Full text of "The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth century"

ILnUutimX of (L arts bum,

L A U R I S TO N

Presented to the
LIBRARY of the

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

A. Huestis

THE CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC
ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND

FROM

THE TWELFTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

Edinburgh '. Printed by George Water st on & Sons

FOR

DAVID DOUGLAS

LONDON SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO. LTD.

CAMBRIDGE MACMILLAN AND BOWES

GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS

THE

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

ARCHITECTURE

OF SCOTLAND

FIJOM THE TWELFTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

DAVID MACGIBBON AND TLLOAIA.S. ROSS

AIM IIITKC'IN

\ ti.

r M'E flYE /

EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS

MDCCCXCII.

All r'n

CONTENTS.

HOUSES IN TOWNS continued.
GLASGOW :-

Duke's Lodging, Manses of Eagleshani and Peebles, . . 2

Partick Castle, 4

IJamnial Hall, Gorbals, 8

Stobcross House, . . . . . . . . 9

PAISLEY, RENFREWSHIRE :

" The Place," . . 11

PORT-GLASGOW, RENFREWSHIRE, 14

STIRLING :

Houses in Broad Street, 15

Mar's Wark, . . . .18

The Manse, 20

House in St. Mary's VVynd, . 22

TOWNS LYING ON NORTH SlDE OF THE FORTH :

Guilds Perthshire, .... 24

Torryburn, .... Fifeshire, .... 27

I n \crkeithing, . . . Do., .... 27

Dunfermline, The Botany, . Do., . . . . 31

Aberdour, .... Do., .... 32

Burntislaml, . . Do., .... 34

Kirkcaldy, . . . Do., .... 34

Dysart, ... Do., .... 36

Elie, The Muckle Yett, . Do., .... 37

Pittemveem and Anstruther, Do., .... 40

Auchtermuchty, . . . Do., .... 43

West Port, St. Andrews, . Do., .... 44

Houses in St. Andrews, . Do., .... 45

TOWNS LYING ON SOUTH SlDE OP THE FORTH :

Bo'ness, .... Linlithgowshire, . . . 48

South Queensferry, . . Do., . . 50

Prestonpans, .... Haddingtonshire, . . . 51

CONTENTS - vi - CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

HADDINGTON : I>AE

Both well Castle, 58

House at Gifford Gate, ... 62

House in Poldrait Street, .... 63

ll.idilington House, ..... 64

House in Nungate, ........ 66

House of Muir, Haddingtonshire, ...... 67

HOUSES IN THE NORTH OP SCOTLAND :

DUNDEE, FORFARSHIRE :

House in Green Market, ....... 68

Strathmartine Lodging, . ..... 72

ABERDEEN :

House on School Hill, 76

" The Wallace Tower," 77

Turreted House in Broad Street, . . . . 79

Gateway to Trinity Hall, 81

" The Bishop's Palace," 82

FRASERBURGH, ABEKDKKNSHIRE :

Doorway, 82

House with Courtyard arid Arched Gateway, . . . 83

BANFF :

Town House of the Bairds, Lairds of Auchuiedden, . . 83

House in Upper Street, . . . . . . . 84

ELGIN, MOUAYSHIRE :

House in Elgin, . ..... 85

Elchies House, . .... 86

Remnant of Arcade in High Street, ..... 88

Archway in High Street, ....... 89

Duffus Manse, ... .... 90

Bishop's House, and Shield at ditto, . . . . . 91

Staircase Turret, ... ... 92

ORKNEY AND SHETLAND :

Tankerness House, Kirkwall, . . . 93

Doorway in Lerwick, . ... 96

Carrick House, Eday, ... 97

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND Vll

CONTENTS

TOLBOOTHS AND TOWN HALLS.

Elgin Tol booth, .

Tain Tolbooth, .

Forres Tolbooth, .

Dingwall Town Hall, .

Canongate Tolbooth, Edinburgh,

Edinburgh Tolbooth,

Musselburgh Tolbooth,

South Queensferry Tolbooth,

Dun bar Town Hall,

Sanquhar Tolbooth,

Maybole Tolbootli,

Kinghorn Tolbooth,

Grail Tolbooth, .

I >y>art Tolbootli.

Culross Tolbooth,.

Glasgow Tolbooth,

Steeple of Merchants' Hall, Glasgow, Do.,

Renfrew Tolbooth, . . . Renfrewshire,

Hamilton Tolbooth, . . . Lanarkshire,.

Town House, Irvine, . . Ayrshire,

To\vn Hall, Dumfries, . . . Dumfriesshire,

Lcrwick Town Hall, . Shetland,

Morayshire, .
Ross-shire,
Morayshire, .
K oss-shire,
Midlothian, .
Do.,
Do.,

Linlithgowshire, .
Haddingtonshire, .
Dumfriesshire,
Ayrshire,
Fifeshire,

Do.,

Perthshire,
Lanarkshire, .

98
99
101
102
103
106
109
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
118
121
121
123
124
125
127
129

CHURCHES AND MONUMENTS.

Torphichen Church,

Stirling Parish Church,

Dysart Church, ....

Pittenweem Church,

Church of Anstruther Easter,

Churches of Kirkcaldy and Crail, .

Dairsie Church, .

Cupar-Fife Church,

Dunlop Church, ....

Fenwick Church, ....

Bowden Parish Church,

Glencorse Church,

Balcarres Chapel,

Pencaitland Church,

Prestonpans Church,

Kippen Church, ....

Linlithgowshire,

Stirlingshire,

Fifeshire,

Do.,

Do,
Ayrshire,

Do,

Roxburghshire,
Midlothian,
Fifeshire,
Haddingtonshire,

Do.,
Stirlingshire,

131
141
145
149
151
153
153
156
157
159
162
165
167
168
171
174

CONTKN1 , - Viii - CASTKLLATKD AND DOMESTIC

I- A OK

Cunibusnethau Church, , , Lanarkshire,. 174

Kilbirnie Church, . Ayrshire, . 174

Piteligo Church, . . Aberdeenshire, .

Longside Church, Do.,

Elgin Church, . Elginshire, .

Turriff Church, . Aberdeenshire, . 84

Monument in Kintore Church, . Do.,

Thurso Church, .... Caithness-shire, .

Portpatrick Church, . . Wigtonshire,

The Montgomery Monument, Largs, Ayrshire,

The Crawfurd Monument, Kil-| ^ OQQ

birnie Churchyard, .
The Lauderdale Monument, Had-J Haddi tonshire) . 203

dington Church, . . . )
The Bruce Monument, Culross) ^^ 2Q6

Abbey Church, . . . J
The Lumsden Monument, Crail, . Fifeshire,
Preston Cross, .... Haddingtonshire, .
Aberdeen Mercat Cross, . . Aberdeenshire, . . . 212

SUPPLEMENT.

Abbot's Tower, . . Kirkcudbrightshire, . . 215

Airlie Castle, . . , Forfarshire, . .216

The Tower of Ardclach, . . Nairnshire, . .218

A.shintully Castle and Whitetield) _

Castle, ^Perthslnre, .

Auchenbowie, .... Stirlingshire, . . 227

Auchenharvie Castle, . . . Ayrshire,

Auchterhouse, .... Forfarshire, . . . .229

Bankend or Isle Castle, . . Dumfriesshire, . . . 232

Bemersyde Castle, . . . Berwickshire, . . . 234

Bothwell Castle, . . . Lanarkshire, . . .235

Bruntsfield House, . . . Midlothian, . . . 237

Canna Castle, .... Argyllshire, . . .242

Caprington Castle, . . . Ayrshire, . . . . 243

Castle Stewart, Penninghame, . Wigtonshire, . . .246

Castle Wigg, .... Do., 248

Cockburn House, . . . . Midlothian, . . . .251

Corston Tower, .... Fifeshire, . . . .252

Crichton House, .... Midlothian, .... 254

Culcreuch, Stirlingshire, . . . 255

Culross Abbey House, . . . Perthshire, .... 258

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND IX

CONTENTS

Darnick Tower, ....
Dog Castle, Torsa, Loch Melfort, .
Douglas Castle, ....
Dower House, Corstorphine,
Duns Castle, ....
East Cairns Castle,
Eclmonston Castle, near Biggar, .
Ferry-Port-on-Craig Castle, .
Ford House, ....

Fowlis Easter Castle, .
Gagie House, ....
Gala House, ....

(!;irlies Castle, ....
Cartshore House, ....
( Jartartaii Castle, ....
Gladney House, Kirkcaldy, .
Grange House, Edinburgh, .
Helmsdale Castle,
Inglismaklie Castle,
Iiinellan Mansion-House,
Dunyveg and Lochgorme Castles,

Islay, ...
Kilbryde Castle, ....
Kilconquhar Castle,
Killasser Castle, Ardwell,
Kirkconnell Tower,

Kirkton,

Knockamillie, Innellan,

Leith Hall, . ...

Libcrton House, .

London Castle, ....

Mains Castle, Kilmaronock, .

Monymusk Castle, . . .

Myres Castle, ....

Myrton Castle, .

Old Saughton House, .

Otterston and Couston Castles,

Pilrig House, Bonnington, .

Pitcairlie House, ....

Southsyde Castle,

Stane Castle, ....

Terringzean Castle,

Whitslade Tower,

Isle of Whithorn Castle,

Roxburghshire,
Argyllshire,
Lanarkshire,
Midlothian,
Berwickshire,
.Midlothian, .
Lanarkshire,
Fifeshire,
Midlothian, .
Perthshire, .
Forfarshire, .
Selkirkshire,
Kirkcudbrightshire,
Dumbartonshire, .
Perthshire, .
Fifeshire,
Midlothian, .
Sutherlandshire, .
Kincardineshire, .
Argyllshire,

> Western Isles,

Perthshire, .

Fifeshire,

Wigton shire,

Kirkcudbrightshire,

Fifeshire,

Argyllshire, .

Aberdeenshire,

Midlothian, .

Ayrshire,

Stirlingshire,

Aberdeenshire,

Fifeshire,

Wigton shire,

Midlothian, .

Fifeshire,

Midlothian, .

Fifeshire,

Midlothian, .

Ayrshire,

Do,

Berwickshire,
Wigtonshire,

PAGE

259
262
263
264
265
267
268
271
272
273
275
279
279
284
285
286
289
294
294
295

296

300
304
308
309
312
314
314
315
321
325
329
330
333
337
341
343
345
347
350
352
353
354

CONTENTS X ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND

SCOTTISH SUNDIALS,

CONTAINING NOTICES OF UPWARDS OF 200 DIALS, DIVIDED INTO THE
FOLLOWING CLASSES :-

PAGE

I. ATTACHED DIALS: 358

Single-faced Dials, 358

Dials with Two Faces on Angles of Buildings, . . . 368

Dials with Two or more Faces Projecting on Corbels, . 374

Terminal Dials, or Dials forming the Termination of a )
Gable, Buttress, Skew, or other portion of a building, J

385

Dials on Market and other Crosses, ..... 395
Horizontal Attached Dials, . .... 404

II. DETACHED DIALS : .... ... 406

Obelisk-shaped Dials, . . 407

Special Varieties of Obelisk-shaped Dials, . . .417

Lectern-shaped Dials, . . . . . . .422

Facet-headed Dials, . . . .441

Horizontal Dials, . 486

III. MODERN DIALS : . . . 506

Table of Dated Sundials, 513

EARLY SCOTTISH MASTERS OF WORKS, MASTER
MASONS, AND ARCHITECTS.

First Period, 520

Second Period, . . 525

Third Period, . . . . . 526

Fourth Period, . 545

THE CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC
ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND.

FROM THE TWELFTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

VOLUME V.
HOUSES IN TOWNS CONTINUED.

GLASGOW, PAISLEY, AND THE WEST.

Of the old town houses which once existed in the opulent cities in
the West of Scotland scarcely a single example now survives. We have
thus had to fall back for illustrations of the town architecture of these
localities on such drawings of structures now removed as have been pre-
served, and entrusted to us by gentlemen interested in the subject.

GLASGOW.

We are enabled, through the kindness of Mr. John Baird, architect,
to lay before our readers measured drawings of a series of interesting
old buildings in Glasgow taken down about the middle of this century.
These were known in part by the name of the Manse of Eagleshani,
the Manse of Peebles, and the Duke of Montrose's Lodging. The
chapter of the cathedral consisted of thirty-two prebendaries. These
dignitaries were each required by Bishop Cameron (1426-37) to build a
manor or manse in the four streets adjoining the cathedral. They were
further ordained to reside there, and to provide curates for their respective
parishes. The annexed drawings (Figs. 1106 and 1107) show the plans and
elevation of three of these houses which stood in the Drygate.

In ClelancTs History of Glasgow (Vol. I. p. 16) we are told that the
manse of the rector of Eaglesham was near the south-west end of the
I >ry#ito. After the Revolution Settlement in the seventeenth century it

FOURTH PERIOD

MANSE OF EAGLESHAM

,1 through various hands, and was ultimately "sold to the Duke of
Montrose, on which he built his town lodgings."

It is now impossible to say how much of the buildings shown on the
Plans (Fi" 1106) belonged to the prebendaries or how much was built by
the Duke of Montrose, but we suspect that most of the work was remodelled

Fio. 1100 Duke's Lodging, Manses of Eatflesham and Peebles. Plans.

by the duke. Except the part marked as the Manse of Eaglesham (see
Ground Plan), which seems to have been a separate house, the whole of the
remainder appears to have been in one occupation. The buildings consisted,
as was usual with town houses, of a block facing the street (of which the
front elevation is shown in Fig. 1107), with additional erections extending
behind into a back court. The principal entrance to each house has

GLASGOW

FOURTH PERIOD

apparently been by an arched passage which led to a long narrow court-
yard. These houses resemble in their arrangements the Hospitallers' House,
Linlithgow,* now demolished, having on one side of each courtyard a long
range of offices two stories high.

On the ground floor of the Duke's Lodging there was a well-room with
two wells. When the premises were converted into a town house for the
duke, two of the manses seem to have been utilised and thrown into one.
On the right hand, in the central back building, was the main staircase
and kitchen, with other offices. This back building, on the first and second
floors, contained a fine series of apartments, entering through each other
and served with four wheel-stairs. The hall was a handsome apartment,
measuring about 34 feet long by 20 feet wide. The rooms in the front
building were hit terly of less size, but from the fact of passages being shown
which form corridors leading to the different rooms, wo may infer that

Fio. 1107. - Duke's Lodging, Manses of Eaglesham and Peebles. Front Elevation.

many of the partitions are modern. These apartments are likewise well
provided with stairs. Adjoining the entrance passage on the ground floor
there was an arched apartment entered by two arched doorways, each
about 8 feet 4 inches wide. Can this have been a coach-house ? A similar
kind of apartment exists, or did exist, in the White Horse Inn in the
Canongate, Edinburgh.

The Eaglesham Manse was on a smaller scale, with a projecting stair
behind, which served the various floors. All the staircases entered from
the courts behind, which were reached from the streets by "pends."
There are some features connected with the ground floor of the front
buildings not easily explained, such as the narrow closed-up apartment,
which may have been a kitchen fireplace ; also the narrow open arched
space beside it, which probably led to the stair behind. These pecu-
liarities were doubtless the result of alterations.

These Plans were measured by the late Alexander Munro, architect,
* Vol. T. p. f08.

FOURTH PERIOD

PARTICK CASTLE

and by him were presented to Mr. Baird. From the date (1847) on the
paper on which they are drawn they were evidently made subsequently
to that year.*

PARTICK CASTLE.

This structure, of which nothing now remains, was in its ruined state
known as the "Bishops' Castle." The Bishops of Glasgow possessed a manor
at Partick, and the renown of their name seems to have outlived and sup-
planted that of George Hutcheson (one of the founders of Hutcheson's
Hospital in Glasgow), "by whom," says Mr. MacGeorge,f "this house was
built as a residence for himself, and the contract for building it, dated in
1611, is still extant." Subjoined is a copy from Old Glasgow of this inter-
esting document, which throws a very considerable light on the method of

Fio. 1108. Partick Castle. View (after Nattes).

proceeding adopted in building a mansion-house early in the seventeenth
century. Mr. MacGeorge gives a view of the castle as it existed in 1828,
when it appears to have been in much the same condition as when sketched
by Nattes (Fig. 1108)4 The castle "stood till recently on the right bank
of the Kelvin, not far from the junction of that river with the Clyde, and
Hamilton of Wishaw called it ' a well-built and convenient house.' "'

' For further information regarding these houses and for illustrations, see Glasgow
Ancient and Modern, Vol. i. pp. 262 and 296.
t Old Glasgow, p. 113.

View of Partick Castle, which has never been published, was drawn by

'* /0

Sheriffdom of Lanark (Spalding Club), p. 89.

FOURTH PERIOD

THE CONTRACT AND SPECIFICATION FOH BUILDING PARTICK CASTLE,

1611.

" Contract betwixt rne and ye Masoun in Kylwynniiig Anent the
Bigeing of the House of Partick.

"At Monkridding and Glasgow on the Nynt and fourteine days of
Jauuar The yeir of god J m vj c and alleweiii yeiris It is appointted aggreit
and iinallie endit betwix George huchesoune noter in Glasgow as princi-
pal! and James hamiltoun mercheand burges of glasgw as cautioner and
souertie for him for fulfilling of his pairt of y is p nt contract coiunctlie and
seuerallie on y c ane pairt William Myllar masoune in Kilwynning as prin-
cipall and thoinas Niwing of monk ridding as cautioner and souertie for
him for fulfilling of his pairt of y is p nt contract coiunctlie and seuerallie
on y e vther pairt In y is maiier Forsamekle as the said george hawing ane
house foundit in partik w i in ye baronie of Glasgw and ane pairt of y e
wallis and grund yrof ulreddie layid qlk being intendit to have bene maid
ane card hall and now of Intentioun to alter ye same In forme and maner
following. Thairfoir the said williame binds and obleississ him be himself
his airis exores and assigns/ and sufficient layars hewairs and barrowmen
In sufficient number To enter to ye performance of the work following
anent ye biging of ye hous efterspeit betwix and the first day of apryle
riixtocum And to big and pforme to ye said george his airis or assignes
Ane hous/ ane Jaine/ Turnpyiks and all uther easmentis yrof concerning
ye stanework and masoun work of ye samyii To wit the said williame In
ye moneth of marche nixtocu sail caus Tak douii the stanework alreddie
biggit and to cast the grund of ye house qll the grund be fund sufficient
qron to lay the grundstane and to caus hew ye stanes alreddie mon in ye
said moneth of mche Sua y 1 ye said william and his seruands may enter
to the laying the said first day of apryle nixtocu and to vpbig ye sainyii
hous and Jame of sufficient thickness of ye walls yrof as may serwe for
ane woltit hous. The inayiie hous being maid thrie futtis and ane half of
the said georges a win fute betwix cuningze and cuningze langer nor the
gavils yairof or pntlie layid conteiniiig twa woltis laiche and the Jame aff
ye north west side of ye maynehous to be ane wolt fla ye sydewall of ye
maynehous to ye kithchiiig braiss being saxtein futtis wtin ye walls of
breid and saxtein futtis of lenth coinpting twa elnes for sewiii fuittis with
ye odyer pend and kithcing brais In ye gabill of ye Jame of sufficient
formu and quantitie as becunies by the lenth of ye saids saxtein fuittis
Ane turnpyik to be biggit and raisit be it selff at ye northeist iiuk of ye
maynhous of nyne or ten futis wyde wtin ye walls/ qlk turnepyke sail ryis
be ane gawill be it self abone ye sydewall of ye maynehous w l ane paittet
gawill to serve for ane cabinatt be ane hewin dure yrto in passage fra ye
eist chalmer The newalls alwayes of this turnpyek passaiid be fair passage
to ye halldure and gusht abone to serwe the cabinatt and ane passage be

