in  1919,  at  which 
time  a  Recommendation  was  adopted 
''that  each  member  of  the  International 
Labor  Organization  establish  an  effec- 
tive scheme  of  unemployment  insurance 
either  through  a  government  system  or 
through  a  system  of  government  sub- 
ventions to  associations  whose  rules  pro- 
vide for  the  payment  of  benefits  to  their 
unemployed   members." 

At  the  eighth  session  of  the  confer- 
ence in  1926,  a  resolution  was  adopted 
which  requested  the  International  Labor 
Office  to  increase  to  the  utmost  its  ef- 
forts to  secure  a  wide  adoption  of  the 
measures  proposed  in  the  recommenda- 
tions and  draft  conventions  on  unem- 
ployment   of    previous    sessions    of    the 


conference,  including  specifically  those 
calling  for  the  creation  and  extension  of 
systems  of  unemployment  insurance. 

Subsequent  annual  conferences  have 
reiterated  these  proposals  when  discus- 
sing numerous  other  phases  of  the  un- 
employment question  and  as  a  result 
the  subject  of  "unemployment  insurance 
and  various  forms  of  relief  for  the  un- 
employed" was  placed  on  the  agenda  of 
the  Seventeenth  Session,  held  in  May, 
1933. 

According  to  the  rules  of  procedure 
each  subject  dealt  with  by  the  Interna- 
tional Labor  Organization  is  considered 
in  two  stages,  the  first  discussion  being 
to  decide  upon  what  questions  govern- 
ments should  be  consulted  and  the  sec- 
ond stage  being  to  formulate  a  draft 
Convention  or  Recommendation.  Fol- 
lowing this  practice  and  arising  out  of 
the  discussion  at  the  1933  session  a 
questionnaire  is  now  before  the  govern- 
ments of  the  fifty-seven  member  states 
of  the  International  Labor  Organiza- 
tion. Upon  receipt  of  replies  to  this  the 
Office  will  proceed  to  formulate  a  draft 
convention  upon  which  final  decision 
will  be  reached  at  the  1934  session. 

In  view  of  the  hesitation  on  the  part 
of  the  Canadian  Government  to  enact 
unemployment  insurance  legislation,  it 
is  of  special  interest  to  know  that  in  no 
country  where  such  legislation  has  been 
adopted  does  there  appear  to  be  the 
slightest  indication  of  any  intention  to 
return  to  the  former  haphazard  systems 
but  on  the  contrary  there  has  been  a 
distinct  tendency  to  enlarge  the  scope 
of  various  national  schemes  and  bring 
greater  numbers  within  their  jurisdic- 
tion. In  preparation  for  both  the  first 
and  second  discussions  of  this  question 
at  the  conferences  of  the  International 
Labor  Organization,  the  Office  has  pub- 
lished a  mass  of  statistical  data  both  as 
to  the  law  and  practice  in  the  various 
countries  where  unemployment  insur- 
ance is  in  effect.  While  in  principle  the 
same,  namely  to  provide  payments  to 
unemployment  workers  free  from  the 
taint  of  charity,  the  legislation  has  tak- 
en many  different  forms,  each  country 
devising  its  measures  to  suit  its  own 
requirements.  The  International  Labor 
Organization  has  never  attempted  to  in- 


THE     CARPENTER 


fluence  governments  to  adopt  any  par- 
ticular one  of  these  but  has  been  satis- 
fied to  perform  the  duty  of  gathering 
the  facts  and  making  information  avail- 
able upon  which  national  legislation 
could  be  formulated.  The  draft  conven- 
tion, when  adopted  by  the  19  3  4  session, 
will  therefore  only  embody  basic  prin- 
ciples of  unemployment  insurance  and 
should  serve  to  further  impress  upon 
governments  that  have  not  already  dealt 


with  the  matter  the  world-wide  import- 
ance of  this  subject. 

In  view  of  this  it  is  not  necessary 
that  Canada  should  await  final  action 
by  the  International  Labor  Organiza- 
tion before  enacting  legislation  on  this 
subject  but  the  mass  of  information 
made  available  by  it  cannot  help  but  be 
of  valuable  assistance  in  drafting  an 
Unemployment  Insurance  Act  suitable 
to  the  requirements  of  this  Dominion. 


PRISON  MADE  PRODUCTS  SHOW  MANY  MILLIONS 


decrease  in  the  prison 
products  sold  on  the  open 
market  in  competition 
with  free  labor  and  free 
industry  is  shown  by  the 
survey  of  prison  labor 
completed  by  the  bureau  of  labor  statis- 
tics of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Labor.  Congress  was  convinced  in  19  2  9 
that  too  many  prison  goods  were  sold 
on  the  open  market,  and  therefore 
passed  the  Hawes-Cooper  act,  which 
goes  into  effect  in  1934,  and  will  tend 
further  to  restrict  the  sale  of  prison 
goods  in  competition  with  free  industry. 
The  report  of  the  Department  of  Labor 
shows  that  the  states  are  beginning  to 
respond  to  this  legislative  stimulus  to 
establish  a  sound  system  of  manufac- 
ture and  distribution  of  prison  products. 
The  state-use  system  of  prison  labor, 
which  is  supported  by  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor,  in  1932  had  in- 
creased in  favor  with  the  states  to  65 
per  cent  of  all  production,  whereas  in 
1923,  55  per  cent  of  all  productive  la- 
bor in  the  state  and  federal  prisons 
were  working  under  the  state-use  sys- 
tem. 

According  to  the  survey,  there  were 
158,947  prisoners  confined  in  state 
and  federal  prisons  in  19  3  2.  This  com- 
pares with  84,761  in  1923,  the  year  of 
the  bureau's  last  previous  survey  on 
this  subject.  The  figures  present  an  in- 
crease of  8  7  per  cent  in  the  nine-year 
period. 

Of  the  number  incarcerated  in  1932 
— 82,276  were  engaged  in  productive 
labor,  52,986  were  engaged  in  various 
prison  duties  (such  as  cooking,  wash- 
ing, keeping  cells  clean,  scrubbing  pri- 
son walls,  etc.);  6,558  were  sick  and 
17,027  were  idle. 

The  82,276  prisoners  engaged  in  pro- 
ductive labor  produced  goods  having  a 
value  of  over  $75,000,000.  Among  the 
most    important    classes    of    goods    pro- 


duced were  22,000,000  shirts  having  a 
value  of  over  $8,000,000;  63,000,000 
pounds  of  binder  twine  having  a  value 
of  $4,000,000;  and  more  than  36,000,- 
000  automobile  license  tags.  Twelve 
hundred  miles  of  new  roads,  having  a 
valuation  of  over  $15,000,000,  were 
built  by  prison  labor  in  19  32.  Approxi- 
mately $5,000,000  worth  of  this  road 
work  was  built  in  Georgia. 

Of  the  116  state  prisons,  66  paid  a 
money  wage  to  all  or  a  part  of  the  in- 
mates; 48  paid  no  compensation  of  any 
kind  for  work  done;  and  two  allowed 
credit  of  time  of  sentences  for  prisoners 
doing  certain  classes  of  work.  Of  the 
twelve  federal  prisons,  seven  paid  wages 
to  prisoners  for  work  done  and  five  did 
not.  In  most  of  the  institutions  the  pay 
was  nominal,  generally  ranging  from  2 
cents  to  not  more  than  15  cents  per 
day,  although  in  a  few  prisons  the 
scales  were  considerably  higher. 

Of  the  prisoners  employed  at  produc- 
tive labor  in  1932,  1.3  per  cent  had 
nominal  working  hours  of  less  than  24 
per  week;  55.2  per  cent  worked  44 
hours  or  less  per  week;  while  21.8  per 
cent  worked  6  0  hours  or  over  per  week. 

The  productive  work  of  prisoners  in 
federal  and  state  prisons  were  carried 
on  under  several  systems,  namely,  state- 
use,  state-account,  contract,  piece  price, 
and  public-works  and  highways.  Of  par- 
ticular interest  is  the  distinction  be- 
tween state-use  system  and  the  state- 
account  system.  In  the  former  system, 
all  products  are  used  in  state  institu- 
tions and  none  is  sold  in  the  open  mar- 
ket. Under  the  state-account  system, 
prison  products  are  offered  for  sale  and 
thus  come  into  competition  with  prod- 
ucts of  free-labor  and  industry. 

The  lease  system,  i.  e.,  the  system 
of  leasing  out  inmates  to  employers  at 
so  much  per  prisoner,  has  entirely  dis- 
appeared from  practice,  the  survey  re- 
vealed. 


I    I! 


(    A  K  l»  i:  X  T  Kit 


ADDRESS  OF  EDWARD  A.  HAYES,  NATIONAL  COM- 
MANDER, THE  AMERICAN  LEGION,  TO  THE 
FIFTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  CONVENTION 
OF  A.  F.  OF  L. 


RATITUDE  dwells  within 
me  for  the  expressions 
given  by  your  President. 
Certainly  there  are  many 
subjects  regarding  which 
our  organizations  have  a 
singleness  of  purpose  that  mere  mention 
of  some  of  them  will  suffice.  It  is  pleas- 
ant to  say  that  the  humanitarian  bases 
upon  which  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  is  founded  are  similar  to  those  of 
the  American  Legion.  We  see  eye  to  eye 
on  the  subject  of  immigration.  The  fut- 
ure of  our  beloved  country  and  the  wel- 
fare of  its  people  find  mutual  expression 
in  the  ranks  of  both  labor  and  the  Le- 
gion. Steadfast  adherence  to  our  form 
of  government,  vigorous  opposition  to 
those  with  communistic  tendencies,  and 
insistence  upon  the  maintenance  and 
transmission  to  coming  generations  of 
the  ideals  upon  which  this  country  was 
founded  and  developed,  all  find  the  or- 
ganizations which  we  represent  in  com- 
plete harmony. 

In  fact,  as  I  scan  this  audience  I  see 
the  faces  of  many  who  probably  served 
and  who  serve  side  by  side  with  those 
of  us  who  make  up  the  Legion.  Just 
the  other  day,  at  our  Chicago  conven- 
tion, we  were  honored  by  the  presence 
and  inspired  by  the  sound,  patriotic  ut- 
terances of  our  representative,  our  dis- 
tinguished comrade,  George  Berry,  of 
Pressmen's  Home,  Tennessee. 

Ever  since  my  official  participation 
several  years  ago  in  the  installation 
ceremonies  at  Chicago  Union  Labor 
Post  of  the  American  Legion  I  have  felt, 
as  certainly  our  organization  feels,  the 
need  for  continued  and  even  closer  co- 
operation with  the  ranks  of  labor. 

With  knowledge,  therefore,  of  the 
mutuality  of  interest  in  the  objectives 
of  labor  and  the  Legion,  may  I  recount 
here  some  of  the  most  recent  expres- 
sions of  our  representative  body,  the 
Chicago  convention. 

First  of  all  I  want  to  say  that  just 
as  the  American  Legion  stands  for  the 
highest  ideals  which  we  know  as  Ameri- 
can, we  also  stand  for  a  sound  and 
stable  currency — we  want  to  know  just 
what  our  dollar  is  worth.  At  the  great 
convention    at    Chicago    just   closed    the 


delegates  representing  the  more  than 
ten  thousand  Posts  that  make  up  our 
organization  asked  by  formal  resolution 
that  our  government  give  the  most 
careful  study  to  the  dangers  of  inflation 
and  reaffirmed  its  faith  in  a  sound 
American  dollar. 

The  average  American  soldier  has 
never  been  called  an  ultra-conserva- 
tist.  The  average  former  soldier  may 
not  be  an  economist,  but  there  is  one 
thing  he  does  want  to  know — he  wants 
to  know  just  how  much  the  dollar  is 
worth  to  him  and  his  family.  The 
man  earning  a  small  wage  or  salary; 
the  disabled  man  or  his  dependent  is 
chilled  with  dread  when  he  contem- 
plates a  fluctuating  currency  that  may 
be  worth  one  hundred  cents  to  the  dol- 
lar one  day  and  but  sixty-five  a  day  or 
so  later.  There  may  be  some  advantage 
to  be  derived  from  this  inflation  and 
fluctuation,  but  certainly  these  advan- 
tages will  not  accrue  to  the  great  body 
of  men  who  make  up  the  membership 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
and  the  American  Legion,  I  reaffirm  my 
faith  in  the  soundness  of  the  American 
Government  and  the  soundness  of  the 
American  dollar. 

I  would  like  to  reiterate,  if  I  could  do 
so  with  the  same  eloquence,  of  which  I 
am  not  capable,  statements  made  by 
your  representative  to  use  relative  to 
participation  in  the  National  Recovery 
Act.  We  of  the  Legion  want  to  go 
along,  hand  in  hand,  in  the  things  you 
will  know,  and  we  will  learn,  many  of 
them  from  you,  are  the  very  best  for 
this  beloved  country  of  ours. 

We  know  the  leader  in  the  N.  R.  A., 
who  is  a  comrade  of  ours  General  John- 
son, is  desirous  in  his  heart,  of  doing 
the  very  thing  you  men  who  represent 
labor  and  we  men  who  represent  the 
Legion  desire  should  be  done  for  this 
beloved  country  of  ours.  We  know  it  is 
your  objective,  as  it  is  our  objective,  to 
see  to  it  that  there  is,  as  near  as  is 
humanly  possible,  a  combined  effort  to 
bring  about  the  things  you  men  want 
to  do  in  the  building  up  of  this  country. 

For  several  years  confusion  has  ex- 
isted relative  to  the  Legion's  insistence 
that  proper  provision  be  made  for  men 


THE     CARPENTER 


disabled  by  reason  of  their  war  service. 
After  months  of  study  the  unanimous 
expression  of  the  Legion  can  be  stated 
with  no  possibility  of  confusion  or  mis- 
understanding. 

Men  disabled  in  the  line  of  duty  at  no 
time  received  more  than  that  to  which 
they  were  justly  entitled.  Recent  cuts 
in  veteran  expenditures  took  away  pay- 
ments from  men  who  were  actually  dis- 
abled in  line  of  duty,  although  the  or- 
ganization which  insisted  upon  these 
cuts  professed  sincerity  when  they 
stated  that  nothing  should  be  taken 
from  men  actually  disabled  in  service, 
or  by  reason  of  injuries  suffered  on 
the  field  of  battle.  The  Legion  speaks 
as  one  man  in  demanding  that  these 
men  so  disabled— thousands  and  thou- 
sands of  whom  are  actual  battlefield  cas- 
ualties— be  restored  to  the  status  exist- 
ing prior  to  the  passage  of  the  so-called 
Economy  Act. 

We  reiterate  our  stand  that  it  is  the 
responsibility  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment to  provide  adequate  hospitaliza- 
tion for  any  veteran  actually  disabled 
who  is  not  reasonably  able  to  care  for 
himself. 

There  is  no  opposition  on  the  part  of 
the  Legion  to  any  of  the  constituted 
authorities  of  this  government,  this  be- 
loved United  States  of  ours.  There  will 
be  co-operation,  but  when  right  must 
be  stated,  if  the  Legion  believes  that 
such  and  such  a  principle  is  right,  we 
will  state  that  principle  as  God  gives 
us  to  see  the  light,  and  hope  that  the 
constituted  authorities  will  see  with  us. 

Certainly  we  cannot  agree  with  the 
contention  that  one  who  has  served  his 
country  in  time  of  need  should  be 
abandoned  by  the  country  when  he 
finds  himself  disabled  and  in  need  of 
hospitalization. 

Thousands  of  our  comrades  whose 
lungs  are  gone  and  whose  disabilities 
were  recognized  as  due  to  their  service 
are  now  being  cut  off  because  they  can- 
not produce  required  technical  proof. 
Men  and  women  with  shattered  minds — 
memory  gone — and  with  no  means  of 
adducing  evidence  which  for  ten  years 
was  not  required,  are  now  being  advised 
that  the  beloved  government  which  they 
served  no  longer  recognizes  that  piti- 
able condition  as  being  due  to  their  ser- 
vice. It  is  our  studied  belief  that  every 
American  citizen  who  will  take  the  time 
to  learn  and  understand  the  problem  of 
these    so-called    presumptive    cases    will 


insist  with  the  Legion  that  those  who 
were  properly  on  the  rolls  should  have 
their  compensation  restored. 

We  have  always  insisted  that  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  the  veterans 
who  have  died  should  receive  the  pro- 
tection of  their  government.  There  are 
but  few  indeed  who  will  disagree  with 
this  point  and  fewer  still  who  would 
like  to  see  these  dependents  of  men 
who  have  laid  down  their  lives  for  the 
perpetuation  of  the  American  govern- 
ment forced  to  ask  alms  or  become  the 
objects  of  private  charity. 

While  we  contemplate  with  pity  and 
compasion  our  comrades  whose  health 
and  whose  lives  were  wrecked  in  the 
last  war,  the  most  destructive  and  the 
most  devastating  that  ever  scourged 
the  earth,  our  thoughts  naturally  turn 
to  ways  and  means  to  protect  our  chil- 
dren and  our  children's  children  from 
the  horrors  and  suffering  inflicted  upon 
our  generation.  We  seek  to  prepare 
for  peace  and  to  build  for  peace.  We 
have  seen  war  and  its  aftermath;  the 
silent  suffering  more  terrible  than  the 
wreckage  of  battle. 

We  believe  that  America  will  never 
seek  a  war  and  that  war  will  never  seek 
a  prepared  America.  We  believe  in  an 
America,  peace-loving  and  intent  on 
peace  but  strong  enough  to  insure  and 
enforce  the  peace.  We  know  that  the 
pitiably  small  army  in  existence  at  the 
start  of  every  war  has  never  kept  us 
out  of  war.  We  are  opposed  to  the 
disarmament  of  the  United  States  for 
the  purpose  of  economy  or  as  an  ac- 
claimed means  to  bring  about  world 
peace  or  as  an  example  which  some 
persons  hope  other  nations  will  follow. 

Among  the  armies  of  the  world  the 
American  ranks  seventeenth  in  strength 
and  among  the  navies  the  American 
ranks  third,  although  this  nation  ranks 
fourth  in  population  and  first  in  wealth. 

The  Legion  holds  that  national  de- 
fense interests  every  man,  woman  and 
child  in  constant  equal  and  vital  de- 
grees and  should,  therefore,  be  a  con- 
stant quantity.  It  should  be  the  last 
element  of  a  nation's  organization  to  be 
influenced  by  economic  conditions.  Na- 
tional defense  must  be  absolutely  and 
always  divorced  from  politics. 

The  Legion  has  confidence  in  the 
soundness  of  the  National  Defense  Act 
and  having  equal  confidence  in  the  war 
and    navy    departments,     the    agencies 


THE     CARPENTER 


definitely  charged  with  the  application 
of  this  act — the  Legion  repeats  in  1933 
its  demand  made  in  the  two  previous 
national  conventions  for  the  appro- 
priations calculated  by  the  war  and 
navy  departments  as  the  minima  nec- 
essary for  a  reasonably  effective  appli- 
cation of  the  National  Defense  Act. 

Mr.  President  and  members  of  this 
conference:  It  is  an  extreme  pleasure 
for  me  to  convey  to  you  the  sincere 
greetings  of  the  organization  which  T 
have  the  honor  to  represent.  We  will 
go  along  with  you,  hand  in  hand,  study- 
ing the  various  problems  of  this  be- 
loved Government  of  ours,  realizing,  as 


we  do,  that  from  your  ranks  came  in 
the  World  War  nearly  800,000  of  those 
who  served.  In  the  labor  organizations 
we  find  our  own  comrades,  marching 
side  by  side  with  you  in  the  applica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  your  organi- 
zation. It  is  a  personal  pleasure,  one 
of  the  privileges  of  the  high  office  to 
which  they  have  elevated  me,  to  bring 
this  message  to  you.  I  got  rid  of  an- 
other engagement  to  come  here  and  ex- 
press the  appreciation  for  the  oppor- 
tunity to  come  and  speak  and  commune 
with  you  and  continue  the  spirit  of 
co-operation  which  has  so  long  and  so 
beautifully  existed. 


DELAWARE    THE    FIRST    STATE    TO    ABOLISH    ITS 

POORHOUSES 


EADING  the  country,  Del- 
aware has  abolished  its 
poorhouse  system  through 
the  establishment  of  old 
age  pensions  and  the  op- 
ening of  a  modern  Wel- 
fare Home  for  aged  who  need  institu- 
tional care,  it  was  announced  in  the  No- 
vember, 1933,  issue  of  Social  Security. 

The  State  has  closed  its  three  county 
poorhouses,  opening  an  up-to-date  Wel- 
fare Home.  It  has  thus  removed  the  ne- 
cessity of  dumping  indigent  aged  into 
debasing  almhouses. 

October  11,  the  date  of  the  opening  of 
the  Home,  was  the  occasion  of  special 
celebration  in  the  State.  "This  is  a  not- 
able day  in  the  history  of  Delaware," 
declared  Governor  C.  Douglas  Buck,  in 
his  address  at  the  dedication  ceremon- 
ies, "a  day  which  the  citizens  of  our 
State  can  always  recall  with  pride.  To- 
day marks  not  only  the  consummation 
of  that  splendid  piece  of  legislation 
passed  by  the  State  Legislature  two 
years  ago,  but  it  marks  also  the  tangi- 
ble expression  in  bricks  and  mortar  of 
the  ideals  and  hopes  and  aspirations  and 
prayers  of  high-minded  men  and  wo- 
men for  countless  years." 

State  officials  declared  that  the  cost 
for  inmates  in  the  new  Home  is  $251.05 
below  the  average  cost  per  inmate  in 
similar  institutions  in  Maryland,  Penn- 
sylvania, New  Jersey  and  for  the  three 
former  county  almhouses  of  Delaware. 
With  any  additional  units  the  average 
cost  will  be  reduced  because  much  of 
the  necessary  equipment  will  not  have 
to  be  duplicated. 


A  bill  for  unemployment  insurance, 
proposed  for  introduction  in  the  state 
legislatures,  has  been  prepared  by  a 
nationwide  committee  of  leading  au- 
thorities co-operating  with  the  Ameri- 
can Association  for"  Social  Security  and 
is  published  in  full  in  Social  Security. 

State-wide  funds  contributed  by  em- 
ployers, employes  and  the  state  are  rec- 
ommended. Federal  aid  to  the  states 
enacting  such  laws  is  also  urged.  The 
insurance  scheme  covers  all  manual 
workers  and  the  non-manual  workers 
earning  less  than  $3,000  per  year.  The 
benefits  outlined  are  for  a  period  of  26 
weeks  of  total  unemployment.  It  is  sug- 
gested, however,  that  under  the  plan 
benefits  can  actually  be  extended  up  to 
52  weeks. 

Proof  that  unemployment  insurance 
does  not  lead  to  demoralization  and  idle- 
ness but  on  the  contrary  strengthens 
the  will  to  work  and  help  industry  is 
contained  in  the  experience  of  Great 
Britain,  according  to  an  analysis  of  the 
British  system  of  Abraham  Epstein. 

"During  the  seven  and  one-quarter 
years  from  October,  1923,  to  the  end  of 
1930,  44.2  per  cent  of  the  insured  never 
drew  any  benefits  at  all,"  Mr.  Epstein 
declared.  Over  60  per  cent  of  the  in- 
sured under  the  British  system  had 
good  employment  records  for  all  seven 
years  from  1925  to  1932,  30  per  cent 
paying  over  50. contributions  every  year 
and  nearly  20  per  cent  more  paying  be- 
tween 43  and  46  contributions  to  the 
fund  every  year.  At  the  same  time  near- 
ly half  of  the  insured  men  and  nearly 
60  per  cent  of  the  insured  women  drew 


THE     CARPENTER 


no  benefits  at  all  or  drew  them  for  three 
months  or  less  during  the  entire  seven 
years'  period. 

Mr.  Epstein  cited  a  recent  study 
which  showed  that  unemployment  in- 
surance has  helped  to  keep  up  the  pro- 
ductivity of  industries  manufacturing 
for  home  consumption.  "It  has  actually 
saved  Great  Britain,  despite  its  greater 


and  .  more  difficult  problems,"  Mr.  Ep- 
stein declared,  "from  descending  to  the 
depths  of  depression  experienced  by  the 
United  States  and  other  countries.  .  .  . 
The  United  States,  with  no  insurance 
scheme,  showed  a  greater  decline  in  vol- 
ume of  production  than  either  England, 
France  or  Germany,  all  of  which  have 
unemployment  insurance  provisions." 


LABOR'S  ONLY  GUARANTEE  IS  A  STRONG  UNION 


N  A  recent  editorial  head- 
ed "A  Challenge  to  Amer- 
ican Labor,"  the  St.  Louis 
"Post-Dispatch"  had  this 
to  say  about  the  oppor- 
tunity offered  American 
workers  by  the  National  Recovery  Pro- 
gram: 

"There  can  be  no  quarrel  with  Gen- 
eral Johnson's  pronouncement  that  'It 
is  not  the  duty  of  the  administration  to 
act  as  an  agent  to  unionize  labor.'  This 
is  a  job  which  labor  must  do  itself. 

"The  Recovery  Act  does,  however, 
obligate  the  administration  to  support 
any  unionization  movement  which  labor 
itself  may  initiate. 

"It  provides  specifically  that  workers 
'shall  have  the  right  to  organize  and 
bargain  collectively  through  representa- 
tives of  their  own  choosing,  and  shall 
be  free  from  interference,  restraint  or 
coercion  of  employers  of  labor  or  their 
agents  in  the  designation  of  such  repre- 
sentatives, or  in  self-organization,  or  in 
other  concerted  activities  for  the  pur- 
pose of  collective  bargaining  or  other 
mutual  aid  or  protection.' 

"In  these  words  the  act  definitely  out- 
laws the  usual  tactics  of  anti-union  em- 
ployers— forcible  ejection  of  labor  or- 
ganizers, denial  of  freedom  of  assem- 
blage, the  'yellow  dog'  contract,  the 
blacklist,  discharge  for  union  member- 
ship. 

"Under  these  provisions  the  employer 
who  attempts  to  'fire'  a  union  member 
or  to  run  a  union  organizer  out  of  town 
may  have  his  license  revoked;  be  denied 
the  right  to  sell  his  products  in  inter- 
state commerce. 

"It  is  this  guarantee  of  public  protec- 
tion in  organizing  activities  that  the 
President  has  called  'a  new  charter  of 
rights  long  sought  and  hitherto  denied.' 

"Here  we  have  the  first  statute  in  his- 
tory to  assure  to  labor  legal  support  and 
the  right  of  organization.  It  remains  to 
be  seen  whether  labor  possesses  the 
wisdom    and  the  strength   to  make  the 


most  of  this  opportunity. 

"It  is  scarcely  to  be  expected  that  em- 
ployers will  readily  relinquish  their  past 
and  present  freedom  from  labor  partici- 
pation in  the  determination  of  wages, 
hours  and  working  conditions.  Closed 
company  towns  will  not  suddenly  be 
thrown  open.  Independent  organizers 
will  not  be  welcomed  with  open  arms. 

"Already  we  hear  reports  that  numer- 
ous attorneys  are  carefully  studying  the 
law  to  see  whether  it  may  be  interpret- 
ed to  permit  the  exclusion  of  outside  or- 
ganizers; that  coal  and  steel  operators 
are  rushing  the  formation  of  company 
unions  in  an  attempt  to  forestall  auton- 
omous Jabor  organizations;  that  a  no- 
torious strike-breaking  detective  agency 
has  organized  a  corporation  to  advise 
employers  concerning  their  rights  with- 
in the  Act. 

"No  man  can  truly  represent  the  in- 
terests of  labor  before  an  employer  if 
he  himself  is  dependent  on  that  employ- 
er for  his  livelihood.  No  union  can 
exert  the  economic  pressure  which  is 
prerequisite  to  the  attainment  of  a  real 
collective  bargain  when  its  organization 
is  confined  to  a  single  plant.  Employe 
representation  schemes  cannot  be  ac- 
cepted as  a  substitute  for  independent 
labor  action.  Nor  do  we  believe  that 
the  Secretary  of  Labor  or  the  other 
members  of  NIRA'S  labor  advisory  com- 
mittee can  be  persuaded  to  accept  them 
as  such. 

"  'It  would,  however,  be  fatal  for  la- 
bor to  rely  solely  upon  the  character  of 
the  advisory  committee  for  its  protec- 
tion. The  Recovery  Act  has  been  adopt- 
ed for  but  two  years.  At  best,  its  future 
is  uncertain.  A  new  administration, 
when  it  comes,  may  be  far  less  friendly 
to  the  aims  of  labor  than  is  the  present 
one. 

"Labor's  only  real  guarantee  of  hours, 
wages,  living  standards,  in  the  long  run, 
is  a  strong,  aggressive  union  movement. 
This  guarantee  the  law  now  places  with- 
in labor's  grasp." 


T  II  B  ('  A  R  I*  E  N  T  E  R 


FEDERAL  HOME  LOANS  AND  RECOVERY 

(Editorial  in  "American  Builder") 


HERE  are  many  reasons 
why  every  active  man 
in  .the  building  industry 
should  be  vitally  interest- 
ed in  the  drive  now  under 
way  to  persuade  Congress 
to  provide  a  billion  dollars  for  long- 
term  financing  of  home  building  on 
reasonable  terms.  But  there  is  one  rea- 
son that  overshadows  all  others  and 
carries  the  most  weight  with  people  in- 
side and  outside  of  the  building  industry 
as  well  as  with  congressmen,  taxpayers 
and  the  unemployed.  That  reason  is  the 
economic  benefits  that  would  result 
from  a  resumption  of  home  building.  It 
would  do  more  than  any  other  indus- 
try or  any  other  activity  to  put  men 
back  to  work  and  end  the  depression. 

From  the  secretary-manager  of  a 
great  trade  association,  who  says  "The 
stagnation  of  home  building  is  now  the 
largest  obstacle  in  the  path  of  relief 
from  the  depression,"  to  the  contractor 
in  Muskegon,  Mich.,  who  says,  "If  mon- 
ey were  available,  I  could  start  work  to- 
morrow; I  have  three  customers  now 
who  are  waiting  for  just  that,"  the 
hundreds  of  messages  received  by  the 
"American  Builder"  confirm  the  fact 
that  (1)  lack  of  long-term  financing  is 
holding  back  millions  of  dollars  of  home 
construction  work  and  (2)  the  almost 
complete  disappearance  of  home  con- 
struction is  the  greatest  cause  of  un- 
employment  and    depression. 

In  the  years  19  23  through  19  2  6, 
home  construction  was  a  four-billion 
dollar  industry.  It  gave  employment 
not  only  in  the  large  cities  and  indus- 
trial centers  but  also  in  the  towns  and 
villages  and  rural  sections  of  the  na- 
tion. Its  beneficial  effects  were  wide- 
spread, penetrating  to  every  class  and 
condition  of  the  American  public.  It 
went  forward  on  a  thousand  small 
fronts,  in  mountain  valley  and  on 
desert  plains.  No  statistical  service  or 
government  survey  was  ever  able  to 
catalog  or  classify  it,  but  its  effects  were 
there.  They  were  prosperity  at  its  best. 

Let  us  see  what  has  happened  to  this 
gigantic  industry  since  then.  The  best 
index  of  current  construction  in  the 
United  States  is  the  record  of  building 
permits  kept  by  the  United  States  Bu- 
reau of  Labor  Statistics.  The  following 
table  gives  the  history  of  home  building 


in  257  cities  with  a  population  today  of 
46,600,000. 

Here  is  what  has  happened:  in  the 
four  years  19  23-26,  the  annual  average 
number  of  families  provided  for  in  new 
homes  was  462,500,  or  116  residential 
units  per  10,000  population.  The  na- 
tion was  prosperous. 

In  the  four  years  1930-33,  the  annual 
average  number  of  families  provided  for 
was  68,700,  or  15  units  per  10,000  pop- 
ulation. This  is  a  drop  of  85  per  cent 
(for  the  four-year  average)  in  number 
of  families  provided  for,  and  of  87  per 
cent  in  the  ratio  to  population.  The 
drop  in  dollar  value  of  residential  con- 
struction was  from  a  yearly  average  of 
$2,200,000,000  for  the  1923-1926  era 
to  $300,000,000  per  year  for  the  1930- 
33  period.  This  is  an  85  per  cent  de- 
cline. 

Residential  construction  in  these  257 
cities  in  193  2  totaled  only  11  per  cent 
of  the  1921  volume,  and  only  4.2  per 
cent  of  the  1929  volume.  In  1933  it 
dropped  still  lower.  For  the  country  as 
a  whole,  the  decline  has  been  almost, 
but  not  quite,  as  drastic. 

The  serious  shock  to  the  economic 
system  of  the  nation  caused  by  this  dis- 
appearance of  a  four  to  five  billion  dol- 
lar industry  employing  several  millions 
of  men  directly  on  the  job  and  an  equal 
number  in  mines,  forests  and  factories, 
is  hard  to  overstate. 

The  American  Builder  proposes  that 
a  billion  dollars  be  allocated  by  Con- 
gress for  the  financing  of  home  building 
and  repairs  on  a  long-term  basis  at  a 
reasonable  rate  of  interest.  Loans  up  to 
75  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  the  project 
direct  to  the  home  owner  with  a  mini- 
mum of  red  tape  are  urged.  While  de- 
termination of  the  details  of  the  plan 
will  be  in  the  hands  of  Congress,  it  is 
suggested  that  loans  be  made  and  serv- 
iced through  the  Home  Owners'  Loan 
Corporation,  with  facilities  expanded  to 
handle  such  a  job.  Proper  safeguards 
should  be  set  up  of  a  non-political  na- 
ture to  insure  a  safe  loan  on  a  well- 
located,  well-built  home  suited  to  the 
requirements  of  the  owner  and  his  abil- 
ity to  pay.  Loans  for  repairs  or  remod- 
eling on  reasonable  terms  should  also 
be  made  available  direct  from  Uncle 
Sam  to  the  home  owner  stimulating  this 
huge  potential  market. 


THE     CARPENTER 


The  economic  effects  of  such  a  plan 
are  exactly  suited  to  the  present  needs 
of  the  nation,  namely:  it  will  give  em- 
ployment over  widely-scattered  areas  in 
the  towns,  villages  and  rural  sections, 
as  well  as  in  the  big  cities.  The  bene- 
fits would  be  more  widespread  than 
from  money  spent  on  great  public  works 
or  slum  clearance  projects.  Every  home 
built  would  be  a  private  project,  the 
money  loaned  for  which  would  be  paid 
back  in  full  with  interest  at  a  reason- 
able rate.  Thus  the  government  would 
be  achieving  its  worthy  end  of  putting 
men  to  work,  but  would  not  increase 
already  high  taxes. 

Over  a  period  of  years,  residential 
construction  normally  accounts  for  50 
to  60  per  cent  of  the  total  volume  of 
building  construction.  In  the  257  cities 
reported  by  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Sta- 
tistics above,  taking  the  ten  year  period 
1921-30,  residential  construction  com- 
prised 5  7  per  cent  of  the  total  building 
construction  volume.  It  is  difficult  to 
obtain  precise  figures  as  to  the  part 
played  by  home  building  alone  in  the 
economic  life  of  the  nation.  Some  very 
excellent  studies  have  just  been  made 
by  the  Construction  League  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  however,  which  give  a  pic- 
ture of  the  entire  industry.  Bearing  in 
mind  that  residential  construction  is  the 
largest  single  item  of  the  construction 
industry  as  a  whole,  consider  some  of 
the  following  figures  for   1929: 

More  than  4,500,000  men  were  direct- 
ly or  indirectly  employed  by  the  con- 
struction industry,  which  was  one-tenth 
of  all  gainfully  employed  workers.  Some 
2,400,000  were  directly  employed  on 
construction  sites  and  2,100,000  in  the 
mining  and  manufacture  of  materials 
and  their  transportation  and  sale. 

One  out  of  every  five  carloads  of 
freight  in  1929  consisted  of  construc- 
tion materials,  contributing  22  per  cent 
of  the  total  freight  tonnage  and  15  per 
cent  of  all  freight  revenue. 

Included  in  those  engaged  in  con- 
struction were,  according  to  1930  Cen- 
sus figures:  167,500  builders  and  build- 
ing contractors,  9  29,400  carpenters, 
170,900  brick  and  stone  masons  and 
tile  setters,  22,000  architects,  33,700 
designers  and  draftsmen,  34,070  lumber 
and  building  material  dealers,  23,636 
roofers  and  slaters,  237,800  plumbers, 
gas  and  steam  fitters,  430,105  painters, 
glaziers  and  varnishers,  85,480  plaster- 
ers and  cement  finishers. 


It  would  be  possible  to  go  on  for 
many  pages  with  statistics  showing  the 
way  in  which  construction  and  that 
most  important  part  of  construction, 
residential  building,  affects  every  part 
of  the  economic  life  of  the  nation.  There 
is  much  evidence  to  indicate  that  most 
economic  depressions  are  caused  by  a 
decline  in  construction.  Private  home 
building  is  especially  important. 

In  his  thorough-going  volume,  "In- 
dustrial Depressions,"  George  H.  Hull 
argues  with  conviction  that  not  only 
has  each  depression  in  American  history 
been  caused  by  the  stopping  of  con- 
struction but  the  decline  in  construc- 
tion in  each  instance  was  caused  by  high 
labor  and  material  costs.  This  is  a 
point  that  both  labor  leaders  and  mate-1 
rial  manufacturers  may  well  bear  in 
mind  at  the  present  time,  for  if  building 
costs  continue  to  rise,  resumption  of 
home  building  will  be  arrested  before 
it  ever  has  a  chance  to  make  headway. 

In  the  past  four  lean  years  of  home 
building,  and  especially  in  193  2  and 
193  3  when  home  building  dropped  to 
4.2  per  cent  of  1929,  a  housing  need  of 
large  extent  has  grown  up.  It  is  not 
readily  apparent  to  the  man  on  the 
street  because  he  sees  only  the  conspicu- 
ous, expensive  type  houses  which  are  in 
distress.  In  practically  every  city  and 
in  large  areas  of  the  rural  section  of 
the  nation,  there  is  an  actual  shortage 
of  single-family  dwelings  in  a  price 
class  that  is  within  reach  of  the  greater 
part  of  our  population. 

A  survey  by  the  Philadelphia  Hous- 
ing Association  last  year  showed  single- 
family  dwelling  vacancies  of  only  3.6 
per  cent.  In  Akron,  the  survey  conduct- 
ed by  the  real  estate  board  with  the 
aid  of  the  United  States  Post  Office 
carriers  late  in  1933  showed  a  vacancy 
in  single-family  dwellings  to  be  exactly 
the  same,  3.6  per  cent,  with  a  total  va- 
cancy in  all  types  of  housing  units  of 
only  6.6  per  cent.  This  survey  showed 
1,109  instances  where  two  families  were 
occupying  units  intended  for  a  single 
family. 

Doubling  up  of  families,  delayed  mar- 
riages, temporary  reduction  in  births 
and  shortage  of  funds  which  makes 
people  put  up,  for  the  time  being,  with 
quarters  with  which  they  are  not  satis- 
fied, are  all  factors  that  make  the  actual 
shortage  of  single-family  dwellings  not 
readily  apparent. 


10 


THE     CARPENTER 


The  most  conclusive  recent  statement 
of  residential  need  is  that  of  the  NRA 
Division  of  Economic  Research  and 
Planning  under  the  direction  of  Alex- 
ander Sachs  which  says  there  is  an  im- 
mediate need  for  for  construction  of 
800,000  residential  units  per  year.  A 
home  building  program  at  the  rate  of 
$200,000,000  a  month  or  a  $4,532,000,- 
000  total  for  two  years  is  recommended. 

Long-term  Federal  mortgage  money 
made  available  immediately  on  a  large 
national  scale  to  hundreds  of  thousands 


of  persons  who  need  and  can  afford  to 
build  a  home  will  get  the  results  the 
President  and  his  advisors  are  working 
for.  The  American  Builder  urges  its 
readers  to  write  to  their  senators  and 
congressmen  and  in  other  ways  to  take 
part  in  this  drive  to  obtain  the  neces- 
sary legislation  by  Congress  early  in  its 
session.  In  no  other  way  can  unemploy- 
ment be  permanently  remedied  in  a 
manner  that  is  so  economically  and  so- 
cially sound.  United  support  by  the 
building  industry  is  needed. 


THE  NATIONAL  RECOVERY  ACT 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


Y  husband,"  said  a  work- 
ingman's  wife  to  the 
philosopher,  in  the  pre- 
NRA  days,"  doesn't  have 
enough  time  to  spend  at 
home,  to  cultivate  fam- 
ily life.  He  comes  home  for  most  of  his 
meals,  and  after  supper  he  goes  back  to 
the  store — he  has  to  in  order  to 
hold  his  job — and  on  Sundays — 
well!"  She  sighed,  and  a  far-off 
look  came  into  her  eyes,  while  a 
mixture  of  fear  and  grief  marked  the 
expression  of  her  face.  She  had  more  to 
say,  but  the  fear  that  she  had  said  too 
much  already,  caused  her  to  keep  what 
is  so  hard  to  do  for  her  kind,  the  secret. 
She  knew  that  speaking,  especially  if 
she  was  telling  the  truth,  might  cost 
her  husband  his  job. 

Another  woman,  speaking  to  the  phi- 
losopher in  those  days,  said:  "My  hus- 
band seldom  sees  his  children  awake — 
sometimes  he  goes  into  their  bed  room 
when  he  comes  home,  or  before  he  goes 
to  work,  and  looks  at  them  a  few  min- 
utes while  they  sleep."  And  then  she 
went  on  to  say  that  her  husband  had 
to  be  at  his  place  of  employment  long 
before  the  children  got  up,  and  that  he 
did  not  return  home  until  long  after 
they  were  in  bed.  "Besides,"  she  said, 
"he  has  to  work  on  Sunday.  Of  course, 
he  can  have  a  day  off  occasionally,  but 
it  takes  all  he  can  make  as  it  is  to 
keep  our  bills  paid  up.  Whenever  he 
loses  time,  whether  it  is  Sunday  or 
weekday,  he  is  docked,  and  that  means 
additional  sacrifices  for  the  family,  and 
we  already  have  an  overproduction  of 
sacrifies." 

These  things,  it  should  be  remem- 
bered, took  place  when  many  millions  of 


men  were  begging  for  work,  while  their 
families  were  starving  by  the  inch. 

"There  are  two  explanations,"  the 
philosopher  said,  speaking  sarcastically, 
"for  these  things.  The  first  is  that 
employers,  in  those  days  were  unable  to 
get  competent  help,  especially  to  do  ex- 
tra Sunday  work.  There  were  enough 
unemployed  men  and  women,  but  all 
they  cared  for  was  the  pay-check — 
clock  watchers,  that's  what  they  were. 
They  would  all  have  had  work,  if  it 
hadn't  been  for  that — if  they  hadn't 
been  just  too  lazy  and  altogether  de- 
prived of  efficiency."  The  philosopher's 
eyes  twinkled  as  he  went  on,  "That's 
one  side  of  the  story,  and  many  believed 
it.  The  other  side,  however,  is  that  this 
condition  was  due  largely  to  a  hog- 
complex,  which  was  caused  by  an  over- 
development of,  what  is  know  in  the 
medical  world,  as  the  multiporco  greed- 
angular  gland,  located  somewhere  in 
the  chest,  of  men  who  had  lost  all  feel- 
ing for  humanity,  and  had  left  only  this 
triune  purpose  in  life,  more  profits,  and 
most  profits,  and  many  people  believed 
that  side  of  the  story  too. 

What  the  philosopher  thought  of  the 
NRA  he  did  not  say,  but  we  are  sure  he 
felt  as  we  do,  that  is  to  say,  that  it  is 
still  too  early  (September  1933)  to  say 
whether  the  NRA  under  the  "New 
Deal,"  will  in  the  long  run  bring  about 
a  complete  realization  of  the  things  our 
philosopher  has  advocated  for  these 
many  years.  If  it  does,  it  must  be  prac- 
tical, and  it  must  apply  relatively  alike 
to  all  who  toil.  This  we  can  say  here, 
that  after  the  employer  of  the  man  who 
had  no  time  for  cultivating  family  life, 
was  operating  under  the  NRA,  his  wife 
told  the  philosopher,  that  her  husband 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


now  not  only  had  time  to  spend  at 
home,  but  that  he  had  time  for  reading 
and  for  pleasure  as  well.  Time  alone, 
though,  can  tell  whether  this  man's  ex- 
perience will  continue  in  his  own  case, 
and  whether  the  benefits  of  the  NRA 
will  be  extended  to  all  workers  in  a  more 
or  less  similar  manner.  "We  are  sincerely 
hoping  that  it  will,  and  that  it  will  be 
the  means  of  bringing  into  a  real  and 
lasting  realization  the  things  the  phil- 
osopher has  for  so  many  years  idealized 
for  men  and  women  who  toil,  and  their 
children. 

.  Whether  or  not  the  NRA  ultimately 
will  triumph,  doesn't  matter  so  much  to 
us.  The  fact  that  it  is  here  is  a  recogni- 
tion of  the  necessity  that  our  social 
system  must  undergo  drastic  funda- 
mental changes;  that  industry  must  be 
controlled,  and  for  the  direct  benefit  of 
the  working  men  and  women;  that 
working  hours  must  be  shortened,  in 
keeping  with  improved  machinery  and 
the  forward  march  of  science  and  inven- 
tions; that  the  eight-hour  day  and  the 
six-day  week  must  give  way  to  a  shorter 
day  and  a  shorter  week,  say  a  six-hour 
day  and  a  five-day  week;  and  in  time  as 
civilization  advances,  to  a  four-hour  day 
and  a  three-day  week.  These  advance- 
ments must  sooner  or  later  surely  come. 
They  will  not  come  by  the  twinkling  of 
an  eye,  far  be  it  from  that,  but  they  will 
come  surely  and  gradually,  through  the 
intelligent  suffering  of  the  honest  toil- 
ers. 

The  NRA  is  not  a  perfect  scheme.  No 
schemes  are  perfect.  It  should  not  be 
expected  that  it  will  bring  about  per- 
fect results — results  seldom  are  perfect. 
Profiteering  and  skin-flint  manipulations 
will  no  doubt,  be  carried  to  extremes 
in  many  instances,  but  there  still  re- 
mains on  the  face  of  it  that  admis- 
sion that  national  prosperity  depends 
largely  on  the  welfare  of  the  masses. 
There  also  remains  the  national  ad- 
mission that  working  hours  must  be 
shortened  throughout  the  land,  and 
that  the  work-week  must  also  be 
shortened,  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
employment  to  every  able-bodied  man 
or  woman  who  wants  to  work.  Besides 
that,  there  is  the  admission  that  chil- 
dren in  their  tender  years  should  not 
be  made  the  bread-winners,  while  men, 
who  should  be  bread-winners,  are  forced 
into  involuntary  unemployment. 

Notwithstanding  these  acknowledg- 
ments and  the  good  things  the  NRA  has 


brought  to,  we  hope,  millions  of  work- 
ers, in  one  thing  it  is  weak,  and  that 
one  thing  happens  to  be  two  things. 
First,  the  NRA  has  made  no  provision 
for  unemployment  insurance,  guaran- 
teeing every  working  man  and  woman 
who  is  willing  and  anxious  to  work, 
the  means  of  a  livelihood,  when  in  the 
course  of  human  events  it  is  impossible 
for  them  to  get  work,  and  therefore  are 
deprived  of  the  necessities  of  life.  Un- 
til this  fundamental  principle  is  ack- 
nowledged, and  wheels  set  in  motion  to 
bring  it  to  pass,  the  NRA  cannot  be 
said  to  have  the  highest  interests  of 
humanity  at  heart:  Things,  dead,  in- 
animate things,  without  unemployment 
insurance,  will  be  regarded  of  more 
worth  than  human  life  and  human  well* 
being.  Second,  the  NRA  has  not  recog- 
nized the  fact  that  there  are  men  and 
women  who  by  reason  of  old  age  or 
some  other  disability  are  not  able  to 
earn  a  livelihood,  even  though  employ- 
ment were  to  be  had.  Until  provision  is 
made  for  an  adequate  old  age  pension 
and  disability  benefit,  the  NRA  will 
have  failed  to  bring  into  practical  reali- 
zation the  age  of  perpetual  plenty  for 
all. 


Child   Labor   Amendment   Approved  by 
Legislatures  of  20  States 

The  legislatures  of  the  states  of 
Maine,  Minnesota,  Pennsylvania  and 
West  Virginia  are  the  latest  states  to 
ratify  the  Child  Labor  Amendment  to 
the  Federal  Constitution.  Organized  la- 
bor in  these  four  States  conducted  vig- 
orous campaigns  for  approval  of  the 
amendment  and  were  largely  respon- 
sible for  the  favorable  action  of  the 
legislatures. 

When  the  1933  convention  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  met  in 
October  of  last  year,  only  15  states  had 
ratified  the  amendment.  Iowa  adopted 
it  a  few  weeks  ago,  and  Maine,  Minne- 
sota, Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia 
bring  the  number  up  to  20. 

Reports  received  at  the  headquarters 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
that  the  legislatures  of  these  four  states 
had  ratified  the  child  labor  amendment 
to  the  Federal  Constitution  were  inter- 
preted as  indicating  a  positive  trend  to- 
ward protecting  the  children  of  the  Na- 
tion by  conferring  upon  Congress  the 
power  "to  limit,  regulate,  and  prohibit 
the  labor  of  persons  under  18  years  of 
age,"  which  the  amendment  proposes. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the   15th   of   each   month   at  the 

CARPENTERS'   BUILDING 

Indianapolis,    Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA. 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

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plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   MARCH,    1934 

Social  Justice  Legislation 

THE  twelve-point  program  of  social 
justice  legislation  which  William 
Green,  president  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  urges  all  subordi- 
nate organizations,  representing  more 
than  five  million  workers,  to  support,  is 
both  an  expression  of  high  idealism  and 
an  example  of  pragmatism  as  applied  to 
labor  legislation. 

The  twelve  points  follow: 
Workmen's  compensation  laws. 
Unemployment  insurance. 
Anti-injunction  legislation. 
Child  labor  laws. 

Ratification  of  the  Child  Labor 
Amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitution. 


Minimum  wage  laws  for  women  and 
minors. 

Improved  standards  for  teachers  in 
public  schools. 

Shorter  work  day  and  work  week  for 
workers  in  public  and  private  employ- 
ment. 

Safety  legislation. 

Inspection  and  sanitary  legislation. 

Convict  labor  laws. 

In  the  language  of  Mr.  Green,  in  his 
letter  urging  all  affiliated  bodies  to  use 
every  effort  to  secure  this  enactment  of 
the  program  into  law:  "The  measures 
are  all  important,  as  they  relate  to  the 
social  and  economic  life  of  the  work- 
ing people  in  the  different  States  and 
throughout  the  Nation." 

The  necessity  of  this  legislation  to 
protect  the  economic  interests  of  the 
workers  of  America  is  so  apparent  that 
the  entire  program,  which  has  been 
drafted  and  endorsed  by  conventions 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
should  be  accepted  by  all  progressive 
persons  as  an  immediate  goal  without 
close  scrutiny  and  consideration. 


Controlling  Child  Labor 

DEPRESSION  always  brings  an  in- 
crease in  child  labor.  When  the 
adult  wage-earner  loses  his  job 
even  a  small  addition  to  the  family  in- 
come is  a  safeguard  against  actual 
hunger.  Consequently  the  boy  or  girl 
may  leave  school  and  find  a  job  to  get 
food  for  mother  and  the  babies.  Em- 
ployers are  willing  to  take  a  chance  on 
less  experienced  workers  just  so  outgo 
is  less. 

During  the  depression,  boys  and  girls 
have  gone  into  street  trades,  industrial 
home  work,  domestic  and  personal  serv- 
ice and  industrialized  agriculture  in 
large  numbers.  In  such  occupations 
there  was  little  control  over  hours.  In 
some  of  the  larger  cities  the  number  of 
boys  and  girls  employed  as  waiters  and 
servants  increased.  While  there  has 
been  a  steady  decline  of  child  labor  in 
the  better  jobs,  the  standards  for  child 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


labor  have  declined  steadily  and  their 
employment  has  shifted  to  the  sweated 
industries. 

Rates  of  5  and  10  cents  per  hour  are 
not  infrequent,  and  the  contract  system 
undermined  all  standards  and  nullified 
efforts  at  control.  While  these  trends 
were  endangering  the  future  of  our 
boys  and  girls,  codes  unexpectedly  pre- 
sented a  new  opportunity  for  regulat- 
ing child  labor.  Practically  every  code 
that  has  been  submitted,  has  included 
provisions  prohibiting  employment  of 
persons  under  16  years,  and  in  some 
cases  under  18  years.  The  conspicuous 
exception  is  the  Newspaper  Publishers 
Code  which  would  permit  boys  and  girls 
under  16  to  sell  and  deliver  newspapers 
without  restrictions  upon  hours,  out- 
side the  school  period.  We  should  be  on 
guard  for  such  undermining  of  existing 
standards  while  we  watch  progress  in 
other  directions. 

Constructive  provisions,  however, 
coupled  with  a  minimum  wage  that  took 
the  profit  out  of  child  labor,  have  been 
effective  in  materially  reducing  child 
labor  in  the  major  industries.  This  reg- 
ulation of  child  labor  is  an  essential 
factor  in  our  recovery  plans  to  reduce 
the  number  of  unemployed.  By  elimi- 
nating minors  from  the  labor  supply 
adults  have  a  better  chance  at  employ- 
ment opportunities.  The  use  of  the 
code  to  secure  social  control  suggests 
other  interesting  fields  of  control.  On 
the  other  hand  industrial  legislation 
through  code  making  escapes  the  con- 
stitution conflict  between  state  and  Fed- 
eral jurisdictions. 

While  we  wait  for  the  ratification  of 
the  Child  Labor  Amendment,  we  are 
making  material  progress  in  controlling 
child  labor. 


Wages  Were  Never  "Excessive." 

The  evolution  of  workers  over  the 
long  span  of  years  since  early  colonial 
days  reads  like  a  romance.  Perusal  of 
a  booklet  issued  by  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  in  1929, 
when  Ethelbert  Stewart  headed  that 
branch  of  governmental  activity,  con- 
tains much  greater  informative  interest 
than  its  title  would  imply.  The  "History 
of  Wages  in  the  United  States  From 
Colonial  Days  Times  to  1928"  will  con- 
vince the  most  skeptical  of  modern 
workers  that  he  has  much  for  which  to 
be  thankful. 


In  the  little  booklet  is  found  a  state- 
ment that  officials  of  the  American  col- 
onies in  1625  were  deeply  grieved  be- 
cause laborers  were  paid  the  "excessive" 
wage  of  30  cents  a  day,  while  "skilled" 
labor,  such  as  carpenters  and  bricklay- 
ers, was  drawing  the  "intolerable"  wage 
of  42  cents  a  day  in  some  cases.  It 
should  be  remembered,  however,  that 
little  of  the  coin  of  realm  passed  be- 
tween employer  and  employe.  "Corn" 
was  the  staple  medium  of  exchange,  and 
by  "corn"  was  meant  almost  all  grains 
which  could  be  handily  sacked.  "Corn" 
in  1631  was  rated  at  the  equivalent  of 
$2.43  a  bushel,  a  price  that  will  drive 
any  present-day  farmer  to  copious  tears. 
Apprentices  were  indentured  at  the 
early  age  of  10  to  15  and  worked  until 
they  reached  21  for  their  "keep"  alone. 
If  the  indentured  one  died  before  "fin- 
ishing his  time"  another  member  of  the 
family  was  compelled  to  finish  out  the 
unexpired  term  of  apprenticeship.  The 
hours  of  labor  for  all,  journeymen  and 
apprentices,  began  at  daylight  and  end- 
ed when  the  sun  sank  to  rest.  To  com- 
pensate the  industrious  apprentice  who 
remained  on  the  job  until  he  completed 
his  indentured  term  he  was  given  "fifty 
acres  of  land,"  something  everybody  had 
the  most  of  at  that  time.  Land  was 
cheap;  only  wages  were  "excessive." 
What  few  laws  were  passed  with  rela- 
tion to  labor  were  invariably  for  the 
protection  of  the  employer. 

Gradually,  painfully  slow,  slight 
changes  for  betterment  of  workers  came 
about,  though  not  until  labor  became 
organized  was  any  decided  improvement 
in  conditions  noticeable,  either  in  wages 
or  working  hours.  Not  until  organized 
labor  fought  its  way  to  a  place  in  the 
sun  was  semi-slavery  abolished,  equit- 
able wages  secured  and  decent  liv- 
ing conditions  established.  Despite  the 
changed  conditions  from  colonial  days 
to  the  present  age  labor  has  never  been 
paid  "excessive"  wages  and  never  will 
be  so  paid.  There  is  no  possibility  of 
such  a  thing  coming  to  pass.  The  high- 
er the  wage  paid  workers  the  better  the 
conditions  of  business  will  be,  and  with 
increasing  business  even  higher  wages 
will  be  justified. 


I  must  do  my  own  work  and  live  my 
own  way  because  I'm  responsible  for 
both. — Kipling. 

Demand  the  Union  Label 


Official  Information 


GENERAL   OFFICERS 

Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 
Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHBSON 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.   LAKEY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second   District,   W.   T.    ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,  HARRY   SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth   District,  JAS.  L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.    Grand  Blvd.,    St.    Louis,   Mo. 

Sixth   District,   A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR    MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


Trade  Union  Officials  Call  for  Intensive 
Organization  Drive 

Warning  that  under  the  provisions  of 
the  National  Recovery  Act,  employers 
are  exerting  every  effort  to  form  com- 
pany unions  and  that  the  situation  im- 
peratively demands  the  utmost  in  organ- 
ization effort  by  the  labor  movement, 
representatives  of  national  and  interna- 
tional unions  in  conference  in  Wash- 
ington, issued  a  stirring  call  to  labor  to 
intensify  organization  work  throughout 
American  industry. 

Speakers  from  President  William 
Green  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  down  the  line  of  national  and 
international  union  heads,  declared  that 
American  labor  faced  a  critical  situa- 
tion and  that  no  time  must  be  lost  in 
organizing  the  wage  earners. 

The  meeting  was  held  in  pursuance 
to  action  taken  by  the  last  convention 
of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  when  that  body  con- 
sidered Resolutions  21,  83  and  111, 
and  the  report  of  the  Resolutions  Com- 
mittee, containing  the  recommendation 
that  the  declarations  and  policies  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  be  ad- 
hered to  in  issuing  charters  to  Federal 
Labor  Unions,  so  that  the  autonomy  and 
jurisdiction  of  affiliated  national  and 
international  unions  shall  be  fully  rec- 
ognized. 

The  conference's  declaration  on  or- 
ganization was  made  in  approving  the 
following  report: 

Your  committee  in  considering  the 
subject  assigned  to  it  is  conscious  of 
the  limitations  under  which  this  con- 
ference was  called  and  can  function; 
that  it  is  without  power  and  authority 
to  alter  or  change  the  fundamental 
principles  of  trades  autonomy  upon 
which  the  American  Federation  of  La- 
bor was  founded,  or  to  alter  the  consti- 
tutional requirements  and  provisions  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor.  It  is 
the  sense  of  this  committee  that  this 
conference  can  only  adopt  such  policies 
and  procedure  as  are  in  accord  with  the 
constitutional  requirements  and  provi- 
sions, and  it  is  with  that  understanding 
we  report  as  follows: 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


Organization  among  wage  earners  is 
imperative.  Industries  are  being  organ- 
ized and  cartelized  throughout  the  land. 
Unless  the  wage  earners  are  united 
through  organization,  free  and  indepen- 
dent of  employer  control  or  influence, 
Labor  will  have  suffered  a  distinctive 
loss. 

The  paramount  issue  is  not  what  par- 
ticular form  of  organization  shall  be 
followed  in  this  emergency  and  this  un- 
usual situation.  The  demand  of  the 
moment  is  to  promote  organization  in 
whatever  form  or  method  is  best  de- 
signed to  rally  the  wage  earners  to  the 
cause  of  Organized  Labor,  bearing  in 
mind  that  in  the  pursuit  of  organization 
the  present  structure,  rights  and  inter- 
ests of  affiliated  National  and  Interna- 
tional Unions  must  be  followed,  ob- 
served and  safeguarded. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
contrary  to  a  common  belief,  does  not 
desire  to  dictate  the  form  of  organiza- 
tion that  shall  prevail  among  wage  earn- 
ers. Its  policy  has  been  that  of  encour- 
aging whatever  form  of  organization  in 
any  trade,  calling  or  industry  seems 
best  to  meet  the  situation  and  the  re- 
quirements of  the  workers.  The  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor  has  provided 
methods  and  means  of  encouraging  or- 
ganization through  federal  and  local 
trade  unions  among  workers  not  em- 
braced in  the  work  of  National  and 
International  Unions.  In  that  way  and 
by  that  process  quite  a  number  of  exist- 
ing National  and  International  Unions 
have  been  formed. 

Today  we  are  confronted  with  an  en- 
tirely new  and  novel  situation,  wherein 
provisions  of  the  National  Industrial  Re- 
covery Act  express  sympathy  to  the  or- 
ganization of  wage  earners  but  leave 
the  subject  of  the  form  and  method  of 
organization  entirely  to  the  discretion 
of  the  wage  earners  without  guide  or 
direction,  giving  recognition  to  what- 
ever form  may  be  adopted  for  the  mo- 
ment, and  without  thought  of  ultimate 
consequences  or  reckoning.  Employers 
have  taken  full  advantage  of  this  situa- 
tion in  the  organizing  and  maintaining 
of  company  unions.  Employers  are 
granted  every  encouragement  and  aid 
under  the  law  in  perfecting  their  organ- 
ization while  at  the  same  time  they  are 
denying  the  exercise  of  the  same  rights 
on  the  part  of  the  workers  and  in  keep- 
ing with  the  intent  and  spirit  of  the  Na- 
tional Recovery  Act. 


It  is  in  this  sort  of  situation  that  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  must  as- 
sume leadership  and  take  command  in 
the  organizing  of  wage  earners  in  what- 
ever form  the  temporary  situation  may 
demand  or  require  and  with  the  objec- 
tive in  mind  of  not  only  protecting  and 
promoting  existing  National  and  Inter- 
national Unions  in  their  structure  and 
functioning  and  in  the  setting  up  and 
maintaining  of  their  standards  of  em- 
ployment, but  in  encouraging  the  forma- 
tion of  new  National  and  International 
Unions  where  no  such  organizations  now 
prevail. 

It  must  be  apparent  that  in  this  en- 
deavor of  organization,  conflicts  of  ju- 
risdiction and  claims  of  invasion  of  or- 
ganization are  likely  to  occur.  If  we  are 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  moment 
we  must  accept  such  conflicts  in  the 
spirit  of  tolerance  and  through  proper 
procedure  correct  such  errors  as  have  or 
hereafter  may  occur.  After  all,  we  must 
look  to  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  to  serve 
in  this  capacity  as  never  heretofore.  In 
that  spirit  and  in  that  thought  we  rec- 
ommend: 

First:  That  the  work  of  organizing 
by  and  through  National  and  Interna- 
tional Unions,  supplemented  by  that 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
through  federal  and  local  trade  unions, 
proceed  with  increased  vigor  and  de- 
termination; that  the  fullest  possible 
latitude  be  exercised  by  the  Executive 
Council  in  the  granting  of  federal  char- 
ters and  that  where  or  whenever  a  tem- 
porary infraction  of  the  rights  of  Na- 
tional and  International  Unions  may  be 
involved,  that  the  Executive  Council  ad- 
just such  difficulties  in  the  spirit  of  tak- 
ing full  advantage  of  the  immediate  sit- 
uation and  with  the  ultimate  recogni- 
tion of  the  rights  of  all  concerned. 

Second:  That  the  Executive  Council 
through  the  officers  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  arrange  confer- 
ences between  organizers  and  represen- 
tatives of  National  and  International 
Unions,  of  affiliated  local  units  and  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor  Gen- 
eral, Special  and  Volunteer  organizers 
in  the  respective  centers,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  creating  complete  understanding 
and  harmony  among  those  charged  with 
organization  work,  to  be  followed  in 
methods  of  promoting  organization,  so 
as  to  avoid  or  lessen  unnecessary  fric- 
tion, conflict  or  limitations  due  to  vary- 


16 


THE     CARPENTER 


ing  financial  requirements  of  different 
National  and  International  organiza- 
tions, and  forms  and  character  of  or- 
ganizations being  promoted. 

Third:  That  the  officers  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  call  into 
special  conferences  periodically  the  ex- 
ecutive officers  or  representatives,  or 
representative  committees  of  the  several 
departments  and  divisions  of  organized 
labor  within  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  to  review  the  progress  of  or- 
ganization made  and  to  plan  for  future 
methods  to  be  followed  and  means  to  be 
employed  in  furthering  organization  in 
their  respective  fields  of  endeavor. 

Fourth:  That  the  officers  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  arrange 
for  mass  meetings  of  wage  earners 
throughout  the  land  and  that  all  local 
unions  be  called  upon  to  co-operate  in 
calling  and  arranging  for  these  mass 
meetings;  that  the  officers  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor  likewise  un- 
dertake to  train  and  arrange  for  speakers 
at  these  and  other  meetings;  that  both 
the  press  and  radio  be  used  to  the  full- 
est possible  extent,  and  that  every  other 
means  available  be  used  to  further  the 
spirit  of  organization  and  promote  the 
formation  of  trade  unions  among  wage 
earners  throughout  the  land. 

The  conditions  with  which  the  work- 
ers are  at  present  confronted  make  or- 
ganization more  imperative  than  ever. 
The  need  of  the  workers  everywhere  is 
to  get  together,  to  organize,  to  exercise 
the  principles  of  mutual  aid,  to  form 
trade  unions,  the  one  method  whereby 
they  can  effectually  protect  themselves 
in  industry  and  meet  the  enormous 
problems  of  the  day. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Matthew  Woll,  Chairman, 

Victor  A.  Olander,  Secretary, 

Arthur  O.  Wharton, 

Daniel  J.   Tobin, 

Charles  P.  Howard, 

Andrew  Myrup, 

George  Lakey, 

David    Dubinsky, 

Michael  Colleran. 


Quarterly    Proceedings    of    the    General 
Executive  Board,   1934 

Since  the  previous  session  of  the  General  Ex- 
ecutive Board  the  following  trade  movements 
were  acted  upon. 

September  25,  1933 

W.  Frankfort,  111.,  L.  U.  1193. — Movement 
for  an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 


hour,  effective  October  1,  1933.    Official  sanction 
granted. 

Knk n,  Ind.,  L.   TJ.  734. — Movement  for  40- 

1111111-  week,  effective  November  l,  1933.    Official 
sanction  granted. 

October  17,  1933. 

Tulsa,  Oklahoma.  L.  17.  943. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  effective  January  1,  1934.  Official  sanc- 
tion granted. 

Topeka,  Kan.,  I,.  TJ.  1445. — Movement  for  the 
7-hour  day  and  five  day  week,  effective  January 
1,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted,  without  fi- 
nancial aid. 

November  10,  1933. 

Olympia,  Wash.,  L.  TJ.  1148. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  68:'Jc  to  90c  per  hour, 
effective  January  1,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

November  17,  1933. 

Galveston,  Texas,  L.  TJ.  520. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  87|c  to  $1.00  per 
hour  and  the  30-hour  week,  effective  January 
1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 

December  21,  1933. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.  District  Council. — Movement 
for  an  increase  in  wages  from  90c  to  $1.20  per 
hour  and  30-hour  week,  effective  January  1, 
1934.  Official  sanction  granted  without  finan- 
cial aid. 

*       *       * 

Carpenters'  Home 
Lakeland,  Florida. 
January  8,  1934. 

The  General  Executive  Board  met  in  regular 
session  on  the  above  date  at  Carpenters'  Home, 
Lakeland,  Florida.    All  members  present. 

Columbus,  Ohio,  L.  TJ.  200. — Movement  f<5r 
an  increase  in  wages  from  80c  to  $1.20  per 
hour.  Conditions  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  at  the 
present  time  do  not  warrant  the  General  Execu- 
tive Board  sanctioning  this  movement  for  the 
increase  asked,  owing  to  the  unorganized  con- 
dition of  the  trade  in  that  district. 

Hannibal,  Mo.,  L.  TJ.  607. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per  hour, 
effective  March  1,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

Wichita,  Kansas,  L.  TJ.  201. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.10  per  hour 
and  40-hour  week,  effective  April  1,  1934.  Offi- 
cial sanction  granted  without  financial  aid. 

San  Bernardino,  Cal.,  L.  TJ.  944. — Increase  in 
wages,  effective  March  1,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  L.  TJ.  795  (Boxmakers  and 
Sawyers). — Movment  for  an  increase  of  15c 
per  hour  in  wages,  effective  February  1,  1934. 
Official  sanction  granted. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  District  Council. — Movement 
for  6-hour  day,  five  day  week,  effective  April  1, 
1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 

Great  Falls,  Montana,  L.  TJ.  286. — Movement 
for  increase  in  wages,  6-hour  day  and  30-hour 
week,  effective  February  15,  1934.  Official  sanc- 
tion  granted,   without  financial  aid. 

Greencastle,  Indiana,  L.  TJ.  1953. — Movement 
for  increase  in  wages  from  50c  to  75c  per  hour, 
effective  April  1,  1934.  Official  sanction  grant- 
ed, without  financial  aid. 

Parkersburg,  W.  Va.,  L.  TJ.  899. — Movement 
for  increase  in  wages  and  5  day  week,  effective 
March  7,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted,  with- 
out financial  aid. 

The  General  Secretary  submitted  his  annual 
report  for  the  year  ending  June  30,   1933,  and 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


after  careful  consideration  of  same  it  was  ap- 
proved and  filed  for  future   reference. 

The  General  Secretary  further  reported  that 
during  the  last  six  months  of  the  year  1933 
one-hundred-eleven  charters  were  issued  by  the 
General    Office   to  new  Local   Unions. 

Report  of  the  Delegates  to  the  Fifty-third 
Annual  Convention  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  was  received  and  referred  to  the  Gen- 
eral Secretary  for  publication  in  "The  Carpen- 
ter." 

Report  of  Delegate  to  the  Forty-Ninth  An- 
nual Convention  of  the  Canadian  Trades  and 
Labor  Congress  was  received  and  referred  to 
the  General  Secretary  for  publication  in  "The 
Carpenter." 

Certificate  dated  November  27,  1933,  from 
the  Director  of  the  Gross  Income  Tax  Division, 
Department  of  Treasury  of  the  State  of  Indi- 
ana, exempting  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Car- 
penters and  Joiners  of  America,  with  head- 
quarters in  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  from  the  pay- 
ment of  State  Income  Tax  to  the  State  of  In- 
diana was  received  and  ordered  filed  for  future 
reference. 

Manufacturers'  Public  Liability  Policy  No.  P. 
M.  19605,  expiring  October  12,  1934,  with  the 
United  States  Fidelity  and  Guaranty  Co.,  was 
received  and  referred  to  the  General  Secretary 
for  safe  keeping. 

Workmen's  Compensation  and  Employers'  Li- 
ability Policy  No.  Z677857,  expiring  October 
12,  1934,  with  the  United  States  Fidelity  and 
Guaranty  Co.,  referred  to  the  General  Secretary 
for  safe  keeping. 

Fire  Insurance  on  contents  of  Printing  Plant 
to  the  amount  of  $20,000.00  Policy  No.  35105, 
expiring  October  7,  1934,  on  Merchants  Fife 
Assurance  Corporation  of  New  York.  Referred 
to  the  General  Secretary  for  safe  keeping. 

January  9,  1934. 

The  General  President  submitted  the  report 
of  the  Committee  appointed  by  him  to  investi- 
gate the  actions  of  the  officers  and  members  of 
Local  Union  1051,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  for  viola- 
tion of  our  obligation  and  General  Laws  by  (1) 
issuing  a  circular  letter  under  date  of  July  19, 
19.'!3,  addressed  "To  all  Local  Unions  of  the 
United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners 
of  America''  in  which  incorrect  and  untrue 
statements  are  made  relative  to  our  member- 
ship in  May  1926,  May  1932  and  May  1933. 

(2)  For  sending  a  copy  of  said  letter  to 
the  "Daily  Worker,"  the  official  organ  of  the 
Communist  Party  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  contents  of  which  were  published  in 
issue  of  that  paper  under  date  of  Friday,  Au- 
gust 11,  1933,  to  the  detriment  of  our  organiza- 
tion. 

The  report  shows  that  the  officers  of  Local 
Union  1051  admitted  that  the  circular  in  ques- 
tion was  approved,  adopted  and  issued  by  that 
Local  Union  at  a  special  meeeting  held  July  19, 
1933 ;  that  a  committee  of  the  Local  Union 
drafted  it ;  that  Recording  Secretary  Kreis  was 
a  member  of  that  Committee,  but  they  refused 
to  tell  how  they  compiled  the  membership. 

Local  Union  1051  gives  the  membership  of 
the  Brotherhood  in  May  1926,  as  415.000 
whereas  the  report  of  the  General  Office  shows 
the  membership  to  be  345,728,  a  difference  of 
69,272.  So  the  statement  of  membership  given 
by  Local  Union  1051  is  incorrect  and  untrue. 
The  statement  of  Local  Union  1051  of  the 
membership  in  1932  and  1933  is  also  erroneous 
and   incorrect. 

The  Officers  of  Local  Union  1051  had  no  ex- 
planation   to   make    as   to    why   they    sent   out 


these    incorrect   and    untrue   statements   of  our 
membership. 

The  "Daily  Worker"  central  organ  o'  the 
Communist  Party  of  the  United  States  of 
America  published  in  New  York  City  under 
date  of  Friday  August  11,  1933,  on  page  three 
carries   the  following   statement : 

"The  Daily  Worker  has  received  a  communi- 
cation from  the  Recording  Secretary  of  Local 
Union  No.  1051  of  the  United  Brotherhood  of 
Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America,  which  is  a 
Philadelphia  Local,  stating  that  the  members  of 
that  union  have  voted  to  endorse  a  campaign 
for  a  referendum  of  all  Local  Unions  of  the 
Brotherhood  on  certain  concrete  measures  to 
be  taken  by  the  Brotherhood  in  regard  to  the 
unemployment  situation  facing  the  Carpenters." 

Then  follows  the  contents  of  this  circular 
letter  issued  by  Local  1051  under  date  of  July 
19,  1933,  containing  these  untrue  and  incorrect 
statements  of  our  membership  in  May  1926  and 
May  1933. 

The  officers  of  disbanded  Local  Union  1051 
have  done  nothing  since  to  refute  this  state- 
ment of  the  Daily  Worker. 

By  these  actions  L.  U.  1051  violated  our 
obligation   and   laws. 

Appeals  of  a  number  of  members  of  dis- 
banded Local  Union  1051,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
from  the  action  of  the  General  President  in 
disbanding  said  Local  Union  on  December  1, 
1933,  and  ordering  its  members  to  transfer  by 
clearance  cards  to  other  Local  Unions  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  were  placed  before  the  General 
Executive  Board  but  before  the  Board  can  act 
thereon  the  members  appealing  must  first  com- 
ply with  the  orders  of  the  General  President, 
in  accordance  with  the  provision  of  Paragraph 
A,  Section  57,  of  our  General  Laws  which  speci- 
fies that :  "In  no  case  shall  an  appeal  act  as 
a  stay  of  proceedings." 

Audit  of  books  and  accounts  of  the  Home 
commenced  and  continued  throughout  the  bal- 
ance of  the  day. 

January   10,    1934. 

Appeal  of  Local  Union  67,  Boston,  Mass., 
from  the  decision  of  the  General  President  in 
the  case  of  D.  A.  McDonald  vs.  Local  Union 
67,  relative  to  the  election  of  a  delegate  to  the 
Boston  District  Council.  The  decision  of  the 
General  President  was  sustained  on  grounds 
set  forth  therein  and  the  appeal  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  William  L.  Ciarletta,  a  member  of 
Local  Union  No.  385,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  from 
the  decision  of  the  General  President  in  the 
case  of  William  L.  Ciarletta  vs.  Local  Union  No. 
385,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  relative  to  the  elec- 
tion of  Financial  Secretary.  The  decision  of 
the  General  President  was  sustained  on  grounds 
set  forth  therein  and  the  appeal  was  dismissed. 

Protest  of  Local  Union  No.  264,  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  against  the  reduction  of  the  amount  of 
the  pension  paid  quarterly  to  members  entitled 
to  same  was  carefully  considered  by  the  Board. 
After  which  the  reply  of  the  General  President 
thereto  was  concurred  in  and  protest  dismissed. 

The  General  Executive  Board  calls  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  Board  has  the  right  to 
set  the  amount  of  Pension  to  be  paid. 

Appeal  of  E.  T.  Hobberstad,  a  member  of 
Local  Union  No.  58,  Chicago,  111.,  from  the 
decision  of  the  General  President  in  the  case 
of  E.  T.  Hobberstad  vs.  Chicago  District  Coun- 
cil relative  to  having  been  fined  for  violating 
the  laws,  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Brother- 
hood. The  decision  of  the  General  President 
was  sustained  on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and 
the    appeal    was    dismissed. 


T  II  E     CARPENTER 


Appeal  of  Eugene  H.  Lamparter,  L.  D.  122, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  from  the  decision  of  the  <:. 
r.  in  the  case  of  Eugene  H.  Lamparter  vs.  L.  D. 
122.  The  decision  of  the  <;.  P.  was  sustained 
on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and  appeal  dls- 
mlssed. 

Audit  of  books  and  accounts  continued. 

January    11,    1934. 

Application  of  Brother  Frank  L.  Conrad, 
member  of  Local  Union  1947,  Hollywood.  Flor- 
ida. Tor  admission  to  the  Some  at  Lakeland, 
Florida,  referred  l>y  the  General  President  to 
the  General   Executive  Board  was  approved. 

In  the  case  Of  appeals  of  Brother  Meyer 
Gardner  and  Brother  George  Peake,  of  Local 
Union  1636,  Whiting,  Ind.,  from  replies  of  the 
General  Presldenl  thereto,  as  the  General 
President  did  not  render  a  decision  on  these 
so-called  appeals  no  action  can  be  taken  by  the 
General    Executive  Board. 

Audit   of  books  and   accounts   continued. 

January  12,  1934. 

Audit  of  books  and  accounts  continued. 

January    15,    1934. 

Missoula,  Mont.,  L.  U.  28. — Movement  for 
six  hour  day.  thirty  hour  week,  and  increase  in 
wages,  effective  March  1,  1934.  Official  sanc- 
tion granted. 

Colorado  Springs,  Colo..  L.  U.  515. — Move- 
ment for  six  hour  day  and  thirty  hour  week, 
effective  March  1,  1934.  As  the  vote  on  this 
movement  was  not  taken  in  accordance  with 
our  laws  and  did  not  show  the  required  55  per 
cent  vote  the  matter  was  referred  back  to  L. 
U.  515  for  compliance  with  our  laws  before 
the  Board  can  act  thereon. 

New  York  District  Council  vs.  L.  U.  2725, 
New  York.  N.  Y..  Secretary-Treasurer  Kelso  of 
the  New  York  District  Council,  by  orders  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  New  York  Dis- 
trict Council,  preferred  charges  to  the  General 
Executive  Board  against  L.  U.  2725  New  York, 
N.  Y.  for  violating  Section  55,  Paragraphs  B. 
C.  &  L.,  Section  58,  Paragraph  F,  of  the  Gen- 
eral Laws  of  the  United  Brotherhood,  and  Sec- 
tion 1-A,  IB.  11.  12.  27,  28  and  43  of  the 
District  Council  by-laws,  and  after  careful  con- 
sideration of  the  charges  and  specifications 
made,  the  Board  authorized  the  General  Presi- 
dent to  appoint  a  committee  of  the  Board  to 
investigate  and  try  said  Local  Union  2725  and 
report  its  findings  to  the  General  President. 
The  General  President  appointed  G.  H.  Lakey, 
First  General  Vice  President,  Frank  Duffy, 
General  Secretary,  TV.  T.  Allen,  Second  District, 
Harry  Schwarzer,  Third  District  J.  W.  Wil- 
liams,  Fifth   District. 

Appeal  of  Brother  Bjorn  Thorvardson,  mem- 
ber of  Local  Union  452,  Vancouver,  B.  C,  Can- 
ada, from  the  decision  of  the  General  Treas- 
urer in  disapproving  his  claim  for  disability. 
After  careful  consideration  of  same,  the  Board 
sustained  the  decision  of  the  General  Treasurer 
on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and  the  appeal 
was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  L.  U.  119,  Newark,  N.  J.,  from  the 
action  of  the  General  Treasurer  in  not  paying 
the  disability  claim  of  Z.  F.  Bakley,  a  member 
of  said  Local  Union  was  carefully  considered 
and  the  action  of  the  General  Treasurer  was  ap- 
proved and  appeal  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  L.  U.  1347,  Port  Arthur,  Texas, 
from  the  decision  of  the  General  Treasurer  in 
disapproving  the  death  claim  of  P.  H.  Camp, 
late  a  member  of  said  Local  Union,  on  the 
grounds  that  the  claim  was  not  filed  within 
the   time   specified    by   our   laws.     The   decision 


of  the  General  Treasurer  was  sustained  and  the 
appeal    was   dismissed. 

Appeal  of  L.  U.  1190,  Pawling  and  Dover,  N. 
Y.,  from  the  decision  of  the  General  President 
in  the  case  of  Paul  i>.  Fogle  et.  al.,  members 
of  L.  U.  203,  Poughkeepsle,  N.  Y.  versus  L.  U. 
1190,  Pawling  &  Dover,  N.  Y.  The  decision  of 
the  General  President  was  sustained  on  grounds 
set  forth  therein  and  the  appeal  was  dismissed. 

January  16,  1934. 
Audit  of  books  and  accounts  continued. 

January  17,  1934. 
Audit  of  books  and  accounts  concluded. 
There  being  no  further  business  to  come  be- 
fore the  Board  the  minutes  were  read  and  ap- 
proved and  the  Board  adjourned  to  meet  at 
the  General  Office  in  Indianapolis,  in  May, 
1934. 

Respectfully   submitted, 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Secretary. 


Labor    Wins    Large    Representation    On 
Construction  Code  Authority 

The  code  of  fair  competition  for  the 
construction  industry,  bitterly  fought 
for  over  six  months  by  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor,  was  signed  by 
President  Roosevelt. 

Covering  3,000,000  workers  in  the 
building  and  open  construction  divi- 
sions, this  code  is  said  to  be  the  first 
providing  for  the  equal  representation 
of  labor  and  management  on  the  plan- 
ning board  of  the  industry.  Labor  has 
been  contending  for  this  provision  since 
the  enactment  of  the  Recovery  Act. 

Under  the  code  there  is  created  the 
National  Construction  Planning  and  Ad- 
justment Board  of  twenty-one  members, 
ten  selected  by  labor,  ten  by  the  employ- 
ing groups  and  one  by  the  President. 
The  twenty-one  employment  groups 
which  sponsor  the  code  and  which  com- 
pose the  Code  Authority  will  select  the 
ten  industry  members  on  the  planning 
board. 

In  line  with  this  policy,  the  code  pro- 
vides for  area  agreements  to  be  made 
by  representative  groups  of  employers 
and  employes.  Such  agreements,  made 
by  unions  and  employing  associations, 
if  approved  by  the  President,  will  be- 
come binding  as  to  wages,  hours  and 
conditions  on  all  employers  and  em- 
ployes in  the  specific  area. 

The  code  includes  a  provision  for  40 
cents  per  hour  minimum  wage  for  com- 
mon labor  in  those  areas  lacking  co- 
operative agreements.  It  had  been  pre- 
viously urged  by  some  of  the  employing 
groups  that  30  cents  be  fixed  for  com- 
mon  labor  in   the  South,   but   the  geo- 


THE     CARPENTER 


19 


graphical  differential  which  exists  in 
many  codes  was  swept  aside. 

The  forty-hour,  five-day  week  and 
eight-hour  day  are  provided  in  the  code. 

Eighteen  years  is  set  as  the  minimum 
age  for  workers. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Decatur,  Ala. 

Williamson,  W.  Va. 

San  Fernando,  Calif. 

Nampa,  Idaho. 

Carthage,  Mo. 

Iron  River,  Mich. 

New  Bern,  N.  C. 

Fleming,  Ky. 

Blytherville,  Ark. 

Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 

Independence,  Mo. 

Jenkins,  Ky. 

Cleveland,  Ohio  and  Vicinity. 

Gadsden,  Ala. 

Chester,  111. 

Spartanburg,   S.   C. 

• 

Information  Wanted 

Information  is  wanted  concerning  the 
whereabouts  of  Burton  H.  Ward,  who 
held  membership  in  our  organization  in 
Philadelphia  in  1921,  and  who  has  not 
been  heard  from  by  his  relatives  since 
that  time. 

His  location  is  desired  as  his  Brother 
Thomas  S.  Ward  is  seriously  ill  at  his 
home  708  Berkley  Avenue,  Virginia 
Heights,   Roanoke,  Virginia. 


Former   Member    of    General    Executive 
Board  Dies 

Brother  Alfred  C.  Cattermull,  mem- 
ber of  Local  Union  5  8  of  Chicago,  for- 
mer member  of  the  General  Executive 
Board  and  chairman  of  that  body  for 
several  years,  passed  away  on  February 
8,  and  was  buried  from  his  residence 
6465  N.  Nordica  avenue,  Chicago,  111., 
on  Saturday,  February  10. 

He  became  a  member  of  Local  Union 
162,  Hyde  Park,  111.,  early  in  1886,  and 
the  following  year  transferred  to  Union 
28  of  Chicago.  He  resided  in  that  city 
for  the  past  forty-six  years. 

He  was  born  in  London,  England, 
April  4,  1857,  and  served  his  apprentice- 


ship  there.   He  came  to  America   after- 
wards 

'  Brother  Cattermull  took  an  active 
part  in  the  Carpenters'  strike  of  Chi- 
cago in  May,  1886,  for  the  eight-hour 
day.  He  was  president  of  the  District 
Council  in  the  troublesome  times  of 
189  4,  as  well  as  its  chief  business  agent. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  several  conven- 
tions of  the  United  Brotherhood. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Executive  Board  at  the  eighth  gen- 
eral convention  held  in  Indianapolis  in 
189  4  and  served  in  that  capacity  until 
1902. 


Local    Union    72    Loses    Last    Charter 
Member 

The  Labor  Movement  of  Rochester', 
N.  Y.,  suffered  a  severe  loss  by  the 
passing  of  brother  Michael  J.  O'Brien 
member  of  L.  U.  72,  which  occurred  De- 
cember 12,  1933. 

Brother  O'Brien  joined  the  Knights 
of   Labor   in    1881.     In    July,    1884,    he 


MICHAEL  J.   O'BRIEN 

with  eight  others  organized  Local  Union 
72,  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 
and  Joiners,  maintaining  a  continuous 
membership  until  his  death,  a  period  of 
forty-nine  years  and  six  months. 

Active  during  the  greater  part  of  this 
time,  he  held  many  offices  in  the  Local 


20 


P  II  E     CARI'KXTER 


Union.  He  served  for  years  as  Business 
Agenl  of  the  District  Council,  and  at 
the  15th  genera]  convention  held  in 
Salt  Lake  City.  Utah,  in  1008,  he  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  the  convention  of 
the  A.  F.  of  L.,  held  a1  Denver  in  thai 
year,  and  was  also  a  delegate  to  the 
Toronto,  Canada,  convention  of  the  A. 
F.  of  L.  the  following  year.  He  repre- 
sented the  Local  Union  at  a  number  of 
general   conventions. 

As  district  representative  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  he  or- 
ganized unions  of  a  number  of  trades. 
He  served  as  Secretary  and  President  of 
the  Building  Trades  Council,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Central  Trades  and  Labor 
Council,  as  a  truly  enlightened  leader. 

In  addition  to  his  Labor  activities  he 
was  greatly  interested  in  Public  Health 
work.  In  connection  with  the  New  York 
State  Department  of  Health  he  lectured 
extensively  on  Tuberculosis. 

Brother  O'Brien,  as  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Rochester 
Public  Health  Association  from  its  in- 
ception, was  untiring  in  his  efforts  for 
the  establishment  of  a  County  Hospital 
for  the  treatment  of  Tuberculosis. 

Iola  Sanatorium  stands  today  a  testi- 
monial to  the  integrity  and  altruism  of 
Brother  O'Brien.  The  completed  Insti- 
tution was  the  realization  of  his  hopes. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Managers,  where  he  again  gave  un- 
stintingly  of  his  time  and  energy  for 
the  relief  of  his  suffering  fellows. 


Death  Takes  Oldest  Member  of  Local 
515 

Magnus  M.  Klemmedson,  oldest  mem- 
ber of  Local  Union  515,  Colorado 
Springs,  Colorado,  died  January  6, 
1934,  at  the  age  of  88  years.  Brother 
Klemmedson  was  born  in  Kristianstads 
Lan.  Sweden,  October  14,  1845,  and 
came  to  this  country  65  years  ago  tak- 
ing up  his  residence  in  Chicago  where 
he  lived  for  a  number  of  years.  In  18  89 
he  moved  to  Colorado  Springs  and 
joined  Local  Union  515  in  that  year, 
where  he  held  continuous  membership 
until  the  time  of  his  death. 

In  recent  interview's  Brother  Klem- 
medson recalled  that  he  once  repaired 
a  table  for  Robert  Lincoln  that  was 
presented  to  Abraham  Lincoln  when  he 
was  President.  He  once  made  a  set  of 
bookcases  for  Robert  Lincoln  and  set 
them    up    in    the    room    where    he    was 


married.  Another  work  of  which  he 
was  proud  was  the  repairing  of  a  lot  of 
furniture  for  Mrs.  Hays  that  had  be- 
longed to  her  father,  Jefferson  Davis, 
President  of  the  confederacy.  He  also 
once  repaired  a  lot  of  furniture  that  had 
belonged  to  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  the 
author,  that  had  been  smashed  by  rebels 
in  one  of  the  South  Sea  islands  where 
Stevenson  was  living  at  the  time. 

He  completed  a  few  years  ago  a 
small  chest  that  contains  many  square 
inches  of  inlay  work,  one  section  of 
which  measures  one  and  five-eighths 
inches  and  contains  more  than  250 
pieces.  This  delicate  work  of  shaping 
and  fitting  these  small  pieces  of  wood 
together  could  not  be  done  by  Brother 
Klemmedson  if  he  had  not  retained  his 
keen  eyesight  and  steady  hand. 

Hundreds  of  pieces  of  different  vari- 
eties of  wood  entered  into  the  making 
of  this  chest.  Among  these  varieties  are: 
mahogany  from  the  Philippines  and 
West  Indies;  lignum-vitae  from  Turkey; 
teak  from  India;  ebony  from  China, 
and  pine,  sycamore,  black  walnut,  oak, 
and  other  woods  from  different  parts  of 
the  United  States.  As  he  pointed  out 
these  pieces  of  wood  he  told  about  the 
uses  they  were  put  to  in  their  native 
countries,  how  they  responded  to  wood- 
working tools  and  other  interesting 
facts. 

Brother  Klemmedson  was  a  member 
of  the  English  Lutheran  church  of  Colo- 
rado Springs,  which  church  honored 
him  recently  by  having  him  break  the 
ground  at  the  time  the  church  was  en- 
larged. 

There  survive  besides  the  wife,  three 
sons.  Funeral  services  were  held  Jan- 
uary 8,  and  attended  by  a  large  number 
of  the  members  of  Local  Union  515 
and  prominent  residents  of  Colorado 
Springs. 


Veteran  Officer  of  Local  2164  Dies 

William  Ramsay,  Treasurer  of  Local 
Union  2164,  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  died 
in  that  city  on  January  3,  1934.  Brother 
Ramsay  was  born  in  Scotland  on  July 
15,  1871,  and  joined  the  Amalgamated 
Society  of  Woodworkers  in  that  country 
on  March  5,  1901,  when  he  was  a  young 
man.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1905 
when  he  transferred  his  membership  to 
the  local  branch  of  the  Amalgamated 
Society  of  Woodworkers  in  San  Fran- 
cisco  where   he   held   membership    until 


THE     CARPENTER 


21 


1924,    in    which   year    the    union   came 
over  to  our  organization. 

For  over  30  years  Brother  Ramsay 
held  continuous  office,  first  in  the  Amal- 
gamated Society  of  Woodworkers  in 
which  he  at  some  time  held  every  office 
(without  remuneration),  and  since  com- 
ing over  to  the  Brotherhood  he  served 
as  President,  Recording  Secretary,  and 
for  the  past  several  years  as  Treasurer 
of  Local  Union  2164. 

For  many  years  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Bay  Counties  District  Council  of 
Carpenters. 

Brother  Ramsay's  activities  in  behalf 
of  the  trade  union  movement  were 
many.  He  devoted  his  life  to  the  better- 
ment of  working  conditions  of  his  fellow 
men.  His  life  is  an  inspiration  to  every 
trade  unionist  who  admires  character 
and  conviction.  In  his  passing  the  labor 
movement  has  lost  a  tried  and  true 
trade  unionist. 


in  and  out  of  the  city  of  Chicago  prom- 
inent in  the  labor  movement  and  other 
walks  of  life. 


Head  of  Union  Label  Trades  Department 
Dies 

George  W.  Perkins,  president  of  the 
Union  Label  Trades  Department  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  died  at 
his  home  in  Oak  Park,  Illinois,  Febru- 
ary 5,  1934,  at  the  age  of  78  years.  Mr. 
Perkins  was  born  in  Williamsburg,  N. 
Y.,  in  1856,  and  was  a  noted  character 
in  the  ranks  of  labor  for  more  than 
50  years. 

He  served  as  president  of  the  Cigar 
Makers'  International  Union  for  35 
years  and  while  holding  that  position 
and  also  president  of  the  Union  Label 
Trades  Department  he  attended  every 
convention  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor. 

He  was  regarded  as  a  very  careful, 
cautious  student  of  all  proposals  for  the 
betterment  of  the  wage  earners.  He  was 
an  active  member  of  committees  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  conven- 
tions and  for  the  past  19  years  was 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Inter- 
national Relations.  His  knowledge  of 
world  problems  affecting  the  wage  earn- 
ers was  notable. 

He  was  active  in  the  last  convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  in 
October  19  3  3.  He  was  a  valuable  offi- 
cial of  the  labor  movement  and  his  loss 
will  be  deeply  felt. 

The  funeral  which  was  held  February 
8  drew  a  notable  gathering  of  men  both 


DEATH  ROLL 

JAMES    CAULMAN — Local    Union    No. 

715,  Elizabeth,  N.   J. 
MERRELL    McLERNON — Local    Union 

No.  250,  Lake  Forest,  Illinois. 


Judges  Are  Barred  From  Issuing  Labor 
Injunctions   In   Nine   States 

Tangible  progress  has  been  made  in 
the  campaign  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  to  have  the  various  states 
enact  anti-injunction  laws  similar  to  the 
Norris-LaGuardia  Federal  law,  declared 
the  Executive  Council  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  in  their  report  to 
the  Federation's  last  annual  convention. 

The  Norris-LaGuardia  Federal  anti- 
injunction  law  declares  injunctions  in 
labor  disputes  to  be  against  the  public 
policy  of  the  United  State  and  prohibits 
Federal  judges  from  issuing  them. 

The  need  of  state  anti-injunction 
laws  patterned  after  the  Federal  stat- 
ute was  recently  illustrated  by  the  ac- 
tion of  judges  in  New  York  City 
and  Flint,  Mich.,  in  issuing  injunctions 
against  picketing.  Had  they  been  Fed- 
eral judges  they  would  have  been  liable 
to  impeachment  for  violating  the  Norris- 
LaGuardia  law. 

"Nine  states  now  have  anti-injunction 
laws  as  approved  by  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor,"  the  Council  said, 
"They  are:  California,  Colorado,  Idaho, 
Indiana,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Utah, 
Wisconsin,  Wyoming. 

"Six  legislatures  enacted  the  laws  last 
year.  They  all  follow  the  provisions  of 
the  Norris-LaGuardia  Act.  The  New 
Hampshire  Supreme  Court  declared  the 
'anti-yellow  dog'  bill  unconstitutional  in 
an  advisory  opinion  and,  therefore,  it 
did  not  pass  the  legislature. 

"California  enacted  an  'anti-yellow 
dog'  contract  law  as  an  amendment  to 
the  anti-injunction  law.  Pensylvania 
also  enacted  an  'anti-yellow  dog'  law. 


We  cannot  render  benefits  to  those 
from  whom  we  receive  them,  or  only 
seldom.  But  the  benefit  we  receive  must 
be  rendered  again,  line  for  line,  deed  for 
deed,  to  somebody.  Beware  of  too  much 
good  staying  in  your  hand. — Emerson. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal  Is  Not  Responsible  For  Views  Expressed  By   Correspondents 


"Depression  Not  An  Act  of  Providence" 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  trying  to  fulfill  the  promise  I 
made  to  you,  when  we  stood  near 
Brock's  Monument  on  the  bank  of  the 
old  historic  Niagara  nearly  twenty-eight 
years  ago,  by  continuing  the  thoughts 
expressed  by  me  in  the  April,  193  3,  Car- 
penter. I  admonished  the  brothers  to 
give  their  earnest  consideration  and  to 
consult  with  each  other  relative  to  de- 
vising ways  and  means  to  extricate  us 
out  of  this  deep  depression  and  give 
every  union  man  or  willing  worker  a 
job  with  sufficient  pay  to  enable  him  to 
support  his  dependents,  and  maintain 
an  American  standard  of  living. 

Under  the  NRA  which  recognizes  the 
A.  F.  of  L.  and  has  abolished  the  sweat- 
shops and  child  labor,  the  administra- 
tion is  following  up  with  public  welfare, 
CAVA  and  PWA  and  finally  a  stabilized 
dollar  based  on  724  products  of  Labor 
which  is  the  real  wealth  of  our  Repub- 
lic founded  by  our  forefathers  on  the 
principles  of  equal  opportunity  to  all  in 
the  pursuit  of  life,  liberty  and  happi- 
ness, which  we,  their  descendents  are  to 
maintain. 

I  am  inspired  to  write  while  sitting 
here  after  recovering  from  a  two  weeks' 
illness,  on  the  natal  day  of  our  patri- 
otic and  courageous  President  being 
celebrated  in  thousands  of  cities  and 
villages  from  coast  to  coast,  within 
six  miles  of  the  home  my  grandfather 
hewed  from  the  forest  after  his  return 
120  years  ago  from  the  Niagara  Fron- 
tier and  whose  Sire  fought  at  Saratoga. 
So  I  hope  the  brothers  will  pardon  the 
spirit  of  76  expressed  by  a  pensioned 
brother  who  has  fought  for  46  years  for 
the  principles  of  the  U.  B.  of  C.  and  J. 
of  A.  and  the  A.  F.  of  L. 

I  am  frank  to  admit  that  I  could  not 
have  paid  my  dues  if  it  had  not  been  for 
the  pension.  However,  I  read  in  "The 
Carpenter"  that  new  Unions  are  being 
organized  and  old  ones  are  receiving- 
new  life  blood.    I  believe  I  mentioned  in 


my  letter  of  last  April  of  the  progress 
of  Union  Labor  in  Salt  Lake  in  1890-91- 
92,  and  how  prosperity  was  had  by  or- 
ganized labor;  but  I  did  not  tell  of  the 
blast  which  struck  the  Western  cities  in 
18  93,  when  myself  with  thousands  of 
young  men  lost  their  invested  savings 
caused  by  Eastern  creditors  and  Wall 
Street  financiers  closing  down  on  West- 
ern loans  on  industry  and  real  estate; 
when  2,000  unemployed  men  started  for 
Washington  bearing  a  petition  to  Con- 
gress signed  by  over  100,000  voters 
praying  for  the  coinage  of  60,000,000 
ounces  of  silver  into  currency  to  give 
the  people  a  larger  circulating  medium 
of  exchange.  We  were  told  that  the  pan- 
ic was  caused  by  Lombard  street's  Lon- 
don, Eng.,  failure  to  realize  on  60,000,- 
000  Argentine  securities  which  I  never 
believed. 

To  prove  that  my  doubts  were  well 
founded  I  would  recommend  to  the 
brothers  that  they  read  Robt.  H.  Hemp- 
hill's article  on  High  Finance  which 
was  published  in  Hearst's  Sunday  Amer- 
ican of  January  28,  1934. 

On  April  15,  1793  Congress  ratified 
the  treaty  of  Peace  with  Great  Britain. 
On  June  18,  1812,  Congress  declared 
war  to  maintain  the  freedom  of  the 
seas  for  American  seaman  and  ships  of 
commerce.  In  1869,  shortly  after  the 
golden  spike  was  driven  connecting  the 
U.  P.  R.  R.  with  the  C.  P.  R.  R.  near 
Ogden,  Utah,  a  United  States  Senator 
visited  Barron  Rothschild  and  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Bank  of  England  to  talk 
about  the  resumption  of  specie  money 
by  the  United  States  and  for  him  to 
educate  the  American  people  to  become 
reconciled  to  a  single  gold  standard  for 
the  payment  of  all  public  debt.  United 
States  then  being  a  debtor  nation  it 
would  work  against  the  interest  of  the 
American  people,  for  which  said  Senator 
would  receive  $20,000.00  a  year  during 
his  natural  life  which  terminated  after 
a  stormy  career  in  1903.  Well  I  must 
come  down  to  brass  tacks  and  ask  that 
you   have   the   Secretary  of  your   Local 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


Union  request  your  Congressman  to 
send  a  transcript  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  Third  session  of  the  42nd  Congress 
recorded  in  the  Record  on  January  17, 
1873,  page  668  to  674  inclusive,  Janu- 
ary 17,  January  27,  February  6,  and 
President  Grant  signed  a  substitute  be- 
tween that  date  without  reading  before 
it  was  enrolled  on  February  12,  1873, 
and  became  a  law. 

Hence  President  Grant's  declaration 
that  if  he  had  known  that  he  was  strik- 
ing silver  from  the  coinage  list  as  a 
unit  for  the  payment  of  public  debts  he 
would  rather  have  lost  the  hand  that 
afterward  penned  his  memoirs.  1873  is 
indelibly  stamped  in  my  memory  for  I 
was  compelled  to  quit  high  school  to 
earn  money  to  fit  myself  for  a  public 
school  teacher  which  I  abandoned  in 
18  79  to  go  to  Colorado  to  prospect  for 
the  precious  metals.  I  make  no  mention 
of  the  names  revealed  to  me  in  '9  3  by 
a  man  now  dead  who  was  very  active 
in  the  campaign  of  189  6,  of  the  men 
who  engineered  the  great  conspiracy, 
because  the  legislators  of  23  states  have 
made  it  a  misdemeanor  or  felony  to 
speak  derogatorily  of  dead  statesmen. 

I  believe  that  conspiracy  has  been  a 
major  factor  in  every  money  panic  in 
the  past  sixty  years  especially  this  the 
greatest  depression  in  our  history  which 
our  President  and  Congress  is  striving 
to  extricate  us  from;  which  is  proved 
by  Robert  Hemphill's  analysis  of  High 
Finance  which  I  hope  every  brother  will 
study  and  never  again  be  lulled  into  a 
E?;nse  of  security  by  college  deans  who 
seek  endowments  from  millionaires  who 
seek  to  evade  their  income  and  inheri- 
tance taxes,  nor  wiley  politicians  who 
think  more  of  their  political  ambitions 
than  they  do  of  the  welfare  of  the  work- 
ers. But  follow  the  advice  of  the  late 
Samuel  Gompers,  who  died  in  the  line 
of  duty  on  the  border  line. 

In  18  9  9  I  headed  another  charter  list 
of  L.  U.  322  the  first  60  men  who  dared 
to  declare  that  they  would  no  longer 
submit  to  a  10-hour  straight  time  day, 
who  were  followed  by  all  the  building 
trades  and  21  other  trades.  In  19  06  our 
International  held  its  convention  in  Ni- 
agara Falls,  N.  Y.,  while  the  first 
Roosevelt  swung  his  big  stick  and  com- 
pelled Wall  Street  to  call  a  halt  in  the 
panic  which  the  big  financiers  were  try- 
ing to  create  by  calling  in  loans  and 
contract  the  circulating  money. 


Then  came  the  disolving  of  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Trust  and  the  regulating  of  the 
Big  five  meat  trust  and  an  honest  in- 
spection of  food  products  and  last,  but 
not  least,  the  building  of  the  Panama 
canal  by  General  Goethals. 

Now  brothers  I  have  been  trying  to 
convince  you  that  money  panics  and 
the  depression  are  not  the  acts  of  God, 
nor  do  the  planets  have  anything  to  do 
with  our  affairs  except  to  influence  the 
cycles  of  weather.  But  panics  are  caused 
by  a  selfish  body  of  men  educated  in 
Finance  who  have  seized  the  control  of 
money  and  credit  of  the  nation  and 
have  expanded  credit  to  enable  honest 
labor  to  extract  wealth  from  the  mines, 
water  which  flows  in  our  rivers,  which 
cause  rain  to  fall  and  irrigate  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  soil  for  our  food,  the  quar- 
ried rock  and  sand  to  form  the  base  of 
structures  erected  of  steel,  cut  stone, 
brick  and  last  but  not  least  wood  from 
the  forests  which  shaped  by  Labor  is 
the  foundation  of  the  trade  of  the  car- 
penter. 

After  you  have  accumulated  by  your 
thrift  and  acquired  a  home  through  a 
loan  and  you  are  led  to  believe  that 
you  can  educate  your  children  and  sup- 
port your  wife  and  family  up  to  the 
American  standard  of  living,  then  this 
group  of  investment  and  international 
bankers  think  the  people  are  prosperous 
enough  and  they  proceed  to  call  in  their 
credit  loans  and  contract  the  currency 
again.  Did  not  they  send  their  oily- 
tongued  agents  throughout  the  country 
and  try  to  pursuade  the  working  people 
that  the  credit  of  the  U.  S.  A.  was  not 
sound  and  the  bonds  which  a  patriotic 
people  had  bought  until  it  hurt  were 
not  worth  more  than  80c  or  85c  on  the 
dollar?  I  exchanged  mine  a  few  months 
later  for  a  home  at  par. 

When  writing  or  speaking  on  the  wel- 
fare of  the  producing  classes  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  stop  so  I  must  proceed  to  bring 
this  to  a  close.  Permit  me  to  say  that 
the  world  war  created  14,000  million- 
aires who  were  refunded  $3,000,000,- 
000,  after  the  slogan  "Less  government 
in  business  and  more  business  in  gov- 
ernment," was  adopted  during  which 
time  12,000  more  millionaires  were  cre- 
ated, some  of  whom  must  have  become 
billionaires,  when  the  Morgan  group 
offer  to  subscribe  for  $6,000,000,000  of 
Government  bonds.  If  our  courageous 
President  will  stabilize  the  Dollar  at  60 
cents  where  could  this  group,  call  them 


24 


T  II  E     C  A  R  V  KNTER 


Wha1  you  will  obtain  this  vast  sum  of 
money  unless  they  have  absorbed  some 

of  the  wealth  of  I  he  minor  millionaires? 
Your  guess  is  as  good  as  any  college 
professors. 

Cive  your  whole-hearted  support  to 
the  Administrator  of  the  laws  enacted 
by  your  chosen  representatives  in  Con- 
gress, on  this  his  lilt y-seeond  birthday 
responded  to  by  thousands  of  cities, 
villages  and  communities  throughout 
the  country  for  his  Warm  Springs  sani- 
tarium for  people  afflicted  by  infantile 
paralysis.  Finally  after  forty-six  years 
experience  of  a  brother  who  has  grown 
gray  in  the  service,  has  been  black-listed 
by  secretaries  of  manufacturing  associ- 
ations, and  lost  his  job  but  got  a  better 
one,  whose  flesh  is  weak  but  his  spirit 
is  as  strong  as  it  ever  was,  admonishes 
you  younger  brothers  to  build  up  and 
strengthen  your  Unions,  attend  your 
meetings  see  that  your  delegates  attend 
your  Central  Councils  and  watch  the 
acts  of  your  state  and  national  legisla- 
tors and  be  ready  when  prosperity  re- 
turns that  you  will  be  prepared  to  exact 
your  just  share.  Read  your  Carpenter 
and  never  for  one  moment  think  that 
your  union  can  whole-heartedly  fight 
your  battles  without  your  help. 

Keep  the  thought  of  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  this  Republic  ever  in  mind, 
"That  eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of 
liberty." 

F.  M.  Perry, 
L.  U.  No.  322.  Brockport,  N.  Y. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  No.   180 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

We  have  been  reading  letters  in  "The 
Carpenter"  from  the  different  Ladies' 
Auxiliaries  and  find  them  inspiring. 

Our  Auxiliary  No.  18  0,  Amarillo, 
Texas,  has  a  membership  of  fifteen  and 
one  honorary  member.  Of  the  fifteen, 
four  are  charter  members.  Throughout 
the  whole  of  these  trying  times  our 
members  have  been  most  faithful. 

Those  who  have  left  (in  most  in- 
stances because  of  their  husbands  hav- 
ing severed  connections  with  the  Local) 
have  been  replaced  by  new  members. 
Therefore  our  average,  over  a  period  of 
five  years,  remains  about  fifteen.  Dur- 
ing the  past  year  we  took  in  two  new 
members. 

On  the  first  Thursday  night  of  the 
month  we  have  our  business  meeting  at 


the  Carpenters'  Hall.  The  social  meet- 
ing is  on  the  3rd  Thursday,  either  as  an 
all  day  quilting  and  covered  luncheon 
or  an  afternoon  entertainment  in  some 
member's  home. 

When  there  are  five  Thursdays  in  a 
month  the  Local  Union  of  Carpenters 
and  Ladies  Auxiliary  combine  efforts 
and  have  a  joint  entertainment  to  which 
all  carpenters,  their  families  and  friends 
are  invited.  The  President  of  the  Ladies 
Auxiliary  says  a  few  words  of  welcome 
and  again  invites  membership  in  our 
organization,  while  an  officer  of  the  Car- 
penters Union  gives  a  talk  on  unionism. 

The  annual  Thanksgiving  dinner  giv- 
en by  the  Auxiliary  is  for  members  (of 
Auxiliary)  only  and  their  families.  These 
dinners  and  our  social  meetings  serve 
to  bring  us  closer  together  and  to  really 
know  one  another.  A  spirit  of  camara- 
derie prevails. 

At  the  next  social  meeting  the  host- 
ess is'  planning  a  label  contest  probably 
giving  prizes  to  those  recognizing  most 
labels. 

Goods  with  the  label  that  can  be  had 
here  are:  men's  suits,  shoes,  hats,  work 
shirts,  etc.,  and  women's  shoes. 

In  the  future  we  intend  to  gather 
more  information  on  the  label,  where 
the  goods  can  be  had,  and  make  an  ef- 
fort to  place  it  in  our  stores. 

We  also  intend  to  help  create  more 
interest  among  the  Carpenters,  our 
friends  and  ourselves  to  promote  the 
further  use  of  the  union  label. 

Some  stores  are  quite  friendly  and 
advertise  the  merchandise  they  carry  as 
bearing  the  union  label. 

We  feel  that  this  effort  on  our  part 
will  be  worthwhile  in  stimulating  the 
demand  for  goods  with  the  label  and 
will  in  turn  create  a  demand  for  union 
mechanics. 

We  welcome  any  suggestions  and  cor- 
respondence from  other  Auxiliaries  and 
extend  fraternal  greetings  to  them  all. 

Mrs.  P.  O.  Shelvik,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.  180.  Amarillo,  Tex. 


No  Solomon 

There   is   a   man   in   our   town,   and   he 

was  wondrous  wise, 
He    swore    by    all    the    gods    above    he 

would  not  advertise! 
But  one  day  he  did  break  this  rule;  and 

thereby  hangs  a  tale; 
The  ad  was  set  in  real  small  type,  and 

headed  Sheriff's  Sale.  — Ex. 


Craf 


CARPENTRY 

LESSON  LXVI 
(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

Every  carpenter  has,  or  should  have 
a  method  of  doing  things,  and  so  long 
as  he  understands  it  and  gets  results, 
that  method  is  the  best  method  for  him. 
He  should  stick  to  it  until  he  finds  a 
better  method,  one  that  will  give  him 
better  results.  Slavishly  clinging  to  his 
own  method,  however,  when  a  better 
method  is  available,  is  evidence  that  he 
is  either  prejudiced  or  ignorant  or  both. 
On  the  other  hand,  picking  up  a  new 
method,  before  it  has  proved  itself  su- 
perior to  the  tried  method,  is  like  the 
action  of  fools,  who  rush  in  where 
angels  fear  to  tread. 

A  foreman  has  no  right  to  force  a 
new  method  on  a  journeyman,  if  the 
journeyman    can   get    the    same   results 


Fig.  374 


with  the  method  that  he  has  tried  and 
knows  how  to  use.  Neither  has  a  jour- 
neyman a  right  to  insist  on  using  his 
own  method,  when  it  is  obvious  that  it 
will  not  produce  the  required  results. 
What  should  be  avoided,  though,  above 
everything  else,  is  that  methodless  ac- 
tion that  one  frequently  finds,  not  only 
among  journeymen,  but  often  among 
foremen  and  superintendents.  Any 
method  is  better  than  no  method.  A 
little  incident  that  came  into  our  ex- 
perience will  illustrate  what  we  mean 
by  "no  method." 

We  were  in  charge  of  the  carpenter 
work  on  a  certain  job,  and  while  the 
excavating    was    done    we    framed    the 


roof,  so  as  to  keep  the  carpenters  work- 
ing when  not  otherwise  busy.  In  order, 
though,  to  make  the  thing  fool-proof, 
we  made  separate  piles  of  the  various 
kinds  of  rafters   that   were  required  in 


ii     |i      ii     "     ii     "      ii     "     'I      'r-ir 


Pig.    375 

the  roof.  There  were  common  rafters, 
hip  rafters,  valley  rafters,  jack  rafters, 
cripples  and  sets  of  rafters  for  gables 
and  other  secondary  roofs.  Whenever  a 
set  of  rafters  had  been  framed  and 
piled,  we  had  cleats  nailed  around  them 
in  such  a  manner  that  it  would  require 
a  wrecking  bar  to  get  to  the  rafters. 
Two  sets  of  cleats  were  nailed  on  each 
pile.  What  we  were  guarding  against, 
in  particular,  was  the  laborers  coming 
along  and  picking  up  a  rafter  and  carry- 
ing it  away  or  using  it  for  something, 
so  that  when  we  were  ready  for  the 
roof,  we  would  find  such  rafters  miss- 
ing. But  the  laborers  have  more  sense,  in 
this  case,  than  the  superintendent,  un- 
der whom  we  worked.     It  was   a  three 


Fig.    376 

story  building,  and  we  were  getting 
7eady  for  the  roof;  laying  off  the  plates 
and  doing  the  necessary  scaffolding, 
when,  lo  and  behold,  what  did  we  find? 
Without    warning    the    superintendent, 


26 


THE     CAR  P  E  N  T  1 :  It 


wlin  was  handling  the  laborers,  took  the 
gang  and  started  them  in  a  hit  or  miss 
manner,  to  carry  rafters  up  to  where 
we  were  working.  Some  brought  com- 
mon ratters,  some  hip  rafters,  some 
jacks,  some  cripples  and  some  rafters 
for  secondary  roofs — all  came,  and 
"plunk  plunk,  plunk"  the  rafters  were 
thrown  on  one  pile  regardless  of  order 
or  anything  else.  It  was  a  large  and 
complicated  roof,  and  when  we  discov- 
ered what  was  happening,  the  damage 
had  been  done.  There  was  a  mixture  of 
rafters  thrown  into  one  pile,  the  visible 
results  of  a  rattle-brain  mind  in  action. 
At  such  times,  a  foreman  feels  like  tell- 


Pig.    377 

ing  the  contractor  that  if  he  would  in- 
crease the  superintendents  wages,  and 
send  him  away  on  a  fishing  trip,  it 
would  be  a  material  saving  to  the  job. 
But  that  is  poor  policy.  Some  of  those 
superintendents,  especially  the  white- 
collared  type,  are  the  contractors'  an- 
gels, and  they,  like  kings,  can  not 
blunder,  or  take  brainless  action.  On 
the  other  hand,  some  of  the  finest  men 
we  ever  met  in  our  experience,  were 
superintendents;  men  who  co-operated 
with  the  foreman,  rather  than  hinder 
him,  by  helping,  not  knowing  what  they 
were  doing. 

Our  illustrations  for  this  lesson  deal 
with  outside  walls  of  one-story  build- 
ings.   Fig.   374  shows,  a,  an  edge  view 


=E 


Fig.   378 

of  a  studding  pattern  lying  on  a  stud- 
ding to  be  marked;  b,  shows  a  top  view 
of  the  same  lay-out;  and  c,  shows  an 
enlarged  detail  of  the  gauge  block  fast- 
ened to  one  end  of  the  pattern  studding. 


Fig.  375  shows  at  B,  a  very  common 
method  of  laying  off  plates,  which  are 
shown  lying  side  by  side,  with  the  stud- 
ding marks  on  them.  At  A  is  shown  the 
bottom    plate   nailed    in   place    and    the 


Fig.    379 

top  plate  nailed  onto  the  studding,  the 
wall  ready  to  be  raised.  When  the  wall 
is  up,  the  studding  are  toe-nailed  to  the 
bottom  plate.  Fig.  376  shows  another 
method  of  accomplishing  the  same 
thing.  At  B  the  plates  are  side  by  side, 
and  laid  off.  At  A  the  wall  is  shown 
lying  on  the  floor,  with  both  the  top  and 
bottom  plates  nailed  onto  the  studding, 
ready  to  be  raised.  When  the  wall  is 
up,  instead  of  toe-nailing  the  studding 
to  the  plate,  as  in  the  other  instance, 
the  plate  is  nailed  onto  the  floor  Fig. 
3  77  shows  the  same  wall  after  it  has 
been  raised  and  nailed  into  place.  To 
the  left  can  be  seen  the  sway  brace 
which  holds  the  wall  in  a  plumb  posi- 
tion,  one   way.     The   dotted   lines  indi- 


Fig.   380 

cate  where  possible  openings  might  be 
framed  in.  Fig.  378  shows  still  another 
method  of  putting  together  a  skeleton 
wall.  At  B  is  shown  the  top  and  bottom 
plates,  marked  for  the  studding  and  the 
trimmers  of  the  openings.  The  latter 
are  indicated  by  the  use  of  an  X-mark. 
At  A  is  shown  the  wall  lying  on  the 
floor  with  both  plates  nailed  onto  the 
studding,  and  the  openings  framed.  Fig. 
379  shows  this  wall  raised  and  braced. 
Fig.  380  shows  another  necessary  brace 
in  order  to  keep  the  wall  perfectly 
plumb,  both  ways. 

It  will  be  noticed,  that  in  the  method 
of    framing    openings    we    are    showing 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


here,  one  side  of  the  opening  is  framed 
in  such  a  manner  that  by  doubling  the 
studding  it  answers  for  a  trimmer.  This 
method  is  extensively  used  for  light 
framing,  and  on  cheap  buildings.  We 
are  planning  to  treat  the  subject  of 
framing  rough  openings  in  a  later  les- 
son of  this  series,  at  which  time  we 
will  take  up  various  methods  more  in 
detail,  and  point  out  merits  and  de- 
merits. 

We  have  purposely,  in  this  lesson,  re- 
frained from  detailed  explanations  of 
the  illustrations,  because  the  subject 
matter  is  rather  a  matter  of  common 
knowledge  among  carpenters.  But  it  be- 
longs to  carpentry,  and  therefore  we 
are  presenting  it. 


THE   FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART   TWENTY-TWO 

"Johnny,"  said  the  school  teacher, 
"what  is  three-quarters  of  five  eighths?" 
— "I  don't  know,  teacher,"  replied  the 
boy,  "But  it  certainly  cannot  be  a  hell 
of  a  lot."  While  the  boy's  answer  was 
rather  clever  it,  however,  did  not  solve 
the   problem. 

There  are  many  building  mechanics 
who  take  on  Johnny's  attitude  by  think- 
ing a  fraction  of  an  inch  does  not  matter 


It  is  very  true  that  the  carpenter  un- 
like the  structural  steel  man  is  not  re- 
quired to  work  to  sixty-fourths  or  even 
thirty-seconds  of  an  inch,  but  he  should 
ever  bear  in  mind  that  in  many  in- 
stances values  larger  than  sixteenths  of 
an  inch  should  not  be  neglected.  If  one 
of  your  studs  is  only  three-sixteenths  of 
an  inch  longer  than  the  others  your 
plate  certainly  will  have  a  hump  and 
will  not  permit  to  be  securely  nailed  to 
the  rest  of  the  upright  members.  And 
if  you  overlook  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in 
the  size  of  your  window  frame  opening 
you  certainly  will  have  to  waste  a  lot 
of  time  in  fitting  your  sash. 

In  roof  framing  the  feature  of  being 
accurate  with  small  dimensions  is  even 
more  imperative.  This  means  that  the 
length  of  the  rafters  must  be  established 
with  absolute  accuracy,  it  means  that 
the  angles  on  both  ends  of  the  roof 
members  should  be  correct,  for  if  there 
should  be  a  discrepancy  of  a  small 
fraction  of  an  inch  they  will  not  bear 
against  the  other  members  of  the  roof 
and  there  is  no  way  of  correcting  the 
mistake  except  by  cutting  a  new  timber. 

Let  us  examine  the  case  shown  in 
Pig.  1.  The  angle  at  the  bottom  cut 
has  been  wrongly  established.  There  is 
a  gap  between  the  surface  "A"  of  the 
seat  cut  and  the  top  of  the  plate 
amounting  to  %  an  inch.  Consequent- 
ly,   there    is    no    way    of    fastening    the 


Pi#r£ 


/?&£■  0£/T/?/.Y0  /7<?/7/sYSr  £/?C/S  0r//&#.   7P/£/?£  S/Y0t/Z0  0f 


very  much  in  a  piece  of  timber  15  or  20 
feet  long  and,  therefore,  there  is  noth- 
ing to  worry  about.  This  kind  of  reas- 
oning should  be  completely  eradicated 
from  the  mind  of  the  worker  as  early 
as  possible  for  if  you  do  persist  in  this 
practice — you  may  find  yourself  looking 
for  a  job  more  frequently  than  you 
would  like  to. 


rafter  to  the  plate.  This,  naturally 
weakens  the  roof  frame  and  a  few 
more  seemingly  minor  errors  like  this 
render  the  whole  roof  worthless  as  far 
as  strength  and  stability  are  concerned. 
It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  cuts 
of  rafters  are  very  important  and  frac- 
tional dimensions  should  be  strictly  ad- 
hered   to.     The    standard    Steel    Square 


28 


THE     CAKI'E  XTKR 


usually  has  fractional  scales  as  small  as 
thirty-seconds  of  an  inch  and  some 
Squares  also  have  decimal  scales.  The 
tables  on  the  Square  also  give  values  in- 
cluding quite  small  fractions  and  there 
is  no  reason  why  one  should  be  tempted 
to  neglect  these  features. 

The  subject  of  cuts  and  the  methods 


side  cuts   or  cheek  cuts.   "D"   on   Figs. 
4  and  5. 

4.  The  side  cut  angle  of  the  jack 
framing  into  the  hip  rafter  is  larger 
than  it  should  be.  This  produces  a  gap 
of  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  and  the 
jack  has  only  one  line  of  contact  with 
the  hip  along  "E  P." 


tfw-O 


FIG.  4 


F/G.5 


whereby  these  are  to  be  found  were 
treated  at  length  in  the  previous  papers 
and  now  we  will  conclude  this  chapter 
with  a  series  of  problems  which  are  in- 
teresting as  well  as  useful. 

PROBLEMS    IN   ROOF    FRAMING 

1.  What  is  the  definition  of  "top 
cut"  and  how  is  it  indicated  on  the 
diagrams? 

2.  What  is  the  bottom  cut  and  where 
is  it  shown  in  the  diagram? 

3.  What  are  side  cuts.  Identify  them 
on  the  drawings? 

4.  What  is  wrong  in  Fig.  4? 

5.  What  are  the  errors  at  "G"  and 
"H"  Fig.  6? 

Answers  To  Problems 

1.  The  cut  of  the  rafter  end  which 
rests  against  the  ridge  board  or  against 
the  opposite  rafter  is  called  the  top  cut. 
Sometimes  it  is  also  called  the  plumb 
cut.  In  Figs.  2  and  5  it  is  indicated 
by  'B." 

2.  The  cut  of  the  rafter  end  which 
rests  against  the  plate  is  called  the  bot- 
tom or  heel  cut.  It  is  shown  by  "C"  in 
Figs.  3  and  5. 

3.  Hip  and  valley  rafters  as  well  as 
all  jacks  besides  having  top  and  bottom 
cuts  must  also  have  their  sides  at  the 
end  cut  to  a  proper  angle  so  that  they 
will  fit  into  the  other  members  to  which 
they  are  to  be  framed.    These  are  called 


5.  At  "G"  the  top  cut  of  the  common 
rafter  has  been  shaped  so  as  to  permit 
only  one  line  of  contact  with  the  oppo- 
site rafter  at  "L."  The  seat  cut  along 
the  horizontal  line  "P-Q"  is  one-quarter 
of  an  inch  longer  than  it  should  be. 
This  involves  the  possibility  of  breaking 
off  the  tail  of  the  rafter. 


Plugging  Again 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

Fastening  cases  to  walls  that  are 
built  of  fireproof  material,  makes  nec- 
essary plugging.  In  the  first  place,  if 
the  case  does  not  rest  directly  on  the 
floor,  it  must  be  supported  by  fastening 
it  to  the  wall  with  plugs.  The  usual  way 
of  doing  this  is  shown  by  Fig.  1,  A. 
Here  an  apron  is  fastened  to  the  wall 
by  means  of  plugs,  which  supports  the 
case.  But  holding  the  top  of  the  case 
to  the  wall  is  the  problem  we  are  deal- 
ing with,  in  particular,  in  this  article. 
Instead  of  plugging  the  wall,  and  cut- 
ting off  the  plugs,  as  at  A,  we  make  a 
plug,  with  a  lug  that  will  extend  out 
over  the  top  of  the  case,  as  shown  at  B. 
This  lug,  as  indicated,  is  nailed  to  the 
top  of  the  case,  and  holds  it  firmly  to 
the  wall. 

In  Fig.  2,  A  represents  the  hole  in 
the  wall;  B,  a  cross  section  of  the  plug 
that  is  to  be  driven  into  the  hole,  and 
C,  a  top  view  of  the  plug,  with  the  lug 
shown  only  in  part.  If  we  compare  A 
with  B,  we  will  find  that,  apparently,  a 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


square  plug  is  to  fit  into  a  round  hole, 
and  that  is  exactly  what  it  is — a  square 


S^S^^^^^ 


^^^^^^^ 


Fig 


plug  for  a  round  hole.    By  leaving  the 
plug    square,    and    driving    it    into    the 


Fig.    2 

round  hole,  it  will  hold,  as  the  saying 
goes,  "Till  the  cows  come  home." 


Rug  Problem  Solved 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  two  practical  solu- 
tions to  Brother  Conrad's  rug  problem 
which  appeared  in  the  January,  1934, 
issue  of  "The  Carpenter." 

In  figure  1,  it  will  have  to  be  laid 
out    on    a    paper    or    board    using    the 


Square.  First,  lay  out  the  room  in  any 
size  needed.  Draw  lines  A,  B,  C.  D,  to 
determine  exact  center  of  room,  using 
inches  for  feet  and  12th  inches  for 
inches. 

Next  draw  a  circle,  the  diameter  be- 
ing the  same  as  width  of  rug,  using  the 
intersection  of  lines  A,  B,  C,  D,  as  the 


fit.  X 


pivot  of  compass.  Then  take  the  Square 
and  lay  on  plan  with  inside  of  Square's 
blade  on  the  outside  edge  of  circle  and 
swing  around  circle  until  inside  corner 
of  Square  touches  one  end  of  room  and 
figures  representing  width  of  rug  on  the 


30 


T  H  K     CARPEN  T  E  R 


tongue  of  Square  touch  side  of  room. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  use  fine  lines 
and  sec  that  Square  and  figures  touch 
all  points  mentioned.  Then  read  the 
length  of  rug  on  the  blade.  Or  draw  a 
line  along  inside  of  Square  and  meas- 
ure: iliis  will  give  exact  length  of  rug 
of  any  size  room. 

In  figure  2,  find  center  of  room  by 
striking  lines  A,  B,  C,  D.  Drive  nail  at 
intersection  of  lines;  hang  steel  Square 
on  nail  and  swing  across  corners  as  il- 
lustrated by  wide  dotted  lines  until  you 
touch  each  wall  at  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  using 
any  length  on  tape  to  get  approximately 
the  width  of  rug.  Strike  a  line  half 
way  between  points  1  and  4,  also  2  and 
3,  which  will  give  center  of  rug.  Meas- 
ure each  way  one-half  of  width  of  rug, 
then  strike  lines  to  intersect  with  wall. 
This  will  give  length  of  rug  by  measur- 
ing between  points  where  lines  touch 
the  walls. 

Ben  L.  Steele, 
L.  U.  No.  185.  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

*      *      * 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

May  I  offer  my  solution  to  Brother 
Conrad's  problem? 

Suppose  we  were  to  frame  a  hip  or 
valley  rafter,  whose  total  thickness  was 
3'  9",  would  not  the  operation  in  this 
case  be  the  same  as  if  we  were  to  use 
2"  material  with  regards  to  getting 
lengths  and  cheek  cut?    (Surely.) 

Would  not  the  back  edge  of  valley  or 
hip   after   you   have   deducted   half   the 


il  i — .  y 


I 


I  i ,  \A.Yx  irrrn 


ce»-    x^2 


AV 


14'^'*-"% 


/2" 


\ 


'4 

thickness  of  valley  or  hip  and  have 
made  your  cheek  cut,  be  the  length  of 
carpet? 

Reduce  your  feet  and  inches  in  this 
way. 

First,   14'  3"  to  14%" 

Second,  12'  to  12" 


Third,   3'  9"  to  3  %  " 
Fourth,  half  of  carpet  1%" 
Length    of    carpet    shown    by    Square 
15   1/16"  or  15  feet   %" 

Paul  Edging, 
Cleveland,  O. 
*      *      *         , 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  my  solution  and  for- 
mula for  getting  the  Carpet  length  laid 
diagonally  in  a  room  as  asked  for  in  the 
January  issue  of  "The  Carpenter"  by 
Brother  G.  L.  Conrad.   . 

By  using  the  old  square  rule,  (as 
shown  in  Fig.  1),  I  find  the  relation  in 
figures,  that  the  Hypotenuse  of  a  right 
triangle  has  to  both  the  base  and  al- 
titude. The  reason  for  doing  this  is, 
that  since  the  hypotenuses  of  Right  tri- 
angles R  B  S  and  K  C  W  are  given,  a 
formula  must  be  given  whereby  the  base 
and  altitude  can  be  found  of  large  right 
tirangles  S  D  W  and  R  A  K  in  order  to 
obtain  the  length   of  Carpet  to  be  cut, 


FioM 


which  in  this  case  is  the  Hypotenuse 
of  the  larger  Right  triangles,  and  also 
form  a  right  angle  where  the  hypot- 
enuses of  the  two  right  triangles  R  B  S 
and  R  A  K  intersect. 

In  Fig.  I  of  Right  Triangle  M  O  H, 
3  squared  plus  4  squared  equals  5 
squared. 

(1.)      Solving,   9  plus   16  equals  25. 

(2.)  Then  altitude  M  O  squared 
equals  9/25  of  Hypotenuse  M  H  squared. 

(3.)  In  like  manner,  Base  O  H 
squared  equals  16/25  of  Hypotenuse  M 
H  squared. 

(4.)  By  using  these  two  formulas  in 
Fig.   2,  Base  B  S  and  altitude  B  R  can 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


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9! K       3' 


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SCALE    &'=/' 


(5.)  3.75  feet  squared  equals  14.- 
0625 

(6.)  9/25  of  14.0625  equals  5.0625 
(in  (.2)  )  and  since  5.0625  is  squared, 
then  B  R  equals  2.25  feet. 


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THE     CARPENTER 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX  AND   OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
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of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
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(7.)  And  solving  for  Base  B  S,  (in 
(3.)   )  we  have,  B  S  equals  3  feet. 

(8.)  Since  length  of  room  is  14.25 
feet  then  A  R  equals  14.25 — 2.25  equals 
12  feet.  In  like  manner,  since  width  of 
room  is  12  feet,  A  K  equal  9  feet. 

(9.)  Solving  as  in  (I),  we  have,  81 
plus  144  equals  R  K  squared.  Solving, 
R  K  equals  15  feet,  or  length  of  Carpet 
to  be  cut  so  when  laid  diagonally  in  the 
room  the  corners  of  the  Carpet  will  just 
touch  the  sides  of  the  room  and  both 
ends  of  the  Carpet  will  be  square. 

I  hope  this  is  the  formula  that  Mr. 
Conrad  wants  and  that  others  who  have 
answered  problems  in  the  past  issues  of 
"The  Carpenter"  will  take  Mr.  Conrad's 
suggestion  and  send  both  solution  or 
formula  with  problem  instead  of  just 
the  answer.    Because  we  readers  of  "The 


Carpenter"  want  to  benefit  by  the  prob- 
lems instead  of  just  reading  a  batch 
of  figures  that  mean  nothing  at  all  to 
the  average  carpenter  unless  he  was 
fortunate  enough  to  have  studied  and 
mastered  higher  mathematics.  For  my 
opinion  is,  the  person  who  can  explain 
himself  in  terms  simple  enough  for  the 
average  person  to  grasp  shows  his  edu- 
cation far  more  than  the  one  who  tries 
to  have  his  work  look  like  "A  Chinese 
Puzzle." 

Lon  W.   Skinner, 
L.  U.  No.   678.  Dubuque,  la. 


The  happiness  of  your  life  depends 
upon  the  quality  of  your  thoughts. — 
Marcus  Aurelius. 


Keep  Your  Dues  Paid  Up 


MASTER     CRAFTSMEN 

tUe&e  ^kcfcY) eviLvia  &tan,e£- 

Tools  to  carve  such  delicate  details  as  shown 
on  this  mantel  must  be  just  right.  A  bit  of 
splintered  wood,  and  weeks  of  work  are 
gone  for  nothing.  Any  craftsman  who  takes 
pride  in  his  tools  will  want  a  wCarborun- 
dum"  Brand  Combination  Sharpening  Stone. 

In  a  jiffy  the  coarse  grit  side  takes  out 
nicks,  brings  the  tool  to  an  edge;  in  another 
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OLD  FRIENDS 

"It's  the  friends  who  are  hehind  you, 

You  depend  on  all  the  time; 
Not  the  friends  you'll  meet  to-morrow, 

Or  the  friends  of  pomp  and  style. 
When  you're  up  against  the  battle, 

For  they  always  back  you  up. 
It's  the  old  friends  who  are  with  you 

For  a  goal  or  silver  cup. 

"You  need  not  turn  to  see  them, 

You  must  know  that  they  are  there; 
They  follow  where  you're  going 

And  they're  with  you  everywhere. 
You  can  center  your  attention 

On  the  work  you  have  to  do, 
For  you  know,  should  danger  threaten, 

That  your  friends  are  back  of  you. 

"Afraid?    Go  forward  bravely, 

You  don't  have  to  fight  alone; 
There  are  good  friends  glad  to  follow, 

And  they'll  make  their  presence  known. 
Tho'  the  throng  grows  thick  about  you, 

And  your  faith  is  sorely  tried, 
Friends  are  coming  up  behind  you, 

And  they'll  battle  at  your  side." 

— Ex. 


THE     CARPENTER 


MILLMEN    MEET   TO    PLAN    STRONGER 
ORGANIZATION 


^(Td^  URSUANT  to  invitations 
issued  by  the  Millmens 
Locals  of  Chicago,  with 
sanction  of  the  Chicago 
District  Council  and  Gen- 
eral President  Hutcheson, 
a  millmen's  conference  was  held  at  Car- 
penters Council  Hall,  Chicago,  Illinois, 
Februai-y  24th  and  25th.  There  were  in 
attendance,  forty  delegates  representing 
one  State  Council;  five  District  Councils 
and  nineteen  Local  Unions,  from  the 
following  seven  states:  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa  and 
Missouri. 

This  conference  marks  the  beginning 
of  co-operative  efforts  on  a  broader  plan 
than  heretofore  to  improve  working  con- 
ditions for  those  of  our  members  who 
follow  mill  work  for  a  livelihood.  It 
marks  a  departure  from  the  time  worn 
policy  of  concerning  ourselves  only  with 
the  local  conditions  in  the  community 
where  we  live  and  work.  The  ultimate 
results  of  this  beginning  of  extended  co- 
operation will  depend  upon  the  extent 
to  which  this  new  policy  is  applied.  It 
was  started  with  the  sole  thought  and 
purpose  of  strengthening  the  millmen 
section  of  our  organization  in  Chicago 
and  neighboring  districts,  taking  in  a 
five  hundred  mile  radius.  The  work  of 
the  conference  was  confined  to  discus- 
sion of  constructive  means  of  strength- 
ening the  organization  with  a  view  to 
securing  improved  working  conditions 
and  a  shorter  work  week. 

All  new  undertakings  and  departures 
from  customary  procedure  can  be  traced 
to  some  definite  cause,  and  so  also  was 
the  case  in  this  instance.  When  the  pres- 
ent millmens  agreement  in  the  Chicago 
district  was  negotiated,  the  employers 
association  insisted  on  basing  the  Chi- 
cago millmens  wage  scale  on  the  aver- 
age wage  paid  in  all  shops,  union  and 
non-union,  within  a  radius  of  five  hun- 
dred miles  from  Cook  County  in  which 
Chicago  is  located.  This  proposal,  our 
Millmens  Arbitration  Board  promptly 
refused  to  consider.  This  refusal  finally 
resulted  in  an  agreement  that  the  scale 
be  based  on  the  average  wage  paid  in 
union  shops  within  five  hundred  miles 
of  Chicago,  with  the  provision  that  the 
Chicago  scale  should  be  fifteen  per  cent 
over  and  above  the  average  wage  paid 
in  union  shops  within  the  prescribed  five 


hundred  miles  radius.  This  method  of 
determining  the  scale  did  not  augur 
well  for  the  Chicago  millmen,  for  it  re- 
sulted in  the  scale  being  reduced  to 
seventy-five  cents  per  hour.  This  gave 
rise  to  the  thought  that  since  the  em- 
ployers have  embarked  the  policy  of 
basing  the  wage  scale  on  the  average 
wage  paid  within  the  prescribed  radius, 
it  is  logical  to  assume  that  they  will 
seek  to  prevail  on  the  employers  in  other 
cities  within  that  radius  to  do  likewise. 
Whether  that  will  be  the  order  of  pro- 
cedure remains  to  be  seen. 

If,  however,  that  policy  should  not  be 
applied  beyond  the  Chicago  district, 
there  are  other  reasons  that  should 
prompt  every  effort  to  be  made  to  estab- 
lish closer  contact  and  co-operation  be- 
tween the  Local  Unions  and  District 
Councils  within  neighboring  localities; 
for  let  it  be  remembered  that  when  the 
wage  scale  is  reduced  in  one  locality  it 
tends  invariably  to  reduce  the  wage 
scale  in  neighboring  localities,  and 
when  an  unduly  low  wage  scale  is  set 
for  one  district,  it  adversely  affects  the 
neighboring  districts  and  tends  to  force 
reduction  in  wages.  Especially  is  this 
true  if  the  mills  in  the  low  wage  dis- 
tricts have  the  capacity  for  large  vol- 
ume production,  which  means  that  they 
become  potent  competitors  in  the  neigh- 
boring districts — able  to  sell  their  prod- 
ucts at  low  prices. 

And  speaking  of  neighboring  locali- 
ties, we  do  not  mean  only  the  city  near- 
est to  ours,  for  the  modern  freight 
transportation  compels  us  to  consider  a 
locality  several  hundred  miles  distant 
as  our  neighbor,  due  to  the  fact  that  a 
mammoth  motor  truck  may  be  loaded  at 
the  factory,  and  overnight,  or  within 
twenty-four  hours,  delivery  is  made  at 
much  lower  cost  than  was  possible  only 
a  few  years  ago. 

Since  the  employers  have  embarked 
on  the  policy  of  basing  the  wage  scale  on 
the  average  wage  paid  within  five  hun- 
dred miles  of  the  Chicago  district  we 
must  regard  all  wood  working  establish- 
ments within  that  radius  as  immediate 
neighboring  establishments,  and  the 
men  employed  therein  as  our  neighbors, 
and  as  neighbors  we  must  pull  together 
if  we  hope  to  improve  our  working  con- 
ditions. 


THE     CARPENTER 


-  A  checkup  on  the  percentage  of  mill- 
men  organized,  and  the  wages  paid  with- 
in the  five  hundred  miles  radius  pre- 
sents a  picture  that  needs  a  good  deal 
of  touching  up.  Too  poorly  organized, 
and  in  consequence  thereof,  entirely  too 
low  wages  (including  Chicago)  is  the 
inescapable  conclusion. 

A  strong  organization  tightly  knitted 
together,  taking  into  account  not  only 
local  conditions,  but  conditions  in  neigh- 
boring localities  as  well,  is  the  para- 
mount requisite  for  obtaining  a  living 
wage  and  for  adjusting  working  hours 
to  assure  employment,  and  to  expel 
that  ghastly  nightmare — unemployment 
and  fear  of  unemployment  when  em- 
ployed. 

The  representatives  attending  the 
conference  deserve  commendation.  It 
was  not  a  weeping  party  shedding  tears 
over  things  that  are  associated  with  by- 
gone days.  They  set  to  work  promptly 
to  chart  a  course  for  the  future  of  the 
Millmens  Organization.  First  on  their 
program,  and  fittingly  so,  was  the  ques- 
tion of  how  to  build  up  the  numerical 
strength  of  the  organization,  realizing 
that  to  secure  favorable  Avorking  condi- 
tions it  is  of  utmost  importance  to  build 
a  strong  organization.  Wisely,  the  con- 
ference resolved  to  place  a  greater  value 
on  men  and  membership  than  on  dol- 
lars. They  decided  to  urge  all  local  un- 
ions within  the  five  hundred  miles  dis- 
trict to  remove  the  barrier  of  high  ini- 
tiation fee  to  enable  every  millman  out- 
side the  organization  to  become  a  mem- 
ber, and  to  leave  no  other  excuse  but 
downright  stupidity  for  anyone  to  re- 
fuse to  join.  The  resolution  adopted 
urged  that  all  Local  Unions  adopt  the 
dispensation  granted  by  the  General 
President  October  5th,  1933,  which  per- 
mits Local  Unions  to  admit  to  member- 
ship any  qualified  applicant  upon  ad- 
vance payment  of  three  months'  dues, 
which  in  reality  means  that  no  initiation 
fee  is  charged,  and  that  the  only  finan- 
cial requirement  is  that  three  months 
dues  accompany  the  application.  The 
Chicago  millmens  Locals  have  taken  ad- 
vantage of  this  dispensation  with  fair 
success,  considering  the  unfavorable 
times  and  widespread  unemployment, 
which  gives  promise  of  much  better  re- 
sults if  work  opportunities  increase. 
Secondly,  the  resolution  urged  that  Lo- 
cal Unions  of  outside  carpenters,  where 
there  is  no  local  of  millmen,  should  do 
all  in  their  power  to  organize  those  em- 


ployed in  the  mills  and  shops,  and  as 
soon  as  there  is  a  large  enough  group  of 
millmen  in  a  mixed  local  of  outside  and 
inside  men,  a  local  of  inside  men  should 
be  formed.  This  decision  it  will  be  read- 
ily understood,  is  based  on  the  belief 
that  if  the  millmen  are  organized  in 
separate  locals  they  will  take  greater 
interest  in  their  organization. 

On  the  question  of  hours  and  wages 
the  conference  adopted  the  following 
declaration:  The  working  hours  in  any 
locality  should  not  exceed  eight  hours 
per  day  and  forty  hours  per  week,  and 
every  effort  should  be  made  to  reduce 
the  hours  worked  to  thirty  hours  per 
week.  Where  the  hours  may  be  reduced 
from  eight  hours  a  day,  the  wage  scale 
per  hour  should  be  proportionately  in- 
creased so  that  the  weekly  wage  for  a 
shorter  work  week  would  not  be  less 
than  the  weekly  full  time  pay  for  the 
forty  hour  week.  On  C.  W.  A.  work, 
where  millmen  may  be  employed  at  out- 
side work,  they  should  receive  the  out- 
side men's  scale,  and  where  no  agree- 
ments are  in  effect  the  scale  set  by  the 
government  for  building  trades  mechan- 
ics should  be  demanded.  The  govern- 
ment's building  trades  scale  per  hour  is: 

For  the  Southern  Zone $1.00 

For  the  Central  Zone $1.10 

For  the  Nortern  Zone $1.20 

The  resolution  further  declares:  "We 
must  co-operate  as  closely  as  possible 
and  assist  each  other  as  a  unit  in  case 
of  strikes  or  lockouts,  with  the  final  aim 
of  establishing  working  agreements 
with  uniform  hours  and  a  uniform  basis 
for  wage  scales.  That  is  to  say,  in  cities 
where  the  living  cost  is  equal  the  wage 
scales  should  be  equal,  and  the  wage 
scale  should  vary  in  amount  only  in 
proportion  as  the  cost  of  living  may 
vary  in  the  different  localities." 

The  conference  further  decided  to  re- 
quest the  general  officers  to  do  all  in 
their  power  to  organize  several  shops  in 
Grand  R.apids,  Michigan,  where  some  of 
the  manufacturers  are  paying  extremely 
low  wages,  basing  the  wage  for  skilled 
labor  on  the  lumber  code.  The  resolu- 
tion urged  the  members  to  be  on  their 
guard  in  cities  where  the  products  of 
these  shops  are  to  be  installed.  The 
wages  paid  skilled  mechanics  in  these 
shops  range  from  thirty  to  thirty-six 
cents  per  hour. 

No  code  having  as  yet  been  adopted 
for  the  mill-woodworking  industry,  the 


t  ii  1:    carpen  i  i   i: 


conference  decided  to  request  that  the 
General  President  or  any  person  he  may 
assign  to  represent  the  United  Brother- 
hood al  code  hearings  endeavor  to  have 
included  in  the  code,  wage  provisions  at 
the  rate  of  Seventy-five  cents  (75c)  for 
the  Southern  Zone;  Eighty-five  cents 
i  85c)  for  the  Central  Zone,  and  Ninety- 
live  cents  (95c)  for  the  Northern  Zone, 
and  while  the  wage  scales  stipulated  in 
existing  agreements  are  lower,  the  point 
was  stressed  that  during  the  time,  since 
the  agreements  were  made,  the  cost  of 
living  has  advanced  considerably  as  a 
direct  result  of  the  application  of  the 
National  Industrial  Recovery  Act,  while 
wages  have,  so  far  as  the  woodworking 
industry  is  concerned,  remained  un- 
changed. And  inasmuch  as  the  National 
Industrial  Recovery  Act  was  designed  to 
raise  both  wages  and  prices,  and  em- 
phasizes the  imperative  need  of  raising 
wages  in  order  to  place  greater  purchas- 
ing power  in  the  hands  of  the  workers, 
thus  aiming  to  effect  a  more  equitable 
distribution  of  the  wealth,  the  sole  aim 
of  the  act  being  to  so  apportion  the  pro- 
ceeds from  productive  labor  as  to  pre- 
vent periodically  recurring  depressions. 
Therefore  the  wage  rates  proposed  were 
considered  to  be  conservative  and  in 
harmony  with  the  Recovery  Act.  In  fur- 
ther support  of  the  proposed  wage  rates, 
attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the 
wages  being  paid  in  the  woodworking- 
mill  industry  are  unreasonably  low  and 
do  not  bear  a  fair  comparison  to  the 
wages  paid  in  the  building  industry. 

To  effectuate  the  announced  purposes 
of  the  conference  to  establish  closer  con- 
tact and  co-operation  between  the  Local 
Unions  and  District  Councils,  the  con- 
ference selected  the  Chicago  District 
Council  to  act  as  a  fact  finding  body  to 
receive  reports  on  wages  paid  and  hours 
worked  in  the  various  localities  within 
five  hundred  miles  of  Chicago.  It  is  of 
course  understood,  that  this  fact  find- 
ing function  does  not  relieve  the  Local 
Unions  and  District  Councils  of  the  duty 
of  rendering  reports  to  the  General 
Office  as  per  constitutional  provisions, 
and  that  it  is  primarily  and  solely  de- 
signed to  create  a  more  intimate  rela- 
tionship between  the  Local  bodies  with- 
in the  five  hundred  mile  radius. 

Admittedly,  all  of  these  things  con- 
stitute a  big  order,  but  if  the  decisions 
made  by  the  conference  are  enthusias- 
tically received  and  supported  by  all  the 
local    bodies,    we    shall    have    sown    the 


seed  that  will  bear  fruit  in  the  form  of  a 
stronger  organization  and  improved 
working  conditions.  But  let  it  be  re- 
membered that  merely  passing  resolu- 
tions and  making  declarations  becomes 
an  idle  gesture  unless  we  follow  up  with 
well  planned  action  and  a  determina- 
tion to  do  the  things  we  have  resolved 
to  do.  Judging  from  the  interest  shown 
by  the  representatives  attending  the 
conference  we  have  reason  to  believe 
that  they  will  follow  up  with  vigorous 
support  of  the  measures  decided  upon, 
but  let  us  remind  that  this  is  not  a  one 
man  job,  and  that  to  accomplish  these 
things  requires  whole-hearted  and  en- 
thusiastic support  from  the  Local  Un- 
ions and  District  Councils.  Determina- 
tion and  enthusiasm  is  the  motive  pow- 
er,— the  driving  force  of  every  worth- 
while movement.  Put  that  power  to 
work  at  constructive  teamwork. 

By:    Chas.  H.  Sand,  Secretary, 
CHICAGO    DISTRICT    COUNCIL 
OF   CARPENTERS 


Musings  of  a  Brother 

I   joined  this   Local  Union  in   nineteen   twenty- 
four  ;  1 
The  members   then  were  many,   they   numbered 

by   the  score. 
The  meetings  were  called  to  order  by  Ed  Hall 

in  the  chair, 
And    the    minutes    were    kept    by    Chariot,    who 

always   kept  them  square. 
George   Wilis   was   then   Conductor   and    passed 

around  the  floor ; 
While    Houghton    filled    the    Vice's    chair,    and 

Sehagel   kept   the  door. 
Fred  Luke  was  Business  Agent,  and  it  kept  him 

on   the   run 
With  everybody  busy  and  building  on  tlie  hum. 
The  hall  was   filled  with   members,   most   every 

Tuesday  night  ; 
We  had  money  in  the  treasury  and  everything 

looked  bright. 
We   sailed   along   quite   smoothly   and   paid   our 

bills  on  time, 
And  helped  unlucky  brothers  when  we  had  an 

extra   dime. 
But    when    depression    came    along    and    work 

went  on  the  bum, 
We   began   to  lose   our   members,   as   they   went 

broke  one   by  one, 
The     membership     has     dwindled,     until     now, 

there's  just   a  few 
Who    give    their    time    and   money    to    pull    this 

Local   through. 
George   Wills   now   is    Business   Agent,    and    Ed 

Hall  keeps  the  dough  ;  I 

While   Chariot   reads   the   minutes,    "Just   as   he 

did  before." 
Sehagel    is    Conductor,    and    Arthurs    fills    the 

chair. 
While    Bakke    is    the    substitute    when   Arthurs 

isn't    there. 
They  all  come  out  to  meet  every  Tuesday  night ; 
They   try   to   keep   things  going   and   work   with 

all   their   might. 

The  rest  are  Loyal  Brothers, 
And  stand  right  at  their  backs  ; 
So  this  Union  will  be  ready 
When   this   old   depression   cracks. 

J.    O.   Dix, 

L.  U.  No.   756.  Bellingham,  Wash. 


THE     CARPENTER 


THE  RIGHT  TO  ORGANIZE 

(By  William  Green,  President,  A.  F.  of  L. ) 


HE  right  to  organize  in 
unions  of  their  own 
choosing  has  been  legally 
assured  Labor  by  a  num- 
ber of  separate  legislative 
enactments.  If  Labor  has 
this  right,  then  it  has  the  right  to  ex- 
ercise it  freely  and  without  intimida- 
tion. Any  infringement  of  such  right  is 
illegal  and  unwarranted.  These  seem 
like  very  obvious  axioms  and  the  neces- 
sity for  their  restatement  reflects  the 
lack  of  respect  in  the  way  employers 
are  observing  the  latest  enactment  of 
Labor's  right  to  organize — Section  7  of 
the  National  Industrial  Recovery  Act, 
which  is  the  one  mandatory  provision 
in  all  codes. 

First,  industrial  representatives  tried 
to  nullify  the  law  by  writing  restric- 
tions and  modifications  into  the  codes. 
A  few  of  such  codes  were  approved. 
Later  the  President  ruled  that  Section 
7  could  not  be  modified.  Still  modifi- 
cations of  this  section  were  included  in 
codes  submitted  to  the  National  Recov- 
ery Administration — some  were  prompt- 
ly eliminated  while  in  other  cases  the 
deputy  took  the  position  that  only  the 
President  should  eliminate  such  illegal 
provisions.  Consequently  codes  are  pub- 
lished as  approved  which  contain  re- 
strictions on  the  workers'  right  to  or- 
ganize carrying  inconspicuous  footnotes 
that  the  President  deleted  the  provi- 
sions. All  of  these  things  reflect  an  un- 
willingness to  obey  the  law  and  the  will 
to  evade  it.  It  is  expressly  an  organiza- 
tion of  industry  based  on  a  denial  of 
rights  to  a  very  large  group.  This  situ- 
ation must  be  changed  as  a  basis  for 
justice  to  Labor.  Finally  on  December 
18  the  President  approved  the  extension 
of  a  code  containing  the  interpretation 
which  he  himself  had  declared  should 
not  be  included  in  any  code. 

At  the  very  heart  of  justice  for  Labor 
lies  the  right  to  organize — to  plan  and 
direct  decisions  to  promote  the  welfare 
of  wage  earners.  Organization  of  labor 
in  unions  is  primarily  the  concern  of  la- 
bor, to  be  guided  and  promoted  by  the 
workers  themselves.  Recognition  of  this 
right  to  organize  and  select  their  own 
representatives  is  specifically  stated  in 
the  National  Recovery  Act.  Any  em- 
ployer who  interferes  with  this  right  by 


attempting  to  control  or  dictate  forms 
or  policies  is  clearly  violating  the  law. 
Any  employer  who  prescribes  a  form  of 
organization,  pays  the  workers  who 
serve  in  the  organization,  who  issues 
propaganda  for  his  own  organization 
and  against  the  union,  is  clearly  trying 
to  coerce  or  control  his  employes'  choice 
of  representation. 

The  Railroad  Administrator  after  a 
careful  inquiry  into  the  facts  has  or- 
dered railway  executives  to  keep  their 
hands  off  of  employe  representation 
plans. 

Neither  can  an  employer  insist  upon 
"dealing  with"  his  employes  as  individ- 
uals. Such  a  one-sided  "bargain"  is  so 
obviously  flagrantly  unfair  that  no  im- 
partial person  could  support  it.  Section 
7  (b)  of  the  Recovery  Act  is  mandatory 
— the  President  must  encourage^  collec- 
tive agreements  in  those  industries  cov- 
ered by  codes. 

Clearly  in  the  coming  era  in  indus- 
trial relationships,  collective  bargaining 
is  one  of  the  necessary  agencies  for  bal- 
ance in  industrial  progress.  The  sooner 
employers  recognize  the  constructive 
value  of  this  development  and  turn  to  de- 
veloping the  spirit  and  technique  of  co- 
operation, the  sooner  they  will  remove 
causes  of  strife  and  discontent,  the  ex- 
travagance of  the  spy  system,  lawyer 
fees,  injunction  costs,  the  expense  of 
anti-labor  lobbies,  of  constant  conniving 
to  frustrate  the  efforts  of  employes  to 
form  unions. 

The  success  of  the  National  Recovery 
Administration  will  not  rest  upon  its 
recognition  or  acceptance  of  the  right 
of  workers  to  organize  and  select  their 
own  representatives  with  all  the  impli- 
cations of  these  rights.  Upon  this  cor- 
nerstone we  can  build  honest  and  just 
industrial  relations  and  assure  workers 
sound  and  lasting  progress.  Any  com- 
promise or  faltering  in  this  issue  will 
move  us  more  quickly  toward  revolution 
and  overthrow  of  existing  institutions. 


The  Panama  canal  can  accommodate 
any  ship  afloat,  being  110  wide  in  the 
lock  chamber.  The  largest  vessel  in 
operation  is  the  S.  S.  Majestic,  100  feet 
1  inch  wide.  The  S.  S.  Leviathan  is 
the  widest  American  vessel  and  has  a 
breadth  of  100  feet  3  inches. 


TITE     CARPENTER 


PLEADS    FOR    RECOVERY    THROUGH    REVIVED 
CONSTRUCTION  ACTIVITY 


<g@  PLEA  for  revival  of  busi- 
ness generally  through 
stimulation  of  the  con- 
struction industry  be- 
yond present  efforts  has 
been  made  by  A.  Pearson 
Hoover,  president  of  the  Investing  and 
Contracting  Builders'  Association,  in 
Niw   York. 

Mr:  Hoover  expresses  views  vigorous- 
ly, some  of  them  in  line  with  the  views 
of  labor,  some  conflicting  with  the  views 
of  labor,  but  all  of  them  interesting  and 
worthy  of  consideration.  That  private 
capital  will  ever  return  to  the  position 
of  strength  which  he  appears  to  hope 
for,  seems  unlikely,  but  his  desire  that 
the  Government  should  give  construc- 
tion a  larger  place  in  its  recovery  pro- 
gram is  surely  one  that  needs  to  be 
emphasized. 

"A  great  step  forward  could  be 
made,"  Mr.  Hoover  says,  "If  in  the  allo- 
cation of  Government  funds,  the  key 
industry  to  recovery,  which  is  the  con- 
struction industry,  were  kept  constantly 
in  mind,  and  encouragement  given  to 
private  initiative  in  the  development 
of  projects,  self-supporting  and  self- 
liquidating,  where  employment  could  be 
readily  secured  in  the  most  important  of 
all  groups — the  durable  goods  group. 

"We  have  today,  so  far  as  govern- 
mental and  low-cost  housing  is  con- 
cerned, superseded  the  question  of  re- 
covery to  that  of  social  welfare  reform. 
We  gain  nothing  by  keeping  constantly 
in  mind  certain  well-developed  ideas 
for  the  far-distant  future,  for  what  we 
are  after  is  to  start  the  nation  immedi- 
ately on  the  road  to  recovery.  That  is 
our  problem.  At  present  we  are  after 
business  recovery,   not  reform. 

"In  the  end,  private  funds,  not  gov- 
ernmental funds,  will  eventually  pull 
us  out  of  the  depression.  We  spend  in 
one  year,  under  normal  conditions, 
about  twelve  times,  in  the  durable  goods 
group,  the  amount  allocated  to  be  spent 
over  a  three-year  period  by  the  Public 
Works  Administration. 

"We  are  receiving  suggestions  rela- 
tive to  low-cost  housing  through  a  gov- 
ernmental agency  having  all  the  powers 
necessary  to  own,  construct,  and  oper- 
ate. That  in  itself  will  tend  to  discour- 
age and  compete  with  private  endeavors, 


the  very  thing  that  is  not  to  be  desired 
from  a  standpoint  of  business  recovery. 

"The  program  of  the  Civil  Works 
Administration,  spending  about  $400,- 
000,000  for  the  purpose  of  employment, 
to  take  up  the  slack  between  the  time 
of  actual  operation  of  the  construction 
program  under  the  Public  Works  Ad- 
ministration was  laudable  from  a  relief 
standpoint,  but  gave  practically  nothing 
from  the  angle  of  contribution  toward 
sustained  business  recovery.  It  did  not 
affect  employment  in  the  durable  goods 
group. 

"If  the  $400,000,000  had  been  quick- 
ly and  effectively  put  to  work  under  a 
housing  program,  through  private  initi- 
ative, which  could  and  should  have  been 
done,  the  relief  program  would  still 
have  been  accomplished  and  a  decided 
step  toward  solving  the  problem  of  un- 
employment in  the  durable  goods  indus- 
tries would  have  occurred. 

"While  there  has  been  a  great  deal 
of  talk  concerning  the  over-production  in 
all  lines  of  building  endeavors,  the  fact 
remains  that  today  we  have  a  shortage 
in  buildings  of  practically  all  lines  of 
industry.  This  feeling  of  construction 
overproduction  has  been  seriously  stat- 
ed in  every  depression  and  invariably 
events  have  proved  that  such  theory  was 
erroneous. 

"That  a  building  shortage  exists  will 
be  amply  sustained  when,  through  the 
return  of  normal  business  activities, 
doubling  up  in  apartments  and  houses 
will  cease  and  the  natural  expansion  of 
business  activities  will  require  more 
space.  When  this  occurs  a  construction 
boom  will  be  on  in  full  force.  The  prac- 
tical cessation  of  the  construction  in- 
dustry over  a  period  of  four  years  could 
not  but  produce  a  shortage. 

"It  would  seem  therefore  that,  if  we 
are  to  make  a  contribution  toward  the 
return  of  normal  business  activity,  a 
more  appreciative  attitude  should  be 
manifested  both  by  lending  institutions 
and  the  Government  toward  the  employ- 
ment of  idle  workers  in  the  construction 
industry  of  the  durable  goods  group. 

"Business  recovery  depends  upon 
profits,  not  higher  prices.  Debts  are 
paid  by  profits  and  by  higher  real 
wages,  not  by  prices.    Reasonable  profits 


THE     CARPENTER 


upon  a  construction  operation  under 
governmental  regulation  and  control  are 
quite  in  keeping  with  the  objective  of 
the  National  Recovery  Act. 

"Certain  fundamental  economic  laws 
have  a  habit  of  working  quietly  but 
surely,  irrespective  of  legislative  acts  or 


social  sentimental  reasons  to  the  con- 
trary. Profits  are  essential  to  recovery. 
What  is  needed  is  the  revival  of  the  con- 
struction indu&try  as  the  key  depart- 
ment in  the  durable  goods  group  as  an 
essential  requirement  toward  business 
recovery." 


TRADE    UNIONISM    FLIES    ITS    FLAG    UNDAUNTED 

(By  John  P.  Frey) 


OR  years  an  easily  recog- 
nized type  of  intellectual 
has  found  certain  periodi- 
cals eager  to  publish  ac- 
counts of  the  short-com- 
^^'^  la  ings  and  incompetency  of 
the  American  trade  union  movement 
and  its  leaders. 

In  recent  months  there  has  been  a  re- 
vival of  these  criticisms. 

Our  movement  is  accused  of  lack  of 
understanding  and  vision;  of  incompe- 
tency in  carrying  out  the  program  it 
adopts,  and  of  failure  to  change  its  form 
of  organization  so  that  wage  earners  can 
more  successfully  deal  with  the  prob- 
lems created  by  existing  industrial  de- 
velopments. 

Any  sincere,  fair-minded  student  of 
the  American  trade  union  movement 
will  have  no  difficulty  in  discovering 
that  the  leaders  are  not  wholly  satisfied 
with  the  structure  or  the  accomplish- 
ments of  American  trade  unionism. 

The  official  and  local  trade  union  pub- 
lications; the  conventions  of  the  inter- 
national unions  and  those  of  the  de- 
partments of  the  A.  F.  of  L.,  and  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor  it- 
self, are  filled  with  evidence  that  the 
American  trade  union  movement  is  care- 
fully examining  the  weaknesses  which 
may  exist  in  its  structure,  its  policy  and 
its  program,  and  endeavoring  to  re- 
shape all  of  these  so  that  wage  earners 
will  be  in  better  position  to  deal  with 
their  problems. 

No  trade  unionist  has  intimated  that 
the  American  trade  union  movement  is 
perfect.  There  has  always  been  an  agree- 
ment among  the  trade  unionists  that 
their  movement  falls  far  short  of  per- 
fection. It  does  not  move  with  the  co- 
hesion of  snappy,  uniformed,  thoroughly 
drilled  troops.  It  does  not  maneuver 
with  the  perfection  of  a  highly  disci- 
plined army.  It  could  not,  because  of 
the  character  of  the  struggle  which  has 


been  forced  upon  it. 

The  American  trade  union  movement 
has  been  in  the  trenches  from  the  begin- 
ning; at  times  little  more  than  a  thin 
line  of  determined  men,  engaged  against 
tremendous  odds  in  an  effort  to  protect 
the  wage  earners'  right  to  organize,  and 
protect  their  interests  through  collec- 
tive bargaining. 

For  a  generation  or  more  American 
trade  unionists  have  been  faced  by  pow- 
erful, aggressive,  determined  organiza- 
tions, of  big  business,  whose  methods  and 
program  have  been  guided  by  many  of 
the  nation's  ablest  legal  minds.  For  years 
these  attorneys  and  their  clients  were 
supported  by  State  and  Federal  courts 
in  the  issuing  of  injunctions,  some  of 
which  restrained  trade  unionists  from 
even  making  an  effort  to  organize  the 
unorganized. 

Men  whose  active  life  keeps  them  in 
the  trenches,  where  they  are  continually 
called  upon  to  prevent  a  powerful  enemy 
from  breaking  through,  cannot  present 
the  ideal  structure  which  the  critic  seat- 
ed comfortably  at  his  desk  can  picture. 

It  is  to  the  everlasting  credit  of  the 
American  trade  union  movement  that, 
regardless  of  all  obstacles,  it  held  the 
trade  union  line;  it  prevented  the  com- 
plete destruction  of  the  American  wage 
earners'  right  to  have  a  collective  voice 
in  determining  the  terms  of  employment 
and  the  conditions  of  labor,  and  that 
through  the  courage,  the  self-sacrifice 
and  devotion  of  the  highest  of  prin- 
ciples, it  not  only  held  the  line,  protect- 
ing those  behind  who  were  taking  no 
part  in  the  contest,  until  it  had  secured 
the  passage  of  an  anti-injunction  bill, 
seen  the  day  when  the  "yellow  dog" 
contract  was  declared  null  and  void  by 
Congress,  and  carried  on  an  educational 
campaign  until  so-called  company  un- 
ions have  been  stripped  of  their  mask 
of  hypocrisy  and  exhibited  in  their  true 
light  for  what  they  were;  organizations 


T  II  E     (    A  II  V  E  \  T  E  It 


forced  upon  the  employes  by  the  em- 
ployers; organizations  whose  constitu- 
tion and  by-laws  wore  drafted  by  the 
employers;  organizations  which  bad  no 
practical  means  to  proted  their  mem- 
bers from  discrimination  and  discharge; 
organizations  which  could  be  evaporat- 
ed into  thin  air  by  the  mere  posting  of 
a  notice  thai  the  company  no  longer  de- 
sired  to  continue  its  company  union. 

Our  intellectual  critics,  some  of  whom 
may  be  sincere,  some  of  whom  are  hired 
because  of  their  skill  to  belittle  and  de- 
fame our  movement,  can  see  in  our  ac- 
tivities many  points  to  criticise.  It  is 
equally  true  that  within  the  trade  union 
movement  itself,  self-criticism,  even 
more  searching,  is  continually  being  car- 
ried on. 

Like  all  groups  fighting  for  a  great 
purpose  against  tremendous  odds,  the 
trade  union  army  has  had  its  camp  fol- 
lowers; its  traitors  and  its  spies  here 
and  there  because  employers  were  cul- 
pable; they  were  the  ones  who  offered 
the  Judas  silver  in  the  beginning. 

We  frankly  admit  that  as  an  army 
which  has  been  forced  by  circumstances 
to  spend  most  of  its  time  in  the  trenches, 
fighting  desperately  to  retain  its  ground, 
the  trade  union  movement  does  not,  at 
first  glance,  present  the  same  picture  as 
snappily  uniformed,  thoroughly  drilled 
troops  present  when  they  are  maneuver- 
ing on  parade. 

But  trade  unionists  are  not  ashamed 
of  their  movement;  they  are  proud  of 
it,  they  believe  in  it.  They  have  made 
great  personal  sacrifices  without  whim- 
pering, so  that  it  would  not  be  over- 
whelmed. 

It  is  this  army  of  organized  American 
wage  earners  holding  the  trenches  who 
have  kept  the  flag  of  trade .  unionism 
and  industrial  democracy  afloat;  who 
have  never,  in  the  fiercest  of  engage- 
ments, hauled  it  down.  Its  backbone  is 
composed  of  men  who  have  never  raised 
the  white  flag,  but  instead  have  been 
willing  to  make  countless  and  continual 
efforts  so  that  the  mass  of  wage  earn- 
ers could  enjoy  the  right  to  industrial 
equality  and  collective  bargaining. 

The  trade  union  movement  of  this 
generation  has  fought  the  most  import- 
ant battle  of  all,  in  the  world-wide  cam- 
paign to  establish  liberty,  equality  of 
rights  and  justice. 

Our  ancestors  fought  to  secure  polit- 
ical and  religious  liberty.  Years  ago 
they  won  the  major  contest. 


Our  trade  union  movement  has  been 
Qghting  the  battle  to  establish  indus- 
trial liberty,  equality  and  justice.  In 
this  effort  it  has  been  beaten  to  its 
knees  at  times.  It  has  staggered  under 
the  blows  rained  upon  it,  but  it  has 
never  yielded;  it  has  never  surrendered. 
It  has  been  faithful  to  its  purpose,  con- 
vinced that  it  would  win  out  in  the 
end. 

The  American  trade  union  movement 
has  done  more  than  hold  the  line.  It 
has  won  much  advanced  ground,  and  it 
knows  today  that  in  the  end  it  will  be 
victorious,  and  that  the  end  is  not  far 
off,  for  the  main  purpose  of  our  trade 
union  movement  is  to  overcome  indus- 
trial injustice,  and  this  end  cannot  be 
defeated. 


Union  Labor   Should   Not  Patronize  Its 
Enemies 

Union  labor  should  never  patronize 
its  enemies.  Neither  should  it  frater- 
nize with  them.  If  a  union  man  ever 
expects  to  get  anywhere,  he  should  ex- 
tend his  every  co-operation  and  assist- 
ance towards  those  that  are  friendly  to- 
wards him  and  his  cause  and  by  so  do- 
ing, exhibit  the  spirit  of  a  human  being. 
A  union  man  should  always  keep  in 
mind  that  he  is  battling  for  an  existence 
for  himself  and  his  family.  The  families 
of  union  men  depend  upon  him  and  his 
every  efforts  towards  a  decent  liveli- 
hood. If  a  union  man  ever  expects  to  get 
better  conditions  and  wages  he  will 
have  to  display  that  spirit  of  sincerity 
and  co-operation  at  every  opportunity 
that  presents  itself  with  a  grim  deter- 
mination of  standing  four-square  to- 
wards himself  and  those  that  he  daily 
toils  with.  It  matters  not  whether  that 
fellow  working  man  is  one  of  his  craft 
or  not. 

Union  men  and  women  at  every  op- 
portunity should  insist  when  they  at- 
tempt to  make  a  purchase,  that  those 
who  are  selling  are  members  of  the 
craft  of  their  profession  and  they  should 
be  asked  to  show  their  union  cards  so 
that  they  would  see  that  they  were  co- 
operating with  a  brother  organization 
and  by  so  doing  would  be  displaying  the 
true  spirit  of  a  real  union  and  what  it 
stands  for.  Union  people  at  all  times 
should  make  it  a  point  to  ask  to  see  if 
the  employers  have  the  blue  eagle  on 
display,  also  ask  the  employe  if  the  em- 
ployer permits  them  to  join  an  organi- 
zation of  their  own  choosing  or  craft. 


THE     CARPENTER 


A  SPLENDID  ADDRESS 


N  December  6,  1933,  Bro- 
ther Newton  Van  Dalsem, 
a  member  of  Millmen's 
Local  Union  884,  Los 
Angeles,  Calif.,  delivered 
a  splendid  address  to  the 
members  of  that  Local  Union,  under  the 
caption,  "Where  Do  We  Go  From 
Here?",  in  the  course  of  which  he  said 
in  part: 

"As  we  turn  the  pages  of  history  or 
observe  the  common  events  in  every- 
day life  we  are  constantly  reminded 
that  one  of  the  primitive  and  abiding  in- 
stincts of  human  nature  is  selfishness, 
and  that  there  is  a  universal  tendency 
of  the  strong  to  take  advantage  of  the 
weak,  and  a  consequent  striving  on  the 
part  of  the  masses  for  equality  with  the 
favored  few.  Hence  the  age-old  strug- 
gle between  the  master  and  the  slave, 
the  lord  and  the  vassal,  the  king  and 
the  subject,  and  the  capitalist  and  the 
laborer. 

"This  struggle  is  incessant,  and  ad- 
vantage shifts  frequently  from  one  side 
to  the  other  and  back  again,  but  in  the 
long  run  it  remains  with  the  larger 
group  provided  that  group  is  intelli- 
gent and  especially  so  when  a  clearly 
defined  issue  of  right  and  w,rong  exists. 
As  a  result  of  this  incessant  struggle 
nations  have  changed  from  time  to  time 
from  one  form  of  government  to  an- 
other. Gradually  the  republican  and 
democratic  form  of  government  has  de- 
veloped, and  this  form  of  government 
when  successfully  established  and  main- 
tained curbs  the  predatory  instincts  of 
the  strong  and  gives  increased  security 
and  well  being  to  the  masses.  It  could 
probably  be  proved  that  every  great  and 
progressive  national  government  of  to- 
day came  into  being  thru  the  overthrow 
or  change  of  an  earlier  one  in  which 
some  abuse  existed  which  had  gradually 
assumed  such  proportions  that  the  peo- 
ple eventually  rose  in  their  might  and 
destroyed  or  changed  it. 

"Likewise,  it  is  also  true  that  when 
a  government  is  not  securely  estab- 
lished it  falls  an  easy  prey  to  abuses  of 
.one  kind  or  another,  and  goes  down. 
One  of  the  commonest  abuses  to  which 
a  government  may  fall  victim  is  the 
concentration  of  wealth  in  a  few  hands 
and  the  spread  of  poverty  among  the 
masses.     The    poet    Goldsmith    has    ex- 


pressed this  in  his  lines: 

'111   fares  the   land   to   hastening 
ills  a  prey, 

Where  wealth  accumulates  and 
men  decay.' 

"All  history  has  been  full  of  class 
struggles,  and  the  present  struggles  be- 
tween capital  and  labor  has  now  reached 
its  critical  point  in  this  country.  This 
crisis  has  not  arrived  suddenly.  Its  ap- 
proach has  been  clearly  seen  by  our 
leading  statesmen  for  more  than  a  cen- 
tury. Its  arrival  has  been  postponed 
many  times,  but  each  time  the  struggle 
for  existence  has  become  more  desper- 
ate, and  now  that  the  course  of  empire 
has  reached  the  western  coast  and  the 
machine  has  so  displaced  the  worker 
that  millions  are  unemployed,  the  great 
mass  of  the  people  have  awakened  to 
the  fact  that  a  fundamental  change 
must  be  made  in  the  management  of  our 
economic  forces. 

"During  the  past  half  or  three  quar- 
ters of  a  century  discerning  men  have 
pointed  the  way  to  a  solution  of  this 
problem,  but  as  long  as  capital  could 
find  fresh  fields  to  exploit  the  words  of 
these  men  fell  for  the  most  part  on 
deaf  ears.  The  average  man  was  still 
able  to  muddle  thru  and  make  a  living 
in  spite  of  the  handicap  against  which 
he  worked,  and  those  who  found  them- 
selves actually  crushed  were  too  few  in 
number  or  too  weak  in  influence  to 
force  a  change.  The  great  middle  class 
have  been  too  comfortably  secure  to 
think  seriously  about  the  situation,  to 
say  nothing  of  really  understanding  it. 
Even  the  deeds  of  violence  which  char- 
acterized it  were  not  sufficient  in  their 
extent  and  magnitude  to  make  their 
meaning  clear,  and  were  soon  forgotten, 
and  more  often  than  not  were  complete- 
ly misunderstood. 

"Any  great  change  in  our  national 
policy  requires  the  united  action  of  the 
great  middle  class,  and  until  this  middle 
class  could  be  aroused  the  submerged 
and  exploited  laboring  class  have  strug- 
gled for  the  most  part  in  vain. 

"Another  fact  of  profound  significance 
is  that  no  privileged  class  voluntarily 
relinquishes  any  advantage  which  it  has 
over  the  masses.  In  precisely  the  same 
spirit  that  monarchs  of  old  clung  to  the 


10 


THE     CARPENTER 


idea  of  the  divine  right  of  kings,  the 
rich  man  of  today  will  defend  to  the  lasl 
ditch  liis  legally  established  property 
rights  in  the  utter  disregard  of  the  hu- 
man rights  of  his  empolyes.  Condemn- 
ing as  criminal  the  violence  of  the  man 
who  fights  for  the  right  to  live  and  to 
feed  his  children,  he  stops  at  nothing  in 
defending  his  property  rights.  Not  satis- 
fied with  the  inhuman  practice  of  turn- 
ing the  worker  and  his  family  out  of 
doors,  he  will  on  occasion  resort  to 
other  methods  to  serve  his  ends. 

*  *      * 

"Our  opening  statement  calls  atten- 
tion to  certain  groups  of  individuals 
who  at  different  times  have  held  sway 
over  the  affairs  of  men.  Each  of  these 
groups  before  rising  to  power  had  made 
some  contribution  to  the  advancement 
of  civilization,  and  by  virtue  of  that 
contribution  rose  to  power.  Each  group 
after  rising  to  power  merely  proved  it- 
self human  and  proceeded  to  abuse  that 
power.  And  the  selfish  abuse  of  power 
on  the  part  of  a  dominant  group  is  one 
of  the  first  signs  of  its  eventual  undoing. 
The  time  may  be  very  long  indeed  from 
the  first  manifestation  of  decay  to  the 
final  downfall  of  the  dominant  group, 
but  history  clearly  shows  that  it  is  an 
unfailing  sign. 

Sporadic  revolts  by  the  oppressed 
such  as  we  have  witnessed  during  the 
past  century  have  little  lasting  effect  as 
long  as  the  great  mass  of  the  people  re- 
main unmoved.  Eventually  however  the 
movement  grows  to  such  proportions 
that  the  middle  class  are  thoroughly 
awakened,  and  from  that  point  on  the 
downfall  of  the  dominant  is  swift  and 
sure.  In  fact  it  is  so  swift  and  sure  that 
instead  of  being  moved  to  hatred  we 
are  moved  to  contempt  and  pity,  for  as 
the  old  adage  puts  it,  "none  are  so  blind 
as  those  who  will  not  see."  The  old  die 
hard  regime  is  now  on  its  last  legs,  and 
is  tottering  to  its  final  fall.  Those  of 
its  representatives  who  insist  upon  ar- 
guing for  its  restoration  are  held  up  to 
public  ridicule  in  the  very  press  which 
but  a  short  time  ago  was  vigorously 
supporting  it. 

*  %      % 

"Capitalism  has  been  an  essential 
part  of  the  world's  economic  structure 
for  five  thousand  years.  Even  if  it  were 
wholly  bad  it  could  not  be  wiped  out  in 
the  twinkling  of  an  eye  when  nothing 
else  has  as  yet  been  firmly  established  to 


take  its  place.  Let  us  nationalize  our 
economic  forces  by  as  rapid  degrees  as 
will  be  consistent  with  sound  develop- 
ment. Capitalism  has  reached  its  zenith 
and  is  on  the  verge  of  a  decline.  Pluto- 
cracy must  go.  It  has  had  its  day  and 
abused  its  power.  Now  let  that  power 
pass  by  steady  but  rapid  degrees  from 
the  hands  of  private  capital  to  the 
hands  of  a  stable  government  of,  for, 
and  by  the  people;  a  government  whose 
framework  has  successfully  withstood 
all  storms  for  the  past  century  and  a 
half,  and  prosperity  withstood  all  storms 
for  the  past  century  and  a  half,  and 
prosperity  will  soon  return  in  larger 
measure  than  the  world  has  ever  seen 
before. 

"The  United  States  is  the  first  large 
country  that  ever  rose  to  the  position  of 
a  first  class  world  power  as  a  republic. 
Our  life  as  a  republic  dates  back  a  scant 
century  and  a  half.  During  the  first 
"four  score  years"  of  our  republic  the 
prediction  still  continued  to  be  made 
that  it  would  never  become  permanent, 
the  inference  being  that  it  would  event- 
ually go  the  way  of  the  ancient  republics 
of  Greece  and  Rome.  And  even  among 
our  own  people  there  were  intelligent 
men  who  entertained  this  view.  But  this 
bugaboo  has  been  laid  to  rest. 

"There  are  those  who  believe  that 
during  the*  next  four  years  we  shall  be 
plunged  into  a  condition  of  chaos  and 
bloodshed  resembling  that  of  the  early 
years  of  the  French  Revolution,  but  the 
more  reasonable  view  is  that  the  change 
will  be  brought  about  without  blood- 
shed and  in  a  very  short  time.  It  seems 
a  change  is  coming,  and  coming  rapidly. 
In  the  meantime  it  is  our  duty  to  merely 
carry  on.  Hold  fast  to  the  victories 
which  have  been  won,  and  refraining 
from  violence  in  every  form  work  un- 
remittingly toward  the  ultimate  goal 
of  nationalized  industry  and  economic 
equality." 


A  receipt  for  trade  union  progress  is 
to  purchase  none  but  union-labeled 
goods  and  service. 


Isn't  it  strange  how  big  finance  chor- 
tels  whenever  laws  are  passed  curbing 
Labor's  power  to  protect  the  worker, 
and  what  a  difference  it  makes  when  a 
law  is  in  the  balance  to  curb  the  fel- 
onies  of  the  money  gang? 


Keep  Your  Dues  Paid  Up 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


FREEDOM  THROUGH  UNIONIZATION 

(By  Rev.  Francis  J.  Haas,  Ph.  D. ) 


N  ORDER  to  look  forward 
and  see  where  we  are 
going,  it  is  necessary  to 
look  backward  and  see 
what  lies  behind.  The 
best  way  to  survey  the 
past  and  plan  for  the  future  is  to  ask: 
what  of  human  liberty  during  the  last 
four  or  five  decades  and  what  of  it 
during  the  era  just  before  us? 

Under  the  N.  R.  A.,  our  Government 
has  embarked  upon  a  plan  of  public 
regulation  in  the  public  interest.  That 
plan  is  being  criticized  and  more  or 
less  openly  denounced  by  powerful  em- 
ployers and,  in  some  cases,  by  workers 
themselves. 

What  is  this  criticism  worth?  Will 
it  stand  careful  analysis?  In  my  opin- 
ion the  new  control  will  result  in  less 
control.  The  new  curtailment  of  liberty 
in  reality  will  be  an  enlargement  of 
liberty.  Actually,  the  Government  has 
declared  that  it  will  not  interfere  more 
but  less  with  personal  freedom.  It  does 
not  intend  to  do  for  men  what  they 
should  do  for  themselves.  It  does  in- 
tend to  let  all  be  free  to  exercise  their 
rights  as  free  men. 

Throughout  the  last  century  certain 
trends  stand  out  more  prominently  than 
others.  Roughly,  every  eight  years  with 
cruel  regularity  the  nation  was  plunged 
into  deep  depression.  Business  stopped, 
banks  failed,  shops  closed,  and  millions 
were  thrown  out  of  work.  The  system 
zigzagged  like  an  automobile  from  one 
side  of  the  road  to  the  other.  Regu- 
larly, the  car  went  into  the  ditch  and 
then  after  a  year  or  several  years  of 
frantic  relief  it  was  put  back  on  the 
road  again  to  be  started  as  it  went 
before.  This  has  been  going  on  for  over 
one   hundred    years. 

The  tragic  story  of  homes  lost,  star- 
vation, sickness,  discouragement,  stunt- 
ed childhood,  and  all  this  repeated  with 
only  brief  intervals  in  between  is  well 
known. 

During  the  past  decades,  by  a  curious 
fiction,  the  law  regarded  the  corpora- 
tion with  millions  of  assets  as  an  indi- 
vidual. Stranger  still,  it  assumed  that 
the  worker  employed  by  that  corpora- 
tion was  an  individual  equal  in  strength 
to  it.  This  was  not  all.  More  and  more 
organization    was    put    into    production 


and  huge  sums  spent  successfully  to 
keep  organization  out  of  the  ranks 
of  workers.  Bankers,  manufacturers, 
wholesalers,  and  brokers,  all  organized, 
internally  and  externally,  vertically  and 
horizontally,  while  wage-earners  and 
farmers  were  compelled  to  see  their 
feeble  organizations  practically  disap- 
pear before  their  eyes. 

The  record  of  that  period  does  not 
make  pleasant  reading,  but  the  facts 
should  be  looked  at  squarely  and  hon- 
estly. The  black  list,  the  "yellow  dog" 
contract,  the  injunction  or  the  threat 
of  it,  the  spy,  the  company  union,  the 
welfare  plan — these  were  the  instru- 
ments used  to  keep  workers  struggling 
with  one  another  for  wages  and  hours. 
Besides,  bankers  and  industrialists  se- 
cured the  support  of  the  law  and  the 
courts  to  maintain  the  unreal  and  fraud- 
ulent fiction  that  every  worker  could 
as  an  individual  deal  equitably  with  an 
individual  corporation  possessing,  per- 
haps, a  thousand  times  his  strength. 
Briefly,  the  national  economy  was  open 
shop,  backed  up  by  government  sanc- 
tion. In  a  word,  the  whole  system  was 
an  employer-run  system. 

One  thing  is  certain.  Wage  earners 
did  not  bring  the  country  in  19  29  or 
193  3  to  the  verge  of  disaster.  They 
were  excluded  from  power  and  cannot 
be  charged  with  responsibility  for  the 
evils  now  upon  us.  The  suffering  and 
misery  and  degradation  of  the  last  four 
and  one-half  years  must  be  laid  at  the 
door  of  those  who  have  exercised  power, 
the  so-called  best  brains  of  business  and 
industry. 

Open  shop  principles  could  yield  no 
other  fruits  than  those  they  yielded. 
Disorganization  means  low  wages.  Low 
wages  means  low  purchasing  power. 
Low  purchasing  power  means  under- 
consumption, unemployment,  and  hu- 
man slavery. 

In  direct  opposition,  organization 
means  high  wages.  High  wages  means 
high  purchasing  power.  High  purchas- 
ing power  means  at  least  adequate  con- 
sumption and,  in  a  plenty  economy  such 
as  ours,  ample  livelihood  for  all. 

Because  of  disorganization  during  the 
open  shop  period  preceding  1933  wages 
were  withheld  from  workers,  chiefly  the 
unskilled    and    semi-skilled,    and    huge 


THE     CARPENTER 


profits  piled  up.  The  money  that  should 
have  been  paid  out  to  workers  was 
turned  back  into  industry.  Factories, 
shops  and  mills  were  expanded  on  every 
side.  But  for  over  four  years  they  stood 
like  empty  sepulchers,  mute  testimony 
of  the  folly  of  leaders  who  would  pro- 
duce goods  but  prevent  customers  from 
buying  them.  This  is  the  economic  ef- 
IVH  of  a  narrow  and  selfish  open  shop 
individualism.  The  human  effect  is 
written  in  the  heavy  hearts  of  the  eleven 
million  unemployed  and  on  the  wan 
faces   of  their   wives   and  children. 

It  is  a  sad  story  but  it  must  be  told 
that  in  the  past  our  government  has 
supported  all  too  effectively  the  false 
and  fraudulent  theories  of  open  shop 
individualism.  Especially  through  the 
use  of  the  injunction,  it  prevented  work- 
ers from  bettering  their  lot.  Almost 
without  exception,  barring  an  enlight- 
ened judge  here  and  there,  courts  up- 
held the  unspeakable  "yellow  dog"  con- 
tract and  enjoined  organizers  from  in- 
terfering with   it. 

True,  a  respectable  body  of  court 
opinion  can  be  cited  showing  that  union- 
ism was  permitted.  For  example,  in 
the  Buck  Stove  and  Range  Case  the 
Supreme  Court  declared:  "The  law, 
therefore,  recognizes  the  right  of  work- 
ing men  to  unite  and  to  invite  others  to 
join  their  ranks,  thereby  making  avail- 
able the  strength,  influence,  and  power 
that  come  from  such  association."  But 
generally,  the  practice  of  courts,  both 
federal  and  state,  was  far  different  from 
their  profession.  In  1917,  in  the  Hitch- 
man  Coal  and  Coke  Case,  with  which 
President  Green,  and  many  others  of 
you  here  were  so  intimately  connected, 
the  Court,  while  admitting  the  general 
principle  of  organization,  enjoined  or- 
ganizers from  trying  to  nullify  one-sided 
contracts  and  thereby  it  erected  a  high 
wall  against  future  unionization.  Since 
that  time  the  actual  or  threatened  use 
of  the  injunction  was  perhaps  the  chief 
barrier  to  the  spread  of  the  labor  move- 
ment, the  emancipation  of  American 
wage-earners. 