FOURTH PERIOD - 6 - PARTICK CASTLE

ane woltit trans fra ye turnepyik yet to ye laiche sellars and kitching
Ane paintrie to be maid vpoun ye north syde of ye hall be west the hall
dure w 4 ane passage yrfra inneth the same doun to ye eistraest sellar/And
at ye west syde of this paintrie vpon ye aingill ane kirnall turnpyik to
ryis be ane hewinn dure passing aff the syde of ye hall to serwe the haill
heiche chalmers and wairdroip of convenient breid and heicht for eissie
passage y r to with guittar stanes hewin and layid at the aingills of ye turn-
pyik for conuoying of ye wattir dropis fra ye mayne hous and jame. The
heicht of ye walls of ye mayne hous to be threttie thrie fuittis of heicht
fra the grund yrof to the wall-heids Comptand twa elnes for sevin fuittis
and ye walls of ye Jame to ryis of sik heicht abone as may mak ye ruiff
of ye Jame als heiche as the ruiff of the mayne hous The hall hawing foure
Ingangand windois and ane lyand window of sufficient heicht and breid ;
Ane fyne yett/ hall dure/ twa sellar duires/ kitching dure paintrie dure
kirnal turnpyik dure chalmer of dais dure heich-chalmer dures and all
uther dures and windois neidfull Ane chynay in ye west gawill of ye hall
and ane chynay in ilk chalmer being all sufficientlie pendit as becumes
w* all uther windois and lichtis necessar to serue the same with dry preweis
maist comodious and easfull in ye walls of ye chalmers and hewin dures
yrto to serwe the vse yrof. Thrie paittit gawills of ye mayne hous and
Jame and the hall turnpyik gawill paittit and the haill walls tymmer
tablett sufficientlie hewin and the chyney heids weill bushet/ with jaw-
hoills bowells gaigis and vther comodious lichtis as may be haid to the
hous and Jame yrof heiche and laiche In sufficient nomber as the said
George pleisses To hew and lay the haill lyntalls and harth stanes. The
haill durs and windous to be pendit outwith abone ye lintalls and inwith
at ye back of ye lyntalls be pendyt stanes cleinlie hewin. And the said
Williame binds and obleissis him at the said Georges pleasur aither to big
ane heiche pend upone aine pairt of ye north sydewall of ye mayne house
that the heiche chalmer abone the chalmer of daiss of ye Jame may be
conjoinet w 1 ye breid of ye hall and maid ane galrie fra ye gawill of ye
Jame to ye south syde of ye mayne hous alaiigis toward the west gawill
south and north Or gif ye said george will haue the heiche chalmer abone
ye clalmer of dayis rather maid in ane chalmer be itselff nor be ane galrie
as said is In y fc cais the said Williame sail big ane braiss to ye said chalmer
in ye kitching gawill w* tua windois to serve that heiche chalmer swa y fc
abone ye foresaid chalmer thair may be ane wairdroip in ye ruiff of ye
Jame and ane passage fra ye kirnall turnpyik yrto The Jame y rb y being
four hous height In ye qlk wairdrop the said w m sail big ane fair storme
window on ye west syde with ane storme window in ilk heiche chalmer
abone ye hall w 4 ane window to ilk ane of ye saids twa chalmers in ye twa
.-ivills ,f y<- mayne hous. And becaus all thingis anent ye finishing of ye
m.-isMune work foresaid cannot be set doun in writ Thairfore the said
williame hinds and oblisses him as the work ryisss to work the same suf-

GLAS<a>\\ - 7 - FOURTH PEKlOD

ficieiitlie with all Comodities and necessar easmentis to ye said georges
proffeitt alyke as gif everie Comodious easment war set doune pticulaiiie
herin w^n ye heicht breid and lenth of ye hous Jam and turnpyiks for-
saids That thair sail be na occasion of ony new task or new agriement
y 1 aiujnt At the qlk work the said williame w* hewars layars and barrow-
men sail abyde fra yc day of y r enteric foirsaid sua long as the said george
hes materialls qll ye same be compleit. And gif in default of materialls
they be constraint to leif work. The said williame w l his seruandis how
sone ye said george beis prowydit sail enter againe to ye work and abyde
y r at qll ye same be endit. And the said willia sail caus his borrowmen
mixe the lyme and sand mak ye mortar and fetche watter yrto Ilk prem-
isses the said williame and his said Caur binds and obleisses thainie y airis
exoris and assigns coniimctlie and seuerallie To fulfill and performe to ye
said George and his foresaids For performing and compleiting of ye qlk
work The said george as prin" and his said caur Bindis and obleisiss theme
y 1 airis exoris and assigns coniunclie and seuerallie Thankfullie to content
pay and delyuer to ye said Williame inyllar for himself his serueands and
borrowmen The sou me of lly we hundrethe threttie merkis gude and usuall
money of Scotland To wit ffoure hundrethe threttie merks yrof for ye
work and ane hundrethe merkis in satisfaction!! of all morning and efter-
noines drinks disjoynes .sondaves meitt drink at onlaying of lyntalls or
ony uther thing can be crawit fra ye said george in ony sort (Except the
said williames bountethe as maister masoun according to his deserwing at
ye end of the work be the discretioun of williame aiidersone of stobcross
to quhoinc baith ye Pteis has submittit thameselffis yranent). QLK sowme
sould be payet as followes vi/. aiie hundrethe twentie ponds at ye begin-
ning of ye work qrof the said w 111 grant-is the resseit of fourtie merks in
hand at ye date of yir puts disehairging ye said george and his caur yrof
the remanent extending to sewinscoir merks to be payet at ye said wil-
liames enterie to ye laying of ye work at ye first day of apryle foirsaid
Ane hundrethe merkis at sydewall heicht quhen ye walls are lawellit and
ane hundrethe merkes at the Compleiting of ye said work In full payment
of ye haill so \vniu forsaid. Lykeas ye said george sail caus scharp y r irnes
and furnels ane wricht to help to mak ye schaffels and futegangis and to
mak ye syntreis and lay the timmer yron for beiring of the pend mak ye
cowmes to ye pendis of the dures and \\ indmvis and mak all vther tymmer
work necessar And gif any of the said pteis faills to fulfill y r pairtis of ye
premisses sua y i y e other party sail be constrayned to registrat this . . .
or to rays or use ony execution In y s case the pte brekar and his said
caur obleis.siss thame Cuiunctlie and seuerallie To pay to the uther pairtie
the sourne of ane hundrethe punds money of liquidat expenses besyde
excutioii for fulfilling of ye premisses And ye pteis obleisses thame y er
airis exors assigns and q l sumever intrors w* y 1 ' guids and geir To warrand
freith relief and skaitless keep y r saids cautioners in ye premises and of

FOURTH PERIOD BARONIAL HALL

all cost skaith danger entres and expensess can be incurrit hereby. And
for ye mair securitie the ptes and caurs ar content and consentis that yir
pntes be actit and regrat In ye buikis of counsell or Comissars bulks of
Glasgw athir of y r decreitts and auctoriteis interponit heirto W* Ires and
executorialls of horning poynding and warding on ane single chairge of
Sax dayes allanerlie to pass hereon And to yis effect constitutes ....
thair prors Coiunctlie and sewerally promitten de rata In witnes qrof
yir pntes writtine be mr Johne huchesoun servitor to the said George
Hucliesoun the pairteis and Caurs hes subscryvit w* y r hands as followes
At day zeir and place foirsaid Before yir witnesses viz at Monkriding
Robert fergushill of that ilk James Hamiltoun of ardoche hew montgomery
of Smythsoun and ninian Nevin brother germane to the said Thomas/
And befoir thir witnesses to ye subscripun of ye said george and his cau-
tioner the said fourtein day of Januar viz Robt pebills mchand in Kil-
wyning the said m r Johne huchesoun and M r thomas Huchesoune writtar
thar (subscribed) George huchesone w th my hand. James hamiltoune
cautioner. William miller with my hand. J Nevin of monkridding cau-
tioner. R Fergushill witness. James hamiltoun witness, hew mont-
gomerie witness. Mr John huchesoune witness. Mr thomas huchesoun
witness."

BARONIAL HALL,* GORBALS.

Since this sketch was made the whole of this locality has been entirely
transformed and renewed, and of the baronial hall not a single stone
remains. The ground on which the buildings stood is on the south side
of the Clyde, and was known as St. Ninian's Croft. From an early
period it was partly occupied with a chapel and a hospital, but about the
year 1578 the lands were disponed to one Elphinstone, a Glasgow mer-
chant descended from the noble house of that name. His son, Sir George
Elphinstone, between 1600 and 1606, resolved to erect a residence on the
croft. He enclosed the ground and laid out an orchard and gardens and
erected various buildings, and through his instrumentality Gorbals was
created a burgh of barony and regality. He died in 1634, when the
place was sold to Robert Douglas, afterwards created Viscount Belhaven.
Douglas built the tower with the turrets seen in the Sketch (Fig. 1109),
which remained fairly intact till about twenty years ago, the upper parts
of the turrets and the balustrade being, however, then wanting.

In 1650 the barony was sold to a copartnery, consisting of the town
of Glasgow and other parties, and twenty years afterwards Sir James

* This View is from an unpublished pencil sketch in the possession of Mr. John
Baird, architect, Glasgow. The drawing is dated 1839.

GLASGOW

FOURTH PERIOD

Turner appears to have been in possession for life on very easy terms.
The buildings latterly served as a schoolhouse, a prison, and a public hall.

Fi;. 1U"J. -IJunmiiil llall, Gurbuls. View from South-Hast.

STOBCROSS HOUSE.

A simple old Scottish suburban mansion, which was removed upwards
of thirty years ago. It stood on the banks of the Clyde, near where the

I'M. liio. stuiirriis.s House. View from Sooth-East.

FOURTH PERIOD

- 10

STOBCROSS HOUSK

Stobcross Docks now are. It was an unpretending structure, which well
illustrated the latest development of the native architecture of Scotland,
as yet uninfluenced to any appreciable extent by the details of the
Renaissance.

The house (Fig. 1110) was built on the E Plan, having a main block
about 62 feet long, with a front facing the river to the south, and two
wings, one at the east and the other at the west end, extending backwards

FIG. 1111. -Stobcross House. View from North- East.

44 feet and 38 feet respectively (see Block Plan, Fig. 1111). In the
re-entering angles were the staircase turrets, one of which is seen in the
View (Fig. 1111). Extending in continuation of the wings northwards
were walls of hewn stone enclosing a courtyard, with the entrance gate-
way on the east side, from which an avenue of old trees led to the Gushet
House, in the village of Anderston, about half a mile distant. This
<li.-t net has all long since been absorbed into Glasgow.

In 1611 the lands of Stobcross belonged to a family of the name of
Anderson, and in 1735 they were sold to Mr. John Orr, a Glasgow mer-
chant, who, it is believed, made some additions to the house. We have
not learnt when it was erected, but it was doubtless towards the end of
the seventeenth century.

FOURTH PEltlOD

FIG. 1 111'. Tin- I'lacc, 1'iii.sk-y.

nun.

PAISLEY.
THE "PLACE."*

The accompanying Plan and Sketches show the condition of the Place
of Paisley as it existed till a few years ago, when it was partly removed in
order to widen the street. The Plan (Fig. 1112) shows the various struc-
tures clustered round the cloisters ;
they were doubtless at one time the
habitation of the monks, though after-
wards turned to secular uses. It is
not suggested that the existing struc-
tures are actually the conventual
buildings named on the Plan, but
they probably stand on the same site
and contain portions of the old walls.

The Chapel of St. Mirin and St.
Columb, of which the west gable is
shown in Fig. 1113, forms the south
transept of the church. It was
erected and endowed in 1499 by a

burgess of Paisley and his wife. A good view of the vaulted interior is
given by Billings. Above the chapel there is a stone vaulted dormitory.

Claud Hamilton, third son of the second Earl of Arran, became Com-
nienilator of Paisley at the Reformation, and in 1587 the whole property,
which had once belonged to the great abbey of Paisley, with all its lands,
were handed over to him, and he was created Lord Paisley in 1591. He
died in 1621. His son James, who predeceased him, was created Earl of
Abercorn in 1606. The earl left a son, James, who became second Earl
of Abercorn, and in 1652 "he conveyed the lands to the Earl of Angus,
who sold them in the following year to Lord Cochraii (afterwards the
Earl of Dundonald), from whose descendants they were re-purchased by
the eighth Earl of Abeivoni. These various noblemen all lived here, and
the house became known as " The Place of Paisley." After 1763 it was
divided up and used for various purposes, such as small dwelling-houses
and places of business.

The front buildings (shown with hatched lines on the Plan) were
taken down in 1S7-1, and the, advocates for their removal admit that at
least portions of them were as old as the time of the abbots, George and
Robert Shaw (1472-1509), both of whom carried 011 extensive opera-

* The names of the "chapter-house," "refectory," and "dormitory" on the
accompanying Plan are taken from the Ordnance Survey and from Walcott's
Scoti-Monasticon.

FOURTH PKRIOD

THE ABBOTS' PALACE

FOURTH PERIOD

Ill I'KKIOI)

PORT-GLASGOW

tions in o'lmertion with the monastic buildings.* Some portions of
thi-^ structure Mr. Sernple believes to have been erected by the Earls
of Dumlonalil in the eighteenth century.

A passage or pend under the " dormitory " led into the cloister, and a
stair led up to the passage running along behind the refectory and on to
the sorullr.l chapter-house. Thus the old " Place " or mansion-house of
Paisley consisted of three buildings on the west, south, and east sides of
the cloister. St. Mirin's Chapel was converted into a burial vault, and
the dormitory over it was connected with the "Place."

Mr. Semple says that in 1675 "extensive additions were made to and
in front of the old palace of the Abbots of Paisley by the fourth Earl of
Dundonald." These consisted of the building marked C, and the passage
just referred to. These erections (see Figs. 1113 and 1114) were evi-
dently in the late Scottish style, having crow-stepped gables and dormers
and comparatively large windows. The building called the chapter-house
is probably somewhat older than the last date, and has the character of a

nteenth century house of the L Plan.

PORT-GLASGOW.

Tin's house (Fig. 1115) is situated at the east end of Port-Glasgow,
tlie ol.l castle of Newark. It is now divided into workmen's

Fin. in.-,. |-,,rt Clas-ow, Hous

STIRLING - 15 - FOURTH PERIOD

dwellings, and, like the old castle, it has entirely fallen from its high
estate, and its surroundings have become extremely uninviting. The
house is very plain, but its few features, such as the projecting staircase
and dormer windows, are very characteristic of an old Scottish house.
It bears the date 1577 on one of the dormers on the opposite side of
the building, and was thus erected twenty-two years before the greater
part of Newark Castle.

STIRLING.
HOUSES IN BROAD STREET.

As might be expected in this town, so long a favourite residence of
the Scottish kings, some examples of our old domestic architecture still
survive.

The Sketch (Fig. 1116) represents two favourable examples of the
street architecture of the seventeenth century. The building on the left
with its twin gables is the older, and probably dates from early in that
century. It is extremely simple, and entirely devoid of ornament or
moulding, a plain stone back fillet round the windows, with a rounded
ingoing, being the sole attempt at architectural display. The surface of
the wall is harled or rough-cast.

The adjoining building is of a more ambitious character. It has a
good ashlar front, with a prominent crow-stepped gable and a sphinx-like
terminal. The windows of the three upper stories are all alike. A
detailed Sketch in the corner of the View shows the character of the
details, which resemble certain of the windows of Argyll's Lodging in the
same town.* In the pediments of the upper windows are the initials
J. R. and A. L., with the date 1671. In the corresponding place on the
second floor are the initials I. N. and A. R., and in the centre pediment
the inscription SOL-DEI-GLOR, while over the first floor windows are the
inscriptions

ARBOR VIT,E SAPIENTIS MURUS, AHENEUS.
BONA CONSCIENTIA.

The house on the right hand of the Sketch probably dates from early
in the eighteenth century, and shows, after the manner of the period, a
wall-head cornice, instead of the earlier form of a street gable.

Fig. 1117 represents the lower corner of Broad Street and a winding
lane leading northwards. The house on the right is a large five-storied
tenement, dating probably from the end of the seventeenth or the begin-
ning of the eighteenth century, and appears to occupy the site of
* See Vol. ii. p. 417.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN BROAD STREET

old Scottish mansion, the staircase tower of which has been preserved and
is joined on to the more modern building seen in the View.

l IK -ironses in Broad Street.

STIRLING

FOURTH PERIOD

by working poople. The doorway probably dates from the end of the
seventeenth century.

The Sketch (Fig. 1119) shows a tumble-down looking dormer window
projecting through the roof of an old house in Broad Street. The design

Fio. 1117. -Houses at Corner of
Broad Street and St. Mary's Wyu.l.

FK-,. 1118.
Doorway in St. Mary's Wynd.

of the window is after the manner of the early part of the seventeenth
century, and is not unlike those of Grange, Inch House, and Gogar. The
stone tablet, with the mottoes and initials, and the date 1715, occurs in
the position shown in the Sketch ; but this is doubtless an insertion, as
the window is certainly older than that date, as is also the whole front of
v. B

MAR'S WARK

FOUKTII PERIOD

the house. On one of the corners there is a very neat and well-preserved
sundial.

Fio. 1119. House in Broad Street. Dormer Window.

MAR'S WARK, STIRLING.

This stately house is now reduced to the front wall, the whole interior
being entirely demolished and the ground plan obliterated. There is a
popular belief that there never was much more of the building erected than
now exists ; but this does not agree with the impression which Sir Robert
Silibald gives his readers. He speaks of its large rooms and their com-
manding views, giving one the idea that he had been through the house.
Not only does the structure appear to have been finished, but it evidently
remained tenantable down to last century, as in 1715* there is an item
in the burgh records "for sixty dealls and some trees gotten to repair
Mar's house to lodge souldiers of the armie in ;" and again in 1717 there
an- further repairs ; and as late as 1733 the council are content "to take a
* Extract* from the Records of the Buryh of Stirling.

STIRLIM;

19 -

POUIITH PKIIIOD

FOURTH PERIOD

tack of the Earl of Mar's great lodging, high and laigh, with the close and
well, for payment of a blench duty yearly, and also of the yards belonging
thereto, att the rent of 30 Scots yearly, with the gardener's house going
alongst with it, providing the councill be only obliged to uphold and main-
tain the rooff of the lodging, but not the walls." This lease was entered
into and endured till 1790, so that apparently the buildings remained
intact till recent times.

Another tradition is that Mar's Wark was erected from the ruins
of Cambuskenneth Abbey. There may be stones from the abbey in
its walls, but certainly its ornamental and architectural features cannot
have been taken from any structure erected during the Gothic period.
Mar's Wark is decidedly a building exhibiting the characteristic features
which prevailed in Scotland during the sixteenth century, and it is
perhaps the most elaborate specimen of the masonry of that period now
remaining. Its two octagonal drum towers (Fig. 1 1 20) recall the similar
features seen in the gateways at St. Andrews and Linlithgow, and it
was probably the recollection of these features which induced Sir Robert
Sibbald to say that "the front of it is like a port entering to a city."
In all its details, such as the rounded angle shafts with caps and bases,
the corbels on the wall surfaces for supporting statues, the large beaded
mouldings round the windows, the numerous gargoyles of common shape,
with the shot-holes and panels for heraldry all these, from their similarity
to what is to be found in other contemporaneous domestic buildings
throughout the country,' and especially at the palace close by, show that
this is a genuine design, and not a building of patchwork made up from
the spoil of an old abbey.

Sir Robert says that the building was erected by the Earl of Mar
during the minority of James vi. Billings gives the supposed date of
1570; but, so far as we know, there is very little authentic information
regarding the house in existence. On the central coat of arms there is
what appears to be a date of the seventeenth century, but the precise year
cannot be made out, the figures being wasted.

THE MANSE,* STIRLING.

This edifice (Fig. 1121), which no longer exists, appears to be the
building referred to by Sir Robert Sibbald in his History (published in
1739). He says, "The minister's manse stands near the east end of the
church, and looks eastwards to the street called the Back Row, wherein
the fleshers keep their market. It is three stories high, in the lowest
whereof is a stable and coal-house, together with a bake-house and brew-

' We are indebted to Mr. Lyon for the Sketch from which this drawing is made
and for information regarding the structure.

STIRLING

FOURTH PERIOD

house, furnished with necessaries at the expense of the reparation box.*
On the east end there was several years ago the Baxter's arms three
piels." Sir Robert was informed that the house was either built or
enlarged by one Colonel Edmonds, who was a Baxter's son in Stirling.

Fio. 11-JI. Tlir Mans, , troin South-East.

The drawing is taken from an unpublished Sketch made many years
a g by a venerable lady still alive, a daughter of General Graham, late
Governor of Stirling Castle, who says that it was always called " The

* The reparation box was the box for receiving collections made at the church
door.

POUKTH PERIOD

ilOUSE IN ST. MARYS WYND

Manse," but that in her recollection it was tenanted by a fish and kipper
merchant, who hung his wares all round the building. The manse and
thf wall, with the round tower on the left, are copied from the old Sketch,
which only shows the slightest indication of the east end of the church.
This we have drawn more in detail from a Sketch of our own ; and while
the relation of the two buildings to each other is generally correct, we
cannot say that it is absolutely so.

HOUSE IN ST. MARY'S WYND,* STIRLING.

This building (Fig. 1122), known by several designations, such as Queen
Mary's House, none of which were genuine, was removed in 1870. It
has apparently been a town house erected on the T Plan. The inscrip-

Fi.;. 1122. House in St. Mary's Wynd.

, at the

unable to trace the names represented by the initials,
dates (1633 and 1697) speak for themselves. This house wa
shed m the mtenor wilt considerable care and richness, and Fig. 1123
Sketch of this house is kinUly supplied by Mr. Lyon.

STIRLING

FOURTH 1'EliIOD

shows two of its fireplaces. They were executed in stone, and are very
characteristic specimens of the internal decoration of the period.

FM,. 1 1-.';;. House in St. Mary's Wyiitl.

TOWNS LYING ON THE NORTH AND SOUTH SIDES
OF THE FKITH OF FOETH.

The numerous smaller towns situated on both sides of the Forth
enjoyed considerable prosperity during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, and present specimens of Scottish domestic architecture quite
equal to those found in the cathedral and other more important towns.
Indeed, nowhere does our town and village architecture appear to such
advantage as along the margins of the Forth. Most of the other Scottish
burghs have grown prosperous in recent times, and have in their pros-
perity obliterated almost every architectural mark of their connection
with Scottish history. But in the quiet towns in the locality referred to
so many changes have not occurred, and thus many striking features of
the old domestic architecture have survived. During the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries, and even earlier, a considerable trade was carried on
between the ports on the Frith of Forth and the Continent, especially the
Low Countries, and these towns were consequently amongst the richest

FOURTH PEKIOD

OULROSS

communities in the country ; hence the superior sty e of th i ^domesfcc
;livhll) ,,ur,. Of these a few examples are given on the north side
Frith from Culross, Inverkeithing, Kirkcaldy, Dysart, Ac., while the
towns on the south side are illustrated from Bo'ness to Prestonpans.

Other specimens might be shown, but the following are fairly repre
sentative and will suffice.

CULROSS, PERTHSHIRE.

This old and now deserted town occupies a narrow strip of ground on
the north side of the Frith of Forth beneath a steep bank, the summit of
which is crowned with the ruins of the ancient abbey. It was created a
royal burgh by James vi. in 1588, when it had acquired considerable com-

i. 1124. Culross "The Study," from the North.

mercial prosperity in connection with coal workings and the manufacture
of salt. The smiths or "hammermen " of Culross were famous for their
make of "girdles " for baking oatcakes, for which they held a monopoly,
ratified by James vi. in 1 599. Besides the ruins of the abbey and the
old kirk, Culross retains some structures which still serve to recall

PBBTH8HIUK

- 25

FOURTH PERIOD

its ancient importance. The large mansion of the Bruces of Kinloss,
erected in the beginning of the seventeenth century, and altered by
Sir William Bruce at the end of the same century, presents an imposing
appearance (see Supplement).

The "palace" of Culross has already been described.* Mr. D. Beve-
ridge, in his work Between the Ockils and the Forth, points out that the
proper name of this structure is " the Colonel's Close, by Colonel John

FIG. 1125. Culross. " The Study," from the South.

Erskine of Carnock, generally known as ' the Black Colonel.' " The
designation of " palace " seems to have arisen from a mistake of Captain
Kerr, the late proprietor, in " identifying with a royal residence the
' palatium ' or ' palace ' in the title-deeds of the Colonel's Close the word
'palatium' being the appellation which in law Latin or phraseology is
used to denote any large or imposing building, more especially any build-
ing which is occupied by a nobleman."

The town house of Culross is a good example of that class of edifices
* Vol. ii. p. 432.

FOURTH PERIOD

_ 26

CULROSS

erected in Scotland in the seventeenth century. It is illustrated under
the head of " Tolbooths."

Ascending the hill from the town house, a small open space is reached
in which (Fig. 1 1 24) stands the town cross, and a tower, evidently a portion

of an ancient structure. It con-
tains a wide wheel-staircase to
the second floor, above which the
usual small stair turret is cor-
belled out (Fig. 1125), and leads,
as is generally the case, to an
upper room in the tower. The
principal stair gives access to
two large rooms in the adjoining
tenement, one of which is still
partly panelled with inlaid work,
and bears the date 1633. This
edifice is called "The Study,"
and is supposed to have been
occupied by the abbots of Cul-
ross. The tower is undoubtedly
of pre-Reformation date.

The adjoining tenement (seen
in Fig. 1124) bears on the lintel
of the door (now partly built up)
a Greek inscription signifying
"God provides and will provide."
The building seems to date from
the seventeenth century.

Other interesting edifices still
survive throughout the quiet and
deserted town, and render it per-
haps the most striking instance
of a wile morte in Scotland.

This doorway (Fig. 1126), now built up, is situated in a house having
no other architectural pretensions in one of the streets of Culross, adjoin-
ing the inn. It is a vigorous design, in very dark-brown stone, with all
its upper surfaces tinged with a greenish-yellow hue. It contains a mono-
gram of the letters B. R. H., with the date 1671.

Kli.. 1IJI>. Cllllll.xs. Du.MWilJ,

PERTHSHIRE

FOURTH PERIOD

TORRYBURN, FIFESHIRE.

This house (Fig. 1127) is in an abandoned and ruinous condition, but
it is a favourable specimen of a type of house which prevailed throughout
a large part of Scotland in the end of the seventeenth century, and, with

Kit; 11-27 Tonylmtii.

through the

various modifications, continued to be a favourite style all

eighteenth century. This example, we believe, dates from the former

period.

INVERKEITHING, FIFESHIRE.

This ancient town was at one time a place of some importance, and
still retains the walls of an old building said to have been the residence
of Annabella Drummond, the queen of Robert HI. It has also an old
fifteenth century church with a fine font, and the town cross is one of the
finest in the country. The old houses, of which till recently it possessed
several, are fast disappearing. Fig. 1128, with the carefully- built turret,
shows the "town residence" of the Hendersons of Fordel. The work on
the turret is not unlike that at Fordel.*

* Vol. ii. p. 237.

OQ _ INVERKKITH1NG

FOURTH PBRIOD

Near the above, and on the same side of the principal street, is the

and springing of the arch still existing agains

tower.

Fio. ll'28.--Inverkdthing. Town House of the Hendersons of Fonlel.

angle of the tower, above the door, is a small niche for a figure (Fig. 1130),
which would point to the building being of pre-Reformation date.

Fiij. 1131 is another fragment facing a side street, and containing an
entrance doorway and staircase. The adjoining two-storied house, with
the pilastered shop front, is modern. The enlarged Sketch (Fig. 1132)
shows the tympanum of the entrance door, with the initials of the builder

FIFESHIRK

FOURTH PERIOD

INVKBKKITHING

Fio. 1130.-Inverkei11,inp. TI,e Gala Hall, fro,,, ,], Norll) .

* / i

Fro. 1132. Tympanum of
Doorway of Ditto.

^" H::i.

MOMS- i,, si, I,

Kiu. 1 1:. Inscribed Stone in Ditto.

FIFKSHIRE

FOURTH PERIOD

and his wife, and a trade mark over an empty shield. There is also the
familiar quotation from the 127th Psalm and the date 1617. The first
two figures are gone, but there can be no doubt as to what they were. '
On another stone (Fig. 1133) there is what appears to be a quotation
beginning " Cair Bot Cair."

Fio. 1134. Invcrkfithing. Houses on East Side of Main Street.

On the east side of the main street, opposite the Gala Hall, stood till
quite recently the group of houses shown in Fig. 1134; one having a
wooden front with outside stair, dated 1664, and the other being a stone
structure, bearing over the doorway the date 1688.

THE BOTANY, DUNFERMLINE, FIFESHIRE.

This house (Fig. 1135) is situated in the lower part of the town, adjoin-
ing the railway station. It was at one time an inn or hotel, and is now
inhabited by families of working men. We have not ascertained the date
of its erection, which, judging from the front towards the street (not
shown), may possibly be early in the eighteenth century. If so, it is a
survival of the T Plan, being an oblong structure with a wing in the
centre as shown, containing the staircase to the first floor, witli rooms in

FOURTH PERIOD

- 32

ABERDOUIl

the space above and in the roof of the main building reached by a lesser
lir The end of the stair wing, it will be observed, has had a large
opening in the lower part, the superstructure having been earned on a
wooden l>eain It is now filled with masonry, which appears to be as old
as the rest of the walls. The stair is constructed of wood, with a nicely-
wrought railing of thin pieces of wood set diagonally.

Fio. 1135. -The Botany, Dnnfennline.

ABERDOUR, FIFESHIRE.

An old town not far from the island of Inchcolm, and which contains
the fine old castle of Aberdour, already described.* In the neighbourhood
of the latter are some specimens of late seventeenth century houses, of
which that shown in Fig. 1136f is a fair example. The details (Fig. 1137)
show that it belongs to the period of the Renaissance, when the Scottish
features had almost entirely disappeared.

* Vol. i. p. 468.

t We have to thank Mr. C. S. S. Johnston for the drawings of these houses, which
have recently )>een taken down and partly reconstructed.

FIPERHIRK

OM HniuiM. f\mm th< \Mi-tli \Vr>t.

IMC. \ ]-.',-. Aberdonr. Detellaof abovi
G

FOURTH PERIOD

KIRKCALDY

BURNTISLAND, FIFESHIRE.

This town, situated on the Frith of Forth, immediately opposite Edin-
burgh, is now fast losing its ancient character. Fig. 1138 shows a quaint

Fio. 1138. Burntisland. House near the Harbour.

arrangement of gables and staircase near the harbour, almost the only
interesting bit now remaining.

KIRKCALDY, FIFESHIRE.

This now important and extensive town still retains some good exam-
ples of old Scottish architecture. Dunnikier House (Fig. 1 1 39) stands on
the public road at the head of the steep path leading from Kirkcaldy to
Dysart. There formerly existed a separate village called Dunnikier, but
it now forms a part of Kirkcaldy known as Pathhead. The date of this
mansion is 1692, and the character of its details corresponds with that
period, as is apparent from the detailed Sketches (see Fig. 1139). Sir
Rol>ert Sibbald, in his History of Fife, mentions that the house belonged

PIPESHIRE

FOURTH PERIOD

l-'Ki. !i:W. Kirkralily. Diniiiikicr House. Irom Ilir South K;ist.

KM;. II (o. Kiikcaldy. House in Front of H:irliouiv from tin- Soutli-Wcst,

DYSART

FOURTH PERIOD

FIG. 1141. Kirkcaldy. House in Front of Harbour, from the South-East.

some interesting features. It is now cut up into small dwellings, but
was probably at one time the residence of some wealthy trader with
the Continent.

DYSART, FIFESHIRK.

We have here (Fig. 1 142) a remarkably good and well-preserved example
of a house in the Scottish style, dated 1582. It exhibits the quaint cor-
belling and projections so usual at that period.

PIFESHIBK

FOURTH PERIOD

Fio. I 1 \-2. lijsurl, lloii>r in.

THE MUCKLE YETT,* OR GILLESPIE'S HOUSE, ELIE,

FlPESHIRE.

This house (Fig. 1143) was demolished about thirty years ago, "greatly
to the improvement of the town," says the author of The East Neuk of

Fir.. 1143. The Mucklc Yctt.

* For this View of the Muckle Yett we are indebted to Mr. Fowler Hislop of
Castle Park, Preston, who procured it from Mr. Currie, Elie.

FOURTH PERIOD

THE MUCKLK YETT

Fife (p 203), and a very commonplace structure was erected in its stead.

The only parts of the old house which were preserved were the doorways,

shown in Figs. 1144 and 1145, one

of which was built into the new

house, and the other, which was

connected with the low building on

the right hand, was left standing.

The Muckle Yett was a plain
hut favourable specimen of our old
Scottish architecture, with its pro-
jecting gabled staircase and dormer
windows breaking into the roof, the

Pio. 1145. The Muckle Yett. Doorway.

FIG. 1144. The Muckle Yett. Doorway.

whole being after the style of Scot-
tish houses of the seventeenth cen-
tury.

From the above-mentioned work
on the " East Neuk," we learn that
this house was erected by Alex-
ander Gillespie and his wife, Chris-
tian Small. Their initials are on
the metopes of the frieze (see Fig.
1144), which is also twice dated
1682. Above, in a tympanum, are
the Gillespie arms, a chevron be-
tween three roses. Their crest is
an anchor, and round the arms the
"wreathing," if it may be so called,
consists of a representation of fishes
and seaweed, probably in allusion
to the seafaring occupation of
Gillespie and his wife's ancestors.

FIFESI1IUK

FOURTH PERIOD

On the apex of the tympanum there occurs an interesting series of sun-
dials. There were dormers on the east and west sides of the projecting
staircase, and on one of them were carved the same initials, and on the
other the anchor.

"Two rooms in the Muckle Yett went by the name of 'The Duke's
Rooms.'" According to tradition, James, Duke of York, resided in the
house on several occasions. " There is a dim recollection of a bed, with
satin hangings, apple-green and a darker shade of the same colour, with
the arms of Scotland on the
bolster piece, which the duke
used to occupy when he came
over from Holy rood." *

Not only has the house of
the Gillespies been pulled
clown, but their monument
in the churchyard (Fig. 1146)
has been taken possession
of and its inscription coolly
effaced, and a modern one
relating to a different family
substituted; but the tell-tale
coat of arms, crest, and motto
remain. It is interesting to
trace the resemblance be-
tween the designs of this
tombstone and the doorway.

Elie, like most of the Fife
towns bordering the Frith of
Forth, seems at one time to
have contained a great many
stately old Scottish houses, of
which the Muckle Yett and
the building shown in Fig.

1147 may be taken as ex- FlG ' 114t '- Tlie Mucklc Yet t. Monument in Churchyard.

amples ; but, with the exception of the last, the hand of the philistine
has been laid heavily on them, and Elie has now become a commonplace,
modern, seaside resort, with whatever of architectural or historical interest
it ever had almost crushed out of it.

The latter house stands fronting the sea, and has been originally a
building of the L Plan, with a vaulted ground floor. The main wing has
probably had its windows enlarged, or this part may have been partly
rebuilt, but the tower evidently remains unaltered. The manner in which
the gable of this tower is carried up where it joins the main roof is very
* The East Neuk of Fife, p. 204, second edition.

FOURTH PERIOD

4(1 - PITTENWEEM AND ANSTRUTHEK

e of Scottish work about the meeting of the sixteenth and
en centuries. Similar examples are to be seen at Park House
Tnd Herbertshire Castle (Vol. in. pp. 515 and 537 respect.vely).

Fio. 1147. Elie. House fronting the Sea.

According to The East Neuk (p. 202), " the first person whom we find
in possession of the house is Dr. John Gourlay, second son of Sir John
Gourlay of Kincraig. In 1657 he went to Paris, and returned the follow-
ing year, immediately after which he settled in Elie, in this house, which
probably belonged to the Kincraig family."

PITTENWEEM AND ANSTRUTHER, FIFESHIRE.

These towns in the " East Neuk " present striking examples of the
Scottish style, applied to ecclesiastical structures, as will be seen from

FIFKSHIRE

FOURTH PERIOD

the illustrations of that department of this work. They have also
retained a few fragments of domestic architecture. Kelly Lodge, Pitten-

Fio. 1148. Pittenweem. Kelly Lodge, from South-West.

weeui (Fig. 1148), the "town residence" of the Earls of Kelly, is still dis-
tinguished by its sixteenth century turret and staircase. The projecting

4.0 _ ANSTRUTHER

FOURTH PERIOD

tower is older than the house to which it is attached, and is a peculiar
example of the old Scottish method of carrying the mam staircase to the
first or second floor, a wheel-stair being continued upwards m a turret
so as to secure a loftily situated room in the tower. There has probably
been some kind of bartizan at the east side, where the cannon-shaped
gargoyle is shown, for throwing out the water.

Fio. 1149. Anstruther, Old House in.

At Anstruther (the manse of which has been described in Vol. in.
p. 560), some antique fragments (Figs. 1149 and 1150) may yet be
observed. The first mentioned is situated in a narrow courtyard, and
shows a remarkably bold piece of corbelling supporting a round turret
hanging over the archway of the "pend " leading to the street. Fig. 1150
is a sketch in a large courtyard of a portion of buildings now used in
connection with the fishing industry. It seems to have been a house
of considerable importance, and one of the structures facing the court-

FIFESHIRE

FOURTH PERIOD

yard, but not sketched, was, it
is believed, a chapel.

AUCHTERMUCHTY,

FIFESHIRE.

There is here a long narrow
building (Fig. 1151), now falling
into a state of ruin. The win-
dows and doorways have well-
moulded jambs of good work-
manship of seventeenth century
design. A panel in the gable
for a coat of arms, along with
the arched entrance gateway to
the courtyard, crowned with a
sundial, indicate that it was likely
the residence of some one of im-
portance in his day, and the old
dovecot a few yards distant from
the house rather confirms the idea.
The present roof is of thatch, and
probably in this respect follows

FK;. 1150. Anstruther, Old House in.

Pio. 1151. Auchtennuohty, House in.

FOURTH PERIOD

WEST PORT, ST. ANDREWS

the original one. On one of the skew putts there is the date 1629, and
on the other occur the initials ^-Jf- The same date is carved on the face
of the sundial. The gateway has been defended with strong top and bottom
sliding bars, the holes for which, measuring 7 inches by 5 inches, still exist.

WEST PORT, ST. ANDREWS, FIFESHIRE.

St. Andrews does not appear to have been a walled city, although it
had at least four ports guarding the outlets of its main streets. One

FIG. 1152. West Port, St. Andrews. Entrance Gateway, South Street. View from West.

of these gatehouses was on the north side of the town leading to the
castle, another was in Market Street, and there was one at North Street,
which was removed in 1838. The only surviving gateway (Fig. 1152)
stands at the entrance to the town at the west end of South Street. It
appears to have fallen into a dilapidated state, when, in 1843, the provost and
Mr. John Grant of Kilgraston had it renovated, and evidently more than

FIFESHIRE

FOURTH PERIOD

renovated, for "huge, uncouth buttresses projecting into the street were
removed and substituted by buttresses at once elegant and powerful" *

The port, with its low, sturdy drum towers, bears a considerable
resemblance to the gatehouse at Linlithgow Palace, f which was erected by
James v. before the middle of the sixteenth century. The St. Andrews struc-
ture is probably a work of the following century, but the date of its erection
does not appear to be accurately known. Access to the top is now closed,
the doorway in one of the towers, as seen in the Sketch, being built up.

The panel over the archway, which is modern, is in honour of David I.,
the sovereign who first granted municipal privileges to the burgh. {

HOUSES IN ST. ANDREWS, FIFESHIRE.

A fine example of a portion of an old house stands close to the Church
of St. Salvator (Fig. 1153). The round angle turret, with its octagonal

FIG. 115:?.- Il'iu-r in St. Andrews.

* Rogers' History of St. Andrew*. t Vol. I. p. 497.

+ The king is represented on horseback (Rogers' History of St. Andrews).

4.6 ST. ANDREWS

FOURTH PERIOD

pointed roof, and the gable finished with gabled crow-step^ are both
.table features. The history of this building seems to be lost.