But  let  us  turn  to  the  present.  By 
the  enactment  of  the  National  Industrial 
Recovery  Act  the  government  inter- 
venes in  industry.  That  is  the  fact.  But 
by  a  strange  anomaly,  more  interven- 
tion means  less  intervention.  Put  more 
correctly,  the  new  intervention  calls  a 
halt  to  that  of  the  past.    Still  more  cor- 


rectly, the  new  legislation  permits 
workers  to  do  what  the  government 
itself  assisted  in  preventing  them  from 
doing  before.  In  this  very  important 
way  it  has  extended  freedom  to  all 
wage-earners.  It  allows  them  to  or- 
ganize; it  allows  them  to  help  them- 
selves;  it  allows  them  to  be  free  men. 

Section  7a  of  the  NIRA  is  well 
known.  It  is  permissive  and  at  the 
same  time  it  is  mandatory.  It  is  per- 
missive in  the  sense  that  it  leaves  work- 
ers free  to  organize  and  to  choose  what 
kind  of  organization  and  what  represen- 
tatives they  want.  It  is  mandatory  in 
the  sense  that  it  must  be  incorporated 
in  every  Code  and,  what  is  still  more 
important,  it  prohibits  an  employer  from 
preventing  workers  to  form  whatever 
kind  of  unions  they  wish  to  form. 

Section  7a  of  the  National  Industrial 
Recovery  Act  is  in  all  truth,  the  new 
charter  for  labor.  But  we  should  not 
forget  that  a  legal  charter  does  not 
create  human  rights.  A  man  has  hu- 
man rights  because  he  is  a  man.  A 
charter  merely  permits  him  to  exercise 
those  rights.  Collective  bargaining  is 
a  human  right,  rooted  in  man  himself. 
In  a  machine  society  it  is  as  much  his 
right  to  exercise  it  as  to  use  his  hands 
or  his  feet  or  his  eyes.  Can  any  right 
rest  on  firmer  ground?  The  collective 
wage  contract  has  the  same  basis  in 
human  beings  as  government  itself  has. 
Both  are  founded  on  human  necessity. 

The  labor  movement  must  accept  the 
spiritual  side  of  man.  Otherwise — and 
I  speak  advisedly — it  is  lost  and  has 
no  solid  basis  for  its  claim.  The  com- 
modity theory  of  labor  is  definitely 
anti-labor  doctrine.  It  regards  a  work- 
er merely  as  oil  or  coal  for  the  energy 
that  can  be  gotten  out  of  him. 

I  denounce  this  iniquitous  principle, 
which  is  the  basic  cause  of  national 
chaos,  and  when  I  do  so  speak  with  the 
voice  of  the  highest  authority  in  my 
Church. 

And  incidentally,  I  might  support 
what  I  am  saying  with  the  fine  state- 
ments that  have  been  issued  by  the 
various  Protestant  and  Jewish  bodies 
here  in  our  country.  Let  me  quote  the 
head  of  the  Church  of  which  I  have  the 
honor  to  be  a  member  and  a  priest, 
Pope  Pius  XI. 

In  his  Encyclical,  Forty  Years  After, 
Pope  Pius  XI  insists  that  the  worker 
has  the  right  not  only  to  an  individual 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


but  to  a  family  wage.  These  are  his 
words.  "In  the  first  place,  the  wage 
paid  to  the  workingman  must  be  suf- 
ficient for  the  support  of  himself  and 
of  his  family.  .  .  .  If  in  the  present, 
state  of  society  this  is  not  always  feas- 
ible, social  justice  demands  that  re- 
forms be  introduced  without  delay 
which  will  guarantee  every  adult 
workingman  just  such  a  wage."  The 
basis  for  this  conclusion  is  that  mar- 
riage is  not  a  mere  animal  mating  but 
a  sacred  institution  established  by  God 
Himself.  The  Pontiff  does  not  leave 
the  matter  rest  there.  He  is  not  satis- 
fied with  merely  declaring  general 
principles.  To  make  family  life  sweet 
and  normal  and  wholesome,  every 
family  must  have  an  adequate  family 
income,  and  to  get  an  adequate  family 
income  there  must  be  collective  bar- 
gaining. These  are  the  words  of  Pope 
Pius  XI:  "We  are  content,  therefore, 
to  emphasize  this  one  point:  not  only 
is  man  free  to  institute  these  unions 
which  are  of  a  private  character,  but 
he  has  the  right  to  adopt  such  organ- 
ization and  such  rules  as  may  best 
conduce  to  the  attainment  of  their  re- 
spective objects.  The  same  liberty 
must  be  claimed  for  the  founding  of 
associations  which  extend  beyond  the 
limits  of  a  single  trade." 

The  need  of  complete  and  unrestrict- 
ed unionization  in  the  United  States  was 
never  more  urgent  than  it  is  at  this 
moment.  The  NIRA  has  made  two  very 
important  concessions  to  the  powerful 
corporations  of  the  country.  The  law 
permits  them  to  organize  in  a  way  that 
makes  for,  first,  maintenance  of  price 
and  secondly,  restriction  of  output.  I 
need  not  tell  you  that  in  the  past  many 
industries  have,  in  defiance  of  the  anti- 
trust laws,  organized  in  order  to  fix 
prices.  The  vital  point  here  and  now 
is  that  workers  must  make  use  of  con- 
cessions parallel  to  those  that  govern- 
ment has  made  to  employers.  Need  I 
add  that  the  government  cannot  and 
does  not  intend  to  force  workers  to  or- 
ganize? This  workers  must  do  for 
themselves. 

Organization  means  far  more  than  the 
company  union.  Organization  must  be 
intercompany.  It  must  be  national.  It 
must  be  independent  and  supported  by 
the  workers  themselves.  Collective  bar- 
gaining under  the  New  Deal  must  be  as 
free  as  the  law  itself.  There  may  be  no 
restriction    on    the    workers'    choice    of 


representatives.  Telling  workers  that 
they  are  free  only  within  limits,  that  is, 
that  they  must  confine  their  choice  of 
spokesmen  to  their  fellow  workers  who 
are  paid  by  the  employer,  is  a  most  au- 
tocratic and  arrogant  and  presumptious 
claim.  No  one  would  think  of  saying  to 
employers  that  they  had  the  right  to 
form  trade  associations  but  that  they 
had  to  choose  their  representatives  from 
those  actually  engaged  in  an  industry. 
Surely  by  every  standard  of  justice  and 
equity  the  same  freedom  must  be  ac- 
corded the  workers. 

Moreover,  organization  must  set  its 
face  against  the  so-called  "merit  clause" 
and  against  every  other  subterfuge  in- 
vented to  break  down  real  collective 
bargaining.  The  "merit"  clause  pro- 
posed by  some  employers'  associations 
under  the  NRA  leaves  the  decision  on 
merit  solely  with  the  employer.  Because 
it  can  be  used  as  a  hideout  to  break  up 
union  organization,  it  must  be  known 
for  the  fraud  that  it  is  and  fought  to  the 
last  ditch.  Organized  workers  are  not 
opposed  to  payment  for  performance. 
They  do  not  seek  to  put  a  premium  on 
inefficiency.  They  do  want  and  they 
must  have  guarantee  that  "merit"  will 
not  be  used  to  destroy  their  only  pro- 
tection.   That  guarantee  is  organization. 

The  argument  is  sometimes  made  that 
only  the  strong  unions  should  be  al- 
lowed to  function.  It  is  said  that  the 
strong  unions  enjoy  the  praise  and  con- 
fidence of  employers  because  they  are 
so  co-operative.  This  is  only  part  of  the 
truth  and  a  very  small  part  of  it.  The 
strong  unions  are  respected  because 
they  are  strong.  This  is  only  a  mani- 
festation of  a  universal  human  instinct. 
Are  not  all  of  us  disposed  to  respect  the 
rights  of  those  who  are  intelligently 
determined  to  defend  them?  In  any 
event,  the  lesson  for  workers  is  clear. 
They  should  take  employers  at  their 
word  and  organize  into  strong  and  ef- 
fective unions. 

Today  every  worker  should  be  a  mem- 
ber of  his  organization,  the  union  in  his 
craft  or  calling  and  do  his  part  to  make 
his  union  strong  and  effective.  When 
organization  embraces  all  American  in- 
dustry, the  mass  production  wage- 
earners,  women  wage-earners,  negro 
wage-earners,  we  shall  have  banished 
from  our  national  vocabulary  certain 
expressions  that  we  should  never  have 
used.    Then  employers  will  stop  talking 


14 


THE     CARPENTER 


about  "my  loyal  workers."  A  worker  is 
not  a  feudal  serf,  he  is  a  free  man.  He 
does  not  belong  to  the  employer.  Then 
employers  will  stop  using  the  expres- 
sion "pools  of  unemployment."  A  man 
is  not  a  part  of.  a  pool.  Every  unem- 
ployed man  is  a  person.  Then  employers 
will  stop  using  the  expression  "I  work 


my  labor  40  or  50  hours  a  week."  A 
laborer  is  not  a  horse  or  a  machine  to 
be  worked.  Then  employers  will  stop 
using  the  expression  "I  run  my  busi- 
ness." A  worker  is  not  a  machine  to  be 
run.  Under  a  socially  sound  system  he 
will  be  a  co-worker  and  a  partner  with 
the  employer. 


SLUM  CLEARANCE— A  NEW  DAY  IN  BUILDING 


government. 


HE  tremendous  need  for 
better  housing  facilities 
in  the  United  States  by 
people  of  low  income  is 
on  the  way  to  becoming 
a  matter  for  the  federal 
This  is  one  of  the  most 
social  and  interesting  aspects  of  the 
publics  works  organization  and  goes  a 
long  way  toward  making  good  the  con- 
tention that  there  is  a  new  deal  at 
Washington.  That  65  per  cent  of  the 
housing  of  the  United  States  is  of  sub- 
standard character  is  well-known  and 
not  only  to  experts.  It  has  often  been 
remarked  that  the  United  States  has  the 
worst  slums  in  the  world.  This  in  a  na- 
tion which  has  often  boasted  of  its 
wealth,  natural  resources  and  efficiency. 

Communities  growing  interested  in 
slum  clearance  and  low  cost  housing 
have  done  so  largely  out  of  necessity. 
They  have  found  that  the  commercial, 
industrial  and  better-priced  residential 
plants  and  equipment  have  been  ade- 
quately built  and  that  there  is  no  room 
in  this  field  for  further  development. 
So  in  an  effort  to  provide  work  for  out- 
of-work  building  tradesmen  and  to 
stimulate  business  activities  in  these 
communities,  low  cost  housing  corpora- 
tions have  been  organized  and  have 
sought  funds  from  the  Public  Works 
Administration.  The  PWA  has  met  this 
demand  by  organizing  the  Housing  Di- 
vision of  the  Federal  Emergency  Ad- 
ministration of  Public  Works.  Robert 
D.  Kohn,  former  president  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects,  is  di- 
rector and  head  of  this  division.  He  has 
associated  with  him  N.  Max  Dunning, 
and  Eugene  Henry  Klaber  as  chief  of 
the  technical  staff.  He  has  gathered 
around  him  consultants  who  are  known 
to  have  deep  interest  in  the  social  side 
of  housing.  One  of  these  is  Mrs.  Edith 
Elmer  Wood,  author  of  "Recent  Trends 
in  American  Housing";  another,  F.  L. 
Ackerman,    a   New   York    ar-chitect;    an- 


other, Mrs.  Mary  K.  Simkhovitch,  chair- 
man of  the  Public  Housing  Conference. 

Like  all  social  experiments  the  low 
cost  housing  movement  within  the  gov- 
ernment is  meeting  with  opposition. 
This  opposition  is  of  two  kinds.  The 
first  and  most  serious  is  due  to  the  iner- 
tia of  property  and  land  values.  In 
many  cities  such  as  New  York,  Chicago, 
and  Philadelphia,  land  is  too  expensive 
to  procure  to  make  it  possible  to  build 
houses  low  enough  in  price  to  sell  and 
rent  to  people  of  small  incomes. 

The  other  type  of  opposition  comes 
from  real  estate  owners  who  fear  that 
the  erection  of  non-profit  housing  under 
the  auspices  of  the  government  will  fur- 
nish a  kind  of  competition  with  private 
housing  that  will  be  so  formidable  that 
they  cannot  meet  it. 

To  date  the  following  slum  clearance 
and  housing  projects  have  been  tenta- 
tively and  actually  allowed  by  the  Hous- 
ing Division  of  the  Public  Works  Ad- 
ministration: 

In  some  states,  namely  New  York, 
New  Jersey  and  Ohio,  state  laws  have 
been  enacted  permitting  the  establish- 
ment of  low  cost  housing  corporations. 

That  there  is  a  marked  need  for  slum 
clearance  is  growing  definitely  clear  to 
a  great  many  social  groups.  The  Infor- 
mation Service  of  the  Federal  Council 
of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 
has  this  to  say  in  a  recent  number: 

"In  view  of  the  fact  that  speculative 
builders  have  done  practically  nothing 
in  the  United  States  to  provide  better 
housing  for  the  very  low  income  groups 
the  plight  of  the  real  estate  speculators 
arouses  little  sympathy  and  their  oppo- 
sition is  regarded  as  utterly  unsocial  by 
students  of  housing  problems.  Charles 
S.  Ascher,  assistant  director  of  the  Pub- 
lic Administration  Clearing  House,  Chi- 
cago, declares  that  the  talk  about  over- 
building   during    the    last    boom    is    an 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


exaggeration  and  that  'almost  no  new 
residences  were  built  then,  or  have  ever 
been  built,  for  any  but  the  upper  third 
of  our  people,  measured  by  their  family 
incomes.'  Furthermore,  the  'blighted 
areas'  are  'a  liability  to  the  city;  they 
must  be  furnished  with  city  services, 
yet  they  do  not  yield  enough  taxes  to 
pay  their  way.  They  are  the  areas  in 
which  juvenile  delinquency  is  most 
prevalent  and  which  call  for  the  great- 
est expenditure  by  social  agencies  and 
welfare  departments." 

"City  officials  who  help  in  the  move- 
ment to  eradicate  these  sore  spots  and 
rebuild  them  with  desirable  residences 
will  be  doing  their  cities  a  double  ser- 
vice in  avoiding  the  capital  expense  of 
extending  streets  and  utilities  to  new 
outlying  sections  and  avoiding  the  main- 
tenance wastes  of  the  present  areas." 

A  survey  by  James  S.  Taylor,  chief 
of  the  Division  of  Building  and  Housing, 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards,  reveals  that 
the  chief  demand  for  housing  comes 
from  those  who  need  low  cost  facilities. 
Although  complete  figures  on  the  num- 
ber of  dwelling  units  built  each  year  are 
not  available,  the  data  collected  by  the 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  from 
257  cities  show  a  decrease  from  an 
average  of  3  8  8,000  dwelling  units,  built 
during  the  years  1921  to  1929,  to  125,- 
000  in  1930,  98,000  in  1931,  and  27,000 
in  1932.  A  half  million  homes,  Mr. 
Taylor  declares,  is  a  conservative  esti- 
mate of  the  present  housing  shortage. 
"With  new  home  building  down  to  less 
than  20  per  cent  of  any  low  assumed 
normal,  the  shortage  is  mounting  every 
day."  Data  collected  by  the  F.  W. 
Dodge  Corporation  on  residential  con- 
struction in  37  states  showed  an  aver- 
age of  about  $2,600,000,000  from  1925 
to  1928.  Assuming  that  because  of 
lower  costs  50  per  cent  of  that  figure, 
or  $1,300,000,000,  may  be  taken  as  an 
estimated  present  normal,  "we  have 
fallen  behind  by  some  $1,800,000,000 
during  the  three  years  1930  to  1932  and 
by  the  end  of  this  year  will  have  fallen 
behind  by  about  a  billion  dollars  more 
unless  there  is  some  marked  upturn." 

(Electrical  Workers). 


To  know  what  to  do  is  Wisdom. 
To  know  how  to  do  it  is  Skill. 
To   do  the  thing   as   it  should  be  done 
is  Service. 


Demand  the  Union  Label 


British     Union     Official     Wins     $.36,000 

Damages   In   Libel    Suit   Against 

Communist  Publisher 

After  a  trial  lasting  five  days  before 
Mr.  Justice  Horridge,  London,  England, 
a  special  jury  awarded  a  verdict  of  7,- 
000  pounds  damages  (about  $36,000  at 
the  current  rate  of  exchange)  to  Ernest 
Bevin,  general  secretary  of  the  Trans- 
port and  General  Workers'  Union,  in  his 
suit  for  libel  against  the  Utopia  Press, 
publisher  of  the  Daily  Socialist,  a  Com- 
munist paper. 

The  suit  was  based  on  an  article 
which  the  Daily  Worker  published  dur- 
ing the  London  busmen's  strike  of  1931 
which  charged  that  Mr.  Bevin  had  in 
reality  sold  out  the  workers"  and  acted 
in  favor  of  the  bus  company,  "manoeu- 
vering  here,  retreating  a  little  there, 
but  all  the  time  consciously  working  to 
secure  the  acceptance  of  worsened  con- 
ditions by  the  men,"  adding: 

"More  clearly  than  ever  Bevin  stands 
revealed  as  the  wage-cutting  ally  of 
Lord  Ashfield,"  chairman  of  the  London 
General  Omnibus  Company,  the  wages 
of  whose  empolyes  were  in  controversy. 

In  commenting  upon  the  verdict,  the 
Record,  the  official  organ  of  the  Trans- 
port and  General  Workers'  Union,  paid 
a  glowing  tribute  to  the  policy  by  means 
of  which  Mr.  Bevin  has  strengthened 
the  union  and  developed  an  industrial 
and  political  outlook  among  the  mem- 
bers, which  is  an  essential  condition  to 
real  progress,  adding: 

"This  policy  is  in  line  with  the  facts 
of  history,  which  teach  us  that  our 
movement  has  been  built  up  and  de- 
veloped to  its  present  strength  by  the 
workers  who,  thanks  to  organized  ef- 
fort, have  been  able  to  enjoy  better 
wages  and  conditions  than  the  unor- 
ganized. 

"This  policy  clashes  violently  with 
that  of  the  Communist  party,  who  hold 
that  an  essential  condition  for  a  revo- 
lutionary situation  is  the  intensification 
of  the  misery  and  poverty  of  the  work- 
ers. 

"All  reforms  are  anathema  to  the 
Communist,  and  trade  union  leaders  are 
'reformists'  whose  influence  must  at  all 
costs  be  destroyed.  In  our  view  the  pol- 
icy of  the  Communist  party  is  funda- 
mentally unsound,  and  the  workers  of 
this  country  would  be  acting  very  fool- 
ishly if  ever  they  substituted  it  for  the 
general  policy  of  the  trade  union  and 
labor  movement." 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the   15th   of  each    month   at  the 

CARPENTERS'   BUILDING 

Indianapolis,   Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OF 
CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OP  AMERICA, 

POBLISHEBS 

FRANK  DUFFx,  Editor 

Subscription  Pbich 
One  Dollar  &  Year  In  Advance,  Postpaid 

The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avaiU 
able  to  them  against  accepting  advertise= 
ments  from  other  than  reliable  firms,  but 
do  not  accept  any  responsibility  for  the 
contents  of  any  advertisement  which  ap- 
pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au= 
fchorities.  Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   APRIL,    1934 

Organization — The  Permanent  Value 

,HERE  is  nothing  mysterious  about 
Trade  Unions.  They  have  been 
erected  upon  foundations  of  faith 
and  sincerity.  Members  of  Organized 
Labor  demand  opportunity  to  live  the 
life  of  law-abiding  citizens  of  a  free 
land,  with  comforts  and  conveniences 
of  the  times,  and  insist  upon  the  right 
to  exercise  their  own  judgment  in  af- 
fairs of  state  and  all  other  matters  con- 
cerning their  welfare.  Without  these 
rights  they  would  cease  to  be  free  citi- 
zens. To  obtain  what  was  tbeir  right- 
ful heritage,  workers  were  compelled  to 
band  together  for  common  good.  Wel- 
fare and  advancement  demanded  organ- 
ization. Joint  action  of  Organized  Labor 
has  secured  betterment  of  working  sur- 
roundings, protection  in  hazardous  oc- 
cupations,    compensation     for     injuries 


sustained  in  employment  and  countless 
other  features  unthought  of  a  half-cen- 
tury ago.  Indeed,  all  betterment  which 
is  the  portion  of  workers  is  due  primar- 
ily to  the  efforts  of  Organized  Labor. 
He  who  is  beyond  the  protective  care  of 
Organized  Labor  is  subject,  however  un- 
willing, to  the  whims  of  fate  and  ca- 
prices of  those  who  tolerate  his  presence 
and  exploit  his  capability.  Without  or- 
ganization hope  is  submerged  in  the 
humdrum  necessity  of  eking  out  a  bare 
subsistence  under  maximum  difficulty. 


What  About  Infections? 

NE  of  the  questions  every  Con- 
tractor ought  to  ask  con°err.- 
ing  his  own  accident  experience 
is:  "What  about  infections?"  A  recent 
analysis  in  New  York  State  brings  out 
some  interesting  facts.  In  the  Construc- 
tion Industry,  for  the  year  of  19  3  2,  in 
New  York  State,  14  men  died  from  in- 
fected injuries,  in  a  total  number  of 
1906  cases  of  infection  out  of  a  grand 
total  of  16,706  cases  reported.  The 
figure  of  11.4%  of  all  reported  injuries 
being  infected  is  inexcusably  high,  as 
some  organizations  with  an  ordinary 
worker  sensibly  trained  in  first  aid  pro- 
cedure have  been  able  to  hold  the  per- 
centage down  to  about  1%,  and  many 
without  such  good  attention  have  a  fig- 
ure of  about  4  %. 

There  were  more  than  34,0  00  weeks 
of  lost  time  awarded,  with  compensation 
awards  amounting  to  $534,000,  repre- 
senting 6.6%  of  the  total  compensation 
awarded.  One  third  of  this  sum  was  in 
connection  with  handling  objects. 

Contractors,  how  many  of  your  men 
are  trained  in  first  aid?  What  first  aid 
supplies  do  you  use?  Are  they  properly 
administered?  We'll  venture  the  guess 
that  eight  out  of  ten  executives  would  be 
or  should  be  pretty  thoroughly  shocked 
if  they  had  the  correct  answers  to  those 
questions  in  front  of  them  along  with 
the  cost  of  infected  injuries  on  their 
work,  and  understood  how  easily  infec- 
tions can  be  prevented  through  a  few 
minutes  intelligent  care.  It  pays  to  pay 
attention    to    such    details. 


Offici 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

General  Secretary 

FRANK   DUFFY 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,  W.   T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth  District,  JAS.   L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.    Grand  Blvd.,    St.    Louis,   Mo. 


Sixth   District,    A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,   Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


NOTICE      TO      RECORDING 
SECRETARIES 

The  quarterly  circular  for  the  months 
of  April,  May  and  June,  containing  the 
quarterly  password,  has  heen  forwarded 
to  all  Local  Unions  of  the  United  Broth- 
erhood. Six  blanks  have  heen  forwarded 
for  the  Financial  Secretary,  three  of 
which  are  to  be  used  for  the  reports  to 
the  General  Office  for  the  months  of 
April,  May  and  June.  The  extra  ones 
are  to  he  filled  out  in  duplicate  and  kept 
on  file  for  future  reference.  Enclosed 
also  were  six  blanks  for  the  Treasurer 
to  be  used  in  transmitting  money  to  the 
General  Office.  Recording  Secretaries 
not  in  receipt  of  this  circular  should  im- 
mediately notify  the  General  Secretary, 
Frank  Duffy,  Carpenters'  Building,  In- 
dianapolis, Indiana. 


Carpenters  Stay  Away  From  Chicago 

The  Chicago  newspapers,  presumably 
in  an  effort  to  advertise  the  World's 
Fair,  are  again  resorting  to  gross  mis- 
representation, leading  their  readers  to 
believe  that  many  thousands  of  men  are 
to  be  put  to  work. 

The  truth  is  that  thousands  of  men 
stand  daily  waiting  at  the  gate  shiver- 
ing in  the  cold  breeze,  looking  for  work, 
only  to  go  home  after  hours  of  waiting 
without  a  chance  of  getting  a  job.  Des- 
perately in  need  of  work  many  of  them 
wait  in  vain  all  day. 

This  is  cruel  business,  but  newspapers 
have  no  conscience,  and  advertising, 
whether  it  appears  in  the  form  of  a  news 
story  or  otherwise,  is  profitable  busi- 
ness. 

DO  NOT  BE  DECEIVED — STAY 
AWAY   FROM   CHICAGO. 

Chas.  H.  Sand,  Secretary, 
CHICAGO    DISTRICT    COUNCIL 
OF  CARPENTERS 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


California  State  Council  of  Carpenters 
Holds  Barge  Convention  at  Merced 

With  some  one  hundred  delegates  on 
hand  from  all  parts  of  California,  the 
seventh  annual  convention  of  the  State 


T  II  E     CARl'E  N  TE  II 


Council    of    Carpenters    was    opened    on 

Sal  unlay.     Krebrnary    24,    1934,    in    the 
Hotel  Tioga  in  Merced. 

A.  C.  Alien  of  Local  Union  1202  of 
thai  city  welcomed  the  delegates  and 
then  presented  the  Rev.  David  Mc- 
Martin,  who  delivered  the  invocation. 
Mayor  J.  Cornett  and  Assemblyman  Ray 
Robinson  then  were  introduced  and  both 
responded  with  more  words  of  welcome 
and  expressed  (he  hope  that  the  stay  of 
the  delegates  and  visitors  in  the  city  of 
Merced  would  be  a  pleasant  one  and 
thai  much  constructive  work  would  re- 
sult from  the  deliberations  of  the  con- 
vention. 

Brother  Allen  then  outlined  the  en- 
tertainment portion  of  the  program  af- 
ter which  the  convention  was  turned 
over  to  Brother  J.  F.  Cambiano  of  San 
Ma.teo,  president  of  the  State  Council, 
who  thanked  the  speakers  for  their  kind 
words  of  welcome  and  announced  that 
the  convention  was  ready  to  proceed 
with  the  business  before  it.  President 
Cambiano  then  appointed  the  conven- 
tion committees,  as  provided  in  the 
Constitution  of  the  State  Council. 

Among  the  other  speakers  were  Gen- 
eral Representative  Don  Cameron  who 
explained  the  existing  conditions  at 
Boulder  Dam  from  where  he  had  just 
returned;  and  A.  W.  Muir,  member  of 
the  General  Eexcutive  Board  from  the 
sixth  district,  who  conveyed  the  fra- 
ternal greetings  of  the  General  Officers 
and  in  an  interesting  talk  outlined  con- 
ditions as  he  found  them  throughout 
the  country  and  painted  a  picture  of  the 
future  work  that  lay  ahead  which  must 
have  the  undivided  support  of  all  the 
members. 

Many  Local  Unions  reported  an  in- 
crease in  membership  and  many  new 
locals  were  reported  as  organized  dur- 
ing the  time  since  the  last  convention 
with  organization  work  still  being  car- 
ried on  under  full  steam. 

The  report  of  Secretary-Treasurer 
Bert  P.  Ward  embodied  the  accomplish- 
ments of  the  State  officers  and  the  nu- 
merical strength  and  financial  standing 
of  the  State  Council. 

The  resolutions  before  the  convention 
covered  a  wide  and  varied  field  dealing 
principally  with  organization  and  Tin- 
employment.  The  most  important  of 
those  favorably  considered  by  the  con- 
vention were: 


Directing  the  officers  of  the  State 
Council  in  promote  organization  among 
air  era  II  workers  throughout  the  state 
of  California  as  men  employed  on  this 
class  of  work  require  the  skill,  knowl- 
edge and  training  of  carpenters. 

Favoring  the  6-hour  day  and  30-hour 
week. 

Calling  on  the  officials  of  the  state  of 
California  to  destroy  all  labor  camps 
where  insanitary  conditions  prevail. 

Directing  the  officers  of  the  State 
Council  to  arrange  with  General  Presi- 
dent Hutcheson  for  the  unionizing  of 
the  carpenters  employed  on  the  con- 
struction work  on  the  Metropolitan 
Water  Way  from  the  Boulder  Dam  to 
Los  Angeles  City,  where  a  large  number 
of  carpenters  are  employed. 

Expressing  confidence  in  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  in  his  program 
to  bring  about  unemployment  relief. 

Amending  the  constitution  of  the 
State  Council  to  increase  the  number  of 
districts,  subject  to  referendum  vote  of 
the  affiliated  locals. 

In  conformity  with  the  provisions  of 
the  constitution  of  the  State  Council, 
nomination  of  officers  was  made  at  the 
convention,  to  be  submitted  to  the  affil- 
iated locals  for  referendum  vote. 

Long  Beach  was  selected  as  the  city 
for  holding  the  convention  in  19  3  5. 


Veteran  Officer  of  Local  Union  243 
Still  Active 

The  photo  here  shown  is  that  of  An- 
drew Weigel,  veteran  member  of  Local 
Union  243,  Tiffin,  Ohio,  who  at  the  age 
of  8  2  years  is  still  a  front  line  fighter 
for  the  Union  cause  in  Tiffin. 

Brother  Weigel  was  born  in  Adams 
County,  Pennsylvania,  about  eight  miles 
north  of  Gettysburg,  in  18  52.  At  the 
age  of  five  years  he  moved  with  his  par- 
ents to  a  little  farm  in  the  Cumberland 
Valley.  The  county  seat  was  at  the  near- 
by town  of  Carlyle,  where  the  regular 
army  barracks  were  situated  during  the 
great  Civil  War.  Many  of  Brother 
Weigel's  boyhood  experiences  center 
about  events  and  stories  of  the  Civil 
War. 

He  started  to  learn  the  trade>  at 
Chambersburg  when  a  boy  of  15  years. 
In  his  youth  he  seemed  to  have  had  a 
liking  for  travel  and  adventure  for  he 
soon    left    Chambersburg    and    crossing 


THE     CARPENTER 


19 


the  Alleghenies,  stopped  at  Altoona, 
where  he  worked  several  years.  After- 
wards he  drifted  through  several  cities 
looking  for  a  better  field  of  work.  It 
was  while  he  was  in  Cleveland  in  18  72 
that  he  heard  of  a  great  fire  in  Tiffin, 
Ohio.  Packing  up  immediately  he  made 
his  way  to  Tiffin,  in  which  city  he  joined 
Local  Union  243  on  March  3,  1890, 
where  he  has  held  continuous  member- 
ship since.  For  2  2  years  he  has  been 
Financial    Secretary,    and    today    at    the 


ANDREW  WEIGEL 

age  of  82  years  he  is  still  keeping  the 
books.  For  the  past  2  5  years  he  has 
been  a  representative  to  the  Central  La- 
bor Union,  and  for  20  years  Treasurer 
of  that  body. 

Brother  Weigel  has  also  been  active 
in  civic  affairs.  For  two  terms  of  two 
years  each  he  was  a  Councilman  for  the 
city  of  Tiffin.  He  has  been  employed 
continuously  for  20  years  by  the  Tiffin 
Manufacturing  Company. 

Regularity  has  characterized  Brother 
Weigel's  entire  life.  Local  Union  243 
and  the  Labor  Movement  of  Tiffin  wish 
him  many  more  years  of  sound  health 
and  profitable  activity. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Gadsden,  Ala. 
Chester,   111. 
Spartenburg,  S.  C. 
Greenville,   Miss. 
Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex. 
Gadsden,  Ala. 
Rochester,  Minn. 
Columbus,    Nebr. 
Manchester,  N.  H. 
Gallup,  N.  Mex. 
Fort  Worth,  Tex. 
Casmas,   Wash. 
Portland,   Ore. 
Provo,  Utah. 
Fishers  Island,  N.  Y. 
Newnan,  Ga. 

Labor    Board     Given     Power    To     Curb 
Company  Unions 

President  Roosevelt's  executive  order 
conferring  on  the  National  Labor  Board 
complete  power  to  hold  elections  for 
collective  bargaining  representatives  in 
every  plant  where  a  substantial  number 
of  employes  desire  such  an  election  is 
regarded  in  labor  circles  as  giving  an 
effective  blow  to  the  resistance  to  the 
board  by  various  anti-union  corpora- 
tions throughout  the  United  States. 

The  order  is  also  interpreted  as  put- 
ting teeth  in  the  labor  section  of  the 
National  Recovery  Act  which  outlaws 
company  unions.  Despite  the  plain  man- 
date of  the  Act,  corporation  officials 
have  mobilized  their  efforts  to  establish 
company  unions,  believing  that  they 
could  thus  strangle  trade  union  collec- 
tive bargaining  regardless  of  the  law. 

A  strong  protest  against  this  wide- 
spread violation  of  the  Recovery  Act 
was  recently  made  to  the  Administra- 
tion by  William  Green,  president  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  who 
urged  that  the  Labor  Board,  backed  by 
the  law  enforcing  agencies  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, should  crack  cfbwn  on  the  com- 
pany union  employers. 

The  recent  conference,  in  Washing- 
ton, of  representatives  of  the  109  na- 
tional and  international  unions  affiliated 
with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
also  declared  in  favor  of  supplementing 
the  power  of  the  National  Labor  Board  so 
that  there  would  be  no  question  relative 
to  its  authority  for  the  complete  adjust- 
ment of  industrial  disputes,  including 
the  holding  of  elections  to  choose  col- 
lective bargaining  representatives. 


THE     CARl'KXTER 


Hawes-Cooper  Act  Becomes  Law 

The  Hawes-Cooper  Act,  which  gives 
every  State  the  power  io  forbid  the 
sale,  within  its  borders,  of  convict-made 
goods  from  other  States,  went  into  ef- 
fecl  January  L9,  1934.  In  celebration 
ie  event,  William  Green,  president 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
issued  a  statement  describing  the  major 
provisions  of  this  important  labor  meas- 
ure and  briefly  reviewing  the  work  of 
the  A.  F.  of  L.  in  securing  the  enact- 
ment of  the  law. 

"The  Hawes-Cooper  measure  is  an 
enabling  act,"  he  said.  "It  provides  that 
all  convict-made  goods  shipped  into  a 
State  for  sale  or  exchange  come  under 
the  laws  of  that  State  the  same  as  if 
manufactured   therein. 

"Seventeen  States  have  taken  advan- 
tage of  this  law  and  from  now  on  no 
convict-made  products  can  be  shipped 
into  them  lawfully.  These  States  are: 
Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho, 
Illinois.  Massachusetts,  Montana,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Dakota,  Utah,  Washington,  Wy- 
oming. 

"The  American  Federation  of  Labor 
has  been  working  faithfully  since  its 
first  convention  in  18 SI  to  eliminate 
convict  labor  in  competition  with  free 
labor.  In  the  platform  adopted  that 
year  was  the  demand  that  all  laws  per- 
mitting prison  contract  labor  be  re- 
pealed. State  Legislatures  were  urged 
to  pass  laws  providing  that  the  convicts 
should  produce  exclusively  for  the  in- 
stitutions of  the  state  and  its  subdivi- 
sions. 

"Nearly  every  year  certain  gains  were 
made  in  various  states.  Twenty-eight 
years  ago  Congress  was  asked  to  pass  a 
bill  similar  to  the  Hawes-Cooper  Act 
but  it  was  not  until  December,  1928, 
that  Congress  by  a  very  large  vote 
passed  the  Haw-es-Cooper  bill,  which 
was  signed  by  the  President. 


Accident  Results  in  Death  of  Officer  of 
Local  Union  150 

William  Dietz,  for  many  years  Finan- 
cial Secretary  of  Local  Union  150,  Ply- 
mouth, Pa.,  passed  away  at  the  Wilkes- 
Barre.  Pa.,  General  Hospital,  February 
12,  1934,  death  resulting  from  an  ac- 
cident while  he  was  at  work  on  Febru- 
ary 1st. 


Brother  Dietz  joined  Local  Union  150 
on  March  5,  1901,  and  continued  his 
membership  in  the  Local  Union  until 
the  time  of  his  death. 

He  was  a  true  and  valued  member  of 
the  Brotherhood  for  thirty-three  years 
and  will  be  sadly  missed  by  the  officers 
and  members  of  Local  Union  150. 


Death  Takes  Officer  of  Local  Union  957 

The  members  of  Local  Union  No.  95  7 
of  Stillwater,  Minn.,  were  deeply  grieved 
to  learn  of  the  death  of  Brother  Ole 
Berg  which  occurred  February  3,  1934, 
at  his  home  in  that  city. 

He  joined  the  Local  Union  on  Sep- 
tember 6,  1910,  and  served  as  Treasurer 
from  the  year  1922  until  his  death. 

Brother  Berg  was  a  true  unionist  and 
always  happy  when  working  for  the  in- 
terest of  his  fellow  men  and  the  Local 
Union  has  sustained  a  severe  loss  in  the 
passing  of  one  of  their  most  faithful 
officers. 


DEATH   ROLL 

GUY   V.    deCASTRO — Local    Union   No. 

46  9,  Cheyenne,  Wyoming. 
H.    S.    HOLLOHAN — Local    Union    No. 

13  2,  Washington,  D.  C. 
C.  M.  LARSON — Local  Union  No.  1176, 

Fargo,  N.  D. 
LOUIS  RITTER — Local  Union  No.  1243, 

Oneida,  N.  Y. 


Intellect  is  the  edge  of  the  ax,  but 
moral  power  is  the  back  which  gives 
force  to  the  blow. — Horace  Mann. 

Statistics  inform  us  that  the  span  of 
life  was  increased  by  25  years  in  the 
past  century.  The  trade  agreement  and 
the  union  label  were  great  factors  in 
this  notable  achievement. 

There  are  many  conceptions  as  to 
what  success  really  is.  To  some  people 
it  means  getting  to  the  top,  winning  dis- 
tinction and  fame;  to  most  people  suc- 
cess means  the  accumulation  of  wealth 
and  with  it  a  life  of  ease  and  luxury. 
But  for  one  to  gain  riches  at  the  cost  of 
true  friends,  and  to  find  himself  with- 
out the  companionship  and  affection  of 
loved  ones,  he  will  eventually  realize 
that  his  success  is  but  a  miserable  fail- 
ure. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal  Is  Not  Responsible  For  Views  Expressed  By  Correspondents. 


Training  For  The  Construction 
Industries 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

"In  an  article  on  Training  For  The 
Construction  Industries"  in  the  Febru- 
ary issue  of  "The  Carpenter,"  my  col- 
league, Nelson  L.  Burbank,  Architec- 
tural Drafting  Instructor  and  teacher  of 
Related  Mathematics,  English  and  Sci- 
ence in  our  Carpentry  classes,  makes 
some  statements  which  are  not  accept- 
able to  many  Vocational  Teachers.  I 
intend  to  challenge  some  of  these  state- 
ments and  endeavor  to  clear  up  some 
misunderstandings  which  have  been 
brought  to  my  attention. 

We  will  grant  the  truth  of  his  state- 
ment "That  a  close  analysis  of  certain 
trades  will  bring  out  many  points  of 
similarity  one  with  another."  For  in- 
stance, in  comparing  the  Carpentry  and 
Cabinet  Making  trades  there  are  points 
of  similarity,  both  work  with  wood,  use 
many  of  the  same  tools,  but  one  turns 
out  furniture  and  cabinet  work  while 
the  other  turns  out  homes,  garages,  etc. 
But  how  any  one  can  group  such  trades 
as  Electrical  work,  Plumbing,  Steam 
Fitting,  and  Elevator  Construction  is 
beyond  my  comprehension.  Where  is 
the  similarity  in  any  two  of  these 
trades?  The  only  thing  I  can  see  is  that 
the  Plumber,  Steam  fitter  and  Electri- 
cian all  use  pipe  of  some  kind  in  their 
work,  therefore,  they  all  need  to  cut  and 
thread  pipe.    Here  the  similarity  ends. 

Where  does  Mr.  Burbank  get  his  au- 
thority for  the  statement  that  " — and 
the  demand  for  trained  specialists  is 
less  than  ever  before."?  We  all  know 
that  industry  is  becoming  more  the 
work  of  the  specialist  every  day.  A  few 
years  ago  a  Carpenter  was  hired  because 
he  was  a  good  all-round  mechanic,  cap- 
able of  working  anywhere  on  the  house. 
He  built  the  forms,  framed  the  struc- 
ture and  then  after  the  plaster  had  set 
came  back  and  installed  the  trim.  Now 
certain  men  work  at  nothing  but  form 
work,   especially   on   large   construction 


work,  others  have  specialized  on  inter- 
ior trim  on  these  same  large  jobs.  There 
are  the  men  who  have  turned  to  stair- 
building,  and  what  is  more  specialized 
than  hardwood  floor  work.  Some  men 
make  a  life  study  of  Roof  Framing  and 
are  always  in  demand  in  every  city.  I 
again  ask  where  does  he  get  his  author- 
ity? 

Why  group  such  trades  as;  Rodmen 
(I  suppose  he  means  Reinforcing  rods), 
Structural  iron  work,  Ornamental  iron 
work  together?  I  admit  they  all  use 
iron,  but  how?  What  is  the  reason  for 
classifications  of  the  following  trades 
under  the  heading  "Trowel  Trades."? 
The  Stone  cutter  is  not  interested  in 
using  a  trowel  to  set  the  stone,  he  leaves 
that  to  the  stone  setter.  The  Plasterer 
and  Bricklayer  use  mortar,  but  of  a 
different  mix  and  for  a  different  pur- 
pose. The  Tile  setter,  Stone  Mason, 
Terrazzo  worker  and  Cement  Finisher 
complete  his  list.  Why  are  they  all  to- 
gether? 

In  the  article  as  printed  in  "The 
Building  Age"  the  author  makes  this 
statement;  "Trained  journeymen  versed 
in  several  trades  would  at  once  have  dis- 
tinct advantages  over  others:  some  of 
which  are: 

A.  Days    of    employment    per    year 
would  be  greater. 

B.  More  master  mechanics  would  be 
needed. 

C.  Unfit  or  unsuited  workers  would 
be  eliminated. 

In  answer  to  these  three  statements 
may  I  quote  from  some  of  the  Trades- 
men, Educators,  Contractors,  and  Pro- 
fessional men  who  have  read  Mr.  Bur- 
bank's  article.  These  men  are  all  rated 
as  experts  in  their  fields. 

"You  can't  make  work  by  having 
workmen  able  to  do  several  things.  If 
the  work  is  there,  every  workman  will 
have  work  in  his  own  line.  The  total 
days  of  employment  for  workers  would 
not  be  greater  as  stated  unless  the  work 


22 


THE     CARPENTER 


was  slowed  up  by  having  'Jack  of  all 
Trades'  on  the  job. 

"It  is  doubtful  if  a  combination  of 
trades  could  be  offered  by  the  workmen 
without  having  a  general  lowering  of 
standards.  Your  most  efficient  worker 
is  a  specialist." 

"I  am  positively  opposed  to  the  school 
messing  up  the  skilled  crafts.  We  only 
have  to  join  the  band  wagon  of  the  so- 
called  industrial  arts  to  be  lost  in  this 
maze  of  confusion.  Don't  misunder- 
stand me,  I  am  a  strong  advocate  for 
the  type  of  industrial  arts  which  offers 
say  six  weeks  TRYOUTS  in  a  great  var- 
iety of  industrial  pursuits." 

"Your  colleague  has  evidently  not  had 
much  experience  in  the  trades.  An  over 
emphasis  of  the  philosophy  of  some  of 
our  leaders  in  industrial  arts  is  gener- 
ally responsible  for  such  a  point  of  view. 
Vocational  educators  must  combat  this 
school  of  thought  or  retire  from  the 
field." 

"I  think  the  writer  failed  to  take  into 
consideration  the  time  spent  in  becom- 
ing proficient  in  one  trade,  let  alone 
several." 

We  of  the  teaching  profession  are 
often  criticised  for  statements  made  by 
certain  of  our  members.  The  teachers 
on  the  staff  of  the  Vocational  Schools  of 
Cincinnati  are  taken  from  the  ranks  of 
industry.  We  are  required  to  meet  cer- 
tain requirements  set  up  by  the  City  of 
Cincinnati,  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  the 
National  Government,  under  the  Smith- 
Hughes  Act.  When  some  teacher  has 
come  direct  from  the  University  into  the 
teaching  profession  and  has  never  had 
contact  with  industry  as  an  active  work- 
er for  a  living  we  can  not  expect  him  to 
have  the  view  point  of  industry  or  the 
industrial  trained  worker,  but  rather 
that  of  industrial  arts  in  which  he  was 
trained.  The  person  attempting  to  write 
such  an  article  should  seek  the  advice 
and  counsel  of  those  more  familiar  with 
the  subject. 

The  following  is  the  set  up  of  two  of 
our  representative  Vocational  Schools 
here  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  I  have  chosen 
two  schools  connected  with  the  building 
trades. 

Building  Voc.  High 

Building  Industries  Shops,  15  hours 
per  week. 

Related  English,  2  hours  per  week. 


Related  Mathematics,  5  hours  pev 
week. 

Civics  and  accident  prevention,  2 
hours  per  week. 

Related  Drawing  (Blue  print  read 
ing),   4   hours   per  week. 

Related  Science,  2  hours  per  week. 

Electrical  Voc.    High 

Electrical  shops  and  laboratories,  15 
hours  per  week. 

Related  English,  2  hours  per  week. 

Related  Mathematics,  5  hours  per 
week. 

Civics  and  accident  prevention,  2 
hours  per  week. 

Related  Drawing  (Blue  print  read- 
ing), 4  hours  per  week. 

Related  Science,  2  hours  per  week. 

Our  Trade  History  is  concerned  with 
the  history  of  the  various  tools  and  of 
the  trade  of  Carpentry  or  Electrical 
worker  as  the  case  may  be.  By  Related 
English,  Related  Drawing,  etc.,  we 
mean  that  English,  drawing,  etc.,  DI- 
RECTLY related  to  the  trade  being 
taught. 

We  are  not  trying  to  turn  out  jour- 
neymen; rather  we  are  trying  to  give 
the  boy  an  advanced  start  in  his  ap- 
prenticeship, by  teaching  the  funda- 
mentals of  tool  care,  usage  and  the  fun- 
damentals of  the  trade.  Our  boys  must 
be  fourteen  years  of  age  and  have  satis- 
factorily completed  the  eighth  grade. 
They  enroll  in  our  school  on  the  next 
school  day  after  the  closing  of  school  in 
June,  continue  in  school  through  June, 
July,  and  August.  They  then  receive 
two  weeks  vacation,  returning  on  the 
regular  opening  date  of  the  public 
schools  in  September  for  the  start  of 
the  second  term.  They  complete  their 
year  of  48  weeks,  3  0  hours  per  week, 
6  hours  per  day,  5  days  per  week  the 
following  June.  The  course  lasts  for  a 
period  of  two  years  or,  longer  if  the 
student  cares  to  stay  for  more  advanced 
work. 

The  following  is  an  excerpt  from  an 
article  in  the  April  1920  issue  of  "The 
Carpenter."  It  was  written  by  my  father, 
Baxter  E.  Hart,  who  was  then  Senior 
Instructor  of  Carpentry  in  the  Govern- 
ment Schools  for  returned  soldiers.  Up 
to  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Brotherhood.    It  was  he  who 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


taught  me  my  trade  and  many  a  happy 
day  did  we  have  working  at  the  trade, 
in  Cincinnati,  California,  New  Jersey, 
and  Florida. 

"To  be  a  successful  carpenter  of  today 
one  must  have  the  ability  to  read  a 
blue  print,  and  also  be  able  to  intelli- 
gently express  himself  by  the  aid  of  his 
pencil.'  'To  be  brief,  he  must  under- 
stand architectural  drawing,  at  least,  in 
so  far  as  it  pertains  to  his  own  trade.' 
'The  carpenter  should  have  some  idea 
of  the  strength  of  materials  that  he 
uses  in  his  work.'  'All  carpenter  fore- 
men should  understand  the  building 
code  of  the  city  in  which  they  work,  at 
least,  in  so  far  as  it  applies  to  their 
own  trade.'  'A  knowledge  of  the  various 
woods  used  in  the  building  in  his  local- 
ity is  very  essential  to  the  progressive 
carpenter.  A  wood  that  will  make  a 
beautiful  interior  finish  may  be  practi- 
cally useless  as  an  exterior  finish  ex- 
posed to  the  weather.'  'He  must  in  fact, 
have  a  good  knowledge  of  mensuration 
and  some  geometry.'  'A  knowledge  of 
contracts  and  building  laws  in  relation 
to  owner  and  contractors  would  be  very 
valuable  right  here." 

It  is  evident  from  the  above  that  out- 
side of  becoming  more  specialized  the 
trade  of  carpentry  has  remained  the 
same.  The  same  things  that  were  essen- 
tial then  are  essential  now,  and  where 
is  a  more  logical  place  to  learn  these 
essentials  and  fundamentals  than  in  a 
school  under  competent  instructors. 

Eugene  E.  Hart,  Instructor  in  Car- 
pentry and  Roof  Framing,  Build- 
ing Vocational  High  School. 
Principal  of  Building  Vocational 
Evening   School,    Cincinnati,   O. 


Unemployment   and  Malnutrition 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Malnutrition  is  a  "windmill"  that  I 
have  longed  to  tilt  at,  but  I  lacked  data, 
although  I  was  particularly  interested 
in  the  subject.  Through  the  courtesy 
of  Doctor  Ella  Oppenheim,  of  Washing- 
ton, I  am  the  fortunate  possessor  of  a 
mimeographed  copy  of  the  proceedings 
of  the  Child  Health  Recovery  Confer- 
ence, held  in  Washington  on  October  6, 
19  33;  also  programs,  examination  cards 
and  diet  lists. 

We  really  live  our  lives  moment  by 
moment,  so  with  our  great  "Social  Prob- 
lems,"   the   magnitude   of    our    task   ap- 


palls if  we  try  to  be  too  comprehensive 
at  once.  If  we  try  to  solve  a  fragment 
at  a  time  perhaps  we  can  solve  that 
portion.  I  am  not  concerned  about 
changing  the  "System";  if  we  change 
our  own  thought  and  try  to  solve  the 
vital  questions,  I  think  that  the  system 
will  adjust  itself. 

Secretary  of  Labor,  Perkins,  from 
time  to  time  received  reports  of  under- 
nourishment of  children,  which  made 
her  uneasy.  Checking  and  re-checking 
reports,  it  appeared  to  be  a  fact  that 
25  per  cent  of  the  children  of  school  and 
pre-school  age  were  undernourished; 
hence  the  calling  of  the  conference  on 
October  6th. 

Briefly,  I  wish  to  impress  on  you  the 
fact  that  Malnutrition  is  a  vital  and 
urgent  problem;  to  arouse  a  sense  of 
responsibility  in  your  minds;  to  give 
you  some  slight  understanding  of  the 
continuous  sense  of  insecurity  of  the 
worker,  and  to  recognize  one  of  the 
chief  by-products  of  the  depression. 

Federal  Relief  Commissioner  Hopkins 
said:  "There  are  6,000,000  children  in 
the  United  States  getting  public  relief. 
They  are,  in  the  main,  children  of  work- 
ers, children  of  parents  that  are  taking 
the  licking  in  this  depression,  on  a 
pauper  level  of  5  0  to  6  0  cents  per  day." 

Mr.  Hopkins  then  announced  that  it 
had  been  decided  to  allow  "Relief 
Funds"  to  be  used  for  school  lunches 
for  children  of  the  unemployed. 

New  York  City  showed  considerable 
increase  of  malnutrition,  after  examin- 
ing approximately  400,000  children. 

For  Example:  Manhattan  increased 
from  16  per  cent  in  19  29  to  2  9  per 
cent  in  1932.  Bronx,  from  13  per  cent 
to  23  per  cent. 

Pennsylvania,  excluding  Philadelphia, 
— showed  an  average  of  25  per  cent 
from  malnutrition;  based  on  667,000  to 
1,000,000  examinations;  some  increase 
45  per  cent  and  some  100  per  cent. 

West  Virginia  in  19  31  in  a  survey 
covering  34  counties  and  42,219  school 
children,  showed  23.1  underweight;  Vir- 
ginia sounds  the  warning  that  we  shall 
in  later  years  reap  the  harvest,  in  tuber- 
culosis and  other  ills.  Kentucky  re- 
ports:— Examined  38,000  children  and 
find  25  per  cent  undernourished. 

Need  I  say  more  in  proof  that  the 
problem  exists? 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


Oddly  enough  North  Carolina  reports 
decrease  of  malnutrition  among  the 
children,  except  in  a  few  poor  spots,  but 
reports  malnutrition  among  the  moth- 
ers. Mrs.  Franklin  Roosevelt  also  spoke 
about  the  mothers.  She  said,  "Many 
children  are  being  born  today  whose 
mothers  are  physically  below  par." 

"The  figures  that  we  have  now  ap- 
palled me  at  the  very  poor  progress  that 
we  are  making  in  the  care  of  our  moth- 
ers, and  that  has  a  very  distinct  bearing 
on  th"  possibilities  for  the  children  of 
the   future." 

Mrs.  Roosevelt  also  spoke  of  Puerto 
Rico,  tracing  the  inefficiency  and  re- 
luctance of  taking  responsibility  in  the 
people,  back  to  the  period  when  there 
was  a  food  shortage  there. 

"Suggested  Remedies." 
Child  Health  Recovery  Conference:  — 
The   Chairman    (Miss    Grace   Abbott) 
said: 

"I  wish  it  could  be  done  by  the  father 
bringing  home  a  pay  envelope  that  is 
full  .  .  .  anything  else  is  a  poor,  wretched 
substitute  for  what  ought  to  be  done." 

Dr.  Beatty  (Utah)  was  blunt  and 
plain: 

"They  need  food  and  education."  He 
implied  that  a  great  need  for  food  was 
there  and  would  have  to  be  met. 

Dr.  Emerson: 

"We  should  avoid  ....  increasing  in 
anyway  the  people's  fear." 

Emergency   Relief  Administration: 

Remarks  by  Dr.  Haven  Emerson — 
"They  have  asked  if  we  would  be  will- 
ing to  have  the  nurses  recommend  to 
them,  families  that  they  think  should 
receive  additional  amounts  for  food. 
They  would  be  willing  to  grant  from  $1 
to  $3  additional,  merely  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  nurse  or  the  doctor." 

Dr.  Bailey  B.  Burrit: 

"There  is  not  much  use  in  examina- 
tions .  .  unless  recommendations  are  ac- 
tually followed  up  in  the  home." 

The  Red  Cross  provided  for  lunches 
in  3,6  00  schools  with  184,000  children. 

Dr.  Beatty  (Utah) — Reports  that  they 
are  trying  to  improve  malnutrition  by 
serving  soup  for  school  lunches. 

Dr.  Earle  G.  Brown — Secretary  Kan- 
sas Board  of  Health,  made  what  to  my 
mind,  is  one  of  the  most  important  sug- 
gestions for  rural  districts.  He  said: 


"In  some  agricultural  counties,  we 
find  that  70  per  cent  of  the  children, 
for  whom  we  thought  the  information 
was  correct,  were  not  using  milk. 

"On  the  other  hand,  we  found  the 
largest  proportion  of  milk  drinkers,  and 
the  lowest  proportion  of  malnourished 
children,  in  the  counties  having  full- 
time  health  departments." 

I  have  not  mentioned  the  fathers. 
Cast  your  minds  back  to  old  times;  the 
horse  feeding  on  grass  all  winter  looked 
fine;  as  soon  as  you  started  him  to 
work  he  went  to  pieces  unless  you  first 
fed  him  oats. 

Nuff  Said 

Albert  E.  Edginton,  R.  S., 
L.  U.  No.  IS.  Hamilton,  Ont. 


Appreciates  Our  Journal 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

Looking  over  our  journal  from  cover 
to  cover  (the  March  issue)  I  was  inter- 
ested in  the  editorial  from  the  AMERI- 
CAN BUILDER.  When  that  paper  start- 
ed it  was  "The  Carpenter  and  Builder." 
Your  editorials  and  official  information 
are  both  valuable  and  interesting,  so  are 
all  the  rest  of  the  pages.  Correspond- 
ence was  unusually  interesting.  I  only 
hope  every  brother  in  the  organization 
will  read  Brother  Perry's  letter. 

I  was  saddened  to  note  the  death  of 
Brother  Cattermull  who  was  with  us  so 
much  in  years  gone  by.  I  doubt  very  much 
if  there  is  another  carpenter  "in  Indian- 
apolis who  knew  him  as  well  as  I  did. 

I  received  many  appreciative  letters 
from  carpenters  who  secured  my  little 
booklet  "On  The  Square." 

Any  brothers  wanting  my  latest  leaf- 
lets "On  The  Square,"  or  who  want 
my  book  "Carpenters  Square  and  Com- 
passes" can  receive  further  information 
by  corresponding  with  me. 

D.  L.   Stoddard, 
R.  R.  4,  Box  141,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

*      *      * 

Another   Appreciative   Reader 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

I,  personally,  wish  to  take  this  oppor- 
tunity to  compliment  you  on  the  splen- 
did issue  of  "The  Carpenter"  for  the 
month  of  March.  It  contains  much  val- 
uable and  informative  material  which  I 
am  sure  our  members  will  find  very  in- 
teresting 

LeRoy  Westervelt,  F.  S., 
L.  U.  No.  265.  Hackensack,  N.  J. 


THE     CARPENTER 


25 


Four  States  Have  No  Workmen's  Com- 
pensation Laws 

At  its  first  convention,  in  1881,  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  demand- 
ed stricter  laws  making  employers  liable 
for  all  accidents  to  employes  resulting 
from  employer  negligence  or  incompe- 
tency. Later  the  A.  F.  of  L.  demanded 
radical  modification  of  the  unjust  bar  to 
recovery  of  damages  based  on  the  legal- 
istic and  judicial  fellow  servant  doc- 
trine, and  its  accompanying  waiver  of 
rights,  assumption  of  risk,  and  contribu- 
tory negligence,  all  of  which  were  clever 
schemes  devised  to  relieve  employers 
from  financial  obligation  toward  injured 
employes. 

As  a  result  of  organized  labor's  ef- 
forts, the  State  of  Washington,  in  1911, 
enacted  the  first  adequate  compensation 
law.  Other  States  have  followed  the 
example  set  by  Washington  until  now 
forty-four  States  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  have  compensation  legisla- 
tion. 

The  justice  of  workmen's  compensa- 
tion is  generally  admitted.  It  is  there- 
fore regrettable  that  the  legislatures  of 
four  States  still  refuse  this  meager 
equity  to  the  workers  who  are  the  vic- 
tims of  accidents,  often  fatal,  while  en- 
gaged in  the  production  of  commodities 
and  the  performance  of  services  solely 
for  the  private  profit  of  their  employers. 
Nevertheless,  this  basic  right  is  still  de- 
nied working  men  and  women  and  their 
dependents  in  Arkansas,  Florida,  Missis- 
sippi and  South  Carolina. 

Organized  labor  in  these  States  has 
persistently  fought  for  the  enactment 
of  appropriate  workmen's  compensation 
laws.  But  the  industrial  and  legislative 
bourbons  who  dominate  the  legislatures 
have  succeeded  in  blocking  the  pro- 
posal. Usually  the  outstanding  persons 
opposing  this  legislation  are  those  who 
have  persistently  fought  adequate  child 
labor  laws  and  refused  to  recognize  the 
right  of  their  employes  to  organize  in 
effective  trade  unions  for  the  purpose 
of  collective  bargaining  in  the  adjust- 
ment of  wages  and  hours  and  other 
working  conditions. 

The  political  and  industrial  leaders  in 
these  four  backward  States  should  cease 
their  opposition  to  adequate  protection 
for  injured  workers  and  their  families 
and  promptly  enact  up-to-date  work- 
men's compensation  laws.    By  so  doing 


they  will  get  more  in  touch  with  the 
general  spirit  underlying  the  President's 
Recovery  Program. 


New  York  Courts  Refuse   To  Enjoin 
Union  Workers 

Organized  workers  in  New  York  have 
won  two  big  victories  by  decisions  of 
New  York  courts. 

In  one  case,  the  judge  said  he  did  not 
believe  in  government  by  injunction;  in 
the  other  case  the  judge  declared  the 
National  Recovery  Act  had  deprived 
employers  of  the  company  union  and  the 
"open  shop." 

Following  a  hearing  on  petitions  for 
injunctions  and  damages  filed  against 
each  other  by  the  Radio  Factory  Work- 
ers' Union  and  the  Cornell-Dubilier 
Condenser  Corporation,  in  the  Bronx, 
Justice  Charles  B.  McLaughlin  of  the 
Bronx  Supreme  Court  said: 

"I  don't  see  much  need  for  an  in- 
junction. I  will  not  restrain  organized 
labor.  We  don't  want  government  by 
injunction  if  we  can  help  it." 

In  Brooklyn  Supreme  Court,  Justice 
Paul  Bonynge  denied  an  application  for 
a  temporary  injunction  to  restrain  a 
union  from  picketing. 

The  Kings  County  Haberdashers'  As- 
sociation, which  controls  12  stores  in 
Flatbush,  sought  an  injunction  against 
the  Retail  Hat  and  Furnishing  Sales- 
men's Union,  asking  that  the  union's 
officers  and  members  be  restrained  from 
interfering  with  its  customers  by  picket- 
ing, approaching  its  employes  or  "doing 
any  other  illegal  acts." 

"Motion  for  temporary  injunction  de- 
nied with  $10  costs,"  Justice  Bonynge 
wrote.  "The  defendants  have  neither 
committed  nor  threatened  any  illegal 
acts.  The  law  recognizes  their  right  to 
spread  the  gospel  of  unionism  and  to 
picket  places  of  business  of  recalcitrant 
employers.  The  plaintiff's  assumption 
that  the  provisions  of  the  National  Re- 
covery Act  fortify  their  position  is  a 
mistaken  one.  Nothing  in  the  act  cur- 
tails the  rights  previously  enjoyed  by 
labor.  Quite  to  the  contrary,  Congress 
has  greatly  strengthened  the  arm  of  la- 
bor by  stripping  its  traditional  enemy 
of  two  highly  effective  weapons,  viz. : 
the  company  union  and  the  open  shop." 


Ego  in  moderation  is  good  for  man, 
it  aids  the  development  of  character. 


Craft  Probloms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON  LXVII 

Marking  for  studding,  joists  or  for 
openings,  is  not  a  difficult  job,  however, 
it  must  be  done  with  care,  if  the  proper 
degree  of  accuracy  is  to  be  attained. 
One  of  the  first  requirement,  is  a  good 
pencil,  well  sharpened,  with  lead  not 
too  hard  and  not  too  soft.  A  pencil  that 
is  too  hard,  will  not  leave  enough  mark 
to  be  readily  seen,  and  one  that  is  too 
soft  will  wear  away  too  fast.  Another 
essential,  is  a  good  steel  square,  with 
the  figures  and  graduation  marks  clear- 
ly visible,  so  that  it  will  not  be  neces- 
sary to  search  for  them.  A  good  way  to 
bring  out  the  figures  and  marks  on  ah 
otherwise  good  square,  is  to  clean  out 
the  groves  thoroughly,  and  then  apply 
a  coat  of  white  enamel,  allow  this  to 
dry  until  it  will  cut  without  smearing, 
and  then  with  a  sharp  chisel  shave  off 
the  enamel,  which  will  leave  the  figures 
and  graduation  marks  full  of  enamel, 
thus  bringing  them  out  so  they  can  eas- 
ily be  read. 

Top  and  bottom  plates  should  be 
marked  together,  that  is  to  say,  the  two 
plates  should  be  laid  side  by  side,  and 


•*■! 


^ 


^ 


- 


■5     6    7     9    9 


u 


II     IZ    '3     1-4-   IS    16 

— Ir  if   iT  ii  -ti- 


ll   ir  ii    \t    ii    i i 


1  •'•}.' 


Fig.  381 

marked  for  the  studding,  with  one  oper- 
ation. The  body  of  the  square  should 
be  kept  tight  against  the  edge  of  one  of 
the  plates,  while  the  marking  is  done 
along  the  two  edges  of  the  tongue.  The 
practice  of  making  just  one  mark,  and 


then  placing  a  cross  mark  where  the 
studding  is  to  be  placed  is  not  only  un- 
satisfactory, but  it  requires  more  time 
than  the  two-line  marking.  For  in- 
stance, two  operations  are  all  that  are 
necessary  for  the  two-line  marking, 
while  for  the  one-line-and-crosss  mark- 
ing, three  operations  are  required,  one 
for  the  line,  and  two  for  the  cross. 

For  two-story  buildings,  where  a  rib- 
bon or  ledger  board  is  used,  the  spacing 
from  the  plates  should  be  transferred  to 


the  ribbon  board.  The  same  thing  is 
true  for  the  end-joists,  onto  which  the 
studding  are  nailed;  they  should  be 
marked  to  correspond  with  the  bottom 
and  top  plates,  which  will  prevent  any 
variation  in  the  width  of  the  building 
from  the  bottom  plate  to  the  top  plate. 
To  mark  these  various  pieces  separate- 
ly with  the  square,  often  results  in  dif- 
ferenes  in  their  length  as  well  as  in 
the  spacing,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
square  can  not  be  held  exactly  alike 
for  the  various  operations.  Another 
thing  about  marking,  the  line  should 
be  made  as  close  to  the  edge  of  the 
square  as  possible,  and  only  one  line  to 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


the  edge — practice  of  making  two  or 
more  strokes  along  the  edge  of  the 
square  when  marking,  presumably  to 
insure  a  definite  mark,  cannot  be  too 
severely    condemned.     Quite    frequently 


^:- 


^ 


\ 


I 


Fig.  3  83 

it  happens,  that  each  stroke  makes  a 
separate  line,  which  makes  it  confusing 
when  you  try  to  tell  which  line  is  sup- 
posed to  be  used.  Men  with  unsteady 
hands  more  frequently  indulge  in  this 
practice  than  those  who  are  sure  of 
their  action;  however,  making  superflu- 
ous strokes  when  marking,  no  matter 
who  does  it,  is  usually  due  to  habit. 
"Watch  yourself  the  next  time  you  do 
some  marking,  and  see  whether  you 
yourself  are  entirely  rid  of  this  habit; 
if  not,  start  at  once  to  eliminate  it. 

Marking  tools  used  in  carpentry  are: 
Pencil,  scratch  awl,  knife,  scribers,  com- 
pass, gauge,  chalk,  chalk-line,  and  for 
emergencies,  nails,  which  sometimes  in- 
clude finger  nails.     There   are  probably 


Fig.  384 

other  marking  tools,  but  these  are  all 
that  come  to  my  mind  at  this  writing. 
The  reader,  no  doubt,  can  think  of  some 
marking  tools,  which  have  played  a  part 
in   his   individual    experience,    or   which 


might  have  more  nearly  a  local  signifi- 
cance, or  which  are  used  in  particular 
branches  of  our  trade  and  not  in  others. 
Marking  means  so  much  in  carpentry, 
that  it  can  either  make  or  mar  the  use- 
fulness of  any  mechanic. 

In  the  previous  lesson  we  dealt  with 
framing  and  erecting  one-story  skele- 
tons. In  this  lesson  we  take  up  skele- 
tons for  two-story  buildings.  Here,  as 
in  the  previous  lesson,  we  are  not  going 
into  details,  for  the  reason  that  most  of 
this  work  becomes  common  knowledge 
to  every  carpenter  very  early  in  his  ex- 
perience; but,  as  we  stated  in  the  other 
lesson,  it  belongs  to  carpentry,  and  so 
we  are  treating  it.  Marking  the  top  and 
bottom  plates  for  the  studding  was  ex- 
plained in  the  previous  lesson  as  well  as 
in  the  preliminary  remarks  of  this  les- 
son,  where  we  also   explained  marking 


Fig.  3  85 

the  ribbon  boards  and  the  end  joists  for 
the  studding.  With  these  things  in 
mind,  we  will  turn  to  Fig.  381,  where 
the  corner  posts,  which  should  be  erect- 
ed first  and  braced,  are  marked  c  c.  At 
d,  we  are  showing  a  brace  in  place. 
Before  any  of  the  studding  can  be  erect- 
ed, the  ribbon  boards  should  be  put  up. 
The  one  marked  a,  should  be  fastened 
to  the  corner  post  and  to  the  center 
studding,  marked  number  10,  then  the 
board  marked  b,  should  be  nailed  into 
place  in  the  same  manner.  Now  com- 
mencing with  studding  number  1,  the 
studding  are  nailed  into  places  in  the 
order  shown  by  numbers,  one  carpenter 
nailing  the  ribbon  board,  and  another 
toe-nailing  the  studding  to  the  bottom 


2S 


THE     CARPENTER 


plate  while  another  man  lifts  the  stud- 
ding into  place.  Fig.  382  shows  how 
the  studding  are  notched  to  receive  the 
ribbon  board,  and  Pig.  3  83  shows  the 
skeleton  wall  completed,  including  the 
doubled  top  plate. 

Fig.  384  shows  how  to  proceed  on 
the  sides  where  the  studding  are  fas- 
tened to  the  end  joists.  Here,  as  in  the 
other  case,  the  corners  marked  c  c, 
are  erected  first,  then  the  joists  marked 
a  and  b  are  nailed  into  place,  as  shown. 
Now,  with  a  man  nailing  the  joist  to 
the  studding  and  another  man  nailing 
the  studding  to  the  bottom  plate,  pro- 
ceed to  erect  the  studding  in  the  order 
shown  by  numbers,  1,  2,  3  and  so  on. 
It  will  be  noticed  by  referring  to  Figs. 
3S2  and  3  8  3,  that  the  braces  shown  are 
nailed   on   the   inside,   in   order  to   keep 


1 

n      ^ 

c 

^ ir— -^: — = 

.  \-  ■  "  :  '.--    * 

\v :  ';^r-.-'  :\ 

Fig.  386 

them  out  of  the  way  when  the  studding 
are  erected.  Fig.  385  shows  how  the 
joists  are  nailed  to  the  center  studding, 
which  in  Fig.  3  84  is  marked  number 
10.  Fig.  386  shows  the  skeleton  wall 
completed. 

In  order  that  the  reader  will  not  be 
misled,  we  want  to  say  that  the  braces 
shown  on  the  illustrations,  are  given 
merely  to  show  how  braces  should  be 
nailed — no  attempt  has  been  made  to 
show  what  constitutes  proper  bracing. 
The  corners  should  be  braced  two  ways 
on  every  story,  and  the  walls  should  be 
braced  enough  to  hold  them  in  proper 
alignment.  As  a  rule,  proper  bracing 
is  governed  by  conditions  or  circum- 
stances. No  hard-and-fast  rule  can  be 
laid  down,  other  than  the  rule  of  sub- 
stantiality. 

In  the  next  lesson  we  will  take 
up  framing  rough  openings  in  outside 
walls. 


THE    FRAMING    SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 
PART   TWENTY-THREE 

There  is  a  story  about  a  man  who  was 
asked  whether  he  knew  how  to  play  the 
fiddle.  "I  do  not  know,  he  said,  I  never 
tried." 

I  venture  to  say  there  are  scores  of 
building  operatives  who  at  some  time  or 
other  find  themselves  in  the  position  of 
the  man  who  did  not  know  whether  he 
could  play  the  fiddle  or  not.  They  never 
have  tried  their  hand  at  many  of  the 
important  phases  of  their  trade,  either 
for  lack  of  interest,  fear  of  responsibil- 
ity, mental  indolence  or  trusting  good 
luck — that  they  may  always  get  by — by 
doing  some  unimportant,  routine  work 
they  were  doing  all  their  life. 

Times  have  changed  considerably  a 
long  time  before  this  economic  debacle 
has  struck  our  globe.  Rapid  develop- 
ment in  every  province  of  engineering 
and  particularly  in  building  construc- 
tion has  compelled  man  to  compete  with 
machinery  which  costs  less  to  operate, 
produces  more  work  and  is  more  reli- 
able than  man  is,  which  is  very  unfortu- 
nate for  the  man. 

There  is,  however,  one  thing  that  the 
machine  will  never  replace  and  that  is 
mind-power.  It  is  therefore  evident  that 
in  order  to  win  the  battle  in  this  cruel 
war  of  competition  one  must  direct  all 
his  efforts  into  the  development  of  his 
mental  powers  no  matter  what  the  na- 
ture of  his  activities  may  be. 

Did  it  ever  occur  to  you  that  carpen- 
try is  the  branch  of  building  construc- 
tion which  requires  more  skill,  more 
initiative,  more  inventive  ability  and 
technical  knowledge  than  any  other 
trade  employed  on  an  equal  basis  in  the 
erection  of  buildings.  It  should  be  the 
highest  ambition  of  each  carpenter  to 
measure  up  to  the  highest  possible 
standard  of  his  trade. 

The  above  is  particularly  true  of  roof 
framing.  As  long  as  buildings  are  to  be 
built,  there  always  will  be  roofs  to  be 
framed. 

There  are  machines  on  the  market  to- 
day which  can  accurately  cut  and  shape 
rafters.  They  can  produce  roof  mem- 
bers for  a  certain  type  of  a  roof,  width 
and  pitch.  But  no  machine  will  ever  be 
able  to  construct  a  roof  of  any  shape, 
width,   pitch,   and   above  all  satisfy  the 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


whim  and  vagaries  of  the  architect.  It 
takes  a  real  carpenter  to  do  that.  And 
as  long  as  a  man  can  boast  he  can  meet 
the  situation,  not  necessarily  in  roof 
framing  only,  you  understand,  he  need 
not  worry  to  be  out  of  a  job. 

It  is  an  easy  matter  to  test  just  how 
much  mind  does  participate  in  the  work 
you  do.  We  propose  to  try  it  in  a  gen- 
eral way  in  this  particular  paper,  using 
the  diagrams  accompanying  this  text. 

Produce  a  pencil  and  a  sheet  of  pa- 
per. Your  carpenters'  pencil  will  do 
and    any    kind    of    paper,    even    such    as 


In  Pig.  4  a  corner  of  a  hip  roof  is 
shown.  The  building  is  28  feet  long  and 
is  17  feet  wide.  There  is  a  ridge  board 
used  on  this  roof.  How  many  hip  rafters 
will  this  roof  require  and  how  many 
common  rafters  will  there  be  at  each 
end?  Make  a  rough  sketch  showing  how 
the  ridge  board  and  the  hip  rafters 
come  together. 

Do  you  think  the  common  rafters  at 
the  ends  will  be  longer  or  shorter  than 
the  common  rafters  on  the  sides  of  the 
roof. 

This  writer  will   be   only  too  glad  to 


AtoT&e 


Pisrre 


Pioafi- 


■jP/ffSS 


C^S 


5/Ef/  saomes 


used  for  wrapping  will  answer  the  pur- 
pose. 

Refer  to  diagram  No.  2.  Here  the 
end  view  of  a  roof  is  represented.  It  is 
a  plain  gable  roof,  the  rafters  are  14 
feet  long  and  are  spaced  at  24  inches  on 
centers.  The  building  is  3  6  feet  long. 
Draw  a  plan  of  this  roof  on  your  paper 
and  determine  how  many  lineal  feet  of 
lumber  will  be  required.  When  we  say 
"draw"  we  do  not  expect  you  to  make  a 
"drawing."  This  is  the  part  of  the 
draftsman  and  the  architect.  But  any 
one  certainly  is  able  to  make  a  line  or  a 
number  of  lines  as  nearly  straight  as 
possible  and  arrange  these  lines  in  the 
manner  he  thinks  they  should  be.  This 
is  where  the  activity  of  your  mind 
comes  in. 


verify  your  sketches  and  replies  if  you 
will  send  a  self-addressed  envelope  to 
L.  Perth,  745  West  Garfield  Blvd.,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

PROBLEMS  IN  ROOF  FRAMING 

1.  In  diagram  No.  1  what  is  indicat- 
ed by  letter  "A"? 

2.  Referring  to  Fig.  2  define  "B" 
"C"  and  "D."  Formulate  the  rule 
for  finding  the  pitch  of  the  roof? 

3.  What  does  "E"  indicate  in  dia- 
gram No.  3. 

4.  What  is  the  name  of  the  roof 
member  indicated  by  "J"  in  dia- 
gram No.  4.  What  do  letters  "G" 
"H"  and  "I"  indicate? 


30 


T  .'  I  E    CAR  P  E  \  T  E  R 


5.  Explain  diagram  shown  in  Fig.  5 
and  6.  Formulate  the  rule  which 
should  be  followed  in  shaping  the 
respective  cut   . 

ANSWERS 

1.  The  rise  of  the  rafter  per  foot 
run. 

2.  "B"  is  the  pitch  of  the  roof.  "C" 
is  the  total  rise  and  "D"  is  the 
span.  To  find  the  pitch  of  the  roof 
divide  the  rise  by  the  span. 

3.  When  ridge  board  is  used  in  roof 
construction  half  of  the  thickness 
of  same  should  be  deducted  from 
the  length  of  the  rafters  obtained 
from     the     tables     on     the     Steel 


Square.  Thus  in  diagram  3  "F" 
is  the  theoretical  length  of  the. 
rafter.  The  actual  length  will  be 
"F"  minus  "E". 

4.  The  letter  "J"  indicates  the 
"jack-rafter."  "G"  is  the  top  cut 
against  the  hip.  "H"  is  the  side 
cut  and  "I"  the  bottom  cut. 

5.  The  diagrams  in  Fig.  5  and  G  rep- 
resent the  method  of  obtaining 
top  and  bottom  cuts  for  hip  and 
valley  rafters.  The  following  rule 
should  be  followed — "Use  17 
inches  on  the  body  of  the  Square 
and  the  'rise  per  foot  run"  on  the 
tongue.  17  on  the  body  will  give 
the  seat  cut  and  the  figures  on 
the  tongue  the  vertical  or  top  cut. 


Roof  Framing  Made  Easier 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

As  Roof  framing  seems  to  be  a  regular  feature  of  the  "The  Carpenter,"  I  am 
submitting  a  drawing  which  I  think  will  be  interesting  and  may  help  some  brother 
to  work  out  another  way  to  check  his  framing. 

Peter  A.  Reilly, 

Local  Union  No.   40, 
Boston,  Mass. 


J8"_RISE  pfb.^7_/z_^  —       ~z~   p/tch 

15  RISE_P.FD.        S6  '/+ 


&    Pitch 


{t-£r<JGTH 
war  ro  sca 


SCALE  :  I"  equals  l'-O" 


Plan  and  elevation  of  hip  roofs,  showing  relation  of  common  rafter  to  hip  and  the  respective 
lengths  of  each  with  the  jacks  flat  to  show  cuts  and  lengths.  All  being  obtained  by  descriptive 
geometry  and  square  root  for  a  check  with  the  steel  square  to  find  the  rise  per  foot  run.  Hi)> 
rafter  lengths  are  obtained  by  measuring  down  at  right  angle  from  the  45  degree  angle  line  a 
distance  equalling  the  total  rise  for  each  pitch,  and  measuring  to  points  (G)  and  (H),  from 
points:   (I)    (J)    (K)    (L)    (M)    (N)   and  (O). 


THE     CARPENTER 


o  J. 


A  Beading-Plane  Gauge 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

A  very  simple  way  of  making  a  bead- 
ing plane,  and  at  the  same  time  a  gauge, 
is  illustrated  by  the  accompanying 
drawings. 

Fig.  1,  shows  a  perspective  view  of 
the  device,  indicating  the  position  it  is 
in  when  used  as  a  beading  plane.    Fig. 


Bead 


Fig 


2,  shows  an  end  view  of  the  device  and 
the  timber  onto  which  a  bead  is  formed. 
Fig.  3,  shows  the  results,  when  the  de- 
vice is  used  as  a  gauge. 

A    block    of    wood,    and    a    flat-head 


Fig.  2 

screw  is  all  that  is  necessary.  The  size 
of  the  bead,  or  the  width  of  the  gauge 
line,  can  be  controlled  by  simply  turn- 
ing the  screw  in  or  out,  whichever  the 


Gau 


Fig.  3 

case  requires.  Again,  a  very  large  bead 
would  require  a  larger  screw  than  a 
very  small  one.  The  groove  in  the  head 
of  the  screw  answers  as  the  cutter  and 


clean-out,  which  can  be  enlarged  or 
deepened  by  means  of  a  knife-blade  file. 
After  the  groove  for  the  bead  is  cut, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  1,  the  corner  of  the 
material  onto  which  the  bead  is  cut  is 
rounded  with  a  plane  and  finished  with 
sandpaper. 


Answers  and  Explanations  to  Questions 

and  Problems  Appearing  at  Various 

Times  in   These   Columns 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

In  the  February  issue  of  "The  Car- 
penter" Brother  Frank  Miller  presents 
a  problem  to  be  solved.  This  same  prob- 
lem has  already  been  ably  solved  and 
explained  in  two  past  issues  of  the  "The 
Carpenter  under  the  title  of  the  "Pic- 
ture Frame  Problem."*  In  the  July  issue 
both  Frank  De  Guerre,  L.  U.  No.  22,  and 
C.  L.  Pelham,  L.  U.  No.  13  3  5,  ably 
solved  the  problem  and  in  the  Septem- 
ber issue,  Paul  I.  James,  Norwalk, 
Conn.,  gave  the  best  solution  for  Mr. 
Miller  to  use  as  he  gives  data  for  both 
the  square  and  the  rectangle.  Hope  this 
will  solve  Mr.  Miller's  troubles  and  that 
we  may  see>  more  of  these  difficult  prob- 
lems in  the  future. 

Lon  W.  Skinner, 
L.  U.  No.  678.  Dubuque,  la. 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Assume  the  width  of  the  walk  to  be 
X  yard.  The  total  area  of  this  walk  is 
obtained  by  multiplying  the  added  sides 
of  the  building  with  the  width  of  the 
walk  plus  its  4  corners  and  wants  to 
equal  270  square  yards. 

Or  in  algebraic  terms: 

6  8  times  X  plus  4  times  X  squared 
equals  270. 

This  arranged  to  the  basic  form  of  a 
quadratic  equation: 

X  squared  plus  16.5  X  minus  67.5 
equals  zero. 

(The  solution  of  this  type  of  an  equa- 
tion is  given  in  any  book  teaching  al- 
gebra.) 

X  equals  the  square  root  of  135.5625 
minus  8.25  or  3.393131  yard. 

Then  B  equals  21.786262  yards  and 
C  equals  24.786262  yards  (wanted  ex- 
act). 

3.39  3  yards  are  changed  into  feet  and 
inches  like  this:  Multiply  by  3  for  feet 
and  get  10.179   feet.    For  inches  multi- 


32 


THE     CARPENTER 


ply  decimal  fraction  by  12  and  get  2.148 
inches.  For  32nds  multiply  decimal 
fraction  by  32  and  get  4.7  or  5/32nd. 
3.393  yards  equal  10  feet,  2  and  5/32nd 
inches. 

Conrad  Herre, 
L.  U.  No.  419.  Chicago,  111. 

*      *      * 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  an  answer  to  Brother 
Frank  Miller's  problem  published  in 
February  issue  of  "The  Carpenter." 

Question  No.  1.  Exact  width  of  walk 
10  ft.   2   13/100" 

Question  No.  2.  Length  of  C  or  long- 
side  74  ft.  4  27/100  inches  and  Length 
of  B  Short  Side  65'  4   27/100  inches. 

S92  27/100  x  784  27/100  inches 
equals  699771.  plus  7928  divided  by 
144  inches  equals  4859  76/144  square 
feet  divided  by  9  equals  539  yards  and 
8  76/100  square  feet  or  64  square  inches 
short  of  540  square  yards. 

So  he  can  keep  on  his  own  land. 

Herman  W.  Scott, 

Gardiner,   Me. 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter":   . 

Following  is  a  solution  of  problem 
appearing  in  the  February  Carpenter 
submitted  by  Brother  Frank  Miller,  L. 
U.  No.   180,  Vallejo,  Calif. 

The  square  root  of  270  yds.  "Area  of 
inner  Rectangle"  equals  16.4317  yds. 

The  square  root  of  540  yds.  "Area  of 
inner  and  outer  Rectangles  equals  23.- 
2379  yds. 

Difference  in  sides  of  Rectangles 
23.2379  minus  16.4317  equals  6.8062 
yds. 

15  yds.  plus  6.802  yds.  equals  21.8062 
yds.  Width  of  outer  Rectangle  B 

18  yds.  plus  6.8062  yds.  equals 
24.8062  yds.  length  of  Outer  Rectangle 
C 

24.802  x  21.8062  equals  539.92895844 
yds. 

6.S062  divided  by  2  equals  3.4031  yds. 
on  the  width  of  Walk  D. 

This  is  as  close  to  the  correct  solu- 
tion as  possible  by  using  yards  as  the 
unit  and  extending  fractions  to  four 
points. 

E.  J.  Weekley,  F.  S., 
L.  U.  No.  3.  Wheeling,  W.  Va. 


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Will  Make  Friends  for  You 


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This  is  one  of  the  pictures  in  our 
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wood  c;nns 

is   great   for   repairing 
DAMAGED   WOOD 


Handles  like  putty — but 

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3-in-One  keeps  tools  always 
ready  for  use  by  preventing 
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working  parts  cleaner 
as  it  lubricates.  Three 
fine  oils  are  blended 
in  3-in-One  to  give 
it  this  triple  action.  Use 
it  regularly;  it  keeps 
tools  good  longer. 


HANDY   CANS 
AND   BOTTLES 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
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No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
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a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
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WE  00  OU*  HUT 


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rundum is  a  registered  trade  mark  of  The  Carborundum 
Company.) 


THE    CARPENTER 


Just   A  Woodworker 

You're  "just  a  woodworker,"  is  that  what  you  said, 

Who  ''makes  things  of  wood  just  to  earn  daily  bread?" 

— Is  that  all  you  see  in  this  great  craft  of  ours 

That  dates  back  to  history's  earliest  hours, 

To  when  some  ancestor  carved  out  a  crude  shelf, 

Or  a  stool  to  sit  down  on  to  relax  himself, 

To  when  earliest  man,  in  the  best  way  he  could, 

Began,  e'en  though  crudely,  to  "make  things  of  wood"? 

All  down  through  the  ages  our  craft  played  its  part 

With  every  developing  science  and  art, 

And  as  each  new  advancement  was  made  by  the  race 

This  great  craft  of  ours  kept  ever  apace; 

And  with  civilization,  in  its  long  forward  sweep, 

This  good  craft  of  ours  has  been  able  to  keep 

In  a  place  most  essential;  where  would  man  have  been 

If  the  woodworker  ne'er  had  appeared  on  the  scene? 

The  savage  in  making  his  arrow  and  bow, 

Or  his  spear,  or  his  club,  found  it  needful  to  know 

How  to  work  them  from  wood,  and  from  this  humble  start 

Has  come  all  the  skill  of  the  woodworker's  art. 

The  throne  in  the  palace,  the  stool  in  the  hut, 

The  bed  the  king  sleeps  on,  the  fisherman's  cot, 

The  nobleman's  carriage,  from  wheel  unto  shaft, 

All,  tribute  must  pay  to  the  woodworker's  craft. 

How  could  modem  humanity  ever  exist 

Without  tables  and  chairs,  and  the  whole  lengthy  list 

Of  things  made  of  wood,  which  we  use  all  the  time, 

In  every  country,  in  every  clime? 

There  are  setters  and  consols,  and  great  office  chairs, 

Plow-beams,  beds,  and  washboards,  in  use  everywheres, 

And  radios,  and  cabinets  of  many  a  stamp, 

(And  likewise  the  workman's  own  workbench  and  clamp.) 

There  are  toothpicks,  and  bridges,  and  wagons  and  sleds, 
And  board  walks,  pianos,  and  fences  and  sheds, 
Bookcases,  wheelbarrows,  picture  frames,  bats 
For  our  baseballs,  leadpencils,  and  racks  for  our  hats; 
Broom  handles,  peg-legs, — and  all  these  have  stood 
For  the  good  of  mankind,  and  they're  all  made  of  wood. 
And  clothes  pins,  and  street  cars, — and  we  hope  you'll  excuse 
Our  neglecting  to  mention  the  houses  we  use. 

There  is  no  one  man  that  stands  out  from  the  crowd, 

No  Edison  or  Fulton;  fate  has  not  allowed 

That  one  man  might  claim  to  be  greatest  of  all 

'Mongst  those  who  have  answered  the  woodworker's  call. 

So  when  you've  done  your  best  to  perform  your  own  task, 

(And  really  there's  no  more  this  old  world  can  ask), 

Though  only  a  woodworker,  lift  up  your  head 

And  be  proud  of  the  way  you  earn  your  daily  bread. 

Frank  Shiflersmith, 
L.  U.  1367.  Chicago,  111. 


Balsam-Wool 
INSULATION 

I     .  •  .  the  carpenter's  choice 
j     .  ♦  ♦  the  owner's  best  huy 

■  ROM  the  ground  up,  Balsam-Wool  Blanket  Insulation  is  made  for  the 
carpenter.  It  is  fastened  with  hammer  and  nails  —  a  carpenter's  job. 
It  tucks  tightly  into  cracks  and  crevices,  requiring  a  carpenter's  skill 
and  training. 

Because  BALSAM-WOOL  is  installed  by  carpenters,  It  assures  permanent 
insulation  efficiency.  The  home  owner  gets  a  wind-proof,  water-proof  and 
fire-resistant  application — and  runs  no  risk  of  careless  workmanship  by 
common  labor.  Balsam-Wool,  too,  is  the  efficient,  economical  insulation. 
It  pays  for  itself  in  fuel  savings. 

Balsam-Wool  helps  you  get  YOUR  share  of  insulation  work.  Recom- 
mend Balsam-Wool  and  you  recommend  yourself. 

Wood  Conversion  Company 

Room  118  —  First  National  Bank  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


BALSAM  WOOL 

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A  Nation's  Strength 

What  makes  a  nation's  pillars  high 

And  its  foundations  strong? 
What  makes  it  mighty  to  defy 

The  foes  that  round  it  throng? 
Not  gold  but  only  men  can  make 

A  people  great  and  strong; 
Men  who  for  truth  and  honor's  sake 

Stand  fast  and  suffer  long. 
Brave  men  who  work  while  others  sleep, 

Who  dare  while  others  fly — 
They  build  a  nation's  pillars  deep 

And  lift  them  to  the  sky. 

— Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 


.11. f.  l:Ji pll 


THE     CARPENTER 


GREEN   FLAYS   COMPANY   UNION;   CLAIMS   IT 
DESTROYS  WORKERS'   RIGHTS 


FFICIALS  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  were 
greatly  pleased  with  the 
announcement  by  Joseph 
B.  Eastman,  Federal  Co- 
ordinator of  Transporta- 
tion, that  the  United  States  Government 
would  prosecute  railroad  officials  who 
persist  in  their  violation  of  the  labor 
section  of  the  Emergency  Transporta- 
tion Act  which  outlaws  the  railroad 
company  unions  by  prohibiting  the  rail- 
roads from  maintaining  them  and  influ- 
encing or  coercing  employes  to  join 
them. 

It  was  pointed  out  that  William 
Green,  president  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.,  in 
his  recent  speech  at  Detroit,  tore  the 
company  union  into  shreds  before  the 
large  audience  made  up  largely  of  auto- 
mobile workers,  specifically  citing  the 
Missouri  Pacific  Railroad's  plan  as  a 
fair  sample  of  these  employer-organized 
and  employer-controlled  schemes  con- 
ceived to  attack  the  economic  interests 
of  working  men  and  women. 

Declaring  that  the  company  union  is 
one  of  the  methods  used  by  employers 
to  "deny  the  workers  the  free  exercise 
of  their  right  to  join  a  union  of  their 
choice,"  Mr.  Green  said: 

"The  National  Industrial  Recovery 
Act  practically  outlawed  company  un- 
ions. It  declared  that  no  employe  and 
no  one  seeking  employment  shall  be  re- 
quired as  a  condition  of  employment  to 
join  any  company  union  or  to  refrain 
from  joining,  organizing,  or  assisting  a 
labor  organization  of  his  own  choosing. 

"I  believe  that  was  the  intent  and 
purpose  of  Congress,  to  outlaw  company 
unions,  when  it  said  that  no  worker 
would  be  compelled  to  join  a  company 
union  as  a  condition  of  employment.  I 
believe  Congress  meant  what  it  said. 

"The  management  of  a  company  can- 
not set  up  a  company  union  for  the 
workers  without  in  some  way,  by  sug- 
gestion or  by  innuendo,  requiring  the 
employes,  the  timid  employes  at  least, 
working  for  that  company  to  become 
members  of  the  company  union  set-up. 
There  is  coercion  in  it  from  the  begin- 
ning to  the  end.  When  the  worker 
knows  that  the  management  wants  him 
to  join  a  union  he  is  afraid  to  say  no 


and  they  have  devious  ways  of  letting 
men  and  women  know  that  they  want 
them  to  join  a  union  which  they  have 
set  up. 

"A  company  union  is  fundamentally 
wrong.  It  is  contrary  to  the  provisions 
of  the  Recovery  Act.  It  is  a  shadow 
without  a  substance.  It  is  no  union  at 
all.  It  is  merely  an  extension  of  the 
corporations'  power  over  the  economic 
strength  of  the  workers. 

"Did  anybody  ever  see  a  group  of 
workers  going  into  a  hall  forming  a 
company  union?  Did  you  ever  see  a 
group  of  them  writing  a  constitution  for 
their  company  union? 

"Read  the  constitutions  of  company 
unions  and  you  will  find  they  were  all 
written  by  the  most  highy  paid,  skillful 
lawyers  in  the  country.  They  were  hand- 
ed to  those  who  belong  to  a  company 
union  and  who  join  a  company  union. 

"Is  it  not  enough  for  a  corporation 
to  manage  its  own  affairs,  direct  its  in- 
dustry? Is  that  not  enough?  No,  they 
want  not  only  to  control  the  industry 
but  also  the  economic  life  of  the  work- 
ers.   It  is  against  this  that  we  protest. 

"The  company  union  is  fostered  by 
the  company.  It  is  financed  by  the  com- 
pany. It  is  protected  by  the  company. 
It  is  the  child  of  the  corporation  and  not 
a  very  legitimate  child  at  that.  It  is  the 
product  of  the  best  thought  and  mind 
of  skilled  attorneys  and,  of  course,  no 
workers  are  required  to  pay  dues  to  it 
because  the  corporation  pays  the  dues 
for  them. 

"No  company  union  ever  served  the 
workers.  Do  automobile  workers  in  De- 
troit ever  expect  to  receive  a  redress 
of  their  wrongs  through  their  company 
union? 

"One  great  automobile  manufacturer 
said  that  twenty  thousand  of  his  work- 
ers voted  to  accept  his  company  union. 
That  is  a  joke.  I  challenge  that  company 
to  permit  their  workers  to  go  away  from 
their  plant,  off  the  company's  premises, 
into  their  own  hall  and  hold  a  secret 
election  allowing  each  man  and  woman 
to  vote  in  accordance  with  his  con- 
science for  the  adoption  of  a  union  they 
want. 

"The  company  union  is  a  creature  of 
the  company's   mind.     The   earnings   of 


Til  IS     CARPENTER 


the  company,  made  possible  through  the 
service  of  the  workers,  are  used  to  pay 
the  expenses  of  the  company  union.  I 
will  prove  that. 

"The  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  had  a 
company  union.  It  was  opposed  to  the 
bona  fide  trade  unions.  It  went  into  the 
hands  of  a  receiver.  The  company  union 
did  not  serve  it  very  well.  When  it  went 
into  the  hands  of  the  receiver,  the  Fed- 
eral Co-ordinator  of  Transportation,  Mr. 
Eastman,  discovered  from  an  examina- 
tion of  the  books  that  during  a  certain 
period  of  a  large  number  of  years  the 
Missouri  Pacific  had  used  $500,000  of 
the  earnings  of  that  road  to  foster,  fi- 
nance and  maintain  that  company  union. 

"So  he  properly  ruled  that  that  was 
an  illegal  expenditure  of  the  railroad's 
income  and  that  the  receiver  must  stop 
using  any  funds  of  the  railroad  to  per- 


petuate,   finance   and    maintain    a   com- 
pany union. 

"We  got  an  idea  there,  because  we 
think  we  can  prevail  upon  Congress  to 
write  into  the  law  that  it  is  an  illegal 
use  of  funds  for  any  corporation,  rail- 
road or  otherwise,  to  finance,  maintain 
and  foster  a  company  union. 

"I  think  if  there  is  one  way  that  is 
more  reprehensible  than  another  in  op- 
posing the  exercise  of  the  right  of  work- 
ers to  join  a  Union  it  is  to  threaten 
them,  to  coerce,  to  silently  scare  them, 
to  let  them  know  through  their  manage- 
ment that  the  company  union  is  there 
and  the  management  wants  them  to 
join  it. 

"I  think  it  is  reprehensible  for  the 
management  to  prevent  the  workers 
from  exercising  their  right  under  Sec- 
tion 7-a  of  the  National  Recovery  Act." 


NATIONAL  STUDY  SHOWS  GENERAL  INCREASE  IN 

WAGES 


RGUMENTS  for  higher 
wages  and  shorter  work 
periods  are  seen  in  fig- 
ures on  national  income 
from  1929  to  1932,  just 
made  public  by  the  Unit- 
ed States  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Do- 
mestic Commerce. 

Labor,  as  always  during  "hard 
times,"  suffered  most,  wages  having  fall- 
en off  6  0  per  cent  and  salaries  40  per 
cent.  In  comparison,  property  income 
dropped  only  30  per  cent. 

The  study  of  American  incomes, 
showed  that  the  national  income 
dropped  from  $81,000,000,000  in  1929 
to  $49,000,000,000  in  1932,  a  decline 
of  40  per  cent. 

The  income  decline  was  worst  in  the 
construction  industry,  where  the  income 
distributed  in  1932  was  only  28  per 
cent  of  the  19  29  total.  Income  in  min- 
ing fell  60  per  cent  and  manufacturing 
about  55  per  cent  in  the  four-year  pe- 
riod covered  by  the  study. 

Incomes  in  the  fields  of  Government, 
communications,  food  and  food  products 
manufacturers,  electric  light,  power  and 
gas  were  least  affected. 

Revealing  the  lack  of  balance  between 
purchasing  power  and  profits,  the  study 
shows  that  in  the  boom  year   19  2  9   the 


national  income  distributed  to  individ- 
uals was  $2,000,000,000  less  than  that 
produced. 

This  surplus  was  retained  by  corpor- 
ate individual  enterprise,  instead  of  be- 
ing paid  out  in  the  form  of  higher 
wages  and  was  used  to  pay  interest  and 
dividends  in  the  "lean"  years.  Accumu- 
lated surpluses  and  assets  were  tapped 
in  excess  of  income  produced  to  the  ex- 
tent of  $10,600,000,000  in  the  year 
1932,  the  last  included  in  the  survey. 

The  study  shows  that  of  the  total  in- 
come distributed  in  1929  labor  received 
$53,000,000,000  or  65  per  cent. 

The  maintenance  of  property  income 
at  only  30  per  cent  below  1929  levels 
was  explained  as  due  to"  maintenance  of 
interest  payments  rather  uniformly  up 
to  19  32  with  only  a  small  drop  then. 

That  dividends  are  still  well  main- 
tained and  in  fact  are  on  the  increase, 
while  miserably  low  wages  are  being 
paid  in  industry,  is  shown  by  dividend 
reports  of  recent  months.  One  account 
says  dividend  reports  "make  an  opti- 
mistic showing." 

Moody's  compilation  of  dividend 
changes  for  the  first  half  of  January, 
for  instance,  lists  the  following:  33  ini- 
tial,   extra    and    special    dividends;     31 


THE     CARPENTER 


resumed  dividends,  10  increased,  17 
paid  on  arrears  of  the  depression,  three 
reduced  and  two  passed. 

For  the  month  of  December,  the  same 
authority  lists  53  initial,  extra  and  spe- 
cial; 32  resumed,  eight  increased,  30  on 
arrears,  five  reduced  and  nine  passed. 

The  New  York  Times'  monthly  com- 
pilation of  dividend  payments,  as  re- 
ported to  the  Commerce  Department, 
listed  totals  of  $123,000,000  in  October, 
$259,000,000    in    November    and    $192, 


000,000  in  December.  This  was  more 
than  one-half  of  the  peak  figures  of 
1929  and  19  30  for  the  same  quarter, 
and  only  slightly  less  than  the  total  for 
the  final  quarter  of  1932. 

Moody's  service  calculated  that  an- 
nual dividend  payments  on  the  aver- 
age of  December  payment  rates  would 
amount  to  $1,023,400,000,  compared  to 
$987,000,000  on  the  basis  of  October 
dividend  rates,  and  $2,601,000,000  in 
1930. 


ENGINEERS  SURVEY  BACKS  SHORT  WEEK 


ESULTS  of  a  seven-year 
fact-finding  study  of  pro- 
ductive work,  based  on 
data  of  twelve  billion 
man-hours  in  every  ma- 
jor industry  all  over  the 
country,  the  greatest  amount  of  man- 
hour  data  so  far  compiled,  were  present- 
ed at  a  meeting  of  the  New  York  Chap- 
ter of  the  Society  of  Industrial  Engin- 
eers on  December  14,  19  3  3,  by  Dr.  L. 
P.  Alford,  consulting  engineer,  and 
Joshua  E.  Hannum,  editor  of  "The  En- 
gineering Index  Service." 

Reporting  on  their  survey  of  pro- 
ductivity, wages  and  salaries,  working 
hours,  plant  and  organization  capaci- 
ties and  agricultural  versus  industrial 
prices,  the  investigators  presented  the 
following  as  their  findings  of  fact: 

1.  The  amount  of  production  in  the 
past,  as  exemplified  by  the  high  level 
in  the  years  1927  to  1929,  is  not  an  all- 
time  high  but  simply  a  high  level  to 
be  not  only  equaled  but  even  exceeded 
by  an  increase  in  the  American  stand- 
ard of  living.  This  is  an  absolute  con- 
tradiction to  the  doctrine  that  we  must 
stabilize  at  a  lower  standard  of  living. 

Productivity  is  independent  of  busi- 
ness conditions,  and  in  well-managed 
plants  the  rate  of  production  continu- 
ally increases  and  is  independent  of  the 
expansion  and  recession  of  the  business 
cycle.  In  such  plants,  it  was  found,  the 
annual  rate  of  increase,  due  to  the  in- 
crease in  the  skill  and  dexterity  of  the 
workers  and  managers,  is  from  6  to  8 
per  cent. 

2.  As  to  wages  and  salaries,  the 
studies  positively  support  the  doctrine 
of  high  wages.  Low  wages  and  salary 
rates  have  been  found  to  go  hand  in 
hand  with  low  productivity,  and  vice 
versa. 


3.  "Our  study  of  working  hours  ab- 
solutely supports  the  doctrine  of  the 
short  work  period.  In  1931  thirty-five 
hours  per  week  produced  as  much  prod- 
uct as  fifty-one  hours  produced  in 
1923." 

Another  study  determined  the  optim- 
um, or  most  favorable  length  of  work 
week,  for  four  basic  industries — ma- 
chine tools,  pig  iron,  lumber  and  petro- 
leum products.  It  was  found  that  "the 
upper  limit  of  optimum  range  in  every 
case  was  substantially  lower  than  the 
work  week  which  prevailed  down  to 
midyear  of  1933.  In  other  words,  it  was 
found  that  the  work  week  in  these  four 
basic  industries  was  too  long  for  maxi- 
mum effectiveness. 

"The  lower  limit  of  the  optimum 
range  for  maximum  effectiveness,"  Dr. 
Alford  and  Mr.  Hannum  said,  "has 
been  found  from  our  data  to  be  between 
thirty  and  thirty-five  hours  per  week. 
The  advocates  of  the  thirty-hour  week 
are  thus  supported  in  their  position  by 
our  findings." 

4.  As  for  plant  and  organization  ca- 
pacities, it  was  found  that  in  general 
small  plants  have  the  highest  effective- 
ness of  operating  performance. 

"Mass  production  methods,"  the  en- 
gineers said,  "can  be  applied  success- 
fully in  small  and  medium-sized  plants. 
The  emphasis  should  be  laid  not  on 
size  but  on  the  production  method.  We 
have  worked  out  optimum  size  plants 
for  these  same  four  basic  industries.  In 
every  case  the  range  of  capacity  has 
been  found  to  be  a  small  plant.  Thus, 
the  findings  show  that  decentralization 
is  managerially  economically  sound.  The 
basis  of  all  our  measurements  was  the 
number  of  man-hours  worked  per  year, 
not  the  total  quantity  of  output  as  is 
generally  done." 


T  1 1  E     CAItl'ENTER 


AGGRESSIVE  CAMPAIGN  FOR  OLD-AGE  PENSIONS 
URGED  BY  A.  F.  OF  L.  COUNCIL 


HE  necessity  of  aggressive 
action  to  secure  nation- 
wide security  for  the  aged 
by  the  enactment  of  ade- 
quate old-age  pension  leg- 
islation in  every  State 
was  stressed  by  the  Executive  Council 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  in 
their  report  to  the  Federation's  annual 
convention. 

Twenty-five  States  now  have  old-age 
security  laws,  19  mandatory  and  six  vol- 
untary, leaving  23  States  whose  old  peo- 
ple are  still  cared  for  in  almhouses  and 
by  public  and  private  charity. 

"William  Green,  president  of  the  Fed- 
eration, sent  copies  of  the  A.  F.  of  L. 
model  old  age  security  measure  to  all 
State  federations  of  labor  with  the  re- 
quest that  the  officers  have  them  in- 
troduced in  State  legislative  bodies.  This 
procedure  was  followed  in  the  34  legis- 
latures which  met  in  January.  But  per- 
sistent work  is  necessary  to  persuade 
the  legislators  of  the  2  3  backward 
States  to  recognize  and  perform  their 
duty  to  the  dependent  aged. 

In  describing  the  work  in  the  interest 
of  old  age  security  performed  by  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  during 
the  year  and  the  general  need  for  pen- 
sion legislation,  the  Council  said: 

"Wage-earners  want  most  of  all  se- 
curity of  income  during  their  producing 
years  and  assured  income  for  old  age. 

"During  the  past  year  through  State 
federations  of  labor  and  city  central 
bodies  the  American  Federation  of  La- 
bor has  carried  on  an  aggressive  cam- 
paign in  behalf  of  old  age  pension  legis- 
lation. Some  progress  has  been  made, 
but  not  as  much  as  the  urgency  of  the 
situation  requires  or  as  the  workers 
hope  could  be  recorded. 

"Social  justice  legislation  providing 
for  the  payment  of  pensions  to  super- 
annuated workers  was  introduced  in  a 
number  of  States. 

"In  some  instances  where  legislators 
could  not  be  persuaded  to  vote  favor- 
ably for  this  character  of  legislation, 
they  did  vote  for  the  creation  of  com- 
missions to  study  the  subject  and  re- 
port at  some  future  sessions  of  the 
State  legislatures. 


"In  every  instance  where  votes  were 
taken,  even  though  the  measures  were 
defeated,  the  workers  have  reason  for 
encouragement  because  the  number  of 
votes  cast  could  only  be  interpreted  as 
an  indication  of  the  development  of  fa- 
vorable public  opinion  in  support  of 
this  legislation. 

"It  is  the  purpose  and  intention  of 
the  Executive  Council  to  utilize  every 
means  at  the  command  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  and  to  continue  its 
efforts  to  secure  the  enactment  of  old 
age  pension  laws  in  the  different  States. 

"We  urge  as  a  social  obligation  that 
adequate  provisions  be  adopted  so  that 
every  producing  worker  may  be  as- 
sured, after  his  productive  years,  of  an 
adequate  income,  at  least  equal  to  the 
income  earned  at  the  time  of  retire- 
ment. By  providing  honorably  for  our 
citizens  who  have  served  us  in  their 
prime,  we  shall  make  social  and  eco- 
nomic adjustments  necessary  to  the 
maintenance  of  business  prosperity.  We 
recommend  that  plans  be  developed  to 
carry  out  these  suggestions. 

The  Council  listed  the  following  25 
States  as  having  old-age  security  laws: 

Arizona,  Arkansas,  California,  Colo- 
rado, Delaware,  Idaho,  Indiana,  Ken- 
tucky, Maine,  Maryland,  Massachusetts 
Minnesota,  Montana,  Nebraska,  Nevada, 
New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
North  Dakota,  Oregon,  Utah,  Washing- 
ton, West  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  Wyo- 
ming. 


Voluntary  Agreements    Sound 

Senator  Robert  F.  Wagner,  chairman 
of  the  NRA  National  Labor  Board,  stat- 
ed a  profound  truth  when  he  said  that 
voluntary  agreements  between  employ- 
ers and  workers  are  always  preferable 
to  "agreements"  forced  by  an  outside 
agency,  such  as  the  labor  board. 

There  is  food  for  thought  in  his  state- 
ment for  those  who  have  vociferously 
shouted  for  more  forcible  action  by  the 
board.  By  waiting  until  sober  second 
thought  has  had  a  chance  to  function, 
the  board  has  obtained  more  lasting 
agreements  in  many  cases  than  it  would 
have  by  compulsion. 


Keep  Your  Dues  Paid  Up 


THE     CARPENTER 


BIG  JOB   IN   REHABILITATION   MUST   FOLLOW    UP 

RECOVERY 


!§^^ARGE-SCALE  plans  for 
^Vb*  human  rehabitation  "far 
beyond  anything  that  has 
been  done  in  the  past" 
should  follov  up  the 
country's  program  of  in- 
dustrial recovery,  declared  Lewis  H. 
Carris,  of  New  York  City,  managing  di- 
rector of  the  National  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Blindness,  in  an  address 
before  the  National  Conference  on  Re- 
habilitation of  Disabled  Persons  at  Chi- 
cago. 

"The  new  deal  in  government,"  said 
Mr.  Carris,  "is  giving  us  also  a  new  deal 
in  man's  attitude  to  man,  in  the  em- 
ployer's outlook  on  his  responsibility  to 
the  employe  and  to  the  community,  in 
the  whole  country's  .attitude  toward  con- 
servation of  human  resources  as  well  as 
material  resources.  There  is  need  now, 
and  the  time  is  ripe,  for  the  forces  of  re- 
habilitation to  prepare  for  the  biggest 
job  in  their  history,  to  co-operate  with 
and  to  seek  the  co-operation  of  the  many 
other  professional  groups  which  can 
help  to  prevent  much  of  what  is  other- 
wise impending  disaster  for  'thousands 
of  men  and  women. 

"Now  is  the  time  to  reconsider  what 
constitutes  a  handicap  for  work.  Now  is 
the  time  to  seek  through  governmental 
sources  the  same  public  interest  in  and 
perhaps  comparable  financial  support 
for  human  rehabilitation  that  we  are 
observing  in  the  rehabilitation  of  manu- 
facturing and  distributing  machinery 
and  practices,  in  employer-employe  re- 
lationships, and  in  the  conservation  of 
natural  resources. 

"Much  has  been  said  of  the  extent  of 
unemployment,  of  the  destitution  of 
those  who  have  remained  without  em- 
ployment for  two  or  three  or  four  years, 
and  of  the  need  for  material  relief.  Not 
so  much  has  been  said  or  written  of 
those  results  of  the  depression  which 
are  daily  adding  to  the  need  for  rehabil- 
itating men  and  women — a  job  which 
will  have  to  be  done  in  the  years  imme- 
diately ahead. 

"First  among  these  results  are  mal- 
nutrition and  all  its  consequences.  Long 
continued  unemployment  has  affected 
more  than  10,000,000  families,  number- 
ing probably  40,000,000  individuals,  in 
this  country  in  the  last  three  years. 
When  one  reads  the  reports  of  welfare 


workers  in  immediate  touch  with  these 
families  or,  better  still,  talks  to  these 
workers  and  hears  the  observations  that 
do  not  often  get  into  the  records,  one 
cannot  escape  the  conviction  that  a 
large  proportion  of  these  40,000,000 — 
those  who  are  on  relief  rolls  as  well  as 
those  who  are  not — have  been  hungry 
and  underfed,  for  weeks,  months,  and 
years. 

"In  the  years  immediately  ahead, 
these  underfed  men  and  women  and 
their  grown  children  will  return  to  our 
factories,  mines,  railroads,  elevators, 
motor  trucks,  street  cars,  and  other 
work  places.  It  will  be  years — and  pos- 
sibly several  generations — before  the 
purely  physical  effects  of  their  long- 
continued  privations  have  been  wiped 
out;  for  many  this  will  never  happen. 
Meanwhile,  marked  increases  in  public 
and  industrial  accidents,  marked  in- 
creases in  illness  of  all  sorts  are  inevit- 
able. 

"These  undernourished  workers  will, 
for  years,  become  more  easily  fatigued; 
they  will,  in  many  cases,  be  less  alert  to 
the  health  and  accident  hazards  of  their 
occupations;  their  co-ordination  of  sense 
organs — sight,  smell  and  touch — with 
brain  impulses  will  be  less  rapid.  Only 
a  miracle  will  save  us  from  a  marked 
increase  in  the  frequency  and  severity 
of  serious  industrial  injuries  and  di- 
seases during  the  next  five  or  ten  years. 

"We  must  seek  not  only  to  reduce 
unemployment  by  redistribution  of  work 
opportunities;  not  only  to  raise  the 
standard  of  living  by  reducing  hours 
and  increasing  pay  rates;  but  also  to  con- 
serve to  a  greater  degree  than  has  been 
true  in  the  past,  the  life,  limb,  and  gen- 
eral health  of  the  American  worker. 
Our  great  difficulty  has  been  that  pro- 
duction has  been  organized  not  to  meet 
the  needs  of  the  individuals  composing 
society,  but  to  yield  the  greatest  possi- 
ble profit,  in  order  that  this  profit  might 
be  reinvested  in  additional  machinery 
and  raw  material  which  in  turn  could 
produce  more  profit.  This  philosophy  of 
life  has  resulted  in  a  steadily  increasing 
multitude  of  individuals  needing  reha- 
bilitation for  the  loss  of  sight  or  limb 
or  for  disability  caused  by  disease;  it 
has  produced  a  much  greater  multitude 
who  need  rehabilitation  in  the  sense  of 
finding  a  job  and  adjustment  to  life." 


THE     CARPENTER 


ACCIDENT  RECORD  OF  WOODWORKING  INDUSTRY 

IN  OHIO 

(By  Thos.  P.  Kearns,  Superintendent,  The  Industrial  Commission  of  Ohio) 


>&j$t  HEN  ONE  studies  the  ac- 
cident statistics  of  the 
woodworking  industry  in 
Ohio,  it  is  made  clearly 
apparent  that  the  hazards 
of  operating  woodwork- 
ing machinery  and  the  handling  of 
woodworking  tools  are  not  to  be  dis- 
missed lightly. 

While  19  3  2  was  not  a  normal  year, 
either  as  regards  the  numerical  strength 
of  employees  of  the  industry  or  the  man- 
hours  worked,  due  to  the  unprecedented 
falling  off  in  industrial  activity,  the  ac- 
cident rolls  of  the  industrial  group 
classified  as  lumber  and  wood  products 
read  like  the  casualty  list  of  a  major 
battle. 

Occupational  injuries  in  this  group  in 
1932  numbered  3,528,  of  which  22  were 
fatal,  78  caused  permanent  partial  disa- 
bility, 731  over  seven  days  lost  time, 
324  seven  days  or  less  and  2,3  73  caus- 
ing no  time  loss  but  requiring  medical 
attention.  These  figures  represent  ac- 
tual claims  filed  with  the  Industrial 
Commission. 

A  review  of  this  record  by  nature  of 
injuries  presents  a  strong  indictment  of 
the  failure  of  woodworking  employers 
to  provide  proper  safeguards  and  safe 
working  conditions  and  of  the  empolye 
for  the  failure  to  heed  ordinary  safe 
practices  and  inclination  to  thought- 
lessness and  carelessness.  Woodwork- 
ers suffered  41  direct  amputations,  of 
which  39  were  fingers,  3  asphyxiations, 
108  burns  and  scalds,  625  crushes  and 
bruises,  1,444  cuts  and  lacerations,  181 
fractures,  445  puncture  wounds,  372 
sprains  and  strains,  16  dislocations  and 
293  injuries  from  causes  not  classified. 

A  further  breaking  down  of  the  sta- 
tistics discloses  that  418  of  the  injuries 
were  to  the  trunk,  189  to  the  head  and 
face,  5  89  to  the  eyes,  3  02  to  the  arms, 
322  to  the  hands,  1,258  to  the  fingers, 
247  to  the  legs,  112  to  the  feet  and  91 
to  the  toes. 

It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  cost  to 
the  injury  of  these  numerous  mishaps 
but  it  is  certain  that  it  has  been  thou- 
sands of  dollars  and  it  is  equally  cer- 
tain that  much  of  this  loss  could  have 
been  prevented  by  a  closer  adherence  to 


safety  methods  and  safe  practices.  The 
loss  to  workers  is  shown  in  the  fact  that 
the  3.528  accidental  injuries  last  year 
occasioned  a  loss  of  productive  capacity 
totalling  209,413  days.  Reduced  to  dol- 
lars and  cents  this  woud  represent  a 
tremendous  drain  upon  the  economic  re- 
sources of  Ohio  wood  workers,  even  in 
a  year  when  employment  was  at  a  low 
level. 

This  record  should  have  a  dramatic 
appeal  to  all  affiliated  with  the  wood- 
working industry  in  Ohio,  not  only 
from  an  economic  standpoint,  but  by 
reason  of  the  humanitarian  aspects  of 
the  situation.  These  accidents  have 
caused  a  tremendous  amount  of  suffer- 
ing and  sorrow  and  our  interest  in  hu- 
man welfare  demands  that  we  take  ac- 
count of  the  great  measure  of  needless 
infliction  of  physical  pain  and  mental 
anguish  that  have  accompanied  them. 

It  should  be  patent  to  every  wood- 
working employer  and  employe  that 
their  particular  group  has  contributed 
its  full  quota  to  the  131,519  injury  and 
occupational  disease  claims  filed  with 
the  Industrial  Commission  in  193  2  and 
that  a  greater  stimulation  of  accident 
prevention  effort  is  needed  to  bring  the 
record  nearer  to  a  parity  with  the  man- 
hour  exposure  of  the  group. 

The  lumber  and  wood  products  in- 
dustry of  Ohio  has  not  accomplished 
any  notable  results  in  organized  effort 
for  safety,  despite  the  fact  that  a  con- 
siderable number  of  its  representatives 
have  worked  diligently  and  persistently 
to  that  end,  firm  in  the  conviction 
brought  about  by  the  results  in  their 
own  plants  that  safety  really  pays.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  the  efforts  of  these  zeal- 
ous advocates  of  safety  will  be  reflected 
in  a  reawakening  of  interest  in  1934. 


When  a  man  possesses  a  deep  sense 
of  obligation  to  humanity  he  will  take 
advantage  of  every  opportunity  to  ren- 
der service  to  his  fellow  men.  Selfish- 
ness can  have  no  part  in  his  life.  He  is 
mindful  only  of  the  well-being  and  hap- 
piness of  others.  His  sojourn,  however 
fleeting,  is  filled  with  achievement  and 
the  value  of  his  goodly  deeds  can  not 
be  measured  by  the  mere  space  of  time. 
Co-operate!     Organize. 


THE     CARPENTER 


ORGANIZATION  AND  THE  INDIVIDUAL  WORKER 


N  spite  of  the  fact  that 
organization,  unity  of  ac- 
tion, has  benefitted  the 
workers  immensely,  mate- 
rially and  intellectually, 
there  are  still  workers,  to 
whom  membership  in  a  union  appears  as 
something  like  a  burdensome  duty.  They 
will  eventually  become  members — es- 
pecially if  they  "have  to" — but  in  a  way 
as  though  one  has  to  submit  to  a  some- 
what disagreeable  condition. 

An  attitude  like  that  can  only  arise 
from  thoughtlessness  or  from  a  regret- 
table misunderstanding  in  regard  to  the 
essential  meaning  of  the  principles  of 
organization.  To  become  a  member  of  a 
labor  organization  should  be  considered 
not  a  sad  duty  but  as  the  deliberate, 
voluntary  act  of  a  worker  who  knows 
what  is  what  and  who  rejoices  because 
he  is  able  and  permitted  to  co-oper- 
ate with  the  forces,  ideas,  inclinations 
which  are  foreshadowing  a  better  world 
for  labor,  for  its  sons  and  daughters. 

The  most  desirable  kind  of  organiza- 
tion exists  where  its  members  keep  a 
close  mental  relationship  with  the  or- 
ganized body.  Entirely  wrong  it  would 
be  to  see  in  it  almost  nothing  but  com- 
pulsion to  which  one  submits  unwilling- 
ly. Such  a  wrong  conception  would  soon 
lead  to  fatal  weakness,  disintegration, 
and  would  extinguish  all  progress  to- 
wards greater  accomplishments.  A  stifl- 
ing uniformity  may  be  necessary  for  in- 
stitutions based  on  forced  discipline  but 
the  further  an  organization  is  from  such 
an  ideal  of  servile  minds  the  better  will 
it  develop. 

It  is  harmony  of  organic  growth 
which  produces  variety  of  color  and 
form,  the  complete  whole  of  which  we 
admire  in  a  flower.  Analogously  will  the 
organized  activity  of  human  beings,  im- 
bued with  a  spirit  of  solidarity,  result  in 
a  perfection  of  social  harmony  between 
them. 

Every  individual  worker  needs  the 
trade  union  organization.  Through  it 
only  can  he  become  an  individual,  con- 
scious of  his  own  dignity  and  of  his  own 
rights.  Without  it  he  is  of  no  signifi- 
cance whatsoever  in  this  hard  world  of 
industry.  On  the  other  hand  again,  the 
trade  union  also  needs  the  individual 
worker,  not  merely  as  a  dues  paying 
member  but  more  so  as  an  active  intelli- 


gently co-operating  individual.  As  such 
he  assists  together  with  the  others  to 
increase  the  power  of  the  trade  union, 
helps  to  increase  the  spiritual  and  moral 
capacity  of  the  organization.  It  surely 
makes  a  big  difference  whether  the  or- 
ganization is  composed  of  such  active 
members,  or  whether  its  composing  ele- 
ments are  unthinking  and  indifferent. 

In  organization  it  is  not  alone  quan- 
tity that  counts,  quality  also  is  neces- 
sary to  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
great  struggle. 

All  the  workers,  every  one  of  them, 
should  be  organized,  but  they  also 
should  be  conscious  of  the  fact  that  it 
is  their  spirit,  their  insight,  their  cour- 
age which  will  give  character,  endur- 
ance and  strength  to  the  organization. 
As  many  brooks,  rivulets,  and  rivers 
make  a  big  imposing  stream  so  in  the 
end  do  the  abilities  and  capabilities  of 
the  individual  members  give  the  organ- 
ization significance  and  stamina. 

There  is  no  antagonism  between  the 
right  union  and  individual.  Both  need, 
inspire  and  strengthen  each  other. 

There  is  bitter  strife  enough  in  this 
topsy-turvey  world  of  hostile  interests, 
but  in  a  labor  organization  it  should  not 
find  a  fertile  soil.  Its  grand  purpose 
should  bind  the  members  together  in 
friendly  understanding  and  brother- 
hood. A  strong  unity  in  regard  to  the 
involved  principle  and  to  the  final  aim 
make  all  petty  considerations,  personal 
quarrels,  etc.,  appear  unimportant,  un- 
worthy of  a  noble  cause. 

For  all  these  reasons  members  of  a 
labor  union  should  not  be  stingy  with 
their  help,  participation  and  co-opera- 
tion towards  the  union.  What  they  give 
they  will  get  back  ten  fold.  The  dues 
they  pay  will  multiply  finally  in  higher 
wages,  in  a  more  human  existence.  The 
time  they  spend  in  meetings,  committees 
and  agitation  will  gain  for  them  shorter 
work  hours,  more  time  for  recreation 
and  leisure. 

But  that  is  not  all.  With  the  develop- 
ment of  the  organization  the  individual 
member  not  only  gains  materially  but 
also  intellectually.  The  experience  gath- 
ered by  him  in  fighting  the  battles  with 
and  for  his  brothers  provides  him  with 
a  deeper  understanding  and  better  judg- 
ment which  makes  him  more  able  and 


10 


I    II  i:     (     \  It  l»  K  \  T  I1,  K 


determined  to  stand  np  for  his  organiza- 
tion and  his  rights.  He  walks  erect  and 
despises  crawlers  and  toadies.  He  can 
neither  be  cowed  by  brutalities  nor 
taken  in  like  a  Henry  Dubb  by  a  con- 
descending smile.  In  short  he  gets  rid 
by  and  by  of  all  traces  of  the  slave  com- 
plex and  the  slave  morality  which  make 
things  easy  for  the  professional  slave 
drivers.  He  ceases  to  be  a  mere  "hand" 
and  becomes  a  real  person.  The  greater 
the  number  of  such  persons  in  an  or- 
ganization the  greater  the  power  the 
latter  will  have  and  the  less  stagnation 


is  to  be  feared.  The  total  of  all  possi- 
bilities and  activities  of  an  organiza- 
tion is  represented  in  the  expression  of 
individual  energy  and  determination  in 
the  total  of  its  adherents. 

The  hopes  for  the  future  and  the 
guarantee  for  the  satisfactory  ending  of 
present  struggles  are  based  on  such 
close  connection  between  organizations 
and  their  memberships.  The  outcome  of 
strikes,  lockouts  and  other  conflcits  de- 
pends on  this  connection.  Where  it  ex- 
ists the  organization  will  prove  strong 
and  unconquerable. 


THE  NEW  DEAL 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


of  need, 
During 


HE  age  of  perpetual 
plenty  for  all,"  the 
philosopher  said,  "will 
come  when  the  good 
things  of  life  will  be 
distributed  on  a  basis 
and  not  on  a  basis  of  greed, 
the  depression,  when  millions 
of  people  were  in  need  of  the  three  chief 
necessities  of  life,  food,  clothing  and 
shelter,  a  great  deal  was  said  about 
overproduction.  The  farmer,  they  said, 
was  raising  too  much  wheat,  too  many 
vegetables,  too  much  beef  and  too  many 
pigs.  The  manufacturers,  we  were  told, 
made  too  many  shoes,  too  much  cloth- 
ing and  altogether  too  much  of  every- 
thing. The  building  trades  were  held 
responsible  for  having  built  too  many 
houses  and  too  many  places  of  business. 
Overproduction  was  playing  havoc  with 
everything,  everywhere.  That  was  the 
cry  that  went  out,  but  it  was  a  false 
alarm.  Maldistribution  by  reason  of 
curtailed  purchasing  power  was  causing 
the  trouble.  Underconsumption  was  the 
fact — overproduction  was  merely  an  ali- 
bi. There  isn't  too  much  food,  so  long 
as  there  is  a  hungry  soul  suffering  for 
want  of  it.  There  aren't  too  many  shoes 
in  existence  when  people  of  necessity  go 
without  them;  and  there  isn't  too  much 
clothing,  when  honest  men  and  women 
with  their  children  go  in  rags.  There  is 
no  overproduction  of  houses,  when  fam- 
ilies, unwillingly,  double  up  because  they 
are  unable  financially  to  pay  rent,  or  to 
own  a  home.  If  all  of  these  human 
wants  were  satisfied,  there  would  not  be 
a  vacant  business  house  in  this  whole 
United  States,  while  the  ranks  of  the 
unemployed    would    be    changed,    as    by 


a  miracle,  into  prosperous  and  self- 
respecting  working  men  and  women. 
Happiness  would  reign  supreme  and  we 
would  find  ourselves  living  in  the  era 
of  perpetual  plenty  for  all." 

The  philosopher  had  in  mind  the  New 
Deal,  and  was  wondering  whether  in 
the  long  run,  it  would  bring  to  pass 
the  things  he  had  more  and  more  advo- 
cated and  hoped  for  as  he  grew  older. 
The  New  Deal,  until  it  was  put  into  ac- 
tion under  the  NR.A,  seemed  to  be  just 
another  one  of  those  high-sounding 
phrases,  which  meant  only  that.  But 
when  something  was  being  done,  that 
was  different.  Working  hours  and  the 
work-week  were  to  be  shortened,  and 
men  were  to  be  re-employed.  Wages 
were  to  be  raised,  and  the  minimum 
wage  was  to  be  a  substantial  living 
wage.  It  all  sounded  almost  too  good  to 
be  true,  but  when  the  blue  eagle  came 
out,  and  soon  appeared  everywhere,  with 
but  a  few  exceptions,  the  philosopher 
was  almost  ready  to  accept  the  New 
Deal  as  the  harbinger  of  his  hoped-for 
age  of  perpetual  plenty.  In  the  light  of 
these  things,  why  should  he  not?  Did 
we  not  have  most  of  the  principal  good 
things  of  life  in  abundance?  And  were 
we  not  able,  with  our  improved  machin- 
ery, to  work  out  a  system  of  distribution 
so  that  everybody  would  be  clothed,  fed 
and  sheltered?  "Surely,"  the  philoso- 
pher thought,  "we  have  everything,  and 
if  the  New  Deal  can  supply  a  system  of 
just  distribution,  this  world  will  be  bet- 
ter, and  I  might  yet  live  to  see  the  day 
when  the  products  of  labor  will  satisfy 
the  needs  of  humanity,  rather  than  be- 
ing the  chief  object  of  greed."  But 
deep  down  in  the  philosopher's  sub-con- 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


scious  thinking  there  was  something 
that  kept  him  waiting,  and  waiting, 
wondering.  Weeks  passed,  and  many- 
things  transpired.  There  was  talk  of  a 
processing  tax,  presumably  to  raise  the 
price  of  wheat;  and  the  price  of  cotton 
was  to  be  raised  in  the  same  way;  and 
the  price  of  pork;  in  fact,  commodity 
prices  were  to  go  up. 

"I  do  not  understand,"  the  philoso- 
pher said  one  day,  shaking  his  head, 
"how  a  processing  tax  on  wheat  will 
help  the  working  man;  he  will  have  to 
pay  just  that  much  more  for  his  bread. 
I  can  not  see  how  it  will  help  the  farmer, 
excepting  the  wheat  farmer,  for  his  flour 
will  cost  him  more.  But  there  it  is,  a 
processing  tax  on  wheat,  which  the  con- 
sumer must  pay,  and  the  proceeds  are 
to  be  used  to  reduce  the  wheat  acreage 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  raising  the  price 
of  wheat,  while  the  consumer  will  have 
to  pay  still  more  for  his  bread.  Here  is 
the  way  it  works:  When  the  tax  goes  on, 
we  pay  the  tax,  by  paying  more  for  our 
bread.  Then  the  tax  is  used  for  the  pur- 
pose of  putting  the  price  of  wheat  up 
higher,  and  we  pay  that  too,  by  paying 
still  more  for  our  bread.  This  isn't  so 
bad  for  those  who  are  working,  or  those 
who  have  had  their  wages  raised,  but  it 
is  an  injustice  to  those  men  and  women 
who  are  still  out  of  work,  with  little,  if 
any,  prospects  for  a  job." 

The  processing  tax,  at  first,  did  not 
arouse  the  philosopher  so  much,  but 
when  it  came  to  using  this  tax  money  to 
pay  for  destroying  millions  of  acres  of 
cotton,  he  knew  that  such  a  thing  could 
not,  be  tolerated  in  his  hoped-for  age 
of  perpetual  plenty  for  all. 

"It  is  a  shame,"  the  philosopher  went 
on,  "that  the  government  should  feel 
called  upon  to  spend  money  to  destroy 
fundamental  necessities  of  life,  when 
the  same  money  could  have  been  used 
to  clothe  the  millions  who  are  going  in 
rags;  or  to  feed  the  hungry,  who  seem 
to  be  with  us  always." 

What  the  philosopher  could  not  un- 
derstand, was  the  inconsistencies  of  the 
government,  which  on  the  one  hand, 
was  trying  to  reduce  production  by  re- 
ducing the  acreage,  while  on  the  other 
hand  it  was  spending  millions  of  dollars 
to  reclaim  land  and  to  teach  farmers 
how  to,  as  the  saying  goes,  raise  two 
stalks  of  farm  products  where  previ- 
ously he  raised  but  one.  He  could  not 
understand  why  the  government  loaned 


money  to  farmers  to  buy  seed  for  plant- 
ing, for  instance  cotton,  and  when  the 
cotton  was  raised,  it  paid  the  same 
farmers  for  destroying  it;  all  of  which, 
if  it  would  bring  about  the  desired  re- 
sults, would  raise  the  prices  of  every- 
thing the  working  man  needs  for  the 
support  of  his  family. 

"It  is  strange,"  the  philosopher  con- 
tinued, "that  statesmen,  if  they  can  be 
called  statesmen,  can  not  see  the  lack 
of  consistency  in  almost  at  the  same 
time,  appropriating  money  for  the  pro- 
duction and  the  destruction  of  funda- 
mental necessities  of  life.  Moreover, 
while  this  paradox  of  production  and 
destruction  is  still  before  them,  these 
statesmen  call  upon  everybody  every- 
where to  relieve  suffering  by  means  of 
another  paradox,  Charity,  which  brings 
in  the  same  basket,  as  it  were,  bread 
and  disgrace  to  the  suffering  victim. 

"The  needs  of  humanity,"  the  phil- 
osopher concluded,  with  a  sigh,  "can  not 
be  supplied  through  a  policy  of  de- 
struction and  charity,  but  rather,  we 
need  a  system  of  distribution  that  will, 
at  the  minimum,  supply  first  the  living 
needs  of  all;  and  then,  if  there  is  any- 
thing left,  store  the  left-over  away  for 
future  distribution.  Destroying  necessi- 
ties of  life  under  any  conditions,  is 
fundamentally  wrong,  and  it  becomes  a 
crime  against  humanity,  when  it  is  done 
in  the  face  of  even  one  soul,  who  is  suf- 
fering for  want  of  it." 


Words  of  Wisdom 

Those  who  reprove  us  are  more  valu- 
able friends  than  those  who  flatter  us. 

Be  patient  with  everyone,  but  above 
all,  with  yourself. 

Peace  is  the  evening  star  of  the  soul, 
and  virtue  is  its  sun.  The  two  are  never 
far  apart  from  each  other. 

Man  was  given  a  tongue  that  he 
might  say  something  pleasant  to  his  fel- 
low men. 

An  automobile  is  the  only  thing  that 
can  run  around  with  the  muffler  wide 
open. 

It  requires  less  philosophy  to  take 
things  as  they  come,  than  to  part  with 
things  as  they  go. 

Do  not  acquire  the  reputation  of  be- 
ing an  obstructionist.  Do  something  for 
the  good  of  the  organization. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the   15th   of   each    month    at   the 

CARPENTERS'   BUILDING 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

UNITED   BROTHERHOOD  OF 
CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA, 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Subscription  Price 
One  Dollar  a  Year  In  Advance,  Postpaid 

The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avail- 
able to  them  against  accepting  advertise- 
ments from  other  than  reliable  firms,  but 
do  not  accept  any  responsibility  for  the 
contents  of  any  advertisement  which  ap- 
pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au- 
thorities. Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   MAY,    1934 

Unemployment  Insurance 

NOW  that  our  economic  structure 
seems  safe  from  the  disintegra- 
tion that  has  been  threatening,  it 
is  high  time  to  plan  against  conditions 
that  upset  economic  balance.  While  we 
do  not  know  all  the  forces,  there  are 
some  that  stand  out  conspicuously.  One 
of  them  is  unemployment. 

Our  whole  basis  of  living  requires 
each  person  to  have  an  income  or  to  be 
cared  for  by  some  one  with  an  income. 
Employment  is  the  source  of  income. 
When  the  job  goes,  the  whole  basis  of 
living  is  gone.  Not  only  are  the  individ- 
uals' lives  demoralized  but  also  their 
contractual  relations  with  individuals 
and  business  undertakings.  These  sim- 
ple facts  explain  why  unemployment  is 
so  demoralizing  to  society.    In  addition 


unemployment  is  demoralizing  to  the 
individual,  for  work  is  an  essential 
means  of  personal  development  and  ex- 
pression. Unemployment  is  a  social  as 
well  as  an  economic  evil.  We  cannot  in 
the  immediate  future  at  least  abolish  un- 
employment for  it  is  an  accompaniment 
of  change.  We  can  however  avert  some 
of  the  worst  consequences  of  unemploy- 
ment while  we  bridge  the  way  to  new 
jobs.  The  method  which  has  been  most 
widely  sanctioned  in  modern  industrial 
countries  is  unemployment  insurance. 

The  various  plans  for  unemployment 
insurance  that  have  been  tried  give  op- 
portunity to  study  experience  as  a  basis 
for  developing  plans  adapted  to  condi- 
tions in  United  States.  Briefly  the  vari- 
ous plans  may  be  summarized  thus: 

The  way  was  led  by  the  Ghent  Plan 
which  supplemented  trade  union  unem- 
ployment benefits.  The  English  plan  pro- 
vided a  central  fund  to  which  the  State, 
certain  employers  and  employes  contrib- 
uted and  from  which  limited  benefits 
were  paid  in  accord  with  specified  stand- 
ards. The  German  plan  established  a. 
corporation  (to  avoid  difficulties  due  to 
a  federal  government).  Employers  and 
employes  paid  into  a  central  fund  con- 
tributions in  proportion  to  classified 
wages.  Similar  benefits  were  paid,  limit- 
ed in  time  and  amounts.  Social  up- 
heavals of  the  past  twenty  years 
changed  elements  in  these  basic  plans 
materially,  but  the  essential  principles 
remain.  To  these  methods,  discussion  in 
United  States  has  added  an  additional 
proposal — reserves  varying  from  plans 
for  individual  accounts  and  funds  for  an 
industry.  This  proposal  tries  to  make 
regulation  of  unemployment  profitable 
to  the  industry  and  depends  upon  anal- 
ogy between  reserves  for  wages  and  re- 
serves for  these  industrial  purposes. 

In  recent  months  consideration  has 
been  given  to  development  of  reserves 
for  an  industry  under  the  machinery 
set  up  by  its  code. 

While  opinion  is  crystallizing  as  be- 
tween reserves  and  general  fund  pool- 
ing risks;  as  between  state-wide  sys- 
tems    or     plans     covering     competitive 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


areas,  separate  industries  or  groups  of 
industries  or  the  whole  country;  as  be- 
tween governmental  agencies  or  corpor- 
ations for  public  service,  two  proposals 
important,  for  whatever  decision  is  fin- 
ally rendered  in  these  various  methods, 
are  before  Congress  for  action.  Of  fun- 
damental importance  is  adequate  appro- 
priation for  our  Federal  Employment 
Service  to  provide  the  machinery 
through  which  any  unemployment  in- 
surance measure  must  operate.  An  ade- 
quate, well-functioning  service  is  a  pre- 
requisite to  additional  social  legislation. 

The  second  measure  is  the  Wagner 
proposal  for  a  5  per  cent  excise  tax  on 
payrolls  against  which  local  contribu- 
tions to  unemployment  insurance  should 
be  credited.  Favorable  action  on  these 
two  measures  will  facilitate  decisions  in 
unemployment  problems. 


America  Lags  in  Rehousing 

RECCURRENCE  of  slum  fires  in 
American  cities  is  a  ghastly  re- 
minder of  the  tragedies  of  the 
"warrens  of  the  poor."  In  New  York's 
most  disgraceful  district  five  children 
and  three  adults  were  recently  trapped 
and  perished.  How  many  victims  this 
form  of  man's  inhumanity  to  man 
claims  each  year  would  make  an  appal- 
ling total. 

Fire  prevention  is  possible  in  all  cit- 
ies. Only  the  greed  of  landlords  and  the 
indifference  of  the  public  makes  it  dif- 
ficult to  bring  about  better  conditions. 
According  to  New  York's  Tenement 
House  Commissioner,  Langdon  Post, 
there  has  not  been  a  fatal  fire  in  any 
of  Manhattan's  new-law  tenements. 

What  is  needed  to  bring  home  to 
American  cities  is  their  failure  in  meet- 
ing housing  needs  of  workingmen's 
families.  Cities  and  States  alone  can 
undertake  the  task  of  razing  slums  and 
rehousing  the  six  million  or  more  fam- 
ilies in  need  of  decent  homes.  But  the 
Federal  Government  stands  ready  to 
help  with  loans  and  grants. 

So  far  only  five  States  have  passed 
proper  laws  authorizing  co-operation  in 
housing  projects  with  the  Public  Works 
Administration  at  Washington.  Only 
Milwaukee  and  Los  Angeles  among  the 
larger  cities  have  charters  permitting 
them  to  go  ahead  without  special  State 
legislation.  The  States  are  holding  up 
the  Government's  rehousing   program. 


Since  the  war,  England  has  rehoused 
one-eighth  of  her  population  in  2,000,- 
000  houses,  many  of  the  cottage  type 
with  garden  space.  Germany,  France 
and  Belgium  have  made  marked  prog- 
ress in  rehousing  their  people. 

The  United  States,  richest  nation  in 
the  world  and  urgently  in  need  of  a 
great  rehousing  movement,  has  hardly 
begun. 


Judge    Prohibits    Antiunion    Employer 
from  Using  the  Union  Label 

JUDGE  Calvert  of  Denver,  Colorado, 
issued  a  permanent  injunction  pro- 
hibiting Boris  Robbins,  operator  of 
the  Monarch  Press  and  Universal  Press, 
from  using  the  union  label  of  the  Allied 
Printing  Trades  Council  on  printing  pro- 
duced in  his  two  shops,  which  are  non- 
union plants. 

The  injunction  was  a  culmination  of 
an  investigation  which  the  Allied  Print- 
ing Trades  Council  began  a  number  of 
months  ago.  Robbins  claimed  that  he 
acquired  the  label  through  the  purchase 
of  second  hand  type. 

Union  officials  point  out  that  while 
this  is  not  the  first  time  that  a  convic- 
tion has  been  secured  on  the  illegal  use 
of  the  union  label  in  Denver,  the  grant- 
ing of  this  permanent  injunction  in  this 
particular  case  will  have  an  important 
bearing  and  influence  on  such  printing 
firms  who  are  suspected  of  the  illegal 
use  of  the  allied  label. 


"In  The  School  of  Adversity" 

Those  who  learn  in  the  school  of  ad- 
versity are  apt  pupils.  Many  valuable 
lessons  are  impressed  upon  the  mind 
and  when  properly  applied  help  to  build 
a  firm,  substantial  prosperity. 

Adversity  is  the  true  test  of  friend- 
ship— it  is  the  acid  test.  It  weeds  out 
the  flatterers  and  throws  the  spotlight 
on  friendship. 

In  adversity  a  man  may  lose  his 
friendship,  his  money  and  his  business 
but  if  he  keeps  his  self-confidence  he  is 
up  before  he  is  down. 

Business  depression  is  not  a  good 
thing  for  any  country.  It  is  the  test  of 
fire  and  only  the  courageous  survive. 
Business  depressions  help  business  to 
build  upon  a  firmer  foundation — they 
separate  the  chaff  from  the  wheat  and 
point  the  way  to  success. 


Official  Information 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKET 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y.. 


Second  District,  W.   T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth   District,  JAS.   L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.    Grand   Blvd.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 


Sixth   District,   A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


Montgomery,    Ward    &    Company    Give 
Contract  to   Open   Shop  Contractor 

Montgomery,  Ward  and  Company, 
operators  of  a  large  number  of  depart- 
ment stores,  have  awarded  a  contract 
for  the  erection  of  a  new  building  at 
Duluth  to  P.  J.  MacLeod,  open  shop 
contractor,  according  to  recording  Sec- 
retary Emil  Strandin  of  Local  Union 
3  61,  Duluth,  Minn. 

For  years  MacLeod  has  been  an  ad- 
vocate of  the  open  shop  and  in  his  at- 
tempt to  spread  his  plan  of  employment 
he  has  brought  to  Duluth  non-union  men 
from  other  cities,  and  in  this  action  he 
has  the  assistance  of  the  Citizen's  Alli- 
ance and  other  anti-union  organizations. 

Local  Union  No.  3  61  desires  the  mem- 
bers of  our  Brotherhood  to  be  informed 
of  the  unfriendly  attitude  of  Montgom- 
ery, Ward  and  Company  and  to  adhere 
to  the  policy  of  our  organization  to  sup- 
port and  give  assistance  to  our  friends 
and  those  who  co-operate  with  us. 
Therefore  our  members  should  refrain 
from  patronizing  or  making  purchases 
of  any  kind  from  this  company. 


Carpenters  Stay  Away  From  Chicago 

Due  to  the  fact  that  many  thousands 
of  our  members  are  unemployed,  we 
must  again  warn  against  coming  to  Chi- 
cago to  seek  work.  Members  in  other 
jurisdictions  will  do  well  to  heed  this 
warning. 

At  no  time  since  the  depression  set  in 
have  building  trades  jobs  been  so  scarce 
as  they  are  just  now. 

The  tight-fisted  attitude  of  the  bank- 
ers; their  persistent  refusal  to  make 
building  loans;  the  tax  muddle  and  the 
excessive  real  estate  tax  burden;  the  ex- 
cessive building  loans  made  during  the 
boom  years  and  a  number  of  other  irra- 
tional practices  during  the  boom  years 
have  resulted  in  many  thousand  of  dis- 
tress cases,  foreclosures  and  loss  of  real 
estate  equity,  as  a  result  of  which  there 
is  no  market  for  real  estate  mortgages, 
and  no  market  means  no  loans,  for 
bankers  will  make  loans  only  when  they 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


can  find   investors   who  will   buy  mort- 
gages. 

The  World's  Fair  work  so  prominent- 
ly and  misleadingly  played  up  by  the 
press  amounts  to  but  "a  drop  in  the 
bucket."  Only  a  very  small  percentage 
of  our  many  thousand  of  unemployed 
members  can  find  work. 

For  your  own  good  stay  away  from 
Chicago  unless  you  have  enough  money 
to  pay  your  way  without  seeking  em- 
ployment. And  by  all  means  bear  in 
mind  that  we  are  not  in  a  position  to 
give  aid  to  any  member  who  may  come 
here  and  find  himself  in  distress. 

CHAS.  H.  SAND,  Sec, 
Chicago  District  Council  of  Carpenters. 


Stay  Away  From  Miami,  Florida 

Contrary  to  the  reports  that  you  may 
see  in  the  papers  from  this  section, 
there  is  no  boom  in  Miami  and  we  are 
able  to  handle  all  building  activities 
that  may  be  planned  in  the  future  as 
well  as  at  present.  We  have  about  456 
members  in  this  Local  Union  and  there 
are  only  about  100  men  on  an  average 
that  are  working.  Kindly  take  notice 
and  give  Miami  a  wide  berth  in  your 
travels  when  looking  for  work. 

Clarence  E.  Miller,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  U.  No.  9  9  3.  Miami,  Fla. 


Traveling  Members  Attention 

Traveling  carpenters  are  requested  to 
stay  away  from  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  as  there 
is  but  little  building  going  on  there  at 
the  present  time.  Only  a  few  jobs  are 
now  in  course  of  erection  in  that  city 
according  to  information  received  from 
B.  B.  Hall,  recording  secretary  of  Local 
Union  76  7,  who  advises  they  have  more 
than  enough  members  to  handle  the 
work. 


Increased  Building  Construction-  Prom- 
ised for  Westfield,  Mass. 

Building  construction  shows  some  im- 
provement in  Westfield,  Mass.,  according 
to  information  received  from  Anthony 
Masaitis,  Financial  Secretary  of  Local 
Union  No.  222  of  that  city. 

Among  proposed  work  is  the  erection 
of  the  State  Armory.  In  order  that  all 
carpenters  might  assist  in  stabilizing  the 
building  industry  and  enjoy  improved 
working  conditions,  the  Local  Union  re- 
duced the  initiation  fee  for  the  month 
of  April. 


Organized   Labor  Urged  to  Mobilize  Its 

Influence  in  Favor  of  Wagner-Lewis 

Unemployment  Insurance  Bill 

A  ringing  appeal  to  officers  and  mem- 
bers of  organized  labor  throughout  the 
United  States  to  mobilize  the  influence 
of  the  labor  movement  in  the  interest  of 
the  prompt  enactment  by  Congress  of 
the  Wagner-Lewis  unemployment  insur- 
ance bill  has  been  issued  by  William 
Green,  president  of  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor. 

Although  the  measure  has  the  em- 
phatic approval  of  the  administration, 
the  anti-labor  bourbons  who  oppose  any 
protection  for  the  army  of  jobless  and 
their  families  are  mobilizing  subversive 
interests  in  all  parts  of  the  country  in 
opposition  to  the  measure.  This  oppo- 
sition, it  is  pointed  out,  makes  it  imper- 
atively necessary  for  the  millions  of  or- 
ganized workers  to  inform  their  mem- 
bers of  Congress  at  once  that  it  is  their 
sincere  desire  to  have  the  bill  promptly 
enacted  into  law. 

"The  Wagner-Lewis  bill,  designed  to 
advance  the  enactment  of  unemploy- 
ment insurance  legislation  in  the  differ- 
ent States,  is  of  great  importance  to  the 
working  people  of  the  nation,"  Mr. 
Green  said.  "The  bill  provides  for  the 
imposition  of  a  five  per  centum  excise 
tax  by  the  Federal  Government,  upon 
employers'  pay  rolls;  said  tax  to  be  re- 
funded to  employers  where  under  the 
operation  and  administration  of  a  State 
Unemployment  Insurance  Law  the  em- 
ployer has  made  contributions  toward 
the  creation  of  unemployment  reserves 
or  to  a  state  unemployment  insurance 
fund. 

"The  American  Federation  of  Labor 
has  endorsed  this  measure  and  is  giving 
it  whole-hearted  and  enthusiastic  sup- 
port. This  proposed  legislation  marks  a 
very  direct  and  definite  step  forward  in 
the  enactment  of  unemployment  insur- 
ance legislation.  It  is  hoped  and  be- 
lieved that  following  the  enactment  of 
this  law,  unemployment  insurance  legis- 
lation will  be  introduced  and  passed  by 
a  large  number  of  state  legislatures 
within  a  reasonably  short  period  of 
time. 

The  working  people  of  the  country 
stand  in  great  need  of  the  enactment 
of  unemployment  insurance  laws.  The 
benefits  of  such  legislation  will  be  re- 
flected in  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance    of    purchasing    power     during 


16 


THE     CARPENTER 


periods  of  idleness  and  in  the  relief 
from  human  distress  and  human  suffer- 
ing which  the  payment  of  unemployment 
insurance  benefits  will  provide. 

Not  only  will  the  unemployed  worker 
and  his  family  be  aided,  but  in  addition, 
the  whole  community  will  share  indi- 
rectly in  the  economic  and  social  bene- 
fits which  will  flow  from  the  applica- 
tion of  just,  equitable  and  fair  unem- 
ployment insurance   legislation. 

The  opponents  of  this  legislation  are 
active,  doing  all  they  can  to  prevent  the 
Wagner-Lewis  Bill  from  becoming  a  law 
at  this  session  of  Congress.  That  means 
that  the  friends  of  this  Bill  must  give  it 
their  immediate  support  and  call  upon 
others,  to  join  with  them  in  appealing 
to  the  Members  of  Congress  to  vote  for 
the  Wagner-Lewis  Unemployment  In- 
surance Bill. 


March  Building  Shows  Large  Gain 

According  to  the  F.  W.  Dodge  Cor- 
poration, March  contracts  for  construc- 
tion of  all  descriptions  amounted  to 
$179,161,500.  This  was  almost  twice 
the  total  reported  for  February  and 
about  three  times  the  volume  of  March, 
1933.  Increases  over  both  the  previous 
month  and  March  of  last  year  were 
scored  in  each  of  the  four  principal 
classes  of  construction. 

For  the  first  quarter  of  1934  con- 
tracts totaled  $462,341,500  as  contrast- 
ed with  only  $196,026,800  in  the  cor- 
responding quarter  of  19  33.  For  resi- 
dential building  the  gain  over  1933  to 
date  amounted  to  about  46  per  cent;  for 
nonresidential  building  the  increase  was 
almost  85  per  cent;  for  public  works 
the  1934  volume  was  more  than  three 
and  one-half  times  the  size  of  the  1933 
total;  while  for  public  utilities  the  first 
quarter's  total  was  about  two  and  one- 
half  times  as  great  as  in  the  correspond- 
ing period  of  1933. 

Contracts  awarded  in  March  showed 
gains  over  February  in  each  of  the  thir- 
teen Dodge  districts  except  southern 
Michigan,  where  a  relatively  unimport- 
ant decline  was  reported.  Gains  over 
March,  1933,  were  universal  throughout 
the  thirteen  districts.  Likewise,  for  the 
initial  quarter  of  1934  contracts  showed 
gains  over  the  corresponding  quarter  of 
1933"  in  each  of  the  districts  without  ex- 
ception. 

The  Dodge  bulletin  states: 


"During  the  second  quarter  of  1933 
contracts  for  all  classes  of  construction 
in  the  thirty-seven  states  as  a  whole 
totaled  $236,086,600.  For  the  second 
quarter  of  193  4,  contracts  in  the  same 
territory  should  exceed  $375,000,000  by 
a  fair  margin. 

"Of  the  contract  volume  for  the  sec- 
ond quarter  of  the  current  year  it  is 
probable  that  at  least  70  per  cent  of  the 
total  will  represent  publicly-financed  un- 
dertakings. During  the  initial  quarter 
of  the  year  this  class  of  work,  totaling 
almost  $350,000,000,  represented  75 
per  cent  of  the  contract  total." 


Massachusetts  State  Council  of  Carpen- 
ters' Convention 

The  Thirty  Seventh  Convention  of 
the  Massachusetts  State  Council,  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners 
of  America,  was  called  to  order  at  10 
o'clock  A.  M.  on  Saturday,  March  24, 
1934,  at  the  Labor  Temple,  Worcester, 
Mass.,  by  Brother  Daniel  S.  Curtis  of 
L.  U.  877,  who,  after  welcoming  the 
delegates,  introduced  the  Honorable  Mr. 
Mahoney,  Mayor  of  the  City  of  Worces- 
ter. The  Mayor  delivered  an  interesting 
address  and  conveyed  a  warm  welcome 
to  the  delegates.  The  Reverend  Father 
Fitzgerald  then  invoked  Divine  Blessing 
on  our  deliberations. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  we  had  gone 
through  almost  four  years  of  a  vei'y 
trying  period,  a  convention  of  meager 
attendance  was  anticipated.  In  accord- 
ance with  this  thought,  the  convention 
time  was  reduced  to  a  two-day  period 
and  held  on  Saturday  and  Sunday  in 
order  to  lighten  the  expense  as  much  as 
possible.  Contrary  to  expectations,  our 
roll  call  showed  eighty-five  delegates 
present  from  all  parts  of  the  state,  and 
far  from  being  depressed,  the  delegates 
brought  with  them  an  atmosphere  of  co- 
operation and  that  "put  your  shoulder 
to  the  wheel"  spirit,  such  as  has  not 
been  seen  in  many  conventions  of  the 
past. 

We  were  surprised  and  pleased  to 
find  in  our  midst  our  Second  General 
Vice  President,  James  M.  Gauld,  and  in 
short  order  he  was  on  the  speaker's 
platform  and  in  his  congenial  way  con- 
veyed the  respects  and  well  wishes  of 
our  General  Officers,  and  expressed  his 
regrets  that  they  were  all  confined  to 
the  General  Office  with  pressure  of  busi- 
ness and  could  not  be  present.    Brother 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


Gauld  delivered  a  very  interesting  talk 
on  the  Building  Industry  Code,  pointing 
out  the  danger  spots  and  advising  the 
delegates  to  contact  the  various  districts 
pertaining  to  the  setting  up  of  regional 
areas  and  the  creation  of  wage  rates. 
He  also  enlightened  the  delegates  on 
the  existing  conditions  throughout  the 
country,  pointing  out  the  difficulties 
confronting  organizers  in  extremely  low 
wage  rate  areas. 

Brother  Charles  N.  Kimball,  our  New 
England  Organizer,  and,  I  believe,  one 
of  the  oldest  organizers  in  point  of  serv- 
ice, spoke  in  detail  on  many  of  the 
problems  confronting  our  members,  and 
urged  the  full  co-operation  of  all  units 
in  the  state  if  we  expect  to  make  any 
forward  progress. 

Two  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the 
Convention  One  submitted  by  the  Cali- 
fornia State  Council  pertaining  to  the 
organizing  of  the  air  craft  workers,  and 
the  other  from  the  Boston  District  Coun- 
cil asking  that  the  Government  expedite 
their  P.  W.  A.  Program. 

In  the  election  of  officers,  Edward 
Thompson  of  Salem,  was  chosen  as 
President;  H.  Caron  of  Fall  River  was 
elected  Vice  President,  and  William 
Francis  of  Boston  was  elected  Secretary. 

Brother  Gauld  was  called  upon  to  in- 
stall the  officers. 

The  Executive  Board  will  decide  in 
which  city  the  next  convention  will  be 
held. 

William   Francis,    Secretary. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Piedmont,  Ala. 
Mullens,  W.  Va. 
Rusk,  Tex. 
Brigham,  Utah. 
La  Grange,   Ga. 
Gilbert,  W.  Va. 
Raymond,  Wash. 
Welch,  W.  Va. 
Paducah,  Ky. 
Port  Washington,  Wise. 
Lawrenceburg,  Ind. 
Gastonia,  N.  C. 
Memphis,  Tenn. 


Unusual  Coincidence 

Thaddeus  S.  Gurley,  John  Koch,  and 
Clinton  Witman,  all  members  of  Local 
Union  No.  60,  Indianapolis,  Indiana, 
each  born  on  the  same  date — April  7, 
1869,  and  admitted  to  the  Brotherhood 
April  22,  1890,  August  8,  1900,  and 
March  8,  1901,  respectively,  all  made 
application  for  the  Pension  on  the  same 
day  and  each  application  was  approved 
on  the  same  day,  April  16,  1934. 


Local    482,    Jersey   City,    Loses    Pioneer 
Member 

Michael  J.  Walsh,  one  of  the  most 
widely  known  members  of  our  organi- 
zation in  Hudson  County,  New  Jersey, 
and  a  member  of  Local  Union  482  of 
Jersey  City  for  45  years,  died  February 
16,   1934,  at  the  age  of  81  years. 

Brother  Walsh  joined  Local  Union 
No.  8  of  the  former  United  Order  of 
Carpenters  in  1882  and  with  that  Union 
came  over  to  our  organization  on  No- 
vember 1,  1888. 

For  many  years  he  was  business 
agent  of  the  Hudson  County  District 
Council  of  Carpenters  and  in  that  ca- 
pacity played  an  important  part  in  in- 
stituting the  44-hour  week  and  other 
improved  working  conditions. 

In  1910  he  was  elected  business  agent 
of  the  Hudson  County  Building  Trades 
Council  and  continued  in  that  office  un- 
til failing  health  caused  his  voluntary 
retirement  in  1932. 

He  also  attended  many  general  con- 
ventions of  our  organization  including 
the  22nd  general  convention  held  at 
Lakeland,  Florida,  in  1928.  Brother 
Walsh's  passing  is  a  severe  loss  to  the 
membership  of  our  organization  in  Hud- 
son County. 


Financial  Secretary  of  Local  Union  633 
Called  by  Death 

The  members  of  Local  Union  633  of 
Madison,  Illinois,  were  grieved  to  learn 
of  the  death  of  Emile  F.  DaMotte, 
its  financial  secretary,  which  occurred 
March  9,  19  3  4,  after  a  brief  illness. 
Pneumonia  was  the  direct  cause  of 
death. 

Brother  DaMotte  was  born  in  France 
April  26,  1875,  and  joined  Local  Union 
No.  633  in  May,  1905.  He  was  a  good 
and  true  union  man  and  served  that  Lo- 


T  II  K     CARPENTER 


cal    Union    as    financial    secretary    from 
1920  until  the  time  of  his  death. 

Funeral  services  were  held  March 
11th  and  attended  by  many  members  of 
Local  Union  633  and  other  Local  Un- 
ions of  the  Tri-County  district. 


DEATH   ROLL 


Former   President    of   Local    Union    787 
Dies 

William  MacDonald,  a  member  of  our 
organization  for  the  past  45  years,  the 
greater  part  of  which  time  he  was  a 
member  of  Local  Union  787,  passed 
away  at  his  home  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  on 
January  25,  1934,  at  the  age  of  70. 

Brother  MacDonald  was  born  in  El- 
gin, Scotland,  February  12,  1863,  and 
joined  Local  Union  No.  8  of  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  in  October,   1888. 

He  was  president  of  Local  Union  787, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  from  1917  to  1919  and 
again  from  1921  to  1922.  He  also 
served  as  a  delegate  to  the  New  York 
District  Council  at  various  times  and 
was  active  in  the  labor  movement  until 
prevented  by  failing  health  a  few  years 
previous  to  his  death. 

His  presence  and  his  constructive  ad- 
vice will  be  missed  at  the  meetings  of 
the  Local  Union  that  he  formerly  served 
as  president. 


Accident  Results  in  Death  of  Officer  of 
Local  1904 

The  membership  of  our  organization 
in  the  Kansas  City  district  has  suffered 
a  deep  and  irreparable  loss  in  the  death 
of  their  beloved  Brother  and  youthful 
aggressive  leader  J.  M.  (Mat)  Stubble- 
field  who  on  January  16,  1934,  while 
attending  a  meeting  of  the  District 
Council  of  Kansas  City  was  called  from 
the  meeting  and  shot  to  death  through 
an  open  window. 

"We  deplore  the  loss  of  one  so  young 
and  courageous  in  his  untiring  efforts 
for  the  betterment  of  the  working  peo- 
ple, and  trust  that  our  membership  in 
Kansas  City  may  carry  on  with  the 
ideals  of  his  life  to  guide  them  and 
others.  He  was  a  true  and  valued  mem- 
ber of  the  Brotherhood  for  many  years 
and  will  be  sadly  missed  particularly  by 
the  officers  and  members  of  Local  Un- 
ion 1904. 


GROVER     PISTOL — Local     Union     No. 
1671,  Kilgore,  Texas. 

BEN  TUSHER — Local  Union  No.   1808, 
Wood  River,  Illinois. 

MORRIS  L.  ZEBLEY — Local  Union  No. 
626,  Wilmington,  Delaware. 


Condemns   Company  Unions 

In  an  article  discussing  at  length  the 
company  union,  the  Christian  Science 
Monitor  in  its  issue  of  January  19  makes 
the  following  points  against  that  favor- 
ite subterfuge  of  employers: 

Company  unions  are  schemes  for  em- 
ploye representation  instituted  by  em- 
ployers during  the  last  twenty  years, 
and  especially  during  the  last  twelve 
months,  principally  as  an  alternative  to 
ordinary  unions. 

*  *  *  No  workers  ever  of  their 
own  initiative  have  organized  a  com- 
pany union — it  is  a  boss-inspired  union. 
The  power  that  creates  company  unions 
can  destroy  them.  Worker  representa- 
tives not  only  must  not  antagonize  the 
management — for  that  means  discharge 
— but  are  ignorant  of  labor  conditions 
in  other  plants  and  other  sections  even 
in  the  same  industry,  and  moreover  are 
untrained  in  the  tactics  of  bargaining; 
thus  the  representatives  are  usually 
timid,  ignorant  and  unskilled  negotia- 
tors. No  truly  equal-sided  collective 
bargaining  is  possible  in  company  un- 
ions. A  company  union  can  not  strike 
because  it  has  either  no  treasury  or  one 
limited  to  its  own  members;  it  can  not 
get  the  help  of  other  workers  in  the 
same  industry.  Consequently  a  company 
union  has  no  power  of  compulsion  over 
an  employer. 

If  the  New  Deal  aspires  to  balance  a 
strong  united  employer  group  against  an 
equally  strong  organized  labor  group, 
this  ideal  can  not  be  obtained  through 
company  unions. 

*  *  *  The  attitude  of  the  ordinary 
citizen  toward  company  unions  must  be 
related  to  that  citizen's  attitude  toward 
the  control  of  industry.  Shall  it  be  au- 
tocratic if  sometimes  benign  individual- 
ism, or  collectivism  balanced  between 
employer,  employe  and  the  government 
or  the  public? 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal   Is  Not  Responsible  For  Views  Expressed  By  Correspondents. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  No.  230 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

We  have  been  reading  letters  in  "The 
Carpenter"  from  the  different  Ladies' 
Auxiliaries  and  find  them  very  interest- 
ing. 

Our  Auxiliary  No.  230  of  Springfield, 
Illinois,  has  twenty-four  members.  We 
meet  the  first  and  third  Wednesday  of 
each  month,  serving  refreshments  at  the 
first  meeting  of  the  month. 

Our  Auxiliary  and  Carpenters'  Local 
Union  No.  16  jointly  gave  a  Thanks- 
giving Eve  Dinner,  at  which  we  served 
over  200  carpenters  and  their  families. 
Following  the  dinner  the  remainder  of 
the  evening  was  given  over  to  games, 
music  and  dancing. 

We  have  an  annual  Chicken  Dinner 
in  December  for  all  auxiliary  members 
and  their  families,  which  is  always  an 
enjoyable  affair. 

Last  fall,  in  an  endeavor  to  increase 
our  treasury,  we  appointed  three  com- 
mittees of  four  members  each,  the  com- 
mittee securing  the  largest  amount  of 
funds  to  be  entertained  by  the  two  los- 
ing committees.  New  Years  was  desig- 
nated as  the  close  of  the  contest,  at 
which  time  we  had  cleared  Fifty-four 
Dollars.  The  winners  were  entertained 
with  an  Oyster  Supper.  During  the  con- 
test we  obligated  seven  new  members. 

When  the  weather  is  warm  we  enjoy 
many  good  times  in  the  form  of  pot 
luck  dinners,  picnics,  and  all  kinds  of 
out-door  get-togethers. 

We  all  like  to  use  union-made  goods 
and  do  our  purchasing  where  they  may 
be  procured. 

We  hope  to  get  new  members  from 
time  to  time,  also  the  return  of  those 
who  were  obliged  to  drop  out  during  the 
depression. 

Our  Auxiliary  would  be  pleased  to 
have  any  sister  auxiliary  members 
visiting  in  Springfield  to  call  on  us. 
We  welcome  suggestions  and  correspon- 


dence from  other  auxiliaries  and  extend 
best  wishes  to  all. 

Mrs.  N.  Newlin,  Rec.  Sec. 
Mrs.   Frank   Dickinson,   Pres. 


It's  Wise  to  Advertise 

"Who  said  the  Carpenters  were  dead,  and  their 

journal   never   read, 
And  therefore   'twould  not  be  wise,   with   them 

now  to  advertise? 
Whoever    'twas    he's    a    chump,    and    should    go 

straight    to  ...  .  and   jump 
Into  the  river,  I  say,  and  wash  that  all  away. 
Thirty  years,   with   all  its   crooks,   I   have  tried 

to  sell  my  books  ; 
Advertised  in  all  the  kinds,   of  publications  in 

the  times 
Of  greatest  prosperity  known  ;  barely  got  back 

dollars   sown. 
Hundreds    of    dollars    have    I    spent,    could    not 

get  ahead  a   cent ; 
Even    prosperous    times — I    was    lucky    to    get 

dimes. 
A    Notice — would    they    look    at?     Wanted    to 

place  mv  booklet 
"ON    THE    SQUARE"    just    to    see,    if   I'd    help 

them  they"d  help  me. 
Orders  came — my  booklets  gone,  then  the  press 

ran   on   and   on  ; 
Orders  kept  coming  my  way,  I  was  worked  both 

night  and  day  ; 
Such  a  great  rush — I  declare,  I  never  had  "ON 

THE  SQUARE" 
Before  ia  all  my  life,  of  toil  and  struggle  and 

strife. 
Is  a  NOTICE  with  them  READ?    Yes,  it  near- 
ly  knocked   me   dead — 
Sixty-ninth   Birthday — two   hundred   and   ten   I 

had  already  to  send. 
Hundreds  more  I  could  not  reach.    Our  journal 

surely  is  a  peach 
For    NOTICE    to    catch    the    eye    of    carpenters 

passing  by. 
Forty-five  years  in  Union  stand,  never  knew  it 

was  so  grand. 
My  life  has  been  to  HELP  YOU — all  I  possibly 

could  do. 
With   or  without  dollars  or  dimes,   I  will  help 

you   every  time. 
All    my    life    I    tried    to    write ;    success   finally 

came  in  sight.  . 
I  will  now  just  say  good-night ;  from  your  hum- 
ble Brother  Dwight. 
Well    you   know,    though    you   may   stare,   I   am 

truly   "ON  THE   SQUARE." 

D.  L.  Stoddard, 
R.   R.  4,   Box  141, 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 


There  is  a  righteous  use  for  anger — 
reserve  it  for  what  is  unjust  and  cruel. 


Demand  the  Union  Label 


20 


THE     CARPENTER 


Benefits  of  Depression 

The  New  York  World  Telegram  re- 
cently published  a  series  of  articles  by 
a  member  of  the  order  of  the  unem- 
ployed. He  had  traveled  from  coast  to 
coast  seeking  employment  and  finding 
none.  In  his  wanderings  he  met  all 
sorts  and  conditions  of  men  and  wo- 
men. Some  were  confirmed  tramps,  un- 
willing and  sometimes  incapable  of 
steady  work.  Others  had  taken  to  the 
road  like  himself  in  an  effort  to 
find  work.  Among  them  were  laborers, 
skilled  mechanics,  professional  men  and 
women  and  clerical  workers.  What 
seemed  to  him  most  striking  was  the 
patience  which  they  displayed. 

Most  of  these  wanderers  seemed  to 
be  satisfied  if  they  kept  soul  and  body 
together.  They  appeared  to  realize  that 
the  prevailing  condition  of  unemploy- 
ment and  distress  was  temporary  and 
there  was  not  lacking  a  confidence  in 
the  future.  The  same  state  of  mind  can 
be  observed  everywhere  among  the 
unemployed.  When  the  country  finally 
emerges  from  the  depression  as  it  will, 
the  most  agreeable  feature  characteriz- 
ing it  will  be  the  patience  of  the  people. 
We  may  say  that  their  patience  was 
truly  a  virtue.  The  temptation  to  vio- 
lence and  disorder  has  been  great  but 
the  people  have  resisted  the  temptation. 
Little  if  any  part  of  the  crime  wave 
may  be  attributed  to  unemployment. 
The  criminals  could  not  be  numbered 
among  the  unemployed.  Communism 
has  made  no  inroads  among  the  mass 
of  people  in  spite  of  persistent  efforts  in 
some  quarters.  Attempts  to  rouse  the 
unemployed  to  rebellion  have  failed.  Al- 
though not  content  with  their  condition 
they  realize  that  a  program  of  violence 
could  only  end  in  worse  conditions. 
There  have  been  a  few  hunger  marches 
but  these  have  served  to  throw  into 
clear  relief  the  remarkable  self-control 
of  the  majority. 

While  there  has  been  no  violence  or 
rebellion  among  the  poor  and  the  un- 
employed there  has  been  a  great  stir- 
ring of  charity  in  behalf  of  those  in 
need.  There  also  has  been  brought  home 
to  us  an  understanding  of  the  social  and 
economic  injustices  that  in  a  large 
measure  are  responsible  for  the  hard 
times  from  which  we  have  been  suffer- 
ing. Determined  efforts  which  promise 
to  be  successful  are  being  made  to  elimi- 
nate  these   injustices.     It    may    be   that 


when  it  is  all  over  and  we  have  learned 
the  lessons  it  has  taught  we  may  find 
reason  to  thank  God  for  the  depression. 


If  A  Union  Card  Could  Talk 

I  AM  A  UNION  CARD.  Among  men 
I  am  the  symbol  of  Unity,  the  diploma 
of  Skill.  All  the  workers  of  the  world — 
whether  within  or  without  the  ranks  of 
the  organized — have  received  the  bene- 
fits I  have  bestowed  upon  Mankind.  I 
have  made  free  men  of  serfs  and  con- 
verts of  doubters. 

Being  of  a  retiring  nature,  I  keep 
most  of  my  business  to  myself.  I  hear. 
I  see.  I  feel.  But  sometimes  I  wish  I 
could  talk!  For  in  the  past  I  have  lain 
in  the  pockets  of  suits  fashioned  by 
fingers  that  have  signed  "yellow-dog" 
contracts;  next  to  cigarets  produced  by 
labor  that  sells  itself  for  10  cents  per 
hour;  adjacent  to  haberdashery  bought 
in  stores  whose  proprietors  rebuke  or- 
ganized labor  and  its  press;  close  to 
combs  intimately  acquainted  with  bar- 
ber-college haircuts.  *  *  *  Yet  I  HAVE 
HEARD  THE  VERY  SAME  MEN  IN 
WHOSE  POCKETS  I  AM  CARRIED 
CONDEMN  LOW  WAGES  AND  BLAME 
THE  DEPRESSION  ON  POLITICS. 

Frankly,  I  become  quite  irritated 
when  I  find  myself  next  to  a  receipt 
signed  by  a  merchant  who  has  been  in- 
different to  every  invitation  to  co-oper- 
ate with  organized  labor. 

Were  it  the  lack  of  allegiance  that 
caused  men  to  forget  my  mission  there 
is  little  I  could  do.  But  I  know  that  the 
cause  is  NEGLECT! 

I  wish  my  owners  would  carry  me 
into  stores  whose  proprietors  subscribe 
to  my  principles.  I  feel  more  at  home 
among  friends.  There  are  merchants  who 
ask  to  see  me  before  my  possessor  is 
permitted  to  work  in  their  buildings.  I 
wonder  why  my  owners  don't  give  all  of 
their  business  to  such  merchants,  there- 
by assuring  themselves  of  employment, 
future  income  and  co-operation? 

Without  the  unlimited  support  of 
those  men  who  carry  me,  I  am  but  a 
scrap  of  paper.  But,  properly  utilized,  I 
AM  THE  PASSWORD  TO  PROSPER- 
ITY! 

OH,  HOW  I  WISH  I  COULD  TALK! 

■ — Cleveland  Citizen. 


THE     CARPENTER 


21 


Ohio   Old-Age   Pension   Law   Goes    Into 
Effect 

Old-age  pensions  for  the  eligible 
needy  citizens  of  Ohio  went  into  effect 
when  Governor  White  signed  the  ap- 
propriation bill  enacted  by  the  recent 
special  session  of  the  State  Legislature 
appropriating  $3,000,000  to  pay  the 
pensions  during  the  last  half  of  1934. 
The  measure  also  provides  funds  to  ad- 
minister the  law  through  a  new  division 
set  up  in  the  Department  of  Welfare. 

The  amount  paid  to  any  person  is 
limited  to  $25  per  month,  with  a  burial 
fund  not  in  excess  of  $100. 

To  be  entitled  to  a  pension  persons 
must  be  65  years  of  age  or  over,  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States  and  Ohio  for 
5  years,  and  residents  of  the  county  in 
which  they  make  application  for  at  least 
one  year.  If  single,  they  must  not  have 
property  in  excess  of  $3,000,  nor  more 
than  $4,000  if  husband  and  wife.  They 
must  be  unable  to  support  themselves, 
have  no  one  who  legally  could  and 
should  support  them,  and  have  no  in- 
come in  excess  of  $300  annually.  In- 
mates of  penal  institutions  are  barred 
from  pensions,  but  residents  in  charit- 
able, fraternal  or  benevolent  institu- 
tions, hospitals  and  homes,  public  or 
private,  are  eligible  if  they  meet  the 
reuirements  of  the  law. 


Lessons  From  Animals 

A  four-horse  team  hitched  to  a  heavy 
load  cannot  start  or  go  anywhere  unless 
the  horses  co-operate  by  all  pulling  to- 
gether. A  school  of  fish  would  soon  be 
inextricably  wedged  into  a  solid  mass 
unless  they  co-operated  and  all  headed 
in  one  direction.  Fish  must  swim  like 
a  row  of  soldiers  in  one  direction,  other- 
wise they  would  become  hopelessly  pow- 
erless and  unable  to  move  and  would 
soon  perish  for  lack  of  collaboration. 
This  is  true  of  practically  all  animal 
life. 

Men,  or  some  of  them,  in  their  con- 
ceit, think  they  can  make  the  grade  by 
going  it  alone.  This  is  impossible  for 
working  men  in  industrial  occupations. 
They  are,  in  production,  incapable  of 
getting  or  maintaining  fair  wages  if 
acting  in  their  individual  capacity.  Such 
people  are  far  behind,  and  have  not  so 
far  learned  to  adapt  and  follow  the 
animals'  methods  of  co-operation,  for 
self-preservation    and    fair    wages    and 


less  hours.  Even  employers  who  have 
formed  associations  have  not  been  able 
to  prevent  competition,  bankruptcy,  fail- 
ures and  periodic  wasteful  depressions. 

It  has  been  so  and  always  will  be 
unless  the  wage-earners  organize.  Noth- 
ing of  a  permanent  worthwhile  char- 
acter will  flow  from  Federal  and  State 
plans  unless  the  workers  organize  and 
force  reluctant  employers  to  pay  fair 
wages. 

Low  wages  caused  this  depression 
with  its  world  of  misery  and  will  cause 
other  depressions  unless  labor  organi- 
zations through  collective  bargaining 
raise  wages  to  a  point  where  consump- 
tion can  balance  production. 

Organization  of  the  workers  is  the 
one  sure  means  of  preventing  cut-throat 
competition,  which  must  be  stopped  be- 
fore fair  employers  willing  to  do  the 
right  thing  will  be  safe  from  unfair  low- 
wage  paying  employers.  The  only  way 
to  accomplish  something  helpful  and 
lasting  to  all  concerned,  including  the 
general  public,  is  for  the  workers  to 
organize. 


We  Get  What  We  Work  For 

The  trouble  with  a  lot  of  us  is  that 
we  want  to  accomplish  many  things, 
but  aren't  willing  to  pay  the  price.  If 
life  were  a  game  in  which  the  rewards 
were  handed  out  on  a  silver  platter  to 
anyone  who  happened  to  ask  for  them, 
lots  of  folks  would  sleep  in  rosebeds. 
But  unfortunately,  you've  got  to  reckon 
with  the  thorns. 

"He  who  would  climb  a  tree,"  said 
Thackeray,  "must  grasp  its  branches — 
not  the  blossoms." 

Which  means  that  you've  got  to  pull 
yourself  up  over  the  rough  places  and 
not  expect  simply  to  coast  down  hill  all 
the  time. 

We  get  pretty  much  what  we  go  after 
— if  we  go  after  it  hard  enough  and 
persistently  enough. 

About  the  only  thing  that  has  ever 
come  into  our  life  without  being  worked 
for  or  sought  after  is  trouble.  And  a  lot 
of  that  could  be  traced  back  to  a  de- 
sire to  take  hold  of  the  blossoms  instead 
of  grasping  the  branches. 

Thorns  serve  a  purpose.  They  teach 
us  the  lesson  that,  even  in  plucking 
roses,  one  must  go  about  it  with  care 
and  skill  and  practical  knowledge — or 
get  stuck. — Selected. 


22 


THE     CARPENTER 


Trade  Unions  of  First  Importance 

It  cannot  be  repeated  too  often  nor 
emphasized  too  strongly  that  organiza- 
tions of  wage  workers — trade  unions — 
are  of  first  importance  in  our  industrial 
scheme.  Without  their  organization  the 
worker  is  a  cipher;  he  is  but  a  pawn 
in  the  hands  of  those  who  control  indus- 
try. Men  have  spent  their  lives  in  hopes 
and  struggles  for  betterment  of  condi- 
tions and  their  time  has  been  wasted 
until  they  joined  hands  with  their  fel- 
lows and  acted  collectively  and  concert- 
edly. 

No  ideal  can  be  realized,  no  wrong 
can  be  righted,  without  the  compelling 
power  of  united  action.  No  man  can  be 
a  free  agent  unless  he  acts  with  and  has 
the  support  of  his  contemporaries.  Yet 
such  is  the  composition  of  our  human 
mind  and  so  insidious  is  the  propaganda 
of  the  controllers  of  industry  that  men 
must  be  shown  again  and  again  that 
there  is  no  royal  road  to  better  condi- 
tions; constant  vigilance  and  unceasing 
conflict  are  necessary,  to  gain  every  ad- 
vance. The  welfare  and  the  very  lives 
of  the  wage  worker  and  his  family  are 
under  the  control  of  those  few  individ- 
uals who  constitute  the  financial  or  em- 
ploying element  of  our  society.  They 
have  their  organizations  which  function 
with  all  means  of  aid  at  their  command. 

It  is  futile  to  imagine  that  they  will 
surrender  that  control  with  a  severe 
struggle.  They  will  only  yield  when 
compelled  to  do  so  and  by  an  intelli- 
gently directed  power.  Company  unions, 
bonuses,  employe-ownership  are  but 
camouflage  to  cover  the  iron  fist  that 
lies  concealed.  Power,  profit,  dividends. 
Those  are  the  motives  driving  the  in- 
dustrial autocrat  to  a  disregard  of  the 
human  element  involved  in  employment. 

And  there  is  but  one  salvation  for 
the  worker,  organization.  Once  organ- 
ized, once  agreed  to  lay  aside  petty  per- 
sonal grievances  and  strive  forward  with 
their  co-workers  for  the  greater  good  of 
all,  with  intelligence,  forbearance  and 
firmness — and  keeping  organized — that 
is  the  only  means  by  which  labor  can 
gain  and  keep  those  privileges  to  which 
it  is  rightfully  entitled. 


Navy  Yards  to  Share  Equally  in  Build- 
ing of  Big  New  Navy 

Not  in  years  have  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment bureaucrats  suffered  such  a  rolling, 
rocking  blow  as  that  delivered  to  them 
by  standing  vote  in  the  House  when 
Chairman  Vinson  of  the  Naval  Affairs 
Committee  was  bowled  over  in  his  at- 
tempt to  have  the  big  new  navy  built 
"one-half  in  the  navy  yards  and  one- 
half  in  private  shipyards." 

The  defeat  was  equally  devastating 
for  the  so-called  shipbuilding  trust. 

Because  every  ship  built  in  a  navy 
yard  is  a  victory  for  labor  the  vote  was 
a  tremendous  labor  victory. 

Thompson  of  Illinois  had  offered  an 
amendment  to  the  effect  that  "the  first 
and  each  succeeding  alternate  vessel" 
be  built  in  a  navy  yard.  In  the  lan- 
guage of  navy  yard  backers,  that 
"breaks  the  back  of  the  shipbuilding 
trust."  Vinson  immediately  threw  his 
amendment  into  the  ring. 

The  Vinson  provision  for  "one-half" 
of  the  ships  to  navy  yards  could  mean 
half  in  numbers  of  ships,  with  a  given 
number  of  capital  ships  going  to  private 
yards  and  an  equal  number  of  small 
ships  going  to  the  navy  yards — dollars 
to  the  private  yards,  dimes  to  the  navy 
yards. 

The  navy  bureaucrats  and  the  private 
yards  went  down  to  defeat  140  to  93. 
Arsenals  and  government  gun  factories 
benefit  equally  with  the  navy  yards. — 
I.  L.  N.  S. 


For  over  fifty  years  the  Brotherhood 
has  been  protecting,  assisting  and  en- 
couraging the  competent  men  in  all 
the  branches  of  woodworking.  Surely, 
this  is  a  record  of  which,  every  member 
may  well  be  proud. 


Sectional  Wage  Differentials 

Since  the  codification  of  industry  be- 
gan under  the  terms  of  the  N.  I.  R.  A., 
it  has  been  noticeable  that  in  all  Codes 
submitted,  sectional  wage  differentials 
are  proposed  by  the  industrialists.  Dif- 
ferentials of  the  minimum  rate  of  wage 
between  the  North  and  South  range 
from  five  to  ten  cents  an  hour.  A  care- 
ful analysis  of  conditions  affecting  work- 
ers in  North  and  South,  and  their  em- 
ployers, proves  that  such  differentials 
are  not  justified. 

Arguments  in  favor  of  the  differen- 
tials advanced  .  by  the  employers  are 
generally  based  upon  transportation 
charges  from  their  industrial  site  in 
the  South  to  the  markets  in  the  North 
and  East,  cheaper  living  conditions  in 
the  South,  etc. 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


The  South  affords  many  advantages 
to  the  employer  over  the  North  from  an 
industrial  angle.  For  instance,  shipping 
and  transportation  facilities  are  practi- 
cally unlimited.  The  even  climatic  condi- 
tion with  no  emphatic  seasonal  changes 
permits  a  year-round  operation  of  any 
industry. 

All  the  arguments  advanced  support- 
ing wage  differentials  for  the  South 
lower  than  that  of  the  North  are  thin- 
ly veiled  subterfuges  which  are  intend- 
ed to  cover  up  the  real  question  which 
is  negro  labor.  The  negro  worker  is 
being  exploited  in  the  South  to  the 
detriment  of  all. 


Foundation  of  Success 

Notwithstanding  the  variety  of  hu- 
man wants  and  the  fact  that  we  all  want 
different  things,  there  is  one  thing  we 
all  desire- — and  that  is  success.  Yet  it  is 
surprising  to  note  how  few  people  really 
attempt  to  achieve  success  in  a  business- 
like way.  Most  people  hope  and  dream 
for  their  ship  to  come  in  instead  of 
planning  and  working  for  it.  Hoping 
and  dreaming  alone  will  not  bring  suc- 
cess. Planning  and  working  for  it  in 
the  right  way  surely  will  bring  it. 

What  is  "success?"  Webster  defines 
success  as  the  "prosperous  termination 
of  any  enterprise." 

Abraham  Lincoln  said:  "It  begins 
with  saving  money." 

Andrew  Carnegie  said:  "The  failure 
of  tbe  man  who  does  not  save  his  money 
is  due  only  to  the  fact  that  he  has  no 
money  with  which  to  take  advantage  of 
opportunities  that  come  in  the  way  of 
every  man,  but  also  and  particularly  to 
the  fact  that  such  a  man  is  not  able  or 
fit  to  avail  himself  of  these  opportuni- 
ties. The  man  who  cannot  and  does  not 
save  money  cannot  and  will  not  do  any- 
thing else  worthwhile." 

James  J.  Hill:  "If  you  want  to  know 
whether  you  are  destined  to  be  a  suc- 
cess or  a  failure  in  life  you  can  easily 

find  out.    Are  you  able  to  save  money? 

If  you  are  not,  drop  out.  You  will  lose. 

The  seed  of  success  is  not  in  you." 

George   Washington   said:    "Economy 

makes  happy  homes  and  sound  nations. 

Instill  it  deep." 

John    Wanamaker:      "The    difference 

between    the    clerk   who    spends    all    his 

salary  and  the  clerk  who  saves  part  of 

it  is  the  difference  in  10  years  between 


the   owner   of  a   business   and   the   man 
without  a  job. 

William  E.  Gladstone:  "Economy  is 
near  to  the  keystone  of  character  and 
success.  A  boy  who  is  taught  to  save  his 
money  will  rarely  be  a  bad  man  or  a 
failure.  The  man  who  saves  will  rise 
in  his  trade  or  profession  steadily.  This 
is  inevitable." 


Better  Building  Eases  Financing 

To  speed  recovery,  governmental  and 
private  agencies  can  perform  no  greater 
service  to  the  country  at  large  than  to 
stimulate  private  construction — both  by 
creating  a  wider  demand  for  it,  and  by 
making  financing  easier  and  less  ex- 
pensive. 

Government  has  made  a  start, 
through  the  Home  Loan  banks  which 
are  endeavoring  to  loosen  credit  for 
residential  building.  Building  and  loan 
associations  should,  so  far  as  is  possible, 
follow — the  heads  of  some  of  the  largest 
of  them  have  said  that  themselves,  and 
are  known  to  be  considering  ways  and 
means  to  expedite  financing  and  elimi- 
nate the  various  barriers  that  have 
stood  in  the  way  during  the  past  few 
years.  And  the  home  builder  can  do  a 
great  deal  to  help — simply  by  demand- 
ing higher  quality  in  housing,  both  be- 
cause of  economy  and  comfort,  and  be- 
cause the  finished  structure  is  so  much 
more  worthy  of  a  loan. 

Generally  speaking,  real  estate  has 
stood  up  better  than  most  other  types  of 
security  during  depression.  The  value 
is  there.  It  is  tangible.  It  will  remain. 
And  where  real  estate  values  have  col- 
lapsed is  in  the  case  of  jerry-built,  boom 
homes,  which  were  the  best  friends  of 
obsolescence  and  decay. 

Nowadays,  especially,  there  is  no  ex- 
cuse for  building  poorly.  Methods  apd 
materials  have  been  constantly  im- 
proved— and  depression  has  actually 
forwarded  progress  in  these  fields,  due 
largely  to  the  need  to  make  sales  ap- 
peal stronger  than  ever. 

Is  the  home  fire  resistive?  Is  it  rigid 
in  construction?  Is  it  permanent?  Will 
maintenance  cost  be  low?  Has  it  the 
modern  conveniences  that  buyers  de- 
mand? These  and  similar  questions,  an- 
swered in  the  affirmative,  point  the  way 
to  better  homes  for  America — and  have 
an  obvious  influence  on  solving  the 
problem  of  financing. 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON  LXVIII 

"I  fired  the  boss  carpenter  when  I  had 
this  house  built,"  a  man  said  a  few 
months  ago,  while  he  was  showing  us 
through  his  home,  and  telling  us  with 
pride,  that  he  had  planned  the  house 
himself.  And  when  we  asked  him  why 
he  fired  the  boss,  he  told  us  that  in 
framing  the  rough  openings  for  win- 
dows, he  had  some  of  them  too  small 
for  the  window  frames  and  some  of 
them  too  large.  "Any  carpenter,"  he 
contended,  "ought  to  know  how  to 
frame  rough  openings  so  that  when  the 
window  frames  are  to  be  set,  the  rough 
openings  will  not  have  to  be  worked 
over."  The  man  was  right, — and  yet, 
we  can  recall  an  instance  when  two  ex- 
perienced journeymen  carpenters  made 
window  frames  for  a  two  story  house, 
and  when  they  were  brought  to  the  job, 
the  frames  were,  not  only  too  large  for 
the  rough  openings,  but  they  were  too 
large  for  the  sash  that  were  to  go  into 
them  later.  Both  men  knew  how  to  make 


Fig.  387 


window  frames,  but  in  this  case  they 
made  a  mistake,  such  as  anyone,  even 
the  boss  carpenter,  is  likely  to  make.  A 
mistake  in  figures  can  be  forgiven,  but 
to  make  a  second  mistake  in  failing  to 
check  over  the  figures  before  going 
ahead,  is  inexcusable.  There  are  prob- 
ably few  journeymen  carpenters,  if  any, 
who  can  not  remember  instances  where 


rough  openings  either  had  to  be  en- 
larged or  had  to  be  made  smaller  when 
the  window  frames  were  set,  all  of 
which  causes,  not  only  a  lot  of  extra 
work,  but  a  great  deal  of  genuine  grief 
for  somebody,  if  not  the  loss  of  some- 
body's job.  When  mistakes  are  discov- 
ered, before  discharging  without  mercy, 
the  old  proverb  should  be  remembered, 


T 


Fig.   3  88 

"He  who  is  without  sin,  let  him  cast  the 
first  stone." 

Here  are  formulas  for  obtaining  the 
width  and  height  of  rough  openings  for 
windows:  The  width  of  the  glass,  plus 
the  width  of  two  sash  stiles,  plus  the 
thickness  of  two  pully  stiles,  sometimes 
called  jambs,  plus  the  width  of  two 
weight  boxes,  will  give  the  width  in  the 
clear,  for  rough  window  openings.  In 
other  words,  the  width  of  the  rough 
opening  for  a  window  must  be,  (assum- 
ing the  width  of  the  glass  to  be  30 
inches)  30  inches  for  the  glass,  4  inches 
for  two  sash  stiles,  1  %  inches  for  two 
%  inch  pulley  stiles  and  4%  inches  for 
two  weight  boxes,  in  all  40%  inches. 
Ordinarily,  adding  10%  inches  to  the 
width  of  the  glass,  gives  the  width  of 
the  rough  opening,  but  if  there  are 
variations  in  any  of  the  additional  parts 
that  we  have  enumerated,  such  varia- 
tions must  be  taken  into  consideration, 
therefore  remember  to  check  your  fig- 
ures before  you  go  ahead.  For  the 
height  of  a  rough  opening  (assuming, 
for  convenience,  the  height  of  the  glass 
to  be  30  inches,  and  the  window  a 
double-hung  window)  we  must  take 
twice  30  inches,  or  60  inches  for  the 
glass,  to  which  we  must  add,   2  inches 


THE     CARPENTER 


25 


for  the  top  rail,  1  inch  for  the  meeting 
rail,  3  inches  for  the  bottom  rail,  % 
inch  for  the  yoke,  %  inch  for  the  sub- 
sill,  1  %  inches  for  the  sill  and  1  inch 
for  clearance,  making  in  all,  10V2 
inches.  For  ordinary  purposes,  adding 
lO1/^   inches  to  the  height  of  the  glass 


Fig.  389 


will  give  the  height  of  rough  openings 
for  double-hung  windows.  As  in  ascer- 
taining the  width,  any  variations  in  the 
enumerated  parts  must  be  taken  into 
consideration.  For  single-hung  windows, 
only  one  glass  and  no  meeting  rail  is 
required.  We  repeat,  check  over  your 
figures  thoroughly  before  going  ahead. 

Taking  up  the  illustrations,  we  refer 
the  reader  to  Fig.  387,  which  shows  at 
a,  the  simplest  kind  of  rough  opening, 
consisting  of  a  top  and  bottom  header 
nailed  between  two  studding.  At  b,  we 
show    the    same   size    opening    which    is 


Fig.  390 

framed  so  as  to  be  located  at  a  specific 
place,  hence  a  studding  had  to  be  cut 
out,  and  in  addition  to  top  and  bottom 
headers,  two  trimmers  are  necessary. 
Fig.  388  shows  at  A,  a  commonly  used 
method  of  framing  rough  opening  for 
windows,  in  very  cheap  work.  This 
method  is  all  right  where  it  is  not  nec- 
essary to  locate  the  window  at  a  given 


point.  At  B  we  are  showing  a  some- 
what better  construction,  which  is  mere- 
ly a  modification  of  what  is  shown  at 
A. 

The  methods  of  framing  rough  open- 
ings for  windows  shown  in  Fig.  389  are 
good,  and  are  commonly  used  on  resi- 
dence work.  Attention  should  be  called 
to  the  construction  of  the  top  headers. 
At  a,  we  show  a  plain  double  header, 
which  is  all  right,  but  will  not  support 
as  much  weight  as  the  header  shown  at 
b,  where  the  2x4 's  are  set  on  edge,  with 
a  lath  between  to  bring  them  to  the 
width  of  the  studding.  The  former  of 
these  constructions  costs  a  little  less  in 
labor  and   in  material   than   the   latter, 


Fig.  391 

but  for  ordinary  purposes,  especially 
where  boxing  is  applied  to  the  studding, 
one  construction  is  as  good  as  the  other. 
One  reason,  but  not  the  only  reason, 
for  doubling  headers  and  trimmers  in 
rough  openings,  is  to  provide  nailing 
for  the  trim,  or  finish,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called. 

Where  a  wall  must  support  a  great 
deal  of  weight,  as  is  often  the  case,  the 
construction  shown  in  Fig.  390  is  very 
good.  The  top  header,  shown  in  detail 
to  the  right,  is  built  up  of  2x8's  set  on 
edge,  the  trimmers  are  doubled  2x4's, 
while  the  bottom  header  is  sloped  out- 
ward, as  is  shown  by  the  detail  to  the 
right.  Fig.  391  shows  a  rough  opening 
for  a  twin  win'dow.  The  top  header  is 
built  up  of  two  2x8's  stripped  with  a 
lath  on  the  inside  to  bring  it  out  in 
alignment  with  the  edges  of  the  stud- 
dings,  as  shown  by  the  detail  to  the 
right.  The  bottom  header  is  doubled,  as 
shown.  This  makes  a  very  substantial 
construction,  and  provides  amply  for 
nailing. 

As  we  explained  in  a  previous  lesson, 
some  builders  frame  the  rough  openings 


26 


THE     CARPENTER 


before  raising  the  skeleton  walls,  others 
raise  the  walls  and  cut  and  frame  the 
openings  afterward.  We  have  used  both 
methods,  and  like  them.  The  former  is 
a  labor  saver,  while  the  latter,  perhaps, 
makes  possible  a  larger  degree  of  ac- 
curacy, but  we  are  saying  this  without 
guaranteeing  it;  for  accuracy  is  a  prod- 


r-^-^S^ 


^ 


i 


523 


Fig.  3  92 

uct  of  careful  workmanship,  and  when 
this  element  is  absent,  accuracy,  if  it  is 
attained,  is  merely  a  matter  of  luck,  no 
matter  what  method  might  be  used.  But 
that  is  another  story, — we  are  showing 
by  Fig.  392  a  templet  for  marking  stud- 
ding to  be  cut  out  for  window  and  door 
openings.  The  templet  is  made  of  a  reg- 
ular studding,  in  the  manner  shown  to 
the  left.  To  the  right,  we  are  showing 
the  templet  set  against  a  studding  ready 
for  marking   the  top   and   bottom   cuts. 


The  upper  crosspiece  is  so  located  on 
the  templet  that  when  the  cutting  is 
done  and  the  header  is  in,  the  height  of 
the  opening  will  be  right.  The  same  can 
be  said  of  the  bottom  crosspiece,  it 
must  be  placed  in  such  a  manner  that 
allowance  will  be  given  for  the  header. 
For  doors,  only  the  top  crosspiece  is  nec- 
essary. The  dotted  lines,  shown  on  the 
templet  to  the  left,  indicate  how  addi- 
tional crosspieces  can  be  placed,  for 
smaller  openings.  The  reason  the  cross- 
pieces  extend  both  ways,  is  to  make  it 
possible  to  mark  either  side  of  the  stud- 
ding, for  it  is  not  always  convenient  to 
do  the  cutting  from  the  same  side. 


THE   FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART   TWENTY-FOUR 

Those  Who  Do  Not  Understand 

This  is  the  story  of  a  man  who  bit 
off  more  than  he  could  chew  which 
makes  this  a  combination  lesson  on  roof 
framing  and  how  to  read  drawings. 

We  have  before  us  a  letter  addressed 
to  the  Editor  of  the  Journal  and  signed 
by  a  man  affiliated  with  a  Carpenters' 
Union  in  one  of  the  larger  cities  of 
Southern  California. 

In  his  communication  he  informs  us 
that  a  mistake  has  been  discovered  in 
the  December  1933  issue  of  "The  Car- 
penter" and  refers  to  Fig.  3  on  page  30. 
Naturally  he  is  very  indignant  and  even 
goes  so  far  as  to  recommend  prophy- 
lactic measures  against  such  irregulari- 
ties. 

We  do  not  expect  the  man  to  be  a 
Wendell  Phillips  but  somehow  after 
reading  and  re-reading  his  message  we 
still  could  not  exactly  understand  just 
what  it  is  he  is  driving  at.  Neither  does 
he  suggest  a  way  to  correct  the  "mis- 
take" which  it  is  quite  customary  to  do 
for  one  who  was  instrumental  enough 
to  discover  an  error  where  it  did  not 
exist.  As  close  as  we  could  guess  the 
man  is  trying  to  tell  us  "what  might 
happen  if  one  should  attempt  to  do  the 
wrong  thing." 

It  is  not  our  custom  to  take  up  issues 
of  this  sort  for  we  can  ill  afford  to  waste 
our  time. 

Now  let  us  get  back  to  the  man  who 
unearthed  the  mistake.  In  attempting 
to  interpret  his  statements  all  we  could 
gather   was    that   the  man   is   trying   to 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


learn  something  about  "laying  out  raf- 
ters and  their  cuts  from  the  diagram 
shown  on  Fig.  3."  He,  naturally,  dis- 
covers that  this  diagram  does  not  quite 
answer  the  purpose  and  of  course  his 
deduction  is  that  "Fig.  3  is  wrong." 

There  isn't  anything  wrong  with  Fig. 
3  only  it  appears  wrong  to  the  man  who 
does  not  seem  to  know  much  about  how 
to  read  drawings. 

Anyone  who  has  the  elementary  abil- 
ity to  interpret  drawings  understands 
how    these    are    being    classified.     Thus 


him  to  produce  a  complete  structural 
member.  The  detail  drawing  usually 
contains  all  the  specific  data,  sizes,  com- 
plete dimensions  in  all  directions,  mate- 
rial, appearance  from  various  points  and 
even  method  of  procedure. 

Sometimes  a  certain  "part"  of  a  mem- 
ber of  a  structure  or  equipment  is  so 
complicated  that  the  architect  finds  it 
necessary  to  make  a  special  detail  just 
of  that  part  only. 

In  that  case  the  unit  as  a  whole  is  be- 
ing neglected  and  may  be  taken  care  of 


»h 


F/&3.  0/AG&AA/ 


F/e.4- 


Zv/s  /S 


there  are — general  drawings,  erection 
drawings,  working  drawings,  construc- 
tion details,  fabrication  details,  dia- 
grams and  sketches.  Time  and  space  do 
not  allow  us  to  go  further  into  the  eluci- 
dations of  the  respective  functions  of 
the  above  classifications.  But  insofar  as 
this  discussion  is  concerned  we  will 
have  to  explain  the  distinction  which 
separates  "details"  from  "diagrams." 

A  "detail"  Is  a  drawing  which  has  for 
its  purpose  giving  the  builder  all  the 
minutest  information  which  will  enable 
him  to  successfully  erect  a  certain  part 
of  a  structure,   or  make  it  possible  for 


in  another  drawing.  Such  a  case  is 
shown  in  Fig.  1.  This  detail  is  intended 
to  show  the  complete  layout  of  the  seat 
cut  of  a  rafter  and  it  gives  all  the  infor- 
mation necessary  to  successfully  proceed 
with  the  job.  Note  that  all  the  work  is 
concentrated  on  this  particular  part  of 
the  rafter.  The  rest  of  the  features  are 
being  entirely  disregarded. 

A  "diagram"  on  the  contrary  is  a 
drawing  of  the  simplest  possible  form. 
It  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  demon- 
strating a  principle  as  in  Fig.  3  and  4 
or  it  shows  the  relative  position  of 
structural  members.    Diagrams  also  are 


THE     CARPENTER 


frequently  used  to  indicate  the  sequence 
and  the  prepress  of  building  operations. 
Diagrams  usually  have  a  few  indispens- 
able dimensions  but  they  are  never  used 
for  the  purpose  of  fabricating,  manu- 
facturing or  making  a  finished  product. 

There  are  "one-line  diagrams"  as  in 
Fig.  4  and  "two-line  diagrams"  as  in 
Fig.  3.  They  both  serve  the  same  pur- 
pose. 

The  sub-title  of  the  article  In  the  De- 
cember 1933  issue  reads  "Roof  Pitches." 
It  is  evident  therefore  that  the  entire 
paper  is  devoted  to  that  particular  sub- 
ject. No  other  phase  of  roof  framing  is 
touched  upon  throughout  the  entire  ar- 
ticle. "The  Roof  Pitch"  is  an  idea,  it  is 
a  principle,  a  factor  which  determines 
the  slope  of  the  roof.  Therefore  the  pur- 
pose of  that  lesson  was  to  plant  in  the 
mind  of  the  reader  a  concrete  idea  of 
what  a  "roof  pitch"  really  is  and  to 
make  the  idea  clear  "diagrams"  were 
shown  on  page  30.  All  these  diagrams 
demonstrate  the  principle  of  the  "Roof 
pitch."  No  attempt  was  made  through- 
out the  entire  paper  to  touch  on  any- 
thing else  but  "roof  pitches." 

Now  comes  our  friend  and  tells  us 
that  Fig.  3  "may  be  used  by  some  of 
our  members  for  laying  out  rafters  and 
if  they  do  they  are  liable  to  be  "off." 
And  in  conclusion  he  pathetically  ex- 
claims: "Result — all  the  material  and 
labor  wasted  and  man  fired." 

To  our  way  of  thinking — anyone  who 
attempts  to  cut  a  rafter  from  a  diagram 
similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  3  knows 
very  little  about  carpentry  and  still  less 
about  plan  reading.  He  has  no  room  in 
the  ranks  of  such  an  organization  of 
skilled  mechanics  as  the  United  Broth- 
erhood of  Carpenters. 

But  the  most  entertaining  part  is  con- 
tained in  the  body  of  the  letter.  It  is 
legislative  in  its  character  and  recom- 
mends a  measure  whereby  the  occur- 
rence of  such  mistakes  may  be  prevent- 
ed in  the  future.  Here  is  in  substance 
what  it  says: 

"All  such,  details  and  articles  should 
be  submitted  to  a  Carpenter  for  ap- 
proval before  being  used  in  our  jour- 
nal." 

We  subscribe  to  above  dictum,  at 
least  to  the  last  part  of  it,  and  for  the 
good  of  the  fraternity  are  willing  to  sub- 
mit ourselves  to  any  regulations  and  re- 
strictions   no    matter    how    drastic    they 


may  be.  We  realize,  of  course,  that  our 
friend  in  recommending  his  "approving 
measure"  is  laboring  under  the  impres- 
sion that  the  author  of  these  articles  on 
building  construction  which  have  been 
running  in  the  Journal  since  1925  must 
be  a  hodcarrier. 

As  to  the  "approving"  we  sincerely 
trust  our  friend  is  not  looking  for  that 
job.  For  if  he  is  he  may  be  sadly  dis- 
appointed to  find  out  that  the  job  has 
been  already  filled  successfully  many 
years  ago. 

Undoubtedly  our  friend  knows  what 
an  Editor  is  and  what  an  Editor's  func- 
tions are.  A  little  light  however  on  the 
subject  will  do  him  good. 

Mr.  Frank  Duffy  who  is  General  Sec- 
retary of  the  United  Brotherhood  is  also 
the  Editor  of  the  Carpenter.  We  are 
happy  indeed  to  have  the  opportunity  to 
say  something  about  the  personality  of 
the  Editor  of  the  Journal. 

If  the  duties  of  Mr.  Duffy  were  limit- 
ed only  to  those  of  a  General  Secretary 
he  would  have  had  his  hands  full.  But 
Mr.  Duffy  in  addition  to  having  to  dis- 
charge the  direct  duties  of  his  organiza- 
tion is  also  constantly  called  upon  to 
serve  in  an  executive  capacity  at  numer- 
ous conventions,  conferences,  commis- 
sions and  committees  of  the  various  la- 
bor bodies  which  are  in  session  during 
the  year. 

And  on  top  of  all  that  Mr.  Duffy  is 
the  Editor  of  the  Carpenter  and  a  very 
able  Editor  at  that.  Under  his  able  man- 
agement the  Journal,  a  small  four  page 
paper  in  1881,  has  grown  to  be  a  respect- 
able size  magazine  which  reflects  all  the 
vital  phases  of  the  life  of  the  organiza- 
tion, has  a  technical  educational  section 
and  in  normal  times  is  successful  in  sell- 
ing as  much  advertising  space  as  any 
magazine  of  that  class  can  boast.  It  will 
be  well  to  add  that  in  connection  with 
this  magazine  Mr.  Duffy  attends  to  the 
wants  of  a  modern  good  sized  printing 
plant  which  has  proved  to  be  a  profit- 
able establishment  for  the  organization. 

Now  if  there  is  any  "approving"  to 
be  done  Mr.  Duffy  is  going  to  do  it  as 
he  has  successfully  done  for  many  years 
in  the  past. 

Mistakes  are  bound  to  happen,  and 
will  happen,  and  we  are  glad  to  correct 
same  when  called  to  our  attention.  But 
we  certainly  have  neither  time  or  pa- 
tience for  any  unnecessary  criticism. 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


We  would  advise  our  friend  to  dig 
up  his  old  copies  of  the  Journal  and 
look  up  some  very  useful  articles  on 
"Elementary  Drawing,"  "Blue  Print 
Reading"  and  Sketching  by  this  author. 
He  may  learn  something  about  how  to 
read  drawings.  This  also  is  a  good 
source  from  which  to  learn  something 
about  laying  out  roof  members  and  gen- 
eral roof  framing. 


Width  of  Walk — 3.393131025  yds.  or 
10  ft.  2.5271690  in. 


Approximate  Width  and  Length  of  Walk 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

In  a  previous  issue  of  "The  Carpen- 
ter" Brother  Frank  Miller  presents  the 
accompanying  sketch,  which  shows  the 
plan  of  a  building  15  yds.  wide  and  18 
yds.  long,  that  has  an  area  of  2  70  square 
yds.  and  sets  in  exact-center  of  field  cov- 
ering 540  sq.  yds.  and  wants  to  know 
the  "EXACT  WIDTH"  of  a  surrounding- 
parallel  walk  containing  270  sq.  yds.? 
Also  the  "EXACT  WIDTH  &  LENGTH" 
of  field? 

Conditions  of  this  problem  do  not  ad- 
mit of  "EXACT  ANSWERS,"  so  I  sub- 
mit the  following  close  approximations, 
which  are  within  One  Ten-Millionth  of 
an  inch  of  EXACTNESS — 


B- 

15 -YDS. 

o 

A 

i  270 
qo 

SQ.YOS. 

-< 

o 

</» 

• 

BXC-  540  SQ.  YDS. 

Width  of  Field — 21.786262050  yds. 
or  65  ft.   4.3054338  in. 

Length  of  Field — 24.78  62  62050  yds, 
or  74  ft.  4.3054338  in. 


Verification 

D — Width  of  Walk 3393131025 

E — Length   of  Walk 795725241 


3393131025 
13572524100 
6786262050 
16965655125 
6786262050 
23751917175 
16965655125 
30538179225 
23751917175 

Area  of  Walk — 2700000002612702025  Sq.  Yds. 


2  x  D  plus  15  equals  B- 
2  x  D  plus  18  equals  C- 


-2178626205 
-2478626205 


10893131025 
43572524100 
13071757230 
4357252410 
13071757230 
17429009640 
15250383435 
8714504820 
4357252410 

Area  of  Field — 5400000002612702025  Sq.  Yds. 


Frank  DeGuerre, 


L.  U.  No.  22,  Villa  Grande,  Calif. 


30 


THE     CARPENTER 


Polygons  and  Six  Foot  Rule 


Much  is  written  about  Polygons  and 
the  Steel  Square.  Little  has  been  said 
about  the  Zig-zag  Six  Foot  Rule  and 
Polygons.  The  diagram  below  shows 
how  one  can  lay  out  any  polygon  by 
using  an  ordinary  protractor  with  a 
rule.  The  inside  and  outside  angles  are 
found   as  shown  in  drawing.    No   figur- 


shows  the  protractor  applied  on  rule.  It 
being  of  ISO  degrees,  locates  itself  from 
points  L  and  M  on  the  edge  of  any  fold- 
ing rule  of  the  type  shown  here  and 
used  by  most  carpenters  in  their  work. 
The  angles  E-F-G-H-I  and  J  are  found 
by  dividing  by  2  any  of  the  inside  angles 
of  the  shown  polygons,  which  is  a  line 


ing  is  necessary  except  to  divide  the 
number  of  degrees  in  a  circle  (360)  by 
the  number  of  sides  in  the  desred  poly- 
gon; i.  e.,  360  divided  by  8  equals  45 
which  is  the  outside  angle  of  an  octagon 
as  shown  in  sketch.  45  subtracted  from 
ISO  (half  of  3  60)  gives  the  number  of 
degrees  in  the  inside  angle  of  the  poly- 
gon as  shown  in  diagram.  The  partly 
graduated     circle     at    right    of    sketch, 


r£T£R   #     RFILLy 


from  any  vertex  to  the  radii-K.  The 
lines  N-O-P  and  Q  of  the  different  poly- 
gons multiplied  by  their  perimeters  di- 
vided by  2  equals  the  areas  of  any  poly- 
gon. Pi-R-square  equals  area  of  circle, 
which  means  the  square  of  the  radius 
multiplied  by  3.1416  which  is  the  rela- 
tion of  a  diameter  to  its  circumference. 


L.  U.  No.  40. 


Peter  A.  Reilly, 
Boston,  Mass. 


Splicing  Round  Poles 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

"Zweimal  ab  gesagt  und  doch  zukurz," 
is  an  old  German  saying  that  is  often 
heard  among  carpenters;  which,  being 
interpreted,  means:  "Sawed  off  twice, 
and  still  too  short."  Few  carpenters 
there  are,  indeed,  who  do  not  find 
among  their  experiences,  incidents  to 
which  this  old  saying  would  fittingly 
apply.  Recently  one  of  our  patrons  or- 
dered some  curtain  poles,  and  when  we 
came  to  put  them  up,  they  were  too 
short.  She  almost  quoted  the  old  say- 
ing, when  she  explained  that  she  "meas- 
ured them  twice,"  but  still  they  were  too 
short.    And  then  she  wondered  whether 


they  could  be  spliced,  and  we  told  her 
they  could — which  brings  us  to  our 
problem  of  splicing  round  poles.  The 
whole  problem  lies  in  the  joint,  and  the 
joint  depends  on  the  cutting.    How  will 


Fig.   1 

we  cut  the  joint  so  the  pole  will  be  sub- 
stantial and  at  the  same  time  straight? 
Well,  this  is  the  way  we  did  it:  We 
nailed  the  two  pieces  side  by  side,  on 
an  even  surface,  in  the  manner  shown 
by  Fig.    1.    It  was  necessary  to  add   12 


THE     CARPENTER 


inches  to  the  pole,  so  the  shortest  part 
of  the  addition  could  not  be  less  than 
12  inches  long,  as  we  are  showing  by 
the  figure.  Then  we  took  the  saw  and 
cut  both  pieces  at  the  same  time,  in  the 


Fig.  2 

direction  shown  by  the  line  between  a 
and  b.  This  done,  we  applied  the  glue, 
and  with  brads,  we  fastened  the  joint 
together  in  the  manner  shown  by  Fig. 
2.  A  little  sandpapering  finished  the 
joint  so  it  could  hardly  be  detected. 


Here's  A  Poser 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am   submitting   a  problem   which 
would  very  much  appreciate  having  pub- 
lished in  your  valuable  journal. 

A,  B,  and  C,  live  at  the  vertices 
an  equilateral  triangle,  320  rods 
length  on  each  side. 

A  can  run  two  miles  per  hour. 

B  can  run  three  miles  per  hour. 

C  can  run  four  miles  per  hour. 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  GELOTEX  AND   OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cotter 
No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
fibre  board  job.  It  grooves,  bevels  and  slits  any 
of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong    castings;;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
wood Handle  and  knob;  tool  steel  cutters  that  can  be  resharpened  like  a  regular 
plane  iron;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 

See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 

STANLEY  TOOLS 

New  Britain,  Connecticut 


32 


THE    CARPENTER 


%Je 

. 

w^     llSl 

Jr" 

House  in  Portland,  Ore.  Builder,  Angel  &  Son. 
Insulated  with  Cabot's  Quilt. 

Homeowners    Wrote 
this    Advertisement 


"Your  building  quilt  I  used  on  my  cottage  is 
a  wonder.  Paid  for  itself  in  reduced  coal  bills 
last  winter." — M.  L.  Bangham,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

"We  have  your  Quilt  around  the  second 
story  and  also  all  around  our  bathroom  for  a 
sound  deadener.  Ifs  going  to  be  great.  Our 
contractor ...  is  delighted  with  it." — Mrs.  L. 
Bixby,  Ludlow.,  Vermont. 

"We  have  very  much  appreciated  the  Cabot's 
Quilt  that  was  used  to  insulate  the  writer's 
house.  The  last  few  weeks  have  been  unbear- 
ably hot,  but  with  no  trees  at  all  to  shade  the 
house  as  yet,  if  we  kept  it  closed  during  the 
hot  days,  there  is  as  much  as  15  degrees  differ- 
ence in  inside  and  outside  temperature.  "We  are 
very  pleased  that  this  material  was  brought  to 
our  attention  as  it  is  most  satisfactory." — 
Warren  S.  Weiant  &  Son,  Newark,  Ohio. 

Satisfied  customers  will  advertise  you, 
too,  and  bring  you  more  business.  Mail 
the  coupon  below  for  our  "Quilt"  Book. 


—   >»   t»,s  Coupon   Tod* 
\Name. 

C-5-34 


PLASTIC  WOOD 

Helped  Me  Become  a 

CRAFTSMAN' 


Wood  in  Cans  Hides  Dents, 
Blemishes,  Splinters,  Tool- 
Marks,  Streaks,  Knotholes, 
Mistakes! 

Thousands  of  carpenters 
carry  this  greatest  of  all 
scientific  discoveries  in  their 
tool  box — all  the  time.  They 
know  it  can  be  used  to  save 
time  and  labor  on  9  out  of  10  jobs.  It  is  won- 
derful for  repairing  damaged  wood,  filling 
holes,  sealing  cracks,  and  1001  other  uses. 
Genuine  Plastic  Wood  handles  easy  as  putty — 
it  can  be  shaped,  molded  or  stuffed  into  holes 
with  the  bare  hands.  But  when  it  dries  it  be- 
comes hard,  permanent  wood — stronger  than 
actual  wood — wood  that  takes  nails  and  screws 
without  splitting  or  crumbling — wood  that  can 
be  sanded,  carved,  planed,  sawed,  painted, 
shellacked  or  lacquered.  And — best  of  all — 
Plastic  Wood  sticks  forever  to  wood,  stone, 
tile,  glass  or  plaster. 


They  wish  to  locate  a  ball-ground 
somewhere  within  the  triangle,  at  such 
point  that  each  may  leave  his  home  at 
the  same  time  and  arrive  at  the  ball- 
ground  at  the  same  time. 

Locate  the  ball-ground. 


L.  U.  No.  169. 


S.   Gregory, 
Des  Moines,  la. 


Another  Nut  to  Crack 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  wish  to  submit  the  following  prob- 
lem to  the  brothers  for  a  solution: 

There  is  a  certain  tract  of  land  in- 
closed with  a  board  fence.  There  are 
as  many  acres  in  the  field  as  there  are 
boards  inclosing  it.  The  fence  is  four 
boards  high  and  the  boards  are  12  ft. 
long:  How  many  acres  in  the  field? 

Warren  E.  Smith, 
L.  U.  No.  281.  Binghamton,  N.  Y. 


Don't  let  the  mistakes  you  have  made 
prey  on  your  mind.  There's  a  margin  of 
error  in  most  jobs  that  are  undertaken 
which  cannot  be  eliminated. 


THE     CARPENTER 


Program  to  Protect  Workers  Mapped  by 
A.  F.  of  L.  Parley 

A  double-barrelled  program  for  the 
protection  of  wage-earners'  rights  was 
announced  by  the  A.  F.  of  L.  following 
the  conference  in  Washington  of  the 
chiefs  of  the  109  affiliated  national  and 
international  unions. 

On  the  legislative  side,  five  amend- 
ments will  be  offered  to  strengthen  the 
labor  provisions  of  the  National  Recov- 
ery Act. 

On  the  industrial  side,  union  machin- 
ery was  made  more  flexible  and  plans 
laid  for  a  new  campaign  for  unioniza- 
tion of  unorganized  industries. 

Senator  Robert  F.  Wagner  of  New 
York  will  introduce  the  amendments  to 
the  Recovery  Act. 

1.  Corporations  are  to  be  prohibited 
by  law  from  forming,  fostering  and  fi- 
nancing "company  unions,"  preparing 
their  constitutions  and  guiding  or  di- 
recting their  activities. 

2.  The  National  Labor  Board  is  to 
be  given  power  to  subpoena  witnesses, 
swear  them  under  oath,  and  examine 
the  books  and  financial  records  of  com- 
panies whose  cases  are  under  considera- 
tion. 

3.  The  National  Labor  Board  is  to 
have  mandatory  power  to  hold  elections 
where  these  are  requested  by  employes 
or  where  the  board  feels  that  such  elec- 
tions are  necessary  to  determine  who 
shall  represent  the  employes  for  collec- 
tive bargaining. 

4.  Labor  shall  have  representation 
on  all  NRA  boards  and  code  authorities. 

5.  Adequate  protection  is  to  be  af- 
forded to  all  workers  who  organize  into 
unions  so  that  they  shall  be  free  from 
discharge,  lockout  and  intimidation. 


Bills    to    Modify    Immigration    Act 
Threaten  U.  S.  Workers'  Jobs 

The  jobs  of  American  workers,  and 
the  prospects  of  new  jobs  for  those  now 
unemployed,  are  in  danger.  Despite  the 
large  amount  of  unempoyment,  amend- 
ments to  our  immigration  laws  are  be- 
ing offered  in  Congress  that  would  ad- 
mit large  numbers  of  aliens  who  would 
be  seeking  jobs  in  competition  with 
those  already  here. 

In  fairness  to  those  now  in  the  coun- 
try, whether  native  or  foreign  born,  the 
laws  limiting  immigration  should  be 
strengthened,  rather  than  weakened,  if 
we  are  to  save  the  available  jobs  for 
those  now  here. 


Contrary  to  general  belief,  the  immi- 
gration act  passed  in  1924  did  not  settle 
the  question  of  limitation  of  immigra- 
tion for  all  time.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
for  the  last  three  years  all  that  has 
prevented  the  admission  of  at  least  half 
a  million  aliens  has  been  a  temporary 
executive  order,  enforced  by  the  State 
Department,  refusing  immigration  visas 
to  anyone  without  a  definite  means  of 
support,  and  so  likely  to  become  a  pub- 
lic charge. 

Even  this  executive  order  is  tempor- 
ary. As  soon  as  jobs  in  any  number  be- 
come available  it  may  be  lifted,  again 
permitting  foreigners  to  come  in  and 
seek  jobs  in  competition  with  workers 
now  here. 

The  1924  immigration  act  establishes 
a  quota  for  Europe  of  150,000  immi- 
grants a  year,  apportioned  among  the 
various  European  countries.  But  out- 
side of  this  quota  it  permits  the  entry 
of  an  indefinite  number  of  Europeans, 
such  as  wives  and  children  of  immi- 
grants, ministers  and  professors,  stu- 
dents, etc.  The  law  excludes  Asiatics, 
but  places  no  limit  on  the  nubmer  of 
immigrants  from  Mexico,  the  West  In- 
dies, and  the  other  countries  of  North, 
Central  and  South  America,  and  the 
Philippines.  With  the  removal  of  the 
"Likely  to  become  a  public  charge"  pro- 
vision, those  desiring  cheap  labor  would 
again  receive  a  total  of  some  300,000 
persons  a  year,  as  they  did  in  the  six 
years  from  1924  to  1930. 

As  a  result  of  the  openings  left  in  the 
immigration  dikes  in  19  24,  the  United 
States  received  over  1,762,000  immi- 
grants, as  against  the  900,000  that 
would  have  come  in  if  the  European  al- 
lowance of  150,000  within  the  quota 
had  been  the  total  allowance  from  all 
sources. 

The  effort  being  made  to  break  down 
the  laws  limiting  immigration  is  clever 
and  insidious.  Some  50  bills  have  been 
introduced  in  the  present  Congress  to 
modify  the  law  and  make  it  easier  for 
foreigners  to  enter.  Taken  singularly 
many  of  these  bills  are  insignificant  but 
collectively  they  would  undermine  and 
break  down  the  law. 

It  is  time  that  Congress  cease  giving 
favorable  consideration  to  bills  favor- 
ing special  class  of  foreigners,  and  do 
something  in  the  way  of  further  limita- 
tion of  immigration  in  the  interest  of 
our  own  unemployed. 


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iliary,  per  100 1.00 

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each 03 

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R.  S.  Order  Books,  each 35 

Official  Note  Paper,  per  100 50 

Rituals,  each 50 

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Day  Books,    100   pages 1.75 

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Ledgers,    100    pages 2.00 

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eral   Office    only,    each    (always 

send    name) 50 

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urer's Remittances  and  for  Do- 
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QUEST. 

Note— the  above  articles  will  be  supplied  only 
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prepaid  or  Express  charges  paid  in  advance. 


THE 


BROTHERHOOD 

is  now  manufacturing 

PLAYING 
CARDS 


( Regular  Decks  only —  No  Pinochle ) 

25c 
per  pack 

Send  money  with  order  to  — 

FRANK  DUFFY 

General  Secretary 

222   E.  Michigan   St. 
INDIANAPOLIS  -  -  IND. 


PRICE  LIST 


OF 


SUPPLIES 


One  Charter  and  Outfit $15.00 

Application  Blanks,  per  pad 50 

Application  Blanks,  Ladies'  Aux- 
iliary, per  100 1.00 

Constitutions,    each    05 

Constitutions,     Ladies'     Auxiliary, 

each 03 

Due  Books,    each    15 

Treas.   Cash   Books,   each 50 

F.   S.  Receipt  Books,  each 35 

Treas.  Receipt  Books,   each 35 

R.  S.  Order  Books,  each 35 

Official  Note  Paper,  per  100 50 

Rituals,  each 50 

Rituals,   Ladies'  Auxiliary,   each..        .05 

Minute    Books,    100    pages 1.50 

Minute  Books,   200  pages 2.25 

Day  Books,    100   pages 1.75 

Day   Book,   200   pages 2.50 

Day  Book,   300   pages 3.50 

Ledgers,    100    pages 2.00 

Ledgers,    200    pages 3.00 

Ledgers,    300    pages 3.75 

Ledgers,    400    pages 4.50 

Ledgers,    500    pages 5.00 

Gavels     1.25 

Receipting  Dater  for  F.  S 1.75 

Small    Round    Pencils 03 

Rubber  Tipped  Pencils 05 

Card   Cases    10 

■Withdrawal  Cards,  issued  by  Gen- 
eral   Office    only,    each    (always 

send    name) 50 

Rubber    Seal    1.75 

Belt    Loop    Chain 75 

Watch    Fobs    50 

Key    Tags     15 

Rubber  Label   Stamps 1.00 

Match    Box    Holders 15 

Cuff  Links    1.50 

B.    A.    Badges 3.00 

Blanks  for  F.  S.  Reports  for  Treas- 
urer's Remittances  and  for  Do- 
nation   Claims Free 

Emblem  Buttons 50 

Emblem    Pins    50 

Ladies    Auxiliary    Pins 1.25 

Rolled  Gold  Watch   Charms 1.50 

Solid   Gold  Watch  Charms 7.50 

Solid   Gold   Rings 5.00 

PRICES  ON  SPECIAL  LEATHER 
BOUND  LEDGERS,  WORKING  CARDS, 
POSTCARD  NOTICES,  ARREARS  NO- 
TICES, OFFICER'S  CARDS,  STATION- 
ERY, ETC.,  WILL  BE  SUBMITTED  BY 
GENERAL  SECRETARY  UPON  RE- 
QUEST. 

Note — the  above  articles  will  be  supplied  only 
when  the  requisite  amount  of  cash  accompanies 
the  order.  Otherwise  the  order  will  not  be  recog- 
nized. All  supplies  sent  by  us  have  the  Postage 
prepaid  or  Express  charges  paid   in  advance. 


THE 


BROTHERHOOD 

is  now  manufacturing 

PLAYING 
CARDS 


r  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA. 


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( Regular  Decks  only —  No  Pinochle  ) 

25c 
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Send  money  with  order  to  — 

FRANK  DUFFY 

General  Secretary 

222   E.  Michigan   St. 
INDIANAPOLIS  -  -  IND. 


How  will  these  New 
Products  Help  You 
Build  a  Business 
of  Your  Own? 

With  your  experience— and  right  in  your  own  com- 
munity— you  can  build  up  a  profitable  business  of 
your  own !  A  NEW  line  of  interior  finish  materials 
opens  up  the  way. 

The  line  includes  NU-WOOD  Plank  and  Tile— wonderful  multiple-purpose 
wall  and  ceiling  coverings,  adaptable  either  to  new  or  to  old  construction — and 
selling  at  amazingly  low  prices.  NU-WOOD  is  pre-decorated,  comes  in  inter- 
esting pattern  and  color  combinations,  and  enables  you  to  get  into  the  interior 
decorating  business — with  a  hammer!  Because  it  insulates,  hushes  noise,  and 
corrects  acoustics,  NU-WOOD  opens  up  still  broader  fields  of  use  in  schools 
.  .  .  churches  .  .  .  hotels  .  .  .  offices  .  .  .  hospitals  .  .  .  stores  .  .  .  shops  .  .  . 
restaurants  .  .  .  apartments  .  .  .  and  homes. 

Then  there  is  BALSAM- WOOL  Blanket  Insulation — now  furnished  with 
sealed  and  flanged  edges  for  easy  and  quick  application.  It,  too,  is  applied  by 
carpenters.  It  pays  for  itself  in  fuel  saving  and  keeps  out  stifling  summer  heat. 
Every  job  sold  is  a  permanent  advertisement  for  the  carpenter  who  applied  it. 

All  NU-WOOD  and  BALSAM- WOOL  products  are  handled  by  your  lumber 
dealer.  You  find  the  prospects — he  will  help  you  sell  them.  Ambitious  car- 
penters are  invited  to  write  us  NOW  for  full  information  about  the  Wood 
Conversion  Company  line  of  interior  finish  materials  which  combine  insula- 
tion, permanent  decoration,  acoustical  correction  and  noise  hushing. 

Wood  Conversion  company 

Room  118,  First  National  Bank  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minnesota 


WOOD  CONVERSION  COMPANY,  Room  118  First  National  Bank  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minnesota 

Gentlemen:  I  want  to  know  more  about  the  opportunities  which  the  Wood  Conversion  line  offers.  Please 
send  me  the  facts,  without  obligation  on  my  part. 

Name ...._ Address 

City. _ State. „ 


WOOD   CONVERSION    COMPANY 

ST.  PAUL    •    •    •    MINNESOTA 


Entered  July  22,  1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  Section  1103,  act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,   1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters.  Stair  Builders,  Machine  Wood  Workers,  Planing  Mill  Men,  an 3 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

and  Joiners  of  America,  at 

Carpenters'  Building,  222  E.  Michigan  Street,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Advertising  Department,  25  Third  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y.  «^^*>5l 


Established  in  1881 
Vol.  LIV. — No.  6. 


INDIANAPOLIS,   JUNE,    1934 


One  Dollar  Per  Tear 
Ten  Cents  a   Copy 


NOTICE    

The  publishers  of  "The  Carpenter"  reserve  the  right  to  reject  all  advertising  matter 
which  may  be,  in  their  judgment,  unfair  or  objectionable  to  the  membership  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America. 

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non-cancellable,  are  only  accepted  subject  to  the  above  reserved  rights  of  the  publishers. 


* 

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Because  he  gave — himself! 

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THE  CARPENTER 


HOW  TWO  GREAT  NATIONS  KEEP  THE  PEACE 

(By  J.  A.  P.  Haydon) 


LL  Europe  is  rife  with 
talk  of  another  war.  The 
nations  are  armed  camps; 
troops  are  massed  on  na- 
tional boundary  lines,  with 
chips  on  their  shoulders 
and  their  fingers  on  triggers.  Deadly  war 
materials  capable  of  terrifying  destruc- 
tion are  being  accumulated  in  vast  quan- 
tities. Statesmen  are  sitting  on  powder 
barrels,  fearful  that  some  incident  of 
no  importance  in  itself  may  be  a  match 
that  will  start  a  conflagration  that 
will  destroy  European  civilization.  How 
strangely  and  significantly  this  disturb- 
ing situation  contrasts  with  the  amica- 
ble relations  between  Canada  and  the 
United  States,  the  two  democratic  na- 
tions which  occupy  the  major  portion 
of  the  North  American  continent! 

There  are  just  as  many  potential 
reasons  for  conflict  between  these  neigh- 
bors as  exist  between  nations  of  Europe 
which  are  making  faces  at  each  other. 
The  boundary  line  separating  them  is 
some  5,500  miles  in  length,  of  which 
3,100  is  land  and  2,400  water,  This 
is  the  largest  international  boundary 
separating  any  two  nations  in  the  world 
— and  yet  no  armed  troops  or  forts  are 
to  be  found  anywhere  between  the  two 
oceans. 

In  part  this  is  due  to  the  Rush-Bagot 
treaty,  negotiated  after  the  close  of  the 
American  Revolutionary  war,  and  which 
defines  the  boundaries  between  the  na- 
tions and  stipulates  that  they  shall 
never  be  armed.  Naval  vessels  of  any 
sort  are  prohibited  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

To  see  that  this  agreement  and  others 
since  adopted  are  carried  out  with  a 
minimum  of  controversy,  an  Interna- 
tional Boundary  Commission  was  creat- 
ed in  1793  to  survey,  map  and  mark 
the  dividing  line.  The  commission  has 
prepared  255  maps  and  all  but  three  are 
now  printed  and  available  for  distribu- 
tion. 

In  1925  an  agreement  was  reached 
between  Canada  and  the  United  States 
providing  that  the  boundary  lines  as  de- 
termined by  the  Commission  should  be 
permanently  maintained. 

An  International  Joint  Commission 
was  formed  in  1910  to  assume  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  use,  obstruction  and  diver- 


sion of  boundary  waters,  and  when  re- 
quested by  either  government  it  exam- 
ines and  reports  on  such  differences  as 
may  arise  in  the  vicinity  of  the  bound- 
ary which  involve  the  rights  of  citi- 
zens of  either  country. 

The  Joint  Commission  was  the  out- 
come Of  extended  discussions  between 
Great  Britain,  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  in  which  Lord  Bryce,  Hon.  Elihu 
Root  and  Sir  Wilfred  Laurier  played 
prominent  parts.  Three  of  its  six  mem- 
bers are  appointed  by  each  country.  Mr. 
Charles  A.  Magrath  heads  the  Canadian 
delegation,  having  been  appointed  by 
Sir  Robert  Borden  in  1912.  The  other 
members  are  Sir  William  Hearst  and 
Mr.  George  W.  Kyte,  for  Canada,  and 
former  Senator  A.  O.  Stanley  of  Ken- 
tucky, former  Assistant  Postmaster  Gen- 
eral John  H.  Bartlett  of  New  Hampshire 
and  Eugene  Lorton  of  Oklahoma,  repre- 
senting Uncle  Sam.  The  latter  was 
named  by  President  Roosevelt  to  suc- 
ceed the  former  Senator  Peter  J.  Mc- 
Cumber  of  North  Dakota,   deceased. 

In  the  United  States  the  commission 
is  regarded  as  a  haven  for  "lame  ducks." 
The  members  are  appointed  for  life  and 
their  work  is  pretty  much  of  a  sinecure. 
Sessions  are  held  only  at  rare  intervals 
— less  a  criticism  of  the  commission 
than  a  tribute  to  the  peaceful  proclivi- 
ties of  the  countries  they  represent. 

Nevertheless  since  its  formation  3  4 
years  ago,  the  commission  has  dealt 
with  many  problems,  and  all  its  deci- 
sions have  been  reached  unanimously. 
Some  of  the  questions  were  just  as  im- 
portant as  those  which  are  causing  Eu- 
ropean governments  a  chance  to  flirt 
with  Mars  and  would  have  given  war- 
minded  statesmen  excuses  for  a  half 
dozen  conflicts. 

But  they  were  rather  casually  turned 
over  to  the  six  amiable  old  men,  with 
the  people  of  the  two  nations  scarcely 
aware  there  was  a  difference  of  opinion. 

With  no  heated  clashes  to  report,  no 
threat  of  strife  between  neighbors,  no 
deadlocks  nor  charges  of  one  country 
being  robbed  of  victory  or  suffering  in- 
jury to  its  pride — in  short,  with  no  ef- 
fort by  one  nation  to  "put  something 
over"  on  the  other — the  commission  has 
been  taken  for  granted  by  the  public  at 
large.    When  it  handed  down  one  of  its 


THE     CARPENTER 


occasional  findings  it  was  lucky  if  it 
made  the  inside  pages  of  the  press. 

Giving  to  the.  commissions  all  the 
credit  they  deserve  for  ironing  out  diffi- 
culties and  removing  sources  of  friction, 
the  fact  still  remains  that  peace  has 
persisted  continuously  because  the  two 
peoples  wish  to  live  as  good  neighbors 
and  were  willing  to  make  such  accom- 
modations as  are  necessary  to  maintain 
friendly  relations. 

Mr.  Noel  J.  Ogilvie,  Canadian  repre- 
sentative of  the  Boundary  Commission, 
has  said: 

"Experience  on  many  occasions  has 
shown  that  for  the  proper  exercise  of 
police  authority  and  for  the  proper  and 
efficient  enforcement  of  customs,  immi- 
gration, fishery  and  other  laws,  it  is 
necessary  that  everywhere  along  the  en- 
tire border  officers  responsible  for  en- 
forcing the  regulations  shall  be  able  eas- 
ily to  locate  the  dividing  line. 

"It  is  equally  important  to  the  gen- 
eral public  that  the  boundary  be  every- 


where so  plainly  marked  that  no  one 
need  be  in  danger  of  unknowingly  cross- 
ing it  and  failing  to  report  to  the  proper 
authorities,  and  in  so  doing  uninten- 
tionally commit  an  offense  which  would 
render  him  liable  to  punishment." 

Mr.  Ogilvie  might  have  gone  farther 
and  have  said  that,  in  turning  these 
functions  over  to  a  friendly  tribunal 
rather  than  entrusting  them  to  militar- 
ists, Canada  and  the  United  States  have 
given  a  practical  demonstration  to  the 
world  of  how  to  settle  disputes  that  in- 
evitably crop  up  between  nations  as  they 
do  among  men. 

Conciliation  and  investigation  have 
been  employed  with  such  signal  success 
that  the  commissioners  now  have  little 
to  do.  The  rights  of  each  nation  having 
been  defined,  and  the  people  of  each 
country  being  disposed  to  respect  the 
rights  of  the  other,  it  is  inconceivable 
that  any  controversy  can  now  arise  that 
would  be  treated  by  either  government 
as  a  cause  of  conflict. 


TERMS    TO    GOVERN    PROJECTS    FOR    LOW-COST 

HOUSING 


^rg  ORACE  W.  PEASLEE,  as- 
""|^  sistant  to  Director  of 
Housing,  Federal  Emer- 
gency Public  Works  Ad- 
ministration, in  an  ad- 
dress delivered  before  the 
National  Conference  on  City  Govern- 
ment at  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  said: 

Under  procedure  in  vogue  before  the 
Public  Works  Administration  set  up 
the  Housing  Division,  a  project  came 
for  approval  well  advanced  and  with 
the  approval  of  State  Housing  Boards. 
To  expedite  the  preparation  and  submis- 
sion of  projects  and  to  eliminate  red 
tape,  the  Division  set  up  a  form  of  pre- 
liminary general  submission  by  which 
not  only  was  time  saved,  but  cost  of 
preparation  as  well  for  the  organizers 
with  minimum  loss  in  cases  where  appli- 
cations had  to  be  rejected. 

The  detailed  requirements  for  a  pre- 
liminary submission  as  outlined  in  a  de- 
partmental circular  are  very  searching 
as  to  the  general  set-up  of  a  project  but 
very  limited  in  so  far  as  any  drawings 
are  concerned.  Certain  things  must  be 
established  beyond  doubt: 

First,  that  there  is  need  for  the  pro- 
ject proposed  and  that  this  particular 
project  will  meet  that  particular  need. 


Second,  that  the  objective  is  really  to 
serve  that  lower  income  group  for  which 
modern  sanitary  housing  is  not  now 
available  and  is  not  masquerading  as 
such  with  an  underlying  speculative 
house-sales-land-unloading  motive. 

Third,  that  the  design  will  not  only 
produce  sound  construction  but  at  a  cost 
which  will  meet  on  a  rental  basis  the 
incomes  of  the  group  it  aims  to  serve. 

Fourth,  that  the  land  is  free  from  en- 
cumbrances and  neither  assessed  at  the 
fanciful  figures  of  1928  nor  at  today's 
sacrifice  sale  value,  that  it  represents  a 
fair  and  reasonable  valuation  and  that 
the  equity  of  which  this  land  must  be  an 
unencumbered  part  is  substantial  and 
sufficient  to  include  some  working  capi- 
tal. 

Fifth,  who  the  backers  are,  their 
standing  in  the  community  and  the  na- 
ture of  their  individual  contributions, 
whether  money,  land  or  services. 

Sixth,  a  clearly  established  relation- 
ship between  the  particular  project  ad- 
vanced and  the  city  as  a  whole  showing 
the  relationship  of  the  site  to  the  utili- 
ties, schools  and  other  facilities  of  the 
city  as  at  present  established  and  in  re- 
lationship to  planned  growth  or  growth 
trends  together  with  tax  rates,  descrip- 


THE     CARPENTER 


tion  of  present  improvements,  assessed 
valuation,  etc. 

Incidental  to  these  and  other  pre- 
requisites such  as  financing,  operating 
expenses,  etc.,  are  the  plans — a  diagram 
block  plan  of  the  entire  development 
with  sufficient  elaboration  of  a  typical 
unit  to  define  exactly  what  is  proposed. 

Of  more  than  200  applications  for 
loans  that  have  been  filed,  considerably 
more  than  half  had  been  rejected  or 
were  scheduled  for  rejection  as  failing 
to  meet  some  prerequisites  of  law  or 
policy.  An  equity  was  inadequate,  the 
assessed  valuation  was  found  to  be  ex- 
cessive, the  site  itself  was  entirely  out 
of  relationship  to  any  possible  low  cost 
housing  or  the  proposed  plan  in  need  of 
radical  changes  to  accomplish  the  de- 
sired results.  Such  short-comings  had 
to  be  ironed  out  if  the  project  could 
proceed. 

The  rejections  have  been  based  upon 
the  fact  that  low  cost  housing  cannot  be 
produced  through  the  erection,  on  high 
priced  land,  of  high  buildings  of  high 
unit  cost,  involving  high  costs  of  main- 
tenance and  operation.  While  the  erec- 
tion of  such  structures  would  serve  to 
clear  slums  and  provide  employment 
they  would  add  to  the  supply  of  houses 
within  a  rental  bracket  where  it  is 
known  that  a  considerable  percentage 
of  vacancies  exist. 

The  Administration  therefore  has  to 
weigh  with  great  care  the  gains  to  be 
derived  from  increasing  employment 
and  clearing  slums  against  the  financial 
effects  which  would  follow  the  produc- 
tion of  additional  houses  in  direct  com- 
petition with  existing  properties  which 
cannot  be  described  as  bad  housing. 

There  are  two  ways  in  which  help  can 
be  given.  First,  if  the  gentlemen  of  the 
press  will  refrain  in  their  headlines, 
sub-heads  and  text  from  raising  in  the 
minds  of  their  readers  the  hope  that 
stimulates  hundreds  of  applications  for 
assistance  in  building  individual  homes, 
in  re-modeling  small  stores  or  apart- 
ment buildings;  in  promoting  the  con- 
struction and  sale  of  small  house  devel- 
opments of  the  usual  type. 

It  should  be  obvious  that  the  state- 
ment of  policy  which  definitely  calls  for 
"low  cost  rental  housing  on  low  cost 
land  for  those  lower  income  groups  for 
which  modern  sanitary  housing  is  not 
now  available,"  must  mean  mass  hous- 
ing for  rent  and  not  individual  houses 
for  sale.    When  it  is  clearly  stated  that 


the  applicant  must  be  limited  by  law  or 
charter  as  to  dividends  and  interest  on 
securities,  and  that  no  loans  will  be 
made  to  speculative  building  projects, 
it  must  be  obvious  that  the  individual 
as  such  cannot  be  recognized. 

The  second  thing  that  can  be  done  to 
assist  in  the  general  housing  movement 
is  local  organization  of  local  problems. 
It  may  not  be  feasible  in  every  commun- 
ity; but  in  more  than  one  community  at 
least  such  a  set-up  has  been  definitely 
established. 

There  is,  first,  the  responsible  central 
group  from  which  applications  will  be 
received  and  to  which  a  loan  will  be  in 
order  if  conditions  justify.  Second,  there 
is  a  large  advisory  committee  composed 
of  officials  and  representatives  of  civic 
organizations  to  make  recommendations 
to  the  primary  group  on  questions  relat- 
ing to  comparative  sites.  Third,  there  is 
a  technical  agency  comprised  of  local 
architects  to  collaborate  with  the  ad- 
visory committee  in  the  study  of  sites 
and  with  the  primary  group  in  the  de- 
velopment of  sites  selected. 

This  seems  a  reasonable  and  efficient 
working  set-up  wherein  the  maximum 
consideration  is  given  locally  by  compe- 
tent local  people  to  the  meeting  of  local 
needs. 

What  is  low  cost  housing?  That  de- 
pends on  type,  materials  used,  method 
of  construction  and,  above  all,  on  the 
location.  In  the  one  case  it  may  be  20 
cents  per  cubic  foot,  or  even  lower;  in 
another  it  may  be  more  than  twice  as 
much. 

And  what  is  low  cost  land?  Is  it  $1, 
$1.50  or  $2,  $3  or  $4,  or  is  it  25  cents 
a  square  foot?  One  city  has  offered  good 
land  at  7  cents. 

It  all  depends  on  various  factors  such 
as  the  improvements  that  may  be  neces- 
sary to  make  it  available;  upon  the  loss 
in  existing  improvements;  upon  protec- 
tion from  inundation;  upon  depressed 
value  due  to  unpleasant  surrounding 
conditions;  upon  the  cost  of  bringing 
utilities  to  it,  cost  also  depends  upon 
what  the  local  conception  of  the  neces- 
sities of  life  may  be. 

These  are  all  questions  which  should 
receive  the  best  and  most  impartial  lo- 
cal judgment  before  the  housing  project 
for  your  community  is  submitted  to  the 
Housing  Division.  Every  project  sub- 
mitted to  the  Housing  Division  has  to  be 
considered  in  relation  to  the  country  at 
large  in  determining  all  these  factors. 


6 


THE     C  A  It  I»  E  X  T  E  It 


ADDRESS    OF    ANTON   JOHANNSEN,    MEMBER    OF 

THE    ILLINOIS    INDUSTRIAL    COMMISSION 

AND  OF  L.  U.   1367,  TO  THE  INSURANCE 

FEDERATION     OF     ILLINOIS,     AT 

BLOOMINGTON,  MAY  10,  1934 

HE    present    personnel    of  with  the  aim  to  have  the  medical  fees 

r_—  -^     the     Industrial     Commis-  not  only  reasonable,  but  also  with  some 

sion  have  been  in  office  a  degree  of  uniformity, 
little  over  fifteen  months.  With  the  present  showing  of  economy, 

During  that  time  a  num-  made  by  the  present  Industrial  Commis- 

ber  of  important  changes  sion,  it  should  be  a  saving  to  the  State 

have   been   made,   both  in  the*  arrange-  of  Illinois  in  overhead  of  approximately 

ment    of    the    headquarters    and    in    the  $300,000.00,  in  the  four  years  that  this 

various   departments,  so  that  the  hand-  administration  is  to  serve, 
ling  of  the  business  of  the  Commission  To    give    you    an    indication    of    the 

has  become  more  systematized.  It  is  now  business  of  the  Commission,  I  may  say 

possible  to  have  hearings  on  arbitration  that  the  mail  received  for  the  month  of 

within  twenty-one   days   after   the  peti-  March  totaled  30,3  87  pieces;   for  April, 

tion  is  filed.  31,108. 

The  Oommision  has  worked  out  a  set  The    following   is    a   brief   history   of 

of  rules,  in  conformity  with  an  amend-  the  cases  that  came  before  the  Commis- 

ment  that  was  passed  at  a  recent  session  sion  in  Illinois: 
of  the  Legislature. 

All  employees  of  the.  Industrial  Com-  Applica-  Applica- 

mission  have  been  instructed  diligently  tions  tions 

regarding  the  value  of  courtesy,  the  im-  1933  Filed:      Awards   Dismissed 

portance  of  efficiency  and  the  honest  dis-  February  __    493  155  159 

charge  of  their  duties.  March    644  260  145 

The  advent  of  prohibition  in  America,  April 442  250  207 

fourteen  years  ago,  resulted  in  the  de-  May .__    493  181  191 

velopment  of  a  great  deal  of  racketeer-  June 586  241  200 

ing  that  we  did  not  witness  prior  to  the  July 536  170  103 

passage  of  this  law,  and  since  the  aboli-  August 533  84  105 

tion  of  prohibition,  some  of  those  folks  September   _    575  130  220 

that  were  educated  in  profiteering  and  October 587  192  490 

racketeering  in  liquor  are  attempting  to  November    _    578  390  325 

edge  into  legitimate  industry,  including  December     _    516  180  175 

workman's    compensation    claims.     The  1934 

Commission   is    thoroughly   on   guard  January  ___    580  260  155 

against    those    racketeers,    and    is    con- 
ducting its  affairs   in  a  function  calcu-  Lump 

lated  to  give  every  case  the  attention  it  Sums  &     Settle-    Disposed 
deserves,  and  to- make  its  awards  based                 Lump   Settlem't      ment        of  by 
upon  the  law  and  the  evidence,  with  the                   Sum    contracts  Contracts  Corn- 
least  delay  and  the  least  expense  to  the  1933     Filed        Filed         Filed    miss'ners 
litigants.  Feb    _  lg2  lg8  lg3  692 

We   are  also   giving  our  attention  to  Marchl63  146  232  725 

amendments,     that    may    be    suggested  246  ?76 

from  time  to  time  in  the  law,  with  the  ,,  ,  ..,  .,.„  nAO  „.,„ 

.  ,      .         .    .       ...  .        ',      „,.     ,  May  _    191  146  243  712 

hope  and  aim  of  simplifying  the  Work-  T    J        01.  .  ..  „„_  „„c 

,     „  ..        T  ?         ,     .  .  June.    216  148  267  765 

mens  Compensation  Law,  in  a  fashion  _  1„„  „1R  fi0C. 

calculated    to    make    more    difficult    the  .",„.,  *or  ino  coi 

„  .,      .         „  ,    ..    ,.  Aug.  _  161  185  178  581 

use  of  the  law  for  exploitation  purposes.  _     .       „.,.,  .,„„  „.„  „00 

„,        „  .     .         .  .,     .         ..  Sept.-    211  166  249  732 

The    Commission    is    considering    the  *;  .  1R.  _...  „g8 

publication  of  a  medical  fee  list,  such  as  XT  nn  „_„  n.  eoo 

f    .    .  ..        ..  ..  .    -  Nov.  _     29  373  94  638 

is  being  used  in  other  states, — not  for  .„„  lftl  _g. 

the  purpose  of  making  such  fees  manda-  '  ~ 

tory,  but  rather  to  be  used  as  a  guide  193  4 

for    working    men    and    employers,    and  Jan.  _32  398  90  731 


THE     CARPENTER 


Accident  reports  filed  since  July  1, 
1933,    38,569. 

Fatal  accidents  in  1933,  456. 

Fatal  accidents  in  1934,  to  date,  206. 

627  cases  where  death  payments  and 
pensions  are  being  paid  since  1929. 

In  1929  there  were  reported  to  the 
Commission  60,033  cases,  of  which  958 
are  open  and  in  process  of  settlement. 

In  1930,  46,316  cases  reported,  of 
which  507  are  open,  where  death  or 
pensions   are   being   paid. 

In  1931,  35,736  cases  reported,  of 
which  49  0   are  still  open. 

In    1932,    27,611    cases    reported,    of 


which  2,768  are  still  open.  This  large 
number  for  19  32  is  probably  due,  in  a 
measure,  to  the  failure  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  insurance  companies. 

In  1933,  28,767  cases  reported,  of 
which  2,5  8  8  are  still  open. 

In  1934,  5,005  cases  were  reported, 
of  which  2,9  67  are  in  the  process  of 
adjudication.  1,848  cases  on  which 
compensation   is    being   paid. 

The  average  cases  reported  per  month 
are   approximately    3,000. 

These  figures  are  not  based  on 
guesses.  They  are  taken  from  the 
records   of  the  Industrial  Commission. 


FLAGS 


HE  flags  of  the  early 
American  colonies  repre- 
sented many  nations,  and 
were  also  emblematic  of 
many  dramatic  and  stir- 
ring events  in  early  Unit- 
ed States  history.  There  were  not  only 
many  national  flags,  but  each  colony 
each  group  of  settlers  had  its  flag.  Many 
tales  are  on  record  associated  with  flags 
of  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  days.  A 
story  is  told  of  a  flag  carried  by  a  South 
Carolina  regiment  under  Colonel  Moul- 
ton.  It  was  a  blue  flag,  with  a  white 
crescent  in  the  corner  and  the  word 
LIBERTY  across  the  bottom.  In  the 
course  of  a  battle,  the  flag  fell  behind 
the  enemy  lines,  but  was  recaptured  by 
Sergeant  Jasper.  The  Colonel  recom- 
mended promotion  and  a  commission  for 
Jasper,  but  this  advancement  was  re- 
fused by  Jasper  on  the  unique  plea  that 
he  was  not  fit  to  associate  with  officers 
because  he  could  neither  read  nor  write. 
Another  interesting  flag  of  this  period 
has  been  called  the  rattle-snake  flag, 
and  was  carried  by  the  early  American 
navy.  It  was  a  white  flag,  with  a  three- 
coiled  black  rattler  having  13  rattles. 
Underneath  the  serpent  are  the  words, 
"Don't  tread  on  me."  The  three  coils 
stood  for  the  three  leading  colonies — 
New  England,  Pennsylvania,  and  Vir- 
ginia. The  rattlesnake  is  not  looked 
upon  with  favor  by  the  majority  of  peo- 
ple, but  as  a  symbol  of  the  American 
navy  its  more  commendable  character- 
istics were  intended  to  be  brought  out. 
For  example,  this  reptile  has  no  eye- 
lids, hence  its  vision  is  keen,  alert, 
watchful.  As  a  fighter  it  is  a  courageous 
foe,  for  it  gives  warning  of  its  approach. 
Furthermore,'   it   fights    to    the    end — it 


never  gives  up. 

The  oldest  flag  in  the  United  States 
so  far  as  is  known  is  now  treasured  in 
the  Public  Library  of  the  little  town  of 
Bedford,  Mass.  It  was  made  in  England 
about  1665,  and  was  for  the  Middlesex 
Three  County  Troop,  a  military  organ- 
ization of  Massachusetts.  Later  it  be- 
came the  standard  of  the  Bedford  Min- 
ute Men.  This  flag  was  carried  by  them 
during  their  difficulties  with  the  Indians 
under  King  Phillip,  and  also  at  Concord 
on  the  historic  morning  of  April  19, 
1775.  It  is  about  two  feet  square,  of 
red  damask,  decorated  in  oil,  the  de- 
sign being  a  mailed  arm  with  saber,  and 
a  scroll  containing  an  appropriate  mot- 
to. Originally  it  had  a  silver  fringe. 

One  of  the  first  American  flags  was 
the  "Grand  Union"  which  was  raised 
by  General  Washington  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  on  January  2,  1776.  It  had  al- 
ternate red  and  white  stripes  with  the 
English  crosses  of  St.  Andrew  and  St. 
George  in  the  corner.  This  was  used 
nearly  a  year  after  the  Declaration  of 
Independence. 

It  was  on  June  14,  1777,  that  the 
Continental  Congress  created  the  stars 
and  stripes  as  the  national  emblem  by 
passing  the  resolution:  "That  the  flag 
of  the  thirteen  United  States  be  thirteen 
stripes,  alternate  red  and  white;  that 
the  Union  be  thirteen  stars,  white  in  a 
blue  field,  representing  a  new  constella- 
tion." With  the  admission  of  Kentucky 
and  Vermont  into  the  Union,  the  stripes 
were  increased  to  fifteen,  but  in  1888 
Congress  ruled  that  the  stripes  would 
be  limited  to  thirteen,  and  that  with  the 
admission  of  every  new  state  a  star 
should  be  added  to  the  Union  of  the 
flag.  i 


T  II  JO     CARPENTER 


THE    CONFLICT    BETWEEN    LABOR    AND    CAPITAL 

(By  Will  Rutgers) 


ETWBEN  capital  and  la- 
bor there  has  always  been 
a  conflict  of  opinion,  as 
finely  drawn  as  the  con- 
flict between  the  political 
philosophy  of  Alexander 
Hamilton  and  Thomas  Jefferson.  And 
this  controversy  has  been  inspired,  more 
or  less,  on  both  sides,  by  selfishness. 
The  issue  has  been,  "the  Autocracy  of 
Capital  vs.  the  Democracy  of  Labor." 

The  most  important  problem  before 
the  country  today,  is  the  settlement  of 
this  dispute  of  long  standing.  I  consider 
it  just  as  much  the  duty  of  labor  to  try 
to  reach  a  proper  understanding  and 
appreciation  of  capital's  problems,  as  it 
is  a  moral  obligation  on  the  part  of 
capital  to  study  and  understand  the 
struggles  of  the  wage  earners. 

Labor  recognizes  the  necessity  of  cap- 
ital and  its  rights.  Labor  cannot,  and 
does  not,  expect  capital  to  invest  vast 
sums  of  money  without  an  adequate  re- 
turn. Neither  must  capital  expect  labor 
to  invest  "service"  without  receiving 
more  than  a  low  standard,  "living 
wage."  Labor  is  just  as  much  entitled 
to  a  profit  on  service  as  is  industry  to  a 
profit  on  product.  This  principle  applies, 
in  common  justice,  to  any  form  of  capi- 
tal investment,  or  individual  investment 
of  time,  as  against  wages  paid. 

The  conflict  between  capital  and  la- 
bor, the  cause  of  much  of  the  trouble, 
is  due  to  the  fact  that  capital  has  "fore- 
flushed"  during  prosperous  periods  and 
paid  extra  stock  dividends,  and  endeav- 
ored to  continue  this  policy,  when  busi- 
ness was  on  the  skids,  by  the  reduction 
of  wages.  This  was  particularly  true 
during  the  crisis  of  1929,  when  some 
900  corporations  paid  out  greater  divi- 
dends than  ever  before  in  the  history  of 
the  country,  in  the  face  of  a  substantial- 
ly reduced  wage  scale.  In  the  mean- 
time the  salaries  of  the  heads  of  indus- 
trial groups  were  not  reduced;  in  many 
cases  they  were  increased. 

And  when  Labor  is  shown  by  senate 
investigation  that  a  retired  bank  official 
is  permitted  to  draw  a  salary  of  $100,- 
000  per  annum,  merely  in  an  advisory 
capacity,  when  the  stockholders  of  his 
bank  drew  no  dividends,  it  is  made 
pretty  plain  to  labor  that  capital  is 
playing    a    very    underhand    game    and 


cannot  be  trusted.  Under  such  circum- 
stances government  must  act  in  defense 
of  the  common  weal. 

Let  capital  lay  all  its  cards  upon  the 
table;  look  upon  labor  as  a  co-operative 
unit  of  their  enterprise;  treat  its  work- 
ers in  confidence  and  fairness,  and  much 
trouble  will  be  averted.  Then  when  wage 
reduction  is  found  imperative,  let  that 
pay  cut  hit  every  employe,  from  the 
president  of  the  corporation  down  the 
line,  and  labor  will  take  its  medicine  as 
gamely  as  the  best  of  them.  But  labor 
has  no  confidence  in  a  capitalistic  sys- 
tem that  takes  away  the  profit  of  its  in- 
vested time  to  pay  unearned  dividends 
to  stock  holders. 

If  the  practical  unit  of  industry,  the 
producing  class,  must  suffer  from  de- 
pression, let  every  other  unit  of  industry 
suffer  with  it.  Otherwise  labor  justifies 
the  strike  as  a  weapon  of  self  preserva- 
tion and  justice. 

If  I  understand  the  spirit  of  the  Na- 
tional Industrial  Recovery  Act  it  is  that 
these  warring  elements  in  the  social 
complex  may  be  brought  together  in  a 
more  mutual  interest  and  understand- 
ing of  each  other's  problems,  in  an  ef- 
fort to  end  this  conflict.  There  is  com- 
mon interest,  between  capital  and  labor. 
Both  are  investors;  one  invests  his  time 
for  wages,  the  other  invests  his  money 
for  profits.  The  wages  should  enable  the 
worker  to  maintain  a  decently  high 
standard  of  living,  and  give  labor  buy- 
ing power  beyond  the  mere  necessities 
of  life.  But  this  common  interest  must 
be  established  definitely  between  the  em- 
ployer and  the  employe,  and  that  should 
not  be  such  a  difficult  problem  in  a  de- 
mocracy. But  both  capital  and  labor 
must  drop  some  of  their  "isms"  and  get 
down  to  honest  effort  before  any  great 
progress  can  be  made. 

Real  obstinacy  never  settled  a  dis- 
pute. Let  justice  be  the  controlling  fac- 
tor and  capital  and  labor  will  end  this 
age-long  conflict. 


Glenn  Martin  predicts  that  the  time  is 
near  when  passenger  airplanes  will  cross 
the  Atlantic  in  a  one-night  trip.  Quite 
probably  he  is  right.  But  if  man  has 
wit  enough  to  fly  the  seas  in  that  way, 
what  excuse  is  there  for  wallowing  in 
the  muck  of  depression? 


THE  CARPENTER 


COLORADO  COAL  COMPANY  MINERS  AND  MANAGE- 
MENT SHOW  COOPERATION  PAYS 


OW  a  single  coal  mining 
company  in  Colorado — 
largely  owned  and  man- 
aged by  a  woman — with 
the  co-operation  of  the 
miners  met  a  vital  issue 
now  before  American  industry  by  choos- 
ing the  trade  union  instead  of  a  com- 
pany union;  how  in  that  issue  the  com- 
pany and  the  miners  "challenged  the 
original  sponsors  of  the  company  union 
idea  and  all  their  allied  interests  in 
what  is  fundamentally  a  struggle  for 
power  between  labor  and  capital";  how 
this  comparatively  small  company  not 
only  won  wide  public  support  in  the 
fight,  but  at  the  same  time  actually  en- 
larged its  share  of  the  Colorado  coal 
market,  even  during  the  period  of  de- 
clining business;  how  the  collective 
agreement  signed  by  the  company  and 
the  union  gave  the  men  a  greater  share 
in  management  than  coal  miners  have 
ever  enjoyed  anywhere  in  this  country; 
and  how  these  miners  brought  about  ex- 
traordinary savings,  loaned  half  their 
wages  to  the  company  in  an  emergency, 
and  even  helped  sell  the  coal  they  had 
mined. 

These  are  some  of  the  dramatic  bits 
revealed  in  a  report  entitled  "Miners 
and  Management — A  Study  of  the  Col- 
lective Agreement  between  the  United 
Mine  Workers  of  America  and  the 
Rocky  Mountain  Fuel  Company,"  by 
Mary  van  Kleeck,  director  of  the  De- 
partment of  Industrial  Studies  of  the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation.  The  report  is 
the  sixth  in  a  series  of  studies  extending 
over  15  years,  in  which  employes'  repre- 
sentation, or  company  unions,  and  col- 
lective agreements  with  trade  unions 
have  been  analyzed  and  contrasted. 

"The  experience  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Fuel  Company,  in  contrast  with 
that  of  coal  producers  having  company 
unions,"  Miss  van  Kleeck  points  out,  "is 
particularly  significant  now  because  of 
the  widespread  revival  of  the  company 
union  idea  in  an  effort  to  circumvent 
the  NRA's  guarantee  to  workers  of  the 
right  of  collective  bargaining."  This  re- 
port, she  says,  is  a  partial  answer  to 
one  of  the  most  important  questions 
confronting  the  coal  industry  and  the 
country,  namely: 

What  shall  be  the  status  of  the 


organizations  of  workers,  and  how 
are  they  to  be  given  a  voice  in 
all  matters  affecting  their  employ- 
ment, including  the  stabilization  of 
industry  and  the  wider  policies  af- 
fecting it? 

After  extended  personal  study  in  Col- 
orado of  the  way  in  which  the  collective 
agreement  between  the  miners  and  the 
Rocky  Mountain  Fuel  Company  is  work- 
ing out,  Miss  van  Kleeck  says:  "This 
company,  in  the  midst  of  an  industry 
which  is  probably  the  most  disorganized 
in  the  United  States,  undertook  single- 
handed — but  with  the  co-operation  of 
labor — to  eliminate  practices  producing 
instability,  to  apply  sound  ethical  prin- 
ciples of  relationships  with  workers, 
with  other  industries  and  with  the  pub- 
lic. Its  experience  is  significant  for  in- 
dustry as  a  whole  in  the  United  States 
and  particularly  for  the  coal  industry." 

Of  Josephine  Roche,  principal  stock- 
holder and  general  manager  of  the  com- 
pany, Miss  van  Kleeck's  report  says: 
"She  has  separated  herself  from  the 
policies  of  the  owner  class  in  Colorado 
and  has  squarely  opposed  them  by  in- 
viting the  miners'  union,  the  United 
Mine  Workers  of  America,  to  join  with 
the  company  in  the  collective  agreement 
in  which  she  has  voluntarily  accepted 
limitations  upon  the  traditional  powers 
of  an  owner  of  capital  and  has  declared 
that  the  organized  miners,  through  their 
own  officers  who  are  not  even  employes 
of  the  company,  have  the  right  to  share 
with  the  management  in  all  decisions 
regarding  conditions  of  employment." 

This  agreement,  Miss  van  Kleeck  re- 
veals, is  the  result  of  the  impression  the 
bloody  scenes  of  the  Colorado  coal 
strikes  of  1913,  1914  and  1927  made  on 
the  mind  of  Josephine  Roche,  who  in 
the  latter  year  inherited  her  father's 
minority  ownership  of  stock  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  Fuel  Company. 

When,  in  1927,  Miss  Roche  became  a 
responsible  owner  of  the  company,  she 
found  in  its  offices  "the  paraphernalia 
of  war  and  in  the  books  the  records  of 
expenditures  for  detectives  and  mine 
guards,"  according  to  this  report.  "This 
equipment  was  in  itself  a  temptation  to 
use  it  in  times  of  controversy  in  place 
of  reasonable  procedures  based  on  prin- 


10 


T  II  E     CARPENTKK 


eiples    which    might    have    prevented 
bloodshed  and  bitterness." 

"The  farthest  any  operator  of  Colo- 
rado has  been  willing  to  go  thereto- 
fore," Miss  van  Kleeck  says,  "had  been 
to  let  employes  elect  their  representa- 
tives from  their  fellow  employes.  This 
was  done  under  the  influence  of  John  D. 
Rockefeller,  Jr.,  in  the  'Industrial  Rep- 
resentation Plan'  of  the  Colorado  Fuel 
and  Iron  Company.  But  in  the  history 
of  that  plan,  as  brought  out  in  an  earlier 
study  made  for  the  Russell  Sage  Foun- 
dation, the  steady  refusal  of  the  com- 
pany and  of  Mr.  Rockefeller  to  recog- 
nize the  miners'  union  turned  employes 
representation  into  an  instrument  of  op- 
position to  unionism.  Naturally,  then, 
recognition  of  the  union  by  an  operator 
in  the  same  State  became  a  rival  of  em- 
ployes representation.  Thus  Josephine 
Roche  challenged  the  Rockefellers,  orig- 
inal sponsors  of  the  company  union  idea, 
and  all  their  allied  interests  in  what  is 
fundamentally  a  struggle  for  power  be- 
tween labor  and  capital." 

Contrary  to  public  impression,  Miss 
van  Kleeck's  report  says,  the  Rocke- 
fellers have  not  abandoned  the  company 
union.  A  recent  vote  of  Colorado  Fuel 
and  Iron  Company  employes,  taken  by- 
joint  agreement  between  the  company 
and  the  United  Mine  Workers,  showed 
that  the  miners  of  this  company  repudi- 
ated by  a  large  majority  the  company 
union  and  voted  for  the  United  Mine 
Workers.  The  company,  while  there- 
after signing  a  trade  union  agreement 
set  up  under  the  NRA  code  for  the  bitu- 
minous coal  industry,  has  announced 
that  it  still  retains  "employes  represen- 
tation" or  the  company  union. 

The  agreement  between  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Fuel  Company  and  the  Unit- 
ed Mine  Workers — a  lengthy  document 
dealing  with  the  many  complications  in- 
herent in  the  mining  of  coal  and  in  re- 
lations between  managers,  workers  and 
supervisors — is  epitomized  in  a  pream- 
ble which  says  that  the  purpose  is: 

"to  establish  industrial  justice;  to 
substitute  reason  for  violence,  con- 
fidence for  misunderstanding,  in- 
tegrity and  good  faith  for  dishon- 
est practices,  and  a  union  of  effort 
for  the  chaos  of  the  present  eco- 
nomic warfare;  to  stabilize  em- 
ployment, production  and  markets 
through  co-operative  efforts  and  the 
aid  of  science;  and  to  assure  to  con- 


sumers a  dependable  supply  of  coal 
at  reasonable  and  uniform  prices." 

This,  Miss  van  Kleeck  says,  is  the 
first  time  any  trade  union  affiliated  with 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor  has 
gone  so  far  as  to  include  these  broad 
economic  policies  in  its  scope. 

Summarizing  the  results  of  five  years 
of  successful  operation  under  this  agree- 
ment, the  report  says: 

that  in  sales  the  company  "was  able 
to  keep  in  advance  of  competitors — 
evidence  that  purchasers  approved 
a  price  policy  which  avoided,  as 
far  as  possible,  cuts  below  cost, 
while  maintaining  a  higher  wage 
scale"; 

that  though  19  32  is  generally  re- 
garded as  the  worst  year  of  the  de- 
pression, the  company  made  greater 
mine  operating  profits  in  that  year 
than  in  any  year  since  the  signing 
of  the  agreement  in  1928; 

that  the  average  number  of  days' 
work  given  to  miners  by  this  com- 
pany exceeded  the  average  of  the 
State — in  1932  the  average  days 
worked  per  man  in  the  mines  of 
this  company  were  191  as  against 
an  average  of  127  for  the  state; 
that  labor's  productivity  was  great- 
er, the  production  during  1932 
being  10.5  ton  per  miner  per 
day  as  against  7.5  tons  per  miner 
per  day  for  the  industry  in  Colo- 
rado as  a  whole; 

that  there  was  a  great  stability  of 
employment — this  in  1928,  when 
the  contract  was  signed,  there  were 
1,701  men  taken  on  the  payroll  to 
maintain  an  average  working  force 
of  748,  whereas  in  1931  there  were 
8  67  men  to  maintain  an  average 
force  of  728; 

that  the  proportion  of  miners  in 
this  company  receiving  less  than 
$500  a  year  was  cut  down  from 
nearly  6  0  per  cent  in  1928  to  less 
than  16  per  cent  in  1931,  and  the 
proportion  receiving  less  than  $1,- 
5  00  a  year  Was  cut  from  89  per 
cent  in  1928  to  69  per  cent  in  1931; 
that  the  proportion  of  the  working 
force  kept  on  the  payroll  all  12 
months  of  the  year  was  increased 
from  16  per  cent  to  63  per  cent; 
that  although  the  wage  scale  re- 
mained the  same  from  1929 
through  1931,  mine  operating  prof- 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


its  increased  steadily,  from  $244,- 
000  in  the  first  year  to  $282,000  in 
the  latter  year  and  to  $345,000  in 
1932. 

The  report  describes  in  detail  how 
these  various  records  were  made.  Con- 
cerning the  support  given  by  trade  un- 
ions, the  report  says  that  the  recogni- 
tion of  the  miners'  union  by  this  com- 


pany "has  served  as  a  rallying  point  for 
all  the  labor  groups  in  Colorado,  includ- 
ing railroad  men  and  farmers.  It  is  be- 
cause this  company's  co-operation  stands 
alone  in  a  long  history  of  opposition  by 
other  operators  to  the  miners'  union  in 
Colorado,  that  it  has  come  to  symbolize 
there  a  significant  success  for  the  work- 
ers in  a  series  of  defeats." 


PUTS  BAN  ON  SMUGGLING  ALIENS  INTO  THE 
UNITED  STATES  AS  "SEAMEN" 


HE  House  of  Representa- 
tives passed  the  long-con- 
tested Dies-King  bill  to 
prohibit  the  smuggling  of 
immigrants  as  seamen  in- 
to the  United  States. 

Under  the  Seamen's  Act  a  seaman 
can  leave  the  ship  as  soon  as  it  reaches 
safe  harbor.  Surplus  "seamen,"  not  be- 
ing subject  to  the  provisions  of  the  im- 
migration exclusion  acts,  immediately 
land  and  are  absorbed  in  the  popula- 
tion. The  practice  has  been  for  ship 
owners  to  bring  from  25  to  100  extra 
"seamen,"  who  desert  at  once  and  be- 
come low-wage  workers  in  many  Amer- 
ican industries. 

In  its  report  favoring  the  enactment 
of  the  bill  the  House  Immigration  Com- 
mittee declared  that  during  the  last  25 
years  at  least  500,000  of  these  alien 
"seamen"  deserted  at  American  sea- 
ports. 

The  Dies-King  bill  stops  this  nefa- 
rious practice  by  the  provision  that 
every  vessel  must  take  out  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  as  many  seamen  as  it  brings 
in. 

The  bill  has  already  passed  the  Sen- 
ate several  times.  It  is  believed  that 
it  will  gain  receive  favorable  action  by 
that  body  as  soon  as  it  is  reported  by 
the  Senate  Immigration  Committee. 

Considerable  credit  for  the  favorable 
action  in  the  House  on  the  measure  is 
due  to  Representative  Dies  of  Texas, 
author  of  the  bill  and  a  member  of  the 
House  Immigration  Committee;  Repre- 
sentative Sabbath  of  Illinois,  a  former 
member  of  the  committee,  and  Repre- 
sentative Connery  of  Massachusetts,  a 
member  of  the  House  Labor  Committee. 
It  had  the  strong  support  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor. 

Andrew  Furuseth,  president  and  leg- 
islative agent  of  the  International  Sea- 


men's Union  of  America,  who  has 
worked  for  the  bill  for  many  years,  de- 
clared that  the  substance  of  the  meas- 
ure was  first  raised  in  the  passage  of 
the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act  in  1902,  so 
that  the  struggle  to  close  the  side  door 
against  immigration  smuggling  has  con- 
tinued for  thirty  years. 

The  specific  definite  struggle  for  the 
present  bill,  he  said,  began  in  1921,  but 
the  united  opposition  of  the  Interna- 
tional Shipping  Federation,  Limited,  an 
organization  of  world  ship  owners  with 
headquarters  in  London,  and  the  ship 
owners  in  the  United  States  had  suc- 
ceeded in  preventing  the  enactment  of 
the  measure  from  then  until  now.  The 
influence  of  these  antilabor  interests  is 
evidently  less  influential  in  the  present 
Congress,  and  it  is  confidently  expected 
that  the  alien  seaman's  deportation  bill 
will  shortly  become  the  law  of  the  land. 


Veterans    Association    Adopts    Union 
Label 

The  national  executive  committee  of 
the  National  War  Veterans  Association, 
with  headquarters  in  New  York  City, 
made  the  use  of  the  union  label  manda- 
tory on  all  printed  matter  of  the  organ- 
ization, declared  Harry  E.  Dewdney, 
Adjutant  of  the  Association.  The  last 
national  convention  of  the  Association 
adopted  the  following  article  as  a  part 
of  its  constitution:  "Neither  the  organ- 
ization nor  any  of  its  subordinates  shall 
at  any  time  participate  in  a  strike  or 
lockout  against  labor." 

The  Association  is  a  non-partisan  vet- 
erans' political  organization  with  thirty- 
one  posts  in  New  York  and  membership 
extending  into  other  States.  All  mem- 
bers must  be  honorably  discharged  vet- 
erans and  voting  citizens  of  the  United 
States. 


12 


THE     CARPENTER 


AMERICAN  LABOR  LEADS  THE  WORLD 

(By  W.  E.  Walling) 


HE  American  labor  move- 
ment differs  from  the  la- 
bor movements  of  Europe. 
Since  the  time  of  Andrew 
Jackson  (around  1830) 
we  have  had  political  de- 
mocracy in  America's  industrial  regions, 
and  soon  after  that  we  established  uni- 
versal education.  If  political  democracy 
up  to  the  present  has  brought  labor  only 
a  part  of  what  labor  demands  and  ex- 
pects, it  has  at  least  given  us  a  century 
of  democratic  experience,  training  and 
practice,  a  century  of  thinking  in  demo- 
cratic terms  and  a  century  of  striving 
toward  democratic  goals.  It  is  due  to 
this  good  fortune  of  our  history  and  not 
to  an  inborn  superiority  of  American 
workers  that  the  American  labor  move- 
ment is  the  only  labor  movement  in  the 
world  today  that  is  built  consistently  on 
a  democratic  foundation,  has  an  ex- 
clusively democratic  policy  and  goal, 
and  never  departed  from  democratic 
policies. 

Contrast  the  long  democratic  experi- 
ence of  America  with  that  of  Europe. 
It  was  between  1867  and  18  85  that  Brit- 
ish labor  was  even  half  enfranchised 
and  universal  education  established.  The 
Germans  have  been  educated  as  long  as 
we  have,  but  they  got  democracy  only 
in  1918.  French  democracy  dates  from 
1876,  and  the  only  previous  democratic 
experiences  of  that  country  were  brief 
revolutionary  periods — a  fact  which  has 
confused  many  French  workers  as  to  the 
relative  values  of  democracy  and  of  rev- 
olutionary violence. 

The  superiority  of  American  labor  lies 
in  the  friendship  it  has  made.  For  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  it  has 
worked,  wherever  possible,  with  Ameri- 
can rural  labor,  the  farmers. 

By  its  clean-cut  political  policy,  grad- 
ually developed  and  still  in  the  process 
of  evolution,  American  labor  has  avoid- 
ed all  the  confusion  of  a  so-called  labor 
party  which  is  a  labor  party  in  name 
only — since  every  democratic  country 
must  admit  and  largely  depend  upon 
non-labor  elements.  Such  a  party  is  in 
reality  a  party  of  advanced  democracy. 
To  call  it  labor  rather  than  democratic 
brings  two  evils.  Not  only  is  the  la- 
bor movement  likely  to  be  invaded  and 
swamped  by  outsiders,  but  certain  ele- 


ments of  labor  are  given  by  this  name 
an  opportunity  to  put  forth  the  theory, 
as  has  commonly  occurred  in  Europe, 
that  labor  can  advance  politically 
through  a  non-democratic  or  even  an 
anti-democratic  program  independently 
of  other  groups  of  producers.  Never  for 
one  moment  has  American  labor  favored 
or  tolerated  this  drawing  of  class  lines 
between  one  group  of  producers  and  an- 
other. If  it  has  waged  economic  and 
political  war  against  any  part  of  society 
it  has  been  a  war  directed  exclusively 
against  parasites  and  exploiters.  It  has 
never  preached  nor  tolerated  the  theory 
that  Organized  Labor  or  industrial  la- 
bor has  a  right  to  rule  over  any  other 
group  of  producers,  but  has  sought  to 
unite  all  producers  against  the  common 
enemy. 

American  labor  is  today  more  united 
than  labor  of  any  country  of  the  world 
with  the  possible  exception  of  Great 
Britain.  And  this  unity  has  been  won 
and  held  against  stronger  influences 
making  for  division  than  exist  in  any 
other  nation,  since  America  has  been  the 
battleground  of  all  the  theories  as  well 
as  all  the  prejudices  of  the  workers  of 
all  Europe.  Yet  we  are  better  united. 
The  reason?  Labor  tends  to  unite  on  all 
labor  questions;  labor  tends  to  divide 
on  all  the  non-labor  questions  that  take 
up  so  much  of  the  time  and  energy  of 
the  political  parties  of  Europe.  The 
word  "solidarity"  is  more  widely  used 
in  Europe;  actual  solidarity  is  more  ad- 
vanced in  the  United  States. 

American  labor  is  for  international 
unity.  Every  superiority  it  has  achieved 
makes  it  that  much  more  valuable  to 
the  labor  world.  It  does  not  claim  lead- 
ership, but  it  offers  to  the  world  of  la- 
bor the  invaluable  experience  of  the 
oldest  political  democracy  and  the  lead- 
ing industrial  nation.  It  hopes  and  be- 
lieves that  by  following  the  American 
method  of  attending  to  labor  affairs  to 
the  exclusion  of  the  outside  matters  that 
divide  labor  the  national  labor  move- 
ments of  Europe  and  the  entire  world 
movement  will  achieve  a  new  and  more 
solid  unity.  It  welcomes  the  new  ten- 
dency of  European  labor  to  do  as  Amer- 
ica has  done  in  putting  democracy  above 
all  social  dogmas.  It  believes  that  a 
more  substantial,  more  permanent  and 
more    effective    labor    internationalism 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


can  be  erected  on  this  basis — an  inter- 
nationalism in  which  the  working  peo- 
ple of  every  great  nation  will  be  able  to 
make  a  distinct  and  indispensable  con- 
tribution to  the  whole.  And  it  believes 
that  such  a  movement  will  be  able  every- 
where to  achieve  its  entire  industrial, 
social  and  political  program — so  far  as 
that  program  rests  upon  democratic 
principles. 

But  great  as  have  been  its  achieve- 
ments in  the  past,  American  labor  looks 
to  the  future — and  it  is  for  the  purposes 
of  future  development  that  the  superior- 
ity of  its  methods  are  most  marked.  It 
has  not  offered  to  solve  in  advance  all 
the  major  problems  of  government  and 
industry   that    the   rising   generation    of 


workers  will  have  to  face.  But  it  has 
done  something  better.  Economically 
and  politically,  American  labor  has 
builded  a  solid  foundation  and  has  be- 
gun the  erection  of  a  structure  no  im- 
portant part  of  which  will  have  to  be 
torn  down.  It  has  left  American  labor 
free,  freer  than  the  labor  of  any  nation 
of  the  world,  to  determine  its  own  des- 
tinies— without  an  incumbering  herit- 
age of  outworn  theories  or  of  colossal 
blunders  due  to  the  effort  to  put  these 
theories  into  effect.  That  American  la- 
bor will  utilize  to  the  full  the  superior 
opportunities  offered  by  the  superior 
freedom  of  the  American  movement  no 
American  and  few  who  know  anything 
about  America  will  question. 


THE  HARVEST  HAND 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


EN  who  are  now  in  their 
middle  age,  and  on  up 
to  those  who  have  at- 
tained the  Scriptural 
threescore  years  and 
ten,  can  still  remember 
the  yearly  exodus  of  workingmen  from 
the  cities  to  the  harvest  fields,"  the  phil- 
osopher said,  in  a  reminiscent  mood.  "In 
those  days,"  he  went  on,  "a  working- 
man  could  often  earn  enough  money  in 
the  harvest  field  to  tide  him  through  the 
winter,  if  not  through  to  the  next  har- 
vest time.  And  those  who  by  reason  of 
strength,  have  reached  the  fourscore 
years,  can  in  many  instances,  remember 
such  exoduses,  from  the  'cradle'  to  the 
latest  improved  combine;  which  is  prov- 
ing to  be  the  'grave'  of  the  harvest 
hand,  as  he  was  known  a  generation  or 
more  ago." 

The  philosopher  could  remember  when 
he  himself  as  a  carpenter,  had  many 
times  gone  to  the  harvest  field,  because 
carpenter  work  was  slack,  and  much 
that  he  has  to  say  here  is  a  product  of 
those  experiences. 

"In  the  days  of  the  cradle,"  the  phil- 
osopher continued,  "harvesting  meant 
something.  There  was  the  cutting  of 
the  grain;  and  then  it  had  to  be  bound 
and  shocked.  After  that  it  was  stacked, 
and  in  due  time,  thrashed;  which  in  the 
cradle  days,  often  it  was  done  with  a 
flail.  In  those  days  overproduction  was 
unknown,  that  is,  overproduction  that 
goes  hand  in  hand  with  mass  starvation, 


such  as  we  have  seen  in  these  modern 
days.  Men  worked  long  hours,  it  is  true, 
and  wages,  judging  from  the  standpoint 
of  dollars  and  cents,  were  not  high;  but 
they  had  a  much  greater  and  more  per- 
manent home-purchasing  power  than 
wages  had  during  the  late  pre-depres- 
sion  period  of  prosperity.  Unemploy- 
ment was  confined,  almost  altogether,  to 
those  who  were  too  lazy  to  work,  rather 
than  to  men,  in  masses  of  millions,  who 
are  willing  and  anxious  to  work.  Invol- 
untary mass  unemployment  is  a  product 
of  machine  civilization,  and  was  never 
known  to  reach  so  deep  into  our  social 
structure,  as  it  has  during  the  recent 
world-wide  depression." 

The  philosopher  was  aware  that  the 
farmer  suffered  as  much,  and  in  some 
instances  more  than  the  workingman, 
by  the  depression;  but,  at  the  same 
time,  he  knew  that  the  farmer  by  elim- 
inating the  hired  man  and  using  me- 
chanical devices  instead,  was  helping  to 
bankrupt  his  best  customer,  the  work- 
ingman. He  knew  too,  that  competition 
made  it  impossible  for  the  farmer  to  do 
otherwise,  even  though,  in  the  end,  he 
was  the  loser.  For  he  paid  high  prices 
for  his  machinery,  and  had  to  sell  his 
products  at  extremely  low  prices;  often 
below  cost  of  production.  But  we  are 
ahead  of  our  story. 

"The  cradle,"  the  philosopher  went 
on,  "had  to  give  way  to  that  interesting 
machine,  the  reaper.  This  machine,  with 
its  platform  back  of  the  sickle-bar,  and 


14 


T  II  E     CARPENTER 


a  set  of  rakes  that  laid  the  grain  on 
the  platform,  which  at  regular  intervals 
was  raked  off  by  a  master  rake,  did 
away  with  the  hard  work  that  always 
accompanied  harvesting  with  a  cradle. 
And  while,  on  the  one  hand,  it  eliminat- 
ed the  demand  for  men  who  could  swing 
a  cradle,  it,  on  the  other  hand,  increased 
the  demand  for  binders,  insofar  as  the 
reaper  made  possible  an  increase  in  the 
acreage  of  the  harvest  field.  Five  men 
were  necessary  to  bind  after  a  reaper, 
and  it  took  two  more  men  to  shock. 
When  the  reaper  started  out,  say,  on  a 
square  field,  one  binder  was  started  at 
the  first  corner;  another  one  at  the 
second  corner;  another  at  the  third  cor- 
ner; one  at  the  fourth  corner,  and  the 
fifth  man  started  at  the  first  corner  as 
the  reaper  started  on  the  second  round. 
In  this  way  the  men  worked  around  and 
around,  until  the  field  of  grain  was  cut 
and  bound."  The  philosopher  paused, 
thoughtfully,  for  a  moment,  and  then 
went  on,  "In  the  reaper  days,  it  was  as 
hard  to  find  a  man  who  could  not  make 
a  double  band,  out  of  a  handful  of 
straw,  as  it  is  today  to  find  a  man  who 
does  not  know  how  to  run  an  automo- 
bile. Those  men  worked  hard,  but  har- 
vest time  brought  opportunities  to  work 
for  all  who  wanted  it.  .  .  .  In  the  full 
sense  of  the  work,  harvesting  includ- 
ed stacking  the  grain  and  afterward 
thrashing  it." 

"In  due  time,  though,  the  reaper  was 
superseded  by  the  self-binder.  The  self- 
binder,  with  its  mechanical  binding  de- 
vice, bound  the  grain  before  it  left  the 
machine,  and  thereby  eliminated  the 
five  men  who  formerly  did  the  binding. 
Two  men  could  easily  shock  the  grain 
that  one  self-binder  cut  and  bound.  But 
still,  farmers  were  looking  for  some- 
thing that  would  eliminate  more  hired 
men."  And  dropping  into  a  philosoph- 
ical mood,  for  a  moment,  the  philoso- 
pher went  on,  "It  is  claimed,  that  if  a 
man  wishes  long  enough  for  a  thing,  it 
will  eventually  come  to  pass;  and  that 
is  exactly  what  happened  in  this  case — 
the  farmer  got  his  wish  in  the  form  of  a 
machine  known  as  a  header.  The  head- 
er eliminated  the  shockers,  for  this  ma- 
chine merely  cut  off  the  heads  of  the 
grain,  which  were  immediately  put  into 
stacks,  and  later  on  thrashed.  But  the 
header  did  not  completely  supplant  the 
self-binder;  however,  it  itself  was  soon 
superseded  by  that  revolutionary  ma- 
chine,   the    combine.     The    combine   has 


eliminated  the  harvest  hand,  almost  al- 
together, for  with  it,  the  farmer  can 
harvest  his  grain,  thrash  it,  and  take  it 
to  market,  with  his  regular  help;  and 
thus,  the  one-time  harvest  hand,  who 
was  slowly  being  crushed  out  of  the 
picture  for  a  generation  or  more,  has 
been  buried  by  the  combine  forever." 

The  philosopher,  while  he  was  enum- 
erating the  evolutionary  processes  of 
harvesting  machinery,  knew  that  in 
other  branches  of  farming,  similar  revo- 
lutionary processes  were  going  on  more 
or  less  in  the  same  way. 

"The  tractor,"  he  continued,  "is  tak- 
ing the  place  of  the  horse,  just  as  the 
combine  and  other  farm  machinery,  are 
eliminating  the  hired  man.  And  where- 
as the  farmer  used  to  feed  to  his  horses 
a  great  deal  of  his  products,  he  is  now 
giving  to  the  market  an  increased  sup- 
ply, and  instead,  he  is  consuming  gaso- 
line. The  market,  with  its  decreased  de- 
mand for  farm  products,  because  of  the 
increased  consumption  of  gasoline,  finds 
itself  oversupplied.  At  the  same  time, 
figuratively  speaking,  the  unemployed 
human  man,  is  financially  unable  to  buy, 
what  the  farmer  with  his  mechanical 
man,  is  producing  and  marketing.  The 
upshot  of  it  all  is,  that  the  farmer  has 
met  a  boomerang  in  the  form  of  high 
priced  machinery  and  low  prices  for  his 
products.  In  other  words,  the  mechan- 
ical man,  that  eliminated  the  hired  man 
for  the  farmer,  now  has  his  hands  on 
the  farmer  himself,  and  unless  some- 
thing will  happen,  miraculously  or  oth- 
erwise, that  will  bring  the  hired  man 
back  to  life,  and  to  the  rescue  of  the 
farmer,  there  is  bound  to  be  a  calam- 
ity." 

What  the  philosopher  had  just  said 
about  the  farmer,  is  to  a  greater  or  to  a 
lesser  extent  true  of  other  industries, 
including  the  building  industries. 

"Whenever  a  workingman,"  the  phil- 
osopher concluded,  "is  displaced  by  ma- 
chinery, whether  it  be  a  laborer,  me- 
chanic or  a  clerk,  it  will  add  just  that 
much  weight  to  the  economic  boome- 
rang, which  when  it  returns  to  hit  in- 
dustry, will  hit  it  with  all  the  force 
that  industry  gave  it  in  the  first  place 
by  displacing  men  with  machines." 


Attend  the  Local  meetings,  support 
your  elected  officers  and  pull  for  great- 
er solidarity  of  our  Brotherhood. 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


SOLID  LAMINATED  LUMBER  FLOORS 


A L£  A  N  Y  months  of  sub- 
normal business  have  re- 
sulted in  a  vast  amount 
of  constructive  thinking 
and  planning  throughout 
American  industry.  The 
new  times  have  demanded  new  meas- 
ures. Nothing  that  has  hitherto  pre- 
vailed upon  the  accumulated  momen- 
tum of  prosperous  years  is  now  above 
suspicion.  New  appraisals  of  old  cus- 
toms and  practices  are  everywhere  in 
process.  The  new  idea  was  never  so 
welcome  as  now.  Nothing  is  condemned 
at  first  blush  as  impractical. 

A  swarm  of  new  construction  ideas  is 
being  incubated  in  the  lumber  industry. 
The  lumber  researchers  are  becoming 
vigorously  initiative.  They  are  not  will- 
ing to  concede  anything  to  other  mate- 
rials in  the  construction  field,  not  even 
skyscrapers.  Hardly  had  the  steel  and 
concrete  people  conceived  the  idea  of 
taking  the  ground  floor  of  dwellings 
away  from  lumber  when  F.  P.  Cart- 
wright,  chief  engineer  of  the  Nation- 
al Lumber  Manufacturers  Association 
came  forward  with  a  new  type  of  wood 
floor,  or  rather  a  modern  adaption  of 
an  old  practice,  which  was  followed  a 
century  ago  in  heavy  construction. 

Instead  of  laying  floor  boards  on 
their  sides,  narrow  planks  laid  on 
edge  and  fastened  together  in  panels 
take  the  place  both  of  sub-flooring  and 
joists.  This  sort  of  floor  is  stronger, 
more  solid  and  enduring  and  stubborn- 
ly fire-resistant.  The  panels,  or  slabs, 
are  built  up  from  pieces  not  smaller 
than  2x4's,  firmly  bolted  or  spiked  to- 
gether, consequently  the  floor  is  at  least 
four  inches  thick  of  solid  wood.  There 
are  no  projecting  edges  for  flames  to 
feed  on  and  tests  have  demonstrated 
that  it  takes  an  exceptionally  long,  hot 
fire  to  eat  half  way  through  the  laminat- 
ed slabs. 

An  additional  advantage  of  this  lami- 
nated type  of  construction  which  may  be 
used  in  either  brick  or  frame  buildings, 
is  run-over  ribbons  or  joist  end  supports 
into  brick  piering  so  as  to  come  flush 
with  the  building  wall.  Thus  there  re- 
sults a  natural  fire-stopping,  preventing 
flames  from  creeping  up  through  stud 
spaces  and  passing  above  the  floor  line. 

"The  new  type  floor,  can  be  used  foi 
either  first  or  second  story  house  floors, 


in  place  of  the  familiar  row  of  thin, 
deep  joists  with  sub  and  finish  floor  and 
lath  plaster  beneath.  For  dwellings,  it 
is  built  usually  of  two-by-fours,  laid  on 
edge,  spiked  together  and  supported  at 
intervals  of  seven  to  ten  feet  by  cross 
beams  which  are  allowed  to  show  in 
the  room  below. 

"The  slab  thus  formed  is  sanded 
smooth  and  a  finish  floor  of  hardwood  is 
nailed  down  .  The  under  side  is  finished 
with  plywood,  and  the  main  beams  can 
be  hand-hewn,  stained  or  painted,  or 
finished  with  clear  lumber  and  mould- 
ings to  afford  architectural  relief. 

"The  floor  thus  secured  takes  up  less 
room  than  the  joisted  type,  being  only 
five  inches  deep  where  the  latter  is  near- 
ly twelve.  Over  a  foot  is  saved  in  the 
necessary  height  of  a  two-story  building, 
or  if  preferred  the  room  height  can  be 
increased.  The  plywood  or  board  under- 
finish  is  not  subject  to  cracks  or  breaks, 
but  maintains  its  position  permanently. 

The  possibilities  in  this  new  floor  for 
ingenious  conduit  arrangements  are  not 
to  be  overlooked.  By  "cheating"  one  of 
the  laminations  so  as  to  build  it  of  two 
shallow  lower  sections  or  of  one  shallow 
section  space  can  readily  be  made  for 
electric  wiring  conduit,  small  water 
pipes  and  other  service  units.  Where 
deep  space  is  required  for  plumbing  that 
runs  laterally,  deep  sections  are  includ- 
ed in  the  slab  and  the  pipe  is  boxed  in, 
the  boxing  being  finished  to  give  the 
appearance  of  a  beam  on  the  ceiling  of 
the  floor  below.  For  partitions,  two  or 
three  similarly  deepened  laminations  are 
included  in  the  slab  to  furnish  support 
necessary.  Unusually  long  first  floor 
spans  are  stiffened  by  making  every 
fourth  or  fifth  lamination  of  sufficient 
depth  to  insure  adequate  carriage  of 
the  load  imposed.  The  lumber  footage 
required  is  slightly  greater  than  ordi- 
nary floor  construction,  though  it  need 
not  be  of  proportionate  cost. 

For  a  good,  resilient,  substantial  floor 
that  will  meet  the  competitive  advances 
of  alternate  materials,  the  laminated 
floor  offers  an  opportunity. 


With  the  renewed  energies  and  zeal 
of  the  membership  of  the  U.  B.  it  will 
not  be  long  before  the  membership  is 
back  around  the  300,000  mark. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 
THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the   15th   of  each   month   at  the 

CARPENTERS'   BUILDING 

Indianapolis,   Ind. 

UNITED   BROTHERHOOD  OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA, 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Subscription  Pbicb 
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The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avail- 
able  to  them  against  accepting  advertise* 
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pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au=> 
thorities.  Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   JUNE,    1934 

A  New  Era  In  Shipbuilding 

THE  passing  of  the  Vinson-Tram- 
mell  Naval  Bill,  provides  for  the 
construction  of  all  naval  vessels 
allowed  under  the  London  Treaty.  A 
long  era  of  prosperity  has  not  only 
opened  up  for  thousands  of  unemployed 
workers  in  the  navy  yards  and  private 
shipyards,  but  also  in  other  industries, 
as  it  will  stimulate  the  steel  mills,  the 
lumber  plants,  the  electrical  equipment 
manufacturers  and  will  give  a  great 
boost  to  the  railroads,  in  fact,  it  is  a 
boon  to  industry. 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  five-year 
program,  not  including  replacement  of 
any  capital  ships  and  cruisers,  is  about 
$475,000,000.  This  does  not  include  the 
allotment    of    some    $275,000,000    from 


the  Public  Works  Administration  now 
being  used  by  the  Navy  Department,  nor 
the  amount  provided  in  the  naval  ap- 
propriation bill  recently  passed  by  the 
Senate.  Figures  show  that  about  85  per 
cent  of  all  the  money  expended  through 
the  Navy  Department  for  construction 
purposes  goes  for  the  pay  of  labor,  di- 
rectly or  indirectly. 

The  Government  contemplates  initial 
work  on  twenty  destroyers  and  four 
submarines,  ninety  days  after  the  sign- 
ing of  the  Bill,  the  first  to  be  built  in 
the  government  navy  yard,  as  the  Bill 
provides  that  the  first  and  each  succeed- 
ing alternate  vessel  be  built  in  the  gov- 
ernment navy  yards. 


Power  for  Labor 

IT  has  always  been  the  philosophy  of 
capitalists  that  self-interest  was  a 
force  necessary  to  prevent  social 
stagnation  and  promote  human  prog- 
ress. Lately  capitalism  has  embraced 
the  doctrine  that  high  wages  and  short 
hours  are  necessary  to  produce  the  pur- 
chasing power  essential  to  prosperity. 
"Workers  have  the  greatest  and  most 
immediate  selfish  interest  in  high  wages 
and  short  hours.  Therefore,  if  capital- 
ists follow  their  own  logic,  labor  unions 
should  be  encouraged,  for  labor  unions 
represent  the  active  self-interest  of 
workers. 

Voluntary  interest  of  enlightened  em- 
ployers in  raising  wages  and  reducing 
hours  by  joint  action  is  fine,  but  it  is 
not  enough.  The  driving  self-interest  of 
labor  is  needed,  as  well  as  the  regula- 
tion and  arbitration  of  government.  Or- 
ganized industries,  organized  labor,  and 
government  are  a  trinity  each  of  whom 
is  indispensable. 


Victory  for  U.  S.  Workers 

PASSING   of   the   independent   offices 
appropriation  bill  by  Congress  over 
the  President's  veto   gives  a   large 
measure  of  victory  to  organized  labor  in 
its  fight  for  restoration  of  Government 
workers'  pay. 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


The  Federal  workers  get  5  per  cent 
return  from  February  1,  and  another  5 
per  cent  on  July  1.  The  President  is 
authorized  to  restore  the  remaining  5 
per  cent  within  six  months  after  July  1 
if  living  costs  equal  or  exceed  the  1928 
level.  This  means  there  is  an  excellent 
chance  the  15  per  cent  wage  cut,  made 
in  the  name  of  "economy,"  will  be  abol- 
ished early  next  year. 

The  cut  was  ill-advised  in  the  first 
place  and  contributed  nothing  to  indus- 
trial recovery.  In  fact,  by  reducing  the 
purchasing  power  of  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  Government  employes,  it  tend- 
ed to  retard  business  gain.  With  restor- 
ation of  former  pay  there  will  be  no 
basis  for  charging  that  the  Government 
preaches  one  thing  and  practices  an- 
other, by  striving  to  raise  wages  in  pri- 
vate employment  while  at  the  same  time 
slashing  the  pay  of  its  own  employes. 


$20,000,000      Available      For      Home 
Building 

Announcement  has  been  made  by 
Raymond  P.  Harold,  president  of 
the  Massachusetts  Co-operative  Bank 
League,  that  the  co-operative  banks  of 
Massachusetts  have  $20,000,000  avail- 
able at  once  for  loans  on  new  home 
building  and  for  repairs.  This  is  one  of 
the  first  signs  that  the  banks  are  now 
ready  to  co-operate  with  the  prospective 
home  builder.  Mr.  Harold  makes  the 
following  statement  in  part: 

To  the  building  industry  and  to  thou- 
sands of  prospective  home  owners  who 
have  been  restrained  from  buying  or 
building  by  inability  to  get  mortgage 
loans,  I  feel  confident  that  this  comes 
as  news  of  the  greatest  importance. 

It  means  that  the  primary  financing 
of  more  than  5,000  new  homes  can  be 
supplied  at  once  and  that  the  residential 
building  industry  no  longer  need  be  de- 
layed by  lack  of  first  mortgage  money. 

Residential  building  in  Massachusetts 
in  a  normal  season  furnishes  employ- 
ment, directly  and  indirectly,  for  more 
than  15,000  people.  New  home  construc- 
tion, ordinarily  one  of  the  biggest  indus- 
tries, dropped  during  the  depression  to 
about  20  per  cent  of  its  normal  volume, 
largely  because  of  the  lack  of  adequate 
facilities  for  placing  mortgages.  The  co- 
operative banks  are  now  in  a  position  to 
break  this  famine  and  open  the  way  for 
a  broad  movement  of  recovery. 

With  the  flow  of  capital  again  turned 


definitely  to  the  co-operative  banks, 
upon  which  the  residential  building  in- 
dustry depends  to  a  large  extent  for  its 
financing,  and  with  at  least  $20,000,000 
available  immediately,  to  help  finance 
home  building,  it  seems  certain  that  a 
substantial  number  of  new  dwellings 
will  be  started  and  that  the  extreme  de- 
pression in  residential  construction  soon 
will  be  ended. 


Why  Not  The  30-Hour  Week? 

William  Taylor,  executive  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Valley  Camp  Coal  Company 
and  a  group  of  related  companies,  re- 
cently gave  the  coal  industry  something 
to  think  about. 

Appearing  before  the  National  Bitu- 
minous Coal  Industrial  Board,  Mr.  Tay- 
lor caused  a  stir  by  advocating  reduc- 
tion in  working  hours  in  soft  coal  mines 
from  40  to  30,  with  a  compensating  in- 
crease in  wages.  He  pointed  out  that  a 
reduction  in  hours  would  not  necessar- 
ily mean  a  reduction  in  production.  His 
company's  experience,  when  the  "clean 
up"  system  prevailed,  under  which  the 
men  worked  10  to  14  hours  a  day,  indi- 
cated that  as  much  coal  could  be  pro- 
duced in  the  8-hour  day  as  in  the  longer 
day.  He  said  his  company  was  produc- 
ing a  greater  tonnage  under  the  shorter 
week  than  when  the  longer  week  was  in 
operation. 

A  few  days  after  Mr.  Taylor  made  his 
suggestion,  bituminous  coal  operators  of 
the  Appalachian  region  agreed  to  re- 
duce the  work  week  to  35  hours.  That 
marks  distinct  progress,  but  the  week 
must  be  cut  even  more,  to  cope  success- 
fully with  the  appalling  unemployment 
in  the  coal  industry.  Mr.  Taylor  pointed 
the  way  to  the  solution.  Sooner  or  later 
the  coal  industry  must  adopt  the  30- 
hour  week.    Why  not  now? 


Why  Does  the  Word  Penny  Apply  to  the 
Size  of  Nails? 

Nails  were  sold  in  England  by  the 
hundred  until  the  15th  century  and  the 
price  was  set  by  the  size  of  the  nails. 
Those  selling  for  10  pence  a  hundred 
were  10-penny  nails;  those  for  six  pence 
a  hundred  were  six-penny,  etc.  When 
prices  changed  the  old  designations  sur- 
vived as  the  indication  of  size  and  are 
written  lOd,  8d,  6d,  etc.  The  letter  "d" 
stands  for  denarius,  the  Latin  word  for 
the  English  penny. 


Official  Information 


^gr 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF   AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 

General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS   NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second   District,   W.   T.    ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,   HARRY   SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth   District,   JAS.   L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.    Grand  Blvd.,    St.    Louis,   Mo. 


Sixth   District,   A.    W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR    MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


Robin    Hood    Mills    Employ    Non-Union 
Carpenters 

The  Robin  Hood  Mills,  a  subsidiary 
of  the  International  Milling  Co.,  of  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.,  is  erecting  a  building 
and  grain  storage  tank  in  Calgary,  Can- 
ada, on  which  it  refuses  to  insist  that 
the  contractor  pay  the  rate  of  wages  of 
75  cents  per  hour,  as  established  by 
agreement  between  the  Calgary  Con- 
tractors Association  and  Local  Union 
1779,  but  is  employing  non-members 
and  paying  from  5  0  cents  to  60  cents 
per  hour,  according  to  information  re- 
ceived from  Andrew  Craig,  president  of 
L.  U.   1779. 

Members  of  our  organization  should 
remember  that  the  policy  of  all  organ- 
izations is  to  support  and  give  assistance 
to  those  who  deal  and  co-operate  with 
us,  and  those  who  will  not  co-operate  or 
recognize  our  conditions  should  receive 
no  consideration  from  our  members. 
Therefore  members  of  all  affiliated  lo- 
cals should  bear  in  mind  the  foregoing 
facts  when  purchasing  any  products  of 
the  Robin  Hood  Mills  or  the  Inter- 
national Milling  Co. 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


Building  Gains  in  April 

Contracts  awarded  publicly  financed 
construction  in  April  were  four  times  as 
great  as  those  for  April  of  last  year, 
according  to  a  report  of  the  F.  W.  Dodge 
Company. 

The  contracts  dropped  40  per  cent 
from  the  March  figure.  However,  pri- 
vately financed  contracts  were  the  high- 
est since  August  193  3,  and  increased 
over  March. 

The  survey,  made  every  month  and 
covering  thirty-seven  states,  showed  a 
total  of  $75,158,900  in  publicly  financed 
contracts,  awarded  in  April  as  compared 
with  $17,659,900  for  April,  1933,  and 
$125,950,700  for  March  of  this  year. 

A  sfrong  stimulus  to  the  construction 
industry  is  expected  in  the  next  few 
days  with  announcement  by  the  admin- 
istration of  an  intensive  renovation  cam- 


THE     CARPENTER 


19 


paign  to  be  coupled  with  a  program  of 
slum  clearing  and  low  cost  housing,  the 
whole  to  be  backed  by  federal  funds. 


"Union-labeled  Gavels 

The  General  Office  is  in  position  to 
supply  union-labeled  gavels  made  of 
American  walnut  and  Mexican  mahog- 
any by  members  of  our  organization. 
They  are  beautifully  turned  and  highly 
finished  and  come  in  two  sizes.  The 
price  is  $1.25  each. 

Local  Unions  desiring  a  gavel  should 
write  to  Frank  Duffy,  General  Secretary, 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  In- 
diana. 

Purchasing  union-labeled  gavels  will 
give  employment  to  union  carpenters. 


Carpenters!    Stay  Away  From  Chicago 

Again  we  must  warn  against  coming 
to  Chicago  to  seek  work.  The  Spring 
season  has  brought  no  new  construction 
work.  The  work  on  the  World's  Fair 
will  be  completed  before  this  notice  goes 
to  print,  and  those  who  were  fortunate 
enough  to  get  in  a  little  time  there  will 
again  be  forced  to  join  the  ranks  of 
the  many  thousands  unemployed. 

If  the  World's  Fair  should  tempt  you 
to  come  to  Chicago,  be  sure  and  bring 
enough  money  to  pay.  your  way  for 
finding  work  here  is  certainly  uphill 
business.  The  only  work  of  any  conse- 
quence is  P.  W.  A  work,  and  the  law 
provides  that  resident  labor  is  to  be  em- 
ployed on  that  work. 

Chas.  H.  Sand,  Secretary. 
Chicago   District   Council   of 
Carpenters. 


Locals  Organized 

Cushing,  Okla. 
Gladewater,  Tex. 
La  Salle,  111. 
Quincy,  Fla. 
Borger,  Tex. 
Jasper,  Ala. 
Lawrence,  Kans. 
Granville,  N.  Y. 
Marshfield,  Ore. 
Naperville,  111. 
Elkins,  W.  Va. 
Montevallo,  Ala. 
Gideon,  Mo. 


Regular  Meeting  of  the  General  Execu- 
tive Board,  April,  1934 

Since  the  previous  session  of  the  General 
Executive  Board  the  following  trade  movements 
were  acted  upon. 

February  8,  1934. 

Athens,  Ohio,  L.  U.  1720. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  62|c  to  75c  per  hour, 
effective  April  16,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

February  9,  1934. 

Decatur,    111.,   L.   U.    742. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.20  per  hour, 
5  day  week,  double  time  for  all  overtime,  effec- 
tive April  1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 
February  26,  1934. 

Columbus,  Ohio,  L.  U.  200. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  80c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  effective  April  16,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

Newburyport,  Mass.,  L.  U.  989. — Movement 
for  an  increase  in  wages  from  70c  to  80c  per 
hour,  effective  March  12,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

Oil  City,  Pa.,  L.  U.  830. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  80c  to  $1.00  per  hour, 
effective  May  1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 

Evansville,  Ind.,  L.  U.  90. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from   85c  to  $1.20  per  hour, 
effective  May  1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 
February  28,  1934. 

Ottumwa,  Iowa,  L.  U.  767. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  effective  March  2,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

March   1,   1934. 

Flora,  111.,  L.  U.  1404. — Movement  for  an  in- 
crease in  wages  from  65c  to  80c  per  hour,  35 
hour  week,  effective  May  1,  1934.  Official  sanc- 
tion granted. 

Meridian,  Miss.,  L.  U.  2313. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  80c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  effective  April  1,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

March  5,  1934. 

St.  Joseph,  Mich.,  L.  U.  898. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 
hour  and  40  hour  week,  effective  April  1,  1934. 
Official  sanction  granted. 

March  9,  1934. 

Peoria,  111.,  L.  U.  183. — Movement  for  an  in- 
crease in  wages  from  $1.00  to  $1.25   per  hour, 
effective  May  1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 
March  16,  1934. 

Lexington,  Ky.,  L.  IT.  1650. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  90c  per  hour 
and  the  5  day  week,  effective  April  1,  1934. 
Official  sanction  granted. 

March  19,  1934. 

Bloomington,  Ind.,  L.  U.  1664. — Movement 
for  reduction  in  working  hours  from  45  to  40 
per  week,  effective  May  15,  1934.  Official  sanc- 
tion granted. 

March  22.   1934. 

New  Philadelphia,  Ohio,  L.  U.  1802. — Move- 
ment for  an  increase  in  wages  from  80c  to 
$1.00  per  hour  and  40  hour  week,  effective  May 
1,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted. 

March  30,  1934. 

Sheboygan,  Wise,  L.  U.  657. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  85c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  6  hour  day  and  5  day  week,  effective  May 
1,  1934.    Official  sanction  only  granted. 

April  5,  1934. 

Pensacola,  Fla.,  L.  U.  1194. — Movement  for 
an    increase   in    wages    from    75c    to    $1.00    per 


20 


THE     CARPENTER 


hoar,  effective  April  15,  1934.    Official  Sanction 
granted. 

April   9,    1934. 
Columbia,    Mo.,    L.    U.    192". — Movement    for 
mi    increase   in    wages    from    85c    to    $1.00    per 
hour,    effective   May    1,    1!)34.     Official    sanction 
granted. 

April  13,  1934. 
Muskogee,  Okla.,   L.   U.   1072. — Movement  for 
the  5  day  week,  effective  March  13,  1934.    Offi- 
cial sanction  granted. 

*        *        * 

Indianapolis,   Ind., 
April  23,  1934. 

The  General  Executive  Board  met  in  regular 
session  on  the  above  date.    All  members  present. 

Falls  Cities  D.  C,  Louisville,  Ky. — Movement 
for  the  G  hour  day,  30  hour  week  and  $1.25 
per  hour,  effective  June  1,  1934.  Official  sanc- 
tion granted. 

Twin  City  D.  C.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. — Move- 
ment for  an  increase  in  wages  from  85c  to  $1.20 
per  hour  and  the  6  hour  day,  effective  June  1, 
1934.  Official  sanction  granted  without  finan- 
cial aid. 

Mobile,  Ala.,  L.  U.  89. — Movement  for  an  in- 
crease in  wages  from  80c  to  $1.00  per  hour, 
effective  June  1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 

Sheffield,  Ala.,  L.  U.  109. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  90c  to  $1.00  and  the 
40  hour  week,  effective  June  1,  1934.  Official 
sanction   granted. 

E.  Liverpool,  Ohio.,  L.  U.  328. — Movement 
for  a  scale  of  wages  of  $1.20  per  hour,  effective 
May  1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 

Rochester,  Pa.,  L.  U.  422. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.25  per  hour, 
effective  June  1,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  L.  U.  690. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  80c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  effective  July  SO,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

Pressmen's  Home,  Tenn.,  L.  U.  1555. — Move- 
ment for  an  increase  in  wages  from  50c  to  65c 
per  hour,  effective  June  10,  1934.  Official  sanc- 
tion granted. 

Kilgore,  Tex.,  L.  U.  1671. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  87|c  per  hour, 
effective  May  10,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted. 

Continuation  of  bond  on  General  Treasurer, 
Thomas  Alfred  Neale,  No.  16-04-509-27  for 
Fifty-Thousand  Dollars  was  received  and  re- 
ferred to  the  General  Secretary  for  safe  keep- 
ing. 

Continuation  of  bond  on  Clifton  A.  Meloy, 
Bookkeeper,  No.  27661-04-526-31  for  Two- 
Thousand  Dollars  was  received  and  referred  to 
the  General   Secretary  for  safe  keeping. 

Eldorado,  Ark.,  L.  U.  1101. — Request  for 
cancellation  of  back  tax  due  the  General  Office 
was  denied  as  the  G.  E.  B.  has  no  such  au- 
thority. 

April  24,  1934. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  L.  U.  277. — Questions  the 
right  of  the  G.  E.  B.  to  bond  local  financial 
officers.  The  answer  of  the  General  Secretary 
thereto  was  concurred  in,  approved  and  adopt- 
ed as  the  action  of  the  G.  E.  B.  as  our  laws 
provide  that  the  G.  E.  B.  shall  bond  all  subor- 
dinate officers  through  the  General  Office. 

Charges  of  Brother  Charles  Wardelich,  mem- 
ber of  L.  U.  2725,  New  York  City  against  Chas. 
Hanson,  President  of  the  New  York  District 
Council,  were  read  and  referred  to  the  General 
President. 

The  report  of  the  Committe  appointed  by  the 
G.   P.   by  direction  of  the  G.   E.   B.  at  its   last 


meeting  held  January  15,  1934,  to  investigate; 
the  charges  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
New  York  District  Council  against  L.  U.  2725, 
New  York  City,  was  carefully  considered  by  the 
(I.  E.  1'..  after  which  it  was  referred  to  the 
General  President  for  such  action  as  he  deems 
necessary. 

A  communication  from  President  Green  of 
the  A.  F.  of  L.,  asking  for  support  of  the 
Wajnier-Connery  Disputes  Act  was  placed  before 
the  G.  E.  B.  This  act  provides  that  employes 
shall  have  the  right  to  organize  and  join  labor 
organizations  and  engage  in  concerted  activities 
for  the  purpose  of  collective  bargaining. 

The  act  opposes  the  establishment  of  Com- 
pany Unions  and  penalizes  employers  who  sup- 
port Company  Unions  or  finances  them. 

The  act  further  provides  for  the  settlement 
of  industrial  disputes  through  the  National 
Labor  Board. 

The  G.  E.  B.  carefully  considered  and  dis- 
cussed President  Greens'  letter  as  well  as  the 
Wagner-Connery  Disputes  Act,  after  which  the 
Board  endorsed  the  principle  of  the  right  of 
workers  to  organize,  but  strenuously  opposes 
compulsory  arbitration  in  any  form. 

Mattoon,  111.,  L.  U.  347. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  62£  to  80c  per  hour  and 
the  40-hour  week,  effective  April  15,  1934.  Offi- 
cial sanction  granted. 

Correspondence  from  the  Building  Trades 
Department  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  relative  to  the 
reaffiliation  of  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Car- 
penters and  Joiners  of  America  with  the  Build- 
ing Trades  Department  was  carefully  considered 
and  discussed  after  which  it  was  decided  that 
the  matter  be  held  in  abeyance  for  further  in- 
vestigation. 

The  regular  quarterly  audit  of  the  books  and 
accounts  was  taken  up  at  this  time  and  con- 
tinued throughout  the  day. 

April  25,  1934. 
Audit  of  books  and  accounts   continued. 

April   26,   1934. 
Audit  of  books  and  accounts  continued. 

April   27,   1934. 

Danville,  111.,  L.  U.  269. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  87|  to  $1.00  per  hour 
effective  July  1,  1934.  Official  sanction  only 
granted. 

Elkhart,  Ind.,  L.  U.  565. — Movement  for  a 
scale  of  $1.00  per  hour  effective  April  1,  1934. 
Official  sanction  granted. 

Jacksonville,  111.,  L.  U.-904. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  effective  June  10,  1934.  Official  sanction 
only,  granted. 

Protest  of  L.  U.  482,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
against  the  action  of  the  G.  T.  on  account  of 
the  death  of  Felix  McKiernan.  The  decision  of 
the  G.  T.  was  sustained  on  grounds  set  forth 
therein  and  protest  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  Edward  Penman,  L.  U.  453,  Au- 
burn, N.  Y.  from  the  decision  of  the  G.  T.  on 
account  of  the  claim  for  disability  donation. 
Laid  over  until  next  meeting  of  the  G.  E.  B. 

Appeal  of  Nis.  Pedersen,  L.  U.  181,  Chicago, 
111.,  from  the  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  the  ease 
of  Nis  Pedersen  vs.  the  Chicago  District  Coun- 
cil. The  decision  rendered  by  the  G.  P.  was 
sustained  on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and  the 
appeal  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  Alex  Johnson,  L.  U.  58,  Chicago, 
111.,  from  the  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  the  case  of 
Alex  Johnson  vs.  the  Chicago  District  Council. 
The   decision    rendered   by   the  G.    P.   was    sus- 


THE     CARPENTER 


21 


tained    on    grounds    set    forth    therein    and    the 
appeal  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  J.  C.  Nielsen,  L.  U.  80,  Chicago, 
111.,  from  the  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  the  case  of 
J.  C.  Nielsen  vs.  the  Chicago  District  Council. 
The  decision  rendered  by  the  G.  P.  was  sus- 
tained on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and  the 
appeal  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  Jens  C.  Nielsen,  L.  U.  58,  Chicago, 
111.,  from  the  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  the  case 
of  Jens  C.  Nielsen  vs.  the  Chicago  District 
Council.  The  decision  rendered  by  the  G.  P. 
was  sustained  on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and 
the  appeal  was  dismissed.' 

Appeal  of  Christ  Williams,  L.  U.  105,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  from  the  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  the 
case  of  Christ  Williams  vs.  the  Cuyahoga  Coun- 
ty D.  C.  The  decision  rendered  by  the  G.  P. 
was  sustained  on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and 
the  appeal  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  L.  U.  122,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  from 
the  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  the  case  of  S.  H. 
Blizzard,  L.  U.  122  vs.  Local  Union  122.  The 
decision  rendered  by  the  G.  P.  was  sustained 
on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and  the  appeal 
was  dismissed. 

Audit  of  books  and  accounts  continued. 

April   30,    1934. 

Washington,  D.  C.  District  Council. — Move- 
ment for  an  increase  in  wages  from  $1.00  to 
$1.37j  Per  hour,  6  hour  day,  5  day  week,  effec- 
tive May  1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 

Grand  Forks,  N.  D.,  L.  U.  2028. — Movement 
for  an  increase  in  wages  from  80c  to  $1.00  per 
hour  and  40  hour  week,  effective  July  1,  1934. 
Official   sanction   granted. 

Logan,  W.  Va.,  L.  U.  1969. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  85c  per  hour, 
effective  April  13,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

Appeal  of  L.  U.  2163,  New  York  City,  from 
the  findings  of  Board  Member  Guerin  appointed 
by  the  General  President  to  take  up  the  com- 
plaint of  said  Local  asainst  the  New  York  Dis- 
trict Council.  The  findings  were  sustained  and 
the  appc"al  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  Eugene  H.  Lamparter,  L.  IT.  122, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  from  the  decision  of  the  G. 
P.  in  the  case  of  Eugene  Lamparter  vs.  L.  U. 
122.  The  decision  of  the  G.  P.  was  sustained 
on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and  the  appeal 
was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  L.  U.  312,  New  Meliford,  N.  J., 
from  the  action  of  the  G.  T.  in  disapproving 
the  claim  on  account  of  the  death  of  Nicholas 
H.  Prell.  The  action  of  the  G.  T.  was  sustained 
on  grounds  set  forth  therein  and  the  appeal 
was  dismissed. 

May  1,  1934. 

Falls  Cities  District  Council,  Ky.,  (Millmen) 
— Movement  for  an  increase  in  wages  from  50c 
to  85c  per  hour  and  the  6  hour  day,  30  hour 
week,  effective  July  2,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

Salem,  Oregon,  L.  U.  1065.— Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 
hour  and  the  6  hour  day,  effective  June  4, 
1934.    Official  sanction   granted. 

Audit  of  the  books  and  accounts  continued. 
May  2,  1934. 

Audit  of  the  books  and  accounts   continued. 
May  3,  1934. 

Audit  of  the  books  and  accounts  completed. 

The  following  report  was  received  from  the 
special  sub-committee  of  the  G.  E.  B. 

"We  the  undersigned  sub-committee  of  the 
General   Executive   Board,   have  made  an   audit 


of  the  United  States  Liberty  Bonds  and  Cana- 
dian Bonds  held  by  General  Treasurer  Neale, 
in  vaults  of  the  Indiana  National  Bank  as  fol- 
lows : 

Denomination 

7  Bonds  4th  Liberty  .$10,000  00     $  70,000  00 

7  Bonds    4th    Liberty 

coupon    10,000  00         70,000  00 

1   Certificate     of     de- 
posit       60,000  00 

Canadian   Bonds. . .  100,000  00 

Signed : 

J.  W.  Williams, 
T.  M.  Guerin, 
J.   L.    Bradford. 
There  being  no  further  business  to  come,  be- 
fore  the   meeting,    the    minutes    were   approved 
as  read  and  meeting  adjourned. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Secretary. 


DEATH   ROLL 


WILLIAM   CHARLETON — -Local   Union 
No.    1325,   Edmonton,  Canada. 

P.    R.    REDINGTON — Local    Union    No. 
490,  Passaic,  N.  J. 


Courtesy 

A  man  armed  with  courtesy  is  a  con- 
queror. 

Courtesy  costs  nothing;  but  it  is 
the  greatest  selling  proposition  in  the 
world. 

Courtesy  recalls  the  customer  and  in- 
vites a  new  one;  discourtesy  drives  away 
those  you  have  and  keeps  away  others. 

Wisdom  is  always  courteous;  dis- 
courtesy is  the  earmark  of  stupidity. 

Discourtesy  is  no  mark  of  superiority. 
The  real  aristocrat  is  the  most  courteous 
to  those  whom  fate  has  placed  in  lesser 
walks  of  life  than  those  he  treads;  thus 
we  have  a  paradox  which  is  a  great 
truth — a  real  democrat  is  the  only  real 
aristocrat. 

We  all  like  money,  but  there  is  not 
one  of  us  that  does  not  know  there  are 
things  more  precious  than  money. 

One's  self  respect  is  one  of  them.  The 
discourteous  man  insults  the  self-respect 
of  others  and  makes  enemies  of  them 
while  he  is  making  a  fool  of  himself. 


I  rejoice  at  every  effort  workingmen 
make  to  organize.  I  hail  the  labor 
movement;  it  is  my  only  hope  for  de- 
mocracy. Organize  and  stand  together. 
Let  the  nation  hear  a.  united  demand 
from  the  laboring  voice. — Wendell  Phil- 
lips. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal   Is   Not  Responsible   For  Views   Expressed   By   Correspondents. 


Profits  and  War  Making 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

Today  every  thinking  person  knows 
that  if  this  country  had  stayed  out  of 
the  war  this  depression  would  not  have 
been  of  such  severe  proportion. 

In  recent  years  it  has  been  established 
especially  by  publishing  of  secret  rec- 
ords from  the  old  Russian  archives  by 
the  Bolsheviks  that  the  actual  cause  of 
war  was  the  secret  diplomatic  agree- 
ments of  which  the  people  at  large  were 
not  informed. 

If  an  embargo  on  arms  had  been  de- 
clared and  if  American  money  had  been 
withheld,  the  European  war  fire  would 
have  burned  itself  out  in  less  than  two 
years  with  most  European  countries  flat 
on  their  backs.  It  would  have  ended  in 
a  draw  and  each  side  would  have  paid 
its  own  bill,  and  best  of  all,  militarists 
who  were  responsible  for  the  war  would 
have  broken  their  own  necks.  Unfortu- 
nately in  most  countries  they  are  firmer 
in  saddle  now  than  ever  before,  thanks 
to  the  American  money,  munition  and 
man-power! 

The  American  munition-makers  were 
paid  by  the  Allies  for  only  part  of  their 
armaments  in  20  months,  $2,351,000,- 
000.  A  sure  sign  that  the  World  War 
was  not  the  last  war,  is  the  fact  that 
Vickers  Ltd.,  in  England,  which  was 
capitalized  in  1914  at  $27,700,000, 
grew  up  to  8  0  Million  Dollars  in  1932. 
Also  the  Austrian  concern  (Skoda)  pro- 
ducers of  the  Big  Berthas,  which  re- 
duced the  Belgian  forts  so  quickly  with 
heavy  long  distance  artillery.  That  same 
firm  is  now  located  in  Czecho  Slovakia 
and  apparently  doing  fine  business  as 
they  paid  five  per  cent  interest  in  19  2  0 
and  raised  the  interest  rate  every  year 
so  that  in  1928  they  paid  28%  per  cent 
on  stocks. 

I  believe  the  only  permanent  way  of 
outlawing  war  is  by  making  all  arms 
and  poison  gas  production  Government 
Monopoly.  I  believe  in  national  defense 
and    also    in    preparedness    because    the 


human  animal  is  not  yet  ready  for  a 
world  in  which  peace  is  universal.  One 
good  step  forward  toward  national  de- 
fense would  be  to  have  civilians  serve 
for  one  dollar  a  day  like  soldiers,  and 
commandeer  all  needed  factories,  for 
Government  use. 

National  defense  should  be  financed 
without  interest  bearing  bonds  but  by 
issuing  legal  tender  currency  which 
should  be  retired  by  and  by;  tax-  ex- 
empt Government  bonds  should  not  be 
floated  at  all. 

We,  in  Wisconsin  should  be  satisfied 
with  the  fact  that  our  late  good  Bob 
La  Follette,  Senior,  did  his  best  to 
keep  us  out  of  the  war  as  long  as  pos- 
sible and  that  he  was  one  of  the  six  in 
United  States  Senate  and  the  fifty  in 
Congress  who  stood  up  for  their  convic- 
tion and  let  themselves  be  designated 
as  traitors  by  the  Mob-spirit. 

During  World  War  there  were  many 
people  who  gained  materially  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  rest  of  the  people,  as  com- 
piled figures  show  that  for  every  man 
killed  in  the  war  the  sum  of  $2,500  v/as 
spent  but  at  the  same  time  for  every 
American  soldier  killed  in  the  war  there 
was  one  millionaire  made  at  home. 

The  concentration  of  wealth  in  the 
U.  S.  A.  was  never  so  great  as  it  has 
become  since  the  World  War.  As  is 
shown  by  taking  the  total  wealth  as 
$100  in  the  United  States  and  the  total 
population  as  100  persons  it  follows  that 
one  person  owns  $59.00 — one  person 
owns  $9.00,  22  persons  each  $1.22  and 
76  persons  each  $0.07. 

The  time,  has  come  for  every  man 
in  the  building  industry  to  become  a 
booster,  I  think  that  the  least  a  building 
tradesman  can  do  for  his  family  is  to 
provide  a  decent  home,  it  is  foolish  to 
say  that  America  is  over  built  as  long 
as  some  people  live  in  basement  quarters 
and  other  unfit  conditions. 

There  are  two  causes  for  the  build- 
ing slump — first,  the  high  rate  of  inter- 
est for  loans  and  the  unfair  taxation  of 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


the  real  estate  which  disregards  actual 
ownership.  The  fair  taxation  would  be 
on  the  basis  of  the  rental  from  such 
real  estate  and  by  discounting  the  in- 
debtedness, this  would  bring  the  prop- 
erty owner  to  the  same  basis  as  other 
citizens  who  invest  their  money  in  any 
other  form  and  pay  taxes  according  to 
the  actual  return  and  then  only  after 
a  certain  exemption  for  wife  and  chil- 
dren. 

The  only  way  out  is:  tax  revisions 
and  lower  rate  and  long  term  financing 
of  building  operations. 

Ludwig  Raidl, 
L.  U.  No.  1053.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  170 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

May  I  present  Ladies'  Auxiliary  No. 
170,  San  Diego,  Calif.,  with  a  member- 
ship at  present  of  thirty.  We  lost  several 
members  the  past  year,  and  now  have  a 
movement  under  way  to  start  a  member- 
ship drive.  We  know  if  we  can  get  the 
members  of  the  Carpenters'  Unions  in- 
terested in  our  Auxiliary,  it  will  be  the 
first  step  towards  increasing  our  mem- 
bership. 

Our  business  meetings  are  held  at 
the  home  of  members  the  fourth  Thurs- 
day of  each  month.  We  serve  pot-luck 
luncheon  at  noon,  and  have  a  business 
meeting  at  2:00  P.  M. 

The  second  Wednesday  of  the  month 
we  hold  a  social  gathering  for  all  Un- 
ion Carpenters  and  families,  at  the 
Golden  Hill  Club  House,  (in  beautiful 
Balboa  Park);  dinner  at  6:00  P.  M. 
and  cards  afterwards  for  those  who  de- 
sire to  play. 

An  annual  picnic  in  June,  and  Christ- 
mas dinner  and  entertainment  for  Union 
Carpenters  and  families  are  our  yearly 
activities. 

Letters  from  other  Auxiliaries  are 
read  with  interest. 

Mayme  N.  Barnes,  Sec'y, 
L.  A.  No.  170.         East  San  Diego,  Calif. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  256 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

In  reading  "The  Carpenter"  which  is 
always  of  interest  to  me,  I  have  come 
across  letters  from  a  few  Ladies'  Auxili- 
ary unions,  and  it  occurred  to  me  that  it 
might  be  of  some  interest  to  hear  about 


our  Auxiliary.  Carpenters  Local  72  of 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  now  has  the  assistance 
of  some  of  their  wives.  We  are  known 
as  Ladies  Auxiliary  2  5  6,  and  a  most 
interested  organization  of  ladies  we  are. 

On  March  6,  1934,  our  officers  were 
elected,  and  installed  by  General  Repre- 
sentative John  Ryan,  with  a  Charter 
membership  of  24;  our  Charter  having 
been  presented  to  us  by  our  Brothers  of 
Local  72.  We  have  since  gained  three 
new  members.  We  meet  every  1st  and 
3rd  Tuesday  evenings  in  Carpenters 
Hall,  113  N.  Fitzhugh  St.,  Rochester, 
and  to  date  our  meetings  have  been 
gratifyingly  attended. 

On  Tuesday  evening,  April  17th,  in 
Carpenters  Hall,  we  held  our  first  social 
event.  Although  it  was  late  in  the  sea- 
son we  were  most  pleased  and  satisfied, 
both  from  a  social  and  financial  view- 
point. We  held  a  short  business  session, 
following  it  with  a  card  party — very  in- 
formal— the  idea  being  to  bring  out  the 
wives  of  other  carpenters,  that  we  might 
become  better  acquainted.  All  sorts  of 
card  games  were  played  and  many  prizes 
won.  Refreshments  were  served  and 
everyone  had  a  most  enjoyable  evening. 

We  hope  to  make  our  next  event  a 
joint  evening  with  our  Brothers  in  Car- 
penters Local  72.  Apart  from  the  social 
side  of  our  Auxiliary  it  is  our  intention 
to  try  to  promote  the  use  of  the  Union 
Label  and  to  do  our  utmost  to  place  it 
in  stores  that  do  not  already  carry  it. 
We  are  anxious  to  create  more  interest 
in  the  minds  of  the  wives  of  our  broth- 
ers, as  to  the  "value"  of  the  Label. 

Any  communication  from  other  Aux- 
iliaries will  be  most  cordially  received 
by  us.  We  extend  to  all  other  Auxili- 
aries our  best  wishes  for  their  continued 
success. 

Helen  Sismey,  Rec.  Sec. 
L.  A.  No.  2  5  6.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


"If  you  must  hammer,  build  some- 
thing." That  is  homely  advice,  but  it 
fits  most  knockers  admirably.  The  man 
who  does  little  or  nothing  worth  while 
himself  is  usually  found  to  be  the  se- 
verest critic  of  every  one  who  tries  to 
accomplish  things.  "The  critic  is  the 
man  who  has  not  tried  or  has  failed." — 
Tony's  Scrap  Book. 


Keep  Your  Dues  Paid  Up 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


Organized  Labor  A  Benefit  To  Business 

Speaking  at  a  mass  meeting  in  Beaver 
Dam,  Wisconsin,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Hosiery 
Workers,  Rev.  J.  W.  R.  Maguire,  presi- 
dent of  St.  Viator  College,  Bourbonnais, 
Illinois,  and  a  member  of  the  Ghicago 
Regional    Labor   Board,   said: 

"Instead  of  the  business  man  being 
opposed  to  the  advancement  of  labor 
through  organization,  he  should  be  in 
favor  of  it  because  it  means  more  money 
for  the  laborer  to  spend. 

"Industry  has  but  one  rightful  end, 
that  of  providing  the  right  means  of 
livelihood.  For  150  years  we  have  been 
lulled  into  an  economic  theory  that  cer- 
tain important  factors  are  fixed  and  can- 
not be  changed.  Now  economists  agree 
on  an  order  based  on  human  arrange- 
ments and  that  old  theories  can  be 
changed.  Like  Rip  Van  Winkle  many 
employers  under  laissez-faire  have  fall- 
en asleep  and  haven't  awakened  to  the 
changed   world. 

"We  must  put  more  clothes  on  peo- 
ple's backs,  give  them  more  food,  more 
decent  homes  in  which  to  live,  more 
bath  tubs  and  automobiles.  There  are 
12,000,000  people  in  this  country  who 
want  automobiles  and  haven't  got 
them."     - 


Strike-Breakers  an  Unnecessary  Evil 

The  last  A.  F.  of  L.  convention  resolu- 
tion requesting  congressional  investiga- 
tion of  the  activities  of  strike-breaking 
agencies  deserves  the  attention  of  all  de- 
cent elements  of  industry  and  society. 
The  gathering  and  transportation  of  a 
horde  of  undesirables  to  the  scene  of 
probable  labor  differences  is  a  reprehen- 
sible practice  with  many  objectionable 
features  aside  from  the  angle  of  fair- 
ness in  trade  disputes.  By  the  dumping 
of  a  crowd  of  irresponsibles  into  a  com- 
munity the  citizens  thereof  are  thereby 
Tendered  subject  to  all  the  indignities 
the  prescence  of  thugs  may  inflict  upon 
them.  Strike-breakers  are  never  brought 
into  a  city  with  any  thought  of  perma- 
nency; when  their  services  as  a  threat 
to  replace  decent  workers  has  served 
the  purpose  of  their  master  they  are 
turned  adrift  until  need  again  is  appar- 
ent. Their  main  utility  is  to  awe  into 
submission  by  their  immediate  presence 
those  citizen-workers  with  whom  em- 
ployers differ.  If  it  becomes  impossible 
to  overawo  legitimate  workers  and  the 


imported  thugs  supplant  their  betters, 
home-owners,  taxpayers  and  loyal  citi- 
zens are  deprived  of  their  livelihood, 
temporarily  at  least,  and  the  imported 
ones  lessen  the  possibilities  of  local  busi- 
ness by  sending  elsewhere  what  wages 
are  granted  them  or  save  it  for  the  in- 
evitable move  to  come. 

Character  is  not  a  requisite  of  the 
strike-breaker;  if  he  has  a  criminal  rec- 
ord he  is  preferable  to  others  upon 
whom  the  heavy  hand  of  the  law  has  not 
yet  fallen.  The  question  of  personal 
habits  is  never  raised;  will  he  work  for 
less  than  the  man  he  supplants  is  most 
important.  Adeptness  in  the  shady  arts 
of  the  underworld  renders  him  all  the 
more  fitted  for  his  avocation.  Moral 
courage  among  strike-breakers  is  an  un- 
known attribute;  the  lowest  form  of 
animal  life  finds  its  counterpart  among 
the  malcontents  who  compose  the  mob 
at  the  beck  and  call  of  leaders  of  even 
less  moral  stamina. 

The  government  in  endeavoring  to 
curb  crime  is  antagonizing  the  activi- 
ties of  the  gangster,  which  is  well.  It  is 
not  impossible  that  many  of  the  class 
considered  obnoxious  to  society  could  be 
found  among  the  ranks  of  strike-break- 
ers. Crime  curbed  at  its  source  ceases 
to  be  a  menace.  And  investigation  of 
strike-breaking  activities  will  no  doubt 
disclose  many  who  thus  hide  their  indi- 
vidual misdemeanors  under  the  blanket 
of  mob  psychology.  There  are,  perhaps, 
exceptions,  but  these  prove  the  rule. 

A  government  investigation  might 
well  begin  with  those  representatives  of 
trade  associations  who  are  charged  with 
the  duty  of  assembling  and  herding  the 
nondescripts  until  their  alleged  services 
are  in  demand  by  those  employers  who 
turn  deaf  ears  to  the  rights  of  legiti- 
mate workers  and  would  wreck  rather 
than  conciliate.  Modern  methods  in  la- 
bor differences  have  long  since  rendered 
obsolete  the  necessity  of  mobsters  to 
support  argument,  and  there  should  be 
little  difficulty  in  securing  the  support 
of  all  decent  citizens  to  a  movement  de- 
signed to  suppress  the  activities  of  the 
strike-breaker  and  the  "higher-ups"  re- 
sponsible for  his  existence.  There  is  no 
place  in  the  modern  scheme  of  econom- 
ics for  the  gang  and  gag  rules  of  the 
old  days. 


It  takes  money  to  operate  everything 
-even  a  union. 


THE     CARPENTER 


25 


Prosperity  Rests  on  Higher  Wages,  De- 
clares Boston  Merchant 

Lack  of  vigorous  enforcement  of  the 
Recovery  Act's  labor  provisions  and  the 
failure  of  employers  to  realize  that  high- 
er wages  and  shorter  hours  would  cre- 
ate better  business  are  the  two  biggest 
obstacles  confronting  the  movement  to 
restore  prosperity,  Edward  A.  Filene, 
Boston's  multi-millionaire  department 
store  owner  declared  recently  in  Wash- 
ington. 

Filene  has  just  concluded  a  personal 
investigation  of  recovery  possibilities 
and  sentiment  in  14  large  American 
cities  in  all  sections  of  the  nation.  He 
presented  his  findings  to  the  NRA  gen- 
eral conference  of  code  authorities  and 
later  directly  to  President  Roosevelt. 

"If  business  men  would  understand 
that  we  would  make  our  own  market  by 
increasing  wages,  they  would  work  as 
hard  for  shortening  hours  and  raising 
pay  as  they  did  in  the  opposite  direction 
in  the  past,"  said  Filene. 

"Business  men  are  missing  their  big 
chance.  If  they  succeed  in  keeping 
hours  up  and  wages  down  they  are  kill- 
ing their  own  market.  The  masses  of 
workers  with  small  incomes  supply  more 
than  two-thirds  of  the  whole  market." 

Filene  said  the  only  important  criti- 
cism of  the  Roosevelt  administration 
that  he  had  met  with  all  over  the  coun- 
try concerned  its  lack  of  enforcement 
of  labor  policies. 


Recovery   and    Construction 

"Conviction  grows,"  says  the  Chris- 
tian Science  Monitor,  "that  there  can  be 
no  thorough-going  recovery  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  unless  and  until  a  healthy  vol- 
ume of  ordinary  construction  shall  have 
been  started." 

There  are  definite  signs  on  the  hori- 
zon that  the  start  is  not  far  away.  Pub- 
lic works  activities  have  provided  great 
impetus.  Various  proposals  now  being 
considered  to  make  small  home  build- 
ing easier,  have  created  justified  hopes 
for  achievements  in  the  near  future. 
And,  most  important  of  all  is  the  fact 
that  the  wage  earner  finds  himself  with 
steadier  work  at  better  pay — and  is  in 
need  of  more  and  better  housing. 

During  depression  there  was  a  mini- 
mum of  new  residential  building.  Doub- 
ling up  of  families  in  small  homes  was 
common.    Thousands  of  homes  were  al- 


lowed to  fall  in  disrepair,  because  of 
lack  of  funds,  and  depreciation  has  been 
abnormally  high.  In  addition,  population 
changes,  fires,  tornadoes,  floods  and 
other  elements  have  destroyed  multi- 
tudes of  homes  or  rendered  them  use- 
less. 

Any  national  movement  starts  slowly 
but  accelerates  with  amazing  speed. 
That  will  be  true  of  new  construction. 
The  builders  and  material  makers  will 
be  called  upon  to  meet  increased  de- 
mand. Labor  and  technical  supervision 
may  be  at  a  premium.  Price  rises  are 
unavoidable.  The  moral  is  do  your  build- 
ing and  repairing  now. 


"Capital  Wages"  for  1932  Exceed  Fig- 
ure for  1928 

"Wages  of  capital"  in  the  form  of 
dividend  payments  and  interest  paid  on 
bonds  during  1932  surpassed  the  1928 
level  and  approached  the  $7,000,000,- 
000  mark  was  disclosed. 

Wages  and  salaries  paid  out  for  work, 
however,  dropped  in  1932  to  a  little 
more  than  one-half  of  the  1928  peak 
figure. 

The  large  banks  of  New  York  appear 
to  be  the  most  prosperous  enterprises  as 
a  group.  Their  aggregate  dividends  for 
19  3  2  have  been  calculated  as  16  per 
cent  on  their  capitalization — one  of 
them,  the  First  National,  paying  100 
per  cent  on  its  stock. 

These  highlights  of  the  departed  year 
were  discovered  in  a  survey  of  the  cur- 
rent economic  reports. 

Dividend  and  interest  payments  of 
$6,472,000,000  for  the  first  eleven 
months  of  the  year,  as  compiled  by  the 
New  York  Journal  of  Commerce,  were 
reported  in  the  United  States  Commerce 
Department's  monthly  business  survey. 
This  compares  with  more  than  $8,000,- 
000,000  for  each  of  the  two  previous 
years,  about  $7,500,000,000  for  1929, 
and  $6,028,000,000  for  1928.  The  fig- 
ures are  fairly  close  to  the  government's 
own  official  totals  for  the  years  up  to 
1932. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor's 
estimate  of  wages  and  salaries  for  193  2 
is  $28,232,000,000,  as  compared  with 
$50,058,000,000  for  1928,  $53,252,000,- 
000  for  the  peak  year  of  1929,  $45,- 
770,000,000  for  1925,  $36,000,000,000 
for  1922,  $25,000,000,0000  for  1917, 
and  $18,520,000,000  for  1913. 


26 


THE     CARPENTER 


Bills     To     Modify     Immigration     Act 
Threaten  U.  S.  Workers'  Jobs 

The  jobs  of  American  workers,  and 
the  prospects  of  new  jobs  for  those  now 
unemployed,  are  in  danger.  Despite  the 
large  amount  of  unemployment,  amend- 
ments to  our  immigration  laws  are  be- 
ing offered  in  Congress  that  would  ad- 
mit large  numbers  of  aliens  who  would 
be  seeking  jobs  in  competition  with 
those  already  here. 

In  fairness  to  those  now  in  the  coun- 
try, whether  native  or  foreign  born,  the 
laws  limiting  immigration  should  be 
strengthened,  rather  than  weakened,  if 
we  are  to  save  the  available  jobs  for 
those  now  here. 

Contrary  to  general  belief,  the  immi- 
gration act  passed  in  192  4  did  not  settle 
the  question  of  limitation  of  immigra- 
tion for  all  time.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
for  the  last  three  years  all  that  has 
prevented  the  admission  of  at  least  half 
a  million  aliens  has  been  a  temporary 
executive  order,  enforced  by  the  State 
Department,  refusing  immigration  visas 
to  anyone  without  a  definite  means  of 
support,  and  so  likely  to  become  a  public 
charge. 

Even  this  executive  order  is  tempor- 
ary, i  As  soon  as  jobs  in  any  number 
bceome  available  it  may  be  lifted,  again 
permitting  foreigners  to  come  in  and 
seek  jobs  in  competition  with  workers 
how  here. 

The  19  24  immigration  act  establishes 
a  quota  for  Europe  of  150,000  immi- 
grants a  year,  apportioned  among  the 
various  European  countries.  But  out- 
side of  this  quota  it  permits  the  entry 
of  an  indefinite  number  of  Europeans, 
such  as  wives  and  children  of  immi- 
grants, ministers  and  professors,  stu- 
dents, etc.  The  law  excludes  Asiatics, 
but  places  no  limit  on  the  number  of  im- 
migrants from  Mexico,  the  West  Indies, 
and  the  other  countries  of  North,  Cen- 
tral and  South  America,  and  the  Philip- 
pines. With  the  removal  of  the  "Likely 
to  become  a  public  charge"  provision, 
those  desiring  cheap  labor  would  again 
receive  a  total  of  some  300,000  persons 
a  year,  as  they  did  in  the  six  years  from 
1924  to  1930. 

As  a  result  of  the  openings  left  in 
the  immigration  dikes  in  1924,  the  Unit- 
ed States  received  over  1,7  62,000  im- 
migrants, as  against  the  900,000  that 
would  have  come  in  if  the  European  al- 
lowance   of    150,000    within    the    quota 


had  been  the  total  allowance  from  all 
sources. 

The  effort  being  made  to  break  down 
the  laws  limiting  immigration  is  clever 
and  insidious.  Some  50  bills  have  been 
introduced  in  the  present  Congress  to 
modify  the  law  and  make  it  easier  for 
foreigners  to  enter.  Taken  singularly 
many  of  these  bills  are  insignificant  but 
collectively  they  would  undermine  and 
break  down  the  law. 

It  is  time  that  Congress  cease  giving 
favorable  consideration  to  bills  favoring 
special  classes  of  foreigners,  and  do 
something  in  the  way  of  further  limita- 
tion of  immigration  in  the  interest  of 
our  own  unemployed. 


What  We  Could  Do  With  War  Costs 

Taking  the  accepted  cost  of  the  World 
War  at  30,000,000  lives  and  $400,000,- 
000,000,  Dr.  Butler  finds  that  with  this 
money: 

Every  family  in  the  United  States, 
Canada,  Australia,  British  Isles,  Prance, 
Belgium,  Germany  and  Russia  could 
have  been  provided  with  a  $2,500  house, 
with  $1,000  of  furniture,  on  a  five-acre 
plot  of  land. 

Every  city  of  more  than  20,000  in- 
habitants in  all  these  countries  could 
have  been  provided  with  a  $5,000,000 
library  and  a  $10,000,000  university,  j. 

"Out  of  the  balance,"  he  says,  "we 
could  have  still  sufficient  money  which 
at  5  per  cent  interest  would  pay  for  all 
time  a  salary  of  $1,000  yearly,  each  to 
125,000  teachers  and  another  125,000 
nurses." 

And  he  adds  that  there  would  still  be 
enough  money  left  to  buy  up  all  the 
property  of  Prance  and  Belgium  as  they 
stood  before  the  war. 

It  is  stunning,  incredible — but  true. 
Yet  Dr.  Butler  did  not  point  out  the 
most  hopeful  and  most  important  lesson 
of  his  figures. 

The  modern  world,  and  any  nation  in 
it,  is  rich  enough,  strong  enough,  and 
has  resources  enough  of  men  and  mate- 
rials, to  do  almost  anything  that  it 
wants  to  do — if  it  will  organize  itself 
for  that  purpose.  If  the  world  could 
raise,  spend  and  destroy  four  hundred 
billion  dollars  to  kill  men,  it  could  do 
as  much  to  save  men  and  make  their 
lives  happy. 

When  will  we  have  wit  enough  to 
brush  aside,  not  only  soldiers,  but  finan- 
ciers, and  work  for  our  own  welfare? 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 
LESSON  LXIX 

Cracks  appearing  in  the  plastering 
near  the  corners  of  windows  and  doors, 
or  above  them,  are  common.  Settling 
foundations  are  responsible  for  many  of 
these  defects,  but  not  always.  Poorly 
placed  boxing  is  often  the  cause,  which 
is  to  say,  when  the  boxing  does  not 
brace  the  building  firmly  against  wind 
pressure;  or  in  cases  when  the  wall  must 
support  a  load,  and  the  boxing  is  not 
securely  nailed,  especially,  above  open- 
ings, and  is  depended  on  to  support  the 
load.  Too  many  joints  or  poorly  broken 
joints  in  the  boxing  near  the  top  of  the 
opening  might  easily  be  the  cause  of 
plastering  cracking.  But  there  is  still 
another    reason    for    cracks    appearing 


Fig.  393 

above  openings  in  a  building,  and  that 
is  a  poorly  constructed  rough  opening. 
In  this  lesson  we  are  dealing  with  doors 
in  particular,  and  while  the  journeyman 
carpenter  often  does  not  have  much  to 
say  about  the  construction  or  the  loca- 
tion of  door  openings,  he  nevertheless, 
often  has  everything  to  say  about  them. 
The  architect  is  supposed  to  locate  the 
door  openings,  and  usually  governs  him- 
self by  the  needs  of  the  room,  which  is 
the  way  it  should  be.  Once  in  a  while, 
though,  even  architects  go  wrong,  and 
in  such  cases  it  frequently  devolves 
upon  the  carpenter  to  solve  the  prob- 
lem. Moreover,  there  are  times  when 
the  carpenter  must  act  the  part  of  archi- 
tect as  well  as  builder,  and  in  those  in- 
stances it  is  well  for  him  to  be  informed 


as  to  methods  of  constructing  openings, 
as  well  as  of  locating  them.  In  locating 
doors,  these  things  should  be  kept  in 
mind:  The  owner's  wishes,  the  intend- 
ed arrangement  of  the  furniture,  the 
convenience  for  traffic  and  the  relative 
effects  on  other  rooms.  The  location  of 
openings   often  make  or   mar   the   gen- 


Fig.  394 

eral  appearance  of  a  room.  This  is 
equally  true  of  the  exterior  appearance 
of  a  building,  which  brings  us  to  the 
illustrations. 

A  very  simple,  but  commonly  used 
construction  in  cheap  work,  is  shown  to 
the  left  in  Fig.  393.  The  construction 
shown  to  the  right  is  a  modification  of 
the  one  at  the  left,  and  is  somewhat 
better;  it  is  more  substantial  by  reason 


Fig.  395 

of  the  doubled  header  and  doubled 
trimmers;  besides,  it  provides  sufficient 
nailing  both  for  the  outside  and  inside 
woodwork.  Fig.  394  shows  to  the  left  a 
commonly  used  construction  in  the  bet- 
ter class  of  work.    Here  the  header  is 


28 


THE    CARPENTER 


constructed  of  two  2x4 's  set  on  edge, 
and  the  trimmers  are  doubled.  This  con- 
struction will  carry  a  considerable  load. 
To  the  right  we  are  showing  a  construc- 
tion that  will  carry  a  heavy  load.  The 
header  and  the  trimmers  are  doubled, 
but  the  header  is  reinforced  by  a  blind 
header  placed  directly  under  the  plate. 
This  blind  header  can  be  either  single 


Fig.  396 

or  double,  whichever  the  case  may  re- 
quire. More  than  that,  it  can  be  made 
of  2x4's,  2x6's  or  2x8's,  depending  on 
how  much  weight  must  be  supported, 
and  on  the  span  of  the  opening.  That 
fundamental  requisite  of  good  judg- 
ment, is  as  important  in  framing  rough 
openings  as  it  is  in  constructing  any 
other  part  of  a  building. 

In  Fig.  39  5  we  are  showing  two  meth- 
ods of  trussing  over  openings.  The 
methods  shown  to  the  left  is  weak,  inas- 
much as  it  depends  entirely  on  nails  to 
keep  the  braces  from  spreading  where 
they  join  the  header.  Again,  it  is  weak 
where  the  braces  join  the  studding,  for 


Fig.  397 

here  there  is  nothing  to  keep  them  from 
slipping  but  the  nails.  In  supporting  a 
heavy  load,  nails  should  never  be  de- 
pended on  entirely.  For  light  loads,  this 
construction  will  give  fairly  good  re- 
sults, but  it  is  a  faulty  construction.  The 


method  shown  to  the  right,  is  good. 
Here  the  braces  are  notched  into  the 
header  to  keep  them  from  spreading, 
and  they  extend  up  to  the  plate.  The 
studding  are  framed  afterward  and 
nailed  to  the  braces  as  shown.  Trussing 
over  openings,  gives  satisfactory  results 
where  there  is  enough  space  between 
the  header  and  the  plate,  to  give  the 
braces  plenty  of  pitch.  The  construc- 
tions shown  in  Fig.  396  are  both  bad, 
excepting  where  the  load  is  rather  light. 
The  trouble  with  both  of  them  is  that 
the  braces  are  likely  to  spread  when  the 
load  is  applied.  A  blind  header,  as 
shown  to  the  right  in  Fig.  394,  would 
give  much  better  results. 

A  good  method  of  trussing  over  a 
wide  opening  is  shown  by  Fig.  397. 
Here  we  have  a  header  set  on  edge, 
with  the  braces  of  the  truss  notched 
into  it.  The  detail  to  the  right,  shows 
the  construction  of  both  the  header  and 


Fig.  398 

the  top  member  of  the  truss.  We  are 
showing  the  truss  constructed  of  a  single 
piece,  but  if  necessary,  the  truss  can  be 
doubled  throughout.  A  modification  of 
this  truss  is  shown  in  Fig.  398,  which 
is  a  better  construction  than  the  one 
just  considered.  Here  the  braces  are 
notched  into  the  header  and  also  into 
the  top  member  of  the  truss.  This  con- 
struction will  support  a  heavy  load,  pro- 
vided the  trimmers  of  the  opening 
are  substantially  supported.  The  bottom 
support  of  door  openings  is  even  more 
important  than  the  top,  for  if  the  bot- 
tom gives  way,  the  top  will  have  to 
come  down,  no  matter  how  well  the 
construction  is  made. 

In  Fig.  399  we  are  showing  with  fig- 
ures, the  size  of  a  rough  opening  for  a 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


door  measuring  3  feet  by  7  feet.  It  will 
be  seen  that  the  rough  opening  must  be 
3  inches  wider  than  the  door,  and  3 
inches  higher,  assuming  that  the  door 
jamb  is  made  of  1  %  inches  material. 
If  %  inch  material  is  used  for  the  jamb, 
2V2  inches  added  to  the  width  of  the 
door  will  be  enough.  The  height,  how- 
ever, should-  be  3  inches  higher  than  the 
height  of  the  door  in  either  case,  meas- 
uring from  the  rough  floor  to  the  bottom 


Fig.  399 

of  the  header.    This  rule  holds  good  for 
all  sizes  of  doors. 

Rough  openings  should  be  construct- 
ed of  straight  material  without  defects. 
The  measuring,  marking  and  cutting  of 
the  material  should  be  done  painstak- 
ingly, which,  of  course  will  mean  that 
the  joints  will  be  tight,  the  headers  will 
be  level,  and  the  trimmers  plumb.  It 
does  not  take  any  more  time  to  frame 
a  rough  opening  in  this  way  than  it 
will  take  to  do  it  in  a  slip-shod  manner. 
In  fact  it  will  take  less  time,  if  the  ex- 
tra time  that  will  be  required  later  to 
put  poorly  constructed  openings  into 
proper  shape,  is  taken  into  considera- 
tion. 


THE   FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L.   Perth) 

PART   TWENTY-FIVE 

Right  and  Wrong 

Not  so  very  long  ago  this  writer  was 
supervising  a  large  construction  job  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.    It  was  a  school  audi- 


torium, a  structure  of  brick  and  con- 
crete, resembling  the  Greek  Parthenon. 
The  design  naturally  called  for  a  shal- 
low gable  roof. 

The  lumber  for  the  roof  structure  was 
stacked  up  on  both  sides  of  the  building 
so  that  roof  members  might  be  fabricat- 
ed and  hoisted  up  the  side  of  the  struc- 
ture where  they  belonged,  thus  saving 
considerable  time  in  dragging  them 
across  the  roof  to  their  proper  place. 

As  the  masonry  work  was  nearing 
completion  instructions  were  issued  to 
the  carpenter  foreman  to  make  prepara- 
tions for  the  framing  of  the  roof.  Since 
the  roof  lumber  was  located  in  two 
places  quite  distant  from  each  other, 
the  foreman  assigned  one  man  to  each 
lumber  pile  and  had  them  instructed  to 
cut  the  roof  members.  Both  men  were 
given  a  blue  print  containing  the  neces- 
sary information  pertaining  to  the  roof 
and  they  promptly  proceeded  with  the 
work. 

A  few  hours  later  when  the  foreman 
stopped  to  see  how  the  roof  framers 
were  getting  along  he  noticed  that  the 
rafters  cut  by  the  man  on  the  north 
side  of  the  building  seemed  to  be  some- 
what longer  than  those  made  on  tha 
south  side.  In  order  to  verify  his  sus- 
picions he  ordered  one  rafter  carried 
over  to  the  opposite  side  so  that  a  com- 
parison could  be  made. 

When  the  two  rafters  were  laid  on 
top  of  each  other  it  was  found  that 
while  the  top  and  bottom  cuts  were 
identical  the  overall  length  differed  by 
several  inches.  Fig.  1.  This  meant  that 
when  set  up  in  their  respective  places 
the  section  of  the  roof  would  have  ap- 
peared somewhat  similar  to  what  is 
shown  in  Fig.  2. 

Now  both  men  were  in  nowise  bung- 
lers in  their  trade,  they  always  produced 
good  work  and  knew  quite  well  how  to 
handle  the  steel  square.  The  figures 
they  were  using  in  cutting  the  rafter 
were  according  to  the  architect's  draw- 
ing. How  then  could  the  mistake  be  ac- 
counted for. 

It  was  a  trifle  and  yet  it  resulted  in 
the  waste  of  time  and  material. 

When  the  men  described  the  sequence 
of  their  operations  it  was  discovered 
that  the  man  on  the  north  side  of  the 
building  had  a  faint  idea  of  what  was 
meant  by  the  term  "length  of  rafter." 
Instead  of  making  the  "measuring  line 


30 


T  ir  E     C  A  R  P  K  N  T  E  R 


(he  basis  of  his  layout  he  assumed  "A" 
on  the  edge  of  the  rafter  as  a  starting 
point  and  since  this  point  lies  at  the 
intersection  of  the  top  of  plates  with  the 


also  the  establishing  of  the  starting 
point  along  this  line  is  very  essential. 
The  various  methods  of  locating  the 
measuring  line  and  working  points  will 


outside  edge  of.  the  rafter,  this  member       be  discussed  in  the  subsequent  chapter. 


area/?/?*?//  ^A^r^je^ 


car  ry^e*?^ 


F/G-4-/?/&#r  way 


naturally  will  be  longer  than  it  should 
be  as  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

What  then  is  meant  by  the  "length  of 
the  rafter?" 

The  length  of  a  common  rafter  is  the 
shortest  distance  between  the  outer 
edge  of  the  plate  and  a  point  on  the 
center  line  of  the  ridge.  This  length  is 
taken  along  the  "measuring  line." 

This  is  an  auxiliary  line  which  runs 
parallel  to  the  edge  of  the  rafter  and  is 
the  "hypotenuse"  or  the  longest  side  of 
a  right  triangle,  the  other  two  sides  be- 
ing the  run  and  the  rise.    Fig.  4. 

Unless  otherwise  specified  the  meas- 
uring line  is  usually  established  on  the 
center  line  of  the  timber  whatever  it 
may  be,  a2x4ora2x6.  The  measur- 
ing line  is  snapped  along  the  center  line 
and  along  this  line  all  measurements 
are  taken. 

It  must  not  be  construed  that  the 
"measuring  line"  is  "always"  taken  on 
the  center  line  of  the  rafter.  There  are 
cases  where  the  measuring  line  is  taken 
along  the  edge  of  the  timber.  But  it 
must  be  firmly  borne  in  your  mind  that 
before  you  proceed  to  lay  out  a  roof 
member  you  must  establish  a  basic  line 
from    which   your   work   is   started    and 


Fig.  3  and  4  illustrate  the  right  and 
wrong  way  used  by  the  two  men  on  the 
job. 


Two  Problems  Answered 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

The  answer  to  the  problem  submitted 
by  Brother  Warren  E.  Smith,  on  page 
32  of  the  May  issue  of  "The  Carpenter" 
is:  An  area  of  11  miles  square  and  has 
77  acres. 

The  fence  around  the  land  is  44  miles. 
Each  mile  has  1760  yards.  44  x  1760 
equals  77440  yards. 

The  way  the  fence  is  built  there  is 
one  board   for  each  yard. 

*      *      * 

The  other  problem,  on  page  31  of  the 
May  issue,  submitted  by  Brother  S. 
Gregory,  can  be  more  easily  worked  by 
the  graphical  method — drawing  a  tri- 
angle to  a  scale  and  then  measuring  dis- 
tances with  measuring  tapes  laid  off  in 
spaces,  as  each  man  will  travel  in  equal 
time. 

Joseph  Kaimeyer, 
L.  U.  No.  787.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


Demand  the  Union  Isabel 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


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FREE  BOOK  HELPS  YOU 
GET  YOUR  SHARE! 


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handsome,  convenient  home  he 
wants.  It  helps  you  sell  J-M  Shingles, 
Insulation  Board,  Home  In- 
sulation, Wainscoting  and 


THE  COUPON 


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Streets 


Materials 


City- 


-State. 


Center   Supports 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

The  ends  of  shelves  are  usually  sup- 
ported, either  by  cleats,  or  by  gaining 
the  shelves  into  the  end  pieces;    which, 


senting  here,  is  a  simple,  but  substan- 
tial, center  support  for  shelves. 

Fig.     1     shows     the     first     operation, 
where   the  wall   support,    a,   is   fastened 


Fig.  1 

as  a  rule,  do  not  present  problems.  Cen- 
ter supports,  judging  from  the  various 
methods  that  one  finds  employed,  are 
more  problematical.    What  we  are  pre- 


Fig.  2 

to  the  wall.  Onto  the  wall  support,  one 
end  of  the  ledger,  b,  is  nailed.  Then  the 
shelf,    which   is  shown   by   dotted   lines, 


32 


THE     CARPENTER 


NO  SIR- NO 

CHEAP  OIL 

FOR  ME/ 


You  seldom  find  an  ex- 
perienced carpenter  using 
"cheap"  oil.  Why  should  he — when 
3-in-One  does  so  much  more  good 
and  costs  so  little  more!  Due  to  its 
scientific  blending,  3-in-One  not 
only  oils  your  tools,  but  keeps  the 
working  parts  cleaner  and  prevents 
rust.  Wherever  you're  working, 
you  can  get  3-in-One 
nearby. 


3-IN-ONE  OIL 


is  put  in  place.  Fig.  2,  shows  how  the 
ledger  has  been  cut  off  flush  with  the 
edge  of  the  shelf.  Now  the  wall  sup- 
port of  the  second  shelf  is  fastened  to 
the  wall,  which  is  shown  at  c;  onto  this 
the  ledger,  d,  is  nailed.  The  second 
shelf  is  then  placed,  and  the  ledger 
cut  flush  with  the  edge.  In  the  same 
manner  the  third  shelf  is  supported, 
and  then  the  fourth,  and  so  on  up  to 
the  last  shelf.  When  all  the  shelves 
are  in,  the  casing,  pointed  out  at  A,  Fig. 


Fig.  3 

3,  is  nailed  onto  the  ends  of  the  ledgers, 
in  such  a  manner  that  it  will  cover  the 
ends  completely.  This  done,  the  front 
supports  are  put  into  place,  in  the  order 
that  we  are  pointing  them  out  at  1,  2, 
3,  4. 

It  will  be  noticed,  by  studying  Fig. 
3,  that  this  method  of  supporting 
shelves,  gives  all  of  the  supports  a  di- 
rect bearing,  and  nails  are  not  depended 
upon  to  carry  weight;  consequently  it  is 
quite  suitable  for  shelves  that  must 
carry  a  heavy  load. 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX  AND  OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

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Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong   castings;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
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plane  iron ;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 


See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 

STANLEY  TOOLS 

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If  you  live  west  of  the  Rockies,  address  The  Electro 
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AND    SHARP    TOOLS 

Craftsmen  who  do  the  finest  wood-carving 
like  the  Carborundum  Brand  Combination 
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who  uses  edged  tools.  It  has  two  faces — one, 
a  coarse  grit  to  take  out  nicks.  The  other  is 
a  fine  grit  that  brings  the  tool  to  a  razor  edge 
in  a  jiffy.    One  should  be  in  your  tool  box. 

Sizes  from  4  inches  long  by  1  %  inches  wide, 
to  8  inches  long  by  2  inches  wide.  Prices 
from  85c  to  $1.75  according  to  size.  At  your 
hardware  dealer's. 

Send  for  Booklet  "How  to  Sharpen 
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rundum is  a  registered  trade  mark  of  The  Carborundum 
Company.) 


Strangers! 

(By  James  Edward  Hungerford) 

IF  Brown  knew  me,  and  I  knew  him, 

We'd  call  each  other  "Joe'  and  "Jim," 

But  Brown  is  worth  a  million  more 

Than  I  . . .  and  passes  by  my  door. 

If  Brown  knew  Smith,  and  Smith  knew  Brown, 
They'd  be  the  best  friends  in  our  town, 

But  Smith  looks  down  on  Brown,  I  guess, 
Because  Brown  has  a  million  less. 

We  all  wear  clothes  and  shoes  and  hats, 
And  shirts  and  collars  and  cravats ; 

We  each  have  arms,  hands,  legs  and  feet, 

And  shave  and  bathe,  and  sleep  and  eat. 

We  each  have  eyes,  nose,  mouth  and  ears, 

And  laugh  at  times;  at  times  shed  tears; 

We  have  our  aches  and  pains  and  joys ; 

We've  all  been  freckled,  barefoot  boys. 

What  wondrous  FRIENDS  we  all  might  be, 
If  I  knew  YOU,  and  you  knew  ME, 

And  each  could  know  the  other  one 

As  "BROTHER,"  ere  our  days  are  done. 

We  all  were  fashioned  from  the  sod, 

And  molded  by  the  selfsame  God 

Whom  we  call  "Father" yet,  alas, 

As  STRANGERS  through  the  world  we 
pass! 


ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED 


nmnm 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24,1912 

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October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,   1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters.  Stair  Builders.  Machine  Wood  Workers,  Planing  Mill  Men,  aci 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

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Vol.   LIV. — No.   7. 


INDIANAPOLIS,   JULY,    1934 


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REST 

Rest  is  not  quitting 

The  busy  career; 
Rest  is  the  fitting 

Of   self   to   one's   sphere. 

'Tis  the  brook's  motion, 
Clear  without  strife; 

Fleeting  to  ocean, 
After  its  life. 

'Tis  loving  and  serving 
The  highest  and  best; 

'Tis  onward,  unswerving, 
And  this  is  true  rest. 

— Goethe. 


Till:     CARPENTER 


WORK  TIME  MUST  BE  SHARPLY  CUT 

(By  William  Green,  President,  A.  F.  of  L.) 


T  IS  the  opinion  of  labor 
and  labor  representatives 
that  a  further  reduction 
in  the  hours  of  labor  must 
be  brought  about  imme- 
diately. 

We  cannot  permit  the  national  recov- 
ery program  to  stand  still.  Ten  million 
idle  workers  who  have  suffered  for  al- 
most four  years,  with  those  dependent 
upon  them,  present  a  most  grave  social 
and  economic  problem.  If  we  stop  now, 
the  whole  national  recovery  program 
will  fail. 

The  national  recovery  program  has 
accomplished  a  great  deal,  but  there  re- 
mains much  to  do  before  it  will  achieve 
its  avowed  purpose  to  overcome  unem- 
ployment and  restore  purchasing  power. 

Somewhere  between  three  and  four 
million  unemployed  have  been  absorbed 
into  industry  through  the  development 
and  application  of  industrial  codes  of 
fair  practice  applicable  to  the  major  in- 
dustries. 

There  are  still  more  than  ten  million 
unemployed.  The  completion  of  the  in- 
dustrial codes  of  fair  practice  for  re- 
maining miscellaneous  industries  will 
not  create  work  opportunities  for  this 
vast  army  of  idle  workers.  Something 
more  must  be  done  if  the  administration 
is  to  succeed  in  its  efforts  to  bring  about 
complete  national  recovery. 

The  drive  against  unemployment  has 
proceeded  upon  the  theory  that  it  could 
only  be  overcome  through  a  reduction 
in  the  hours  of  labor  and  through  in- 
creases in  wages.  Both  the  President 
and  General  Johnson  realized  this  eco- 
nomic fact  when  they  recently  recom- 
mended that  the  representatives  of  in- 
dustry agree  to  a  substantial  reduction 
in  the  hours  of  labor  and  a  further  in- 
crease in  wages.  The  employers  of  labor 
definitely  refused  to  comply  with  this 
request. 

Labor  believes  that  notwithstanding 
this  refusal,  a  concentrated  drive  should 
now  be  made  to  compel,  through  the  use 
of  forceful  methods  if  necessary,  an  im- 
mediate reduction  in  the  hours  of  labor. 
There  is  no  other  remedy  available. 
There  is  none  at  hand. 

Industrial  leaders,  while  assuming  a 
negative  position  opposing  a  further  re- 


duction in  the  hours  of  labor  in  order 
to  overcome  unemployment,  offer  no 
plan  or  suggest  no  practical  measure 
through  which  the  remaining  ten  mill- 
ion idle  workers  can  be  given  employ- 
ment. 

It  must  be  clearly  evident  that  the 
durable  goods  industries  cannot  increase 
their  output  or  their  volume  of  sales 
until  unemployment  has  been  more 
largely  overcome.  There  must  be  a  mar- 
ket for  durable  goods  before  they  can 
be  sold.  Such  a  market  can  be  created 
by  returning  the  millions  who  are  now 
idle  back  to  work. 

Labor  wishes  to  see  the  national  re- 
covery program  made  a  complete  suc- 
cess. In  order  to  achieve  this  purpose 
labor  will  continue  to  drive  forward 
with  all  the  power  it  possesses  in  the 
fight  for  a  reduction  in  the  hours  of 
labor  and  an  increase  in  wages  in  order 
to  create  work  opportunities  for  the 
millions  of  idle  workers  who  have  not 
yet  been  given  an  opportunity  to  earn 
a  decent  living. 


Volunteers  a  Six-Hour  Day 

In  direct  opposition  to  the  attitude  as- 
sumed by  many  employers  regarding  the 
shorter  workday,  Johnson  &  Johnson, 
manufacturers  of  surgical  dessings  and 
kindred  supplies,  operating  under  the 
textile  code,  of  their  own  volition  offer 
to  maintain  the  same  wage  for  a.  six- 
hour  day  as  the  code  specifies  for  an 
eight-hour  schedule  if  permitted  to  op- 
erate four  shifts  of  thirty-six  hours  in- 
stead of  two  at  forty,  the  code  limit. 
Accompanying  the  tender  was  the  fol- 
lowing statement  by  Russell  E.  Watson, 
vice-president   of  the  company: 

"We  favor  a  six-hour  day  because  we 
believe  that  a  day  of  more  than  six 
hours  will  fail  to  employ  the  millions  of 
people  who  are  now  out  of  work;  be- 
cause it  is  the  most  efficient,  because  it 
has  immense  possibilities  for  social  ad- 
vance, and  because  it  should  add  to  the 
health  and  happiness  of  the  people.  We 
are  willing  to  proVe  it  by  practical  tests 
and  experiment  in  the  textile  industry 
if  the  NRA  will  give  us  the  chance." 


The  enthusiast  tries  while  the  pessi- 
mist sighs! 


THE     CARPENTER 


SLAVERY    IS    STILL    AMONG    MANKIND'S    MAJOR 

EVILS 

(By  P.  W.  Wilson) 


REAT  Britain  is  celebrat- 
ing the  centenary  of  the 
great  occasion  in  183  3 
when  her  Parliament  de- 
cided that  never  again 
must  there  be  a  slave 
held  in  bondage  under  the  Union  Jack. 
Honor  has  been  paid  to  the  memory  of 
William  Wilberforce,  whose  name  will 
ever  be  associated  with  the  great  eman- 
cipation. 

People  gaze  in  wonder  at  the  cruel 
shackles  and  the  whips  with  which  he 
impressed  a  slow-moving  House  of  Com- 
mons. Especially  interesting  is  his  mod- 
el of  a  ship,  showing  how  the  slaves 
were  packed  in  the  hold  on  their  voyage 
across  the  Atlantic. 

Before  the  trade  was  stopped,  as 
many  as  300,000  made  that  terrible  pil- 
grimage in  a  single  year,  and  it  is  com- 
puted that  during  the  whole  period  of 
the  traffic,  9,000,000  Africans  were  thus 
transported,  many  of  them  to  perish  in 
transit. 

The  tendency  of  the  strong  to  exploit 
the  weak  is  perennial.  And  after  all 
these  years  of  abolition,  the  world  is 
awakening  to  the  fact  that  slavery  is 
still  among  the  major  evils  affecting 
mankind.  The  League  of  Nations  stands 
pledged  against  the  system,  and  every 
year  a  report  is  issued. 

A  hundred  years  ago,  Britain  liberat- 
ed 700,000  slaves,  paying  £20,000,000 
or  $100,000,000  to  the  West  Indian 
owners — that  is  $140.00  per  head  of  the 
"property."  In  1862,  Lincoln's  procla- 
mation transformed  4,000,000  slaves 
into  citizens.  And  in  Latin  America,  the 
Dutch  and  French  Empires,  and  else- 
where, there  have  been  other  emancipa- 
tions. 

Yet  the  number  of  slaves  still  ex- 
ceeds 5,000,000.  It  is  greater  than  the 
combined  numbers  set  free  by  Lincoln 
and  Wilberforce.  In  this  twentieth  cen- 
tury, the  slaves  held  as  chattels  are  as 
many  as  the  soldiers  enrolled  as  con- 
scripts. 

The  white  man  has  his  faults.  But, 
generally  speaking,  it  is  not  he  who  to- 
day perpetuates  this  age-long  custom. 
The  main  trouble  is  that  Africans  and 


Asiatics  will  not  cease  from  enslaving 
one  another.  The  well-advertised  prog- 
ress of  women  is  by  no  means  universal. 
There  are  still  multitudes  of  women 
who,  despite  all  missionary  and  educa- 
tional effort,  may  be  lent  for  money  or 
handed  over  in  satisfaction  of  a  debt. 

Abyssinia,  though  a  member  of  the 
League,  clings  to  the  custom  of  slavery. 
Two  million  of  her  people  are  subjected 
to  this  status. 

Nor  is  the  custom  merely  domestic. 
The  ravages  of  the  trade  in  flesh  and 
blood  spread  far  beyond  the  Abyssinian 
frontiers.  Villages,  even  in  British  ter- 
ritory, are  raided.  Captives  are  secured 
by  chains  or  forks  on  the  neck,  and  are 
driven  with  merciless  whip  to  market 
where  the  survivors  are  sold. 

In  the  endeavor  to  stop  the  shipment 
of  slaves,  Britain  has  spent  £50,000,- 
000  on  patrolling  the  seas.  Despite  this 
blockade,  slaves  are  smuggled  into 
Arabia  and  are  distributed  somehow 
along  the  north  coast  of  Africa. 

Liberia  is  a  republic  in  which  the 
United  States  has  taken  a  special  inter- 
est. It  was  founded  by  American  Ne- 
groes, and  slavery  was  to  be  forever  un- 
thinkable. 

In  Liberia  there  have  been  two  wide- 
ly condemned  abuses.  First,  the  tribes 
have  been  permitted  to  hold  slaves  to 
the  number — it  is  estimated — of  5  00,- 
000.  Secondly,  the  authorities  have 
maltreated  the  tribes. 

The  Liberian  Government  has  not 
been  content  to  commandeer  forced  la- 
bor for  work  in  the  country.  Natives 
have  been  transported  to  the  distant 
plantations  of  the  Spanish  island,  Fer- 
nando Po,  and  to  Gahun  in  the  French 
Kongo.  They  may  be  called  indentured 
workers.    In  fact,  they  are  slaves. 

Among  European  nations,  the  Portu- 
guese, as  upholders  of  contract  labor, 
which  is  indistinguishable  from  slavery, 
have  won  for  themselves  an  unenviable 
preeminence.  Under  intolerable  condi- 
tions, natives  have  been  shipped  to  the 
coco  plantations  of  Principe  and  San 
Thome,  where  the  mortality  among 
them  has  been  so   appalling  as  to  sug- 


THE     CART ENTER 


gest  that  they  were  not  expected  to  re- 
turn alive. 

In  China  there  is  political  chaos.  It 
has  been  favorable,  at  once  to  a  flour- 
ishing traffic  in  opium  and  to  a  tradi- 
tional commerce  in  children.  Millions  of 
girls  have  been  sold  by  their  parents  at 
a  price,  and  in  manufacturing  plants, 
juvenile  workers  are  hired  at  two  dol- 
lars a  month.  In  Shanghai,  a  black- 
smith's shop  was  discovered  in  which 
thirty-one  boys  were  confined.  They 
were  ill-fed  and  denied  sleeping  accom- 
modation. If  they  refused  their  tasks, 
they  were  suspended  by  handcuffs  from 
the  wall  or  burned  with  iron  rods. 

In  Hongkong  the  system  is  known  as 
Mui  Tsai.  No  fewer  than  10,000  girls 
have  been  sold  there  into  domestic  serv- 
ice or  prostitution.  The  "adoption"  of 
children  in  Ceylon  is  similar.  Without 
remuneration  they  have  to  work  indoors 
and  out  of  doors.  For  failing  to  give 
satisfaction  they  are  flogged,  burned,  or 
punished  by  pins  driven  under  their 
finger-nails.  One  little  victim  bore  the 
marks  of  thirty-five  wounds. 

In  Japan,  the  geisha,  acquired  by 
some  form  of  purchase  from  her  par- 
ents, is  now  entitled  to  claim  her  lib- 
erty.   But  it  is  not  easy. 

In  Great  Britain  there  is  great  inter- 
est in  the  subject  of  slavery. 

Since  the  war,  about  half  a  million 
slaves  within  the  British  sphere  of  in- 
fluence have  gained  their  rights  as  free 
men. 