F t U54 represents another corner house with a round turret opposite
the west end of the cathedral, which, instead of finishing with a stone
J'reTet as the last one does, is crowned with an open balustrade. Ihe

FIG. 1154. House in St. Andrews, opposite Cathedral.

external appearance of this house has lost a good deal of its dignity and
height by the raising of the street level at this end some eight or ten feet,
and so burying the vaulted basement floor and the old outside stair which
led up to the front door. In the west gable of the house there is built
the coat of arms shown by Fig. 1155 a cross engrailed between two

FIFKSIIIKK

FOURTH ERIOD

cross crosslets fitched, in chief a crescent. Behind the shield there is
what appears to be a pastoral staff. These arms are evidently those of
tin- Fifeshire family of Duddingstone ; but their connection with this
house has not been traced. The titles of this
M of most of these old houses appear to be of
a comparatively recent date, so that but little
historical information is to be obtained regarding
them.

A writer in the Scotsman (16th Sept. 1890),
drawing attention to this stone, points out that
these arms appear to be those of William of
Lothian, Prior of St. Andrews (1340-54), and
suggests that William of Lothian may be William
of Duddingstone, Duddingston being a well-known
place in Midlothian, near Edinburgh. For further
correspondence on the subject, see Scotsman follow- Fl - 1155 -

. House in St. Andrews.

mg above date. Coat of Arms.

Fio. 1156. Bo'ness, IIous<! in.

FOURTH PERIOD

BONESS

TOWNS SOUTH OF THE FORTH.

The towns south of the Forth have kept pace more equally with the march
of progress in modern times than the more secluded communities on the north
of the Frith, and have thus lost more of their old distinctive character.

In Edinburgh and Leith there are no doubt still a good many inter-
esting old structures, but the architecture of the smaller towns has been
almost completely changed and modernised.

Fm. 115?. Bo'ness. Slaiivas

BO'NESS, LINLITHGOWSHIRK.

retains a few examples of the dwellings of its early
During the seventeenth century Bo'ness was a place of considerable

LINLITHGOWSHIRE

FOURTH PERIOD

importance, being one of the principal seaports in Scotland, and the town
still contains a few decayed examples of the domestic architecture of the
period. Amongst these is the house from which the annexed illustrations
are taken. It is situated on the north side of the main street and towards
its east end, and is conspicuous by a long row of dormer windows facing
the street. The house enters, not from the street, but from a courtyard
behind, which is shown in Fig. 1156. The upper part of the building with

Pio. 1158. Bo'ness, House in. View of Fireplace on First Floor.

the O. G. roof is constructed of timber and plaster, and contains the
staircase, the top of which, with its ornamental wooden ceiling, is shown
in Fig. 1157. Some of the rooms are finished with wooden panelling,
and have mantelpieces of a good style, such as the one shown in Fig. 1158,
in which the architrave mouldings are of stone, and the pilasters and
cornice of wood. The Frith is now at a considerable distance from this
house, but within living memory the tide rose and fell at the back of the
courtyard.

v. D

FOURTH PERIOD

SOUTH QUEENSFERRY

SOUTH QUEENSFERRY, LINLITHGOWSHIRE.

Fio. 1159. -South Queensferry, House at. Fireplace and Date over Doorway.

the principal room of this house. It is finely carved in stone, with wooden
panelling over the shelf. The date 1634 shown on the panel does not
occupy this position, but is over the entrance doorway to the house.

PRESTONPANS

FOURTH PERIOD

PRESTONPANS, HADDINGTONSHIRE.

An old town, on the margin of the Frith of Forth, about nine miles east
from Edinburgh, in the vicinity of which are several important structures
already described separately.* The trade of this town consisted largely,

Fie. 1160. Prestonpans. View of Cottage opposite old Churchyard.

and still consists, in the making of salt, the manufacture of which was
encouraged by the monks of Newbattle, who held the neighbouring pro-
perty of Prestongrange.

We here find a few little-altered specimens of the smaller houses or

* Preston Tower, Vol. i. p. 317; Magdalens House, Vol. n. p. 545; Northfield
House, Vol. II. p. 183. In addition to these there is Old Preston House, part of
which still remains, the residence of Lord Grange (see Carlyle's Autobiography) ; also
Bankton, the residence of Colonel Gardiner, who was killed at the battle of Prestonpans.

FOURTH PERIOD

PRESTONPANS

cottages of the seventeenth and eighteenth centune, That shown m
Fig. 1160 was built in 1729 by John Howison, whose nntials and those
of his wife, Agnes Wood, occur on a sundial (see enlarged Sketch) on one
corner of the house. John Howison was a
mason, and the masons' arms (a chevron be-
tween three castles) are also carved above the
same sundial. A further emblem of the pro-
prietor's occupation is seen in the hands grasp-
ing the mell and chisel carved on the skew-putt

(F & ig. 1161).

Fig. 1162 shows another set of cottages trom
the Cuittle or Cuthill, at the west end of Pres-
tonpans. Both the above sets of cottages pre-
serve the characteristic outside stairs leading
to the houses on the upper floor.

The style of architecture of these cottages, of which many examples
might be given from most of our old towns, is very markedly Scottish.
The details and general character are the same in all parts of the country,

Fio. 1161. Prcstonpans.
Carving on Skew-putt.

Fio. 1162. -Prestonpans. Cottages at the Cuittle.

and correspond with the similar features of the larger edifices. Most
of the town houses of any pretensions retain, as we have seen in many
nces, the same plans as those of the detached mansions erected in the
country.

PRESTON I 1 \NS

FOURTH PERIOD

Thus the annexed small house at Rothesay, dated 1681 (Fig. 1163),
has ;i projecting staircase tower containing the entrance doorway, like the
country houses of the T Plan. Other examples of the same arrangement
have been given at Kelly Lodge, Pittenweem, and the Muckle Yett at
Elie, while at Dunnikier House, Kirkcaldy, the L Plan is adopted.

Another example from Prestonpans (Fig. 1164) is the house where
Lord Fountainhall sometimes resided. The towering chimney rises from
a wide nreplace or ingle neuk, which opened off the ground floor, and
contained seats around it, and a window in the back wall. The nreplace

FIG. 1163. House at Rothesay.

has now been built into one corner and furnished with a modern grate,
and the ingle neuk is formed into a recess off the room.

Great chimneys of this description built out from the main structure
are not uncommon in the Lothians, and form somewhat striking features.
Attention may therefore be drawn to a few other examples. A very
picturesque specimen occurs in the old thatched farmhouse of Cairntows,
near Craigmillar Castle* (Fig. 1165). Here, however, as in most cases,
the ingle neuk was no longer used for its original purpose.

* This house has been removed within the last few months.

KM LK I H PERIOD

PRESTONPANS

KM;. llf>4. Prestonpans. House of Lord Fountainhall. View from North-West.

which is joisted and plastered, is about 8 feet, and it has an opening
about 24 inches by 15 inches for the smoke to escape by.

Fig. 1166 is another example from the banks of the Esk, in the neigh-
bourhood of Temple in Midlothian. This house was renovated in 1710.

1'KKSTONI'ANS

FOURTH PERIOD

FIG. 1165. Farmhouse at Cairntows, near Craigmillar Castle, Midlothian. View from North-East.

Kic;. 1160. Hous.' iu-ar Temple, Midlothian. View from Houth-East.

FOURTH PERIOD

PKESTONPANS

Besides a window in the back of the fireplace recess, there has been a
shoot from which ashes could be discharged.

In contrast with the fireplaces built out from the apartment, like the

FIG. 1167. Prestonpans. Fireplace in Old House uear Preston Tower.

above, are others which were carried into the rooms, and provided with
large hoods constructed with wood and plaster.

That shown in Fig. 1167 is on the upper floor of an old house of two

1168.-Prestonpans. House at North-East of Parish Church.

PRESTONPANS

FOURTH PERIOD

stories in the garden at Preston Tower.* This arrangement provides the
same sort of accommodation as the outward projection, but in a different
manner. The quarterings are sometimes filled in with clay and straw
instead of plaster.

The house shown in Fig. 1 168 is situated to the north-east of the parish
church of Prestonpans, the spire of which is seen in the distance. This

FIG. 1169. Prestonpans. House near Parish Church. View from North- West.

fabric probably dates from the end of the seventeenth century. It is a long
narrow structure of almost featureless design, except the central part of
the north front, which contains an oriel window on the first floor pro-
jecting over the doorway, and flanked on either side by projecting turrets.
These are quite symmetrical, as will be seen from the two Views.

* This house has been entirely altered, if not renewed, since the Sketch was
made.

FOURTH PERIOD

_ 58

BOTHWELL CASTLE

HADDINGTON, EAST LOTHIAN.

The ancient town of Haddington, in the centre of East Lothian, still
retains a few very interesting specimens of Scottish town hou
Amongst these the most important is

BOTHWELL CASTLE, HADDINGTON.

This quaint structure is a rare example of a nobleman's town house
in his county town. Jt stands on the right bank of the Tyne, which
skirts the town. The building (Fig. 1170) consists of a main block

STREET

FIG. 1 1 VO. -Bothwell Castle. Plan of First Floor.

towards the street, having a round tower at the south-west angle and
two wings stretching back to the river (Fig. 1171), with a small open
courtyard between them, protected by a wall at the river side. The
structure has evidently undergone considerable alteration. The windows

HADDINGTON

FOURTH PERIOD

in the main block, which have doubtless been enlarged, have raised cham-
fered back lillets, which are a seventeenth century detail ; while the side
wings have a simple splay round the openings, a feature of an earlier
period. The continuous skew-stones used instead of crow-steps also indi-
cate late work. The original entrance door, now built up, seems to have

1171 . Bothwell Castle. View from South-

(Opposite Side of Ou River.)

been in the tower, as above this in a moulded panel was the coat of
arms, now unfortunately effaced (Fig. 1 172). Probably, also, the staircase
was in this tower. At pre- - the staircase from the street

to an area floor only. The existing entrance is in the centre of the
main block, through which a passage leads t< a scale and platt stair at
the back. There is a lower story behind, to which this stair conducts.

FOURTH PERIOD

BOTHWELL CASTLE

The kitchen is in the north-east or larger wing. It is vaulted, and
has a fine large arched fireplace, the wide flue of which is shown on
the Plan of the First Floor. From the kitchen a doorway leads out to
the courtyard. The enclosing wall is ruinous, but the present rough
opening doubtless occupies the place of a former door opening toward
the river. In this wall there is also a stone drain, as shown on the

Fio. 1172.-Bothwell Castle. View from South-West.

Plan and View (Fig. 1171). The arrangement of the floors provided
a commodious house of some twelve or thirteen apartments, besides
kitchen and cellars. Most of the rooms have walls lined with panelled
woodwork, but all are now in a very neglected state. There is a
curious projection or thickening of the front wall towards the street,
roofed in, as may be observed in Fig. 1172, immediately below the
dormer windows. The object of this projection is not obvious. Possibly

HADDINGTON - 61 FOURTH PERIOD

it may be a portion of an older wall preserved in the newer house. It
contains a mural chamber (shown on Plan), which is drawn, however,
from description only, as the room from which it enters was closed at
the time of our visit.

A very unusual feature in Bothwell Castle is the dovecot. Such a
structure was an almost invariable adjunct of a Scottish mansion, and
was generally erected at a short distance from it ; but here the dovecot
forms a part of the house itself, being placed in the south-east wing
next the river.

In the Lamp of Lothian, p. 134, the author states that this house
belonged to the well-known Earl of Bothwell, and there seems no
reason to doubt the accuracy of this statement. We have already said
that there appear to have been alterations, but, substantially, the
house may be as old as the time of Bothwell. In confirmation of the
fact of Bothwell having a house in Haddington, we are informed by
the same authority that Cockburn of Ormiston, who was charged with
the conveyance of four thousand crowns for the use of the English
in Haddington, was waylaid by the Earl of Bothwell, who wounded
him and carried off the money ; after which deed, Sadler mentions that
the Earls of Arran and Moray "went immediately with 200 horse
and 100 foot men, with two pieces of artillery, to the Earl of Both well's
house in Haddington, where he resided, to apprehend him ; but Both-
well fled down the Gowl, close to the Tyne, keeping along the bed of
the river, stole into a house adjoining," and the inmates favouring him
he escaped. For this he granted the latter several privileges, which
they enjoyed for long afterwards. The siege of Haddington by the
French when occupied by the English took place in 1548, and lasted
upwards of four months.

At the beginning of this century this house was used as a school for
young ladies. It is now occupied by aged women, pensioners of the
proprietors.

This is one of the best specimens of old Scottish domestic architecture
left in the town, and it is to be hoped that it will not share the fate of
most of the others. It would still make an interesting residence for any
one over whom historic associations had any sway, and, if kept in proper
order, would preserve a most picturesque feature to the town, and help to
maintain its historic and interesting character.

There was another old house in Haddington now unfortunately
destroyed called "Blair's Castle." It was evidently just such a structure
as the above. This circumstance shows that the name "castle" attached
to Bothwell's house is not a solitary instance of the practice.

FOURTH PEKIOD

HOUSES IN HADDINGTON

OTHER HOUSES, HADDINGTON.

The View (Fio 1173) illustrates an arrangement of plan and style
of building which^found great favour in the towns throughout Scotland
during the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries, and

Fio. 1173. View of House at Giffbrd Gate, Haddington.

was no doubt adopted by the townsmen for their protection and safety.
These houses were entered from a courtyard enclosed with a high wall
towards the street or road, through which passed a wide gateway.
When the gate was closed the houses were very effectively secured
:i.i:aiii>t all intrusion. This house is situated on the Gifford side of

HOUSES IN IIADDINGTON

FOURTH PERIOD

the river, adjoining the old bridge, and on the left hand side crossing
to Gifford.

Fig. 1174 shows another specimen of the old houses of Haddington.
It is built on the L Plan, with circular staircase turret in the re-entering

Fi;. 1171 H<>us<> in IVldrait Street, Haddington.

angle. The mode in which the entrance doorway is inserted in a projecting
porch is unusual. By this arrangement a little more room is obtained
for a small lobby at the foot of the staircase.

Another interesting house (Fig. 1175) is situated on the same side of
Poldrait Street as the last mentioned, and immediately adjoining it to the

FOUBTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN HADDINGTON

sou tli. As far as we can learn, it was known in olden times by the name
of Haddington House. Its aspect towards the street is extremely plain,
and but for the quaint porch and staircase to the street door (Fig. 1176),
most visitors would pass the house without observation. The stair, with
its stone balustrade and square pedestals surmounted with round balls,
is handsome, and together with the porch, with its pillars and circular
timber roof, make up a rather imposing entrance. The doorway has a

Pia. 1175, -Haddington House. View from Courtyard.

broad moulded architrave, and on the lintel are carved the initials A. M.
C with the date 1680. The glass door, with its small panes
and moulded astngals arched at the top, is very characteristic of seven-
teenth century work.

In the interior of the house there are some panelled rooms, with good
fireplaces and pilaster decorations.

The view of the house as seen from the courtyard (see Fig. 1175)

HOUSES IN HADDINGTON

FOURTH PERIOD

is very picturesque. The oriel window is of a later date than the house
itself.

Fin. llTi'v- House in Poldrait Street. Poich and Entrance Door from Street.

In the garden there is a horizontal sundial, with the same initials as
those on the door lintel, and the date 1688.

Fig. 1177 shows the tottering remains of what has been a good example

HOUSES IN HADDINGTON

FOURTH PERIOD

of a town house in the Nungate of Haddington. It bears the date 1658
over the entrance doorway, which is formed in a small angular porch like
one of the foregoing examples.

PIG. 1177.- House in Nungate, Haddington.

HOUSE OF MUIR, HADDINGTONSHIRE.

This house stands about two miles south from Ormiston, and about
one mile from the charming house of Fountainhall. House of Muir is
now a ncidsidi- tavern, and was probably erected for that purpose. It is

HOUSES IN HADDINQTON

FOURTH PERIOD

merely a cottage one story in height (Fig. 1178), with a large ingle neuk
projecting outwards after a manner common in the Lothians. The neuk
is roofed with stone slabs outside, and in the interior (Fig. 1179) it has

1 ITS. House of Muir.

large stone jambs with arched opening, and is lighted with one small
squint window. The house has a conspicuous sundial on the gable.

Km. 1179.-House of Muir. Interior of IiiKli' Nt-uk.

We now follow the towns in Scotland in a northerly direction, com-
mencing with Dundee.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN DUNDEE

HOUSE IN GREEN MARKET,* DUNDEE.

This old mansion-house-one of the most remarkable specimens of a town
residence left in Scotland-is about to be taken down. Havmg braved

Fio. 1180. House in Green Market, Dundee. View from South-East.

the storms of three centuries, it has to submit to the rage for so-called
modern improvements, which has done so much to destroy the interest

Fio. 1181. House in Green Market, Dundee.
Plan.

Fm. 1182. House in Green Market, Dundee.
Details of Top of Gable.

* We are indebted to Mr. Alexander Hutcheson, architect, Dundee, for the Plan and
measured details, and to Mr. A. H. Millar, Dundee, for descriptive notes of this house.

IIOl'SES IN DUNDEE

FOURTH PERIOD

of our old towns.
This house, with care,
might have lasted for
centuries to come. It
MM nds in a fine open
site, in no way ob-
structing the traffic,
and is the most in-
teresting private
house in the town.
The View (Fig. 1180)
is taken from the
south-east, where the
building faces a wide,
open market square.
It is bounded on the
south-east by a lane
and on the north-west
by Fish Street, up to
which the tide came
when the structure
\\.-is new, although
now houses and
streets intervene be-
tween it and the
river. Other changes
have taken place in
the locality and on
the building. The
level of the surround-
ing streets has been
raised some two or
three feet, burying
the lower part of this
quaintly arcaded
street floor. The en-
trance door, with
steps leading up to
it, and the wide win-
dows at the north
end are modern.
There are indications
that the building ex-
tended further to the

PKKIOD

HOUSES IN DUNDEE

south than it does now. The edifice shown in outline on Plan (Fig. 1181)
nTnad doorways of communication on the first and second floors from
ctcular stair shown on the east front. On the west s ld e the old front
extends further to the south than shown on Plan.

The building is divided by a central thick wall runmng its entire length
and rism- above the roof. This is an unusual arrangement ma Scott,
Louse, where the rooms having windows on both sides usually occupy
the full breadth of the edifice. The detailed Sketch (F,g. 1182) shows
how the cable is finished towards the front, and it will be observed from
the general View that the top of the central wall is carried up through
the roof so as effectually to divide the structure into two independent

KM;. 11S4. -House in Green Market, Dundee. Details.

parts. The scale and platt stair shown on Plan is a remarkably easy one ;
it gives access to all the various floors.

The details of the fine arcaded street floor are shown in Figs. 1183 and
1184. Accompanying the Ground Plan there is an enlarged Plan of a
portion showing the pilasters of the arcade of one of the corner towers.
The upper stories overhung the street floor by about 14 \ inches.

The precise date of the erection of the house is not known, but it
cannot be older than 1562, as at that time the houses to the north of it
were all described as having "the sea flude on the south," so that the
ground on which it stands was then covered by water. The earliest
document in which it is mentioned shows that the proprietor, and probable
builder, was James Pierson, a member of an old Dundee family, who was
provost in 1643-45. His only son, for whom he had purchased the estate
of Easter Liff, predeceased him unmarried ; and the provost, by his will,
dated 1648, left this house to be divided amongst his five daughters, and
its proprietary history can be traced consecutively from that time.

110USKS IN DUNDKK

FOUUTH PERIOD

The rooms in the interior have all been finished in panelled woodwork.
The tine style of this finishing will be observed from the Sketch (Fig. 1185),
which was kindly supplied by Mr. A. C. Lamb, Dundee. It shows the
panelling of the east room on the first floor, the ceiling of which is 9 feet
7 inches in height. One of the panels still bears an artistically painted

Fii;. 1 1S.">. House in Green Market, Dundee. Panelling and Details.

landscape. We may state that about the beginning of last century the
proprietor, Bailie Ferguson, had it repaired and decorated ; but we incline
to think that the woodwork shown in Fig. 1183 is of an earlier date.

About the year 1770 part of the building was leased to the Government
as a custom-house, and was occupied as such for many years.