The  Maharaja  of  Nepal  has  liberated 
53,000  of  his  people,  and  in  his  speech, 
he  confessed  to  precisely  the  emotions 
which  deeply  stirred  Lincoln: 

"Picture  to  yourselves  a  happy  slave 
family  comprising  the  husband,  the 
wife,  a  six-year-old  daughter  and  a  baby 
boy  at  the  mother's  breast.  But  their 
happiness  is  not  to  last;  the  master  has 
sold  them.  His  avarice  has  blunted  all 
the  feelings  of  sympathy  in  him.  The 
mother  with  the  child  at  her  breast  goes 
one  way,  and  the  father  with  the  daugh- 
ter thrown  in  as  a  make-weight  goes  the 
other,  the  two  perhaps  never  to  meet 
again.  Think  of  the  parting  scene,  di- 
gest it  well  in  your  mind,  and  draw  what 
moral  you  can." 

In  Burma,  certain  British  and  Indian 
officials  gave  their  lives  in  order  to  set 
free  8,000  slaves. 


When  Britain  took  over  the  mandat- 
ed territory  of  Tanganyika,  there  were 
found  to  be  185,000  slaves.  They  were 
granted  their  liberty. 

In  Sierra  Leone,  Britain  has  been  con- 
fronted by  the  same  problem  that  faced 
the  United  States  before  the  Civil  War. 
A  slave  ran  away.  Was  he  or  was  he 
not  to  be  returned  to  his  master? 

The  court  ordered  that  he  be  returned 
and,  in  England,  there  arose  an  outcry 
which  no  Government  could  resist.  It 
was  decided  that  tribal  slavery  could  be 
no  longer  condoned,  and  215,000  slaves 
were  set  free. 

Despite  all  talk  to  the  contrary,  there 
is  a  good  deal  more  of  slavery  in  Egypt, 
Tripoli  and  other  North  African  com- 
munities than  appears  on  the  surface. 
Still,  the  hideous  slave-warfare  which 
swept  over  the  Sudan  is  at  an  end,  and 
the  system,  even  in  its  domestic  aspects, 
is  less  evident. 

A  fair  conclusion  on  the  matter  is 
that  wherever  the  conscience  of  man- 
kind ceases  to  be  alert,  or  civilization  is 
disorganized  by  war  and  revolution, 
slavery  in  some  form  or  another  revives, 
especially  in  those  regions  where,  ac- 
cording to  Rudyard  Kipling,  "there  ain't 
no  ten  commandments."  To  quote  once 
more  the  well-worn  dictum  of  John 
Philpot  Curran,  "eternal  vigilance  is 
the  price  of  liberty." — (Literary  Digest) 


Life  of  a  Union 

The  glibness  with  which  certain  per- 
sons speak  of  changing  union  forms  and 
structures  indicates  that  they  miss  the 
essential  character  of  a  union.  It  is  not 
a  piece  of  inanimate  steel,  like  a  rail- 
road system  which  can  be  pieced  out  at 
will,  routed  to  different  terminals,  or 
scrapped  at  any  moment  of  discourage- 
ment. A  union  is  not  merely  an  organ- 
ization. It  is  an  organism,  composed  of 
human  beinss,  subject  to  their  fancies, 
wills,  desires  and  directions — a  product 
of  years  of  growth — and  not  an  out- 
right product  like  a  subscribers'  list  to 
a  newspaper.  A  union  is  the  creation 
of  many  men,  and  much  deep  sacrifice. 
It  is  founded  upon  profound  convictions, 
seasoned  personalities,  the  moves  of  a 
nation,  and  to  speak  of  changing  its 
manifestations  over  night  is  supercili- 
ous nonsense.  Unions  can  change  them- 
selves— as  persons  can — but  slowly, 
gradually,  and  only  after  the  known 
lines  of  their  own  make-up. 


THE     CARPENTER 


65  PER  CENT  NEED  REPAIRS! 


ACCORDING  to  the  first 
three  city  reports  of  the 
Real  Property  Inventory 
released  respectively  on 
April  10,  17  and  25  by 
Washington  officials,  con- 
siderable activity  in  home  building  and 
home  repairs  will  be  required  at  Casper, 
Wyo.,  Columbia,  S.  C,  and  Butte,  Mont., 
before  these  widely  separated  cities  will 
present  a  normal  housing  condition. 

A  door-to-door  canvass  of  all  residen- 
tial structures  in  these  three  cities  by 
CWA  investigators  showed  65  per  cent 
of  the  houses  in  need  of  repairs — a  total 
of  14,041  out  of  21,628 — and  790  list- 
ed as  "unfit  for  human  habitation," 
amounting  to  over  3  per  cent  of  the 
total. 

These  three  cities  are  the  first  to  be 
reported  of  more  than  6  0  cities,  repre- 
senting every  state,  which  have  been 
canvassed  in  this  study  by  door-to-door 
enumerators  working  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Do- 
mestic Commerce  and  the  Bureau  of 
the  Census.  Detailed  statistics  have 
been  collected  concerning  the  physical 
condition  of  approximately  2,500,000 
homes  which,  when  classified  and  re- 
leased, will  be  of  great  value  to  the 
building  industry  as  well  as  to  Congress 
and  Administration  officials  concerned 
with  home  financing,  home  building  and 
home  repairs. 

This  is  the  first  time  that  authentic, 
comprehensive  figures  have  been  avail- 
able on  existing  residences  giving  their 
state  of  repair,  occupancy,  type  of  con- 
struction and  extent  of  plumbing,  heat- 
ing and  other  home  equipment.  Indicat- 
ing the  Administration's  growing  deter- 
mination to  do  something  for  home 
building,  the  following  -  paragraph  in 
the  Department  of  Commerce  release  of 
April  25  concerning  Butte,  Mont.,  is 
perhaps  significant.  "The  primary  pur- 
pose of  the  Real  Property  Inventory  is 
the  revival  and  progressive  stimula- 
tion of  the  nation's  building  industry 
through  the  collection  and  dissemina- 
tion of  hitherto  unavailable  data  on 
housing  conditions,  with  particular  ref- 
erence to  obsolescence,  disrepair,  vacan- 
cies and  rentals.  The  facts  are  expected 
to  prove  of  great  value  in  gauging  sales 
campaigns  for  repairing,  renovizing,  re- 
building, modernizing  and  new  build- 
ing." 


Casper,  Wyo. 

Out  of  about  4.270  structures  sur- 
veyed in  Casper,  2,783,  or  65  per  cent, 
were  found  to  be  in  need  of  repairs  of 
some  kind,  while  262,  or  6  per  cent, 
were  listed  as  "unfit  for  human  habita- 
tion." Of  the  5,600  residential  units 
contained  in  the  structures  surveyed, 
675  were  unoccupied,  giving  Casper  a 
vacancy  of  12  per  cent.  But  after  mak- 
ing allowances  for  those  unfit  for  use  it 
was  estimated  that  there  were  about 
400  unoccupied  units  which  were  habit- 
able, thus  reducing  the  vacancy  ratio  to 
7  per  cent. 

Over  75  per  cent  of  the  residential 
buildings  in  the  city  were  contructed 
between  1915  and  1925.  The  extent 
to  which  the  depression  has  curtailed 
building  was  demonstrated  by  the  fact 
that  only  4  8  houses  have  been  erected 
since  the  end  of  1929.  Wood  was  shown 
to  be  the  predominant  material  of  con- 
struction, with  over  82  per  cent  of  the 
residential  buildings  being  of  frame  con- 
struction. An  interesting  sidelight  on 
the  type  of  building  was  revealed  by  the 
fact  that  almost  half  of  the  homes  were 
without  basements. 

About  one-third  of  Casper's  dwelling 
units  were  owned  by  their  occupants, 
and  60  per  cent  of  these  had  no  mort- 
gages or  other  liens  on  them.  Less  than 
2  per  cent  of  Casper's  living  quarters 
were  classified  as  over-crowded  or  great- 
ly over-crowded,  while  about  8  0  per 
cent  were  considered  to  be  adequate  or 
more  than  adequate.  Sixty-one  families 
were  found  to  have  "doubled  up." 

The  Inventory  disclosed  that  12  per 
cent  of  the  residential  units  were  with- 
out running  water — hot  or  cold — while 
1,410  units  had  no  private  indoor  water 
closets  and  1,721  had  no  tubs  or  show- 
ers, over  25  and  30  per  cent,  respective- 
ly. Over  half  of  the  residences  were 
heated  by  gas,  and  only  31  dwellings 
were  discovered  to  have  no  heating  ap- 
paratus. 

Columbia.,   S.   C. 

Of  approximately  10,000  structures 
surveyed  in  Columbia,  6,490,  or  65  per 
cent,  were  found  to  be  in  need  of  re- 
pairs of  some  kind,  while  170,  or  1.7 
per  cent,  were  listed  as  "unfit  for  human 
habitation."  In  rating  the  condition  of 
structures,  the  standards  of  the  particu- 
lar locality  are  considered. 


THE     CARPENTER 


Of  the  12,188  residential  units  con- 
tained in  the  10,000  structures  sur- 
veyed, 631  were  found  to  be  vacant, 
giving  Columbia  a  vacancy  ratio  of  5.2 
per  cent.  Making  allowance  for  the  "un- 
fit," this  ratio  is  reduced  to  3.7  per 
cent.  The  survey  shows  that  8  23  fam- 
ilies have  "doubled  up"  during  the  de- 
pression, enough  to  fill  7  per  cent  of 
the  existing  family  units  or  double  the 
number  found  vacant. 

A  rating  of  "crowded"  was  given  2,- 
948  dwellings  in  Columbia,  493  over- 
crowded and  128  as  greatly  over-crowd- 
ed, while  69  per  cent  of  the  dwellings 
had  adequate  or  more  than  adequate 
space  for  the  occupants. 

Residences  without  heating  facilities 
were  25  in  number.  The  use  of  open 
fireplaces  with  wood  or  coal  for  fuel  is 
indicated   in   the   figures   of   5,45  8   resi- 


dential   units    using    heating    apparatus 
other  than  furnace  or  stove. 
Butte,  Mont. 

Of  approximately  7,358  structures 
surveyed  in  Butte,  4,768,  or  64  per  cent, 
were  found  to  be  in  need  of  repairs  of 
some  degree,  while  358,  or  5  per  cent, 
were  listed  as  "unfit  for  human  habita- 
tion." Of  the  10,727  residential  units 
contained  in  the  7,358  structures,  1,- 
680  were  vacant,  giving  Butte  a  vacancy 
ratio  of  15  per  cent.  Making  allowance 
for  the  "unfit"  this  ratio  is  reduced  to 
12  per  cent.  As  the  survey  disclosed 
that  498  families  have  doubled  up  dur- 
ing the  depression,  and  1,555  units  are 
reported  as  "crowded"  it  may  be  con- 
cluded that  with  such  a  ratio  of  vacancy 
upon  a  return  to  normal  economy  the 
city  would  find  itself  in  need  of  new 
building. 


HOUSING  INVENTORY  UNDER  WAY  IN  NEW  JERSEY 


HE  aroused  national  inter- 
est in  improved  housing 
conditions  has  taken  def- 
inite form  in  New  Jersey 
with  the  creation  of  the 
State  Housing  Authority. 
This  body,  first  of  its  kind  in  the  state, 
has  begun  a  real-property  inventory  in 
the  congested  areas  of  the  larger  indus- 
trial cities. 

The  Authority  is  authorized  to  under- 
take slum  clearance,  to  order  low-cost 
housing  projects  and  to  receive  Federal 
funds  for  those  purposes.  Between  these 
powers,  and  the  actual  razing  of  old 
dwellings  and  construction  of  new  ones, 
there  is  a  void  which  it  is  the  task  of 
the  Authority  to  fill,  by  ingenuity  and 
hard  work. 

The  field  personnel  for  the  real-prop- 
erty inventory  is  being  supplied  by  the 
State  Emergency  Relief  Administration 
from  its  relief  rolls.  Administrative  ex- 
penses of  the  inventory  are  being  met 
by  the  Authority,  which  has  an  appro- 
priation of  $25,000  from  the  Legisla- 
ture. Areas  to  be  surveyed  are  in  New- 
ark and  Jersey  City  particularly,  and  in 
Camden,  Atlantic  City,  Paterson,  Pas- 
saic and  Elizabeth.  A  Federal  survey 
has  already  been  made  in  Trenton. 

Whatever  the  Authority's  total  ef- 
forts may  prove  to  be,  it  is  certain  that 
the  inventory  will  give  to  New  Jersey 
.its  first  definite  picture  of  substandard 


housing  conditions  in  the  factory  cen- 
ters of  the  state.  Furthermore,  the  Au- 
thority fully  expects  that  facts  deduced 
from  the  inventory  will  constitute  a 
powerful  weapon  in  its  negotiations  to 
obtain  financial  aid  in  a  campaign  for 
public  support. 

Even  now  the  Authority  represents 
one  successful  forward  step  in  the  bet- 
ter-housing movement.  About  a  year 
ago  the  New  Jersey  Housing  League  was 
formed  by  some  of  the  state's  leading 
professional  and  business  men  and  wo- 
men and  philanthropists.  The  league  is 
largely  responsible  for  the  creation  of 
the  Authority.  Stanley  S.  Holmes,  of 
Maplewood,  chairman  of  the  Authority, 
is  a  former  president  of  the  league. 

There  are  two  main  sources  of  oppo- 
sition to  the  better-housing  movement. 
One  of  these  exists  among  the  popula- 
tions of  affected  areas.  The  reason  for  it 
is  that  modern  multiple  dwellings  erect- 
ed by  the  Authority  on  a  self-supporting, 
self-liquidating  basis  would  rent,  it  is 
estimated,  at  rates  higher  than  those 
now  paid  by  families  in  substandard 
areas.  The  other  opposition  comes  from 
owners  of  real  property  in  non-blighted 
areas.  They  receive  rentals  somewhat 
higher  than  those  the  new  propects 
would  receive  and  consequently  fear  a 
loss  of  tenants. 

Several  years  ago  the  Prudential  In- 
surance Co.  undertook  the  erection  of 
model  apartments  in  the  Ironbound  sec- 


THE     CARPENTER 


tion  of  Newark  as  a  housing  improve- 
ment venture.  The  result  was  that  the 
apartments  were  occupied  not  by  resi- 
dents of  the  Ironbound  section,  but  by 
families  resident  in  parts  of  the  city 
having  higher  housing  standards. 

Members    of    the    Authority    contend 
that  improved  housing   for  residents  of 


substandard  areas  will  increase  their 
earning  capacities  and  that  eradication 
of  blighted  areas  in  any  municipality 
will  raise  its  real  estate  values  as  a 
whole. 

The  Authority  has  a  non-salaried 
membership  of  five  appointed  by  the 
Governor. —  (New    York    Times.) 


AUSTRIAN    TRADE    UNIONISM    FORCED    TO    FIGHT 

FOR  LIFE 

(By  W.  M.  Citrine,  President,  International  Federation  of  Trade  Unions) 


HE  political  reaction  which 
has  been  sweeping  over 
Europe  during  the  last 
ten  years  has  achieved  its 
climax  of  horror  and 
bloodshed  in  Austria.  It 
has  accomplished  its  destructive  pur- 
pose. The  great  structure  of  working- 
class  organization  has  been  shattered. 

Trade  unionists  have  been  shot  down 
as  if  they  were  wild  beasts.  Women  and 
children  have  been  killed  in  their  homes 
and  in  the  streets  by  the  armed  forces 
of  the  Austrian  Government  and  its 
Heimwher  allies.  The  magnificent  build- 
ings in  which  the  workers'  families  were 
housed,  blocks  of  flats  and  tenements 
which  were  literally  palaces  in  compar- 
ison with  the  housing  conditions  in  most 
other  countries,  have  been  bombarded 
by  heavy  artillery  and  machine  guns. 

Many  trade  unionists  have  been  sen- 
tenced to  long  terms  of  imprisonment, 
some  have  been  flogged,  their  leaders 
have  been  executed  by  hanging.  Savage 
punishments,  causeless  massacres,  blud- 
geonings,  imprisonment,  exile  and  judi- 
cial murder — the  workers,  in  all  coun- 
tries, have  suffered  these  things  many 
times  in  the  course  of  centuries  of 
struggle. 

But  seldom  if  ever  has  there  been  a 
deliberate,  cold-blooded,  carefully-engi- 
neered plan  of  driving  the  workers  to 
active  resistance,  in  order  to  manufac- 
ture a  pretext  for  destroying  their  or- 
ganization. Civil  war  in  Austria  was  the 
inevitable  consequence  of  the  policy  pur- 
sued by  the  Government  and  its  Fascist 
allies.  It  was  foreseen,  sought  and  pre- 
pared for,  as  the  calculated  sequel  of 
that  policy. 

Austrian  Socialists  and  trade  union- 
ists were  maneuvered  into  the  position 


where  they  had  to  fight  for  the  rights 
and  liberties  of  the  Austrian  people  or 
see  them  ignominiously  trampled  under 
foot. 

The  workers  were  driven  to  use  the 
arms  they  had  for  the  defense  of  the 
republic.  Their  armed  resistance,  as  Otto 
Bauer  has  said,  was  provoked  from  start 
to  finish  by  the  Fascists.  The  bloody  cli- 
max of  this  policy  of  provocation  and 
repression  has  sent  a  thrill  of  horror 
through  the  world.  Multitudes  of  rea- 
sonable people  have  realized  for  the  first 
time  the  gravity  of  the  menace  .which 
threatens  our  civilization  by  this  un- 
leashing of  savage  political  passions. 
The  Austrian  workers  who  laid  down 
their  lives  in  defense  of  freedom  have 
not  died  in  vain.  They  have  helped  to 
bring  about  a  rebirth  of  freedom.  By 
their  sacrifices  they  have  given  to  our 
internally  organized  movement  a  renew- 
al of  the  courage  and  determination 
which  will  ensure  that  government  of 
the  people  by  the  people  shall  not  per- 
ish from  the  earth. 


Union  Membership  in  Canada 

The  report  of  the  Department  of  La- 
bor of  Canada  gives  figures  for  the 
membership  of  labor  organizations  in 
the  Dominion.  These  show  a  member- 
ship of  107,489  in  purely  Canadian  or- 
ganizations and  283,576  in  international 
organizations.  Only  32,713  belonged  to 
organizations  not  affiliated  either  with 
the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Can- 
ada or  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor. 


Nothing  can  take  the  place  of  the 
union  label.  It  has  borne  the  test  of 
years.  It  is  the  only  emblem  that  ab- 
solutely safeguards  the  workers. 


THE     CARPENTER 


RUGGED   INDIVIDUALISM  vs. 
BARGAINING 

(By  A.  W.  Lehman) 


COLLECTIVE 


UGGED  individualism  is 
under  fire.  "It  will  no 
longer  be  a  factor  in 
American  life,"  according 

.  to  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, Harold  L.  Ickes. 

He  tells  us  that  it  is  the  exploitation 
of  the  weak  by  the  strong;  that  it  is  a 
"dog  eat  dog"  policy.  And  he  is  right. 

When  those  early  pioneers,  now  being 
played  up  to  us  by  the  great  executives 
of  our  million  dollar  corporations,  mi- 
grated west  they  did  not  go  one  family 
at  a  time,  or  by  themselves;  they  went 
in  wagons,  or  trainloads,  composed  of 
25,  yes,  30  or  more  families.  They  did 
not  act  as  individuals,  but  acted  collec- 
tively. They,  as  history  tells  us,  built 
forts  to  protect  their  homes,  which  were 
located  inside  of  stockades. 

How  many  remember  our  rural  settle- 
ments where  when  it  came  to  the  build- 
ing of  a  house  it  was  done  collectively. 
Our  forefathers  plowed  and  harvested 
their  crops  together  as  one  great  big 
family,  so  history  tells  us.  Was  that 
"rugged  individualism"? 

All  of  our  great  corporations  are  not 
owned  by  one  individual;  they  are 
owned  collectively  by  all  the  stockhol- 
ders. All  of  our  great  corporations  have 
combined  and,  as  great  financial  institu- 
tions, they  act  collectively. 

Why  the  hue  and  cry  about  the  work- 
ing men  losing  their  individuality  by 
being  given  the  right  to  act,  or  have 
some  one  act  for  them  collectively? 
What  is  wrong  with  "collective  bargain- 
ing"? Human  nature  has  inculcated  in 
us  the  desire  to  have  families;  to  eat 
and  clothe  ourselves;  to  live  in  houses. 
To  satisfy  these  desires  we  must  work 
for  ourselves  or  for  others.  But  work 
we  must.  Very  few  of  our  workingmen 
are  so  situated  financially  to  bargain 
about  the  wages,  or  salary,  offered  them. 

In  18  80,  before  the  men  on  the  rail- 
roads were  organized,  it  was  assumed 
that  one  mechanic  was  better  than  an- 
other. In  theory  this  was  correct.  That 
one  man — professional,  business,  me- 
chanic or  workingman — is  better  than 
another,  is  a  fine  spun  theory,  but 
mighty  poor  philosophy. 


The  public  press  in  the  past  few 
months  has  shown  that  women  and 
girls  are  forced  to  work  for  as  little  as 
15  cents  a  week  in  the  sweat  shop  fac- 
tories of  the  East,  operated  by  the  "fly- 
by-night"  kind  that  fatten  on  the  misery 
of  the  working  people.  Just  imagine 
women  making  dresses  and  children's 
clothing,  working  long  hours,  for  a  pit- 
tance of  15  to  50  cents  a  week  and  in 
some  instances,  being  gypped  out  of 
that,  yes,  even  owing  the  concern  for 
whom  they  were  supposed  to  be  work- 
ing. 

Such  conditions  should  cause  the 
world  to  blush  with  shame.  Conditions 
in  our  coal  fields  and  our  big  industrial 
centers  are  rotten  to  the  core  in  the 
exploitation  of  our  American  women 
and  children,  as  well  as  men.  Condi- 
tions that  just  cannot  be  made  public, 
because  they  are  so  terrible.  Yet  Amer- 
ica boasts  of  its  great  opportunities  and 
of  its  vast  resources. 

If  the  enslavement  of  human  beings 
to  a  machine  is  to  continue;  if  we  must 
bow  before  the  god  of  gold  instead  of 
Christ,  then  the  system  we  have  will 
prevail. 

If  "rugged  individualism"  of  the 
type  just  described  is  what  the  great  ex- 
ecutives of  our  rotten  American  high  fi- 
nance, our  Chambers  of  Commerce  and 
other  so-called  leaders  of  America's  in- 
dustrial life  would  like  to  bring  back, 
epitomized  by  the  great  American  plan, 
responsible  in  a  large  measure  for  the 
conditions  of  the  past  several  years, 
should  be  banished  forever,  then  collec- 
tive bargaining  should  be  substituted  in 
its  place  for  the  best  interests  of  all 
concerned. 

The  past  three  years  have  been  a 
nightmare — a  bad  dream  that  we  hoped 
would  pass.  People  have  starved  to 
death  and  there  is  no  way  of  telling  how 
many  unfortunates  have  been  crucified 
upon  the  cross  of  greed.  Many  have 
committed  suicide.  Numberless  and 
nameless  are  those  who  stalk  down  the 
corridor  of  time,  victims  of  a  system 
that  is  created  for  the  few  money 
barons,  exponents  of  so-called  "rugged 
individualism."  The  coming  years  will 
reveal  the  toll  exacted  of  the  boys  and 


THE     CARPENTER 


9 


girls  who  have  been  stunted  in  mind  and 
body  during  these  heart-breaking  times 
and  days  of  disillusionment. 

This  is  what  our  great  executives 
want  back.  Disband  your  Chambers  of 
Commerce,  the  rotten  cesspools  of  com- 
mercialism, if  you  please,  throw  away 
the  charters  of  many  of  your  civic  clubs. 
Let's  have  every  man  for  himself.    Let's 


have  "rugged  individualism";  let's  re- 
vert back  to  the  "eye  for  an  eye  and  a 
tooth  for  a  tooth"  age.  Let's  be  individ- 
uals in  earnest.  Then  what  would  be- 
come of  the  giant  billion  dollar  corpora- 
tion? What  of  the  Rockefellers,  the 
Mellons,  the  Morgans?  Would  they  con- 
tinue to  rule  or  would  chaos  ensue? 
These  are  questions  to  think  about. 


BAN   ON   COMPANY   UNIONS    DECREED   BY    NEW 

YORK  CITY 


ERNARD  S.  DEUTSCH, 
president  of  the  Board  of 
Aldermen,  anounced  that 
company  unions  will  be 
outlawed  and  collective 
bargaining  made  manda- 
tory in  all  franchises  issued  by  the  city 
of  New  York  in  the  future. 

As  chairman  of  the  franchise  commit- 
tee of  the  Board  of  Estimate,  he  made 
public  a  new  "labor  rights"  clause 
which  is  a  part  of  the  bus  franchise  of 
the  Avenue  B  and  East  Broadway  Bus 
Company. 

After  its  incorporation  in  the  Avenue 
B  franchise  the  city,  it  was  stated,  will 
insist  on  writing  it  into  franchises  for 
forty  other  bus  routes  which  will  come 
up  for  action. 

The  new  clause  not  only  establishes 
the  principle  of  collective  bargaining, 
but  gives  the  Mayor  and  the  Board  of 
Estimate  the  right  to  intervene  if  it  con- 
siders the  questions  of  hours,  wages  and 
working  conditions  unsatisfactory. 

Edward  Levinson,  labor  editor  of  the 
New  York  Evening  Post,  says  "the  city's 
new  labor  rights  clause  is  unique  among 
franchises  issued  by  municipalities  in 
the  past."  He  adds:  "It  follows  the 
principles  laid  down  in  Section  7- A  of 
the  National  Recovery  Act. 

The  text  of  the  clause  as  obtained 
from  the  division  of  franchises  of  the 
Board  of  Estimates  declares: 


"The  company  agrees  to  recognize 
the  right  of  its  employes  to  organize  for 
the  furtherance  of  their  interests  and 
the  purposes  of  collective  bargaining, 
and  tc  recognize  and  deal  with  their 
duly  chosen  representatives  at  all  times 
and  for  any  purposes,  whether  or  not 
such  representatives  are  employes  of  the 
company. 

"The  company  agrees  further  not  to 
discriminate  against  any  of  its  employes 
by  reason  of  their  participation  in  the 
formation  of  or  membership  in  or  ac- 
tivity on  behalf  of  any  labor  organiza- 
tion or  association  of  employes;  not  to 
require  any  employe  or  any  person  seek- 
ing employment  to  join  any  company- 
controlled  union  or  to  refrain  from 
joining,  organizing  or  assisting  the  la- 
bor organization  of  his  own  choosing; 
and  not  to  permit  the  existence  of  or 
deal  with  any  company-controlled  union 
or  association,  and  to  that  end  it  agrees 
that  it  will  not  participate  in,  encourage 
or  give  financial  support  to  the  forma- 
tion of  any  union  or  association  of  its 
employes,  or  participate  in  the  manage- 
ment or  control  of  any  such  union  or 
association  after   its   formation." 

Should  this  paragraph  be  violated  or 
the  city's  intervention  on  questions  of 
hours  and  wages  ignored,  the  clause 
provides  that  the  entire  franchise  may, 
after  due  notice  and  hearings,  be  re- 
voked. 


STRIKES,  AS  A  LAST  RESORT 


HREATENED  strikes  and 
isolated  instances  of 
strikes  taking  place  have 
precipitated  an  abund- 
ance of  comment  on  the 
inadvisability  of  resorting 
to  strikes  as  a  means  of  securing  settle- 
ments of  industrial  grievances. 


Many  hoped  the  National  Industrial 
Recovery  Act  would  put  an  end  to 
strikes  and  openly  criticized  this  law 
because  it  did  not  specifically  prohibit 
all  strikes  during  the  emergency  for 
which  it  was  instituted. 

A  large  amount  of  the  discussion  on 
this  subject  of  prohibiting  all  strikes  is 


10 


TUT]     CARPEffTER 


based  on  the  supposition  that  other 
means  are  available  for  settling  indus- 
trial disputes,  whereas  the  fact  of  the 
matter  is  that  in  no  part  of  the  world, 
have  any  of  these  means  proved  satis- 
factory in  all  cases. 

There  are  cases  where  no  alter- 
native remains  open  to  the  workers. 
When  all  other  means  fail  to  bring 
about  acceptable  adjustments  of  well- 
founded  grievances  then  the  strike  be- 
comes the  last  resort,  and  that  is  the 
position  generally  taken  by  the  most 
advanced  students  of  this  question,  both 
in  and  out  of  organized  labor  circles. 

Fundamentally,  the  right  to  strike  is 
the  difference  between  freeman  and 
slaves.  It  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than 
the  right  to  quit  work  when  employment 
relations  become  so  intolerable  that  idle- 
ness for  a  time  is  preferable  to  continu- 
ing working  on  such  unacceptable  con- 
ditions. Any  other  fundamental  law, 
which  would  prohibit  any  worker  from 
quitting  employment  would  be  tanta- 
mount to  involuntary  servitude  or  out- 
right slavery   over  which   issue   a   Civil 


War   was    fought   in   the   United    States, 
which  ended  in  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

Guaranteeing  anything  by  law  does 
not  necessarily  secure  observance  of 
what  is  guaranteed,  as  was  so  painfully 
demonstrated  during  the  fourteen  years 
the  United^  States  was  under  prohibition 
with  the  18th  amendment  to  guarantee 
its  observance. 

It  is  this  identical  element,  which  en- 
ters in  connection  with  the  enforcement 
of  both  our  state  and  national  recovery 
acts.  To  ask  labor  to  observe  it  to  the 
last  detail  in  industries  where  the  em- 
ployers point  blank  ignore  its  labor  pro- 
visions is  not  only  unfair  but  the  very 
essence  of  injustice. 

The  right  to  strike  should  not  be 
taken  from  labor  under  any  circum- 
stances, because  the  moment  this  is 
done  those  employers  who  are  always 
looking  for  an  opening  to  increase  the 
percentage  they  wring  from  labor  are 
ready,  like  a  pack  of  wolves,  to  move 
in  on  labor  to  take  advantage  of  their 
inability  to   quit  working. 


WHO  ARE  CHISELERS— AND  WHY? 


MPLOYERS  of  labor  who 
have  signified  approval  of 
the  code  for  their  partic- 
ular industry  have  reason 
to  anticipate  sharing  in 
the  benefits  and  safe- 
guards that  code  places  about  the  busi- 
ness in  which  they  are  engaged. 

Affixing  signature  to  the  code  signi- 
fies acceptance  of  all  its  provisions  and 
agreement  to  live  up  to  all  its  rules  and 
provisions. 

If  this  formality  was  performed  in 
good  faith,  all  signatories  are  entitled 
to  protection  from  competitors  who  ap- 
proved the  document  with  "tongue  in 
cheek." 

One  of  the  provisions  of  all  codes  is 
designed  to  curb  the  activities  of  price- 
cutters — employers  who  shave  legiti- 
mate costs  of  production  by  devious 
means  to  enable  them  to  underbid  com- 
petitors. 

Concerns  employing  underpaid,  com- 
pany-controlled labor  are  responsible 
for  the  existence  of  price-cutters.  Bona 
fide  labor  union  members  remove  the 
greatest  field  of  price-cutting  from  the 
realm  of  sharp  business  practices  and 
industrial  suicide. 


An  agreement  between  an  employer 
and  union  workers  automatically  creates 
policing  machinery  that  compels  the 
conduct  of  an  efficient  business  system 
and  abolishes  the  most  of  the  chiseling. 

Union  workers  will  never  be  parties 
to  evasions  of  existing  agreements  or 
contracts.  Thus  is  halted  any  urge  to 
take  unfair  advantage  of  competitors 
which  may  develop. 

The  day  when  all  who  toil  are  mem- 
bers of  legitimate  labor  unions  will 
mark  the  extinction  of  chiselers  in  in- 
dustry. The  opportunity  no  longer  will 
exist. 

Does  it  not  appear  strange  that 
chambers  of  commerce  and  manufac- 
turers' associations  which  clamor  loud- 
est and  longest  against  the  insidious 
practice  of  price-cutting  should  be  so 
strongly  in  opposition  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  their  employes  into  bona  fide 
labor  unions? 

Would  it  not  show  greater  intelli- 
gence and  prove  more  effective  if  such 
associations  and  their  paid  lobbyists  di- 
rected their  energies  toward  the  forma- 
tion of  bona  fide  labor  unions  for  em- 
ployes? 

"Open-shop"    establishments    are   un- 


THE    CARPENTER 


11 


doubtedly  addicted  to  the  practice  of 
price-cutting.  Union  men  and  women  do 
not  work  overtime  on  straight  pay  and 
can  not  be  intimidated  in  doing  that 
which  they  know  is  contrary  to  union 
principles.  Chiseling  has  no  part  in  the 
operation  of  a  union  concern,  either  in 
the  front  office  or  the  workroom. 

It  is  apparent  that  chambers  of  com- 
merce and  manufacturers'  associations 
oppose  organization  of  bona   fide   labor 


unions  to  evade,  under  pretense,  the  ne- 
cessity of  conducting  their  business  on  a 
plane  of  economic  fairness  rather  than 
because  of  the  boasted  "industrial  inde- 
pendence" they  have  set  up  as  a  shrine 
at  which  to  worship.  They  seek  unfair 
advantage  under  a  cloak  of  deception. 

It  is  a  two-faced  employer  who  de- 
nounces chiseling  while  at  the  same 
time  loudly  upholds  his  own  privilege  or 
license  to  engage  in  chiseling. 


THE  MAL-DISTRIBUTION 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


HE  needs  of  humanity," 
the  philosopher  re- 
marked, "can  not  be 
supplied  through  a  pol- 
icy of  destruction  and 
charity,  but  rather,  we 
need  a  system  of  distribution  that  will, 
at  the  minimum,  supply  first  the  living 
needs  of  all;  and  then,  if  there  is  any- 
thing left,  store  the  left-over  away  for 
future  distribution.  Destroying  necessi- 
ties of  life  under  any  conditions,  is  fun- 
damentally wrong,  and  it  becomes  a 
crime  against  humanity,  when  it  is  done 
in  the  face  of  even  one  soul,  who  is  suf- 
fering for  want  of  it." 

The  philosopher  had  little  sympathy 
with  the  cry  of  over-production,  when 
the  whole  thing  was  purely  a  matter  of 
mal-distribution. 

"If  every  American  man,  woman  and 
child  were  fed,  clothed  and  sheltered," 
the  philosopher  continued,  "according 
to  the  American  standard  of  living, 
there  would  be  no  overproduction,  there 
would  be  no  depression,  there  would  be 
no  crippled  systems  of  transportation. 
We  would  be  in  the  midst  of  a  perma- 
nent prosperity.  But  while  we  have 
plenty  of  everything,  people  are  starv- 
ing, going  in  rags  and  many  are  practic- 
ally without  decent  shelter.  It  doesn't 
matter  whether  we  are  on  the  gold 
standard,  the  silver  standard  or  on  a 
fluctuating  currency,  if  a  man  doesn't 
have  that  something  called  money  or  its 
equivalent,  if  he  obeys  the  laws  of  the 
land,  he  will  have  to  starve  to  death  or 
depend  on  charity  to  supply  his  needs. 
The  different  monetary  standards  make 
little  difference  when  it  comes  to  actu- 
ally supplying  the  needs  of  humanity. 
Each  standard  represents  a  group  of 
individuals,  who  will  be  favored,  if  their 
choice  of  standard  is  put  into  operation. 


Under  the  gold  standard,  the  man  who 
has  the  gold  is  the  lucky  fellow.  The 
supply  of  gold  being  limited,  makes  it 
possible  for  the  possessor  of  gold  to 
control  to  a  greater  or  to  a  lesser  ex- 
tent distribution  of  wealth.  It  is  com- 
paratively an  easy  matter  for  the  gold 
horder  to  lock  his  gold  in  a  vault,  thus 
throwing  the  proverbial  monkeywrench 
into  our  economic  system,  causing  un- 
told suffering  and  privation.  Men,  wo- 
men and  children  can  starve,  while  he 
goes  about  well-fed  with  an  air  of  great 
superiority,  carrying  the  key  to  the 
gold  supply  safely  in  his  pocket.  To  him 
there  is  only  one  safe  system,  not  only 
of  distribution,  but  of  government  as 
well,  and  that  is  the  system  which  meas- 
ures everything  from  material  things 
up  to  the  most  abstract  spiritual  ele- 
ments by  that  never-failing  standard  of 
gold.  Suffering,  even  though  it  is  direct- 
ly caused  by  the  gold  horder,  is  never- 
theless an  inevitable  visitation  from 
Providence.  The  sufferer,  it  will  be 
pointed  out  by  implication  or  otherwise, 
was  the  author  of  his  own  doom,  by 
somewhere  along  the  line  disobeying  the 

laws  of  G ,  I  beg  your  pardon — gold. 

It  is  an  easy  matter  to  blame  the  deity 
for  bringing  on  suffering,  when  we  are 
trying  to  protect  and  defend  a  system 
which  paraphrases  the  practice  of  the 
golden  rule  so  that  it  will  read,  'Do  the 
other  fellow,  and  do  him  every  time.' 
The  Carpenter  of  Nazareth  did  not  ex- 
press it  that  way.  He  put  it  so  it  meant 
positive  helpfulness.  'Do  unto  others  as 
you  would  have  them  do  unto  you,'  is 
not  a  gold  standard  rule,  neither  is  it  a 
silver  standard  expression,  nor  a  cur- 
rency standard,  inflated  or  otherwise. 
The  golden  rule  is  expressive  of  a  broth- 
erhood standard;  in  other  words,  it  im- 
plies   all    the    principles    of    the    labor 


12 


THE    CARPENTER 


standard,  which  is  the  only  just  stand- 
ard of  values.  The  labor  standard,  if 
put  into  operation,  will  put  distribution 
of  wealth  on  a  basis  of  need,  rather  than 
on  a  basis  of  greed.  It  will  mean  that 
wealth  will  be  measured  by  labor  units 
that  have  in  reality  been  performed  by 
the  possessor.  The  wealthiest  man  then 
will  be  the  man  who  has  performed  the 
greatest  amount  of  labor.  When  that 
times  comes  our  system  of  distribution 
will  be  a  labor  system  of  distribution. 
The  man  who  works,  his  needs  will  be 
supplied,  but  the  man  who  does  not 
work,  if  he  is  able-bodied,  will  be  treat- 
ed as  a  criminal,  and  rightly  so." 

Here  the  philosopher  paused.  By  a 
leap  of  the  imagination,  he  had  been 
carried  several  generations  into  the  fut- 
ure. For  the  immediate  present,  the  la- 
bor standard  was  out  of  the  question; 
of  that  he  was  well  aware,  consequently 
the  monetary  system  of  distribution 
would  still  have  to  be  depended  upon 
to  supply  the  needs  of  men  and  women 
and  children.  Something,  though,  could 
be  done  to  bring  about  a  more  nearly 
equal  distribution  of  the  good  things  of 
life.  Laws,  inadequate  as  laws  are,  could 
be  made  to  help  out  the  situation,  and 
means  could  be  provided  for  the  en- 
forcement of  such  laws.  Enormous  pro- 
fits could  be  checked  by  the  government, 
by  heavy  fhcome  and  inheritance  taxes, 
the  proceeds  of  which  to  be  used  for 
supplying  the  needs  of  those  who  by 
reason  of  unemployment  are  suffering 
with  their  dependents.  In  short,  unem- 
ployment insurance,  old  age  pension  and 
disability  benefits  could  easily  bridge 
over  the  gap  between  our  present  mone- 
tary system  of  distribution,  and  the 
coming  system  of  distribution  under  a 
labor  standard  of  values. 

"There  were  times  when  the  mone- 
tary system  of  distribution  worked  at 
best,  'fairly  well,'  "  the  philosopher  be- 
gan again,  "In  those  times,  when  a  man 
found  that  he  needed  something,  he 
could  find  a  job  somewhere  and  earn 
enough  money  to  buy  the  things  he 
needed.  The  man  who  owned  the  wealth 
paid  him  wages,  and  he  in  turn  bought 
supplies  to  satisfy  his  needs;  thus  the 
money  circulated,  passing  from  one  to 
the  other,  over  and  over.  That  is  the 
theory  the  monetary  system  of  distribu- 
tion is  based  upon;  and  when  there  was 
enough  work  to  make  it  possible  for  a 
man  to  get  a  job  when  he  needed  money, 
the  theory  worked  fairly  well.    But  the 


panic  of  plenty,  that  had  its  advent  in 
the  fall  of  1929,  by  reason  of  machine 
efficiency,  changed  the  working  of  that 
theory  from  'fairly  well,'  to  'worse  and 
worse.'  During  that  panic,  so  far  as 
the  jobless  were  concerned,  the  system 
worked  something  like  this:  The  man 
who  owned  the  wealth  bought  improved 
machinery  to  do  his  work,  in  order  to 
save  for  himself  the  wages  he  formerly 
paid  to  the  man  in  need,  so  the  money 
kept  going  around  and  around  in  a  cir- 
cle, but  the  man  of  wealth  seldom  lost 
control  of  it.  And  what  about  the  man 
in  need?  Well,  he  simply  found  himself 
more  and  more  in  need,  ate  himself  out 
of  house  and  home,  and  then,  if  he 
didn't  want  to  take  charity,  he  could 
starve  or  steal.  For  him  it  merely  was 
a  problem  of  choosing  one  of  three  evils. 
"Anybody  with  just  normal  intelli- 
gence, if  he  analyzes  the  present  situa- 
tion, must  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
our  present  monetary  system  of  distri- 
bution, whether  on  the  gold  standard  or 
not,  is  functioning  only  in  spots,  and  is 
a  worn-out  system;  that  we  are  fast 
coming  to  the  place  where  a  new  and 
better  system  must  be  set  up;  one  that 
will  distribute  to  all  a  living  minimum, 
and  will  render  impossible  the  accumu- 
lation of  fortunes  beyond  the  point  of 
adequately  supplying  life-time  needs." 


Skill 

Skill  is  probably  the  most  precious 
asset  industrial  America  has.  It  makes 
little  difference  whether  this  paramount 
possession  be  fully  appreciated  or  not, 
it  is  a  fact  that  our  industrial  pre- 
eminence rests  upon  the  varied,  re- 
sourceful skill  of  American  workmen. 

Anyone  who  has  followed  Russia's  re- 
cent development  knows  that  that  na- 
tion suffers  not  from  a  lack  of  engineer- 
ing brains,  but  from  a  lack  of  crafts- 
manship and  technical  skill  among  peas- 
ants turned  factory  workers.  You  can't 
make  a  craftsman  over  night,  and  you 
can't  produce  that  mysterious  but  potent 
force  known  as  craft-consciousness  in  a 
decade.  American  mechanical  genius  is 
the  product  of  generations  of  develop- 
ment. 

This  being  true,  skill  should  be  rec- 
ognized and  rewarded  like  any  other 
exceptional  attainment.  It  should  not 
be  treated  as  a  publicized  pretense  with- 
out value  to  the  nation  as  a  whole,  and 
skill  should  not  be  glided  over  as  an 
ordinary  value  easily  acquired. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the  15th   of  each   month   at  the 

CARPENTERS'  BUILDING 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA, 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Subscription  Phicb 
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The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avails 
able  to  them  against  accepting  advertise* 
ments  from  other  than  reliable  firms,  but 
do  not  accept  any  responsibility  for  the 
contents  of  any  advertisement  which  ap- 
pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au= 
fhorities.  Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   JULY,    1934 

A  Graceful  Celebration  of  Peace 

ONE  of  the  few  "international  inci- 
dents" which  please  everybody — 
except  munitions  makers — will  be 
formally  concluded  on  July  4,  at  Tor- 
onto, Canada.  It  began  at  the  same  place 
123  years  ago. 

At  the  time  of  the  War  of  1812,  the 
Canadian  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Val- 
ley was  divided  into  provinces;  Lower 
Canada,  corresponding  roughly  to  Que- 
bec, and  Upper  Canada,  the  predecessor 
to  Ontario.  Where  Toronto  stands  now 
was  the  settlement  of  York,  and  near  it 
was  Fort  York. 

An  American  force  crossed  the  border 
in  1813  and  captured  Fort  York.  The 
Yankee  general,  Zebulon  Pike,  after 
whom     Pike's    Peak    was     named,     was 


killed  in  the  attack;  but  the  victors, 
when  they  turned  homeward,  carried 
away  a  royal  British  standard  and  the 
official  mace  of  Upper  Canada.  The  mace 
was  sent  to  the  Naval  Academy  at  An- 
napolis. 

With  money  raised  by  American  wo- 
men now  living  in  Canada,  a  monument 
has  been  erected  to  General  Pike  at  the 
site  of  the  old  fort,  now  turned  to  a 
park,  and  will  be  unveiled  July  4.  A 
few  Canadians  grumbled  a  little  at  the 
proposal  to  build  on  Canadian  soil  a 
monument  to  a  Yankee  invader;  but  the 
majority  agreed  with  good  grace.  Then 
President  Roosevelt  suggested  to  Con- 
gress that  the  mace  be  sent  back  to 
Canada  as  a  courteous  return  for  Can- 
ada's favor  in  sanctioning  the  monu- 
ment.   This  will  be  done. 

When  two  nations  make  up  their 
minds  in  good  faith  to  keep  peace  with 
each  other,  they  can  do  it.  There  were 
plenty  of  grudges  between  Canada  and 
the  United  States  when  peace  came  in 
1814,  but  they  were  not  allowed  to 
shape  national  policy.  The  two  coun- 
tries determined  to  have  peace,  and 
they  have  had  it.  On  4,0  0  0  miles  of 
international  boundary,  there  is  not  a 
fort  or  a  soldier,  and  not  a  warship  on 
the  Great  Lakes.  What  an  example  for 
a  war-plagued  world! 


Power  of  "Pitiless  Publicity" 

GOVENOR  H.  H.  Lehman  has  won 
a  sweeping  victory  for  the  people 
of  New  York.  The  legislature  has 
enacted  all  the  utility  laws  which  he 
proposed.  These  laws  break  the  shackles 
which  have  hampered  municipalities  in 
seeking  public  ownership,  permit  cities 
to  sell  current  outside  their  own  limits, 
put  utility  holding  companies  under  con- 
trol of  the  Public  Service  Commission, 
and  do  other  things  which  the  Power 
Trust  hates  and  the  people  welcome. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  praise  Gover- 
nor Lehman  too  highly  for  the  vision 
and  courage  which  he  displayed  in  this 
matter.  But  one  does  not  get  its  full 
meaning  until  he  realizes  that  it  was 
won  by  the  power  of  "pitiless  publicity," 


14 


THE     CARPENTER 


and  that  the  charge  which  broke  the 
ranks  of  the  Power  Trust  lobby  was 
made  possible  by  a  man  now  dead.  Sena- 
tor Thomas  J.  Walsh  of  Montana. 

Lehman  was  fighting  with  his  back  to 
the  wall,  and  two  of  his  bills  had  been 
rejected  by  one  house  of  the  legislature, 
when  a  bookkeeper  took  the  stand  be- 
fore the  Federal  Trade  Commission  in 
Washington,  and  told  how  W.  T.  Thayer, 
state  senator  of  New  York,  had  made  a 
regular  business  of  killing  in  committee 
bills  which  the  trust  did  not  like.  He 
had  names  and  dates;  and  above  all,  he 
had  Thayer's  letters.  With  that  evidence 
the  lobby  was  routed,  and  Lehman 
pushed  his  bills  through. 

Seven  years  ago,  Senator  "Tom" 
Walsh  of  Montana  introduced  his  reso- 
lution for  a  Senate  investigation  of  the 
propaganda  and  financial  setup  of  elec- 
tric utilities.  The  Power  Trust  massed 
the  most  expensive  lobby  ever  seen 
in  Washington  up  to  that  time,  and 
thought,  for  a  moment,  it  had  won.  The 
investigation  was  handed  over  to  the 
Federal  Trade  Commission,  in  the  full 
expectation  that  it  would  end  in  a 
"whitewash,"  but  it  didn't. 

That  investigation  broke  the  Power 
Trust  lobby  in  Albany;  and  Walsh  cre- 
ated the  investigation,  though  he  did 
not  conduct  it.  In  the  Spanish  legend, 
the  Cid  won  battles  after  he  was  dead; 
and  sometimes,  legend  comes  true. 


Unionism  Is  Strength 

THE  necessity  of  the  workers  organ- 
izing in  strong  bona  fide  unions 
to  secure  without  question  the 
right  of  collective  bargaining  guaran- 
teed to  them  by  the  labor  section  of  the 
National  Industrial  Recovery  Act  is  well 
illustrated  by  two  recent  decisions  of 
the  Petroleum  Labor  Policy  Board. 

Seventy  employes  of  the  Col-Tex  Re- 
fining Company,  Colorado,  Texas,  filed 
a  petition  with  the  Board  requesting 
that  an  election  be  held  to  choose  by 
secret  ballot  representatives  for  collec- 
tive bargaining. 

An  investigation  by  Joseph  S.  Myers 
of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor  indi- 
cated that  a  large  number  of  the  em- 
ployes belonged  to  the  local  union  of 
the  International  Association  of  Oil 
Field,  Gas  Well  and  Refinery  Workers 
of  America.  To  put  the  facts  on  an  in- 
controvertible basis,  Mr.  Myers,  with  the 


consent  of  both  the  company  and  the  un- 
ion, suggested  that  in  lieu  of  an  election 
the  union's  membership  list  be  checked 
against  the  company's  payroll.  The 
check  showed  that  85  out  of  the  106 
employes  were  union  members  and  de- 
sired to  have  the  union  as  their  collec- 
tive bargaining  agency. 

On    receiving    Mr.    Myers'   report   the 
Labor  Policy  Board  declared: 

"On  the  basis  of  this  report  and 
in  accordance  with  the  decisions 
approved  by  the  Petroleum  Admin- 
istrator, the  Petroleum  Labor  Pol- 
icy Board  certifies  that  a  majority 
in  excess  of  94  per  cent  of  the  em- 
ployes of  the  Col-Tex  Refining  Com- 
pany at  Colorado,  Texas,  have  duly* 
chosen  as  their  accredited  represen- 
tative for  collective  bargaining  Lo- 
cal Union  No.  26  0  of  the  Interna- 
tional Association  of  Oil  Field, 
Gas  Well  and  Refinery  Workers  of 
America  as  authorized  by  Section 
7a  of  the  National  Industrial  Re- 
covery Act  and  Article  II,  Section 
7  of  the  Code  of  Fair  Competition 
for  the  Petroleum  Industry." 

In  the  case  of  the  Empire  Oil  and  Re- 
fining Company,  East  Chicago,  Ind.,  a, 
check  of  the  list  of  union  members 
against  the  company  payroll  showed 
that  316  employes  out  of  327  were  on 
the  union  list.  Without  the  formality  of 
an  election  the  Labor  Policy  Board 
thereupon  declared  that  "a  majority  in 
excess  of  9  6  per  cent"  of  the  employes 
of  the  company  had  chosen  the  Local 
Union  of  the  International  Association 
of  Oil  Field,  Gas  Well  and  Refinery 
Workers  of  America  as  "their  accredit- 
ed representative  for  collective  bargain- 
ing." 

These  two  instances  are  striking 
proofs  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor's  persistent  slogan  that  only 
through  strong  unions  can  working  men 
and  women  safeguard  their  rights. 

In  both  cases  it  was  the  large  percen- 
tage of  the  employes  enrolled  in  the 
union  which  presented  indisputable  evi- 
dence that  the  formality  of  an  election 
was  not  necessary  to  determine  whom 
the  workers  desired  to  represent  them  in 
negotiating  agreements  with  the  em- 
ployers. 


"Our  greatest  glory  consists  not  in 
never  falling  but  in  rising  every  time 
we  fall." — Goldsmith. 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


Mean  Racket  Under  Fire 

THE  senate  labor  committee  struck 
a  blow  at  one  of  the  meanest 
rackets  in  existence,  by  voting 
for  a  nation-wide  investigation  of  wage 
conditions  under  federal  contracts. 

The  proposed  investigation  is  aimed 
primarily  at  the  "kick-back  racket,"  by 
which  workers  are  forced  to  give  up 
part  of  their  wages  to  grafting  contrac- 
tors as  a  condition  of  getting  and  hold- 
ing a  job. 

Confronted  with  indisputable  testi- 
mony regarding  the  prevalence  of  this 
abuse,  the  Senate  Committee  on  Labor 
and  Education  requested  authority  to 
conduct  an  investigation  of  wages  and 
wage-payment  practices  on  all  Federal 
projects.  The  probe  will  undoubtedly 
reveal  that  Government  contractors  all 
over  the  country  have  unlawfully  taken 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  from 
the  workers  as  the  price  of  the  jobs 
which  they  had  to  have  in  order  to  pro- 
vide a  living  for  themselves  and  their 
families. 

The  investigation  should  be  promptly 
made,  and  the  necessary  agencies*  of  the 
Government  mobilized  to  compel  these 
grafters  on  the  workers  wages  to  re- 
store to  the  persons  whose  rights  have 
been  outraged  every  dollar  taken  by  the 
"kick  back,"  and  impose  penalties  suit- 
able to  so  vicious  a  practice. 


Firetrap  Tenement  Indicted  Again 

TWO  million  people  in  New  York 
City  are  housed  in  firetraps. 
Forty-four  persons  have  been 
burned  to  death  in  these  tenements  dur- 
ing the  present  year,  and  since  1901, 
there  have  been  1,422  of  these  sacrifices 
to  the  fire  demon  in  New  York  City. 

The  Emergency  Committee  for  Tene- 
ment Safety  gives  these  facts,  and 
others  as  sickening.  It  declares  that  9  0 
per  cent  of  the  67,000  tenements  in  New 
York  are,  truly  and  literally,  firetraps; 
and  denounces  the  argument  that  noth- 
ing can  be  done  because  the  landlords 
cannot  afford  to  install  better  protec- 
tion. 

The  committee  is  right  a  thousand 
times;  but  the  economic  and  constitu- 
tional barrier  is  there,  none  the  less. 
Labor  repeats  what  it  has  said  before, 
that  exorbitant  land  values  are  the  key 
to  the  slum  question;  that  the  slum, 
with  its  disease  and  crime  and  burnt 
offerings     of    human     flesh,     cannot    be 


wiped  out  until  some  way  is  found  to 
get  city  land  for  housing  projects  at  a 
reasonable  price. 

Denunciation  of  greed  is  good;  but  a 
way  to  circumvent  greed  would  be  bet- 
ter. The  Emergency  Committee  may  re- 
lieve the  situation,  and  that  is  well 
worth  while;  but  with  the  courts  pro- 
tecting the  "constitutional  right"  of  the 
landlord  to  make  money  out  of  human 
danger  and  misery,  a  cure  has  yet  to  be 
found. 


Billion   Dollars — Million   Jobs 

IT   IS   estimated  that   there  is   in  this 
country       $1,000,000,000       of      idle 
capital     which     would     normally  -be 
used  in  the   mortgage  market  for  resi- 
dential building. 

If  present  efforts  loosen  these  funds 
and  bring  building  back  near  normal, 
close  to  a  million  men  will  find  jobs. 
They  will  have  regular  incomes.  They 
will  have  money  to  spend  for  necessities 
and  luxuries — and  that  money  will  go 
through  a  thousand  and  one  industries, 
buying  materials  and  supplies  and  serv- 
ices, paying  taxes  and  interest,  creating 
more  jobs  and  building  up  payrolls  for 
all  types  of  workers. 

That  is  what  construction  revival 
means  for  the  country  generally.  Build- 
ing costs  have  been  rising  slowly,  but 
steadily,  since  the  low  reached  last  sum- 
mer. They  are  still  far  below  normal— 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  costs  of  most  mate- 
rials used  in  building  have  lagged  be- 
hind the  general  commodity  price  ad- 
vance. That  means  that  the  millions  of 
citizens  who  have  money  with  which  to 
build  and  repair  now — can  still  get  a 
whole  lot  more  than  a  dollar's  worth 
for  every  dollar  spent.  And  that  condi- 
tion isn't  going  to  last  much  longer,  un- 
less the  present  signs  point  the  wrong 
way. 

Build  now,  renovize  now,  repair  now. 


Educated  and  Learned 

Tu  be  educated  is  only  to  have 
been  led  out  of  the  darkness  of  ignor- 
ance into  the  light  of  understanding. 
To  be  learned  means  that  one  has 
searched  among  the  world's  treasures 
and  possessed  one's  self  of  many.  To 
be  educated  is  the  result  of  a  more  or 
less  perfunctory  act.  To  be  learned  is 
a  state  of  mind  and  spirit  purpose- 
fully attained. 


Official  Information 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 
Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,   W.   T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,   HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth   District,  JAS.   L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.   Grand   Blvd.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 


Sixth   District,   A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


NOTICE      TO      RECORDING 
SECRETARIES 

The  quarterly  circular  for  the  months 
of  July,  August  and  September,  contain- 
ing the  quarterly  password,  has  been 
forwarded  to  all  Local  Unions  of  the 
United  Brotherhood.  Six  blanks  have 
been  forwarded  for  the  Financial  Secre- 
tary, three  of  which  are  to  be  used  for 
the  reports  to  the  General  Office  for  the 
months  of  July,  August  and  September; 
the  extra  ones  are  to  be  filled  out  in 
duplicate  and  kept  on  file  for  future  ref- 
erence. Enclosed  also  were  six  blanks 
for  the  Treasurer  to  be  used  in  transmit- 
ting money  to  the  General  Office. 

Recording  Secretaries  not  in  receipt 
of  this  circular  should  immediately  no- 
tify Frank  Duffy,  Carpenters'  Building, 
Indianapolis,  Indiana. 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


Contractors   Must  File  Names   of  Sub- 
Contractors  on  PWA  Projects 

The  following  order  has  been  sent  by 
the  Federal  Administration  of  Public 
Works  to  all  Federal  Departments  and 
Construction  Agencies,  including  the 
State  Engineers    (PWA): 

"In  order  to  minimize  a  rather  com- 
mon practice  of  sub-contract  shopping 
on  the  part  of  contractors  after  the 
opening  of  bids,  the  following  provision 
shall  be  inserted  in  all  calls  for  bids  and 
bid  proposals  on  Federal  Public  Works 
projects: 

"  'Every  contractor  who  bids  upon  a 
project  financed  in  whole  or  in  part  by 
funds  from  the  Public  Works  Adminis- 
tration shall  submit  in  a  sealed  envel- 
ope with  his  bid  to  the  contracting  offi- 
cer the  names  of  all  sub-contractors  and 
their  bids  upon  which  his  bid  is  based. 
The  sealed  envelope  so  submitted  shall 
have  on  it  the  name  of  the  contractor 
with  the  words  "Bids  of  Sub-Contrac- 
tors." Such  submission  shall  be  deemed 
to  constitute  an  acceptance  by  the  con- 
tractor, if  awarded  the  contract,  of  the 
bid  of  each  sub-contractor.  Any  altera- 
tion therein,  after  the  award  of  the  con- 
tract, shall  be  subject  to  the  approval 
of  contracting  officer  of  the  Federal  De- 
partment or  Agency  concerned.'  " 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


Secretary  Morrison  Cites  Growth  of  A. 
P.  of  L. 

Since  July  3,  1933,  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor  has  chartered  1,368 
Federal  Labor  Unions,  Secretary  Frank 
Morrison  reported  to  the  Spring  meet- 
ing of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  Executive  Council 
in  Washington. 

These  unions,  which  are  directly  af- 
filiated with  the  Federation,  have  a  po- 
tential membership  of  500,000. 

Mr.  Morrison  explained  that  this 
growth  in  A.  F.  of  L.  membership  was 
not  limited  to  the  Federal  Unions,  but 
that  there  had  been  large  increases 
among  the  108  national  and  interna- 
tional unions  comprising  the  Federa- 
tion. The  report  will  not  be  ready  be- 
fore August  31. 

Mr.  Morrison  declared  that  "the  spirit 
of  organization  was  never  better." 

"The  organization  campaign  of  1901 
to  1904  added  800,000  members  to  the 
Federation,"  he  continued.  "Between 
1916  and  1920  the  Federation  added  2,- 
000,000  to  its  rolls.  There  is  every  in- 
dication that  the  campaign  now  under 
way  will  exceed  the  increase  of  1916  to 
1920." 

Mr.  Morrison  recalled  that  the  1901- 
1904  organization  campaign  had  added 
many  Federal  Unions  to  the  Federation 
and  that  out  of  these,  10  international 
unions  were  formed.  He  predicted  that 
another  crop  of  international  unions 
would  arise  out  of  the  new  local  unions. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Carlsbad,  N.  Mex. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 
Fort  Peck  Dam,  Mont. 
Spokane,  Wash. 
Nevada,  Mo. 
Griffin,  Ga. 
Gulfport,  Miss. 
Augusta,  Ga. 

Deer  Park,  Wash. 

• 

Reward  Offered 

Brother  Herman  Stoltz,  of  Jane,  Mis- 
souri, a  member  of  Local  Union  1898, 
Girard,  Kansas,  lost  his  suit  case  on 
May  18  between  Springdale  and  Fayette- 
ville,  Arkansas,  which  contained  cloth- 
ing, carpenters'  tools,  letters  and  his  due 
book.  A  reward  is  offered  by  Brother 
Stoltz  for  their  return. 


Public  Service  Decree  Conferred  Upon 
President  Green 

In  the  presence  of  a  notable  assem- 
blage in  the  City  Auditorium  of  Atlanta, 
Georgia,  Dr.  Thornwell  Jacobs,  presi- 
dent of  Oglethorpe  University,  con- 
ferred the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Public 
Service  upon  William  Green,  president 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
in  acknowledgment  of  his  meritorious 
work  in  this  field. 

On  receiving  the  degree  from  Presi- 
dent Jacobs,  Mr.  Green  said: 

"You  have  conferred  a  very  great 
honor  upon  me  and  I  accept  it  with  feel- 
ings of  sincere  appreciation.  Only  one 
whose  lot  in  life  was  cast  as  mine  has 
been  can  truly  comprehend  its  complete 
meaning  and  deep  significance  to  me.  I 
assure  you  that  I  shall  always  treasure 
within  my  memory  fondest  recollections 
of  the  happy  experiences  of  yesterday 
and  today." 


Shipyard    Employes    Win    Strike   For 
Higher  Pay 

By  a  unanimous  vote  3,300  employes 
of  the  New  York  Shipbuilding  Company, 
Camden,  N.  J.,  on  strike  since  March  27, 
decided  to  return  to  work  according  to 
an  agreement  with  the  company  which 
gives  them  hourly  wage  increases  aggre- 
gating 14.6  per  cent.  The  strikers  orig- 
inally demanded  a  37%  per  cent  hourly 
wage  increase  and  the.  company's  first 
offer  was  a  10  per  cent  rise. 

Under  other  terms  of  the  settlement, 
a  basis  is  established  for  adjusting  fut- 
ure complaints,  no  discrimination  is  to 
be  shown  for  any  cause,  former  em- 
ployes are  to  receive  preference  in  re- 
hiring and  the  work  week  will  be  raised 
from  thirty-two  to  thirty-six  hours. 

The  wage  increases  agreed  upon  were 
10  per  cent  flat,  but  re-classifications 
will  bring  a  total  increase  of  14.6  per 
cent.  Skilled  mechanics  will  get  the 
highest  rate  of  increases,  amounting  to 
16.5  per  cent,  bringing  the  hourly  scale 
for  1,300  to  70  to  83  cents  from  the  old 
rate  of  61  to  75  cents. 


Union  Labels 

The  capitalist  never  overlooks  any- 
thing or  means  to  protect,  advance,  and 
build  up  his  capital.  Labor  sometimes 
forgets,  or  carelessly  neglects,  one  force- 
ful means  of  building  up  and  strength- 
ening the  Union. 


THE     CARPENTER 


About  fifty-eight  National  Unions 
have  Union  Labels.  If  one-half  of  the 
membership  would  stop  forgetting  long 
enough  to  remember  that  there  is  such 
a  thing  as  the  Union  Label  and  demand 
it  on  everything  bought,  the  membership 
of  the  Unions  would  quickly  double. 

The  Label  is  a  great  organization 
help.    Ask  for  it.  Do  your  part. 


Organize   Spending  In   Addition   To 
Working 

A  union  dollar  should  be  a  union  dol- 
lar as  long  as  it  remains  in  the  hands  of 
a  union  member.  That  is,  union  wages 
should  be  used  to  buy  only  products  and 
services  created  under  union  conditions. 
Union  wages  are  the  product  of  organ- 
ization, planning,  and  struggle.  They 
represent  an  ideal  which  a  group  of  per- 
sons believed  in  enough  to  commit  them- 
selves to  the  cause.  The  men  and  wo- 
men who  belong  to  a  union  for  the  pur- 
pose of  getting  better  terms  and  condi- 
tions for  themselves  will  easily  appreci- 
ate that  they  can  help  workers  in  other 
industries  by  making  sure  that  the 
things  they  buy  are  also  union  made. 
Spending  of  one  worker  has  direct 
bearing  on  the  earnings  of  another 
worker.  It  is  in  appreciation  of  this  in- 
terrelation between  earning  and  spend- 
ing that  many  union  organizations  have 
the  union  label  to  designate  their 
products  for  the  convenience  of  fellow 
trade-unionists  and  their  friends. 

Wage-earners  constitute  so  large  a 
percentage  of  buyers  in  the  retail  stores 
that  if  they  mobilized  for  patronage  of 
union-made  products  retail  merchants 
would  be  forced  to  carry  large  stocks 
of  union  products.  Mobilization  of  wage- 
earners  in  the  consumer  field  would 
make  unnecessary  many  struggles  in  the 
production  end.  Organization  of  spend- 
ing of  union  wages  as  well  as  work  re- 
lations and  the  earning  of  union  wages 
would  place  an  enormous  economic  pow- 
er behind  higher  economic  standards 
for  all. 

Every  wage-earner  is  urged  to  do  his 
utmost  to  put  consumer  buying  behind 
union  work  standards.  Wives  and  fam- 
ilies of  wage-earners  should  join  with 
the  labor  movement  in  support  of  the 
cause  of  wage-earner  betterment. 


Nearly  everything  in  the  modern 
household  is  controlled  by  switches  ex- 
cept the  children. 


W.  B.  Wilson,  Former  Secretary  of 
Labor  Dies 

William  B.  Wilson,  first  Secretary  of 
Labor  and  former  secretary-treasurer  of 
the  United  Mine  Workers,  passed  away 
aboard  a  train  en  route  from  Miami, 
Florida,  to  Washington,  D.  O,  on  Fri- 
day, May  25,  1934.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  his  daughter  was  with  him.  Al- 
though his  friends  knew  he  had  been 
ill  for  a  number  of  months,  his  passing 
at  the  time  was  unexpected. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  train  in  Wash- 
ington the  remains  were  taken  to  the. 
W.  W.  Chambers  Funeral  Home,  where 
the  kindly  features  of  the  veteran  labor 
leader  rested  in  state  during  Sunday, 
and  were  viewed  by  persons  prominent 
in  public  and  private  life,  including 
many  trade  union  officers  and  members. 
Sunday  evening  the  body  was  taken  to 
Mr.  Wilson's  home  in  Blossburg,  Pa., 
for  the  funeral  service. 

Mr.  Wilson  was  elected  to  the  Federal 
House  of  Representatives  from  the  Fif- 
teenth Pennsylvania  district  in  1906, 
and  served  continuously  in  that  body 
until  March  3,  1913,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed first  Secretary  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  by  President  Wilson  and 
administered  that  office  until  March  5, 
1921. 

As  chairman  of  the  Labor  Committee 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  during 
the  sixty-second  Congress  he  was  large- 
ly responsible  for  the  establishment  of 
the  Department  of  Labor,  the  Children's 
Bureau  and  the  Bureau  of  Mines. 

Mr.  Wilson  and  former  Senator  Page 
of  Vermont  were  the  joint  authors  of 
the  bill  providing  for  Federal  assistance 
to  vocational  education.  He  served  as 
a  member  of  the  Federal  Board  for  Vo- 
cational Education  from  1914  to  1921, 
being  chairman  of  the  board  in  192  0 
and  1921. 

During  the  World  War  Mr.  Wilson 
was  in  charge  of  matters  affecting  labor 
and  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  in  1916. 

After  his  retirement  from  public  office 
in  19  21  he  continued  to  take  deep  inter- 
est in  the  mine  workers,  acting  as  arbi- 
trator in  the  Illinois  mine  fields  for  sev- 
eral years. 

Mr.  Wilson  was  born  in  Blantyre, 
Scotland,  in  18  6  2,  and  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  with  his  parents,  who 
settled  in  Arnot,  Tioga  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1870. 


THE     CARPENTER 


19 


He  received  his  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Pennsylvania  and  com- 
menced working  in  the  mines  at  Arnot 
in  1871.  Two  years  later  he  joined  the 
Miners'  and  Laborers'  Benevolent  Asso- 
ciation. In  1877,  when  but  sixteen  years 
of  age,  he  was  elected  Secretary  of  the 
Miners  Union  at  Arnot.  He  joined  the 
Knights  of  Labor  in  1879,  the  early 
unions  of  coal  miners  being  assemblies 
of  that  organization.  He  was  i.  delegate 
to  the  joint  convention  held  in  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  in  1890,  which  merged 
the  National  Trades  Assembly  of  the 
Knights  of  Labor  and  the  National  Pro- 
gressive Union  into  the  United  Mine 
Workers  of  America. 

In  1900,  Mr.  Wilson  was  chosen  by 
John  Mitchell,  President  of  the  United 
Mine  Workers,  as  secretary-treasurer  to 
fill  a  vacancy  which  occurred  in  that 
office  and  was  elected  to  succeed  him- 
self by  every  convention  from  19  00  to 
1908. 


publication     of     the     United     Garment 
Workers. 

Mr.  Wines  is  survived  by  his  widow 
and  a  son,  Wilbur  Wines. 


Garment  Workers'  Official  Dies 

Jacob  L.  Wines,  general  secretary- 
treasurer  of  the  United  Garment  Work- 
ers of  America,  died  at  his  home,  Elm- 
hurst  Park,  L.  I.,  'on  June  3,  1934,  at 
the  age  of  49.  He  succumbed  to  an  at- 
tack of  pneumonia  which  he  contracted 
a  few  days  before  the  end  came. 

Mr.  Wines  was  appointed  general  or- 
ganizer of  the  United  Garment  Workers 
of  America  in  1915,  and  during  the  next 
seven  years  he  traveled  extensively  in 
all  parts  of  the  United  States  in  the 
interests  of  that  organization. 

He  was  born  in  St.  Joseph,  Mo.  In 
1901  he  became  a  garment  cutter  and 
joined  the  organization  of  his  trade  in 
that  city.  His  first  official  position  was 
that  of  secretary  of  the  Missouri  State 
Federation  of  Labor.  He  held  that  post 
until  1915,  when  he  was  appointed  gen- 
eral organizer  of  the  United  Garment 
Workers. 

Mr.  Wines  was  elected  to  the  general 
executive  board  of  that  organization  in 
1922,  and  since  1928  he  had  been  gen- 
eral secretary-treasurer.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  annual  conven- 
tions of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  where  he  performed  valuable 
committee  work. 

He  was  an  associate  editor  of  The 
Garment    Worker,     the    weekly    official 


President  of  Local  Union  62,  and  Wife, 
Meet  Tragic  Death 

P.  L.  Anderson,  president  of  Local 
Union  62  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  and  his 
wife  died  early  Friday  morning  May  11, 
1934,  while  asleep  in  their  home,  having 
been  suffocated  by  smoke  coming  from 
fire  in  a  vacant  bungalow  adjoining  the 
apartment  where  they  lived. 

Brother  Anderson  attended  the  Coun- 
cil meeting  Thursday  evening,  May  10, 
and  was  in  his  usual  happy  mood  when 
he  left  for  home,  and  only  a  few  hours 
later  he  and  his  wife  were  overcome  by 
smoke  while  asleep. 

Brother  Anderson  was  born  in  the 
city  of  Stockholm,  Sweden,  July  20, 
1865,  and  joined  Local  Union  No.  62, 
March  5,  1901.  He, was  for  many  years 
a  delegate  to  the  Chicago  District  Coun- 
cil, was  president  of  Local  Union  6  2, 
and  was  instrumental  to  a  great  degree 
in  keeping  up  the  high  standard  of 
trade  unionism  this  Local  Union  is 
known  to  possess. 

Interment  took  place  at  Oak  Hill 
Cemetery  on  May  14,  and  was  attended 
by  a  large  number  of  the  members  of 
the  Local  Union  and  friends. 


Prominent  Member  of  Local  132,  Dies 

Ludwig  Luebkert,  one  of  the  most 
widely  known  members  of  our  organiza- 
tion in  the  District  of  Columbia,  for  a 
number  of  years  president  of  the  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  District  Council,  and  treas- 
urer of  Local  Union  132  for  over  20 
years,  died  at  the  age  of  73,  at  his  home 
in  Washington  on  May  28,   19  34. 

Brother  Luebkert  was  a  keen  student 
of  the  labor  movement  and  throughout 
his  life  his  heart  and  mind  were  devoted 
to  the  best  interests  of  those  who  toil. 
He  did  much  good  and  his  death  is  a 
loss  to  the  District  Council  and  to  Local 
Union  132  which  he  served  as  treasurer 

for  such  a  long  period  of  years. 

» 

Old  Time  Member  of  Local  Union  350 
Taken  By  Death 

John  Doyle,  a  member  of  our  organ- 
ization   for    the   past    45    years,    passed 


20 


T  II  E     CARPE  N  T  JE  K 


away  at  his  home  in  New  Rochelle,  N. 
Y.,  April  22,  1934,  at  the  age  of  77. 

Brother  Doyle  was  a  charter  member 
of  Local  Union  42,  organized  May  9, 
1889,  and  remained  in  same  until  the 
consolidation  of  that  Local  with  No.  718 
in  April,  1913,  forming  Local  Union 
350. 

Brother  Doyle  was  active  in  the  labor 
movement  until  a  few  years  previous  to 
his  death.  The  members  of  Local  Union 
350  morn  his  loss. 


INFORMATION    TO    MEMBERS    OF 
OUR  BROTHERHOOD 

To  All  Local  Unions  and  District  Coun- 
cils. 

For  several  years  our  Brotherhood 
has  not  been  affiliated  with  the  Building 
Trades  Department  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor. 

Recently,  upon  the  solicitation  of 
Wm.  Green,  President  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor,  the  Electrical 
Workers'  organization,  the  Bricklayers 
International  Union  and  our  Brother- 
hood decided  to  again  affiliate  with  the 
Building  Trades  Department  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  and  on 
June  14th  were  admitted  to  the  Depart- 
ment. 

In  doing  so,  however,  it  was  agreed 
by  the  three  organizations  that  the  Tri 
Party  Agreement  existing  between  the 
Electricians,  Bricklayers  and  our  Broth- 
erhood would  continue  in  existence. 

While  we  are  now  again  affiliated 
with  the  Department,  our  membership, 
if  desiring  to  affiliate  with  local  Building 
Trades  Councils,  should  keep  in  mind 
that  they  should  affiliate  through  their 
District  Council,  where  a  District  Coun- 
cil exists. 

They  should  also  bear  in  mind  that 
the  laws  of  the  Building  Trades  Depart- 
ment provides  that  no  strike  of  a  Build- 
ing Trades  Council  shall  be  called  be- 
cause of  a  jurisdictional  dispute.  In 
other  words  if  a  jurisdictional  dispute 
arises  between  two  trades  the  Building 
Trades  Council  is  to  remain  neutral  and 
not  enter  into  the  controversy  by  taking 
sides  with  either  one  or  the  other  of  the 
organizations. 

Our  members  should  also  keep  in 
mind  that  if  they  affiliate  with  a  Build- 
ing  Trades   Council   it   does   not  in   any 


way    change    our    jurisdictional    claims, 
nor  do  we,   nor  can  we,  permit  a  local 
Building    Trades    Council    to    determine 
what  our  jurisdiction  shall  be. 
Fraternally  yours 

WM.  L.  HUTCHESON, 
June  25,  1934.  General  President. 


Spirit  For  Organization  Everywhere 

Organization  among  workers  is 
spreading  with  tremendous  rapidity. 
Since  a  year  ago  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  has  gained  a  million  mem- 
bers and  that  is  no  small  achievement. 
There  has  been  no  war  time  stimulation. 
There  has  been  no  hope  of  at  once  gain- 
ing higher  wages.  There  has  been  none 
of  that  great  enthusiasm  that  marked 
the  days  of  war-time  elation. 

Every  labor  man  has  heard  many 
repetitions  of  the  slander  that  men  join 
unions  because  they  have  to  join  to  get. 
a  job.  And  now  we  have  the  proof,  piled 
mountain  high,  that  men  want  to  join 
unions  for  the  sake  of  associating  with 
their  fellows  in  a  common  effort  in  be- 
half of  wage  earners.  They  want  to 
join  and  they  will  join,  just  as  soon  as 
the  law  protects  them  in  their  right  to 
join.  A  million  have  joined  just  because 
at  last  the  law  protects  them  in  their 
right  to  join. 

Upon  the  enactment  of  a  very  simple 
section  of  law,  which  says  that  no  em- 
ployer shall  have  the  right  to  inter- 
fere with  the  right  of  an  employe  to  join 
a  union  and  to  engage,  through  that 
union,  in  collective  bargaining,  men 
rush  by  the  thousands  to  join  unions. 
And  they  do  this  in  times  when  money 
for  even  small  initiation  fees  is  scarce 
indeed.  Never  has  the  world  seen  a  more 
magnificent  example  of  the  true  solidar- 
ity of  labor  than  in  America  in  the  last 
year. 


Life  Is  Too  Short 

To  spend  time  hunting  for  the  disa- 
greeable. 

To  waste  one's  strength  fighting  un- 
necessary battles. 

To  worry  over  troubles  that  never 
happen. 

To  lose  sleep  over  things  that  cannot 
be  helped. 

To  spoil  even  one  day  by  envying 
some  one  else's  prosperity. 

To  try  to  shut  the  mouths  of  all  the 
gossips. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal   Is   Not  Responsible  For  Views   Expressed   By   Correspondents. 


Fallacy  of  Company  Unions 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  an  address  delivered 
by  me  before  a  mass  meeting  of  organ- 
ized and  unorganized  workers  in  the 
Trades  and  Labor  Hall,  Savannah, 
Georgia,  with  the  request  that  it  be  pub- 
lished in  our  monthly  journal. 

There  are  a  few  facts  that  should  be 
of  grave  interest  to  the  masses  in  every 
walk  of  life — the  employer,  the  mer- 
chant and  the  employe. 

If  you  want  to,  and  are  behind  the 
President  in  his  recovery  program,  why 
not  face  the  issue  fairly  and  honestly? 
If  you  want  recovery  to  make  a  home 
run,  raise  wages  and  increase  the  work- 
ers buying  power.  Every  honest  manu- 
facturer knows  that  the  workers  are  in- 
dustry's best  customers.  Over  eighty- 
three  per  cent  of  all  buyers  at  retail 
stores  and  renters  of  homes  come  from 
the  wages  of  the  small  salaried  workers. 
Give  them  work  at  fair  wages  and  in- 
dustry will  prosper. 

The  Union  increases  the  workers  buy- 
ing power.  The  Union  workers  can  buy 
twice  as  much  as  the  average  industrial 
worker.  Union  wages  average  one  dol- 
lar and  six  cents  per  hour  compared  to 
the  forty-two  cents  for  industrial  work- 
ers in  general. 

In  1929  the  combined  income  of  all 
wage  and  small  salaried  workers  in  in- 
dustry was  four  and  one-half  billion 
dollars  a  month.  Business  was  good 
then  but  in  the  four  years  following 
from  March  1929  to  1933,  industry  laid 
off  workers  and  cut  wages;  workers  lost 
two-third  of  their  buying  power;  their 
income  shrank  from  more  than  two  and 
one-half  billion  dollars  to  only  one  bil- 
lion seven  hundred  eighty-four  million  a 
month.  Business  collapsed  and  no  won- 
der. Under  the  N.  R.  A.  the  workers 
monthly  buying  power  has  risen  seven 
hundred  million  dollars.  Unions  by 
raising  wages  helped  to  increase  it.  By 
January,  19  34,  it  was  back  to  two  and 
one-half  billion  dollars;  that's  why  busi- 


ness is  better.  Business  activity  in  Jan- 
uary was  twenty-five  per  cent  better 
than  March  1933.  If  we  want  to  win  we 
must  work  as  a  unit. 

To  the  workers  in  all  industry  let  me 
appeal  to  you  that  you  do  not  be  misled 
by  any  company  union  propagandist  who 
tries  to  make  you  believe  that  you  are 
protected  under  such  an  organization. 
Such  organizations  are  the  boss's  idea 
— all  his  own — They  tell  you  it  costs 
you  nothing  but  I  tell  you  that  the  only 
union  that  protects  the  worker  is  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  and 
when  any  man  whether  he  be  employer 
or  employe  tells  you  the  company  union 
is  best  for  you,  you  may  be  sure  that  he 
is  looking  out  for  his  own  interests  in- 
stead of  yours. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor 
and  its  trade  union  principles  are  Amer- 
ican principles.  It  means  Government 
of  the  people  by  the  people  and  for  the 
people,  and  Americanism  means  carry- 
ing this  principle  into  industrial  as  well 
as  political  government.  To  be  a  trade 
unionist  is  to  be  a  self-respecting  Ameri- 
can citizen  who  carries  over  into  indus- 
try the  principle  of  representation  as  the 
basis  for  fair  and  just  dealings. 

That  is  why  the  greatest  figures  in 
American  history- —  Presidents,  Judges, 
Ministers,  Priests  and  Rabbis,  great  Ed- 
ucators— believe  so  strongly  in  the  trade 
union  movement. 

For  the  information  of  those  who  are 
being  urged  to  form  company  unions  or 
to  affiliate  with  those  already  formed, 
I  will  quote  the  following:  The  first 
company  union  was  formed  by  a  Colo- 
rado company  in  1915  in  the  month  of 
October  following  a  ten  months'  strike 
of  coal  miners  to  enforce  union  condi- 
tions and  the  mining  law  of  that  state. 
In  its  survey  of  this  employes'  represen- 
tation, the  Russell  Sage  Foundation 
says:  Under  the  industrial  representa- 
tion plan  the  workers  have  neither  an 
organization  nor  a  treasury,  their  repre- 
sentatives serve  only  on  joint  commit- 
tees with  an  equal  number  of  company 


22 


T  H  E     O  A  R  P  E  N  T  E  R 


officials.  They  are  thus  deprived  of  their 
most  potent  means  of  defending  their 
own  interests. 

The  management  offered  the  miners 
the  industrial  representation  plan.  The 
employes  had  no  voice  in  drafting  it. 
This  was  done  entirely  by  an  expert, 
with  the  assistance  of  the  executive  offi- 
cials of  the  company.  The  company  un- 
ion is  a  front  office  affair.  It  contains 
no  element  of  democracy.  In  every  in- 
stance the  company  union  is  an  employ- 
er's proposal.  Its  source  is  the  employer 
who  dictates  its  form  and  its  operation. 
If  the  employer  permitted  employes  to 
manage  their  own  affairs  they  would 
join  the  trade  union  movement. 

As  an  organizer,  representing  the 
principles  and  policy  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  and  its  affiliat- 
ed bodies  under  the  direction  of  the 
Georgia  State  Federation  of  Labor,  I  ap- 
peal to  every  worker  in  every  industry 
to  organize  into  a  legitimate  American 
Federation  of  Labor  union  of  the  craft 
or  trade  that  he  follows  and  be  a  part 
of  the  recovery  program. 

John  P.  Spires. 


Government  Housing  Projects  Must  Not 

Be  At  the  Expense  of  Skilled 

Building  Trades 

With  a  Government  housing  program 
practically  assured,  the  battle  to  compel 
reduction  of  the  wages  of  the  skilled 
workers  in  the  building  trades  con- 
tinues. 

There  must  be  revival  in  the  building 
industry,  but  if  it  is  brought  about  at 
the  expense  of  the  building  trades  work- 
ers, then  there  had  better  be  no  housing 
program. 

For  weeks  investigations  and  surveys 
have  been  under  way,  leading  toward 
findings  as  to  the  best  methods  to  be 
pursued  by  the  Government.  Apparent- 
ly the  hour  for  final  conclusions  is  about 
at  hand.  There  are  indications  that 
if  and  when  a  housing  program  is 
launched  it  will  be  for  the  building  of 
homes  and  not  for  the  building  of 
apartment  houses,  which  generally  do 
not  result  in  improved  living  conditions, 
but  result,  on  the  other  hand,  in  the 
creation  of  what  amounts  to  new  tene- 
ments. 

The  battle-  cry  for  lower  wages  for 
the  skilled  trades  is  merely  a  continu- 
ance of  the  fight  reactionary  employers 
have  made  year  after  year,  far  back  into 


history.  It  is  based  upon  the  altogether 
false  assumption  that  wages  determine 
final  costs  of  buildings,  an  assumption 
so  foolish  that  intelligent  and  progres- 
sive persons  have  long  since  ceased  to 
give  it  attention  seriously. 

Too  many,  however,  still  forget  that 
wages  form  a  far  lower  portion  of  build- 
ing costs  than  employers  are  usually 
willing  to  admit  and  they  forget  like- 
wise that  the  wages  paid  on  building 
jobs  must  be  spread  over  the  life  of  the 
building,  just  as  the  first  mortgage  is 
generally  spread  over  that  span.  Prop- 
erly spread  and  properly  computed  in 
the  first  place,  wages  become  a  minor 
item,  in  no  way  affecting  either  the  final 
cost  of  building,  or  the  rental  or  sale 
price. 

Whatever  final  plans  may  be  agreed 
upon  for  the  launching  of  a  national 
building  program  will  first  pass  muster 
under  the  eye  of  Frank  C.  Walker,  di- 
rector of  the  National  Emergency  Coun- 
cil. 

Under  financing  plans  as  they  now 
stand  second  mortgages  will  be  elimi- 
nated entirely,  removing  one  of  the 
worst  evils  of  the  home  building  busi- 
ness and  cutting  the  final  costs  of 
home  occupation  materially.  The  Gov- 
ernment's purpose  should  be  the  elimi- 
nation of  exploitation  from  home  build- 
ing, not  the  reduction  of  wages  which 
go  at  once  into  purchasing  power  and 
thus  stimulate  the  whole  industrial 
structure. 


The  House  of  the  People 

The  American  common  school  is  the 
expression  of  a  mighty  faith.  It  has 
grown  up  out  of  need  and  aspiration. 
It  is  the  bulwark  of  those  democratic 
ideals  and  rights  for  which  mankind  has 
sacrificed  and  suffered  throughout  the 
ages.  It  is  the  home  of  light  and  of 
reason.  It  is  the  hope  of  a  better  to- 
morrow. The  common  school  is  the 
house  of  the  people.  Let  all  the  people 
gather  as  of  old  in  the  neighborhood 
school.  Let  them  renew  their  faith  in 
themselves  and  in  their  children.  Let 
them  discuss  their  problems  and  deter- 
mine how  their  schools  may  be  made 
better.  Let  them  return  to  the  house  of 
the  people  and  know  that  through  this, 
their  own  house,  they  may  again  bring 
order  and  promise  and  hope  to  the  Re- 
public.— Jessie  Gray,  President,  Nation- 
al Education  Association. 


Foreign  Labor  News 


ARGENTINA — The  six  Hour  Day. 

A  Bill  for  the  introduction  of  a  six 
hour  day  and  a  thirty-six  hour  week  was 
recently  introduced  into  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  of  the  Argentine,  Province  of 
Cordoba.  The  Bill  provides  for  a  work- 
ing day  of  six  hours  and  a  thirty-six 
hour  week  for  all  workers  and  empolyes 
irrespective  of  their  occupation,  includ- 
ing persons  in  the  employment  of  the  Pro- 
vince. For  women  and  children,  and  for 
workers  and  employes  engaged  on  night 
work  or  on  unhealthy  or  dangerous 
work,  the  hours  of  work  would  be 
five  in  the  day  and  thirty  in  the  week. 
Special  arrangements  are  provided  for 
payment  of  overtime  rates.  Wages  and 
values  would  be  maintained  at  their 
present  level. 

*  *      * 

AUSTRALIA. — The  44-Hour  Week 
for  Government  Employes. 

The  Government  of  Western  Australia 
decided  to  introduce  the  44-hour  week 
in  Government  employment  at  the  end 
of  October,  19  33,  wages  remaining  the 
same  as  they  had  been  for  the  48-hour 
week. 

This  measure  had  already  been  ap- 
plied in  Western  Australia  in  1924,  but 
as  a  result  of  political  changes  the  48- 
hour  week  was  subsequently  restored  in 
a  number  of  departments.  The  present 
decision  therefore  applies  in  practice 
only  to  those  workers  who  were  granted 
a  44-hour  week  in  1924  but  had  since 
then  been  deprived  of  it.  The  majority 
of  these  workers  are  engaged  in  the 
Public  Works  Department,  as  those  em- 
ployed in  a  number  of  other  depart- 
ments have  been  able,  by  decision  of  the 
State  Arbitration  Court,  or  by  agree- 
ment, to  retain  the  44-hour  week.  This 
was  the  case  in  particular  in  the  Rail- 
way Department,  the  railway  construc- 
tion branch  and  the  Water  Supply  De- 
partment. 

*  *      * 

CZECHOSLOVAKIA. — Further  De- 
cline In  Communism. 

The  Communist  trade  union  move- 
ment of  Czechoslovakia,  one  of  the  last 


remnants  of  the  Red  International  of 
Labor  Unions,  is  steadily  declining  in 
numbers.  Although  Communists  are  not 
very  accurate  in  statistics  as  a  rule, 
they  are  yet  obliged  to  admit,  in  face  of 
official  figures,  that  in  the  month  of 
April  1933  alone  they  lost  17,000  mem- 
bers. 

GREAT  BRITAIN. — Unemployment 
Insurance  Fund  Accumulates   Surplus. 

A  report  submitted  to  the  British 
House  of  Commons  on  November  8th 
stated  that  the  unemployment  insurance 
fund  had  accumulated  a  surplus  of  £5,- 
250,000,  about  $26,000,000.  Continu- 
ing, the  report  said  as  this  sum  was 
more  than  sufficient  to  provide  against 
contingencies  it  had  decided  to  apply  a 
part  of  it  towards  re-payment  of  the 
debt  of  the  fund.  According  to  the  re- 
port the  total  number  of  insured  per- 
sons between  the  ages  of  16  and  64  in 
Great  Britain  and  Northern  Ireland  at 
the  beginning  of  July,  1933,  was  esti- 
mated to  be  12,883,000,  an  increase  in 
the  ten  year  period  of  approximately  fif- 
teen per  cent. 

*      *      * 

HOLLAND. — Striving  to  Secure 
Shorter    Hours. 

The  Dutch  National  Trade  Union  Cen- 
tre (N.V.V. )  is  composed  of  the  free 
trade  unions  and  by  means  of  unremit- 
ting propaganda  it  has  managed  to  in- 
crease it's  membership  even  in  the  years 
of  crisis.  The  N.  V.  V.  has  recently  held 
two  national  meetings  in  furtherance  of 
their  efforts  to  secure  more  effective 
action  on  unemployment.  The  first  of 
these  pronounced  for  voluntary  unem- 
ployment insurance  in  general,  but  held 
that  industries  suited  for  it  should  be 
brought  under  a  system  of  compulsory 
insurance,  funds  for  this  to  be  provided 
by  workers,  employers  and  the  state 
The  second  meeting  devoted  its  discus- 
sions to  the  question  of  hours  of  work. 
Exceedingly  long  hours  were  stated  to 
be  the  practice,  especially  in  inland  nav- 
igation and  on  the  railways.  A  resolu- 
tion adopted  affirmed,  with  indignation, 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


that  long  hours  are  still  to  be  found  in 
Holland  as  a  result  of  which  heavy  un- 
employment exists  and  the  Government 
and  Parliament  were  urged  "to  take  im- 
mediate steps  to  stop  any  excess  of 
hours  of  work  beyond  48  per  week,  and 
to  establish  as  soon  as  possible  the  40- 
hour  week  for  all  categories  of  workers 
whose  working  hours  are  either  not 
limited  at  all  by  law  or  are  permitted 
by  law  to  exceed  48  per  week." 

This  resolution  shows  that  the  Inter- 
national Convention  on  the  8-hour  Day 
is  unfortunately  by  no  means  out  of 
date! 

The  Congress  also  explicitly  confirmed 
the  demand  of  the  International  Feder- 
ation of  Trade  Unions  for  the  immediate 
introduction  of  the  40-hour  week. 


INDIA. — Bank  Employes  Organize. 

The  Imperial  Bank  of  India  Staff  As- 
sociation some  time  ago  registered  un- 
der the  Indian  Trade  Union  Act.  It's 
membership  has  previously  been  con- 
fined to  Calcutta,  Northern  India  and 
Burma,  but  recently  a  number  of  em- 
ployes in  the  Madras  Circle  who  have 
no  union  of  their  own  have  joined  the 
Association. 

It  is  the  aim  of  the  Association  to 
work  as  far  as  possible  in  co-operation 
with  other  trade  unions  of  the  country 
and  help  any  movement  that  has  for  its 
object  the  general  advancement  of  the 
working  classes  in  the  country  not  in- 
consistent with  the  spirit  of  the  Indiau 
Trade  Union  Act,   1926. 

It  is  confidently  expected  that  the  ac- 
tivities of  the  Association  will  later  lead 
towards  the  establishment  of  a  national 
union  of  bank  clerks. 

NORWAY — The  Extension  of  Collec- 
tive Agreements. 

All  of  the  agreements  concluded  after 
the  protracted  strike  of  1931  contained 
a  clause  providing  for  the  automatic 
regulation  of  wages  on  the  basis  of  the 
index  figure  of  the  cost  of  living  at  the 
end  of  19  3  2.  This  index  figure  was  such 
that  in  virtue  of  the  costs,  wages  should 
have  been  cut  by  approximately  three 
per  cent.  During  the  month  of  January, 
negotiations  were  entered  into  between 
the  national  organizations  of  the  work- 
ers and  the  employers,  by  which  it  was 
agreed  not  to  put  into  effect  this  reduc- 
tion, all  of  the  agreements  being  extend- 


ed for  a  year  longer  than  the  date  of 
their  expiry.  As  all  the  unions  and  em- 
ployers' organizations  affected  have  con- 
sented to  this  arrangement,  industrial 
peace  and  the  wage  standard  will  be 
guaranteed  for  a  year  longer. 
*      #      * 

SWITZERLAND. — Trade  Union  Fed- 
eration Meets. 

The  Congress  of  the  Swiss  Federation 
of  Trade  Unions  was  held  at  Bienne, 
November  last,  at  which  330  delegates 
were  in  attendance.  According  to  the 
report  presented  to  the  Congress  the  af- 
filiated membership  at  the  end  of  1932 
was  224,164,  compared  with  206,874  at 
the  end  of  19  31.  The  report  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  also  pointed  out  that 
the  forty-hour  week  was  one  of  the 
principal  demands  of  the  Federation. 
They  contended  that  overtime  facilities 
were  accorded  too  readily  by  public 
authorities  and  that  the  Federation  had 
been  active  in  efforts  to  prevent  such 
excessive  overtime. 


Making  Oil  From  Coal  in  Britain 

Word  comes  from  London  that  a  plant 
making  100,000  tons  of  oil  from  bitu- 
minous coal  will  be  operating  in  Britain 
before  the  year  ends.  The  process  used 
is  a  development  of  the  hydrogenation 
plan  that  originated  in  Germany.  The 
founders  of  the  plant  expect  a  stable, 
growing  and  prosperous  industry. 

One  hopes  their  expectations  are  real- 
ized. Britain  has  no  oil,  though  she  still 
has  a  great  deal  of  coal;  and  this  may 
lead  to  a  new  industrial  development  in 
that  country  and,  in  all  probability,  on 
this  side  of  the  "big  pond." 

Oil  is  more  costly  there  than  here; 
but  even  here,  oil  magnates  thought  it 
wise  to  spend  a  sizable  sum  on  the  Ger- 
man patents  and  are  spending  more  in 
experimenting.  And  we  have  besides 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  square  miles 
underlaid  with  oil  shales.  These  shales 
are  being  turned  to  oil  already  in  Scot- 
land, and  need  only  a  better  technique, 
or  a  higher  price  for  oil,  to  be  used  here. 

And  a  few  years  ago,  the  American 
people  were  being  told  that  they  would 
have  to  annex  Mexico,  or  run  out  of  oil! 
What  fools  these  jingoes  be! 


A  recipe  for  trade  union  progress 
is  to  purchase  none  but  union-labeled 
goods  and  service. 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON  LXX. 

The  right  angle  and  the  circle  are 
perhaps  the  most  useful  figures  in  car- 
pentry, if  not  in  the  mechanical  world, 
excepting,  of  course,  the  straight  line. 
The  circle  is  the  most  easily  obtained, 
much  easier  than  a  straight  line.  All 
that  is  necessary  is  a  radius  pole  or  a 
string  or  a  compass,  and  a  true  circle 
can  be  described.  A  circle  is  a  circle, 
whether  it  is  large  or  small,  and  the 
length  of  the  radius  does  not  have  to  be 
fixed,  excepting  when  specific  circles 
are  required.  If  you  have  a  true  circle, 
it  is  a  very  simple  matter  to  obtain  a 
true  right  angle,  by  striking  from  dif- 
ferent points  two  straight  lines  from  cir- 
cumference to  circumference,  crossing 
the  center,  and  then  joining  these  lines 
where  they  intersect  with  the  circum- 
ference, in  such  a  manner  that  it  will 
produce  an  oblong  figure,  or  by  chance 


Fig.  400 

a  square.  This  done,  you  will  have  four 
right  angles,  which,  if  painstakingly 
done,  will  be  accurate. 

While  the  right  angle  or  the  square, 
is  much  more  conspicuous  in  carpentry 
than  the  circle,  nevertheless,  the  circle 
has  an  invisible  presence  in  almost 
every  part  of  a  building.    Every  polygon 


is  merely  a  product  of  the  circle,  and 
any  polygon  that  will  not  stand  the  test 
of  a  circle,  is  not  a  true  polygon.  The 
principles  of  roof  framing  are  based  on 
the  circle,  and  when  these  fundamental 
principles  are  once  understood,  the  rest 
of  the  roof-framing  problems  are  com- 
paratively easy. 

The  straight   line,   enters   into   every- 
thing in  carpentry.     Even  the  circle,   if 


Fig.  401 

put  into  black  and  white,  will  have  to 
show  the  straight  line  by  reason  of  its 
radius.  A  perfectly  straight  line,  al- 
though it  might  seem  very  simple,  is 
much  harder  to  obtain  than  a  true  cir- 
cle. In  your  every-day  life  with  your 
tools  handy,  you  find  it  a  very  simple 
operation  to  produce  a  straight  line, 
even  more  simple  than  a  circle.  But  let 
us  give  the  comparison  a  test:  Suppose 
that  you  were  lost  on  an  island,  stripped 
of  artificial  equipment,  which  would  be 
easier  to  obtain,  a  circle  or  a  straight 
line?  A  circle,  of  course.  A  fork  made 
out  of  a  branch  of  a  tree,  would  give 
you  a  natural  compass,  with  which  you 
could  strike  true  circles  on  the  sand. 
Again,  you  could  use  stems  of  grass  or 
saplings  and  use  them  as  radii  for  de- 
scribing circles,  and,  having  plenty  of 
time,  you  could  do  it  accurately.  But 
what  would  you  use  to  make  a  straight 
line?    Well,  you  would  probably  use  the 


26 


THE     CARPENTER 


bark  of  a  tree,  or  a  blade  of  grass, 
stretch  it  over  the  sand,  and  with  a 
stick  mark  a  line.  Try  that,  and  see  how 
straight  your  line  will  be. 

A  perfectly  straight  line  is  one  of 
the  most  difficult  things  to  obtain  in 
the   mechanical    world.     We    carpenters 


Fig.   402 

spend  much  time  in  making  straight- 
edges, but  how  many  of  them  can  be 
said  to  be  perfectly  straight  when  they 
are  done?  The  lines  we  make  with  our 
straight-edges,  as  a  rule,  if  viewed  fro«m 
end  to  end  are  rather  wormy.  Sometime, 
after  making  a  line  with  a  pencil  and 
straight-edge,  put  your  eye  close  to  the 


Fig.  403 

mark  at  one  end  and  look  along  the 
line,  to  see  whether  it  is  perfectly 
straight.  A  good  chalk  line  produces 
the  most  nearly  straight  line,  of  any 
tools  used  by  carpenters  for  line  mak- 
ing.   It  will  readily  be  seen,  as  we  take 


up  the  illustrations  one  by  one,  how  the 
right  angle,  the  circle  and  the  straight 
line  enter  into  almost  everything  in 
carpentry. 

Fig.  400  shows  a  square-top  rough 
opening  for  a  door.  The  same  opening 
is  shown  in  Fig.  401,  where  we  show 
how  to  proceed  to  turn  a  square-top 
opening  into  an  octagon-top  opening. 
First  bisect  the  two  corners,  by  striking 
two  lines  on  a  45-degree  angle,  as  shown 
by  dotted  lines,  a  little  farther  than 
half-way  across  the  opening,  or  beyond 
the  point  marked  A.  Having  this  point, 
set  the  compass,  first  at  one  corner  and 
then  at  the  other  and  strike  the  two 
part-circles  from  point  A  to  points  B 
and    B.     Now,    from    points    B    and    B, 


Fig.   40 


strike  the  lines  cutting  off  the  two  cor- 
ners on  a  45-degree  angle,  as  indicated 
by  dotted  lines.  These  points  obtained, 
we  can  proceed  to  complete  the  octagon- 
top  opening  by  framing  the  angle  pieces 
and  nailing  them  into  place.  The  open- 
ing is  shown  completed  in  Fig.  402. 

But  suppose  we  want  to  ;  frame  a 
circle-top  opening;  well,  in  that  case, 
we  will  have  to  place  the  compass  at 
the  point  where  the  two  bisecting  lines 
cross,  or  at  point  A,  Fig.  403,  and  strike 
the  half-circle  shown  by  dotted  line.  The 
half-circle  shows  how  much  must  be 
filled  in  at  each  angle,  in  order  to 
change  the  octagon-top  opening  to  a 
circle-top  opening,  such  as  we  are  show- 
ing by  Fig.  404.  The  fillers  should  be 
ripped  out  of  rather  soft  material,  either 
%  inch  stuff  or  thicker,  whatever  will 
give  the  best  results.  The  fillers  cut,  nail 
them  into  place,  and  the  circle-top  open- 
ing is  complete. 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


In  Fig.  405  we  are  showing  how  to 
change  a  square-top  opening  to  a  seg- 
ment-top opening,  in  other  words,  how 
to  frame  a  segment-top  opening.  Here 
we  continue  one  of  the  bisecting  lines, 
the  left  in  this  case,  from  point  A,  on 
to   point   B,    and   turning   a  right   angle 


Fig.  405 

we  carry  it  on  beyond  point  C.  Then  we 
drop  a  perpendicular  line  from  point  A 
to  the  floor,  establishing  point  C.  Now 
we  set  the  compass  at  point  C,  and 
strike  the  segment  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  highest  point  will  make  a  con- 
tact with  the  bottom  of  the  header,  as 


Fig.  406 

indicated  by  the  dotted  part-circle.  The 
space  between  the  part-circle  and  the 
header  must  be  filled  in,  which  will  make 
the  completed  opening  appear  similar  to 
what  is  shown  in  Fig.  406.  The  fillers 
should  be  cut  out  of  soft  material,  and 
nailed    into    place,    keeping    them    flush 


with    the    edges    of    the    studding    and 
header. 

It  is  said  that  the  radius  for  a  true 
segment,  must  be  one  and  one-half 
times  the  width  of  the  opening.  On  this 
principle  our  diagram  is  based.  But  just 
why  a  segment  with  a  radius  one  and 
one-half  times  the  width  of  the  opening 
makes  the  segment  true,  we  do  not 
quite  understand.  We  can  not  see  why 
a  segment  with  a  longer  or  a  shorter 
radius  would  not  make  an  equally  true 
segment.  Webster  defines  a  segment 
with  these  words:  "A  part  cut  off  from 
a  figure  by  a  line  or  plane;  especially, 
that  part  of  a  circle  contained  between 
a  chord  and  an  arc  of  that  circle,  or  so 
much  of  the  circle  as  is  cut  off  by  the 
chord."  Evidently,  in  Webster's  time, 
segments  did  not  have  true  or  false 
standards,  but  segments  were  segments 
if  they  had  chords  and  arcs  of  circles, 
regardless  of  the  length  of  the  radius. 


THE  FRAMING  SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART   TWENTY-SIX 
The  Carpenter  and  Euclid 

The  other  day  this  writer  came  across 
an  interesting  article  in  one  of  our  na- 
tional publications  on  building  construc- 
tion. The  man,  a  carpenter  by  trade,  is 
showing  how  the  lengths  of  rafters  may 
be  established  by  what  is  known  as 
the  "Square  root  method."  He  further 
claims  that  the  carpenter  who  aspires  to 
be  a  success  must  study  mathematics 
and  if  he  wishes  to  become  proficient  in 
roof  framing  he  should  cultivate  the 
habit  of  using  the  square  root  method. 

If  anyone,  this  writer  certainly  is  in 
a  position  to  judge  the  great  importance 
and  indispensability  of  mathematics  in 
engineering  and  architecture.  Every  con- 
ceivable branch  of  technical  knowl- 
edge literally  bristles  with  mathematical 
data,  figures  and  formulae;  and  no  en- 
gineer, unless  he  is  a  proficient  mathe- 
matician is  qualified  to  design  a  bridge, 
a  building,  a  battleship  or  a  locomotive. 
But  as  far  as  a  carpenter  or  any  build- 
ing mechanic  is  concerned,  he  no  more 
needs  the  knowledge  of  trigonometry 
than  a  cat  needs  two  tails. 

Not  that  the  task  of  the  operative  is 
less  important  than  that  of  the  architect 
or  engineer.  They  both  are  indispensa- 
ble   for   the    successful    progress    of   the 


28 


THE     CARPENTER 


building  operations — one  cannot  get 
along  without  the  other.  But  it  is  an 
inexcusable  waste  of  time  and  energy 
to  pursue  something  which  is  not  es- 
sential and  which  has  no  immediate 
practical  application  to  your  work. 

If  mathematics  is  your  hobby,  it  is 
commendable,  indeed.  By  all  means 
cultivate  that  hobby;  for  the  harvest 
reaped  in  thus  spending  your  leisure 
moments  will  certainly  be  more  fruitful 


and  is  it  not  recommended  for  use  by 
the  carpenter  on  the  job? 

The  first  problem  the  carpenter  has  to 
face  in  framing  a  roof  is  to  determine 
the  lengths  of  the  rafters.  We  know  that 
a  roof  truss  may  be  resolved  into  right 
triangles.  The  right  angles  of  these  tri- 
angles are  at  the  intersection  of  the 
center  line  of  the  building  with  the 
plane  of  the  roof  plates.  This  is  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  1. 


F/S.  / 


^7///S ■  S/OF /S  5'.'-7Z>f  S06'A/P£ 


F/&3. 


fi7G,2-r//£0/?£/V  0f  /*rr//AGO/?AS. 


than  time  devoted  to,  for  instance,  play- 
ing pinnocle. 

But  do  not  nurse  the  idea  that  this 
particular  branch  of  science  may  be 
used  as  a  yardstick  to  measure  your 
success.  That  study  is  essential  no  one 
dares  to  deny.  But  if  you  are  fortunate 
enough  as  to  be  able  to  find  time  for 
study — why  not  utilize  this  opportunity 
for  the  acquiring  of  useful  applied 
knowledge? 

Now  let  us  get  back  to  our  subject: 
"the  square  root  method."   What  is  it, 


Now,  trigonometrically  speaking,  to 
find  the  length  of  the  rafter  means  to 
establish  the  hypotenuse  of  a  right  tri- 
angle whose  base  and  altitude  are 
known.  Thus,  in  Fig.  1  the  roof  truss 
ABD  is  composed  of  two  right  triangles 
— ABC  and  DBC.  The  run  and  the 
height  being  16'  and  12'  respectively 
are  the  two  known  quantities — the  base 
and  altitude.  It  is  required  to  find  the 
length  of  the  hypotenuse  AB  which  is 
the  length  of  the  rafter.  In  other  words 
the  problem  before  us  is  that  of  a  solu- 
tion of  a  right  triangle. 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


The  solution  of  triangles  is  treated  in 
that  branch  of  mathematics  known  as 
"Trigonometry"  which  deals  essential- 
ly in  determining  the  values  of  unknown 
quantities  of  a  triangle  when  the  values 
of  other  parts  are  given. 

About  500  years  B.  C.  there  lived  in 
Greece  a  great  mathematician;  his  name 
was  Pythagoras.  It  was  Pythagoras 
who  discovered  the  famous  and  useful 
principle: 

"In  a  right  triangle,  the  square  of 
the  hypotenuse  is  equal  to  the  sum  of 
the  squares  of  the  other  two  sides." 
This  principles  is  known  as  "the  Pytha- 
gorean Theorem."  It  also  is  frequently 
referred  to  as  "The  47th  proposition  of 
Euclid."  Euclid  being  the  father  of  the 
science  of  geometry,  this  principle,  nat- 
urally, was  incorporated  in  his  books. 
When  applied  to  roof  framing  it  is 
known  as  the  "square  root  method." 

A  graphic  representation  of  this 
principle  is  shown  in  Pig.  2.  For  the 
sake  of  simplicity  we  took  a  triangle 
EFG  whose  base  and  altitude  equal  4 
and  3  inches  respectively.  Thus  our 
problem  may  be  formulated  like  this: 
"In  a  right  triangle  EFG,  the  base 
equals  4  inches  and  the  altitude  3 
inches.  What  is  the  length  of  the  hypot- 
enuse? 

Applying  the  above  principle  to  our 
problem,  we  have:  EF  squared  equals 
EG  squared  plus  FG  squared;  which 
means,  that  the  square  of  the  distance 
EF  or  the  Hypotenuse  equals  the  sum 
of  the  squares  of  the  two  sides.  Substi- 
tuting the  real  values  we  obtain  4- 
squared  plus  3-squared  equals  EF- 
squared.  Consequently,  the  square  root 
of  9  plus  16  will  equal  EF.  Since  the 
sum  of  9  and  16  equals  25,  the  square 
root  of  25  equals  5.  Therefore  5"  is 
the  length  of  the  hypotenuse  or  the 
length  of  the  rafter.    Fig.   2  and  3. 

By  constructing  squares  on  the  sides 
of  the  triangle  EFG  we  can  see  by  count- 
ing the  small  squares  that  the  sum  of 
the  squares  on  EG  and  FG  is  equal  to 
the  number  of  small  squares  on  EF. 

The  principle,  to  make  it  simpler  may 
be  formulated  like  this:  "In  a  right  tri- 
angle, the  hypotenuse  equals  to  the 
square  root  of  the  sum  of  the  squares  of 
the  other  two  sides."  This  principle 
holds  good  for  the  solution  of  any  right 
triangle  and  consequently,  when  used 
in  finding  the  length  of  rafters  the  rule 
may  be  expressed  thus:   "The  length  of 


a  rafter  equals  to  the  square  root  of  the 
run  squared  plus  the  height  squared. 

This  is  the  method  used  by  the  archi- 
tect and  engineer  in  the  design  of  struc- 
tures. It  requires  a  sound  knowledge  of 
mathematics  and  the  use  of  precision 
and  calculating  instruments  as  well  as 
complicated  mathematical  tables.  Why 
this  method  is  not  recommended  for  the 
carpenter  on  the  job  will  be  discussed  in 
the  next  paper. 


A  Trick  Dovetail 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 
There  are  so  many  useful  and  practi- 
cal things  in  the  field  of  carpentry,  that 


Fig.    1 


;o 


TIIK     CARl'ENTER 


we  do  not  see  very  much  justification  in 
taking  up  time  and  space  in  dealing 
with  things  that  have  no  value  excepting 
as  entertainment  in  trying  to  solve 
them.  Much  time  has  been  spent  in 
trying  to  figure  out  how  to  cut  a  certain 
square  piece  of  board  in  such  a  manner 
that  it  will  increase  one  square  inch  in 
its  surface,  and  we  have  met  carpenters 
who  actually  believed  it  could  be  done. 
The  fact  of  the  matter,  however,  is 
that  it  can't  be  done,  even  if  it  didn't 
require  any  surface  for  making  the  cut. 
The  whole  thing  is  merely  a  trick,  or 
a  conundrum  in  carpentry.  The  trick, 
though,  that  we  are  explaining  in  this 
article  is  more  than  a  trick,  it  is  useful; 
not  only  from  the  standpoint  of  an  orna- 


formed,  which  does  not  need 
explanation;  Fig.  3  shows  the 
the    male    member.     When    th 


further 
form  of 
ese    two 


Fig.    2 

ment,  but  from  the  standpoint  of  serv- 
ice also. 

Fig.  1  shows  how  two  pieces  of  wood 
have  been  dovetailed  together  in  such  a 
way  that  the  dovetail  effect  is  shown  on 
all  four  sides.  The  question  is,  how  is 
it  done?  The  answer  is  simple.  Fig.  2 
shows     how     the     female     member     is 


Fig.    3 


members   are  joined   together,   you   will 
have  the  results  shown  in  Fig.  1. 


Miter  and  Bevel  Cuts 

The  question  has  come  up  several 
times,  "What  is  the  difference  between 
a  miter  and  a  bevel  cut?"  These  two 
terms  are  used  in  different  ways  and 
very  often  apply  to  the  same  thing.  If 
a  distinct  difference  is  made,  then  we 
should  use  them  as  follows:  a  bevel  is 
an  inclination  which  one  surface  makes 
with  another  when  not  at  right  angles. 
You  may  have  a  bevel  cut  or  a  bevel 
plane  surface. 

A  miter  cut  refers  to  a  cut  made  for 
the  purpose  of  joining  two  pieces  to- 
gether.   Thus,  we  may  have  a  bevel  cut 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


THE  COUPON 


A  BIG  YEAR  FOR  REMODELING  . . . 

FREE  BOOK  HELPS  YOU 
GET  YOUR  SHARE! 


IT  tells  the  home  owner  how  you 
can  help  him  have  the  modern, 
handsome,  convenient  home  he 
wants.  It  helps  you  sell  J-M  Shingles, 
Insulation  Board,  Home  In- 
sulation, Wainscoting  and 


Johns-Manville  m™\  *:"?, 


Materials 


many   other   remodeling   materials. 
It's  free.  Mail  the  coupon  today. 

JOHNS-MANVILLE 

22  East  40th  St.,  New  York 

Send  me  your  free  booklet,  "101  Practical 

Suggestions  on  Home  Improvements." 


Name. 


Clty- 


oii  a  piece  of  lumber,  even  though  it  is 
not  cut  for  the  purpose  of  fitting  with 
another  piece.  A  miter  cut,  however, 
refers  to  a  cut  on  a  piece  of  lumber  that 
is  made  to  fit  with  another  piece  cut 
at  the  same  angle.  A  miter  cut  is  usu- 
ally a  45-degree  cut  and  the  pieces 
joined  run  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
However,   if  the  pieces  are  joined  at  a 


different  angle'  than  a  right  angle,  then 
the  miter  cut  will  be  other  than  45- 
degrees.  The  cuts  on  the  two  pieces, 
however,  must  have  the  same  angle  to 
make  a  miter  cut.  If  two  pieces  are 
joined  at  the  angle  of  60  degrees  then 
each  piece  is  cut  at  an  angle  of  30- 
degrees  so  the  two,  when  coming  to- 
gether, form  a  perfect  miter  joint. 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX  AND  OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
fibre  board  job.  It  grooves,  bevels  and  slits  any 
of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong    castings;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
wood Handle  and  knob;  tool  steel  cutters  that  can  be  resharpened  like  a  regular 
plane  iron;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 

See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 

STANLEY  TOOLS 

New  Britain,  Connecticut 


32 


THE     CARI'KNT  E  K 


House  in  Kansas  City,  Mo.  Architect 
Edward  Buehler  Delk,  Insulated  with 
Cabot' x  Quilt.  Painted  with  Cabot's 
DOUBLE  WHITE.  Roof  Stained  with 
Cabot's  Creosote  Shingle  and  Wood  Stains. 

What  Home  Owners 
Say  About  "Quilt" 

"Has  Given  Very  Satisfactory  Results" 

■'Sir.  Seacord,"  writes  the  architect,  E.  Dean 
Parmelee,  of  New  York,  "has  been  agreeably 
surprised  by  the  small  consumption  of  fuel  in 
bis  house.  *  In  winter  snow  remains  on  his 
roof  long  after  it  has  been  melted  off  the  roofs 
of  adjoining  houses.  In  summer,  the  attic  is 
quite  cool.  Cabot's  three-ply  Quilt  was  used  in 
all  exterior  walls  and  roofs,  and  also  to  in- 
sulate against  noise.  It  has  given  very  satis- 
factory results." 

''Greatest  Insulator  We  Know  Of" 

"I  have  used  your  8-ply  Quilt  with  wonder- 
ful success.  It  is  the  greatest  insulator  against 
cold  we  know  of." — George  C.  Coe,  Lovell, 
Maine. 

"Satisfactory  In  Keeping  Out  the  Wind" 

"...  Will  you  please  send  me  another  roll 
of  the  eel-grass  Quilt,  the  other  that  you  sent 
me  proves  so  satisfactory  in  keeping  out  the 
wind,  which  is  so  strong  here  on  this  island." 
—Mary  E.  Waller.,  Nantucket  Island,  Mass. 

Satisfied  customers  will  advertise  you, 
too,  and  'bring  you  more  business.  Mail 
the  coupon  below  for  our  "Quilt"  Boole. 

Cabot's 
"Quilt" 

Heat-Insulating,   Sound-Deadening 


Solution  to  problem  of  Warren  Smith  in 
May  issue  of  "The  Carpenter" 


oJui_ 


7  7  M0  ,ac*M 


I /UAL  =>?3560  a  fut 


VW/*  &nw&  =  /?360      •    48M*cwfo 


19360 
11360 
/9360 
19  360 
7 7110 


jtach.  ¥  ikmA^  <fa^*v  7b  £tOutd 


§      VSVO  XV  &&U>-  /?360 


1810 V  6  =■ 
7T/90/UAU 


L.   U.   No.   79. 


Fritz  Zukunft, 
New  Haven,  Conn. 


Solves  Problem 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

Here  is  my  solution  to  Brother  War- 
ren E.  Smith's  problem  in  May  issue: 

5280   x    4/12    equals    1760    boards    in 
one  mile  of  fence. 
1760  x  11  x  4  equals  77,440  boards. 

11  squared  x  640  equals  77,440  acres. 

Simple  Eh:   It  took  me  three  days  to 
do  it!  ! 

O.  W.  Smith, 
L.  U.  No.  946.  Hollywood,  Calif. 


When  The  Slip  Gets  By 

The    typrographical    error   is    a   slippery 

thing  and  sly, 
You  can  hunt  till  you  are  dizzy,  but  it 

somehow  will  get  by; 
Till  the  forms   are  off  the  presses  it  is 

strange  how  still  it  keeps, 
It    shrinks    down    into    a    corner    and   it 

never  stirs  or  peeps. 
That  typographical  error,  too  small  for 

human  eyes, 
Till   the   ink   is    on   the   paper,    when   it 

grows  to  mountain  size. 
The  boss  he  stares  with  horror,  then  he 

grabs  his  hair  and  groans, 
The  copy  reader  drops  his  head  upon  his 

hands  and  moans — 
The  remainder  of  the  issue  may  be  clean 

as  clean  can  be, 
But  the  typographical  error  is  the  orily 

thing  you  see. 

— Ex. 


THE    CARPENTER 


Poverty  and  Distress  Can  Be  Abolished 
in  the  United  States 

Can  poverty  be  abolished?  Is  there 
"enough  to  go  'round"?  Can  the  pro- 
ductive plant  of  America,  without  re- 
building and  managed  only  as  well  as 
plenty  of  men  now  living  know  how  to 
manage  it,  turn  out  enough  goods  to 
supply  all  people  in  this  country  with  a 
decent,  comfortable  living? 

In  an  issue  of  the  Survey  Graphic 
magazine,  Stuart  Chase,  a  sane,  critical 
and  practical  economist,  answers  these 
queries  with  an  emphatic  "Yes!"  and 
gives  reasons. 

This  country  now  is  producing  more 
food  than  producers  can  sell,  and  a  re- 
cent survey  indicates  that  it  is  probably 
producing  more  than  the  people  can  eat. 

For  clothing,  we  have  a  huge  surplus 
of  cotton,  and  enough  wool  and  leather, 
though  not  much  of  these  last  to  spare. 

Cotton  textile  manufacturers  told  the 
NRA  that  existing  mills  running  three 
shifts,  would  turn  out  more  than  twice 
the  normal  demand  of  cotton  goods. 

The  Wool  Institute,  back  in  1927, 
said  American  woolen  mills  could  turn 
out  three  times  their  actual  output. 

In  the  same  year,  Ethelbert  Stewart 
showed  that  less  than  300,000,000  pairs 
of  shoes  are  used  in  this  country  each 
year,  while  the  factories  then  were 
geared  to  turn  out  730,000,000  pairs. 
Their  capacity  is  greater  now. 

Power  plants  now  in  existence  can 
provide  power  to  run  all  our  mills.  Com- 
petent engineers  declare  that  the  rail- 
roads of  this  country  can  handle  nearly 
2,000,000  carloads  a  week — more  than 
three  times  present  traffic  and  more  than 
twice  the  average  of  1929.  An  industrial 
General  Staff,  running  the  industries  of 
the  land  to  make  things  for  use  rather 
than  for  sale,  could  give  everyone  in 
the  land  a  living  rather  better  than  that 
of  a  family  with  $10,000  a  year  in 
1929 — on  a  maximum  working  time  of 
30  hours  per  week. 

Mr.  Chase  gives  figures  and  statistics 
— too  long  to  quote — which  back  up  his 
statement.  He  thinks  it  would  take  10 
years  to  bring  our  housing  up  to  a 
proper  level. 

Poverty  and  want  can  be  abolished, 
education  improved,  child  labor  made  an 
evil  memory,  comfort,  leisure,  health 
and  culture  bettered  almost  beyond 
reckoning — with  the  materials  and  the 


knowledge  we  have  on  hand  today;  and 
Mr.  Chase  proves  these  things. 

America  must  not  content  itself  with 
any  lesser  goal. —  (Labor) 


The  Golden  Gate  Bridge 

When  completed,  the  Golden  Gate 
bridge,  to  span  the  entrance  to  San 
Francisco  Bay,  will  have  the  longest 
single  clear  span  in  the  world,  4,200 
feet  long,  four-fifths  of  a  mile,  three 
times  the  length  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge 
in  New  York,  and  700  feet  longer  than 
the  greatest  span,  ever  built,  the  George 
Washington  Bridge  at  New  York. 

The  two  side  spans  are  1,125  feet 
each,  as  against  550  and  610  feet,  re- 
spectively, for  the  George  Washington 
Bridge. 

Thus  the  bridge  proper  has  a  total 
length  of  6,450  feet  or  one  and  one- 
fifth  miles,  as  against  4,6  6  0  feet  for  the 
George  Washington  Bridge. 

The  towers  are  121  feet  wide  at  the 
bottom  and  746  feet  above  mean  high 
water,  the  highest  and  largest  bridge 
towers  in  the  world,  extending  more 
than  150  feet  above  those  of  the  George 
Washington  Bridge.  (Measured  from  the 
base  of  the  San  Francisco  pier  the  total 
height  is  846  feet.) 

The  minimum  vertical  clearance  at 
center  is  220  feet  above  mean  high 
water,  100  feet  greater  than  the  clear- 
ance of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge,  and  20 
feet  more  than  the  clearance  of  the 
George  Washington  Bridge. 

The  total  bridge  width  is  90  feet,  di- 
vided into  a  60-foot  roadway,  with  6 
lanes  of  vehicular  traffic,  and  two  10%- 
foot  clear  width  sidewalks. 

The  grand  total  length,  including  the 
two  approach  roads,  or  from  Waldo 
Point  in  Marin  County  to  the  Marina 
Gate  of  the  Presidio  in  San  Francisco, 
all  embraced  within  the  project,  is"  7 
miles. 

The  two  main  cables  are  36%  inches 
in  diameter  each  and  7,660  feet  long  be- 
tween anchorages,  as  against  36-inch 
cables  5,270  feet  long  for  the  George 
Washington  Bridge. 

The  total  possible  live  load  supported 
by  the  two  main  cables  is  25,400,000 
pounds,  corresponding  to  the  bridge 
roadway  packed,  curbed  to  curb,  with 
vehicles  and  both  sidewalks  fully  loaded, 
for  the  full  length  of  the  span.  The 
load  supporting  capacity  of  the  two 
cables  is  430,000,000  pounds,  2.6  times 
the  maximum  load. 


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THE 


BROTHERHOOD 

is  now  manufacturing 

PLAYING 
CARDS 


rAND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA. 


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INDIANAPOLIS  -  -  IND. 


Telling  Your  Troubles! 

By  James  Edward  Hungerford 

NO  matter  what  your  woes  may  be, 

The  one  to  tell  them  to  — 

And  "get  them  off  your  chest"  —  is  ME, 

And  I  will  hark  to  you. 

When  e'er  with  you  I  talk  or  sup 

Just  shake  your  head  and  sigh, 

And  pass  me  out  your  bitter  cup 

Of  WOES,  with  weepy  eye! 

□    □    □    □ 

Of  course,  I  have  MY  share  of  "riles", 
And  worries  quite  a  few, 

And  have  to  bear  MY  share  of  trials 

On  earth,  the  same  as  YOU, 

But  don't  consider  THAT,  my  friend  .  .  . 

What  e'er  your  troubles  be, 

Just  start  relating,  without  end, 

Those  tragic  tales  to  ME! 

□   □   □   □ 
Confide  in  me  your  "riles"  and  "frets"; 

Your  ev'ry  ache  and  pain; 

Relate  to  ME  your  "vain  regrets", 

In  sad,  dirge-like  refrain! 

Just  turn  on  me  a  dreary  eye, 

And  greet  me  with  a  moan, 

And  never  stop  to  think  that  I    .    .    . 

Have  TROUBLES  of  my  OWN! 

ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 

IK 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  Section  1103,  act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,   1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters,  Stair  Builders,  Machine  Wood  Workers,  Planing  Mill  Men,  and 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

and  Joiners  of  America,  at 

Carpenters'  Building,  222  E.  Michigan  Street,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Advertising  Department,  25  Third  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Established  in  18S1 
Vol.   LIV.— No.   8. 


INDIANAPOLIS,   AUGUST,    1934 


One  Dollar  Per  Tear 
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NOTICE 


The  publishers  of  "The  Carpenter"  reserve  the  right  to  reject  all  advertising  matter 
which  may  be,  in  their  judgment,  unfair  or  objectionable  to  the  membership  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America. 

All  contracts  for  advertising  space  in  "The  Carpenter,"  including  those  stipulated  as 
non-cancellable,  are  only  accepted  subject  to  the  above  reserved  rights  of  the  publishers. 


Friends 


So  many  people  come  and  go, 
And  there  the  pleasure  ends, 

For  just  a  few  respond  in  kind^ 
These  few  we  call  our  friends. 

They  are  the  blessing  of  our  lives, 
These  chosen  few  we  know; 

Through  them  our  hopes  take 
nobler  form, 
And  by  their  faith  we  grow. 

And  often  when  the  solitude 
Brings  out  our  human  needs, 

We  take  our  friendship  rosary 
And  count  its  precious  beads. 

One  at  a  time  they  walk  with  us, 
And  lend  a  friendly  hand, 

These  ones  apart  from  all  the  rest, 
The  few  who  understand. 

— Fairmont  Snyder 


THE  CARPENTER 


EXTENSION  OF  ADULT  EDUCATION  TO  ALL 

WORKERS  URGED  BY  PRESIDENT  OF 

A.  F.  OF  L. 


gW»«  ILLLAM  GREEN,  president 

^Ki^K-^)/^  of  tl)e  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor,  in  an  ad- 
dress at  Washington  be- 
fore the  ninth  annual 
meeting  of  the  American 
Association  for  Adult  Education,  stress- 
ed the  importance  of  mobilizing  the  en- 
tire public  education  system  to  equip 
working  men  and  women  with  the 
knowledge  necessary  for  them  "to  take 
part  understanding^  in  community  and 
national  issues." 

Pointing  out  that  the  enlargement  of 
educational  opportunities  for  grown-ups 
is  a  definite  part  of  social  planning,  he 
asserted  that  the  "adult  education  move- 
ment has  a  responsibility  for  direct  serv- 
ice to  wage  earners,  who  constitute  a 
majority  group  of  our  citizenry."  It  is 
apparent,  he  added,  that  consideration 
of  the  problems  growing  out  of  the  na- 
tional emergency  caused  by  the  pro- 
longed depression  is  the  imperative  duty 
of  all  those  sponsoring  the  broader  edu- 
cation of  adults,  and  suggested  the 
value  of  the  trade  union  movement  as 
a  medium  for  extending  the  scope  of 
workers'  education. 

Taking  up  the  specific  problems  in 
whose  solution  he  believed  adult  educa- 
tion could  render  material  assistance,  he 
said: 

"Whatever  of  permanent  value  lies  in 
the  National  Recovery  Administration 
depends  upon  our  ability  to  organize 
participating  groups,  to  educate  them  in 
their  duties  and  responsibilities  and  to 
plan  a  balanced  program  for  national 
progress. 

"The  American  Federation  of  Labor 
for  more  than  fifty  years  has  advocated 
constructive  policies  which  have  result- 
ed in  economic  advancement  for  work- 
ers and  social  service  to  the  nation.  Our 
problem  now  is  to  put  the  fundamentals 
of  our  experience  at  the  service  of  new 
members  and  all  workers. 

'"The  Workers'  education  institutes 
show  the  response  of  labor  to  the  oppor- 
tunity offered  by  the  university  and  the 
readiness  of  the  university  to  extend  its 
area  of  influence  and  service.  The  work- 
ers'  education  committees  growing  out 


of  the^e  institutes  offer  organization  to 
provide  continuing  co-operation  of  or- 
ganized labor  and  the  university  in 
workers'  education. 

"The  problem  is  how  to  extend  these 
services  to  touch  the  rank  and  file  of 
union  membership.  The  magnitude  of 
the  task  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  in 
one  large  industrial  area  alone  the  new 
trade  union  membership  numbers  900,- 
000.  To  reach  them  with  the  ideals  and 
policies  of  unionism  and  the  knowledge 
of  the  industry  and  of  their  local  gov- 
ernment that  will  make  them  useful 
participants  and  to  do  this  without  over- 
simplification of  materials  or  too  great 
loss  of  content,  requires  adaptability  and 
skill  in  methods  of  educational  ap- 
proach. 

"The  first  step  seems  to  be  to  carry 
some  information  on  union  experience 
and  policies  to  the  new  members  in  their 
union  meetings.  A  difficulty  lies  in  al- 
most total  lack  of  materials  for  such 
use.  Existing  books  and  articles  on 
trade  union  history  and  policy  and  on 
problems  of  an  industry  or  of  local  gov- 
ernment need  to  be  reconsidered  with  a 
view  to  adaptation  not  only  to  intelli- 
gent adults  with  more  limited  formal 
educational  background  but  to  the  de- 
mands for  brief  yet  rounded  presenta- 
tion. The  need  is  disclosed  for  appropri- 
ate source  materials  and  reference 
books. 

"While  some  of  the  subject  matter  for 
their  purpose  is  already  available,  de- 
manding only  rewriting  to  adapt  it  to 
special  use,  there  is  much  trade  union 
and  work  experience  that  has  not  been 
collected  or  organized.  This  experience 
is  peculiarly  useful  in  getting  wage 
earners  to  understand  a  constructive, 
conservative,  idealistic  and  also  practi- 
cal program  and  policy.  To  preserve  and 
present  this  experience,  labor  case  stud- 
ies should  be  made.  Here  economists 
and  their  graduate  students  in  econom- 
ics can  give  a  real  service. 

"Necessity  for  Labor's  understanding 
goes  further  than  this — it  carries  into 
all  work  problems.  Specifically  hours 
and  conditions  of  work,  security  and 
continuity  of  the  job,  remuneration  par- 
ticularly with  reference  to  duration  and 


THE    CARPENTER 


security  of  work  and  to  living  standards 
and  living  costs,  voice  in  control  of  these 
matters,  because  only  through  share  in 
decisions  can  Labor's  needs  and  desires 
be  determined,  recognition  of  Labor's 
price  of  workmanship  and  realization 
that  his  experience  can  make  a  definite 
contribution  to  production,  are  work 
problems  upon  which  Labor's  feelings 
are  intense  if  at  times  inarticulate. 

"Tax  supported  institutions,"  Mr. 
Green  concluded,  "have  a  democratic 
service  to  perform  and  trade  unions 
offer  them  established  groups  where  co- 
operation can  be  secured.    Such  relation- 


ships are  well  worth  while,  however,  for 
education  opportunities  would  be  car- 
ried to  a  stable  group  with  promise  of 
continuous  and  therefore  increasingly 
effective  and  advanced  study.  The  con- 
tinuity of  the  group  offers  also  contacts 
for  educational  influence,  leadership  and 
expansion. 

"We  turn  to  the  educator  to  help  with 
employer  and  labor  to  a  better  under- 
standing of  the  facts  of  industry  and 
other  work  relationships  and  to  lead  the 
way  to  a  better  basis  for  human  rela- 
tionships. The  opportunity  is  open  to 
you  for  high  service." 


COMPANY  UNION  NONSENSE 


£M*§  OMEBODY  ought  to  take 
to  the  White  House  this 
message:  In  all  the  code 
hearings  not  a  single 
company  union  has  ap- 
peared to  fight  for  a 
single  solitary  right  for  any  worker. 
That  ought  to  help  some  in  understand- 
ing company  unions. 

Carry  it  further.  They  talk  about  the 
rights  of  the  unorganized  and  about  the 
views  of  the  unorganized.  Nobody  has 
ever  appeared  at  any  code  hearing  to 
talk  for  the  unorganized.  A  lot  of  folks 
never  think  how  funny  it  is  to  talk 
about  speaking  for  the  unorganized. 

The  unorganized  cannot  express  any 
views,  because  they  are  unorganized. 

The  company  union  cannot  speak  for 
workers  because  it  is  dominated  by  the 
employers. 

Otherwise  learned  men  go  on  prat- 
tling about  company  unions  and  the  un- 
organized, just  as  if  these  somehow  had  a 
right  to  be  counted  in  the  labor  picture. 

Of  course  big  business  is  spending  a 
ton  of  money  to  keep  the  company  union 
in  the  picture  and  to  make  it  look  like 
something  respectable,  instead  of  the 
rat  outfit  that  it  is.  It  wants  a  company 
union  that  will  have  the  look  of  free- 
dom but  that  will  answer  to  the  same 
old  wire-pulling,  that  will  take  orders 
as  always.    That's  a  hard  job. 

What  employers  fail  to  see,  or  else 
do  see  and  are  preparing  for,  is  the 
fact  that  their  tactics  may  force  the 
biggest  labor  dispute  the  nation  ever 
saw. 

*      *      * 

It's  far  from  idle  talk  that  the  nation 
may  be  compelled  to  go  through  a  tre- 


mendous conflict  before  the  company 
union  issue  is  settled. 

The  Alabama  coal  owner  who  threat- 
ened secession  wasn't  the  only  one  of 
his  kind.  There  are  plenty  of  employers 
who  are  willing  at  this  hour  to  stake 
everything  on  a  gigantic  conflict,  hop- 
ing, as  they  hoped  in  1920,  to  win  and 
destroy  unions  for  a  decade  or  more. 

In  those  days  strikebreakers  were 
paid  handsomely — sometimes  $2  a  day 
over  the  rate  demanded  by  strikers — - 
plus  expenses.  Bosses  have  always  been 
willing  to  pay  high  to  keep  men  in 
bondage.  Bosses  have  done  mighty  little 
for  freedom. 

%  %  * 

Today  organized  labor  is  sweeping 
ahead  like  a  prairie  fire.  Many  unions 
are  growing  faster  than  discipline  can 
be  built.  Unions  have  to  have  discipline. 
Plenty  of  folks  don't  think  so,  but  a 
union  has  a  lot  in  common  with  an 
army.  It  has  to  stand  under  fire  and  it 
has  to  hold  its  lines. 

It  is  no  novelty  to  see  20,000  men 
sweep  into  the  union  movement  almost 
overnight.  Usually  they  expect  miracles 
and  they  want  action  quick. 

They  don't  see  the  long  road  back; 
they  don't  know  the  tactics  of  an  in- 
dustrial struggle;  they  don't  know  the 
tricks  and  the  resources  of  the  boss. 

But  America  is  going  to  have  union- 
ism just  the  same.  That  or  employer- 
made  anarchy,  and  no  half-way  busi- 
ness. 

Unionism  is  the  only  agency  through 
which  there  can  be  industrial  democ- 
racy, or  democratic  practice  in  industry. 
Company  union  bunk  is  just  that  much 
dirt  in  clear  water. —  (I.  L.  N.  S.) 


THE     CARPENTER 


THE  WAR  MAKERS 


N  AN  address  before  the 
Senate  on  March  5,  19  34, 
Senator  Wm.  A.  Borah  of 
Idaho  pointed  out  that 
"no  treaty,  no  law  made 
by  man  or  God  controls 
munition  manufacturers." 

The  following  is  quoted  from  the  Sen- 
ator's address: 

So  long  as  the  munition  manufactur- 
ers exercise  the  influence  which  they 
now  wield  with  governments  we  shall 
make  little  progress  in  reducing  arma- 
ments. .  .  . 

I  have  reached  the  conclusion  that  it 
would  be  about  as  absurd  to  turn  the 
War  Department  or  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment over  to  private  interests  as  it  is 
to  leave  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
the  instrumentalities  of  warfare  in  the 
hands  of  private  interests.  The  influence 
of  these  interests  is  so  very  great  that 
they  can  directly  shape  and  dominate 
the  policy  of  a  nation  toward  war  and 
away  from  peace. 

Let  us  survey  some  of  the  facts  with 
reference  to  the  armament  manufactur- 
ers and  the  influence  they  exert  upon 
the  expenditures  which  the  people  are 
called  upon  to  make  for  navies  and  arm- 
ies, and  the  influence  which  they  exert 
in  breaking  down  disarmament  confer- 
ences, in  blocking  all  efforts  to  bring 
about  peace  and  a  better  understanding 
among  the  nations  of  the  world.    .    .   . 

During  the  period  of  depression,  while 
millions  of  men  and  women  walk  the 
streets  ill-clad  and  half-starved,  while 
governments  have  been  unable  to  pay 
their  debts,  while  educational  institu- 
tions have  been  starved  of  funds,  it  is  a 
fact  that  the  munition  manufacurers 
have  been  realizing  profits  of  12  and 
20  and  30  per  cent  during  the  entire 
period  of  the  depression.  While  the 
world  was  struggling  to  get  from  under 
the  catastrophe  of  the  great  World  War 
and  to  relieve  itself  of  the  untold  and 
immeasurable  burdens  which  it  imposed, 
these  manufacturers  have  been  engaged 
in  disseminating  the  news  which  brings 
another  world  war.  I  know  of  no  way 
to  restrain  or  control  them  except  for 
the  government  to  take  from  them  the 
power  to  manufacture,  to  take  it  over 
by  the  government,  or  to  take  it  under 
license  so  that  they  can  put  out  only  the 
amount  which  the  government  itself  de- 


termines they  shall  put  out. 

In  an  article  which  appears  in  the 
March  Fortune,  I  read: 

According  to  the  best  accountancy  fig- 
ures, it  cost  about  $25,000  to  kill  a  sol- 
dier during  the  World  War.  There  is 
one  class  of  big  business  men  in  Europe 
that  never  rose  up  to  denounce  the  ex- 
travagance of  the  government  in  this 
regard,  to  point  out  that  when  death  is 
left  unhampered  as  an  enterprise  for 
the  individual  initiative  of  gangsters, 
the  cost  of  a  single  killing  seldom  ex- 
ceeds $100.  The  reason  for  the  silence 
of  these  big  business  men  is  quite 
simple:  The  killing  is  their  business; 
armaments  are  their  stock  and  trade; 
governments  are  their  customers;  the 
ultimate  consumers  of  their  products 
are,  historically,  almost  as  often  their 
compatriots  as  their  enemies.  That  does 
not  matter.  The  important  point  is  that 
every  time  a  burst-shell  fragment  finds 
its  way  into  the  brain,  the  heart,  or  the 
intestines  of  a  man  in  the  front  line,  a 
great  part  of  the  $25,000,  much  of  it 
profits,  finds  its  way  into  the  pocket  of 
the  armament  makers.   .   .   . 

The  munition  makers  break  down 
laws;  they  break  down  governments; 
they  kill  human  beings;  they  trample 
upon  everything  which  gets  in  their 
way,  human  or  divine;  and  they  do  it 
for  gain — nothing  but  sordid  gain.    .   .   . 

Capone,  Dillinger  on  the  highway,  are 
not  more  heartless  and  bloodthirsty 
than  the  man  who  builds  up  armaments 
in  another  nation  for  the  purpose  of 
sending  his  own  people  to  the  front  that 
they  may  furnish  the  means  by  which 
to  murder  them. 

This  magazine  (Fortune)  .  .  .  gives 
a  list  of  the  different  munitions  manu- 
facturers— the  Krupp  people  in  Ger- 
many, the  Bethlehem  Steel  Company  in 
this  country — and  on  that  subject  says: 

We  have  .  .  .  our  Colt's  Patent  Fire- 
arms Manufacturing  Company,  which 
supplies  machine  guns  as  well  as  squir- 
rel rifles,  which  declared  an  extra  divi- 
dend in  1933;  our  Remington  Arms  Co. 
.  .  .  whose  output  of  firearms  and  am- 
munition together  is  one  third  of  Unit- 
ed States  production.  And  we  have  our 
Bethlehem  Steel  Co.  ...  In  the  official 
listing  of  Bethlehem's  products  .... 
you  will  find  armor  plate,  projectiles, 
gun  and  shell  forgings,  battleships,  bat- 


THE     CARPENTER 


tie  cruisers,   scout   cruisers,    destroyers, 
submarines,  and  airplane  carriers. 

Great  opportunity  to  disarm!  No 
wonder  the  disarmament  conference  and 
disarmament  have  come  to  be  a  kind  of 
an  organized  piece  of  hypocrisy.  There 
is  lying  back  of  it,  constantly  in  opera- 
tion, the  influences  which  work  against 


anything  in  the  nature  of  disarmament. 
It  is  not  to  their  interest  to  see  disarma- 
ment. .  .  .  There  is  the  influence  which 
in  some  way  or  other  men  must  control 
before  we  will  secure  any  success  in  dis- 
armament; and  secondly,  before  we  will 
have  any  real  assurance  of  amity  among 
the  nations  of  the  world. 


WILL  THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY  TAKE  ITS  SHARE? 


££  ILLIONS  of  dollars  are  ex- 
pected to  be  released  for 
modernization,  repairs 
and  new  construction  by 
the  latest  moves  of  the 
President  and  Congress  to 
put  government  backing  behind  the  fi- 
nancing of  building  projects. 

With  this  stimulation  for  construction 
looming  on  the  horizon,  the  question 
that  many  are  raising  today  is,  will  the 
lumber  industry  be  in  a  position  to  get 
its  rightful  portion  of  the  business  that 
will  develop  when  the  administration 
plans  go  through?  Or  will  products  that 
compete  with  wood  crowd  lumber  out 
on  many  fronts? 

In  many  parts  of  the  country  there 
is  an  actual  lack  of  dwellings.  On  every 
hand  any  one  can  see  the  need  of  mod- 
ernization and  repairs.  The  building  of 
low-cost  homes  presents  an  opportunity 
that  awaits  only  available  money  re- 
sources to  be  realized. 

A  recent  survey  by  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Real  Estate  Boards  gives  fig- 
ures showing  the  shortage  of  single 
family  dwellings  in  several  cities.  In 
Washington,  D.  C,  for  instance,  1,000 
such  homes  are  needed;  in  Fort  Wayne, 
Ind.,  5  00;  in  Canton,  Ohio,  400 — ac- 
cording to  this  report.  Lumber  retailers 
could  unearth  similar  needs  in  many  of 
their  communities. 

Answers  to  a  questionnaire  sent  out 
by  the  National  Lumber  Manufacturers' 
Association  to  retail  building  supply 
dealers  in  all  states,  revealed  that  over 
300,000  people,  owning  a  lot  or  some 
cash  or  both,  would  go  ahead  with  build- 
ing homes  for  themselves  if  they  were- fi- 
nanced. Awaiting  a  conservative  financ- 
ing plan  there  were  also  reported  to  be 
256,000  farm  buildings  and  35,000 
small  business  structures,  without  con- 
sidering innumerable  remodeling  and 
repair  jobs. 

The  legislation  passed  by  Congress 
following   President    Roosevelt's   special 


message  on  May  14,  seeks  to  fill  the  gap 
that  exists  in  the  financing  of  such  pro- 
jects under  present  conditions.  It  aims 
to  do  this,  not  by  supplying  actual 
funds,  but  by  placing  government  credit 
back  of  present  agencies,  and  establish- 
ing such  supplementary  agencies  as  are 
deemed  necessary,  to  put  larger  streams 
of  private  capital  into  construction  chan- 
nels. 

The  importance  to  the  country  at 
large  of  a  workable  plan  to  finance 
building  is  that  it  will  provide  a  much- 
needed  impetus  to  further  recovery. 
With  total  construction  less  than  a 
third  of  what  it  formerly  was,  millions 
of  men  are  kept  out  of  work,  and  bil- 
lions of  dollars  are  unutilized.  This  ac- 
counts for  an  industrial  and  unemploy- 
ment problem  that  cannot  be  solved  un- 
til there  is  a  revival  of  building. 

"The  loan  insurance  measure  will  re- 
sult in  a  flood  of  orders  for  construction 
materials,"  says  Arthur  T.  Upson,  of  the 
National  Lumber  Manufacturers  Asso- 
ciation. "The  question  which  interests 
lumbermen  is:  How  much  of  this  busi- 
ness are  they  going  to  get? 

"Markets  can  be  developed  for  ap- 
proximately 7  billion  feet  of  lumber 
among  the  urban  and  farm  home  build- 
ers, who  will  take  advantage  of  the  fi- 
nancing facilities  soon  to  be  made  avail- 
able, provided  lumbermen  do  not  sit  idly 
by  while  manufacturers  of  competitive 
materials  usurp  this  rich  market." — 
(Wood  Construction.) 


Considerate 

"It  was  nice  of  Nick  to  buy  his  wife 
a  new  washing  machine." 

"Yes,  the  old  one  made  so  much 
noise  he  couldn't  sleep." 


Demand  the  Union  Label  and  show 
that  you  belong  to  an  organization  that 
helps  the  workers. 


THE     CARPENTER 


EARLY  DETECTION  OF  INDUSTRIAL  DISEASES 


N  order  to  arrive  at  a  true 
prevention  of  industrial 
diseases,  says  Dr.  May  R. 
Mayers,  they  must  be  de- 
tected in  their  early 
stages,  before  actual  tis- 
sue damage  has  been  done. 

"Workers  in  modern  industry  are  be- 
ing constantly  exposed  to  all  manner  of 
chemical  substances  and  mechanical  de- 
vices. Some  of  these  are  quite  harmless; 
others  poisonous  and,  if  not  detected 
early  and  treated  properly,  may  be  fatal. 
These  substances  may  gain  access  to  the 
body  by  various  means — the  breathing 
apparatus,  the  stomach  and,  in  some  in- 
stances, through  the  skin. 

Each  worker's  body  is  a  chemical  lab- 
oratory far  more  intricate  than  the  fac- 
tory in  which  he  works,  says  Dr.  Mayers, 
who  is  on  the  staff  of  the  Division  of 
Industrial  Hygiene  of  the  New  York 
State  Department  of  Labor. 

r'His  health  and  well-being  result 
from  an  almost  infinite  number  of  reac- 
tions which  are  constantly  taking  place 
within  his  body.  Many  of  the  chemical 
substances  in  his  body  are  so  complex 
in  their  structure  as  to  defy  analysis  or 
detection.  They  are  capable  of  reaction 
with  the  chemical  substances  of  the 
workroom." 

The  slightest  deviation  or  change  may 
so  disturb  the  delicate  normal  balance 
of  the  body,  unless  dectected  by  very 
fine  bio-chemical  analysis  and  treated, 
as  to  produce  diseases  of  sufficient  se- 
verity to  threaten  life  itself.  In  industry 
an  unsually  good  example  is  to  be  found 
in  the  extensive  changes  which  may  re- 
sult from  exposure  to  quantities  of  car- 
bon monoxide  gas  in  concentrations  as 
low  as  three  or  four  parts  per  10,000 
of  air. 

The  various  protective  measures 
stressed  by  the  Division  of  Industrial 
Hygiene  are  of  assistance  in  prevention 
of  disease.  Their  limitations,  however, 
lie  in  the  fact  that  only  in  rare  instances 
can  they  entirely  eliminate  exposure. 

But  the  chronic  and  sub-acute  forms 
still  remain  because  exposure  to  lesser 
concentrations  continues. 

"The  effects  of  prolonged  exposure 
tend  to  be  cumulative,  and  may  not 
cause  symptoms  until  considerable  dam- 
age has   been   done,"    says    Dr.    Mayers. 


"Par  less  is  known  about  early  manifes- 
tations of  disease  than  is  known  about 
acute  conditions.  Medical  science,  if  it 
is  to  be  truly  helpful,  must  be  prepared 
to  throw  light  upon  early  detection  and 
early  diagnosis.  We  must  envisage  a 
time  in  the  future  when  it  will  be  pos- 
sible to  detect  and  appraise  these  very 
important  early  manifestations." 

When  a  worker  contracts  an  acute 
industrial  disease  he  becomes  obviously 
ill.  An  early  diagnosis  is  the  rule, 
and  effective  early  treatment  is  usually 
given.    Delay  often  proves  fatal. 

But  a  lead  worker,  for  example,  may 
work  with  the  metal  in  one  form  or  an- 
other for  many  years  without  feeling 
any  ill  effects.  Then  suddenly  he  may 
become  acutely  ill,  but  it  is  often  too 
late  to  do  anything  about  it. 

"Industrial  diseases  are  usually  slow 
and  insidious  in  their  onset.  They  gen- 
erally run  a  steadily  progressive  course, 
which,  if  unchecked,  may  result  in  disa- 
bility or  death.  Before  this  occurs,  how- 
ever, the  worker  is  quite  naturally  una- 
ware that  there  is  anything  amiss.  An 
intensive  scientific  investigation  of  the 
interaction  of  that  chemical  laboratory 
which  is  the  worker's  body  with  the 
chemical  laboratory  in  which  he  works 
opens  a  wide  and  useful  field  of  research 
to  the  industrial  physician.  This  in- 
volves the  application  of  bio-chemical 
methods.  The  acquisition  of  such  scien- 
tific data  is  essential.  It  provides  data 
without  which  a  truly  effective  preven- 
tive health  program  in  industry  cannot 
be  developed.  It  also  furnishes  data  by 
means  of  which  greater  accuracy  in  the 
diagnosis  of  compensation  cases  can  be 
attained." 


College  Presidents  Tell  Students  Not 
To  Break  Strikes 

Public  opinion  toward  strikers  has 
undergone  a  remarkable  change  along 
the  Pacific  coast.  Business  men  who 
formerly  opposed  organization  of  work- 
ers are  now  actively  with  them.  Presi- 
dents of  colleges  have  warned  students 
against  strikebreaking,  notably  at  the 
University  of  Washington,  whereas  for- 
merly the  university  officials  were  in  the 
forefront  urging  students  to  act  as 
strikebreakers. 


Keep  Your  Dues  Paid  Up 


THE     CARPENTER 


AS  A  WORKER  SEES  IT 

(By  Herbert  G.  Walter) 


HE  average  human  being 
is  such  an  easy-going  in- 
dividual that  until  it  is 
very  evident  that  an  evil 
has  to  be  remedied,  and 
that  evil  is  affecting  a 
very  large  number  of  people  and  threat- 
ens to  affect  the  great  majority,  nothing 
is  ever  done  about  it. 

It  took  plagues  to  teach  sanitation 
and  cleanliness. 

Let  us  hope  that  this  great  economic 
depression  will  teach  the  need  of  making 
some  changes  in  our  economic  system, 
and  eliminating  the  great  evils  of  pov- 
erty  and    unemployment. 

We  have  an  economic  system  that 
was  not  planned  like  some  modern  cities 
have  been  planned.  It  merely  grew  like 
some  old  cities  grew,  without  any  plan- 
ning at  all. 

We  all  know  how  unsatisfactory  these 
old  cities  were,  how  narrow  and  crooked 
the  streets;  how  the  lack  of  sanitary 
arrangement  caused  disease,  and  the 
lack  of  building  regulations  was  taken 
advantage  of  by  selfish,  short-sighted 
persons  who  built  buildings  that  were 
unfit  to  live  in,  and  without  necessary 
fire  protection. 

It  is  well  known  how  difficult  it  has 
been  to  improve  cities.  Even  the  slum 
dwellers  themselves  have  often  resented 
having  to  move  out  of  tenements  into 
more  comfortable  quarters. 

It  will  be  very  difficult  to  improve  the 
economic  system,  or  rather  economic 
chaos — for  our  present  economic  situa- 
tion can  not  be  called  a  system,  as  it 
works  so  badly — as  some  of  the  reforms 
needed  will  be  objected  to  by  short- 
sighted persons  in  all  classes.  For  all 
classes  are  to  blame.  They  have  been 
content  to  lean  upon  a  collective  system 
without  trying  to  improve  that  system 
so  that  it  will  work  satisfactorily. 

Most  people  have  believed  and  some 
still  believe  that  economic  depressions 
are  inevitable  and  perfectly  natural; 
that  they  follow  periods  of  prosperity 
as  winter  follows  summer.  Even  the 
economic  textbooks  written  by  men  who 
should  know  better — and  probably  do 
— teach   along   these  lines. 

Those  who  realize  that  something  is 
very    wrong    blame    the    political    party 


in  power,  our  banking  system,  prohibi- 
tion, taxation,  etc.,  for  our  economic 
troubles. 

The  radical  ones  want  to  tear  down 
the  system  and  build  a  new  one.  This 
would  be  as  foolish  as  tearing  down 
your  house  because  the  roof  leaks  or 
the  foundation  is  bad.  You  would  not 
tear  down  your  house  because  of  these 
defects,  especially,  if  like  these  radicals 
you  had  no  definite  floor  plan  for  your 
new  house,  and  you  had  to  live  on  the 
building  site  among  the  debris  of  the 
old  house  and  the  building  under  con- 
struction. 

The  present  economic  system,  though 
unsatisfactory,  is  better  than  the  feudal 
system  under  which  the  workers  built 
castles  and  mansions  for  the  lords  and 
lived  in  hovels  themselves,  and  made 
beautiful  clothes  for  the  rich  and  had 
to  be  content  with  rags.  Then,  the 
common  people  supplied  their  over-lords 
with  both  the  necessities  and  the  lux- 
uries of  life,  and  had  to  be  content  with 
a  bare  existence.  They  had  no  pur- 
chasing power,  and  they  worked  directly 
for  their  masters  instead  of  for  a  con- 
tractor as  most  of  us  do  today. 

It  is  better  than  the  old  slave  system 
when  the  masters  had  the  power  of  life 
and  death  over  the  slaves. 

The  common  people  have  two  great 
powers  they  never  had  in  bygone  days. 
One  is  the  power  to  elect  to  political 
office  anybody  they  want.  The  other 
great  power  is  the  purchasing  power. 
This  great  power,  because  of  the  de- 
pression, has  been  greatly  curtailed  and 
we  are  told  that  before  prosperity  comes 
again  that  it  will  have  to  be  built  up. 
This  is  true,  but  the  wise  men  who  tell 
us  this  do  not  say  how  it  is  to  be  done. 
These  two  great  powers,  if  wisely  used, 
will  cure  all  economic  evils  and  improve 
social  conditions. 

Up  to  the  present,  however,  these  two 
powers  have  not  been  wisely  used.  The 
people,  instead  of  electing  real  states- 
men to  office,  have  listened  to  and  been 
unduly  influenced  by  the  speeches  of 
self-seeking  politicians  in  most  cases. 
Their  purchasing  power  has  been  mis- 
used as  they  have  not  cared  how  the 
goods  they  purchased  were  produced  or 
demanded  a  guarantee  of  quality. 


THE     CARPENTER 


The  American  Federation  of  Labor 
has  tried  to  teach  its  members  their 
power  as  consumers  by  pledging  them 
to  promote  unionism  and  to  be  true  to 
their  principles  by  demanding  the  union 
label  on  their  purchases.  I  am  sorry  to 
say  that  only  a  small  proportion  of  or- 
ganized labor  lives  up  to  this  obligation, 
and  then  only  partly.  A  man  will  de- 
mand the  label  on  his  overalls,  but  omit 
to  demand  it  on  his  underwear. 

By  this  time  a  large  number  of  people 
realize  that  depressions  are  caused  be- 
cause we  can  not  collectively  buy  back 
what  we  have  collectively  produced.  If 
this  could  be  done  large  surpluses  of 
goods  would  never  pile  up  and  workers 
would  not  be  thrown  out  of  employment. 

How  are  we  going  to  remedy  this 
evil?  First  of  all  the  people  must  be 
taught  that  as  they  are  the  consumers 
of  the  goods  produced,  they  are  the  real 
employers  of  labor  and  being  so  have 
the  power  and  the  right  to  dictate  the 
conditions  under  which  the  goods  they 
consume  are  produced,  the  quality  of 
the  goods,  and  that  the  prices  they  pay 
for  them  shall  not  be  more  than  the 
cost  for  production  plus  the  cost  of  dis- 
tribution. 

The  manufacturers  must  learn  that 
they  are  not  the  real  employers,  except 
when  they  do  their  own  private  pur- 
chasing, but  that  they  are  merely  the 
collecting  and  distributing  agents  and 
that  they  should  not  exact  a  bigger  toll 
for  their  services  than  they  can  con- 
sume themselves. 

So  this  economic  question  is  not  one 
for  revolution  or  change  of  system,  but 
one  of  common  sense  and  arithmetic. 
Production  and  consumption  must  be 
balanced. 

We  know  that  if  we  eat  more  than 
our  bodies  can  consume  we  get  fat  or 
get  stomach  trouble. 

The  farmer  knows  that  if  he  does  not 
fertilize  his  land  it  will  not  produce 
good  crops.  He  does  not  regard  the 
time  and  money  spent  on  fertilization  as 
a  loss  but  a  wise  investment. 

Yet  the  agencies  of  our  industrial 
system  have  always  regarded  wages  as 
a  loss,  losing  sight  of  the  fact  that  they 
are  in  reality  a  wise  investment  which 
brings  returns  in  purchasing  power. 
They  regard  the  workers  in  the  same 
light  as  the  feudal  lord  and  the  slave- 
owner did.  They  are  trying  to  run  a 
modern  mass-production  system  with 
medieval  and  ancient  methods. 


Now  if  production  and  consumption 
were  balanced  we  would  all  create  our 
own  jobs.  If  each  person  could  buy 
back  out  of  the  collective  store  of  goods 
the  same  value,  less  the  cost  of  distri- 
bution, the  depreciation  of  machinery 
and  factories,  etc.,  that  he  has  produced 
by  his  labor,  it  would  not  matter  how 
many  hours  a  person  worked,  so  long 
as  he  spent  his  wages  again.  A  woman 
or  girl  who  wanted  extra  clothes,  or  a 
car  of  her  own,  could  work  without  dis- 
placing a  man  who  is  supporting  a  fam- 
ily. A  student  could  also  work  during 
his  vacation  to  earn  money  for  his  col- 
lege course  without  displacing  a  man. 
A  man  could  work  until  he  was  so  old 
that  he  wanted  to  quit  or  he  was  unable 
to  work  any  more.  Immigrants  could 
come  into  the  country  without  taking 
away  the  jobs  of  those  already  here. 

How  can  such  a  state  of  affairs  be 
brought  about?  How  can  the  capitalist 
and  employers  of  labor  be  persuaded  to 
regard  wages  not  as  a  loss,  but  as  a 
profitable  investment?  When  will  they 
learn  that  their  employes  are  their  cus- 
tomers? How  can  the  great  majority 
of  people,  the  workers,  be  taught  to  de- 
mand that  the  wages  paid  them  shall  be 
large  enough  to  buy  back  what  they 
have  produced?  I  do  not  know.  I  do 
know,  though,  that  when  the  necessity 
for  this  sensible  and  desirable  change 
is  realized  by  the  great  majority  of  the 
people  that  it  will  come. 

This  depression  may  teach  large  num- 
bers of  people  these  evident  facts.  It 
may  also  teach  them  how  foolish  it  is 
to  lean  upon  a  system  without  studying 
the  workings  of  the  system  and  trying 
to  remedy  its  defects.  It  is  already  teach- 
ing them  that  the  system  is  collective. 
Teachers,  policemen,  firemen  and  others 
steadily  employed,  who  a  few  years  ago, 
when  their  positions  were  secure,  never 
worried  about  the  economic  system,  and 
regarded  the  unemployed  as  the  ineffi- 
cient and  in  most  cases  the  unemploy- 
able, now  realize  that  their  positions 
depend  upon  the  prosperity  of  the  com- 
mon people. 

Business  people  such  as  storekeepers, 
now  realize  the  truth  of  organized  labor 
principles.  They  realize  that  they  de- 
pend upon  the  adequate  purchasing 
power  of  the  common  people,  as  well  as 
the  purchasing  power  of  the  rich.  The 
workers  themselves  are  realizing  that 
fundamental  changes  must  be  made  in 
order  to  insure  continued  prosperity. 


THE     CARPENTER 


The  people  will  in  time  demand  that 
either  the  manufacturers  hase  the  price 
of  the  commodities  that  are  produced  in 
their  factories  on  the  cost  of  production 
plus  distribution  costs  or  they  will  re- 
fuse to  do  business  with  them.  Then  a 
new  group  of  manufacturers  will  come 
into  existence  who  will  run  their  factor- 
ies on  this  practical  basis. 

A  change  such  as  I  have  outlined  is 
much  more  desirable  than  complicated 
systems  of  unemployment  insurance, 
which  do  not  work  satisfactorily  when 
economic  depressions  come.  It  is  much 
more  desirable  than  state  socialism,  or 
communism. 

It  would  practically  reduce  the  need 
for  old-age  pensions,  as  a  person  could 
work  as  long  as  he  was  able,  and  not  be 
thrown  on  the  scrap  heap  in  middle  age 
because  he  has  lost  the  speed  of  youth 
and  become  a  burden  to  himself  and  his 


relatives  because  of  enforced  idleness 
and  straitened  circumstances.  A  person 
could  easily  save  what  little  would  be 
needed  for  those  few  years  he  would  be 
unable  to  work. 

People  would  then  be  able  to  grow 
old  gracefully  instead  of  looking  for- 
ward to  it  with  fear,  and  with  visions 
of  the  poorhouse  or  county  farm.  Indi- 
gent aid  would  be  reduced  to  a  mini- 
mum as  there  are  very  few  people  who 
are  unable  to  work.  Crime  would  also 
be  reduced,  and  consequently  the  cost 
of  courts.  Sickness  would  be  reduced, 
as  much  sickness  is  caused  by  financial 
worries  and  occupational  diseases. 

So  let  us  work  for  this  desirable 
change.  Let  us  work  to  make  the  em- 
ployer see  that  he  is  not  a  master  but  a 
servant,  and  the  worker  that  he  is  in 
reality  the  employer  and  as  such  should 
use  his  power  as  an  employer. 


EPISCOPALIANS  ASK  END  OF  CHILD  LABOR 


HE  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  New  York  at 
its  151st  convention  in 
Synod  House  of  the  Ca- 
thedral of  St.  John  the 
Divine,  demanded  the 
permanent  and  nation-wide  elimination 
of  child  labor  and  the  protection  of 
workers  by  some  form  of  unemployment 
insurance. 

Bishop  Manning  said  it  was  not  the 
function  of  the  church  to  prescribe  eco- 
nomic systems  or  forms  of  government. 

"But,"  he  added,  "it  is  the  function 
of  the  church  to  bring  in  the  reign  of 
Christ  in  this  world,  and  Christ's  reign 
is  not  reconcilable  with  war,  or  sweat- 
shops, or  slums,  or  racial  prejudice  and 
persecution,  or  with  a  blind  and  selfish 
nationalism." 

A  resolution  was  presented  "that  it  is 
the  conviction  of  the  Diocese  of  New 
York  in  convention  assembled  that  the 
manufacture  of  munitions  should  be  a 
government  enterprise  and  so  regulated 
and  controlled  that  private  profit  may 
be  eliminated";  also  "that  it  is  the  duty 
of  every  individual  to  inform  himself 
and  take  action  to  the  end  that  the 
activities  of  munitions  manufacturers 
may  be  fully  exposed  and  that  profits, 
which  are  the  price  of  blood,  may  be 
forever  eliminated." 

A  resolution  was  presented  "that  the 
members    of    this    convention    solemnly 


express  our  conviction  that  hereafter  the 
Christian  Church  ought  not  to  sanction 
or  support  war,"  and  "that  the  church 
asserts  and  will  seek  to  defend  the  right 
of  any  of  its  individuals  who  by  consci- 
entious conviction  refuse  to  have  part 
in  any  war." 

Bishop  William  T.  Manning,  who 
presided,  called  for  these  Federal  re- 
forms in  his  annual  address.  When  he 
had  finished,  a  resolution  was  adopt- 
ed unanimously  expressing  agreement 
"with  that  part  of  the  Bishop's  address 
dealing  with  social  questions." 

"Two  of  these  needs  I  wish  especially 
to  commend  to  your  attention  at  this 
time;  first,  the  permanent  and  nation- 
wide elimination  of  child  labor  and, 
second,  the  protection  of  our  workers 
by  some  form  of  unemployment  insur- 
ance," Bishop  Manning  said  in  his  ad- 
dress, in  commending  the  work  of  the 
diocesan  social  service  commission.  "I 
am  not  discussing  here  the  measures  by 
which  this  is  to  be  accomplished,  but 
the  way  can  be  found  and  must  be  found 
to  end  the  wrong  and  the  shame  of 
child  labor  and  to  relieve  the  workers 
of  our  land  from  the  uncertainty  and 
insecurity  which  now  hang  over  them 
and  their  families  through  fear  of  un- 
employment." 


No   shop    should    be    patronized    that 
does  not  display  a  Union  Card. 


10 


THE     CARPENTER 


A  NEW  DEAL  IN  HOUSING 

(By  Violet  K.  Libby) 


s^^^e^  M  NE  of  the  most  difficult 
P^rT^^m  Pr°blems  for  a  man  with 
JMJz^zj^m  a  small  income  is  to  find 
H£*^^\~~W\  a  decent  home  for  his 
family  at  a  price  that  fits 
his  pocket  book — a  home 
that  is  cheerful  and  convenient,  in  a 
neighborhood  that  is  the  right  kind  for 
his  children  to  grow  up  in.  All  over  the 
country,  particularly  in  the  cities,  for 
years  there  has  been  a  great  shortage  of 
low-priced  houses  and  apartments,  and 
although  there  has  been  much  inves- 
tigation and  discussion  of  the  prob- 
lem, real  estate  interests  have  usually 
blocked  any  action. 

The  average  real  estate  operator  can 
see  no  profit  in  building  inexpensive 
homes,  and  capital  therefore  all  goes 
into  speculative  housing  for  the  com- 
paratively well-to-do.  In  some  cases, 
public  spirited  individuals  or  corpora- 
tions, satisfied  with  a  nominal  return 
for  their  investment,  have  tried  to 
meet  the  demand  for  decent,  inexpensive 
homes  by  building  model,  low-priced 
apartments,  but  the  best  efforts  of  these 
"limited  dividend  corporations"  have 
hardly  been  able  to  make  a  dent  in  the 
situation,  which  is  a  serious  one  every- 
where. 

All  over  Europe,  Governments  faced 
with  the  same  problem  have  found  it 
necessary  to  step  in  and  provide  the 
money,  either  in  the  form  of  outright 
grants  or  by  State  subsidies  of  various 
kinds.  The  United  States  took  the  first 
step  in  the  same  direction  some  time 
ago,  when  the  Public  Works  Adminis- 
tration approved  grants  to  "limited  divi- 
dend corporations"  in  several  cities  for 
model  low-priced  housing  developments. 
Although  it  is  a  very  modest  beginning, 
it  is  hoped  that  it  may  eventually  open 
up  a  whole  new  outlook  for  the  small 
salaried  worker  who  wants  to  house  his 
family  well. 

Great  Britain,  since  the  end  of  the 
war,  has  put  up  over  1,000,000  new  low- 
priced  homes.  The  Government  looks 
on  good  housing  as  a  wise  and  lasting 
investment  in  the  health  and  morale  of 
the  people,  and  in  spite  of  the  tremen- 
dous burden  of  high  taxes,  war  debts 
and  unemployment,  is  considering  spend- 
ing altogether  a  billion  dollars  on  its 
housing    plans.     To    Great    Britain    this 


seems  one  of  the  wisest  and  best  ways 
to  fight  crime  and  communism,  and  to 
bring  employment,  health  and  prosper- 
ity to  her  people. 

Other  countries  feel  very  much  the 
same  way,  and  under  different  systems 
of  Government  aid  have  put  large  num- 
bers of  unemployed  men  to  work  on 
model   housing  schemes. 

In  almost  every  case  these  new  Gov- 
ernment aided  developments  have  done 
far  more  than  just  build  new  dwellings. 
Nurseries  and  playgrounds  have  been 
arranged  for  the  children,  recreation 
parks  and  swimming  pools  for  the 
grown-ups,  and  in  addition  all  sorts  of 
modern  conveniences  have  been  put  into 
the  houses,  which  rent  for  surprisingly 
little. 

As  a  result  the  foreign  worker  is  com- 
ing through  the  years  of  depression  with 
a  better  home  than  he  ever  expected  to 
have,  and  is  living  under  conditions 
which  keep  him  happy  and  healthy  and 
give  him  greater  efficiency  for  his  daily 
work. 

England,  as  we  said  before,  has  gone 
into  the  building  of  low-priced  homes 
on  an  immense  scale.  Part  of  her  pro- 
gram has  been  to  clear  out  the  slum 
areas  of  her  big  cities,  taking  care  at 
the  same  time  that  every  family  forced 
to  move  should  be  provided  with  suit- 
able living  quarters  either  in  new  model 
apartments,  put  up  on  the  site  of  the 
old  tenements,  or  in  modern  homes  else- 
where. 

More  than  twenty  of  these  unhealthy, 
vice-breeding  areas  have  been  cleaned 
up  in  London  alone,  and  have  been  re- 
placed by  fine  modern  apartment  houses, 
with  plenty  of  light,  air  and  open  space 
around,  not  to  mention  electricity  and 
modern  plumbing,  in  which  the  rents 
run  on  an  average  of  $3  to  $7  a  room  a 
month,  depending  on  the  location. 

These  are  for  the  man  who  has  to 
live  in  the  city,  but  the  great  aim  in 
England  has  been  to  get  people  out  into 
the  more  healthy  surroundings  of  the 
country  districts.  All  over  the  country- 
side are  dotted  hundreds  of  garden 
cities — picturesque  and  cheerful  red- 
roofed  cottages  of  brick  and  stucco  in  a 
setting  of  shady  oak  trees,  each  with  its 
own  flower  and  vegetable  garden.  Most 
of  the  cottages  have  four  or  five  rooms 
and    bath,    and   rent    for    $10    to    $14    a 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


month,  depending  on  the  size  and  loca- 
tion. 

There  are  several  of  these  communi- 
ties within  easy  commuting  distance  of 
all  the  hig  cities,  with  their  own  schools, 
shops,  and  recreation  centers.  On  the 
outskirts    there    are    frequently    clean, 


modern  factories,  which  find  that  it 
pays  to  move  out  of  the  city  into  a  dis- 
trict where  there  is  a  plentiful  supply 
of  well-housed  labor. 

There  is  no  question  that  the  stand- 
ard of  health  is  much  improved  under 
the  new  housing. 


CARPENTERS    WAGING    BATTLE    TO     OUST 

CHISELERS 

(By  Frank  P.  Keenan) 


RGANIZED  carpenters 
throughout  Greater  New 
York  are  determined  to 
wage  a  bitter  battle  to 
eradicate  the  lumper  and 
chiseler  from  all  Federal, 
State  and  Municipal  work  throughout 
the  five  boroughs. 

The  evil  and  curse  of  the  lumper  and 
chiseler,  or,  to  quote  a  nicer  name,  the 
so-called  "sub-contractor,"  must  go. 
And  a  clause  must  be  inserted  in  all 
Federal,  State  and  Municipal  contracts 
insisting  that  all  work  pertaining  to  the 
erection  of  woodwork  must  be  done  by 
the  general  contractor. 

In  all  State  work  at  the  present  time 
there  is  a  clause  to  the  effect  that  all 
brick  work  must  be  done  by  the  general 
contractor  and  a  similar  clause  in  the 
specifications  states  also  that  no  stone 
work  shall  be  sub-contracted  by  the  gen- 
eral contractor. 

The  carpenter  takes  pride  in  his 
work,  and  knowing  that  the  workman- 
ship and  skill  required  in  the  proper 
erection  of  woodwork  on  public  build- 
ings feels  that  skill  should  not  be  des- 
ecrated by  the  short  cut  and  half  way 
methods  used  by  the  chiseler. 

On  all  private  work  given  out  to  a 
general  contractor  the  carpenter  shall 
insist  that  all  labor  required  for  the 
erection  of  all  woodwork  shall  be  done 
by  carpenters  employed  by  the  general 
contractor  to  the  end  that  the  owner 
having  the  work  done  will  get  what  he 
is  paying  for. 

The  lumper,  of  course,  gains  by  many 
short-cut  methods  when  he  comes  on 
the  job  with  absolutely  nothing,  some- 
times even  without  the  right  time.  His 
methods  of  driving  the  men,  employing 
unfair  tactics  in  the  erection  of  his  work 
and  in  the  ever-present  menace  of  his 
like  bargaining  with  the  men  as  well  as 
cheating  them,  brings  to  the  lumper  his 


profit  on  the  job. 

The  result  is  the  general  contractor 
has  paid  to  the  chiseler  approximately  as 
much  as  the  work  would  cost  him  if 
he  employed  the  carpenters  direct,  and 
what  has  he  received  for  his  money? 
Nothing  but  a  chiseling,  cheap  banged- 
up  job,  and  possibly  a  headache  in  the 
bargain,  if  the  owner  is  at  all  acquaint- 
ed with  any  knowledge  of  carpentry. 

The  carpenter  is  used  to  the  evils  and 
methods  of  the  lumper  or  those  so- 
called  sub-contractors  and  will  not  tol- 
erate them  any  longer. 

Now,  there  is  another  type  of  builder: 
the  speculator,  the  apartment  house 
builder,  who  may  be  a  retired  business 
man  or  a  group  of  business  men  with  no 
direct  knowledge  of  the  building  indus- 
try, who  invests  his  money  in  building 
projects  for  speculation.  To  this  type 
of  operator  the  carpenter  says  for  his 
own  good  and  the  good  of  the  industry 
he  should  leave  the  erection  of  his  proj- 
ects in  the  hands  of  competent  and  re- 
liable contractors  who  are  familiar  with 
the  industry  and  who  know  their  busi- 
ness. 

To  the  speculative  builder  who  in- 
sists on  doing  his  own  building  con- 
struction, the  carpenter  will  also  insist 
that  he  must  employ  his  carpenters  di- 
rect. The  carpenters  have  many  compe- 
tent men  in  their  organization  that  can 
be  employed  by  the  builder  direct  to 
see  that  his  carpenter  work  is  done  in 
a  satisfactory  manner. 

The  carpenter  does  not  want  these 
conditions  caused  by  the  lumper  to  con- 
tinue in  his  trade — one  of  the  oldest  in 
history. 

The  carpenter  knows  he  has  a  job  on 
his  hands  to  eliminate  the  lumper,  a 
job  that  will  require  some  time,  but  he 
has  started  on  this  work  and  will  not 
stop  until  he  has  lumped  the  lumper 
out  of  the  picture. 


12 


THE     CARPENTER 


THE  STANDARD  OF  VALUE 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


W-^!:fmm^.W  0R   the   PurP°se   of   co] 
<>  "^B^n^^T    parison,    let  us  suppo 


)m- 
>ose 
an  exaggerated  stand- 
ard of  values;  say,  a 
pig  standard,"  the  phil- 
osopher began,  "and  if 
we  would  run  out  of  pigs  and  had  to 
pay  our  bills  with  sheep,  we  would  be 
off  the  pig  standard,  and  on  the  sheep 
standard — nothing  complicated  or  hard 
to  understand  about  that  at  all.  But  let 
us  go  on  with  our  pig  standard.  What 
would  the  millionaires  and  billionaires 
do  with  their  pigs?  Wall  Street  would 
have  to  lease  or  buy  most  of  the  New 
England  states  to  hold  all  their  pigs; 
and  just  think  of  the  number  of  men  it 
would  require  to  take  care  of  them. 
That  might  help  to  solve  the  unemploy- 
ment situation;  and  then,  think  of  the 
amount  of  corn  those  pigs  would  eat; 
which  would  help  the  farmer,  and  agri- 
culture ....  Everything  would  have  to 
be  measured  in  terms  of  pigs,  from  mar- 
celles  to  million-dollar  mansions.  Mer- 
chants, instead  of  cash  registers,  would 
have  to  install  pig  sties  in  order  to  tran- 
sact business  and  make  change  for  cus- 
tomers. It  can  readily  be  seen  that  a 
pig  standard  of  values  would  be  out  of 
the  question  for  the  rich  man,  cumber- 
some for  the  business  man,  and  not  so 
bad  for  the  forgotten  working  man, 
who,  though  he  had  little,  could  at  least 
eat  the  pigs,  after  earning  them;  some- 
thing that  can  not  be  done  with  gold  or 
silver. 

"While  this  pig  standard  comparison 
may  seem  strange,  it,  nevertheless, 
amounts  to  what  is  called  a  barter  sys- 
tem with  pigs  as  the  basic  commodity. 
Many  communities,  during  the  great  de- 
pression resorted  to  bartering,  because 
the  fellow  with  the  key  to  the  gold  sup- 
ply, had  crippled  our  monetary  system 
of  distribution,  by  keeping  the  key  in 
his  pocket;  thus  bringing  on  an  epidem- 
ic of  hunger,  such  as  this  country,  or 
the  world  for  that  matter,  has  never 
seen  before.  Had  we  been  on  a  pig 
standard,  that  would  have  been  impos- 
sible, for  pigs  can  not  be  cornered,  or 
hoarded  as  conveniently  as  gold  or  even 
silver.  Gold  yields  itself  to  hoarding, 
however,  more  readily  than  silver,  be- 
cause the  supply  is  limited,  and  the  in- 
crease of  the  supply  is  comparatively 
slow.    With  silver  it  is  not  so;   the  rich 


silver  mines  in  the  west  make  possible 
an  increase  of  the  supply  as  prolific  as 
the  possibility  of  increasing  the  supply 
of  pigs.  Silver  would  keep  our  system 
of  distribution  functioning  more  nearly 
as  it  should;  it  would  revive  the  min- 
ing industry  and  put  men  back  to  work; 
it  would  put  money  into  circulation  and 
thus  help  industry  in  general.  A  greater 
and  a  freer  circulation  of  the  medium  of 
exchange,  is  what  the  working  people 
need,  in  order  to  obtain  their  just  share 
of  the  good  things  of  life." 

The  philosopher  was  not  advocating 
silver  as  the  best  and  most  equitable 
medium  of  exchange,  but  he  knew  that 
silver  would  in  many  ways  benefit  the 
common  people,  and  supply  their  needs, 
better  than  gold.  Vault-hoarding  is  the 
curse  that  accompanies  gold,  which 
would  be  materially  lessened  with  sil- 
ver. Vault-hoarding  brings  on  depres- 
sions, panics  and  hard  times  for  all  who 
have  to  work  for  a  living,  and  the  soon- 
er this  sort  of  thing  can  be  banished 
from  our  social  system,  the  better  it 
will  be  for  everybody. 

"But  no  monetary  standard  can  be 
entirely  satisfactory,"  the  philosopher 
continued.  "The  only  just  standard  of 
values  is  the  labor  standard.  Labor  pro- 
duces all  wealth,  and  in  reality  deter- 
mines the  value  of  all  commodities, 
which  is  the  actual  cost  in  labor.  The 
market  value  of  gold  or  of  silver,  in  the 
final  analysis  must  be  based  on  what 
these  commodities  cost  in  labor  to  mine 
and  refine  them,  which  would,  of  course, 
include  prospecting.  For  example,  take 
air;  it,  as  a  rule,  does  not  cost  any- 
thing in  labor  and  therefore  has  no  mar- 
ket value,  but  its  usefulness  to  human- 
ity is  far  greater  than  that  of  gold  or 
of  silver.  Again,  water  may  or  may  not 
have  a  market  value,  and  why?  Simply 
because  water  frequently  costs  some- 
thing in  labor,  and  when  it  does  it  has  a 
market  value.  It  should  be  clear  from 
this,  that  labor  is  the  only  logical  stand- 
ard of  values,  even  though  it  is  not  rec- 
ognized as  such." 

The  philosopher  was  not  advocating 
the  labor  standard  of  values,  because  he 
hoped  ever  to  live  to  see  it  in  operation, 
for  he  knew  that  changes  in  a  monetary 
system  of  a  social  order  come  slowly, 
and    only   after    the   old   systems    have 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


broken  down  and  are  completely  worn 
out.  Being  forced  off  a  standard,  is  a 
good  symptom  that  the  system  has  brok- 
en down,  but  it  is  not  proof  that  it  is 
worn  out.  Before  a  monetary  system  is 
completely  worn  out,  it  must  go  through 
a  period  of  "off  again,  on  again" 
changes,  until  the  thing  is  dead,  buried 
and  forgotten. 

"All  we  can  hope  for,"  the  philoso- 
pher said,  pushing  his  fingers  comb-like 
through  his  hair,  "is  to  move  gradually 
toward  the  labor  standard.  The  working 
man  must  forever  be  on  the  look-out, 
not  only  for  his   own  immediate  good, 


but  for  the  good  of  his  children,  and 
his  children's  children.  He  must  guard 
himself  against  becoming  a  tool  for 
vault-hoarders,  who  with  honey-saturat- 
ed propaganda  try  to  use  him  to  rake 
chestnuts  for  themselves.  He  must  set 
himself  like  flint  against  any  system 
that  makes  it  possible  for  one  man,  or 
a  small  group  of  men  to  corner  the 
medium  of  exchange,  and  by  so  doing 
cripple  the  system  of  distribution  to 
such  an  extent  that  men,  women  and 
children  will  have  to  starve,  while  nec- 
essary things  of  life  are  rotting  in  store- 
houses and  in  fields." 


MENACE  OF  LOW  WAGES 

U£  ANCHESTER  BODDY.pub-      ing  power  makes  industry  possible. 


lisher,  recently  editorial- 
ized in  the  Los  Angeles 
Daily  News  as  follows: 

"The  system  of  low 
wages  now  prevailing  in 
the  United  States  breeds  a  form  of  de- 
featism that  will  destroy  American  in- 
stitutions and  the  American  standard  of 
living.  Our  public  prints  are  filled  with 
preachments  against  alleged  foreign 
'isms'  that  threaten  to  destroy  Ameri- 
canisnn  yet  the  cancerous  growth  of  de- 
featism, that  alone  can  destroy  Ameri- 
canism, is  everywhere  encouraged  and 
propagated. 

"Industrialists  compete  with  one  an- 
other in  terms  of  wage  cuts,  rewards 
going  to  industries  that  make  the  most 
progress  in  this  direction.  Business  or- 
ganizations, by  reducing  the  wage  of 
white  collar  workers,  have  developed  a 
vast  class  of  social  liabilities  rather 
than  economic  assets.  One-third  of  all 
the  babies  born  in  Los  Angeles  County, 
for  instance,  where  the  white  collar  or 
'service'  class  predominates,  see  light  of 
day  in  institutions  of  'charity.' 

"White  collar  workers  would  like  to 
buy  more  and  better  clothes,  modern 
furniture,  new  automobiles — more  of 
everything,  in  fact,  that  forms  the  basis 
of  modern  business  and  caters  to  culti- 
vated taste.  Yet  the  prevailing  low  rate 
of  pay  to  these  workers  renders  such 
purchasing  impossible. 

"Strangely  enough,  the  very  people 
whose  fortunes  depend  upon  the  con- 
tinued functioning  of  industry  are  the 
same  people  who  demand  lower  and 
lower  wages  for  the  people  whose  buy- 


"The  drive  for  lower  wages  in  indus- 
try, business  and  office  has  its  counter- 
part in  a  current  drive  for  lower  wages 
in  the  public  service.  Thus  is  the  germ 
of  defeatism  spread  throughout  the 
country.  It  must  be  stopped.  The  strug- 
gle for  widespread  employment  must  be 
coupled  with  a  program  of  wage  in- 
creases for  all  who  perform  essential 
service,  until  purchasing  power  has  been 
restored  to  the  masses. 

"If  I  were  a  member  of  a  'Red'  organ- 
ization, bent  on  wrecking  the  United 
States  beyond  repair,  I  would  organize 
owners  of  real  estate  and  start  a  cam- 
paign to  reduce  the  purchasing  power 
of  all  public  employes. 

"I  would  join  every  chamber  of  com- 
merce, every  luncheon  club,  every  '100 
per  cent  American'  organization,  and 
preach  the  gospel  of  low  wages  until  I 
succeeded  in  reducing  the  purchasing 
power  of  all  workers  to  the  point  where 
the  industries,  banks  and  businesses 
supported  by  the  purchasing  power  of 
these  workers  withered  and  died  like  a 
forest  of  trees  whose  roots  have  been  de- 
stroyed." 


"The    man    who    deals    in    sunshine, 
Is    the    one    who    gets    the    crowds; 

He  does  a  lot  more  business, 

Than   the   one    who    peddles    clouds." 

*      *      * 

The  most  valuable  result  of  educa- 
tion is  ability  to  make  yourself  do  the 
thing  you  ought  to  do,  when  it  ought  to 
be  done,  whether  you  like  to  do  it  or 
not. — Huxley. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the  15th   of  each   month   at  the 

CARPENTBKS'  BUILDING 

Indianapolis,   Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OP 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA, 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Scbscbiption  Price 
One  Dollar  a  Year  In  Advance,  Postpaid 

The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avail- 
able to  them  against  accepting  advertise- 
ments from  other  than  reliable  firms,  but 
do  not  accept  any  responsibility  for  the 
contents  of  any  advertisement  which  ap- 
pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au- 
thorities. Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   AUGUST,    1934 

The  Toledo  Incident 

MUCH   publicity   was    given   by   the 
newspapers  to  an  incident  which 
occurred  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  during 
the  time  the  Auto-Lite  Workers  were  on 
strike    to    bring    about    an    increase    in 
wages  and  recognition  of  their  union. 

While  the  strike  was  in  progress  the 
strikers  and  other  labor  unions  of  To- 
ledo held  a  monstrous  parade  and  it  is 
alleged  a  strike  breaker  was  forced  to 
march  at  the  head  of  the  procession 
stripped,  bruised  and  bleeding. 

Much  was  made  of  the  fact  that  a 
•photograph  was  taken  of  the  unfortu- 
nate man  and  of  the  further  fact  that 
men,  women  and  children  stood  along 
the  sidewalks  laughing  as  he  passed  by. 
Commentators,   columnists,    and    others, 


used  the  incident  to  insinuate  that  un- 
ion labor  was  bringing  about  and  al- 
legedly encouraging  mob  violence. 

That  the  whole  affair  was  wrong  no 
one  can  deny,  but  that  the  violence  was 
incited,  encouraged  or  approved  by  real 
union  labor,  is  not  true.  Union  labor 
no  more  incited,  encouraged,  or  ap- 
proved this  thing  than  decent  citizens 
of  California  incited,  encouraged  or  ap- 
proved the  stripping,  beating  and  hang- 
ing by  the  mob  of  the  abductors  of  a 
certain  rich  Californian  some  months 
ago. 

Organized  labor  has  not  authorized 
any  violence  on  the  part  of  its  members, 
but  on  the  contrary  has  urged  lawful 
methods  in  every  respect  and  under  all 
circumstances.  It  takes  none  of  the 
blame  for  unlawful  acts  on  the  part  of 
some  of  its  sympathizers,  if  any  such 
are  guilty  of  any  violations.  We  firmly 
believe  that  most  of  the  violence  is  the 
result  of  unlawful  methods  on  the  part 
of  industry  and  on  the  part  of  some  of 
its  hired  guards  who  are  committing 
these  acts  or  winking  at  them. 

Workers  of  today,  however,  do  not 
forget  incidents  of  the  past  on  the  part 
of  employers  who  forced  them  to  work 
under  conditions  that  were  intolerable. 
Lives  of  employes  were  shortened  by 
being  obliged  to  work  in  an  environ- 
ment shockingly  insanitary  and  unsafe. 
The  selfishness  and  greed  of  the  em- 
ployers would  not  allow  them  to  spend 
more  money  to  improve  conditions  and 
to  install  safety  appliances. 