In the course of carrying out some repairs early in this century the
conical roofs of the towers were taken down and the walls lowered as

FOURTH PERIOD

- 72

HOUSES IN DUNDEE

they are shown in the View, and during these alterations a large hoard of
silver coins was found secreted in the roof.

The house is now divided into small lodgings, with shops on the

principal floor.

Since this was written the building has been partially taken down,
and it is found that the upper stories of each of the towers was an addition.
The centre gable was thus a story higher than the towers, as is evident
from the style of finishing of the corners of the gables.

STRATHMARTINE LODGING,* DUNDEE..

This quaint, old town residence of the Barons of Strathmartine faces
northwards into a large courtyard called the Vault. It is now divided into

Fir.. 118(5. Stratliniartine Lodging, Dundee. View from North.

* We are indebted to Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, Dundee, for bringing this
house under our notice, and for the measured drawings.

HOUSES IN DUNDEE

FOURTH PERIOD

various dwelling-houses, so that most of the features of its old occupancy
are effaced. The mansion has a small courtyard of its own entering by a

Fi<;. 1187. Strathuiartine Lodging, Dundee. Entrance Doorway.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN DUNDEE

gateway from the Vault, as seen in the View (Fig. 1186). Opposite the
gateway is the octagonal staircase tower, with its very handsome Renais-
sance doorway (Fig. 1187). Above the circular pediment of the latter
are three simple niches, which were probably filled with figures. The
staircase is a remarkably fine one, with a well-built hollow newel.
Fig 1189 shows the commencement of the stair, and Fig. 1
upper reach of the same drawn to scale, with a plan of the newel and
a section of the hand-rail, which is designed to give the hand a convenient
<mp. The baluster-shaped railing at the top is also shown.

We have illustrated several examples of staircases with hollow newels,
such as those of Glamis Castle, Leslie Castle, &c. Various theories have

Fio. 1188. Strathmartine Lodging, Dundee. Plan of Newel and other Details of Staircase.

been advanced as to the purpose to which the hollowed space with open-
ings in these staircases was put, and perhaps the following account by
one who evidently saw the arrangement used as the builders intended
may not be out of place. In describing the House of Cassillis,* the
writer says: "The house, in the body of it, is very high, having a
fine stone stair, turning about a hollow casement, in which are many
opens from the bottom to the top, that by putting a lamp into it gives

* History of the Family of Kennedy (Baunatyne Club), Appendix, p. 168, being a
" Description of Carrick, by Mr. William Abercrummie, Minister at Maybole." He
was an Episcopal clergyman in the seventeenth century.

HOUSES IN DUNDEE

FOURTH PERIOD

light to the whole turn of stairs." This exactly describes the staircase
in the Strathmartine mansion-house. The newel measures over all

KM;. L189. Stnthnurttae Lodging, Dundee. Newel SUir.

2 feet 9 inches by 1 foot 7i inches, and the opening extends through
from side to side, being slightly hollowed in the centre ; the openings
measure 1 foot 1J inches wide.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN ABERDEEN

Fio. 1190. Aberdeen. House on School Hill (now demolished).

HOUSES IN ABERDEEN

FOURTH PERIOD

ABERDEEN.

The ancient buildings of Aberdeen are, like those of most of our
Scottish towns, rapidly disappearing, so that probably before the century

finishes most of the towns in Scotland will
be possessed of no more interest to the his
toriaii and antiquary than the cities of
America and Australia which have sprung

Fio. 1191. Aberdeen.
House on School Hill. Details.

up during the present generation.
Sunn- of them have already achieved
this distinction. Perth, which \v;is
once famous for its churches and
houses, has been swept hare : hardly
anything remains in Dumfries or
.Ayr: and (Ilasgow, which half a
century ago was rich in ancient re-
mains, has lost nearly everything,
including its splendid college, a
masterpiece of seventeenth century
Scottish architect ure. Since the few
following sketches of Aberdeen
buildings were made, the most
picturesque of them all the old
house on the School Hill (Fig. 1190)
has been taken down. A fine
view of it is given by Billings,
which shows the turrets finished
witli tapering roofs, but during the
course of some subsequent repairs

Fio. 1192. Aberdeen. Wallace Tower.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN ABERDEEN

these were taken off, and the roofs were finished as shown in the Sketch.
The details of this edifice (Fig. 1191) resemble those to be found in many
of the Aberdeenshire castles. The view of the house was very striking as
Been rising over the adjoining roofs from the churchyard of St. Nicholas.

Fig. 1 192 shows a picturesque turret with
corbelled staircase, standing at the angle of
a street. In a panel in the turret there
is a statue of a mail-clad warrior placed
upright, from which the structure derives
the name of the Wallace Tower (Fig. 1193).
This appears to us to have been a recum-
bent statue, probably taken from some of
the churches demolished after the Reforma-
tion.

Fig. 1194 is another turreted house situ-
ated in Broad Street, adjoining which Lord
Byron lived for some time when a boy.

The building shown by Fig. 1195 is in
some respects unique. While all its details
find their counterparts in the style of the
period, there is a certain individuality about
it which marks it off from others. It is a
small building, with a projecting tower in
the centre, and has a courtyard enclosed by

an ashlar wall on the left side of the tower. The wall is very wavering
and frail, and in it there is a nicely moulded doorway. All the other
walls of the house are harled, but a carefully-wrought stone fillet is
provided for the finish of the corners and the dressings round the
windows, and above each window there is a shield. The corbelled
course round the tower at the level of the main eaves is not of the
ordinary form, although details somewhat similar are to be found in
some of the castles. The gable is finished with plain skews, and has
an iron finial on the top.

Fig. 1196 is a view of the doorway of Trinity Hall, being all that is
now left of the building, which was taken down in 1845. The doorway
was preserved and re-erected on its present site. The lower part, forming
a kind of pedestal, with chamfered corners, appears to be modern. In the
central panel over the archway are carved the royal arms of Scotland
on a shield between the crowned letters C. R., beneath which is the
inscription :

TO Y OLORIE OF GOD AND COMFORT OF Y POOR THIS
HOWS WAS OIWEN AWAY TO Y CRAFTS BY M R WILLM GVILD
DOCTOVR OF DIVINITIK MINISTER OF ABD 1633.

Fio. 1193. Aberdeen.

Wallace Tower.
Statue in Panel of Turret.

HOUSES IN ABERDEEN

FOURTH PERIOD

Kn;. 11IU. .

Tum-tfd House in Broail .Street.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN ABERDEEN

Fio. 119. r ) Aberdeen, House in.

HOUSES IN ABERDEEN

FOURTH PERIOD

On the scroll above the panel is the date 1632. The left hand panel
contains the arms and initials of Dr. Guild, and the right hand panel
quotation from Proverbs xix. 17.

The section of the door jambs is shown on the Sketch.

Fin. 1196. Aberdeen. Cuteway to Trinity Hall.

The gabled tower with the projecting staircase turret seen in Fig. 1197
is a very characteristic piece of Scottish architecture. It is part of a house
in Old Aberdeen which is locally known as the Bishops' Palace. That
building is, however, believed to have been taken down in 1651 by the
soldiers of General Monk.

FOURTH PEKIOD

HOUSES IN FRASERBUROII

Fio. 1197. Aberdeen. The "Bishops' Palace."

- -=- * ^

I ,... i IMS. Kraserluirt,')!.
Doorway.

FRASERBURGH.

Fig. 1198 is a Sketch of a simple door-
way of a kind often found in seventeenth-
century buildings. It occurs in an other-
wise quite featureless house. In the tym-
panum are the initials P. D. and P. R.,
with the device of an anchor above, and
the date 1718.

The View seen in Fig. 1199 is inter-
esting as showing a survival till the
eighteenth century of the style of early
Scottish houses with enclosed courtyards.
The panel over the arched gateway con-
tains the initials P. G. and B. S., with the
date 1746, and the house on the right
hand is dated 1749. Probably the rising
of 1745 left an impression of insecurity

HOUSES IN BANFF

FOURTH PERIOD

on the minds of the builders, causing them to fall back on the old plan
of house building with a strong wall of defence, having one protected
gateway only opening to the outside.

FIG. 1199. Fraserliurgh. House with Courtyard and Arched Gateway.

BANFF, BANFFSIIIRE.

The town of Banff stands on a steep slope near the mouth of the river
Deveron. The point between the river and the sea was at an early time

KM;. 1-JOO. - Banff. Town House of the Dairds, Lairds of Auelniiedd.ii.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN BANFF

occupied by a fortress, of which nearly all trace is now gone, part of it
having only been demolished in the beginning of the present century.

Fio. 1201. Banff. Town House of the Bairds of Auchmedden.
Panel over Archway and Dormers.

As a county town Banff formerly possessed the town residences of
many of the gentry of the neighbourhood ; but few of these now remain.

Fir:. 1202. -Banff. House in Upper Street.

HOUSES IN KL<;iX

85 -

FOURTH PERIOD

The House of Airlie, the residence of the Karl of Fife, lias been superseded
by a splendid classic structure of last century ; and the " Towers," the
palace of Lord Banff, was demolished by General Munro in 1640.

An old mansion known as the town house of the Bairds, Lairds of
Auchraeddeii (Fig. 1200), however, still remains, though somewhat altered.
It Mauds at the angle of the main upper street and a narrow steep lane
called the Straight Path. This house may have belonged to the Bairds
of Auchinedden, but it was evidently not built by them. The quaint
dormers (Fig. 1201) contain the initials and arms of a branch of the
Ogilvies, and the panel over the archway to the courtyard (see Fig. 1200)
contains the .->aine arms. The courtyard still retains its old form, but the
interior of the mansion is now altered into business premises.

Another rather remarkable house (Fig. 1202) stands in the same street,
a little further south. Its history is not well known, but it is peculiar in
style and diflei-ent from any other building of the kind in Scotland.

ELGIN, MORAYSHIRE.

Elgin was from an early period the chief town of the extensive and
fertile plain of Moray. It was a king's burgh in the time of David I., and

FK;. 1203. Elgin, House in. (Copied from Rhind's ''Sketches in Moray.")

was much encouraged by William the Lion and Alexander u. Under the
latter the Episcopal See was transferred from Spynie to Elgin, and the
privileges of a merchant guild were conferred on the burgesses.

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN ELGIN

Elgin, like many other towns, owes its origin to the existence of a
suitable site for a fortress, which in this instance consists of a conical
hill at the west end of the burgh. Being composed of sand and gravel,

FIG. 1204.- Elgin. Elchies House.

this site was readily fortified with a ditch and palisaded mound,
such as doubtless constituted the original castle. Before the time of
Edward I., however, these simple works had been converted into a castle

HOUSES IN ELGIN

FOURTH PERIOD

of the First Period, which crowned the Lady Hill, and in which he lodged
when he visited the district in 1296. A keep seems to have been added
;it a lain- date, when tlio castle became the residence of the Earls of Moray,
which it continued to be till the fall of the Douglases in the middle of the
tift.M-iith century. But all that now remains of the structure is a few frag-
ments of wall, too firmly cemented with run lime to permit of their being
carried off as building materials.

The town of Elgin is built on the same plan
as the old town of Edinburgh and many other
Scottish burghs i.e., with one wide central street,
from which lanes or "closes" branch off on both
sides, giving access to the houses which came to
be erected in the backgrounds of the front tene-
ments as the population increased and additional
dwellings were required. The town still retains
some share of the dignified and venerable appear-
ance which its age entitles it to. The importance
it derived from being from the thirteenth century
the See of the Bishop of Moray was no doubt a
circumstance which contributed to improve the
character of its buildings. In the time of
Edward i. Elgin boasted many fine architectural
structures and ecclesiastical foundations. Besides
the cathedral and the twenty-two manses of its
prebends, there were the parish church of St. Giles,
with its churchyard, in the centre of the town ; the
monasteries of the Black Friars and Grey Friars ;
a preceptory of the Knights Templars ; a com-
munity of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John ;
an establishment of the Brethren of St. Lazarus,
and a hospital or Maison Dieu. An enclosing
ditch and palisade surrounded the town, which
was entered by four ports or gates.

The houses of the inhabitants were no doubt of wood, and at that early
time very simple ; but they were subsequently built with stone and com-
prised a great variety of domestic structures, some of which were of con-
siderable architectural interest. Amongst these were Thunderton House,
the town residence of the Dunbars of Westfield, and afterwards of Lord
Duffus, of which a few walls only are preserved ; Drummuir House, the
residence of the Calders ; Auchry's House, &c, A full account of these
old residences and their owners is given by Mr. Irving in his Annals of
Elgin ; but the houses themselves have nearly all disappeared, although
many of them survived till quite recent times.

When Mr. Billings published his work on Scottish Architecture (about

FIG. 1205. Elgin.

Angle Window in

Elchies House.

FOURTH I'KRIOH

- 88

HOUSES IN ELGIN

1850), this town was referred to as presenting interesting architectural
subjects at every corner. Besides the grand mass of the cathedral and
the clustered castellated remains of its close, every street and turning
presents some curious quaint architectural peculiarity, from the graceful
Gothic arches of the Maison Dieu to the old grey burgher's house, sticking
its narrow crow-stepped gable, and all its fantastic, irregular, blinking
little windows, into the centre of the street." Of one of these picturesque
structures, with its staircase tower, arcaded footway, and fanciful dormers,
Mr. Billings gives an admirable illustration. But in the forty years since

FIG. 1200. Elgin. Keiunaiit of Arcade in High Street.

elapsed many changes have occurred, and amongst others this arcaded and
typical example has been swept away. The angle staircase tower adjoining
was, we believe, only saved by the patriotic efforts of a public-spirited
citizen. But it now stands almost alone as a memorial of the past in the
midst of the more attractive and expansive plate-glass of the new shop
fronts.

Fig. 1203 represents this structure as drawn by Mr. Rhind in his
Sketches of Moray. A panel bears the date 1634, and arms, supposed to
be those of Leslie.

Fig. 1204 is another example of a fine street house of the town, also
now destroyed. This was Elchies House, which belonged in succession to

Hoi si;s I\ ELGIN

FOURTH PERIOD

the Cummings of Pitullie, the Kings of Newniill, and the Grants of Elchies.
It exhibits the peculiar features of many of the old mansions of Elgin now
removed in its arcaded ground floor and fantastic dormers. One of the
latter recalls a similar design at Cawdor Castle, and another contains the
date 1671.

The quaintly-inserted angle window (Fig. 1205) resembles those of the
Bishops' House in the Cathedral Close* and those at Balveny Castle, f
in the same district, and shows what the large angle turrets were finally
converted into, while the arcaded street floor indicates what was a very

.. 1-J07. Klgin. Airli\v;iy in Ili-li Street

usual f<rm of construction in this and other Scottish towns. .Most of
these arcades have now unfortunately disappeared, but wr are able to
show (Fig. 1206) a remnant of one which has been preserved, in conse-
quence of its forming the archway to a back court. Such archways,
leading from the main street to enclosed courtyards or lanes, are of
common occurrence in the town, and present features of some interest.
The annexed Sketch (Fig. 1207) is one of the best preserved.

Fig. 1208 is a reproduction of a sketch by J. C. Nattes, made in
1799 (kindly lent by Mr. David Douglas), of a house near the cathedral,
called "Duffus Manse," which was pulled down about 1829. It
* Vol. n. p. 58. t Vol. i. p. 386.

FOURTH PERIOD

H"r>F.S IX ELGIN

y> i ' ^~-^

i } t. S; v *^

HOUSRS IN KJ.'.IK

FOURTH PERIOD

shows the archway to the private courtyard, i'nmi which the
iitcred by a door in the stair turret, the top story of which is so pictur-
esquely corbelled out. The upper little oriel windows, curved outward in
a circle, are another example of this local peculiarity above referred to.
Duffus Manse was originally built by John de Spalding, canon of Duffus,
and formed the quarters of Edward i. in 1303. James n. also resided
here in 145"), hut the recent building was evidently of subsequent erection.

Fir;. I :!.'. -Kl-in. lii.s]|..|* I! . -vs.)

In the preceding Vol. n. p. 58, an account is given of the Bishops'
House, which was one of the manses situated within the Cathedral Close.
I n supplement to the description already given, we now reproduce (by per-
mission of Mr. Douglas) an unpublished Sketch by Nattes, (Fig. 1209)
of the Bishops' House from the north-west, showing the gateway to the
courtyard and other features not formerly illustrated, and now obliterated.
Fig. 1210 is a View of the picturesque staircase turret of that house as
seen from the north-west. A remarkable shield (Fig. 1211) is now pre-
served beside this building. It has given rise to much local discussion, but
little has been determined with regard to its origin or the signification of
the curious crest of the helmet. From Nattes' Sketch (see Fig. 1209) it is
apparent that this stone was in his time built into the outer wall of the

FOURTH PERIOD

HOUSES IN ELGIN

the son
account

Bishops' House. The shield seems to be that of the Earl of Mar,
of the " Wolf of Badenoch," of whom and his arms the following
is given by Nisbet : '

" Lady Isabel Douglas, Coun-
tess of Mar, married Alexander
Stewart, natural son of Alexan-
der Stewart of Badenoch, Earl
of Buchan, fourth son of King
Robert n. He is nevertheless
called the eldest son of the Earl
of Buchan in a charter granted
to him, anno 1404, by his lady,
Isabel, Countess of Mar, by
which charter she gives him the
Earldom of Mar and Lordship
of Garioch, in consideration of
the marriage ; and no doubt it
was also in consideration of that
marriage that he is said to be
the eldest son of his father,
which does not follow that he

FIG. 1210. Elgin. Staircase Turret.

was not a bastard, for if he had been a
lawful son he had certainly succeeded his
father in the Earldom of Buchan, which
earldom went to John, Earl of Buchan, a
younger son of Robert, Duke of Albany.
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, by right
of his wife, as said is, carried for arms on
his seal, which I have seen, quarterly first
and fourth, or, a fesse cheque (for Stewart)
between three open crowns, gules, which
were the figures of the Lordship of Garioch,
and in these quarters he had no mark of
illegitimation ; second and third, the arms
of Mar, as before, azure, a bend betwixt
six cross crosslets fitched, or. He was
commander-in-chief at the battle of Har-
law, anno 1411. A man of great honour,
an ornament to his country, and died
without issue 1426. The earldom after-

, 1

FIG. 1211. -Elgin. Shield.

* Heraldry, Vol. n. p. 45.

TANKERNESS HOUSE

FOURTH PERIOD

fell into the king's hands, and the sons of the royal family were
afterwards designed Earls of Mar."

TANKERNESS HOUSE, KIRKWALL, ORKNEY.

The various buildings situated in the main street of Kirkwall, and
known as Tankerness House, originally formed the residences or manses
of certain of the cathedral dignitaries. Thus (Fig. 1212) on the left is
the "Chancellerie," then the "Sub-chantry," and on the north side of the

-ARCH DEACONRV

Fio. 1212. Tankevncss House. Plans.

archway the "Archdeaconry" and "Treasurie." It is only since about
1641, when James Baikie, ancestor of the present proprietor, bought the
whole property, that it has been known by its present designation. The
buildings are situated in the vicinity and opposite the west end of the
cathedral, their position relative to which is seen in the View from the
West (Fig. 1213), which is copied from a sketch by " R. Gallon, artist,

FOURTH PERIOD

TANKERNESS HOUSE

London." The structures have been considerably altered at various times
by the Baikie family, but not, it is believed, to the extent of materially

Fio. 1213. Tankerness House. View from West.

affecting the central portion shown on the First Floor Plan ; but the north-
most building shown on the Ground Plan, and known as " the manse

Fin. 1214. Tankerness House. Entrance from .Street.