The  workers  remember  that  it  isn't 
so  long  ago  that  the  steels  mills  held 
men  at  hard  work  with  no  great  wage  for 
twelve  hours  a  day,  seven  days  a  week, 
and  contractors  in  the  building  industry 
required  carpenters  to  work  ten  and 
twelve  hours  a  day. 

Resort  to  violence  however  cannot  be 
encouraged  by  law-abiding  citizens.  The 
great  pity  of  it  is  that  certain  operators 
of  industry  refuse  to  abide  by  the  laws 
enacted  by  the  Federal  government  for 
their  benefit  and  for  the  benefit  of  those 
who  work  for  them. 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


The  industries  of  the  country — allow- 
ing due  exception  for  those  who  have 
shown  a  disposition  to  be  fair — have  set 
the  most  glaring  examples  of  violence 
we  can  imagine.  They  have  kept  those 
sections  of  the  law  of  the  NRA  that 
have  been  for  their  own  benefit  and 
have  deliberately  spurned  those  sections 
that  have  been  enacted  for  the  benefit 
of  the  workers  and  consumers. 

The  proper  and  just  view  of  the  To- 
ledo affair  and  any  similar  incidents 
elsewhere  demands  the  condemnation  of 
wrong  no  matter  on  which  side  it  ap- 
pears, and  an  inquiry  that  is  sane,  judi- 
cious and  fair,  into  the  cause  of  these 
disputes.  Give  and  take,  compromise 
and  conciliation  is  in  order.  If  this  is 
not  done  the  result  will  be  not  a  peace- 
ful, economic  and  political  evolution, 
but  the  fierce  and  destructive  revolution 
that  threatens  society  the  world  over. 

In  the  Toledo  incident  we  are  pleased 
to  announce  that  the  unhappy  affair  has 
come  to  a  close  with  a  victory  for  the 
workers  in  securing  an  increased  wage 
scale  and  recognition  of  the  union,  and 
we  express  the  hope  that  the  harmoni- 
ous relations  now  existing  between  the 
Electric  Auto-Lite  Company  of  Toledo 
and  its  employes  will  continue  indefi- 
nitely. 


National  Housing 

THE  President  has  asked  speedy  ac- 
tion to  facilitate  home  construc- 
tion and  to  provide  employment 
in  the  heavy  industries.  Unemployment 
still  remains  high  among  the  building 
trades  workers.  One  of  the  reasons  is 
stand-still  in  home  construction.  Be- 
tween 1921  and  1930,  expenditures  for 
residential  construction  were  5  0  per 
cent  more  than  those  for  other  types  of 
construction — 17  as  against  11  billion 
dollars.  About  one-third  of  the  "other 
type  of  construction"  were  public  work 
into  which  PWA  funds  would  go.  Home 
construction  dropped  from  $3,000,000,- 
000  annually  to  $300,000,000. 

So  far  practically  none  of  the  relief 
funds  has  been  spent  for  residential 
construction  and  private  construction  is 
at  low  ebb.  There  are  a  number  of  rea- 
sons for  this:  The  terriffic  loss  through 
defaulting  mortgage  bonds;  banks  and 
mortgage  agencies  have  foreclosed  on  a 
huge  number  of  properties  which  they 
wish  to  dispose  of  at  a  tidy  profit  be- 
fore they  make  loans  for  new  construc- 


tion. Because  these  credit  agencies  wish 
a  scarcity  to  develop  so  they  can  sell  the 
houses  on  which  they  foreclosed,  they 
are  unwilling  to  finance  building  at 
present  low  cost  anticipating  the  hous- 
ing shortage  that  will  be  evident  just 
as  soon  as  wage  earners'  incomes  permit 
a  return  to  former  standards  of  living. 

The  President  gives  as  the  purpose  of 
his  four-point  program  to  provide  em- 
ployment and  create  wealth  for  which 
there  is  social  and  economic  need.  The 
four  points  are:  modernization,  repairs 
and  new  construction;  mortgage  insur- 
ance; mortgage  associations;  building 
and  loan  insurance.  The  government  will 
insure  loans  to  individuals  by  private 
agencies  up  to  80  per  cent  of  the  ap- 
praised value  of  the  property — such 
loans  to  be  made  in  accord  with  govern- 
ment specifications;  mortgage  associa- 
tions will  be  incorporated  under  strict 
federal  supervision;  and  lastly  insur- 
ance for  share  and  certificate  holders  in 
building  and  loan  associations  similar  to 
insurance  for  bank  deposits  on  the  the- 
ory that  these  institutions  are  custo- 
dians for  the  funds  of  small  savers. 

Such  a  measure  put  into  effect 
promptly  and  administered  with  sure- 
ness  and  quick  decision  would  bring  em- 
ployment to  groups  that  have  been  long- 
est and  most  heavily  unemployed.  Un- 
employment among  building  trades  still 
is  high — 76  per  cent  in  Cincinnati,  74 
per  cent  in  New  York  City,  70  per  cent 
in  Jersey  City,  and  64  per  cent  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 


The  Seven  Mistakes 

There  are  seven  mistakes  of  life  that 
many  of  us  make,  said  a  famous  writer, 
and  then  he  gave  the  following  list: 

The  delusion  that  individual  advance- 
ment is  made  by  crushing  others  down. 

The  tendency  to  worry  about  things 
that  cannot  be  changed  or  corrected. 

Insisting  that  a  thing  is  impossible 
because  we  ourselves  cannot  accomplish 
it. 

Refusing  to  set  aside  trivial  prefer- 
ences, in  order  that  important  things 
may  be  accomplished. 

Neglecting  development  and  refine- 
ment of  the  mind  and  not  acquiring  the 
habit  of  reading  and  study. 

Attempting  to  compel  other  persons 
to  believe  and  live  as  we  do. 

The  failure  to  establish  the  habit  of 
saving  money. 


Official  Information 


GENERAL   OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS   NEALE 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,  W.   T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District.  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth  District,  JAS.  L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.    Grand   Blvd.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 


Sixth    District,    A.    W.    MTTIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,   Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


CONVENTION   CALL 

Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada 

The  call  for  the  fiftieth  annual  con- 
vention of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Con- 
gress of  Canada  has  been  issued.  The 
convention  this  year  will  be  held  in  the 
Convention  Hall  of  the  Royal  York  Ho- 
tel, Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada,  begin- 
ning Monday,  September  10,  1934,  and 
continuing  from  day  to  day  until  the 
business  of  the  convention  has  been 
completed. 


OFFICIAL   NOTICE 

We  are  herewith  printing,  for  the  in- 
formation of  our  members,  the  contents 
of  circulars  distributed  by  the  Building 
Trades  Council  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  set- 
ting forth  the  attitude  of  the  Kinsey  Dis- 
tilling Company,  as  well  as  the  Conti- 
nental and  Publicker  Distilling  Co. 

To    Members    of    Organized    Labor    and 
their  Friends 

CONTINENTAL    &    PUBLICKER    DIS- 
TILLING  CO. 
Manufacturers    of    Dixie   Belle 
and      Cavalier      Gins,      Sweep- 
stakes,     Rittenhouse     Square, 
Diplomat,     and    Snug    Harbor 
Whiskies 
is  unfair  to  the  Building  Trades  Council, 
the  Metal  Trades  Council  and  the  Coop- 
er's Union,   as  they  DO   NOT   EMPLOY 
UNION  LABOR  affiliated  with  the  A.  P. 
of  L.  in  their  distilleries. 


THE  KINSEY   DISTILLING   COMPANY 
Erecting  and  remodeling  their 
buildings  at 

LINFIELD,    PENNA. 

IS    UNFAIR    TO    ORGANIZED   LABOR. 


THE    GULP   REPINING   CO. 
Manufacturers   of  "Good   Gulf 
Gasoline"   and   "Gulf  Supreme 
Oil" 
is  unfair  to  the  Building  Trades  Coun- 
cil,  as  they  DO   NOT  EMPLOY  UNION 
LABOR  affiliated  with  the  A.  P.  of  L. 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


Pension  Checks  Should  Be  Promptly 
Cashed 

"Denver,   Colorado 
July  6.  1934 
Mr.  Frank  Duffy, 
General  Secretary, 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Dear  Sir  and  Brother: 

This  week  when  the  pension  checks 
arrived  there  was  also  a  letter  enclosed 
from  the  General  President  stating  that 
after  9  0  days  these  checks  would  be 
void. 

To  the  average  member  this  may 
sound  strange,  but  it  is  really  surprising 
how  dilatory  the  average  man  on  pen- 
sion is.  We  have  60  members  receiving 
the  pension  and  you  would  be  surprised 
at  the  number  of  checks  that  stay  in 
my  possession  for  four  or  five  weeks  be- 
fore being  called  for,  and  then  I  gener- 
ally have  to  write  the  members  a  letter 
to  come  and  get  them.  Then  there  are 
others  who  take  them  away  and  hold 
them  for  a  month  or  six  weeks  and  then 
come  back  and  pay  dues  with  them.  It 
is  strange  how  these  members  feel  about 
these  checks,  which  is  something  they 
are  getting  for  nothing.  Strange  as  it 
may  seem,  there  is  a  great  percentage  of 
these  men  who  at  the  time  of  receiving 
their  check  are  two  months  behind  in 
their  dues. 

I  should  like  to  hear  from  other  sec- 
retaries what  kind  of  experience  they 
have  with  the  pensions. 

Fraternally  yours, 
Robert  Currie,   Fin.    Sec., 

Local  Union  No.  55." 
*      *      * 

Note — The  letter  referred  to  by 
Brother  Currie  was  issued  under  date 
of  July  2,  19  34,  by  the  General  Presi- 
dent to  those  Local  Unions  whose  mem- 
bers are  receiving  pension  checks,  in 
which  he  says: 

"You  will  note  on  the  enclosed  checks 
it  states:  'Void  9  0  days  after  date.'  The 
reason  for  that  statement  being  on  the 
checks,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  many 
checks  are  held  and  not  cashed  for  some 
time,  which  means  extra  work  in  the 
bookkeeping  department  at  the  General 
Office  in  order  to  keep  the  records  cor- 
rect." 

If  pension  members  need  money  they 
will  cash  these  checks  promptly.  If  they 
don't  need  money,  we  should  be  so  no- 
tified and  the  pensions  will  be  stopped. 


However,  if  they  are  not  cashed  within 
90  days,  they  will  not  be  honored  by  our 
Indianapolis  bank. 

F.   D. 


Harmonious   Relations   Restored 

In  the  January  issue  of  "The  Carpen- 
ter" at  the  request  of  Local  Union  899, 
we  published  an  article  stating  that  the 
American  Brewing  Company  of  Parkers- 
burg,  West  Virginia,  was  making  re- 
pairs on  one  of  its  buildings  with  non- 
union carpenters.  We  are  now  in  re- 
ceipt of  information  from  R.  C.  White, 
recording  secretary  of  that  Local  Union, 
to  the  effect  that  the  American  Brewing 
Company  has  been  organized  in  all  its 
departments  and  harmonious  relations 
have  been  restored  between  the  company 
and  Local  Union  89  9,  and  we  are 
pleased  to  pass  this  information  on  to 
the  members  of  our  organization. 


Jacksonville,  HI.,   Receives  Wage  In- 
crease 

Following  several  conferences  be- 
tween the  Carpenter  Contractors  of 
Jacksonville,  Illinois,  and  representa- 
tives of  Local  Union  904  of  that  city  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75  cents  to 
$1.00  per  hour,  information  comes  to 
us  through  Dean  Sargent,  recording  sec- 
retary of  the  Local  Union  that  an  agree- 
ment has  been  arrived  at  satisfactory  to 
all  parties  at  interest,  and  the  increased 
wage  scale  will  become  effective  August 
■first. 


Traveling  Members   Attention 

While  there  is  some  work  going  on  in 
Palm  Beach  County,  Florida,  there  are 
more  than  enough  idle  carpenters  to 
supply  the  demand,  according  to  infor- 
mation received  from  Lorance  Turner, 
secretary-treasurer  of  the  Palm  Beach 
County  District  Council.  The  Council 
desires  that  traveling  members  be  noti- 
fied that  the  opportunity  for  securing 
work  in  that  county  is  not  bright  for 
the  present. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

High  Point,  N.  C. 

Somerset,  Pa. 

Oak  Bluffs,  Mass.,  Martha's  Vineyard 

Owen  Sound,  Ont.,  Canada 

Overton,   Texas 

Grand  Coulee,  Wash. 

Tri  Cities,  Tex. 

Wilmington,  Calif. 


18 


THT5     CARPENTER 


Marching  Onward 

During  the  past  year  we  published  in 
this  journal  each  month  the  location  of 
newly  chartered  Local  Unions,  and  are 
now  pleased  to  announce  that  during  the 
period  from  July  1,  1933,  to  June  30, 
1934,  charters  were  issued  by  General 
President  Hutcheson  to  192  local  un- 
ions. These  unions  are  spread  through- 
out the  entire  country  and  include  men 
working  at  all  branches  of  our  trade. 

This  large  number  of  newly  organized 
unions  shows  the  spirit  of  organization 
among  men  who  were  formerly  outside 
the  pale  of  our  organization  and  are 
now  realizing  that  the  only  course  to 
bring  about  improved  working  condi- 
tions through  the  system  of  collective 
bargaining  is  through  the  international 
organization  of  their  trade,  and  we  are 
looking  forward  to  the  chartering  of  a 
still  larger  number  of  Local  Unions  dur- 
ing the  next  twelve  months. 

However,  men  working  exclusively  at 
that  branch  of  the  trade  known  as  Box 
Makers  have  failed  to  show  the  same 
spirit  of  organization  as  those  working 
at  other  branches  of  the  industry.  Since 
the  Volstead  Act  went  out  of  existence 
and  beer  has  been  legalized,  many  brew- 
eries that  were  forced  to  shut  down  are 
again  in  process  of  manufacturing  beer, 
most  of  them  operating  under  union 
conditions  and  are  agreeable  to  pur- 
chase boxes  bearing  the  label  of  our 
Brotherhood.  It  now  behooves  men 
working  at  this  branch  of  the  trade  to 
organize  into  Local  Unions  and  thereby 
bring  about  for  themselves  improved 
working  conditions.  Members  of  our  or- 
ganization and  other  trade  unionists  can 
also  be  helpful  in  increasing  the  mem- 
bership of  our  Box  Makers  Local  Unions 
when  purchasing  goods  packed  in  wood- 
en boxes  to  insist  that  the  Brotherhood 
label  appear  thereon. 


U.    S.    Court    Upholds    Anti-Injunction 
Law 

The  United  States  Circuit  Court  of 
Appeals,  in  a  notable  decision  in  New 
York,  upheld  the  constitutionality  of 
the  Norris-LaGuardia  anti-injunction 
act.  The  act  forbids  the  granting  of  in- 
junctions by  the  Federal  courts  in  labor 
disputes  except  in  cases  where  fraud 
and  violence  are  proved  to  exist. 

The  court  ruled  that  it  could  not  in- 
terfere with  any  attempt   by  organized 


labor  to  bring  about  the  closed  shop, 
engaging  in  strikes  or  sympathetic 
strikes  or  in  any  other  legitimate  and 
peaceful  efforts  to  bring  pressure  to 
bear  upon  employers  to  achieve  the  pur- 
poses of  a  union. 

The  decision,  written  by  Judge  Mar- 
tin T.  Manton  and  concurred  in  by 
Judge  Augustus  N.  Hand  and  Judge 
Harris  B.  Chase,  was  upon  the  injunc- 
tion application  of  a  group  of  employ- 
ers in  the  construction  industry  against 
officers  of  the  International  Association 
of  Bridge,  Structural  and  Ornamental 
Iron  Workers. 

The  injunction  suit  had  been  in  the 
courts  simce  1924.  It  was  decided  orig- 
inally in  favor  of  the  employers  by  the 
Federal  courts,  but  was  recently  ordered 
retried  by  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  on  technical  grounds. 


Prison-Made   Goods    Sale    Banned    In 
Rhode  Island 

The  Legislature  of  Rhode  Island 
passed  a  law  which  was  approved  by 
the  Governor  preventing  the  sale  of 
products  of  penal  institutions  on  the 
open  market  and  implementing  the  Fed- 
eral Hawes-Cooper  law  by  providing 
that  goods  made  in  penal  institutions  of 
other  States,  when  transported  into  the 
State,  are  subject  to  the  same  laws  as 
the  products  of  the  State's  own  penal 
institutions. 

The  section  of  the  Act  of  interest  to 
labor  follows: 

"Section  3.  The  sale  on  the  open 
market  in  this  State  of  all  goods,  wares 
or  merchandise  manufactured  or  mined, 
wholly  or  in  part,  by  convicts  or  pris- 
oners (except  prinsoners  on  parole  or 
probation)  or  in  any  penal  and  (or) 
reformatory  institution  is  hereby  pro- 
hibited. 

"The  provisions  of  this  Act  and  all 
other  regulations  and  laws  of  this  State 
in  effect  at  that  time  and  not  incon- 
sistent with  this  Act,  shall  apply  to  all 
goods,  wares  and  merchandise  manu- 
factured or  mined,  wholly  or  in  part,  by 
convicts  or  prisoners  (except  prisoners 
on  parole  or  probation)  or  in  any  penal 
and  (or)  reformatory  institution  and 
transported  into  the  State  for  use  or 
distribution,  to  the  same  extent  and  in 
the  same  manner  as  if  such  goods  and 
merchandise  were  so  manufactured,  pro- 
duced or  mined  in  this  State." 


THE     CARPENTER 


19 


Company    Union    Polls    Ridiculed    by 
President  Green 

William  Green,  President  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  has  is- 
sued the  following  statement: 

"If  the  returns  of  workers'  elections 
as  announced  by  the  corporations  re- 
cently, are  correct,  a  perfect  state  of 
satisfaction  prevails  among  the  work- 
ers employed  in  the  steel  industry.  It 
was  announced  that  more  than  ninety 
per  cent  of  the  workers  voted  for  the 
adoption  of  the  company  union  plan. 

"But  the  existence  of  this  alleged 
state  of  satisfaction  as  well  as  the  anal- 
ysis made  of  these  elections  by  the  steel 
corporations  management,  are  contra- 
dicted by  the  facts.  The  elections  held 
were  company  union  elections;  they 
were  company  controlled  and  company 
dominated.  The  election  machinery  was 
set  up  by  the  steel  corporations.  The 
actual  voting  took  place  inside  the  steel 
manufacturing  plants,  where  conveni- 
ent places  had  been  provided  for  the 
workers  to  vote.  The  management  and 
the  bosses  were  everywhere  in  evidence 
and  the  elections  were  held  in  a  com- 
pany union  atmosphere.  There  could  be 
no  other  result  than  the  result  an- 
nounced. The  workers  were  given  to 
understand,  through  suggestion  and 
otherwise,  that  the  corporations  wished 
the  company  union  plan  approved  and 
the  workers  clearly  understood  how  the 
company  wished  them  to  vote. 

"The  vote  therefore  represents  a  vote 
of  fear,  of  coercion,  and  of  intimidation. 
It  was  a  'yes'  vote  cast  by  men  who 
because  of  fear  were  compelled  to  vote 
'yes.'  The  fact  that  the  steel  corpora- 
tions management  refuses  to  permit  an 
election  to  be  held  under  the  direction, 
control  and  supervision  of  the  National 
Labor  Board,  an  independent,  impartial 
government  agency,  shows  that  the  cor- 
porations would  not  dare  to  run  the  risk 
of  permitting  their  workers  to  vote  free 
and  independent,  separate  and  apart 
from  company  union  domination  and 
control,  where  the  workers  could  by  se- 
cret ballot  vote  in  accordance  with  their 
judgment  and  the  dictates  of  their  con- 
science. 

"A  petition  signed  by  fifty  per  cent 
of  the  steel  workers  employed  in  the 
Carnegie  plant  at  Duquesne,  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  presented  to  the  National  La- 
bor Board  a  short  time  ago,  requesting 
that  an  election  be  held  as  provided  for 


in  the  President's  Executive  Order  of 
February  1st.  Because  of  the  hostile 
opposition  of  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation,  this  petition  was  never 
granted  and  the  election  asked  for  was 
never  held. 

"But  in  the  announcement  of  the 
company  union  election,  it  is  alleged 
that  the  workers  of  the  Carnegie  Steel 
Company  voted  almost  unanimously  for 
the  company  union  plan  and  in  conform- 
ity with  company  union  requirements. 
Such  a  vote  does  not  square  with  the 
facts.  If  the  steel  corporation  manage- 
ment is  convinced  that  the  steel  work- 
ers want  the  company  union  plan  as 
formulated  by  the  company  and  as  pre- 
pared for  the  workers  by  the  steel  cor- 
porations management  why  are  they 
afraid  to  risk  an  election  held  under 
governmental  supervision  and  control? 

"The  steel  corporations  management 
can  not  justify  the  announced  result  of 
the  elections  held  until  they  offer  sound 
and  convincing  reasons  as  to  why  they 
oppose  free,  independent  elections  where 
the  workers,  separate  from  company 
union  domination  and  company  control, 
outside  of  the  steel  corporations  plants, 
may  by  secret  ballot  vote  for  the  organ- 
ization of  their  own  choice  for  the  elec- 
tion of  such  representatives  as  they  may 
wish  to  represent  them  in  collective  bar- 
gaining." 


New  Jersey  State  Council  Convention 

The  New  Jersey  State  Council  of  Car- 
penters held  its  twenty-ninth  annual 
convention  at  Asbury  Park,  June  15- 
16,  1934,  with  over  one  hundred  dele- 
gates and  visitors  in  attendance.  The 
sessions  of  the  convention  were  held  in 
the  City  Solarium  and  presided  over  by 
Stephen  J.  Stoll,  president  of  the  Coun- 
cil. 

Following  the  opening  of  the  conven- 
tion Brother  Stoll  announced  the  ap- 
pointment of  the  various  committees 
provided  for  in  the  constitution,  and  then 
introduced  Mr.  Vincent  Murphy,  secre- 
tary of  the  New  Jersey  State  Federation 
of  Labor,  who  outlined  the  activities  of 
the  state  branch  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  to 
procure  the  enactment  of  state  legisla- 
tion favorable  in  behalf  of  the  organized 
wage  earners,  and  invited  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  State  Council. 

Honorable  A.  Harry  Moore,  Governor 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  was  then  in- 


20 


THE     CARPENTER 


troduced  and  delivered  an  interesting 
and  instructive  address  and  requested 
the  organized  carpenters  of  the  state 
through  their  representatives  at  the  con- 
vention to  give  their  assistance  to  bring 
about  a  revival  of  business  conditions. 

The  next  speaker  was  Commissioner 
of  Motor  Vehicles,  Harold  G.  Hoffman, 
who  delivered  one  of  his  interesting  and 
humorous  addresses  and  impressed  upon 
the  delegates  their  only  hope  of  secur- 
ing favorable  working  conditions  was 
through  the  labor  organization  of  their 
trade. 

The  reports  of  the  officers  outlined 
their  activities  and  accomplishments 
during  the  period  that  intervened  since 
the  last  convention  as  well  as  showing 
the  finances  of  the  organization  to  be 
in  a  healthy  condition. 

The  convention  considered  a  number 
of  resolutions;  the  most  important  that 
received  favorable  action  were: 

A  resolution  in  reference  to  wages, 
rules,  specifications  and  classifications  of 
carpenters  on  state  highway  work. 

A  resolution  condemning  the  practice 
of  employment  agencies  furnishing  lists 
of  workers  to  contractors  engaged  in 
federal  and  non-federal  projects. 

A  resolution  recommending  the  en- 
actment of  legislation  prohibiting  the 
granting  of  injunctions  in  labor  dis- 
putes. 

A  resolution  favoring  a  shorter  work 
day. 

A  resolution  recommending  that  un- 
ion wages  be  paid  on  all  relief  projects. 

Stephen  J.  Stoll  of  Local  Union  119, 
Newark,  was  re-elected  state  president, 
and  M.  J.  Cantwell  of  Local  Union  715, 
Eilzabeth,  was  elected  state  secretary. 
Jersey  City  was  chosen  as  the  city  in 
which  to  hold  the  next  convention. 


Recording  Secretary  of  Local  Union  322 
Answers  Last  Call 

William  H.  Woodall,  for  many  years 
Recording  Secretary  of  Local  Union  322, 
Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  passed  away  June 
17  in  Memorial  Hospital,  death  result- 
ing from  cardiac  illness. 

Brother  "Woodall  was  born  in  Romi- 
ley,  England,  in  1876,  where  he  received 
his  early  education.  He  joined  Local 
Union  322  on  March  14,  1904,  coming 
over  from  the  Amalgamated  Society  of 
Carpenters. 


In  his  early  manhood  he  was  promi- 
nent as  a  soccer  foot-ball  player,  having 
played  with  the  old  Wanderers  team 
which  was  in  its  prime  before  the  World 
War.  During  recent  years  he  was  un- 
able to  take  an  active  part  in  this  sport, 
but  his  interest  remained  as  keen  as 
ever. 

He  was  an  ardent  worker  on  behalf 
of  his  Local  Union  and  as  such  was  well 
known  and  highly  respected  throughout 
the  community  where  he  resided. 

Brother  Woodall  is  survived  by  his 
wife,  one  son  and  one  daughter,  five 
brothers  and  three  sisters. 

Funeral  services  were  held  from  the 
family  residence  June  20,  and  burial 
was  in  Riverdale  Cemetery. 


Officer  of  Local  Union  993  Dies 

Robert  G.  Holloman,  age  65,  a  mem- 
ber of  our  organization  for  twenty  years, 
and  financial  secretary  of  Local  No.  99  3, 
Miami,  Florida,  died  June  27,  at  the 
Jackson  Memorial  Hospital  following  an 
operation. 

Shortly  before  entering  the  hospital 
he  wrote  an  optimistic  letter  to  the  Gen- 
eral Secretary  in  which  he  stated: 

"If  we  live  long  enough  the  old  ma- 
chine will  wear  out.  My  machine  I 
think  is  not  worn  beyond  repair,  but  I 
am  going  to  the  hospital  tomorrow  for 
an  operation.  I  had  hoped  to  visit  my 
old  home  in  Lebanon,  Indiana,  this  sum- 
mer and  of  course  the  General  Office  at 
Indianapolis  and  see  my  old  friend 
Frank  Duffy,  but  at  present  my  plans 
are  all  up  in  the  air.  I  will  write  you 
again  as  soon  as  I  am  able." 

Brother  Holloman  came  from  Leba- 
non, Indiana,  to  Fort  Lauderdale,  Flor- 
ida, in  1914  where  he  joined  Local  Un- 
ion 1934  of  that  city.  In  1923  he  took 
up  his  residence  in  Miami.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  in  the  labor  movement 
of  that  city  and  at  the  last  election  of 
local  officers  was  re-elected  as  financial 
secretary  of  the  union. 

Funeral  services  were  held  June  28 
and  were  attended  by  a  large  number 
of  the  members  of  Local  Union  993, 
fraternal  organizations  of  which  Broth- 
er Holloman  was  a  member,  and  a  num- 
ber of  friends. 

The  immediate  survivors  are  his  wife, 
two  sons  and  one  daughter.  Burial  was 
in  City  Cemetery. 


THE     CARPENTER 


21 


DEATH   ROLL 


JOHN   J.    BUTLER— Local    Union    715, 

Elizabeth,  N.  J. 
E.  U.  KILTZ — Local  Union  363,  Elgin, 

Illinois. 
L.  W.  MATTER — Local  Union  No.   132, 

Washington,  D.  C. 


Railroad  Company  Unions  Smashed 

The  Emergency  Railroad  Transporta- 
tion Act,  passed  by  the  -Special  Session 
of  the  Seventy-third  Congress,  in  19  33, 
contained  a  provision  which  made  it  un- 
lawful for  railroad  companies  to  use 
railroad  funds  to  maintain  "so-called 
company  unions." 

Despite  this  positive  mandate,  rail- 
road officials  in  many  instances  contin- 
ued to  support  these  economic  mon- 
strosities. But  this  policy,  so  openly 
against  the  rights  of  railroad  employes, 
appears  to  be  definitely  smashed  by  the 
Crosser  Bill  amending  the  Railway  La- 
bor Act,  passed  by  the  1934  session  of 
Congress  just  before  it  adjourned. 

In  their  zeal  to  nullify  the  intent  of 
the  Special  Session  of  Congress  to  ban 
the  company  union,  railroad  officials 
and  their  high-salaried  attorneys  re- 
sorted to  sophistical  nomenclature  to 
disguise  the  real  purpose  of  these  fake 
labor  organizations.  They  were  labeled 
"employe  representation"  plans,  "em- 
ployes' mutual  benefit"  societies,  and 
given  numerous  other  smoke-screen 
names  in  the  attempt  to  evade  the  mean- 
ing of  the  statute. 

The  Crosser  Act  puts  an  end  to  this 
chicanery  by  clearly  defining  just  what 
is  meant  by  the  term  company  union, 
and  then  prescribing  it.  Here  is  the 
definition: 

"The  term  'company  union' 
means  any  group  or  association  of 
employes  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
collective  bargaining,  whether  or 
not  same  shall  be  formally  organ- 
ized, which  was  so  formed  at  the 
suggestion,  with  the  aid,  or  under 
the  influence  of  any  carrier,  or  its 
or  their  officers  or  agents,  and/  or 
whose  constitution,  by-laws  or  ac- 
tions are  under  any  control  or  in- 
fluence of  any  carrier  or  carriers, 
or  its  or  their  officers  or  agents." 
This  definition  of  a  company  union 
appears  to  be  so  explicit  that  the  legal 


sophists  employed  by  the  railroad  ex- 
ecutives, even  though  they  be  endowed 
with  the  combined  skill  of  their  ancient 
counterparts,  Protagoras  of  Abdera  and 
Hippias  of  Elias,  will  be  unable  to 
weaken  it  with  their  adroit  and  specious 
reasoning. 

After  giving  this  clear  definition,  the 
Crosser  Act  declares  that  it  shall  be  un- 
lawful for  railroad  companies  to  use 
railroad  funds  "in  maintaining  company 
unions,  "  prohibits  them  from  requiring 
persons  seeking  employment  "to  sign 
any  contract  or  agreement  promising  to 
join  or  not  to  join  a  company  union," 
and  imposes  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $1,- 
000  nor  more  than  $20,000,  or  impris- 
onment for  not  more  than  six  months 
or  both  fine  and  imprisonment  for  any 
"carrier,  its  officers  or  agents,"  found 
guilty  of  violating  the  provision. 

Evidently  the  Crosser  Railroad  Labor 
Act  of  1934  sentences  and  executes  be- 
yond resuscitation  the  company  union 
in  the  railroad  industry.  It  is  regret- 
table that  Congress  did  not  enact  the 
original  Wagner  Labor  Disputes  Bill, 
and  thus  smash  the  company  union  mon- 
strosity in  all  industries. 


If  You  Cannot  Sleep 

Insomnia  is  one  of  the  commonest 
complaints  of  mankind.  It  is  usually 
caused  by  poor  personal  hygiene,  such 
as  irregular  hours  for  meals  and  sleep, 
heavy  meals  just  before  retiring,  too 
much  tobacco  or  worry,  lack  of  proper 
exercise  in  the  open  air,  lack  of  proper 
ventilation  during  working  hours  and 
sometimes  overwork  in  mental  en- 
deavors. 

A  few  suggestions  for  overcoming 
sleeplessness  are  listed  in  the  bulletin 
of  the  Oklahoma  department  of  health. 

1.  Regulate  your  diet  and  eat  only 
well-balanced  meals,  making  the  eve- 
ning meal  especially  light. 

2.  Direct  your  mind  from  the  work 
of  the  day  by  reading  light  literature 
or  playing  some  interesting  game  that 
requires*  little  concentration. 

3.  Take  a  brisk  walk  in  the  open 
air  an  hour  or  so  before  retiring  and 
just  before  going  to  bed  take  a  cup  of 
hot  cocoa  or  milk  with  a  couple  of 
crackers. 

4.  Be  sure  your  sleeping  room  is 
well  ventilated.  Have  sufficient  bed  cov- 
ering to  keep  warm,  but  not  too  heavy 
or  too  much. — Hygea. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal  Is  Not  Responsible  For  Views  Expressed  By  Correspondents. 


District  Council  Endorses  Resolution 

San  Jose,  Cal. 
Mr.  Frank  Duffy, 
Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  have  been  instructed  by  the  Santa 
Clara  Valley  District  Council  of  Carpen- 
ters to  request  you  to  publish  the  en- 
closed resolution  in  the  next  issue  of 
our  official  journal  "The  Carpenter": 
Fraternally  yours, 

Bert  P.  "Ward,  Secretary. 
Santa  Clara  Valley  District  Council. 

RESOLUTION 

RESOLVED,  that  the  Santa  Clara 
Valley  District  Council  of  Carpenters 
endorse  the  old  age  revolving  pension 
plan  as  outlined  by  Dr.  Townsend  of 
Long  Beach. 

This  plan  provides  for  the  petition  to 
Congress  of  the  United  States  to  enact 
a  law  pensioning  every  worthy  citizen 
of  the  United  States  sixty  years  of  age 
or  over  who  makes  application  for  the 
same  in  the  sum  of  $200  per  month. 

All  applicants  must  be  free  of  any 
criminal  record  and  must  retire  from 
all  productive  or  gainful  occupations, 
and  further  they  must  agree  under  oath 
to  spend  the  entire  $200  within  the  cur- 
rent month  in  which  it  is  received. 

This  pension  is  planned  to  be  sup- 
ported by  a  law  enacted  by  Congress 
creating  a  National  Federal  sales  tax 
sufficient  to  pay  the  pensions  each 
month;  thus  creating  a  revolving  fund, 
and  the  money  will  be  in  continuous 
circulation. 

BE  IT  FURTHER  RESOLVED,  that, 
this  resolution  be  spread  upon  the  min- 
utes, and  copy  sent  to  the  General  Office 
with  the  request  that  it  be  printed  in 
our  official  monthly  journal  "The  Car- 
penter." 


Open  Meetings  Successful 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  writing  you  briefly  about  a 
series  of  open  meetings  which  have  been 
held    by    our    Local    No.    595    in    Lynn, 


Mass.  In  February,  1933,  the  Local  vot- 
ed to  hold  an  open  meeting  on  the  last 
meeting  night  of  every  month.  This  has 
been  done  and  fifteen  meetings  have 
been  held  to  date.  We  have  had  good 
speakers  such  as  Congressman  Connery; 
C.  F.  Nelson  Pratt,  our  State  represen- 
tative; State  Senator  Clancy;  Mr.  Rob- 
ert Watt,  Secretary  of  the  Mass.  State 
Branch,  A.  F.  of  L.;  High  Sheriff  Ray- 
mond of  Essex  County;  Mr.  "William  L. 
Nichols  of  Local  No.  595,  and  General 
Representative,  Chas.  N.  Kimball, 

A  representative  of  the  N.  R.  A.  and 
a  representative  of  the  Home  Loan  Bank 
and  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  have  also 
addressed  us.  The  attendance  has  been 
from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  and  fifty 
members  at  each  meeting.  Some  pointed 
questions  were  put  to  these  speakers  by 
many  of  the  men  present.  We  serve  a 
eolation  at  every  meeting.  One  unex- 
pected feature  of  these  meetings,  and  a 
very  agreeable  one,  was  the  amount  of 
dues  which  has  been  collected  on  each 
night. 

Brother  Delano,  our  financial  secre- 
tary since  18  89,  and  also  secretary  of 
old  108,  gave  the  following  facts  at  the 
last  meeting  June  14:  Collection  on 
March  30,  193  3,  the  first  meeting, 
$264.25;  Aug.  31,  1933,  $195.00;  March 
1934,  $247.00;  April  1934,  $227.65, 
etc.,  averaging  for  the  fourteen  meet- 
ings $169.13  each,  making  the  receipts 
of  the  open  meetings  $64.44  more  each 
night  than  was  collected  on  the  average 
for  the  remaining  regular  meetings. 

You  are  probably  aware  of  the  great 
ability  of  our  Brother  Delano  and  of  his 
fidelity  to  his  trust.  More  than  80  years 
of  age,  he  is  in  his  place  at  every  meet- 
ing discharging  his  duty  with  the  en- 
thusiasm of  man  fifty  years  younger.  He 
is  descended  from  the  same  stem  as  is 
President  Roosevelt  and  what  is  more 
he  was  born  in  Duxbury,  Mass.,  on  Pil- 
grim soil.  We  all  greatly  admire  our 
veteran  Secretary. 

Benj.  B.  Norris, 
L.  U.  No.  595.  Saugus,  Mass. 


THE    CARPENTER 


23 


Confidence  Brings  Success 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

The  statistical  information  published 
by  the  General  Secretary  in  the  October 
issue  of  "The  Carpenter"  of  last  year  is 
important  to  all  members  interested  in 
the  conflicting  problems  now  confront- 
ing organized  labor.  Making  allowance 
for  data  withheld  by  non-returns,  and 
which  can  be  considered  unknown  quan- 
tity, the  figures  presented  by  the  Dis- 
trict Councils  are  practical,  good  and 
sufficient  enough  to  base  an  opinion 
that  the  U.  B.  has  still  a  latent  power 
strong  enough  to  meet  the  situation 
of  today.  Political  enactment  and  a 
changed  public  opinion  are  reinforce- 
ments which  cannot  be  lightly  denied. 
Collective  bargaining  the  stone  rejected 
by  Big  Business  has  not  only  become 
the  head  of  the  corner  but  the  keystone 
that  holds  out  security  for  the  bridge 
which  spans  the  Divide  between  Capital 
and  Labor. 

The  N.  R.  A.  and  the  Federal  Emer- 
gency agreement  although  specified  as 
temporary  relief  measures,  are  in  fact 
precedents  worth  fighting  for.  The  in- 
creasing number  of  new  local  unions 
chartered  by  the  General  Office  and  the 
number  of  trade  movements  sanctioned 
by  the  G.  E.  B.  at  their  last  meeting  is 
an  indication  of  a  conscious  and  aggres- 
sive confidence  that  all  uplift  must  come 
from  the  bottom  and  the  future  of  the 
U.  B.  for  weal  or  woe  is  in  the  keeping 
of  the  Local  Unions. 

Joseph  Peck, 
L.  U.  No.  80.  Chicago,  111. 


Enjoyable  Picnic  Held  by  Local  Union 
1585 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

The  members  of  Local  No.  1585  of 
Lawton,  Oklahoma,  their  families  and 
friends  held  a  very  successful  picnic  and 
outing  at  Craterville  Park  in  the  heart 
of  the  Wichita  Mountains  on  Sunday, 
June  17. 

The  weather  was  ideal  and  a  very 
large  crowd  gathered  to  enjoy  the  sports 
and  of  course  the  eats.  The  barbecue, 
beef  and  pork,  with  a  dish  of  savory 
stew  was  masterfully  handled  by  a  com- 
mittee composed  of  Geo.  Andres,  Bill 
Mead,  Geo.  Skinner  and  M.  E.  McCon- 
nell,  with  others  turning  in  to  help  when 
the  serving  began.  As  the  wives  of  mem- 
bers took  along  well  filled  baskets,  two 


long  tables  were  filled  with  good  things 
to  eat.  About  1  P.  M.  everybody  lined 
up  at  the  tables.  After  filling  their 
plates  with  everything  good  to  eat  one 
can  imagine,  coffee  and  lemonade  were 
served  at  the  far  end  of  the  tables  and 
twenty  gallons  of  ice  cream  disappeared 
like  magic.  The  dinner,  which  began 
the  event,  was  a  complete  success  in 
every  way. 

The  afternoon  started  with  races  for 
both  young  and  old.  The  winners  re- 
ceived nice  prizes.  The  main  event  of 
the  afternoon  was  the  indoor  ball  game 
between  the  teams  representing  men  on 
the  McHugh-Henke  job  at  Fort  Sill,  and 
the  men  on  the  Coath  &  Goss  job  also 
at  Fort  Sill.  The  MsHragh-Henke  team 
won  with  a  score  of  33 — 22. 

J.  W.  Williams  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Executive  Board,  was  present  and 
seemed  to  enjoy  himself  immensely. 
During  the  ball  game  he  gave  a  sterling 
display  of  base  umpiring,  using  the 
same  stern  attitude  in  giving  a  close  de- 
cision that  he  uses  when  engaged  in  an 
argument  for  the  Brotherhood.  "Bill" 
helped  to  make  the  afternoon  and  eve- 
ning a  success.  The  remainder  of  the 
day  was  spent  in  swimming  and  roller 
skating.  Every  one  appeared  to  be 
happy,  but  tired  when  the  picnic  ended. 

Since  the  first  of  the  year,  Local  No. 
1585  has  held  two  successful  dances  and 
the  picnic  of  last  Sunday. 

The  Entertainment  Committee. 


Ladies'  Auxiliary  Union  No.  211 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

We  have  been  reading  letters  in  "The 
Carpenter"  from  the  different  Ladies' 
Auxiliaries  and  find  them  very  inspir- 
ing. 

Our  Auxiliary,  No.  211,  Oklahoma 
City,  Oklahoma,  has  twenty  members 
and  one  honorary  member.  We  meet 
the  third  Monday  night  of  each  month 
at  the  Carpenters'  Hall. 

Once  each  month,  we  meet  for  a  so- 
cial time.  These  meetings  are  well  at- 
tended and  enjoyed  by  all.  As  occasion 
demands,  additional  meetings,  either 
business  or  purely  social,  are  held. 

During  the  depression  we  suffered  a 
great  loss  in  membership,  but  are  now 
pressing  onward  and  upward,  with  a 
gain  of  six  new  members.  These  were 
obtained  through  a  recent  membership 
drive. 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


In  May,  we  celebrated  our  sixth  an- 
niversary. Every  one  reported  a  good 
time. 

We  encourage  the  purchase  of  mer- 
chandise bearing  the  Union  Label  at  all 
times. 

We   welcome   and   appreciate   sugges- 
tions from  our  sister  Auxiliaries  and  ex- 
tend fraternal  greetings  to  all. 
Fraternally, 

Mrs.  P.  C.  Walcher,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.  211.  Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 


Fake  Compensation  Insurance 

The  necessity  for  State  owned  and 
operated  workmen's  compensation  in- 
surance funds  for  the  adequate  protec- 
tion of  men  and  women  killed  and  in- 
jured in  industry  by  the  neglect  of  em- 
ployers is  once  again  brought  into  the 
spotlight  in  connection  with  the  case  of 
a  laborer  to  whom  the  New  York  Bu- 
reau of  Workmen's  Compensation  had 
given  an  award  of  $2,000  for  injuries, 
in  accordance  with  the  workmen's  com- 
pensation law.  When  he  claimed  the 
award  from  the  insurance  company  he 
was  informed  that  the  contractor  had 
paid  no  premium  on  the  policy  and  that 
it  had  been  canceled. 

The  investigation  by  District  Attorney 
Geoghan  of  Brooklyn  revealed  the  ex- 
istence of  an  insurance  ring  which  had 
issued  fake  insurance  policies  to  small 
contractors  and  victimized  numbers  of 
injured  workers.  The  scheme  was 
worked  by  an  architect  in  co-operation 
with  contractors  who  desired  to  avoid 
the  expense  of  carrying  compulsory 
compensation  insurance  to  indem- 
nify employes  for  injuries  on  their 
construction  projects.  The  plot  uncov- 
ered by  the  District  Attorney's  office  in- 
dicates the  extent  to  which  degenerate 
employers  and  their  assistants  in  the 
professional  classes  will  sink  in  the  de- 
velopment and  promotion  of  suppositi- 
tious devices  to  defraud  working  men 
and  women  of  their  rights  under  the 
law. 

The  architect  rented  for  a  small 
amount  a  workmen's  compensation  in- 
surance policy  purporting  to  be  made 
out  to  a  general  contractor.  Confronted 
with  inspectors  who  asked  for  the  policy 
required  under  the  State  law,  the  con- 
tractors exhibited  the  "policy"  provided 
by  the  architect,  explaining  that  they 
had    sublet    the    construction    job    from 


the  general  contractor  named  in  the 
policy.  In  reality  the  policy  was  worth- 
less and  the  names  of  the  contractors 
were  fictitious. 

So  far  six  injured  workers  have  been 
discovered  who  were  victimized  by  the 
fake  insurance  ring,  with  additional  vic- 
tims piling  up  as  the  investigation  pro- 
ceeds. The  architect  who  provided  the 
fake  policies  pleaded  guilty  to  petty  lar- 
ceny. The  authorities  say  it  will  not  be 
so  easy  to  penalize  the  contractors  who 
evidently  co-operated  with  him  in  put- 
ting over  the  fraud. 

In  the  meantime  it  appears  that  it 
will  be  very  difficult  for  the  injured 
workers  to  secure  the  compensation  to 
which  they  are  entitled  under  the  State 
law.  Of  course  the  architect  can  be 
jailed  for  larceny  and  the  contractors 
can  be  penalized  if  convicted.  But  the 
penalization  of  both  groups  will  not  pay 
the  awards  of  which  the  employes  have 
been  defrauded. 

The  whole  unsavory  mess  would  have 
been  avoided  by  giving  the  New  York 
State  Workmen's  Compensation  Insur- 
ance Fund  a  monopoly  of  writing  com- 
pensation insurance.  This  would  bar  ac- 
tivities of  insurance  rackets  designed  to 
defraud  the  workers  of  the  modest  sums 
which  society  declares  they  are  entitled 
to  receive  for  having  their  bodies  muti- 
lated because  of  the  neglect  and  refusal 
of  employers  to  install  up-to-date  pro- 
tective devices  and  methods  to  safe- 
guard their  employes  against  fatal  and 
non-fatal  accidents. 


New  York  Governor  Advocates 
Rebuilding 

"In  each  city  where  substandard  and 
insanitary  areas  exist,  buildings  in  such 
areas  must  be  demolished  and  whole 
neighborhoods  replanned  and  rebuilt," 
said  Governor  Lehman,  of  New  York,  in 
a  recent  radio  talk.  "New  homes  must 
be  substituted  for  old,  and  at  rentals 
within  the  means  of  those  at  present  im- 
properly housed.  The  social  needs  are 
great.    They  must  be  met. 

"The  Federal  Government  has  taken 
the  lead  in  this  movement  by  providing 
the  funds  necessary  for  a  great  recon- 
struction program.  The  legislature  in 
Albany  has  opened  the  way  for  cities  to 
enjoy  the  fullest  opportunities  offered. 
It  is  now  up  to  the  cities  to  do  their 
part." 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON   LXXI 

The  first  purpose  of  boxing  a  building 
is  to  protect  the  interior  against  cold, 
and  also,  during  hot  weather,  against 
heat.      But    there    are    other    purposes, 


Pig.  407 

which  are  almost  equally  important. 
Boxing  brings  the  studding  into  align- 
ment, and  holds  the  exterior  walls  in  a 
more  rigid  position  by  preventing  vibra- 
tion of  the  studding.  Boxing  is  depend- 
ed upon  almost  entirely  in  modern  resi- 
dence work,  for  bracing  the  superstruc- 
ture of  the  building.  "Well  nailed  box- 
ing, whether  it  is  placed  horizontally  or 
diagonally,  will,  in  most  cases  provide 
all  the  bracing  necessary  in  ordinary 
work.  It  should  be  remembered  how- 
ever, that  a  wall  cut  up  in  various  ways 
by  large  openings,  or  perhaps  by  too 
many  openings,  will  lose  a  great  deal  of 


Pig.  408 

the  bracing  value  of  the  boxing,  no  mat- 
ter how  well  it  might  be  nailed.  In  such 
cases  special  bracing  should  be  provid- 
ed. Moreover,  local  conditions  must  be 
taken  into  consideration  in  determining 
the  amount  of  bracing  necessary  for  any 


building.  In  localities  visited  by  earth- 
quakes, the  bracing  of  buildings  should 
meet  the  demands  of  those  localities. 
Where  the  buildings  are  subjected  to  a 
great  deal  of  wind  pressure,  the  bracing 
should  be  done  in  keeping  with  the 
needs  of  such  conditions  Where  the 
earth  is  treacherous,  so  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  put  in  foundations  that 
will  stay  put,  there  the  bracing  should 
be  made  to  meet  the  local  requirements. 
But  where  good  foundations  are  possi- 
ble, and  there  is  no  danger  of  earth- 
quakes or  highwind  pressure,  much  of 
the  otherwise-necessary  bracing  can  be 
dispensed  with. 

Buildings  that  house  factories  or 
mills,  where  the  machinery  causes  a 
great    deal    of    vibration,    or    buildings, 


Fig.  409 

which  for  various  reasons  are  subjected 
to  strains,  should  be  provided  with  spe- 
cial bracing,  which  will  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  the  various  conditions. 
The  purpose  for  placing  boxing  diagon- 
ally, if  often  misunderstood,  both  by 
carpenters  and  by  laymen.  While  we 
are  aware  that  placing  boxing  diagonal- 
ly gives  a  building  additional  bracing 
value,  that  is  not  the  principal  reason 
for  doing  it.  A  building  that  is  finished 
on  the  outside  with  lap  siding  should  be 
boxed  diagonally  throughout,  not  mere- 
ly on  the  corners,  as  we  see  it  done  so 
frequently.  The  boxing  as  it  seasons, 
will  shrink  and  thus  cause  the  siding  to 
crack  where  the  edge  joints  of  the  box- 
ing occur.  Sometimes  these  cracks  run 
from  one  corner  of  a  building  to  the 
other.  In  cases  where  the  siding  is 
somewhat  cross-grained,  the  cracks  will 
appear  at  the  nails,  and  run  in  toward 


26 


THE     CARPENTER 


the  center  of  the  siding  board.  When 
boxing  is  thoroughly  seasoned  it  is  not 
likely  to  cause  cracks  in  the  siding,  but 
if  the  boxing  is  green  or  water-soaked 
when  the  siding  is  put  over  it  cracks  are 
almost  inevitable.  Shrinkage  cracks  in 
siding  can  be  prevented  by  stripping  the 
boxing  with  lath,  which  is  not  a  bad 
construction;  that  is,  if  the  building 
paper    is    applied    perpendicularly,    and 


Fig.  410 

held  to  the  boxing  with  the  lath  strip- 
ping in  such  a  way  that  there  will  be 
no  loose  joints  in  the  paper  between 
the  strips.  This  construction  will  pro- 
vide an  additional  air  space,  and  thus 
lessen  the  transmission  of  cold  and  heat. 

Diagonal  boxing,  excepting  for  addi- 
tional bracing  value,  is  not  necessary 
where  the  outside  of  the  building  is  fin- 
ished with  shingles  or  with  stucco. 

Fig.  407  of  our  illustrations  shows 
one  side  of  a  one-story  building,  with  a 
twin-window  opening  and  a  door  open- 
ing, boxed  horizontally.    This  boxing,  if 


onally,  and  the  rest  horizontally.  This 
increases  the  bracing  value,  but  does  not 
prevent  the  siding  from  cracking  when 
the  boxing  shrinks.  The  dotted  lines: 
both  to  the  right  and  to  the  left,  show 
how  some  builders  box  the  sides  diagon- 
ally up  to  the  corners  of  the  openings, 
and  then  fill  in  between  with  horizontal 
boxing.  Other  builders  continue  the 
diagonal  boxing  from  both  ends  until 
they  meet  somewhat  in  the  order  shown 
at  the  top  center  by  dotted  lines.  This 
keeps  the  siding  from  splitting,  but  the 
joints  coming  on  the  studding  next  to 
the  window  opening,  makes  a  bad  con- 
struction, and  will  probably  cause  the 
plastering  to  crack.  A  much  better  way 
to  apply  the  boxing  diagonally,  is  shown 
by  Fig.  409.    This  construction,  not  only 


nailed  as  indicated  by  the  dots,  will 
provide  ample  bracing  for  the  building. 
Fig.  408  shows  the  same  arrangement, 
with  the  two  lower  corners  boxed  diag- 


Fig.   412 

gives  full  bracing  value,  but  it  prevents 
shrinkage  cracks  from  occcuring  in  the 
siding.  In  case  of  a  gable  roof,  the  diag- 
onal boxing  should  be  extended  so  as  to 
cover  the  gable  simultaneously  with  the 
side. 

Fig.  410  shows  how  end  joints  are 
sometimes  made  in  horizontal  boxing, 
and  where  the  studding  are  spaced  16 
inches  on  center,  it  does  not  make  a  bad 
construction;  however,  it  is  seldom  used 
in  the  better  classes  of  buildings.  Fig. 
411  shows  the  approved  method  of  mak- 
ing end  joints.  Here  every  joint  is  made 
on  a  bearing,  and  both  ends  are  nailed. 
This  method  requires  a  little  more  labor 
and  material  than  the  former,  but  it  can 
not  be  improved  upon.  In  the  former 
method,  some  builders  who  use  it  place 
nailing  blocks  on  the  inside  of  the  joints 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


in  order  to  hold  them.  When  that  is 
done,  we  feel  that  it  would  be  cheaper 
to  use  the  approved  method;  for  what 
is  saved  in  labor  and  material  on  apply- 
ing the  boxing,  is  lost  again  when  the 
nailing  blocks  are  put  into  place. 

Fig.  412  shows  the  approved  joint  for 
diagonal  boxing.  This  joint  is  made  on 
a  bearing  and  well  nailed.  Fig.  413 
shows  joints  often  used  on  cheap  work. 
We  are  showing  the  joints  incomplete, 
in  order  to  bring  out  the  point.  The 
joint  to  the  right  is  made  on  a  bearing, 
but  the  board  is  cut  on  a  square,  while 
the  joint  to  the  lower  left,  comes  be- 
tween studdings  and  has  no  bearing.    So 


far  as  merit  is  concerned,  one  of  these 
joints  is  as  good  as  the  other.  In  our 
judgment,  though,  the  one  to  the  lower 
left  is  the  better,  if  there  is  any  differ- 
ence, but  the  one  to  the  right  is  prob- 
ably employed  the  most.  The  unnailed 
corner  of  the  board  shown  in  the  joint 
to  the  right,  in  case  the  board  splits, 
will  be  too  springy  for  good  nailing, 
while  the  end  of  the  board  shown  in 
the  joint  to  the  lower  left,  has  less  lev- 
erage, and  will  provide  better  nailing. 
For  siding,  if  the  nailing  is  done  as  it 
should  be,  over  the  studding,  the  nail- 
ing would  be  good  in  either  case. 

Breaking  joints  in  boxing  is  import- 
ant. Two  or  more  joints  on  one  stud- 
ding, unbroken,  should  never  be  permit- 
ted, excepting  on  cheap  work,  and  many 
one-space  breaks  in  close  proximity,  al- 
ways makes  a  weak  spot  in  the  wall; 
permitting  vibrations,  and  eventually 
causing  cracks  in  the  plastering. 


THE   FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L,  Perth) 

PART   TWENTY-SEVEN 
Construction  Job — No  Place  for  Mathe- 
maticians 

In  a  pervious  chapter  we  have  related 
a  story  of  a  brother  carpenter  who  ad- 
vocates the  study  and  application  of 
mathematics  to  roof  framing.  We  have 
illustrated  what  the  "square  root  meth- 
od" is  and  we  also  mentioned  that  while 
the  study  of  mathematics  is  very  com- 
mendable its  application  on  the  job  is 
not  recommended. 

Let  us  imagine  a  carpenter-mathema- 
tician who  chooses  to  ignore  labor  sav- 
ing practices  and  insists  upon  the  appli- 
cation of  Trigonometry  to  his  roof  fram- 
ing problems. 

He  is  about  to  frame  a  roof  and  he 
wishes  to  find  the  length  of  the  com- 
mon rafters;  the  building  being  2  4  feet 
wide  and  is  of  an  one-sixth  pitch.  He 
produces  a  pad  of  paper  and  a  pencil 
and  draws  a  diagram  similar  to  the  one 
shown  in  Fig.    1. 

His  method  of  reasoning  runs  some- 
thing like  this:  The  roof  is  24  feet 
wide,  has  an  one-sixth  pitch  and  repre- 
sents a  triangle  DEF.  Now,  if  we  draw 
a  line  through  the  center  line  of  the 
building  at  right  angles  to  DF  this  line 
will  be  a  perpendicular  and  will  divide 
the  roof  section  into  two  equal  triangles 
DEG  and  FEG.  These  triangles  will  be 
right  angle  triangles  the  9  0  degree  angle 
being  at  G. 

The  problem  now  resolves  into  one 
of  solution  of  right  triangles.  Both  tri- 
angles have  a  base  of  12  feet;  that 
makes  one  side  known.  It  is  wanted  to 
establish  the  length  of  side  "a"  which 
is  the  hypotenuse  of  the  triangle. 

Now,  the  solution  of  a  right  triangle 
is  possible  only  when  at  least  two  sides 
and  one  angle  are  known.  We  know  the 
base  "c"  to  be  12  feet;  we  also  know 
the  angle  at  G  equals  ninety  degrees. 
We,  therefore,  must  know  the  value  of 
side  "b"  also  if  we  are  to  attempt  to 
solve  the  triangle. 

Side  "b"  happens  to  be  the  total 
height  of  the  roof;  and  we  know  the 
roof  has  an  one-sixth  pitch.  Therefore, 
to  find  the  height  we  divide  the  span  by 
the  pitch.  24  divided  by  6  equals  4,  i.  e. 
the  height  of  the  roof  equals  4  feet. 
Thus  side  "b"  is  established. 


28 


THE     CARPENTER 


The  problem,  now,  has  been  reduced 
to  the  following  terms:  In  a  right  angled 
triangle  DEG  base  "c"  equals  12  feet 
and  altitude  "b"  equals  4  ft.  What  is 
the  length  of  the  hypotenuse? 

We  will  assume  that  our  friend  does 
not  attempt  to  do  all  the  calculations 
himself  and,  therefore,  will  avail  him- 
self of  the  use  of  some  sort  of  an  engin- 
eering reference  book.  There  are  num- 
erous cases  in  the  solution  of  triangles 
and  each  specific  case  is  being  governed 
by  an  established  formula. 

To  determine  his  case  our  friend  pro- 
duces   his    book    of    "Mathematical    Ta- 


hypotenuse  "a"  equals  to  the  square 
root  of  160,  which  means  if  we  find  the 
number  which  after  having  been  squared 
has  become  equal  to  160 — that  number 
will  represent  the  length  of  the  hypot- 
enuse. 

There  are  ways  of  finding  the  square 
root  of  any  number  by  means  of  calcu- 
lations, but  the  process  is  too  long  and 
weary.  Therefore  we  turn  to  our  book 
again  and  find  a  table  entitled:  "Powers, 
Roots  and  Reciprocals."  In  this  table 
under  the  heading:  "No."  we  locate  our. 
number  which  is  160.  and  in  the  column 
"Square  Root"  we  find   12.6491,  which 


/"/#/ 


/r/?7y/£M¥Trc&x. 

T/7BLSS 

Powers,  /tears,  /?£c/p#0c/7ts 

<Yo 

Soma 

Ci/ee 

/Poor 

&■//!(«. 

i£4 

M,B6 

},7SS,4/e 

/%<£>& 

S.383?/ 

awef/oj 

67 

&,&9 

1&&,893 

&J3W 

&394£9 

0.00*369 

rsa 

zsisao 

4/&S00O 

&.&!?/ 

£V2a3V 

a  ems* 

r/<?.3. 


S0LV/70M0F7ff//7//0JLfS 


Stoes  a#o 


S/Des  a  >i 


S/oss  Stir 


7~&     Of?      /* 


S'»0=£ 


C'S0-& 


&*£•£ 


C'90'g 


&= /=7/yP//Yf  A&/GT//  /?/?  ^Tr^TEes: 


bles"  and  finds  the  section  under  the 
heading:  "Solution  of  Triangles."  Fig. 
2  represents  a  partial  facsimile  of  such 
a  page.  Here,  in  the  column  under  the 
heading:  "Sides  and  angles  known"  he 
locates  what  corresponds  to  his  problem, 
"sides  b  and  c."  Under  the  caption: 
"Formulas  for  sides  and  angles  to  be 
found"  he  discovers  the  following  ex- 
pression: "a"  equals  to  the  square  root 
of  "b"  square  plus  "c"  square." 

The  square  of  "b"  equals  4x4;  the 
square  of  "c"  equals  12  x  12  or  144. 
The  sum  of  144  and  16  equals  160.  The 
problem  by  now  has  been  rather  simpli- 
fied  and   may  be  expressed   thus:    "The 


is  the  square  root  of  16  0.  Since  the 
values  known  were  expressed  in  feet 
the  figure  12.6491  also  means  feet. 

In  order  to  replace  the  decimal  by  a 
workable  number  we  must  look  up  an- 
other section  in  the  book  entitled  "Deci- 
mal Equivalents  of  Fractions,"  and  find 
that  the  length  of  the  hypotenuse  equals 
12  feet  and  7  and  25/32  inches. 

As  we  already  have  mentioned  else- 
where, this  is  the  most  reliable  and  ac- 
curate method  of  calculation  and  is  used 
by  the  Architect  and  Engineer  who  are 
properly  trained  for  this  kind  of  work 
and  who  are  equipped  with  all  the  nec- 
essary facilities,  instruments  and  infor- 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


mation  to  make  the  work  dependable 
and  productive.  They  also  work  in  an 
environment  much  different  from  that 
of  a  construction  job. 

The  example  of  this  method  as  shown 
in  this  paper  is  very  elementary  and 
simple,  and  yet  it  could  not  be  worked 
out  successfully  without  the  use  of 
mathematical  data.  The  sides  of  the 
triangle  were  represented  by  such  sim- 
ple numbers  as  4  and  12  which  is  not 
difficult  to  square.  Let  us  suppose  that 
one  or  both  sides  known  were  expressed 
by  numbers  like  "13'-3  5/16".  Try  and 
get  the  square  of  that  number  or  num- 
bers and  keep  your  mind  on  your  calcu- 


lations while  on  top  of  the  building  and 
you  certainly  will  appreciate  if  some- 
one should  have  offered  you  a  substi- 
tute much  simpler  and  just  as  reliable. 

It  was  the  architect  and  engineer  who 
thought  of  the  plight  the  carpenter 
may  have  to  encounter  in  his  solution 
of  such  problems  and  it  was  they  who 
took  all  the  complicated  formulae,  cal- 
culations and  tables  and  embodied  them 
in  a  "piece  of  steel"  in  the  shape  of  the 
Steel  Square,  which  is  a  veritable  "Com- 
pendium of  mathematics"  for  carpenters 
and  other  building  mechanics.  The  par- 
allel between  the  two  methods  will  be 
further  elucidated  in  the  next  paper. 


Roofing  Plan 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  crude  roofing  plan  of 
a  unique  Circus-Tent-Building  designed 


called  for  some  calculating  and  figuring 
of  an  unusual  kind  that  I  think  would 
interest  readers  of  "The  Carpenter." 
Building    was    100    ft.    in    diameter, 


and  built  by  my  Dad  in  1875,  on  a  Roof  of  %  pitch,  Rafters  were  2x8 
prominent  street  corner  in  San  Fran-  supported  by  6  x  22  Girders  placed  in 
Cisco:     The    framing    of    this    structure      extrinsic    octagon    of    a    25    ft.    radius: 


30 


THE     CARPENTER 


These  Girders  were  bevelled  on  the  up- 
per edge,  so  that  rafters  could  bear  and 
pass  full  width  without  notching. 

As  all  Main-Rafters  (as  shown  in 
sketch)  radiate  from  center,  it  was  nec- 
essary to  put  in  a  line  of  Short-Headers 
when  spaces  were  too  large,  and  put  in 
Tail-Rafters.  This  construction  evolved 
a  beautiful  line  of  trapezoid-panels  that 
was  very  pleasing  to  the  eye,  especially 
after  all  had  been  painted  pure  white 
with  bright  blue  trimming. 

Note — All  rafters  were  S4S. — Close  1 
x  6  Pine  Sheathing  SIS.  covered  with 
Redwood  Shingles. 

When  making  out  lumber-order,  Dad 
gave  me  the  following  task — What  is 
the  length  of  Octagon-Girder  on  upper- 
side?  What  are  the  distances  from  Cen- 
ter-Rafter A  to  points  where  Rafters 
B-C-D  and  E  meet  upper-side  of  Girder? 
Width  of  Girder  at  A  is  22".  What  is 
Width  at  B-C-D-E?  What  are  the 
Widths  of  A-B-C-D-E  on  lower-side  of 
Girder? 

My  solution  of  this  problem  was  cor- 
rect, but  as  there  may  be  better  ways 
of  solving,  I  would  greatly  appreciate 
any  solutions  readers  of  "The  Carpen- 
ter" may  submit. 

Frank  De  Guerre, 
Villa  Grande,  Calif. 


"She  surely  is,"  I  said,  as  I  took  off 
my  hat  to  the  little  dutchman,  with 
whom  this  whole  idea  originated. 


L.  U.  No.  22. 


Hats  Off 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

I  worked  under  a  superintendent 
once,  a  little  dutchman,  if  I  remember 
correctly,  who  was  an  expert  bench  man. 
One  day  as  I  passed  where  he  was  work- 
ing, he  called  me  to  him,  and  pointing 
to  a  board  that  was  marked  somewhat 
on  the  order  of  Fig.  1,  he  said,  "How  do 
you  mark  them?"  I  answered  by  saying 
that  I  usually  do  it  free-hand,  and  start- 
ed to  explain  that  it  could  be  done  with 
a  compass,  when  he  slapped  me  on  the 
side  with  the  back  of  his  hand,  saying 
as  he  did  so,  "Ach  ge  weg,"  and  then  he 
took  off  his  cap  and  proceeded  to  show 
me  how  he  did  it.  He  laid  the  cap  down 
on  the  board,  first  as  shown  by  dotted 
lines  in  Fig.  2,  and  pretended  to  mark 
around  the  shield,  and  then  he  placed 
it  as  shown  by  the  shaded  outline,  indi- 
cating how  the  ogee  curve  was  complet- 
ed. "Wat  do  dink  of  her?"  he  said,  look- 
ing at  me  wistfully.  "Pracktakel,  isn't 
she?" 


Fig 


Fig.  3  shows  the  finished  product. 

I  am  presenting  this  practical  idea 
here,  because  it  is  practical,  and  be- 
cause, until  it  was  shown  to  me  by  that 


THE     CARPENTER 


Fig.  2 

little  foreigner,  it  was  unknown  to  me, 
and  is  probably  unknown  to  many  of  my 


Fig.    3 


readers.    Try  it  and  see  what  you  can 
do  with  it. 


The  Framing  Square 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  would  like  to  say  a  few  words  about 
the  Framing  Square  and  what  can  be 
done  with  it,  as  I  consider  it  the  most 
important  tool  the  carpenter  uses.  While 
it  is  simply  a  right  angle,  the  uses  to 
which  it  can  be  put  are  beyond  the 
knowledge  of  a  great  many  carpenters. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  steel 
squares  but  I  think  the  No.  100  Framing 
Square  is  the  best  and  used  by  many 
good  mechanics.  Now  the  wide  arm  of 
the  square  is  called  the  body  or  the 
blade,  and  on  the  face  of  this  square, 
reading  from  left  to  right,  or  from  end 
of  blade  to  heel,  is  given  the  lengths  of 
main  rafters,  hips  and  valley  rafters, 
per  foot  of  run,  also  the  length  of  the 
first  jack  rafter,  and  the  difference  in 
the  length  of  others  spaced  16  inches 
and  two  feet  on  centers,  therefore  seven 
parallel  lines  drawn  along  the  body  or 
blade  forming  six  spaces,  and  in  these 
spaces  are  given  the  length  and  cut  for 
17  different  pitches,  from  a  2  inch  rise 
per  foot  to  18  inch  rise.  The  first  space 
gives  the  main  rafter  per  foot  run;  the 
second  space  gives  the  length  of  hip  and 
valley  per  foot  run,  and  the  third  space 
gives  the  length  of  the  first  jack  rafter 
and  their  difference  spaced  16  inches  on 
center.  The  fourth  space  gives  the 
lengths  of  the  first  jack  rafter  and  their 
difference  spaced  2  feet  on  centers.  The 
fifth  space  gives  the  figures  to  be  used 
with  12  for  the  cheek  or  side  cut  of 
jack  rafters  against  hips  and  valleys. 
The  sixth  space  gives  the  figures  to  be 
used  with  12  for  the  cheek  cut  as  the 
side  cut  for  hips  and  valley  comes  on  12 
or  long  angle.  The  figures  taken  from 
these  lengths  and  cut  must  always  be 
gotten  from  under  the  number  corre- 
sponding to  the  number  of  inches  rise 
you  are  giving  your  roof  to  each  foot  of 
run  of  common  or  main  rafters.  The 
figures  in  the  first  and  second  space 
giving  the  length  of  rafters  are  read 
inches,  "inches  and  hundredths  of  an 
inch",  or  "feet  and  hundredths  of  a 
foot",  and  these  figures  must  be  multi- 
plied by  half  the  width  of  the  building 
in  feet  unless  the  building  be  24  feet 
wide,  then  the  length  would  be  just 
what  is  shown  on  the  square  in  feet  and 
hundredths. 

I  was  reading  in  "The  Carpenter" 
about  Brother  Perth  and  what  he  had 
to  say  about  the  framing  of  a  roof.     I 


32 


THE     CARPENTER 


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Johns-Manville  ££& 


FREE  — MAIL 


many   other   remodeling   materials. 
It's  free.  Mail  the  coupon  today. 

JOHNS-MANVILLE 

22  East  40th  St.,  New  York 

Send  me  your  free  booklet,  "101  Practical 

Suggestions  on  Home  Improvements," 


Name. 


Street- 
City — 


-State- 


FREE  Fads  About 
Gland 

Do  you  know  why  many  men  are  old 
at  40,  while  others  are  young  at  70  ? 
Do  you  know  why  the  prostate  gland 
slows  up  and  why  it  causes  bladder 
weakness,  sciatica,  pains  in  the  back, 
feet,  and  legs  ?  Write  today  for  start- 
ling new  book  FREE.  Learn  just 
what  these  symptoms  mean.  Learn  of  a  new 
kind  of  drugless  treatment.  Learn  how  thou- 
sands on  thousands  of  men  past  40  have 
found  quick  relief  without  medicine.  Learn 
facts  of  priceless  value  to  you.  Write  now  for 
an  interesting  illustrated  and  copyrighted  book,  "Why 
Many  Men  Are  Old  at  40".  Address  W.  J.  Kirk.  Pres., 
The  Electro  Thermal  Co..  4480  Morris  Ave.,  Steubenville, 
Ohio.  Western  Address:  Dept.  44-L,  500  Wm.  Fox  Bldg., 
Los  Angeles,    Calif. 

think  every  carpenter  should  know  how 
to  read  blue  prints  and  plans  and  should 
know  them  for  it  is  good  time  spent  to 
learn  the  blue  print  and  plan  drawing 
as  well  as  to  learn  how  to  use  a  fram- 
ing square. 

I  notice  in  Brother  Perth's  plan  or 
details  of  figure  1  of  a  roof  with  an  8 
inch  rise  per  foot  and  a  run  of  12  feet. 
Now  this  roof  shows  an  8  inch  rise  per 
foot  and  shows  a  %  pitch,  which  I  am 
sure  must  be  a  mistype  as  a  *4  pitch 
would  be  a  6  inch  rise  per  foot. 


L.  U.  No.  103 


E.  M.  Thompson, 

Birmingham,  Ala. 


This  Advice  Is  Free 

"What  kind  of  a  husband  would  you 
advise  me  to  get?" 

"You  get  a  single  man  and  let  the 
husbands  alone." 


Be  consistent  and  not  faint-hearted — ■ 
Demand  the  Union  Label  and  get  it. 
Nothing  can  take  its  place. 


Workers    Must    Get   Larger   Share   of 
National  Income 

Former  Governor  Sweet  of  Colorado, 
in  a  recent  address  at  Memphis,  Tenn., 
charged  that  those  who  own  and  con- 
trol industry  have  hogged  for  them- 
selves most  of  the  benefits  resulting 
from  the  wholesale  introduction  of  la- 
bor-displacing machinery. 

In  discussing  machine  production  and 
the  conscription  of  most  of  the  increased 
wealth  resulting  therefrom  by  the  capi- 
talists and  their  associates,  Governor 
Sweet  cited  figures  to  show  that  only  33 
per  cent  of  labor  is  now  necessary  to 
produce  the  necessities  of  life.  Former- 
ly it  required  80  per  cent  of  all  labor  to 
do  the  same  work. 

"People  in  all  walks  of  life  are  vitally 
affected  by  the- machine,"  he  said.  "We 
must  give  a  larger  share  of  what  we 
have  been  pouring  into  the  owner's  lap 
to  the  worker  in  the  form  of  higher 
wages. 

"Manufacturers  cannot  escape  the 
law  of  supply  and  demand.  Unless  the 
purchasing  power  of  the  workers  is 
raised,  the  products  of  the  manufactur- 
ers will  not  be  bought." 


Good  Grammar 

The  teacher  had  sent  a  note  home 
with  a  pupil  asking  her  parents  to  buy 
her  a  grammar.  She  received  the  fol- 
lowing answer: 

"Missus  Teacher: — I  do  not'  desire 
that  Jennie  may  engage  in  grammar  as 
I  prefer  her  to  ingage  in  mpre  useful 
studies,  and  I  can  learn  her  to  speak 
grammar  myself.  I  went  through  two 
grammars,  and  can't  say  as  they  done 
me  no  good,  anyhow." 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX  AND  OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
fibre  board  job.  It  grooves,  bevels  and  slits  any 
of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong   castings;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
wood Handle  and  knob;  tool  steel  cutters  that  can  be  resharpened  like  a  regular 
plane  iron;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 

See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 

STANLEY  TOOLS 

New  Britain.  Connecticut 


— PRICE  LIST — 

Label  and  Emblem  Novelties 

Playing     Cards     (Label) 
(No   Pinochle) 

Fobs   (Label  and  Emblem) . 

Rubber  Tip  Pencils   (Label) 

Rolled    Gold    Charms    (Em- 
blem)     

5  .10 
.25 

.15 
.50 
1.25 
.03 
.05 
.50 
.50 

1.50 

7.50 
5.00 
3.00 
1.50 
.15 
.75 

1.25 
1.25 

Solid     Gold     Charms     (Em- 
blem)     

Rings  (Emblem)    

B.  A.  Badges   (Emblem)  .  . . 

Cuff  Links    (Emblem) 

Match  Box  Holders   (Label) 
Belt  Loop  and  Chain  (Label) 
Pins,  Ladies  Auxiliary   (Em- 
blem)      

Auto   Radiator   Emblems.  .  . 

In   Ordering   These   Goods   Send   All 

Orders  and  Make  AH  Remit= 

tances  Payable  to 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Gen.  Sec, 

Carpenters'  Bldg.,  222  E.  Michigan  St. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 

I  USE  PLASTIC  WOOD 
ON  EVERY  JOB 


For  Making  Quick, 
Permanent  Repairs 

Thousands  of  car- 
penters carry  this 
greatest  of  all  scien- 
tific discoveries  in 
their  tool  box — all 
the  time.  They 
know  it  can  be  used  to 
save  time  and  labor  on  9 
out  of  10  jobs.  It  is  won- 
derful for  repairing  dam- 
aged wood,  filling  holes,  sealing  cracks,  and 
1001  other  uses.  Genuine  Plastic  Wood  handles 
easy  as  putty — it  can  be  shaped,  molded  or 
stuffed  into  holes  with  the  bare  hands.  But 
when  it  dries  it  becomes  hard,  permanent 
wood — stronger  than  actual  wood — wood  that 
takes  nails  and  screws  without  splitting  or 
crumbling — wood  that  can  be  sanded,  carved, 
planed,  sawed,  painted,  shellacked  or  lac- 
quered.   Plastic  Wood  saves  time. 


PLASTIC  WOOD 


FINEST  CRAFTSMAN 


r 


THE  craftsman  with  the  greatest 
skill  in  wood-working  usually  is 
the  most  enthusiastic  about  his 
Carborundum  Brand  Combination 
Sharpening  Stone.  He  knows  that 
this  stone  does  a  better  job  in  the 
least  time  and  with  the  least  effort. 

One  side  is  coarse  grit  to  take  out 
nicks.  The  other  is  fine  grit  to 
finish  off  blades  to  a  keen,  free- 
cutting  edge.  Like  magic,  dull  tools 
leap  back  to  perfect  working  con- 
dition under  its  quick  touch. 

Sizes  from  4  inches  long  by  1% 
inches  wide,  to  8  inches  long  by  2 
inches  wide.  Prices  from  85c  to 
$1.75  according  to  size.  At  your 
hardware  dealer's. 

Send  for  Booklet  "How  to  Sharpen 
Wood-Working  Tools."  It  is  free. 

CARBORUNDUM 

REG.  U.  S.PAT.  OFF. 

SHARPENING  STONES 


The  Carborundum  Company,  Niagara  Falls,  N. Y.  Cana- 
dian Carborundum  Co.,  Ltd.,  Niagara  Falls,  Ont.  (Carbo- 
rundum is  a  registered  trade  mark  of  The  Carborundum 
Company.) 


Down  The  OP  School  Lane! 

(By  James  Edward  Hungerford) 


Dear  "long-ago"  schoolmates  o'  mine,  are  you  there 
In  the  Land  o'  Sweet  Dreams,  that's  beyond  all  compare? 
In  your  HEARTS  are  you  wandering  down  that  oY  lane 
To  the  little  Red  Schoolhouse  o'  CHILDHOOD  again? 

Can  you  hear  the  sweet  vespering  voice  o'  the  bell, 

Down  that  green  winding  lane,  through  the  How'r-scented  dell, 

Where  the  orioles  sang  in  the  boughs  overhead 

O'  the  elms  by  the  SCHOOLHOUSE,  in  years  that  have  fled? 

Through  the  mist  o'  the  past,  winds  that  path  that  we  trod 

In  the  days  that  were  gifts  from  the  treasure  o'  God, 

And  the  past  fades  away — but  a  few  years  it  seems, 

Since  we  carried  our  BOOKS  down  that  Lane  o'  Sweet  Dreams! 

Ay,  the  little  RED  SCHOOLHOUSE  still  stands,  as  of  yore, 
And  the  path  o'  the  past  still  unwinds  to  the  door, 
And  the  song-birds  still  sing  in  the  branches  o'erhead 
Just  as  sweet  as  they  sang,  in  the  years  that  have  Bed. 

In  my  DREAMS,  I  have  followed  that  little  oY  lane, 

And  am  back  in  that  little  RED  SCHOOLHOUSE  again, 

And  the  years  fade  away,  with  their  sorrows  and  care — 

In  my  HEART,  little  schoolmates,  I'm  WITH  you  back  there! 

ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  Section  1103,  act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,  1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters,  Stair  Builders,  Machine  Wood  Workers.  Planing  Mill  Men,  and 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

and  Joiners  of  America,  at 

Carpenters'  Building,  222  E.  Michigan  Street,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Advertising  Department,  25  Third  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y.  <^^^>5i 


Established  in  1881 
Vol.  LIV. — No.  9. 


INDIANAPOLIS,    SEPTEMBER,    1934 


One  Dollar  Per  Year 
Ten  Cents  a   Copy 


NOTICE 


The  publishers  of  "The  Carpenter"  reserve  the  right  to  reject  all  advertising  matter 
which  may  be,  in  their  judgment,  unfair  or  objectionable  to  the  membership  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America. 

All  contracts  for  advertising  space  in  "The  Carpenter,"  including  those  stipulated  as 
non-cancellable,  are  only  accepted  subject  to  the  above  reserved  rights  of  the  publishers. 


^*  <$iii  Wn*ten 

A  costly  gift 

Is  but  a  lifeless  thing, 

An  empty  shell, 

And  yet  with  beauty  full: 

For  in  itself 

A  gift  is  meaningless 

Until  it  shines 

With  attributes  of  life; 

With  living  hopes, 

With  heart-felt  confidence; 

With  sympathy, 

That  dew-like  quality 

That  calms  the  mind 

And  fills  the  soul  with  peace; 

With  steadfast  faith, 

With  life-long  loyalty; 

With  love  that  is 

As  infinite  as  God. 

And  having  these 

A  gift  is  beautiful, 

And  lasting  as 

Immortal  life  itself. 

— H.  H.  Siegele,  in  Kansas  City  Star. 

THE     CARPENTER 


WHY  PAY  DUES? 

(By  William  Green,  President  of  American  Federation  of  Labor) 


join 
low 
calli 


HIS  is  the  question  em- 
ployers have  been  putting 
to  their  employes.  It 
brings  home  a  fundamen- 
tal question  to  every  one 
who  works  for  hire.  Why 
the  organization  to  which  your  fel- 
workers  and  others  following  your 
ng  belong? 


You  spend  the  most  important  hours 
of  your  day  at  work.  Your  work  gives 
you  a  chance  to  use  your  ingenuity  and 
your  ability.  You  put  your  hands  on 
the  tools  or  machines  and  make  your 
materials  into  shapes  and  substances 
needed  in  your  production  job.  There 
are  difficulties  and  problems  growing 
out  of  the  work;  there  are  difficulties 
and  problems  growing  out  of  the  need 
for  individuals  to  work  together  to  com- 
plete the  product;  there  are  problems 
and  difficulties  growing  out  of  work 
orders  which  management  issues  and 
there  are  fundamental  problems  and  dif- 
ficulties growing  out  of  the  terms  and 
conditions  upon  which  men  and  women 
do  production  work. 

Many  of  these  problems  would  be 
settled  easily  by  having  agencies  and 
methods  for  getting  at  the  facts  that 
could  indicate  the  way  out.  Wage  earn- 
ers must  be  organized  for  this  purpose 
to  meet  with  organized  management. 
Not  only  must  there  be  agencies  but 
there  must  be  experience  and  discipline. 
Only  a  permanent  organization  can 
make  these  qualities  steadily  available 
so  that  there  may  be  co-operation  with 
management  in  solving  work  problems. 

In  dealing  with  those  provisions  fixed 
in  the  work  contract,  wage-earners  must 
be  on  an  equal  footing  with  manage- 
ment in  order  to  negotiate  an  agree- 
ment as  fair  for  the  workers  as  for  the 
employers.  There  must  be  independence 
of  fact  gathering  and  speech  on  both 
sides.  The  agency  that  represents  the 
workers  must  have  funds  to  procure 
facts  and  service  and  to  maintain 
spokesmen  and  technical  advisers.  In- 
dependence of  action  has  as  its  basis 
financial  independence.  Any  person 
whose  income  is  controlled  by  the  em- 
ployer, will  hesitate  to  argue  forcefully 
and  effectively  against  his  employer's 
statements.  Few  wage  earners  can  draw 
upon  sufficiently  wide  industrial  experi- 


ence to  know  what  changes  in  standards 
are  practical  and  desirable.  The  experi- 
enced union  representative  knows  as 
much  about  the  industry  as  any  repre- 
sentative of  management.  He  can  ren- 
der that  service  which  results  in  the 
difference  between  the  wages  and  work- 
ing conditions  of  organized  and  unor- 
ganized workers. 

The  individual  wage-earner  has  no 
way  to  discuss  problems,  grievances  or 
wages  with  his  employer.  But  if  wage- 
earners  belong  to  a  union  with  paid  ex- 
ecutives, these  executives  can  take  up 
all  these  matters  with  management  and 
serve  as  the  union's  counsel. 

When  wage-earners  believe  that  they 
have  a  right  to  a  voice  in  deciding  terms 
and  conditions  under  which  they  work, 
they  will  build  up  their  economic  power 
so  as  to  force  recognition  of  their  rights. 

When  wage-earners  believe  that  they 
owe  it  to  themselves  and  their  families 
to  better  their  economic  condition,  they 
organize  a  union  and  pay  for  the  serv- 
ices of  a  business  representative. 

When  wage-earners  believe  that  those 
who  carry  on  the  production  process  of 
an  industry  perform  just  as  indispens- 
able a  service  as  those  who  invest  mon- 
ey, they  will  organize  to  put  themselves 
on  an  equitable  status  in  the  industry 
and  to  set  up  those  safeguards  which 
will  protect  their  labor  investment. 

When  wage-earners  believe  they  have 
a  right  to  earn  a  living,  they  will  organ- 
ize to  establish  that  right. 

These  are  the  things  for  which  wage- 
earners  pay  dues. 

Suppose  wage-earners  who  want  to 
accomplish  these  ends  should  listen  to 
the  employer  who  says  "Why  pay  dues 
to  a  union,  the  employe  association 
which  your  company  planned  knows  in- 
timately the  situation  within  the  plant, 
and  will  enable  your  associates  to  take 
care  of  your  problems  without  cost  to 
you."  The  suggestion  calls  for  little 
effort  on  your  part  but  remember- — 
"Whoever  pays  the  fiddler  calls  the 
tune."  The  company  which  plans  and 
pays  the  expenses  of  an  organization 
will  certainly  control  its  operations. 

If  you  believe  in  industrial  self- 
government,    if    you    believe    you    have 


The   carpenter 


3 


rights  which  should  be  established  and 
respected,  if  you  want  to  make  industry 
a  safer  and  more  honest  place  in  which 
to  work,  you  must  organize  to  make 
these  things  possible. 


The  agencies  which  wage-earners 
have  evolved  to  carry  out  their  ideas 
and  purposes  is  the  union  to  which  they 
pay  their  dues  in  order  that  their  busi- 
ness may  be  carried  on. 


SUBSTITUTE  LABOR  DISPUTES  BILL 


N  June  16,  1934,  the  Unit- 
States  Congress  passed  a 
joint  Resolution,  giving 
President  Roosevelt  au- 
thority to  appoint  a 
Board  or  Boards  to  inves- 
tigate disputes  arising  under  the  Labor 
Section  of  the  National  Industrial  Re- 
covery Act.  The  measure  was  promptly 
signed  by  the  President. 

The  Board  or  Boards  authorized  by 
the  Law  are  accorded  power  to  hold 
elections  to  determine  the  free  choice 
of  employes  for  agencies  for  collective 
bargaining. 

The  Resolution  herewith  follows: 

"Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That 
in  order  to  further  effectuate  the  policy 
of  title  I  of  the  National  Industrial  Re- 
covery Act,  and  in  the  exercise  of  the 
powers  therein  and  herein  conferred, 
the  President  is  authorized  to  establish 
a  board  or  boards  authorized  and  di- 
rected to  investigate  issues,  facts,  prac- 
tices, or  activities  of  employers  or  em- 
ployes in  any  controversies  arising  un- 
der section  7a  of  said  Act  or  which  are 
burdening  or  obstructing,  or  threaten- 
ing to  burden  or  obstruct  the  free  flow 
of  interstate  commerce,  the  salaries, 
compensations,  and  expenses  of  the 
board  or  boards  and  necessary  employes 
being  paid  as  provided  in  section  2  of 
the  National  Industrial  Recovery  Act. 

"Sec.  2.  Any  board  so  established  is 
hereby  empowered,  when  it  shall  appear 
in  the  public  interest,  to  order  and  con- 
duct an  election  by  a  secret  ballot  of 
any  of  the  employes  of  any  employer, 
to  determine  by  what  person  or  persons 
or  organization  they  desire  to  be  repre- 
sented in  order  to  insure  the  right  of 
employes  to  organize  and  to  select  their 
representatives  for  the  purposes  of  col- 
lective bargaining  as  defined  in  section 
7a  of  said  Act  and  now  incorporated 
herein. 

"For  the  purposes  of  such  election 
such   a  board   shall   have   the  authority 


to  order  the  production  of  such  perti- 
nent documents  or  the  appearance  of 
such  witnesses  to  give  testimony  under 
oath,  as  it  may  deem  necessary  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  of  this  resolution. 
Any  order  issued  by  such  a  board  under 
the  authority  of  this  section  may,  upon 
application  of  such  board  or  upon  peti- 
tion of  the  person  or  persons  to  whom 
such  order  is  directed,  be  enforced  or 
reviewed,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  the 
same  manner,  so  far  as  applicable,  as  is 
provided  in  the  case  of  an  order  of  the 
Federal  Trade  Commission  under  the 
Federal  Trade  Commission  Act. 

"Sec.  3.  Any  such  board,  with  the 
approval  of  the  President,  may  prescribe 
such  rules  and  regulations  as  it  deems 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of 
this  resolution  with  reference  to  the  in- 
vestigations authorized  in  Section  1  and 
to  assure  freedom  from  coercion  in  re- 
spect to  all  elections. 

"Sec.  4.  Any  person  who  shall  know- 
ingly violate  any  rule  or  regulation  au- 
thorized under  section  3  of  this  resolu- 
tion or  impede  or  interfere  with  any 
member  or  agent  of  any  board  estab- 
lished under  this  resolution  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties,  shall  be  punish- 
able by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  $1,000 
or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than 
one  year,  or  both. 

"Sec.  5.  This  resolution  shall  cease 
to  be  in  effect,  and  any  board  or  boards 
established  hereunder  shall  cease  to  ex- 
ist, on  June  16,  1935,  or  sooner,  if  the 
President  shall  by  proclamation,  or  the 
Congress  shall  by  joint  resolution,  de- 
clare that  the  emergency  recognized  by 
section  1  of  the  National  Industrial  Re- 
covery Act  has  ended. 

"Nothing  in  this  resolution  shall  pre- 
vent or  impede  or  diminish  in  any  way 
the  right  of  employes  to  strike  or  en- 
gage in  other  concerted  activities." 


The  Union  Label  on  any  product  is  a 
guarantee  that  it  was  made  in  America 
by  American  workers. 


THE     CARPENTER 


THE    PROVISIONS    OF    THE    DAVIS-BACON    WAGE 

ACT    RESTORED 


NE  of  the  last  official  acts 
of  the  President  before 
sailing  on  a  summer  va- 
cation was  to  sign  an  ex- 
ecutive order  restoring  to 
operation  the  provisions 
of  the  Davis-Bacon  act,  requiring  that 
employes  and  workers  on  government 
building  and  construction  projects  shall 
be  paid  "not  less  than  the  prevailing 
rate  of  wages  for  work  of  a  similar  na- 
ture" in  the  same  locality.  Provisions 
of  this  law  had  been  previously  suspend- 
ed by  the  President  in  a  proclamation 
on  June  5. 

Effects  of  the  President's  action  upon 
wages  in  the  building  and  construction 
industry  are  far  reaching,  and  bring 
back  under  the  terms  of  this  law  gov- 
erning wage  conditions  the  huge  public 
works  and  other  emergency  construction 
programs  of  the  Federal  Government  at 
this  time  as  a  measure  for  re-employ- 
ment and  restoration  of  normal  condi- 
tions. 

The  President  said  in  his  proclama- 
tion, which  was  signed  on  June,  30, 
that  his  action  was  taken  because  "it 
appears  that  revocation  of  the  said  pro- 
clamation would  be  in  the  public  inter- 
est." It  was  learned,  however,  that  his 
action  was  primarily  a  result  of  the  vig- 
orous protests  lodged  with  the  Chief  Ex- 
ecutive by  officials  of  building  and  con- 
struction trade  unions,  who  held  that 
deprivation  from  protection  by  the  pro- 
visions of  this  law  was  a  serious  blow 
to  wage  scales  and  wage  levels,  and  an 
open  invitation  to  building  and  con- 
struction interests  to  disregard  union 
scales  and  to  otherwise  promote  chaos 
and  confusion  in  wages  in  the  building 
and  construction  field. 

In  the  proclamation  on  June  5,  which 
suspended  operation  of  the  law  and  like- 
wise the  initial  proclamation  of  former 
President  Hoover,  issued  on  January  19, 
1932,  giving  effect  to  the  law,  the  Presi- 
dent gave  as  the  reason  for  his  action 
that  "the  Secretary  of  Labor  and  the 
Administrator  of  Public  Works  in- 
formed him  that  the  concurrent  opera- 
tion of  the  aforesaid  provisions  of  the 
Bacon-Davis  Act  and  the  National  In- 
dustrial Recovery  Act  cause  administra- 
tive confusion  and  delay  which  could  be 


avoided  by  suspension  of  the  provisions 
of  the  Davis-Bacon  Act." 

The  act  authorizes  the  President  to 
suspend  its  provisions  in  the  event  of  a 
national  emergency,  which  the  Presi- 
dent in  his  proclamation  of  June  5 
found  to  exist. 

Conflicting  provisions  in  the  two 
laws  to  which  the  President  referred 
are  Section  1  of  the  Davis-Bacon  Act 
which  specifies  that  "every  contract  in 
excess  of  $5,000"  in  which  the  Federal 
Government  or  District  of  Columbia  is 
a  party,  and  requiring  the  employment 
of  laborers  or  mechanics,  shall  contain 
provision  that  such  workers  be  paid  not 
less  than  the  prevailing  rate  of  wages 
for  work  of  a  similar  nature  in  the  same 
locality. 

On  the  other  hand,  Section  206  of 
the  Recovery  Act  provides  that  all  con- 
tracts let  for  construction  projects,  or 
loans  or  grants  under  its  terms,  shall 
specify  that  work  be  for  not  more  than 
30  hours  a  week  and  that  "all  employes 
shall  be  paid  just  and  reasonable  wages 
which  shall  be  compensation  sufficient 
to  provide,  for  the  hours  of  labor  so 
limited,  a  standard  of  living  in  decency 
and  comfort." 

Protests  against  the  revocation  of  the 
Davis-Bacon  Act  began  to  flow  into  the 
President  as  soon  as  his  order  of  June 
5  became  known  and  came  from  prac- 
tically every  center  of  the  country.  Lead- 
ers in  labor  unions  construed  the  effects 
of  the  order  as  a  direct  attack  upon  pre- 
vailing wage  rates  everywhere,  and  as 
affording  an  opportunity  for  a  general 
movement  to  reduce  wage  levels  in  all 
of  the  trades  connected  with  the  build- 
ing and  construction  industry. 

The  President's  latest  proclamation  is 
manifestly  in  answer  to  these  protests, 
and  taken  when  a  full  realization  of  the 
effects  of  his  earlier  proclamation  be- 
came clear  to  him. 


Compressed  air  is  used  in  South  Afri- 
can fields  to  blow  diamonds  out  of  crev- 
ices. 

*      *      * 

Every  man  feels  instinctively  that  all 
the  beautiful  sentiment  in  the  world 
weighs  less  than  a  single  lovely  action. 
— J.  R.  Lowell. 


THE     CARPENTER 


HOME     BUILDING     MEASURE     AS     STEP     TOWARD 

RECOVERY 

(By  G.  W.  Starr,  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Business  Research,  Indiana  University) 


HE  new  home  building 
measure  represents  more 
than  an  attempt  to  aid 
the  small  actual  or  poten- 
tial home  owner;  it  repre- 
sents a  belated  recogni- 
tion of  the  necessity  of  stimulating  the 
so-called  heavy  industries  in  the  drive 
for  increasing  the  purchasing  power  of 
the  country.  It  might  even  be  suggested 
that  the  bill  goes  even  further  than  this; 
that  it  may  be,  in  the  future,  private 
building  by  private  capital,  rather  than 
our  much  overworked  public  works,  will 
be  encouraged  as  a  means  of  bolstering 
business  recovery. 

But  whatever  may  be  our  future  na- 
tional policy  with  respect  to  construc- 
tion, it  appears  that  the  present  bill  at 
least  recognizes  the  fact  that  recovery 
has  been  a  bit  tardy  among  the  heavy 
industries,  particularly  in  the  private 
construction  industry. 

A  Harvard  University  report  of  last 
year  indicated  there  had  been  but  little 
diminution  in  either  the  production  or 
consumption  of  consumer  goods  during 
the  depression. 

The  production  of  durable  goods,  on 
the  other  hand,  in  1929  was  130  per 
cent  of  the  average  of  the  first  decade 
of  the  present  century,  while  in  1933  it 
was  less  than  50  per  cent  of  this  period. 

Employment  figures  computed  by  Col. 
Ayres  tell  practically  the  same  story. 
On  the  basis  of  census  reports  Col.  Ayres 
estimated  that  in  19  29  about  sixteen 
million  workers  were  employed  in  pro- 
ducing consumption  goods  and  roughly 
ten  million  were  employed  in  the  dur- 
able goods  industries. 

Employment  late  last  year  was  about 
10  per  cent  under  the  1929  level  in  the 
consumption  goods  industries  and  about 
45  per  cent  under  in  the  durable  goods 
industries.  If  we  have  some  ten  million 
unemployed  as  has  been  estimated  by 
economists,  then  it  is  probable  that  fully 
half  of  these  unemployed  are  in  normal 
times  engaged  in  the  production  of  dur- 
able goods. 

Among  the  heavy  industries,  the 
building  industry,  due  to  its  size  and 
the  large  amount  of  hand  labor  re- 
quired,  is  the  most  important  industry 


from  the  point  of  view  of  employment. 
It  is  difficult  to  obtain  accurate  figures 
on  employment  in  the  industry,  but  the 
United  States  Department  of  Commerce 
has  estimated  that  somewhere  between 
five  and  six  million  people  draw  their 
livelihood  from  the  various  branches  of 
the  building  industry  during  normal 
times. 

If  the  decline  in  the  volume  of 
building  may  be  taken  as  an  indication 
of  the  decline  in  employment  in  the 
building  industry,  then  a  substantial 
number  of  the  unemployed  in  the  dur- 
able goods  industries  must  be  workers 
in  the  building  trades. 

For  five  years  prior  to  19  29  the  value 
of  private  construction — residential, 
commercial  and  industrial  buildings, 
was  close  to  $4,000,000,000  a  year.  In 
193  3  the  value  of  these  three  types  of 
building  was  less  than  $500,000,000, 
with  residential  building  not  exceeding 
$300,000,000. 

Nor  has  private  building  thus  far  in 
1934  shown  much  improvement  over 
1933.  Residential  building  in  April  of 
this  year  was  only  12  per  cent  greater 
than  in  April  of  last  year. 

It  is  with  the  thought  of  reviving  this 
section  of  our  capital  goods  industry 
that  the  present  home  building  bill  is 
being  considered. 

The  ten  thousand  word  bill  providing 
the  financial  machinery  to  revive  the 
private  building  industry  is  much  too 
detailed  to  interest  the  layman,  but  the 
economic  implications  of  its  operation, 
once  the  bill  becomes  a  law,  and  the 
probable  efficacy  of  a  measure  of  this 
kind  as  a  means  of  restoring  normal  ac- 
tivity in  the  building  trades  needs  to  be 
considered  with  some  care. 

Although  the  bill  is  assumed  to  be  a 
recovery  measure,  in  so  far  as  it  will 
furnish  employment  among  the  trades 
where  the  need  for  unemployment  re- 
lief seems  to  be  the  greatest,  unemploy- 
ment relief  must  be  regarded  as  only 
one  of  the  incidental  benefits  which  are 
to  come  from  the  operation  of  the  law. 

Through  the  use  of  governmental 
credit  the  bill  attempts  to  do  three 
things:  Lower  the  cost  of  building, 
reduce  the  cost  of  financing  home  build- 


THE     CARPENTER 


ing,  and  finally  provide  low  cost  homes 
for  those  who  by  reason  of  the  discrep- 
ancy between  their  normal  incomes  and 
the  cost  of  home  ownership  have  either 
been  unable  to  own  homes  or  to  rent 
homes  with  necessary  conveniences. 

Despite  the  assertions  of  real  estate 
boards,  subdividers,  speculative  build- 
ers, etc.,  throughout  the  country  as  a 
whole  there  is  probably  no  shortage  of 
homes,  or  rather  places  to  live,  but  there 
is  undoubtedly  a  shortage  of  desirable 
homes,  particularly  for  those  in  the  low- 
er income  classes. 

Homes  for  these  classes  can  be  im- 
proved either  by  Federal  construction 
and  operation  of  low  cost  homes,  or 
through  private  construction. 

The  present  bill  would  seem  to  pro- 
vide the  means  for  slum  clearance  and 
the  construction  of  low  cost  apartment 
homes  through  the  use  of  Federal  credit 
by  private  builders. 

Perhaps  greater  than  the  need  for 
more  new  homes  is  the  necessity  of 
taking  care  of  the  depreciation  which 
has  accumulated  during  the  present  de- 
pression, and  the  need  for  the  modern- 
ization of  existing  structures.  Provisions 
are  made  in  the  present  bill  to  provide 
credit  for  both  repairs  and  moderniza- 
tion of  residential  properties. 

Unless  the  present  home  building 
bill  is  materially  altered,  the  principal 
weapon  to  be  used  to  bring  about  a  re- 
covery in  the  building  industry  will  be 
the  credit  of  the  Federal  government. 

Whether  or  not  the  use  of  the  credit 
of  the  Federal  government  in  the  build- 
ing industry  will  be  more  effective  in 
stimulating  activity  than  it  has  been  in 
other  industries  in  the  past  only  experi- 
ence will  show.  The  government  plans 
to  make  loans  up  to  $2,000  available  to 
home  owners  for  repairs  and  moderiza- 
tion. 

Institutions  granting  these  loans 
would  be  insured  by  the  Federal  govern- 
ment up  to  20  per  cent  of  the  loan. 

Mortgages  on  existing  owner-occupied 
homes  may  be  insured  up  to  60  per  cent 
of  the  appraised  value  for  existing 
homes  and  80  per  cent  for  new  con- 
struction. Repair  and  modernization 
loans  are  to  be  for  five  years  and  con- 
struction loans  for  twenty  years.  De- 
posits in  mortgage  associations  and 
building  and  loan  associations  approved 
by   the   Federal   government   are   to    be 


placed   on  the  same  insurance  basis   as 
deposits  in  national  banks. 

By  supplying  credit  on  easy  terms, 
perhaps  5  per  cent,  and  extending  the 
loans  over  a  considerable  period,  twenty 
years  for  example,  it  is  believed  the  cost 
of  home  financing  will  be  materially 
reduced. 

The  high  cost  of  frequent  renewals, 
the  higher  costs  of  second  and  third 
mortgages,  and  the  loading  charges  in- 
cident to  junior  issues  or  land  contracts, 
are  to  be  materially  reduced  by  replac- 
ing these  types  of  financing  by  one 
twenty-year  mortgage  at  a  5  per  cent 
rate. 

The  insurance  of  loans  up  to  a  certain 
maximum  value  and  the  guarantee  of 
building  and  loan  shares  or  deposits  up 
to  $2,500  is  expected  to  attract  private 
capital  again  to  the  building  industry. 

One  of  the  deterrents  to  a  revival  in 
the  building  industry  is  said  to  be  the 
condition  of  the  twenty-one  billion  in- 
dividual home  mortgage  debt,  and  the 
national  housing  bill  is  designed  to 
strengthen  the  weak  spots  in  the  urban 
mortgage  structure. 

Any  activity  on  the  part  of  the 
Federal  government  which  will  provide 
better  homes  or  reduce  the  cost  of  home 
ownership  is  to  be  welcomed  if  such  ac- 
tivity aids  rather  than  retards  private 
initiative  and  enterprise  in  this  field, 
and  at  the  same  time  does  not  involve 
further  extensive  debt  commitments 
which  must  be  met  by  the  taxpayer;  for 
even  though  the  credit  resources  of  the 
Federal  government  are  extensive,  they 
are  not,  as  has  been  too  often  alleged, 
unlimited. 


Some  Queer  Facts 

Fly's  wings  are  mixed  with  rag  fibers 
in  making  a  high-quality  correspond- 
ence paper. 

We  might  live  for  1,900  years  if  we 
could  keep  our  blood  temperature  at 
forty-five  degrees  Fahrenheit,  labora- 
tory tests  show. 

So  much  static  electricity  accumulates 
in  one  New  York  skyscraper  that  a  neon 
lamp  can  be  lit  by  applying  wires  to  a 
doorknob. 

Red  doesn't  madden  a  bull  because  a 
bull  can't  see  red.  Tests  have  shown  the 
animals  are  color-blind,  so  red  looks 
like  black. 


THE  CARPENTER 


CANADA  AND  UNITED  STATES  ARE  ONE  PEOPLE 

(By  Frank  Hall,    Canadian   Vice-Grand    President,    International    Brotherhood    of 

Railway  Clerks) 


ACIALLY,  historically, 
geographically  and  even 
economically,  Canada 
and  the  United  States 
are  one  people — ,"  says 
a  financial  journal  pub- 
lished in  Montreal,  in  a  recent  editorial. 
Organized  labor  on  this  continent  has 
always  realized  the  truth  of  this,  and 
that,  correlatively,  labor  must  be  inter- 
nationally organized,  hence  the  fact  that 
Canadian  workers,  including  railway 
employes,  are,  with  a  few  inconsequen- 
tial exceptions,  identified  with  interna- 
tional organizations  whose  headquart- 
ers, almost  invariably,  are  in  the  United 
States. 

There  are  some,  who,  thrusting  aside 
all  relevant  consideration  seek  to  se- 
duce the  workers  of  this  country  by  su- 
perficial preachments  and  advocacy  of 
a  narrow  nationalism,  by  patriotism, 
that  last  refuge  of  the  scoundrel,  and  by 
allegations  of  submission  to  foreign 
yoke  and  dictatorship  implied  in  this  in- 
ternational relationship.  Quite  rightly, 
a  vast  majority  of  Canadian  organized 
workers  have  refused  to  be  influenced 
by  these  extraneous  pretensions,  and  the 
proponents  of  isolation  have  little  or 
nothing  to  show  for  their  endeavors. 

While  it  is  true  that  many  of  the 
world's  present  ills  may  be  traced  to 
the  application  of  some  nationalistic 
doctrines,  as  exemplified,  for  instance, 
by  the  erection  of  tariff  barriers,  aimed 
to  stimulate  domestic  industry  but 
with  the  reverse  effect  because  of  the 
throttling  of  international  trade  and  in- 
tercourse, it  is  not  the  purpose  of  this 
article  to  deal  with  this  cause  and  ef- 
fect, but  rather  to  offer  some  practical 
illustrations  of  the  mutual  advantages 
gained  by  the  existing  partnership  be- 
tween railway  workers  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

The  third  annual  conference  on  or- 
ganization of  our  Brotherhood,  held  at 
Chicago  recently,  offered  many  of  these 
illustrations.  First,  we  are  impressed 
with  the  knowledge  that  the  problems 
and  conditions  confronting  the  member- 
ship in  the  United  States  have  their 
exact  counterpart  in  our  Canadian  prob- 
lems and  conditions.  Secondly,  we  find 
that  ameliorate  activity  is  almost  identi- 
cal in  the  two  countries.    Third,  we  real- 


ize with  an  ever-increasing  conviction 
that  the  workers  of  neither  country  can, 
alone,  make  any  fundamental  or  consid- 
erable progress. 

It  is  incontrovertibly  true,  therefore, 
that  the  co-operation  and  co-ordinated 
activity  of  the  Canadian  worker  is  as 
essential  to  the  worker  in  the  United 
States,  as  is  the  co-operation  of  United 
States  workers  necessary  to  the  welfare 
and  advancement  of  Canadians.  Com- 
mon interests  demand  common  activity, 
and  this  can  be  assured  only  by  perpetu- 
ation of  the  present  form  of  interna- 
tional understanding. 

The  Chicago  conference  dealt  with 
such  universal  problems  as  unemploy- 
ment, unemployment  insurance,  consoli- 
dations, development  of  competitive  and 
auxiliary  facilities  (motor  truck,  bus, 
freight,  forwarding  companies,  etc.),  ef- 
fect of  industrial  depression  upon  rail- 
roads, retirement  insurance,  workmen's 
compensation,  and  a  number  of  subjects 
related  to  these  matters. 

Is  it  not  true  that  these  subjects  are 
of  concern  to  Canadian  railway  work- 
ers as  well  as  to  those  south  of  the 
boundary  line?  Is  it  not  true  that  the 
workers  of  both  countries  must  take 
almost  identical  measures  to  deal  with 
them?  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  "the  powers 
that  be"  before  any  remedial  or  progres- 
sive action  can  be  secured  or  forced 
from  them,  are  influenced  greatly  by  the 
measure  of  progress  made  elsewhere  in 
the  matter  being  contended  for? 

Acknowledging  as  we  do  the  sound- 
ness of  the  views  of  the  editor  who  said 
that  "racially,  historically,  geographic- 
ally and  even  economically,  Canada  and 
the  United  States  are  one  people"- — we 
must  acknowledge,  too,  that  no  part  of 
the  workers'  international  movement 
can  advance  ahead  of  the  whole,  and 
that  the  whole  can  reach  achievement 
only  to  the  extent  of  the  co-operation 
given  by  the  component  parts. 

Common  problems,  a  common  objec- 
tive and  common  measures.  We  march 
together  to  our  ultimate  and  manifest 
destiny.  Not  for  us  the  flummery  and 
flag  waving  of  the  chauvinist  and  the 
bigot.  Nor  is  our  internationalism  con- 
fined to  the  workers'  movement,  it  is 
one  that  may  be,  and  is,  contributed  to 
by  many  in  different  walks  of  life,  and 


THE     CARPENTER 


one  that  will  inevitably  be  the  salvation 
of  a  hate  torn  world. 

In  the  passing  of  the  last  two  decades 
many  a  milestone  stands  to  mark  the 
value  of  international  solidarity  of  rail- 
way workers  on  this  continent — wage 
level,  the  eight-hour  day,  a  hundred  and 
one  other  achievements.  For  a  Canadian 
railway  worker  to  say  that  he  owes  none 
of  these  things  to  the  activities  of  the 
workers  to  the  south,  is  to  brand  him  a 
fool.  For  a  railway  worker  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  to  say  that  conditions  and  de- 
velopments on  Canadian  railways  have 
no  influence  on  his  own  situation  and 
circumstances,  is  to  label  him  ignorant 
of  much  that  has  been  going  on.  Who 
knows,  for  example,  the  extent  to  which 
the  wage  movement  and  settlement  in 
the  United  States,  was  influenced  by  the 


reduction  in  wages  to  which  some  Cana- 
dian railway  workers  were  subjected 
pursuant  to  the  findings  of  a  Canadian 
Board  of  Conciliation  and  Investiga- 
tion? Does  anyone  doubt  that  the  rail- 
ways have  a  perfect  co-operative  under- 
standing, arising  out  of  their  apprecia- 
tion of  the  international  aspects  of  the 
industry.  Can  we  think  that  any  con- 
sideration of  such  narrow  viewpoint  as 
is  preached  to  us  by  the  so-called  "all 
Canadian"  unionist,  will  influence  Cana- 
dian railways  in  their  future  labor 
policy? 

Capital  knows  no  country.  Shall  the 
vision  of  the  workers  be  obscured  by 
empty  pretensions  and  exploded  falla- 
cies, or  shall  organized  labor  meet  or- 
ganized capital  on  its  own  ground — in- 
ternationally? 


STRIKE  RIGHT  AFFIRMED 


HE  undercover  propagan- 
da seeking  to  curb  by 
statute  law  the  right  of 
working  men  and  women 
to  refuse  to  sell  the  use 
of  their  labor  power  to 
profit-grabbing  employers  whenever  the 
workers  regard  such  action  as  necessary 
to  promote  their  general  economic  war- 
fare received  two  setbacks  in  labor  laws 
enacted  at  the  close  of  the  1934  session 
of  the  Seventy-Third   Congress. 

Limiting  this  inherent  right  is  fre- 
quently sought  by  employers  who  peti- 
tion judges  to  issue  injunctions  restrain- 
ing workers  from  striking  and  vigorous- 
ly conducting  strikes. 

The  first  blow  at  the  anti-strike 
scheme  is  found  in  the  Crosser  Amend- 
ment to  the  Railway  Labor  Law.  After 
setting  up  machinery  to  guarantee  the 
right  of  railroad  employes  to  organize 
in  bona  fide  unions  without  interference 
from  employers  and  outlining  enforce- 
ment procedure,  the  amendment  says: 

"Provided,  That  nothing  in  this  Act 
shall  be  construed  to  require  an  indi- 
vidual employe  to  render  labor  or  serv- 
ice without  his  consent,  nor  shall  any- 
thing in  this  Act  be  construed  to  make 
the  quitting  of  his  labor  by  an  individ- 
ual employe  of  an  illegal  act;  nor  shall 
any  court  issue  any  process  to  compel  the 
performance  by  an  individual  employe 
of  such  labor  or  service  without  his 
consent." 

By  this  amendment,  and  without 
mincing,  words,     the    Congress     of    the 


United  States  plainly  and  positively  in- 
forms judges  of  high  and  low  degree 
that  they  are  debarred  by  Federal  law 
from  issuing  injunctions  or  other  court 
orders  which  either  directly  or  indirect- 
ly limit  the  right  of  railroad  employes 
to  strike. 

The  second  curb  on  those  employer 
dictators,  who  would  like  to  see  Amer- 
ican workers  chained  by  law  to  their 
tasks  without  the  right  to  withhold 
their  labor  power  whenever  they  see 
fit  to  do  so,  is  contained  in  the  La  Fol- 
lette  Amendment  to  the  new  Labor  Dis- 
putes Act,  which  reads: 

"Nothing  in  this  resolution  shall  pre- 
vent or  impede  or  diminish  in  any  way 
the  right  of  employes  to  strike  or  en- 
gage in  other  concerted  activities." 

The  right  to  strike  is  the  right  of 
working  men  and  women  to  refuse  to 
sell  the  use  of  their  labor  power — their 
power  to  create  wealth  and  perform 
service — to  those  who  own  and  control 
industry,  who  buy  it  for  the  sole  pur- 
pose of  employing  it  to  produce  profits 
for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  coupon  clip- 
pers, dividend  receivers  and  rent  grab- 
bers. To  limit  this  right  in  any  way 
is  to  deprive  the  workers  of  their  major 
final  weapon  of  defense  and  offense  in 
preserving   their   economic   liberties. 

Congress  did  well  in  reaffirming  the 
right  of  labor  to  refuse  to  work,  to 
strike,  whenever  in  labor's  belief  the 
exercise  of  that  right  is  absolutely  nec- 
essary to  protect  and  enlarge  the  work- 
ers economic  liberties. 


THE     CARPENTER 


ORGANIZED     LABOR'S     TRIBUTE       TO     THE     TOL- 

PUDDLE  MARTYRS 

(By  Walter  M.  Citrine) 


XTENSIVE  exercises  to 
commemorate  the  mem- 
ory of  the  six  farm  labor- 
ers of  Tolpuddle,  Eng- 
land, who  were  deported 
by  the  British  Govern- 
ment in  1834  for  organizing  a  trade 
movement,  will  feature  the  1934  Brit- 
ish Trades  Union  Congress  which  will 
be  held  at  Weymouth  a  few  miles  from 
Tolpuddle. 

It  was  the  sacrifices  of  these  men 
which  laid  the  basis  for  the  modern 
trade  union  movement  in  Great  Britain. 
The  following  account  of  the  martyr- 
dom of  the  Tolpuddle  laborers  is  written 
by  Walter  M.  Citrine,  general  secretary 
of  the  Trades  Union  Congress  General 
Council: 

A  hundred  years  ago  on  February  24, 
183  4,  six  agricultural  laborers  in  the 
little  village  of  Tolpuddle,  in  Dorset- 
shire, were  arrested  in  the  early  hours 
of  the  morning.  The  police  constable 
who  arrested  them,  took  them  to  the 
Bridewell  at  Dorchester.  They  were- 
brought  before  James  Frampton,  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  and  were  charged  with 
administering  an  unlawful  oath.  They 
were  tried  on  March  17,  and  sentenced 
to  seven  years'  transportation.  The  case 
against  them  was  that  they  had  broken 
an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  179  7  to 
deal  with  the  mutiny  at  the  Nore.  That 
was  the  technical  reason  why  they  were 
arrested.  The  real  purpose  was  to  try 
to  break  up  the  trade  union  which  they 
had  formed  in  Tolpuddle. 

The  letters  which  passed  between  the 
Home  Secretary,  Lord  Melbourne,  and 
James  Frampton,  the  magistrate  in 
Dorchester,  prove  that  they  themselves 
did  not  know  in  what  way  the  laborers 
were  breaking  the  law.  Frampton  and 
his  fellow  justices  of  the  peace  were 
becoming  disturbed  because  the  labor- 
ers there  were  forming  trade  unions. 
Their  conduct  was  becoming  much  too 
independent  to  satisfy  the  landowners 
and  farmers. 

Two  years  before  the  men  had  met 
the  farmers  who  promised  to  raise  their 
wages  to  10s.  per  week.  The  farmers 
not  only  did  not  carry  out  their  prom- 
ise, but  reduced  wages  to  8s.  Some 
months    later    there   was    a    further    re- 


duction to  7s,  and  a  threat  was  made 
that  eventually  6s.  only  would  be  paid. 
Then  it  was  that  the  men  formed  their 
trade  union. 

Frampton  wrote  to  Lord  Melbourne 
and  asked  what  means  should  be  em- 
ployed to  check  the  growth  of  the  un- 
ions. Melbourne  was  doubtful.  He  did 
not  know  in  what  way  the  laborers  were 
breaking  the  law.  He  told  Frampton 
that  in  1824  an  Act  was  passed  which 
gave  the  workers  the  right  to  combine 
in  trade  unions.  Evidently  after  some 
consultation  with  the  law  officers  of  the 
Crown,  he  concluded  that  the  men  could 
be  proceeded  against  because,  in  part  of 
their  initiation  ceremony,  they  adminis- 
tered an  oath  binding  the  members  of 
the  society  to  secrecy. 

Why  were  these  men  singled  out? 
Strong  trade  unions  existed  right 
throughout  the  country.  All  of  them 
had  initiation  ceremonies  similar  to 
those  used  by  the  Dorsetshire  laborers. 
The  Oddfellows  and  others  did  likewise. 
Why  was  it  that  these  six  agricultural 
laborers  from  this  remote  part  were 
picked  out? 

Lord  Melbourne  was  Home  Secretary 
in  the  Government.  It  was  the  first 
Government  elected  under  the  Reform 
Act  of  18  32.  His  party  had  promised 
to  liberate  the  people  from  the  oppres- 
sion of  the  landowning  class.  Yet  he 
was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  per- 
secution of  these  six  men.  This  can  be 
demonstrated  quite  clearly  from  the 
correspondence  which  passed  between 
him  and  Frampton.  Melbourne  urged, 
in  one  of  his  letters,  that  the  men 
should  be  brought  before  the  Assizes  at 
the  earliest  possible  moment.  They  were 
arrested  on  February  24,  1834.  They 
were  sentenced  three  weeks  later  after 
a  travesty  of  a  trial.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  the  foreman  of  the  grand  jury  was 
the  Member  of  Parliament  for  Dorset- 
shire. He  was  also  Melbourne's  brother- 
in-law.  Practically  all  the  jury  were 
farmers.  A  careful  sifting  out  of  the 
jurymen  was  effected  to  try  to  prevent 
anyone  who  had  the  remotest  sympathy, 
with  George  Loveless  and  his  five  brave 
colleagues  from  sitting  on  the  jury.  A 
man  called  Bridle,  who  kept  a  shop  in 
Bere    Regis,    was    objected    to    on    the 


10 


THE     CARPENTER 


grounds  that  at  some  time  or  another 
George  Loveless,  who  was  a  Methodist 
preacher,  had  preached  in  the  same 
chapel  where  Bridle  himself  wor- 
shipped! 

The  principal  informer  was  the  son 
of  Frampton's  gardener.  Frampton,  who 
was  supposed  to  administer  justice  and 
to  try  impartially  the  cases  that  came 
before  him,  was  looking  for  some  means 
whereby  he  could  deter  people  from 
joining  the  union.  The  conspiracy  be- 
tween him  and  Melbourne,  the  Home 
Secretary,  succeeded.  The  six  men  were 
sent  across  the  seas  to  sweat  and  toil 
under  conditions  akin  to  slavery.  James 
Loveless,  James  Brine,  John  Standfield, 
James  Hammett,  Thomas  Standfield 
went  to  New  South  Wales,  and  George 
Loveless  to  Tasmania. 

The  repressive  action  of  the  Govern- 
ment had  quite  a  different  result,  how- 
ever, from  that  anticipated  by  Mel- 
bourne. Almost  immediately  trade  un- 
ion delegates  from  London  were  on 
their  way  to  Tolpuddle  to  administer 
relief  to  the  harassed  and  worried  de- 
pendents of  the  six  brave  men.  A 
mighty  agitation  was  set  on  foot.  The 
Central  Dorchester  Committee  was  es- 
tablished in  London.  A  great  demon- 
stration took  place  in  the  Copenhagen 
fields.     Questions  were  asked  in  Parlia- 


ment, and,  although  the  workers  had  no 
direct  representatives  there,  such  men 
as  Hume  and  Thomas  Wakley  took  up 
the  case.  The  Government,  frightened 
at  the  growing  volume  of  opinion  in  the 
country,  admitted  that  a  palpable  in- 
jury had  been  done  to  Loveless  and  his 
comrades.  Ultimately  a  free  pardon  was 
granted  to  them. 

The  story  of  how  Loveless  read  in 
an  old  newspaper  of  the  granting  of 
this  pardon,  which  was  carefully  with- 
held from  him  by  the  Government  of- 
ficials at  Hobart,  makes  dramatic  read- 
ing. Some  of  the  others  served  several 
years  of  their  period  of  transportation 
without  becoming  aware  that  they  had 
been  pardoned. 

It  was  from  such  sacrifices  and  strug- 
gles as  those  of  the  six  gallant  men  of 
Dorsetshire  that  the  trade  union  move- 
ment grew  from  strength  to  strength 
until  today  it  is  a  force  which  no  Gov- 
ernment can  ignore. 

It  is  this  epic  story  which  the  Trades 
Union  Congress  is  to  commemorate  from 
August  30  to  September  2,  1934. 

The  Trades  Union  Congress  will  be 
held  in  Weymouth,  which  is  eight  miles 
from  Dorchester,  and  from  which  there 
is  good  communication  by  rail  and  by 
road. 


CHURCHES  FAVOR  COLLECTIVE  BARGAINING 


STRONG  argument  in 
favor  of  collective  bar- 
gaining and  condemning 
shortsighted  employers 
for  opposing  such  a  con- 
structive method  of  ad- 
justing labor  disputes  is  contained  in  a 
statement  on  "The  Present  State  of  In- 
dustrial Relations"  issued  by  the  Fed- 
eral Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America. 

The  statement  follows: 

"The  increasing  tension  between  la- 
bor and  management  in  some  of  the 
great  industries  of  the  nation  creates  a 
serious  menace  to  civic  order  and  social 
progress.  We  have  previously  expressed 
our  hearty  endorsement  of  the  policy  of 
the  federal  government,  embodied  in  the 
National  Industrial  Recovery  Act,  af- 
firming the  right  of  employes,  as  well 
as  employers,  to  bargain  collectively 
through  persons  freely  chosen  by  them- 
selves to  represent  their  interests.    This 


principle  has  long  been  advocated  by 
leading  church  and  civic  bodies  and  has 
been  amply  demonstrated  in  major  in- 
dustries as  practicable  and  desirable. 
This  is  not  class  legislation,  but  a  guar- 
antee of  rights  without  which  labor  can- 
not hope  to  maintain  its  standards 
against  strongly  organized  aggregations 
of  capital  when  there  is  conflict  of  in- 
terests. Industry  is  in  a  much  healthier 
state  when  workers  and  employers  are 
alike  organized  with  prescribed  rights 
and  accepted  responsibilities.  Among 
the  responsibilities  thus  incurred  by  la- 
bor is  the  free  admission  to  its  member- 
ship of  competent  workers  without  dis- 
tinctions of  nationality  or  race. 

"Serious  conflict  has  arisen  over  the 
refusal  of  strong  employing  groups  to 
recognize  trade  unions  and  their  deter- 
mination to  limit  negotiations  with  la- 
bor to  dealings  with  their  own  employes. 
The  reasons  for  labor's  insistence  upon 
a  broad  basis  of  organization  and  upon 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


representation  of  the  workers  by  per- 
sons chosen  and  paid  by  themselves  are 
too  plain  for  argument.  They  are  pre- 
cisely the  same  reasons  that  impel 
employers  to  organize  and  to  secure 
the  ablest  representatives  of  their  own 
interests,  chosen  and  paid  by  them- 
selves. We  appeal  for  fair  play  in  ac- 
cord with  the  plain  intent  of  an  act  of 
Congress  and  with  a  principle  for  which 
the  churches  have  long  contended.  When 
labor  is  denied  the  right  of  free  choice 
of  representatives  and  when  employers 
refuse  to  deal  with  representatives  so 
chosen,  the  spirit  and  purpose  of  justice 
and  democracy  are  thwarted. 

"We  make  this  appeal,  however,  not 


merely  in  the  interest  of  what  is  known 
as  collective  bargaining  but  in  the  inter- 
est of  democratic  social  progress,  whioh 
requires  that  the  many  functional 
groups  of  various  types  in  modern  so- 
ciety shall  have  scope  for  the  develop- 
ment of  standards  and  methods  of  ac- 
tion for  which  they  may  be  properly 
held  responsible.  That  abuses  of  power 
have  occurred  on  the  part  of  labor  as 
on  the  part  of  other  groups  may  be  free- 
ly admitted,  but  these  can  not  be  plead- 
ed as  excusing  a  denial  of  justice.  We 
are  convinced  that  full  recognititon  of 
social  rights  is  the  best  assurance  of  re- 
sponsible and  wholesome  social  action. 
It  is  for  such  recognition  that  we  ur- 
gently appeal." 


THE  INFLATION 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


EFORE  the  great  depres- 
sion," the  philosopher 
remarked,  "when  we 
were  passing  through 
the  so-called  great  gold 
!5£  standard  period  of  pros- 
perity, we  were  in  reality  going  through 
one  of  the  most  stupendous  periods  of 
unchecked  private  inflation  mankind  has 
ever  known.  It,  however,  was  not  an  in- 
flation of  currency,  but  of  stocks  and 
bonds,  which  were  multiplied  and  multi- 
multiplied,  to  such  an  extent  that  when 
the  crash  finally  came,  it  swept  every- 
thing with  it,  including  that  never-fail- 
ing gold  standard.  Stocks  that  soared 
sky-high  suddenly  dropped  like  a  broken 
bubble,  and  men  who  were  looked  upon 
as  kings  of  big  concerns,  emerged  from 
the  wreckage,  bearing  the  earmarks  of 
the  satanic  schemes  that  they  had 
worked  off  on  the  public.  As  relics  of 
such  ex-kings,  we  have  the  two  Insulls, 
who,  though  they  have  not  been  convict- 
ed of  crime,  have  nevertheless,  admit- 
ted their  crimes  by  taking  refuge  in 
other  countries." 

The  philosopher  did  not  mean  to  say 
that  the  gold  standard  had  nothing  to 
do  with  that  period  of  prosperity,  far  be 
it  from  that.  The  gold  standard  fur- 
nished the  confidence,  and  all  that  was 
necessary  for  the  schemesters  to  do  was 
to  issue  stocks  and  bonds  bearing  six, 
seven  and  eight  per  cent  interest  on  the 
investment.  Those  securities  sold  like 
hot  cakes,  even  though  the  dividends, 
which  were  purported  to  represent  earn- 


ings, were  mostly  paid  out  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  stock  sales.  Everybody  who 
owned  any  stocks  or  bonds,  looked  upon 
them  as  being  worth  at  the  very  least, 
their  face  value,  consequently  they  felt 
themselves  rich,  and  spent  money  free- 
ly. In  fact,  they  did  not  spend  money, 
and  by  no  means  gold;  but  they  tran- 
sacted their  business  with  checks,  which 
increased  the  expansion,  perhaps,  many- 
folds.  Everything  went  along  smoothly, 
for  a  check,  as  a  rule,  was  as  good  as 
gold,  if  not  better,  for  it  was  more  con- 
venient. We  were  on  the  gold  standard, 
that  never-failing  medium  of  exchange, 
that  was  almost  if  not  altogether  divine. 
We  were  in  a  period  of  permanent  pros- 
perity; nobody  doubted  that — everybody 
had  confidence,  especially  in  the  sacred 
gold  standard.  Borrowing  and  lending 
was  easy,  which  inflated  the  bubble  still 
more.  But  when  the  bubble  broke  and 
things  were  beginning  to  adjust  them- 
selves, stocks  and  bonds  wouldn't  sell  at 
par,  and  scarcely  below  par;  in  fact,  a 
large  percentage  of  them  became  mere 
scraps  of  paper.  Then  money  was  hard 
to  get,  merchants  were  going  on  a  cash 
basis,  check  writing  slumped  and  bor- 
rowing and  lending  became  almost  obso- 
lete. We  were  on  the  gold  standard,  but 
where  was  the  gold?  Most  of  it  was 
locked  in  huge  vaults,  with  the  keys 
safely  in  the  pockets  of  patriotic  vault- 
hording  citizens. 

"Charley  Dawes,"  the  philosopher 
went  on,  with  a  frown;  "what  a  patriot? 
Ex-Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 


12 


THE     CARPENTER 


When  he  borrowed  9  0-million  dollars 
from  the  Reconstruction  Finance  Cor- 
poration, gave  as  security  Instill  gold 
standard  inflation  papers,  having  a  face 
value  of  eleven  million  dollars.  He 
gave  other  securties  in  round  numbers 
to  a  face  value  of  80-million  dollars; 
which  only  time  will  tell  what  they  are 
worth,  and  what  they  will  bring  on  the 
final  settlement.  Charley  Dawes,  it  will 
be  remembered,  soon  after  he  borrowed 
the  9  0-million  dollars  from  the  govern- 
ment, started  a  new  bank,  which  is  re- 
ported as  being  one  of  the  soundest,  if 
not  the  soundest  in  the  country,  but  the 
question  might  be  asked  whether  this 
new  bank  will  help  pay  back  the  money 
borrowed  from  Uncle  Sam  on  gold 
standard  inflation  securities,  or  whether 
our  good  Uncle  will  have  to  look  to  the 
old  bank  and  the  inflation  securities  for 
the  money  he  gave  Charley  to  save  his 
financial  hide." 

While  the  philosopher  was  opposed  to 
unchecked  or  uncontrolled  inflation  both 
in  private  and  in  public  matters,  he  was 
notwithstanding  that  fact,  in  favor  of 
controlled  inflation  that  would  help  the 
common  people  as  a  whole,  instead  of 
merely  helping  the  big  bankers,  as  so 
many  of  those  financial  schemes  do.  For 
example,  inflating  the  currency  in  order 
to  pay  the  soldiers'  bonus,  would  not 
only  help  the  ex-soldiers,  but  it  would 
put  money  into  circulation  that  would 
help  almost  every  community  in  the 
country.  Again,  an  inflation  for  the  pur- 
pose of  paying  off  interest  bearing  gov- 
ernment bonds,  held  principally  by  the 
bankers,  instead  of  exchanging  the  ma- 
turing bonds  for  new  ones,  would  start 
money  circulating  that  would  thaw  out 
many  of  the  frozen  loans  throughout 
the  country.  For  just  as  this  money 
would  come  into  the  hands  of  the  bond 
holders,  they  would  be  looking  for  new 
investments,  and  new  investments  al- 
ways stimulate  work  in  the  building  in- 
dustry, such  as  repairing,  remodeling 
and  even  building  new  structures.  What 
we  are  needing,  in  order  to  improve 
conditions  for  the  working  man,  is  more 
money  in  circulation,  and  if  the  gold 
standard  or  the  silver  standard  won't 
do  that,  and  inflation  will,  especially 
regulated  inflation,  then  let's  have  infla- 
tion— let's  have  whatever  will  readjust 
our  monetary  system  of  distribution  in 
such  a  way  that  no  man  and  no  woman 
who  is  willing  to  work  will  have  to 
suffer    want    or    see    their    children    go 


hungry    or    without    adequate    clothing 
and  shelter. 

"The  gold  standard,"  the  philosopher 
said,  with  that  twinkle  playing  about  his 
eyes,  "in  itself  is  as  good  as  any  stand- 
ard so  long  as  the  gold  keeps  circulat- 
ing; for  while  the  standard  medium  of 
exchange  flows  freely,  our  system  of  dis- 
tribution functions  properly,  or  most 
nearly  so.  And  there  is  exactly  where 
the  objection  to  the  gold  standard  comes 
in — gold  hoarders,  or  to  be  exact  vault- 
hoarders,  in  order  to  reap  a  benefit  for 
themselves  can  too  easily  stop  the  flow 
of  gold,  and  the  whole  system  of  distri- 
bution is  disrupted.  Those  vault-hoard- 
ers are  always  opposed  to  inflation  of 
any  kind,  excepting  when  it  helps  them, 
and  particularly  when  it  helps  them  to 
keep  their  clutches  still  tighter  around 
the  gold  supply." 

The  philosopher  was  not  considering 
the  gold  standard,  the  silver  standard  or 
inflation,  from  any  political  standpoint 
What  he  was  and  still  is  concerned 
about  is  distribution  of  necessities  of 
life.  What  he  wants  to  see  is  every  man, 
woman  or  child  well  supplied  with  food, 
clothing  and  shelter,  plus  education, 
recreation  and  security  against  want  for 
life.  Our  resources  justify  all  of  these 
things,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  all 
should  not  have  them.  Therefore,  when- 
ever, through  manipulations  or  other- 
wise a  medium  of  exchange  fails  to 
keep  the  good  things  of  life  flowing 
freely  to  all,  it  is  time  that  that  medium 
be  abandoned,  and  something  put  into 
its  place  that  will  supply  the  needs  of 
humanity;  and,  quoting  the  philosopher, 
"if  inflation  will  do  that,  then  let's  have 
inflation;  let's  have  whatever  will  read- 
just our  monetary  system  of  distribution 
in  such  a  way  that  no  man  and  no  wo- 
man who  is  willing  to  work,  will  have 
to  suffer  want  or  see  their  children  go 
hungry  or  without  adequate  clothing 
and  shelter." 


Spiders  stopped  a  courthouse  clock  in 
Indiana  by  spinning  webs  inside  the 
works. 

*  *      * 

Confidence  is  the  backbone  of  busi- 
ness. Don't  do  or  say  anything  to  de- 
stroy it. 

*  *      * 

Every  time  union  earned  money  is 
spent  for  union  labeled  merchandise  and 
services,  Organized  Labor  is  helped. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

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deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au= 
thorities.  Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 


INDIANAPOLIS,    SEPTEMBER,    1934 

Labor  Day,  1934 

MILLIONS  of  American  workers 
will  celebrate  this  Labor  Day 
with  confidence  in  the  prophecy 
that  the  future  holds  in  store  for  them 
greater  opportunity  to  enjoy  the  full 
benefits  of  the  life-giving  forces  of  the 
nation's  marvelous  resources.  After  four 
years  of  uncertainty  there  is  cause  for 
rejoicing  as  the  pendulum  swings  in  the 
direction  of  an  industrial  and  economic 
future  filled  with  evidence  of  the  suc- 
cess of  a  nationally  supported  program 
to  put  Uncle  Sam's  family  in  position 
to  support  itself  by  providing  employ- 
ment sufficient  to  place  every  ambitious 
man  and  woman  in  some  sort  of  em- 
ployment and  under  better  working  con- 


ditions than  ever  before  enjoyed  in  the 
history  of  the  nation. 

Labor  Day  will  be  celebrated  in 
many  different  ways  to  suit  the  individ- 
ual taste.  To  many  unemployed  it  will 
be  just  another  day  in  the  year;  to  the 
employed  carpenter  it  will  mean  another 
day  from  the  work  bench;  to  the  young- 
er generation  it  will  mean  celebrating 
another  national  holiday. 

But  to  thousands  of  pioneers  in  the 
labor  movement  it  will  provide  an  op- 
portunity to  indulge  in  memories  of  a 
great  struggle  to  make  this  day  of  the 
year  a  national  holiday,  in  recognition 
of  valiant  service  rendered  and  indomit- 
able courage  displayed  in  literally  hew- 
ing out  of  a  wilderness  the  beautiful 
cities  and  towns  comprising  these  Unit- 
ed States. 

No  nation  in  the  world  has  made 
such  progress  in  a  single  century,  and 
few  will  deny  that  the  mental  and  phys- 
ical efforts  of  labor  is  primarily  respon- 
sible for  these  progressive  changes  in 
landscape  and  skyline.  It  is  a  long 
stride  from  the  broad-axe  and  adze  that 
shaped  building  materials  from  fallen 
trees  to  the  steel  forms  and  cranes  of 
the  present,  but  in  either  case  it  re- 
quired workers  with  iron  nerves  and 
fortitude  to  transform  fallen  trees  or 
structural  steel  into  dwellings  or  sky- 
scrapers. To  these  builders  of  a  great 
commonwealth  Labor  Day  is  dedicated. 


Eight   Hundred    Thousand    New   Homes 
A  Year 

ACCORDING  to  the  Research  De- 
partment of  the  N.  R.  A.,  an  an- 
nual building  volume  of  800,000 
residential  units  is  required  to  supplj' 
the  need  for  new  dwellings.  This  takes 
no  account  of  replacement  of  existing 
sub-standard  homes,  and  until  these  are 
replaced  the  needed  volume  could  easily 
be  at  the  rate  of  2,000,000  structures  a 
year. 

A  building  revival  could  fall  far  be- 
low these  high  limits,  and  still  be  the 
most  powerful  of  factors  in  fighting  de- 
pression.   No  dollar  we  spend  does  more 


14 


THE     CARPENTER 


work,  in  stimulating  domestic  trade  and 
providing  employment,  than  does  the 
building  dollar.  Surveys  show  that  37.2 
per  cent  of  all  the  money  spent  goes  to 
labor  at  the  site^to  excavators,  grad- 
ers, carpenters,  masons,  plumbers,  plas- 
terers, etc.  The  balance  of  67.7  per  cent 
goes  to  buy  needed  materials  and  sup- 
plies— and  the  great  bulk  of  that  is  paid 
to  workers  in  the  plants  and  factories 
manufacturing  them.  In  general,  about 
eighty  cents  out  of  each  dollar  goes  to 
labor,  directly  or  indirectly. 

The  heavy  industries — those  supply- 
ing such  manufactures  as  steel,  lumber, 
cement — were  hit  hardest  by  hard  times. 
They  are  facing  the  gravest  difficulties 
in  recovering  from  them.  Spurring  con- 
struction would  do  much  to  solve  a  le- 
gion of  our  most  troublesome  problems. 


Protect  The  Children 

The  Food  and  Drug  Administration  of 
the  Federal  Department  of  Agriculture 
deserves  credit  for  its  work  in  ferreting 
out  the  degenerate  business  men  who 
for  months  have  been  surreptitiously 
selling  bootleg  intoxicants  to  children 
in  the  form  of  cheap  candy. 

In  December  the  authorities  received 
complaints  from  cities  as  far  west  as 
Chicago  and  as  far  south  as  Baltimore 
that  the  candy  was  being  sold  in  large 
quantities  in  the  form  of  penny  bon- 
bons. Teachers  reported  that  children 
who  had  eaten  the  stuff  during  school 
recesses  returned  to  their  class  in  a 
semi-stupor.  Most  of  the  dope  was  sold 
by  push  cart  vendors  in  crowded  sec- 
tions of  the  larger  cities. 

Chemical  examination  revealed  that 
in  each  bonbon  there  was  about  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  liquid  which  contained  more 
than  20  per  cent  of  bootleg  alcohol  di- 
luted with  various  kinds  of  flavoring. 
Federal  Drug  Administration  authori- 
ties decided  the  dope  was  distributed 
from  a  common  source  located  in  Great- 
er New  York.  Intensive  sleuthing  re- 
vealed that  the  peddlers  received  their 
supplies  in  alleys  after  ordering  them 
by  telephone.  Raids  were  made  and 
thousands  of  pounds  of  bonbons  were 
seized  by  Federal  and  local  authorities. 
Over  one  hundred  store  keepers  and 
peddlers  were  arrested  in  New  York 
City  alone  for  selling  the  stuff.  Finally 
the  trail  led  to  the  headquarters  of  the 
liquor  candy  ring  in  Brooklyn  and  the 


case  was  presented  to  the  Federal  Grand 
Jury. 

These  business  miscreants,  who  un- 
dertake to  dope  children  in  the  schools 
with  intoxicating  liquor,  should  receive 
the  limit  of  the  law  for  such  nefarious 
practice. 

In  this  connection  it  will  not  be  amiss 
to  point  out  that  if  there  is  one  bureau 
in  the  Federal  Government  which  should 
not  be  limited  by  so-called  economy  ap- 
propriations it  is  the  Food  and  Drug 
Administration  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  whose  main  work  is  pro- 
tecting all  our  people  against  the  sub- 
versive activities  of  certain  types  of 
business  men  whose  greed  for  profit  im- 
pels them  to  organize  into  groups  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  unloading  impure, 
poisonous  and  adulterated  food  and 
drugs  on  a  helpless  public. 


The  Unionist's  Creed 

I  believe  in  the  United  States  of 
America;  though  in  dangerous  shoals  it 
will  ride  the  storm. 

I  believe  in  democracy;  with  all  its 
faults  man  has  devised  no  better  form 
of  government. 

I  believe  in  our  institutions;  the 
sound  will  survive,  the  unsound  will  be 
swept  away  in  the  storm. 

I  believe  that  out  of  chaos  will  come 
order;  the  law  of  self-preservation  will 
enforce  it. 

I  believe  in  the  resources  of  our  coun- 
try, physical,  mental,  and  spiritual,  and 
our  ability  to  make  them  the  founda- 
tions of  social  justice. 

I  believe  in  the  inteligence  of  our 
people;  that  through  co-operation  and 
group  power  we  will  solve  our  problems. 

I  believe  in  the  courage  of  our  citi- 
zens, and  in  their  ability  to  wisely 
choose  political,  social,  economic  and 
spiritual   leaders. 

I  believe  in  the  inherent  strength  of 
our  country  to  meet  its  problems  face 
to  face,  and  solve  them  as  need  de- 
mands. 

I  believe  in  the  common  man;  that  in 
union  there  is  strength,  and  that  the 
will  to  live  compels  us  to  work  together. 

I  believe  that  God  still  rules  the  Uni- 
verse; He  has  not  forsaken  us;  if  we 
suffer  it  is  because  we  have  forsaken 
the  ways  of  justice,  peace  and  righteous- 
ness. 


Official  Information 


GENERAL   OFFICERS 
Of 

THE   UNITED   BROTHERHOOD 
Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.    L.   HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK   DUFFY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,  W.   T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,  HARRY   SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth   District,  JAS.   L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Fifth   District,   .T.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.    Grand   Blvd.,    St.    Louis,   Mo. 


Sixth    District,   A.    W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,    ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


A.    F.    of    L.    Convention    Call 

The  call  for  the  Fifty-fourth  annual 
convention  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  has  been  issued  by  that  body 
to  all  affiliated  organizations.  The  con- 
vention this  year  will  be  held  in  the 
Auditorium,  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  be- 
ginning at  10  o'clock  Monday  morning, 
October  1,  1934,  and  will  continue  in 
session  from  day  to  day  until  the  busi- 
ness of  the  convention  shall  have  been 
completed. 


Building  Trades  Department  Convention 
Call 

The  call  for  the  Twenty-eighth  annual 
convention  of  the  Building  Trades  De- 
partment of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  has  been 
issued.  This  year  the  convention  will  be 
held  in  the  Whitcomb  Hotel,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Calif.,  beginning  on  Wednesday, 
September  26,  1934,  at  ten  a.  m.,  and 
will  continue  in  session  from  day  to  day 
until  the  business  of  the  convention 
shall  have  been  completed. 


Union    Label    Trades    Department    Con- 
vention Call 

The  call  for  the  twenty-seventh  con- 
vention of  the  Union  Label  Trades  De- 
partment of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  has  been  issued.  The  conven- 
tion this  year  will  be  held  in  Hotel 
Whitcomb,  San  Francisco,  California, 
beginning  at  10  o'clock  Thursday  morn- 
ing, September  27,  1934,  and  will  con- 
tinue in  session  from  day  to  day  until 
the  business  of  the  convention  has  been 
completed. 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  mast  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Houston,  Texas. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Eldorado,  Kans. 


16 


THE     CARPENTER 


Official  Notice 

For  the  information  of  our  members 
we   are   herewith    printing    the   contents 
of  a  letter  issued  by  the  Central  Trades 
and  Labor  Union  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
#      *      * 

To  All  Organized  Labor 

Greetings: 

This  is  to  officially  inform  you  that 
for  quite  a  while  past,  the  Vehicle  Shop 
of  the  Anheuser-Busch  Brewing  Associa- 
tion was  on  the  Unfair  List  of  our  Cen- 
tral Trades  and  Labor  Union.  However, 
this  Department  employed  only  a  small 
fraction  of  the  employes  engaged  in  that 
Brewery. 

We  are  now  pleased  to  inform  you 
that  on  Friday,  August  10,  1934,  the 
representatives  of  the  Unions  of  the 
Vehicle  Department  of  the  Anheuser- 
Busch  Brewing  Association  with  the 
President  and  Secretary  of  our  Central 
Trades  and  Labor  Union,  met  in  com- 
pany with  representatives  of  the  firm 
and  an  agreement  was  reached  covering 
all  trades. 

It  is  our  pleasure  now  to  inform  you 
that  the  Anheuser-Busch  Brewing  Asso- 
ciation of  Saint  Louis  is  100%  union 
and  deserves  the  consideration  and  pa- 
tronage of  all  members  of  Organized 
Labor. 

Trusting  that  you  will  give  this  infor- 
mation the  widest  publicity,  we  remain, 
Fraternally   yours, 
Wm.   J.   Fitzmaurice,   Pres. 
W.  M.  Brandt,  Sec. 
Central    Trades    and    Labor 
Union   of  St.   Louis  and  Vi- 
cinity. 


Crash  The  Gate 

Now  is  the  time  to  inaugurate  a  live- 
ly campaign  for  the  Union  Shop.  It  is 
the  time  destined  to  bring  success  as  the 
pendulum  has  now  swung  in  that  direc- 
tion. 

All  members  of  Organized  Labor 
must  be  imbued  with  faith  in  them- 
selves and  in  that  which  they  produce. 
All  union  members  should  endeavor  to 
be  steadfast  in  the  determination  to  help 
other  union  members  by  patronizing  Un- 
ion employers  at  all  times. 

Helping  union  employers  to  make  a 
success  of  their  business  will  be  an  in- 
centive for  other  employers  to  employ 
members  of  Organized  Labor.  There  is 
only    one   way   in   which    to    bring    this 


about — spend  union  earned  money  with 
fair  employers. 

Patronizing  the  non-union  shop  di- 
vides labor's  buying  power  and  injures 
the  union  shop  to  an  enormous  extent. 
A  realization  of  this  important  fact  by 
wide-awake  unionists  will  stimulate  the 
demand  for  the  products  of  the  Union 
Shop,  and  will  help  to  give  employment 
to  union  members. 

When  the  habit  of  spending  money 
with  non-union  employers  is  conquered, 
then,  and  not  until  then,  will  Organized 
Labor  be  able  to  take  its  rightful  place 
as  the  champion  of  those  who  toil.  Until 
then  those  opposed  to  Unionism  will 
have  the  whip  hand. 

By  the  same  token,  strength  of  will 
and  determination  not  to  buy  non- 
union services  would  be  disastrous  to 
non-union  employers  and  would  increase 
the  number  of  fair  employers,  thus  in- 
creasing the  ranks  of  Organized  Labor, 
making  it  a  stronghold  for  those  who 
do  the  world's  work. 

This  can  easily  be  done.  Nothing  re- 
tards success  in  this  work  but  lack  of 
faith  and  lack  of  unity  of  purpose. 

Now  is  the  time  for  all  trade  union- 
ists to  unite  in  an  intelligent  utilization 
of  purchase  power  and  thereby  crash  the 
gate  of  success! 


Kansas   State  Council  of  Carpenters' 
Convention 

The  Kansas  State  Council  of  Carpen- 
ters met  in  annual  convention  at  Em- 
poria, July  23-24,  1934.  President  S.  B. 
Weaver  called  the  convention  to  order 
and  welcomed  the  delegates.  He  then 
introduced  Vice  President  C.  A.  Sims 
who  offered  the  invocation,  after  which 
the  convention  committees  were  appoint- 
ed and  the  state  officers  read  their  re- 
ports which  embodied  condtions  prevail- 
ing throughout  the  State  of  Kansas. 

The  convention  adopted  a  resolution 
protesting  against  contractors  who  em- 
ploy non-union  carpenters,  taking  part 
in  setting  up  a  code  governing  hours 
and  wages;  a  resolution  requesting  that 
the  State  Council  and  its  affiliated  Local 
Unions  vigorously  protest  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  State  of  Kansas  and  the 
various  departments,  also  to  all  General 
and  Sub-Contractors  against  the  at- 
tempt to  classify  the  work  of  form 
building  and  placing  same  into  any 
classification  except  that  of  skilled  car- 
penters;   a  resolution  of  condolence  on 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


the  death  of  William  Hastings  of  Local 
Union  168  of  Kansas  City,  Kansas;  a 
resolution  extending  the  thanks  of  the 
convention  to  Local  Union  1224  for 
their  hospitality  to  the  delegates  during 
their  visit  to  Emporia. 

C.  A.  Sims  of  Local  1212,  Coffeyville, 
was  elected  President.  O.  E.  Farley  of 
Local  Union  15  8  7  of  Hutchinson  was 
elected  Secretary-Treasurer.  The  newly 
elected  officers  were  installed  by  Brother 
S.  B.  Weaver.  Hutchinson  was  selected 
as  the  city  in  which  to  hold  the  next 
convention. 


Ontario  Provincial  Council  Convention 

The  Ontario  Provincial  Council  of 
Carpenters  held  its  2  3rd  annual  conven- 
tion at  St.  Catharines,  Ontario,  July  21, 
1934. 

President  D.  Bradfield  of  Local  Union 
38  called  the  convention  to  order  and  in 
a  brief  address  of  welcome  expressed 
the  wish  that  the  delegates  would  en- 
joy their  stay  in  the  city  and  that  their 
work  would  redound  to  the  benefit  of 
the  Carpenters  throughout  the  province. 

He  stated  that  St.  Catharines  is  situ- 
ated in  the  most  densely  populated  part 
of  the  province  and  outlined  the  won- 
derful developments  in  that  section,  also 
the  many  beautiful  show  places  the  dele- 
gates could  visit  if  time  would  permit. 
In  closing  he  wished  the  delegates  every 
success  in  their  convention. 

President  Bradfield  thanked  the  Dep- 
uty Mayor  for  his  remarks,  pointing  out 
that  it  was  very  fitting  for  the  Provin- 
cial Council  to  meet  in  St.  Catharines 
this  year  as  it  was  the  50th  anniversary 
of  the  founding  of  Local  Union  38. 

The  gavel  was  then  handed  to  Vice 
President  Barnett  who  presided  over  the 
convention  in  the  absence  of  President 
Nichols. 

On  assuming  the  chair,  President  Bar- 
nett thanked  the  speakers  for  their  wel- 
come and  explained  to  the  delegates  the 
amount  of  work  before  them  and  asked 
for  their  co-operation  so  that  the  con- 
vention could  accomplish  and  decide  the 
many  questions  before  them.  He  then 
appointed  the  convention  committees  as 
provided  in  the  constitution  and  called 
for  the  officers'  report  which  was  read 
to  the  convention  by  Secretary  T.  Jack- 
son and  which  embodied  such  important 
matters  as  problems  of  the  trade;  unem- 
ployment insurance;    the  federal  build- 


ing program;  membership  in  Ontario; 
dual  organizations,  and  proposed  activi- 
ties for  the  coming  year. 

Arthur  Martel,  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Executive  Board  from  the  seventh 
district,  extended  fraternal  greetings 
from  the  General  Officers,  referred  to 
many  matters  in  connection  with  the  af- 
fairs of  our  organization,  and  pointed 
out  that  we  should  not  depend  on  legis- 
lation to  better  our  conditions  but  upon 
our  economic  power  for  a  solidified  or- 
ganization of  the  trade. 

Tom  Moore,  president  of  the  Trades 
and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada  and  a 
member  of  our  organization,  delivered 
an  impressive  and  inspiring  address  and 
outlined  the  discussion  that  took  place 
at  the  recent  conference  in  Geneva  rela- 
tive to  unemployment  insurance  and  old 
age  pensions.  He  also  explained  condi- 
tions confronting  the  wage  earners 
throughout  the  entire  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada. He  concluded  by  asking  more  sup- 
port for  the  Congress  Journal,  Labor's 
own  magazine,  as  it  gives  all  the  main 
topics  on  labor  problems.  Since  1921, 
when  it  was  first  published,  it  has  not 
missed  one  issue. 

General  Representative  J.  F.  Marsh 
in  a  brief  address  explained  how  some  of 
the  Locals  had  not  only  increased  their 
membership  but  their  finances  and  pre- 
dicted when  a  revival  would  come  about 
in  building  conditions  the  membership 
of  our  organization  in  Canada  would 
again  return  to  normal,  and  he  urged 
the  delegates  to  remain  loyal  to  their 
trade  organization. 

The  convention  considered  nine  reso- 
lutions and  dealt  largely  with  working 
conditions  and  proposed  remedial  legis- 
lation, eight  of  which  were  concurred 
in;  the  remaining  resolution  was  modi- 
fied, referred  to  the  proper  officers  for 
further  study  and  if  necessary  for  pre- 
sentation to  the  General  Executive 
Board. 

Brother  Tom  Moore  presided  over  the 
convention  during  the  election  of  officers 
which  resulted  in  Robert  Barnett  of  Lo- 
cal Union  9  3,  Ottawa,  and  T.  Jackson 
of  Local  Union  1820,  Toronto,  being 
elected  president  and  secretary  respec- 
tively. Fred  Wright  of  Local  Union  38, 
St.  Catharines,  was  elected  to  represent 
the  Provincial  Council  at  the  50th  an- 
nual convention  of  the  Trades  and  La- 
bor Congress  of  Canada. 


18 


THE     CARPENTER 


Quebec   Provincial  Council  Convention 

The  Quebec  Provincial  Council  of 
Carpenters  held  its  25th  annual  conven- 
tion in  the  Monument  National,  Mon- 
treal, Quebec,  Canada,  June  5-6,  1934. 

The  convention  was  called  to  order  by 
R.  Gingras,  president  of  the  Montreal 
District  Council  of  Carpenters,  who  wel- 
comed the  delegates  on  behalf  of  that 
organization  and  expressed  the  hope 
that  the  deliberations  and  conclusions 
of  the  convention  would  prove  benefi- 
cial to  the  membership  in  the  province 
of  Quebec 

Brother  Gingras  then  turned  the  gav- 
el over  to  Omer  Fleury,  president  of  the 
Provincial  Council,  who  presided  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  the  convention. 

P  M  Draper,  secretary-treasurer  of 
the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Can- 
ada, delivered  a  splendid  address  and 
encouraged  the  carpenters  to  keep  on 
fighting  more  strenuously  against  those 
who  desire  to  destroy  the  labor  move- 
ment, which  is  the  workers  only  pro- 
tection. 

Another  speaker  was  J.  A.  Charron  of 
the  Montreal  Building  Trades  Council 
who  conveyed  the  greetings  of  that  or- 
ganization. 

In  all  fifteen  resolutions  were  consid- 
ered by  the  convention  and  dealt  largely 
with  working  conditions  and  proposed 
legislation  for  workers  in  the  province. 
The  following  appeared  to  be  the  most 
important: 

A  resolution  requesting  the  Provin- 
cial Government  to  enact  legislation  for 
the  payment  of  pensions  to  aged  work- 
ers; proposing  a  law  for  contributory 
unemployment  insurance;  favoring  a 
law  respecting  workers'  privileges  in 
case  of  bankruptcy;  requesting  the  Pro- 
vincial Government  to  appoint  a  mem- 
ber of  organized  labor  on  the  Work- 
men's Compensation  Commission;  pro- 
posing an  amendment  to  the  Workmen's 
Compensation  Act  providing  for  higher 
rates  of  compensation  to  injured  work- 
ers; protestation  to  the  Federal  and  Pro- 
vincial Governments  against  the  present 
policy  of  classifying  carpenters  as  un- 
skilled workers  on  cribbs,  wharfs  and 
coffer-dam  works;  favoring  the  enact- 
ment of  an  8-hour  day  and  40-hour 
week  law  and  prohibiting  the  issuance 
of  permits  to  work  longer  hours  except 
to  save  life  and  property. 

On  the  evening  of  the  first  day  of  the 
convention   a   banquet   was   tendered    to 


the  delegates  and  visitors  which  proved 
to  be  an  enjoyable  event. 

Omer  Fleury  was  re-elected  president 
and  Pierre  Lefevre  was  re-elected  secre- 
tary. The  officers  were  installed  by 
Brother  Arthur  Martel,  member  of  our 
General  Executive  Board. 


Secretary-Treasurer,     Union     Label 
Trades  Department,  Dies 

John  J.  Manning,  secretary-treasurer 
of  the  Union  Label  Trades  Department 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
since  1917,  died  at  his  home  in  Wash- 
ington, D.   C.   on  July  17,   1934. 

Mr.  Manning  spent  his  entire  life  in 
the  interest  of  the  American  labor  move- 
ment, being  prominent  in  local,  state 
and  national  organizations. 

He  was  born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  was 
secretary-treasurer  of  the  Shirt,  Waist 
and  Laundry  Workers'  Union  with  head- 
quarters in  Troy,  and  represented  that 
organization  at  conventions  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor. 

From  that  organization  he  became  af- 
filiated with  the  United  Garment  Work- 
ers of  America,  serving  as  an  organizer 
and  assistant  editor  of  the  official  jour- 
nal of  the  organization,  The  Garment 
Worker. 

From  the  United  Garment  Workers 
of  America  he  was  selected  as  secretary- 
treasurer  of  the  Union  Label  Trades  De- 
partment of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  at  the  convention  of  the  De- 
partment in  1917. 

He  was  prominently  associated  with 
prison  labor  work,  being  a  member  of 
the  National  Committee  on  Prisons  and 
Prison  Labor,  and  doing  all  possible  to 
help  the  prisoners  oppressed  with  the 
contract  system  and  to  help  labor  organ- 
izations that  were  confronted  with  com- 
petition from  this  system.  Mr.  Manning 
was  an  advocate  of  what  is  known  as 
the  State  use  system  and  did  everything 
in  his  power  to  have  the  different  States 
put  this  system  in  operation. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  National 
War  Labor  Board  and  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  and  devot- 
ed a  great  deal  of  his  time  to  this  work 
in  connection  with  his  work  at  the  De- 
partment during  the  trying  years  of  the 
World  War.  He  also  served  as  secretary 
of  the  Social  Insurance  Committee  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 


THE     CARPENTER 


The  American  labor  movement  hon- 
ored him  by  sending  him  as  a  fraternal 
delegate  to  the  Canadian  Trades  and 
Labor  Congress  in  1910,  and  in  1930 
he  was  sent  as  fraternal  delegate  to  the 
British  Trade  Union  Congress. 

During  the  time  Mr.  Manning  filled 
the  office  of  secretary-treasurer  of  the 
Union  Label  Trades  Department,  he 
did  much  to  increase  the  membership 
and  activities  of  the  Department.  His 
great  interest  and  belief  in  the  Depart- 
ment and  its  work  made  it  possible  for 
him  to  convince  others  of  the  great  val- 
ue it  was  to  the  entire  labor  movement. 

At  all  times  he  advocated  spending 
union-earned  money  for  the  products 
and  services  of  union  members,  and  his 
sincerity  of  purpose  and  love  for  the 
work  won  many  to  the  cause. 


Death  Takes  Hugh  Frayne,  A.  F.  of  L. 
Organizer 

Hugh  Frayne,  general  organizer  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor  for 
the  last  33  years,  died  at  Wickersham 
Hospital,  New  York  City,  after  an  ill- 
ness of  several  months.  He  was  64  years 
old. 

During  the  World  War  period,  Mr. 
Frayne  was  chairman  of  the  labor  divi- 
sion of  the  War  Industries  Board.  In 
1923  Congress  recognized  his  work  in 
that  capacity  with  the  award  of  the  Dis- 
tinguished Service  Medal. 

Mr.  Frayne  was  born  in  Scranton,  Pa., 
on  November  8,  186  9.  When  he  was  8 
years  old  he  went  to  work  as  a  breaker 
boy  in  the  anthracite  mines.  Later  he 
learned  the  sheet  metal  trade. 

In  his  early  life  he  joined  the  Knights 
of  Labor,  forerunner  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor.  In  August,  189  2, 
when  the  sheet  metal  workers  formed 
a  union,  he  became  a  charter  member. 
In  19  00  he  was  named  general  vice 
president  of  the  Amalgamated  Sheet 
Metal  Workers'  International  Alliance, 
continuing  in  that  position  until  1904. 
Meanwhile,  in  1901,  he  was  appointed 
organizer  for  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  in  New  York,  serving  as  such 
until  his  death. 

During  his  entire  life  Mr.  Frayne  was 
active  in  all  matters  affecting  the  con- 
ditions of  workers.  He  helped  promote 
the  eight-hour  day,  with  one  day  of 
rest  each  week,  and  promoted  and  sup- 
ported child  labor  legislation.  Other 
measures  urged  by  him.  provided  for  war 


risk  insurance,  proper  housing  for  work- 
ers, health  hygiene,  fire  prevention,  fac- 
tory sanitation,  the  elimination  of  haz- 
ards in  factories  and  the  prevention  of 
occupational  diseases. 

Mr.    Frayne's    body    was    removed    to 
Scranton,  where  burial  took  place. 


Death  Takes  Prominent  Member  of  Lo- 
cal Union  No.  10 

Daniel  J.  Ryan,  a  member  of  our 
Brotherhood  for  47  years  passed  away 
at  his  family  residence  in  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois, July  26,  1934,  at  the  age  of  72 
years. 

Brother  Ryan  was  born  December  17, 
1861,  and  joined  Local  Union  No.  10  of 
Chicago  on  March  16,  18  87,  holding  con- 
tinuous membership  in  that  Local  Union 
until  the  time  of  his  death. 

For  many  years  he  served  the  Local 
Union  as  Recording  Secretary,  and  for 
over  twenty-five  years  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Chicago  District  Council.  He  also 
served  as  Business  Agent,  and  repre- 
sented his  Local  at  a  number  of  general 
conventions  of  our  organization. 

At  the  seventeenth  general  convention 
held  in  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1912,  he 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Finance. 

At  the  twenty-first  general  convention 
held  in  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  in  1924, 
he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  forty- 
seventh  annual  convention  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor  which  was  held 
in  Los  Angeles,  California. 

He  was  a  loyal  trade  unionist  and  had 
the  interests  of  our  Brotherhood  at 
heart  all  the  time.  He  will  be  greatly 
missed  by  his  friends  in  the  Labor  Move- 
ment. 


In  Memory  of  Brother  Walter  G.  Patton 

Who  Departed  This  Life  July  13, 

1934 

Brother,  thou  wert  kind  and  lovely, 
Gentle  as  the  summer  breeze; 
Thou  no  more  will  join  our  number, 
Thou  no  more  our  plays  and  games  will 

know, 
For  'twas  God  who  hath  bereft  us; 
He  alone  our  sorrows  knows. 
Peaceful  be  thy  silent  slumber; 
Peaceful  in  the  grave  so  low. 
But  again  we  hope  to  meet  thee 
In  that  glorious  home  above. 

From  Ben  Smith,  L.  U.  1846, 
New  Orleans,  La. 


20 


THE     CARPENTER 


DEATH   ROLL, 

NICOLA      RUSSO — Local      Union      No. 
1050,  Philadelphia,   Pa. 


Company    Union    Photographed 

Organized  labor's  claim  that  the 
company  union  is  nothing  more  nor  less 
than  a  scheme  devised  by  certain  em- 
ployers to  impose  their  dictatorial  de- 
crees on  employes  arid  prevent  their  or- 
ganization in  bona  fide  independent 
trade  unions  is  reflected  in  cogent  lan- 
guage in  an  editorial  in  "America,"  a 
Catholic  review  published  in  New  York 
City. 

Discussing  the  declaration  by  Sena- 
tor Wagner,  Chairman  of  the  National 
Labor  Board,  that  the  company  union 
is  an  association  controlled  by  the  em- 
ployer, with  its  expenses  paid  by  the 
employer  and  its  decisions  usually  sub- 
ject to  the  employer's  veto,  and  that  it 
is  not  an  instrument  to  enable  the  work- 
er to  bargain  with  his  employer  on  the 
basis  of  equality,  the  editorial  says: 

"Isolated  from  other  labor  groups, 
unable  to  profit  by  their  special  knowl- 
edge, and  forbidden  to  employ  'outside' 
counsel,  the  company  union  is  but  a 
Quaker  gun  used  against  an  enemy 
equipped  with  the  most  powerful  muni- 
tions that  science  can  devise  and  money 
buy.  Certainly,  it  cannot  give  its  mem- 
bers the  weight  and  authority  which 
they  need  to  bargain  collectively  with 
the  employer.  Indeed,  unless  the  two 
parties  can  meet  on  an  approximately 
equal  footing,  collective  bargaining  is  a 
sham.  In  dealing  with  the  company  un- 
ion, the  employer  usually  has  the  agree- 
able task  of  driving  a  bargain  with  him- 
self. That  is  why  some  of  our  largest, 
and  most  ruthless  employers  anathema- 
tize the  union  affiliated  with  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor,  and  foster  the 
company  union." 

The  editorial  concludes  that  the  com- 
pany union  imperils  "the  rights  of  work- 
ers in  general,  and  thus  makes  the  prob- 
lems of  every  wage  earner  more  difficult 
of  solution.  In  any  crisis,  it  necessarily 
ranks  the  claims  of  the  employer  above 
those  of  the  worker." 

The  conclusion  reached  by  the  edi- 
torial in  "America"  is,  of  course,  re- 
flected by  all  progressive  and  reasoning 
citizens.    Nevertheless,   officials  of  some 


of  our  largest  corporations,  notably 
those  in  the  automobile  and  iron  and 
steel  industries,  continue  to  impose  this 
monstrosity  on  their  employes  in  viola- 
tion of  both  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the 
labor  section  of  the  National  Industrial 
Recovery  Act.  Indeed,  they  seek  to  pro- 
tect their  subversive  position  with  the 
cloak  of  patriotism.  All  of  which  re- 
minds us  that  Samuel  Johnson,  the  emi- 
nent English  writer  and  lexicographer, 
once  said  that  "patriotism  is  the  last 
resort  of  a  scoundrel." 


Railroad  Labor's   Victory 

Relative  to  the  recent  settlement  of 
the  wage  dispute  between  railroad  man- 
agement and  employes,  the  Christian 
Science  Monitor  thus  comments  in  a  re- 
cent number: 

The  fact  that  the  settlement  is  a  com- 
promise as  to  the  manner  of  restoring 
the  10  per  cent  cut — giving  one-fourth 
July  1,  one-fourth  January  1  and  the 
remaining  half  on  April  1,  19  3  5 — does 
not  obscure  the  fact  that  the  railroad 
managers  gave  up  their  demand  that 
wages  be  cut  still  deeper.  Railroad  car- 
loadings  have  been  improving  steadily 
and  evidently  the  expectation  is  that 
business  revival  will  continue  to  im- 
prove them. 

A  study  just  finished  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  shows  how  much  good 
may  be  done  by  the  wage  restoration. 
In  a  canvass  of  1,000  railway  employes 
it  was  found  that  reduced  pay,  demo- 
tions and  irregular  employment  had 
caused  many  families  to  lose  their 
homes,  to  use  up  all  their  savings  and 
even  to  sacrifice  such  important  items 
as  milk  from  their  menu. 

The  mode  of  settlement  in  this,  one 
of  the  most  protracted  labor  controver- 
sies in  many  years,  is  an  illustration 
that  the  peaceful  conclusion  of  such  dis- 
putes is  more  a  question  of  spirit  than 
of  formula.  Elaborate  efforts  commonly 
are  made  to  provide  go-between  to  bring 
the  two  parties  together  by  mediation 
or  even  judges  to  decide  the  issue  by 
arbitration.  But  in  this  instance  media- 
tion even  by  the  railroad  co-ordinator, 
with  the  benediction  of  the  president, 
had  been  tried.  Arbitration  through 
the  intricate  channels  of  the  Railway 
Labor  Board  was  in  the  offing.  But  in 
this  situation  the  disputants  themselves 
chose  to  come  together  again,  and  they 
worked  out  an  agreement. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal   Is   Not  Responsible  For  Views   Expressed   By   Correspondents. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  42 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  a  brief  report  of  the 
activities  of  Ladies'  Auxiliary  Union  No. 
42  of  Battle  Creek,  Michigan. 

We  are  slowly  increasing  our  mem- 
bership which  had  decreased  during  the 
last  four  years.  We  have  at  the  present 
time  a  membership  of  22  in  good  stand- 
ing and  we  look  forward  to  a  further  in- 
crease in  the  near  future. 

Our  Auxiliary  has  been  of  some  as- 
sistance to  the  Carpenters'  Local  Union 
of  this  city  in  helping  them  in  a  finan- 
cial way  when  building  work  was  at  a 
standstill,  and  we  are  pleased  to  say 
they  have  been  able  to  repay  these  obli- 
gations, for  like  the  Auxiliary  the  Local 
Union  of  Carpenters  is  also  increasing 
its  membership. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  learn  of  the 
activities  of  some  of  the  other  Ladies' 
Auxiliary  Unions. 

Fraternally  yours, 

Viola  Frey,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.  42.  Battle  Creek,  Mich. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  53 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  53  of 
Tyler,  Texas,  has  had  a  difficult  time  in 
the  past  three  years  in  keeping  the  Aux- 
iliary functioning;  however,  we  are  now 
pleased  to  report  that  we  ave  slowly 
gaining  ground  by  receiving  new  mem- 
bers. 

Carpenters'  Union  1104  and  our  Aux- 
iliary held  a  joint  social  meeting  and 
installation  of  officers  on  the  night  of 
July  5,  and  we  are  planning  to  hold 
joint  social  meetings  about  once  every 
two  months,  which  we  hope  will  prove 
enjoyable  and  stimulate  interest. 

Individually,  our  members  are  mak- 
ing an  effort  to  support  for  public  office 
those  men  who  have  a  good  labor 
record. 

Fraternally   yours, 
Mrs.  John  Carroll,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.  53.  Tyler,  Tex. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  121 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

The  members  of  Ladies  Auxiliary  Un- 
ion No.  121,  Okmulgee,  Okla.,  take  great 
pleasure  in  reading  the  letters  in 
"The  Carpenter"  from  other  Auxiliary 
Unions. 

Our  Auxiliary  has  a  membership  of 
seventeen,  five  of  whom  are  charter 
members. 

We  held  our  election  of  officers  the 
last  meeting  night  in  June. 

We  admitted  but  one  new  member  the 
past  year,  but  at  the  present  time  we 
have  a  membership  drive  on  and  hope  to 
increase  our  number  materially. 

We  hold  our  business  meetings  at 
Carpenters  Hall  the  second  and  fourth 
Friday  of  each  month.  The  social  meet- 
ings which  are  held  every  two  months 
consist  of  either  an  all  day  quilting  or 
an  afternoon  entertainment  in  the  home 
of  a  member. 

Our  annual  picnic  was  held  on  July 
4th  at  Hospital  Park.  The  carpenters 
and  their  wives  were  invited  and  all  re- 
ported an  enjoyable  time.  The  carpen- 
ters showed  their  appreciation  by  fur- 
nishing the  ice  cream,  while  the  ladies 
supplied  well  filled  baskets. 

We  welcome  suggestions  and  corre- 
spondence from  other  Auxiliaries,  and 
extend  fraternal  greetings  to  them  all. 

Mrs.  W.  L.  Beard,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.  121.  Okmulgee,  Okla. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  190 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Relative  to  the  activities  of  Ladie3 
Auxiliary  Union  No.  190  of  Pueblo,  Col- 
orado, I  wish  to  say  that  our  business 
meetings  are  held  the  first  Friday  of 
each  month  at  the  home  of  one  of  the 
members.  Following  the  adjournment 
of  the  meeting,  games  or  cards  are 
played  and  refreshments  are  served  by 
the  hostess. 

In  the  past  year  we  have  lost  a  few 
members,    but    at   our   last    meeting    we 


22 


THE     CARPENTER 


readmitted    one   and   have   prospects    of 
others  returning  later. 

We  are  planning  on  taking  part  in 
the  Labor  Day  parade,  which  has  been 
our  custom  since  organized.  Last  year 
we  won  first  prize  for  having  the  finest 
looking  float  in  the  parade. 

Our  newly  elected  officers  were  in- 
stalled on  July  6.  On  July  8  the  Auxil- 
iary celebrated  its  seventh  anniversary 
with  a  picnic  at  City  Park,  which  was 
attended  by  the  members  and  their 
families,  forty-five  being  present  on  this 
joyous  occasion. 

Letters  from  other  Auxiliaries  will  be 
appreciated. 

Mrs.   A.    G.   Lohmiller, 
L.  A.  No.  190.  Pueblo,  Colo. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  248 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Here  is  some  news  from  the  North, 
particularly  as  it  pertains  to  Ladies 
Auxiliary  Union  No.  248  of  Quebec, 
Canada. 

Being  organized  less  than  three  years, 
it  has  been  of  great  assistance  to  our 
Local  Union  and  its  members.  There 
was  never  a  more  propitious  time  to 
organize  a  Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  and 
we  must  say  that  they  have  been  and 
still  are  a  real  support  to  us.  The  mis- 
sion that  they  have  engaged  themselves 
to  fulfill  is  well  understood  by  the  offi- 
cers and  members  of  the  Auxiliary,  and 
their  only  regret  is  that  they  were  not 
organized  earlier.  This  is  what  they  say 
and  they  are  sincere.  They  have  real- 
ized how  pleasant  and  commendable  it 
is  to  help  others  who  are  in  need  of 
moral  and  financial  support,  and  have 
proved  their  sincerity  by  their  many 
worthy  acts.  Visiting  the  sick  and  help- 
ing the  needy  has  been  their  main  mis- 
sion. And  they  do  not  neglect  the  chil- 
dren. Every  year  around  Christmas 
they  have  invited  the  children  to  come 
and  shake  hands  with  their  dear  old 
friend  Santa  Claus.  On  these  occasions', 
toys,  sweetmeats  and  fruits  were  dis- 
tributed to  the  children,  and  you  should 
have  heard  them  talking  about  the  hero 
of  the  night!  With  their  eyes  wide  open, 
and  some  of  them  with  tears,  they  were 
coming  to  the  throne  of  their  old  popu- 
lar friend.  Really  if  this  feature  of  the 
program  had  been  the  only  number,  it 
would  still  be  worth  while  for  the  ladies 
to  be  organized. 


The  mothers  and  fathers  are  not  for- 
gotten. Every  now  and  then  a  social 
gathering  is  offered  to  them,  with  music 
and  the  old  square  dances  on  the  pro- 
gram. Light  lunches  are  served  and 
talks  are  generally  given  by  Brothers 
Martel,  member  of  the  General  Execu- 
tive Board,  President  Lamonde  of  Local 
Union  730,  and  Business  Agent  Fleury. 
The  cost  of  these  gatherings  to  the  lad- 
ies is  very  little  they  say,  as  everyone 
co-operates  to  the  fullest  extent  with 
the  committee.  They  vie  with  one  an- 
other in  bringing  the  best  looking  cake, 
and  you  can  rest  assured  that  the  white 
sugar  and  chocolate  are  not  spared. 

I  feel  proud  to  say  that  every  one  of 
these  gatherings  has  brought  success. 
There  was  never  any  hesitation  when 
help  was  asked  and  all  were  only  too 
well  pleased  to  do  their  share  and  the 
results  were  always  satisfying. 

Local  Union  73  0  holds  an  annual 
euchre  party  and  the  work  done  by  the 
members  of  the  Ladies  Auxiliary  Union 
has  always  been  of  great  help  and  high- 
ly appreciated  by  all  the  members  of 
the  Local. 

The  members  take  great  interest  in 
our  provincial  conventions  and  for  the 
past  two  years  they  were  represented  by 
fraternal  delegates. 

Labor  Day  is  also  a  part  of  their  pro- 
gram which  is  not  neglected.  Every 
year  they  can  be  seen  in  the  parade  with 
their  badges.  They  do  not  hesitate  to 
show  they  are  part  of  the  large  family, 
willing  and  determined  to  help  the 
cause  of  their  husbands,  sons  and 
brothers. 

In  furnishing  this  information  which 
I  hope  will  be  of  some  help  to  others, 
let  me  say  that  our  experiences  have 
shown  that  our  wives,  daughters  and 
sisters,  organized  in  the  Auxiliary  and 
working  side  by  side  with  us,  are  of 
great  help  to  our  Brotherhood. 

In  behalf  of  Ladies  Auxiliary  No.  248 
I  wish  success  to  one  and  all,  with  the 
hope  that  normal  times  will  soon  re- 
turn. 

Omer  Fleury,  Bus.  Agt., 
L.  U.  No.  730.  Quebec,  Canada. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  251 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  251  of 
Fresno,  California,  was  organized  May 
3,  1932.  The  members  have  taken  quite 
an  interest  in  our  organization  and  we 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


have  been  successful  in  increasing  our 
membership  from  time  to  time  which  is 
encouraging. 

The  Auxiliary  has  proved  to  be  quite 
a  benefit  socially.  We  have  held  pic- 
nics, luncheons  and  games  at  various 
times.  We  find  it  is  quite  a  comfort  to 
our  members  to  receive  a  card  from  the 
Auxiliary  during  times  of  sickness  or 
death  in  their  homes. 

As  a  means  of  increasing  our  funds 
we  have  held  card  parties,  and  have  also 
made  quilts,  some  of  which  we  sold  on 
chances  and  others  were  raffled  off.  We 
have  had  remarkable  success  in  raising 
money  in  this  manner. 

By  impressing  upon  the  women  folks 
the  necessity  of  purchasing  union-made 
goods  we  feel  that  we  are  helping  the 
unions. 

We  expect  to  keep  on  working  and 
hope  to  get  bigger  and  better  ideas  as 
we  go  along. 

Fraternally  yours, 

Mrs.  Alice  Sweet,  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.  251.  Fresno,  Calif. 


Tuberculosis  Prevention 

Tuberculosis  is  a  public  enemy.  Sci- 
ence has  drawn  up  a  serious  indictment 
against  it.  It  cruelly  deforms  young 
children,  ruins  the  ambitions  of  the 
youth,  saps  the  worker  of  his  earning 
capacity,  brings  heartache  into  the 
household,  destroys  life  ruthlessly,  and 
threatens  all  people  so  long  as  there  is 
a  single  case  of  tuberculosis  in  the 
community. 

Tuberculosis  makes  orphans.  You 
and  I  must  care  for  them.  The  care  of 
the  tuberculosis  sick  is  an  expense  usu- 
ally too  great  for  the  individual  sufferer 
to  bear,  so  we,  as  a  community,  must 
pay  the  bill.  Yet  the  money  cost  is 
only  part  of  the  loss.  Its  human  cost  is 
much  greater. 

Tuberculosis  is  preventable.  This 
enemy  comes  by  stealth,  but  knowledge 
warns  us  of  its  coming.  The  common 
danger  signals  are  a  continuous  tired 
feeling,  loss  of  weight,  a  cough  that 
hangs  on,  indigestion,  pains  in  the  chest 
and  spitting  of  blood.  These  do  not 
mean  that  tuberculosis  has  developed, 
but  they  should  prompt  one  to  visit  his 
doctor  at  once. 

Acting  alone  it  is  almost  impossible 
to  keep  tuberculosis  out  of  the  house- 
hold.    By   working    together    it    can   be 


achieved.  This  is  what  the  phrase  "Pub- 
lic Health"  means — team  work  among 
all  citizens  for  everybody's  health. 

The  Philadelphia  Health  Council  and 
Tuberculosis  Committee  which  the  com- 
munity maintains  by  buying  Christmas 
Seals  is  conducting  an  educational  cam- 
paign to  call  the  attention  of  the  in- 
dividual and  the  community  to  the  dan- 
gers of  this  disease  and  how  it  may 
be  combated.  Motion  pictures,  leaflets, 
posters  and  talks  are  relied  upon  to 
spread  this  information. 


Human  Values 

(By  Emlyn  Jones,  M.  D.) 

Life  is  rich  in  its  giving,  at  every 
turn  it  has  abundant  wealth  awaiting, 
but  the  ability  to  receive  goes  hand  in 
hand  with  the  willingness  to  give.  We 
should  realize  that  the  long,  hard  jour- 
ney demanding  denials  of  present  com- 
fort and  expenditure  of  days  of  effort, 
from  which  results  seem  small,  is  ahead. 

No  one  can  be  successful  who  does 
not  cultivate  a  first-hand  acquaintance 
with  things  and  people;  none  knows  his 
real  strength  till  he  has  faced  failure 
and  tasted  the  bitterness  of  defeat. 
Each  day  makes  countless  demands 
upon  us  all.  Many  rush  through  life, 
feverish  and  panting;  and  drop  by  the 
wayside,  exhausted  and  defeated,  be- 
cause of  failure  to  understand. 

We  all  have  good — some  good — and 
it  is  too  often  our  shame  that  we  rest 
satisfied  in  the  "some"  which  we  have. 
We  fairly  trample  over  each  other,  in 
our  selfish  endeavor  for  fame,  deriding 
and  discrediting  those  who  surpass, 
struggling  and  striving  to  keep  ahead, 
envying — even  hating — those  who  press 
us  closely. 

And  so  the  fight  for  the  useless,  or 
for  that  which  really  counts,  is  really 
the  fight  which  determines  whether  the 
life  shall  be  one  of  confusion  with  strain 
of  strife  or  of  order  and  the  comfort  of 
satisfaction. 

"In  responding  to  the  call  of  our 
wants  we  fight  in  the  ranks  with  misery. 
In  limiting  our  strife  to  our  needs,  we 
battle  for  happiness." 

"Thrust  your  finger,"  says  someone, 
"into  a  vessel  of  water  and  withdraw  it 
and  you  shall  see  in  the  returning  parti- 
cles how  large  a  place  you  fill,  and  of 
how  much  consequence  you  are  in  the 
world." 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


Lorenz  ^K  Albert 

FIFTY  YEARS'  MEMBERSHIP 

Brother  Lorenz  Albert  Honored  at  Picnic 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

On  July  14,  1934,  Local  Union  No.  11  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  gave  a 
Basket  Picnic  in  Hartman's  Grove  in  honor  of  Brother  Lorenz  Albert  who 
has  been  a  continuous  member  of  Local  Union  No.  11  for  fifty  years.  The 
membership  of  the  13  Local  Unions  in  Cleveland  were  extended  an  invita- 
tion to  join  with  us  in  this  celebration.  During  the  festivities,  Brother 
Albert  Ruddy,  President  of  Local  11,  called  upon  First  General  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Brother  George  H.  Lakey  who  was  representing  the  General  Office, 
for  a  few  remarks.  Brother  George  Lakey  then  presented  Brother  Albert 
with  a  beautiful  Gold  Watch  Charm  and  also  a  Badge  of  Honor  from  our 
General  Officers. 

Other  speakers  of  the  day  were  Max  Hayes,  Editor  of  the  "Cleveland 
Citizen"  the  official  Labor  paper  for  this  district;  Albert  Dalton,  Business 
Representative  of  the  Cleveland  Building  Trades  Council;  and  Attorney 
John  Luthringer.  Other  guests  of  honor  attending  were  Elijah  Smith,  the 
first  Recording  Secretary  of  Local  11,  who  has  been  contracting  for  a 
number  of  years;  Brother  John  Mog  who  can  boast  of  a  membership  of 
48  years;  Brother  James  Rumsey,  who  came  from  the  Carpenters'  Home 
in  Florida,  with  a  membership  of  46  years;  Brother  Oscar  Kendler  with  a 
membership  of  38  years;  Brother  Albert  Ruddy  with  a  membership  of  34 
years;  Brother  Jas.  Rundle  with  a  membership  of  34  years;  Brother  Frank 
Purtill  with  a  membership  of  33  years;  Brother  Chas.  Linden,  Julius 
Krieger,  and  W.  E.  Conn  with  a  membership  of  3  2  years;  John  Walker 
with  a  membership  of  31  years,  and  the  undersigned  who  can  boast  of  a 
membership  of  39  years. 

President  Albert  Ruddy  presented  the  honor  guest,  Brother  Albert, 
with  a  Philco  Radio.  Brother  Robert  Lavery,  Financial  Secretary  of  Local 
11,  had  with  him  for  inspection  by  the  membership  and  friends,  the  first 
Minute  Book  of  Local  No.  11,  dating  from  April  1,  1881. 

The  final  conclusion  of  the  celebration  in  honor  of  Brother  Lorenz 
Albert  was  held  on  July  17,  when  the  Local  conferred  a  life  membership 
to  the  said  Brother  Albert. 

Walter  J.  Mapes, 

Chairman  of  the  Committee. 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON  LXXII. 

Somebody  has  said  that  a  new  porch 
was  as  good  as  a  guarantee,  that  marri- 
agable  daughters  still  under  the  father's 
rooftree,  would  soon  be  leaving  home, 
clinging  to  the  arm  of  a  husband. 
While  there  are  no  rules  without  ex- 
ceptions, we  know  that  this  one  works, 
more  often  than  not.  Many  a  father,  in 
order  to  save  a  few  hundred  dollars,  or 
the  cost  of  a  new  porch,  has  doomed  his 
daughter  or  daughters,  to  live  a  life  of 
single  blessedness,  contrary  to  his  own 
wishes  or  the  wishes  of  the  daughters. 
Cupid  seems  to  shy  away  from  old  and 
dilapidated  porches.  A  girl  passing  from 
her  adolescent  years  into  mature  wo- 
manhood, finds  that  unpleasant  sur- 
roundings are  even  a  greater  handicap 
to  her  happiness  than  a  lack  of  fairness 
in  the  face.  Beauty  is  a  product  of 
pleasant  surroundings  as  much  as  of  the 
features.  A  girl  that  can  take  pride  in 
her  home,  and  entertain  her  friends 
without  a  feeling  of  embarrassment  will 
go  much  farther  in  life  than  the  girl  who 
unnecessarily  has  been  deprived  of  those 
things,  and  must  constantly  strive  to 
hide  a  feeling  of  shame  in  the  pres- 
ence of  her  acquaintances.  A  new  porch 
is  productive  of  wholesome  pride, 
pleasantness,  self-confidence,  hospitality, 
good-will  and  a  general  uplift  of  the 
mental  and  spiritual  attitude  toward 
life;  all  of  which  is  the  greatest  aid  to 
beauty  culture  that  can  be  found  any- 
where. Only  too  often,  it  depends  alto- 
gether on  the  kind  of  porches  fathers 
provide  for  their  daughters,  as  to 
whether  or  not  they  are  beautiful,  at- 
tractive and  winsome. 

Some  of  our  readers  might  wonder 
what  winsome  daughters  have  to  do 
with  carpentry,  and  we  answer,  that  if 
it  were  not  for  beautiful  women,  there 
would  be  little  need  for  carpenters: 
Mere  men,  if  they  constituted  all  there 
was  to  the  human  race,  would  live  in 
caves,  huts  or  hovels,  but  the  women 
must  have  homes;    and  homes  can  not 


be  built  without  carpenters — neither  can 
porches.  We  venture  this  prediction, 
that  if  what  we  have  said  in  the  fore- 
going paragraph  could  be  brought  to  the 
attention  of  every  father  in  the  land, 
and  maybe  to  the  mothers  too,  the  car- 
penters would  be  faring  much  better 
after  that  than  they  have  in  the  last  few 
years.    So,  my  dear  reader,  we  are  offer- 


Fig.   414 

ing  this  as  a  sort  of  propaganda  for  the 
benefit  of  the  carpenters  in  particular, 
and  incidently  for  the  happiness  of  the 
daughters  of  our  land. 

Front  porches  on  new  residences  are 
not  as  popular  today  as  they  were  a 
generation  or  more  ago.  The  automo- 
bile has,  to  an  extent  superceded  the 
porch.  Instead  of  occupying  the  front 
porch,  people  have  formed  the  habit  of 
taking  the  family  car  and  driving  into 


26 


THE     CARPENTER 


the  country.  But  the  porch  has  not  been 
eliminated;  it  is  not  as  large  as  it  used 
to  be,  but  still  there  is  a  front  porch  to 
every  home.  The  new  homes,  though, 
are  not  the  homes  we  had  in  mind  when 
we  made  our  preliminary  remarks.  We 
had  in  mind  the  homes  that  were  built 


7-10%- 


»T 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\—r 

/ 

• 

EzasL 

/ 

/ 

I 


Fig.  415 

before  the  advent  of  the  automobile, 
most  of  which  had  large  front  porches, 
and  many  of  those  porches  need  repair- 
ing. Some  of  them  need  to  be  remodeled, 
together  with  the  home,  in  order  to 
bring  them  up  to  present-day  standards. 

Until  we  get  out  of  the  ruins  of  the 
panic  of  plenty,  carpenters  will  have  to 
look  to  repairing  and  remodeling,  not 
only  porches,  but  homes  as  well,  for  a 
great  deal  of  their  employment.  Many 
buildings  have  been  neglected  during 
the  last  number  of  years,  and  sooner  or 
later  something  will  have  to  be  done  to 
keep  them  in  shape  for  habitation.  A 
new  porch  means  to  the  home  what  a 
new  hat  means  to  the  housewife. 