TANKERNESS HOUSE

FOURTH PERIOD

pertaining to the Treasurie," is entirely modern. How far the present
erections follow the old lines we have been unable to learn. The above
manses were complete and independent establishments, possessing each
within itself a full equipment of the necessary domestic offices, and the
alterations have been made for the purpose of converting them into one
lame house. This, it appears, was a gradual work, the Baikies occu-
pying the buildings at first very much in the same way as the ecclesiastics
had done. James Baikie, who lived till 1670, resided in the Treasurie, his

EVA /?^* ^ \

AgJLJ

PATprfTf OSTER1S (

SEMEN

ERlTFRVSTRK

J\5C)SFRM-SE!PV ET-IPSI
AW1N0-SKLVTIS 1*574

Fi<;. 1215. Tankcrness House. Inscription over Gateway.

son Arthur in the Archdeaconry, and his son Thomas in the Sub-chantry.
In 1671 Thomas granted a licence to Arthur to erect on what was waste
ground the house adjoining the gateway to the south, and " to join the
same to the Sub-chantry." The previous buildings of the Sub-chantry,
which occupy the south side of the courtyard, are old, the kitchen (as
shown on the Plan) having the large wide-arched fireplace
so common in the castles. The structures which form the
west side of the courtyard as they now exist were, it is
believed, almost all built by the present family in 1680,
and the south-west gable in 1722 ; the gateway and arch-
deaconry, however, still remain unaltered (Fig. 1214). Over
the gateway is the Latin inscription and the coats of arms
shown in Fig. 1215, which is taken from a careful rubbing
kindly lent us by Mr. Charles S. S. .Johnston, architect. The xankcnicss n'ou
version or paraphrase of the inscription handed down in the
family is "Without the Lord's protection our children will
live in vain, and ourselves be but slaves. In the year of Grace 1574."
The arms and initials are those of Archdeacon Gilbert Fulzie and his wife,
Kli/abeth Kinnaird.* On the skew-putt of the staircase tower inside

* The proprietor communicates another version by Colonel David Balfour, viz.,
"That the arms are those of Fraser of Lovat, with the initials of Maister G. Fraser
and his wife, a Kinnaird of Inchture. The Fraser arms," he adds, "are not correct,
according to Macken/ie, but are often so blazoned." We have seen no confirmation
of this account.

Initials on
Skew-putt.

FOURTH PERIOD

TANKERNESS HOUSE

the gate are the same initials as those over the gateway (Fig. 1216).
On the right-hand side of the gateway, and entering by the door in the
staircase tower, there is a small chamber,
which was probably the porter's room,
and on the opposite side a narrow outside
stair leads up to the balcony over the
arch. Along the south side of the court-
yard, near the foot of this stair, there is
a stone seat, called the "dole's seat,"
where certain poor dependents used to
sit waiting for their dole.

Gilbert Fulzie was appointed arch-
deacon of St. Magnus in 1566,* during
the sway of Bishop Reid, who, at this
late period, established a very liberal
foundation in the cathedral, appointing
seven dignitaries and seven prebendaries,
besides chaplains, sacristans, and choris-
ters. He was proprietor of the Sub-
chantry, and erected the Archdeaconry.
These two tenements were inherited by
his three daughters and co-heiresses,
Margaret, Ursula, and Marjorie, who in ._ -
1619 vested their rights in Ursula and
her husband, Edward Sinclair of Esseng-
noy, from whom they were bought by FIO. igiT.-Tankemess House.

J ' Arched Gateway.

James Baikie.t

The buildings of the Treasurie being modern
are not shown in Fig. 1214, in which View the
courtyard shown on the right hand, and appar-
ently occupying the place of the Treasurie, is in
reality situated a few stances further along the
street. It shows the same sort of arrangements
as the buildings of the dignitaries, but of a later
date.

The Orkneys having been handed over to

* Description of the Church of Saint Magnus, p. 85,
by Sir Henry Dry den.

t We are indebted to the proprietor, William
Dover Baikie, Esq., for his researches into family
papers in order to supply us with information regard-
ing this house. We are also indebted to Mr. Malcolm
Heddle, burgh surveyor, Kirkwall, for a very complete
Fio. 1218. set of plans of the buildings and surroundings, two of

ii.'.i\viy rn.in I eiwick. which plans are here reproduced.

CARRICK HOUSE

FOURTH PERIOD

Scotland by Norway in the middle of the fifteenth century, the northern
isles naturally adopted the Scottish style from that period. But they were
necessarily late in following the style of the south, and have also retained
longer than some of the southern burghs many of the features of the
town houses of Scotland in the seventeenth century. Among these are
the above courtyards and street gates.

Another similar structure is shown in Fig. 1217. The arched gate-
way and courtyard occur in two or three instances in Kirkwall. The
somewhat peculiar doorway (Fig. 1218) is from Lerwick, in Shetland.

CARRICK HOUSE, REDHEAD, EDAY, ORKNEY.

The View of this house (Fig. 1219) is sketched from the passing steam-
boat, and we are indebted for the details of the entrance gateway to Mr.
C. S. S. Johnston, who procured them for us from Mr. H. C. Hebden,
Eday. This building, which bears the date of 1633, is interesting as

FIG. 1219. Carrick House. View.

showing how in this remote locality the same kind of house prevailed as
was erected at the same time all over the mainland, the distinctive feature
being the enclosing wall, with the entrance gateway leading into a court
yard. This mansion appears to have been built by a brother of Earl
Patrick Stewart, who was himself created Earl of Carrick.

FOURTH PERIOD - 98 - ELGIN TOLBOOTH

X. TOLBOOTHS AND TOWN HALLS.

The tolbooths are the most ancient of our civic public buildings, and
the following series^of examples shows a regular succession of designs, from
the early keep, which formed the strong post of the municipal authority
in the burghs, to the council chamber, which now occupies its place, and
accords better with modern methods of civic rule. These structures are
interesting not only as examples of the progress of municipal architecture,
but also from their symbolising the history and conditions of the muni-
cipalities during several centuries. In early and turbulent times the
office of a magistrate was by no means a safe and comfortable one.
When disturbances arose, as they often did in the towns, either from
attacks from without or revolts and rivalries within, the magistrates had
need of a strong tower for their defence, and from which they might
safely rule the excited and armed masses. Hence the early tolbooths
were constructed in the same form as the keeps or castles of the land-
ward proprietors. Like them, too, they contained a prison for the safe
keeping of criminals. When quieter times succeeded, and the rule of
the towns became one of law rather than the sword, chambers for
assembly and deliberation were added to the tower of strength, which
was then converted into the prison, and had usually an apartment set
aside for the confinement of debtors. In course of time the prison was
disjoined, and the council chamber, designed with some attempt at archi-
tectural effect, became the representative of municipal authority and
dignity.

The tolbooth was in early times also called the bell-house, and was
provided with a bell to summon the authorities and citizens on all occa-
sions of importance. Most of our civic buildings still retain the steeple
or belfry in which the town bell is hung.

The following account of the tolbooths of Scotland commences with
the more ancient and rude structures, and follows their development till
the more modern style is reached.

ELGIN TOLBOOTH, MORAYSHIRE.

This drawing (Fig. 1220) is copied from a sketch in Rhind's Walks
in Moray, and shows the old tolbooth or municipal strength of the town
of Elgin. It has been a fine example of a tolbooth built in the form of
a keep, to which a council chamber was subsequently added ; but, unfortu-
nately, it was taken down about 1839. Mr. Rhind quotes the following
entry from the Burgh Records, from which it seems that the tolbooth was

TAIN TOLBOOTH

FOURTH PERIOD

erected in 1605 : "The tolbooth biggit wt. stanes frae ye kirkyard dyke,
and sclaititt wt. stanes frae Dolass." " It would appear (says Rhind) as
if the previous tolbooth had been of wood and thatched, for an entry a
little before in the same record stands, ' Item .3, 6s. 8d. for fog to thack

Fio. 1220. Elgin Tolbooth. (Copied from Rhind's " Walks in Moray.")

the tolbooth.'" The building of the tolbooth above referred to probably
relates to the erection of the council chamber, as the keep has the appear-
ance of being of older date.

TAIN TOLBOOTH, ROSS-SHIRE.

Although one of the ancient royal burghs of Scotland, dating, it is
said, from the days of Malcolm Canmore, Tain now presents few memo-
rials of its former celebrity. The once famous shrine of St. Duthac, the
refuge of Scottish royalty in distress, and the scene of an annual peni-
tential pilgrimage by James iv., has been almost entirely obliterated in

FOURTH PERIOD

100

TAIN TOLBOOTH

the restored chapel of recent date. But the town, although modern in
general aspect, has yet retained one edifice which redeems ' anc^t
Character in a genuine and well-preserved example of the Scottish tolbooth
(Fig. 1221). This tower is specially valuable as an existing structure of

FIG. 1221. Tain Tolbooth. View from North-West.

a kind at one time almost universal in our chief towns, but which is now
reduced to very narrow limits indeed. The more ancient tolbooths, as
above mentioned, were constructed after the model of the Scottish keep
tower. To many of them there seems, about the time of James vi., to have

FORKES TOLBOOTH - 101 - FOURTH PERIOD

been added a council chamber, which replaced a simpler wooden erection
with thatched roof, as we have seen was the case at Elgin. The tolbooth
of Tain supplies an admirable example of these municipal towers. It is
entirely Scottish in style, but of a somewhat refined design, and corre-
sponds in character with the tolbooths of the Canongate, Edinburgh, and
Maybole. The peaked roof accords in form with that of the Canongate,
but is of less perishable materials, being constructed of stone, while the
latter is only of wood covered originally with shingles. The angle turrets
are an entirely Scottish feature, but they also, contrary to the ordinary
habit, are covered with a conical roof of stone. The stone roofs and the
small lucarnes (or imitation dormers), with which the roofs both of the
main tower and the turrets are studded, are unusual though not unknown
features in Scottish architecture.*

These diminutive roof lights recall the multitudinous similar windows
which are of constant occurrence in the high roofs of the great town halls
and other buildings of the Flemish towns, to which they no doubt owe
their origin. The bell of the tower was cast in Holland in 1616.

This tower is now used as the entrance to the modern court-house, and
the large window and door on the ground floor are recent insertions. The
parapet has also been altered to receive the large dials of the clock, but
has formerly been of the ordinary plain Scottish pattern, with bold corbels
beneath.

FORRES TOLBOOTH, MORAYSIIIRE.

Mr. Parker remarks, in the Scottish Notes at the end of his Domestic
Architecture, that " the tolbooths or town halls and prisons of Elgin and
Forres were fortified, and their massive and picturesque towers are still
preserved."

Such is, unfortunately, no longer the case ; but the appearance of that
of Elgin has been saved (as above shown) by the pencil of Mr. Rhind,
and that of Forres is preserved in a sketch by J. C. Nattes, of which the
annexed figure (Fig. 1222) is a reproduction.! This presents a more hand-
some appearance than the massive tolbooth of Elgin, having evidently
been restored and heightened with a belfry at a somewhat late date. The
lower portion has quite the character of a keep tower, and the whole
edifice well justifies Mr. Parker's title of "massive and picturesque." It
is very probable that the belfry which crowned the top was substituted
for a stone roof, such as we find still in situ at Tain.

* See Gardyne Castle, Vol. u. p. 497 ; Moniinail Castle, Vol. in. p. 448.
t From Mr. Douglas's Collection of unpublished Sketches by J. C. Nattes.

FOURTH PKUIOD

102

DINGWALL TOWN HALL

Fia. 1222. Tolbooth of Torres. (Copied from a Drawing by J. C. Nattes.

DINGWALL TOWN HALL, ROSS-SHIRE.

This massive example of a tolbootli of the seventeenth century
(Fig. 1223) stands on the north side of the main street of this ancient
town, and is still used as the municipal court-house. It has been erected
at a time when solidity of structure was still considered necessary, but
when the council chamber and the court-house had become of more
importance than the tower of defence. The principal entrance is in the
centre, the door, which is on the first floor, being approached by a flight
of steps. This gives access to a lobby, from which the burgh court-house
opens on the right and the council chamber on the left. Opposite the
door is a small wheel-stair leading to the rooms in the tower, which are
said to have been used as debtors' prisons.

The ground floor is vaulted, and contains cellars with exterior doors.
The cellar under the central tower was entered by a grated iron door
under the flight of steps to the principal entrance. Prisoners were con-

CAXONGATE TOLBOOTH

103

FOURTH PERIOD

fined here, and could be seen and communicated with through the iron
yett by the public, in the memory of persons still living. The upper

FII;. l-J-j:<.-liii};\vall Town Hull.'

part of the tower or belfry was added in the beginning of the present
century.

CANONGATE TOLBOOTH, EDINBURGH.

This picturesque structure (Fig. 1224) was erected during the reign of
James VL, .and bears the date of 1591. In 1584 it was enacted by the
magistrates of the Burgh of Canongate that " no remission of fees shall
* This drawing is copied from a pencil sketch by Mr. W. C. Joass, architect, Dingwall.

FOURTH PERIOD

104

CANONGATE TOLBOOTH

be granted to any one unto the tyme the tolbuith of this bureh be edefeit
and biggit." The pointed roof and turrets were originally covered with

FIG. 1224. Canongate Tolbooth. View from South-West.

oak shingles, in size 13 inches by 6 inches, and tapering from half an inch
to one-eighth of an inch in thickness, the thin end being at the top, and

CANONGATE TOLBOOTH

105

FOURTH PERIOD

FK;. 1-^25. -Canongate Tolbooth. View from South-East,
(Copied from a Stpia Drawing made early in this century.)

FOURTH PERIOD - 1^)6 - EDINBURGH TOLBOOTH

each secured with two or three oak pins. The shingles were taken off ten
or twelve years ago, and slates substituted.

A large clock projects out into the street between the two turrets.
This is omitted from the Sketch, as it does not seem to be original. It
is shown, however, in the Sketch (Fig. 1225), which is taken from a
drawing made in the beginning of this century.

We have here a step in advance of the earlier fortified tolbooths. The
tower, beneath which an arched passage leads to a close behind, is the
representative of the earlier town house of the keep plan, and evidently
served, from the form of the upper windows and the gratings over the
others, both as belfry and prison. Adjoining the tower, and entered by
an outside stair, is a structure apparently of the seventeenth century,
containing the chamber for the assembly of the town council.

EDINBURGH TOLBOOTH.*

This venerable structure, although rendered immortal by the pen of
Sir Walter Scott as the " Heart of Midlothian," has ceased to exist as an
actual building. From a careful account of its history by Mr. Peter
Miller, F.S.A.f (from which many of the following particulars are
derived) we learn that in 1386, the year after the burning of Edin-
burgh by Richard n., a charter was granted by Robert n. to the town
of Edinburgh for the erection of public buildings on the market place,
the site being 60 feet long by 30 feet broad. This ground lay to the
west of St. Giles' Church, and north of the line of the north wall of
the church, and thus occupied the centre of the High Street. In the
charter it is called the site of the " belhous," and special licence is granted
" to construct and erect houses and buildings on the foresaid land for the
ornament of the said burgh and for their necessary use."

The " bell-house," as above mentioned, was the early designation of
the burghal offices. A bell-house and bell were required by Act of Par-
liament to be provided in every burgh, that the council or the citizens
might be summoned by its ringing before the transaction of all business
of a civic character. This feature has been maintained in nearly all the
municipal buildings of the Scottish towns, almost every town house being
provided with a steeple or clock tower for the town's bell.

* We have to thank Mr. John Harrison, Edinburgh, for kindly placing at our
disposal an old sketch of this Tolbooth, made in 1817, when it was in process of
demolition, and of which the annexed illustration (Fig. 1226) is a reproduction.

t Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. for 1885-86, p. 360.

EDINBURGH TOLBOOTII

107

FOURTH PKRIOD

The first mention of a building having been erected on the above site
occurs in the Town Records of 1403, where it is referred to us the "Pre-
tori urn of the Burgh of Edinburgh." This probably stood on the site
afterwards occupied by the narrow structure on the right of the Sketch
(Fig. 1226), the building shown there being evidently an erection of later
date. This later structure was five stories in height, and was carefully
constructed with ashlar and provided with a rather ornate front to the
north, where it faced the High Street. A sketch of it is given in Wilson's
M*'in<iri<t.ls of Ed'uilurtjh. The south front (that shown in the Sketch) has
a round tower attached to it, which evidently contained the staircase to

!!'.. 1-^'i. Kilinliuryli Tulbontli. View liom Ilir rtoulli. (/ <ulc tit. IS17.)

the upper floors. This front, although plainer than the north one, has
evidently been in the same style, and contained a doorway with ;in orna-
mental arched head surmounted by a niche and figure. The lintel was
of the same kind as that which till recently existed over the door to
the vestry of St. Giles' Church (Fig. 1227). The latter is an ancient
stone of about the above date. It is supposed not to have belonged to
the cathedra], and may possibly be the very lintel of the tolbooth doorway.
It is surmounted by a shield containing the coat of arms of the city.

The annexed Sketch (Fig. 1228) of a lintel now built into the garden
wall of the mansion of Upper Keith, Hnddingtoiishire, is another example
of a similar design, and probably of about the same date.

FOURTH PERIOD

108

EDINBURGH TOLBOOTH

Judging from its style one would say that the original tolbooth had
been rebuilt early in the sixteenth century. The ground floor was vaulted,
and divided lengthwise by a strong partition wall. On the first floor was
the hall, which measured 27 feet from north to south, by about 20 feet
in breadth and 12 feet in height.

This structure doubtless formed the bell-house or tolbooth of Edinburgh
for a considerable time. The building added to it on the west, which also
has a circular stair turret (in the centre of the south front, see Sketch), is
undoubtedly from its style of considerably later date than the bell-house.
It was built with rubble work, and has the appearance in the sketches

FIG. 1227. Lintel of Doorway formerly in Vestry of St. Giles', possibly from the Tolbooth. .

of it which are preserved of being not earlier than the time of James vi.
It may, however, have been older, and have been altered at a later date,
which would account for its comparatively modern aspect.

From the date of its erection the tolbooth of Edinburgh became the
edifice in which all public business, whether local or national, was trans-
acted. Here took place the meetings of the magistrates and council, the
justice ayres, the law courts, and the Scottish Parliament. It is there-
fore not to be wondered at that an addition was soon required to the very
limited accommodation provided in the original bell-house. Such were the
uses of the tolbooth till Queen Mary's time, when the old building being
found too small, a new tolbooth was ordered to be erected further south

MUSSELBURGH TOLBOOTH

109 -

FOURTH PERIOD

at the south-west angle of St. Giles'. The ground floor, and even the upper
chambers of the old structure, seem to have been let out in booths. The
rent-roll of the burgh proves that these booths were leased to a large number
of tenants. It was not till 1480 that the tolbooth was used as a jail. In
that year occurs the entry, "the sexth buith is made a presoun." After
the erection of the new tolbooth the old one became the town prison, and
so continued till 1817, when it was demolished.

FIG. 1228. Lintel built into Garden Wall of Upper Keith House, Haddin^tonshire.

In the middle of last century new municipal buildings were found
necessary for the city. Had there been room they might (as happened in
so many other instances) have been added to the old tolbooth ; but it was
found more expedient in this case to erect a separate edifice on an extended
plan in the neighbouring High Street. In this building are still situated
the council chambers and the various court-rooms and offices connected
with the municipal administration.

MUSSELBURGH TOLBOOTH, MIDLOTHIAN.

The tolbooth of the regality of Musselburgh is situated in the centre
of the north side of the main street, and is the most conspicuous structure
in the burgh. It is three stories in height (Fig. 1229), and each story is
vaulted, so that it is extremely massive in construction, and bears in
this and other respects a considerable resemblance to many of the castles.
It has the bartizans and parapet walk projected on corbels, and defended
by a parapet along the south side and east end, and above this a third or
attic story. The entrance to the building is at the east end by an outside

FOURTH PERIOD

110

MUSSELBURGH TOLBOOTH

MUSSELBURGH TOLBOOTH 111 FOURTH PERIOD

stair rising to the first floor. The square porch shown on the Sketch is,
of course, modern. Over the present entrance door, which is of later date
than the tolbooth, is the inscription

"Magastrates do justice . jg th p-^ " He that God doth fear

in the fear of God." will not to falsehood lend an ear."

The council house was on the first floor. It contained no fireplace, and it
was only in 1716 that the council allowed "the bailies to affix a brace in
the council house to serve for a fire in cold weather." *

Immediately adjoining the entrance door in the porch, a wheel-stair in
a projecting turret on the north wall leads to the upper floor, which con-
tained the cells for prisoners, and to the parapet walk.

The Renaissance building shown on the right hand, and entering from
the top of the outside stair, is a new council chamber, built in 1762, and
is a favourable example of the style of the period.

The old tolbooth was destroyed by the Earl of Hertford in 1544,
and the present building is stated to have been erected in 1590 with
materials taken from the chapel of Loretto, which stood at the east
end of the town, and which, it appears, was demolished about that time.
Mr. Paterson knows of no authority for this statement, but believes it to
be correct. How far this view may be warranted we do not pretend to
decide, but none of the conspicuous or ornamental stones of the structure
have anything about them suggestive of the materials of a chapel. Mr.
Paterson suggests that the steeple (tower) may be a portion of the old
tolbooth which escaped the wreck of 1544, and there is an air of con-
siderable antiquity about the upper part of the masonry, which gives some
force to this view. The lower portion (along with the whole structure)
was " done up " a few years ago in a pronounced manner, and is conse-
quently of no value as bearing on this point.

The steeple appears to have given a good deal of anxiety to the
council. It was ordered to be repaired in 1700, and in 1744, " considering
that the town steeple is much flailed in the foundation of the timber work,
and that it is in groat danger of falling down, they unanimously agree
that James Vernor and John Heriot, wrights, in Musselburgh, view the
said steeple, and directly fall to the repairing of it ; and appoynts George
Young, the town treasurer, to attend at said work, and advise the trades-
men in the working said work."

This building presents a very clear illustration of the successive steps
which have been invariably followed in the development of this class of
structures. First, there was no doubt the keep-like tower demolished
by Hertford. This was succeeded by the strong structure in the style of
the sixteenth century, which still survives, to which was added in the
eighteenth century a council rli;niil>i>r, such as the enlarged ideas and
requirements of that period called for.

* History of the Regality of Mmsdburyh, by James Paterson, pp. 83-85, 106.

FOURTH PERIOD

112 SOUTH QUEENSFERRY TOLBOOTH

SOUTH QUEENSFERRY TOLBOOTH, LINLITHGOWSHIRE.

This View (Fig. 1230) shows the interior of a court-room in the tol-
booth or council chambers of Queensferry. The hall of justice is in this
case, and was almost always, on the first floor, and was reached by an outside
stair, from the landing of which one was ushered at once directly into the
court-room, which in this instance is very small, probably about 10 feet or

Fio. 1230. South Queensferry Tolbooth.

12 feet square. The prisoner and the judge are separated by an open
screen, and sit facing each other a few feet apart.

The tolbooth of Queensferry is a picturesque tower-like structure,
finished with a slated spire after the manner of Musselburgh tolbooth.
It was greatly disfigured a few years ago by the erection on the top of the
tower of an uncouth jubilee clock.

DUNBAR TOWN HALL

113

FOURTH PERIOD

DUNBAR TOWN HALL, HADDINQTONSHIRE.

This structure (Fig. 1231) occupies a site in the centre of the north
side of the main street of this once important burgh. It seems to be of
the sixteenth century, and was probably altered at a later date. The
gabled crow-steps on the gables are not very common features, and
are usually of the former period. The shop fronts on the ground floor
are a modern addition. Formerly the ground floor most likely formed a

Fia. 1231. Dunbar Town Hall. View from South-East.

prison (some of the windows being still barred), and the council chamber
was on the first floor. The original entrance or principal door, which
leads to the stair in the turret, is seen in the Sketch. Entering by the
same doorway a passage leads to a courtyard behind. The building
seems at one time to have been larger, and to have extended to the east-
ward (or right hand), where some bond-stones still project from the
rough-cast wall. A wynd descending to the harbour now passes along
the east end of the building.

v. ii

FOURTH PERIOD

_ 114

SANQUHAR TOLBOOTH

SANQUHAR TOLBOOTH, DUMFRIESSHIRE.

The annexed View (Fig. 1232) of this picturesque structure gives a
good idea of the passage from the "keep," as the pattern of such edifices
to the town house or bell-house " or belfry. The tower, with its conical

Fio. 1232. Sanquhar Tolbooth. View from North-West.

roof and angle pinnacles, and the ornamental corbel table supporting the
parapet, presents a refined edition of the more military -looking towers of
Tain and Forres. The outside flight of steps and the pillar or " cross "
on the landing are good examples of what was at one time a common

MAYBOLE TOLBOOTH 115 FOURTH PERIOD

arrangement. The windows on the first floor, with heavy roll mould-
ings, are evidently those of the municipal chambers, while the door on the
ground floor, with the panel over it containing a coat of arms, seems to
have led to the vaults below.

MAYBOLE TOLBOOTH, AYRSHIRE.

A description of the quaint and little-altered town of Maybole has
already been given in a previous volume,* where, from Abercrummie's

: .ybole Tolbooth. View from North-East.
* Vol. in. p. 498.

FOURTH PERIOD

116

KINGHORN TOLBOOTH

account, it appears that the tolbooth (Fig. 1233) was formerly the town
house of the Laird of Blairquhan. He states that it "is adorned with a
pyramide and a row of ballesters round it, raised upon the top of the
staircase, into which they have mounted a fyne clock."

Little now remains of the old mansion of the Lairds of Blairquhan, but
the tower erected on the top of the staircase, with its pyramid, is still
preserved, and serves the purpose of the town belfry. When Billings
made his sketch, about forty years ago, the old structure was in much
better preservation.

The pointed and traceried windows of the top story are peculiar features,
and are probably an indication of the Gothic revival which took place in
the seventeenth century. The " row of ballesters " has now been replaced
by a parapet. The balusters would no doubt be similar to those used in
many of the castles, as well as in the church towers of the period, such as
Pittenweem, Anstruther, &c., to be afterwards illustrated.

KINGHORN TOLBOOTH, FIFESHIRE.

The ancient royal burgh of Kinghorn stands on the steep northern
shore of the Frith of Forth between Burntisland and Kirkcaldy. It
obtained a charter from Alexander in., and possessed a royal hunting-

Fio. 1234. -Kinghorn Tolbooth.

FIG. 1235. Kinghorn Tolbooth.

seat, called Kinghorn or Glamis Tower, to which the king was riding when

the accident occurred which caused his death. The annexed Sketches

Figs. 1234 and 1 235), kindly supplied to us by Mr. Walter F. Lyon, present

CRAIL TOLBOOTH

117

FOURTH PERIOD

a remarkable example of a curious old tolbooth which once existed here.
The plan is very unusual. It is said that the ancient tower of Leonard's
Church was converted after the Reformation into a town house and jail,
which may perhaps partly explain the anomalous design. The external
features, however, are quite characteristic of the period succeeding the
Reformation.

CRAIL TOLBOOTH,* FIFESHIRE.

The accompanying View (Fig. 1236) shows the appearance of the town
hall of this ancient burgh, which stands near the " East Neuk," at the
entrance to the Frith of Forth. It combines the usual solid tower or
tolbooth with the more modern municipal building. The former has evi-
dently been much altered and converted into a belfry, while the structure

Fi... 1-236. Crail Tolbooth.

on the left has been added as a council chamber. The town is of very
ancient date, having a port which carried on trade with the Continent in
the ninth century. It was first chartered by Bruce in 1306, and still con-
tinues to be governed by the provost, bailies, and town councillors, who
hold their deliberations in the above ancient edifice.

* We have to thank Mr. R. Murray for the accompanying sketch.

FOUKTH PERIOD

_ 118

DYSART TOLBOOTH

DYSART TOLBOOTH,* FIFESHIRE.

Dysart is an ancient port on the north side of the Frith of Forth, a
short distance east from Kirkcaldy. In the fifteenth century it was a
place of some trade, and formed a burgh of barony under the St. Clairs,
the proprietors of the neighbouring castle of Ravenscraig. f In the six-
teenth century it was raised to the dignity of a royal burgh by James v.,
and indications of its former prosperity may still be seen in the solid

FIG. 1237,-Dysart Tolbooth.

though decaying mansions, with mottoes and arms carved upon the lintels,
which are still to be observed in the deserted streets. The town hall
(Fig. 1137), which dates from 1617, although blown up by Cromwell's
troopers, still retains its massive old tower or tolbooth. Notwithstanding
the repairs and alterations it has undergone, the structure is picturesque,
and in harmony with its surroundings..

CTJLROSS TOLBOOTH, PERTHSHIRE.

Some account of this old town has already been given. J The town
hall here (Fig. 1238) is a good specimen of the more elegant structures
* We have to thank Mr. R. Murray for the annexed sketch,
t Vol. i. p. 538. J Vol. n. p. 432.

CULROSS TOLI300TH

119

FOURTH PERIOD

which in the seventeenth century took the place of the older fortresses or
keeps, which constituted at once the prison and the seat of justice in our
towns.

It fronts the Sand Haven, near the " Colonel's Close." Mr. Beveridge *
states that the building dates from the year 1626, but that the tower was

I'M.. l-j:38. Culross Tolbootli. View from South-West.

only erected in 1783. The ground floor is vaulted and contains the "iron
house " or prison. On the first floor, which is approached by the double
flight of steps seen in the Sketch, is a central lobby, having the council
chamber on one hand and the " debtors' room " on the other. In the roof
is a "dreary, fireless place," where "the unfortunate women accused of
witchcraft used to be confined."

* In his work, Between the Ochils and the Forth.

FOURTH PERIOD

120

GLASGOW TOLBOOTH

Fio. 1239. -Glasgow Tolbooth. View from South-East.

MERCHANTS' HALL, GLASGOW 121 FOURTH PERIOD

GLASGOW TOLBOOTH, LANARKSHIRE.

A tolbooth has existed on the same site at the corner of the Trongate
and High Street from at least the middle of the fifteenth century, and
from the Council Records of 1574 we learn that, like several similar
structures in Scotland, it was fitted up with booths on the ground floor,
the rents from which were applied "in mendying and reparying of the
tolbuith and to na uther use." *

The building then existing having become ruinous, it was decided, in
February 1626, to take it down, and on 15th May of the same year "the
grund-stane of the tolbeuth of Glasgow was laid." It was a handsome
structure five stories in height, and occupied the position to the left of the
tower indicated by the building shown in the View. It had a fine flight
of outside steps up to the first floor, where the entrance doorway was
situated. There were five windows on each floor facing the street, with a
large sundial between two of them on the first floor. At the top of each
angle of the building were large square turrets carried on corbels. This
edifice was removed either in 1812 or 1814 (both dates are given by
different authorities), but the steeple (Fig. 1239) was allowed to remain
" by a majority of one in a vote upon this subject." A part of the High
Street front also remains, with an old turret, which, however, is not seen
in the View, as it is hidden by the projecting steeple. The height of the
steeple, according to Cleland, is 126 feet. It is a structure in the style
of the middle of the seventeenth century, with details like Heriot's
Hospital, and, with its open crown containing the bells, is probably the
most effective of our ancient municipal belfries now surviving.

STEEPLE OF THE MERCHANTS' HALL, GLASGOW.

This structure (Fig. 1240) was erected soon after the preceding one.
It is situated behind Bridgegate Street, in a very wretched quarter of the
city. The hall and steeple were built from designs by Sir William Bruce
of Kinross. The foundation-stone was laid in the year 1651, and the
building was finished in 1659. Cleland describes it in 1816,f and
concludes by saying: "This building, from its situation and present
condition, is by no means suited to the wealth and respectability of
Glasgow merchants. The steeple, however, adjoining the south front of
the hall, is considered to be one of the handsomest in the city. It is

* Quaint Bits of Glasgow, chap. xii.

t Cleland's History of Glasgow, Vol. i. p. 76.

FOURTH PERIOD

122 MERCHANTS' HALL, GLASGOW

164 feet high, and after rising 85 feet in the shape of a square tower,
a balustrade is formed, within which a tower of smaller dimensions
arises, terminating in a balustrade. This arrangement being repeated,

FIG. 1240. Upper part of the Steeple of the Merchants' Hall, Glasgow.

RENFREW TOLBOOTH

123

FOURTH PERIOD

a pyramidal spire is terminated by a gilt ball and ship in full sail." The
gilt ball referred to is of stone.

Although not the steeple of a town hall, this structure is introduced at
this place as being of an analogous character.

RENFREW TOLBOOTH, RENFREWSHIRE.

This building was, we understand, taken down some years ago. It was
an important and fine example of a tolbooth (Fig. 1241), with the usual

outside stair leading up to the first floor, and shows a bull-house or tower
and council chamber of apparently the same period. We have found no
record of the date of its erection, but it will be seen from the details of
the tower, the balustrade, the tall pointed windows, and the ogee roof,
that it is very much akin to some of the bell towers already described.

FOURTH PERIOD

124

HAMILTON TOLBOOTH

HAMILTON TOLBOOTH, LANARKSHIRE.

The more ancient part of the town of Hamilton stood formerly within
the walls of the park attached to Hamilton Palace. The old buildings
have now been nearly all removed, except the ancient prison or tolbooth
(Fig. 1242), which has been repaired and preserved by the Duke of
Hamilton. The restoration has no doubt considerably altered the appear-
ance of the structure, a balcony having been substituted for the outside

Fia. 1242. Hamilton Tolbooth.

stair which doubtless led to the central door, and the dormer windows being
renewed ; but the general character is apparently fairly preserved. A
steeple was added (to the left) in the time of Charles i. The tolbooth
is evidently a late building of the Fourth Period, and shows the encroach-
ment of the Renaissance style.

TOWN HOUSE, IRVINE

125

FOURTH PERIOD

TOWN HOUSE,* IRVINE, AYRSHIRE.

This edifice (Fig. 1243) was a fair example of the style of architec-
ture adopted in churches and other public buildings in Scotland during

Fio. 1243. Town House, Irvine. View from North-West.
* We are indebted to Mr. Railton for the Plans of and notes regarding this building.

FOURTH PERIOD

126

TOWN HOUSE, IRVINE

FLOOR.

Fio. 1244. Town House, Irvine.
Plans of Ground Floor and First Floor.

the eighteenth century, after all the features of the native style had dis-
appeared The outside of the court-house was renovated in 1740-45, after
bein" much injured by lightning. Till 1808 the tower had a slated roof,

and the vane was a weather-
cock. The stone spire and
vane were then erected.
The whole structure was
taken down in 1860.

The Plans (Fig. 1244)
are interesting, as showing
the arrangement of the
town house of the period.
The civic edifice still com-
bined the functions of coun-
cil chambers and jail. The
ground floor, with its Ionic
portico, contained the town
hall and the offices of the
town clerk, while the upper

floor, entering by the tower, comprised the debtors' chamber and the cells
for criminals.

" The whole building was of the most substantial masonry, the walls
being four feet in thickness, and the roofs or
ceilings of the lower rooms strongly arched
or vaulted, as were also the cells of the
debtors' prison, which were lined with large
ashlar stones." The tower contained a dark
vault on the ground floor, and in the floor
above the entrance the black hole or con-
demned cell.*

Some carvings, apparently of an older date than the main building,
are preserved here. They have evident reference to the time of the
Restoration, and their style is of that period. That over the doorway
(Fig. 1245) contains the town arms, and commemor-
ates in the motto the triumph of the " good cause,"
while the panel in the court-house (Fig. 1246) con-
tains a carving of the regalia, and sings the praises
of their bearer. Mr. Railton gives the following
reading of the inscription, the first word of which
is obliterated : [REGI] LYRA TRIPLEX cui DIEDAMA
TRIPLEX. Translated freely : " To the king be praise
threefold, whose is the crown threefold ;" the triple
crown meaning the crown of the three kingdoms. The panels are cut

FIG. 1245. Town House, Irvine.
Town Arms over Doorway.

Fia. 1246.

Town House, Irvine.

Panel above Bench in

Court-house.

Dobie's Cunningham, by Timothy Pont, p. 217.

TOWN HALL, DUMFRIES 127 FOURTH PERIOD

in stone in good relief. The " Iron," or public weighing place, is seen on
the left in the View.

TOWN HALL, DUMFRIES,* DUMFRIESSHIRE.

This picturesque structure (Fig. 1247) shows few traces of Scottish
architecture, but the tower still retains some reminiscences of the Scot-
tish steeple, on which its design was founded.

In 1703 the inhabitants, having gained an arbitration case, found
themselves in possession of a considerable sum of money, with which they
decided to build a town house and steeple. John Moffat, a Liverpool
architect, was therefore invited to visit Dumfries, and "furnish a modall"
for the building. This he apparently did, and, as the treasurer's accounts
show, he undertook a journey to Glasgow for the purpose of studying the
steeple in that city, and in 1704 he was paid the sum of 104 pounds Scots,
"for drawing the steeple scheme, and in name of gratification for his
coming to Dumfries." "For some reason," says M'Dowall, "he backed
out of his engagement with the committee, and they, in January 1705,
considering how long the designed building is retarded for want of an
architect, resolved to send for one Tobias Bachup, a master builder now
at Abercorn" (where he was then building a house, although he resided
in Alloa, his native town), "who is said to be of good skill." Bachup
visited Dumfries and completed the undertaking, at a total cost of about
.1500, and evidently to the satisfaction of all concerned. He is frequently
styled "our architect," or "architect and builder of the steeple and
council house."

The steeple inspected in Glasgow as the pattern for that at Dumfries,
if one may judge by their similarity, was that of the College ; and seeing
that the parent steeple has lately been demolished, it is to be hoped that
that of Dumfries will continue to grace the town for many years to
come.

This building was evidently a great undertaking for the community of
Dumfries of that day, and the collecting of materials taxed the building
committee to the utmost. They failed in their efforts to get foreign timber,
and had ultimately to go to Garlieswood in the Stewartry, and, at great
labour, bring the timber to the town. However, they ultimately made
an arrangement with Mr. Bachup, who relieved them of all their troubles
by undertaking the whole work himself.

It was intended that the outside stair should be fenced in with a stone
parapet wall, but the existing wrought-iron railing, which was forged by

* The following particulars regarding the building of the edifice are from
M '!)< wall's Jliatory of Dumfries.

FOURTH PERIOD

128

TOWN HALL, DUMFRIES

an Edinburgh smith, was substituted for it. The Doric porch at the top
of the stair is of recent construction.

Fio. 1247. Town Hall, Dumfries. View from Nortli-East.

LERWICK TOWN HALL

129

FOURTH PERIOD

LERWICK TOWN HALL, SHETLAND.

This building (Fig. 1248) does not come in point of date within the
period with which our present inquiries deal, as it appears to have been
erected a little over a hundred years ago ; but it has some features, such
as the approach to the entrance doorway and the belfry on the roof, which
would, in point of style, carry it back to an earlier period, and thus bring
it within our sphere. It is now used as a post-office.

The Scotsman of 13th December 1886, in an article on "Freemasonry
in the Far North," states that the first public duty of the Lerwick Lodge
was to grace the foundation of the tolbooth on the 3rd June 1767. They
therefore marched in procession to the ground, performed the ceremony of
laying the corner-stone, gave a guinea to the operatives, and then repaired
to Mr. Farquhar's public-house.

Comparing this structure with Culross town hall and other buildings
further south, it is evident that the style of the seventeenth century took
a considerable time to reach the Shetland*.

FOURTH PERIOD 130 - CHURCHES AND MONUMENTS

XL CHURCHES AND MONUMENTS.

As stated in the Introduction,* the following ecclesiastical and monu-
mental structures are here introduced, not with a view of fully illustrating
those departments of Scottish architecture, but for the purpose of showing
the influence of the Domestic and Castellated styles upon them. In the
earlier periods the ecclesiastical details were almost universally adopted in
the decorative features of the castles, but in the Fourth Period the churches
and monuments partook largely of the character of the domestic style of
the time. It has been shown above how this change was gradually being
effected even in the Third Period, but it will now be pointed out how
much more completely that alteration of style took place during the Fourth
Period, especially as the Renaissance obtained firmer hold.