In  this  lesson  we  are  taking  up  fram- 
ing the  platform  of  a  porch.  Fig.  414 
shows  a  simple  method  of  procedure. 
The  four  beams,  supported  with  tempor- 


ary struts  at  a  a  a  a,  are  joined  to  the 
main  building  by  means  of  nails  or 
anchors,  somewhat  on  the  order  shown 
by  the  details  in  Figs.  418  and  419, 
which  we  will  explain  more  fully  in  an- 
other place.  A  detail  of  the  struts  is 
shown  to  the  right  of  the  drawing.  A 
2x4  nailed  to  the  main  building  between 
beams,  flush  with  the  top  edge  of  the 
beams,  serves  in  carrying  the  ends  of 
the  porch  flooring  abutting  the  building. 
This  is  pointed  out  by  indicators  on 
the  drawing.  The  joists,  which  are  sup- 
ported by  the  beams,  are  cut  equally  in 
length  for  each  section,  and  nailed  as 
shown.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  joists 
are  staggered  from  one  section  to  the 
next;  the  purpose  of  which  it  to  make 
it  convenient  to  nail  through  the  beams 
into  the  ends  of  the  joists.  The  dotted 
line  shows  how  a  line  should  be 
stretched,    locating    the    outside   of    the 


■9-0 


Fig.  416 

face  joists.  The  beams  must  be  cut  off 
the  thickness  of  the  joists  shorter  than 
the  dotted  line  shows,  so  as  to  allow 
for  the  outside  joists.  The  platform  we 
are  showing  is  for  an  8-foot  porch,  but, 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  figures  show  the 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


framing  of  the  rough  work  only  7  feet, 
9  inches,  which  allows  3  inches  for 
fascia,  moulding  and  projection.  Three 
inches  are  ample  for  this,  in  fact,  2  y2 
inches  will  do.  Fig.  415  shows  the  same 
lay-out  with  these  exceptions:  The  two 
end  beams  and  the  outside  joists  make 
the  finish,  consequently  the  corners 
where  these  meet,  are  mitered,  as  you 
will  notice.    Because  there  is  no  fascia, 


Fig.  417 

the  nailing  must  be  concealed,  which  is 
accomplished  by  toe-nailing  and  the  use 
of  nailing  blocks,  which  we  are  showing 
shaded,  one  to  the  left  between  the  two 
middle  beams,  and  two  at  the  top  and 
two  at  the  bottom  of  the  drawing.  The 
blocks  merely  provide  reinforcement  for 
the  toe-nailing.  The  corners  are  nailed 
with  casing  or  finishing  nails.    The  dot- 


ted lines  at  the  bottom  of  the  drawing 
show  how  the  rough  work  should  be 
braced  until  the  flooring  will  hold  it  in 
place.  To  the  right  is  shown  a  detail 
of  the  outside  finish,  which  is  very  sim- 


Fig.  418 

pie.    As  the  figures  show,  the  width  of 
the  rough  work  is  7  feet  10%   inches. 

We  are  showing  the  same  layout,  one 
sitep  farther  advanced  in  Fig.  416.  Here 
the  flooring  is  partly  laid,  which  when 
cut  to  a  line  will  make  the  platform  8 
feet  wide.  To  the  right  we  are  showing 
a  detail  of  an  outside  finish  for  a  plat- 
form where  the  end  beams  and  the  out- 
side joists  are  doubled,  and  a  fascia  is 
used  for  finishing.    This  construction  is 


Fig.  419 

commonly  used,  and  conforms  with 
what  we  are  showing  in  the  next  figure. 
In  the  lay-out  shown  in  Fig.  417  all  of 
the  beams  are  doubled  as  well  as  the 
outside  joists.    This  is  a  good  construe- 


28 


TITE     CARPENTER 


tion,  especially  for  very  large  porches; 
and,  of  course,  will  require  a  fascia  for 
finishing.  The  only  objection  we  have  to 
this  layout,  is  that  the  bulky  beams  will 
not  dry  out  readily,  and  often  rot. 

Fig.  418  shows  a  good  method  of 
fastening  porch  beams  to  the  main 
building.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  box- 
ing is  omitted  where  the  porch  joins  the 
building,  thus  making  it  possible  to  nail 
directly  into  the  sill.  Fig.  419  shows 
perhaps,  the  best  method  of  fastening 
porches  to  the  main  structure.  Here  the 
boxing  runs  to  the  foundation  wall,  but 
the  nailing  is  reinforced  with  anchors 
extending  in  to  the  sill,  as  shown.  These 
anchors  can  also  be  used  with  the  con- 
struction shown  in  Fig.  418. 


THE   FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART   TWENTY   EIGHT 

Square  Root  Vs.  Steel  Square 

In  the  previous  article  it  was  illus- 
trated how  the  length  of  rafters  may 
be  found  by  what  is  known  as  the 
"Square    root    method."     It    was    shown 


without  the  use  of  mathematical  and 
calculating  instruments  and  complicat- 
ed tables.  It  should  also  be  borne  in 
mind  that  if  one  does  attempt  to  calcu- 
late roof  members  by  the  above  method 
he  must  be  a  good  mathematician,  he 
must  have  had  an  extensive  experience 
in  operations  of  this  sort  and  above  all 
he  must  be  well  conversant  with  the 
use  of  calculating  instruments  such  as 
the  Slide  Rule  and  also  be  well  familiar 
with  the  numerous  mathematical  tables 
to  be  confident  enough  that  the  results 
he  arrived  at  are  absolutely  correct. 

There  is  another  very  interesting  feat- 
ure which  we  wish  to  bring  out  before 
our  readers,  a  feature  extremely  import- 
ant and  one  not  known  to  very  many 
outside  the  engineering  profession. 

This  feature  is  known  as  "checking" 
calculations,  drawings,  data  and  every 
other  kind  of  work  performed  in  the 
engineering  office.  This  practice  is  due 
to  the  well  accepted  fact  that  anyone  is 
apt  to  make  a  mistake  especially  those 
engaged  continually  in  a  series  of  com- 
plicated calculations.  The  mistake,  it  is 
assumed,  may  not  be  due  to  the  incom- 
petency  of   the   individual   but   that   an 


ae-svz.i/7-/4?/y  as  rxWa^s 


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'c"as  /tsm/v^zs 


MC/£S  /AS  Sa*//C//t 

^/v^  s/w/>  r/se  w/s 

as  7Y/S  f<36/A'ej?S- 


S/#a  77/s  ^a//<*e£  yeaar 
&s  7yys  SZ//&  as  77-/£~ 

Saj//I/?£S-  _/JJ<5V-  a#sZ4/A/&? 


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as  sews  -  &■ 


SQUARE  ffOOT  Sf£T//00. 


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/*X    s/w"/?-7-/0"ws/c// 
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how  the  successive  steps  are  taken  in 
the  calculations  before  the  sought  re- 
sult is  being  obtained. 

It    was    also    demonstrated    that    this 
method  cannot  be  successfully  employed 


error  may  creep  in  through  some  unfor- 
seen  circumstance,  such  as  the  individ- 
ual being  occasionally  interrupted  from 
his  work  and  his  attention  thus  distract- 
ed from  the  work  in  hand. 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


Therefore  whenever  a  job  is  assigned 
to  an  engineer,  architect  or  to  any  of 
their  draftsmen,  this  man  is  using  the 
best  of  his  ability  to  produce  a  perfect 
job.  When  his  work  is  completed — in- 
stead of  having  it  sent  out  into  the  field 
the  whole  job  is  turned  over  to  another 
man  called  "the  checker,"  who  knows 
nothing  about  this  particular  job  and 
consequently  has  to  go  over  the  work 
from  beginning  to  end  verifying  every 
detail  and  figure  and  make  such  correc- 
tions which  he  deems  necessary.  The 
checker,  however,  in  finding  a  mistake 
does  not  attempt  to  make  a  correction 
to  same  before  consulting  the  man  who 
did  the  original  work;  and  after  such 
consultation  they  usually  come  to  a 
mutual  agreement  which  results  in  a 
job  well  done.  It  has  got  to  be  a  job 
well  done,  for  after  the  drawings  have 
gone  out  in  the  field  or  to  the  shop  it 
usually  is  too  late  to  make  corrections. 

It  really  is  surprising  how  frequently 
architects  and  engineers,  men  who  have 
been  educated  along  these  lines  and 
have  devoted  their  lives  to  this  kind  of 
work,  it  is  suprising,  indeed,  how  often 
these  men  makes  mistakes  in  their  cal- 
culations. And  if  it  was  not  for  the  es- 
tablished system  of  checking  many  a 
construction  job  would  have  gone  to  the 
dogs.  This  demonstrates  the  fact  that 
every  piece  of  mental  work,  and  espec- 
ially calculations,  must  be  verified  by 
another  party  in  order  to  secure  its  ab- 
solute correctness. 

How,  then,  can  it  be  expected  of  a 
carpenter,  a  man  whose  work  is  to  erect, 
to  take  the  architect's  ideas  from  his 
drawings  and  give  them  a  material 
form,  whose  entire  attention  is  directed 
to  the  production  of  a  good  job,  how 
can  it  be  expected  of  this  man  to  do  any 
sort  of  mental  work  especially  mathe- 
matical calculations  and  depend  for  the 
correctness  of  the  work  upon  himself.  It 
is  an  absurdity,  and  is  contrary  to  sound 
reasoning. 

The  matter  of  subdivision  of  labor  in 
the  building  industry  has  been  perfect- 
ed to  to  such  a  degree  that  there  is 
hardly  any  room  left  for  improvement. 
The  architect  and  engineer  are  doing  all 
the  mental  work  and  represent  their 
ideas  on  drawings.  The  construction 
force  takes  the  drawings  and  carries  out 
the  work  following  strictly  the  instruc- 
tions contained  therein.  The  operative  is 
not    responsible    for    any    mistake    that 


may  occur  due  to  a  faulty  design  or 
error  in  the  calculations.  The  designers 
take  the  complete  responsibility  for  any- 
thing that  may  have  gone  wrong. 

The  carpenter,  however,  is  expected 
to  be  conversant  with  drawings  and  be 
able  to  read  and  interpret  them  correct- 
ly. In  the  matter  of  roof  framing,  the 
architect  does  not  prepare  any  details 
of  roof  members,  neither  does  he  ever 
give  any  specific  instructions  as  to  how 
these  should  be  fabricated.  The  archi- 
tect usually  specifies  the  pitch  of  the 
roof;  it  is  the  job  of  the  carpenter  to 
obtain  the  right  lengths  and  correct 
cuts  so  that  all  members  fit  snugly  into 
each  other. 

This,  of  course,  is  a  trigonometrical 
job.  But  instead  of  going  about  it  in  a 
mathematical  way  the  practical  carpen- 
ter uses  his  Steel  Square  which  is  noth- 
ing else  but  a  collection  of  complicated 
calculations  worked  out  and  laid  down 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  mathematical 
calculations  become  simple  mechanical 
operations  i.  e.  the  individual  using  the 
instrument  obtains  the  sought  values  in 
a  mechanical  way  without  any  calcula- 
tions or  mental  strain.  It  is  as  simple 
as  the  multiplication  table  if  you  once 
learn  how  to  use  it. 

Moreover,  the  obtained  figures  are  ab- 
solutely correct,  for  the  tables  on  the 
Steel  Square  were  prepared  by  expert 
mathematicians,  they  were  carefully 
verified  and  tested  before  being  en- 
graved on  the  surfaces  of  this  marvel- 
ous instrument.  This  is  quite  forcefully 
illustrated  in  the  accompanying  diagram 
which  represents  the  parallel  between 
the  "Square  root  method"  and  the  sim- 
ple method  of  the  Steel  Square. 


Ogee  and  A  Half 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

Designs  more  or  less  similar  to  Fig. 
1  are  used  for  various  purposes,  such  as 
brackets,  ornaments  and  edge  finishings 
or  mouldings.  This  design  could  fitting- 
ly be  called  an  ogee  and  a  half,  which 
name  is  entirely  original  with  us.  How 
to  describe  it  with  a  compass  is  the 
problem  we  are  bringing  before  our 
readers. 

Fig.  2  shows  how  a  board  was  marked 
in  order  to  describe  the  ogee  and  a  half, 
as  we  shall  call  it.  First  we  struck  the 
45-degree  line  from  b  through  c  and  e 
to  g.    Then  we  struck  a  line  parallel  to 


3  0 


T  II 


«'  A  R  I'  E  NT  TCK 


the  edge,  passing  through  point  e.  Now 
by  the  process  of  bisecting  a  number  of 
lines,    as   can    be   seen    by   studying    the 


These  curves  joined  together,  you  will 
have  the  line  to  cut  to  in  order  to  obtain 
the  results  shown  by  Fig.  1. 

A  little  study  of  the  diagram  will  re- 
veal that  the  curvatures  of  this  design 
can  be  increased  or  decreased  by  simply 
decreasing  or  increasing  the  radius.  This 
increasing   or   decreasing   of   the   radius 


Fig.  1 


diagram,  we  obtained  the  necessary 
points  to  strike  the  ogee  and  a  half. 
The  diagram  before  us,  we  set  the  com- 
pass at  point  a,  and  strike  the  curve 
from  b  to  c;  then  we  set  the  compass  at 
d,  and  strike  the  curve  from  c  to  e.  Now 
we  adjust  the  compass  and  set  it  at  point 
f,    and   strike  the  curve    from    e   to    g. 


can  be  accomplished  by  adjusting  the 
compass,  or  it  can  be  done  by  the  pro- 
cess  of  bisecting  lines  that  we  already 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


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have;  for  instance,  by  striking  a  line 
from  a  to  1,  and  then  from  1  to  2,  the 
radius  will  be  increased;  again,  by- 
striking  a  line  from  a  to  3,  and  from  3 
to  4,  the  radius  will  be  decreased.  This 
process  can  be  carried  out  indefinitely, 
whereby  the  radius  can  be  adjusted  to 
any  point  desired. 


The  Carpenter  and  Rafter  Cutting 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  wish  to  submit  a  few  lines  anent 
the  statements  made  by  L.  Perth  in  the 
July  issue:  He  states  "Every  conceiv- 
able branch  of  technical  knowledge  fair- 
ly bristles  with  mathematical  data,  fig- 
ures and  formulae;  and  no  engineer, 
unless  he  is  a  proficient  mathematician, 
is  qualified  to  design  a  bridge,  a  build- 
ing, a  battleship  or  a  locomotive.  But 
as  far  as  any  carpenter  or  any  building 
mechanic  is  concerned,  he  no  more 
needs  the  knowledge  of  trigonometry 
than  a  cat  needs  two  tails." 

Mr.  Perth  then  gives  an  explanation 
of  the  square  root  and  states  that  "This 
is  the  method  used  by  the  architect  and 
engineer  in  the  design  of  structures.  It 
requires  a  sound  knowledge  of  mathe- 
matics and  the  use  of  precision  and  cal- 
culating instruments  as  well  as  compli- 
cated mathematical  tables." 

It  occurs  to  me  that  Mr.  Perth  and 
other  proponents  or  champions  of  this 
"Roughly-Approximate  -  Steel  -  Square 
Method,"  are  either  ignorant  or  have 
"An  axe  to  grind!"  when  they  strive  to 
misrepresent  the  superiority  of  the  Py- 
thagoras or  Trigonometrical  method  of 
solving  length  of  rafters.  Mr.  Perth  as- 
serts that  "The  square  root  method  re- 
quires great  knowledge,  precision,  and 
the  use  of  calculating  instruments  and 
complicated  mathematical  tables." 

Now  these  assertions  are  incorrect. 
Let  Mr.  Perth,  look  up  Rafter  Tables 
published  in  the  October,  1932,  issue  of 
"The  Carpenter,"  then  give  them  a  trial, 
and  he  will  be  convinced  that  his  most 
intricate  problems  may  be  easily  solved. 
First  column  gives  Height  per   ft.   and 


next  column  gives  Length  of  Rafter  per 
ft.,  so  all  you  have  to  do  is  to  multiply 
by  run  to  get  length  of  desired  rafter. 
— Couldn't  be  any  simpler! — No  compli- 
cations, no  calculating  machines  needed! 
I  have  submitted  a  Roof-Problem, 
which  was  published  in  the  August 
issue  of  "The  Carpenter,"  that  chal- 
lenges all  proponents  of  the  fossil- 
ized kintergarten  steel  square  method  of 
figuring,  to  elucidate  their  best  (or 
worst)  solutions — and  I  think  I  can 
later  on,  show  that  a  computer  who  has 
the  least  knowledge  of  trigonometry 
has  no  more  need  of  the  steel  square 
than  a  cat  has  for  three  tails! 

Frank  De  Guerre, 
L.  U.  No.  22.  Villa  Grande,  Cal. 


Cuthbert  Replies  to  Perth 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Having  been  requested  by  Local  1296 
to  reply  to  the  article  by  L.  Perth,  in 
the  May  issue,  it  is  with  utter  exaspera- 
tion that  I  note  how  he  avoids  the  point 
at  issue  and  proceeds  to  ridicule  the 
man  from  California  and  explains  the 
difference  between  a  detail  diagram  and 
a  sketch — all  of  which  is  unnecessary  in 
our  case,  as  we  had  a  Missionary  among 
our  tribe  in  the  early  days.  Then  he 
shows  a  real  detail  on  page  2  7  which 
says  12"  run  8"  rise  and  is  marked  % 
pitch.  Well,  I  may  be  one  of  that  alto- 
gether too  numerous  a  contingent  whose 
psuedo  mentality  is  incompetent  to  fully 
grasp  these  figures  in  their  true  mean- 
ing, or  it  may  be  just  another  mistake. 
Anyway  he  says  it's  a  detail.  Also  he 
says  I  did  not  suggest  a  way  to  stop 
such  mistakes  but  on  page  28  he  prints 
my  cure  for  it.  Now,  to  make  it  more 
clear  it  is  not  only  desirable  but  re- 
quisite and  necessary  to  have  a  carpen- 
ter look  over  these  details,  designs,  dia- 
grams and  sketches.  Also  I  do  not  want 
the  job  as  I  could  not  live  in  San  Diego 
County  and  attend  to  it  and  I  refuse  to 
live  anywhere  else. 

J.  R.  Cuthbert, 
L.  U.  No.  1296.  San  Diego,  Calif. 


A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX   AND  OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

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of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong  castings;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
wood Handle  and  knob;  tool  steel  cutters  that  can  be  resharpened  like  a  regular 
plane  iron;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 

See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 


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3-in-0ne  keeps  tools  always 
ready  for  use  by  preventing 
rust  and  keeping  the 
working  parts  cleaner 
as  it  lubricates.  Three 
fine  oils  are  blended 
in  3-in-0ne  to  give 
it  this  triple  action.  Use 
it  regularly;  it  keeps 
tools  good  longer. 


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^CLES.  sewing  magH 

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Hunt  Pencil  Wood 

The  pencil  wood  supply  near  large 
factories  practically  is  exhausted  and 
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the  finest-grained  wood  of  the  north- 
west. 

Cedar  wood  intended  for  lead  pencils 
must  be  soft,  light,  yet  strong,  close 
and  straight-grained  and  free  from  de- 
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cil wood  it  makes.  The  wood  from  the 
heart  of  aged  logs  that  have  lain  in 
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A  possible  substitute  for  cedar  in  lead 
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is  light,  straight-grained,  well-scented 
and  of  good  color.  Both  cedar  and  myr- 
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INDIANAPOLIS  -  -  IND. 


V 


Don't  Trouble  Trouble! 

(By  James  Edward  Hungerford) 


If  you  don't  trouble  TROUBLE,  it  won't  trouble  YOU; 

Just  sidestep  the  "worries"  and  "frets"; 

There  are  plenty  of  things  that  are  pleasant  to  do 

That  leave  no  "remorse"  or  "regrets"! 

Fight  shy  of  the  hives  where  the  "trouble-bees"  buzz — 

They're  not  to  be  wandered  among, 

For  if  you  go  there,  you  will  kick  up  a  "fuss", 

And  beat  a  retreat— BADLY  STUNG! 


Don't  go  where  they're  "croaking"  about  the  "hard  times", 

And  forecasting  troubles  to  come; 

They'll  keep  you  from  harvesting  dollars  and  dimes, 

And  put  all  your  HOPES  "on  the  bum"! 

Don't  go  where  they're  moaning  and  groaning  and  "blue", 

And  seeing  disaster  ahead, 

Because  if  you  DO,  they'll  puts  skids  under  YOU — 

And  knock  all  your  ambition  DEAD! 


Steer  clear  of  the  crowd  that  is  wailing  of  woe, 

And  bluer  than  indigo  ink; 

Where  TROUBLE  is  brewing,  be  WISE  and  don't  go, 

Or  it  will  put  YOU  "on  the  blink"! 

This  world  is  a  good  place  to  live  in  and  be — 

If  you  will  just  hold  to  that  view, 

And  don't  trouble  TROUBLE,  and  only  GOOD  see— 

Old  TROUBLE  will  not  trouble  YOU! 

^W^  ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED  ^f 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  elass  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

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October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,  1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters.  Stair  Builders,  Machine  Wood  Workers,  Planing  Mill  Men,  and 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

and  Joiners  of  America,  at 

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Advertising  Department,  25  Third  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y.  a<flgtep5l 


Established  in   1881 
Vol.   LIV. — No.    10. 


INDIANAPOLIS,   OCTOBER,    1934 


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ANNUAL  REFERENCE  NUMBER 


This  is  the  annual  reference  number  of  our  of- 
ficial monthly  journal  "The  Carpenter"  It  con- 
tains valuable  information  of  vast  importance  to 
our  members.  The  General  Secretary  is  required 
by  law  to  publish  this  information  each  year.  It 
is  therefore  advisable  for  each  member  to  file 
this  month's  copy  carefully  away  and  thereby 
have  it  as  a  ready  reference  during  the  coming 
year. 


THE     CARPENTER 


OUTSIDERS 

(By  William  Green,  President,  A.  F.  of  L.) 


ABOR  organizations  are  a 
folk  movement  which  be- 
gan with  the  practice  of 
selling  labor  power  for 
hire.  Employers  of  all 
time  have  opposed  organ- 
ization in  order  to  keep  wages  low  that 
their  profits  might  be  higher.  Down  the 
ages  we  can  trace  the  struggle  of  work- 
ers, first  for  freedom  of  contract,  and 
then  for  a  little  more  income,  a  little 
more  leisure,  a  little  more  safety,  for 
a  right  to  voice  in  determining  condi- 
tions under  which  they  work.  Some- 
times the  trail  is  marked  with  blood  and 
always  with  suffering,  but  slowly  the 
movement  ceases  to  be  a  conspiracy 
against  property  and  society  and  be- 
comes an  accepted  institution  with  a 
legal  status  but  poorly  defined  rights. 
Employers  have  had  the  advantage  of 
the  protection  which  government  pro- 
vides for  property  while  wage  earners, 
whose  capital  is  their  labor  power,  have 
not  secured  legal  protection  for  their 
intangible  assets.  Recognition  so  far 
established  has  been  secured  mainly  by 
economic  power  with  occasional  upris- 
ings. A  better  living  for  wage  earners 
has  been  achieved  despite  opposition  of 
employers.  The  union  or  the  threat  of 
the  union  has  been  the  main  agency  for 
labor  progress. 

In  the  United  States  the  methods  of 
fighting  labor  organizations  have  been 
efforts  to  outlaw  the  union,  to  crush  it 
by  lockouts  and  discrimination  against 
union  members,  the  spy  system,  the  pro- 
fessional strike  breakers,  the  yellow  dog 
contract,  and  now  by  the  more  refined, 
modern  practice  of  super-imposing  a 
company  union  as  a  gesture  of  in- 
dustrial self-government.  The  company 
would  deal  only  with  its  own  employes 
— that  is,  those  whose  jobs  they  control. 
The  company  union  developed  rapidly 
during  the  post-war  period,  replacing 
the  open  shop  movement  against  unions 
which  had  expanded  when  the  war  ad- 
ministration checked  warfare  against 
unions.  Highly  trained  personnel  rela- 
tions men  were  put  in  charge  of  devel- 
oping "employe  representation  plans" 
along  lines  approved  by  employers.  Oft- 
en the  personnel  men  were  corporation 
executives.  For  the  purpose  of  having 
a  clearing  house  on  this  experience  the 
personnel  executives  of  the  largest  cor- 


porations maintaining  company  unions 
established  the  Conference  Committee 
where  methods  were  discussed  and 
changes  decided  on.  This  group  was  in- 
fluential in  the  American  Management 
Association,  the  technical  and  profes- 
sional societies,  and  has  a  powerful  in- 
fluence in  decisions  affecting  the  field  of 
personnel  research — formerly  called  la- 
bor problems. 

As  soon  as  the  National  Recovery  Act 
was  signed  the  promoters  of  company 
unions  renewed  their  efforts  and  there 
was  a  mushroom  growth  of  employe  rep- 
resentation plans.  In  a  two-day  confer- 
ence on  Long  Island  last  October  the 
company  union  proponents  discussed 
their  problems  and  methods.  The  move- 
ment began  aggressively  in  opposition  to 
the  enforcement  of  Section-7a. 

Opposition  to  unions  grew  stronger, 
the  National  Labor  Board  was  defied  in 
its  efforts  to  enforce  law,  corporations 
refused  to  confer  or  negotiate  with 
"outsiders" — that  is  union  executives 
chosen  by  workers  to  represent  them, 
because  they  were  free  to  present  and 
argue  with  a  force  that  would  cost  an 
employe  his  job. 

The  steel  corporation  which  objects 
to  union  executives  "who  have  no  con- 
stant, direct  or  immediate  contact  with 
the  empolyes"  puts  personnel  policies  of 
all  companies  under  a  vice-president  of 
the  corporation  at  a  reputed  salary  of 
$75,000  a  year — a  man  who  had  no  di- 
rect or  immediate  knowledge  of  labor 
or  production  problems  in  any  of  the 
mills.  The  man  was  selected  because  he 
was  the  most  competent  to  do  what 
Steel  wants  done — which  is  to  build  up 
the  case  for  the  company  unions  and 
develop  "employe  representation"  plans 
which  have  the  appearance  of  represen- 
tation for  workers  with  control  always 
in  the  hands  of  management.  When 
Steel  and  other  corporations  had  cases 
before  the  National  Labor  Board  they 
retained  the  best  legal  minds  money 
could  procure.  They  followed  the  good 
business  practice  of  selecting  experts 
for  their  counsel.  They  were  noft  trou- 
bled about  their  being  "outsiders."  But 
when  the  unions  followed  the  principle 
of  selecting  as  executives  persons  most 
competent  to  promote  the  organization 
and  to  represent  them  in  collective  bar- 
gaining and  other  occasions  when  repre- 


THE     CARPENTER 


sentation  was  needed,  Steel  refused  to 
meet  with  such  outsiders.  While  the 
union  is  an  organization  for  human  jus- 
tice, it  must  gain  its  purposes  by  effi- 
cient methods  and  good  business  proce- 
dures. It  must  have  representatives  with 
the  freedom  and  competence  to  act. 

The  union  is  needed  to  develop  stand- 
ards of  justice  between  those  who  hire 


and  those  who  seek  employment;  it  is 
needed  to  raise  and  maintain  those  ma- 
terial standards  of  living  which  will  sus- 
tain mass  production;  it  is  needed  to 
elevate  the  work  relationship  to  a  level 
of  industrial  partnership  for  those  who 
give  essential  production  service.  It 
must  be  independent  of  management 
while  cooperating  with  it. 


THE  BACKGROUND  OF  THE  SAN  FRANCISO  STRIKE 


HE     Cincinnati     Chronicle 
of  Aug.  3rd  says: 

"Organizations  of  Big 
Business  let  loose  their 
fire  at  the  Pacific  Coast 
strikers.  It  has  even  been 
charged  that  the  strike  in  San  Francisco 
constituted  revolution. 

"Let's  look  at  some  history  and  see 
what  is  there  revealed. 

"Center  of  the  employers'  line  of  at- 
tack in  San  Francisco  is  the  Industrial 
Association.  The  San  Francisco  Indus- 
trial Association  is  a  part  of  the  State 
Industrial  Association. 

"Working  along  lines  planned  out 
during  the  World  War,  the  Industrial 
Association  emerged  from  that  conflict 
determined  to  smash  union  labor  and 
with  a  war  chest  into  which  banks  and 
industries  of  San  Francisco  poured  enor- 
mous piles  of  ready  cash.  Contributions 
to  the  war  chest  for  the  fight  to  smash 
labor  ran  $10,000  and  $15,000  each. 
Standard  Oil  and  Southern  Pacific  gave 
$30,000.  There  were  some  1,800  con- 
tributors. That's  the  outfit  that  was  di- 
recting the  war  against  labor  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 


"The  history,  going  back  through  the 
years,  is  filled  with  stories  of  intrigue, 
murder  of  union  men,  use  of  spies  with- 
in unions  and  the  throttling  of  inter- 
state commerce. 


"It  was  Attorney  General  A.  Mitchell 
Palmer  who  sought  to  enjoin  the  Indus- 
trial Association  from  interference  with 
interstate  commerce  under  the  anti- 
trust laws.  The  higher  courts  turned 
Palmer  down,  but  plenty  of  interference 
was  proved.  The  courts  held,  somewhat 
in  accord  with  the  'rule  of  reason'  idea, 
that  the  thing  hadn't  gone  far  enough 
to  warrant  a  permanent  injunction. 


"Here  was  the  Industrial  Association 
plan:  No  union  work  was  to  be  allowed 
where  it  could  possibly  be  stopped. 
Building  materials  were  kept  out  of  the 
State  by  the  power  of  this  business  gang, 
unless  they  were  non-union.  Union  con- 
tractors found  themselves  absolutely  un- 
able to  buy  materials. 

"The  Industrial  Association  built 
great  storage  yards  for  all  manner  of 
building  material  and  contractors  were 
forced  to  buy  from  these  yards  or  go 
without.  A  regular  permit  system  was 
in  use.  Union  contractors  could  get  no 
permits  to  buy  materials.  Likewise  an 
air-tight  system  was  in  use  for  the  em- 
ployment of  mechanics.  Each  mechanic 
signed  a  contract  to  work  when  and 
where  ordered.  The  man  who  refused  to 
work  when  and  where  the  Association 
ordered  him  to  work  was  fired. 

"The  International  Molders'  Union 
counts  two  members  murdered  in  that 
conflict. 

"The  Bricklayers,  Masons  and  Plas- 
terers' International  Union  went  to  the 
expense  of  building  a  brick  plant  in  El 
Paso,  Tex.,  in  order  that  union  employ- 
ers in  San  Francisco  might  be  able  to 
get  brick  for  their  jobs. 

"The  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  went 
to  the  expense  of  establishing  lumber 
yards  and  building  supply  stations  so 
that  Union  contractors  could  supply 
lumber  and  other  building  material. 

"Union  contractors  and  union  foun- 
dry men  found  themselves  unable  to 
borrow  money  from  the  banks,  most  of 
which  had  given  $10,000  or  more  each 
to  the  Industrial  Association's  war 
chest. 

"The  State  Industrial  Association 
sought  to  smash  labor  all  along  the 
line.  It  was  the  Harrison  Gray  Otis  idea 
made  State-wide.  But  labor  in  San  Fran- 


T  1 1  K     C  A  II  PENTER 


cisco  never  was  smashed.  It  survived 
every  attack,  but  the  employers'  attack 
never  ceased.  That  is  the  background 
upon   which   the  strike  of   the   last   few 


months  ago  rests.  It  is  a  background  of 
employer  hatred,  spy  operations,  mur- 
der, coercion  and  the  determination  that 
unionism  has  no  right  to  exist." 


BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  LONGSHOREMEN'S  STRIKE  IN 

SAN  FRANCISCO 


RESUME  of  events  lead- 
ing up  to  the  strike  of 
the  International  Long- 
shoremen's Union  and  al- 
lied maritime  unions,  and 
later    the   general    strike, 

is  given  as  follows  by  the  general  strike 

committee: 

1919 — Strike  of  longshoremen  was 
broken  because  of  lack  of  unity  between 
seamen  and  teamsters. 

1920 — Formation  of  company  union 
"blue  book."  No  longshoremen  could 
secure  work  unless  he  belonged  to  the 
company  union  and  paid  dues.  From 
19  20  to  July,  19  3  3  (approximately  14 
years)  the  longshoremen  of  the  Pacific 
coast  were  held  in  virtual  peonage  by 
this  system. 

19  21 — Seamen's  strike  broken 
through  lack  of  unity  with  other  marine 
crafts.  Longshoremen  worked  while 
seamen  struck.  Employer-controlled  hir- 
ing halls  (Fink  halls)  established  at 
that  time,  where  blacklist  has  been  in 
vogue. 

193  3 — Formation  of  International 
Longshoremen's  association.  Represen- 
tatives sent  to  Washington,  D.  C,  to 
help  formulate  code  for  shipping  indus- 
try under  Section  7-A  of  the  NRA. 
American  shipowners'  association  op- 
pose decent  labor  provisions,  prevent 
adoption  of  a  code,  and  oppose  any  sta- 
bilization or  rates  through  a  code. 

1934 — February  25,  a  convention  of 
Pacific  coast  locals  of  I.  L.  A.  and  defi- 
nite program  adopted.  Strike  called  for 
March  2  3.  President  Roosevelt  request- 
ed longshoremen  to  defer  strike  and  an- 
nounced appointment  of  board  to  hear 
facts.  Strike  called  off.  Longshoremen 
and  employers  present  their  respective 
contentions  to  Dean  Grady  and  board. 

April  3 — "Gentlemen's  agreement" 
consummated.  Employers  refuse  to  com- 
ply with  spirit  of  settlement. 

May  9 — District  President  Lewis  calls 
for    longshoremen    to    strike,    with    100 


per  cent  effective.  Assistant  Secretary 
of  Labor  McGrady  sent  to  San  Francisco 
to  assist  previously  appointed  board  to 
settle  strike.  Employers  refuse  to  con- 
cede one  single  point,  and  insist  on  con- 
trol of  hiring  halls.  This  proposal  re- 
jected 100  per  cent  by  entire  member- 
ship of  Pacific  coast  longshoremen. 
Longshoremen  agree  to  arbitrate  wages, 
hours  and  conditions  of  work  at  future 
date,  but  hold  out  for  control  of  own 
hiring  halls.  Strike  situation  augmented 
through  strikes  of  maritime  organiza- 
tions. Union  teamsters  refuse  to  haul 
from  docks  or  to  touch  "hot  freight." 
Then  organized  capital  through  Mer- 
chants' and  Manufacturers'  association, 
and  Industrial  association  got  busy. 
News  reaches  labor  organizations  that 
defeat  of  longshoremen  will  be  first  step 
in  curtailing  activities  of  organized  la- 
bor. Police  forces  brought  in,  later  Na- 
tional Guard.  Labor  thoroughly  aroused, 
and  the  rest  is  history. 


Really  Big  Breezes 

Scientific  measurements  of  wind  ve- 
locities by  means  of  well-exposed  pres- 
sure tube  anemometers,  fixed  at  a 
height  of  40  feet  above  the  ground, 
show  that  the  wind  never  blows  stead- 
ily. Its  speed  is  made  up  of  a  succes- 
sion of  gusts  and  lulls.  Thus  the  tre- 
mendous velocities  that  occur  in  trop- 
ical zones  are  of  momentary  duration 
only.  While  it  is  believed  that  gusts  of 
wind  in  tornadoes  sometimes  attain  a 
speed  of  over  200  miles  an  hour,  the 
highest  wind  velocity  ever  measured  sci- 
entifically is  150  miles  an  hour.  This 
has  been  registered  on  two  occasions — 
at  Black  river,  Jamaica,  on  November 
17,  1912,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Columbia 
river,  Washington,  on  January  29,  1921. 
The  fastest  wind  ever  recorded  in  the 
British  Isles  was  111  miles  an  hour  dur- 
ing a  gale  at  Scilly  on  December  6,  1929. 
As  proof  of  wind's  fitfulness,  the  aver- 
age speed  for  an  hour's  run  of  this  par- 
ticular wind  amounted  to  only  68  miles. 
— Tit-Bits.  Magazine. 


THE     CARPENTER 


THE  RAREST  WOOD  IN  THE  WORLD 

(By  Fred  E.  Kunkel,  in  Wood  Construction) 


N  the  Spring  of  1931, 
Congressman  M.  H.  That- 
cher, of  Kentucky,  re- 
quested Dr.  Julius  Klein, 
Assistant  Secretary  of 
Commerce,  to  secure  a 
supply  of  cedar  of  Lebanon  logs,  suffi- 
ent  for  the  panelling  of  one  room  in  the 
new  Scottish  Rite  Temple  at  Louisville, 
Ky. 

Previously  Congressman  Thatcher 
had  travelled  through  Damascus  and 
Beirut,  chief  seaport  of  Syria,  on  a 
travel  tour,  and  incidentally  searched 
far  and  near  for  logs  of  this  famous 
tree — so  celebrated  in  history,  but  it 
was  nowhere  to  be  found.  Then  he 
talked  to  the  leading  fabricating  plants 
in  Damascus,  but  everywhere  they  said: 
"We  just  can't  find  any  Cedar  of  Leba- 
non anywhere." 

The  Congressman  then  asked  the  Bu- 
reau of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Com- 
merce to  aid  him  in  his  search  because 
of  its  international  contacts.  Dr.  Klein 
then  passed  the  word  down  to  the  Na- 
tional Committee  on  Wood  Utilization 
to  begin  a  world  wide  search. 

An  appeal  was  immediately  broad- 
cast to  department  offices  in  London 
and  Paris,  and  numerous  leads  were 
followed  up,  but  from  every  source  it 
was  learned  that  the  French  govern- 
ment, having  a  mandate  over  Syria,  did 
not  permit  any  cutting  of  cedar  logs, 
and  that  no  supplies  could  be  secured 
through  official  channels. 

Then  Axel  H.  Oxholm,  Director  of 
the  National  Committee  on  Wood  Utili- 
zation, was  abroad  on  a  business  trip  in 
Europe,  and  he  undertook  to  scout 
around  everywhere,  but  none  of  the 
wood  could  be  found — much  less  pur- 
chased with  love  or  money.  It  proved  to 
be  rarer  than  "radium"  and  more  price- 
less than  gold,  silver,  diamonds  or  pre- 
cious stones. 

Cedar  of  Lebanon  formerly  covered 
the  mountain  slope  of  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains of  Syria.  These  mountains  rise  up 
to  10,000  feet  and  are  snow-capped  the 
year  round.  The  mountains  may  be  seen 
far  out  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  upon 
entering  the  coast  of  Syria. 

Today  the  cedar  of  Lebanon  has  dis- 
appeared with  the  exception  of  the  small 


grove  consisting  of  400  trees  standing 
alone  in  a  depression  in  the  mountain 
6,000  feet  above  sea  level  and  about 
3,500  feet  below  the  summit  of  the 
mountain. 

The  mountain  has  been  denuded  of 
forests  for  hundreds  of  years.  So  far 
back  as  A.  D.  15  5  0  only  2  8  cedar  trees 
were  counted.  Today  there  are  about 
400  trees,  of  which  11  or  more  are  very 
old.  Some  of  them,  no  doubt,  were 
young  trees  in  the  time  of  King  Solo- 
mon's reign,  for  he  cut  trees  on  the 
mountain  of  Lebanon  to  build  his  tem- 
ple— at  least,  so  we  learn  from  biblical 
history. 

The  largest  tree  is  only  100  feet  high, 
and  each  tree  carries  a  Biblical  name. 
One  of  the  famous  trees,  still  standing, 
is  The  St.  James,  which  has  a  circum- 
ference of  47  feet. 

In  recent  decades  a  wall  has  been 
constructed  around  this  grove  to  pro- 
tect it  from  roving  animals,  chiefly 
goats. 

Why  this  grove  should  be  left,  like 
an  oasis,  is  a  matter  of  speculation.  The 
probable  explanation  is  found  in  the 
presence  of  a  stream  flowing  nearby  an 
otherwise  arid  region. 

Around  this  grove  a  great  many  leg- 
ends have  been  told.  The  Maronite 
priests  living  in  the  region  say  that  the 
grove  was  planted  by  Jesus  Christ,  a 
belief  which  is  based  on  the  poetical 
passage  in  the  104th  Psalm  referring  to 
"Cedars  of  Lebanon,  which  the  Lord 
has  planted." 

As  a  traveler  stands  on  the  summit 
of  the  Lebanon  mountain,  nearly  10,- 
000  feet  high,  he  is  looking  over  a  vast 
expanse  of  arid  land.  Below  on  the 
slope  he  sees  what  still  remains  of  the 
original  Cedar  of  Lebanon  trees,  the 
remnant  of  what  was  once  a  mighty  for- 
est. Further  on  the  mountain  slope 
there  are  ruins  of  ancient  temples. 

Along  its  sides  have  passed  Assyrians, 
Babylonians,  Egyptians,  Phoenicians, 
Greeks,  Romans,  Christians  and  Mos- 
lems. All  around  this  mountain  the 
Crusaders  for  hundreds  of  years 
marched  their  armies  to  liberate  the 
Holy  Land  from  the  heathens  and  dur- 
ing the  later  world  war,  Christians  and 
Moslems  again  came  to  grips. 


THE     CARPENTER 


But  the  prophesy  that  Lebanon 
should  fall  and  the  tall  cedars  be  cut 
down  came  true.  What  was  once  a  fer- 
tile region,  heavily  stocked  with  cedar 
trees,  is  now  grazing  land  and  only 
sparsely  populated. 

Lebanon  has  always  remained  a  sa- 
cred place  and  for  hundreds  of  years 
pilgrims  have  traveled  through  the  re- 
gion carrying  away  Cedar  of  Lebanon 
wood  for  crucifixes  and  relics.  This 
practice  alone  threatened  in  the  16th 
Century  to  extinguish  what  little  was 
left  of  these  trees  in  any  way.  The  rigor 
of  this  edict  has  been  maintained  ever 
since  and  today  the  cedar  grove  is  pro- 
tected and  no  cutting  whatsoever  is 
permitted. 

Sacred  history  also  informs  us  that 
Moses  heard  of  the  beauty  of  the  moun- 
tains of  Lebanon  and  longed  to  see  it 
before  he  died.  "I  pray  thee,"  he  ex- 
claimed, "let  me  go  over  and  see  the 
good  land  that  is  beyond  the  Jordan 
and  that  goodly  Mount  Lebanon." 

This  was  Lebanon  at  the  time  Jeru- 
salem was  in  her  glory.  The  region 
furnished  the  valuable  cedar  wood  not 
only  for  the  temples  but  for  many  other 
buildings  of  great  importance. 

The  wood  possesses  rare  and  valu- 
able properties,  rendering  it  highly  re- 
sistant to  the  destructive  forces  of  na- 
ture. For  this  reason  it  is  said  that 
King  Solomon  selected  this  material  for 
the  building  of  his  temple,  whfch  he 
called  "The  House  of  the  Lord." 

And  this  was  more  than  3,000  years 
ago,  but  still  the  same  cedar  of  Lebanon 
as  a  superior  structural  material  re- 
mains. Ever  since  the  time  of  the  Cru- 
saders this  wood  entered  International 
Commerce.  We  find,  for  instance,  in 
the  Palace  of  Versailles,  the  richly 
carved  gateway,  above  which  was  in- 
scribed "The  Hospital  of  the  Knights 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  of  the  Island 
of  Rhodos."  This  is  made  of  cedar  of 
Lebanon,  and  in  spite  of  its  great  an- 
tiquity, its  state  of  preservation  is  per- 
fect. 

But  the  great  demand  for  Cedar  of 
Lebanon  almost  completely  exhausted 
the  resources  and  for  decades  past  no 
timber  whatever  has  been  cut  or  taken 
from  the  region. 

In  168  3  Cedar  of  Lebanon  was  plant- 
ed in  England  and  similar  experiments 
made  in  France,  and  other  countries  at 
a  later  date.  In  the  United  States  there 
are  a  few  trees  in  existence,  notably  in 


Flushing,  Long  Island,  and  one  Cedar 
of  Lebanon  in  the  Cathedral  Grounds  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  Other  species  may 
be  found  at  Arlington,  Va.,  around  Lee's 
Mansion. 

The  cedar  tree  is  universally  consid- 
ered as  the  symbol  of  eternity.  Hence, 
it  is  said  that  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant 
was  made  of  cedar. 

The  Department  of  Commerce  con- 
tinued the  search  to  procure  some  wood 
either  from  an  old  building  which  was 
being  wrecked  or  in  some  other  manner 
sought  to  obtain  Cedar  of  Lebanon. 

Then  one  day  the  American  Consul 
General,  H.  S.  Goold,  at  Beirut,  Syria, 
learned  of  a  small  supply  of  Cedar  of 
Lebanon  planks  that  had  been  lying  in 
an  attic  in  a  furniture  maker's  shop. 
These  planks,  it  seems,  had  been  held 
for  a  French  officer,  who  bad  visited  the 
region  before  the  war,  but  never  re- 
turned to  claim  them. 

These  planks  had  been  taken  out  of 
an  old  house,  and  were  centuries  old. 
A  sample  was  forwarded  to  the  National 
Committee  on  Wood  Utilization  for  mi- 
crosopic  identification.  Committee  ex- 
perts, in  co-operation  with  experts  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Wash- 
igton,  determined  from  microscopic  ex- 
amination, that  the  wood  was  genuine 
Cedar  of  Lebanon,  quite  different  and 
distinct  from  other  species  of  cedars. 

It  was  then  arranged  to  have  the 
planks  crated  and  forwarded  to  the 
United  States,  identified  with  Consular 
seals. 

Small  samples  of  each  plank  were 
cut  off,  prior  to  shipment,  and  forward- 
ed direct  to  the  National  Committee  on 
Wood  Utilization,  for  indentification, 
and  a  final  test  proved  that  the  lumber 
was  in  fact  genuine  Cedar  of  Lebanon 
and  a  certificate  to  this  effect  was  is- 
sued. 


Wood  That  Does  Not  Rot 

The  wood  of  the  mangrove  tree 
which  is  found  in  French  Guiana,  is 
considered  by  the  French  as  a  wood 
that  will  not  rot.  All  exposure  and  ef- 
forts to  break  down  its  fiber  in  four 
years'  experiments  by  the  French  rail- 
way service  has  been  useless. 

The  grain  of  the  wood  is  so  close  as 
to  practically  exclude  all  moisture.  Its 
density  is  placed  at  110,  as  against  40 
for  fir  and  70  for  oak. 

— American  Builder. 


THE     CARPENTER 


HOME  MODERNIZATION,  UNEMPLOYMENT  INSUR- 
ANCE AND   PENSIONS    FOR  AGED,    URGED    FOR 
CONSIDERATION   OF   NEXT    CONGRESS 


^sip  BROAD  plan  to  promote 
the  security  of  the  masses 
of  America  in  their 
homes,  their  jobs  and 
during  old  age  was  sub- 
mitted to  Congress  by 
President  Roosevelt  in  a  message  set- 
ting forth  proposals  for  social  legisla- 
tion for  the  consideration  of  the  next 
Congress,  which,  convenes  the  first  week 
in  January,  1935. 

Home  life,  the  President  said,  must 
be  enhanced  by  modernizing  existing 
homes  and  building  new  ones,  coupled 
with  better  use  of  the  nation's  land  and 
water  resources  with  special  attention 
given  to  some  of  the  millions  of  jobless 
workers  as  well  as  to  farmers  now  try- 
ing to  eke  out  a  living  on  submarginal 
or  unproductive  lands. 

On  the  questions  of  unemployment 
insurance  and  pensions  for  destitute 
aged  the  President  said: 

"Fear  and  worry  based  on  unknown 
danger  contribute  to  social  unrest  and 
economic  demoralization.  If,  as  our 
Constitution  tells  us,  our  Federal  Gov- 
ernment was  established  among  other 
things  'to  promote  the  general  wel- 
fare,' it  is  our  duty  to  provide  for  that 
security  upon  which  welfare  depends. 

"Next  winter  we  may  well  undertake 
the  great  task  of  furthering  the  security 
of  the  citizen  and  his  family  through 
social  insurance. 

"This  is  not  an  untried  experiment. 
Lessons  of  experience  are  available 
from  States,  from  industries  and  from 
many  nations  of  the  civilized  world.  The 
various    types    of    social    insurance    are 


interrelated;  and  I  think  it  is  difficult 
to  attempt  to  solve  them  piecemeal. 
Hence,  I  am  looking  for  a  sound  means 
which  I  can  recommend  to  provide  at 
once  security  against  several  of  the 
great  disturbing  factors  in  life — espec- 
ially those  which  relate  to  unemploy- 
ment and  old  age. 

"I  believe  there  should  be  a  maxi- 
mum of  co-operation  between  States 
and  the  Federal  Government.  I  believe 
that  the  funds  necessary  to  provide  this 
insurance  should  be  raised  by  contribu- 
tion rather  than  by  an  increase  in  gen- 
eral taxation. 

"Above  all,  I  am  convinced  that  social 
insurance  should  be  national  in  scope, 
although  the  several  States  should  meet 
at  least  a  large  portion  of  the  cost  of 
management,  leaving  to  the  Federal 
Government  the  responsiblities  of  in- 
vesting, maintaining  and  safe-guarding 
the  funds  constituting  the  necessary  in- 
surance reserves. 

"I  have  commenced  to  make,  with  the 
greatest  care,  the  necessary  actuarial 
and  other  studies  for  the  formulation 
of  plans  for  the  consideration  of  the 
Seventy-fourth  Congress." 

In  concluding  his  message,  the  Presi- 
dent declared: 

"We  must  dedicate  ourselves  anew  to 
a  recovery  of  the  old  and  sacred  pos- 
sessive rights  for  which  mankind  has 
constantly  struggled — homes,  livelihood 
and  individual  security.  The  road  to 
these  values  is  the  way  of  progress. 
Neither  you  nor  I  will  rest  content  un- 
til we  have  done  our  utmost  to  move 
further  on  that  road." 


WOOD-EATING  TERMITES  NOW  RAVAGE  AMERICA 

(By  R.  M.  Bolen) 


HRIVING  on  a  diet  of  dead 
wood,  an  army  of  antlike 
insects  called  termites  is 
costing  American  home 
owners  more  than  $30,- 
000,000  every  year.  Once 
common  only  in  the  tropics,  they  now 
have  invaded  almost  every  section  of 
the  United  States,  devouring  all  manner 
of  wood  from  poles  to  grand  pianos. 


Even  a  modern  theater  in  the  crowd- 
ed heart  of  New  York  City  has  proved 
a  choice  item  on  their  bill  of  fare.  Not 
long  ago,  a  housewife  was  seated  at 
the  breakfast  table.  Suddenly,  as  she 
reached  for  her  cup  of  coffee,  the  table 
swayed  and  crashed  to  the  floor,  its  legs 
literally  hollowed  out  by  "white  ants." 

In  another  instance,  two  real  estate 
agents  were  inspecting  a  large  southern 


THE     CARPENTER 


hotel  that  had  been  closed  for  several 
months.  A  peculiar  looking  finish  on 
the  floor  of  the  ball  room  interested 
them.  On  closer  inspection,  the  var- 
nished surface  proved  to  be  as  thin  as 
paper.  Almost  the  entire  hardwood  floor 
had  been  consumed  by  termites. 

Although  forty-six  species  of  termites 
(sometimes  erroneously  referred  to  as 
"white  ants")  are  known  to  exist  in 
this  country,  entomologists  place  the 
blame  for  most  of  the  damage  on  the 
subterranean  branch  of  the  family.  Liv- 
ing in  well-organized  nests,  or  termi- 
taries, below  the  ground,  they  bore  in- 
genious honeycombs  of  galleries  and 
far-reaching  tunnels  to  aid  them  in  their 
destructive  work. 

Heading  each  nest  are  a  king  and 
queen  who  breed  the  millions  of  work- 
ers, soldiers,  and  reproductive  swarm- 
ers.  Operating  like  thieves,  silently  and 
in  the  dark,  the  termite  workers,  small, 
blind,  and  sexless,  are  seldom  seen  and 
give  no  warning  of  their  presence  until 
a  floor  gives  way  or  a  chair  collapses. 

The  winged  members  are  the  advance 
guard  of  the  insect  army.  Swarming 
from  their  nest  when  full  grown,  they 
lose  their  wings  and  bore  deep  into  the 
ground  to  form  new  colonies  as  ruling 
kings  and  queens.  Once  the  nest  has 
been  established,  it  is  a  question  of  time 
only  until  thousands  of  ravenous  work- 
ers are  gnawing  at  the  baseboards,  tim- 
bers, and  beams  of  some  near-by  house. 
The  soldiers,  with  their  pincerlike  jaws, 
protect  the  workers  against  their  nat- 
ural enemies,  the  ants. 

Even  concrete  or  brick  foundation 
walls  prove  no  obstacle  to  these  termite 
workers.  Shunning  the  light  and  dry 
air,  they  span  the  concrete  by  building 
tiny  vine-like  tunnels  that  resemble 
harmless  streaks  of  hardened  mud. 
Dozens  of  these  tubes  often  can  be  found 
spreading  over  a  few  square  feet  of 
cellar  like  the  veins  and  arteries  in  the 
back  of  your  hand. 

As  unique  as  the  termite's  mode  of 
living  is  its  extraordinary  method  of 
digestion.  Although  they  live  almost  en- 
tirely on  wood,  they  cannot  digest  it. 
This  portion  of  their  work  is  done  for 
them  by  microscopic  one-celled  crea- 
tures called  protozoa  that  inhabit  the 
termite's  intestinal   tract. 

The  first  warning  of  the  termite's  in- 
vasion of  the  United  States  came  when 
a  public  library  in  Pasadena,  Calif.,  was 


attacked  in  1926.  Since  then  builders, 
chemists,  and  government  scientists 
have  been  devising  means  to  combat  the 
termite. 

To  date  two  general  methods  of  ter- 
mite control  have  been  advanced.  The 
first  is  to  cut  off  the  termites'  food  sup- 
ply. To  do  this,  it  is  necessary  first,  of 
course,  to  remove  all  means  of  com- 
munication between  the  ground  and  the 
wood  of  the  building.  Cut  off  from  his 
nest  and  a  supply  of  moisture,  the  ter- 
mite lives  only  a  short  time.  Then 
changes  in  construction  can  be  made 
to  protect  the  wood  surfaces.  Metal  ter- 
mite shields  can  be  installed  to  prevent 
the  workers  from  reaching  his  goal. 

One  of  the  latest  contributions  to  the 
weapons  of  termite  control  are  glass 
bricks.  It  is  claimed  that  used  to  form 
the  top  of  a  foundation  wall  they  pre- 
vent the  termite  from  building  his  com- 
municating tunnels  to  the  wood  above. 

The  second  method  of  defeating  the 
termites  in  infested  structures  is  to  en- 
list the  services  of  some  reputable-con- 
trol company.  Their  experts  armed  with 
chemicals  compounded  according  to 
special  formulas  guarantee  five  years  of 
relief  once  they  have  treated  a  building. 

Obviously,  the  best  way  to  combat 
the  termite  is  to  construct  termite-proof 
buildings.  If  you  are  planning  a  house 
or  are  having  one  built,  make  sure  your 
contractor  takes  every  possible  precau- 
tion against  a  termite  invasion.  Be  sure 
the  ground  beneath  the  house  is  cleaned 
of  tree  stumps,  wood  chips,  and  other 
rubbish.  Take  precautions  to  avoid 
dampness  and  poor  ventilation  and  in- 
sist that  a  treated  wood  be  used  in  the 
understructure  close  to  the  ground.  If 
your  house  is  to  have  a  cellar,  provide 
a  carefully  laid,  crack-proof  floor  and 
make  sure  that  all  foundation  forms  are 
removed  when  the  work  is  completed. 
—  (Popular  Science.) 


A  Simple  Method  to  Remove  Splinters 

When  a  splinter  has  gone  very  deep 
into  the  flesh,  try  extracting  by  steam. 
Heat  a  wide-mouthed  bottle  and  fill  it 
two-thirds  full  of  very  hot  water  and 
place  under  the  injured  spot.  The  suc- 
tion draws  the  flesh  down  when  a  little 
pressure  is  used,  and  the  steam  in  a  few 
minutes  removes  both  splinter  and  in- 
flamation.  This  method  is  particularly 
good  when  the  splinter  has  been  in  for 
some  time. 


THE    CARPENTER 


IT'S  BETTER  TO   OWN  A  HOME  THAN  TO   RENT 

(By  Robert  J.  Crampton) 


F  YOU  ask  one  man  what 
he  thinks  of  owning  his 
own  home,  he  may  growl 
at  you,  "A  white  ele- 
phant." Another  may 
quietly  say,  "A  nest  egg." 
Many  of  these  so-called  "white  ele- 
phants," if  thoroughly  analyzed,  will  be 
found  to  have  earned  their  retirement. 
There  are  others  that  are  the  result  of 
improper  or  over-financed  construction. 
The  lack  of  good  judgment  is  probably 
just  as  prevalent  outside  the  building 
industry  as  in  it.  Often-times  we  may 
find  this:  Many  people  talk  about  how 
hard  the  depression  has  hit  them  when 
they  lost  their  $12,000  home.  Many 
times  probably  all  they  lost  was  $1,- 
200,  the  amount  they  had  paid  down, 
and  then  lived  in  the  house  for  two 
years  without  paying  any  rent  or  paying 
anything  on  the  purchase  price  of  the 
house.  Isn't  it  odd  how  some  people  en- 
joy adversity? 

With  all  this  ado  about  building 
homes,  and  with  even  "Knights  of  the 
Road,"  demanding  shelter,  we  all  know 
it  affects  our  pocketbook  one  way  or 
another.  There  is  a  measure  of  satisfac- 
tion in  owning  a  home,  provided  it  be 
within  our  means,  that  we  cannot  de- 
rive from  rent  receipts,  or  from  any 
other  form  of  investment. 

In  the  Army,  the  band  is  not  per- 
mitted to  play  that  old  favorite,  "Home 
Sweet  Home,"  unless  the  troops  are 
actually  on  the  way  home.  Is  that  prac- 
tical sentimentality? 

The  '"white  elephant"  home  may  be 
thirty  years  old,  or  older,  with  doors 
eight  feet  high,  and  with  ceilings  eleven 
feet  in  height.  The  cost  of  heating  is  a 
young  fortune,  and  the  cost  of  keeping 
clean,  either  backbreaking  or  expensive 
or  both.  The  insurance,  taxes  and  re- 
pairs are  burdensome.  Would  we  hang 
on  to  an  automobile  thirty  years  and 
spend  a  lot  of  money  to  keep  it  in 
running  condition?  Or  the  old  wood 
stove  in  the  kitchen,  or  the  old  family 
horse  and  buggy?  Our  requirements  for 
a  home  have  probably  changed  in  the 
thirty  years,  but  like  an  old  pair  of 
shoes,  we  still  cling  to  it. 

Perhaps  we  try  to  tell  ourselves  that 
we  will  lose  a  lot  of  money  if  we,  sell. 
Is  that  practical  sentimentality?    Won't 


we  lose  more  money  if  we  don't  sell? 
Just  because  a  home  has  become  the 
"old  homestead,"  and  more  or  less  has 
a  sentimental  value,  we  often  do  not  put 
it  to  the  test  of  other  forms  of  invest- 
ment. Haven't  we  long  since  had  our 
cost  out  of  it — in  shelter?  Hasn't  the 
old  home  paid  its  way,  so  to  speak? 

There  is  another  "white  elephant." 
It  is  called  "keeping  up  with  the 
Jones's,"  of  which  most  of  us  are  guilty. 
We  should  not  object  to  paying  the  fid- 
dler— when  we  danced. 

How  many  people  do  you  know  who 
sold  their  homes  after  the  war  for  twice 
as  much  as  it  cost  them  before  the  war? 
I  know  some  of  them  also. 

Of  course,  we  were  all  sold  on  the 
idea  that  during  the  boom  times  we 
were  in  a  period  of  everlasting  pros- 
perity. Most  of  us,  anyway.  This  get- 
ting intoxicated  on  prosperity  in  prohi- 
bition days  is  enlightening  now. 

The  home  owner  is  only  partially  to 
blame  for  the  over-priced  home  he 
bought  or  built.  The  home  building  in- 
dustry has  just  been  human  with  plenty 
of  frailties.  As  a  whole,  especially  in 
the  material  part  of  it,  the  home  build- 
ing industry  is  almost  as  unwieldy  as 
the  farming  industry,  where  co-ordina- 
tion is  almost  impossible.  When  butch- 
ers and  bakers  and  candlestick  makers 
become  carpenters  for  six  months  in 
order  to  build  a  house  for  sale,  why  be 
so  hard  on  those  who  were  speculating 
in  the  stock  market? 

I  dare  say  that  95%  of  the  houses 
built  during  the  boom  times  required 
financing.  They  got  the  money  to  do 
it,  and  the  credit  to  buy  material,  too. 
We  are  paying  for  it — "willy  or  nilly" 
— and  when  the  leveling  process  is  com- 
plete, we  will  probably  find  the  home 
owner  has  a  property  worth  about  two- 
thirds  of  what  he  paid  for  it,  less  de- 
preciation. 

Consider  the  money  that  was  spent  to 
buy  other  things — such  as  stocks  and 
bonds  (especially  foreign  bonds).  Where 
have  those  values  gone  and  what  is 
their  prospect  of  returning  to  some 
level?  Probably  not  to  the  two-thirds, 
as  in  a  home,  within  the  next  two  or 
three  years. 

A  great  many  people  say  it  is  cheaper 
to  pay  rent  than  to  own  your  own  home. 


1U 


THE     CARPENTER 


Well,  what  about  it?  There  are  apart- 
ment houses,  double  houses,  boarding 
houses  and  single  houses.  I  dare  say 
that  if  only  50%  of  the  families  of  the 
United  States  owned  their  own  homes, 
the  cost  and  extravagance  of  govern- 
ment, national,  state  and  local,  would 
be  considerably  decreased.  When  taxes 
touch  our  pocketbooks  directly,  we  are 
prodded  to  some  action  to  get  them  re- 
duced. Give  us  a  nation  of  60%  home 
owners,  and  depressions  may  be  further 
apart,  and,  let  us  hope,  more  gentle. 

Suppose  you  have  an  income  of 
$200.00  per  month.  Not  more  than 
one-fourth  of  it  should  be  used  for 
shelter,  either  in  rent  or  to  apply  on 
the  purchase  of  a  home.  A  practical 
rule  for  investment  in  a  home  is  one 
hundred  times  your  rent  cost  per  month, 
or  $5,000.00.  The  one  member  of  a 
family  who  wrants  a  home  is  the  mother, 
usually.  To  her  a  home  means  security, 
even  more  than  life  insurance,  because 
to  her  it  is  something  real — something 
tangible. 

A  bank  normally  will  loan  one-half 
of  the  value  of  the  house  and  lot.  The 
balance  is  up  to  you  to  have.  The  cost 
of  your  lot  should  be  about  one-fifth  of 
the  total  cost  of  the  house  and  lot,  or 
not  more  than  $1,000.00.  You  will  be 
more  than  satisfied  if  your  lot  is  large 
enough  to  play  in,  and  to  accommodate 
a  garden  plot.  The  money  you  borrow 
from  fhe  bank  should  be  paid  back  as 
quickly  as  possible.  The  6  %  interest 
they  charge  you  on  $2,500.00,  or 
$150.00  per  year,  can  be  converted  into 
more  protection  for  your  family  if  you 
put  most  of  your  $50.00  per  month 
into  interest  and  paying  off  your  loan. 
Your  insurance,  taxes  and  repairs,  over 
a  long  period,  will  amount  to  about 
3  %  of  the  total  value,  usually.  By  the 
way,  in  most  states,  if  your  house  is  not 
completed  by  tax  listing  day,  you  have 
one  year's  grace  or  until  the  next  tax 
listing  day  before  it  is  put  on  the  list 
for  taxing  purposes.  The  county  treas- 
urer usually  sends  out  tax  bills  each  six 
months  thereafter,  so  you  can  apply 
what  you  save  in  paying  off  your  loan. 
Stretch  a  point  on  your  $50.00  per 
month,  and  take  out  term  life  insurance 
for  the  unpaid  amount  of  your  loan,  for 
protection  of  your  family  in  event  of 
your  death  or  total  disability.  Decrease 
the  insurance  as  you  pay  off  the  loan. 

During  the  first  two  or  three  years, 
very  little  money  should  be  required  for 


repairs.  Use  most  of  your  old  furniture 
in  the  new  home,  as  the  difference  in 
credit  and  cash  payments  is  consider- 
able. 

Let  us  allow  3  %  on  insurance,  taxes, 
upkeep,  etc.,  or  $120.00  per  year.  Your 
$50.00  per  month  amounts  to  $600.00 
per  year.  Deduct  the  $120.00  which 
we  have  allowed  for  insurance,  taxes, 
upkeep,  etc.,  and  $150.00  interest,  and 
you  have  $330.00  per  year  to  apply  on 
your  loan.  In  six  and  one-half  years 
your  loan  will  be  paid  off.  Bear  in 
mind  that  as  you  pay  off  your  loan,  the 
interest  decreases  and  is  applied  to  pay- 
ment of  principal.  After  six  and  one- 
half  years  your  rent  becomes  only  what 
your  insurances,  taxes,  repairs  and  de- 
preciation amount  to.  The  life  of  your 
new  house  should  not  be  considered 
more  than  that  of  one  generation,  or 
twenty  years.  In  twenty  years,  you 
should  be  able  to  sell  your  house  for  at 
least  one-half  of  its  total  cost,  of 
$2,500.00. 

Now  let  us  see  what  you  would  have 
paid  in  rent  in  the  thirteen  and  one-half 
years  since  you  have  paid  off  your  loan. 
$600.00  per  year  rent  minus  $120.00 
up-keep  cost,  equals  $480.00  per  year 
for  thirteen  and  one-half  years,  or 
$6,480.00  total  rent.  Allow  a  loss  for 
depreciation  of  $2,500.00,  which  leaves 
you  a  balance  of  $3,980.00,  which  you 
should  have  left,  plus  interest,  after  20 
years,  providing  you  paid  yourself 
$50.00  per  month  less  3%  upkeep,  for 
rent.  You  still  have  the  home,  now 
worth,  let  us  say,  only  $2,500.00.  Now 
you  sell  your  home  for  $2,500.00,  and 
that  amount  plus  $3,980.00  leaves  a 
gross  amount  of  $6,480.00.  During  this 
time  you  have  not  charged  yourself  in- 
terest on  your  $2,500.00  originally  in- 
vested. Let's  do  that  roughly.  Six  per 
cent  on  $2,500.00 — $150.00  per  year  for 
20  years  is  $3,000.00.  Deduct  that  from 
$6,480.00,  and  you  have  $3,480.00  left. 

You  have  had  rent  much  cheaper  than 
if  you  had  rented  the  same  kind  of  a 
house  from  a  landlord,  received  six  per 
cent  interest  on  your  original  invest- 
ment, received  your  original  investment 
all  back,  besides  a  good  profit. 

Let  us  see  what  a  landlord  would 
have  charged  you  for  renting  the  same 
house,  costing  the  same  money.  The 
interest  on  borrowed  money  has  been 
established  for  a  good  many  years  at 
6%.  The  landlord,  over  a  period  of  20 
years  (useful  life  of  an  average  house). 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


wants  his  six  per  cent  interest  on  his 
investment.  When  his  house  is  vacant, 
the  real  estate  man  charges  him  a 
month's  rent  for  finding  a  tenant.  It 
is  fair  to  assume  that  during  a  one-year 
period  there  will  be  a  one-month  va- 
cancy, and  one  month's  rental  charge 
to  be  added  to  the  yearly  rental,  or 
$100.00  per  year.  People  who  rent  gen- 
erally want  more  papering  and  decorat- 
ing done  than  an  owner,  so  it  is  fair  to 
add  1  %  to  his  upkeep  cost,  or  $50.00 
per  year.  In  place  of  getting  $600.00 
per  year  rent,  as  the  owner  does,  he 
must  add  $150.00,  making  $750.00  per 
year  rent  in  order  for  him  to  get  his 
6  %  interest  on  his  investment.  If  you 
had  rented  this  house  you  would  have 
paid  $150.00  more  per  year,  or  in  20 
years,  $3,000.00  more,  with  rent  receipts 
as  your  investment  in  cost  of  shelter. 

We  might  ask  this:  From  where  does 
the  landlord  get  his  original  investment 
back?  Part  of  it  in  the  sale  of  his  house 
after  20  years,  for  $2,5  00.00,  and  the 
balance   must  come   out   of  his   six  per 


cent  rent  income  or  by  charging  more 
rent. 

It  is  fair  to  assume  that  as  your  home 
depreciates  in  value,  the  appraisal  and 
taxes  should  be  reduced.  It  is  not  specu- 
lation in  homes  we  want,  neither  can  we 
compare  buying  or  building  at  depres- 
sion prices.  But  an  average  price  of 
material  and  labor  over  the  20-year  pe- 
riod would  give  us  a  basis  of  estimating 
what  a  house  should  normally  be  worth. 
If  you  can  buy  or  build  at  depression 
prices,  make  the  most  of  it. 

Fit  a  home  to  your  income — make  it 
a  comfort,  a  haven,  a  satisfaction,  with- 
out being  a  burden.  It  will  weather  a 
financial  storm  better  than  most  any 
other  form  of  investment. 

What  man  is  there  who  does  not 
cherish  the  memories  of  his  boyhood 
home? 

What  Mother  is  there  who  does  not 
want  a  home  for  her  children? 

There  are  "white  elephants"  and 
there  are  "nest  eggs." — (Wood  Con- 
struction.) 


PLASTERING  AND  MOISTURE  IN  WOODWORK 

(By  L.  V.  Teesdale,  Senior  Engineer,  Forest  Products  Laboratory) 


URING  the  plastering  op- 
eration a  large  amount  of 
water  is  brought  into  the 
building  under  construc- 
tion. Most  of  this  water 
evaporates  from  the  plas- 
ter directly  into  the  air  and  escapes 
from  the  building  through  open  doors 
and  windows,  but  some  is  absorbed  by 
the  studs,  joists,  and  other  wood  mem- 
bers. Under  favorable  conditions  of 
drying,  the  moisture  evaporates  rapidly 
from  the  plaster,  so  that  a  week  after 
the  last  coat  is  applied  the  wood  trim 
and  finish  might  be  applied,  in  so  far 
as  the  condition  of  the  plaster  itself  is 
concerned.  The  plaster,  however,  is  ac- 
tually drier  than  the  wood  grounds  and 
door  and  window  jambs  against  which 
the  trim  will  be  placed,  and  it  is  the 
moisture  content  of  such  wood  items 
rather  than  of  the  plaster  that  should  be 
used  as  a  criterion  for  determining 
when  it  is  safe  to  install  the  interior 
finish. 

In  1930  tests  were  conducted  by  the 
Forest  Products  Laboratory  in  a  dwell- 
ing in  Madison,  Wis.,  to  determine  the 
moisture     content     of     various     lumber 


items  during  the  construction  period. 
The  joints  and  studs  were  of  air-dried 
material  and  the  record  shows  that  late 
in  May  these  items  were  affected  by  a 
period  of  low  humidity,  the  studs  drop- 
ping to  14  per  cent  moisture  content. 
During  a  wet  spell  early  in  June,  just 
before  lathing,  the  same  items  picked 
up  to  about  18  per  cent. 

The  laths  were  green  when  applied, 
but  the  grounds  were  of  kiln-dried  ma- 
terial. The  first  coat  of  plaster  had  a 
marked  effect  upon  the  lath,  grounds, 
lower  plate,  and  studs  but  little  effect 
upon  the  joints.  In  the  week  between 
the  first  and  second  coats  of  plaster  the 
lath  dried  considerably  but  regained  al- 
most all  of  the  loss  from  the  second 
coat.  The  other  items  dried  but  little 
between  coats  and  were  not  materially 
affected  by  the  second  coat.  The  lower 
plates  picked  up  from  the  two  coats 
about  10  per  cent  more  than  the  studs 
and  upper  plates  and  subsequently  dried 
out  rather  slowly.  The  extra  moisture 
was  undoubtedly  taken  up  from  the 
plaster  that  passed  through  the  lath  and 
dropped  off  in  the  space  within  the  wall. 
Both   the  thick   deposit   of  plaster   and 


12 


THE     CARPENTER 


subsequently  the  installation  of  the 
baseboard  would  tend  to  hold  the  mois- 
ture in  the  lower  plates,  thus  accounting 
for  their  slower  redrying  in  comparison 
with  the  studs  and  upper  plates. 

Tests  made  on  the  plaster  10  days 
after  the  final  coat  indicated  the  pres- 
ence of  about  2  per  cent  of  moisture. 
As  no  interior  finish  was  installed  for  at 
least  a  week  after  the  plastering  was 
completed,  the  plaster  itself  could  not 
have  added  moisture  to  the  finish.  The 
slower  drying  items  of  wood,  however, 
could  have  contributed  to  moisture  gain 
wherever  the  finish  covered  it.  This  ap- 
plies particularly  to  the  base,  most  of 
which  was  placed  about  the  middle  of 
July,  when  the  moisture  content  of 
the  lower  plate  averaged  about  16 
per  cent.  During  the  following  heat- 
ing season  some  shrinkage  developed 
in  the  base.  Moisture  tests  on  the 
base  before  installation  indicated  about 
7  per  cent,  which  was  quite  satisfactory, 
but  the  shrinkage  showed  conclusively 
that  there  had  been  a  marked  moisture 
pick-up  after  installation.  The  evidence 
clearly  points  to  the  lower  plate  assem- 
bly as  the  source  of  the  trouble. 

The  conditions  in  this  house  may  be 
considered  typical  or  average  for  sum- 
mer-built houses.  During  damp  or  cold 
weather  the  drying  would  be  corre- 
spondingly retarded,  and  if  the  plaster 
dries  slowly  there  is  all  the  more  oppor- 
tunity for  moisture  to  be  absorbed  by 
the  wood.  Adequate  ventilation  should, 
of  course,  be  provided  at  all  times  of 
the  year,  as  the  evaporated  moisture  is 
air  borne,  and  a  large  amount  of  air  is 
required  to  carry  away  the  amount  of 
water  involved.  During  cold  weather, 
when  the  heating  system  or  portable 
heaters  are  used  to  prevent  freezing  of 
plaster  and  to  hasten  its  drying,  the 
windows  should  be  properly  adjusted  to 
allow  the  escape  of  the  evaporated  mois- 
ture. Even  in  the  coldest  weather  the 
windows  on  the  leeward  side  of  the 
house  should  be  opened  two  or  three 
inches,  preferably  from  the  top.  The 
maximum  amount  of  ventilation  is 
required  immediately  following  fresh 
coats  of  plaster.  After  the  bulk  of  the 
water  is  evaporated  the  amount  of  ven- 
tilation might  be  reduced  to  permit  of 
higher  temperatures. 

The  use  of  heat  in  houses  during  the 
plastering  operation  should  not  be  con- 
sidered only  a  means  of  preventing 
freezing  of  the  plaster.     It  has  several 


other  equally  important  functions,  par- 
ticularly when  the  temperatures  main- 
tained are  adequate.  It  hastens  the  dry- 
ing of  the  plaster,  of  green  masonry, 
and  of  the  moisture  absorbed  in  the 
wood  frame  and  sheathing. 

In  view  of  the  relative  drying  rates  of 
structural  parts  after  the  plaster  has 
dried,  it  is  obvious  that  door  and 
window  trim  should  be  placed  first 
and  the  base  should  be  the  last 
item,  so  as  to  allow  the  longest 
possible  time  for  the  drying  out  of  the 
lower  plate.  It  is  preferable,  in  fact, 
not  to  place  the  base  until  after  the 
finish  floor  is  laid.  Where  this  precau- 
tion is  taken  there  will  be  a  minimum 
of  shrinkage  in  the  base,  and  the  shoe 
or  quarter-round  can  be  nailed  to  the 
floor  instead  of  the  base. 

Back  painting  of  the  trim  to  protect 
it  from  moisture  absorption  is  a  rela- 
tively common  practice.  Although  this 
idea  has  merit,  the  methods  generally 
used  are  relatively  ineffective.  It  tends 
to  cause  false  security  in  the  assump- 
tion that  the  protection  offered  permits 
the  erection  of  the  trim  before  the  walls 
are  sufficiently  dry.  A  thin  coat  of  lead 
and  oil  offers  so  little  resistance  to  the 
penetration  of  moisture  that  when  used 
for  back  painting  it  is  essentially  a 
waste  of  time  and  money.  A  coat  of 
cheap  rosin  varnish  or  of  asphaltic  paint 
is  much  more  effective  and,  because  of 
the  protection  it  affords  against  absorb- 
ing moisture  unequally  on  opposite 
faces,  is  of  particular  value  when  the  in- 
terior trim  receives  part  of  the  finish- 
ing before  delivery.  There  is  no  prac- 
tical method  of  back  painting,  however, 
that  will  protect  the  dry  wood  finish 
against  moisture  absorption  when  placed 
against  damp  wood  or  plaster. 


Cutting  Iron  With  Saw 

A  good  way  to  cut  corrugated  iron: 
Place  enough  planks  on  a  pair  of  tres- 
sels  to  support  the  sheet  of  iron  well. 
Lay  the  iron  on  the  planks  so  the  line 
to  be  cut  is  directly  over  a  crack  be- 
tween the  planks.  Then  with  a  common 
eight-point  saw,  saw  down  through  the 
iron  and  the  crack  between  planks. 
Enough  pressure  should  be  placed  on 
the  saw  so  it  will  not  slide  over  the 
iron,  but  will  cut  its  way  through.  The 
sheet  may  be  cut  lengthwise,  crosswise 
or  diagonally,  with  very  little  effort,  and 
without  distorting  the  sheet. 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


THE  LABOR  STANDARD 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


IN  the  sweat  of  thy  face 
shalt  thou  eat  bread," 
/f5^ ')  was  the  first  declaration 
*"Ly*  0f  a  labor  standard.  If 
a  man  wanted  bread,  in 
those  days,  he  labored 
and  in  return  he  received  bread;  in 
other  words,  the  fruits  of  his  toil 
brought  him.  the  necessities  of  his  primi- 
tive life,  which  in  short  was  called  his 
daily  bread.  But  as  men  multiplied  and 
inhabited  different  parts  of  the  earth, 
some  took  to  tilling  the  soil,  others  took 
up  the  life  of  herdsmen  and  still  others 
became  craftsmen.  It  was  then  that  trad- 
ing began.  The  tiller  of  the  soil  traded 
things  he  had  for  things  the  tradesman 
had;  likewise  the  herdsman  traded  of 
his  herds  for  things  that  others  pro- 
duced; and  that  was  bartering,  or  the 
beginning  of  what  is  known  as  the  bar- 
ter system.  But  in  the  course  of  time, 
and  under  various  conditions,  men  saw 
that  by  conquering  other  men  and  claim- 
ing ownership  over  their  bodies,  instead 
of  living  by  the  sweat  of  their  own 
brows,  they  could  live  by  the  sweat  of 
other  men's  brows;  and  that  was  slav- 
ery. In  other  times  and  under  other 
conditions,  other  men  acquired,  by  some 
sort  of  means,  possession  of  land,  and 
they  were  known  as  Lords;  who,  though 
they  did  not  own  the  bodies  of  men, 
nevertheless,  had  the  right  to  keep  the 
men  who  were  on  their  land,  and  take 
what  those  husbandmen  produced  by  the 
sweat  of  their  brows,  and  live  by  it  as 
only  Lords  knew  how  to  live  in  those 
days,  because  they  claimed  ownership  of 
the  land;  and  that  was  feudalism.  But 
coming  down  to  our  own  times,  we  find 
that  those  old  institutions  are  worn  out, 
and  so  far  as  practical  use  is  concerned, 
forgotten.  Modern  civilization  has  aban- 
doned them  for  all  times;  public  opinion 
would  not  tolerate,  even  advocate  their 
return.  Our  own  system  is  antiquated, 
in  which  men,  in  addition  to  owning 
land,  own  mines,  oil  wells,  factories, 
means  of  transportation,  financial  insti- 
tutions and  machines.  Many  of  the  con- 
cerns that  make  up  our  present  social 
order  are  so  powerful  and  so  knit  to- 
gether, that  individuals  or  even  large 
groups  of  individuals  can  not  success- 
fully compete  with  them.  Moreover,  the 
wheels  of  those  powerful  institutions 
are  kept  going,  not  by  the  owners,  but 


by  wage  earners,  who  are  decreasing  in 
numbers  just  as  machine  efficiency  is 
increasing;  and  thus  the  owners  of  these 
concerns  are  able  to  accumulate  greater 
and  greater  fortunes,  not  by  their  own 
efforts,  but  by  the  sweat  of  the  brows 
of  other  men,  women  and  (shame  on 
them)  sometimes  children;  and  that  is 
modern  capitalism. 

"There  is  nothing  gained,"  the  phil- 
osopher said,  after  looking  back  over 
the  evolutionary  processes  of  labor  in 
the  past,  "by  patching  up  an  old  and 
worn-out  machine:  neither  is  there  any- 
thing gained  by  trying  to  pad  up  a 
worn-out  social  order,  which  has  been 
crumbling  for  years  and  now  has  fallen, 
as  it  were,  completely  to  pieces.  Pad- 
ding up  the  worn-out  system  will  mere- 
ly result  in  other  and  even  worse 
crashes;  however,  that  seems  to  be  the 
only  way  that  a  social  order  can  die  and 
finally  remain  dead." 

The  philosopher  was  looking  at  the 
breaking  social  order  as  being  sick  unto 
death;  sick  with  an  incurable  disease, 
which  if  correctly  diagnosed,  would 
amount  to  about  this:  There  is  a  fester- 
ing congestion  of  the  good  things  of 
life  near  and  around  the  greed  center 
of  the  brain,  and  this  condition  is  slow- 
ly but  surely  poisoning  the  whole  sys- 
tem. The  other  members  of  the  body 
being  undernourished  by  reason  of  the 
congestion,  are  too  weak  to  successfully 
resist  the  poisoning  effects.  How  long 
the  system  will  linger  on  under  the  stim- 
ulus of  padding  pills,  no  one  can  tell. 
One  thing,  though,  is  sure,  a  festering 
congested  condition,  such  as  our  social 
system  has  been  and  is  suffering  from, 
can  not  go  on  forever. 

"The  monetary  system  of  distribu- 
tion," the  philosopher  went  on,  speaking 
in  a  matter  of  fact  way,  "will  never 
function  properly  with  our  present  com- 
plex machine  civilization.  Science  and 
inventions  have  given  us  the  machine, 
and  the  machine  is  here,  not  only  to 
stay,  but  to  become  better  and  more 
efficient  from  year  to  year.  The  greater 
our  machine  efficiency  becomes,  the  less 
efficient  will  a  monetary  system  of  distri- 
bution function,  unless  we  come  to  a 
labor  standard  of  distribution;  a  stand- 
ard of  distribution  that  will  supply  the 
needs  of  those  who  work  first,  including, 
besides    necessities    of    life,    education, 


14 


THE     CARPENTER 


recreation  and  life-time  security  against 
want." 

What  the  philosopher  meant  by  a  la- 
bor standard  was,  that  instead  of  meas- 
uring commodities  and  labor  by  some 
commodity  which  can  easily  be  cor- 
nered or  hoarded,  as,  say,  gold,  that  we 
use  labor  as  the  standard  of  value  and 
with  it  measure  all  commodities,  thus 
making  it  impossible  for  any  man  or 
woman  who  is  able  and  willing  to  work 
to  be  forced  to  go  without  adequate 
food,  clothing  or  shelter.  Let  us  assume 
an  example — for  convenience,  let  us 
take  hours  and  minutes,  instead  of  dol- 
lars and  cents:  Now  then,  if  a  loaf  of 
bread  would  cost  ten  minutes  of  labor, 
it  should  be  possible  for  a  man  to  buy 
a  loaf  of  bread  with  a  ten-minute  labor 
coin,  and  he  should  have  the  right  and 
the  opportunity  to  earn  that  labor  coin 
in  ten  minutes  time;  all  of  which  is  the 
same  as  saying  that  the  labor  standard 
Avould  mean  that  the  working  hours 
would  have  to  be  constantly  kept  on  a 
parity  with  the  improvements  and  use  of 
machinery;  or  that  just  as  machine 
power  would  increase  and  displace  man 
power,  the  working  hours  would  have 
to  be  decreased  so  that  there  would 
never  be  a  time  when  any  man  willing 
and  able  to  work  would  have  to  suffer 
want,  while  the  supplies  of  life  were 
rotting  in  storehouses  and  in  fields. 

"We  can  not  go  back  to  the  primitive 
ways  of  living,"  the  philosopher  con- 
cluded, "where  men  toiled  and  took  the 
fruits  of  their  toil  to  satisfy  their  needs; 
neither  can  we  go  back  to  the  barter 
system  in  which  men  gave  goods  for 
goods;  our  civilization  is  too  far  ad- 
vanced for  that.  Slavery  and  feudalism 
are  unthinkable,  while  capitalism  is 
worn  out  and  crumbling  into  the  dust; 
so  the  next  step  must  be  in  a  forward 
direction,  in  keeping  with  the  advance- 
ments of  science  and  inventions.  The 
labor  standard,  which  may  not  become 
a  realizable  fact  in  our  generation,  will 
sooner  or  later  come,  and  when  it  does 
come,  huge  fortunes  and  poverty  will  at 
once  be  abolished,  while  production  will 
be  for  use  only,  and  that  will  be  the 
beginning  of  the  age  of  perpetual  plenty 
for  all." 


their  building  plans  regardless  of  any 
low  temperatures  this  winter.  Myron  L. 
Matthews  points  out  in  a  current  Dow 
Service  release  that  the  building  trades 
have  had  a  vast  experience  in  the  handl- 
ing of  alteration  and  new  work  in  cold 
weather  and  that  fear  of  damage  by 
freezing  of  concrete  need  not  deter 
builders  from  the  successful  completion 
of  a  structure  in  the  coming  months. 

"Experienced  construction  folk,"  he 
declared,  "know  there  need  be  no  let  up 
in  alteration  and  new  work  during  the 
approaching  winter  months.  At  least  not 
in  a  climate  as  temperate  as  New  York's. 
And  yet  this  may  develop  to  be  a  point 
of  resistance  by  property  owners  inex- 
perienced with  building  work  and  their 
conclusion  may  therefore  be  more  fanci- 
ful than  real.  Under  proper  planning  of 
alteration  work,  even  major  ones,  there 
need  be  no  unusual  discomfort  to  the 
tenant  due  to  winter  work. 

"Ground  can  be  broken  and  excavat- 
ed and  concrete  can  be  treated  with 
anti-freeze  mixtures.  And,  except  at  ex- 
tremely low  temperatures,  the  speed  and 
efficiency  of  craftsmen  are  not  seriously 
impaired.  As  an  example  of  what  can  be 
done  with  groups  of  identical  or  similar 
units,  visualize  six  or  more  dwellings. 
Construction  could  be  started  at  any 
time  during  the  winter  months.  The 
rigors  of  winter  cold,  however,  could  be 
avoided  entirely  under  almost  any  well- 
conceived  plan  for  progressive  construc- 
tion. 

"Hand  labor  cellar  excavation  is  not 
efficient  when  earth  is  deeply  frosted, 
but  this  is  no  barrier  to  a  steam  shovel. 
As  each  cellar  is  excavated  the  founda- 
tion walls  can  be  put  in,  and  as  the 
foundations  are  completed  the  framing 
can  go  forward,  as  the  siding  and  roof- 
ing closely  follow.  With  the  building 
shelled  and  a  temporary  heating  plant 
installed  to  remove  the  chill  from  the 
air,  workmen  can  work  efficiently  and 
speedily,  finishing  each  unit  in  good 
time  and  keeping  the  labor  cost  to  a 
minimum.  When  spring  comes  these  new 
houses  would  be  available  for  early  tak- 
ers whose  fortunes  have  improved." 


Winter  Building  Urged  on  Owners 

With  Government  and  private  inter- 
ests engaged  in  a  nation-wide  campaign 
to  encourage  new  construction,  property 
owners   are   urged   to   go   through   with 


The  company  "union"  is  a  "front- 
office"  affair.  It  contains  no  element  of 
democracy. 

*      *      # 

The  Union  Label  points  the  way  to 
better  things  for  those  who  toil. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the   15th  of  each   month   at  the 

CARPENTERS'   BUILDING 

Indianapolis,   Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OP 
CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA, 

Pdblishees 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Subscription  Pbicb 
One  Dollar  a  Year  In  Advance,  Postpaid 

The  publishers  and  the  advertising 
agent  use  every  possible  precaution  avail- 
able to  them  against  accepting  advertise- 
ments  from  other  than  reliable  firms,  but 
do  not  accept  any  responsibility  for  the 
contents  of  any  advertisement  which  ap- 
pears in  "The  Carpenter."  Should  any 
deception  be  practiced  by  advertisers  at 
any  time,  upon  members,  their  duty  is  to 
immediately  notify  the  Post  Office  au- 
thorities. Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   OCTOBER,    1934 

All   Thinkers    Come   To    High  Wages 

THE  population  of  the  United 
States  is  increasing  more  slow- 
ly than  ever  before  in  its  his- 
tory. The  estimated  gain  since  19  3  0 
is  less  than  half  the  gain  made  from 
1920  to  1924.  Working  from  the 
Scripps  Foundation  for  Research  in 
Population,  Warren  S.  Thompson  and 
P.  K.  Whelpton  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  this  check  in  growth  is  the 
most  momentous  change  confronting  the 
country. 

But,  far  from  predicting  a  general 
decline  in  prosperity,  the  authors  say: 

"Most  industries  should  have  little 
difficulty  in  expanding  their  product 
,with  a  stationary  population — provided 
only  we  learn  how  to  distribute  buying 


power  so  that  the  goods  we  make  can 
be  bought  by  the  masses.  There  is  such 
a  vast  shortage  in  many  of  the  types  of 
goods  needed  for  a  decent  living  that 
the  full  output  for  years  to  come  could 
be  consumed  if  only  there  were  some 
way  to  get  purchasing  power  in  the 
hands  of  the  people  who  need  these 
goods." 

It  is  striking  and  deeply  significant  to 
see  how  every  clear-headed  study  of  so- 
cial affairs,  no  matter  where  it  starts, 
comes  to  the  conclusion  that  better  dis- 
tribution of  buying  power,  which  simply 
means  better  wages,  is  the  one  thing 
needed.  Two  savants,  starting  with  cen- 
sus tables  of  the  shifts  in  population, 
come  out  to  find  themselves  agreeing 
prefectly  with  organized  labor,  which 
got  there  two  generations  ahead  of 
them.  But  the  help  of  the  scientists  is 
welcome. 


Fights  For  Rights  Will  Continue 

POINTING  out  that  the  problem  of 
labor,  relations  still  seems  far  from 
a  satisfactory  solution,  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor  says  in  a  recent 
survey  of  business: 

"Since  the  Administration  has  not  yet 
secured  for  workers  their  legal  right  to 
organize,  strikes  have  become  necessary 
in  very  many  localities  to  enforce  th9 
Recovery  Act.  These  cannot  help  retard- 
ing business,  but  unless  the  law  can  be 
otherwise  enforced,  we  cannot  expect 
them  to  cease  until  workers  have  won 
recognition." 

"Labor  as  an  organized  group,"  the 
Federation  adds,  "is  emerging  to  per- 
form its  function  in  American  society. 
This  is  a  necessary  part  of  the  reorgan- 
ization for  economic  control;  without  it 
we  could  not  hope  to  keep  the  bal- 
ance between  producing  and  consuming 
power." 

As  long  as  employers  deny  the  right 
of  the  workers  to  organize  there  will  be 
strikes.  The  moment  the  right  of  organ- 
ization is  granted,  one  big  cause  of 
strikes  is  removed.  These  are  self-evi- 
dent facts,  plain  to  all,  yet  some  employ- 
ers do  not  see  them. 


Official  Information 


GENERAL   OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCHBSON 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District,  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,  W.  T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District,  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth  District,  JAS.  L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth  District,  J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
3948    S.   Grand  Blvd.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 


Sixth   District,   A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero  St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   M ARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


NOTICE        TO       RECORDING 
SECRETARIES 

The  quarterly  circular  for  the  months 
of  October,  November  and  December, 
1934,  containing  the  quarterly  pass- 
word, has  been  forwarded  to  all  Local 
Unions  of  the  United  Brotherhood.  Six 
blanks  have  been  forwarded  for  the  Fi- 
nancial Secretary,  three  of  which  are  to 
be  use.l  for  the  reports  to  the  General 
Office  for  the  months  of  October,  No- 
vember and  December.  The  extra  ones 
are  to  be  filled  out  in  duplicate  and  kept 
on  file  for  future  reference.  Enclosed 
also  were  six  blanks  for  the  Treasurer 
to  be  used  in  transmitting  money  to  the 
General  Office.  Recording  Secretaries 
not  in  receipt  of  this  circular  should  im- 
mediately notify  Frank  Duffy,  Carpen- 
ters' Building,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 


Big  Tobacco  Firm  Unionizes 

The  Brown  &  "Williamson  Tobacco 
Corporation  of  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
one  of  the  largest  in  the  country,  has 
signed  an  agreement  with  the  Tobacco 
Workers'  Union,  whereby  its  factories, 
located  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  Petersburg, 
Va.,  and  Winston-Salem,  N.  C,  become 
union  plants  throughout,  and  all  the 
products  of  the  Brown  &  Williamson 
Tobacco  Corporation  will  henceforth 
carry  the  union  label. 

This  firm  produces  the  following 
brands  of  cigarets:  Wings,  Kool  and 
Raleigh;  also  the  following  smoking 
tobacco:  Golden  Grain,  Old  North  State, 
Bugler,  Target,  Dial,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
and  Catcher. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Charlotte,  N.  C. 

Roanoke  Rapids,  N.  C. 

Auburn,  Ala. 

Cold  Spring,  Putnam  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Pecos,  Texas. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Fayetteville,  N.  C. 

Durham,  N.  C. 

Webster  City,  la. 

Chesley,  Out.,  Can. 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


Regular  Meeting  of  the  General  Execu- 
tive Board,   1934 

Since  the  previous  session  of  the  General  Ex- 
ecutive Board  the  following  trade  movements 
were  acted  upon  : 

May   14,1934. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  D.  C,  San  Jose,  Cal. — 
Movement  for  the  6-hour  day  and  an  increase 
in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.25  per  hour,  effective 
June  11,  1934.  Sanctioned  without  financial 
aid. 

Houston,  Texas,  L.  U.  724,  (Millmen) — Move- 
ment for  an  increase  in  wages  from  40c  to  67Jc 
to  $1.00  per  hour,  effective  June  1.  1934.  Offi- 
cial sanction  granted  without  financial  aid. 

May  15,1934. 

Denver,  Colorado,  L.  TJ.  15S3. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  70c  to  $1.10  per 
hour,  6  hour  day,  30  hour  week,  effective  May 
21,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted  without  fi- 
nancial aid. 

May  28,  1934. 

Bristol,  Conn.,  L.  TJ.  952. — Movement  for  an 
increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  87 §c  per  hour, 
effective  June  1,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted. 
■  Texarkana,  Texas,  L.  IT.  379. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 
hour,  effective  July  1,  1934.  Official  sanction 
granted. 

Beckley,  W.  Va..  L.  U.  1911. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  70c  to  75c  per  hour, 
effective  July  16,  1934.  Official  sanction  granted. 
*       *       * 

Indianapolis,  Indiana 
August  20,  1934. 

The  General  Executive  Board  met  in  regular 
session  on  the  above  date.   All  members  present. 

The  General  President  reported  that  on  June 
14,  1934,  President  Green  of  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor,  officially  requested  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of 
America,  the  Bricklayers,  Masons  and  Plaster- 
ers' International  Union,  and  the  International 
Brotherhood  of  Electrical  Workers  to  become 
affiliated  with  the  Building  Trades  Department 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

This  request  was  carefully  considered  by  the 
International  officers  of  the  three  organizations, 
resulting  in  a  joint  application  being  made  by 
the  three  International  organizations  for  af- 
filiation with  the  Building  Trades  Department 
of  the  A.  F.  of  L. 

The  application  was  accepted  by  the  Building 
Trades  Department  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  on  June 
14,  1934,  and  the  three  organizations  admitted 
thereto. 

The  General  President  submitted  to  the  Board 
the  following  letter  which  he  sent  to  all  Local 
Unions  and  District  Councils  on  this  matter. 

"INFORMATION  TO  MEMBERS  OF  OUR 
BROTHERHOOD'' 

"To  All  Local  Unions  and  District  Councils 

For  several  years  our  Brotherhood  has 
not  been  affiliated  with  the  Building  Trades 
Department  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor. 

Recently,  upon  the  solicitation  of  Wm. 
Green,  President  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor,  the  Electrical  Workers'  Or- 
ganization, the  Bricklayers  International 
Union  and  our  Brotherhood  decided  to 
again  affiliate  with  the  Building  Trades 
Department  of  the  American  Federation  of 
I^ibor,  and  on  June  14th  were  admitted  to 
t)i<    Department. 


In  doing  so,  however,  it  was  agreed  by 
the  three  organizations  that  the  Tri  Party 
Agreement  existing  between  the  Electri- 
cians, Bricklayers  and  our  Brotherhood 
would  continue  in  existence. 

While  we  are  now  again  affiliated  with 
the  Department,  our  membership,  if  desir- 
ing to  affiliate  with  local  Building  Trades 
Councils,  should  keep  in  mind  that  they 
should  affiliate  through  their  District  Coun- 
cil, where  a  District  Council  exists. 

They  should  also  hear  in  mind  that  the 
laws  of  the  Building  Trades  Department 
provide  that  no  strike  of  a  Building  Trades 
Council  shall  be  called  because  of  a  juris- 
dictional dispute.  In  other  words,  if  a  ju- 
risdictional dispute  arises  between  two 
trades  the  Building  Trades  Council  is  to 
remain  neutral  and  not  enter  into  the  con- 
troversy by  taking  sides  with  either  one  or 
the  other  of  the  organizations. 

Our  members  should  also  keep  in  mind 
that  if  they  affiliate  with  a  Building  Trades 
Council  it  does  not  in  any  way  change  our 
jurisdictional  claims,  nor  do  we,  nor  can 
we,  permit  a  local  Building  Trades  Council 
to  determine  what  our  jurisdiction  shall  be. 
Fraternally  yours, 

S/Wm.  L.  Hutcheson, 
June  25,  1934."  General  President." 

The  General  President  further  reported  that 
the  government  had  set  up  a  Planning  and  Ad- 
justment Board  in  the  Construction  Industry 
consisting  of  twenty-one  members,  ten  of  whom 
are  labor  men  and  ten  employers.  The  odd  one 
appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States 
to  act  as  Chairman  of  the  Board. 

It  is  proposed  that  this  board,  among  its 
many  other  duties,  shall  have  the  power  to 
settle  jurisdictional  disputes  in  the  Building 
Industry. 

The  General  President  is  a  member  of  this 
Board. 

The  report  of  the  General  President  was  con- 
curred in  and  approved  by  the  General  Execu- 
tive Board. 

Consideration  was  given  to  the  present  "set 
ups"  by  the  Government,  governing  hours, 
wages  and  working  conditions,  the  planning  of 
work  and  the  adjustment  of  difficulties  as  they 
arise  from  time  to  time  and  it  is  the  concensus 
of  opinion  that  all  such  moves  be  carefully 
watched  by  the  General  President  in  order  that 
the  interests  of  our  members  be  protected. 

The  audit  of  the  books  and  accounts  was 
taken  up  at  this  time  and  continued  throughout 
the  day. 

August  21,  1934. 

Audit  of  the  hooks  and  accounts  continued. 
August  22,  1934. 

Audit  of  the  books  and  accounts  continued. 
August  23,  1934. 

Audit  of  the  hooks  and  accounts  continued. 
August  24,  1934. 

Audit  of  the  hooks  and  accounts  continued. 

Appeal  of  Louis  B.  Marre,  L.  U.  185,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  from  the  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  the 
case  of  Louis  B.  Marre  vs.  the  St.  Louis  Dis- 
trict Council.  The  decision  rendered  by  the  G. 
P.  was  sustained  on  grounds  set  forth  therein 
and  the  appeal  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  L.  U.  366,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  from 
the  decision  of  the  G.  P.  in  disapproving  the 
pension  claim  of  Brother  Wm.  C.  Steinson  a 
member  of  said  L.  U.  The  decision-  of  the  G.  P. 
was.  sustained;  on  grounds  set  forth  therein  as 
the  Brother's  record  does  not  show  thirty  years 


18 


THE     CARPENTER 


continuous  membership  and  tbe  appeal  was  dis- 
missed. 

Appeal  of  diaries  E.  Kline  from  the  action  of 
the  G.  P.  in  the  case  of  Charles  E.  Kline  vs. 
Local  Union  1138,  Toledo,  Ohio.  The  decision 
rendered  by  the  <!•  P.  was  sustained  on  grounds 
Bet    forth   therein   and.  appeal  was  dismissed. 

Appeal  of  the  Main  Line-Penn.,  District 
Council  from  the  decision  rendered  by  the  G. 
r.  in  the  ease  nf  .lames  .1.  McFadden,  et.  al. 
vs.  Main  Line  District  Council.  The  G.  E.  B. 
sustained  the  decision  rendered  by  the  G,  P.  on 
grounds  set  forth  therein,  and  appeal  was  dis- 
missed. 

August  27,   1934. 

Audit  of  books  and  accounts  continued. 

Miami  Valley  D.  C,  Dayton,  Ohio. — Move- 
ment for  an  increase  in  wages  from  $1.00  to 
$1.20  per  hour,  effective  August  27,  1934.  Re- 
ferred to  the  General  President  for  further  con- 
sideration and  action. 

Bellingbam,  Wash.,  L.  TJ.  756. — Movement  for 
an  increase  in  wages  from  75c  to  $1.00  per 
hour.  Sanctioned  without  financial  aid  to  take 
effect  within  00  days. 

Nashville,  Tenn..  L.  U.  507. — Movement  for 
a  scale  of  $1.10  per  hour,  effective  November 
1,  1934.    Official  sanction  granted. 

Protest  from  New  York  District  Council  to 
tbe  G.  E.  B.  from  action  of  the  G.  P.  in  grant- 
ing dispensations  to  Locals  in  that  district  to 
initiate  at  reduced  fees.  The  action  of  the  G.  P. 
was  approved  as  the  General  President  is 
clothed  with  authority  to  grant  dispensations. 

Continuation  Certificate  of  bond  for  $20,- 
000.00  on  the  General  Secretary  with  the  Unit- 
ed States  Fidelity  and  Guaranty  Co.  was  re- 
ceived and  referred  to  the  G.  P.  for  safe  keep- 
ing. 

Communication  from  L.  U.  945,  Jefferson 
City,  Mo.,  relative  to  the  amount  of  pension 
now  paid  was  referred  to  the  General  President 
for  reply. 

Request  of  the  Seattle,  Wash.  District  Coun- 
cil for  financial  assistance  in  a  law  suit  in 
which  said  D.  C.  is  involved  was  carefully  con- 
sidered, after  which  it  was  referred  to  the  G. 
P.  for  investigation. 

August  28,   1934. 

Audit  of  books  and  accounts   completed. 

The  special  sub-committee  made  the  following 
report : 

"We  the  undersigned  sub-committee  of  the  Gen- 
eral Executive  Board,  have  made  an  audit  of 
the  United  States  Liberty  Bonds  and  Canadian 
Bonds  held  by  General  Treasurer  Neale,  in 
vaults  of  the  Indiana  National  Banks  as  fol- 
lows : 

Denomination 
7  Bonds  4th   Liberty.$10,000  00     $  70,000  00 
7  Bonds  4th  Liberty.    10.000  00  70,000  00 
1   Bond  4th   Liberty            100  00  100  00 
1  Certificate     of     de- 
Posit   60,000  00 

100  Canadian     Bonds..      1,000  00     $100,000  00 
Signed  : 

J.  W.  Williams, 
A.  W.   Muir, 
H.    Schwarzer. 

There  being  no  further  business  to  come  be- 
fore the  Board  the  minutes  were  read  and  ap- 
proved and  the  board  adjourned. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Secretary. 


Enjoyable  Picnic  Held  by  Local  Union 
No.  8 

The  members  of  Local  Union  No.  8 
and  their  families  enjoyed  a  very  de- 
lightful day's  outing  August  11,  1934, 
on  the  Hoehn  Farm,  Fox  Chase,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  According  to  the  commit- 
tee in  charge,  they  had  the  rare  good 
fortune  of  selecting  August  11,  for  the 
picnic,  and  in  what  was  a  very  rainy 
period  they  had  the  best  of  weather,  a 
fine  clear  sunny  day  for  the  outing. 

The  grounds  selected  were  wonderful- 
ly situated  in  the  suburbs  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  while  easily  accessible  to  the 
trolley  lines,  nevertheless  it  gave  the 
members,  their  wives  and  children,  the 
opportunity  to  spend  the  day  away  from 
the  congested  sections  of  the  city,  and 
to  enjoy  the  fresh  air  and  freedom  that 
comes  with  a  visit  to  the  country. 

Many  impromptu  games  were  in- 
dulged in  by  the  members,  and  races 
Avith  prizes  awarded,  were  held  for  the 
children.  An  excellent  dance  hall  on 
the  grounds  was  put  to  good  use  by 
those  assembled  to  the  music  furnished 
by  Al  Vilane's  orchestra. 

The  entire  expense  of  the  picnic  was 
borne  by  the  Local  Union,  and  it  was 
well  worth  while  to  see  the  many  mem- 
bers who  have  been  idle,  and  unable  to 
have  an  outing  at  their  own  expense, 
enjoy  themselves  along  with  the  other 
members  and  their  families. 

The  outing  was  a  blessing  for  the 
members'  wives  and  children,  as  the 
children  were  permitted  to  roam  at  will, 
and  the  mothers  were  free  to  allow  the 
children  to  romp  to  their  hearts  con- 
tent, without  the  fears  that  are  ever 
present  when  children  are  out  of  sight 
in  the  city. 

General  Executive  Board  Member 
Allen  and  General  Representative  Mc- 
Dermott  attended  and  were  pressed  into 
service  as  judges  of  the  childrens'  races. 
Brother  Allen  was  also  called  on  to  dis- 
tribute the  prizes  to  the  winners  of  the 
races. 

The  members  who  attended  were 
greatly  elated  at  the  success  of  the  pic- 
nic, and  already  plans  are  in  progress  to 
have  a  similar  outing  next  year.  Some 
of  the  more  enthusiastic  are  insisting 
that  one  outing  should  be  held  in  the 
spring  and  another  in  the  fall.  It  is  the 
intention  of  Local  Union  No.  8  to  bring 
to  the  Central  Labor  Union,  a  request 
that  the  Central  Labor  Union  sponsor  an 


THE     CARPEJfTBE 


19 


outing  for  Labor  Day,  for  the  Organized 
Labor  Movement  in  Philadelphia,  and 
dedicate  the  day  as  the  Labor  Day  that 
was  in  the  mind  of  the  Father  of  Labor 
Day,  the  late  P.  J.  McGuire,  when  in 
the  New  York  Central  Labor  Union,  in 
1882,  he  sponsored  a  resolution  pro- 
posing that  a  day  be  set  aside  in  the  fall 
of  the  year,  when  the  workers  of  the 
nation  may  lay  aside  their  worries  and 


good  members  who  have  not  attended 
meetings  as  often  as  they  should,  have 
met  other  good  members  who  were  quite 
ready  to  admit  the  same  fault,  and  most 
likely  the  attendance  at  meetings  will 
increase  due  to  the  members  meeting  on 
a  common  ground  and  getting  to  know 
each  other  better.  At  least  the  Commit- 
tee feels  that  they  have  accomplished 
the  purpose  for  which   the   picnic   was 


Picnic   Committee 

Local  Union  No.  8,  August  11th,  1934. 

First  Row.  J.  Fischer,  President  Kane,  Itec.  Sec.  Cregan,  Coble. 

2nd  Row.  Dillon,  Trustee  Malloy,  Arrison,  Ward,  Trustee  Williams,  McLaughlin, 

Corley. 
3rd  Row.  Samar,  Jensen,  Kelly,  Cooper,  Taylor,  Bergey,  Gill. 


labors  and  enjoy  a  day  of  relaxation, 
and  fully  realize  what  the  American  La- 
bor Movement  has  accomplished  for  the 
toilers  of  this  land. 

A  plan  of  this  nature  would  of  course 
have  to  be  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Central  Labor  Union,  and  there  is  a 
question  of  the  advisability  of  such  a 
plan  at  this  time,  but  if  it  is  found  not 
feasible  to  have  a  General  Labor  Picnic, 
Local  Union  No.  8  will  most  likely  con- 
tinue to  hold  annual  picnics  for  their 
members. 

While  the  attendance  this  year  was 
a  trifle  below  5  00  persons,  the  Local 
feels  that  inasmuch  as  this  was  the  first 
attempt  at  holding  a  picnic,  the  attend- 
ance was  quite  large,  and  feel  sure  that 
any  future  outings  held  will  be  attend- 
ed by  a  great  many  more  members  and 
their  families. 

The  Committee  found  that  an  outing 
is  a  real  get-together  meeting  place,  and 
it    was    surprising    to    note    that    many 


held — to    try  to   get    every   member    ac- 
quainted with  the  other  members. 


Carborundum  Programs  Again  on  the 
Air 

Announcement  is  made  of  the  return 
of  the  now  famed  Carborundum  pro- 
grams to  the  air  for  the  season  of  1934- 
3  5.  These  programs  are  scheduled  for 
Saturday  nights,  10:00  to  10:30  E.  S. 
T.  beginning  October  20,  over  a  coast  to 
coast  network  of  Columbia  Broadcasting 
System  stations. 

This  is  the  ninth  season  for  Carbor- 
undum on  the  air  and  once  again  will 
be  featured  the  Carborundum  Band  of 
fifty  pieces  under  the  direction  of  Ed- 
ward DAnna,  and  the  telling  of  the 
fascinating  Indian  legends  and  interest- 
ing and  instructive  industrial  stories  on 
the  manufacture  and  uses  of  the  abra- 
sive products  of  The  Carborundum  Com- 
pany.   Radio  listeners  identified  with  all 


20 


I    1 1  1 :     C  A  R  P  E NTEK 


types  of  industry  will  be  much  interest- 
ed in  these  talks  as  they  are  planned  and 
told  with  the  least  possible  amount  of 
usual  radio  advertising.  Rather,  they 
are  planned  to  be  at  once  informative 
and  interesting. 

Francis  D.  Bowman,  Advertising 
Manager  of  The  Carborundum  Company 
will  continue  to  write,  produce  and  an- 
nounce these  programs. 


Pioneer    Member    of    Anaconda,     Local 
Union  No.  88,  Passes 

Bank  Horn,  a  member  of  Local  Union 
88  of  Anaconda,  Montana,  died  at  the 
residence  of  his  daughter  in  that  city, 
August  21,  1934,  at  the  age  of  85  years. 

Brother  Horn  was  born  in  Bavaria, 
Germany,  and  came  to  the  United 
States  with  his  parents  when  an  infant 
and  settled  in  Wisconsin. 

More  than  50  years  ago  he  came  to 
Montana  from  Idaho  and  settled  in 
Deer  Lodge  valley.  With  a  companion, 
he  left  Corain,  Idaho,  carrying  pack 
sack  and  blankets  and  set  out  on  foot 
on  a  500-mile  trip.  The  trail  was  beset 
with  many  dangers  and  they  experienced 
many  hardships  and  many  exciting  ad- 
ventures. In  his  account  of  this  trip  he 
frequently  related  how  he  and  his  com- 
panion were  taken  captive  by  a  roving 
band  of  Bannock  Indians  and  held  for 
many  weeks.  The  Indians  did  not  harm 
them  but  would  not  release  them.  After 
weeks  of  traveling  and  living  with  these 
Indians  they  were  seen  by  a  patrol  of 
soldiers  who  demanded  that  they  be  set 
free. 

The  soldiers  provided  Brother  Horn 
and  his  companion  with  a  grub  stake 
and  directed  them  to  an  Indian  village, 
where  they  were  treated  with  kindness. 
The  Indians  provided  them  with  food 
and  sent  a  guide  with  them.  After  weeks 
more  of  travel  they  reached  Twin 
Bridges,  Montana.  Brother  Horn  built 
log  cabins  for  the  settlers  who  came  to 
that  vicinity  before  the  town  of  Ana- 
conda was  founded.  He  assisted  in  the 
construction  of  the  first  building  on 
Main  street  in  Anaconda,  was  employed 
as  a  carpenter  on  many  of  the  old  land- 
marks of  the  city  and  was  one  of  the 
first  carpenters  in  the  construction  of 
the  old  reduction  works. 

He  was  one  of  the  first  members  of 
Carpenters'  Union  No.  88  of  Anaconda, 
having  joined  on  September  12,  1899,  a 


few     months     after     the     chartering     of 
that  union. 

For  the  past  twenty-seven  years  Bro- 
ther Horn  had  erected  and  removed  the 
election  polling  booths  in  Anaconda,  and 
erected  and  removed  the  polling  booths 
for  the  state  primary  election  held  on 
July  18,  1934,  which  shows  he  was  an 
active  carpenter  almost  to  the  day  of 
his  death. 

He  is  survived  by  his  daughter,  one 
son,  four  granddaughters  and  three 
great-grandchildren.  Burial  took  place 
in  the  family  lot  in  Hill  cemetery. 

His  passing  is  mourned  by  the  mem- 
bers of  Local  Union  No.  88  where  he 
held  membership  for  so  many  years. 


DEATH   ROLL 


LOUIS      LARSON — Local      Union      No. 
1620,  Rock  Springs,  Wyo. 


Canadian  Labor  Answers  Attack  on  U.  S. 
Unions 

P.  M.  Draper,  secretary-treasurer  of 
the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Can- 
ada, has  made  vigorous  responses  to 
the  efforts  of  Premier  Teschereau  of 
Quebec  to  break  strikes  of  paper  mill 
workers  at  Dalbeau,  Quebec,  and  dis- 
credit the  international  unions. 

Teschereau  said  if  it  wasn't  for  the 
agitators  of  American  unions,  workers 
in  Quebec  would  be  loyal  and  contented. 

Mr.  Draper  declares  that  the  members 
of  the  International  Paper  Makers'  Un- 
ion who  went  on  strike  are  all  100  per 
cent  loyal  Canadians  who  were  simply 
trying  to  obtain  conditions  in  line  with 
their  fellow  workers  in  the  United  States 
under  the  NRA  code  applicable  to  paper 
workers. 

Unrest  was  the  result  of  bad  labor 
conditions,  not  the  work  of  agitators, 
he  said. 

"Premier  Teschereau  is  aligning  him- 
self with  the  exploiters  of  labor  on  both 
sides  of  the  border,"  Secretary  Draper 
added. 


When  the  American  housewife  under- 
stands that  the  union  label  is  the  only 
protection  against  low  standards  of  liv- 
ing, she  will  buy  none  but  union  labeled 
merchandise. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal   Is  Not  Responsible  For  Views  Expressed   By   Correspondents. 


Carpenters  Annual  Barbecue  and  Picnic 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

The  annual  barbecue  and  picnic  of  Lo- 
cal Union  No.  14  of  San  Antonio,  Texas, 
to  which  event  all  the  members  and 
their  families  look  forward  with  great 
pleasure,  was  held  at  Koehler  Park  on 
Saturday,  July  21. 

More  than  fifteen  hundred  were  pres- 
ent, among  whom  were  many  of  the  in- 
cumbent county  officials. 

A  large  crowd  having  been  expected, 
the  committee  having  the  barbecue  in 
charge  provided  over  1,000  pounds  of 
barbecue,  as  well  as  plenty  of  liquid  re- 
freshments. The  committee  received  the 
fullest  co-operation  and  assistance  from 
all,  and  it  was  due  to  this  assistance  that 
the  affair  turned  out  to  be  the  success 
that  it  was. 

Carpenters'  Local  Union  No.  14  has 
now  a  membershhip  of  approximately 
four  hundred,  and  through  the  efforts 
of  its  business  manager,  officers  and 
members,  appealing  to  the  convictions 
of  the  craftsmen  that  organization  is 
necessary  to  protect  the  individual's  own 
interests,  it  promises  to  become  the 
largest  and  most  prosperous  Local  Un- 
ion of  carpenters  in  the  state  of  Texas. 

G.  D.  Hale,  Rec.  Sec., 
L.  U.  No.  14.  San  Antonio,  Tex. 


Definition  Of  A  Scab 

(From  an  English  paper  May  6,  1912) 
At  a  conspiracy  trial,  held  in  Eng- 
land, the  prosecuting  counsel  gave  the 
following  definition  of  a  scab:  "A  scab 
is  to  his  trade  what  a  traitor  is  to  his 
country,  and  though  both  may  be  use- 
ful in  troublesome  times,  they  are  de- 
tested by  all  when  peace  returns,  so 
when  help  is  needed  the  scab  is  the  last 
to  contribute  assistance  and  the  first  to 
grasp  the  benefit  he  never  labored  to  se- 
cure. He  cares  only  for  himself;  he  sees 
not  beyond  the  extent  of  a  day,  and  for 
a  monetary  appropriation  he  would  be- 
tray friends,  family  and  country;  in 
short,  he  is  a  traitor  on  a  small  scale, 
who   first   sells   the  journeyman   and   is 


afterward  sold  in  turn  by  his  employer, 
until,  at  last,  he  is  despised  by  both  and 
deserted  by  all.  He  is  an  enemy  to  him- 
self to  the  present  age  and  to  posterity." 


Shorter  Week  Profitable 

It  is  a  mistake  to  regard  the  shorter 
hour  movement  simply  as  a  means  of 
spreading  work,  or  to  criticize  it  as  a 
lowering  of  productive  efficiency  which 
necessarily  would  tend  to  reduce  all 
standards  of  living.  Our  technological 
skills  have  advanced  so  greatly  during 
the  present  century,  that  we  can  pro- 
duce more  than  ever  before  even  while 
lightening  the  burden  upon  the  back  of 
labor. 

During  1919-29  our  manufacturing 
output  rose  50  per  cent,  despite  an  ac- 
tual decline  in  the  number  of  workers 
engaged.  During  this  so-called  prosper- 
ity era  we  had  over  3,000,000  unem- 
ployed, because  we  tried  t6  appropriate 
too  large  a  share  of  progress  to  a  few 
in  the  form  of  profits,  and  not  enough 
to  the  many  in  the  form  of  shorter 
hours. 

We  apologetically  referred  to  techno- 
logical unemployment,  when  in  truth 
we  were  suffering  from  refusal  to  con- 
fer benefits  of  technology  upon  workers 
as  well  as  owners. 

The  shorter  week  should  become  a. 
permanent  part  of  our  prosperity  pro- 
gram. If  not,  the  dead  weight  of  the 
unemployed  will  drag  us  continually 
into  the  mire. 

This  analysis  indicates  the  need  for 
a  constant  process  of  wise  adjustments 
between  industry  and  labor.  We  have 
reached  the  period  where  there  must  be 
a  gradual  transition  fro'm  an  emergency 
basis  to  a  permanent  basis.  Permanent 
problems  cannot  be  solved  simply  by  re- 
opening codes  or  by  general  exhorta- 
tions, although  both  of  these  devices 
may  be  necessary  at  the  present  time. 
There  must  be,  above  all,  co-operation 
between  employers  and  employes,  deal- 
ing with  one  another  on  an  equal  foot- 
ing.-—Senator  Robert  P.  Wagner. 


:•:' 


T  1 1  E     CARPENTER 


Labor  and  the  Law 

The  inexcusable  delays  in  securing 
the  rights  of  labor  by  the  medium  of 
statute  law — which  in  the  last  analysis 
means  the  medium  of  courts  and 
judges — is  once  more  emphasized  in  the 
refusal  of  Federal  Judge  John  P.  Nields 
of  the  United  States  District  Court  in 
Wilmington,  Delaware,  to  issue  the  in- 
junction petitioned  for  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  restrain  the  Weirton  Steel  Com- 
pany from  violating  the  labor  section  of 
the  National  Industrial  Recovery  Act 
regarding  the  election  of  collective  bar- 
gaining representatives  by  the  employes 
of  the  company. 

The  Weirton  case  is  a  simple  one. 
The  Recovery  Act  prescribes  that  every 
code  of  fair  competition  established 
under  it  shall  contain  the  guarantee 
that  employes  shall  have  the  right 
to  organize  and  bargain  collectively 
through  representatives  of  their  own 
choosing,  and  "shall  be  free  from  the 
interference,  restraint,  or  coercion  of 
employers  of  labor,  or  their  agents, 
in  the  designation  of  such  representa- 
tives." This  guarantee  is  included  in 
the  code  for  the  iron  and  steel  industry, 
to  which  the  Weirton  Steel  Company  is 
a  party. 

Officers  of  the  Amalgamated  Associa- 
tion of  Iron,  Steel  and  Tin  Workers 
charged  that  company  officials  were  in- 
terfering with  the  election  of  represen- 
tatives. The  National  Labor  Board  sus- 
tained the  charge  and  ordered  an  elec- 
tion held  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Board.  Company  officials  interfered  with 
this  proposed  election  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  was  not  held.  The  Board  there- 
upon turned  the  matter  over  to  the  De- 
partment of  Justice  for  appropriate  ac- 
tion. 

After  a  long  delay  the  Justice  Depart- 
ment petitioned  Judge  Nields  to  issue  a 
temporary  injunction  restraining  the 
company  from  interfering  with  the  elec- 
tion of  collective  bargaining  represen- 
tatives guaranteed  by  the  Recovery  Act. 
Counsel  for  the  Government  and  the 
company  argued  the  case  for  a  week  be- 
fore Judge  Nields  in  March.  Now  comes 
Judge  Nield's  decision  denying  the  in- 
junction. He  declares  that  the  Norris- 
LaGuardia  anti-injunction  law  prohibits 
a  Federal  judge  from  issuing  an  injunc- 
tion in  a  labor  dispute  without  a  hear- 
ing of  witnesses  in  open  court,  that  the 
Weirton  case  is  a  labor  dispute,  and  that 
he  is  therefore  prohibited  by  the  anti- 


injunction  law  from  issuing  the  injunc- 
tion. This  means  that  there  will  have 
to  be  a  new  hearing  or  trial  before 
Judge  Nields,  with  witnesses  for  the 
Government  and  the  steel  company  pres- 
ent to  give  their  testimony  in  person 
and  submit  to  cross-examination. 

Inasmuch  as  the  District  Court's  docket 
is  crowded  it  will  probably  be  Oc- 
tober before  the  case  is  retried. 
The  side  which  suffers  an  adverse  deci- 
sion will  appeal  to  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  which  normally  means 
additional  months  of  delay.  Competent 
lawyers  familiar  with  similar  cases  pre- 
dict that  it  will  be  a  year  and  a  half 
from  the  time  the  Weirton  Steel  Com- 
pany committed  the  alleged  violation 
before  the  Supreme  Court  decides  the 
controversy.  In  the  meantime,  subver- 
sive employers  throughout  the  United 
States  are  using  this  contested  case  as 
justification  for  wholesale  flouting  of 
Section  7-A,  which  friends  of  labor  be- 
lieved would  be  a  charter  of  liberty  for 
working  men  and  women. 

There  is  just  one  adequate  answer  to 
inexcusable  delays  of  this  sort  in  deter- 
mining labor's  rights  by  statute  laws 
and  court  decisions.  That  answer  is, 
the  development  of  effective  trade 
unions  in  every  industry  thoroughly 
equipped  with  a  knowledge  of  the  eco- 
nomic rights  of  working  men  and  wo- 
men and  strong  enough  to  enforce  those 
rights  by  the  mobilization  of  labor's 
economic  power  without  waiting  for  leg- 
islative enactments  or  court  decrees. 


Character 

There  is  nothing  that  enhances  a 
man's  value  to  society  like  a  good,  noble 
character.  To  be  well  thought  of,  to  be 
held  in  high  esteem,  to  hear  people  say, 
"He's  a  man's  man,"  and  then  to  think 
that  character  is  not  a  by-product  of 
human  nature,  but  is  the  real  essence 
of  life,  not  inherited  or  acquired  by 
chance,  but  worked  and  developed 
through  one's  individual  efforts.  Surely 
it  is  an  achievement  for  which  all  men 
should  strive.  When  we  take  all  these 
things  into  consideration,  we  begin  to 
realize  that  character  is  a  most  valuable 
asset,  is  within  our  own  making  and  is 
one  fundamental  of  life.  A  man  of  sterl- 
ing character  is  worth  his  weight  in 
gold.  His  influence  knows  no  bounds, 
he  has  the  power  to  sway  the  opinions 
of  men  and  does  more  to  shape  the  des- 
tiny of  the  nation  than  any  other  force. 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


Wood  Made  to  Rival  Steel 

The  new  single-tower  of  radio  station 
WEBC,  which  rises  35  0  feet  above  the 
Lake  Superior  flats  at  Superior,  Wis.,  is 
an  outstanding  example  of  the  new 
method  of  timber  frame  construction. 

The  modern  timber  connector  device 
which  marks  the  design  of  this  tower, 
makes  wood  a  rival  of  steel  in  many 
kinds  of  structural  frames. 

A  variety  of  new  connector-built 
structures  have  appeared  in  ten  different 
states.  Among  these  are  fire  lookout 
towers,  gravel  bunkers,  and  a  highway 
bridge,  besides  the  radio  tower  men- 
tioned. 

These  structures  do  not  need  to  be 
built  with  the  best  timber  procurable, 
but  ordinary  pine,  spruce  and  fir  stock, 
even  of  second,  third  and  fourth  growth 
can  be  used. 

It  is  claimed  for  the  timber  joint  con- 
nectors that  they  are  the  most  import- 
ant development  in  the  past  25  years 
in  the  field  of  timber  framed  construc- 
tion. The  connectors  consist  of  metal 
rings,  disks  and  plates  which  are  in- 
serted between  two  wooden  members  to 
be  joined,  and  held  together  by  the  cus- 
tomary bolt. 

The  bolt  does  not  carry  the  load.  That 
is  distributed  over  the  connector  area, 
and  in  this  manner  the  joints  are  made 
four  to  eight  times  stronger  than  ordi- 
nary bolted  joints. 

This  method  of  strengthening  the 
joints  to  an  extent  not  conceived  of  be- 
fore, will  result,  it  is  felt,  in  a  corre- 
sponding increase  in  the  use  of  wood  for 
structural  purposes. 

Other  advantages  bespoken  for  this 
method  is  that  it  makes  simple  designs 
possible,  makes  construction  relatively 
easier  and  enables  savings  in  costs  to  be 
made. —  CWood  Construction) 


Making  Holes  In  Glass 

Every  once  in  a  while,  it  is  found 
necessary  to  make  a  hole  in  a  piece  of 
glass.  Take  a  piece  of  putty  or  clay 
and  press  it  firmly  against  the  glass  at 
the  place  where  you  wish  to  have  the 
hole.  With  a  sharp  tool,  make  the  hole 
of  the  desired  size  in  the  putty  reaching 
through  to  the  glass.  Be  sure  that  the 
putty  is  tight  against  the  glass,  then 
pour  some  molten  lead  in  the  hole  and 
the  piece  of  glass  will  drop  out. 


There  Is   Xo  Sand  Used  in  the  Making 
of  Sandpaper 

Familiar  as  sandpaper  is  to  practi- 
cally everybody,  yet  there  are  very  few 
persons,  who  know  that  this  universally 
used  product  has  no  sand  in  it.  It  is 
estimated  that  half  of  the  population  of 
the  United  States,  more  than  sixty  mill- 
ion people,  use  sandpaper  from  time  to 
time. 

But  of  these  many  millions  how  many 
ever  give  a  thought  to  what  constitutes 
the  abrasive  surface  of  sandpaper,  which 
is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  nearly 
everything  man  uses  in  his  lifetime  from 
the  cradle  to  the  casket? 

Sand  cannot  be  used  for  making  sand- 
paper because  it  is  not  efficient  for  that 
purpose,  for  most  sand  is  waterworn  and 
the  particles  are  therefore  more  or  less 
rounded  and  have  no  sharp  cutting 
edge. 

The  fine  abrasive  particles  on  sand- 
paper are  specially  crushed  flint  or  gar- 
net or  are  products  of  the  electric  furn- 
ace, aluminum  oxide  or  silicon  carbide. 

The  abrasive  particles  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  sandpaper,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  are  not  true  crystals,  nor  are 
they  alike.  The  particles,  though  care- 
fully graded,  vary  in  size  and  shape  and 
have  many  edges  and  points,  some  of 
which  are  much  sharper  than  others. 
Best  results  are  obtained  from  grits  ap- 
proximately twice  as  long  as  they  are 
wide. — Cleveland   Plain   Dealer. 


Quake-Proof  Building  To  Swing  On 
Chains 

Hanging  an  entire  building  on  chains 
hooked  to  supporting  columns,  to  guard 
it  from  earthquakes,  is  the  unconven- 
tional idea  proposed  by  a  Los  Angeles, 
Calif.,  inventor.  In  his  plan,  the  steel 
skeleton  of  a  building  would  be  provid- 
ed with  projecting  members  at  its  base, 
which  would  be  devoid  of  the  usual 
massive  foundation.  Instead,  chains  at- 
tached to  the  projecting  parts  would 
suspend  the  building  bodily  from  a 
series  of  tall  piers  surrounding  its  outer 
walls.  Such  a  structure,  the  inventor 
maintains,  would  not  be  subjected  to 
destructive  forces  during  an  earthquake, 
since  it  would  swing  freely  like  a  pen- 
dulum at  every  shock  and  would  thus 
yield  to  the  earth  movement  instead  of 
resisting  it.  If  desired,  the  whole  sup- 
porting system  of  piers  and  chains  could 
be  placed  underground. 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


Safety  Instruction  for  the  Carpenter 

The  nature  of  your  work  requires  con- 
stant alertness  to  avoid  accidents.  Here 
are  a  few  safety  suggestions: 

1.  It  has  been  proved  time  and  time 
again  that  it  is  easier  and  safer  to 
work  on  a  job  that  is  kept  clean 
and  orderly. 

2.  Acquire  the  habit  of  leaving  no 
projecting  nails  or  screws  for 
someone  to  step  on  or  strike 
againsit. 

3.  Use  only  ladders  you  know  are 
safe. 

4.  Avoid  strains  and  slips  by  keep- 
ing all  cutting  tools  sharp.  Use 
only  tools  with  good  handles  fas- 
tened securely.  Never  use  tools 
with  mushroomed  heads.  Learn 
how  to  start  a  hand  saw  cut  safe- 
ly and  keep  the  saw  properly  set. 

5.  Never  carry  unprotected  sharp 
edged  tools  in  your  pockets. 

6.  Injuries  from  wood  splinters  oft- 
en result  in  infections.  Get  first 
aid  even  when  you  doubt  the  ne- 
cessity of  it. 

7.  Use  the  guards  that  are  provided 
on  woodworking  machines. 

8.  Do  not  stand  in  line  with  wood 
being  fed  into  saws,  jointers,  plan- 
ers, etc.  A  kick  back  might  in- 
jure you  for  life. 

9.  When  working  overhead  make 
sure  that  no  tools  or  materials  can 
drop  onto  persons  below.  Put  toe- 
boards  around  floor  openings  and 
at  edges  of  platforms. 

10.  When  you  build  scaffolds  do  a 
good  safe  job  of  it  even  if  they 
are  only  to  be  temporary  ones. 

11.  When  you  construct  railings  make 
them  high  enough  (42  inches) 
and  brace  them  to  stand  the  strain 
of  someone  being  thrown  against 
them. 


Files 

1.  Never  use  a  file  without  a  handle. 
Many  men  who  have  violated  this 
precaution  have  had  the  sharp 
pointed  tines  driven  far  into  their 
hands.  If  you  use  files  regularly, 
keep  enough  good  file  handles  on 
hand  so  there  will  be  no  good 
reason  to  do  without  one,  in  any 
event,  always  see  that  there  is  a 
good  fitting  substantial  handle  on 
each  file  you  use. 


2.  If  any  of  the  files  you  have  in  your 
tool  kit  have  particularly  sharp 
pointed  tines,  it  will  pay  you  to 
round  them  off  a  bit  to  prevent 
snagging  your  hand  when  reach- 
ing into  the  kit. 

3.  When  filing  work  close  to  the 
chuck  in  a  lathe,  file  left  handed 
so  your  arm  will  not  be  snagged 
or  your  clothing  become  caught  on 
the  chuck  jaws  or  dog. 

4.  Never  hit  a  file  with  a  hammer. 
Pieces  of  *he  hardened  steel  are 
almost  sure  to  fly. 

5.  Never  make  a  center  punch  or 
chisel  out  of  an  old  file.  The  temp- 
ering of  the  metal  makes  it  too 
brittle  for  this  purpose. 

6.  Do  not  use  a  file  as  a  pry.  It  may 
break  and  in  breaking  cause  pieces 
to  fly. 

7.  Be  particularly  careful  not  to 
carry  a  file  in  your  pocket  without 
a  handle  on  the  tine.  Otherwise 
the  file  may  be  driven  into  your 
body  if  you  slip  and  fall. 

8.  The  cleaner  and  sharper  the  file, 
the  less  chance  there  is  for  slip- 
ping and   skinning  a  knuckle. 

■ — National  Safety  Council. 


Walnut  One  of  the  Oldest  Known  Woods 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  walnut 
is  one  of  the  oldest  woods  of  record. 
That  it  grew  thousands  of  years  before 
the  dawn  of  human  history  is  shown  by 
the  finding  of  fossilized  remains  of  gi- 
gantic trees  in  the  Pliocene  deposits  of 
Europe. 

The  Bible  records  the  use  of  walnut 
in  King  Solomon's  time  when  Indian 
Walnut  is  mentioned.  History  tells  us 
also  that  walnut  was  used  extensively 
by  the  Roman  in  the  days  of  the  em- 
pire. In  later  Italian  architecture  which 
has  been  the  basis  and  guide  for  furni- 
ture design,  walnut  was  used  exten- 
sively. 

Very  little  walnut  is  now  used  in  this 
country  for  woodwork  and  furniture  ex- 
cept the  American  walnut,  which  is  ob- 
tained from  Massachusetts  and  South 
Ontario,  ranging  west  through  the 
southern  half  of  the  Lake  States  to  the 
middle  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  to  cen- 
tral Texas  and  northern  Florida. 

The  natural  color  of  American  walnut 
is  a  deep  rich  brown  color,  ranging  from 
light  tone  to  a  real  chocolate  brown. 
This  is  the  natural  color  of  the  wood, 
not  artificially  applied. 


THE    CARPENTER 


25 


linden  Tree  Wood  White,  light,  Tough 
and  Durable 

There  is  hardly  a  more  useful  or 
beautiful  tree  in  the  forest  than  the 
linden  or  basswood,  or,  as  more  freely 
known  in  England,  the  lime  tree.  It 
appeals  in  many  ways  not  only  to  man- 
kind, but  to  the  bees  and  even  to  the 
foraging  creatures.  The  tender  sprouts 
in  the  spring  are  not  infrequently  tasted 
by  mankind,  and  found  to  be  sweet  and 
palatable.  Besides  being  a  thing  of 
beauty,  the  linden  is  one  of  the  most 
useful  trees.  In  addition  to  yielding  nec- 
tar for  the  bees  for  one  of  the  finest 
grades  of  honey,  the  wood  is  highly  val- 
ued on  account  of  the  "whiteness,  light- 
ness, and  toughness  and  durability."  It 
has  a  great  economic  value,  and  is  used 
for  light  grades  of  lumber.  It  makes 
good  charcoal,  is  used  by  druggists  and 
artists,  and  artificers  in  carpets,  mats, 
cordage  and  even  clothing  and  hats.  The 
linden  is  widely  distributed  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  and  Europe.  The  seed  carries 
a  sail,  and  is  blown  by  the  wind  far 
and  wide. 


Why  33.000  Pounds  Is  A  Horse  Power 

When  men  begin  first  to  become  fa- 
miliar with  the  methods  of  measuring 
mechanical  power,  they  often  speculate 
on  where  the  breed  of  horses  is  to  be 
found  which  can  keep  at  work  raising 
33,000  pounds  one  foot  per  minute,  or 
the  equivalent,  which  is  familiar  to  men 
accustomed  to  pile  driving  by  horse 
power,  of  raising  330  pounds  100  feet 
per  minute.  Since  33,000  pounds  raised 
one  foot  per  minute  is  called  one  horse 
power,  it  is  natural  for  people  to  think 
that  the  engineers  who  established  that 
unit  of  measurement  based  it  on  the 
actual  work  performed   by  horses. 

But  such,  explains  The  Manufactur- 
ers' Gazette,  was  not  the  case.  The 
horse  power  unit  was  established  by 
James  Watt  about  a  century  ago,  and 
the  figures  were  settled  in  a  curious  way. 
Watt,  in  his  usual  careful  manner,  pro- 
ceeded to  find  out  the  average  work 
which  the  horses  of  his  district  could 
perform,  and  he  found  that  the  raising 
of  22,000  pounds  one  foot  per  minute 
was  about  an  actual  horse  power.  At 
this  time  he  was  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  engines,  and  had  almost  a 
monopoly  of  the  engine  building  trade. 
Customers  were  so  hard  to  find  that  all 
kinds  of  artificial  encouragements  were 


considered  necessary  to  induce  power 
users  to  buy  steam  engines.  As  a  meth- 
od of  encouraging  business,  Watt  offered 
to  sell  engines  reckoning  33,000  foot 
pounds  to  a  horse  power,  or  one-third 
more  than  the  actual.  And  thus,  what 
was  intended  as  a  temporary  expedient 
to  promote  business  has  been  the  means 
of  giving  a  false  unit  of  a  very  import- 
ant measurement  to  the  world. 


Axes  and  Art  of  the  Stone  Age 

Using  a  prehistoric  flint  axe,  estimat- 
ed to  be  9,000  years  old,  Dr.  Nels  C. 
Nelson,  curator  of  archaeology  at  the 
Natural  History  Museum  in  New  York, 
cut  down  a  4-inch  maple  tree  in  six 
minutes.  He  recalls  a  Danish  landown- 
er who  a  few  years  ago  cut  some  25 
trees  and  built  himself  a  small  block- 
house with  stone-age  instruments;  and 
remarks  that  prehistoric  man  was  not 
so  badly  off,  after  all. 

If.  Dr.  Nelson  had  been  in  primitive 
surroundings,  he  might  have  had  to 
climb  that  tree  instead  of  cutting  it,  to 
get  out  of  the  way  of  a  bear.  The  tools 
of  our  far-off  ancestors  served — else  we 
wouldn't  be  here.  But  that  flint  was  an 
unsatisfactory  material  is  shown  by  the 
way  it  was  displaced  by  metal,  even 
costly  and  poorly  hardened  metal. 

The  real  glory  of  the  stone  age,  at 
least  of  one  phase  of  it,  in  one  fairly 
wide  area,  is  its  art.  There  are  paintings 
of  bison  on  the  walls  of  some  caves  in 
France  and  Spain  which  would  be  count- 
ed first  class  work  in  any  gathering  of 
artists  today.  There  are  carvings  of  horn 
and  bone  and  ivory  which  are  little 
gems. 

And  the  people  who  did  these  things 
had  to  fend  for  themselves  and  their 
families  with  flint  weapons,  in  a  world 
peopled  by  the  cave-bear— full  brother 
to  the  grizzly  in  size — the  lion,  the  rhi- 
noceros, and  the  mammoth. 

"None  too  learned,  but  nobly  bold, 
Into  the  fray  went  our  fathers 
of  old." 


Reports  from  Great  Britain  that  flex- 
ible plate  glass,  produced  in  one  of  the 
largest  British  glass  factories  is  meeting 
with  considerable  success.  It  will  crack 
under  extreme  conditions,  but  does  not 
break  into  pieces.  It  is  "flexible  to  a 
remarkable  degree"  and  capable  of 
withstanding      enormous      pressure. 


26 


T  II  K     CARPENT  K  R 


VALUABLE  INFORMATION 

By 
FRANK  DUFFY,  Gen' I  Sec' y 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  Paragraph  E,  Section  13  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  U.  B.  of  C.  and  J.  of  A.,  the  information  required  is  herewith  furnished.  Some 
of  our  District  Councils  and  Local  Unions  have  not  filled  out  the  blanks  sent  them 
and  in  such  cases  we  cannot  give  the  data  required. 

See  District  Councils  for  hours  and  wages  for  Locals  in  District  Councils,  such 
Locals  are  not  listed  separately. 


1).  ('.   CITY  AND  STATE   | 


MEETING  PLACE 


Meeting    | 
Night | 


His. 


I  I  5  Day  | 

I  Wages  |  Week  |Agrt 


Montgomery,  Ala.    .  .  . 
Bay   Counties,    Calif.. 

Fresno   County,   Calif. 
Los   Angeles,    Calif. .  . 


Sacramento,  Calif. 
San   Diego.   Calif.    . 
San   Joaquin,    Calif. 


San    Luis    Obispo,    Santa    Ma 

ria,  I'aso  Robles,  Calif.    .  .  . 

Santa   Clara   Valley.   Calif..  .  . 

Bridgeport   and   Vic,   Conn... 

Washington,   D.   C 

Broward    County,    Fla 

Central,   Fla 

Jacksonville  and  Vic.,  Fla..  .  . 
Volusia  &  Seminole  Co.'s,  Fla 
West  Palm  Beach,  Fla 


Chicago.    Ill 

Fox  River  Valley,   111. 
Tri  City,  111 


Tri  Counties,   111 

Will    County,    111 

Lake  County,   Ind 

Cedar  Rapids.  Iowa.  .  .  . 

Fall    Cities,    Ky 

Tri   State,  Ky 

Berkshire  County,  Mass. 

Boston,   Mass 

Central,  Mass 

Holyoke,  Mass 

Lawrence,  Mass 

Lowell,  Mass 

Middlesex,    Mass 

Newton,    Mass 

Norfolk    County,   Mass. . 


Northern,  Mass.  .  .  . 
North  Shore,  Mass.. 
South  Shore,  Mass . 
Springfield,  Mass.  , 
Taunton,  Mass.  .  .  . 
Worcester,    Mass.    .  . 


Grand  Rapids,  Mich 

Southern    Mich 

Tri  County,   Mich 

Twin    City,    Minn 

Kansas    City,    Mo 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Omaha,   Neb 

Bergen   County,   N.  J 

Burlington  County  N.  J 

Essex   County   and  Vic,   N  J. 
Hudson  County,  N.  J 


Middlesex  County,  N.  J 

Morris,  Somerset  &  Vic,  N.-  J. 

Morris.   Union  &  Vic,  N;  J..  . 
Passaic  County,  N.  J 


Pohatcong  Valley,  N.  J. 

Adirondack,    N.    Y 

Albany,   N.   Y 


200      Guerrero      St.,      San. 

Francisco,    Calif I  Wednesday 

1139   Broadway,  Fresno...  |    1-3  Thur. 
538  Maple  Ave |     Monday 


8th   and  Eve  St 

621    6th    St 

122    N.    San    Joaquin     St. 
Stockton   


72  N.  2nd  St.,  San  Jose. 

170   Elm    St 

1010  10th  St.,  N.  W 

Fort  Lauderdale 


Dayton  Beach  -  De  Land. 
414    S.   Rosemary   Ave.... 


12  E.   Erie   St 

215  Main   St.,  Aurora 

Industrial       Home       Bldg., 

Rock  Island * 

Arcade  Bid.,  East  St.  Louis 

127  E.  Jefferson  St.,  Joliet 

Labor  Temple,  Gary 

Carpenters'    Hall    

809  W  Jeffersou,  Louisville 

329   22nd   St..   Ashland 

Carpenters  Hall,  Adams.  .  . 
470   Stuart   St 

128  Main   St.,  Marlboro.  .  . 

1*9    High    St 

98  Concord  St 

13  E.  Merrimack   St 

Dows    Block,    Stoneham... 

251    Washington    St 

Norfolk     

Walpole    

Cushing    Block,    Fitchburg. 

176  Essex   St.,   Salem 

Carpenter's    Hall    Hingham 

19   Sanford  St 

Room   7,   Jones   Block 

62  Madison  St 


Labor  Temple    

Rotates   with   Locals 

121 J  S.  Franklin,  Saginaw 
520  N.  Prior  Av.,   St.  Paul 

3114   Paseo    

3606  Cozens  Ave 

Labor    Temple     

36  Bergen  St.,  Hackensack 
Moose  Hall,  Riverside.  . .  . 
604  High  St.,  Newark,  N.  J. 
583     Summit    Ave.,    Jersey 

Citv     

271  High  St.,  Perth  Amboy 
143  Albany,  New  Brunswick 
6-8     Claremont     Rd.,     Ber- 

nardsville     

91  Main   St.,  Madison 

54VanHouten  St.,Paterson, 

167  Jefferson  St.,  Passaic 

Labor  Temple,  Glens  Falls 
87    Beaver    St 


THE  CARPENTER 


27 


D.  C.   CITY  AND  STATE 


MEETING  PLACE 


Meeting 
Night 


I,  I  15  Day 

I  Hrs.  |  Wages  |  Week 


Agrt 


Buffalo,  N.   Y 

Elmira,   N.   Y 

Mohawk   Valley,    N.    Y 

Nassau   County    

New   York   City   &  Vic.,   N.  Y. 

Rochester  and  Vic,  N.  Y 

South   Shore,  N.   Y 


Tri  City,  N.  Y 

Troy,  N.  Y 

Westchester  County,  N.  Y. 


Cuyahoga   County,    Ohio 

Hamilton  County,   O.,  Kenton 

and  Campbell  Counties,  Ky. 

Miami  Valley,   Ohio 


Portland,    Ore 

Delaware  County,  Penn 

Lehigh    Valley,    Penn 

Lower  Anthracite  Region,  Pa. 

Main    Line,    Penn 

McKeesport  and  Vic,  Penn..  . 


Middle  Anthracite.  Penn. .  .  . 
Monongahela  Valley,  Penn.. 
Montgomery   County,    Penn. . 


475   Franklin   St 

120    Lake    St 

With    Locals    

Carpenters  Hall,  Mineola. 

130  Madison   Ave 

113  N.   Fitzhugh   St 

Patchoque,   N.  Y 


Carpenters  Hall  Salamanca! 

Labor  Temple    j 

230  Westchester  Ave.,  Porti 

Chester | 

1355  Central  Av.  Cleveland  I 
1228     Walnut     St.,    Cincin- 
nati,  O 

202   S.  Ludlow  St.,  Dayton 


4th  &  Jefferson   St 

15th  and  Esery  St.,  Chester 
126  N  6th  St  Allentown  Pa 

Moose  Hall,  Tamaqua 

(Opera    House,    Wayne 

316  Westinghouse  Av.,  Wil- 

merding    

51  N  Wyoming  St  Hazelton 


2-4  Mon. 
2-4    Mon. 

4th    Sat. 

2-4  Fri. 
2-4  Wed. 
2-4  Wed. 
2nd  Sat. 
Alt.  Local 
4th  Wed. 
1-3   Tues. 

1-3  Fri. 
2-4  Thur. 

Friday 
1-3   Mon. 

2-4  Thur. 
1-3  Wed. 
Tuesday 
2nd  Wed. 
1-3  Thur. 

2-4    Mon. 
Friday 


Philadelphia,   Penn 

Pittsburgh,  Penn 

Shenango  &  Beaver  Valley,  Pa. 
Wyoming  Valley,  Penn 


San  Juan  Territorial  Council 
P.  R 

Providence,  Pawtucket,  Cen- 
tral Falls',  R.   I 

Charleston,   S.   C 

East   Texas    

Jefferson  County,  Texas 

Salt  Lake  City,   Utah 

Grays  Harbor  County,   Wash. 

Seattle,  Kings  County  &  Vic, 
Wash 

Skagit    Valley,    Wash 

Tacoma,  Wash 

Fox  River  Valley,  Wis 

Milwaukee,  Wis 

Wisconsin  River  Valley,  Wis. . 

Vancouver,   B.   C,   Can 

Frontier,  Ont 

Montreal,    Que 


545   Swede   St.,   Norristownl    1-3   Mon. 

1803  Spring  Garden  St.. 
241-3  Fourth  Ave 


41    E.   Market    St.,    Wilkes- 
Barre    


1-3   Tues. 


1-3   Mon. 


Labor    Temple 


1620  4th  Ave 

Alternate  Locals 

10121   Tacoma  Av.   S 

T.  and  L.  Hall,  Appleton. 

536  W.   Juneau   St 

With    Locals 

.i2  Beatty  St 

Front  St.,  Thorold,  Ont..  . 
1182   St.  Lawrence  Blvd.. 


Wednesday 


Thursday 

2-4   Tues. 

2-4  Sat. 
2-4   Tues. 

1st  Sun. 
4th  Thur. 
3rd  Thur. 
Wednesday 


48  Snow  St.,  Providence.  ..  I     2-4    Fri.     |      8 


1.00 
1.00 

.80-$l 

1.40 
1.05 
1.00 

.90 
1.00 

1.20 
1.121 


1.00 

34-. 50  In 

1 1.20  out 

1.00 

.90 

.80 

1.00 

1.25 
1.00 

.60-1.20 
.72  In 
$1  out 
1.25 


1.00 


1.00 


.90 


1.121 

1.12J 

1.121 

.80 

,      921 

.85 

871-.90 

.70-.80 

.60 


Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

No 
Yes 

Yes 
Yes 


Yes 

Yes 
3  Mo. 
No 
Yes 
Yes 


Yes 

Yes 


No 
Yes 
No 

No 

No 

Yes 
Yes 


No 

No 
No 

Yes 

No 


Yes  No 
Yes  Yes 
I 


No 


Yes 

Yes 


Yes 


No 


No 
Yes 


Part 


No     |     Yes 


No 


No 


Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Part 

Yes 

No 

No 

Yes 

I  Part 

No     | 

Part 

Yes 

No 

No 

Vbl. 

Yes 

Yes 

L.  U. 
No.   CITY  AND  STATE 


MEETING  PLACE 


Meeting 
Night 


Hrs. 


Wages 

1.20 

1.00 

.75 

.90 
1.00 
1.20 
.75  -.90 

.75 

.60 

.80 
1.00 
1.20 

.86 
1.25 
1.00 
1.00 


1.10 

.80 

.85 

1.121 

.75 

.50 

1.00 

1.10 

1.06J 

.80 
1.00 


5  Day  I 
Week  |Agrt 


2  Cincinnati,  Ohio   

3  Wheeling,  W.  Va 

6  Amsterdam,  N.  Y 

12   Syracuse,    N.    Y 

14  San  Antonio,  Tex 

16  Springfield,  111 

17  Bellaire,   O 

18  Hamilton,   Ont.,   Can... 
24  Batavia,  N.  Y 

27  Toronto,    Ont.,    Can 

28  Missoula,   Mont 

29  Cincinnati,   O 

30  New  London,  Conn". 

31  Trenton,  N.  J 

43  Hartford,   Conn 

44  Champaign,  Urbana,  111. 
46  Sault  Ste  Marie,  Mich.  . 

50  Knoxville,  Tenn 

52  Charleston,    S.   C 

55  Denver,  Colo 

59  Lancaster,   Penn 

60  Indianapolis,  Ind 

63  Bloomington,    111 

66  Jamestown,  N.  Y 

68  Menomonie,    Wis.* 

71  Ft.  Smith,  Ark 

74  Chattanooga,  Tenn.    . .  . 
79  New  Haven,   Conn 

81  Erie,  Pa 

82  Haverhill,  Mass 


11228    Walnut    St 

1502    Market    St 

9-11   Church    St 

404  S.  Clinton  St 

126  North  St 

505J  E.  Monroe  St. .  . 

I.   O.   O.   F.  Bldg 

110  Catherine  St.,  N. 

98  Main  St 

167  Church  St 

2081   E.  Main. 


1228   Walnut    St 

Odd  Fellows'  Hall 

47   N.    Clinton   Ave 

97  Park  St 

7   Main   St.,   Champaign.. 


IRadcliffe  and   Corning   St. 

1947    Stout    St 

22   S.   Queen   St 

531   E.   Market   St 

Miller    Bldg 

319  Washington  St , 

I.    O.    O.    F.   Hall 

1071   N.   10th   St , 

71    E.   7th   St , 

215    Meadow    St 

1701    State   St , 

43  Merrimack  St 


Tuesday 
Friday 
Monday 
Monday 
Tuesday 

Wednesday 

1-3  Thur. 

1-3   Tues. 
1-3   Fri. 

2-4   Tues. 

1-3    Mon. 

Wednesday 
Monday 
Monday 

3rd   Mon. 
Friday 


1-3   Mon. 

Monday 

Monday 

Thursday 

Friday 

Friday 

Last  Sat. 

Tuesday 

Friday 

Friday 

Tuesday 

Tuesday 


Yes    | 

No     1    No 


No 
Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 


Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 

No 


No 
No 

Yes 
Yes 

No 
No 

No 

No 
No 
No 


No 

Yes 
No 
No 

No 
No 


Yes  I  Vbl. 
Yes  |  Vbl. 
Yes    |    No 


28 


T  II  E     CARPENT  E  II 


L.  r. 

No.   PITY  AND  STATE 


MEETING  PLACE 


Meetinj 
Nighl 


llr 


I  I  5  Day 

I   Wages  I   Week 


Agrt 


83  Halifax,  N.   S.,  Can..  . 

88  Anaconda,    Mont 

89  Mobile,  Ala 

90  Evansville.    Ind 

91  Racine,   Wis 

92  Mobile,   Ala 

93  Ottawa,   Ont.,   Can 

97  New    Britain,    Conn... 

98  Spokane,    Wasl) 

100  Muskegon,  Mich 

101  Baltimore,   Md 

102  Franklin.   Mass 

103  Birmingham,    Ala.     . .  . 

106  Des  Moines,   la 

107  Pensacola,   Fla 

109  Sheffield,    Ala 

110  St.  Joseph,  Mo 

112   Butte,   Mont 

121   Bridgeton,   N.   J 

127  Derby,  Conn 

128  St.  Albans,  W.  Va 

130  Teague,  Tex 

133  Terre  Haute,  Ind 

136  Newark,   O 

137  Norwich,    Conn 

143  Canton,  O 

144  Macon,  Ga 

145  Sayre,   Pa 

146  Schenectady,  N.  Y 

151  Long   Branch,   N.   J... 

153  Helena,    Mont 

154  Kewanee,    111 

155  Plaintield,  N.  J 

156  Staunton,   111 

159  Charleston,  S.  C 

161   Kenosha,    Wis 

170  Bridgeport,  O 

171  Youngstown,  O 

175  Dillon,    Mont 

176  Newport,  R.  I 

183  Peoria,    111 

186  Steubenville,    O 

187  Geneva,    N.   Y 

189  Quincy,    111 

190  Klamath  Falls,   Ore.  .  . 

191  York,  Pa 

195  Peru,   111 

196  Greenwich,  Conn 

197  Sherman,  Tex 

198  Dallas,  Tex 

200  Columbus,  O 

201  Wichita,  Kan 

203  Poughkeepsie,  N.   Y... 

206  New  Castle,   Pa 

208  Fort   Worth,    Tex 

210   Stamford,  Conn 

213  Houston,   Tex 

215  Lafayette,   Ind 

216  Torrington,  Conn 

217  Westerly,    R.    I 

219  Petersboro,   Ont.,   Can. 

220  Wallace,  Ida 

224  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

225  Atlanta,    Ga 

228  Pottsville,  Pa 

229  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y 

232  Ft.    Wayne,    Ind 

234  Thompsonville,  Conn.. . 

235  Riverside,   Cal 

236  Clarksburg,  W.  Va 

243  Tiffin,    O 

244  Grand    Junction,    Colo. 

245  Cambridge,  O , 

249  Kingston,    Ont.,    Can.. 

251  Kingston,  N.  Y , 

256   Savannah,  Ga , 

259  Jackson,   Tenn 

260  Waterbury,  Conn 

261  Scranton,   Pa 

263  Berwick,  Pa 

268  Sharon,  Pa 

269  Danville,  111 

274  Vincennes,  Ind 

278  Watertown,  N.  Y 

280  Mt.    Olive.   Ill 

281  Binghampton,  N.  Y 

283  Augusta,  Ga 

286  Great   Falls,  Mont 

-287  Harrisburg,    Pa 


Labor  Temple    |    1-::   Tues. 


259    Slate   St 

1035  W.   Franklin   St. 

4  liS     Wisconsin     St.. 


1-3    Mon. 
Wednesday 

1-3   Tliur. 


223    Gloucester    St    Thursday 

Odd    Fellows'    Hall Thursday 

15  .Madison  St.  North Thursday 

85   W.   Western  Ave I  Tuesday 

715    N.    Eutaw    St I  2-4    Mon. 

3    Whitney    Park I  2nd    Sun. 

708    N.    17th    St Monday 

908  W.  8th  St I  Tuesday 


Galaway    Hall 
5th   and  Edmond  St. 
156  W.  Granite  St.. 
N.   Laurel    St 


Carpenters'    Bldg.     .  . 

4th    &   Main    St 

201    S.   5th    St 

271    W.   Main   St 

13"  Main    St 

220  E.   Tuscrawas  St. 

408   Poplar   St 

Springers  Garage    .  .  . 
145    Barrett   St 


Monday 
Friday 

Thursday 
Tuesday 
Tuesday 
Tuesdav 

1st    Mon. 

Thursday 
2-4  Fri. 
Monday 
Monday 
Friday 

2-4  Wed. 
Monday 

.2-4  Thur. 
1-3  Mon. 
2-4  Wed. 
1-3  Thur. 
Tuesday 
1-3  Wed. 
3rd  Wed. 
Thursday 
4th  Tues. 
Monday 
Thursday 
1-3  Wed. 
ill    Castle    St I    2-4   Wed. 


30  S.  Main  St 

Moose  Hall    

233  W.  Front  St. 
Labor  Temple  .  . 
Moose  Hall  .... 
6218    26th    Ave..  . 


259   W.   Federal    St. 
430    S.    Montana... 

25   Mill    St 

400  N.   Jefferson   St. 
5th  and  Market  St. 


Labor  Temple 

11th  and  Pine  St. .  . . 

130  S.  Beaver  St 

Srubbs    Hall    

17    E.    Elm    St 

Painters'    Hall    

Labor    Temple    

8   E.    Chestnut   St 

417   E.    English    St..  . 

21    Academy    St 

106 1   E.   Washington. 

1502 J    Main    St 

Carpenters'    Hall    .  .  . 

617    Caroline     

508  Columbia  St 

K.    of    P.    Hall 

Stillman's    Hall    


315    Pine    St 

1228   Walnut   St 

91  Trinity  Ave.,  S.  E 

Center  &  Market  St 

6J   Elm   St 

209  W.  Berry  St 

Amer.    Legion    Hall 

3577  8th  St 

Carpenters'    Hall    

Washington  &  Madison   St. 


2-4  Thur. 
Tuesday 
Monday 

2-4   Tues. 

1-3  Mon. 
Monday 
Monday 

1-3  Thur. 

Thursday 
Tuesday 

Thursday 

Wednesday 

Thursday 
Friday 

Thursday 

1-3    Wed. 

1-3   Wed. 

1-3  Tues. 
Monday 
Monday 

2-4   Tues. 

1-3  Thur. 

Thursday 

2nd  Mon. 
Monday 

Tuesday 

1-3   Tues. 


Wheeling  and  8th   St 2-L.  Thur. 

Wellington  and  Princess .  .  .  2-4    Mon. 

I.    O.    O.    F.    Hall 1-3   Tues. 

107    Whitaker    St Tuesday 

Main  and  Church  St I  2-4    Fri. 

B.    T.    Hall I  Tuesday 

428  Lackawanna  Ave I  Friday 

Reliance  Hail    2-4    Mon. 

ICor.  R.  R.  and  State  St...  I  Tuesday 

|30    N.    Hazel    St I  1-3   Wed. 

1228   Chestnut  St I  1-3  Thur. 


93    State   St 

810  Ellis  St 

716  Is*  Ave.,  So. 
|15th  &  Shoop  St. 


Thursday 
Monday 

Wednesday 
Monday 


.55 

No 

1.00 

Yes 

1.05 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

.70 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

.90 

No 

1.10 

Yes 

.67 

1.00 

1.15 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

1.05 

Yes 

1.25 

Yes 

.80 

1.10 

Yes 

.75 

Yes 

.90 

No 

1.00 

Yes 

.75 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

.65 

.85 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

No 

.80 

No 

1.25 

Yes 

.80 

.75 

1.05 

Yes 

1.20 

Yes 

1.00 

No 

.90 

Yes 

1.12J 

Yes 

1.00 

.80 

Yes 

.80 

1.00 

Yes    1 

.'.Ml 

Yes     1 

1.00 

Yes    1 

.75 

J 

1.00 

f 

1.00 

Yes    | 

.75 

No      1 

1.00 

Yes     I 

.90 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes    1 

1.00 

Yes    | 

1.00 

Yes 

.70 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

.80 

.871 

No 

1.20 

Yes    | 

.90 

Yes    | 

.90 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

.90 

1.00 

No 

.80 

No 

.75 

No 

1.00 

No 

.75 

No 

.75 

Yes 

.90 

No 

I    1.00 

Yes 

1.121 

Yes 

.80 

No 

1.15 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

.871 

Yes 

.75 

Yes 

1.20 

Yes 

1.00 

THE  CARPENTER 


29 


L.  U.  I 

No.   CITY  AND  STATE  | 


MEETING  PLACE 


Meeting 
Night 


Hrs. 


Wages 


5  Day  I 
Week  |Agrt 


289  Lockport,  N.  Y 

290  Lake  Geneva,   Wis. 

292  Shawnee,  Okla.   . .  . 

293  Canton,   111 

294  E.   Palestine,   O 

297  Kalamazoo,  Mich.   . 

300  Austin,   Tex 

301  Newburgh,  N.  Y..  . 
303  Portsmouth,  Va.    .  . 

305  Millville,    N.    J 

307  Winona,  Minn.    .  .  . 

310  Norwich,   N.   Y 

311  Joplin,  Mo 

313  Pullman,   Wash.    . . 

314  Madison,  Wis 

315  Boone,   la 


317 
319 
320 
321 
322 
323 
326 
327 
328 
329 
331 
332 
336 
337 
339 
340 
343 
344 
345 
347 


52    Main    St 

150  Center   St 

I.   O.   O.   F.    Hall 

K.   of   P.    Bldg 

G.  H.  Allcorn 

326   N.    Rose    St 

Labor    Temple    j 

Labor    Temple    | 

C.    L.    U.    Hall 

High  and  Pine  St 

4th  &  Center   St 

Moose    Hall     

3061  Main    

Barlevs  Hall    

309   W.    Johnson   St 

8131  8th  St 


351 
352 
356 
358 
360 
361 
362 
363 
364 
365 
367 
371 
372 
373 


Aberdeen,  Wash.   .  . 

Roanoke,  Va ' 

Westfleld,  N.  J 

Connellsville,  Pa 

Niagara  Falls,    N.   Y.  . . 

Beacon,    N.    Y 

Prescott,     Ariz 

Attleboro,    Mass 

E.    Liverpool,    Ohio    .  . . 
Oklahoma   City,   Okla. .  . 

Norfolk,     Va 

Waxahachie,    Tex 

LaSalle,  111 

Detroit,   Mich 

Clarks    Summit,   Pa....j 

Hagerstown,    Md ' 

AVinnipeg,    Man.,    Can .  .  | 
Waukesha,    Wis.     . . . 

Memphis,   Tenn 

Mattoon,    111 

Waterville,    Me 

Northampton,    Mass. 

Anderson,    Ind 

Marietta,    Ohio     .... 

Tipton,    Ind 

Galesburg,    111 

Duluth,    Minn 

Pueblo,    Colo 

Elgin,    111 

Council   Bluffs,   Iowa. 

Marion,     Ind 

Centralia,    111 

Denison,    Tex 

Lima,    Ohio    

Fort    Madison,    Iowa. 


312  E.  1st  St 

151    Franklin    Rd 

Amer.    Legion   Hall 
Odd     Fellows'     Temple. 

2118  Main  St 

McGlasson's  Hall   

233  S.  Cortez  St 


Ingram  Bldg 

916  W.  California  St.. 
318   E.    Freemason    St. 


377  Alton,  111 

379  Texarkanna,  Tex. 
384  Asheville,  N.  C.  . 

388  Richmond,  Va.  . 

389  Tuxedo,  N.  Y.  .. 


393 
396 

398 


403 
404 
407 
409 
411 
413 
415 
418 
421 
422 


Camden,    N.    J 

Newport    News,    Va... 
Lewiston,    Idaho 

Phillipsburg,  N.  J 

Alexandria,    La 

Lake  Co.  &  Vic,  Ohio. 

Lewiston,    Me 

New    Canaan,    Conn. .  . 

San    Angelo,    Tex 

South    Bend,    Ind 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Greeley,  Colo 

Ellwood  City,  Pa 

Rochester,  Pa 


4147  Cass  

Malta    Hall    

2  W.  Washington   St. 

165   James    St 

320  Broadway 

212   N.   2nd   St 

1S201  Broadway 

Main   and   Silver   St. . 

C.    L.    U.    Hall 

806*   S.  Main  St 

Labor    Hall     

1271   E.  Jefferson   St. 

52  N.   Prairie  St 

117   W.    2nd   St 

Labor    Temple    

Union    Hall     

201   W.    Broadway .  .  . 

2nd  &  McClure  St 

1481  E.  Broadway. .  . 

3161    Main    St 

Home  of  Members    .  . 
Moose  Hall    


201  E.  Broadway 

3161    Main    St 

Labor  Temple   

Labor  Temple   

St.    Francis    Guild    House, 

Sloatsburg    

635  Market  St 

31st  St.  and  Huntington  av. 
Labor    Temple     


425  El  Paso,   Tex 

428  Fairmont,  W.  Va 

431  Brazil.  Ind 

432  Atlantic  City,  N.  J 

435  Chester,  W.  Va 

437  Portsmouth,  O 

442  Hopkinsville,  Ky 

446  Sault    Ste    Marie,    Ont. 

Can 

450  Ogden,  Utah 

453  Auburn,  N.  Y 

459  Bar    Harbor,    Me 

469  Cheyenne,   Wyo 

474  Nyack,   N.   Y 

479  Sparta,   111 


Township  Hall,  Mentor.  .  .  . 

31    Lisbon    St 

Locust  av.  and  N.  Main  St 

281    E.   Concho    

2321  S.  Michigan 

1228    Walnut    St 

F.  Gordon's  Shop 

1st  Nat'l  Bk.  Bldg 

Painters    Hall,    W.    Bridge-| 

water    

2800  E.  Yandell j 

Labor    Temple    

I.   O.    O.   F.    Hall 

14   S.  Tennessee  Ave. .  .  . 


Tuesday 
2nd  Mon. 
Tuesday 
4th  Thur. 
1st  Wed. 
Tuesday 
1-3  Wed. 
1-3-5  Mon. 
1-3  Mon. 
1-3  Mon. 
1-3  Fri. 
1-3  Wed. 
3rd  Tues. 
2-4  Tues. 
2-4  Wed. 
2-4  Thur. 

1-3   Thur. 

Tuesday 
2-4  Thur. 
1-3    Mon. 

Tuesday 
1st   Tues. 

1-3    Fri. 

Thursday 
Monday 
Friday 

1-3    Fri. 

Friday 
2nd  Wed. 

Monday 

Alt.  Fri. 
2nd  Mon. 

Friday 
1-3  Thur. 

1-3    Fri. 
1-3    Thur. 

Tuesday 
2-4  Tues. 
Is  tWed. 
1-3   Tues. 

Tuesday 

Friday 

2-4  Tues. 

1-3  Thur. 

1st  Fri. 
2-4  Thur. 

Saturday 
Wednesday 
2-4   Wed. 


.871 
1.00 
1.00 

.65 
1.00 

.80 
1.00 
1.121 


.80 
.80 
.75 
.90 
.75 
.90 


|  6out|1.121out 


1   7  In 

.75  In 

9 

.80 

8 

1.20 

7 

1.00 

8 

1.-00 

8 

1.00 

1      8 

1.00 

Gallia  &  Gay  St.. 
I.    O.   O.   F.   Hall. 


Forester's  Hall 

363  25th   St 

Mantell  Hall  .  . 
Union  Hall  .  .  . 
Eagles  Hall .  .  . 
K.  of  P.  Hall.  . 
K.  of  P.  Hall .  . 


1.00 
.75 

.80 

1.00 
1.00 
1.121 
.75 
.75 
.80 
.871 
.80 
.871 

1.00 
1.00 

.80 

.90 
1.00 

1.25 

.80 

.75 
1.00 

.75 

.90 

.75 
.80  In 


No 
Yes 


No 
No 


Yes 
Yes 

No 

No 
No 
No 

Yes 


Yes 

No 

Yea 
Yes 
Yes 


Yes 
les 
Yes 


No 
No 
No 
No     |  Part 


Yes 
No 


I     Yes    |  Part 
No 


No 
Yes 

Yes 
No 

No 
Yes 


Yes 


2-4    Mon. 

1      8 

|  $1  out 

Yes 

Monday 

8 

.75 

1 

Wednesday 

8    ' 

.871 

Tuesday 

8 

.80 

2-4   Mon. 

7 

1.00 

Mondav 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

Monday 

8 

.88 

Yea 

Thursday 

8 

1.00 

No 

2nd  Mon. 

8 

1.121 

Yes 

Wednesday 

8 

.80 

Yes 

1-3  Thur. 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

8 

.75 

No 

1-3  Tues. 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

2-4   Wed. 

8 

.80 

Yes 

1st   Mon. 

8 

.75 

2-4   Thur. 

8 

1.00 

Yes    1 

2-4   Mon. 

8 

1.25 

Yes 

Wednesday 

8 

1.00 

Friday 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

Monday 

8 

.90 

No 

Thursday 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

1-3   Tues. 

8 

1.00 

Thursday 

8 

.90 

Yes 

1-3    Mon. 

8 

.60 

2nd  Tues. 

8 

Friday 

8 

.871 

Yes 

1-3   Mon. 

8 

.90 

Yes 

Monday 

8 

.871 

Yes 

1-2   Mon. 

8 

1.00 

Yes    | 

1-3   Fri. 

8 

1.00 

Yes    1 

2-4   Fri. 

8 

1.00 

No 

No 

No 


30 


THE     CARPENTER 


I.    I' 
No. 


CITY    AND  STATE     I 


M  FETING   PLACE 


IM  Barre,    Vt |  YV'orthen   Block 

•is  i  Piuuba,    Cal |  Uuiou   Hall    ... 

487  Linton.  Ind |  K.    of    P.    Hall. 

•mi  Corinth,   N.   Y.. .. 

492  Reading,   Pa 

41)4  Windsor,   Ont,  Can.. 

4U5  Streator,  111 

496  Kankakee,  111 

498  Brantford.  Ont.,  Can. 

499  Leavenworth,  Kans. 

500  Butler,  Pa 


501  Stroudsburg,    Pa 

502  Cauandaigua,   N.   Y 

505  Litchfield,   111 •• 

507  Nashville,   Tenn 

50S  Marion,   111 

510  Du   Quoin,   111 

511  Roswell,  N.  M 


515 
517 
518 
522 
523 
525 
526 
529 
531 
534 
535 
537 
538 
541 
542 
545 
549 
555 
556 
557 
559 
561 
562 
565 
568 
570 
574 
576 
577 
580 
581 
587 
588 
590 
592 
594 
595 
597 
600 
603 
604 
607 
609 
610 
616 
618 
619 
620 
621 
622 
623 
624 
62  r. 
626 
627 
631 
635 
637 
639 
640 
641 
642 
644 
645 
648 
650 
652 
653 
655 


Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 

Portland,  Me 

Charleston,  111 

Durham,  N.  C 

Keokuk,   la 

Coshocton,  O , 

Galveston.  Tex 

Scottdale,   Pa 

St.    Petersburg,   Fla.  .  .  . 

Burlington,   la 

Cadillac,  Mich 

Rahway,    N.   J 

Concord,   N.    H 

Washington,  Pa 

Salem,  N.  J 

Kane,   Pa 

Greenfield,  Mass 

Temple,    Texas    

Meadville,  Pa 

Bozeman,   Mont 

Paducah,    Ky 

Pittsburg,  Kans 

Everett,   Wash 

Elkhart,  Ind 

Lincoln,  111 

Gardner,   Mass 

Middletown,  N.  Y 

Pine  Bluff,   Ark 

Charleston,    S.   C 

Du  Bois,  Pa 

Herrin,   111 

Coatesville,  Pa 

Carterville,   111 

Rutland,    Vt:    

Muncie,   Ind.    . .  -. 

Dover,   N.   J 

Lynn,    Mass 

Centerville,   la 

Saranac  Lake,  N.  Y.  . .  . 

Ithaca,    N.    Y 

Murphysboro,   111 

Hannibal.  Mo 

Idaho   Falls,    Ida 

Port  Arthur,  Texas.  .  .  . 

Cbambersburg,  Pa 

Hurst,  111. 

Moose  Jaw,  Sask.,  Can. 

"Vineland,   N.   J 

Bangor.  Me 

Waco,   Tex 

Danielson,  Conn 

Brockton,   Mass 

Manchester,   N.    H 

Wilmington,    Del 

Jacksonville,  Fla 

Spring   Valley,   111 

Boise,  Ida 

Hamilton,  O 

Akron,    O 

Netcong  &  Stanhope,  N.  J. 

Ft.  Dodge,  la 

Richmond,    Cal 

Pekin,    111 

Las  Vegas,  New  Mex. .  . 

Pana,  111 

Poraeroy,    O 

Elwood,  Ind 

Chickasha,  Okla 

Key  West,  Fla 


I.    O.   O.    F.    Hall.  .  . 

834  Walnut  St 

21    Pitt   St.    W 

107   B.   Main   St 

261  E.  Merchant  St. 
51  Dalhousie  St..  .  . 
3rd  and  Delaware.  . 
Younkins    Hall 


Miller's  Hall 


201   W.    Ryder   St. 

2(i7    Polk    Ave 

I.   O.   O.    F.    Hall. 

32  S.  Oak  St 

K.  of  P.  Hall 


7  No.  Cascade  Ave. 
453  Congress  St. .  . 

C.    L.    U.    Hall 

107  Market  St 

6161    Main    St 

Pochahontas    Hall 
4211    21st    St 


112  Taylor  Arcade 
Red    Men's   Hall.  .  . 

434   River  St 

25  Fulton   St 

C.    L.    U.    Hall 

I.    O.   O.    F.    Hall.  . 
I.    O.    O.   F.    Hall.  . 

K.    of    P.    Hall 

Eagles     Hall 


274   Chestnut   St 

221  E.  Main  St 

5th  and  Jackson  St. 
411|  N.  Locust  St.. 
2810  Lombard  Ave.. 


K.    of   P.    Hall. 


12    Washington    St 

2nd    and    Main 

00  Smith  St 

Long  Ave.  and  Brady  St. .  . 

State    Bank    Bldg 

5th  av  &  Lincoln  Highway 


Apollo    Hall     

3021    S.   Walnut   St.  . 

638  E.  Blackwell  St.. 
(520    Washington    St.. 

|  Miners'   Hall    

1 1.  O.  O.  F.  Hall 

|  State  and  Albany   St. 

|  Andrews  Hall    

1 6th  and  Broadway .  . 
| 408  6th  St 

701J    Beaumont    Ave. 

563    Pleasant    St 


1005    Athabasca   St.,   E. . 

624    Elmer    St 

26  Postoffice   Square. .  . . 

61 4J   Columbus   Ave I 

St.    Jean    Baptiste    Hall ...  I 

28    Main    St I 

788   Elm    St I 

815  Market  St I 

53  W.  Ashley  St 

1121   S.   10th    St | 

Labor     Temple [ 

184  W.  Center  St I 

C.  Christies  Res.,  Stanhope  | 

7th    and    Central | 

Brotherhood    Hall | 

Court  and  5th   St I 

1034    5th    St I 

Locust  and  Main  St I 

Skinners  Hall   I 


518   Kansas   Ave. 


Meeting 

1 

1 

5  Day 

r 

Night 

|  Hrs. 

1  Wages 

Week 

|Agr 

Monday 

1     8 

|      .90 

No 

I     No 

1st    Sat. 

8 

1      -821 

j 

1st    Tiles. 

7 

.96 

Yes 

J 

2-4    Mon. 

8 

.80 

Yes 

1     Y« 

l-:i    Mon. 

l-:i    Mon. 

8 

.80 

No 

Vb 

l-:i  Thur. 

6 

1.00 

Yes 

No 

Thursday 

s 

1.00 

Yes 

Ye 

2-4    Mon. 

8 

.70 

No 

Ye 

Wednesday 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

Ye 

1-3    Fri. 

1      8 
1 

|     1.00 
I    .70  In 

Yes 

Ye 

1-3  Tues. 

1      8 

|. 80  out 

No 

No 

2-4   Fri. 

8 

.75 

No 

1 

Monday 

8 

.7-> 

2-4    Mon. 

8 

.02 1 

No 

Ye 

1-3    Mon. 

8 

.75 

No 

No 

1st  Thur. 

8 

.75 

Except 

3rd  Mon. 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

Ye 

Monday 

8 

.80 

No 

No 

1-3    Mon. 

8 

No 

No 

Tuesday 

8 

.40-.50 

2-4   Tues. 

8 

.80 

2-4   Tues. 

8 

.80 

1-3   Tues. 

8 

1.00 

Wednesday 

8 

.75 

2-4    Mon. 

8 

.80 

Yes 

No 

1-3   Wed. 

8 

.80 

Yes 

No 

1-3    Fri. 

I      8 

|    1.25 

Yes 

No 

2-4  Thur. 

8 

.80 

Monday 

8 

1.00 

1-3    Sat. 

8 

.80 

2-4   WTed. 

8 

.75 

2-4    Wed. 

8 

.75 

Yes 

No 

Friday 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

No 

2-4   Wed. 

S 

1.00 

Yes 

No 

Monday 

8 

.1  5 

Yes 

Ye 

Wednesday 

8 

1.00 

No 

No 

Thursday 

6 

1.121 

Yes 

Vbl 

2-4   Fri. 

8 

.871 

No 

No 

2-4    Mon. 

s 

.95 

Yes 

Ye? 

1-3    Mon. 

8 

1.00 

No 

No 

3rd  Tues. 

8 

.67 

Yes 

1st  Thur. 

8 

.80 

Yes 

No 

Tuesday 

8 

1.00 

No 

No 

>-L.    Tues. 

8 

.65 

Yes 

No 

2-4   Wed. 

8 

.871 

Friday 

8 

.90 

Yes 

No 

1-3    Fri. 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

Vbl 

Thursday 

8 

1.10 

Yes 

No 

1-3    Wed. 

8 

.75 

No 

No 

L.    Thur. 

8 

.75 

No 

No 

1-3    Fri. 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

Ye? 

2-4    Fri. 

8 
8 

1.00 
1.00 

Yes 

No 

2-4    Fri. 

8 

1.00 

No 

No 

Tuesday 

7 

1.00 

Yes 

No 

1-3    Mon. 

8 

.664 

9 

.35-.70 

No 

No 

2-4    Wed. 

8 

.80 

Part   | 

No 

1-3  Thur. 

8 

Friday 

6 

1.00 

1st    Mon. 

7 

.80 

Monday 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

No 

1-3  Thur. 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

No 

Wednesday 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

No 

Monday 

8 

.  To 

Monday 

8 

1.00 

2-4  Thur. 

7 

1.10 

Yes 

Yes 

Tuesday     1 

8 

1.00      1 

Yes 

Pari 

on    Call     j 

1 

1-3  Tues. 

8      I 

.80 

Yes 

Yes 

Thursday 

8      1 

.90 

Tuesday 

8 

1.25 

Yes 

No 

1st  Tues. 

8 

1.00 

2-4    Fri.     | 

8      I 

1.00 

No 

No 

1st  Wed.    1 

8 

.75 

Monday     J 

8      J 

1.00 

1 

No 

No 

THE  CARPENTER 


31 


L.  U. 

No. 


CITY  AND  STATE  | 


MEETING  PLACE   | 


Meeting 
Night 


Hrs. 


I  5  Day  I 
Wages  |  Week  |Agrt 


657  Sheboygan,  Wis 

658  Millinocket,   Me 

659  Rawlins,  Wyo 

661  Ottawa,  111 

662  Mt.   Morris,  N.  Y 

665  Amarillo,  Tex 

666  Mimico,  Ont.,  Can 

669  Harrisburg,    111 

673  Fort  Edwards,  N.  Y. . . 

674  Mt.   Clemens,  Mich. .  . . 

677  Lebanon,  Pa 

678  Dubuque,  la 

679  Montpelier,  Vt 

682  Franklin,    Pa 

683  Burlington,   Vt 

686  Blackwell,  Okla 

689  Dunkirk,  N.  Y 

690  Little  Rock,  Ark 

691  Williamsport,  Pa 

694  Boonville,   Ind 

695  Sterling,    111 

696  Tampa,  Fla 

698  Newoprt,  Ky 

700  Corning,  N.  Y 

702  Grafton,  W.  Va 

703  Lockland,  Ohio 

704  Quanah,    Tex 

705  Lorain,  O 

706  Sullivan,   Ind 

707  Silver  City,   N.  Mex... 
712  Covington,  Ky 

715  Elizabeth,    N.   J 

716  Zanesville,  O 

718  Havre,  Mont 

719  Freeport,  111 

722  Manchester,  N.  H 

724  Houston,  Tex 

728  Pontiac,  111 

730  Quebec,   Que.,   Can.... 

731  Corsicana,  Tex 

732  Oakland  City,   Ind 

733  Percy,  111 

734  Kokomo,  Ind 

735  Mansfield,  O 

737  Carlinville,    111 

739  College  Hill,  Ohio 

741  Beardstown,   111 

742  Decatur,   111 

743  Bakersfield,  Calif 

744  Red   Lodge,  Mont 

745  Honolulu,    H.   I 

746  Norwalk,  Conn 

747  Oswego,  N.  Y 

748  Taylorville,  111 

749  Mt.  Vernon,  O 

750  Asbury  Park,  N.  J 

751  Santa  Rosa,  Cal 

753  Beaumont,  Tex 

754  Fulton,   N.   Y 

755  Superior,  Wis 

757   S.  Manchester,  Conn .  . 

761  Sorel,  Que.,  Can 

762  Qulncy,  Mass 

763  Enid,   Okla 

764  Shreveport,  La 

767  Ottumwa,  la 

771  Watsonville,   Calif 

772  Clinton,   la 

775  Hoquaim,  Wash 

776  Marshall,  Tex 

778  Fitchburg,  Mass.   ..... 

779  Waycross,  Ga 

780  Astoria,  Ore 

781  Princeton,  N.  J 

783   Sioux  Falls,  S.  D 

785   Covington,   Ky 

789  Marissa,  111 

790  Dixon,   111 

792  Rockford,  111 

794  Leominster,   Mass.    .  .  . 

795  St.   Louis,  Mo 

797  Charlevoix,  Mich 

798  Salem,   111 

799  Brockville,   Ont,  Can.. 
801  Woonsocket,  R.   I 

803  Metropolis,    111 

804  Naugatuck,  Conn 

805  Zeigler,  111 

809  Charleston,    S.   C 


811   New   York   Ave 

Legion    Hall    

North  Star  Hall 

Union    Hall     

American    Legion    Hall. 
2121   W.    7th    St 


Painters   Hall    

II.   O.   O    F.   Hall 

51   N.   Walnut   St 

P.  O.  S.  of  A.  Hall 

Carpenters  Hall,  9th  St 

73  Main  St.,  K.  P.  Hall .  . 
Liberty  between  12  &  13  St 
156    College    St 


Heyl    Block 

213|   W.   2nd   St 

3rd  and  Pine  St 

C.    L.    U.    Hall 

101   E.  3rd  St 

2310    Highland    Ave. 
321   Washington   Ave. 

[92   E.   Market    St 

E.   N.   Locks  office... 

K.    of   P.    Hall 

I.    O.   O.   F.   Hall 


N.  D.  Martin's  office. 
Dist.    Attv's    office.  .  . 

4th  and  Court  St 

1108   Elizabeth    Ave.. 
Carpenters'    Hall    .  .  . 

Morris    Cafe    

151    Stephen    St 

335    Somerville    St..  . 


3151    N.   Mill   St 

356    Boulevard    Caust 

W.  O.  W.   Hall 

Webbs  Hall    

Carpenters'    Hall    

12  W.  Mulberry  St 

[Trades  Council  Hall 

11181  East  Side  Suare 

I  Town    Hall    

II.  O.  O.  F.  Hall 

|215  N.  Water  St 

|2121  I  St 

Labor    Temple    

Phoenix    Hall    

25  Main  St 

Richardson    Theatre    Bldg. 

Miller  Lbr.  Co.  office 

3  3rd  Ave 

Newman's  Hall  Belmar.  .  .  . 

036  3rd  St 

790J   Pearl   St 

10  W.   4th   St.,N 

Labor   Hall    

Members  Homes   

Veterans  Hall    

Maple  Hall    

Union   Hall    

1660  Texas   Ave 

220    E.    Main    St ' 

|462a   Main    St 

1613  S.  2nd  St 

i  Moose    Hall     

II.    O.    O.   F.   Hall 

I  St.    Georges   Hall . 

1614  Plant  Ave 

I  Labor  Temple   

I  Branch  Bldg 

|  Labor   Hall    

|9th  and  Pike  St 

I  American    Legion     Hall ...  I 

I  Ricards  Hall    I 

|402   E.    State   St I 

lEagles    Hall     I 

3G06  Cozens  Ave I 

E.   Side  Court  House  Sq. 


34  Main  St 

Odd  Fellows  Temple. 

26    Church    St 

Carpenters'    Hall    .  .  . 
Painter's    Hall    


2-4  Thur. 
1st   Wed. 

1st   Fri. 

2-4  Fri. 
3rd  Thur. 
Thursday 

1-3  Thur. 
1-3  Mon. 
1st  Mon. 
Tuesday 
1-3  Wed. 
1st  Mon. 
Thursday 
Thursday 

1st  Tues. 
1-3  Thur. 

2-4  Mon. 
Alt  Tues. 
1st   Mon. 

Monday 
2-4  Thur. 
2-4  Mon. 
1st  Mon. 
1-3    Mon. 

1st  Fri. 

2-4  Tues. 
2-4    Mon. 

Monday 
2-4    Mon. 

2-4  Fri. 
2-4  Tues. 
1-3  Tues. 
1st   Mon. 

1st   Fri. 

Wednesday 
Tuesday 

Thursday 

2nd    Sat. 

Thursday 

2nd  Wed. 

1-3    Wed. 

1st   Mon. 

2-4  Wed. 
Monday 

Wednesday 

2-4   Wed. 

2-4   Wed. 

1-3  Mon. 
Monday 

4th  Thur. 

1st    Wed. 

2-4  Tues. 
Friday 
Friday 
Friday 

Thursday 

3rd  Tues. 

L.    Thur. 

2-4  Mon. 
Friday 
Monday 
Monday 
Monday 
Tuesday 
Monday 
1-3    Fri. 

1-3  Thur. 

Saturday 

2-L.  Mon. 

1-3  Tues. 
Friday 

1-3  Wed. 
2-4    Fri. 

1st  Tues. 

1-3    Mon. 

1-3  Tues. 
2-4    Fri. 

2-4  Thur. 

2-4  Tues. 
1-3  Mon. 
2-4  Wed. 
1-3  Tues. 
1-3   Fri. 


.85  I 
.09-.78 
1.00  I 
1.00     J 

.90 
1.00 

1.00 

.80 

.60 

.85 
1.00 

.90 

.95 

.90 


1.00 

.90 

.75 

.90 

.80 
1.20 
1.00 
1.10 
1.20 

.50 

.90 

.87| 
1.20 
1.40 
1.121 
1.00 

.90 

.65 

.80 

.75 

.80 

.50 
1.00 
1.20 

.75 
1.20 

.90 
1.00 
1.00 

.871 

1.121 
1.00 

.75 
1.10 

.90 
1.00 

.80 
1.00 

.871 

.30 
1.15 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 

.90 
.85-$l 
1.12* 
1.00" 

.90 

.75 

.81 
1.00 

.90 
1.20 
1.00 
1.00 
1.15 

.90 
.50-.55 

.75 

.90 
.75 
.85 
1.00 
.75 


No 


No 


Yes 


No 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 


No     |  Part 
No  No 

No  No 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

No 

Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 

Yes 

No 

No 

No 

Yes 


No 
Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

No 
Yes 
Yes 

No 
Yes 
Yes 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 

No 

No 


Yes 
No 


Yes 
Yes 


32 


THE     CARPENTER 


T"T 

N<>.       CITY    AND   STATE 


I 
MEETING   PLACE       ( 


Mectinj. 
Night 


I  5  Day  I 
Wages  I  Week  |Agrt 


811 
812 
813 
817 
818 
822 
824 
825 
820 
829 
830 
834 
835 
836 
838 
841 
842 
846 
849 
853 
854 
857 
863 
865 
866 
867 
868 


Atlantic  Highl'ds,  N.  J 

Cairo,   111 

Carbondale,  Pa 

Bessemer,  Ala 

Putnam,  Conn.  .: 

Findlay,  O 

Muskegon,   Mich 

WillimantiC,  Conn 

Sycamore,  111 

Santa  Cruz,  Cal 

Oil  City,  Pa , 

Reynoldsville,  Pa 

Seneca   Falls,  N.  1' 

Janesville,  Wis 

Sunbury,  Pa 

Carbondale,   111 

Pleasantville,  N.  J 

Letbbridge,    Alta.,   Can. 

Manitowoc,  Wis 

Bound  Brook,  N.  J 

Madisonville,    O 

Tucson,   Ariz 

Conneaut,  O 

Brunswick,  Ga 

Norwood,    Mass 

Milford,  Mass 

Cincinnati,    Ohio 


Skidmore's  Hall    

71L".  Commercial  Ave. 

24  N.   .Main   St 

1K22*    2nd    Ave 

St.  Johns  Hall 

Marvin  Block 

Falcon    Hall    


Sycamore  Nat'l  Bk.  Bid. 

I.  O.  O.  F.  Bldg 

Moose   Temple    , 

Eagles'   Hall    

Odd   Fellows  Temple.... 
13    S.    Main    St 


I.    O.    O.   F.   Hall. 


10th    and    Washington    St.. 
Maden  Lane  and  Main  St. . 

I.    O.    O.   F.   Hall 

267   S.   Stone  Ave 

223    Main    St 

Wright    Bldg 


878  Beverlv,  Mass 

881  Massillon,  O 

886  Dalhart,  Tex 

887  Hampton,  Va 

891   Hot  Springs,  Ark 

893   Wellsburg,   W.  Va 

898  St.    Joseph    and    Benton 

Harbor,  Mich 

899  Parkersburg,  W.   Va 

900  Altoona,    Pa 

901  Savanna,  111 

904  Jacksonville,  111 

907  Great  Neck,   N.   Y 

911  Kalispell,   Mont 

912  Richmond,  Ind 

913  Balboa,  C.   Z 

914  Augusta,  Me 

915  Horton,  Kan 

918  Manhattan,  Kan 

919  St.  Johns,  N.  B.,  Can.  . 

920  Meriden,   Conn 

921  Portsmouth,  N.  H 

925  Salinas,  Calif 

926  Beloit,  Wis 

927  Danbury,  Conn 

928  Danville,  Pa 

930  St.    Cloud,    Minn 

932  Peru,  Ind 

935  Princeton,  Ind 

939  Weston,   W.   Va 

940  Sandusky,  O 

942  Fort  Scott,  Kan 

943  Tulsa,  Okla 

944  San   Bernardino,  Cal .  .  . 

945  Jefferson  City,  Mo 

947  Ridgway,  Pa 

948  Sioux  City,   la 

951  Brainerd,   Minn 

952  Bristol,   Conn 

953  Lake  Charles,  La 

956  Normal,  111 

958  Marquette,  Mich 

960  Nebraska  City,  Neb 

965  Dekalb,  111 

970  Riverside,   N.   J 

971  Reno,  Nev 

973  Texas  City,  Tex 

974  Baltimore,   Md 

975  Benton,   111 

976  Marion,  O 

977  Wichita  Falls,  Tex 

978  Springfield,  Mo 

981  Petaluma,    Cal 

986  MeAlester,   Okla 

989  Newburyport,  Mass.   .  .  . 

990  Greenville,  111 

993  Miami,  Fla.    


129    Main    St 

Cheviot  Town  Hall,  Lowell 

and  Harrison  Ave 

231   Cabot    

102   Lincoln   Way,  W 

I.   O.   O.   F.   Hall 

Red   Men*s  Hall 

307   Pleasant   St 

R.  E.   Whetsell,    Shop 


Odd  Fellows'  Hall .  . 

1122  11th  Ave 

I.    O.    O.    F.    Bldg.  . 
Labor    Temple 
Masonic    Temple    .  . 

Kalispell  Hall 

716i  Main  St 

Balboa   Club   House. 
G.    A.    R.    Hall 


431   A  Poyntz  Ave. 


29  Colony  St 

43    High    St 

422    N.    Main   St 

G.    A.    R.    Hall 

264   Main    St 

Odd  Fellows'  Hall. 
6171  St.  Germain.  . 
62 J  N.  Broadway.  .  . 
Carpenters'    Hall    .  . 


G.    A.    R.    Hall 

1181  E.  Wall  St 

4161    S.    Detroit   Ave. 

4th    &   D    St 

3121  E.  High  St 

Moose   Hall 

5081    5th    St 

Y.   M.  C.  A.   Hall 

8    S.    Elm    St 

Nagen   Bid 

I.   O.    O.   F.    Hall 

3rd  &  Bluff  Sts 


6th  and  Lincoln  Way 

Fire  House    

212    N.    Virginia    St 

T.  L.  A.  Hall,  4th  St 

715  N.    Eutaw   St 

Ill  E.  Main  St 

161  S.  Main  St 

705  Travis   St 

3151    Boonville    Ave 

Western  Ave.  &  Upham  St. 

Leavy   Hall    

3  State  St 

Legion    Hall    

47    N.    W.    3rd    St 


996  Penn  Van,  N.  Y.   .  . j 

998  Royal  Oak,  Mich..  . . .  .  .  |642  S..  Main   St.,   Clawson. 

999  Mt.  Vernon,  111 |  S.   10th   St. 


2-4  Sat. 
Thursday 
Wednesday 

Wednesday 
1st    Mod. 

Friday 
2-4   Tues. 

1-3  Wed. 
1-3    Mon. 

1-3    Men. 

1st   Wed. 

1-3   Tues. 

Friday 


2-L.  Mon. 

2-4  Tues. 
1st  Thur. 
2-4  Wed. 
Tuesday 
1-3  Mon. 
Friday 

1-3  Tues. 

1-3  Tues. 

1-3   Fri. 
2-4  Tues. 
2nd  Thur. 
2-4  Thur. 

Tuesday 
2-4   Mon. 


Tuesday 

2-4   Fri. 

1st  Fri. 
1-3  Wed. 
1-3  Mon. 
Thursday 

Tuesday 
3rd  Wed. 
2-4  Thur. 

Monday 

2-4  Thur. 
2-4  Tues. 

Monday 
2-4  Wed. 
2-4  Tues. 

1st  Fri. 

1-3  Fri. 
1-3  Thur. 
Wednesday 

2-4  Wed. 

1-3  Thur. 
Tuesday 
Monday 
1-3  Fri. 
Friday 
Friday 

2nd  Thur. 

1-3    Mon. 

Wednesday 

2-4  Wed. 
Monday 

1-3  Fri. 
1-3    Wed. 

Monday 
2-4   Mon. 
1-3   Wed. 
2-L.  Tues. 
1-3    Wed. 

Tuesday 

Tuesday 
2-4  Tues. 
Wednesday 
2nd  Wed. 
1st   Mon. 

Friday 

1st  Thur.  f 
1st  Fri.  I 
2-4    Mon. 


■TO 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

.781 

.60 


7    I.45-.48-.51 


.70 
1.00 
1.00 


.70 


1.00 

.75 
1.00 
1.20 
1.00 


6-8 


.70 

.70 

1.00 

1.20 
1.10 
1.00 
.75 
.80 
1.00 
1.00 


1.00 

.90 

.80 

1.00 

1.25 

1.00 

.75 

1.32 


.75 

1.00 

.90 
1.00 

.70 
1.00 

.60 

.80 

.75 

.75 

.80 

.90 
1.00 
1.00 

.871 

.75 
1.00 

.70 

.871 
1.00 
1.121 

.85 

.75 

1.00 

1.071 

.871 

.50 

.621 

.90 

.871 

.871 

.90 

.871 

.80 

.70 

.75 

.60  In 

|1.20  out 

I    1.00 

.75 


No 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 
No 


No 
No 
No 

Yes 


Yes 


Yes 
Yes 


Yes 


Yes 

Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 


Yes 


No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 


No 
Yes 


Yes 
No 


No 
Yes 
No 

Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
No 


Yes 


Yes 
Yes 
Yes 


Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 

No 


THE  CARPENTER 


33 


L.  U. 
No. 


CITY  AND  STATE 


MEETING  PLACE 


Mooting 
Night 


I  Hrs.  I  Wages 


5  Day  | 
Week  |Agrt 


1000  Greenville,  Pa 

1001  Piedmont,  Ala , 

1002  Warren,  Pa 

1005  New   Milford,   Conn 

1007  Seattle,  Wash 

1008  Wabash,  Ind 

1009  Harlan,  Ky 

1010  Uniontown,  Pa 

1011  Mullens,  W.   Va 

1012  Brookhaven,   Miss 

1014  Warren,   Pa 

1015  Saratoga   Springs,  N.  Y 

1017  Jacksonville,  Pla 

1018  Clarksburg,  W.  Va 

1019  Cortland,  N.  Y 

1021  High   Point,   N.   C 

1022  Parsons,  Kan 

1023  Alliance,  O 

1024  Cumberland,  Md 

1025  Philadelphia,   Pa 

1027  Hudson  Falls,   N.   Y 

1028  Ardmore,  Okla 

1029  Johnston    City,    111 

1030  Rusk,  Texas 

1031  Dover,  N.  H 

1032  Aberdeen,  So.  Dak 

1033  Niles,  Mich 

1034  Oskaloosa,  la 

1036  California,    Pa 

1037  Marseilles,  111 

1038  Ellenville,  N.  Y 

1040  Eureka,  Cal 

1041  Otisville,  N.  Y 

1042  Plattsburg,  N.  Y 

1043  Hanford,   Cal 

1044  Charleroi,  Pa 

1046  Savannah,  Ga 

1049  Poplar   Bluff,   Mo 

1052  Mobile,    Ala 

1054  Brigham,  Utah 

1055  Lincoln,  Neb 

1056  Pinckneyville,  111 

1057  Hood    River,    Oregon .  .  . 

1059  Athol,  Mass 

1060  Norman,  Okla 

1061  Jerome,  Ariz 

1062  Santa  Barbara,  Cal 

1063  Columbus,  Ohio 

1064  Lagrange,   Ga 

1065  Salem,  Ore 

1067  Port  Huron,  Mich 

1069  Muscatine,  la 

1070  El   Centro,    Calif 

1071  Cobourg,  Ont.,  Can..... 

1072  Muskogee,  Okla:    

1074  Eau  Claire,  Wis 

1076  Washington,   Ind 

1077  Owosso,  Mich 

1078  Fredericksburg,   Va 

1080  South   Haven,  Mich 

1081  Plainview,    Tex 

1082  Dallas,   Texas    

1084  Bloomsburg,   Pa 

1085  Livingston,    Mont 

1086  Gilbert,  W.  Va 

1088  Punxsutawney,    Pa.    .  .  . 

1089  Phoenix,  Ariz 

1090  Raymond,  Wash 

1093  Glen  Cove,  N.  Y 

1095  Salina,  Kan 

1096  San  Saba,  Texas 

1097  Longview,   Texas 

1098  Keystone,  W.  Va 

1099  Downington,  Pa 

1100  Flagstaff,  Ariz 

1102  Detroit,  Mich 

1103  Paragould,  Ark 

1104  Tyler,  Tex 

1107  Gloversville,   N.   Y 

1109  Welch,  W.  Va 

1112  Marshall  town,  la 

1114  Paducah,  Ky 

1116  Twin   Falls,   Idaho 

1118  Malone,  N.  Y 

1119  Ridgefield,  Conn 


I  Main   and  Canal   St. 

1204  N.  Main  St 

IS.   B.  A.   Hall 

Odd  Fellows'  Hall .  . 

1620    4th    Ave 


I 

I 

ILewallen  Hotel 

|84-  W.  Main  St. 


J  Carpenters'    Hall    .  . 

(Eagles'    Hall     

I  Nat'l    Bank    Bid 

I  Pearl  and  North   St. 

I 

|13    Central    Ave 


18291  Main  St 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Hall. 
63    Baltimore    St. , 


12   Pearl   St 

108*    E.    Main    St. 


I.  O.  O.  F.  Hall.  .  . 

7  East  St 

City    Hall    

Maine  and  2nd    St. 
1121   High   Ave.,  W. 


I.  O.  O.  F.  Hall 

Mechanics    Hall    

Labor  Temple    .  .    ........ 

Westbrookville   Com    Hall 
Trades   Assembly    Hall..., 

1400  N.  Reddington  St 

I.    O.    O.    F.    Bldg 


Metz    Bldg. 


Danish  Brotherhood  Hall. 

Labor    Temple    

Jackson  and  Gordon  St. .  . 


41    Exchange    St. 
217*  E.  Main  St. 


24   E.   Ortega   St 

I  Clinton   Bid 

|Main  and  Vernon  St... 
|i457  J  Court  St 

"12    Huron   Ave 

I  Trades   Assembly   Hall . 

8th  and  Main  St 

City    Hall    

1111  N.  Main  St 

306  E.   Madison 

Moose  Hall 


809   Main    St 

1904    Phoenix    St 

I  over  City  Bakery 

|  Labor  Temple 

[Liberty   Hose   House. 
I  Labor    Hall     


121  E.  Mahoning  St. 

215  E.   Adams  St..  . 

1527    Heath    St 

I 10   Pulaski    St 

12001    E.    Iron 

[Court  House    

II.    O.  O.   F.   Hall... 


Imp.  Co.   Bid 

323  W.  Aspen  St 

f!9   Erskine   St 

Paragould    Lumber    Yard . 

W.  O.  W.  Hall 

142-44  S.  Main  St 

61  Wyoming  St 

1st  Ave.  and  Main   St.... 

5th  and  Jackson  St 

903  2nd  Ave.,  W 


Odd    Fellows*    Hall. 


1122  Wheelwright  &  Vic,  Ky.  Wheelwright    Jet. 

1123  Biddeford,  Me J 

1124  Newton,    N.   J 1  Moose  Hall 


1-3    Mon. 
1-3  Tues. 
1-3    Mon. 
Wednesday 
1-3   Fri.     I 


1-3  Tues. 
Tuesday 

Friday 
1-3   Mon. 

Friday 
1-3   Mon. 

2-4   Tues. 

Thursday 

1st  Tues. 

Monday 

1-3  Thur. 
Thursday 

13  Tues. 
L.  Tues. 
1-3    Wed. 

Thursday 
1st  Thur. 

1st  Wed. 
1-3  Thur. 
1-3  Thur. 
2-4  Mon. 
Monday 
3rd  Thur. 
1st   Mon. 

2-4   Wed. 

2-4  Thur. 
2-4  Mon. 
2-4  Tues. 

1st  Wed. 
Friday 

2nd  Tues. 
Tuesday 
2-4  Fri. 
Monday 

Thursday 

2-L.  Mon. 

1-3  Tues. 
Monday 

1-3  Tues. 
Monday 
2-4  Fri. 
Friday 

Friday 

1-3  Tues. 

Wednesday 
Tuesday 
Friday 
1st   Fri. 

Alt.    Fri. 

1-3  Mon. 
Monday 

1-3  Mon. 
Monday 

1st  Mon. 
Monday 
Monday 

Wednesday 

3rd   Mon. 

Saturday 
Monday 
Monday 

Thursday 

2  4  Tues. 

Thursday 
Friday 

2-4   Wed. 

4th   Mon. 

2nd  Thur. 


8  I  .75 
8  [  .75 
8  .34 

8  .80 

8    I.34-.55  In 


1.00 

.75 

.85 

1.00 


.75 

.85 

.75 

1.00 

.80 
1.00 


.80 

.75 
.80 

.75 
.75 
.90 
.85 
1.00 
.75 
.75 

.75 

.75 

.871 

.75 

.75 

.871 
.67131 
1.00 


1.00 
.80 
.75 

1.00 
.60 

1.00 
.70 
.80 

.80 
.60 
.621 

.90 
1.00 
1.10 

.75 
1.00 

.90 
1.25 
1.00 

1.00 

.60 

.80 
1.00 
1.00 

.60 
1.00 

.80 

.75 

.80 

.50 

.75 


7      |      .86 
1.59  7/10 
Tuesday    |   7   |to  .68  6/10 

3rd  Wed.         8     I     .75 


Yes 
Yea 


Yes 


Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 


No 

No 
Yes 
Yes 

No     I'    Vbl. 
Yes         No 


No  No 

Yea         No 
No     I    Vbl. 

Yea 

No 
Yes 
No 

No 


No 


No 

No 


No 


Yea 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

No 
Yes 

No 
No 

No 

No 
No 
Yea 


Yes 
No 
No 

Yes 

No 


No 
Yes 

\    Yes 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

No 


34 


THE    CARPENTER 


L.   D. 

No. 


CITY  AND  STATE     | 


m feting  PLACE 


Meeting     | 
Night        |  Hrs. 


15 


Wages  | 


Day  | 
Week  |Agrt 


1126  Annapolis,  Md IK.    of    P.    Hall 

1129  Kittaning,  Pa (Labor   Hall    

1130  Titusvllle,  Pa (Eagles'   Hall    

1131  Port   Washington,   Wis..  1 315   Franklin    St 

1132  Alpena,  Mich.    .• IK.    of   C.    Hall 

1133  Newton,  la W.  2nd  St.,  N 

1130  Donora.  Pa |079    Heslep    Ave... 

911  S.    Main    St 

912  Adams  St 

1095    St.    Cuyler    St. 

Junior    Hall     

42/!    King    St 

Masons'    Hall    

Fiddyment    Bldg.    . .  . 

Labor  Temple    

Citv   Hall    

98   Main    St 

Oild  Fellows'   Hall.  .  . 

333    Cohalan    St 

320?.  Washington  St.. 


Carter  Club 

318J  N.  Liberty  St. 


Mech.  Hall,  St.  James,  N.Y. 

250   W.   Main   St 

Reek's  Place    

Brotherhood  Hall 


Commercial    St. 
212  N    2nd  St..  . 
Members  Homes 


1137  Pratt,  Kan 

1138  Toledo,   O 

1141  Pampa,    Tex 

1142  Lawrenceburg,    Ind.    . 

1143  La  Crosse,  Wis 

1145  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y 

1147  Roseville,    Cal 

1148  Olympia,  Wash 

1150  Seminole,  Okla 

1151  Batavia.   N.   Y 

1152  Pt.  Washington,  N.  Y. 

1153  Crooksville,  O 

1155  Columbus,  Ind 

1156  San  Francisco,  Cal... 

1160  North  Platte,   Nebr. .  . 

1161  Morris,  111 

1162  Suffern,  N.  Y 

1163  Virden,  111 

1165  Wilmington,   N.   C 

1166  Fremont,  O 

1167  Smithtown    Branch,  N.  Y 

1169  Gastonia,  N.  C 

1170  Pine  Knot,  Cal 

1171  Quakertown,  Pa 

1172  Billings,   Mont 

1173  Trinidad,  Colo 

1174  Memphis,  Tenn 

1175  Alcoma,  Wis 

1176  Fargo,  N.  D 

1177  Marceline,   Mo 

1178  Pawhuska,  Okla 

1181  Piedmont,  W.  Va 

1182  Wellsville,  N.  Y 

1183  Stepbenville,  Tex 

1185  Moorestown,   N.  J 

1186  Cushing.  Okla 

1187  Grand    Island,    Nebr... 

1188  Mt    Carmel,  111 

1189  Green  River,  Wyo 

1190  Pawling-Dover,    N.    Y. 

1191  Gladewater,   Texas    ....  ILabor    Temple    

1192  Bosalusa.  La |  Dorsey  Bldg 

1193  West  Frankfort,  111 1 22S  E.  Main  St 

1194  Pensacola  &  Vic,  Fla..  .  |  K.    of   P.    Hall 

1195  Youngsville,   Pa iGrange  Hall    

1197  La  Salle  111 1 1059    1st   St 

1198  Independence,  Kan 11175    S.   Penn  Ave...... 

1199  Pontiac  Mich |29  E.  Lawrence  St 

1200  Quincy   Florida    |  Woodbury   Bldg 

1201  Borger.  Texas    |  City    Hall    

1202  Merced,  Cal |  Moose  Hall    

1203  Jasper,  Ala 13rd  Ave.   and   19th    St... 

1205  Mansfield.  La |Amer.    Legion    Hall 

1206  Norwood.  Ohio J  Moose   Hall    

1207  Charleston,  W.  Va 1 181   Alderson   St 

1211  Glasgow.  Mont |  Odd    Fellows'    Hall 

1212  Coffeyville,  Kan 1 7th  and  Union  St 

1213  Gideon,   Mo JK.    of    P.    Hall 

1214  Walla  Walla,  Wash | Labor  Temple   

216  Mesa,   Ariz.  __  _ J  Legion  Hall,  S.  Center  St 

1042  New  Hampshire  St.. 

115  S.  Thomas  St 

Henry  Hose  Co 


Marceline  Lumber  Co. 
Carpenters'    Hall    .  .  . 


100  Pine  St 

Tribune  Bldg.    .  , 
Mechanics    Hall. 


106  W.  3rd  St. 
115  W.  5th  St. 


1217  Elm  Grove,  W.  Va 

1218  Lawrence,   Kansas  . 

1219  Christopher,    111.    .  . 

1220  Granville.    N.   Y 

1221  Nashville.    111.    .  .    . 

1222  Junction  Citv.  Kan. 

1223  Marshfield,  Oregon 

1224  Emporia.  Kan 

1225  Naperville,  111 

1226  Manistee,  Mich    . . . 

1227  Ironwood,  Mich.    .  . 

1228  Bluefield,  W.  Va.  . . 

1229  Deer  Lodge.  Mont.. 

1230  Franklin,  Mass.  ... 

1231  Canon  City,  Colo 


1165  W.  8th  St. 
K.  of  P.  Hall. 
116J  W.  8th  St. 
20  S.  Main  St.. 
Salt  City  Hall 
Foresters'  Hall 


K.    of   C.    Hall. 

Members  Homes 


1232  Norfolk  &  Vic,  Va lMyers  Hall  Campostella  Va 

1233  Hattiesburg,   Miss JW.  O.  W.  Hall 

1234  Girard,   111 (Russell  Young's  Res 

1235  Modesto,    Cal |  Labor    Temple    

1237  Elkins.    West  Va |W  Va  Coal  &  Coke  Co  Bid. 

1238  Wewoka,  Okla 1 108    S.   Wewoka   St....... 

1239  Montevallo,  Ala...' |  .... 


2-4  Thur. 

H 

1-3  Tues. 

8 

1-3  Thur. 

8 

1    Mou  2  F 

ri.|    8 

2L.    Sat. 

8 

1  3    Fri 

1  3    Wed. 

8 

1  3   Tues. 

8 

2  4    Wed 

8 

.Monday 

8 

2  L    Wed. 

8 

24    Fri 

8 

2  4   Thur 

8 

Thursday 

8 

Thursday 

6 

1  3    Tues 

8 

2-4    Tues 

8 

1-3   Thur. 

8 

1st  Tues 

8 

1  3    Sat. 

8 

1-3   Tuos 

8 

2-4  Tues 

8 

4th  Thur 


1-3    Fri 
Thursday 
2-4    Fri. 
2-4    Fri 

1-3   Tues. 
Monday 
4th   Thur. 
1st    Wed 
2nd    Sat 
Thursday 

2-4  Thur. 
Monday 
2nd  Mon. 
1-3  Mon. 
1-3  Tues. 
1-2    Mon. 


Tuesday 

Friday 

2-4   Thur 

Monday 
Wednesday 
2-4    Mon. 

Tuesday 
1-3  Tues. 

Tuesday 

Tuesday 
Friday 

Monday 
Wednesday 
2-4   Tues. 
Wednesday 

Friday 

Monday 
1-3  Mon. 
1-3  Mon. 
Tuesday 

Wednesday 
1st   Tues. 

Friday 
1-3   Thur. 
1-3    Wed. 
1-3    Fri. 
1-3    Wed.    | 
1-3  Fri.    | 
1-3    Wed 
1st   Mon 


1st  Fri. 
1st  Mon. 
2-4  Tues. 
Thursday 
2nd  Mon. 
1st  Tues. 
2-4    Mon. 

2-4    Fri. 
Saturday 


8-9 
8 

8 
8 


.90 
.75 
.65 
.38 
.60 

1.00 

.75 

1.00 

1.00 

1.20 

.80 

1.00 

1.00 

1.12J 

.75 

.90 

1.25 

.75 

.GO 

.80 
.90 


1.25 


l.oo 

.35 

.25  up 
.60 
.60 
.75 

.90 
.75 


.75 
.65 


.TO 

.75 

$1-1.25 


.49  av 

.87J 
1.00 

.50 
1.00 

.90 

.75 
100 
1  20 
1.10 
1.20 
1.00 

.50 


No 
No 


Yes 


Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 

No 

No 
No 


Yes 
Yes 

No 


No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 


No 


No 
No 


Yes 
No 

Yes 
Yes 


Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 


No 
No 


Yes 


No 
No 
No 
Yes 
No 
No 

No 
No 

No 


I 

1.00 

1    Yes 

.02  J 

No      1 

1  00 

.so 

Yes 

1  00 

I    1.20 

Yes 

34.50  In 

Yes 

.70 

No 

.70 

No 

.90 

Yes 

.75 

No 

.55 

.75 

Yes 

.50 

No 

.90 

No 

1.00 

.75 

Yes 

.60      1 

Yes    | 

No 

No 
No 


No 
No 
No 
No 
No 


No 


No 
No 


Yes 
No 

Yes 
Part 


Yes 
No 
No 
No 


pend. 
No 
No 

No 

Yes 
No 
No 


No 
No 

No 
No 

No 

Part 
Yes 


THE     CARPENTER 


L.   U. 

No.      CITY  AND  STATE 

MEETING  PLACE        | 

Meeting 
Night 

Hrs. 

Wages 

5  Day 
Week 

Agrt 

1240  Oroville    Cal 

1695   Lincoln    St 

Tuesday 
1st    Mon. 
1-3  Thur. 
2nd  Wed. 
2nd  Thur. 
Friday 

1-3   Mon. 

Tuesday 
Thursday 

Friday 
1st   Fri. 

Saturday 

1-3   Tues. 

2-4   Thur. 

Wednesday 
Friday 

1-3   Tues. 
Tuesday 

1st  Thur. 

1st   Wed. 

1-3  Thur. 

Monday 
2-4    Wed. 

Wednesday 
3rd   Fri. 
|     2-4    Fri. 

2nd  Mon. 

1st  Tues. 
Monday 
Monday 

1-   3Tues. 

1-3   Mon. 

1-3    Mon. 

1-3    Mon. 

Saturady 
Monday 

1st    Mon. 

Wednesday 

2nd  Mon. 

2-L.   Mon. 

1st  Tues. 
Friday 

1-3  Tues. 

1st   WTed. 
Tuesday 
Monday 

1-3  Tues. 

Tliursday 

Thursday 
1-3   Fri. 

13  Thur. 

1  3    Mon. 

1     3Mon. 
1st   Fri. 
Tuesday 
Monday 

Tuesday 
Thursday 
Tuesday 
Tuesday 

1-3   Tues. 
2-4  Fri. 

Friday 
1st  Wed. 

L.    Thur. 

Tuesday 

1  3  Tues. 

Monday 

7 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 

8 
8 

8 
8 
6 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 

8 

8 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
8 
8 
9 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
8 

8 

8 
8 
S 
8 
8 
8 

n 

8 

8 

7 

8 
8 

8 
8 
8 

1.0.0 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.70 
.75 

.80 
.80 

1.20 
.75 

.90 
.871 
.50.60 
.80 
.40 

.021 

.75 
1.00 

.80 
1.00 
1.00 

.GO 
1.00 

.85 

.40 

1.00 
1.25 

.50 
1.00 

.75 

.75 

.00 

.48 

.75 

.05 

.85 
1.00 

.75 

.60 

.00 

.80 

.05 

.75 

.75 
1.00 
1.00 

.05 

.90 

1.00 

85 
1.00 

.75 
1.00 

.80 

.75 

.45 

.75 

.75 

.64-.S0 

.75 
.65 

.75 

1.00 
.90 
.90 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

No 
Yes 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

No 
Yes 

No 
Yes 

No 
No 
No 

Yes 

Yes 

No 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

Yes 
No     | 

Yes 

1241  Thermopolis,  Wyo.    '. . . . 
1245  Carlsbad,  New  Mexico.  . 

209   N.    Main    St 

Turner    Hall 

No 

1247  Laconia,  N.   H 

G.  A.  R.  Hall 

1101    W.   Center 

No 

1254  Harbor  Springs,  Mich . . 

1255  Chillicothe,  0 

87  E.  2nd  St 

1256  Ticonderoga,   N.   Y 

124  N.  Main  St 

No 

1259  Breckenridge,    Texas . . . 

1260  Iowa  City,  la 

1262  Chillicothe,  Mo 

1263  Millbrook,  N.  Y 

1264  Atlanta.    Ga 

21  Bell  St.,  N.  E 

Odd    Fellows'    Hall 

Fort  Peck    

1265  Monmouth,   111 

1266  Fort  Peck  Dam,  Mont. .  . 

1268  Johnstown,  N.  Y 

1270  Spokane,  Wash 

1271  Nevada,    Mo     

Davis  Hall,  New  Boston.  .  . 
N.    15    Madison    St 

Yes 

No 

1274  Decatur,  Ala 

1276  Central  Valley,  N.  Y... 

Odd    Fellows'    Hall 

Odd  Fellows'  Hall 

I.   O.    O.   F.   Hall 

No 

Lone  Pine  Labor  Temple. . 
1241   N.  Hill 

No 
Yea 

1282   Salem,  O 

14th  St.  &  29th  Ave 

4th  and  Pike  St 

Labor    Temple    

1283  Williamson,    W.    Va 

1284  Duluth,  Minn 

No 

1286  Augusta,  Ga     

Walton  Way  and  Young  St. 
K.  of  P    Hall 

No 

1287  Deer  Park,  Wash 

1288  Lisbon,  O 

| 

Legion    Hall    

No 

1292  Huntington,  N    Y 

Union   Hall    

Yes 

1293  Cordova,  Ala 

Union   Hall    

1295  Hornell,  N.  Y 

Federation   Bid 

No 

1298  Nainpa,  Idaho      

I.    O.    O.    F     Hall 

1299  Iron  River,  Mich 

I.    O.   O    F    Hall 

1300  New  Bern,  N.  C 

122  Middle  St 

Yes 

1301  Fleming,  Ky 

W.  O.  W    Hall 

1304  Lawrenceville,    111 

1306  Turlock,  Cal 

210   S.   Main   St 

No 
Vbl 

1310  Ft.  Atkinson,  Wis 

317    Jackson    St 

No 

1311  Athens,  Ala 

1011   Washington    

Roval    Arcanum    Hall 

1271   N.   Wren   St 

1313  Mason  City,  la 

1314  Oconomowoc,  Wis 

1315  High  Point,  N.  C 

Vbl. 

No 

1316  Brownsville,   Tex 

1318  Rantoul,  111 

7th  &  St.   Francis 

No 

Yes 

1320   Somerset,  Pa 

415  N.   2nd  St 

1321  Ballston   Spa,  N.  Y    ... 

1322  Oak    Bluffs,    Martha's 

Odd  Fellows'  Hall 

I 

No 

| 

1323  Monterey,  Cal 

1324  Owen  Sound,  Ont.,  Can. 

1325  Edmonton,  Alta.,  Can.. 

Canadian    Legion    Hall.... 

No 
No 

1326  Ely,  Nev 

City    Hall       

No 

1327  Overton,  Texas    

1332  Grand  Coulee,  Wash.   .  . 

S.    Paterson    St 

1334   Tri-Cities,  Texas   

916  W.   California 

6th   &   23rd   Ave 

No 
No 

1338  Houston,  Texas 

1339  Morgantown,  W.  Va. ... 

1340  Fort  Collins,  Colo 

1342  Little   Rock.    Ark 

1343  Redlands,  Cal    

No 

No 

1344  Portage,  Wis 

1340  Eldorado,  Kansas   ... 

1347  Port  Arthur  &  Vic,  Tex. 

1348  Charlotte.    N    C 

1350  Roanoke  Rapids,   N.  C. 

129J   San  Francisco  St.... 

1352  Cold  Spring,  N.  Y..    .  .  . 

1353  Santa  Fe,  N.  M 

1354  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y 

1355  Crawfordsville,  Ind.  . . . 

No 
Part 

1011  N.  Washington  St 

36 


T  II  E     CARPENTER 


L.   U. 

No.       CITY 


AND   STATIC 


MKKTIXG   I'LACE 


Meeting 
Night 


Hrs.  I  Wages 


5  Day 
Week 


Agrt 


1357  Gadsden,   Ala I  City    Hall     

1359  Toledo,  O I  Labor    Temple     

1361  Chester,  111 Madison  &  E.  Stacy  St.. 

1362  Spartanburg,  So.  Car...  1102 J  B.  .Main  St 

1364  Greenville,  Miss.' |322J    Main    St 

1300  Quincy,    111 litlli   &   Slate    St 

1369  Las   Cruces,   New   Mex.  .1120  W.  Las  Cruces  Ave.. 

1370  Bingham    Canyon,    Utah|28  Carr  Forks   St 

1371  Gadsden,  Ala Miller  &  Miller,  office... 

1372  Last bampton,  Mass.   .  ..jNonotuck   Hall    

1374  Kevport,  N.  J (Skirt    Co.    Hall 

1370  Grand   Rapids,   Mich...| 

1378  Manahawkin,    N.    J.  .  .  . 

1380  Bedford,   Ind 801   16th  St 

1381  Woodland,  Cal 320  3rd  St. 


1382   Rochester,    Minn |TTnion   Hall 


Junior    Order    Hall. 
Labor  Temple 


.  .  .  fKoenig  Hall 

. . .  JCarpenters'    Hall 


208    S.    Central    Ave. 
M:iv.vs    Hall     

Forsman's  office   . . . 

1!)    Broad    St 

Cardinan  Begin  St.. 

788   Elm    St 

Cornell    Bldg 

Carpenters'    Hall    . . 
4S5     Bedford     St... 


1383  Sarasota,  Fla. 

1384  Sheridan,  Wyo.    .  . 

1385  Favetteville,  N.  C. 

1380  Durham,   N.  C 

1380  Webster  City,  la 

1390  Columbus,  Nebr 25061  13th  St. 

1393  Lake  George,  N.   Y. 

1396  Golden,  Colo 

1307  Mineola.    N.   Y 

1398  Washington,   la.    .  . 

1399  Okmulgee,  Okla.    . . 

1403  Watertown,  Wis 

1404  Flora,    111 

1405  Red   Bank,  N.  J 

1409  Rouvn,     Que.,     Can...., 

1411  Manchester,  N  .H 

1416  New    Bedford,    Mass... 

1417  Tonapab,  Nev 

1419  Johnstown,  Pa 

1422  St.  Marys,  Pa 

1423  Corpus  Christi,  Tex 

1426  Elyria,  O 

1429  Little  Falls,   Minn 

1431  El  Reno,   Okla 

1432  Laramie,  Wyo 

1434  Moberly,  Mo 

1435  Whitehall,  N.  Y 

1438  Warren,  O 

1441  Canonsburg,  Pa 

1444  Gallup,    New  Mex |3rd  and  Railroad  Ave. 

1445  Topeka,  Kan 116  E.  6th  Ave. 

1447  Vero    Beach,    Fla Carpenters'    Hall 

1448  Corning,  la 

1450  San  Juan,  P.  R 

1452  Fort  Worth,  Texas. 

1459  Westboro,  Mass.    .  . 

1460  Greensboro,  N.  C.    . 

1462  Bristol,   Pa 

1465  Frankfort,  Ind.    .  . . 

1469  Charlotte,  N.   C 

1471  Jackson,    Miss. 


2211    Staples   St 

301    Broad    St 

City    Hall     

600    S.    Miles 

116  Ivinson  Ave.... 

Mullens  Hall    

N.  Main  St 

High  and  Park  Ave. 
Eagles  Hall 


1472  Rockville,  Conn.  .  . 
1474  Brewster,  N.  Y.  ... 
1477  Middletown,  O.  .  .  . 
1470   Walpole,   Mass 

1480  Boulder,  Colo 

1481  Colusia,   Calif 

1482  Portland,   Oregon    | 


14th    St.   and   Main.  . 

I.    O.    O.    F.    Hall 

114J  E.  Sycamore  St. 

Trades    Hall    

N.  Main  St 

202i  N.  Tryon  St 

W.    O.    W.    Hall 

Princess   Hall    


Main  and  Central  Ave. 
Bradford  Lewis  Hall.  . 

ITnion   Hall    

303  Webster  St 


Goldsteins    Bldg 

Firemen's  Hall    

Johnson's  Carpenter  Shop. 

253   Pearl   St 

North  Pole  Hall 


K.    of   P.    Hall. 


1484  Visalia,  Cal 

1486  Austin,   Minn 

1488   Seneca,    111 

1480   Burlington,    N.    J... 

1490  Virginia,  Minn 

1492  Hendersonville,  N.  C 
1494  Baton  Rouge,  La.   . . 

1498  Provo,  Utah 

1499  Kent,  O [Beals   Hall 

1502  Seaside,    Oregon    J  Woodman  Hall 

1503  Amherst,  Mass 

1505   Salisbury,    N.    C 

1512  Middletown,  Conn.    . 

1513  Detroit.   Mich 

1514  Niles,  O 

1517  Johnson  City,  Tenn. 

1518  Gulfport,  Miss 

1521  Fishers  Island,  N.  Y. 

1522  Tupper  Lake,   N.   Y. 

1523  Rockford,   111 

1524  Miles   City,   Mont... 

1525  Princeton,  111 

1526  Denton,  Tex 

1533   Ni-wnan,   Georgia    .  . 
1538  Miami,  Ariz 


505   Main    St 

527  Holbrook  Ave 

Labor   Hall    

Slack   Bldg 

Central    Labor    Hall .  . . 
Base    Catholic    Church . 


1010  3rd  Ave. 
Wibaux    Hall 


Junior   Order   Hall 
Labor  Temple 


Friday 

2-4   Mon. 

1-3    Mon. 

Wednesday 
Monday 

2nd    Mon. 

2-4  Wed. 
on  Call 
Monday 
4th    Fri. 

2-4  Tues. 


Friday 
1-3   Tues. 
1st  Tliur. 

Monday 
Wednesday 


1-3  Thur. 

2nd  Mon. 
2-4  Thur. 

Monday 
2-4  Wed. 
2-4  Tues. 
1-3  Wed. 
1st   Mon. 

2-4  Fri. 
1-3    Mon. 

Tuesday 

Monday 

Monday 

1-3   Fri. 

on  Call 
2-4  Thur. 
1-3  Mon. 
2-4  Thur. 
1-2  Wed. 
2-4    Wed. 

1st  Wed. 

2-4    Fri. 

Tuesday 


Tuesday 
2nd  Tues. 

Friday 
1-3  Thur. 

Monday 
Thursday 
Thursday 
1-3  Tues. 

1-3   Mon. 

1-3  Thur. 

Wednesday 
Monday 
1-3    Fri. 

2-4    Mon. 

1-3   Tues. 

1-3    Mon. 

1st   Wed. 

3rd  Fri. 


2-4  Thur. 
2-4  Mon. 
1-3  Tues. 
2-4   Wed. 

1st  Tues. 
Tuesday 
Monday 
Tuesday 
Thursday 
1st  Thur. 

Tuesday 
1-3  Tues. 


Tuesday 
1-3   Fri. 


I 

I     .60 

Yes 

|    1.00 

1      -87J 

I  .<;<>  up 

No 

I    .60-.  65 

Yes 

1      .871 

No     | 

1.00 

No 

.80 

1.00 

Yes 

1.10 

.70 

No 

.81| 

Yes 

.871 

1.00 

Yes 

.60  up 

Yes 

1.10 

1.25 

Yes 

1.10 

Yes 

.75 

Yes 

.80 

Yes 

1.10 

Yes 

.60 

No 

.35.45 

Yes 

.85 

1.00 

1.00 

Yes 

.90 

Yes 

.70 

.75 

No 

1.00 

No 

.75 

No 

.80 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

1.00 

.65 

No 

.70 

.80 

.80 

Yes 

.00 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

1.00 

.90 

Yes 

.80 

No 

.75 

1.00 

.90 

.90 

.90 

Yes 

1.00 

.90 

.85 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

No 

1.00 

1 

THE  CARPENTER 


37 


L.  U. 

No. 


CITY  AND  STATE  | 


MEETING  PLACE 


Meeting 

Night 


Hrs. 


I  5  Day 
Wages  |  Week  Agrt 


1542 
1543 
1545 

1547 
1549 
1551 
1553 

1555 
1556 
1559 
1560 
1563 
1564 
1567 
1569 
1570 
1572 
1574 
1575 
1578 
1581 
1583 
1584 

1585 
1587 
1588 
1589 
1591 
1597 
1598 
1602 
1605 
1607 
1608 
1609 
1611 
1612 
1616 
1620 
1622 
1623 
1626 
1627 
1628 
1629 
1630 
1632 
1633 
1634 
1637 
1646 
1650 
1652 
1654 
1655 
1658 
1659 
1660 
1661 

1662 
1664 
1666 
1667 
1671 
1672 
1673 
1675 
1678 
1679 
1681 
1682 
1684 
1685 
1686 
1687 
1691 
1692 
1696 
1699 
1700 
1701 
1703 
1706 
1707 
1709 
1711 


Dodge  City,  Kan 

Hyde  Park,  Mass .... 
Riviere  Du  Loup,  Que., 

Can 

Ludington,  Mich 

Keansburg,  N.  J.  ... 
Three  Rivers,  Mich .  . 
New  Market,  N.  H.  . 
Pressmen's  Home,  Tenn 

Hunts ville,   Ala 

New  Athens,  111 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Monessen,  Pa 

Casper,    Wyo 

Martins  Ferry,  O 

Knoxville,  Tenn 

Marysville,  Cal 

McGill,  Nev 

Weirton,   W.   Va 

Endicott,  N.  Y 

Tulare,  Cal 

Lenoir,  N.  C 

Denver,  Colo 

St.     Anne    de    Bellevue, 

Que.,   Can 

Lawton,  Okla 

Hutchinson,  Kan 

Sydney,   N.   S.,  Can 

Arecibo,  P.  R 

Plymouth,  Mass 

Bremerton,  Wash 

Victoria,  B.  C,  Can 

Cincinnati,  Ohio    

Moscow,  Ida 

Port  Smith,  Ark 

Ocala,    Fla 

Hibbing,  Minn ] 

Galax,  Va 

E.   Millinocket,   Me. .  .  . 

Nashua,  N.  H 

Rock  Springs,  Wyo. . .  . 

Knoxville,  Tenn 

Evansville,    Ind 

Wallingford,  Conn.  . . . 

Mena,  Ark 

Paris,  Ark 

Ashtabula,  O 

Ware,  Mass 

San  Luis  Obispo,  Calif 

Mayaguez,  P.   R 

Big  Springs,  Tex 

La  Junta,  Colo 

Dubuque,   la 

Lexington,   Ky 

Hampton,  N.  H 

Tallahassee,   Fla 

Sapulpa,    Okla 

Grove  City,  Pa 

Bartlesville,   Okla.    . . . 

Norfolk,  N.  Y 

Beaumont,  Texas    .... 


1303    8th    St 

3  Boylston  PI.,  Boston. 


I.    of  F.   Hall 

508  N.  Robert  St. 
15   Charles   St 


Red   Men's  Hall.  . 

Labor  Temple  .  , 
I.  O.  O.  F.  Hall. 
Carpenters'    Hall 


231  N.  Wolcott  St 

Shreve  Selby  Hall 

Labor    Temple    

1191   D   St 

I.   O.    O.   F.   Hall 

I.   O.   O.   F.   Hall 

417   E.    Main    St 

Burnett,   Rosenthal   Bid. 

1947  Stout  St 


City    Hall    

3231   D  Ave 

151   E.   Sherman   St. 

Casino    Bldg 

Federation  Hall    .  .  . 


850  Burwell  St 

Labor  Hall    

Warsaw  &  Woodlawn   Ave. 

I.  O.  O.  F.  Hall 

Labor    Temple    

N.  Hibbing  Library 


115   Main   St... 

110   L   St 

311   Morgan   St. 


Red    Men's    Hall 

C.    C.   Gibson's   Shop. 

John's   Bldg 

4328  Main   Ave 

68    Main    St 


Goshen,   N.    Y 

Bloomington,    Ind 

Kingsville,    Tex 

Biloxi,   Miss 

Kilgore,  Tex 

Hastings,  Neb 

Bristol,  Va 

Breese,  111 

Peckville,  Pa 

N.   Attleboro,  Mass.    . .  . 

Bogalusa,   La 

Richmond,    Va 

Sherbrooke,    Que.,    Can . 

Melbourne,    Fla 

Stillwater,    Okla 

Montgomery,  Ala 

Coeur    d'Alene,    Ida.... 

Clinton,   Iowa    

Rock  Hill,  So.  Car 

Pulaski,    Va 

Wilton,  Conn 

New  Braunfels,  Tex.... 
North  Wilkesboro,  N.  C 

Vernon,  Tex 

Kelso-Longview,  Wash. 

Ashland,  Wis 

Van  Wert,  O 


Basora  St 

W.    O.    W.    Hall .  .  . 

119   W.   2nd    St 

236  W.  9th  St 

139    N.    Broadway. 

W.    O.   W.   Hall.  .  . 


M.  W.  Graham  Bldg. 
112J  E.  2nd  St 


16th  and  Fort  Worth  Ave. 

Port    Arthur 

Mechanics  Hall 

1031  W.  Kirkwood  Ave..  .  . 

Carpenters'    Hall    

Cresent   Bldg 


G.  A.  R.  Hall. 


City    Hall     

I.   O.    O.   F.   Hall 

Hibernian    Hall    

138   Superior  Ave 

1111  Hull  St.  So  Richmond 

151    Windsor    St 

Pine    and    New    Haven.... 

7201    Main   St 

High   and   Jackson    St 


Labor  Temple 


Fraternity   Hall    . 

Fire  House    

Fire   Sta.   No.    1 .  . 
over   D.    S.   Bank. 


Labor  Temple 

Fraternal  Hall    

347  W.   Crawford   St. 


Last  Sun. 
4th   Mon. 

1st  Mon. 
L.  Thur. 
1-3    Wed. 

1st   Fri. 

Monday 
3rd  Sat. 
1-3   Wed. 

1-3  Mon. 
2nd  Tues. 
4th  Sat. 
2-4  Mon. 
2-4  Mon. 
2-4  Tues. 
1-3   Tues. 

1-3   Fri. 

Friday 
2-4    Fri. 

Last  Tues. 

Tuesday 
Wednesday 

Monday 
3rd    Sun. 

1-3  Thurr. 
1-3  Mon. 
2-4  Mon. 
2-4  Sat. 
Wednesday 

2-4   Wed. 


Thursday 
Thursday 
Tuesday 

2-4    Mon. 
2-4    Sat.     | 
1-3   Wed. 
2-4    Mon. 
1st  Thur. 

Tuesday 
Monday 
1-3  Fri. 
1-3  Fri. 
Tuesday 

Monday 

Thursday 
Friday 


1st   Tues. 

2nd  Wed. 

Wednesday 
1-3-5  Wed 
Monday 

Tuesday 
Thursday 
4th   Wed. 

Monday 
1-3  Tues. 

2-4    Sat. 

1-3  Fri. 
4th  Mon. 
2-4  Wed. 
1-3  Tues. 
2-4    Mon. 

2-4    Fri. 

Friday 
1st   Mon. 
1-3   Tues. 

Friday 

Friday 
2nd    Sat. 
3rd  Mon. 


10 


.871 

.82 

No 

.40 

.65 

Yes 

1.10 

Yes 

.90 

1.00 

Yes 

.75 

No 

.90 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

.74 

1.00 

.70 

1.121 

No 

.871 

No 

.75 

No 

.40 

Yes 

|      .70 

Yes 

.50 

No 

1.50 

No 

.75 

No 

.70 

.30 

No 

1.12% 

Yes 

.75 

Yes 

1.20 

Yes 

I    1.00 

No 

1.00 

.80 

No 

1.12J 

Yes 

.421 

.75 

[      .75 

.631 

1.00 

No 

.85 

No 

.22 

No 

1.00 

Yes 

.75 

.30-.60 

Yes 

.90 

Yes 

.75 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

.75 

No 

.75 

Yes 

.871 

.85 

Yes 

1.00 

No 

.90 

.871 

No 

.60 

Yes 

.871 

No 

.90 

No 

.24-.50 

.20-.60 

Yes 

.35 

.75 

Yes 

.75 

1.00 

Yes 

.35 

.30 

.75 

Yes 

.32 

Yes 

1.123 

Yes 

.75 

No 

.75 

No 

No 


No 
No 


No 
No 


No 


No 
No 
No 
No 
No 

No 
Yes 
No 

No 

No 

Yes 

Part 

No 


Yes 
Yes 


No 
No 


No 


No 
No 


No 


Yes 
No 


Yes 


Part 
Yes 


No 

Yes 
Yes 

No 

No 
Yes 
No 


No 

No 

No 
Yes 

No 


38 


T  11  E     CARPENTER 


L.    V. 
NO,       CITY    AND    STATIC 


MEETING   T'LACE 


Meet  inj. 
Night 


Ills 


I  5  Day 
Wages  |  Week 


Agrt 


1712   Bicknell,    Ind 12nd   and   Main    St 


1713  Shreveport,    La 
17 1;»  Taconia,  Wash.    . 
1720   Athens,   O 

1722  Danville,  Va.   . 

1723  Columbus,  Ga.   .  . 

1729   Miami,    Okla 

IT.'U    Monongahela,  l'a. 

1734  Murray,    Ky I 

1735  Prince    Rupert,  B.C.  Can]  Carpenters'   Hall    . 

1736  Valleyfleld,   Que.,   Can..  1 116   Chnmplain    St 


2322    Darien   St. 
10121    Taconia    Ave. 

K.  of  P.  Hall 

Owls'    Hall    

2400   Hamilton    Ave. 

Botts    Hall    

30S  6th  St 


310J  W.  4th  St. 
Moose    Hall     .  .  . 
1081  South  St..  . 
Fraternity    Hall 


9211   Noble  St 

10th    and    Brazos 

1077    Broadway    

91   Trinity   Ave 

Red  Men's  Hall 

Trades   and   Labor  Hall... 

Labor    Temple    

Division  and  Citrus  St.... 


Rear  Owl   Pool   Room 

Burns   Hall    

703    S.    Ellis 

Palmer  'Shop   

Theatre  Bldg 

Labor  Temple    

Independent   Lum.    Co 

Union    Hall     

1435  Main   St 

229   11th   Ave.   E 

Majestic  Theatre    

Moose  Hall    

Carpenters'    Hall    

R.  Mc  Donald  Carpt.    Shop 

711  N.  Caroline  St 

205|    N.   Main    St 

Terry    Hotel    

121   Commerce   St 

Labor  Temple 

Main   and    Washington.... 
Moose  Hall 


1737  Waterloo,  la 

1738  Hartford    City,    Ind 

1740  Henderson,  Texas 

1743  Wildwood,   N.    J 

1744  Grand  Mere,  Que.,  Can. 

1747  Appleton,  Wis 

1749  Anniston,  Ala 

1751  Austin,    Tex 

1757  Buffalo,   N.   Y 

1758  Atlanta,   Ga 

1761  New   Castle,    Ind 

1762  Bucyrus,   O 

1764  San  Antonio,  Texas.  .  . . 

1765  Orlando,    Pla 

1766  Fostoria,  O 

1767  Logan,   Utah    

1769  Benld  and  Gillespie,  111. 

1770  Cape  Girardeau,  .Mo... 

1771  Eldorado,    111 

1772  Hicksville,  N.   Y 

1774  Taft.   Cal 

1775  Palestine,  Texas 

1776  Pendleton,    Ore 

1778  Columbia,   S.  C 

1779  Calgary,   Alta.,   Can 

1780  Las  Vegas,  Nev 

1781  Hickory,    N.   C 

1783  Roundup,   Mont 

1788  Festus,   Mo 

1790  Baltimore.   Md 

1791  Altus,  Okla 

1792  Sedalia,    Mo 

1796  Montgomery,  Ala 

1797  Rome,   Ga 

1798  Greenville,  So.  Car 

1802  New   Philadelphia,    O... 

1805  Marion,  Va 

1810  Milwaukee,  Wis 

1811  Monroe,  La 

1814  Huntingburg,    Ind 

1815  Santa  Ana,  Calif 

1816  Durant,   Okla 

1817  Nokomis,  111 

1818  Clarksville,    Tenn 

1820  Toronto,    Ont.,    Can 

1827  Madill,  Okla 

1829  Ravenna,    O 

1832  Escanaba,  Mich 

1833  Anderson,    S.    C 

1835  Waterloo,  la 

1836  Russellville,   Ark 

1841  Burlington,    Wis 

1843  Pine  Bluff,  Ark 

1844  Pittsburg,  Calif 

1845  Martinsville,    Va 

1846  New  Orleans,  La.' 

1847  Monterey,  Tenn 

1852  Martinsville,  Va 

1855  Bryan,    Tex 

1857  Spring   Valley,   N.   Y... 

1858  Columbiana,  O 

1860  Warsaw,    Ind 

1862  Sheboygan,     Wis 

1863  Kellogg,  Ida 

1866  Mattoon,   111.    

1867  Regina,  Sask.,  Can |1915   Osier   St. 

1868  Mitchell,    So.    Dak |322   N.    Main    St I 

1872  Hanover,    Pa.    |lst  National  Bank  Bldg I 

1  Cregar  Ave.  High  Bridge  I 

215    Lion    St 1 

699  Market  St I 

Masonic    Bldg.    . 
1318J  Texas  Ave 


725  W.   National  Ave. 


Red  Men's  Hall. 
402    W.   4th    St.. 


1-3    Mon. 

2nd    Fri, 

Tuesday 

Wednesday 

Sal  in-day 

Friday 
Wednesday 

1  st    Fri. 

1st  Wed. 
2-4  Sat. 
2-4  Thur. 
1-3   Thur. 

Friday 
2-4  Thur. 


Thursday 
2-4    Mon. 

1st    Fri. 

Friday 
2-4   Thur. 
1st  Thur. 
1-3  Tues. 

Tuesday 

Friday 
2nd  Thur. 
1-3    Wed. 

2-4   Wed. 

Wednesday 
1-3  Thur. 

Monday 
1-3   Thur. 
Alt.  Thur. 
Thursday 

Friday 

Monday 
1-3  Tues. 
1-3  Thur. 

on  Call 
Thursday 

Monday 
Thursday 

Tuesday 
1-3   Mon. 

1-3   Fri.     I 

2-4  Wed. 
Tuesday 


John   Ruppert's    Shop 1st  Thur. 

18  S.  2nd  St 

167    Church    St 

T.  H.  Rogers  Lumber  Co. .  . 

Reeds  Store  

331    S.    10th   St 

W.    Benson    St 

310*    W.    4th    St 

201*   W.   Main   St 

Woodman     Hall 

4th   and   Main    St 


310   Walnut    St.. 
528   Bienville   St. 


310  Walnut  St 

Smith    Bldg 

Rockland  Fire  Hall. 


City    Hall    

630  N.   8th    St. .  .  . 
I.   O.   O.   F.   Bldg. 


1876  Lebanon,   N.    J 

1880  Carthage,  Mo 

1882  Chattanooga,   Tenn. 

1883  Macomb,   111 

1884  Lubbock,    Tex 

1885  Paris,  Tex 

1892  Shelby ville,  111.    .  . . 

1895  McLeansboro,    111.. 

1897  Paso    Robles,    Calif. 

1898  Girard,  Kan .]' 


2503  N.  3rd   St 

Odd    Fellows    Bid 

Goldenway  Blk.  Atascadero 


2nd  Tues. 

Friday 
1st   Tues. 
2nd  Wed. 

Friday 
1-3   Fri. 

Monday 
2-4  Thur. 

Friday 

Monday 
1-3    Mon. 

1-4   Tues. 

Friday 
1st   Wed. 

1st  Tues. 
1-3  Mon. 
1-3   Thur. 

1st  Wed. 
1-3  Tues. 
1st  Thur. 
2nd   Tues.    | 

Monday 
1-3  Thur. 

2-   4Fri. 

Monday 
1st  Sun. 
2nd  Thur. 
Saturday 
1st  Thur. 
1st   Mon. 


8 

8 
8 
s 
8 
8 
8 
s 
9 
8 

10 
8 
8 
8 
8 


.34. 05 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 
l.oo 

.60 
.85 
.50 
.40-.4I 
.65 
.75 
.75 


.75 

.25-. 65 
1.00 
.50  av 
.50 
.80 

1.00 

.90 
1.03 

.75 

.75 
1.25 
1.00 

.75 
1.00 

.75 
1.00 


.72 

.871 

.871 

1.00 

.25-.50 
.60 

1.00 

.30  up 

.50 
1.00 

.50 
.75 
.60 
.75 

.75 
.55 
.90 
.75 
.90 


.33 

.75 

.30 

.75 

1.00 

.65 

.875 


.80 

$1-1.20 

.90 
.30.65 

.75 
1.00 

.75 

.60 

.871 


No 
Yes 


Yes 


No 
No 
No 
Yes 

Yes 
No 


No 


Yes 
No 


No 

No 


No 

No 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 


No 

No 


Yes 

Yes 


Yes 
Yes 


Yes         No 
No  No 

I 


Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 


Yes 


No 
Yes 


No 


No 

Yes 
No 
No 


Yes 


THE     CARPENTER 


39 


L.   U. 
No.      CITY  AND   STATE 

1900  Kewaunee,  Wis 

1901  Petersburg,   Ind 

1905  Mason  City,  Iowa 

1906  Daytona    Beach,    Pla... 

1907  Arkansas   City,   Kan .  . 

1908  Holland,    Mich 

1911  Beckley,   W.  Va 

1914   St.  Louis,  Mo 

1920  Mineral   Wells,   Tex 

1921  Hempstead,  N.  Y 

1925  Columbia,    Mo 

1926  Chanute,  Kan 

1930   Washington,   N.   J 

1932  Lynn,  Mass 

1934  Port  Arthur,   Ont.,   Can 

1935  Deming,    N.    Mex 

1936  Sand   Springs,  Okla 

1937  Winston-Salem,   N.    C. . 

1941  Hartford,    Conn 

1942  Winston    Salem,   N.   C.  . 

1943  Henryetta,  Okla 

1945  Westport,  Conn 

1946  London,  Ont.,  Can 

1948  Ames,    la 

1949  Lewistown,  Mont 

1950  Cannelton,  Ind 

1951  Kankakee,  111 

1953  Greencastle,    Ind 

1957  Toledo,    O 

1958  Alamosa,   Colo 

1959  Gardner,  Mass 

1961   Barrio,  Obero  and  Suno 

co,    Santurce,  P.   R. .  . 
1964  Vicksburg,  Miss 

1966  Egg  Harbor,  N.  J 

1967  Santurce,   P.    R 

1968  Oberlin,  O 

1969  Logan,  W.  Va 

1970  Menasha  &  Neenah,  Wis 

1972   Selma,  Ala 

1975  Graham,   Tex 

1977  Rome,   Ga 

1980  Atchison,  Kan 

1982  Evergreen,    Colo 

1988  Marshfield,   Wis 

1989  Mobile,  Ala 

1990  Stratford,   Ont.,  Can... 

1992   Sumter,   S.   C 

1995  Williamsport,  Pa 

1998   Peru,  Ind 

2000  Houston,  Tex 

2002  Beatrice,  Neb 

2008  Ponca  City,  Okla .. 

2014  Ranger,  Tex 

2016  Eastland.   Tex 

2018  Lakewood,    N.   J 

2027  Fulton,  Ky 

2028  Grand  Forks,  N.  .D 

2034  Dundas,  Ont.,  Can 

2039  Noank,    Conn 

2046  Martinez,  Cal 

2056  Huntington    Beach,   Cal. 

2057  Kirksville,  Mo 

2058  Frankfort,   Ky 

2059  Bismarck,  N.  D 

2060  Logansport,  Ind 

2061  Saugerties,    N.    Y 

2080  Greenville,  Miss 

2085  Exeter,    N.    H 

2103  Chicago,  111 

2108  Shelbyville,  Ind 

2110  Everett,  Wash 

2114  Napa,  Cal 

2117  Mankato,   Minn 

2122  Vandalia,  111 

2125  Whitefish,  Mont 

2127  Centralia,    Wash 

2141  St.    Joseph,   Mich 

2156  Bowling  Green,   Ky 

2161  Catskill,    N.   Y 

2165  Wilmington,  Mass 

2173  Guelph,    Ont.,   Can 

2181  Corvalis,    Ore 

2188  Barnstable,  Mass 

2190  Harlingen,   Tex 

2198  Milton,   Pa 

2202  Price,  Utah    

2203  Anaheim,  Cal 


MEETING   PLACE 


Meeting 
Night 


Hrs. 


I  5  Day 
Wages  |  Week 


Agrt 


|122  Ellis  St 

I  Salter  Body  Works . 
J  Labor  Hall    

3rd   and   Walnut   St. 

City    Hall    

West  8th    St 

Ill    Neville    St 

3606  Cozens   Ave... 


124  Jackson  St 

Central    Labor    Hall. 
I.  O.  O.  F.  Hall 


12  W.  1st  St. 


97    Park    St 

212 1  N.  3rd  St..  . 

323  W.   Main   St.. 

Arion    Hall    

Labor    Temple    .  . 

Members  Homes   . 

Carpenters'   Hall 
II.   O.   O.   F.   Hall. 
)  Labor   Hall    

Legion    Hall 


912-22  Adams  St. 
Legion     Hall     .  . 


158    14th    St., 
IRoesch's  Hall 


1 1.  O.  O.  F.  Hall 

I  Main    St 

I  Memorial  Bid.  Menasha  Pk 
I O.    Gywnn    Hall 

Royal    Neighbor's   Hall.... 

4261  Broad  St 

712  J  Commercial  St 

B.  Pearsons,  Res 

2201    S.   Central   Ave 


Royal  Bank  Bldg. 
Masonic    Hall     .  . 


Old    City    Hall. 
3091  E.  Grand. 


H.  B.  Bldg 

E.   4th    St.,   cor.   Ridge. 


Orpheum  Hall 
305    Hatt    St.. 


1132   Henrietta   St. 

610  8th   St 

2021    N.    Elson 

I.  O.  O.  F.  Hall.  .  . 


Trades   Assembly 


608  Nelson   St 

Polish    Hall     

758    W.    North    Ave. 

Eagles'   Hall    

Labor  Temple   

Labor  Temple   

Union   Hall    

Fehren  Bldg 

C.   Smalls  Res 

Main    and    Pearl.  .  .  . 


Jr.   Order  Hall. 
96  Broad  St. .  .  . 


Trades  and  Labor  Hall. 

1051  Adams   St 

Old    School   House 

Monroe  &  North  B  St 

West  Milton   Hall 


4th  Thur. 
Thursday 

1st   Fri. 
Friday 

Monday 

1st   Mon. 

Tuesday 
2-4  Thur. 

1-3  Mon. 
2-4  Fri. 
1-3  Thur. 


Friday 

2nd  Wed. 

Tuesday 
1-3  Mon. 
1-3  Mon. 
1st  Tues. 

2nd  Fri. 
1-3  Mon. 
1-3   Wed. 

2-4   Fri. 

1st   Fri. 

2-4  Tues. 
2-4   Wed. 


Tuesday 
1-3   Mon. 

1-3   Tues. 
Friday 

Alt.  Mon. 
Friday 
Tuesday 
Monday 
Tuesday 
1-3   Fri. 

1-3   Mon. 

2-4   Tues. 
2-4   Fri. 


1st    Fri. 
Thursday 

1-3    Sat. 
1-3   Wed. 

2-4  Thur. 
1st   Fri. 

2nd  Tues. 
Monday 
Monday 

1-3   Mon. 

Thursday 

1-3   Fri. 
2-4   Mon. 

2-4   Fri. 

Friday 

2nd  Fri. 
Thursday 
4th  Thur. 
1-3   Mon. 

1-3   Fri. 

Friday 

1-3   Wed. 


1st  Mon. 

Monday 
1st   Mon. 

Monday 
1-4  Thur. 


Eagles'  Hall    I  Wednesday 


8 

6-8 

7 


5-6 


5-8 


I    .3O-.40 

Yes    | 

.90 

.30-.52J 

Yes 

.65 

1.00 

.70 

.75 

No 

.521 

Yes 

1.25 

Yes 

1.00 

.50 

No 

1.00 

No 

.40-.75 

Yes 

.75 

.75 

No     | 

1.00 

Yes 

.60 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

.40-.70 

Yes 

.75 

No 

1.121 

1.25  out 

Yes 

1.10 

.25-.35 

No 

.75 

1.00 

.85 

Yes 

.40-.43 

Yes 

.60 

No 

|    .75-$l 

.75 

No 

.80 

1.10 

.30-.35 

Yes 

.25 

No 

.65 

Yes 

1.00 

Yes 

1.00 

1.10 

1 

.80 

Yes 

.75 

.90 

Yes 

1.00 

.62* 

No 

.75 

Yes 

.90 

.75 

.75 

No 

.55 

Yes 

1.121 

Yes 

1.85-5/7 

Yes 

.70 

Yes 

.60 

1.00 

1.121 

Yes 

.25-.50 

1.00 

.60 

.75 

.80 

1.00 

No 

.80 

1.00 

No 

40 


THE  CARPENTER 


L.  U. 
No. 


CITY  AND  STATE 


MEETING  PLACE 


Meet  in;. 
Night 


I  5  Day 
Wages  I  Work 


Atfrt 


2205  Wenatcliee,    Wash.    .. 
2208  Fort    Pierce,    Fla.... 

2215  Crestline,   O 

2217  Lakeland,  Fla 

2222  Kemmerer,    Wyo.    . . . 

2232  Lynchburg,  Va. 

2239  Port    Clinton,    O 

2256  White  River  Jtn&Vic.Vt 

2261  Fort  Myers,  Fla 

2289  Chicago,    111 

2307  Cornwall,    Ont.,    Can... 

2310  Madisonville,   Ky 

2313  Meridian,  Miss 

2319  El   Paso,  Tex 

2340  Bradenton,     Fla 

2351   Walkerton,    Ont.,   Can.. 

2361   Frederick,  Md 

2372  Haverstraw,  N.  Y 

2395  Lebanon,   Ind 

2400  Woodland,   Me 

2414  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y 

2415  Victoria,  B.  C,  Can 

2419  Astoria,  Ore 

2420  Paola,  Kan 

2425  Glendive,  Mont 

2427  White    Sulphur    Springs, 

W.   Va 

2436  New    Orleans,    La 

2451   Erwin,    Tenn 

2459  Pearl  River,  N.  Y 

2463  Ventura,  Cal 

2466  Pembroke,    Ont.,    Can... 

2477   Santa   Maria,  Calif 

2484  Mannington,  W.  Va 

2704  Lykens,  Pa 

2732  New  Buffalo,  Mich 


Labor    Temple     

James   Electric   Shop.  . 

Weavers    Hall    

B.  P.  O.   E.  Hall 

Labor    Hall    

1001   11th   St 

416    Laurel    Ave 

Gates    Block    

813J    2nd    St 

113    S.    Ashland   Blvd. 

Lefave   Hall    

W.    O.    W.    Hall 

4th   and  23rd  Ave 


2  1     Fri. 

Thursday 
Thursday 
Wednesday 
2nd  Wcl. 
4th  Thur. 
1st    Wed. 

1-3   Fri. 

Monday 
2-4    Wed. 

1-3    Fri. 

Tuesday 

Monday 


Juplinor  Hotel    [    2-4    Sat. 


349   Madison   St , 

Foresters    Hall,    Granville. 

Parish  &  Dodd,   office 

Town    Hall    

Hatch's  Service   Sta 

Trades    Hall    

Labor  Temple   

Lights  Carpenter  Shop.  .  . . 
Monarch  Lumber  Co 


Monday 

1st  Fri. 
1-3  Thur. 
1-3  Mon. 
3rd  Tues. 
2nd    Fri. 

1st    Sun. 
2-4   Mon. 

1st    Sat. 


Mayor's   Office    I     1-3   Fri. 


Friday 
1st  Tues. 
Tuesday 

2-4   Tues. 

1st    Sat. 

on    Call 
2nd  Thur. 


Williams  Bldg 

Excelsior  Fire  Co.   Hall. 
113   S.  Oak  St 


115 h    W.   Church    St 

A.  L.  Yost,  Res I 

L.   C.    Schaffslall   Store.  .  .  .  I 
Paradise    Hall     .  . I 


8 

.75 

Yes 

8 

.80 

8 

.<;o 

8 

.877. 

No 

8 

.87j 

9 

.67 

No 

8 

.70 

8 

.85 

No 

8 

.75 

Yes 

9-10 

.35.70 

No 

8 

.75 

No 

8 

1.00 

No 

1   8 

8 

.55 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

8 

.75 

No 

8 

.69 

8 

.85 

8 

.90 

No 

8 

1.00 

8 

.75 

1   8 

.85 

8 

.75 

No 

8 

.60 

No 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

8 

1.00 

Yes 

8 

1.00 

1 
1 

1   8 

.60 

1 
No 

No 


No 
No 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 
No 


No 
No 


Vbl. 


No 

No 
Yes 
Yes 


No 


The  Company  "Union."  Is  Autocracy  In 
New  Form 

"Employes'  representation,"  popular- 
ly known  as  the  company  "union,"  was 
first  established  in  the  United  States  in 
October,  1915,  by  a  Colorado  company 
following  a  10-months'  strike  of  coal 
miners  to  enforce  union  conditions  and 
the  mining  laws  of  that  state. 

In  its  survey  of  this  "employes'  repre- 
sentation," the  Russell  Sage  Foundation 
says: 

"Under  the  Industrial  Representation 
Plan  the  workers  have  neither  an  or- 
ganization nor  a  treasury.  Their  repre- 
sentatives serve  only  on  joint  commit- 
tees with  equal  number  of  company  offi- 
cials. They  are  thus  deprived  of  their 
most  potent  means  of  defending  their 
own  interests." 

"The  management  offered  the  miners 
the  Industrial  Representation  Plan.  The 
employes  had  no  voice  in  drafting  it. 
This  was  done  entirely  by  an  expert, 
with  the  assistance  of  executive  officials 
of  the  company." 

Anti-union  employers  realize  the  val- 
ue of  the  new  system  which  is  intended 
to  supplant  organization  of  labor  and 
permit  employers  to  retain  control  of 
workers. 

The  plausible  and  illusory  defense  of 
the  company  "union"  is  identical  with 


the  denfense  of  the  so-called  "open" 
shop.  When  workers  discovered  the  lat- 
ter deception,  the  "American  plan"  was 
substituted.  This,  too,  has  been  dis- 
credited. As  each  pretense  failed  to 
meet  the  workers'  needs,  the  anti-union 
employer  presented  his  autocratic  the- 
ory in  a  new  form.  He  now  favors  the 
company  "union." 

In  its  essence,  the  company  "union" 
contains  nothing  new.  Outwardly,  it  ap- 
pears original,  as  did  the  so-called 
"open"  shop  and  the  "American  plan." 
Fundamentally,  each  of  these  is  the  old 
deceit. 

In  every  instance,  the  company  "un- 
ion" is  an  employers'  proposal.  Its 
source  is  the  employer,  who  dictates  its 
form  and  its  operation.  If  the  employer 
permitted  employes  to  manage  their  own 
affairs,  they  would  join  the  trade  union 
movement. 

The  legitimate  trade  unions  protest 
against  this  boss — manufactured  and 
boss — controlled  scheme,  whose  purpose 
is  to  confuse  and  divide  the  workers,  to 
justify  wage  decreases  and  to  check  im- 
proved working  conditions. 

The  trade  unions  provide  for  an  ord- 
erly development  of  workers  who  are 
free  from  employers'  persuasion  and  dic- 
tation. When  workers  are  organized 
they  acquire  independence.  They  speak 
without  fear  of  discharge. 


Craft  Probloms 


ACOUSTICAL  INSTALLATIONS 

(By  L.  Perth) 
PART  ONE 

On  April  1,  1931,  the  representatives 
of  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 
and  Joiners  of  America  and  those  of  the 
Bricklayers,  Masons  and  Plasterers  In- 
ternational Union,  came  to  an  agree- 
ment as  to  the  distribution  of  work 
among  these  crafts  in  Acoustical  Instal- 
lations. 

Acoustical  treatment  of  buildings  is 
comparatively  new  in  the  building  in- 
dustry. In  the  last  decade,  however,  de- 
velopments of  great  consequence  were 
made  and  the  subject  placed  on  such 
solid,  scientific  basis  that  today  no  pub- 
lic building  new  or  old,  where  the  prob- 
lem  of  sound  control  and  the  elimina- 


Sawa  tYAYss  r/?AY£/:  rtA&wzy 

F/G.  / 

tion  of  noise  is  essential,  is  considered 
without  being  acoustically  treated. 

Since  very  few  of  the  members  of 
the  building  fraternity  are  familiar  with 
the  subject,  it  is  the  purpose  of  this  ar- 
ticle to   explain  the  elementary   princi- 


ples of  Acoustics  which  may  prove 
greatly  beneficial  to  all  who  may  be 
called  upon  to  perform  this  type  of 
work. 

Acoustics  is  that  branch  of  the  sci- 
ence of  physics  which  has  to  do  with 
the  control  or  regulation  of  sound  and 
elimination  of  excessive  noise  in  build- 
ings. Many  of  you  at  some  time  or  other 
had  the  discomfort  of  not  understanding 
a  speaker.  It  may  be  in  church,  audi- 
torium, theatre,  class  room  or  meeting 


S0UY/7  T/?A//SSf/SS/0/V 


hall.  The  speaker  may  possess  a  loud 
and  distinct  voice,  his  utterances  may  be 
sharply  defined  and  yet  the  audience  has 
a  difficulty  in  understanding  his  speech 
due  to  a  multitude  of  extraneous  noises 
which  seem  to  interfere  with  the  voice 
of  the  speaker.  These  sounds  seem  to 
originate  in  spots  distant  from  the 
speakers  platform  and  create  the  im- 
pression as  if  several  individuals*  are 
speaking  at  the  same  time.  In  large  off- 
ices, banking  institutions,  etc.,  the  sound 
of  typewriters,  adding  machines  and 
other  appliances  produce  a  noise  which 
makes  it  difficult  for  people  to  under- 
stand each  other. 

If  a  speaker  should  address  his  audi- 
ence in  the  open  air  his  utterances  will 
progress  without  any  distortion,  the  au- 
dience will  clearly  understand  his  speech 
with  the  only  exception  that  those  farth- 
er away  from  the  speaker  may  not  hear 
him  quite  as  loud  as  those  who  are 
nearer   to   the  place  where  the  sounds 


-\2 


T  II  K     V  A  K  V  K  \  T  K  K 


are  originated.  The  open  air,  therefore, 
offers  ;in  ideal  acoustical  condition  for 
clear  transmission  of  sound.  Why,  then, 
does  this  conditions  not  exist  in  a  space 
enclosed  by  walla,  floor  and  ceiling? 

Sound  is  an  energy,  a  wave  motion  of 
the  air  capable  of  producing  the  sensa- 
tion of  hearing.  Its  duration  and  inten- 
sity depend  upon  the  power  of  the  me- 


Z/V4G//YJ/?r 


F/G.  3  •  PEYEPBE&A  T/Ofi/ 


dium  that  produces  it.  Sound  energy 
travels  with  a  great  velocity  of  1,120  ft. 
per  second  and  similar  to  light  it  is  be- 
ing reflected  by  the  surfaces  it  strikes. 

Any  sound,  be  it  from  a  speakers 
voice  or  from  a  musical  instrument,  once 
generated  within  a  confined  space  sets 
into  action  a  train  of  waves  traveling 
rapidly  in  all  directions  from  the  source 
of  its  origin.  If  these  sounds  meet  no 
obstacles  in  their  way  they  eventually 
die  out.  Fig.  1.  These  waves  traveling 
with  the  speed  of  a  rifle  bullet  are  af- 
fected similarly  upon  coming  into  con- 
tact with  any  medium  which  is  different 
in  density  from  that  of  the  air.  For  ex- 
ample, a  sound  wave  upon  meeting  an 
obstacle  such  as  a  wall,  floor  or  ceiling 
undergoes  a  transformation  whereby  its 
energy  is  distributed  in  three  manners: 
it  is  partly  transmitted  through  the  ob- 
stacle, partly  absorbed  and  partly  re- 
flected. This  transformation  takes  place 
for  each  of  the  successive  waves  of  the 
series.  The  greater  the  density  and  the 
more  impervious  the  obstacle  the  great- 
er the  percentage  of  sound  energy  re- 
flected. 


Since  our  modern  buildings  are  of 
fireproof  construction,  consisting  of 
steel,  concrete,  stone,  marble,  tile  and 
hard  plaster  the  interior  surface  of  such 
buildings  is  more  highly  reflective  of 
sound  than  a  mirror  is  of  light. 

A  sound,  such  as  words  uttered  by  a 
speaker,  requires  about  one-tenth  of  a 
second  for  its  completion  and  travels 
112  ft.  before  the  word  is  finished.  If 
the  speaker  was  in  the  open  air  he  would 
be  in  the  center  of  a  sphere  of  a  112  ft. 
radius.  Fig.  2.  This  sphere  would  be 
filled  with  the  sound  of  the  word.  How- 
ever in  a  confined  space,  such  as  a 
church  or  an  auditorium  the  sound 
waves  would  be  reflected  several  times 
in  traveling  112  ft.  so  that  there  would 
be  overlapping  bundles  of  sounds  travel- 
ing in  all  directions,  that  would  com- 
pletely fill  the  room  with  the  sound  of 
the  word  before  the  speaker  finished 
saying  it.  Thus  a  spoken  word  or  other 
sound  hits  against  a  wall,  ceiling  or 
floor  and  is  bounced  back  to  meet  the. 
next  oncoming  sound. 

For  instance,  a  sound  is  reflected 
from  the  wall  behind  the  speaker.  This 
creates  the  impression  as  if  the  speaker 


FIG.  4  - REVEffBERAT/ON 


has  a  fictitious  image  behind  the  re- 
flecting wall  who  is  imitating  his  speech. 
It  is  the  same  as  if  two  speakers  far 
apart  would  say  the  same  word  at  the 
same  time.  But  the  sound  is  being  re- 
flected not  only  from  the  wall  behind 
the  speaker,  but  from  all  other  walls, 
ceiling,  floor,  partitions,  so  that  the  au- 


THE     CARPENTER 


43 


dience  listens  not  only  to  the  real  speak- 
er but  to  a  large  number  of  imaginary 
speakers  due  to  the  many  other  reflect- 
ing surfaces. 

It  should  not  be  difficult  to  visualize 
the  extreme  degree  of  confusion  and  dis- 
turbance existing  in  an  audience  room 
due  to  the  overlapping  of  successive 
sounds  or  notes.  The  first  sound  persists 
while  the  next  one  is  uttered.  Each  syl- 
lable or  note  has  to  compete  with  the 
preceding  sounds  for  the  attention  of 
the  auditor.  This  confusion  is  through- 
out the  room  and  makes  audition  un- 
comfortable, difficult  and  sometimes  im- 
possible. 

This  phenomena  of  overlapping 
sounds  is  known  as  "Reverberation" 
and  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  seri- 
ous defects  in  acoustics  to  be  overcome. 
Other  acoustical  defects  in  confined 
spaces  are  echo,  interference,  extraneous 
noises,  dead  spots. 

An  ideal  acoustical  condition  is  when 
the  sound  reaching  the  audience  in  any 
part  of  the  room  is  of  suitable  loudness, 
distinctness  and  comfortable  for  hear- 
ing. This  condition  can  be  obtained  by 
eliminating  reverberation,  echo  and 
other  faults  by  means  of  acoustical  cor- 
rection which  consists  of  the  application 
of  special  acoustical  materials  to  the 
walls  and  ceiling  of  the  place  to  be 
treated. 

It  was  found  that  clothing,  rugs, 
drapes  are  capable  of  absorbing  of 
sound.  This  led  to  the  discovery  cf  such 
materials  that  can  be  used  for  the  suc- 
cessful treatment  of  interior  surfaces  of 
buildings  to  obtain  ideal  acoustical  con- 
ditions. These  materials  are  made  of 
various  types  of  fiber  board,  hair  felt, 
mineral  wood,  acoustical  plaster,  acous- 
tical tile  and  numerous  other  combina- 
tions. 

These  materials  are  being  applied  by 
carpenters  or  plasterers  or  both.  The 
description  of  acoustical  materials  and 
the  methods  of  their  application  will  be 
described  in  the  second  part  of  this 
paper. 

PART  TWO 

Modern  architecture  today  considers 
good  hearing  conditions  just  as  import- 
ant as  good  design  and  good  construc- 
tion. Therefore  the  architect  designing 
a  church,  theatre,  school,  auditorium, 
gymnasium,  court  hall,  concert  hall,  off- 


ice building,  hotel  or  hospital  invariably 
specifies  that  proper  acoustical  treat- 
ment should  be  applied  in  all  such 
places  which  are  to  be  used  for  speech 


ACOUSTICAL  FELT 
FIG.  / 

and  music  and  where  the  elimination  of 

noise  is  essential. 

The  most  common  acoustical  difficul- 
ties are  largely  due  to  excessive  rever- 
beration. To  get  a  clear  idea  of  what 
is  meant  by  reverberation  it  is  only  nec- 
essary to  step  into  an  empty  church  or 
theatre  and  speak  a  single  syllable  in  a 
loud  tone  of  voice.  You  will  note  that 
the  sound  will  be  prolonged  for  a  con- 
siderable time.  When  the  next  syllable 
is  spoken  it  overlaps  the  preceding  one, 
thus  making  speech  difficult  and  some- 
times impossible  to  understand.  This 
prolongation  and  overlapping  of  sound 
is  known  as  reverberation  and  is  the  re- 
flection of  sound  waves  back  and  forth 
from  walls,  ceiling,  floors  and  other  ob- 
stacles the  waves  happen  to  strike. 

The  length  of  time  during  which  a 
sound  remains  audible  after  it  has  left 


F/G.Z 


the  source  of  its  origin  depends  upon 
the  volume  of  sound,  the  size  of  the 
room  and  the  rapidity  of  sound  absorp- 
tion. The  greater  the  volume  of  sound 
the  more  sound  energy  there  is  to  be 
dissipated  before  the  sound  becomes  in- 
audible. The  larger  the  dimensions  of 
the  room  are  the  greater  is  the  distance 


44 


THE     CARPENTER 


between  each  reflection  and  the  larger 
is  the  period  of  reverberation 

An  ordinary  interior  finish  absorbs  a 
very  small  amount  of  sound  energy  and 
will  prolong  sound  longer  than  one  hav- 
ing high  absorptive  qualities.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  if  there  is  nothing  but  sur- 
faces of  this  kind  for  sound  to  strike  it 
will  take  a  large  number  of  reflections 
for  sound  energy  to  be  dissipated  be- 
fore it  becomes  inaudible.  That  means 
that  reverberation  is  due  to  excessive 
reflection  and  insufficient  absorption  of 
sound  by  the  interior  surfaces  of  the 
room. 

To  obtain  an  ideal  acoustical  condi- 
tion, sound  energy  must  be  controlled. 
This  is  accomplished  by  covering  the 
walls,  ceiling  and  other  surfaces  by  such 
materials  which  are  better  absorbers  of 
sound  than  the  original  surface  of  the 
room. 

It  was  found  that  soft,  fibrous,  por- 
ous and  flexible  materials  such  as  drap- 


F/G.3 


eries,  carpets,  upholstery  and  clothing 
absorb  sound  much  more  lapidly  than 
hard,  non-porous  materials.  All  the  ex- 
isting absorbent  materials  in  a  room  are 
known  as  "the  total  absorbing  power/' 
When  the  interior  of  a  room  is  carpeted 
or  draped  and  is  filled  with  people  this 
total  absorptive  power  will  tend  to  re- 
duce reverberation  to  a  certain  extent, 
so  that  the  amount  of  interference  still 
left  may  be  remedied  by  installing  addi- 
tional absorptive  materials  to  bring 
about  the  desirable  acoustical  condition. 

Acoustical  engineers  in  making  their 
calculations  take  the  existing  factors  in- 
to consideration  and  determine  the  ex- 
act amount,  type,  quality  and  location 
of  such  additional  acoustical  materials 
to  be  applied  in  order  to  make  the  de- 
sirable control  of  sound  possible.  This 
is  the  part  of  the  architect  and  engineer. 
What  we  are  interested  in  is  the  ma- 
terials and  their  application. 

There  are  a  number  of  acoustical  ma- 
terials on  the  market  today.  Different 
materials,   however,   differ  considerably 


in  their  absorbing  power  for  sound.  The 
most  popular  ones  are:  acoustical  felt, 
fiber  board  made  of  sugar  cane  or  wood 
and  other  vegetable  fibers,  flax,  cork, 
and  acoustical  plaster. 

ACOUSTICAL  PELT.  Acoustical  hair 
felt  is  a  material  possessing  the  highest 
power  for  the  absorption  of  sound.  It.  is 
manufactured  in  thicknesses  of  XA", 
Vz ",   %    and   1  inch  and  comes  in  rolls 


G/?04//Y0 


7m 


-/Icavsr/c*/. 


F/G.  4 


from  36  inches  and  up  in  width  and  up 
to  75  feet  in  length.  This  felt  is  mount- 
ed on  a  burlap  base  and  is  the  side  used 
next  to  the  surface  to  be  treated.  For 
decorative  purposes  the  face  of  the 
felt  is  covered  with  so-called  theatrical 
gauze  or  ordinary  muslin  which  can  be 
finished  to  harmonize  with  the  general 
decorative  scheme  of  the  interior.  A 
small  section  of  this  material  is  shown 
in  Fig.   1. 

There  are  various  methods  of  appli- 
cation of  this  material;  the  nature  of 
the  space  to  be  treated  must  be  consid- 
ered; different  types  of  interiors  require 
different  ways  of  installation.  Usually 
walls  and  ceiling  are  of  wood,  tile, 
brick,  concrete  or  composition. 

On  walls  and  ceiling  that  permit  nail- 
ing or  tacking  acoustical  felt  is  usually 
mounted  direct  to  available  space  as 
shown  in  Fig.  2,  3  and  4.  On  surfaces 
that  do  not  permit  the  use  of  nails  or 
tacks  a  water-proof  cement  is  used.  The 


>y/r//  s/jr  srf*0  w/zs 


adhesive  should  have  moisture  and  heat 
resisting  qualities  and  must  adhere 
readily  to  the  burlap  back.  The  surface 
where  application  is  to  be  made  should 
be  sanded  so  that  the  cement  will  have 
a  chance  to  adhere  directly  to  the  raw 


THE     CARPENTER 


45 


material  rather  than  to  the  painted  or 
otherwise  covered   surfaces. 

Another  method  of  application  is 
shown  in  Fig.  5.  Here  the  plaster  is  re- 
moved and  the  felt  is  applied  directly 
to  the  laths  with  flat  head  nails.    Where 


FIG.  6 

the  wall  or  ceiling  are  made  of  tile  fur- 
ring strips  must  be  anchored  to  the 
surface  with  toggle  bolts. 

The  installation  can  be  made  more 
decorative  by  placing  the  acoustical  felt 
in  panels  with  an  attractive  moulding 
around  margin  which  produces  the  ef- 
fect of  a  frame.  Fig.  6  shows  wall  pan- 
els and  Fig.  7  a  portion  of  ceiling  treat- 
ed in  this  manner. 

ACOUSTICAL  FIBRE  TILE.  Materi- 
als for  acoustical  corrections  made  of 
various  kinds  of  vegetable  fiber  are  usu- 
ally manufactured  in  the  shape  of  tiles, 
varying  in  thickness  from  V2  inch  to 
iy2  inches  and  in  size  6"xl2",  12"xl2", 


FfG.  7 

9"xl8"  and  other  convenient  dimen- 
sions. Fig.  8.  These  tiles  when  applied 
over  plastered  surfaces  are  to  be  ce- 
mented with  acoustical  cement  and  each 
tile  nailed  with  brads  or  finishing  nails 
one  at  each  corner  of  each  tile.  On  new 
work  the  cement  may  be  omitted  if  the 


ground  coat  is  finished  under  a  float  to 
an  even  surface. 

More  frequently  these  tiles  are  being 
applied  over  furring  strips  which  are 
spaced  12"  on  centers  or  in  accordance 
with    the   requirements    of    the    design. 

The  tiles  are  applied  to  the  strips 
with  brads  or  finishing  nails  driven 
about  6"  apart,  the  nails  being  driven 
at  a  slight  angle  so  that  the  tile  be  held 
securely  in  place.  If  the  furring  strips 
are  to  be  applied  over  concrete,  brick  or 
tile  surfaces  ground  strips  should  be 
first  placed  at  about  3  feet  centers.  The 
ground  strips  are  usually  anchored  to 
the  original  surface  with  expansion 
bolts.  On  new  work  clips  or  grounds 
may  be  imbedded  in  the  forms  before 
the  pouring  of  the   concrete. 

ACOUSTICAL  PLASTER.  To  absorb 
any  appreciative  amount  of  sound  en- 
ergy a  plaster  must  possess  a  porous 
surface.  The  sound  waves  striking  such 
a  surface  penetrate  into  the  pores  and 
are  dissipated  or  absorbed,  which  is  the 
main  function  of  any  acoustical  mate- 
rial. 

There  are  at  present  on  the  market 
several    acoustical    plasters    having    the 


■'&&&  eases  -S> 


FIG.  3  -  ACOUSTICAL    THE 


property  of  porosity.  Such  plasters  af- 
ter being  applied  form  numerous  com- 
municating air  cells  similar  in  structure 
to  that  of  a  sponge.  When  a  sound 
wave  strikes  such  a  surface  it,  instead 
of  bouncing  back,  travels  through  the 
cells  until  it  dies  out  and  becomes  in- 
audible.   Fig.  9. 

Acoustical  plaster  is  being  applied 
under  standard  plastering  conditions.  A 
base  coat  of  gypsum  plaster  is  first  ap- 
plied and  scratched  to  present  a  rough 
surface.  Then  the  first  coat  of  acousti- 
cal plaster  is  placed  to  a  thickness  of 
%  of  an  inch.  This  first  coat  is  applied 
with  a  trowel  and  straightened  with  a 
darby.  As  soon  as  the  water  is  out  the 
surface  is  broomed.  While  the  brown 
coat  is  still  half  green  the  finish  coat 
is  applied  and  brought  out  to  a  full  Vz 
inch  thickness  of  acoustical  plaster  and 
darbied  to  an  even  surface.    Cork  floats 


46 


THE     CARPENTER 


are  generally  used  as  carpet   floats   im- 
pair the  porosity  of  the  plaster. 

The  finished  walls  and  ceiling  are 
gray  in  color  and  the  texture  of  sand 
float  finished  plaster.  In  itself  it  appears 
very  decorative.  But  if  a  certain  decor- 
ative scheme  is  desired  the  surface  may 
be  painted.  The  paint,  however,  is  made 
of    special    ingredients    and    is    applied 


ACOUSTICAL  PLASTER 
FIG. 9 


with  a  spray  gun  so  as  not  to  destroy 
the  porosity  and  acoustical  values  of 
the  plaster. 

The  subject  of  acoustical  correction 
is  of  such  a  wide  scope  that  it  hardly 
can  be  even  superficially  treated  within 
a  few  pages.  Therefore  those  who  may 
desire  further  information  on  the  sub- 
ject may  ask  the  editor  and  their  in- 
quiries will  be  answered  through  the 
columns  of  the  Journal. 


Join  The  Union 

The  Rev.  Francis  J.  Haas,  of  the  Na- 
tional Catholic  School  of  Social  Service, 
member  of  the  National  Labor  Board 
advises  all  workers  to  join  a  union. 
"Every  worker  has  the  duty  to  himself 
and  his  fellow-workers  to  join  a  union," 
says  Dr.  Haas,  in  a  recent  address,  "and 
to  be  proud  of  his  membership."  Union- 
ism does  not  mean  "an  armed  truce,  but 
conference,  co-operation  and  peace."  In 
the  present  phase  of  the  industrial  and 
economic  order,  the  union  is  quite  as 
necessary  as  in  the  days  of  unleashed 
hostility  from  employers  and  suspicion 
from  the  Government.  Without  it,  the 
worker  will  continue  to  be  exploited, 
either  directly  or  through  the  company 
union.  Unless  he  can  join  with  his  fel- 
lows for  the  protection  of  common 
rights,  not  even  the  wisest  laws  devised 
at  Washington  and  in  our  State  capitals 
can  do  much  to  better  his  lowly  condi- 
tion." 


Communist    Head    of    Anti-Communist 
Body   Jailed   In   New    Orleans 

The  practice  of  paid  organizers  of  the 
communist  left  wing  starting  "anti- 
communist"  organizations  in  many 
states,  Minnesota  among  them,  came  to 


a  sudden  halt  in  New  Orleans  with  the 
arrest  of  Jason  Atterbury.  He  was  or- 
ganizing the  Defenders  of  Home  and 
Flag,  a  society  to  fight  the  spread  of 
communism.  Among  his  effects  was 
found  a  membership  card  in  the  Com- 
munist party  and  correspondence  show- 
ing that  he  had  been  sent  here  to  start 
the  work. 

When  arrested,  Atterbury  denied  any 
wrong-doing  and  protested  to  author- 
ities that  he  was  merely  furthering  "pa- 
triotic" work  spreading  throughout  the 
state  of  Minnesota.  He  gave  police 
names  of  similar  groups  active  in  the 
northern    state. 

The  game  is  to  paint  dark  pictures 
of  communistic  chaos,  and  gather  men, 
women  and  money  into  a  group  to  fight 
red  propaganda.  Under  skillful  man- 
agement of  the  paid  organizer  one  or 
more  well-known  citizens  are  drawn 
into  the  organization  as  officers.  Inter- 
views with  them  are  published  in  news- 
papers, and  others  flock  to  the  group. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  organizer 
the  society  then  authorizes  him  to 
launch  attacks  against  the  "red  terror." 
He  is  given  authority  to  speak  for  the 
membership.  His  tirades  purposely  in- 
clude a  number  of  substantial  citizens 
who,  despite  their  otherwise  unchall- 
enged Americanism,  are  violently  de- 
nounced  as   communists. 

The  attacks  divert  attention  from  real 
communists  who  proceed  with  their 
work  unmolested.  In  time  the  absurd- 
ity of  the  "communist"  charges  become 
so  apparent  that  the  organizer  folds  up 
and  leaves  for  other  territory.  But 
thereafter  responsible  citizens  are  slow 
to  believe  whatever  they  read  against 
communism  and  they  discount  the 
charge  of  red  activity  made  against  any 
one.  As  a  means  of  spreading  and  aid- 
ing real  communist  propaganda  the 
"anti"  method  seems  to  have  no  equal. 

A  peculiar  feature  of  the  organizers' 
work  is  that  so  far  none  of  them  has 
absconded  with  funds  belonging  to  their 
groups.  Treasuries  have  been  left  in- 
tact with  all  funds  accounted  for. 
Whether  this  means  that  they  fear  the 
law  or  are  plentifully  supplied  with 
money  from  an  unknown  source  is  be- 
ing investigated. 


The  watchword  of  Organized  Labor 
should  be,  "Seek  the  Union  Label  when 
buying  anything  large  or  small." 


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A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
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Another  Day 

(By  Edwin  Carlile  Litsey) 

This  is  another  day. 

Let  me  be  careful  what  I  do  and  say 

In  each  swift  flying  hour. 

A  single  careless  word  has  awful  power 

Upon  the  human  heart. 

Before  I  start 

Upon  the  long  familiar  daily  path 

Let  me  resolve  that  I  will  nurse  no  wrath, 

Nor  harbor  envy,  nor  coddle  greed, 

Nor  coldly  turn  away  from  one  in  need, 

Nor  check  a  welcoming  smile. 

All  things  worth  while 

Let  me  endeavor  to  attain. 

Above  all  else  let  me  not  offer  pain 

To  anyone,  or  thing. 

If  I  can  bring 

Back  home  tonight  a  single  shining  thought, 

The  memory  of  some  happiness  I  wrought 

To  one  who  touched  my  life, 

The  daily  strife 

Will  have  been  glorified.  For  as  we  give 

The  fruits  of  love  and  kindness,  so  we  live. 


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THE  MAN  WHO  WINS 

The  world  looks  down  on  a  failure. 

It  discards  a  man  who  quits, 

It  scorns  a  coward  and  poltroon, 

But  it  honors  a  man  who  pits 

His  strength  and  power  against  it, 

And  hattles  each  move  it  makes. 

It  salutes  a  man  who  can  fight  it; 

It  wants  only  men — not  fakes! 

So  it's  up  to  each  man  to  do  battle, 

To  take  each  blow  on  the  chin, 

And  return  the  blow  as  it's  given 

And  come  out  of  the  fight  with  a  grin, 

For  disgrace,  lies  not  in  the  fighting, 

It  lies  in  the  loss  of  the  game. 

But  the  man  who  does  battle  and  wins, 

Is  the  man  whom  the  world  will  acclaim. 

— Avin  H.  Johnston 


THE     CARPENTER 


WAGES  AND  RECOVERY 

(By  William  Green,  President,  A.  F.  of  L.) 


ITH  the  beginnings  of  eco- 
nomic recovery  in  many 
areas  it  is  important  to 
keep  progress  steady  to 
prevent  all  possible  slow- 
ing down  or  halting.  To 
swell  the  volume  of  purchasing  demand 
is  indispenable.  Buyers  will  sustain  con- 
sumer industries,  and  these  in  turn  will 
help  pull  up  the  heavy  or  durable  goods 
industries.  It  is  in  the  durable  goods  in- 
dustries that  unemployment  continues 
as  a  most  acute  problem.  Output  has 
fallen  to  the  level  of  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury ago.  Unemployment  is  more  seri- 
ous than  this  production  decline  for  it 
is  caused  not  only  by  the  depression 
but  by  technical  progress.  Productivity 
has  been  steadily  mounting,  even  in  this 
depression. 

The  new  Housing  Act  is  intended  to 
help  this  most  depressed  area.  Building 
trades  workers  have  felt  the  dead  weight 
of  the  depression  as  construction  drop- 
ped from  a  peak  of  13  billions  to  less 
than  2  billions.  In  various  localities 
unemployment  ranged  up  to  85  per  cent 
in  1933 — even  now  it  reaches  70  or  over 
in  two  localities  reporting  to  the  Fed- 
eration. The  years  of  unemployment 
have  depleted  wage-earner  incomes  and 
resources  and  piled  up  indebtedness. 
These  men  need  work  and  incomes  to 
get  back  on  their  feet.  Yet  as  some 
help  was  in  sight  for  the  industry  the 
issue  of  wage  reductions  was  raised. 

Wages  average  only  3  6  per  cent  of 
construction  costs  and  a  wage  increase 
would  not  mean  much  to  builders  or 
owners  but  to  the  building  tradesmen 
and  their  families  it  would  mean  every- 
thing in  living  and  to  the  retail  mer- 
chants it  would  be  most  important. 


In  a  group  of  twelve  heavy  industries 
wages  constitute  only  24  per  cent  of  the 
value  of  the  products  produced.  An  in- 
crease in  wages  would  increase  total 
costs  of  production  less  than  2.5  per  cent. 
Theseindustries  are:  Iron  and  steel,  motor 
vehicles  (bodies  and  parts  but  not  in- 
cluding motorcycles),  cement,  electrical 
machinery  apparatus  and  supplies,  agri- 
cultural implements,  foundry  and  ma- 
chine shop  products  (not  elsewhere 
classified),  lumber,  glass,  machine  tools, 
marble,  granite,  slate  and  other  stone 
products,  clay  products  (other  than  pot- 
tery and  non-clay  refractories),  railroad 
repair  shops. 

The  table  giving  labor  costs  in  these 
industries  for  a  ten-year  period,  shows 
that  labor  costs  averaged  24  per  cent  of 
the  value  of  product. 

If  wages  are  increased  the  burden  is 
negligible  to  these  industries;  if  wages 
are  cut,  the  industries  save  little  on 
wages  and  lose  by  the  cumulative  effect 
in  lowered  sales  in  the  consumer  indus- 
tries. Practically  all  of  the  wage  in- 
crease would  go  into  retail  trade  and  in 
paying  retail  accounts,  with  indirect  aid 
to  the  heavy  industries. 

If  the  heavy  industries  will  raise 
wages  as  they  swing  into  action  they 
will  contribute  greatly  to  recovery  for 
themselves  and  for  all  others.  To  have 
recovery  which  will  provide  buyers  for 
the  output  the  factories,  mines,  service 
industries,  farms,  et  cetera,  the  wages 
and  small  incomes  which  constitute  80 
per  cent  of  the  buyers  in  the  retail  mar- 
ket, must  recover  so  that  former  stand- 
ards of  living  may  be  regained.  Pur- 
chasing power  for  the  masses  is  a  basic 
factor  in  economic  recovery  and  stabil- 
ity. 


LABOR  WILL  GET  ONLY  WHAT  IT  HAS  STRENGTH 

TO  DEMAND 


CCORDING  to  the  Nation 
Magazine,  liberal  New 
York  weekly,  after  one 
full  year  of  trial,  the 
NRA  remains  an  effective 
structure  for  economic  re- 
covery. It  declares  that  Labor  can  only 
hope  to  win  what  it  has  the  strength  to 
demand  and  hold,  and  cites  various  in- 
aidents  in  which  the  administration  of 


the  blue  eagle  has  not  only  reneged  but 
virtually  double-crossed  Labor. 

Following  is  the  editorial: 

"A  year  has  passed  since  Section  7-a 
of  the  National  Industrial  Recovery  Act 
became  the  law  of  the  land.  It  was  be- 
lieved by  some  hopeful  souls  a  year  ago 
that  Section  7-a's  purpose  was  to  stimu- 
late the  formation  of  trade  unions  to 
run  parallel  with  trade  associations.  But 


THE     CARPEXTER 


the  ink  of  the  President's  signature  was 
hardly  dry,  the  NRA  was  still  a  mere 
skeleton,  when  Messrs.  Johnson  and 
Richberg  made  it  plain  that  the  Admin- 
istration did  not  intend  to  force  trade 
unions  upon  reluctant  employers.  The 
NRA  would  not  insist  that  the  Labor 
provisions  of  the  codes  be  the  fruit  of 
collective  bargaining.  The  NRA  would 
not  turn  over  the  enforcement  of  these 
provisions  to  organized  Labor.  The 
NRA  would  not  demand,  where  trade 
unions  existed,  that  the  employers  rec- 
ognize them  and  negotiate  agreements 
with  them.  The  NRA  would  maintain  a 
strict  neutrality  between  trade  unions 
and  company  unions,  keeping  an  eye  out 
only  for  coercion.  And  the  NRA,  al- 
though it  intended  to  see  that  the  work- 
ers were  not  done  out  of  their  rights  of 
collective  bargaining,  would  be  equally 
scrupulous  in  seeing  to  it  that  nobody 
interfered  with  the  sacred  right  of  in- 
dividual bargaining  between  employer 
and  employe.  To  this  position,  or  its 
close  equivalent,  Messrs.  Johnson  and 
Richberg  have  held  ever  since. 

"Under  Senator  Wagner's  influence, 
the  National  Labor  Board  worked  out  a 
theory  of  Section  7-a  more  comforting 
to  organized  Labor  than  that  put  for- 
ward by  the  NRA.  True,  the  Labor 
Board  was  created  to  suppress  strikes — 
by  soft  words  and  tactful  urging.  But  in 
the  process  of  so  doing  the  board  fell 
back  upon  traditional  democratic  ideals 
and  evolved,  in  substance,  the  following 
formula  for  the  maintainance  of  indus- 
trial peace:  Workers  were  to  choose 
their  representatives  at  secret  elections. 
With  these  representatives  the  employer 
was  bound  to  bargain  collectively.  He 
must  recognize  them,  negotiate  with 
them,  and  exert  every  reasonable  effort 
to  execute  with  them  an  agreement,  pre- 
ferably written,  covering  wages,  hours, 
and  working  conditions. 

"Unfortunately,  the  board  was  with- 
out legal  powers,  so  that  its  interpreta- 
tion of  7-a  remained  a  theory.  A  few 
strikes  were  ended;  an  occasional  em- 
ployer was  argued  into  treating  with  a 
trade  union  that  was  pretty  powerful  to 
begin  with.  But  in  practically  every 
major  attempt  to  apply  its  theory  of  7-a, 
the  board  fell  down.  It  could  not  get 
the  owners  of  the  captive  mines  to  rec- 
ognize the  United  Mine  Workers,  elec- 
tion results  notwithstanding.  It  backed 
away  from  Mr.  Ford  in  the  Edgewater 
and  Chester  controversies.    It  never  suc- 


ceeded in  competing  the  Budd  Manu- 
facturing company  to  bestow  upon  its 
employes  the  benefits  of  an  election  un- 
der Labor  Board  auspices.  The  Weirton 
Steel  company  defied  the  board  on  the 
election  issue,  and  has  just  defeated  the 
board  in  the  federal  courts.  The  Presi- 
dent snatched  the  threatened  automo- 
bile strike  away  from  the  board,  and 
"settled"  it.  The  chief  result  of  the 
board's  attempts  to  apply  a  democratic 
concept  of  Section-a  was  that  a  group  of 
Reading,  Pennsylvania,  hosiery  manu- 
facturers signed  an  agreement  with  a 
trade  union,  and  that  another  hosiery 
manufacturer  in  Tennessee  lost  his 
Blue  Eagle. 

"The  NRA  would  not  and  the  Nation- 
al Labor  Board  could  not  do  anything 
to  help  the  trade  unions.  But  mean- 
while the  A.  F.  of  L.  began  to  organize 
workers  in  mass-production  industries, 
for  example,  automobile  and  rubber, 
where  the  trade  union  was  formerly 
taboo.  Some  individual  unions,  of  the 
"industrial"  rather  than  the  "craft" 
type,  were  even  more  successful.  The 
United  Mine  Workers  swarmed  over  into 
the  Appalachian  area  and  compelled  the 
non-union  operators  to  sign  an  agree- 
ment. The  needle  trades  unions  consoli- 
dated their  hold  on  the  metropolitan 
markets,  and  even  made  substantial 
headway  in  the  out-of-town  open-shop 
regions.  The  hosiery  workers'  section 
of  the  textile  workers'  union  made  trade 
unionism  a  reality  in  the  mills  of  Berks 
County  and  elsewhere.  Even  the  slum- 
bering steel  workers'  union  awoke,  with 
the  consequence  that  a  general  strike 
was  threatened. 

"But  the  anti-union  employers  fought 
back.  With  the  automobile  and  steel  in- 
dustries to  the  fore,  company  unions 
sprang  up  on  the  industrial  landscape 
like  cacti  after  a  desert  rain.  Though 
ostensibly  sanctified  by  Section  7-a, 
these  unions  were  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  shutting  out  any  possible  trade 
union  intrusion.  Nothing  will  rid  La- 
bor of  them  save  an  avalanche  of  strikes 
with  full  recognition  as  their  primary 
objective.  It  has  been  shown  that  or- 
ganized Labor  cannot  afford  to  pin  its 
faith  on  the  wisdom  and  power  of  a 
supposedly  classless  government.  Mag- 
na Chartas  or  no  Magna  Chartas,  it 
looks  as  though  the  trade  unions  in  the 
United  States  would  get  from  the  big 
business  employers  only  as  much  as 
they  are  able  to  win  by  force. 


THE     CARPENTER 


MILLIONS  LIVING  IN  PRIMITIVE  HOUSES 


■m  ERE  a  campaign  launched 
to  put  the  homes  of 
Americans  in  "decent,  liv- 
able" condition,  there 
would  be  a  job  for  every 
unemployed  worker  and 
such  demand  for  goods  that  mills  and 
factories  would  be  working  at  full  speed 
for  the  next  10  years. 

Who  says  so?  Why,  Daniel  E.  Casey 
of  the  staff  of  the  Georgetown  Univer- 
sity, loaned  to  the  government  to  direct 
a  survey  of  housing  in  60  industrial 
cities  embracing  every  state.  The  pro- 
ject, started  by  the  CWA,  is  nearing 
completion,  and  on  its  startling  disclos- 
ures Casey  made  his  bold  prediction. 

Those  who  have  nursed  the  belief  that 
Americans  generally  are  living  in  rath- 
er comfortable  and  healthful  circum- 
stances are  going  to  be  rudely  shocked 
when  the  final  report  is  published,  Casey 
asserted. 

"We  have  rather  prided  ourselves  on 
our  bathtubs,  central  heating,  toilets 
and  labor-saving  devices,  and  in  our 
blissful  ignorance  have  imagined  that  it 
was  the  exceptional  and  unfortunate 
family  that  lacked  these  facilities. 

"But  the  belief  suffers  cruelly  in  ac- 
tual contact  with  statistics  gathered  by 
10,000  investigators.  They  show  that  a 
large  percentage  of  dwellings — some- 
where between  a  third  and  a  fourth — 
are  almost  as  void  of  modern  conveni- 
ences as  were  the  homes  of  their  great- 
grandparents. 

"But  that  is  not  the  worst,  by  any 
means.  In  practically  every  city  there 
is  overcrowding  to  the  danger  point, 
with  single  rooms  accommodating  three, 
four  or  five  persons.  Some  of  this  re- 
sults from  the  depression,  but  even  in 
good  times  this  was  more  or  less  the 
case.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  homes 
must  be  built  before  every  family  can 
have  separate  quarters." 

Every  city  surveyed,  Casey  said,  re- 
ported many  homes  described  as  "unfit 
for  human  habitation."  Yet  people  are 
living  in  them  and  paying  rent.  For 
the  entire  country,  Casey  estimates, 
about  3  per  cent  of  all  dwellings  fall 
within  this  classification. 

Another  survey  of  rural  housing  has 
disclosed  even  more  terrifying  condi- 
tions, and  if  farmers'  homes  were 
brought  up  to  what  is  regarded  as  a 
proper  standard,  this  country  would  ex- 
perience prosperity  such  as  it  has  never 


known,  Casey  contends.  But  that  is  an- 
other story. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  in  detail  the 
results  of  the  city  homes  survey,  and  it 
is  unnecessary  to  do  so  to  picture  the 
situation.  Practically  every  city  told  the 
same  story  of  primitive  living  conditions 
on  an  extensive  scale. 

Pueblo,  Colo.,  will  serve  as  an  ex- 
ample of  what  has  been  revealed,  Casey 
said.  It  was  built  in  relatively  recent 
times  and  is  regarded  as  fairly  represen- 
tative of  the  average  medium-sized  com- 
munity, being  neither  the  worst  nor  the 
best. 

Here  are  some  of  the  things  investi- 
gators discovered  at  the  Colorado  city: 

Out  of  12,723  dwellings,  8.3  per  cent 
are  vacant  because  many  families  are 
unable  to  pay  rent.  Were  families  who 
have  "doubled  up"  to  demand  separate 
dwellings,  there  would  be  an  acute  hous- 
ing shortage. 

Single-family  dwellings  make  up  91 
per  cent  of  Pueblo's  family  units,  and 
46  per  cent  of  the  homes  are  occupied 
by  their  owners,  a  larger  percentage 
than  the  average  reported  for  all  cities. 

Investigators  found  that  only  4,107 
structures  are  in  good  condition,  while 
4,690  need  extensive  repairs  and  1,597 
must  be  rebuilt  before  they  are  habi- 
table." The  condition  of  the  remainder 
of  the  homes  was  not  reported. 

One-third  of  the  dwellings,  or  4,115 
are  heated  by  hot  air  furnaces,  while 
less  than  1,100  are  equipped  with  steam 
or  hot  water.  That  means  that  more 
than  7,000  homes  are  still  using  stoves 
that  burn  wood  or  coal. 

Only  4,613  homes  are  equipped  with 
gas  for  cooking,  and  11,539  are  lighted 
by  electricity.  But,  believe  it  or  not, 
more  than  1,100  homes  still  depend  on 
kerosene  lamps  in  a  city  with  both  gas 
and  electricity. 

More  than  1,100  homes  are  without 
running  water,  and  3,817  lack  inside 
toilets.  It  came  as  a  surprise  to  Senator 
Alva  Evans,  who  has  lived  his  entire  life 
in  Pueblo  and  thought  he  knew  his  way 
around,  to  learn  that  4,080  homes  do 
not  have  tubs  or  showers  for  bathing. 

More  than  10,000  homes  are  without 
mechanical  refrigerators. 

And  that  is  the  portait  of  the  average 
American  city. 

"A  house  without  running  water, 
bath  and  other  conveniences  is  just  a 
house —  not  a  home,"  Casey  declared. 


THE     CARPENTER 


"If  every  dwelling  in  this  country- 
were  equipped  with  the  bare  essentials 
to  comfortable  living,  it  would  require 
years  for  our  factories  to  produce  the 
equipment.  Every  available*  worker 
would  be  needed  for  installation.  Work- 
ers would  be  at  a  premium  getting  out 


the  materials  and  fabricating  them  into 
household  needs. 

"This  is  the  vast  reservoir  of  work 
that  the  administration  hopes  to  tap 
through  its  housing  program,  which  is 
as  important  from  its  social  as  from  its 
economic  aspects." 


AMERICA  NO  PLACE  FOR  COMPANY  UNION 

(By  Senator  George  W.  Norris) 


placed    upon 


THINK  the  country 
has  witnessed  something 
which  has  happened  in 
railroad  world  that  ought 
not  to  be  passed  by  with- 
out some  emphasis  being 
it.  There  was  danger  a 
short  time  ago  of  a  universal  strike  on 
the  railroads  which  would  have  tied  up 
commerce,  and  no  man  by  the  wildest 
flight  of  his  imagination  could  tell  how 
much  damage  such  a  strike  might  have 
caused  at  this  particular  time. 

The  President  was  unable  to  get  the 
warring  factions  together.  He  appoint- 
ed a  co-ordinator,  a  man  of  outstanding 
character  in  the  railroad  world,  Mr. 
Eastman,  who,  after  vainly  trying  to  do 
something  to  get  the  warring  factions 
to  agree,  failed  and  gave  up  the  task. 
He  advised,  however,  when  he  quit, 
that  there  should  be  another  conference 
of  the  parties  directly  interested;  and 
so  there  met  around  the  conference  ta- 
ble the  representatives  of  all  the  first- 
class  railroads  in  the  United  States  on 
the  one  side  and  the  representatives  of 
the  railroad  employes  on  the  other,  rep- 
resentatives who  were  conceded  to  have 
been  chosen  by  the  labor  unions. 

I  mention  this  now  because  in  that 
conference  there  was  no  company  union. 
There  is  going  over  the  country  now, 
I  believe,  a  kind  of  propaganda,  the  ob- 
ject of  which  is  to  give  some  life  to 
the  so-called  "company  unions."  I  never 
could  understand  in  my  study  of  the 
various  disagreements  that  have  oc- 
curred from  time  to  time  in  years  past 
between  capital  and  labor,  why  any  fair- 
minded  man  could  object  under  the  cir- 
cumstances to  having  the  respresenta- 
tives  of  labor  in  such  conferences  chosen 
freely  and  uncoerced  by  the  laboring 
men  themselves. 

A  company  union,  in  reality  and  in 
practice,  is  a  union  of  laboring  men 
controlled  by  the  employers  of  labor.  A 
conference    between    delegates    from    a 


company  union  and  the  representatives 
of  employers'  associations  is  simply  a 
conference  dominated  on  both  sides  of 
the  table  by  the  empolyers.  It  is  true 
that  in  theory  there  can  be,  and  prob- 
ably there  are  instances  where  company 
unions  are  acting  purely  in  the  interest 
of  the  laboring  man,  but  as  a  matter  of 
practice,  that  is  something  that  is  al- 
most unknown. 

Here  were  the  representatives  of  21 
organized  bodies  of  railroad  unions  on 
one  side  of  the  table,  and  those  who 
own  the  railroads,  represented  by  those 
whom  they  had  chosen,  on  the  other 
side.  After  everybody  else  had  failed, 
this  body  of  representative  men  reached 
an  agreement  satisfactory  to  both  sides 
and  satisfactory  to  the  American  people, 
and  avoided  what  I  feared  might  have 
been  a  real  catastrophe.  At  the  conclu- 
sion of  their  conference  they  were  con- 
gratulated upon  their  work  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  and  also  by 
Mr.  Eastman,  the  co-ordinator. 

I  mention  this  only  to  show  that  in 
the  conflict  between  labor  and  capital 
there  is,  in  my  judgment,  no  place  for 
the  company  union.  Capital  is  repre- 
sented, as  it  should  be,  by  representa- 
tives of  its  own  choosing,  and  to  put 
upon  the  other  side  of  the  table  repre- 
sentatives with  whose  selection  the  em- 
ployers have  had  something  to  do  sim- 
ply means  that  there  will  be  no  agree- 
ment reached  which  will  be  fair  to  labor 
and  fair  to  the  people  of  the  country. 

Here  was  an  instance  where  labor 
was  represented,  it  is  conceded,  by 
agents  chosen  by  labor.  That  is  only 
fair;  it  is  only  right,  and  it  is  only  an- 
other illustration  showing  that  if  we  are 
to  have  arbitration  between  capital  and 
labor,  both  sides  of  the  table  must  bo 
represented  by  agents  who  are  selected 
from  their  respective  organizations  un- 
coerced, uninfluenced,  and  absolutely 
free  and  independent. — From  the  Con- 
gressional Record. 


THE     CARPENTER 


COMPANY  UNION  BY-PRODUCTS 


INCE  a  statute  law  has 
been  written  upon  the 
books  of  the  United  States 
guaranteeing  the  workers 
the  unquestionable  right 
of  uniting  with  organiza- 
tions of  their  own  choosing,  desperate 
efforts  have  been  made  by  certain  em- 
ployers to  divert  their  employes  from 
bona  fide  labor  organizations  into  so- 
called  industrial  unions,  which  are  in 
reality  the  by-products  of  the  company 
union. 

Impractical  theorists  who  have  no 
practical  knowledge  of  the  American  la- 
bor movement  have  been  used  for  this 
purpose  by  those  who  fear  and  oppose 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor.  The 
industrial  or  vertical  union  has  been 
heralded  as  the  successor  to  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor  which  is  found- 
ed upon  the  principles  of  trade  union- 
ism. Proof  that  this  foundation  is 
sound  has  been  demonstrated  by  the 
fact  that  for  more  than  half  a  century, 
the  structure  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  has  withstood  all  of  the  in- 
dustrial storms  that  have  sought  to  de- 
stroy it.  The  industrial  union  has  been 
tried  in  the  United  States  under  numer- 
ous aliases,  but  in  every  instance  it  has 
collapsed  as  a  result  of  its  failure  to 
give  workers  proper  representation  and 
protection. 

Some  employers  have  stated  that  it 
was  their  desire  to  deal  only  with  one 
committee  representing  all  of  the  em- 
ployes in  their  plant  or  industry,  and 
therefore  they  object  to  the  trade  union 
movement.  This  statement  is  actuated 
either  by  insincerity,  or  as  a  result  of 
abysmal  ignorance  of  the  American  la- 
bor movement.  Unity  of  action  is  de- 
sirable in  handling  labor  problems  and 
such  unity  is  provided  for  and  can  be 
accomplished   through   the  affiliation   of 


the  various  craft  unions  with  the  De- 
partments of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor. 

The  veneer  of  words  does  not  conceal 
the  true  identity  of  the  advocated  verti- 
cal or  industrial  union.  Within  the  past 
decade,  we  have  witnessed  the  rise  and 
fall  of  the  One  Big  Union,  and  in  previ- 
ous years,  similar  efforts  have  been 
made  to  defeat  the  purpose  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  by  the 
institution  of  company  controlled  un- 
ions, or  so-called  independent  industrial 
unions,  which  have  for  their  purpose, 
consolidation  of  all  workers  into  a  single 
organization  regardless  of  craft  or  trade. 

It  is  logical  to  assume  that  any  organ- 
ization attempting  to  intelligently  han- 
dle the  affairs  of  every  craft  employed 
within  an  industry  is  foredoomed  to  fail- 
ure. Where  trade  unionism  is  effective 
with  central  committees  or  federations, 
the  business  of  all  crafts  can  be  efficient- 
ly handled. 

Membership  in  a  vertical  union  is 
contingent  upon  employment  in  a  cer- 
tain shop,  plant,  or  industry.  This  feat- 
ure is  identical  with  the  company  union, 
and  loss  of  employment  by  any  member 
of  the  vertical  union  results  in  immedi- 
ate suspension  of  privileges  the  union  is 
supposed  to  provide. 

A  member  of  a  bona  fide  labor  organ- 
ization may  travel  throughout  the  Unit- 
ed States  and  Canada,  carrying  a  card 
that  is  recognized  everywhere,  and 
such  benefits  as  the  bona  fide  labor  or- 
ganization provides  for  its  membership 
are  continuous  at  all  times,  regardless 
of  the  employment  or  unemployment  of 
the  member. 

The  efforts  being  made  to  disrupt  the 
established  labor  institution  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  is  anti-social,  and  in  direct 
conflict  with  the  principle  set  forth  in 
the  Recovery  Act. 


ROAD  TO  REVIVAL  OF  CONSTRUCTION 


HE  U.  S.  Commerce  De- 
partment reported  to  the 
Senate,  in  its  report  on 
National  Income,  among 
other  things,  that  annual- 
ly there  are  about  703,- 
000  young  people  who  come  to  the  age 
of  18  years.  This  was  stated  in  connec- 
tion with   the  report   of  the  committee 


with  reference  to  unemployment.  Now, 
these  young  people,  in  the  natural 
course  of  events,  get  married.  And  they 
need  houses  to  live  in,  and  raise  their 
families.  But  it  seems  that  during  1932 
and  19  33  there  were  not  enough  new 
houses  built  to  replace  those  that  were 
destroyed  by  fire.  And  that  is  only  one 
of   the   factors   which    brings   about   the 


THE     CARPENTER 


housing  shortage  in  this  country.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  is  need  of  400,000 
new  homes  annually. 

It  is  estimated  by  Lewis  H.  Brown, 
Chairman  of  the  Subcommittee  delegat- 
ed by  the  NRA  Durable  Goods  Commit- 
tee to  study  the  Housing  Bill,  that  there 
is  need  right  now  for  the  expenditure  of 
not  less  than  a  million  and  a  half  dollars 
in  the  repairing  and  modernizing  of 
American  homes.  The  activities  of  the 
PWA  are  right  now  being  directed  to 
the  actual  destruction  of  slum  districts 
in  our  cities,  and  the  replacing  of  these 
by  modern  American  homes.  But  the 
work  cannot  all  be  done  by  direct  gov- 
ernmental activity  and  the  expenditure 
of  government  funds. 

It  was  stated  by  Mr.  Marriner  S. 
Eccles,  of  the  Treasury  Department,  be- 
fore a  Senate  Committee,  that  there  is 
approximately  2  6  billion  dollars  in  the 
savings  banks  of  the  country,  which  he 
said  ought  to  find  its  way  to  the  capital 
market,  and  that  the  logical  place  for 
this  reserve  of  capital  is  in  the  housing 
field.  The  real  estate  mortgage  field 
has  been  a  favorite  channel  for  invest- 
ment of  such  funds  heretofore;  but  the 
recurring  business  cycle  of  depression, 
the  failure  of  borrowers  to  keep  up  their 
payments  on  mortgages,  the  difficulties 
attending  foreclosure  and  realization  on 
mortgages,  and  the  apprehension  con- 
cerning the  security  of  any  such  future 
investments  in  that  field  have  operated 
to  give  these  potential  lenders  of  money 
and  credit  a  scare  concerning  the  safety 
of  their  funds,  should  they  be  placed  in 
that  field. 

Mr.  Eccles  remarked  also,  that  every- 
thing leads  back  to  the  army  of  the  un- 
employed. The  certainty  of  the  impend- 
ing increase  in  this  army  of  the  dispos- 
sessed is  also  a  part  of  the  picture  in 
the  minds  of  thinking  persons.  The 
fact  that  recurring  disemployment  is  a 
large  factor  in  the  failure  to  make  pay- 
ments falling  due,  is  one  to  be  taken 
account  of,  and  especially  so  in  any  plan 
looking  to  the  furnishing  of  safe  outlet 
for  the  funds  whose  owners  are  really 
anxiously  looking  for  proper  places  to 
invest  them. 

A  large  part  of  the  trouble  in  the  real 
estate  mortgage  field  has  arisen  from 
the  short  term  mortgages,  which  every- 
body concerned  knew  could  not  possibly 
be  paid  up  within  the  term  for  which 
they  were  written,  but  which  were  writ- 


ten with  the  assurance  that  they  could 
and  would  be  renewed.  But  the  coming 
of  depressions  has  taken  the  pot  of  gold 
away  from  the  foot  of  this  rainbow  of 
hope  and  expectation,  and  resulted  in 
the  forced  taking  over  of  thousands  of 
these  properties.  Foreclosures  had  been 
proceeding  at  the  rate  of  25,000  a 
month,  until  by  the  activities  of  the 
government  through  the  Home  Owners 
Loan  Corporation  they  have  been  re- 
duced to  20,000  per  month.  Officers  of 
building  and  loan  asociations  have  not 
been  following  out  the  benevolent  func- 
tion of  these  organizations  by  making 
long  term  loans  on  terms  which  could 
probably  be  carried  out,  but  have  made 
the  short  term  mortgage  business  into 
a  veritable  "racket." 

There  have  been  mortgage  insurance 
companies,  which  have  attempted  to 
carry  this  load  for  the  investors;  but 
in  the  city  of  New  York  there  are  cor- 
porations today  which  are  carrying 
about  3  billions  of  dollars  of  such  mort- 
gage insurance,  with  only  2  per  cent  to 
10  per  cent  of  their  load  in  their  re- 
serves. 

Chairman  Brown,  of  the  Durable 
Goods  Sub-Committee,  says  that  if  prop- 
er terms  were  to  be  made  for  these 
loans  as  to  length  of  time  for  payment, 
it  should  be  possible  for  the  govern- 
ment, acting  through  a  proper  corpora- 
tion, to  insure  such  loans  up  to  $1,- 
500,000,000  for  repairing  and  moderniz- 
ing homes  alone,  and  tbat  on  an  actu- 
arial basis  it  is  estimated  that  the  losses 
from  the  insurance  of  such  loans  could 
not  possibly  exceed  $25,000,000.  These 
losses  could  be  taken  over  by  the  insur- 
ance corporation  along  with  the  proper- 
ties, and  would  be  very  largely  if  not 
entirely  covered  by  the  proper  handling 
of  the  properties  which  they  covered. 

Mr.  Brown  also  says  that  a  large  per 
cent  of  the  $1,500,000,000  thus  to  be 
expended  would  go  to  labor  for  the  work 
necessary  to  be  done  in  the  repairing 
and  modernizing  of  these  homes. 


Half  the  people  in  the  world  are  un- 
happy because  they  can't  afford  the 
things  that  make  the  other  half  miser- 
able. 

*      *      * 

You  are  sure  you  are  buying  Ameri- 
can made  merchandise  when  the  union 
label  is  attached  to  what  you  buy. 


THE     CARPENTER 


THE  DEADLY  PARALLELS 

(By  Andrew  Furuseth,  President,  International  Seamen's  Union  of  America) 


T  IS  often  said  that  his- 
tory repeats  itself.  In  the 
great  sweep  of  evolution 
from  a  condition  in  the 
Roman  State  of  nine 
slaves  for  each  free  man, 
slavery  having  the  specific  sanction  of 
the  religion  of  the  time,  to  the  condi- 
tion in  the  American  State  with  slavery 
legally  abolished  but  still  clinging  in  a 
sense  to  men  doing  physical  labor  we 
have  an  illustration  of  the  truth  of  the 
above  quotation. 

In  that  great  sweep  of  time  the  strug- 
gle for  equal  freedom  on  the  religious 
plane  was  conducted  by  organizations 
based  upon  religious  discontent.  When 
after  16  centuries  equality  before  God 
on  the  religious  plane  was  finally  offi- 
cially acknowledged  the  Christian  prin- 
ciple of  equal  freedom  was  transferred 
to  the  political  plane.  The  struggle  was 
carried  on  by  political  organizations 
based  upon  political  discontent  and  the 
purpose  of  the  struggle  was  to  bring 
about  equal  freedom  in  the  state — 
equality  before  the  law.  This  Christian 
principle  of  equal  freedom  met  on  the 
political  plane  the  fiercely  determined 
opposition  of  the  then  governing  class. 
The  King,  representing  the  governing 
class,  would  not  accept  even  a  petition 
no  matter  how  humble  it  might  be 
worded.  There  was  to  be  no  recognition 
so  far  as  it  could  be  prevented  of  the 
mercantile  or  working  people  within  the 
state.  They  were  to  be  governed  but  not 
to  share  in  the  government.  The  third 
estate,  taking  England  with  its  petitions 
and  its  parliamentary  system  as  a 
model,  determined  to  extend  the  parlia- 
mentary system  to  other  countries,  no 
doubt  mainly  because  the  English  Par- 
liament had  control  of  taxation  and  ap- 
propriation and,  therefore,  a  basis  for 
collective  bargaining  and  also  as  the 
most  effective  appeal  to  those  who  were 
not  recognized  as  part  of  the  state.  In 
his  speech  from  the  throne  to  Parlia- 
ment, the  King  of  England  begins  by 
saying — My  lords  and  gentlemen — then 
describes  the  condition  of  the  state  in 
its  foreign  relations,  in  its  domestic  con- 
dition and  then  informs  the  lords  and 
gentlemen  that  the  Crown  needs  <*  cer- 
tain amount  of  money  with  which  to 
continue  to  carry  on  the  government. 
The  answer  in   one  form   or   another  is 


yes — we  will  furnish  the  needed  supplies 
but  before  we  do  that  we  have  certain 
grievances  which  we  desire  to  have  re- 
dressed. The  Parliament  begins  by  re- 
dressing the  grievances  and  finishes  by 
adopting  the  budget.  The  stage  is  set 
for  collective  bargaining.  If  conditions 
are  favorable  and  public  opinion  strong, 
there  is  a  serious  endeavor  to  redress 
grievances,  after  which  the  budget  is 
voted  and  Parliament  adjourns.  During 
the  sitting  of  Parliament  collective  bar- 
gaining went  on  and  the  strongest  made 
progress.  Country  after  country  accept- 
ed the  parliamentary  system  and  step 
by  step  the  power  and  influence  of  the 
unrecognized  kept  on  growing,  and  with 
it  grew  the  ideal  of  equal  freedom  in 
the  state.  The  French  Revolution  came 
and  passed  away.  Barriers  were  built 
against  the  third  estate  by  the  Congress 
at  Vienna.  It  took  three  revolutions  of 
183  0,  1848  and  18  60  to  tear  those  bar- 
riers down  and  to  establish  the  frank 
recognition  of  the  principle  of  equality 
before  the  law.  The  fundamental  Chris- 
tian principle  of  equal  freedom  was 
gradually  shifting  from  the  political 
field  to  the  field  of  industry  and  indus- 
trial organizations,  based  upon  indus- 
trial discontent,  were  organized  all  over 
the  western  world  with  the  latent  or 
accepted  purpose  of  extending  the  prin- 
ciple of  equal  freedom  to  industry. 

The  World  War  came  and,  as  we  all 
know,  it  resulted  in  depriving  the  old 
governing  class  of  its  power,  together 
with  its  transfer  to  the  new  governing 
class — the  third  estate —  with  us  here 
in  America  known  as  big  business. 

The  King  said,  "I  am  the  state."  The 
big  business  man  says,  "I  am  this  busi- 
ness." The  King  says,  "I  will  not  ac- 
cept petitions.  I  will  grant  no  recogni- 
tion." The  big  business  man  says,  "I 
will  accept  no  petitions.  I  will  grant  no 
recognition."  In  the  struggle  for  polit- 
ical equality,  the  King  used  all  the 
means  at  his  hand;  amongst  them  were 
force,  intrigue,  and  exile.  Big  business 
uses  the  threat  of  starvation — the  use 
of  injunctions  and  the  black  list.  The 
King  says,  "I  will  make  the  laws."  The 
big  business  man  says,  "I  will  make  the 
rules."  The  King  says,  "I  will  deter- 
mine what  your  income  shall  be  and  I 
will  look  after  my  friends."  The  busi- 
ness man  says,  "I  will  determine  what 


THE     CARPENTER 


your  wages  shall  be  and  I  will  take  care 
of  those  who  support  me."  The  King 
says,  "I  will  determine  who  shall  repre- 
sent my  people  in  Parliament."  The 
business  man  says,  "I  will  choose  the 
men  to  represent  my  employes  in  any 
conferences  which  I  choose  to  grant." 
The  King  says,  "I  will  redress  your 
grievances  according  to  what,  in  my 
judgment,  is  best  for  you."  The  em- 
ployer says,  "I  will  listen  to  the  griev- 
ances of  my  employes  and  do  what,  in 
my  judgment,  is  best  for  them."  Parlia- 
ment said,  "We  will  reduce  the  taxes  and 
diminish  the  appropriation."  The  work- 
man says  to  the  employer,  "I  will  quit 
working  and  let  your  overhead  go  on 
and  your  machinery  rust."  If  the  Par- 
liament was  strong,  the  King  had  to 
listen  and  compromise.  If  the  workers 
were  united,  the  employers  had  to  listen 
and  compromise.  It  is  true  that  mem- 
bers of  Parliament  sometimes  suffered 
very  severely  because  of  their  indepen- 
dence. It  is  likewise  true  that  amongst 
the  workers  are  many  who  must  suffer 
very  severely  in  the  loss  of  their  little 
property  on  which  they  cannot  pay  in- 
stallments, by  being  driven  away  from 
their  friends,  in  the  changing  of  their 
names  and  to  some  extent  their  appear- 
ance in  order  to  get  some  work  to  sus- 
tain life  in  themselves  and,  if  possible, 
in  those  dependent  upon  them.  The  vic- 
tory   on    the   political    plane    was    won 


through  courage,  unity,  endurance,  and 
sacrifice.  The  struggle  for  equal  free- 
dom on  the  industrial  plane  can  only  be 
won  in  the  same  way.  As  to  when,  that 
is  the  question — How  long,  O  Lord,  how 
long? 

Into  this  jungle  comes  the  ultra-revo- 
lutionists who  have  got  a  system  ready- 
made,  that  only  needs  to  be  adopted  and 
all  the  struggles  will  cease  because 
everybody  will  be  equal.  Under  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  fundamental  communists 
principle  which  is  the  oldest  of  all 
forms  of  government  and  which  claims 
to  bring  to  the  world  with  one  stroke 
that  which  the  world  has  gradually  been 
advancing  to  for  nearly  2,0  00  years,  we 
have  some  evidence  of,  at  least  in  the 
early  stages,  what  the  promise  amounts 
to.  We  have  only  to  look  to  Russia  with 
its  absolute  absence  of  freedom  of  any 
kind,  not  simply  temporary,  but  perma- 
nent. The  prisoners  at  Sing  Sing  do  a 
certain  amount  of  work  under  orders. 
They  are  kept  from  temptation  so  far  as 
the  overseers  can  do  it,  and  they  are 
given  enough  food  to  maintain  physical 
health,  but  who  wants  to  go  to  Sing 
Sing.  The  only  really  apparent  reason 
why  somebody  wants  to  go  to  Russia  or 
bring  Russia  here  is  because  he  does 
not  know  as  much  about  it  as  he  knows 
about  Sing  Sing.  But  is  it  not  rather 
remarkable  how  history  seems  to  be  re- 
peating itself? 


STRIKEBREAKER    IS    BACK    STABBER,    HEYWOOD 

BROUN  SAYS 


F  I  owned  a  business 
here  I  would  be  down 
on  the  picket  line  with 
a  placard  urging  the 
employers  to  comply 
with  the  demands  of  the 
workers.  The  success  of  your  store  de- 
pends upon  the  purchasing  power  of 
the  people  of  the  city.  Just  out  of  self- 
interest  you  can't  afford  to  have  the 
men  lose." 

This  is  what  Heywood  Broun,  famous 
columnist,  told  the  head  of  a  mercan- 
tile house  in  Toledo  during  the  recent 
strike  at  the  Auto-Lite  plant.  Broun  was 
vitriolic  in  his  denunciatiton  of  the 
strikebreaker  and  "scab"  in  one  of  his 
syndicated  editorials  appearing  in  the 
Scripps-Howard  newspapers  recently. 
Part  of  it  follows: 


"Palpably  the  strikebreaker  is  an 
anti-social  member  of  the  community. 
As  a -rule  he  has  no  political  or  eco- 
nomic philosophy  whatsoever,  but  in 
any  case  in  which  he  became  articulate 
he  would  be  forced  by  the  logic  of  the 
circumstances  to  assert  that  his  tempor- 
ary gain  should  be  protected  even  at 
the  expense  of  calamity  among  ,  the 
many.  Certainly  whenever  a  strike  is 
broken  the  city  or  town,  as  a  whole,  is 
worse  off  than  it  was  before.  Men  and 
women  are  added  to  the  list  of  unem- 
ployed and  there  will  be  an  inevitable 
tendency  to  worse  wages  and  working 
conditions  all  along  the  line. 

"I  think  the  same  theory  holds  good 
in  San  Francisco.  The  guardsmen  and 
the  police  are  supported  by  the  taxpay- 
ers,  who   will   be  assessed   in   order  to 


10 


THE     CARPENTER 


win  a  victory  for  the  owners  of  steam- 
ship lines  and  thereby  lower  the  general 
standard  of  living  and  the  general  pros- 
perity of  all  concerned,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  owners  engaged  in  the 
industry. 

"I  even  doubt  whether  the  immediate 
employers  gain  much  from  success  in 
breaking  a  strike.  Any  such  result  must 
be  among  the  most  Pyrrhic  of  victories. 
Strikebreakers  are  expensive,  inefficient 
and  unreliable.  In  the  long  run  I'll 
wager  that  many  a  cost  sheet  will  show 
that  it  would  have  been  far  more  profit- 
able for  the  stockholders  to  have  grant- 
ed the  union  demands  at  the  beginning. 

"I  have  heard  a  few  ill-informed  and 
sentimental  folk  picture  the  strikebreak- 
er as  a  rugged  American  who  was  fight- 
ing for  the  cause  of  individual  liberty 
and  the  freedom  of  every  man  to  work 
at  whatever  craft  he  may  choose  for  his 
own.  The  strikebreaker  is  not  like  that. 
He  sells  his  birthright  for  a  few  meager 
and  immediate  pieces  of  silver,  and 
heightens  his  own  chances  to  be  back 
on  some  breadline  a  few  weeks  or 
months  after  the  event. 

"It  seems  to  me  that  the  average 
American   is   not  very   quick   to   realize 


the  enormous  benefits  which  even  non- 
union workers  have  gained  through  the 
force  of  organization.  The  very  people 
who  will  readily  admit  that  prosperity 
can  come  only  through  the  heightening 
and  stabilization  of  purchasing  power 
are  the  very  ones  who  complain  of  the 
'tyranny  of  the  unions.' 

"The  non-union  man  is  a  person  who 
reaps  where  he  has  not  sown.  He  comes 
at  the  eleventh  hour  and  receives  his 
penny.  He  is  willing  to  profit  by  the 
aggressive  efforts  of  others  to  whom  he 
has  given  no  support.  Worse  than  that, 
he  stands  ready  to  stab  in  the  back  the 
very  people  who  have  made  it  possible 
for  him  to  command  a  competence. 

"And  so  I  say  that  he  is  an  anti-social 
force  who  decidely  does  not  deserve 
protection  at  public  expense.  I  would 
not  have  him  torn  limb  from  limb  by 
angry  mobs.  I  think  both  the  police 
and  the  guard  have  a  proper  function 
in  strikes.  I  feel  that  they  should  in 
emergencies  be  called  out  by  mayors  or 
governors  under  the  order,  'It  is  your 
job  to  see  that  not  a  single  strikebreaker 
enters  this  plant  or  so  much  as  one 
wheel  turns  until  the  employers  have 
made  a  fair  settlement  with  their  men.'" 


CANADIAN  LABOR  AND  INTERNATIONALISM 

(By  Percy  R.  Bengough,  Vice-President,  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada.) 


NE  of  the  most  valuable 
assets  of  the  Trades  and 
Labor  Congress  of  Canada 
is  its  international  affili- 
ations. They  are  espec- 
ially important  today, 
workers  having  learned  that  they  live 
in  a  small  world  and  that  cooperation 
between  nations  is  essential  to  the  main- 
tenance of  universal  living  standards. 
Bad  conditions  on  the  other  side  of  the 
globe  may  affect  workers  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Institute  of  Paci- 
fic Relations  last  year  at  Banff,  Alberta 
— a  conference  of  delegates  from  all 
countries  bordering  on  the  Pacific — part 
of  the  program  was  a  study  of  the  pos- 
sible causes  of  conflict  in  the  Pacific 
area.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that,  al- 
though there  were  only  five  labor  repre- 
sentatives among  the  200  delegates,  the 
conclusion  was  reached  that  the  Inter- 
national Trade  Union  Movement  is  the 
most  potent  agency  for  peace  among  na- 


tions. 

Undoubtedly  the  peaceful  state  of  af- 
fairs which  has  been  enjoyed  between 
the  United  States  and  Canada  has  been 
largely  built  up  and  maintained  by  the 
common  understanding  of  the  working 
people  in  both  countries  who  are  mem- 
bers of  the  same  Trade  Unions.  The  bro- 
therhood and  fellowship  which  has  de- 
veloped as  a  result  of  this  has  been  and 
will,  in  my  opinion,  continue  to  be  the 
greatest  asset  of  labor  on  the  North 
American  continent.  Working  people 
on  both  sides  of  a  man-made  boundary 
line  know  they  have  the  same  injustices 
to  overcome. 

Organized  capital  recognizes  no  in- 
ternational boundary.  The  ramifications 
of  large  corporations  cover  the  earth. 
We  find  the  same  companies  operating 
electric  light,  power,  street  railway  and 
such  companies  not  only  in  American 
and  Canadian  cities,  but  in  South  Amer- 
ican and  all  European  countries.  Accu- 
mulations from  years  of  exploitation  in 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


the  Southern  States  are  invested  in  the 
logging  industry  in  British  Columbia 
and  exploiting  the  natural  resources  of 
this  country.  In  both  the  United  States 
and  Canada  hundreds  of  large  financial 
manufacturing  concerns  are  producing 
goods  for  markets  outside  of  these  coun- 
tries. 

Yet  in  spite  of  all  these  facts  we  find 
today  in  all  countries  those  who  would 
go  back  a  hundred  years  and  live  within 
themselves. 

Undoubtedly  movements  based  on 
narrow  nationalism  or  sectional  lines 
receive  their  inspiration  and  sustenance 
from  organized  capital,  which  ranks 
with  jingo  patriotism  to  create  division 
in  our  movement. 

The  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of 
Canada,  during  its  fifty  years,  has  fully 
recognized  such  facts.  It  has  cherished 
affiliations   with   the  American   Federa- 


tion of  Labor.  It  has  sought  and  main- 
tained affiliations  with  the  International 
Federation  of  Trade  Unions  and  has  par- 
ticipated to  the  fullest  extent  possible  in 
the  meetings  of  the  International  Labor 
Office  at  Geneva,  believing  that  interna- 
tional capital  can  best  be  met  by  an  In- 
ternational Labor  Movement. 

It  is  from  such  viewpoint  that  we 
have  sent  and  received,  each  and  every 
year,  fraternal  delegates  both  to  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  and  the 
British  Trade  Union  Congress.  The  ex- 
change of  such  delegates  has  been  an 
expression  of  good  fellowship  that  has 
been  worth  while  and  has  formed,  in  the 
spirit  of  brotherhood,  friendships  that 
will  endure. 

It  is  in  a  spirit  of  International 
Brotherhood  that  our  affiliated  Trade 
Union  Movement  will  celebrate  its  fifti- 
eth anniversary. 


THE  AGE  OF  PERPETUAL  PLENTY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 
PART  I 


HE  Creator,"  the  philoso- 
pher began,  "through 
the  process  of  nature 
has  made  all  the  neces- 
sary provisions  for  the 
well-being,  not  only  of 
mankind,  but  of  every  living  thing  upon 
the  earth.  In  the  first  place,  our  solar 
system  has  been  provided  with  ample, 
if  not  unlimited  space,  in  which  the  dif- 
ferent planets  make  the  various  cycles 
and  function  in  exact  keeping  with  the 
fixed  laws  of  the  universe.  Not  only  did 
he  make  this  provision  for  the  system  to 
which  our  earth  belongs,  but  it  is  rea- 
sonably certain  that  he  has  untold  thou- 
sands of  similar  systems  operating  in 
the  cosmic  order  of  things.  These  sys- 
tems, though  varying  in  magnitude,  are 
equally  well  supplied  with  universal 
laws,  keeping  them  within  their  limits 
of  space,  and  causing  them  to  follow 
their  various  courses  in  perfect  order. 
But  coming  down  to  earth, — our  earth 
is  well  supplied  with  that  quiet  but  tre- 
mendous force  called  sunshine.  Besides 
that,  as  we  are  told,  there  is  a  supply 
of  air  about  three  miles  deep  over  the 
whole  surface  of  the  earth.  It  should 
be  remembered,  though,  that  while  sun- 
shine is  our  most  important  necessity, 
air  is  the  most  immediate  necessity  for 
maintaining    life,    and    next    to    air    is 


water.  While  the  supply  of  water  is 
well  distributed  throughout  the  world, 
there  are,  notwithstanding  that  fact, 
many  regions  in  which  the  scarcity  of 
water  makes  habitation  impossible.  But 
where  there  is  water,  and  the  soil  is  fer- 
tile, the  rains  come  in  their  season,  the 
sun  warms  the  earth  and  atmosphere, 
and  thus  nature  brings  forth  enough  for 
all  and  to  spare."  And  dropping  into  a 
poetic  mood,  the  philosopher  recited 
these  lines: 

"I  dreamed,  and  in  my  dream  I  saw 
The  solar  system  as  it  is — 
The  sun  and  planets  as  they  are; 
The  sun,  the  center  of  them  all, 
Around  which  all  in  turn  revolved, 
Beyond  the  solar  system  were 
The  stars  with  systems  of  their  own. 
And  far  beyond  the  now-known  stars, 
Were  stars   that  multiplied   with  space. 
I  marveled  in  my  dream  at  all 
The  unknown  glories  of  the  stars, 
And  then  awoke." 

It  was  not  strange  that  the  philosopher 
should  drop  into  poetry,  for  poetry  is 
idealized  philosophy,  just  as  prose  is 
philosophy  put  into  practical  language, 
and  in  that  language  the  philosopher 
proceeded  with  his  discourse: 


12 


THE     CARPENTER 


"In  speaking  of  our  resources,"  he 
said,  "we  will  confine  ourselves  to  our 
own  country,  as  a  rule,  but  what  we 
shall  say  must  of  necessity  be  of  a 
world-wide  nature.  For  we  are  speaking 
of  the  age  of  perpetual  plenty  for  all, 
which  does  not  only  mean  the  people  of 
our  own  land,  but  of  the  whole  human 
race.  Our  own  country,  or  say,  our  own 
continent,  North  America,  is  well  sup- 
plied with  resources  making  it  possible 
for  every  living  inhabitant  to  have  his 
wants  satisfied,  without  infringing  on 
the  rights  of  his  neighbors." 

The  philosopher  was  thinking  partic- 
ularly of  mankind,  but  there  was  im- 
plied in  his  statement,  life  of  every  kind 
subject  to  the  control  of  men;  such  as 
creatures  of  the  air,  creatures  that  in- 
habit the  water,  and  land  animals. 

"Our  climatic  conditions  vary,  put- 
ting it  in  a  geographic  way,  from  Alaska 
down  to  the  lowest  point  of  Florida. 
We  have  mountains  and  valleys,  giving 
us  high  and  low  altitudes,  besides  scenic 
places  and  landscapes  as  wonderful  as 
any  that  can  be  found  anywhere.  We 
are  richly  endowed  with  suitable  places 
for  resorts — pleasure,  rest  and  health, 
which  at  the  same  time  become  educa- 
tional and  entertaining.  Our  national 
and  state  parks  can  not  be  surpassed 
either  for  natural  beauty  or  for  artistic 
attainments.  Our  caves  rank  among  the 
greatest  that  have  ever  been  discovered, 
and  many  of  them  have  a  grandeur  that 
is  more  eloquent.  We  have  numerous 
pre-historic  spots,  which  speak,  not  in 
words  but  in  wonder,  of  a  past  civil- 
ization, that  was  not  only  romantic, 
but  was  rich  in  culture  and  practical 
achievements.  Moreover,  we  have  fos- 
silic  evidences  of  inhabitants,  who  knew 
a  primeval  life,  that  must  have  teemed 
with  natural  adventures  and  freedom, 
such  as  are  altogether  impossible  under 
our  present  civilization.  All  of  these 
things  are  here  in  our  own  North  Amer- 
ica, and  if  they  are  not  already  open  to 
the  public,  they  should  be  made  acces- 
sible to  everybody,  and  preserved  for  the 
enjoyments  of  all  in  this  generation, 
as  well  as  for  the  benefit  and  enjoyment 
of  generations  to  come." 

It  must  be  remembered  that  in  the 
age  of  perpetual  plenty  for  all,  the  phil- 
osopher would  include  many  things  be- 
sides food,  clothing  and  shelter  as  be- 
ing necessary  for  that  most  abundant 
life;    it   would    necessarily   mean    a   full 


realization  of  that  constitutional  birth- 
right, "life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of 
happiness." 

"We  have  abundance  of  water,"  the 
philosopher  remarked,  as  he  went  on, 
remembering  the  springs  from  which  he 
had  drunk  his  fill,  where  the  cool  whole- 
some water  came  bubbling  out  of  the 
ground,  or  came  gushing  through  crev- 
ices in  rocks.  "Our  mountains  and  hills 
are  full  of  springs,"  he  went  on, 
"and  from  them  freshets  start  rippling 
through  canyons  and  gullies,  finding 
their  way  to  creeks,  which  in  turn  move 
splashingly,  ripplingly  or  smoothly  on  to 
rivers,  while  the  rivers  go  on  and  on  to 
the  ocean  forever,  from  whence  the  water 
is  again  lifted  and  formed  into  clouds 
and  carried  back  over  dry  land,  where 
it  falls  to  the  ground  in  the  form  of 
rain.  The  ground  absorbing  the  rain 
feeds  the  sources  of  the  springs,  and  in 
this  way  the  whole  process  of  springs 
and  streams  and  rivers  is  continued  and 
made  perpetual.  We  have  along  our 
streams,  water  falls  that  never  cease; 
besides,  there  are  lakes  great  and  small, 
natural  and  artificial,  and  great  oceans 
rise  and  fall  on  almost  every  side  of 
us,  as  the  tides  come  and  go  as  regular 
as  the  seasons." 

The  resources  the  philosopher  had 
been  speaking  of  thus  far,  are  those 
which  as  a  rule  do  not  pertain  to  com- 
merce. While  it  is  true  that  more  or 
less  of  them  do  cost  something  in  labor 
to  make  them  accessible,  they  neverthe- 
less are  not  on  the  market  and  can  not 
be  accumulated  by  private  concerns.  In 
other  words,  so  far  as  their  enjoyment 
is  concerned,  they  are  free  to  all  who 
are  able  financially  to  make  the  jour- 
neys necessary  to  see  them. 

"There  is  enough  for  all,"  the  phil- 
osopher concluded,  "but  thus  far  it  has 
not  been  possible  for  all  to  have  and 
enjoy  the  things  that  nature,  time  and 
pre-historic  times  have  provided.  When 
the  new  age  comes,  and  distribution  of 
the  good  things  of  life  will  be  made  on 
a  more  nearly  equitable  basis,  then 
these  things  will  not  only  be  available, 
but  all  who  care  to,  can  have  them.  For 
life  is  more  than  eating  and  drinking, 
being  clothed  and  sheltered;  it  is  made 
and  built  up  of  every  wholesome  ele- 
ment that  it  comes  in  contact  with.  The 
age  of  perpetual  plenty,  will  make  pos- 
sible a  most  abundant  life  for  every- 
one." 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROTHERHOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the  15  th  of  each   month   at  the 

CARPENTERS'  BUILDING 

Indianapolis,   Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OF 
CABPENTEBS  AND  JOINERS  OP  AMEBICA, 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Editor 

Subscription  Pbicb 
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ihorities.  Therefore,  address  any  com- 
plaints to  your  local  Post  Office. 

INDIANAPOLIS,   NOVEMBER,    1934 


Payment  of  Adequate  Union  Dues 

THE  labor  organizations  that  have 
the  greatest  power  to  protect 
their  members  and  the  greatest 
influence  in  furthering  the  needs  and 
demands  of  their  members  are  the  labor 
organizations  provided  with  ample  sub- 
stantial financial  resources.  Power  is 
necessary  to  influence.  Power  depends 
upon  resources.  This  is  true  of  the  trade 
union  as  well  as  of  every  other  organi- 
zation. 

There  is  only  one  way  to  accumulate 
organization  funds — payment  of  ade- 
quate union  dues.  Organizations  have 
found  it  a  wise  policy  to  increase  low 
dues  as  rapidly  as  possible  because  in- 
creased financial  resources  at  their  com- 


mand give  them  increased  prestige,  in- 
creased ability  to  secure  better  wages 
and  working  conditions  and  enables 
them  to  ward  off  threatened  dangers. 
There  is  no  investment  a  wage  earner 
can  make  that  will  bring  him  greater  re- 
turns than  his  union  dues. 

If  the  dues  to  the  union  are  increased 
proportionately  as  the  union  increases 
wages,  the  power  of  the  union  to  pro- 
mote and  safeguard  the  interests  of  its 
members  becomes  increasingly  effective. 

The  financial  organization  of  a  trade 
union  must  be  based  on  sound  business 
principles.  Wild  cat  finances  in  trade 
unions  will  be  no  more  reliable  than 
wild  cat  banking  investments.  Money 
will  not  get  into  the  union  treasury  by 
miracle  or  by  the  wishing  process.  The 
protection  of  a  well-filled  treasury  is 
possible  only  for  those  who  are  willing 
to  pay  the  price  in  dues,  management 
and  foresight.  The  very  existence  of  a 
sound  financial  organization  constitutes 
a  defence^  of  its  members.  Power  does 
not  always  have  to  be  aggressively  used 
in  order  to  be  effective — reserve  power 
is  often  the  most  potent.  Consciousness 
that  they  possess  power  puts  moral  cour- 
age and  confidence  into  the  workers  and 
it  puts  fear  into  the  hearts  of  those  who 
would  wrong  them.  When  power  exists 
there  is  hesitancy  to  deny  the  possessors 
their  rights  or  fair  demands.  The  exist- 
ence of  the  power  of  self-defence  pre- 
vents many  industrial  struggles  while 
the  weak  and  the  helpless  are  wronged 
with  impunity. 

As  union  dues  are  increased  it  is  pos- 
sible to  extend  the  payment  of  union 
benefits.  These  benefits  supplement  the 
wages  earned  and  enable  unionists  to 
live  better  and  more  comfortably. 

Labor  organizations  are  constantly 
preaching  the  gospel  of  higher  wages. 
What  wages  are  to  the  individual,  dues 
are  to  the  organization. 

Adequate  dues  should  not  be  accom- 
panied by  high  initiation.  In  fact  the 
initiation  should  be  small,  thereby  invit- 
ing and  making  it  possible  for  the  yet 
unorganized  to  join  the  union  and  to 
make  common  cause  with   their   fellow 


14 


THE     CARPENTER 


workers  to  secure  the  common  welfare 
of  all.  High  dues  regularly  paid  will  in- 
evitably lead  to  greater  self-reliance, 
mutual  interdependence,  unity,  solidai'- 
ity  and  fraternity. 


Right  To  Strike  Fundamental 

LABOR  can  not  give  up  its  right  to 
strike  as  a  last  resort  in  the  fight 
against  wrong.  It  is  true  that  all 
other  means  to  secure  adjustment  of 
grievances  should  be  tried  before  a 
strike  is  called.  Agencies  are  now  pro- 
duced under  the  Recovery  Act  to  settle 
disputes  with  justice  to  the  workers. 
Full  use  should  be  made  of  them,  but  it 
is  nonsense  to  say  that  labor  must  give 
up  its  strike  weapon.  As  President 
Green,  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.,  said:  "The 
right  to  strike  is  fundamental.  The 
workers  can  not  and  must  not  be  called 
upon  to  surrender  the  right  to  strike." 


Benefits    of    Organized    Labor    Since 
Roman  Republic  Stressed 

The  advantages  which  working  men 
and  women  have  secured  from  labor 
organization  during  hundreds  of  years 
were  stressed  by  John  P.  Frey,  secre- 
tary-treasurer of  the  Metal  Trades  De- 
partment of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  in  an  address  in  Washington. 

Speaking  on  the  history  of  the  labor 
movement,  Mr.  Frey  traced  the  develop- 
ment of  the  principles  that  underlie  the 
trade  union  movement  of  today  and 
showed  that  many  of  the  principles  and 
practices  were  successfully  employed  by 
free  trade  unionists  of  the  Roman  Re- 
public. 

These  principles  included  collective 
bargaining  and  an  interest  in  the  social 
and  political  activities  of  the  day. 

The  speaker  pointed  out  that  wher- 
ever influence  of  the  Roman  Republic 
was  felt  there  developed  a  desire  on  the 
part  of  the  workers  to  organize  into 
trade  unions  remarkably  similar  to  the 
organizations  of  the  present  day.  This 
condition  was  changed  when  Rome  be- 
came imperialistic  and  the  empire  re- 
placed the  republic.  Slave  labor  became 
a  vital  issue  in  the  efforts  of  the  Roman 
trade  unions  to  better  the  conditions  of 
their  members.  He  cited  the  recent 
archaeological  discovery  of  records  of 
trade  union  agreements  in  the  days  of 
ancient  Rome.  These  records  indicate 
that  the  business  agents  and  union  offi- 


cials of  that  day  were  thoroughly  pre- 
pared and  able  to  safeguard  the  inter- 
ests of  their  constituents. 

During  the  mediaeval  ages,  Mr.  Frey 
said,  trade  union  activity  was  at  a  mini- 
mum, but  the  underlying  principles  of 
the  movement  were  never  lost  and  were 
kept  alive  particularly  by  the  building 
craftsmen.  During  the  Renaissance  and 
even  prior  thereto  ecclesiastical  guilds 
were  formed  along  craft  lines,  particu- 
larly in  the  skilled  trades.  These  guilds 
held  sway  until  the  advent  of  modern 
civilization. 

He  emphasized  the  stability  and  fi- 
nancial resources  of  modern  labor  or- 
ganizations, contrasting  the  picture  with 
the  early  days  of  the  American  labor 
movement  when  trade  union  officials 
were  poorly  paid,  if  paid  at  all,  and  the 
meeting  halls  were  none  too  spacious  or 
commodious;  when  workers  were  com- 
pelled to  meet  on  barges  in  the  Erie 
Canal  in  order  to  avoid  detection  by 
employers. 

"The  present  desirable  condition,"  he 
declared,  "is  a  result  of  struggle  and 
vision  of  men,  rank  and  file,  as  well  as 
leaders,  who  fought  for  the  development 
of  the  ideal  of  industrial  democracy." 

Mr.  Frey  urged  office  workers  not  to 
lose  sight  of  the  interdependency  of 
groups  of  workers.  "The  movement,"  he 
said,  "depends  upon  the  progress  of 
all  unions.  Organizations  which  have 
achieved  a  fair  measure  of  prosperity 
should  assist  newer  unions  in  every  way 
possible.  The  final  test  is  not  what  we 
derive  in  benefits  from  our  trade  union 
association,  but  the  degree  of  co-opera- 
tion and  help  we  are  ready  to  extend 
to  our  less  fortunate  fellow  workers." 


Hammers,  chisels,  wrenches  and  other 
tools  strike  sparks  that  are  dangerous 
where  there  is  a  fire  or  explosion  hazard, 
as  in  the  petroleum  and  chemical  in- 
dustries, grain  elevators,  coal  mines, 
etc.  The  problem  is  now  being  solved 
by  making  the  tool  itself  of  beryllium 
copper.  This  new  alloy  can  be  worked 
into  shape,  whether  hot  or  cold  and  has 
hardness  and  durability  enough  for  cold 
chisels. 


A  subtle  effort  is  being  made  to  elimi- 
nate the  Union  Label,  Shop  Card  and 
Working  Button.  The  way  to  defeat 
this  is  by  demanding  them  at  all  times. 


Official  Information 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  President 

WM.   L.  HUTCHESON 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE  H.  LAKEY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   GAULD 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 


General  Executive  Board 
First  District.  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


Second  District,  W.  T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Third  District.  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 


Fourth  District,  JAS.   L.  BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
J948    S.    Grand   Blvd.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 


Sixth   District,   A.   W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 


Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 


All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


Remodels    Building    with    Non-Union 
Carpenters 

The  Dr.  Phillips  Company,  Inc.,  large 
citrus  fruit  growers  and  packers  of  Or- 
lando, Florida,  remodeled  their  build- 
ing in  that  city  to  be  occupied  by  the 
Grant  Chain  Stores. 

This  company  refused  to  empoly  un- 
ion carpenters  on  the  work  and  instead 
employed  non-union  carpenters  at  40  to 
6  0  cents  an  hour,  while  the  union  scale 
is  $1.00  an  hour,  according  to  informa- 
tion furnished  the  General  Office  by 
Local  Union  1765  of  Orlando. 

Members  of  organized  labor  should 
remember  that  the  policy  of  all  labor 
organizations  is  to  support  and  give  as- 
sistance to  those  who  deal  and  co- 
operate with  us  and  those  who  do  not 
co-operate  or  recognize  us  should  re- 
ceive no  consideration  from  our  mem- 
bers. 

This  company  ships  its  fruits  to  vari- 
ous sections  of  the  country  and  due  to 
their  unfavorable  attitude  toward  labor, 
Local  Union  176  5  desires  our  member- 
ship to  bear  in  mind  the  foregoing  facts 
when  purchasing  fruit  bearing  the  Phil- 
lips label. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

St.   Joseph,  Mo. 
San  Marcus,  Tex. 
Hoquiam,  Wash. 
Toronto,   Ont.,   Can. 
Newark,  N.  J. 

• 

Traveling   Members   Attention 

A  number  of  newspapers  have  been 
carrying  articles  giving  much  publicity 
to  what  they  term  a  building  boom  in 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  and  stating  that  build- 
ing mechanics  are  scarce.  According  to 
Recording  Secretary  Levi  Biser  of  Local 
Union  340  this  is  misleading.  He  states 
that  several  jobs  have  been  completed, 
leaving  two  more,  one  of  which  will  not 
be  ready  for  any  carpenters  for  several 
weeks.  With  one  hundred  and  forty 
carpenters  registered  as  unemployed  at 


16 


THE     CARPENTER 


the  local  employment  office,  and  a  score 
of  others  not  working  regularly,  Local 
Union  340  asks  that  carpenters  stay 
away  from  Hagerstown,  as  there  is  no 
opportunity  for  securing   employment. 


Memorial   Services  at  Grave  of  P.  J. 
McGwire 

Following  their  usual  custom  of  pre- 
vious years,  the  Philadelphia  District 
Council  made  a  pilgrimage  to  Arlington 
Cemetery  in  Camden,  N.  J.,  on  Labor 
Day,  September  3,  for  the  purpose  of 
holding  memorial  services  at  the  grave 
of  P.  J.  McGuire,  that  grand  old  man 
of  the  labor  movement  known  as  the 
Father  of  Labor  Day. 

General  Representative  M.  J.  McDer- 
mott  delivered  the  principal  address  at 
the  grave  and  in  eulogizing  the  founder 
of  our  organization  said: 
*      *      * 

"We  have  gathered  here  today  to 
commemorate  the  name  of  a  man  which 
should  be  familiar  to  every  union  car- 
penter in  this  country,  and  not  alone  to 
every  carpenter,  but  to  every  man  and 
woman  who  are  in  any  way  identified 
with  the  great  American  labor  move- 
ment. I  refer  to  the  name  of  Peter  J. 
McGuire,  founder  of  the  United  Broth- 
erhood of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of 
America,  father  of  Labor  Day  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor.  Because  of  the  fact  that 
he  was  a  carpenter,  and  that  I  am  a 
carpenter,  and  that  we  Avere  members 
of  the  same  Local  Union,  No.  8,  of  Phil- 
adelphia, I  must  tell  something  of  the 
birth  of  our  own  organization. 

"Prior  to  18  81  the  carpenters  in  most 
of  the  large  cities  were  organized  into 
unions,  but  each  was  independent  of 
the  other.  There  was  no  co-operation 
among  them.  The  result  was  that  when 
the  carpenters  of  any  one  city,  or  com- 
munity, went  on  strike  for  better  wages 
or  working  conditions,  the  employers  of 
that  city  could  readily  fill  their  places 
with  capable  men  from  other  cities. 
Brother  P.  J.  McGuire,  or  "P.  J."  as 
we  who  knew  him  called  him,  early  saw 
the  disadvantage  of  this  condition  and 
his  ever  fertile  brain  conceived  the  idea 
of  a  national  organization.  After  many 
fruitless  efforts  he  was  eventually  suc- 
cessful, in  August,  1881,  in  getting  a 
convention  to  meet  in  Chicago,  111.  At 
this  convention  there  were  represented 


12  unions  from  11  different  cities.  After 
remaining  in  session  for  four  days,  a 
national  organization  was  formed  which 
was  called  the  Brotherhood  of  Carpen- 
ters and  Joiners  of  America.  At  this 
time  there  was  a  powerful  organization 
in  New  York  City,  called  the  United 
Order  of  American  Carpenters.  This  or- 
ganization had  about  5,000  members, 
and  they  refused  to  affiliate  with  the 
new  national  organization,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  year  1888,  after  repeated 
efforts  by  P.  J.  and  other  officers  of  the 
Brotherhood,  at  a  convention  held  in 
Detroit,  Mich.,  that  this  organization 
was  absorbed.  This  convention  agreed 
that  the  word  United  should  be  taken 
from  the  name  United  Order,  and  placed 
before  the  word  Brotherhood  in  the  na- 
tional organization,  and  from  this  agree- 
ment evolved  the  name  which  our  or- 
ganization now  bears,  the  United  Broth- 
erhood of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of 
America,  later  to  become  the  largest  or- 
ganization of  skilled  mechanics  in  the 
world.  In  1929,  before  the  depression 
hit  the  nation,  we  had  upwards  of  350,- 
000  members. 

"It  was  P.  J.  McGuire,  assisted  by 
Sam  Gompers,  of  the  Cigarmakers,  Jim 
Duncan,  of  the  Granite  Cutters,  and  kin- 
dred spirits  of  that  time,  who  founded 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  the 
greatest  labor  organization  of  all  time, 
and  which  is  so  active  today  in  shaping 
our  economic  life  and  in  bettering  the 
working  conditions  of  our  fellow  work- 
ers throughout  our  great  nation. 

"It  was  the  mind  of  P.  J.  McGuire, 
ever  active  in  the  interest  of  the  work- 
ing people,  which  conceived  the  idea 
that  labor,  without  whose  co-operation 
no  nation  could  be  prosperous,  or  endur- 
ing, should  have  a  day  dedicated  in  its 
honor.  With  this  purpose  in  view,  he 
proposed  the  idea  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Central  Labor  Union  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  in  May,  1882.  The  central  body 
concurred  in  the  idea,  and  the  first  Labor 
Day  was  celebrated  with  a  parade,  on 
the  first  Monday  in  September  of  that 
year.  In  the  year  1884,  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  went  on  record  in 
favor  of  the  first  Monday  in  September 
as  a  national  holiday  for  labor,  to  be 
known  as  Labor  Day.  Oregon  was  the 
first  state  to  legalize  Labor  Day  as  a 
holiday,  in  1887,  and  Colorado,  New 
York,  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey, 
that  same  year.  A  host  of  other  states 
took  like  action  before  1893,  in  which 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


year,  through  the  untiring  efforts  of  the 
A.  F.  of  L.  officials,  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  was  persuaded  to  enact  a 
law  making  Labor  Day  a  national  holi- 
day. „  We  have  other  holidays  which 
are  observed  nationally,  but  these  are 
brought  about  through  laws  passed  by 
the  several  states,  by  proclamation,  or 
otherwise.  To  the  best  of  my  knowl- 
edge, Labor  Day  is  the  only  national 
holiday  made  such  by  an  act  of  the 
United  States  Congress. 

"The  ideals  sought  and  fought  for  by 
P.  J.  McGuire  and  other  pioneers  in  the 
labor  movement  50  years  ago,  were  fur- 
ther realized  when  Congress  passed  the 
National  Industrial  Recovery  Act.  Sec- 
tion 7,  A,  of  this  act,  gave  labor  the 
right  to  organize,  and  bargain  collective- 
ly, through  representatives  of  their  own 
choosing,  but  because  of  the  fact  that 
General  Johnson,  the  Administrator  of 
the  Act,  failed  absolutely  to  administer 
the  law  as  it  was  intended,  and  permit- 
ted its  defiance  by  such  people  as  Weir, 
of  Weirton,  Budd,  of  Philadelphia,  and 
other  large  corporations,  is  why  the  feel- 
ing of  unrest  prevails  in  the  industrial 
field  today.  In  the  news  colums  of  yes- 
terday, we  read  that  the  National  Labor 
Relations  Board  has  handed  down  a  de- 
cision to  the  effect  that  majority  rule 
must  prevail  in  a  plant,  or  industry. 
That  is,  if  a  majority  of  the  workers  de- 
cide to  join  any  particular  union,  that 
union  shall  have  the  power  to  bargain 
for  that  particular  plant,  or  industry. 
If  General  Johnson  had  made  this  deci- 
sion a  year  ago,  it  would  have  meant 
the  non-existence  of  the  company  union 
today  and  I'll  venture  the  assertion  that 
it  would  have  meant  2,  or  3  million 
more  members  under  the  banner  of  the 
A.  F.  of  L. 

"I  firmly  believe  that  the  day  has 
passed  when  a  few  individuals,  or  cor- 
porations, can  accumulate  millions  of 
dollars,  while  millions  of  American 
working  people,  honestly  anxious  to 
work,  cannot  find  jobs.  Let  me  say  fin- 
ally, that  the  tremendous  advancement 
in  wages  and  working  conditions  of  the 
working  people  of  this  country  are  due 
to  the  efforts  of  such  men  as  P.  J. 
McGuire  and  other  pioneers  in  the  labor 
movement,  fifty  years  ago." 

Other  speakers  were,  Frank  Burch, 
secretary  of  the  Philadelphia  Central 
Labor  Union  and  John  Winton,  Local 
Union  393  of  Camden,  N.  J. 


Iowa    State    Council    of    Carpenters' 
Convention 

The  Iowa  State  Council  of  Carpenters 
held  its  21st  annual  convention  in  Mus- 
catine, Iowa,  September  5  and  6,  1934. 
The  convention  was  called  to  order  by 
J.  U.  Rehmel,  recording  secretary  of  Lo- 
cal 1069  who  welcomed  the  delegates  in 
behalf  of  the  Local  Union  and  the 
Trades  Assembly.  He  introduced  Mayor 
Lord  who  extended  a  cordial  welcome 
in  behalf  of  the  city  and  expressed  the 
hope  that  their  stay  in  the  city  would 
be  an  enjoyable  one  and  the  results  of 
the  convention  would  prove  beneficial. 

The  Mayor  was  followed  by  Mr. 
Merdic,  president  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  who  welcomed  the  delegates 
in  behalf  of  that  organization. 

The  gavel  was  then  turned  over  to  W. 
H.  Griebling  of  Local  Union  1313,  Ma- 
son City,  president  of  the  State  Council, 
who  replied  to  the  speakers  in  behalf  of 
the  State  Council. 

J.  W.  Williams,  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Executive  Board  from  the  fifth  dis- 
trict, delivered  a  splendid  addresss  and 
outlined  some  of  the  accomplishments  of 
our  organization  during  the  past  year. 

J.  D.  Seaman,  Deputy  Commisioner  of 
Labor  of  Iowa,  conveyed  the  greetings 
of  Labor  Commissioner  Wenig  and  the 
Governor  of  the  state. 

Roy  E.  Shaw,  secretary  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin State  Council  of  Carpenters  was  also 
in  attendance  and  extended  greetings. 

The  report  of  State  President  Grieb- 
ling was  a  lengthy  document  and  out- 
lined the  activities  of  himself  and  other 
officers  and  concluded  with  the  recom- 
mendation that  all  Local  Unions  affili- 
ate with  local  Building  Trades  Councils 
in  their  respective  localities. 

The  report  of  Secretary-Treasurer  J. 
D.  Norton  showed  the  receipts  for  the 
fiscal  year,  also  the  number  of  Local 
Unions  reaffiliating  and  the  present  fi- 
nancial condition  of  the  Council. 

All  of  the  resolutions  presented  to  the 
convention  were  acted  on  favorably. 
The  most  important  one  was  the  in- 
structing of  the  officers  of  the  State 
Council  to  confer  with  the  Master  Build- 
ers and  the  Coordinating  Committee  of 
the  construction  code  for  the  purpose  of 
agreeing  on  a  scale  of  wages  for  car- 
penters of  the  state  of  Iowa. 

W.  H.  Griebling  of  Local  Union  1313, 
Mason  City,  and  J.   D.  Norton  of  Local 


THE     CARPENTER 


Union  3  08,  Cedar  Rapids,  were  re-elect- 
ed president  and  secretary  respectively. 
Cedar  Rapids  was  chosen  as  the  city 
in  which  to  hold  the  convention  in  1935. 


Local  Union  No.  1397  Celebrates  Three 
Hundredth  Meeting 

On  September  13,  1934,  Local  Union 
No.  1397  of  Mineola,  N.  Y.,  celebrated 
its  three  hundredth  meeting,  on  which 
occasion  there  were  present  fifty  mem- 
bers and  their  wives. 

Brother  Herbert  Pine,  a  charter  mem- 
ber as  well  as  the  organizer  of  the  Lo- 
cal Union,  was  present  and  delivered  a 
very  splendid  address. 


Other  interesting  addresses  were 
made  by  the  first  president  of  the  Local 
Union,  Brother  Edward  Raynor,  also 
by  the  present  president,  Brother  George 
W.  Watts. 

Each  member  present  was  presented 
with  a  wallet  on  which  was  stamped 
his  name  and  the  Local  Union  number, 
in  remembrance  of  the  3  00th  meeting. 

After  a  sumptuous  supper,  served  by 
the  men,  the  tables  were  removed  and 
dancing  indulged  in.  The  affair  was  pro- 
nounced a  grand  success  by  those  who 
were  present. 

Fred   Viehauser, 
Chas.   L.   Kessler, 

Committee. 


Labor  Day  Float  of  Local  Union  63 


The  float  prepared  by  carpenters  of 
Local  Union  No.  63  of  Bloomington,  Illi- 
nois, from  materials  donated  by  the  Re- 
tail Lumber  Dealers'  Association  for  the 


Elmer  E.  Smith,  D.  H.  Crew,  F.  J.  Gill- 
haus,  F.  A.  Menken,  F.  A.  Reyner,  J. 
W.  Winkleman  and  Oscar  Nelson,  promi- 
nent members  of  the  Local  Union. 


Labor  Day  parade  was  displayed  at  the 
courthouse  square  though  no  parade 
was  held. 

Those  shown  standing  about  the  float 
are:  Reading  from  left:  Louis  Bullinger, 


The  officers  of  the  Local  are:  presi- 
dent Ira  Odekirk,  vice  president  Herman 
Gerth,  recording  secretary  Louis  Bul- 
linger, financial  secretary  A.  E.  Beechey 
and  Treasurer  Robert  Van  Winkle. 


THE     CARPENTER 


19 


Information  Wanted 

The  photograph  here  shown  is  that 
of  Karl  G.  Richey,  a  former  member  of 
Local  Union  1296  of  San  Diego,  Calif., 
who  is  wanted  for  questioning  in  con- 
nection with  the  death  of  Mrs.  Margaret 
Pearl  Eguina  and  her  two  small  chil- 
dren. 

Richey  left  his  home  on  March  27, 
1934,  presumably  to  do  some  carpenter 


work  a  few  miles  distant,  but  never  re- 
turned. 

He  is  50  years  old,  about  6  feet  tall, 
weighs  180  pounds,  has  brown  hair  and 
blue  eyes.  At  time  of  leaving  had  false 
teeth  with  four  front  upper  broken  from 
plate. 

Anyone  having  any  knowledge  of  his 
whereabouts  please  communicate  with 
Ed  F.  Cooper,  Sheriff  of  San  Diego 
County,  San  Diego,  California. 


Death  of  Henry  Luecke 

Henry  Luecke  a  member  of  Local 
Union  1596,  died  suddenly  at  his  home 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  August  31,  1934,  at 
the  age  of  64. 

On  April  29,  1903,  Brother  Luecke 
came  over  to  the  United  Brotherhood 
of  Carpenters  from  the  Amalgamated 
Wood  Workers.  He  held  every  office 
within  the  gift  of  Local  Union  159  6 
during  his  many  years  of  membership, 
also  serving  as  Business  Agent  from 
June,  1911,  to  July,  1913. 

He  was  always  ready  to  assist  all  de- 
serving members  and  was  an  advisor 
and  counsellor  to  the  younger  members 
in  his  late  years.  He  was  most  depend- 
able and  at  all  times  performed  his  re- 
sponsibilities in  a  creditable  manner. 

Brother  Luecke  had  a  large  acquaint- 
ance in  St.  Louis  and  his  friends  and 
members  of  Local  Union  1596  will  miss 
his  kind  voice,  smiling  face,  and  honest 
and  faithful  devotion. 


DEATH   ROLL 

HERBERT  P.  SMITH — Local  Union  No. 

310,   Norwich,   N.   Y. 

ARTHUR    C.    ROBB — Local    Union   No. 
310,  Norwich,  N.  Y. 


Plenty  of  Space  in  U.  S. 

Among  many  of  us  who  sigh  for  the 
good  old  days  when  the  nation  was  still 
in  the  pioneer  stages,  it  is  frequently 
the  custom  to  complain  that  the  country 
is  becoming  overcrowded.  We  say  there 
are  too  many  people,  no  more  back  coun- 
try to  conquer  and  no  more  vacant 
lands  where  the  harassed  dwellers  of 
the  congested  cities  may  start  life  anew. 
We  complain  there  is  hardly  room  to 
breathe  and  conjure  up  dire  pictures 
of  misery  and  unemployment  resulting 
from  over-population.  Yet  a  glance  at 
the  latest  available  statistics  will  prove 
these  conclusions  are  unjustifiable. 

In  the  United  States  the  population, 
as  shown  by  the  last  Federal  census,  was 
122,775,046  and  the  total  area  in  terms 
of  square  miles  2,973,774. 

This  gives  a  total  of  41.2  persons  per 
square  mile  in  the  entire  country,  in- 
clusive of  the  urban  areas. 

Compare  this  with  the  742.6  persons 
per  square  mile  living  in  England  and 
the  146.6  persons  per  square  mile  living 
in  Europe  as  a  whole. 

We  get  also  an  inkling  as  to  the  rea- 
son the  Japanese  empire  always  has  cast 
an  envious  eye  in  our  direction  when  we 
know  there  are  more  than  64,000,000 
persons  living  in  an  area  of  147,600 
square  miles — approximately  425  per 
square  mile — in  Japan  alone  and  not 
counting  the  population  of  annexed  ter- 
ritory. 

We  are  accustomed  to  think  of  the 
State  of  California  as  being  in  a  high 
state  of  development.  Yet  there  are 
barely  thirty-six  persons  for  each  of 
California's  155,652  square  miles. 

The  United  States  has  no  room  for 
unassimilable  races  from  the  Orient.  But 
she  still  has  plenty  of  room  for  the  ex- 
pansion of  her  own  people. 


It's  not  what  you'd  like  to  be,  but 
what  you're  best  fitted  to  do,  that  is 
going  to  get  you  somewhere  in  the 
business  world. 


CorrospondoncQ 


This  Journal   Is   Not  Responsible  For  Views   Expressed   By   Correspondents. 


Local  Union  No.  27  Entertains  Visiting 
Delegates 

Editor.  "The  Carpenter": 

While  the  Canadian  Trades  and  La- 
bor Congress  was  celebrating  its  Golden 
Jubilee  in  the  city  of  Toronto,  Local 
Union  No.  27,  in  regular  meeting  as- 
sembled on  Tuesday,  September  11,  en- 
tertained Carpenter  delegates  to  this 
convention. 

The  regular  order  of  business  was  dis- 
pensed with  after  initiations,  our  presi- 
dent W.  J.  Garland  being  all-in  after 
shaking  hands  with  thirty-five  new 
members. 

Such  notables  as  J.  F.  Marsh,  former 
General  Representative  and  now  Pro- 
vincial Deputy  Minister  of  Labor,  and 
Arthur  Martel,  General  Executive  Board 
member,  addressed  the  meeting.  Anti- 
cipating this  would  be  a  rather  dry  pro- 
ceeding, the  Local  had  provided  light 
refreshments  and  a  few  musical  num- 
bers from  our  own  members.  However, 
our  expectations  are  rarely  realized 
these  days  and,  unfortunately  or  other- 
wise, the  beverage  did  outlast,  but  did 
not  outclass  the  wit  of  the  orators. 
Fraternally, 

Frank  Ward,  Rec.  Sec. 
L.  U.  No.   27.  Toronto,  Can. 


A  Splendid  Record 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Having  read  with  much  interest  in 
the  September  issue  of  "The  Carpenter" 
the  account  of  Brother  Albert  Lorenz  of 
Local  Union  No.  11,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
who  has  been  a  continuous  member  of 
that  Local  for  over  50  years,  I  desire  to 
relate  my  standing  as  a  union  man. 

I  joined  the  Amalgamated  Union  of 
Carpenters  in  1880.  Then  the  Knights 
of  Labor  came  into  existence.  As  this 
was  an  American  organization  I  joined 
it,  but  it  was  a  Mixed  Assembly  and  did 
not  appeal  to  me,  so  in  1881  when  Bro- 
ther Schroder  organized  Local  Union 
No.  9  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  I  was  one  of  its 


thirty  members.  I  left  Buffalo  and 
cleared  into  No.  28  of  Chicago  (Dan 
Ryan  secretary).  I  afterwards  cleared 
to  No.  1.  Then  leaving  Chicago  I  cleared 
into  No.  4  of  St.  Louis.  (George  Swank 
secretary)  I  then  cleared  by  instruc- 
tions from  the  General  Office  on  special 
clearance  to  No.  699.  We  then  consoli- 
dated with  No.  270  and  113  and  was 
given  charter  No.  73.  I  am  still  a  mem- 
ber of  that  Local  Union  and  have  never 
been  in  arrears  since  I  joined. 

I  have  never  regretted  my  first  step. 
I  sought  the  union  for  the  reason  that 
my  idea  was,  ten  men  could  make  con- 
ditions better  than  one  man  could, 
which  was  proved  the  first  year  of  my 
membership.  I  have  held  every  office  in 
No.  73,  served  as  delegate  to  the  Dis- 
trict Council  twenty  years,  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Building  Trades  Council, 
also  the  Central  Trades  and  Labor  Un- 
ion. I  am  now  going  on  my  77th  birth- 
day and  proud  of  my  long  period  of 
membership  in  the  United  Brotherhood. 

George  C.  Newman, 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  109 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

Ladies  Auxiliary  No.  109  of  Flint, 
Michigan,  wish  to  be  granted  space  in 
the  journal  for  the  purpose  of  telling 
other  Auxiliaries  about  a  few  of  our  ac- 
tivities, also  an  item  about  one  of  our 
parties  we  had  in  August. 

Our  business  meetings  are  held  the 
first  Friday  evening  of  each  month,  fol- 
lowed by  cards  and  refreshments. 

The  fourth  Friday  evening  of  each 
month  we  have  a  Birthday  Party,  re- 
membering each  member  who  has  a 
birthday  that  month.  A  6  O'clock  pot 
luck  dinner  is  served,  after  which  we 
are  entertained  by  the  entertainment 
committee.  Husbands,  carpenters,  wives 
and  friends  are  invited. 

Here  is  how  we  entertained  for  our 
August  Birthday  party: 


THE     CARPENTER 


21 


Auxiliary  Union  No.  109,  together 
with  our  husbands  and  families  enjoyed 
a  picnic  and  birthday  meeting  in  honor 
of  two  of  our  members,  Mrs.  James  S. 
Wood  and  Mrs.  Archie  Cole,  at  North 
Lake,  Sunday,  August  12. 

The  tables  were  laid  for  about  seven- 
ty and  a  delicious  co-operative  dinner 
was  served  with  a  variety  and  plenty  of 
eats  for  all. 

The  men's  entertainment  committee, 
with  Mr.  Archie  Cole  in  charge,  provid- 
ed many  amusing  stunts,  such  as  dough- 
nut eating,  races  for  children,  ball  game 
between  young  ladies  and  men,  with 
the  ladies  carrying  away  honors.  Capt. 
Archie  Cole  and  daughter,  Irene,  enter- 
tained with  a  clog  waltz. 

Games,  such  as  Drop  the  Handker- 
chief, Ring  Around  the  Rosie,  guessing 
games,  took  us  all  back  to  childhood 
days.  Some  of  the  members  were  called 
on  to  give  two-minute  speeches.  All  re- 
solved there  is  a  great  mission  for  each 
one  to  perform  in  the  field  of  organized 
labor,  and  a  great  loyalty  to  the  union 
and  its  principles. 

There  was  a  feeling  of  sadness  by  all 
as  they  missed  the  presence  of  Mrs. 
Frank  Freeman,  a  loyal  charter  mem- 
ber, who  recently  passed  away. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wheeler  cheerfully  gave 
us  the  use  of  their  lovely  cottage  which 
they  are  enjoying  for  the  summer 
months. 

As  we  departed  for  our  homes  all  de- 
cided this  was  an  ideal  lake  and  an  ideal 
way  of  meeting  and  renewing  vows  and 
old  friendships. 

We  also  had  a  struggle  to  keep  going 
during  the  depression,  but  are  slowly 
coming  out  on  top. 

We  enjoy  reading  about  other  Auxili- 
aries. 

Mrs.  W.  V.  Perkins,  Rec.  Sec. 
L.  A.  No.  109.  Flint,  Mich. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  134 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

Ladies  Auxiliary  No.  13  4,  Chester, 
Pa.,  wish  to  thank  the  Rawley  Products 
Company  and  Mr.  Fred  Cobow  the  in- 
spector on  their  new  warehouse  being 
built  at  Chester,  Pa.,  for  the  considera- 
tion given  Union  labor.  We  feel  that 
words  are  inadequate  to  express  our  ap- 
preciation and  are  all  planning  to  use 
as  many  of  their  products  as  possible  in 


return  for  what  they  did  for  our  Union 
men.  We  hope  that  other  sister  Auxili- 
aries will  welcome  Rawley  products  into 
their  homes,  as  we  can  vouch  for 
all  their  fairness  to  our  husbands  and 
brothers. 

Mrs.   Alice   Royds, 
Mrs.   Barbara  Smith, 
Mrs.  Frances  Peters, 
Mrs.  Edna  M.  Reinhart, 
Mrs.  Ada  Adams, 

Committee. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.   165 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  am  submitting  a  brief  report  of  the 
activities  of  Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No. 
165,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

We  are  slowly  increasing  our  mem- 
bership which  had  decreased  during  the 
past  four  years.  We  have  at  the  present 
time  a  membership  of  22  in  good  stand- 
ing. And  we  look  forward  to  a  further 
increase  in  the  near  future. 

Our  Auxiliary  has  been  of  some  as- 
sistance to  the  carpenters  Local  Union 
of  this  city  in  helping  them  in  a 
financial  way  when  building  work  was 
at  a  standstill,  and  we  are  pleased  to 
say  they  have  been  able  to  repay  these 
obligations  as  they  are  increasing  their 
membership  very  fast  due  to  the  fact 
that  about  all  the  work  here  is  being 
done  under  union  conditions. 

Our  Auxiliary  has  had  a  card  party 
to  raise  money,  and  we  have  made  a  few 
quilts  and  comforts  for  the  needy. 

At  Christmas  time  we  give  parties  and 
send  baskets  to  our  sick  and  needy 
brothers  and  families.  We  are  now 
planning  to  make  two  quilts  to  send  to 
the  Carpenters'  Home  at  Lakeland,  Flor- 
ida, as  Local  Union  No.  200  has  two  of 
their  members  at  the  Home. 

We  welcome  correspondence  and  sug- 
gestions from  other  Ladies'  Auxiliary 
Unions. 

Mrs.  Ella  Basil,  Rec.  Sec. 
L.  U.  No.   165.  Columbus,  Ohio. 


Ladies  Auxiliary  Union  No.  254 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

We  the  Ladies  Auxiliary  254  of  Itha- 
ca, N.  Y.  have  enjoyed  reading  the  in- 
teresting letters  in  "The  Carpenter" 
from  the  other  auxiliaries  and  extend 
fraternal  greetings  to  all.  Our  Auxiliary 


22 


THE     CARPENTER 


was  organized  November  10,  1933,  and 
now  have  32  members,  20  of  whom  are 
charter  members.  We  meet  the  first 
Friday  in  each  month  in  the  same  build- 
ing in  which  the  carpenters  meet  and 
in  this  way  we  seem  to  get  more  mem- 
bers out. 

After  each  meeting  we  serve  refresh- 
ments or  have  an  entertainment.  In 
order  to  raise  money  we  chance  off  dif- 
ferent articles,  having  great  success  and 
much  enjoyment. 

In  July  we  held  our  first  joint  picnic. 
All  members  of  Local  Union  603  and 
their  families  were  invited.  The  Car- 
penters' Local  furnished  the  baked  ham 
and  ice  cream;  150  people  enjoyed  a 
bountiful  supper  and  good  time. 

We  propose  to  have  several  suppers 
this  winter,  and  are  now  planning  a  Hal- 
loween party. 

We  are  conducting  a  membership 
drive,  during  the  months  of  November 
and  December.  The  losers  will  entertain 
the  winners  at  a  New  Years'  party. 

Our  auxiliary  would  like  to  have  any 
sister  auxiliary  members  visiting  in 
Ithaca  call  on  us.  We  welcome  any 
suggestions  and  extend  best  wishes  to 
all. 

Mrs.  W.  Perry,  Rec.  Sec, 

Mrs.  T.  Vanderhill,  Pres. 

L.  A.  No.  254.  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


Prison-Made  Goods  Reported   Sold 

Extensive  sale  of  prison-made  goods, 
in  violation  of  the  law,  it  is  claimed  in 
New  York,  is  keeping  many  free  people 
out  of  jobs. 

According  to  the  information  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  Attorney-General 
and  the  Merchants'  Association,  large 
quantities  of  cotton  cloth  manufactured 
in  a  Southern  state  prison  are  sent  to 
factories  in  other  states  and  there  manu- 
factured into  Avork  shirts  which  are,  in 
turn,  shipped  to  wholesalers  and  retail- 
ers in  the  State  of  New  York  for  distri- 
bution. 

The  sale  of  prison-made  goods  in 
New  York  State  is  in  direct  contraven- 
tion of  Section  69  of  the  general  busi- 
ness law.  This  law,  which  prior  to  last 
May  had  merely  forbidden  the  sale  of 
goods  manufactured  "wholly  or  in  part 
by  convicts  or  prisoners,"  was  amended 
by  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature, 
making  violation  of  its  provisions  a  mis- 


demeanor  punishable  by  fine  or  impri- 
sonment. 

The  sale  of  products  made  in  the 
state  prisons  has  been  the  subject  of 
controversy  in  several  states.  The  law 
against  such  sale  became  fully  effective 
last  January  with  the  adoption  of  the 
Hawes-Cooper  Act  by  Congress,  which 
permitted  a  state  to  determine  definitely 
the  manner  in  which  prison-made  prod- 
ucts may  be  marketed  or  not  be  market- 
ed within  its  own  borders. 


Courts  Will  Not  Sustain  Non-Union  Men 

In  Claim  to  Jobs  on  Closed  Shop 

Operations 

A  non-union  man  has  no  claim  to 
court  protection  in  an  effort  to  get  a 
job  in  a  union  shop  enterprise. 

If  the  job  is  a  union  job,  under  union 
agreement,  the  non-union  man  must 
look  out  for  himself  in  his  hunt  for 
work. 

Judge  John  Rufus  Booth,  Superior 
Court,  Hartford,  Conn.,  has  just  decided 
that  Peter  Strong,  who  sued  the  Elevator 
Constructors'  International  Union  for 
damages  because  he  couldn't  get  a  job, 
is  not  entitled  to  damages.  Peter  Strong 
lost  his  suit  and  the  union  shop  prin- 
ciple was  upheld. 

Strong  had  been  a  union  man,  once 
upon  a  time.  He  was  suspended  after 
trouble  in  the  New  Haven  union  hall. 
Thereafter  he  ceased  to  be  a  member  of 
the  union.  Strong  now  claims  that  for 
four  years  he  has  gone  from  job  to  job, 
only  to  find  that  under  the  union  agree- 
ments in  force  he  cannot  get  work  at 
that  trade.  And,  the  decision  shows, 
that's  all  right  with  the  judge. 

The  right  of  a  union  to  protect  itself 
under  its  agreements  is  sustained.  Union 
men  in  union  shops  do  not  have  to  work 
with  non-union  men.  Judge  Booth  said: 
"The  defendant's  acts  (meaning  the 
union's  acts)  were  not  unlawful  and  the 
resulting  damages,  if  such  followed,  is 
an  incident  unfortunate  but  unaction- 
able." 

In  other  words,  it's  just  too  bad  for 
the  non-union  man — too  bad  and  that's 
all.  Union  men  are  not  compelled  to 
create  good  conditions  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  don't  pull  their  part  of  the 
load. 


Union  Label  Boosters  are  always  on 
the  job  for  all  union  emblems. 


Craft  ProblQms 


CARPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 
LESSON  LXXIII 

In  the  preliminary  remarks  of  the 
previous  lesson  we  spoke  of  the  relation- 
ship of  a  new  porch  to  the  social  well- 
being  and  happiness  of  the  occupants  of 


Fig.  420 

a  home,  especially  the  daughters.  This 
service  of  a  new  porch  is  an  intangible 
one,  and  so  far  as  literalness  is  con- 
cerned, invisible.  But  a  porch  has  other 
uses,  and  these  uses  of  course  are  in- 
terwoven with  the  things  we  dealt  with 
in  the  lesson  before  this  one.  Let  us 
mention  the  most  conspicuous  one  first; 
that  of  beautifying  the  main  building. 
A   house   without   a   porch,    for    a   very 


good  reason,  does  not  look  complete;  it 
leaves  the  impression  that  the  owner 
ran  out  of  funds  before  the  house  was 
done,  and  being  without  credit,  had  to 
omit  the  porch.  A  porch  serves  as  a 
semi-vestibule  for  many  homes.  Here 
the  occupants  or  callers  can  adjust  their 
apparel  before  entering  the  house.  This 
is  especially  true  in  cases  of  bad  weath- 
er, when  rubbers  must  be  worn  and 
have  to  be  removed  before  going  into 
the  house.  A  porch  provides  a  place  for 
the  family  to  sit  comfortably  in  the 
semi-open;  this  service  is  indispensable 
to  permanent  and  wholesome  home  life. 


k 


Fig.  421 

It  furnishes  the  fundamental  back 
ground  for  both  the  material  and  spirit- 
ual parts  of  the  ideal  home.    Moreover, 


24 


THE     CARPENTER 


a  porch  makes  possible  many  more  or 
less  informal  social  functions,  which  add 
greatly  to  the  richness  of,  not  only  fam- 
ily life,  but  community  life  as  well.  As 
to  whether  or  not  a  porch  will  fulfill 
these  various  functions,  depends  much 
on  the  planning  and  the  arrangement. 
Conditions   and   circumstances   must   be 


Fig.  422 

taken  into  consideration,  which  in  most 
cases  falls  to  the  architect;  however, 
there  are  many  owners,  who  expect  the 
carpenter  to  be  able  to  work  out  a  plan 
for  a  porch  that  will  meet  the  purposes 
for  which  it  is  to  be  built,  and  in  such 
cases,  the  journeyman  carpenter  who  is 
prepared,  will  draw  the  prize. 

The  fundamental  parts  of  porch  con- 
struction are  more  or  less  the  same,  in 
most  porches,  but  the  designs  vary 
greatly.  In  this  lesson  we  are  dealing 
with  the  skeleton  part  of  porch  ceilings, 
chords  and  lookouts.  The  lookout  cor- 
nice, though,  is  passing  out  of  use  and 
in  its  place  we  have  the  various  forms 
of  open  or  bungalow  cornices,  which  to 
some  extent  are  giving  way  to  a  style 
that   we  are  going   to   call   a   dehorned 


Fig.  423 


cornice,  which  is  more  nearly  borrowed 
from  the  past  than  modern. 

The  constructions  of  porch  ceilings  we 
are  showing  by  the  illustrations  are 
simple,  and  therefore  practical.  Fig.  42  0 
shows  a  plan  of  a  skeleton  ceiling,  where 


the  ceiling  runs  parallel  with  the  side 
of  the  main  building.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  we  are  showing,  shaded,  blocks  be- 
tween the  lookouts  at  either  end  of  the 
porch.  These  blocks  are  necessary;  for 
onto  them  the  ends  of  the  ceiling  boards 
are  nailed.  In  case  of  a  cornice  other 
than  a  lookout  cornice,  these  blocks  are 
not  necessary,  but  in  their  stead  a  ceil- 
ing joist  is  placed. 

When  the  ceiling  joists  and  lookouts 
are  nailed  in  place  as  shown  by  Fig.  420, 
a  line  should  be  stretched  where  the 
lookouts  are  to  be  cut  off  this  is  shown 
by  dotted  lines  on  the  drawing.  The 
width  of  the  cornice  should  be  estab- 
lished in  such  a  way  that  a  definite 
number  of  full-width  boards  will  fill  the 
space  without  ripping  the  last  one.  This 
not  only  makes  a  better  job,  both  from 
appearance  and  substantiality,  but  it  re- 
duces the  cost  of  labor  and  waste  in  ma- 
terial. After  the  lookouts  are  cut  off, 
the  fascia  is  nailed  on  and  the  cripple 
lookouts  shown  by  dotted  lines  at  each 
corner  are  nailed  into  place.  This  done, 
the  rafters  are  framed  and  put  in  place 
— the   rafters,    though,    belong    to    roof 


Fig.  424 

framing,  which  we  intend  to  take  up 
later  in  this  series. 

Fig.  421  shows  a  skeleton  porch  ceil- 
ing, where  the  joists  run  parallel  with 
the  side  of  the  main  building,  and  the 
ceiling  is  nailed  on  at  a  right-angle  with 
the  side  of  the  building.  In  this  con- 
struction two  beams  are  necessary  to 
carry  the  ceiling  joists  through  the  cen- 
ter of  the  porch.  The  nailing  blocks  be- 
tween the  lookouts,  here  are  placed  at 
the  front  of  the  porch,  rather  than  at 
each  end,  as  shown  by  Fig.  420.  The 
lookouts  are  marked  and  cut  off  the 
same  as  explained  in  the  previous  figure. 
The  roof,  also,  is  a  duplicate  of  the 
other. 

Fig.  422  shows  a  detail  of  a  cornice 
and  a  chord  which  are  suitable  for  the 
two  preceding  ceiling  constructions.  We 


THE     CARPENTER 


25 


will  take  up  chords  and  cornices  in  the 
next  lesson,  when  we  intend  to  show  dif- 
ferent designs;  in  this  case  we  are  giv- 
ing the  lookout  cornice  to  support 
the  constructions  we  have  been  dealing 
with.  The  finished  chord  is  shown  by 
dotted  lines;  also  the  cornice  ceiling. 
The  porch  ceiling  is  shown  where  it 
joins  the  nailing  blocks,  and  the  fascia 
is  shown  to  the  left,  shaded.  We  are 
also  showing   how  the  rafter   joins   the 


Fig.  425 

lookouts;  however,  if  this  method  of 
joining  the  rafters  to  the  lookouts  is 
used,  the  lookouts  must  be  so  spaced 
that  the  rafters  will  come  directly  over 
them. 

How  to  fasten  the  rough  chord  to  the 
main  building,  is  shown  by  Pig.  423.  At 
A  is  shown  a  side  view,  while  at  B  is 
shown  a  view,  looking  from  the  inside 
of  the  main  building.  This  makes  a  sub- 
stantial fastening,  which  will  not  come 
apart.    Fig.   424  shows  at  A,  a  method 


of  fastening  the  rough  chord  to  the  main 
building,  which  is  often  used,  but  it  is 
a  weak  construction.  It  would  not  be 
so  bad,  if  a  nailing  block  were  placed 
inside  of  the  boxing,  as  we  are  showing 
at  B;  however,  to  obtain  a  fastening  that 
is  A-Number-One,  an  anchor  should  be 
used  in  addition  to  the  block,  such  as 
we  are  showing  in  the  drawing. 

While  we  are  using  %-inch  ceiling  in 
explaining  constructions  of  porch  ceil- 
ings, we  are  aware  that  other  materials 
are  often  used,  such  as  plastering  of 
various  kinds,  plaster  board,  pressed 
wood  and  so  forth.  Whatever  kind  of 
material  might  be  used  for  porch  ceil- 
ings, %-inch  ceiling  is  still  the  most 
commonly  used  material  for  ordinary 
porches.  When  other  materials  are  used, 
the  skeleton  construction  should  be 
made  to  conform  to  the  requirements  of 
the  particular  kind  of  material  used. 

Where  the  ceiling  boards  are  run 
parallel  with  the  side  of  the  building, 
joints  are  often  necessary,  especially  in 
large  porches.  The  approved  method  is 
to  make  the  joints  on  bearings,  and  not 
too  many  on  the  same  joist.  Another 
method  is  to  allow  the  joints  to  come 
wherever  they  will  between  bearings, 
thereby  holding  the  cost  of  labor  and 
waste  of  material  to  a  minimum,  which, 
of  course,  means  that  it  is  usually  used 
on  cheap  work.  The  joints  at  angles  can 
either  be  miter  joints  or  lace  joints.  The 
former  is  shown  at  A  and  the  latter  at 
B  in  Fig.  425. 


THE   FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART  TWENTY-NINE 

Common  Rafters 

and 

Hip  Rafters 

Sometimes  a  simple  question  leads  to 
the  discovery  of  a  condition  which  could 
never  have  been  suspected  as  possible  of 
existence  due  to  its  seemingly  illogical 
appearance. 

This  thought  was  prompted  by  a 
query  recently  received  from  a  reader 
up  in  Northern  Wisconsin,  who  is  ask- 
ing the  following  question:  "If  the 
height  of  the  roof  is  the  same  why  is  it 
that  a  hip  rafter  is  longer  than  a  com- 
mon rafter  and  what  is  the  difference 
between  the  two  anyway?" 

Now,  looking  at  the  subject  superfi- 
cially,   one   would    be   tempted    to    pro- 


26 


THE     C A  R  P  E  N T  E  R 


nounce  the  question  as  absurd  and  if 
not  accustomed  to  deductive  reasoning 
he  may  even  condemn  the  correspond- 
ent as  an  utterly  incompetent  mechanic; 
for  no  carpenter  of  any  experience  what- 
ever would  have  asked  a  question  which 
indicates  his  complete  unfamiliarit.y 
with  elementary  roof  framing. 

This  writer,  however,  has  always  been 
in  the  habit   of  looking  at  things  from 


various  angles  and  comparing  his  de- 
ductions he  always  was  successful  to  ob- 
tain the  right  illumination. 

So  it  is  with  the  brother  who  is  ask- 
ing the  above  question.  We  would  not 
for  anything  in  the  world  pass  a  hasty 
judgment  saying  the  man  is  not  compe- 
tent in  his  trade  or  does  not  know  any- 
thing about  roof  framing.  On  the  con- 
trary, we  think  that  a  man  who  is  ask- 
ing questions  is  a  sincere  seeker  of 
knowledge  and  as  a  rule  he  is  the  one 
who  gets  it.  The  only  fault  that  may  be 
found  with  this  man  as  well  as  with 
many  others — is  that  he  did  not  follow 
up  his  studies  on  Roof  Framing  in  our 
Journal  as  he  should  and  by  skipping  a 
few  issues  he  naturally  found  himself 
lost  in  the  maze  of  strange  facts.  There 
are  thousands  like  him  and  for  the  bene- 
fit of  all  we  will  try  to  elucidate  this 
seemingly  perplexing  subject. 

However  before  we  proceed  with  the 
work,  let  us  establish  a  definite  idea  in 
our  minds  as  to  what  constitutes  a  com- 
mon rafter  and  what  is  a  hip  rafter. 

A  common  rafter  is  a  roof  member 
extending   from   the  plate  to   the  ridge. 


Consequently,  the  rise,  run  and  the  raf- 
ter itself  form  a  right  triangle. 

A  hip  rafter  extends  diagonally  from 
the  corner  of  the  building  to  the  ridge 
— and  intersects  with  the  ridge  at  the 
same  plane  as  the  common  rafter,  there- 
fore the  total  rise  of  the  hip  rafter  is 
the  same  as  that  of  the  common  rafter. 
The  run  of  the  hip  rafter  is  the  hori- 
zontal distance  from  the  outside  of  the 
plate  at  the  foot  of  the  hip  rafter  to 
the  plumb  line  of  its  rise. 

The  relation  of  hip  rafters  to  common 
rafters  is  the  same  as  the  relation  of  the 
sides  of  a  right  angle  triangle. 

In  a  right  triangle,  if  the  sides  form- 
ing the  right  angle  are  12  inches  each 
the  hypotenuse  or  the  side  opposite  right 
angle  is  equal  to  16.97  inches,  which  is 
usually  taken  as   17   inches.     Fig.    1. 

An  illustration  of  this  condition  may 
be  found  by  referring  to  diagram  in  Fig. 
2  where  the  plan  of  a  hip  roof  is  shown. 
A  B  C  D  represents  the  end  of  a  hip 
roof  which  is  24  inches  wide.  The  run 
of  the  common  rafter  is  therefore  12 
inches. 

On  this  diagram  all  the  members  of 
the  roof  frame  are  shown  as  they  would 
appear     when     looking     on     the    roof 


straight  down.  Consequently  only  hori- 
zontal distances  may  be  considered. 

Point  F  is  the  point  where  the  com- 
mon and  hip  rafters  meet  with  the 
ridge.  This  also  is  the  point  where  the 
runs  of  the  common  and  hip  rafters  in- 
tersect. 

If  we  should  take  F  as  a  pivot  point 
and  swing  the  run  of  the  hip  rafter  AF 
in  the  plane  of  the  common  rafter  FA 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


the  distance  EF  will  equal  16.97  inches 
or  practically  17   inches. 

A  careful  study  of  these  diagrams 
will  establish  in  your  mind  a  clear  idea 
of  the  difference  between  common  and 
hip  rafters. 


different  directions  from  the  point  of 
origin;  glancing,  if  the  glancing  theory 
is  good,   and  reglancing  until   it  finally 


When  Architects  Go  Wild 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

We  are  always  interested  in  new 
things,  and  only  too  frequently  some  get 
by  without  our  notice.  Since  the  last 
world's  fair  we  happened  to  come  across 
a  job  that  had  many  new  features,  most 
of  which  were  also  practical.  One  of 
them,  though,  became  quite  amusing  to 
us  as  we  allowed  it  to  tumble  over  and 
over  in  the  fairy  lands  of  our  thoughts. 
The  idea  was  very  clever,  judging  from 
the  theory  standpoint.  It  was  a  sound- 
proof passageway  for  air,  constructed  in 
the  form  of  loovers,  which  were  padded 
on  the  bottom  side  with  a  sort  of  magic 
fiber,  in  which,  presumably,  the  sound 
got  tangled  on  attempting  to  make  a 
get-a-way.  The  theory  ran  something 
like  what  we  are  showing  by  the  illus- 
trations. Fig.  1  shows  at  A  the  point 
where    the    sound    of    a    human    voice 


completely   faints   away,    which,    we  be- 
lieve,   proves    that   in   this    instance   the 


leaves  the  lips  of  a  person  speaking  in 
the  room.  The  sound  passes  from  point 
A  to  point  B,  where  it  makes  a  right- 
angle  glance  and  strikes  the  magic  fiber 
on  the  loovers,  as  at  point  C, — here  the 
sound  curls  up  and  dies,  somewhat  on 
the  order  shown  by  Fig.  2.  Fig.  3  shows 
what  seemingly  was  not  taken  into  ac- 
count when  the  theory  was  formulated. 
The  sound  of  the  voice  as  it  leaves  the 
lips  at  point  A,  Fig.  3,  also  flies  to 
point  b,  glances  to  point  c,  where  it 
again  turns  a  right-angle  and  shoots 
down  to  point  D,  and  gets  away  despite 
the  padding  on  the  loovers.  Moreover, 
sound   radiates  in  more  than   a  million 


Fig.    3 

architect    went,    as    many    of    them    do, 
wild. 


Finds  Siegele's  Craft  Problem  Practical 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

In  the  August  issue  of  "The  Carpen- 
ter," on  pages  30  and  31,  appeared  an 
illustrated  article  by  H.  H.  Siegele  show- 
ing how  a  reverse  curve  "O.G."  cut  was 
laid  out  by  using  the  visor  of  a  common 
cap.  The  statement  was  made  that  "the 
whole    idea    originated    with    the    little 


THE     C  A  It  I»  E  XTER 


dutcliman"  who  made  the  demonstra- 
tion. 

Now  I  am  wondering  if  it  might  be 
just  a  case  of  "great  minds  (?)  running 
in  the  same  channel,"  or  what?  About 
twenty  years  ago  I  had  occasion  to  make 
a  similar  cut  where  I  had  nothing  handy 
to  mark  it  with.  I  was  rather  absent- 
mindedly  debating  whether  to  go  and 
get  a  compass  when  my  line  of  vision 
fell  directly  on  a  large  glue  pot.  In- 
stantly the  thought  flashed  into  my 
mind,  "Why  not  use  the  bottom  of  that 
thing?"  I  did, — and  it  worked  perfectly. 
Since  then  I  have  made  use  of  a  some- 
what similar  idea  a  good  many  times. 

Only  a  short  time  ago  in  putting  a 
small  shelf  for  spices,  etc.,  in  a  pantry, 
I  found  that  the  corner  projected  out  a 
little  too  much  in  the  way  of  any  one 
entering.  I  just  reached  over  to  another 
shelf,  picked  up  a  large  "Sugar"  can 
and  marked  a  large  curve  and  then  with 
a  baking  powder  can  marked  a  smaller 
one  and  the  finished  shelf  looked  like 
this: 


It  looked  quite  neat  and  had  no  cor- 
ner for  some  sensitive  shoulder  to  bump 
against. 

Some  stickler  for  doing  things  "ac- 
cording to  Hoyle"  may  think  that  such 
procedure  is  quite  too  unorthodox,  but 
he  will  have  to  admit  that,  like  the  use 
of  the  Dutchman's  cap,  it  was  "prac- 
takel." 

I  have  also  been  wondering  whether 
any  others  who  read  Brother  Siegele's 
article  have  had  similar  experiences. 

Frank  Shiflersmith, 
Pres.  Local  1367.  Chicago,  111. 


Asks  for  Stair  Information 

Editor:    "The  Carpenter": 

I  should  like  to  hear  through  the  col- 
umns of  the  journal  from  carpenters, 
especially  those  used  to  construction 
work,  how  they  would  cut  a  rough  horse 
for  a  stairway,  if  nothing  was  said  about 
a  rise  or  run  in  the  specifications  and 
the  only  figure  given  on  the  plans  was 
11"  tread.  What  is  the  general  practice 
— to  cut  the  rough  horse  (or  run)   11", 


or    to    cut    it    to    fit    a    finished    tread    of 
1 1 "  ? 

Shall  appreciate  a  reply  to  this  ques- 
tion, stating  fully  what  is  practiced  in 
such  a  case  in  general. 

C.  B.  Visness, 
Grand  Forks,  N.  D. 


L.  U.  No.  2028. 


Book  Wanted 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

I  would  like  to  get  a  copy  of  People's 
System  of  Handrailing.  My  thought  is 
that  some  brother  who  has  a  copy  and 
would  like  to  sell  it  may  be  reached 
through  the  columns  of  "The  Carpen- 
ter." The  copy  I  would  like  is  the 
leather  bound  one  about  seven  by  nine 
inches  in  size  with  folding  diagrams. 

Benpamin  B.  Norris, 
6  3  Lincoln  Ave., 
East  Saugus,  Mass. 
o 


Conical  Roof  Explanation 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

In  answering  the  conical  roof  prob- 
lem appearing  in  the  August  issue  of 
"The  Carpenter,"  I  think  Brother  De 
Guerre  is  familiar  with  Trigonometry 
since  I  believe  I  have  seen  problems  in 
"The  Carpenter"  answered  by  him  in- 
volving its  use  and  perhaps  he  used 
this  method  in  arriving  at  the  solutions 
to  this  problem. 

To  anyone  not  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  functions  of  Trigonometry  and 
the  log  tables,  which  is  only  attained  by 
constant  use,  this  would  be  a  tedious 
procedure  and  so  perhaps  to  most  of 
us  the  following  method  will  be  both 
simpler  and  more  familiar,  and  if  laid 
out  carefully  it  will  be  found  to  all  in- 
tents and  purposes,  correct. 

A  study  of  the  plan  diagram  will  re- 
veal that  only  a  portion  of  the  plan  con- 
taining half  of  the  girder  or  purlin  (as 
I  prefer  to  call  it)  will  be  necessary  to 
furnish  all  the  data  required  in  framing 
this  roof  and  is  explained  at  length  as 
follows: 

We  should  lay  this  out  to  a  large 
scale  say  ^4  full  size  on  a  floor  or  other 
suitable  place.  First  lay  down  the  line 
through  OAB  on  plan  making  OA  equal 
6'-3"  this  being  a  quarter  of  25'-0"  and 
square  to  OA  lay  down  AK  equals  6'-3" 
long.  Now  join  OK  and  with  a  trammel 
from  the  center  O  with  a   6'-3"  radius 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


describe  the  arc  A  A4  through  L  as 
shown;  now  at  L  where  the  arc  cuts 
OK  and  square  to  OK  lay  down  LI. 

As  a  check  LI  should  equal  AI  if  laid 
out  correctly.  Now  from  the  center  O 
through  I  lay  down  the  center  line  of 
the  end  rafter  on  the  purlin;  this  will 
also  be  the  miter  at  the  end  of  the  pur- 
lin. Now  draw  BJ  1%"  from  and  paral- 
lel to  AI  as  shown.  This  completes  half 
the  plan  of  the  purlin;  now  divide  the 
curve,  from  A  to  A4  into  4  equal  spaces 
as  shown  at  Al  A2  A3.  Lines  through 
these  from  the  center  O  will  complete 
the  center  lines  of  the  rafters  on  plan 
of  half  the  purlin. 

From  O  lay  down  O.M.  square  to  OA 
and  3'-l%"  long,  join  MA;  this  will  be 
the  roof  pitch.  Now  draw  a  section  of 
the  purlin  as  shown  at  M  %  full  size. 
This  will  be  the  finished  section  of  the 
purlin  at  the  center  bevelled  to  receive 
the  rafter. 

Now  observe  that  if  the  eaves  are 
level,  all  other  circles  on  plan  drawn 
from  center  O  are  level  lines  on  a  con- 
ical roof;  therefore  the  points  A  Al  A2 


etc.,  are  the  same  height  and  that  the 
point  I  on  the  purlin  is  at  a  lower  level 
than  the  point  A  on  the  purlin. 

In  order  to  avoid  confusion,  we  lay 
down  several  pitch  lines  with  plumb 
lines  as  at  Al  A2  A3  and  A4  making 
them  equal  to  the  depth  of  the  purlin; 


namely  22"  to  scale  as  at  A  and  lay  off 
the  distances  AlC  and  CD  on  plan  at  al 
cd  as  shown  above  similarly  A2EF  from 
the  plan  as  at  a2e  f  above,  and  so  on 
with  the  other  three  and  complete  the 
sections. 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  the  dia- 
gram the  sections  have  been  increased 
to  twice  the  size  of  the  plan  dimensions 
for  the  sake  of  clearness. 

Now  to  lay  out  the  purlin  see  the  iso- 
metric drawing  of  half  the  beam  first 
square  over  the  center  line  as  shown  at 
A  and  B  and  on  the  side  A  and  from  A 
lay  off  the  distances  CEGI  on  plan  to 
their  full  size  on  the  purlin,  and  on  the 
side  B  and  from  B  lay  off  DFHJ  in  the 
same  way,  and  square  them  over  as 
shown. 

Now  to  get  the  curve  take  the  heights 
b,  c,  d,  e,  f,  g,  h,  i  and  j  from  the  section 
and  apply  them  full  size  at  B.  C.  D.  E. 
F.  G.  H.  I.  and  J.  as  shown  on  the  iso- 
metric drawing;  now  trace  the  curve 
and  remove  that  portion  above  the  curve 
after  which  by  joining  the  squared  over 
lines  as  at  AB,  DE  etc.,  we  have  the 
center  line  of  the  seat  of  each  rafter. 

The  other  half  of  the  beam  should  be 
laid  out  at  the  same  time,  the  rest  of 
the  purlins  are  typical. 

A  similar  example  to  this  was  called 
to  my  attention  some  years  ago  where 
an  architect  designed  a  circular  bay  or 
bow  window  with  a  pitched  roof,  the 
rafter  heads  forming  a  hyperbolic  curve 
against  the  house  wall.  The  rafter 
lengths  and  cuts  may  be  determined  in 
a  similar  manner  to  the  above. 

Geo.  S.  Green, 
L.  U.  No.  210.  Stamford,  Conn. 


Answer  to  Parallel  Walk  Problem 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

In  a  previous  issue  of  "The  Carpen- 
ter" Brother  Frank  Miller  presented  a 
sketch  which  showed  the  plan  of  a 
building  15  yds.  wide  and  18  yds.  long, 
that  has  an  area  of  270  sq.  yds.  and 
sets  in  an  exact  center  of  a  field  cover- 
ing 540  sq.  yds.  and  wished  to  know 
the  'exact  width"  of  a  surrounding  par- 
allel walk  containing  279  sq.  yds.,  also 
exact  width  and  length  of  field. 

Conditions  of  this  problem  do  not  ad- 
mit of  "exact  answers"  so  I  submit 
close   approximations   which   are   within 


30 


THE     CARPE.VT  E  R 


'one-ten-thousandth"  from  a  square 
yard. 

In  answering  this  problem,  Conrad 
Herre  of  Chicago  (L.  U.  416)  was  the 
closest.  He  had  1185  square  inches  too 
much. 

Herman  Scott  of  Gardiner,  Maine,  had 
58.407  square  inches  too  short. 

Frank  Weekly  of  Wheeling,  W.  Va., 
had  1203.93  square  inches  too  much. 

Frank  DeGuerre  of  Villa  Grande,  Cal., 
(L.  U.  22)  had  1255.61496  square 
inches  too  much. 

Therefore  I  want  to  demonstrate  some 
of  my  figures  as  the  other  fellows  have, 
only  in  a  little  better  and  more  under- 
standable way. 

(1)  Width  of  side  walk — 122  2/13 
inches. 

784  4/13  x  892  4/13  inches  outside. 

10196  x  11600  equals  118273600 

13        x      13      equals    169 
118273600   :   169  equals  69984.78  Inch. 


540.00216  yards 


This  is  easy  for  use  and  is  closer  than 
any  of  the  other  brothers. 

(2)  Width  of  side  walk — 122  42/275 
inches. 

215684  x  245384  equals  52925402656 

275      x      275         equals         75625 

52925402656  divided  by  75625  equals 
699840.035  inches. 

699840.035  divided  by  1296  equals 
540.000027  yards. 

(3)  Width  of  side  walk — 122  73/478 
inches. 

374898  x  426522  equals  159902244756 

478      x      478        equals        228484 

159902244756  equals  228484  equals 
699840.00917  inches. 

699840.00917  divided  by  1296  equals 
540.000007  yards. 

This  is  one  millionth  of  a  yard. 

I'd  like  to  hear  what  Brother  Miller 
has  to  say  in  regard  to  which  answer  he 
likes  best. 

William  Bosser, 
L.  U.  No.  416.  Chicago,  111. 


Information   AVanted 

I  have  to  make  some  boxes  12"  by 
12"  by  12",  that  is,  1728  cubic  inches. 

Now,  some  boxes  are  wanted  which 
contain  twice  that  much,  which  is  3456 
cubic  inches. 

What  is  the  length  of  the  inside  box? 
(15.12  x  15.12  x  15.12  is  too  much, 
and  15.11  x  15.11  x  15.11  is  not 
enough).  Who  can  give  me  the  closest 
number,  with  a  number  below  100.  If 
some  one  can  find  the  correct  number,  it 
can  be  high  number  but  not  close. 

William  Bosser, 

Chicago,  111. 


L.  U.  No.   416. 


Two   Problems   Answered 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

After  having  spent  19  months  in  Eur- 
ope, and  although  I  had  a  good  time 
there,  I  must  say  that  it  is  great  to  be 
back,  and  that  I  am  sorry  to  have 
missed  the  Craft  Problems  in  "The  Car- 
penter" during  this  time.  However,  I 
have  obtained  April — and  the  subse- 
quent issues  of  this  year  and  find  the 
problems  and  solutions  in  them  as  inter- 
esting as  ever. 

*  *      * 

To  Brother  O.  W.  Smith  (July  issue), 
who  says  it  took  him  three  days  to  solve 
Brother  Warren  E.  Smith's  problem 
(May  issue),  I  would  like  to  suggest  the 
following  method  of  solution  which 
should  not  take  more  than  15  minutes 
to  complete: 

Let  X  be  the  number  of  acres  in  the 
field  and  also  the  number  of  boards  in 
the  fence  surrounding  it.  If  the  field  is 
to  be  square  (which  seems  to  have  been 
a  general  assumption)  then  each  side 
will  have  l^X  boards  in  it  and  its 
length  will  be  %X  feet  since  each  board 
covers  3  feet.  The  area  of  the  field  is 
then  %X  times  %X  or  9/16  (squared) 
square  feet,  which  must  equal  X  acres 
or  43560  X  square  feet  (1  acre  equals 
43560  square  feet).  Then  since  916  (X 
squared)  equals  43560  X. 

X  equals  16/9  times  43560  equals 
77440. 

#  *       * 

Now  for  Brother  S.  Gregory's  problem 
of  the  same  (May)  issue.  As  I  can't  find 
that  anyone  has  contributed  a  single 
numerical  solution  or  answer  to  this 
problem.  I  am  beginning  to  wonder 
whether    the    problem    is    too    tough    or 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


•whether  the  Brothers  are  simply  not  in- 
terested in  it,  as  the  secretary  of  our 
Local  suggested.  But  heretofore  we  have 
seen  no  lack  of  interest  so  I'll  hope  that 
this  is  not  the  case.  On  the  other  land 
I  personally  found  it  to  he  pretty  tough 
as  a  direct  algebraic  solution  to  it  would 
lead  into  nice-but-no-good  equations 
which  could  not  be  reduced  to  "real 
roots  of  X".  Then  I  tried  it  by  using 
trigonometry  and  it  worked,  so  here  is 
the  problem  and  the  answers  to  it: 

A,  B,  and  C,  who  could  run  2,  3,  and 
4  miles  per  hour  respectively,  lived  at 
the  vertices  of  an  equilateral  triangle 
and    wanted    to    locate    a    ball-ground 


&60/K 


within  this  at  such  a  point  so  that  each 
may  leave  his  home  at  the  same  time 
and  reach  the  ball-ground  at  the  same 
time.  The  sides  of  the  triangle  were 
320  rods  or  5,280  feet  long. 

But  in  the  solution  of  this,  instead  of 
solving  directly  for  the  distances  to  P, 
I  let  these  be  fixed  by  constants  of  2, 
3,   and    4   respectively  and   solved   for  a 


value  of  the  sides  of  the  equilateral  tri- 
angle to  satisfy  the  conditions  and  found 
this  value  to  be  4.9560364. 

Then,  using  the  proportion  AP/2 
equals  BP/3  equals  CP/4  equals  5280/- 
4.9560364,  the  following  distances  ex- 
pressed in  feet  and  inches,  and  also  from 
the  trigonometric  equations  of  the  solu- 
tion the  following  angles  expressed  in 
degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds  were 
found: 

CPA — 106*34'03" 

APB — 164*28'39"  AP — 2130'-8%" 

BPC —   88*57'18" 

CAP —   50*40'38"  BP — 3196'-1%" 

PAB —      9*19'22" 


ABP —      6*11'59"      CP — 4261'-5y2 

PBC —   53*48'01" 

BCP—  37*14'41"    Running   time: 
min.    10.4  sec. 


12 


PCA —  22*45'19' 


It  may  seem  ridiculous  to  locate  a 
ball-ground  to  feet  and  inches  but  the 
values  are  here  worked  out  accurately 
so  that  the  brothers  may  check  their 
accuracy  and  also  check  them  against 
their  own  solutions,  and  it  will  also  be 
easy  to  spot  any  typographical  errors 
since  I  have  given  so  many  values  to 
check  against. 

Neither  could  we  have  "much  of  a 
ball-ground"  on  this  point  but  we  could 
assume  the  entrance  to  it  to  be  located 
at  this  point. 

Emil  U.  Johnson, 
L.  U.  No.   4  8  8.  Bronx,  N.  Y. 


Roofing  Plan  Solution 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter":  problem. 

Reference  is  made  to  roofing  plan  on 
Page  29   in  the  August,    1934,   issue  of      L.  U.  No.   416. 


Alfonso   Desiderio, 

Chicago,  111. 


"The    Carpenter,"    submitted    by    Frank 

DeGuerre,  Villa  Grande,  Calif.  Boost    for    all    union    labels. 

I   am   submitting  my   solution   of   the      real  co-operation. 


That's 


10,000,000  Homes 
In  America  To-day 
Demand  Roof  Repair! 

Roofs  of  Wood  are  applied  ONLY  by 
Carpenters — experienced  in  the  applica- 
tion of  Wooden  Shingles. 

In  your  town  there  are  many  homes 
requiring  new  Roofs,  new  Shingle  Side- 
walls.  Under  the  new  National  Housing 
Act,  any  home-owner  can  get  the  money 
for  this  work  from  the  government.  Ask 
your  Lumber  Dealer  HOW! 

The  Carpenters  of  America  have  lost 
literally  Millions  of  Dollars  in  recent 
years  through  repairs  to  roofs  and  new 
roofs  of  material  NOT  of  wood,  applied 
by  men  NOT  carpenters. 

A  Carpenter  is  ALWAYS  employed 
when  the  roof  is  of  Red  Cedar  Shingles. 

It's  up  to  you  to  know  the  Superior 
Qualities  of  Red  Cedar  Shingles.  Dis- 
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Here  are  Three  Points  of  Superiority 
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1 — No  roofing  or  side-wall  mate- 
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2 — Red  Cedar  Shingles  have  by 
far  greater  insulation  value — 
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design. 

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Small   Pencils    (Label) 03 

Rubber    Tip    Pencils    (Label) .05 

Pins    (Emblem)   .50 

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Now  repairs  can  be  made  permanent . .  • 
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Carpenters  now  realize  it 
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Plastic  Wood  is  real 
wood  in  putty  form,  can  be  worked  with  any 
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PLASTIC  WOOD 


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Materials 


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A  New  Stanley  Tool 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX  AND  OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

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a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
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It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong    castings;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
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See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 

STANLEY  TOOLS 

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WCOOOUUPMT 


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OF 


SUPPLIES 


One  Charter  and  Outfit $15.00 

Application  Blanks,  per  pad 50 

Application  Blanks,  Ladies'  Aux- 
iliary, per  100 1.00 

Constitutions,    each    05 

Constitutions,     Ladies'     Auxiliary, 

each 03 

Due  Books,   each    15 

Treas.   Cash   Books,   each 50 

F.   S.  Receipt  Books,  each 35 

Treas.  Receipt  Books,   each .35 

R.  S.  Order  Books,  each 35 

Official  Note  Paper,  per  100 50 

Rituals,  each 50 

Rituals,  Ladies'  Auxiliary,  each . .        .05 

Minute   Books,    100    pages 1.50 

Minute  Books,  200  pages 2.25 

Day  Books,    100   pages 1.75 

Day  Book,   200   pages 2.50 

Day  Book,   300  pages 3.50 

Ledgers,    100   pages 2.00 

Ledgers,   200    pages 3.00 

Ledgers,    300    pages 3.75 

Ledgers,   400    pages 4.50 

Ledgers,    500    pages 5.00 

Gavels 1.25 

Receipting  Dater  for  F.  S 1.75 

Small    Round    Pencils 03 

Rubber  Tipped  Pencils 05 

Card   Cases    10 

Withdrawal  Cards,  issued  by  Gen- 
eral   Office    only,    each    (always 

send   name) 50 

Rubber    Seal    1.75 

Belt   Loop    Chain 75 

Watch    Fobs    50 

Key    Tags    15 

Rubber  Label   Stamps 1.00 

Match    Box    Holders 15 

Cuff  Links    1.50 

B.    A.    Badges 3.00 

Blanks  for  F.  S.  Reports  for  Treas- 
urer's Remittances  and  for  Do- 
nation   Claims Free 

Emblem  Buttons 50 

Emblem   Pins    50 

Ladies    Auxiliary    Pins 1.25 

Rolled  Gold  Watch  Charms 1.50 

Solid  Gold  Watch  Charms 7.50 

Solid   Gold   Rings 5.00 

PRICES  ON  SPECIAL  LEATHER 
BOUND  LEDGERS,  WORKING  CARDS, 
POSTCARD  NOTICES,  ARREARS  NO- 
TICES, OFFICER'S  CARDS,  STATION- 
ERY, ETC.,  WILL  BE  SUBMITTED  BY 
GENERAL  SECRETARY  UPON  RE- 
QUEST. 

Note— the  above  articles  will  be  supplied  only 
when  the  requisite  amount  of  cash  accompanies 
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nized. All  supplies  sent  by  us  have  the  Postage 
prepaid  or  Express  charges  paid  in  advance. 


THE 


BROTHERHOOD 

is  now  manufacturing 

PLAYING 
CARDS 


VDIH3NV  JO  StHNIOr  QNV 


( Regular  Decks  only —  No  Pinochle  ) 

25c 
per  pack 

Send  money  with  order  to  — 

FRANK  DUFFY 

General  Secretary 

222   E.  Michigan  St. 
INDIANAPOLIS  -  -  IND. 


CHRISTMAS---  1934 


LABEL  OF  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OF  CARPEN- 
TERS AND  JOINERS  OF  AMERICA 


This  Label  stands  for  a  wage  commensurate  with  the  Labor  performed,  for 
Superior  Workmanship,  the  Mechanical  Training  and  Education  of  the 
Apprentice,  Fair  Working  Conditions  and  Sufficient  Earning  to  provide 
for    old    age.      Be    sure    to    see    that    it    appears    on    all    Wood    Products. 


tllllllllllllllllllllllllllllf 


Entered  July  22, 1915,  at  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  as  second  class  mail  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress,  Aug.  24, 1912 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  Section  1103,  act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  on  July  8,  1918 

A  Monthly  Journal  for  Carpenters.  Stair  Builders.  Machine  Wood  Workers.  Planing  Mill  Men,  anJ 

Kindred  Industries.    Owned  and  Published  by  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 

and  Joiners  of  America,  at 

Carpenters'  Building,  222  E.  Michigan  Street,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Advertising  Department,  25  Third  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


51 


Established  in  1881 
Vol.  LIV. — No.   12. 


INDIANAPOLIS,   DECEMBER,    1934 


One  Dollar  Per  Year 
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NOTICE 


The  publishers  of  "The  Carpenter"  reserve  the  right  to  reject  all  advertising  matter 
which  may  be,  in  their  judgment,  unfair  or  objectionable  to  the  membership  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America. 

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non-cancellable,  are  only  accepted  subject  to  the  above  reserved  rights  of  the  publishers. 


h^>*J^jHi«Ji*5i^»^j+»jH$^ 


* 

* 

* 

* 

♦ 
*1~ 


($iaxv  its  ($ab  in  ilje  Hijjljg&t! 

On  Christmas  eve  a  candle  burns 

Within  the  windowpane — 
To  bear  its  message  to  the  world 

The  same  old  sweet  refrain 
Of  "Merry,  merry  Christmas" 

And  to  all  a  glad  New  Year 
And  may  your  friends  with  you  abide 

To  help  you  make  good  cheer. 

God  lights  a  candle  in  the  sky, 
A  great,  white  star,  and  lo: 

All  the  world  the  beauty  feels 
Of  starlight  on  the  snow. 

Through  the  frosty  air  there  sounds 

A  solemn  sacred  chime — - 
"Glory  to  God  in  the  Highest," 

Peace  on  earth  this  Christmas  time. 

And  these  the  things  at  Yuletide 
That  set  the  heart  aglow- — 

Soft  candle  light,  the  frosty  bells 
And  starlight  on  the  snow. 

— Catherine  Isabel  Ostrander. 


8^h5^^^^^^^^^h^^^^^<$^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^*<5h^^^h^^^^^^,^»^4»^h5m|hJh 


THE     CARPENTER 


AFTER  THIRTY  YEARS 

(By  Frank  Duffy,  General  Secretary,  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners 

of  America.) 


HE  first  convention  of  the 
American  Federation  of 
Labor,  held  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  was  in  No- 
vember, 1904,  just  thirty 
years  ago.  It  was  a  great 
convention  and  one  long  to  be  remem- 
bered. Matters  of  all  kinds — social,  eco- 
nomic, industrial  and  political,  affecting 
labor  were  considered  and  acted  upon. 
The  conclusions  reached  and  the  deci- 
sions rendered  have  been  a  guide  to  us 
ever  since. 

In  October,  1934,  thirty  years  after- 
wards, the  annual  convention  of  the  A. 
F.  of  L.  was  held  in  San  Francisco.  In 
that  period  of  time  many  changes  have 
taken  place,  none  more  so  than  the 
thinning  out  of  the  ranks  of  the  old 
guard.  Only  a  few  are  with  us  at  this 
convention  who  attended  the  19  04  con- 
vention. These  few  are  as  full  of  fight 
and  vigor,  grit  and  determination,  as 
there  were  in  those  far  off  days. 

Though  many  of  the  pioneers  of  our 
movement  are  gone,  the  policies  and 
principles,  objects  and  aims  laid  down 
by  them  still  go  on.  Love  of  fellowmen, 
concern  for  their  problems,  the  desire 
to  do  them  justice  and  to  help  them  in 
every  conceivable  way,  are  some  of  the 
things  that  give  the  labor  movement 
purpose,  standing  and  continuity. 

Fond  memories  bring  me  back  to  the 
days  when  Sam  Gompers  was  the  cham- 
pion and  defender  of  labor,  assisted  and 
supported  by — 

Pete  McGuire  of  the  Carpenters; 

James  Duncan  of  the  Granite  Cutters; 

John  Mitchell  of  the  Coal  Miners; 

John  B.  Lennon  of  the  Tailors; 

Max  Morris  of  the  Retail  Clerks; 

Denis  A.  Hayes  of  the  Green  Glass 
Bottle  Blowers; 

George  Perkins  of  the  Cigar  Makers; 

John  Golden  of  the  Textile  Workers; 
and  a  host  of  others  who  have  since 
passed  to  the  Great  Beyond. 

"  'Tis  a  fragrant  retrospection — 
For  the  loving  thoughts  that  start 
Into  being,  are  like  perfume 
From  the  blossoms  of  the  heart. 


And  to  dream  the  old  dreams  over 
Is  a  luxury  divine, 
When  my  truant  fancies  wander 
To  those  dear  old  pals  of  mine." 

At  the  opening  of  the  convention 
thirty  years  ago,  P.  H.  McCarthy,  presi- 
dent of  the  California  State  Building 
Trades  Council,  in  an  able,  magnificent 
and  rousing  address  of  welcome,  asked 
that  "organized  labor  be  made  useful  as 
well  as  ornamental." 

In  replying,  Sam  Gompers  said: 
"The  labor  movement  stands  for  the 
very  best  of  which  we  can  conceive. 
There  is  no  institution  that  is  worth 
maintaining  that  we  propose  to  tear 
down  or  destroy.  The  labor  movement 
is  constructive  in  its  character,  not  de- 
structive. To  build  up  manhood  and  citi- 
zenship is  the  hope,  the  work  and  the 
mission  of  organized  labor." 


"I  might  say  that  we  shall  be  conser- 
vative in  our  deliberations,  but  only  just 
so  conservative  as  is  essential  to  the 
success  of  our  movement.  We  have 
learned  the  meaning  of  that  term,  and 
we  have  learned  the  various  construc- 
tions that  different  people  put  upon  it. 
To  know  what  you  want,  to  know  that 
you  are  right  in  wanting  it,  to  be  con- 
servative in  everything  that  will  help 
to  conserve  the  success  of  the  achieve- 
ment of  that  purpose — that  is  the  height 
of  wisdom  and  is,  in  my  conception,  the 
very  best  construction  we  can  place 
upon  it.  I  believe  in  being  moderate  in 
our  demands,  but  absolutely  radical  in 
our  determination  to  achieve  them. 
There  is  not  a  thing,  however,  we  can  do, 
there  is  not  a  thing  we  may  leave  un- 
done, that  is  going  to  please  our  op- 
ponents and  adversaries." 

In  his  annual  report  he  said: 
"The  cycles  of  time  which  roll  so 
swiftly  by  and  which  are  so  infinitesimal 
when  counted  in  connection  with  the 
history  and  development  of  the  human 
race,  find  the  people  confronting  new 
conditions  and  new  problems.  The  past 
has  been  fraught  with  pain  and  travail; 
it  has  been  an  inarticulate  yearning  and 
a  constant  struggle  for  new  light  and 
the  realization  of  new  hopes. 


THE     CARPENTER 


"From  the  dark  days  of  slavery  and 
serfdom  to  the  era  of  wage  labor  was 
in  itself  a  great  progress;  the  entrance 
of  the  wage  earners  into  the  realm  of 
the  larger,  broader,  and  brighter  vision 
of  associated  effort,  have  been  fraught 
with  achievements  commanding  the  ad- 
miration and  the  wonder  of  students 
and  observers.  Dispute  it  as  some  may, 
we  are  conscious,  and  history  will  ac- 
cord us  the  credit,  of  being  the  natural 
and  rational  crystallized  effort  of  the 
masses  to  abolish  wrong  and  injustice; 
to  attain  justice  and  right  by  the 
most  peaceful  evolutionary  and  humane 
method. 

"The  immediate  future  is  pregnant 
with  good  or  ill  for  the  people  of  our 
country.  It  devolves  upon  the  organized 
labor  movement  to  determine  by  its 
course  the  form  which  it  shall  assume. 

"The  constant  improvement  in  ma- 
chinery, the  division,  subdividsion,  and 
specialization  of  labor,  the  wonderful 
development  in  industry,  and  the  con- 
centration of  wealth,  give  to  the  wealth 
possessors  such  extraordinary  power, 
which,  when  coupled  with  the  cunning 
and  greed  for  gain,  unless  intelligently 
and  comprehensively  met  by  a  well  or- 
ganized labor  movement,  will  tend  to 
the  deterioration  of  our  race,  the  de- 
struction of  all  our  achievements,  and 
the  dissipation  of  all  our  hopes. 

"On  the  other  hand,  if  we  are  faithful 
to  the  history  and  traditions  of  the 
struggling  masses  in  the  past,  if  we  shall 
prove  true  to  the  interests  and  the  wel- 
fare of  the  hosts  of  labor  of  our  day, 
the  power  calculated  to  injure  will  be 
diverted  to  the  common  weal,  and  thus 
open  up  vistas  of  larger  opportunities 
and  a  broader  conception  of  human 
rights  and  ennobling  aspirations. 


"From  workshop,  factory,  mill  and 
mine  comes  the  appeal  for  comfort,  aid 
and  relief.  The  yearning  cry  of  the  chil- 
dren of  labor  for  emancipation  from  the 
drudgery  of  incessant  toil  to  the  free- 
dom of  home,  the  playground  and  the 
sunshine,  is  not  heard  in  vain  by  you. 
The  sufferings  of  the  past,  the  struggles 
of  today,  and  the  hopes  for  a  brighter 
and  a  better  day  for  all  are  represented 
by  the  united  and  federated  labor  move- 
ment of  our  time  and  of  our  country." 

"While  the  eyes  and  hearts  of  our 
fellow  workers  are  fervently  turned  to- 
ward this  convention,  hopeful  and  con- 


fident that  the  broadest  and  best  inter- 
ests of  the  working  people  will  be  safe- 
guarded and  forwarded,  the  scrutinizing 
vision  of  our  opponents  and  antagonists 
is  concentrated  upon  our  gathering  and 
our  work,  ready  to  turn  to  our  disad- 
vantage and  discomfiture  any  error  of 
judgment  of  speech  and  action." 
*      *      * 

"Much  gleeful  speculation  has  been 
indulged  in  by  our  opponents  in  what 
they  are  pleased  to  characterize  as  a 
"slump"  in  the  organization  of  the 
wage  earners  in  the  trade  union  move- 
ment of  our  country.  They  would  hail 
with  joyous  acclaim,  could  they  record 
the  total  extinction  and  destruction  of 
our  movement.  With  them  the  wish  is 
father  to  the  thought  that  they  might 
bring  about  'the  annihilation  of  labor 
unions.'  They  take  unction  to  their 
souls  that  the  slight  falling  off  in  mem- 
bership in  the  trade  union  movement 
for  a  brief  period  within  the  past  year 
was  the  beginning  of  the  decline  of  the 
organized  labor  movement  of  our  coun- 
try. 

"The  law  of  growth  in  organized  la- 
bor is  as  little  understood  by  them  as  it 
is  by  others  who  lack  the  experience,  or 
who  have  not  had  the  time,  opportunity, 
or  inclination  to  inquire  and  study. 
From  the  formation  of  the  first  bona 
fide  trade  union  movement  in  modern 
times  it  has  grown  with  each  era  of  in- 
dustrial activity  and  receded  to  some  de- 
gree with  each  industrial  depression, 
but  with  each  recurring  revival  in  in- 
dustry the  degree  of  growth  has  been 
greater,  and  with  each  recurring  period 
of  depression  it  has  receded  to  a  lesser 
degree  than  its  immediate  predecessors. 
All  students  of  our  movement  appreci- 
ate these  facts  and  count  with  them. 
The  antagonists  and  the  ignorant  view 
these  natural  economic  changes  with 
exultation  or  alarm. 

"The  wage  earners  have  come  to  real- 
ize that  their  only  hope  for  the  protec- 
tion of  their  material  interests  in  our 
time,  the  only  opportunities  for  the  pro- 
motion of  these  interests  in  the  future, 
as  well  as  the  mainstay  for  the  rights 
and  liberties  in  the  present  to  which 
they  and  those  who  may  follow  are  en- 
titled, lie  in  unity,  organization,  and 
federation." 

In  his  day  Sam  repeatedly  asked  us 
to  keep  the  faith.  We  have  done  so,  and 
in  proof  of  that  we  read  in  the  report 


THE     CARPENTER 


of  the  Executive  Council  of  last  year 
that — 

"Our  industrial  life  is  shifting  from 
the  practices  of  individualism  under 
which  it  has  developed  thus  far,  to 
group  control  in  the'  interests  of  all  con- 
cerned. The  adjustments  now  in  the 
making  require  a  shift  in  controlling 
motives  from  the  spirit  of  selfishness 
and  conflict  to  decision  based  upon 
scientific  data  indicating  industrial  and 
public  welfare."   .... 

"Our  efforts  to  care  for  the  interests 
of  labor  so  that  wage  earners  might  do 
their  share  in  the  forward  movement 
have  been  unremitting."   .... 

"In  the  founding  of  the  American 
trade  union  movement,  devotion,  sacri- 
fice and  passion  for  human  welfare  made 
possible  the  union  institutions  of  which 

we  are  the  present   trustees As 

we  plan  the  future  of  our  labor  move- 
ment in  the  new  era  we  have  entered, 
it  is  most  fitting  we  should  be  mindful 
of  the  record  of  the  past  and  the  prin- 
ciples evolved."   .... 

"All  the  experiences  we  have  gathered 
in  our  decades  of  struggle  will  be  of 
value  in  directing  us  through  present 
problems.  We  are  in  no  sense  parting 
from  what  we  have  found  to  be  of  value 
in  the  past,  for  we  must  use  the  past 
to  find  the  way  forward."   .... 

"Unselfish  devotion  to  Labor  and  the 
cause  of  human  freedom  is  more  needed 
now  than  at  any  time  in  our  history  and 
the  challenge  to  help  a  world  in  dire 
trouble  comes  with  compelling  force." 

In  this  year's  report  the  Executive 
Council  says: 

"Unusual  progress  has  been  made 
this  year  in  the  extension  of  union  or- 
ganization into  new  fields 

"Organization  and  banding  together 
in  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  are 
for  the  purpose  of  clearly  defining  re- 
sponsibility in  order  that  union  work 
may  go  forward  most  expeditiously. 

"The  Federation  is  not  a  competitor 
of  national  and  international  unions  but 
a  coordinator  with  specific  responsibility 
for  initiating  organizing  work  in  those 
fields  in  which  jurisdiction  has  not  been 
allocated  to  national  and  international 
unions,  for  such  general  aid  as  will  fa- 
cilitate the  work  of  all,  for  planning  to 
bring  up  backward  areas,  and  for  ob- 
serving and  studying  industrial  changes 
that   concern   organizing   work."   .... 


"The  transitional  period  in  which  we 
are  living  makes  heavy  demands  upon 
experience  and  wisdom  that  we  may 
choose  wisely  and  avoid  all  possible 
mistakes.  It  is  for  this  reason  we  are 
especially  anxious  that  Labor  should  be 
organized  and  ready  to  make  its  con- 
tribution to  policy-making  and  admin- 
istration in  these  crucial  months  imme- 
diately ahead."   .... 

"Upon  us  rests  the  responsibility  for 
advancing  the  cause  of  Labor  while 
maintaining  its  purposes  and  spirit  free 
from  commercialism  and  devoted  to  hu- 
man betterment." 

On  October  1,  1904,  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  consisted  of: 

120   National  and  International  Un- 
ions. 

32   State  Federations  of  Labor 
5  69  Central  Labor  Unions 
1271    Local  Trade  and  Federal  Labor 
Unions, 
with  a  membership  of  1,676,200. 

At  this  convention,  thirty  years  after- 
wards, the  report  of  Secretary  Morrison 
shows  the  makeup  of  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor  to  be: 

109   National  and  International  Un- 
ions. 
4   Departments 
49   State  Federations  of  Labor 
686   City  Central  bodies 
738   Local  Department  Councils 
1788   Local  Trade  and  Federal  Labor 
Unions 
32684   Local  Unions 
with  a  membership  of  2,608,011. 

This  does  not  include  the  unemployed, 
those  sick  and  unable  to  work,  those  in 
arrears,  or  those  on  strike  or  lockout; 
nor  does  it  include  honorary  members- — - 
all  of  whom  are  exempt  from  the  pay- 
ment of  tax.  It  is  estimated  that  these 
number  at  least  two  and  one-half  million 
which  if  added  to  the  paid  up  member- 
ship would  give  a  total  membership  of 
5,108,011. 

The  balance  of  funds  on  hand  at  the 
beginning  of  the  fiscal  year,  October  1, 
1904,  was  $103,017.94. 

The  funds  on  hand  at  the  beginning 
of  the  fiscal  year,  19  34,  thirty  years 
later,   amounted  to    $565,706.36. 

So  the  growth  and  development  of 
the  movement   for   thirty  years   can   be 


THE     CARPENTER 


plainly  seen,  yet  our  erenre-.  and  in 
some  instances,  our  would-be  friends, 
belittle  our  efforts  and  try  to  show  that 
we  are  at  a  standstill,  that  we  are  anti- 
quated and  out  of  date.  No  doubt  they 
would  rather  see  us  weak  and  inefficient, 
than  strong  and  powerful  and  able  to 
do  things. 

Our  accomplishments  have  been  great. 
It  is  not  necessary  here  to  mention 
them,  or  to  recount  the  advantages  that 
have  been  secured  by  organized  labor 
in  the  interests  of  the  workers. 

Scan  the  reports  from  year  to  year 
and  you  will  easily  find  out.  Besides 
that,    the   improvement    in    the   homes, 


the  social  and  moral  advancement,  the 
independent  character  and  manhood  of 
our  people,  are  evidence  and  proof  of 
what  we  have  so  far  accomplished. 

We  have  followed  in  the  footsteps  of 
our  predecessors.  We  have  done  our 
share  for  the  benefit,  advancement,  wel- 
fare and  protection  of  the  wage  workers. 
We  propose  to  continue  to  do  so  irre- 
spective of  what  our  enemies  or  so- 
called  friends  may  say  about  us.  We 
want  them  to  know  there  will  be  no 
letting  up  on  our  part,  no  standing  still, 
no  going  backward.  We  propose  to  go 
onward,  upward  and  forward.  Our  mot- 
to is,  "To  keep  on  keeping  on." 


FLEXIBILITY  OF  TRADE  UNION  POLICIES 

(By  Frank  Morrison,  Secretary,  A.  F.   of  L.) 


HE  enactment  of  the  Na- 
tional Recovery  Act  which 
enumerates  in  definite  un- 
mistakable language  the 
policy  of  the  United 
States  Government  of  rec- 
ognizing the  right  of  workers  to  join  a 
union  of  their  own  choosing,  has  aroused 
widespread  interest  among  unorganized 
workers  in  establishing  membership  in 
unions  affiliated  with  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor. 

The  purpose  of  workers  in  joining  a 
labor  union  is  to  remedy  grievances  and 
secure  improved  standards  in  conditions 
of  labor  in  the  particular  work  at  which 
they  are  employed.  In  no  other  type 
of  labor  organization  has  the  worker 
greater  freedom  to  deal  with  questions 
relating  to  the  line  of  employment  which 
is  of  immediate  interest  to  him,  than  is 
afforded  in  the  trade  union. 

The  members  of  trade  unions  are  free 
to  chart  their  course  in  whatever  way 
appeals  to  them  as  promoting  their  best 
interests  so  long  as  there  may  be  no  en- 
croachment upon  the  equal  rights  of 
other  trades  and  callings.  They  may 
join  with  members  of  other  trades  to 
act  unitedly  in  a  given  situation  or  they 
may  amalgamate  with  other  organiza- 
tions as  the  wisdom  of  these  acts  may 
suggest.  Organizations  in  allied  indus- 
tries such  as  the  building  trades,  metal 
trade,  printing  trades  and  in  the  rail- 
road industry,  have  formed  departments 
to  establish  mutual  relations  in  the  con- 
sideration of  questions  affecting  the  in- 
terests   of    their    particular    trades    and 


callings.  The  machinery  exists  to  pro- 
mote unity  of  action  as  far  as  the  work- 
ers wish  to  apply  such  policy.  An  in- 
stance of  the  flexibility  of  trade  union 
policies  to  adapt  themselves  to  the 
needs  of  the  workers,  is  the  resolution 
adopted  by  a  conference  of  national  and 
international  organizations  in  interest, 
authorizing  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  to  con- 
duct an  organization  campaign  among 
the  workers  in  mass  production  indus- 
tries and  place  them  in  local  unions  di- 
rectly chartered  by  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor,  and  where  workers 
are  taken  into  these  local  unions  that 
come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  one  or 
more  national  or  international  organi- 
zations, which  is  a  temporary  infraction 
of  the  rights  of  these  organizations  in- 
volved, that  the  Executive  Council  ad- 
just such  difficulties  in  the  spirit  of  tak- 
ing full  advantage  of  the  immediate  sit- 
uation with  the  ultimate  recognition  of 
the  rights  of  all  concerned. 

Automatic  machinery,  the  application 
of  scientific  processes  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  new  materials  are  revolutioniz- 
ing production  methods.  This  has  caused 
the  overlapping  of  trades  formerly  sepa- 
rate and  distinct.  The  trade  union  move- 
ment provides  orderly  measures  for  the 
workers  affected  to  adjust  these  ques- 
tions through  conference  and  agreement 
on  a  basis  satisfactory  to  them. 


The  trade  unionist  who  persists  in 
wearing  non-union  clothing  feels  and 
looks  guilty. 


T  ir  K     C  A  R  P  E  TV  T  K  R 


CARPENTER  AND  KING 

(By  the  Rev.   Thorn  Williamson,  Rector  of  Trinity  Episcopal  Church,   Pawtucket, 

R.  I.) 


2-3  OST  of  the  people  in  the 
world  are  laboring  peo- 
ple. Some  wear  flannel 
shirts,  some  white  linen; 
some  wear  white  collars, 
and  others  none  at  all. 
But  all  work,  or  should  work.  Perhaps 
some  ideas  about  labor  have  changed 
lately.  Instead  of  being  glad  when  we 
do  not  have  to  work,  we  consider  our- 
selves fortunate  if  we  have  a  job.  We 
congratulate  a  man,  not  that  he  may  do 
nothing,  but  that  he  has  a  chance  to 
work. 

A  man  who  of  his  own  choice  does  not 
work  at  all,  deliberately  loafing  when 
he  could  work,  choosing  a  life  of  ease 
and  selfishness  rather  than  a  life  of  use- 
ful activity,  is  looked  upon  as  a  drone, 
or  worse,  he  is  considered  lacking  in 
something  which  goes  to  make  up  a  real 
man.  That  this  is  good  church  doctrine, 
I  expect  you  will  agree.  Some  writer  re- 
cently claimed  that  the  less  work  we  do 
to  make  a  living  the  better  it  is  for  us; 
but  do  you  really  believe  that? 

The  Church  desires  to  dignify  labor, 
and  is  willing  to  spell  it  with  a  capital 
"L".  The  Church  desires  that  all  men 
and  women  who  work,  and  all  who  em- 
ploy labor,  should  have  a  fair  deal.  If 
the  proposed  Child  Labor  Amendment 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
specified  the  age  of  sixteen  instead  of 
eighteen,  I  think  most  of  us  would  be 
for  it  100  per  cent. 

The  Church  has  been  accused  of  being 
indifferent  to  conditions  surrounding  la- 
bor. I,  who  have  been  in  the  sacred 
ministry  since  19  2  0,  know  this  accusa- 
tion to  be  in  error.  My  first  parish,  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  once  helped  to  get 
the  head  of  our  National  Church's  De- 
partment of  Social  Service  in  touch  with 
Organized  Labor.  I  have  been  interested 
in  labor  ever  since  I  was  ordained;  and 
I  am  only  one  of  many.  I  have  tried  to 
understand  the  aims  of  Labor  and  to 
appreciate  the  men  and  women  in  the 
Labor  Movement. 

In  my  Labor  Sunday  sermon  last  fall 
I  quoted  from  the  "Labor  Sunday  Mes- 
sage" of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America.  Will  you  read  a  few  para- 
graphs with  me  now? 


"The  teachings  of  Christ  which  bear 
on  economics  are  not  expressed  in  tech- 
nical terms.  They  deal  primarily  with 
motives  and  human  values.  They  center 
upon  the  priceless  worth  of  the  humblest 
human  being.  They  give  supreme  em- 
phasis to  the  motive  of  serving  the  com- 
mon good. 

"The  Churches  should  strive  for  a 
wider  and  fairer  distribution  of  wealth; 
a  living  wage  as  a  minimum,  and  above 
this  a  just  share  for  the  worker  in  the 
product  of  industry  and  agriculture.  The 
Churches  should  strive  for  social  insur- 
ance against  sickness,  accident,  want  in 
old  age,  and  unemployment;  along  with 
a  reduction  of  hours  of  labor  as  the  gen- 
eral productivity  of  industry  increases, 
and  release  from  employment  at  least 
one  day  in  seven.  The  Churches  should 
strive  for  the  right  of  employers  and 
employes  alike  to  organize  for  collective 
bargaining;  the  obligation  of  each  to 
work  for  the  public  good;  the  recogni- 
tion of  the  rights  and  responsibilities  of 
free  speech,  free  assembly,  and  a  free 
press." 

So  said  the  Federal  Council;  and  my 
own  Episcopal  Church,  at  its  General 
Convention  a  dozen  years  ago,  laid  down 
the  principle  of  the  sacredness  of  human 
life  above  wealth  and  subversive  sys- 
tems, and  added  a  plea  for  collective 
bargaining  by  Labor.  I  am  among  the 
majority  in  our  Church  who  believe 
that  Christianity  should  "leaven  the 
lump",  and  not  ally  itself  exclusively 
with  any  one  political  or  economic  sys- 
tem,  or  class,  or  form  of  government. 

Some  people  think  that  Capital  and 
Labor  are  naturally  and  incurably  an- 
tagonistic, with  interests  which  cannot 
be  reconciled.  So  I  have  a  little  story  to 
tell — a  true  story  of  two  men  who 
seemed  to  have  such  opposite  interests 
that  nothing  on  earth  could  reconcile 
either  the  interests  or  the  men: 

In  Judea,  many  years  ago,  there  was 
a  man  with  fierce  antagonism  against 
the  foreign  government  which  ruled  his 
country.  He  banded  himself  with  others 
and  they  harried  the  government  in 
every  way  they  could  invent.  They  were 
"Unreconcilables",  and  not  only  refused 
to  co-operate  with  the  government  offi- 
cers but  opposed  them  to  the  point   of 


THE     CARPENTER 


violence.  Some  of  them  carried  on  in- 
dividual wars  with  any  weapons  they 
could  bring  to  bear.  The  man  in  my 
story  was  named  Simon,  and  his  char- 
acter is  told  in  his  nickname,  "The 
Zealot." 

The  other  man  was  of -the  same  coun- 
try as  Simon.  However,  instead  of  op- 
posing the  government,  he  took  service 
with  it,  in  a  capacity  which  brought  him 
into  darkest  disrepute  with  his  country- 
men. But  in  spite  of  scorn  and  hatred, 
this  man  remained  in  the  foreign  gov- 
ernment's service  in  his  own  country, 
and  prospered  in  his  office.  His  name 
was  Levi  Matthew;  and  his  job  was  col- 
lecting taxes  from  his  own  countrymen 
to  support  the  foreign  government. 

Could  anything,  or  anybody,  bring  to- 
gether these  men  and  their  conflicting 
interests?  It  seemed  impossible.  But 
one  day  another  man  appeared  on  the 
scene,  one  who  was  more  than  a  man: 
We  call  Him  Jesus  Christ,  and  He  had 
been  a  carpenter.  This  man  Jesus,  who 
had  in  Himself  something  no  other  man 
ever    had,    this    Carpenter    of    Nazareth 


brought  Simon  the  Zealot  and  Levi 
Matthew  into  one  company,  called  the 
Apostles  of  Christ.  There  they  worked 
together  in  a  common  interest  under  a 
common  leader.  Along  with  Himself, 
Jesus  Christ  preached  a  Kingdom,  which 
He  called  the  Kingdom  of  God.  In  it  a 
man  was  a  man,  a  soul  was  a  soul — all 
equal  before  God  the  Father,  all  pledged 
to  carry  a  fair  share  of  the  work  of  ex- 
tending and  living  the  Kingdom. 

In  the  presence  of  Jesus  Christ,  and 
in  devotion  and  loyalty  to  Him,  Simon 
the  Zealot  and  Matthew  the  Publican 
sank  all  selfish  interests  in  a  greater 
and  higher  loyalty  to  their  fellowmen 
and  to  God.  As  workers  in  the  Kingdom 
of  God  they  lost  their  scorn  and  hatred 
of  each  other.  They  joined  forces  in  the 
light  of  the  Holy  Spirit  of  unselfishness. 
They  marched  side  by  side  as  true  and 
faithful  soldiers  of  the  Kingdom. 

Both  joined  in  a  life  of  self-sacrifice 
following  the  example  of  Christ,  the 
Carpenter,  who  was  now  Christ,  their 
King. 

Can  we  do  the  same? 


ADDRESS  OF  MR.  WILLIAM  DUNN 

(Fraternal  Delegate,  Canadian  Trades  and  Labor  Congress) 


have  been  honored  by  my 
fellow  trade  unionists  in 
Canada  with  the  responsi- 
bility of  carrying  to  the 
American  Federation  of 
Labor,  the  fraternal  greet- 
ings of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress 
of  Canada.  The  close  bond  of  relation- 
ship and  the  mutual  understanding 
which  exists  between  the  workers  of  our 
countries  and  the  high  esteem  which  we 
in  Canada  hold  for  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor,  tends  to  render  the 
task  easier  of  accomplishment  and 
places  the  emphasis  on  the  honor  rather 
than  on  the  task. 

The  social  and  industrial  problems 
which  from  time  to  time  face  you  are 
largely  the  same  problems  as  face  us, 
and  differ  only  in  degree  or  in  the  facili- 
ties at  our  command  in  dealing  with 
them.  We  have  in  our  country  bound- 
les  natural  resources  as  you  have  and 
our  working  people  are  just  as  poor.  The 
percentage  of  our  population  ekeing  out 
a  bare  existence  on  Governmental  or 
Municipal  relief  funds  is  as  high  in 
Canada   as   it  is   in   the   United   States. 


Like  you  we  have  a  small  percentage 
of  moneyed  people  and  their  influence 
on  the  Government  is  great.  And  like 
you,  we  have  the  International  trade 
union  movement  which  so  far  has  been 
the  most  effective  medium  at  our  com- 
mand for  the  advancement  of  our  cul- 
tural, educational,  economic  and  social 
welfare. 

We  in  Canada  are  ever  willing  to 
learn  from  the  example,  the  experiments 
of  other  nations,  and  I  wonder  if  I  may 
be  permitted  even  at  the  possibility  of 
treading  upon  what  may  seem  to  be 
dangerous  ground  to  state  just  briefly 
what  we  in  Canada  see  taking  place  in 
the  United  States. 

We  have  watched  carefully  the  opera- 
tion of  your  National  Industrial  Recov- 
ery Act  and  some  of  us  have  marvelled 
at  the  change  of  policy  and  the  entire 
discarding  of  many  of  the  principles 
which  we  had  come  to  regard  as  typi- 
fying the  internal  social  policy  of  the 
United  States.  In  your  newspapers  and 
periodicals  which  filter  into  our  country 
it  is  very  seldom  we  read  nowadays,  any 
reference   to    that    somewhat    indefinite 


8 


THE     CARPENTER 


thing  which  was  termed  "Rugged  indi- 
vidualism" in  the  United  States  and  in 
its  place  we  find  an  ever  increasing  de- 
pendence upon  governmental  interfer- 
ence and  state  and  Federal  co-operation 
in  matters  heretofore  regarded — as  I 
believe  your  Mr.  Mellon  once  put  it — 
as  the  patriotic  prerogative  of  private 
initiative — whatever  that  may  be. 

Those  who  control  the  industrial  and 
financial  life  of  Canada  are  not  given  to 
using  quite  such  explosive  language  but 
in  effect  they  mean  the  same.  They  call 
it  the  right  of  private  enterprise  to  reap 
the  full  reward  of  its  industry.  The 
rights  of  the  workers  are  held  to  be 
minor  considerations  only  to  be  taken 
into  account  when  the  God-given  rights 
of  capital  have  been  satiated.  As  I  say 
we  have  been  watching  what  is  taking 
place  in  the  United  States  and  we 
have  not  been  entirely  impartial.  It  has 
seemed  to  us  that  a  great  many  of  the 
workers  in  the  United  States  have  come 
to  realize  that  the  phrase  which  I  quot- 
ed and  many  others  like  it  is  merely  the 
economic  wool  being  pulled  over  the 
eyes  of  the  workers  to  blind  them  to 
their  true  position  in  society.  Unfortu- 
nately, this  condition  still  exists  both 
in  your  country  and  mine  as  is  evidenced 
by  the  fact  that  so  many  workers  still 
refuse  to  recognize  the  great  advantages 
to  be  gained  through  the  use  of  their 
collective  bargaining  power. 

Closely  following  your  N  R  A  experi- 
ment we  find  the  Government  of  the 
Province  of  Quebec  taking  a  step  in  the 
direction  of  fixing  a  minimum  wage  for 
men  in  all  industries.  They  are  slowly 
seeking  a  way  to  social  justice  through 
a  maze  of  political  intrigue  and  hin- 
drance set  up  by  unscrupulous  profit 
seekers.  In  the  Province  of  Ontario  we 
expect  to  see  enacted  a  somewhat  simi- 
lar attempt  to  set  a  wage  for  men  in  all 
industry.  In  Ontario  they  are  fortunate 
in  that  the  Deputy  Minister  of  Labor 
who  has  charge  of  the  framing  of  the 
act  is  a  former  general  representative 
of  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpen- 
ters, one  who,  as  a  matter  of  fact  re- 
signed his  position  with  the  Carpenters' 
Union  to  take  up  his  high  post  in  the 
Ontario  Government.  What  will  be  the 
effect  of  this  legislation  we  can  only 
surmise  but  at  least  the  fact  that  one 
of  ourselves  is  doing  the  ground  work 
makes  us  feel  more  secure.  This  act 
will  differ  from  the  N  R  A  in  that  it 
will  have  the  power   of  the  courts   for 


its  enforcement  and  will  bear  down 
equally  hard  on  the  employer  who  seeks 
to  pay  less  than  the  legal  minimum  and 
the  worker  who  tries  to  undermine  his 
fellow  worker  by  accepting  less  than  the 
legal  minimum,  either  in  the  regular 
way  or  through  the  various  forms  of 
short  circuiting  with  which  you  are  all 
familiar. 

For  many  years  in  Canada  we  have 
had  acts  guaranteeing  a  minimum  wage 
for  women  workers  and  it  is  notable  that 
the  many  violations  of  this  Act  generally 
occur  in  shops  and  factories  where  the 
workers  are  poorly  organized  or  entirely 
unorganized.  And  so  we  have  been  busy 
organizing  in  all  trades  because  we  have 
long  since  realized  that  the  best  wages 
are  paid  and  the  best  conditions  enjoyed 
in  those  places  where  they  have  the  best 
organizations.  We  must  realize  that 
even  if  our  movement  has  the  paternal 
blessing  of  Governments,  "Eternal  vigi- 
lence  is  still  the  price  of  Liberty,"  and 
the  wage  you  receive  is  a  reflection  of 
the  strength  of  your  organization  and 
not  a  measure  of  the  generosity  of  a 
kindly  Government. 

The  task  of  improving — even  of  main- 
taining the  lot  of  the  worker  under  our 
present  price  system  of  economy  is  a 
difficult  and  slow  one.  The  road  is 
strewn  with  many  obstacles,  not  the 
least  of  which  is  that  cry  of  narrow 
nationalism  which  the  pseudo  patriots 
raise.  You  have  heard  the  cry  America 
for  the  Americans.  In  our  country  it  is 
Canada  for  the  Canadians. 

This,  remember,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  (according  to  the  latest  available 
figures)  out  of  the  total  investments 
which  constitute  the  national  wealth  of 
Canada  of  30,840  million  dollars  2,204 
million  is  British,  6,477  million  is  Unit- 
ed States  and  165  million  from  other 
countries.  Out  of  the  total  of  Canadian 
investments  abroad  of  1,831  million  dol- 
lars, 1,047  million  is  placed  in  the  U. 
S.,  84  million  in  Great  Britain.  Of  the 
total  business  capital  employed  in  Can- 
ada of  17,500,  65%  is  owned  in  Canada, 
21%  is  owned  in  the  U.  S.  A.,  13%  in 
Great  Britain  and  1  %  in  other  coun- 
tries. In  1932  Canada  sent  to  the  Unit- 
ed States  226  million  dollars  to  pay  in- 
terest and  maturing  debts.  This  was  a 
comparatively  easy  matter  when  exports 
to  the  U.  S.  were  high  but  when  trade 
fell  off  and  payments  had  to  be  made  in 
gold  it  was  more  difficult. 


THE     CARPENTER 


In  the  prosperity  days  of  19  29  it  is  es-* 
timated  that  the  tourist  trade  brought 
3  08  million  dollars  to  Canada.  This  is 
more  money  than  Canada  received  for 
her  entire  wheat  exports  of  that  year. 
In  193  2  the  tourist  trade  had  dropped 
to  110  million  dollars  and  of  course  the 
great  hulk  of  tourists  in  Canada  are 
from  the  U.   S.  A. 

I  may  be  criticised  at  home  for  using 
these  figures,  but  oue  must  know  and 
understand  the  extent  of  Capitalism  be- 
fore attempting  a  solution.  At  least  these 
figures  (and  they  are  issued  by  the 
Canadian  Government)  prove  conclu- 
sively that  while  we  in  Canada  are  most 
closely  knit  by  birth  and  custom  and 
tradition  to  our  Mother  Country,  never- 
theless our  strongest  economic  bonds 
are  with  the  people  of  the  United  States. 
It  is  not  strange  that  we  should  seek  to 
build  up  strong  trade  unionism  in  which 
we  of  both  countries  should  mingle  at 
least  as  freely  as  does  the  capital  of 
both  countries. 

Money  is  not  patriotic.  The  owners  of 
large  amounts  of  capital  place  it  where 
it  will  return  most  profit.  And  while  we 
are  glad  to  borrow  money  from  you  and 
you  are  not  averse  to  accepting  interest 
still  that  nationalism  is  again  evident. 
I  suppose  if  we  lived  under  a  sensibly 
planned  economy  the  North  American 
Continent  would  be  classed  as  one  eco- 
nomic unit  with  perhaps  economic  divi- 
sions extending  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to 
the  Gulf,  one  east,  one  central  and  one 
west.  Instead,  we  have  States  and  Pro- 
vinces, and  frontiers  and  political  di- 
visions galore.  The  boundary  which  ex- 
tends for  three  thousand  miles  between 
your  country  and  mine  had  often  been 
called  the  imaginary  line.  True  it  is 
only  imaginary  so  far  as  goodwill  and 
neighborly  relations  are  concerned.  But 
as  an  economic  division  it  is  something 
very  real.  Both  countries  have  set  up 
tariff  walls  along  that  border  and  about 
the  only  thing  that  gets  through  either 
way  without  paying  an  enormous  duty 
are  fraternal  greetings. 

It  is  of  course  imaginary  when  we 
come  to  consider  the  extent  of  the  in- 
fluence which  U.  S.  newspapers  and  U. 
S.  moving  pictures  exert  in  Canada.  50 
thousand  copies  of  the  U.  S.  newspapers 
are  sold  every  day  in  the  Maritime  Pro- 
vinces of  Canada  where  the  total  popu- 
lation does  not  exceed  800,000.  This 
may  be  because  of  the  fact  that  geo- 
graphically   they     are    close    to     large 


American  centers.  And  I  may  say  that 
we  are  not  at  all  boastful  of  the  sort  of 
influence  which  many  of  the  movies  and 
tabloids  would  be  likely  to  exert  if  we 
did  not  set  up  some  kind  of  censorship. 
It  is  also  notable  that  many  of  the  better 
class  magazines,  cater  to  the  Canadian 
trade  by  carrying  articles  relating  to 
Canadian  life. 

We  appear  to  have  found  out  that 
neither  of  our  nations  can  live  on  our 
own  resources  and  we  are  slowly  but 
surely  breaking  down  National  preju- 
dice and  installing  in  its  stead  the  fam- 
ily feeling  which  is  bound  to  exist  where 
there  is  community  of  interest;  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  decides  to  take  a  vaca- 
tion on  the  Canadian  Coast  of  New 
Brunswick  and  it  doesn't  even  make  the 
front,  page.  We  take  such  things  for 
granted.  And  we  in  the  trade  union 
movement  who  spend  our  time  trying  to 
make  Canada  a  better  place  for  human 
beings  to  live  in,  to  instill  a  code  of  ethics 
in  our  social  and  business  relationships, 
realize  that  the  greater  success  we  have 
in  this  work  and  the  greater  honor  and 
dignity  we  can  bring  to  our  movement, 
the  greater  will  be  the  respect  and  es- 
teem which  will  be  shown  us  by  the 
people  of  the  United  States. 

The  United  States  has  not  always 
been  content  to  rely  upon  people  from 
the  United  States,  although  they  say 
"America  for  Americans."  Quite  a  num- 
ber of  years  ago  the  labor  movement 
reached  up  in  to  Canada  and  brought  a 
young  fellow  named  Frank  Morrison 
down  into  the  United  States,  and  he  is 
still  serving  you  as  your  Secretary.  Our 
loss  has  most  certainly  been  your  gain 
in  that  case. 

The  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of 
Canada  has  less  than  three  weeks  ago 
concluded  its  Golden  Jubilee  Convention 
in  Toronto.  While  labor  organizations  in 
Canada  have  existed  since  1827  it  was 
not  until  1883  that  the  first  representa- 
tive gathering  of  trade  unionists  was 
held.  Then  came  a  lapse  of  three  years 
after  which  the  congress  met  annually, 
and  we  are  justly  proud  of  the  fact  that 
for  over  fifty  years  the  work  of  raising 
the  standard  of  living  of  our  people  has 
been  aggressively  carried  on.  During 
that  time  we  have  seen  many  move- 
ments spring  up  mushroom  like  and 
threaten  our  existence  for  a  short  time 
and  disappear  as  quickly  as  they  came. 
The  year  just  closed  recorded  a  sub- 
stantial increase  in  membership  and  the 


10 


THE     CARPENTER 


placing  by  the  Congress  of  a  number  of 
Charters  for  Industrial  Unions  where 
there  is  no  International  Union  with 
jurisdiction. 

The  policy  of  the  Congress  with  re- 
gard to  political  action  remains  un- 
changed. While  we  have  on  many  oc- 
casions gone  on  record  as  being  in  favor 
of  a  system  of  society  in  which  produc- 
tion would  be  carried  on  for  use  and  not 
for  profit,  and  have  more  than  once 
given  our  blessing  to  a  Labor  Political 
Party,  we  have  been  content  to  apply 
all  our  efforts  towards  the  industrial  or- 
ganization of  workers  and  leave  our 
members  free  to  follow  the  politics  of 
their  own  choosing. 

A  notable  service  was  also  rendered 
in  connection  with  this  convention.  The 
monthly  journals  of  most  of  the  Unions 
have  this  year  carried  an  account  of  the 
sacrifice  made  by  the  Tolpuddle  Mar- 
tyrs. After  the  martyrs  were  reprieved, 
they  returned  to  England  but  found  it 
difficult  to  remain  there  and  five  of  them 
emigrated  to  Canada. 

They  spent  the  remainder  of  their 
lives  there  and  today  lie  buried  near 
London  in  the  Province  of  Ontario.  Bro- 
ther Stokes  has  told  you  of  the  lowly 
huts  in  which  they  lived  and  of  how 
they  had  to  exist  on  the  barest  necessi- 
ties of  life.  In  contrast  with  this,  on 
September  12,  last,  the  Trades  and  La- 
bor Congress  of  Canada  held  a  banquet 
in  the  largest  and  most  luxurious  hotel 
in  the  British  Empire,  in  honor  of  these 
lowly  farmhands  who  taught  us  how  to 
sacrifice.  At  this  banquet  were  descend- 
ants of  the  five  martyrs  and  it  was  the 
most  impressive  occasion  one  could 
imagine,  as  the  great  gathering  listened 
to  a  radio  broadcast  of  the  old  story. 

The  Congress  maintains  relations  with 


the  International  Federation  of  Trade 
Unions,  and  a  host  of  other  organiza- 
tions and  also  takes  an  active  part  at 
the  annual  conferences  of  the  Inter- 
national Labor  Organization  at  Geneva. 
A  legislative  program  is  each  year  pre- 
pared by  the  Executive  council  from 
resolutions  passed  at  the  Congress  and 
presented  to  the  Federal  and  Provincial 
Governments,  and  it  is  noteworthy  that 
almost  every  piece  of  Labor  and  Social 
legislation  to  be  found  on  the  statute 
books  of  Canada  had  its  beginning  in 
the  sessions  of  our  Congress. 

The  question  of  unemployment  and 
relief  for  the  unemployed  is  still  the 
most  serious  problem  facing  us  today  in 
spite  of  the  efforts  of  governments  to 
stimulate  trade.  Our  Federal  Govern- 
ment has  announced  a  building  program 
costing  some  $40,000,000,  an  amount 
totally  inadequate  to  meet  the  situation. 
This  40  millions  will  be  provided  by  the 
issue  of  new  currency  and  thus  add 
nothing  to  the  tax  burdens  of  the  coun- 
try but  it  will  be  interesting  to  watch 
the  effect  of  even  this  mild  form  of  in- 
flation on  the  country's  currency.  We 
have  asked  for  the  enactment  of  legis- 
lation for  a  maximum  eight  hour  day 
and  forty  hour  week  for  all  industries 
and  the  adoption  of  a  maximum  six  hour 
day  on  relief  works  and  government 
undertakings. 

And  now  may  I  conclude  as  I  started 
by  offering  the  most  cordial  greetings  of 
the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Can- 
ada. We  wish  you  God-speed  in  your 
work  and  hope  and  trust  that  the  deci- 
sions arrived  at  in  this  most  important 
Convention  will  be  of  that  high  and 
noble  quality  we  have  come  to  regard 
as  characteristic  of  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor. 


COLLECTIVE  BARGAINING— WHAT  IS  IT 

(By  Malcolm  Keir,  Professor  of  Economics,  Dartmouth  College) 


ag  ITH  labor  relations  much 
in  the  news — strikes, 
company  unions,  the 
hours  of  work,  minimum 
wages —  there  is  still 
confusion  as  to  the  mean- 
ing of  and  reason  for  collective  bargain- 
ing. 

When  medieval  labor  regulations 
were  supplanted  by  freedom  of  con- 
tract,   each    worker    arranged    with    his 


employer  mutually  satisfactory  terms  as 
to  wages,  hours  and  working  conditions. 
Both  parties  were  about  the  same 
strength;  for  good  workers  were  scarce, 
businesses  were  small,  employers  had 
scarcely  greater  capital  resources  than 
workers  and  lived  within  hail.  But  as 
industries  expanded,  machinery  eroded 
skill,  and  the  employer  became  socially 
or  geographically  remote. 

An  employer  of  100  or  more  persons 


THE     CARPENTER 


11 


outgrew  individual  bargaining.  The  em- 
ployer did  not  have  to  hire  any  particu- 
lar person  and  so  quite  easily  could  wait 
to  get  one  on  the  employer's  own  terms. 
On  the  other  hand  none  seeking  a  place 
could  wait  until  finding  an  employer 
whose  terms  were  to  the  seeker's  liking. 
Moreover,  after  being  hired,  anyone 
who  objected  in  any  way  to  the  employ- 
er's dictates  was  discharged  without 
any  means  of  defense.  Thus  individual 
bargaining  yielded  to  autocracy. 

Meanwhile  workers — gathered  at  ale 
houses  or  in  insurance  associations — 
discussed  their  weakness  in  bargaining 
as  single  units;  they  concluded  that  al- 
though an  employer  could  dispense  with 
any  one  man  he  could  not  operate  in 
the  absence  of  his  entire  work  force. 
Hence  if  the  workers  acted  as  a  unit — 
or  union — 'they  could  present  their  terms 
as  a  group,  and  force  recognition  of  the 
group  by  the  threat  or  actuality  of  a 
strike,  boycott,  or  "going  easy"  on  the 
job.  Shoemakers,  printers,  carpenters 
and  others  took  this  step  before  182  7 
and  each  decade  thereafter  saw  new 
groups  of  workers  substituting  collec- 
tive for  individual  bargaining.  The 
change  took  place  most  rapidly  in  cities 
either  on  account  of  the  large  size  of 
work  places  or  because  of  the  great 
numbers  of  the  same  kinds  of  work 
people  in  the  same  community.  In  ad- 
dition, collective  bargaining  was  the 
strongest  among  persons  whose  skill 
made  it  difficult  to  fill  their  places. 
*      *      * 

Soon  it  was  apparent  that  it  was  im- 
possible for  an  entire  group  to  meet  the 
employer,  so  some  one  or  a  few  were 
selected  as  spokesmen.  To  be  spokes- 
man proved  to  be  dangerous;  for  even 
vhen  an  employer  met  and  bargained 
with  the  spokesman  in  his  representa- 
tive capacity  the  employer  vented  his 
own  resentment  at  loss  of  arbitrary 
power  by  finding — sooner  or  later — a 
fair-sounding  reason  to  discharge  or  in 
some  other  way  force  the  departure 
of  the  representative.  The  casualties 
among  spokesmen  were  so  large  that 
unions  created  salaried  officers  to  act 
as  spokesmen;  these  not  only  met  the 
employer  without  fear  of  reprisals,  but 
became  trained  negotiators.  Thus  true 
bargaining  was  restored,  but  upon  a 
collective  rather  than  individual  basis. 

Of  course  employers  disliked  their 
loss  of  absolute  power  to  dictate  terms 


of  employment.  They  rationalized  this 
by  citing  inefficiencies  wrought  by  un- 
ion rules,  especially  ascribing  to  all 
unions  the  supposed  absurdity  of  those 
imposed  by  building  craftsmen.  Em- 
ployers also  turned  to  the  law  for  curbs 
upon  collective  bargaining.  Before  1840 
it  was  the  common  law  of  conspiracy 
that  was  used  to  condemn  unions  as 
unlawful  combinations.  After  1890  the 
injunction  against  all  the  means  by 
which  unions  enforced  collective  bar- 
gaining was  the  employers'  favorite  le- 
gal weapon.  The  courts  also  legalized 
prohibition  of  union  membership  upon 
job  applications.  In  nearly  all  these 
legal  cases  employers  said  they  were 
defenders  of  the  American  fundamen- 
tal of  individual  contract;  but  curious- 
ly no  worker  of  his  own  initative  ever 
appealed  to  a  court  to  protect  this  right. 


The  motivation  of  the  employers  was 
a  mistaken  theory  that  profits  rose  as 
wages  sank.  Moreover,  as  proprietors 
were  succeeded  by  a  multiplicity  of 
stockholders  the  chief  measure  of  good 
managership   was  high  dividends. 

To  name  the  employers  who  protest- 
ed collective  bargaining  and  affirmed 
faith  in  individual  bargaining  is  to  call 
the  roll  of  the  most  typical  large-scale 
mass  output  industries.  Among  them 
have  been  the  textile,  steel,  coal,  to- 
bacco, automobile,  rubber  and  alumi- 
num industries.  On  the  other  hand  col- 
lective bargaining  has  been  most  gen- 
erally successful  among  printers,  rail- 
way trainmen,  building  craftsmen,  the 
needle  trades  and  actors. 

In  the  last  four  years  employers  who 
have  resisted  collective  bargaining  have 
had  much  of  their  legal  arsenal  out- 
lawed by  Congress.  Hence,  shifting  their 
strategy,  they  no  longer  openly  de- 
nounce collective  bargaining,  but  seek 
to  narrow  it  and  its  spokesmen  to  the 
employer's  own  immediate  workers.  Sen- 
sible as  this  sounds,  it  leaves  the  employ- 
er dominant.  Unless  the  workers  of  an 
entire  industry  mutually  support  each 
other,  and  unless  the  spokesman  is  in- 
dependent there  can  be  no  adequate  col- 
lective bargaining. 

Americans  long  have  enjoyed  democ- 
racy in  political  matters,  but  in  indus- 
try and  business  autocracy  has  been  the 
rule — and  still  is  desired  by  the  most 
powerful  employers. 


12 


THE     CARPENTER 


A  FAIR  MONEY  BASIS 

(By  M.  Roy  Sheen) 


UR  forefathers  of  the  early- 
days  hardly  knew  the 
pleasure  of  rattling  a  few 
coins  in  their  pockets,  yet 
they  lived  happily  and 
were  contented.  They  only 
knew  mass  starvation  when  there  was 
an  actual  shortage  of  some  of  the  neces- 
sities of  life.  They  used  the  price  of  an 
ox,  bushel  of  wheat,  or  something  cre- 
ated by  their  own  hands  as  a  comparison 
of  value.  As  time  passed,  men  soon 
found  that  when  the  wheat  crop  was 
short,  they  could  trade  and  gain  more 
shoes,  clothes,  or  oxen  for  their  bushels 
of  wheat,  so  some  unscupulous  persons 
began  to  devise  ways  and  means  to  cre- 
ate an  artificial  shortage.  When  money 
came  into  use,  it  was  easy  to  buy  large 
quantities  of  this  grain,  reporting  a 
scarcity,  with  the  result  that  everybody 
hoarded  and  held  their  wheat  for  a 
high  price.  This  caused  unnecessary  suf- 
fering for  the  masses;  it  probably  made 
a  few  unscrupulous  people  rich.  When 
the  new  crop  of  wheat  was  harvested, 
the  scarcity  was  ended.  Wheat  changed 
from  a  negative,  or  controlled  commod- 
ity, which  created  hunger,  to  a  positive 
position,  which  supplied  the  needs  of  all. 
We  have  lost  the  art  of  barter  because 
of  the  convenience  of  money,  but  now 
money  has  become  a  necessary  commod- 
ity, which  can  be  bought  and  sold,  in- 
stead of  a  medium  of  exchange,  repre- 
senting true  values  produced  by  honest 
toil.  We  have  allowed  our  financial 
structure  to  become  unbalanced  for  the 
sake  of  a  privileged  class,  thus  we  have 
a  controlled,  or  negative  dollar.  We 
need  a  money  system  that  will  create 
positive  dollars  instead  of  selfishly  con- 
trolled ones;  dollars  that  represent  true 
labor  value,  and  will  eliminate  depres- 
sion. Money  should  be  automatically 
governed  by  the  law  of  supply  and  de- 
mand. How  can  this  be  done?  By  using 
public  wealth,  created  by  labor,  as  a 
basis  for  money.  Money  is  but  the  vehi- 
cle on  which  wealth  is  transported,  and 
was  created  for  the  convenience  of  men. 
In  order  to  simplify  the  transaction  of 
business,  or  barter,  we  have  become  so 
accustomed  to  its  use,  and  our  modern 
life  has  become  so  complicated,  that 
we  cannot  live  comfortably  without 
money. 

In     order     to     prevent    juggling,     or 


manipulation  of  the  money  market,  all 
gold  and  silver  in  the  country  should 
be  stored  in  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States  and  released  for  industry  alone. 

A  Currency  Board  should  be  estab- 
lished for  the  purpose  of  estimating 
quantities  of  materials  used  in  public 
work. 

Each  commodity  should  have  a  fixed 
value  against  which  currency  may  be 
issued. 

A  second  board  would  evaluate  the 
commodities  in  place,  entering  into  pub- 
lic work,  and  a  permanent  value  estab- 
lished accordingly  for  monetary  use.  A 
percentage  of  such  value  to  be  used  as 
basis  for  issuing  currency. 

A  survey  will  be  needed,  also,  to  deter- 
mine the  depreciation  of  different  build- 
ings, roads,  or  other  public  wealth,  to 
find  the  term  in  years  of  the  useful  life 
of  such  public  wealth,  and  the  currency 
should  be  refunded  in  like  ratio  per  an- 
num, to  the  Currency  Board,  as  the  pro- 
ject depreciates  in  value. 

Commodities  should  have  the  same 
uniform  exchange  value  throughout  the 
whole  country. 

A  careful  check  would  be  needed  to 
find  the  amount  of  currency  lost  or  de- 
stroyed in  any  way.  The  Currency  Board 
taking  care  of  this  difference,  by  issuing 
a  credit  to  the  public  units  involved. 

Currency  issued  against  public  wealth, 
becomes  a  first  lien  against  all  property 
in  the  city  borrowing  new  currency,  and 
if,  for  any  cause,  such  public  property 
is  destroyed,  the  currency  issued  against 
that  public  wealth,  would  be  returned 
to  the  Currency  Board  immediately  for 
retirement  of  that  currency. 

A  city,  town,  state,  or  other  public 
unit,  would  have  the  privilege  to  borrow 
from  the  Currency  Board,  up  to  a  defi- 
nite percentage  of  the  assessed  value  of 
permanent  private  wealth  of  that  city, 
state,  or  other  public  unit. 

As  an  example — Use  75%  of  our 
present  day  value  of  materials,  on  aver- 
age throughout  the  whole  country.  For 
instance,  1-2-4  concrete  is  worth  ap- 
proximately $12  a  cu.  yd.  in  place  in  a 
building.  The  currency  value  at  75% 
would  be  $9;  or  in  a  highway,  the  cost 
would  be  approximately  $8.  In  this  case 
the  currency  would  be  $6  per  cu.  yd.  All 
other   materials   created   and   placed   by 


THE     CARPENTER 


13 


labor  in  public  work,  would  be  valued 
accordingly  for  currency  basis  only. 

Our  government,  national,  state,  city, 
or  other  public  units,  must  be  free  from 
private  dictators  of  all  kinds  and  al- 
lowed to  work  out  their  own  destiny. 
Why,  for  example,  should  the  people  of 
Houston,  Texas,  pay  tribute  to  a  few 
men  in  New  York  City  for  the  privilege 
of  building  some  public  school,  hospital 
or  road?  If  the  citizens  of  Houston 
should  build  a  $1,000,000  hospital,  un- 
der this  plan,  the  Currency  Board  would 
issue  $750,000;  then  Houston  would 
make  up  the  difference  between  cur- 
rency issued  and  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion, by  taxation.  The  useful  life  of  the 
building  would  be  twenty  years.  Hous- 
ton would  pay  back  5%  of  $750,000,  or 
$37,500  a  year,  to  the  Currency  Board. 
In  twenty  years,  the  useful  life  of  the 
building,  Houston  would  pay  back  the 
$750,000  and  be  free  to  build  a  new 
hospital,  if  she  wanted  to  do  so. 

If  labor  were  scarce,  the  cost  of  the 
hospital  would  be  over  $1,000,000;  if 
plentiful,  the  cost  of  the  same  building 
would  be  less  than  $1,000,000.  The 
amount  of.  the  currency  issued  would  be 
$750,000  irrespective  of  cost  to  Hous- 
ton. This  should  be  done  in  order  to 
encourage  building  during  periods  of 
low  labor  cost,  to  stabilize  values  and 
provide  steady  employment.  The  mar- 
gin set  would  naturally  find  its  own 
level  by  the  automatic  adjustment  of 
labor  prices.  High  priced  labor  would 
mean  less  currency,  less  public  work 
and  higher  interest;  cheap  labor  would 
mean  more  public  work,  more  currency, 
low  interest.  This  should  give  neither 
capital  or  labor  the  advantage.  The  dol- 
lar would  always  hold  a  stable  commod- 
ity value,  after  it  finds  its  own  level, 
which  would  curb  speculation.  Stand- 
ards of  living  would  advance  as  im- 
proved methods  of  creating  wealth  are 
inaugurated. 

Example:  a  building  which  cost  700,- 
000  labor  hours  to  create,  may  cost  only 
500,000  labor  hours  to  construct  in  ten 
years  from  now.  The  set  base  price  in 
dollars  would  be  the  same,  the  difference 
would  be  made  in  higher  wages  and 
more  profits,  which  means  more  buying 
power  for  the  people.  Other  commodi- 
ties will  follow  in  line.  If  a  suit  of 
clothes  costs  fifteen  labor  hours  to  make 
today,  and  only  seven  and  a  half  hours 
in  ten  years  from  now,  a  man  will  be 
able  to  buy  two  suits  of  clothes  instead 


of  one.  In  other  words,  as  labor  sav- 
ing machinery  is  invented,  labor  would 
benefit  by  being  able  to  live  better, 
while  the  commodities  would  hold  a 
comparatively  stable  price.  Labor  would 
be  the  first  to  receive  the  money  created 
by  work. 

There  would  not  be  the  means  of  cre- 
ating permanent  bondage  for  any  person 
or  group  of  persons.  Doles  and  debts 
would  be  eliminated.  This  plan  would 
reduce  taxes,  create  wealth,  break  mo- 
nopolies, and  guarantee  men  the  right 
to  work  and  live.  No  privileged  group 
could  limit  the  purchasing  power  of  the 
majority  of  the  people. 

Using  a  stable  value  on  labor  units 
and  material  entering  into  public 
wealth,  for  money,  through  the  whole 
country,  would  have  the  effect  of  spread- 
ing our  people  out  and  congregating 
them  in  the  most  desirable  places  in- 
stead of  compelling  them  to  inhabit 
some  section  where  real  estate  is  inflat- 
ed in  value.  Men  would  naturally  go 
where  they  can  make  the  best  living  for 
themselves  and  families.  The  cities 
which  decide  to  become  conservative 
and  shut  up  shop  for  any  reason,  would 
simply  lose  their  people  to  the  city 
which  was  progressive  and  the  conser- 
vative's town  real  estate  would  depreci- 
ate in  value,  accordingly.  Work  creates 
wealth.  We  must  reorganize  so  that  he 
who  serves  best,  profits  most.  A  city 
which  could  provide  the  best  life,  for 
the  most  people,  would  grow  and  pros- 
per according  to  the  advantages  it  could 
offer  its  citizens.  This  money  system 
would  give  every  man  the  opportunity 
to  pay  his  honest  debts,  by  providing 
him  with  the  chance  to  create  wealth 
according  to  his  ability.  There  would 
always  be  some  progressive  towns  and 
states. 

The  tariff  and  debt  questions  would 
be  settled.  The  theory  of  over-produc- 
tion would  be  exploded,  as  the  wants  of 
men  are  never  satisfied.  If  men  are  as- 
sured the  right  to  labor,  debtor  nations 
could  pay  their  debts  with  goods,  and 
the  whole  people  would  benefit  by  the 
transaction.  The  danger  of  war  would 
be  greatly  lessened,  if  big  men  of  the 
world  were  kept  busy  supplying  the 
needs  of  their  people.  The  opportunity 
of  gaining  world  power  and  trade 
through  manipulation  of  money  and 
conquest,  must  be  eliminated. 

An  artificial  shortage  of  money  has 
been  created  in  order  to  retain  high  in- 


14 


THE     CARPENTER 


terest  rates.  Money  does  not  create 
wealth;  yet  we  have  cut  labor,  the  only 
source  of  creating  new  wealth,  for  the 
sake  of  paying  dividends  and  interest, 
with  the  result  that  we  are  all  becom- 
ing poor  and  money  hungry,  and  in 
many  cases  unable  to  pay  either  inter- 
est or  dividends.  Now  the  great  question 
is,  "Shall  the  corner  on  money  be  brok- 
en by  a  new  crop  of  dollars?"  If  so, 
"How  shall  we  grow  them?"  Shall  we 
let  our  bankers  do  it?  Or  shall  we 
produce  these  dollars  by  creating  public 
wealth  and  distribute  them  in  pay  for 
honest  labor  used  in  creating  that 
wealth?  We  have  borrowed  enough: 
let  us  earn  our  dollars. 

Our  old  bankers  were  wise  men.  They 
knew  that  excess  indulgence  would  kill 
them  and  take  away  their  power.  They 
would  not  have  dared  to  do  some  things 
that  are  done  today.  They  helped  pass 
and  enforce  laws  to  keep  interest  money 
in  bounds,  by  limiting  the  rate  of  inter- 
est charged.  They  rendered  a  real  serv- 
ice to  humanity  by  taking  into  consid- 
eration the  character  of  men  to  whom 
they  loaned  money.  They  won  a  great 
reputation  for  themselves.  As  time 
passed,  the  bankers  became  lax.  In 
many  cases,  the  practice  of  charging 
bonus,  or  graft,  crept  into  the  system, 
even  for  the  privilege  of  obtaining  a 
well  secured  loan.  They  elevated  their 
friends  and  slaughtered  the  rest.  They 
went  into  getting  all  the  wealth  they 
could,  for  themselves.  As  a  result, 
many  loan  companies  sprang  up  which 
are  able  to  charge  usury  as  high  as  36  % 
a  year  for  small  loans.  An  honest  man 
used  to  go  to  fhe  bank  and  pay  only  6  % 
for  the  same  service. 

Through  the  manipulation  of  money, 
some  men  have  grown  so  rich  and  pow- 
erful that  they  are  beyond  the  powers 
of  government  to  even  prosecute  them, 
no  matter  what  they  do.  They  can  dic- 
tate the  policies  of  government,  using 
the  club  of  depression  and  panic  on  men 
in  high  places,  in  order  to  make  them 
serve  their  special  interest.  They  have 
meddled  with  the  laws  of  supply  and 
demand.  They  have  caused  mergers 
and  monopolies  in  order  to  cut  out  fair 
competition,  and  set  up  price  fixing 
machinery  which  has  cost  Americans 
their  liberty  and  independence.  They 
are  in  the  same  class  with  the  kings  of 
years  ago,  only  worse,  because  they  can 
work  under  cover.  A  king  would  not 
have    dared    to    have    caused    a    set    up 


which  would  starve  men,  women  and 
children,  in  the  midst  of  plenty,  and 
confiscate  their  farms  and  homes.  Are 
we  to  let  our  nation  fall,  for  the  privi- 
lege of  keeping  a  few  of  these  mighty 
ones  in  power? 

We  need  honest  bankers  for  the  pur- 
pose of  extending  credit  to  honest  busi- 
ness men.  The  government  cannot  safe- 
ly extend  credit  to  any  one,  as  credit 
must  deal  with  character  and  person- 
alities. Honest  and  wise  bankers  will 
accept  this  plan,  for  it  will  save  them 
from  a  government  owned  banking  sys- 
tem. Some  bankers  will  call  this  plan 
rank  inflation,  dangerous.  But  is  it? 
Buildings,  roads,  and  other  public 
wealth  built  under  this  plan,  would  rep- 
resent a  useful  stable  value.  True,  they 
could  not  be  cornered  or  loaded  on  a 
steamship  and  carried  off  to  some  for- 
eign country,  but  how  many  of  us  want 
that  privilege?  What  good  does  gold 
or  silver  do  anyone  when  it  is  locked  up 
in  a  vault? 

Is  it  dangerous  to  be  able  to  sell  your 
labor  at  a  profit?  If  not,  then  let  the 
other  fellow  earn  enough  to  pay  for  the 
things  you  make  to  sell.  Standard  of 
living  would  raise  according  to  the  pro- 
ductive powers  of  the  people.  Men 
would  be  able  to  order  their  own  ways 
of  life,  according  to  their  own  ability. 
It  is  easy  to  evade  a  man  made  law,  but 
you  cannot  evade  a  natural  law,  without 
suffering  the  consequences.  Our  con- 
stitution does  not  provide  for  privately 
owned  perpetual  monopolies  of  any  sort. 
Competition  is  the  life  of  trade.  Monop- 
olies that  lower  wages  are  equivalent 
to  the  ones  which  raise  prices  on  goods. 
Our  public  service  commissions  will  not 
let  public  service  corporations  raise  the 
rate  for  their  service,  but  it  does  not 
stop  them  from  lowering  their  workers 
wages,  and  their  leaders  from  using 
their  influence  to  cut  the  general  wage 
scale. 

This  money  plan  is  dangerous  only  to 
the  money  manipulators.  If  some  slick 
rascals  would  make  the  majority  be- 
lieve that  it  was  right  for  them  to  hold 
a  corner  on  food,  for  example,  they 
would  soon  have  all  the  wealth  of  the 
country  in  their  own  hands.  Our  money 
is  controlled  on  much  the  same .  basis 
as  that  of  a  cornered  food,  only  the  ef- 
fects are  felt  more  gradually.  What 
cannot  be  filched  from  the  people  in  one 
way,  will  be  gotten  in  another.  For  in- 
stance, we  hear  a  great  deal  about  the 


THE     CARPENTER 


15 


high  rate  of  city,  state  and  national 
taxes.  They  are  high,  but  31.1%  of 
Philadelphia's  total  income  is  spent  for 
interest  on  public  bonds,  which  gives 
us  nothing  in  return,  while  only  38.4% 
pays  all  the  salaries  and  wages  for  the 
many  fine  services  the  city  renders  us. 
The  depreciation  on  city  property  was 
found  to  be  14.3%,  which  would  indi- 
cate that  we  pay  for  most  of  our  public 
improvements  several  times,  where  once 
should  be  sufficient.  The  balance  of 
16.2%,  of  Philadelphia's  total  income, 
goes  for  materials,  supplies,  etc.  The 
interest  for  19  3  3  increased  by  about 
3%  over  1932,  while  the  wages  of  pub- 
lic servants  decreased  by  about  10x/2  %• 
*  Those  in  government  offices  are  con- 
demned for  the  salaries  they  receive. 
Such  critics  may  be  right  in  some 
cases,  but  these  salaries  are  spread  out 
to  many  people  and  go  to  buy  things 
which  others  make  to  sell.  Very  little 
do  we  hear  about  the  ever-increasing  in- 
terest which  must  be  met  before  any- 
thing else  is  paid.  Most  of  these  debts 
were  brought  into  being  by  creating 
public  wealth:  and  everybody  enjoyed 
prosperity  while  these  buildings,  roads, 
etc.,  were  being  constructed,  but  we 
sold  ourselves  into  bondage  for  this 
prosperity.  Let  us  cut  the  millstone  of 
new  bondage  from  our  necks  by  a  proper 
set  up  of  our  money  system,  so  we  can 
get  to  work  and  pay  off  our  old  debts. 

The  privilege  of  controlling  the  issu- 
ing of  currency  by  bankers  has  put  them 
in  the  same  class  as  the  men  who  used 
to  control  the  wheat,  with  the  exception 
that  the  new  crop  of  wheat  always  broke 
the  corner.  The  bankers'  corner  holds, 
and  slowly  and  surely  our  wealth  is 
drifting  away  from  us,  into  their  hands. 
We  all  admit  a  change  must  be  made. 
Let  us  make  it  so  that  it  will  be  gov- 
erned by  the  natural  law  of  supply  and 
demand.  The  above  plan  will  allow  an 
interest  to  be  charged,  within  reason- 
able bounds,  but  men  will  not  be  com- 
pelled to  pay  usury  as  high  as  36%, 
nor  will  they  be  obliged  to  pay  bonus 
or  graft  for  honest  loans,  and  money 
will  not  be  a  God,  all  powerful. 


Speculation,  inflation  in  value  of 
money,  in  land,  credit  and  commodity 
prices,  are  all  heirs  to  the  cornered 
money.  Our  American  homes  are  being 
wrecked  because  of  the  inability  of  the 
father  to  earn  enough  to  support  the 
family.  Mothers  are  compelled  to  go 
out  and  work;  children  are  left  to  run 
the  streets  and  are  deprived  of  the  care, 
instruction,  and  guidance  of  the  mother. 
Many  of  our  young  people  are  afraid  to 
marry  and  set  up  homes  for  themselves. 
Our  old  people  are  suffering  from  hun- 
ger, cold,  and  lack  of  proper  care.  War, 
crime,  racketeering,  worry,  sickness, 
malnutrition,  and  death,  can  be  traced 
directly  to  the  corner  of  money. 

If  we  are  to  have  good  honest  citi- 
zens, we  must  provide  ways  and  means, 
whereby  they  can  earn  an  honest  living 
without  humiliating  themselves  in  the 
sight  of  others.  The  great  danger  of 
currency  inflation,  without  suitable  la- 
bor value,  is  manipulation  by  the  very 
ones  who  are  fighting  against  it  now. 
In  other  words,  once  inflation  is  started, 
the  big  bankers  will  help  to  over-do  it, 
in  order  to  get  back  the  power  which 
they  have  lost,  by  putting  the  country 
back  on  a  gold  standard,  which  they 
can  control  and  manipulate.  Inflation 
does  not  put  men  to  work.  A  metal 
standard  for  money  is  entirely  inade- 
quate to  meet  the  present  needs  of  the 
people.  Pegging  the  dollar  to  anything 
that  can  be  privately  controlled,  is  ab- 
solutely unjust.  We  must  build  property 
and  distribute  money  in  that  way,  which 
will  benefit  all,  and  not  take  wealth 
from  the  rich  or  anyone  else,  but  will 
provide  the  right  for  all  men  to  create 
new  wealth  for  themselves.  It  is  fool- 
ish to  store  up  hordes  of  metal  that  do 
no  one  good. 

We  must  build  for  permanence  and 
provide  opportunity  for  life,  liberty,  and 
happiness,  before  it  is  too  late.  We  owe 
it  to  our  posterity.  We  have  no  right  to 
sell  our  children  into  bondage  for  the 
sake  of  keeping  an  antiquated,  unfair 
money  system. 

(Copyrighted  and  published  with  per- 
mission of  Mr.  Sheen.) 


SOME  OF  LABORS'  LIQUID  ASSETS 


1.  THE  MAN  WHO  LIVES  to  see 
how  much  he  can  do  for  his  Union  and 
its  members.  The  man  that  realizes 
that  without  his  Union  he  has  to  take 
what  the  employers  offer  and  he  is  not 


afraid  to  admit  it.  The  man  who  attends 
his  meetings,  always  ready  to  help  the 
officers;   not  retard  them. 


2.      THE  MAN  THAT  REALIZES  that 


36 


THE     CARPENTER 


man  is  not  infallible,  and  does  not  ex- 
pect the  Union  officers  to  be  miracle 
men  and  do  the  impossible.  The  man 
who  has  sense  enough  to  know  that  no 
business  can  exist  without  funds,  and 
always  keeps  his  dues  paid  up  if  he  is 
able.  He  does  not  ride  along  on  "exten- 
sions" if  he  has  the  means  to  pay. 


3.  THE  MAN  THAT  STUDIES  labor 
conditions  existing  in  his  industry  and 
is  not  afraid  to  submit  his  ideas  to 
those  he  has  elected  to  represent  him. 
Too  much  cannot  be  said  in  favor  of 
the  member  who  appreciates  the  help 
his  organization  has  given  him,  and  who 
is  not  afraid  to  let  the  scoffers  know 
about  it. 


4.  THE  MEMBER  WHO  IS  READY 
at  all  times  to  make  sacrifices  for  his 
Union,  not  betray  it  for  thirty  pieces  of 
silver.  Every  country,  busines  and  un- 
ion has  its  shares  of  these  Doubting 
Thomases,  but  they  are  only  a  small 
minority,  and  are  usually  ostracized  and 
forced  out  of  the  Union. 


5.  The  man  who  hears  the  enemies 
of  the  Union  rapping  the  Labor  Move- 
ment. He  has  the  necessary  knowledge 
and  courage  enough  to  fight  back.  This 
man  does  not  listen  to  only  one  side  of 
many  stories  he  hears.  He  wants  to 
know  the  truth  and  goes  after  it. 


6.  The  member  who  joined  the  Un- 
ion because  he  believed  that  "In  Union 
there  is  strength."  He  does  his  best  to 
add  to  that  strength.  The  member  who 
has  sense  enough  to  know  that  when 
there  is  very  little  work  in  the  market, 
the  only  thing  to  do  is  to  divide  the 
work  up,  and  he  is  willing  to  do  his 
share  toward  that  kind  of  a  program. 


the  "Obligation"  he  took  is  a  serious 
matter  and  lives  up  to  it.  And  one 
clause,  "I  hereby  promise  to  aid  and 
assist  a  needy  brother,  he  so  appealing 
to  me,  and  I  finding  him  worthy  to  the 
full  extent  of  my  means" —  is  the  most 
binding  obligation  a  real  Union  man  can 
take. 


8.  The  member  who  doesn't  "lay 
back"  and  let  the  other  fellow  do  it  all. 
Did  you  ever  see  a  gang  of  men  pulling 
on  a  rope?  And  one  of  them  is  just  let- 
ting his  hands  slide  along  the  rope — 
stalling — letting  the  others  do  the 
work?  Well,  this  is  the  way  some  of 
our  worthy  brothers  work  for  their 
union. 


9.  The  member  who  does  not  let 
the  chiselers  do  things  on  the  job  that 
tend  to  keep  other  men  out  of  work. 
Such  things  as  inferior  work;  working 
overtime  for  straight  time;  carrying  ma- 
terial in  his  own  car  on  his  own  time; 
sneaking  off  the  job  to  go  and  do  an- 
other job,  while  the  helper  works  alone. 

10.  The  member  who  preaches  the 
Gospel  of  True  Unionism  to  the  people 
who  do  not  understand  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  the  union  labor 
movement.  The  member  who  so  con- 
ducts himself  in  and  outside  of  his  Un- 
ion so  as  to  gain  the  respect  of  the 
general  public. 


The    member    who    believes    that 


11.  The  member  who  believes  in 
constructive  criticism  and  who  offers  his 
views  in  the  proper  manner.  The  mem- 
ber who  behaves  as  a  true  Union  man 
should  at  the  meetings  of  his  local.  He 
does  not  try  to  create  animosity  by  air- 
ing his  criticism  of  his  union's  activities. 
The  member  who  reads  his  Constitution 
and  By-Laws  and  abides  by  them. —  (La- 
bor World,  Jamaica,  L.  I.) 


JAMES  F.  MARSH  OF  CANADA  HONORED 


HE  International  Trade 
Union  Movement  has  oft- 
en demonstrated  that  it 
contains  within  its  ranks, 
Canadian  citizens  fitted  in 
every  respect  to  fulfill 
high  administrative  posts  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  this  country.  Numbers  of 
its  members  are  regularly  elected  in 
their  own  communities  to  City  Councils, 


Boards  of  Education  and  other  respon- 
sible municipal  bodies.  In  the  Provincial 
Legislatures  are  also  to  be  found  num- 
bers of  others,  who  received  their  train- 
ing in  public  life  as  members  of  Cana- 
dian locals  of  international  trade  unions. 
The  same  applies  to  the  Federal  Parlia- 
ment, three  former  Federal  ministers  of 
labor,  being  active  members  of  this 
movement. 


THE     CARPENTER 


17 


This  honored  list  has  now  been  added 
to  by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  James  F. 
Marsh,  of  Toronto,  to  the  position  of 
Deputy  Minister  of  Labor  by  the  new 
Ontario  government.  "Jim,"  as  he  is 
familiarly  known  throughout  the  Domin- 
ion, brings  to  this  office  a  wealth  of  ex- 
perience gained  while  in  the  service  of 
his  fellow  workers.  First  filling  various 
offices  in  the  local  of  the  United  Broth- 
erhood of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of 
America  at  Niagara  Falls,  Ont.,  he  rose 
to  the  position  of  business  agent  for  the 
Niagara  District  and  in  1918  was  ap- 
pointed General  Representative  of  the 
Brotherhood  upon  that  position  being 
vacated  by  Tom  Moore,  when  he  was 
elected,  in  that  year,  to  the  presidency 
of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of 
Canada. 

For  the  past  twenty-five  years  there 
have  been  very  few  conventions  of  the 
Congress  that  "Jim"  has  not  attended 
and  he  has  acted  as  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions  at  these  gath- 
erings on  a  number  of  occasions.  In 
1924  he  was  the  choice  of  the  conven- 
tion to  carry  the  fraternal  greetings  of 
the  Canadian  Labor  Movement  to  the 
British  Trades  Union  Congress,  visiting 
England  for  that  purpose  in  September, 
1925.  Coincident  with  this  he  fulfilled 
a  further  mission  of  attending  the  an- 
nual gathering  of  the  French  Confeder- 
ation of  Labor  in  Paris,  taking  this  op- 
portunity to  make  himself  acquainted 
with  other  sections   of  the   trade   union 


movement  of  Europe.  At  all  times  he 
has  endeavored  to  keep  himself  well 
informed  on  international  matters, 
though  never  losing  sight  of  the  import- 
ance of  securing  improvement  in  con- 
ditions for  Canadian  workers  as  a  first 
essential. 

Under  his  guidance,  and  with  the  co- 
operation of  such  a  competent  assistant 
as  the  former  deputy  minister,  Mr.  A. 
W.  Crawford,  who  has  now  taken  over 
the  important  duties  of  Chairman  of  the 
Minimum  Wage  Board  and  the  enforce- 
ment of  its  regulations,  the  Ontario  De- 
partment of  Labor  should  become  one 
of  real  assistance  to  the  workers  of  the 
province. 

That  Mr.  Marsh  and  his  assistant  will 
have  the  full  support  of  the  Hon.  Mr. 
Roebuck,  Minister  of  Labor,  in  this  re- 
spect was  made  clear  by  the  Minister  in 
his  Labor  Day  address  at  the  Toronto 
Exhibition  wherein  he  declared: 

"With  these  two  men  I,  as  Min- 
ister of  Labor,  expect  to  have  an 
easy  time  in  putting  over  the  pro- 
gressive program  adopted  by  the 
Labor  Department." 

In  the  onerous  task  of  giving  effect 
to  this  declaration,  Mr.  Marsh  has  the 
best  wishes  of  all  those  he  has  so  long 
worked  with,  and  we  join  in  extending 
to  him  congratulations  upon  his  appoint- 
ment and  to  the  Government  for  the 
wisdom  of  its  choice  for  the  position  of 
Deputy  Minister  of  Labor. 


UNEMPLOYMENT  UNDERMINES  HEALTH 


HE  Milbank  Memorial 
Foundation  has  published 
a  study  of  the  effects  of 
depression  on  health.  A 
survey  of  3,000  working- 
men's  families  in  Cleve- 
land, Syracuse  and  Baltimore  shows 
that  is  1929  the  average  annual  income 
of  this  group  was  $1,700;  by  1932  this 
had  shrunk  to  an  average  of  $900.  In 
19  2  9  only  one-third  of  these  families 
had  less  than  $1,200;  in  1932  three- 
fourths  of  them  had  less,  and  one-fifth 
were  on  relief.  As  income  largely  con- 
trols the  material  side  of  life,  the  con- 
sequences of  this  huge  decline  is  a  prob- 
lem with  which  we  shall  have  to  deal  in 
the  coming  years.  And  yet  we  have  only 
clues  to  the  effects  of  insufficient  foods, 
inadequate    clothing    and    housing,    the 


worry  and  struggles   due   to   unemploy- 
ment. 

Many  who  have  been  watching  the 
death  rate  as  an  index  to  this  problem 
have  been  baffled  by  the  fact  that  it  has 
actually  been  declined.  This  had  led 
some  to  say  that  depression  improves 
public  health.  At  least  it  shows  that  de- 
pression has  not  so  far  killed  very  many 
of  our  population,  concluded  Dr.  Edgar 
Sydenstricker,  who  directed  the  survey. 
However,  he  warns,  health  experts  no 
longer  depend  upon  death  rates  alone 
as  an  index  to  health — extent  of  ill 
health  and  resistance  to  disease  are  at 
least  of  equal  significance.  To  throw 
light  on  this  aspect,  the  study  was  made. 
The  survey  included:  a  record  of  eco- 
nomic history  and  mortality  covering 
19  28-32    and    the    occurrence    of   illness 


18 


THE     CARPENTER 


during  a  three-month  period  in  193  3; 
examination  of  school  children  in  two 
cities  to  determine  the  relation  between 
their  nutritional  status  and  fluctuations 
in  family  income;  a  study  of  diets  of 
1,200  families  in  ten  cities. 

Dr.  Sydenstricker  reports  these  high- 
ly significant  facts  paralleling  depres- 
sion consequences:  the  sickness  rates 
were  more  than  50  per  cent  higher  in 
families  whose  incomes  had  dropped 
sharply  in  the  depression.  Illness  rate 
varied  with  the  degree  of  unemployment 
for  family  members— highest  where 
members  were  totally  unemployed,  drop- 
ping where  members  were  employed 
part  time,  and  falling  to  the  lowest  rate 
where  workers  are  employed  full  time. 
That  thehighest  rate  of  sickness  occurred 
in  families  whose  incomes  were  most 
seriously  curtailed  and  where  unem- 
ployment continued  for  the  longest  peri- 
od, may  be  accepted  as  an  index  to 
the  effect  of  unemployment  on  health. 
Where  the  family  income  had  been  cut 


sharply,  the  survey  showed  definitely  a 
food  supply  under  the  minimum  for  ade- 
quate physical  maintenance.  Families 
on  relief  who  received  food  orders  main- 
tained better  dietary  standards.  This  is 
due  perhaps  to  the  desire  of  a  family  to 
maintain  their  outward  standards  which 
contribute  to  self-respect  even  at  the 
detriment  of  the  more  private  essentials 
of  health.  Here  we  have  an  alternative 
that  is  not  simple — selection  between 
those  things  which  maintain  spirit  and 
personality  and  those  things  which 
maintain  body  and  health.  It  is  a  choice 
which  has  potential  consequences  to. the 
individuals  concerned  and  to  society. 

We  have  but  few  indexes  to  show  us 
the  social  consequences  of  our  economic 
and  political  forces,  which  make  it  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  give  consideration  to 
such  factors  in  our  policy  making. 
There  are  always  ready  excuses  to  dis- 
regard unrecorded  or  intangible  forces. 
The  Milbank  study  is  especially  welcome 
as  a  contribution  to  this  field. 


THE  AGE  OF  PERPETUAL  PLENTY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 


PART   II 


HE  age  of  perpetual 
plenty,"  the  philosopher 
began,  having  in  mind 
what  he  said  in  his  pre- 
vious discourse,  "was 
ushered  into  existence 
with  the  advent  of  modern  science  and 
inventions.  Since  that  advent  the 
world's  resources  have  always  been 
great  enough  to  keep  all  supplied,  even 
far  beyond  the  point  of  necessity.  Ma- 
chine efficiency  has  multiplied  produc- 
tion, and  whenever  distribution  will  be 
brought  up  to  a  par  with  production, 
then  the  new  age  of  perpetual  plenty 
will  have  been  fully  realized." 

The  philosopher  was  too  well  in- 
formed to  be  advocating  a  full  realiza- 
tion of  the  new  age,  as  it  were,  by  the 
twinkling  of  an  eye — that  is  not  the 
way  new  ages  are  evolved.  The  coming 
process  of  a  new  era  must  needs  be 
slow,  and  usually  during  the  coming 
period,  only  a  few  have  the  insight  nec- 
essary to  see  the  inevitable  changes  tak- 
ing place.  The  masses  of  the  people 
during  such  changes  seldom  realize  fully 
that  such  a  change  is  taking  place, 
though  they  might  be  wishing  for  it. 
It  is  said  that  the  people  of  Rome  who 


lived  there  during  its  fall,  did  not  know 
that  Rome  was  falling,  but  they  knew 
that  something  was  happening.  After 
the  fall  was  complete,  historians  ana- 
lyzed the  situation  and  found  this  to  be 
a  fact.  In  much  the  same  way  will  come 
the  age  our  philosopher  is  hoping  for. 

"Our  natural  resources  are  plentiful," 
the  philosopher  went  on  in  an  ordinary 
tone  of  voice.  "Our  mines  yield  gold, 
silver,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  iron  and  other 
metals.  Our  gas  and  oil  wells  are  among 
the  richest  producers  in  the  world.  We 
produce  salt,  sulphur,  asbestos  and 
other  minerals  in  large  quantities.  Be- 
sides these  products  that  come  directly 
from  mines,  we  produce  materials  nec- 
essary for  construction  work,  such  as, 
lime,  sand,  cement  and  gypsum.  Our 
mountains  and  hills  are  full  of  building 
stone  of  every  kind,  and  we  have  clay 
for  making  many  varieties  of  brick.  We 
are  among  the  world's  greatest  lumber 
producers,  because,  our  forests  rank 
among  the  best,  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  something  more  nearly  perma- 
nent should  be  done  to  preserve  our 
natural  forests,  and  replenish  them  from 
year  to  year.  We  can  not  neglect  our 
forests   without   bringing   a   curse   upon 


THE     CARPENTER 


19 


posterity,  by  reason  of  a  coming  scar- 
city of  lumber,  which  is  the  best  adapted 
building  material  ever  known. 

"Our  agricultural  possibilities  are  al- 
most without  limit.  We  have  the  soil, 
we  have  the  climatic  conditions  and  we 
have  the  rainfall.  Our  farmers  are  in- 
telligent, industrious  and  efficient.  As 
growers  of  wheat,  corn,  oats,  grasses 
and  other  similar  products,  our  farmers 
lead  the  world.  Our  fruit  growers  are 
leaders  in  quality,  quantity  and  in  vari- 
ety. Our  truck  farmers  produce  pota- 
toes, beets,  melons,  onions  and  many 
vegetables  that  are  distinctly  garden 
products.  We  furnish  the  market  with 
dairy  products,  eggs  and  poultry,  and 
are  able  to  supply  a  much  greater  de- 
mand for  these  things  than  the  present 
system  of  distribution  has  yet  stimulat- 
ed. We  are  specialists  in  raising  horses, 
mules,  cattle,  hogs,  sheep  and  can  fill 
almost  any  kind  of  demand.  And 
then  we  raise — I  almost  forgot — goats, 
enough  to  supply  the  market,  and  sat- 
isfy the  demands  of  Dr.  Brinkley,  the 
goat  gland  specialist.  We  are  leaders  in 
the  production  of  cotton,  and  stand  high 
as  wool  producers.  Our  sea  coasts,  lakes 
and  rivers  yield  many  water  products 
for  the  market.  Fishing,  besides  being 
one  of  our  universal  sports,  constitutes 
in   many  places  a   productive  industry. 

"Our  means  of  transportation  are  the 
best  in  the  world.  We  have  literally  a 
complete  network  of  railroads  covering 
the  whole  continent.  Being  almost  com- 
pletely surrounded  by  water,  and  hav- 
ing navigable  rivers  together  with  our 
great  lakes,  adds  navigation  to  our 
means  of  transportation.  Moreover,  in 
recent  years  good  roads  have  made  it 
possible  for  trucks  to  reach  almost 
every  hamlet  and  town  on  the  whole 
continent.  Then  we  have  transportation 
by  air,  which  is  growing  into  a  far- 
reaching  and  permanent  institution. 
Along  with  transportation,  we  have  our 
means  of  communication,  of  which  our 
postal  system  ranks  among  the  great- 
est. Besides  the  express  companies  our 
postal  system  has  little  competition.  The 
telephone  and  telegraph  are  now  uni- 
versally established  institutions.  While 
the  radio  could  be  classed  as  a  means 
of  communication;  it,  in  many  ways,  is 
more  nearly  a  means  of  entertainment 
and  education,  which  has  or  is  being 
bootlegged  over  into  the  field  of  adver- 
tising. The  radio  is  the  strongest  com- 
petitor the  press  has  ever  had,  and  the 


time  might  come  when  the  press  will 
have  to  relinquish  many  of  its  functions 
as  a  moulder  of  public  opinion,  and 
listen  to  the  radio. 

"Our  mills  grind  enough  wheat  for 
flour  to  make  bread  for  all.  Our  can- 
ning factories  and  packing  houses  pre- 
pare more  than  enough  for  our  own 
people,  and  if  the  demands  would  justi- 
fy it,  could  easily  enlarge  their  output. 
We  manufacture  furniture,  fixtures, 
tools,  utensils,  implements  and  labor- 
saving  devices.  We  make  machines, 
manufacture  and  assemble  automobiles 
by  the  millions,  and  build  airplanes 
that  span  land  and  seas  alike.  Our 
educational  facilities  reach  from  the 
kindergarten  to  the  universities,  and  are 
capable  of  turning  out  the  best  trained 
men  and  women  the  world  has  ever 
seen;  and  to  them  we  must  look  for 
bringing  about  a  social  order  that  will 
place  distribution  on  a  par  with  produc- 
tion. From  them  must  come  our  lead- 
ers for  economic  justice  and  industrial 
democracy.  It  will  be  those  men  and 
those  women,  sons  and  daughters  of 
working  men,  who  will  bring  to  pass 
with  one  stroke  the  abolition  of  huge 
fortunes  and  poverty.  It  will  be  they 
who  will  establish  a  new  social  order, 
the  age  of  perpetual  plenty  for  all." 

The  philosopher  purposely  avoided 
giving  a  definite  outline  of  his  hoped- 
for  age  of  perpetual  plenty.  He  con- 
tented himself  with  giving  the  resources 
that  are  available,  in  order  to  prove 
that  everything,  so  far  as  supplies  are 
concerned,  has  been  provided.  That  the 
only  thing  lacking  is  a  just  and  equit- 
able system  of  distribution.  While  he 
believes  that  our  educational  system 
will  train  men  and  women  who  will 
eventually  bring  about  a  new  order,  the 
main  factor  in  the  coming  of  that  age, 
is  the  process  of  evolution.  Men's  minds 
are  largely  the  product  of  cause  and  ef- 
fect, and  just  as  process  of  evolution 
produces  the  cause,  the  effect  will  be 
the  reaction  taking  place  in  the  minds  of 
men.  The  burden  of  the  age  of  perpet- 
ual plenty  for  all,  will  not  rest  upon 
any  one  mind  alone.  It  must  needs  rest 
upon  the  minds  of  the  masses,  and' 
chiefly  upon  the  minds  of  the  leaders 
of  the  common  people.  And  if  the  chosen 
leaders  of  the  people  fail  in  this  task, 
then  there  will  rise  leaders  from  among 
them,  who  will,  as  a  travailing  mother, 
sacrifice  and  suffer  until  the  new  age 
is  born. 


Editorial 


THE  CARPENTER 

Official  Journal  of 

THE    UNITED    BROT'm.^MOOD    OF 

CARPENTERS   AND  JOINERS 

OF  AMERICA 

Published  on   the   15th   of   each    month   at   the 
CARPENTERS*   BUILDING 

Indianapolis,   Ind. 

UNITED  BROTHERHOOD  OF 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERd   OF  AMERICA. 

Publishers 

FRANK  DUFFY,  E^tor 

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INDIANAPOLIS,   DECEMBER,    1934 

>-|f  HRISTMAS  Day,  accepted  as  the 
^b  principal  holiday  of  the  year,  is 
the  birthday  of  Christ.  It  is  the 
day  on  which  all  human  beings  give 
consideration  to  the  ultimate  aim  of 
Christianity — Peace  on  earth  to  men  of 
good  will. 

The  General  Officers  of  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners 
of  America  extend  Christmas  greetings 
and  best  wishes  for  a  Happy  New  Year 
to  all  members  of  the  organization. 


The  Housing  Program 

ESTIMATING  that  at  least  three  or 
four  million  homes  should  be 
built  under  the  stimulus  of  the 
Federal  Housing  Act,  James  A.  Moffett, 
Federal  Housing  Administrator,  has 
sounded  a  note  of  encouragement  for 
building  trades  mechanics.  If  these  pre- 
dictions prove  correct,  a  solution  for  the 
stagnant  condition  of  the  American  con- 
struction industry  would  be  near. 

But  the  "if"  is  a  very  big  one.  With 
millions  of  government-backed  money  in 
banks  and  building  and  loan  associa- 
'  tiohs  waiting  to  be  utilized,  the  success 
of  this  scheme  is  contingent,  to  some 
degree,  on  the  capacity  of  the  average 
home  owner  to  meet  the  rather  rigid  re- 
strictions under  which  loans  can  be 
granted.  At  present  thousands  of  home 
owners  are  clinging  precariously  to  their 
titles,  and  cannot  justifiably  obligate 
themselves  with  any  additional  indebt- 
edness, even  for  much-needed  repairs. 

For  the  home  owner  who  has  an  as- 
sured income  out  of  which  he  can  meet 
his  mortgage  payments,  it  offers  a  splen- 
did opportunity  to  renovate  or  modern- 
ize his  home.  So  far,  however,  the  initia- 
tive rests  with  the  home  owner.  The 
vital  question  is  "Will  these  efforts 
prove  sufficient  to  have  a  revivifying  ef- 
fect on  the  country's  major  industry?" 

Should  the  "permanent  part  of  the 
housing  program"  referred  to  by  Mr. 
Moffett  take  the  form  of  a  widespread 
program  of  low-cost  housing  under  gov- 
ernment initiative,  there  would  be  better 
reason  for  optimism.  England's  experi- 
ment in  the  field  of  low-cost  housing 
clearly  demonstrates  how  effective  can 
be  the  impetus  given  a  sorely  pressed 
industry  by  an  extensive  government- 
sponsored  program.  There  the  work  has 
been  financed  in  a  large  measure  by 
long-term  bonds  carrying  low  interest 
rates. 

In  the  United  States,  with  ample 
funds  available,  the  problem  resolves  it- 
self into  that  of  directing  them  into  the 
channel  most  likely  to  absorb  the  vast 
numbers    of   unemployed    artisans.     For 


THE     CARPENTER 


21 


instance,  slum  eradication  as  a  major 
project  instead  of  a  minor  corallary  of 
the  main  program  would  provide  the 
scope  for  housing  on  a  scale  compatible 
with  the  demands  of  the  situation. 


New  Jersey   Jurist  Broadens   Views   On 
Labor's  Act 

ONE  of  the  most  amazing  confes- 
sions ever  made  from  the  bench 
came  last  October  from  the  lips 
of  Vice  Chancellor  Charles  M.  Egan,  in 
chancery  court  Jersey  City. 

Egan  recently  acquired  unenviable 
notoriety  by  issuing  anti-labor  injunc- 
tions so  sweeping  that  strikers  were  re- 
strained from  doing  everything  but 
breathing.  His  latest  order  was  against 
the  United  Shoe  and  Leather  Workers' 
Union,  issued  on  petition  of  the  Restful 
Slipper  Company  of  Jersey  City.  It  was 
made  a  crime  for  the  workers  even  to 
tell  anybody  that  a  strike  was  in  prog- 
ress. 

When  this  injunction  came  up  for 
hearing,  most  of  the  arbitrary  restric- 
tions were  eliminated  by  Judge  Egan, 
who  explained  that  he  had  undergone  a 
"conversion"  and  that  his  views  on  la- 
bor had  been  "broadened  and  enlarged." 

"I  shall  never  again,"  said  Egan,  "is- 
sue an  injunction  in  a  labor  dispute 
without  due  notice  to  the  other  side  and 
after  hearing  both  sides.  The  door  of 
this  court  will  always  be  open  for  the 
just  settlement  of  legal  disputes  involv- 
ing industrial  relations,  and  labor  or- 
ganizations will  find  they  have  here  the 
same  rights  as  other  litigants." 


Wisconsin  Leads 

Wisconsin's  compulsory  unemploy- 
ment insurance  law,  the  first  one  in  the 
United  States,  went  into  effect  early  in 
July. 

Benefits  are  limited  to  a  maximum  of 
$10  a  week  for  not  longer  than  ten 
weeks  in  any  one  year.  No  employe  can 
be  compelled  to  accept  employment,  and 
an  employe  is  free  to  decline  employ- 
ment where  the  vacancy  is  occasioned  by 
a  trade  dispute,  or  the  wages,  hours  and 
conditions  are  not  those  prevailing  for 
similar  work  in  the  same  locality. 

The  benefits  due  an  employe  under 
the  law  may  be  applied  in  part  payment 
of  wages  allowed  him  for  any  govern- 
mental relief  employment. 


No  employer  may  require  contribu- 
tions from  employes,  or  deduct  them 
from  wages;  but  workers  may  augment 
legal  benefits  by  setting  up  funds  of 
their  own  to  which  they  make  voluntary 
contributions. 

Farm  labor,  personal  or  domestic 
service,  governmental  unemployment  re- 
lief work,  teaching  and  public  employ- 
ment and  interstate  railroad  employ- 
ment are  not  included  in  the  law. 

The  basic  principle  of  the  law  involves 
the  setting  up  of  an  unemployment  re- 
serve fund  to  be  administered  by 
the  State  without  liability  beyond  the 
amount  of  the  fund. 

A  separate  account  is  to  be  kept  for 
each  employer,  except  in  cases  where 
employers  in  the  same  industry  or  in 
the  same  locality  prefer  to  pool  their 
contributions. 

Neither  the  State  nor  the  wage  earner 
is  required  to  make  any  contribution. 
The  bill  assumes  that  involuntary  un- 
employment is  justly  the  burden  of  in- 
dustry. The  employer  must  contribute 
each  year  2  per  cent  of  his  annual  pay- 
roll to  the  reserve  fund,  and  two-tenths 
of  1  per  cent  of  his  payroll  annualy  to 
the  expense  of  administration. 

If  an  employer's  contributions  reach 
an  amount  equal  to  $55  for  each  eli- 
gible employe,  his  contribution  drops 
automatically  to  1  per  cent  of  his  pay- 
roll; should  his  contributions  reach  an 
amount  equal  to  $75  for  each  employe, 
he  would  cease  to  contribute  as  long  as 
that  standard  is  maintained. 

Liability  for  payment  of  benefits  does 
not  begin  until  a  lapse  of  one  year  from 
the  date  when  the  law  became  effective. 
That  provision  permits  the  accumula- 
tion  of  the  reserve  fund. 


In  football  parlance  "the  best  defense 
is  a  strong  offense"  and  it  is  equally 
applicable  to  the  labor  movement.  Make 
your  locals  existence  felt  by  fighting 
for  shorter  hours,  fair  wages  and  ideal 
working  conditions. 

*  *      * 

Insist  that  the  union  label  be  on  the 
wares  and  merchandise  that  you  pur- 
chase. 

*  *      * 

Don't  forget  that  all  competent  wood- 
working mechanics  are  eligible  to  mem- 
bership, and  that  members  make  locals. 
Get  more  members!     Let's  go! 


Official  Information 


GENERAL  OFFICERS 
Of 

THE  UNITED  BROTHERHOOD 

Of 

CARPENTERS  AND  JOINERS 
OF  AMERICA 

General  Office 
Carpenters'  Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

General  President 

WM.   L.   HUTCLTESON 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

First  General  Vice-President 

GEORGE   H.   LAKEY 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Second  General  Vice-President 

JAMES  M.   OAULD 

Carpenters'   Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

General  Secretary 

FRANK  DUFFY 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

General  Treasurer 

THOMAS  NEALE 

Carpenters'  Building,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

General  Executive  Board 
First  District.  T.  M.  GUERIN 
290  Second  Ave.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Second   District,   W.   T.   ALLEN 
3832  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Third  District.  HARRY  SCHWARZER 
10522  Parkhurst  Drive,  Cleveland,  O. 

Fourth  District,  JAS.  L.   BRADFORD 
1900  15th  Ave.,  N.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Fifth   District,   J.   W.   WILLIAMS 
394S    S.    Grand  Blvd.,    St.    Louis,   Mo. 

Sixth   District,    A.    W.   MUIR 
200  Guerrero   St.,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 

Seventh   District,   ARTHUR   MARTEL 
6375  Chambord  St.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


WM.    L.    HUTCHESON,    Chairman 
FRANK    DUFFY,    Secretary 

All  correspondence  for  the  General  Executive 
Board  must  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary. 


Morrison's    Savannah    Cafeteria    To    Be 
Built  By  Union  Labor 

Mr.  J.  A.  Morrison,  owner  of  Morri- 
son's Cafeteria,  has  defied  the  Contrac- 
tors Association  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  and 
awarded  the  contract  for  the  erection  of 
his  new  building  to  a  union  contractor. 
According  to  John  P.  Spires,  business 
agent  of  Local  Union  256,  there  was  an 
apparent  effort  on  the  part  of  the  Con- 
tractors' Associations  to  force  Mr.  Mor- 
rison to  award  the  contract  to  a  non- 
union contractor,  who  would  not  agree 
to  employ  union  labor  exclusively  under 
union  conditions. 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  local  labor 
representatives  the  contract  was  award- 
ed to  Mr.  George  C.  Ransom,  a  union 
contractor.  Mr.  Morrison  had  stated 
previously  that  he  intended  to  use  un- 
ion labor  where  it  could  be  secured  and 
was  much  disturbed  over  the  possibility 
of  having  to  bow  to  .the  wishes  of  the 
Savannah  Contractors'  Association  and 
be  forced  into  signing  a  contract  with 
a  non-union  concern. 

Organized  labor  in  Savannah,  Geor- 
gia, feels  this  is  the  greatest  victory 
achieved  in  many  years  in  that  city.  Mr. 
Morrison's  friendly  attitude  toward  or- 
ganized labor  in  the  past  and  his  action 
in  this  case  has  shown  that  he  is  will- 
ing to  co-operate  with  labor  at  all  times. 

J.  A.  Morrison  operates  cafeterias  in 
the  following  cities:  Savannah,  Ga.;  Or- 
lardo,  Jacksonville,  Fla.;  Mobile,  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.;  New  Orleans  and  Shreve- 
port,  La. 


Traveling  Members   Attention 

Information  comes  to  the  General 
Office  from  Z.  D.  Nichols,  Financial  Sec- 
retary of  Local  Union  184 G,  New  Or- 
leans, La.,  that  the  Association  of  Com- 
merce of  that  city  has  been  broadcasting 
and  otherwise  advertising  throughout 
the  country  that  there  is  plenty  of  work 
in  New  Orleans  and  that  there  are  no 
idle  carpenters  in  the  city. 

Secretary  Nichols  requests  that  car- 
penters looking  for  work  stay  away  from 
that   city   as    there   is    very    little   work 


THE     CARPENTER 


23 


being  done  and  in  addition  to  the  many 
idle  carpenters  in  New  Orleans  there 
are  several  hundred  non-union  carpen- 
ters whom  they  hope  to  organize  when 
there  is  some  work  at  their  trade  to 
offer  them. 

"Traveling  carpenters  are  requested 
to  stay  away  from  Newport  News,  Va., 
and  its  Tidewater  District  as  there  is 
not  enough  work  for  those  already  there, 
according  to  Recording  Secretary  Aar- 
dema  of  Local  Union  396.  A  great 
number  are  still  unemployed,  contrary 
to  reports  in  the  newspapers. 

The  Newport  News  Shipbuilding  Com- 
pany has  very  little  work  for  carpen- 
ters, and  most  of  them  are  unemployed 
at  the  present  time. 

*      *      * 

Conditions  are  bad  in  St.  Petersburg, 
Florida,  and  there  is  no  opportunity  for 
traveling  members  to  secure  work  at 
the  trade,  according  to  information  re- 
ceived from  Recording  Secretary  and 
Business  Agent  D.  Lem  Bowers  of  Local 
Union  No.  531.  If  traveling  members 
will  heed  this  warning  and  stay  away 
from  that  city  they  will  greatly  assist 
Local  Union  531  in  remedying  existing 
conditions. 


Local  Unions  Chartered 

Kincardine,  Ont.,  Can. 
Reidsville,  N.  C. 
Midland,  Texas. 
Victoriaville,  Ont.,  Can. 
Shawano,  Wis. 
Jonesboro,  Ark. 

© 

Veteran  Member  Called  by  Death 

In  the  passing  of  Brother  Thomas  J. 
Maple,  which  occurred  October  11, 
1934,  Local  Union  No.  510  of  DuQuoin, 
Illinois,  lost  one  of  its  oldest  and  most 
highly  respected  members. 

Brother  Maple  joined  Local  Union 
510  on  March  17,  1900,  and  was  a  con- 
tinuous member  for  thirty-four  years. 
He  was  a  faithful  member,  a  loyal  sup- 
porter of  trade  unionism,  made  many 
friends  and  had  a  kind  word  for  every 
one  he  met.  His  counsel  and  advice  were 
always  accepted  by  the  younger  mem- 
bers of  the  Local  Union. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Local  Union  the 
secretary  was  instructed  to  forward  to 
his  sorrowing  family  suitable  resolutions 
of  condolence  and  adjourned  in  memory 
of  one  who  had  served  his  organization 
so  well. 


In  Memory  of  Brother  Louis  Larson 

(By  Wm.  Smethurst,  F.  S.,  L.  U.   1620, 
Rock  Springs,  Wyo.) 

Dear  Buddy,  how  we  miss  you 

Since  you  crossed  the  Great  Divide. 
But  you  left  with  us  a  memory 

That  we  cherish  with  great  pride. 
It  was  a  pleasure  to  be  near  you 

As  we  plodded  side  by  side. 
Now  it  seems  so  lonely,  Buddy, 

Since  you  crossed  the  Great  Divide. 
In  all  things  you  could  be  trusted 

And  we  always   found  you  square. 
And  whenever  a  friend  was  needed 

We  always  found  you  there. 
It  was  hard  to  part,  dear  Buddy, 

Though  we  knew  you  had  to  go. 
Now  our  meetings  seem  so  lonely 

Because  we  miss  you  so. 
But  we  hope  to  meet  you  Buddy 

When  we're  called  to  the  Other  Side; 
Then  we'll  be  Pals  forever, 

When  we  cross  the  Great  Divide. 


DEATH  ROLL 

Local  Union  No. 


JOSEPH  DROLESKY 
879,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

J.     S.     LONG — Local     Union 
Macon,    Georgia. 


No.     144, 


Lawyers'  Union  Enforces  "Cheek  Off" 

The  following  editorial  appeared  in 
a  recent  issue  of  "Case  and  Comment," 
a  lawyers'  magazine  published  in  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.: 

"Nearly  2  00  Mississippi  attorneys 
were  barred  from  practicing  in  the  state 
supreme  court  by  a  ruling  handed  down 
by  the  high  tribunal,  sitting  en  banc, 
citing  failure  to  comply  with  a  section 
of  the  laws  of  1932,  requiring  payment 
of  $5  annually  as  dues  to  the  Mississippi 
State  Bar. 

"Section  25,  chapter  121,  of  the  state 
code,  enacted  by  the  legislature  two 
years  ago,  when  the  lawmakers  reorgan- 
ized the  old  state  bar  association,  makes 
it  compulsory  that  every  attorney  in  the 
state  hold  membership  in  the  newly  or- 
ganized state  bar  and  provides  each 
shall  pay  $5  a  year  dues." 

Talk  about  a  "closed  union  shop"  and 
the  "check-off"  for  the  compulsory  col- 
lection of  union  dues!  Those  Mississippi 
lawyers  have  gone  farther  than  any 
American  trade  unipn  has  dreamed  of 
going. 


CorrQspondQncQ 


This  Journal    Is   Not   Responsible  For  Views   Expressed   By    Correspondents. 


Ladies'  Auxiliary  No.  252 

Editor,  "The  Carpenter": 

In  reading  "The  Carpenter,"  which  is 
of  interest  to  all  members  of  Ladies' 
Auxiliary  No.  252,  we  thought  it  might 
interest  other  Ladies'  Auxiliaries  to 
hear  what  we  are  doing. 

Our  Auxiliary,  No.  25  2,  Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin,  has  a  membership  of  twenty- 
five.  We  meet  the  first  and  third  Tues- 
days of  each  month,  serving  cake  and 
coffee  on  the  third  Tuesday  of  the 
month. 

We  have  had  Mask  Balls  and  Hard 
Time  parties  for  all  members  of  Carpen- 
ters Local  No.   264  and  their  wives. 

On  Tuesday  evening,  October  16, 
19  34,  we  invited  the  husbands  of  all 
members  to  our  Social  event  at  which 
we  served  sandwiches,  cake  and  coffee. 

On  November  10,  1934,  we  held  a 
Pillow  Case  Card  Party  and  Dance,  in 
an  endeavor  to  increase   our  treasury. 

We  encourage  buying  merchandise 
bearing  the  Union  Label  at  all  times. 

Our  Auxiliary  would  be  pleased  to 
have  any  Sister  Auxiliary  members  visit- 
ing in  Milwaukee  to  call  on  us. 

Suggestions  and  communications  from 
other  Auxiliaries  are  always  welcome. 

Emma  Krahn,  Rec.  Sec, 
L.  A.  No.  252.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


Demonstration  House  in  Heart  of  New 
York  City 

Ground  was  broken  by  Mayor  La- 
Guardia,  July  30,  1934,  for  "America's 
Little  House,"  a  special  demonstration 
house  in  the  heart  of  New  York  City, 
at  Park  Avenue  and  3  9  th  Street. 

The  house  has  been  designed  by  two 
nationally  known  architects,  Roger  H. 
Bullard  and  Clifford  Wendehack,  and 
is  sponsored  by  the  national  organiza- 
tion known  as  "  Better  Homes  in 
America." 

The  Little  House  is  intended  to  show 
how  much  beauty  and  efficiency  in  hous- 
ing the   19  34   dollar  will  buy.      In  fact, 


according  to  housing  authorities,  it  will 
be  possible  to  build  a  similar  house  in 
any  small  city  or  suburb,  for  from  $6000 
to  $8  000,  depending  on  the  costs  of  ma- 
terial and  labor  in  different  sections  of 
the  country. 

Planned  for  the  average  family  of 
five,  without  a  maid,  it  will  be  equipped 
with  many  of  the  newest  devices  for 
labor-saving  and  comfort.  There  will 
be  a  large,  modern  nursery,  scientifically 
planned  for  the  health  and  safety  of  the 
child,  a  model  kitchen,  and  a  new  type 
of  room  called  "utility  room"  provided 
with  machines  to  do  work  as  various  as 
washing  and  ironing,  vegetable  peeling 
and   food   mixing. 

The  Columbia  Broadcasting  System, 
whose  President,  William  S.  Paley,  is 
one  of  the  sponsors  of  the  New  York 
City  Better  Homes  movement,  has  guar- 
anteed funds  to  support  the  building 
and  maintenance  of  the  Little  House 
for  one  year.  In  the  garage  adjoining 
the  house,  Columbia  will  establish  a 
regular  broadcasting  studio,  from  which 
it  will  broadcast  many  types  of  sustain- 
ing programs  promoting  the  educational 
aims  of  the  Better  Homes  Movement. 

The  national  organization  of  Better 
Homes  in  America,  of  which  Dr.  Ray 
Lyman  Wilbur  is  President,  and  Her- 
bert Hoover,  Honorary  Chairman,  is 
cooperating  with  the  New  York  com- 
mittee to  promote  the  Little  House  on 
a  nationwide  basis.  The  9,000  other 
Better  Homes  committees  throughout 
the  United  States  are  being  urged  to  tie 
in  their  local  activities  with  the  pro- 
grams to  be  held  at  the  Little  House. 


The  man  who  says  "It  can't  be  done 
is  interrupted  by  the  man  who  is  doing 
it. 

Cellophane  is  made  from  spruce 
wood  in  the  same  manner  as  artificial 
silk;  both  products  are  the  same  until 
they  reach  their  final  form,  when  the 
silk  is  reduced  to  threads  while  the 
cellophane  is  cast  in  a  sheet. 


THE     CARPENTER 


25 


Dr.  Butler  on  The  Profit  Motive 

Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  president  of 
Columbia  University,  told  the  trustees 
of  that  great  institution  in  a  recent  re- 
port that  the  profit  motive  will  wreck 
civilization  if  allowed  to  rule  unchecked. 

"If  profit  and  profit  alone  be  the  end 
sought  by  human  effort."  said  Dr.  But- 
ler, "then  society  must  reconcile  itself 
to  steady  disintegration,  increasing  con- 
flict between  individual  groups  and  na- 
tions, and  eventual  destruction. 

"It  is  only  when  men  rise  above  the 
profit  motive  and  learn  to  subordinate 
profit  to  service,  that  social,  economic 
and  political  order  begin  to  come  with- 
in sight  of  a  firm  foundation  and  a  con- 
tinuing existence,  with  peace  and  hap- 
piness assured  to  the  great  mass  of  man- 
kind." 

It  is  strange  that  these  wise  words 
needed  to  be  said  at  this  day.  History 
has  been  teaching  them  for  millenniums. 
The  great,  basic,  lasting  work  of  the 
world  is  not  done  for  profit,  and  never 
was.  Children  are  not  reared  for  profit, 
schools  are  not  built  for  10  per  cent 
returns,  the  great  religions  were  not 
founded  as  promising  speculations,  and 
every  nation  has  been  saved  at  some 
time  by  men  who  were  not  thinking  of 
dividends. 

"Service  first,  and  you  serve  God; 
profits  first,  and  you  serve  the  devil." 
That  is  a  slightly  modernized  version  of 
Ruskin's  maxim,  which  Butler  has  re- 
peated and  amplified. 

Dr.  Butler  is  conservative  by  instinct 
and  long  habit.  But  he  is  a  terrible 
truth  teller  to  his  conservative  associ- 
ates, who  would  not  listen  to  the  truth 
from  anyone  else.  When  he  told  the 
trustees  of  Columbia,  and  through  them 
the  Nation,  that  greed  of  profits  is  the 
source  of  most  of  the  world's  woes  to- 
day, he  was  rendering  service  of  the 
highest  type. 


The  Thinking  Man 

In  a  recent  communication  Professor 
Leon  J.  Richardson,  director  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  Extension  Division, 
made  the  following  pertinent  remarks 
on  thinking: 

"The  thinking  man,  from  the  time  of 
the  Greek  philosophers  to  our  day,  has 
tried  to  make  out  what  manner  of  world 
this  is  and  what  his  place  in  it  might 
be.  These  questions  come  home  more 
or  less  vividly  to  all  of  us.  Meanwhile 
we  cannot  go  far  in  solving  them  with- 


out the  aid  of  our  fellows.  They  stir  us. 
Without  them  we  should  lack  ambition. 
The  solitary  man  accomplishes  little. 
Association,  work,  and  well  used  leisure 
are  the  keys  to  life.  Its  immediate  aim 
is  therefore  not  happiness  but  perfecting 
human  relations. 

"We  get  some  insight  into  the  mean- 
ing of  the  world  philosophy,  which  has 
clarified  the  thought  of  men  since  the 
dawn  of  civilization;  in  literature,  with- 
out which  no  one  could  surmise  what 
others  have  thought;  in  economics, 
which  deals  with  an  important  phase  of 
human  relations;  in  mathematics,  with 
its  logical  thinking;  in  mechanics  and 
natural  science,  which  are  flowering  to- 
day. 

"The  joy  of  creative  work  is  so  exalt- 
ed that  it  has  been  called  divine.  Next 
to  it  is  the  joy  of  appreciating  what  has 
been  done  by  the  most ,  contributive 
members  of  the  race.  Through  them  we 
may  discern  qualities  and  possibilities 
within  ourselves. 

"Life  in  America  at  its  best  today  is 
in  part  a  legacy  bequeathed  to  us  by  per- 
sons who  never  gave  up  doing  and  learn- 
ing. Such  were  Jefferson,  Franklin, 
Marshall,  Washington  Irving,  Emerson, 
Lincoln,  Whitman,  and  Henry  Adams. 
When  we  find  the  thing  for  which  we 
are  best  fitted,  work  is  an  unending 
pleasure.  Fire  is  latent  within  each  of 
us,  but  it  takes  the  right  spark  to  make 
it  flame.  Through  knowing  some  of  the 
best  members  of  our  race,  we  learn  how 
to  think." 


A  small  machine  used  by  the  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  calcu- 
lates the  tides  everywhere  in  the  world 
to  the  inch  and  to  the  minute.  These 
calculations  are  made  and  printed  two 
years  in  advance  for  the  use  of  marin- 
ers. 

When  you  switch  on  an  electric  lamp, 
you're  using  materials  that  came  orig- 
inally from  almost  every  country  in  the 
world.  In  that  little  globe  that  cost  you 
20  or  30  cents,  there's  antimony  from 
Mexico,  thoria  from  Brazil,  niter  and 
silica  from  Chile,  cobalt  and  nickel  from 
New  Caledonia,  bismuth  from  Australia, 
tin  from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  manga- 
nese from  India,  potash  from  Russia, 
sodium  carbonate  from  East  Africa,  ar- 
senic from  Greenland — and  so  it  goes 
down  a  long  similar  list  of  items. — In- 
dustrial News  Review. 


Craft  ProblQms 


CAJtPENTRY 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

LESSON   LXXIV 

Designs  for  porch  chords  and  porch 
cornices  must  be  considered  from  three 
standpoints,  service,  appearance  and 
economy.  A  design  for  a  chord  or  a  cor- 
nice that  will  not  carry  the  load  that 
might  for  various  reasons  come  upon  it 
should  be  discarded,  or  modified  so  it 
will  be  substantial.  Closely  related  to 
service,  is  appearance.  To  use  a  de- 
sign for  a  cornice  or  a  porch  chord  that 
does  not  harmonize  with  the  architec- 
ture of  the  main  building,  or  is  un- 
sightly, is  unpardonable;  for  harmony 
and  symmetry  can  always  be  obtained, 
even  with  the  most  economical  design. 
Some  of  the  ugliest  designs  we  have 
ever  witnessed  were  by  no  means  eco- 


Fig.  426 

nomical.  Economy  should  never  be  in- 
sisted upon,  however,  unless  it  can  be 
had  without  injury  to  the  elements  of 
service  and  appearance. 

As  we  stated  in  a  previous  lesson,  car- 
penters must  depend  to  a  great  extent 
on  repair  and  remodel  jobs  for  employ- 
ment until  we  have  reached  a  point  in 
our  economic  recovery  when  the  finan- 
cial conditions  of  the  masses  will  just- 
ify new  homes  for  all  who  need  them. 
It  is  true  that  there  are  some  new  homes 
being  built,  but  not  enough  to  keep  even 
a  small  fraction  of  the  carpenters  stead- 
ily employed.  But  the  houses  that  are 
already  in  existence,  are  daily  deteri- 
orating and  sooner  or  later  these  houses 
must  be  repaired,  if  not  remodeled,  in 
order  to   keep   them   suitable   for   occu- 


pancy. Many  home  owners  are  putting 
off  repairs  for  their  homes,  not  because 
they  do  not  need  repairing,  but  because 
of  a  lack  of  finance  to  meet  the  expense. 
By  reason  of  this  fact,  when  those  peo- 
ple  do   come    to    the   place   where    they 


Fig.  427 


can  make  repairs,  they,  in  many  in- 
stances, can  not  afford  to  employ  an 
architect  to  plan  their  work  for  them, 
but  they  will  depend  on  the  carpenter 
to  be  able  to  give  them  a  job  that  will 
meet  the  requirements  of  service,  ap- 
pearance and  economy. 

In  dealing  with  designs  for  porch  cor- 
nices and  porch  chords,  we  find  there  is 
a  limitless  amount  of  them;  while  each 
individual  design  can  easily  be  modified 
in  so  many  different  ways  that  it  would 
be  an  utter  impossibility  to  even  at- 
tempt to  show  and  explain  a  small  frac- 
tion of  them.    In  this  lesson  we  are  giv- 


Fig 


ing  enough  to  show  the  reader  how  eas- 
ily changes  can  be  made  and  yet  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  three  chief  ele- 
ments, service,  appearance  and  economy. 


THE     CARPENTER 


27 


The  illustrations  are  more  nearly  prac- 
tical than  technical.  The  carpenter 
should  above  everything  else  be  practi- 
cal, while  it  lies  within  the  architect's 
province  to  be  technical,  and  those  who 
want  a  classical  design,  should  employ 
an  architect.  No  one,  though,  who  wants 


Fig.   429 


something  practical,  should  give  up 
making  improvements  to  his  home,  or 
even  building  a  new  one,  because  he  is 
financially  unable  to  engage  an  archi- 
tect. Every  community  has  carpenters 
who  can  do  a  well-appearing  practical 
job,  without  the  services  of  an  archi- 
tect. 

In  Fig.  426  we  are  showing  a  look- 
out cornice  especially  suitable  for  a  hip 
roof.  The  design  is  similar  to  the  one 
shown  in  the  previous  lesson,  Fig.  422. 
Here  we  are  showing  more  details.  The 
rafters  in  this  design  rest  on  a  toe- 
board,  which  gives  the  cornice  more 
rigidity  during  construction,  and  add- 
ed strength  to  the  job  when  it  is  done. 
The  toe-board  makes  possible  an  inde- 
pendent spacing  for  the  rafters;  that  is 
to  say,  the  rafters  do  not  have  to  come 
directly   over   the  lookouts,   as  was   the 


Fig.  430 

case  in  the  other  design  which  had  no 
toe-board. 

The  design  for  the  chord  is  an  old 
familiar  one,  with  a  nosed  soffit.  A 
single    beam,    which    is    blocked    out    to 


give  the  finished  chord  the  proper 
width,  carries  the  load.  We  have  a  simi- 
lar chord  shown  in  Fig.  427,  with  a  2- 
member  rough  beam.  This  beam  is  also 
blocked  out  to  give  the  chord  its  width. 
The  cornice  is  an  open  cornice,  very 
simple  in  construction.  6-inch  matched 
lumber  is  used  for  sheathing,  which  at 
the  same  time  answers  for  the  bottom 
finish  of  the  cornice.  Neither  bed  mould- 
ing nor  crown  moulding  are  necessary 
with  this  design. 

Fig.  428  shows  a  very  good  design 
for  an  open  cornice.  Here  we  have  a 
bed  moulding  and  a  small  fascia,  which 
answers  for  the  crown  moulding.  A  2- 
member  rough  chord,  blocked  out, 
makes  the  framework  onto  which  the 
finished  chord  is  nailed.  The  two  sides 
extend  a  little  below  the  soffit,  which 
makes  a  pleasing  finish.  This  design 
lends  itself  readily  to  a  panelled  soffit. 

A  boxed  cornice  with  a  compound 
chord  design  is  shown  in  Fig.  429.  Here 


Fig.  431 


we  have  both  a  bed  moulding  and  a 
crown  moulding,  while  the  fascia  has  a 
beveled  bottom  edge,  and  is  in  a  vertical 
position.  The  plancher  board  must  also 
be  beveled  where  it  joins  the  fascia.  A 
little  different  design  is  shown  by  Fig. 
430.  This  is  also  a  boxed  cornice,  but 
the  fascia  is  nailed  at  a  right  angle  with 
the  pitch  of  the  roof.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  rough  beam  makes  the  outside 
finish  of  the  chord,  and  the  soffit  shows 
a  reveal  at  the  outside  corner  and  a 
nosing  at  the  inside  corner.  A  plancher 
board  finishes  the  bottom  of  the  cornice. 

A  self-supporting  chord  is  shown  in 
Fig.  431,  in  which  the  rough  chord  is 
omitted.  The  two  sides  are  held  in  place 
by  blocks,  onto  which  the  soffit  is  also 
nailed.  Fig.  432  gives  a  diagram,  show- 
ing the  construction  of  the  chord  and 
how  the  rafters  are  cut.  The  dotted  lines 
show  where  the  rafters  come  when  in 


28 


THE     CARPENTER 


place.  The  regular  sheathing  placed 
solid,  makes  the  bottom  finish  of  the 
cornice.  This  design  gives  good  results 
where  economy  is  desired,  and  where 
the  supports  for  the  chord  are  not  too 
far  apart.  The  writer  has  used  it  with 
good  results. 

All  the  cornices  shown  in  this  lesson 
can  be  adapted  to  main  roofs,  with  little, 
if  any  changes.  In  the  next  lesson  we 
will  show  cornices  for  main  roofs,  which 
at  the  same  time  can  be  used  on  porches. 
"We  are  doing  this  in  order  to  show  as 
many    designs    as    possible.     When    we 


Fig.  43  2 


take  up  roof-gutters,  we  will  show  them 
with  still  other  designs  for  cornices. 

The  chords  we  have  shown  in  this 
lesson  are  all  of  ordinary  size,  yet  all 
of  them  could  either  be  increased  in 
size  or  decreased.  The  width,  especially, 
of  a  chord  should  be  governed  by  the 
size  of  the  columns;  or,  on  the  other 
hand,  where  the  size  of  the  chord  is 
established,  the  size  of  the  columns 
should  be  governed  by  the  width  of  the 
chord.  We  recall  one  job  where  an  ex- 
tremely wide  chord,  with  a  panelled  sof- 
fit, was  supported  with  rather  small  col- 
umns. In  another  instance,  and  this  is 
more  often  the  case,  an  ordinary  sized 
chord  was  supported  by  extremely  large 
columns.  We  will  deal  with  this  further 
when  we  take  up  porch  columns. 


THE  FRAMING   SQUARE 

(By  L.  Perth) 

PART   THIRTY 

The  Theory  of  Hip  Rafters 

While  the  subject  of  hip  rafters  has 
been  treated  in  the  past  issues  it  seems 
that  a  considerable  contingent  of  our 
readers  would  like  to  know  a  little  more 


about  it.  This  I  deduct  from  the  numer- 
ous inquiries  I  have  received  of  late 
touching  among  other  things  on  this 
particular  topic. 

The  simple  rules  how  to  establish  the 
length  of  hip  rafters  and  how  to  find 
their  cuts  were  laid  down  in  the  previ- 
ous issues  so  that  the  carpenter  who  has 
a  hip  roof  to  frame  knows  pretty  well 
how  to  go  about  to  do  the  job  right. 
But  the  inquisitive  mind  wants  to  know 
the  why's  of  things  and  it  certainly  is 
gratifying  to  realize  the  fact  that  so 
many  members  of  the  fraternity  have 
the  tendency  to  dig  into  the  bottom  of 
things  instead  of  merely  memorizing  the 
rule  and  perform  the  operation  in  a  me- 
chanical way. 

The  hip  rafter  is  a  roof  member  that 
forms  a  "hip"  in  the  roof  and  usually 
extends  from  the  corner  of  the  building 
diagonally  to  the  ridge.  While  a  com- 
mon rafter  extends  from  the  plate  to 
the  ridge  and  forms  a  right  angle  with 
the  plate  at  the  seat  and  the  ridge  at 
the  top.    The  total  rise  of  hip  and  com- 


mon rafters  are  the  same  while  their 
runs  differ. 

The  relation  of  hip  rafters  to  common 
rafters  is  the  same  as  the  relation  of  the 
sides  of  a  right  triangle.  If  we  should 
assume  that  the  sides  of  this  triangle 
forming  the  "right  angle"  are  12  inches 
each  the  hypotenuse  or  the  side  oppo- 
site the  right  angle  is  equal  to  16.97 
inches  which  is  usually  taken  as  17 
inches. 

The  position  of  the  hip  rafter  and  its 
relation  to  the  common  rafter  is  plainly 
illustrated  in  Fig.  1  where  the  hip  rafter 
is  compared  to  the  diagonal  of  a  square 
prism. 

H  is  the  corner  of  the  building  and  is 
the  seat  of  the  hip  rafter  extending  to 
the  end  of  ridge. 


THE     CARPENTER 


29 


LM  is  the  total  rise  of  the  roof. 

KL  is  the  run  of  the  common  rafter. 

KM  is  the  common  rafter. 

HL  is  the  run  of  the  hip  rafter. 

HM  is  the  hip,  rafter. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  figure  HKL 
is  a  right  triangle  whose  sides  are  the 
portion  of  the  plate  "HK"  the  run  of 
common  rafter  KL  and  the  run  of  hip 
rafter  HL.  The  run  of  the  hip  rafter 
being  opposite  the  right  angle  K  is  the 
hypotenuse  or  the  longest  side  of  the 
triangle. 

By  using  the  "length  per  foot  run" 
method  the  length  of  the  rafter  is  usu- 
ally established  for  each  foot  of  run. 
This  holds  true  for  both  common  and 
hip  rafters.  This  is  a  very  common 
method  since  it  enables  you  to  establish 
the  length  of  a  rafter  for  any  width  of 
building. 

Now  if  we  should  take  only  one  foot 
of  run  of  common  rafter  and  one  foot 
length  of  plate  we  will  have  a  right  tri- 
angle N  whose  sides  are  12  inches  long 
and  whose  hypotenuse  is  17  inches  or 
more  accurately  16.97  inches. 

The  hypotenuse  in  this  small  triangle 
N  is  a  portion  of  the  run  of  the  hip  raf- 
ter HL  which  corresponds  to  the  one 
foot  run  of  common  rafter. 

Therefore  the  "run  of  hip  rafter"  is 
always  16.97  inches  for  every  12  inches 
of  foot  run  of  common  rafter  and  the 
"total  run"  of  hip  rafter  will  be  16.97 
inches  multiplied  by  the  number  of  feet 
run  of  common  rafter. 


Girder  Problem 

In  a  circular  building  100  ft.  diam- 
eter, with  y±  pitch  roof  consisting  of  64 
rafters,  which  were  supported  in  center 
by  a  line  of  6  x  22  in.  girders  placed  in 
extrinsic-octagon  of  25  ft.  radius;  gird- 
ers were  bevelled  on  upper  edge  so  raf- 
ters could  bear  and  pass  full-width 
without  notching.  Wanted — The  loca- 
tion of  rafters  on  upper  and  lower  faces 
of  girder,  and  the  perpendicular-width 
of  girder  at  these  points?  Also  lengths 
of  girders? 

Solution 

This  problem  calls  for  the  locations 
and  dimensions  of  19  items,  all  of  which 
may  be  easily  solved  by  anyone  who  has 
a  fair  knowledge  of  decimals,  by  using 
data  given  in  Trigonometrical-Tables  of 
Natural-Numbers,    PERPEND!*      There 


are  360  degrees  in  a  circle,  and  as  there 
are  64  rafters,  the  space  between  centers 
is  1/64  of  360  degrees,  which  is  5  de- 
grees 37  minutes  and  30  seconds.  As 
there  are  8  girders,  each  one  must  sup- 
port 8  rafters,  and  as  both  half-lengths 
of  girder  are  the  same,  calculations  are 
confined  to  one  half  length  of  girder  and 
4  rafter  spaces. 

A  B  C  D  E  on  sketch  show  angles  and 
lengths  of  rafter  runs  to  points  of  inter- 
section with  girder  as  tangent  of  25  ft. 
radius,  also  distances  from  center  of 
girder  and  perpendicular-width  of  gir- 
der at  these  points  on  both  upper  and 
lower  faces. 

To  compute  above  data  we  take  radius 
A  25  ft.  whose  angle  is  0  as  base,  and 
compete  all  rafter  runs  and  distances 
from  center  of  girder  as  per  angle 
shown. 

Example 

As  space  between  A  and  B  is  5  deg. 
37'  30"  we  find  in  Trigonometrical 
Table,  tangent  of  1  fit.  is  .09  8491  and 
secant  of  1  ft.  is  1.004838,  which  multi- 
plied by  25  gives  25.120964  as  B  rafter 
run  and  2.46228  as  distance  of  rafter 
run  B  from  center  of  upper-face  of  gir- 
der. This  method  applies  to  all  rafter 
runs  and  their  tangents.  In  computing 
lower-face  of  girder,  we  use  same  meth- 
od as  above,  but  increase  the  base  (or 
radius)  to  25  ft.  6  in.  to  allow  for  6  in. 
girder. 

Example 

Space  between  A  and  E  is  22  deg.  3  0' 
whose  Tangent  for  1  ft.  is  .41421356 
and  secants  for  1  ft.  is  1.082392  which 
multiplied  by  25.5  gives  27.6001001  as 
E  rafter  run  and  10.5  6  2  45  as  its  dis- 
tance from  center  of  lower-face  of  gir- 
der. 

Girder  Profiles 

In  computing  faces  of  girder  it  is  evi- 
dent that  if  the  girder  were  circular 
and  followed  (Dotted)  radius  of  25  ft. 
the  top  of  girder  would  be  level  and 
maintain  a  width  of  22  in.  throughout 
its  entire  length,  but  as  it  runs  off  on  a 
tangent  to  radius  25  ft.  it  is  obvious 
that  all  rafters  running  beyond  25 
ft.  require  lower-levels  or  bearings  on 
girder. 

As  the  roof  is  *i  pitch  (26  deg.  34') 
or  rise  of  6  in.  to  12  in.  it  follows  that 
y2  the  difference  between  25  and  secants 
exceeding   25    be   deducted   from    2  2    in. 


30 


THE     CARPENTER 


For  verification  see  computations  under 
accompanying  sketch. 


N.    B.   A  rafter-run   is  the  horizontal 
base  or  length  directly  under  rafter. 


6-25/64 


9-41/64 


Rafter  Runs 


Data  for  Upper  Face  of  Girder. 


A — 25.000000  minus  25  eq.     .000000  X.5   eq.      .000000  eq.      0.00 

B — 25.120064  minus  25  eq.      .120964  X.5   eq.      .0G04S2  eq.      0.73 

C — 25.489779  minus  25  eq.      .489779  X.5   eq.     .244889  eq.     2.93 

D— 26.124931  minus  25   eq.   1.124931  X.5  eq.      .562465  eq.      6.75 

E— 27.059805  minus  25  eq.  2.059805  X.5  eq.   1.029902  eq.   12.36  in.   from  22  eq.     9-41/64 

2  X  Tan  .10.35534  (22  deg.  S(Y)   eq.  Len.  of  Gir.  at  Miters  eq.  20.71068  eq.  20  ft.  8-17/32  in. 


Girder, 
in.  from  22  eq.   22  Inches. 
in.   from  22  eq.  21-17/64 
in.   from  22  eq.   19-1/16 
in.  from  22  eq.   15-J 


Rafter  Runs  Data  for  Lower  Face  of  Girder.  Girder. 

A — 25.500000  minus  25  eq.     .500000  X.5  eq.     .250000   eq.     3.00  in.  from  22  eq.    19    Inches. 
B — 25.623383  minus  25  eq.      .623383  X.5  eq.      .311G92   eq.      3.74  in.  from  22  eq.   18-J 
C — 25.999574  minus  25   eq.      .999574  X.5  eq.     .499687  eq.      6.00  in.   from  22   eq.   16    in. 
D — 26.647429  minus  25  eq.   1.647429  X.5  eq.     .823715   eq.     9.S9  in.   from  22   eq.   12-7/64 
E — 27.601001   minus  25  eq.   2.601001  X.5  eq.   1.300505  eq.   15.61  in.  from  22  eq.   6-25/64 
2  X  Tan.  10.56245   (22  deg.  30')   eq.  Full  Length  of  Girders  eq.  21.12489  eq.  21  ft.  1-J  in. 


L.  U.  No.   22. 


Frank  De  Guerre,  Villa  Grande,  Cal. 


Here's  the  Answer 

Editor,   "The  Carpenter": 

In  a  recent  crossword  puzzle  in  the 
New  York  Herald  Tribune,  one  of  the 
words  asked  was:  Handle  of  a  Carpen- 
ters plane.  It  worked  out  TOAT.  I  never 
heard  of  the  word  and  wrote  to  the 
Puzzle  Editor,  receiving  this  reply:  In 
Webster's  Dictionary  the  definition  is 
"Handle  of  a  Joiner's  plane."  In  Funk 
&  Wagnalls  Dictionary,  Woodworking, 
"The  curved  handle  of  a  bench  plane." 
I  wondered  if  the  word  was  familiar  to 
many  carpenters. 

Robert  Clark, 
L.  U.  No.  127.  Shelton,  Conn. 


Oh  Gee 

(By  H.  H.  Siegele) 

To  be  technically  correct,  is  to  be  a 
good  architect,  but  to  make  technicali- 
ties, or  to  meet  technicalities  with  prac- 
tical applications,  that  is  to  be  a  good 
mechanic,  or  to  be  exact,  a  good  carpen- 
ter. For  instance,  there  is  a  technically 
correct  way  of  describing  an  ogee,  which 
in  the  end,  is  perhaps  no  more  nearly 
correct  than  the  ogee  we  are  dealing 
with  from  an  altogether  practical  stand- 
point. 

Fig.  1  shows  a  45-degree  mark  on 
a   board,    which    has    been    bisected,    as 


THE     CARPENTER 


31 


shown  by  the  dotted  lines.  Fig.  2,  shows, 
how  by  using  the  thumb,  a  perfect  ogee 
can  be  marked.  First  apply  the  thumb 
as  shown  by  dotted  lines  and  mark  the 
convex;  then  apply  the  thumb  as  shown 


to  do  in  cases  of  larger  or  smaller  ogees; 
well,  if  a  smaller  one  is  required,  use  a 
smaller  circular  object,  and  if  a  larger 
one  is  to  be  marked,  use  a  larger  circu- 
lar object.    We  will  name  a  number  of 


r  i 


i ,—  - 


V 


- 


u 


Fig 


Fig.    2 


Fig.    3 


by  the  shaded  outline,  and  mark  the 
concave.  This  done,  cut  to  the  line  and 
you  will  have  an  ogee  like  the  one  we 
are  showing  by  Fig.  3. 

The  question  might  arise  as  to  what 


things  that  can  be  used,  giving  a  wide 
variation.  The  little  finger  tip,  coins, 
toe  or  heel  of  a  shoe,  tin  cans,  paint 
buckets  and  so  forth.  But  if  you  want 
to  be  technically  correct,  use  a  compass. 


32 


THE     CARPENTER 


Home  Improvement  Estimating  Guide 

How  would  you  like  to  have  available 
a  manual  which  would  enable  you  to 
give  a  prospect  an  accurate  estimate  on 
his  job  on  your  first  call?  And  at  the 
same  time,  how  would  you  like  to  get 
your  complete  bill  of  materials  for  any 
remodeling  job  by  simply  consulting  the 
same  manual  that  gave  you  your  esti- 
mate figure?  For  the  first  time  in  the 
history  of  building  industry  just  such  a 
guide  is  now  available — published  by 
the  Johns-Manville  Corporation  as  an 
aid  for  its  dealers  and  contractors 
throughout  the  country.  This  manual  is 
the  result  of  months  of  careful  research 


r 


:JiOME:  IMPROVEMENT 
iE$T;IMATING.  GUIDE : 


into  the  current  building  situation  and 
will,  it  is  believed,  effectively  eliminate 
one  of  the  main  handicaps  holding  up 
progress. 

The  amazing  thing  about  the  guide  is 
that  it  will  perform  in  any  market.  It 
has  practical  use  regardless  of  local  ma- 
terial and  labor  costs  by  the  application 
of  a  simple  formula  and  allows  an  ample 
and  fair  margin  of  profit.  Subsequent 
changes  in  material  and  labor  are  also 
provided  for  in  the  same  way. 

No  job  can  be  sold  until  price  is  given. 
With  former  methods,  usually  two  or 
more  days  were  required  before  the  esti- 
mate could  be  made.  The  time  con- 
sumed cost  so  much  that  the  job  even 
when  sold  was  frequently  unprofitable. 
Actually  the  dealer's  greatest  enemy  is 
time.  Everyone  knows  the  headaches  in- 
volved in  trying  to  figure  out  how  much 


a  job  will  cost.  Miscalculations  that  may 
mean  a  loss  instead  of  a  profit.  Taking 
the  time  to  figure  an  estimate  and  a  bill 
of  materials  means  letting  a  prospect 
get  cold,  means  wasting  time  that  might 
be  turned  to  advantage  elsewhere. 

With  the  J-M  Estimating  Guide  hours 
(and  even  days!)  are  cut  down  to  min- 
utes by  simply  turning  to  the  proper 
page  after  measuring  the  unit,  and 
quoting  a  total  price.  Then  with  the 
order  tucked  away  in  your  pocket  you 
can  turn  to  a  new  prospect.  When  you 
return  to  the  office  any  clerk  or  steno- 
grapher can  look  up  the  detail  in  the 
proper  tables,  see  what  the  bill  of  ma- 
terials is,  how  much  the  labor  comes  to 
and  all  the  details  that  might  have  taken 
days  to  compute. 

The  guide  is  divided  up  into  eight 
sections  which  cover:  general  informa- 
tion; insulating  board  and  decorative 
insulating  board;  hard,  panel  and  flex 
board;  miscellaneous;  doors,  base  and 
wood  trimming;  home  insulation;  as- 
bestos wainscoting;  and  asbestos  and 
asphalt  shingles  and  siding.  Under  each 
of  these  general  divisions  there  are  ta- 
bles showing  the  installed  selling  price 
for  any  amount  of  the  materials  used 
on  any  job.  The  tables  show  in  addi- 
tion to  the  selling  price,  the  complete 
bill  of  materials  required  with  size  and 
quantities. 

The  book  has  been  tested  by  doubtful 
contractors  who  ended  up  by  saying 
that  not  only  was  it  accurate  but  al- 
lowed an  amply  fair  margin  of  profit. 


Revival  In  Building  Inevitable 

In  a  recent  article  in  the  Annalist, 
Walter  Renton  Ingalls  says  that  the  na- 
tion's residential  building  between  19  20 
and  1929  was  not  in  excess  of  require- 
ments. Even  though  the  high  average 
total  of  5,000,000  new  residences  were 
erected  each  year,  changes  in  popula- 
tion density,  increases  in  the  total  popu- 
lation, and  obsolescence  of  old  dwel- 
lings, prevented  overproduction  of  hous- 
ing. 

Since  1929,  residential  building  has 
dropped  from  5,000,000  homes  a  year, 
to  less  than  100,000. 

The  shortage  is  especially  acute  in 
rural  districts,  inasmuch  as  depression 
forced  an  exodus  from  cities  to  the  farm. 
Also,  the  rural  homes  offer  the  greatest 
field  for  raising  the  standard  of  house- 
ing  through  introduction  of  labor  saving 
conveniences. 


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Order  today!    Send  Money  With  Order  to 

Frank  Duffy,  General  Secretary  SESTESiSE 

INDIANAPOLIS  ...--..  INDIANA 


—PRICE  LIST— 

Label   and   Emblem  Novelties 

Card    Cases     (Label) .10 

Playing   Cards    (no   Pinochle) $  .25 

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In    Ordering    These    Goods    Send    all    Orders    and 

Make  all   Remittances  Payable  to 

FRANK  DUFFY,  Gen.  Sec,  Carpenters'  Building, 

222  East   Michigan   St.,    Indianapolis,   Ind. 


TO  CARPENTERS 
"HOW  TO  READ 
"BLUE  PRINTS" 

A  TRIAL  LESSON 

Honey-making  opportunities  in   building 
for  men   with  this   "head   work"   train- 
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Get   this    FREE   TRIAL    LESSON    Now.     Prove  to 
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FREE    if    you    state    age    and    occupation.     Write 
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CHICAGO  TECH 
SCHOOL       FOR       BUILDERS 

RI05  Tech   Bldg.,   118  East  26th  St.,  Chicago,  III. 


A  New  Stanley  Toot 

SLITS,  GROOVES  AND  BEVELS 
FIBRE  BOARDS  LIKE  UPSON 
BOARD,  CELOTEX  AND  OTHERS 

Fibre  Board  Cutter 
No.  193 

You  will  want  this  new  tool  for  your  next 
fibre  board  job.  It  grooves,  bevels  and  slits  any 
of  the  fibre  wall  boards  now  on  the  market. 
Through  cuts  can  be  made  much  easier  and  faster  with  it  than  is  possible  with 
a  saw  and  it  leaves  smooth  edges.  Furthermore  it  cuts  beveled  edges,  makes 
beveled  edge  battens,  cuts  grooves,  makes  decorative  designs  such  as  squares, 
parallel  lines  and  bricks  as  shown  below. 

It's  a  Stanley  Quality  Tool  —  smooth  strong   castings;  Stanley  "Bailey"  rose- 
wood Handle  and  knob;  tool  steel  cutters  that  can  be  resharpened  like  a  regular 
plane  iron;  carefully  machined  parts  all  of  which 
are  replaceable. 

See  it  at  your  Hardware  Dealers 
Write  for  descriptive  Folder  P47 


STANLEY  TOOLS 

New  Britain,  Connecticut 


WC  0OOU«P4«t 


AND    SHARP    TOOLS 

Craftsmen  who  do  the  finest  wood-carving 
like  the  Carborundum  Brand  Combination 
Sharpening  Stone.  It  is  ideal  for  anyone 
who  uses  edged  tools.  It  has  two  faces — one, 
a  coarse  grit  to  take  out  nicks.  The  other  is 
a  fine  grit  that  brings  the  tool  to  a  razor  edge 
in  a  jiffy.    One  should  be  in  your  tool  box. 

Sizes  from  4  inches  long  by  1  %  inches  wide, 
to  8  inches  long  by  2  inches  wide.  Prices 
from  85c  to  $1.75  according  to  size.  At  your 
hardware  dealer's. 

Send  for  Booklet  "How  to  Sharpen 
Wood-  Working  Tools."   It  is  Free. 

CARBORUNDUM 

SHARPENING  STONES 

The  Carborundum  Company,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.  Cana- 
dian Carborundum  Co.,  Ltd.,  Niagara  Falls,  Ont.  (Carbo- 
rundum is  a  registered  trade  mark  of  The  Carborundum 
Company.)