During the troublous times of the Reformation more churches were
destroyed than erected, and the old skill and practice in handling Gothic
architecture were almost entirely lost. The activity in the erection of
mansions which arose in the time of James vr. was to some extent infused
into church building likewise. This is especially observable during the
period when Prelacy was attempted to be reintroduced. A considerable
number of churches and chapels were then erected, and although in these
an effort is distinctly visible to revive the old Gothic or Ecclesiastical style,
the influence of the Castellated or Domestic architecture of the time is
still more prominent. The loss of touch with the old architecture is only
too apparent, and the result is a style containing a mixture of the cor-
bellings and other features of the castles with imperfect Gothic elements,
such as traceries and spires. This style, however defective, is always
quaint and picturesque, and is markedly Scottish in effect. The churches
erected at that time were generally small buildings, and frequently only
one or two features were selected for architectural treatment, such as the
belfry, or a special door or window. In other examples the whole struc-
ture is carried out with consistency in all its parts, and in such churches
as that at Dairsie a very original and satisfactory result is obtained. The
west front of the Greyfriars at Stirling and the churches at Anstruther
and Pittenweem are most picturesque and striking designs, illustrative of
the mixture of domestic and ecclesiastical elements above referred to.

In the interior of these seventeenth century churches the laird's pew
or gallery and the pulpit usually receive the greatest amount of attention,
and numerous admirable designs enriched with fine carving are to be
found throughout the country.

The church in the mansion of Stobhall, already described,! presents an
interesting combination of the Scottish and ecclesiastical elements, and the
interior details above mentioned are well illustrated by the laird's galleries
* Vol. in. p. 37. t Vol. n. p. 358.

TORPHICHEN CHURCH - 131 FOURTH PERIOD

at Pitsligo, the pulpit at Fenwick, and other examples given in the fol-
lowing pages. The carvings are generally in an advanced Renaissance
style, and seem to have been either imported from the Netherlands or
executed by foreign workmen.

The Puritanic sentiment which prevailed during the latter portion of
the seventeenth century being entirely destitute of interest in architecture
or decoration of any kind, many of the above structures suffered severely
during that sterile period. Hence the fragmentary condition of many of
the buildings about to be described.

We shall commence our descriptions with those which have most
affinity with the native style, and then take up the later examples in
which the Renaissance taste is more distinctly observable.

TORPHICHEN CHURCH, LINLITHGOWSHIRE.

Although rather earlier than the period of which we are treating,
a better example of the intermingling of domestic and ecclesiastical
architecture could scarcely be found than the ruined church of the
Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem at Torphichen. It stands
in a hollow in the upland district between Linlithgow and Bathgate.
The first sight of the great massive tower would lead one to suppose it
to be the remains of some old baronial keep, and it is only when the
traceried windows and the surrounding churchyard come into view that
one perceives the true character of the building. Its design is thus so far
appropriate as the church of a great military society, and has altogether
the stern aspect one would expect, knowing who its builders were.

The remains of the church include the north and south transepts and
the tower, with living rooms over them. The present parish church
(Fig. 1249) evidently occupies the position of the nave, the beginning of
the wall of which is seen, as well as the stone overlap or raglet of the
roof; the lowest stone of this raglet, forming a skew-putt, has a face
carved on the front. Similar indications remain of the choir, with the
addition that the end stone of the horizontal rib of the vaulting is seen
sticking out from the tower wall (Fig. 1250). The church has been
aisleless throughout, and the transepts, with their upper chambers, have
been higher externally than the nave and choir. The foundations of a
wall are seen, as indicated by dotted lines on the Plan (Fig. 1251), pro-
ceeding from the west side of the south transept, and on this wall of the
transept is the raglet of a lean-to roof against the nave. The only other
indication of former buildings is at the north end of the north transept,
where the commencement of the east wall of a building remains with
the mark of the roof over, as shown in the View from the North-West
(Fig. 1252). Besides the foregoing, it may be added that at the south-
west corner of the churchyard and outside the enclosure are the remains

FOURTH PERIOD

132

TORPHICHEN CHURCH

of a dovecot, seemingly of the same age as the church. A farmer in the
neighbourhood pointed out a field to the east of the churchyard where
he dug out and removed many cartloads of dressed stones from what
had been a culvert, mill dam, and other buildings. He also stated that
in the memory of old people there was an arched gateway at the present
road to the west of the church. No indications of these now remain. A
careful examination of the field dykes around would, however, we have
no doubt, yield some results in the shape of carved stones, or possibly
inscriptions, as most of these dykes are built out of the church ruins.

? -

Fio. 1249. Torphichen Church. View from South-West.

The nave and choir, if they ever existed, have been removed, but the
ragged edges of the walls are visible where they join the transept. The
latter is higher than the nave or choir, and contained an upper floor,
which seems to have consisted of living apartments.

The church of Torphichen was founded, according to Muir, in his
Characteristics of Gothic Architecture in Scotland, during the first half of
the twelfth century, by David i. There are no remains belonging to this
period, the oldest work existing being the circular arch, with its shafts and

TORPUICIIEN CHUKCII

133

FOURTH PERIOD

hood mouldings at the built-up doorway between the transept and the nave
(Fig. 1253). These details, as will be seen from the drawings (Fig. 1255), are
of transitional character, probably of about the end of the twelfth century.
It would bo desirable to get this arch opened up for an examination of the
other side. It may be doubted if this doorway is in its original position,
and whether it is not, like the modern monument within it and the
sixteenth century carved stones above, merely an insertion. Mr. Muir

Fii.. 1 _'.")(). -Toriihicln'M Church View from Suiilh-K:iKt.

considers it to have been the apse or chancel arch of the original church.
The transepts have evidently been built throughout at one period viz.,
the fifteenth century as the same mason's marks, two in number (see
Fig. 1255), are to be found on the four piers, and the style throughout is
the same, although the windows of each transept differ very considerably
in character, as will be seen from the details.

Beneath the south window (Fig. 1254), on the inside, is a recess, in
which, it is said by writers who have referred to Torphichen, the dead
were laid during the burial service. The length of the recess being

FOURTH PERIOD

134

TORPHICHEN CHURCH

only 5 feet 11 inches, it would be too short for a man stretched out in
death, so that the space is as likely to have been meant for the effigy
of some one buried in the church. There are no devices on the two
shields seen above the recess.

The south window just referred to and the east window are of genuine
Gothic design, and as such are somewhat foreign to our subject ; but we
have thought it well to include them, so as to complete the illustration of
this little known church.

Fin. 1251. Torphichen Church. Plans of Ground Floor and Upper Chambers.

The bases of the piers of the interior (Fig. 1255) are nearly covered up,
but on scraping away the earth it is found that the upper bead mouldings
on the two south piers follow the outline of the piers, while in the north
piers all the mouldings of the base run in parallel diagonal lines. The
vaulting is still in good order, that of the north transept being remarkably
clean and sharp. There is an inscription on the central boss ; but it cannot
be made out from the floor. This compartment, as will be seen from the
Vaulting Plan (Fig. 1255), differs from the others in wanting the cross

TORPHICHEN ClilJKCH

135

FOURTH PEKIOD

horizontal rib. The vaulting in the south transept is in a very unsatis-
factory state, especially at the south-east corner (see Fig. 1250). The angle
buttress being evidently too small for the thrust, and the wall having
probably been partly undermined by graves, the walls are considerably
out of the perpendicular, and the ribs and vaulting stones are very much
out of position. The triangular-headed door shown in Fig. 1255 is worthy
of notice, as a common feature in Scottish domestic architecture, as, for
instance, at Borthwick Castle.

! 'i<:. L2M. Torphichen Church. Vu-w from North-West.

The turret stair to the upper chambers has originally been carried as
high as the doorway over the pier, shown on the Sections (Fig. 1256), so
as to give access to the stair leading to the battlements, but it is now broken
off about 6 feet below the landing at the chamber floor. The internal
diameter of the turret narrows above this, evidently for the purpose of
supporting the stone roof now ruined. The south chamber is provided
with a fireplace in the south gable. The walls of this room are not bonded
into the tower, and the raglets of a lower roof than the present one are
formed against the tower wall, while above these raglets a small, built-up,
splayed, and pointed window looks from the tower side (see Fig. 1256)

FOURTH PERIOD

136

TORPHICIIEN CIIUKCH

FIG. 1253. Torphichen Church. View of Interior from the 8uuth.

TOBPHICHEN CHURCH

137

FOURTH PEKIOD

into the room, thus .showing that this chamber is an afterthought. The
tower or central chamber has been divided into two floors, the joist holes
being still visible, and there being two heights of windows. There have
been fireplaces perhaps in both floors, but being all built up it is not

South Window.

FIG. 1254.- Torphicheii Church. Details of Windows.

Kast Window.

possible to say with certainty. The windows are of two lights each,
there being one on the west side for the lower chamber, and one on each
side of the upper chamber. The western ones are shown on the Section, and
the other in the Views. The latter is pointed inside. The north chamber
has its floor level a little lower than the others. There has been a door
from this room leading into a demolished building on the north, already

FOURTH PERIOD

138

TOttPHICHKN CHURCH

TORPI1ICHKN (JilUKCH

139

FOUHTJJ PERIOD

FOURTH PERIOD

140 TORPHICHEN CHURCH

referred to. Several of the windows of these chambers have side stone seats.
The portion of the return of the south wall of the choir has a small moulded
cap with necking, as shown in Sketch (see Fig. 1250) ; the position of this
cap is higher than the caps of the large piers, and indicates that an arcade
has formerly been carried along the outside of this wall. The building to
the north of the north transept, of which indications remain, has had two
windows with side seats looking into the church ; their position is seen on
the cross Section. The lintels of these windows are old tombstones ; the
west one (which cannot be well seen, being almost built up) has a cross
incised on it. On the other lintel is a sword and cross (see Fig. 1255),
called by the villagers "the sword of Wallace," evidently a lingering
reminiscence of the year 1298, when Wallace had his headquarters at
Torphichen, as an existing charter of that date shows. The south-west
corbels of the vaulting are also evidently inserted from an older building.
As will be seen from the Sketch (see Fig. 1255), the lower corbel does not
fit its position. The two horizontal sculptured slabs inserted within the
circular arch above described are believed to have formed part of the
tomb of Sir Walter Lindesay ; the lower slab (see Fig. 1255) represents a
human skeleton with serpents twisted round it, and what seems to indi-
cate hair or flames flowing from the skull, while a fish crosses one foot and
passes under the other. Round the carving is a waved scroll, with a partly
abbreviated inscription : " Walterus Lindesay, Justiciarius Generalis de
Scotland, et Principalis Prseceptor Torphichensis, 1538." In Sir David
Lyndsay's poem, "The Testament of the Nobill and Yailyeand Squyer,
Williame Meldrum, of the Bynnis," this Walter Lindesay is referred to as
one of the three lords who " to me shall be executouris."

Lindesays all three in surname of renown,
Of my Testament they sail have haill the caris ;
To put my mind till execution.
That surname fail yeit never to the crown,
Nor mair will they to me I am richt sure,
Quhilk is the cause that I give thame the care.
First David Erll of Craufaird wise and wicht,
And John Lord Lindesay my master special,
The third sail be ane nobill travellit knicht,
Quhilk knawis the coistis of feistis funeral.
The wise Sir Walter Lindesay they him call,
Lord of Sanct Johne, and Knicht of Torfichane,
Be sey and land ane vailyeand capitane.

The upper edge of the slab is moulded, the mouldings being reprised at
each end. The other slab has at one end a skull with formal flowing
locks, next a stem with leaves, two crossed figures like weaver's shuttles,
a heart-shaped figure with leaves, a sword and a battle-axe crossed, and
two intertwined fish with beaked mouths.

STIRLING PARISH CHURCH 141 FOURTH PERIOD

THE PARISH CHURCH,* STIRLING.

This church, which is in a fairly well preserved state, consists of a nave
and choir, witli north and south aisles, an eastern apse, and central west
tower (see Plan, Fig. 1257). Tt is the two latter features which are illus-
trated as having a hearing on the subject of Scottish architecture (Figs.
1 258, 1 L'.VJ, and 12GO). The nave, including the lower part of the tower,
is the most ancient part of the structure ; but there appears to be no record
of the date of its erection, and as this portion of the building has no connec-
tion with our subject we need not consider it here. The original west
entrance was in the base of the western tower ; but in the course of modern
alterations, it, along with other ancient features, has been destroyed. The
date of the erection of the choir is, however, known from an agreement,
entered into in 1507, between -lames Beaton, Abbot of Dunfermline, and

FIG. 1-J57. The Parish Church, Stirling. Plan.

the Town Council of Stirling, whereby the latter undertook to build a
new choir conform to the existing nave, tho abbot agreeing to pay to the
council 200 (Scots), besides a yearly payment of 40s., as also providing
all the ornaments necessary for the high altar. It appears to have been
completed so far as to permit of a service being held in it in 1520.

The exterior of the apse (see Fig. 1258) presents one of the most strik-
ing architectural designs in Scotland. The buttresses with the numerous
otl'scts are very characteristic of Scottish work. The waggon vault is, as
we have already pointed out, the favourite method of vaulting adopted
both in churches and castles ; but it is remarkable to find this system
carried out in an apse (see Fii^. r_'">9) the octagonal plan of which cer-
tainly does not lend itself to such a form of arching. On the contrary, it is
apparent that some difficulty has been found in carrying it out, from the

* For information regarding this church we are indebted to a valuable history
prepared by Treasurer Ronald, and read to the members of the Stirling Natural
History and Archaeological Society. (Reprinted from the Stirling Journal and
Advertiser, 1890.)

FOURTH PERIOD - "2 - STIRLING PARISH CHURCH

series of side arches and corbels which have been introduced. The effect of
this system of vaulting at Stirling is to add considerably to the length of

Fro. 1258.--The Parish Church, Stirling. Exterior of Apse.

the sky-line of the roof outside, as the roof of the apse is not hipped as it

would have been had the vaulting been done in the ordinary Gothic fashion.

The upper part of the western tower (Fig. 1260) bears a considerable

resemblance in character to the towers found at various other churches,

STIRLING PARISH CHURCH

143

FOURTH PERIOD

such as Pittenweem, Dairsie, and Anstruther, which date respectively from
about 1588, 1621, and 1644, and to the tower of Fordel Castle (1567-80).
To about this period the date of its erection may therefore be assigned.

i-j.v.t. Tin- ParUh Chorcb, Stirling, interior <>r Apse.

FOURTH PERIOD

144 STIRLING PARISH CHURCH

Fio. 1200. The Parish Church, Stirling. West Tower.

DYSART CHURCH - 145 - FOURTH PERIOD

The tower up to the first parapet is oblong on plan, measuring about
31 feet along the front or longest face; above this it becomes square,
measuring about 25 feet on each side. From the ground to the upper
parapet is about 85 feet, and about 100 feet to the top of the turret
spire. A more picturesque application of the Scottish style to ecclesias-
tical purposes could scarcely be imagined.

DYSART CHURCH, FIFESHIRE.

Dysart Church is remarkable on account of its tower (Fig. 1261),
which differs considerably from the other church towers of Fife, and is
very strongly allied to the domestic style of the country; indeed, so closely
docs it resemble a pele tower that it might easily be mistaken for one.
The whole building probably dates from the beginning of the sixteenth
century. The tower is in good preservation, but the church itself is in a
state of great neglect and ruin. The tower is situated at the south-west
corner of the church (Fig. 1262), and is flush with the west gable, but
projects beyond the south wall. The church was a parallelogram, with a
central nave and two side aisles, but without transepts. The north aisle
is entirely removed, and a public road occupies its site. The building
measures about 142 feet 2 inches from east to west over the walls, by about
36 feet 6 inches over the south aisle and nave. The north wall and aisle
are so entirely obliterated that no indication of their position remains to
enable the full dimensions of the church to be given ; but supposing the
north aisle to have been of the same width as the south aisle (and it is
not likely to have been less), the width of the church would have been
about 48 feet. There is a central entrance at the west end by a simple
round-arched and splayed doorway, while at the south side, adjoining the
projecting tower, is a barrel-vaulted porch with stone seats. The outer
and inner doors are round-arched and moulded. In the gable over the outer
door of the porch is inserted a niche with a canopied top of ordinary late
Gothic design, while the bracket for supporting the figure is ornamented
with carving of a kind similar to what might be found in Renaissance
work. Near the east end of the south wall another door occurs, which,
judging from a portion of the outer jamb which remains, seems to be of
an earlier date, and of a more elaborate design than the work generally
throughout the church. But the south wall has been cut and carved
in such a mariner as to render it extremely difficult to make out what
it originally was. The church was probably stripped of its ornamental
features at the Reformation, and adapted for Presbyterian worship,
and continued to be used as the parish church till some time in this
century. Tombstones have been built into the walls, effacing tho older

V. K

FOURTH PERIOD

- 146

DYSART CHURCH

features, and in the south-east corner a tomb-house has been constructed,
measuring 37 feet by 1 8 feet from the walls, most of, if not all, the materials
for which have been taken from the church. It can be clearly made out,
however, that the side windows of the church have been widely splayed,
and have had horizontal arched heads similar to those which formerly

Fio. 1261. Dysart Church. View from South-West.

existed in the now destroyed nave of the church of the Carmelite Friars
at South Queensferry, and of which one specimen exists in the south transept
of that church.

The west gable of the nave is entire, but the tracery is gone from its
pointed window ; and of the window in the east gable only the lower part
of the south jamb now exists. The pillars of the nave arcades remain

DYSART CHURCH

147

FOURTH PERIOD

FIRST FLOOR

Fin. 1262. Dysart Church. Plans and Section.

FOURTH PERIOD

148 DYSART CHURCH

where shown by a dark tint on Plan. Some of these are of peculiar
form. There is first a semi-circular respond against the west wall ; then
a round pillar (corresponding nearly to the width of the tower) ; next
follow two piers, one on each side of the nave, 5 feet 7 inches long by 28J
inches wide, with rounded ends. About midway between these and the
east end stood another pair of similar piers about 9 feet in height, of which
only one now remains. The arcade terminates at the east end with a
splayed respond. The intermediate piers, which were probably round, are
indicated by dotted lines on Plan.

The most remarkable feature, however, of this church, and which
forms the reason for its being included in this work, is its pele-like tower.
This measures about 30 feet by 22 feet 10 J inches, and is 74 feet 7 inches
high from the ground inside the church to the top of the parapet, and 84 feet
3 inches to the apex of the cape-house gable. The tower contains eight
floors (see Section, Fig. 1262), the two lower floors being vaulted with round
barrel vaults and the other floors being of timber. The ground floor has two
entrances, one on the west from the outside (now built up), and another from
the nave. From this floor there is no communication with the floors above
except through a hatchway, measuring about 39 inches by 32 inches, in the
crown of the vault. The entrance to the upper floors of the tower is from the
nave. It is on the first floor level, and is at present reached by a stone stair
in the nave ; but this is quite modern. In all probability the tower was
originally entered by temporary wooden steps, easily removed when neces-
sary. It seems likely from its design that it served as a place of safety and
defence, and at least an occasional residence. There is a fireplace in the
top story, the chimney of which above the roof has been removed, but is
shown as if completed by dotted lines on Section. A wheel-staircase starts
at the entrance to the first floor and gives access to the various floors and
the battlements. The first floor is vaulted, and has a hatchway in the
vault similar to the one in the floor below. Besides this hatchway there
is a small hole in the vault about six inches in diameter, fitted with a
wooden pipe, which goes up in a slanting direction to the floor above
(second floor), probably for the passage of the rope used for ringing the
bell. The north window of the second floor is placed near the ceiling so
as to be above the roof of the nave, and has its sill stepped down inside
so as to let the light in.

The tall windows, which extend through the sixth and seventh floors,
evidently mark the belfry, the larger apertures being intended to allow
the sound of the bell to escape. The internal corbels, between the sixth
and seventh story, seem to have been inserted to carry the beams on
which the bells were hung.

The battlements, as is frequently the case in churches of this date,
resemble those of the ordinary pele towers. At the termination of the
stair two doorways lead out to the battlement walk on each side of the

I'HTKNWKKM CHUKCH - 149 - FOURTH PERIOD

cape-house. In most of the peles, if not in all, there is usually only one
doorway in this position.

The church stands within a hundred yards of the Forth, on a level
bank twenty feet or so above high-water mark. Along the south side is
an old churchyard, outside of which, and nearer the sea, is the quaint old
manse shown in Fig. 1261. Behind this house, towards the churchyard,
there is a court with a wide lintelled entrance bearing the inscription,
" -My hoip is in the Lord," with the date 1585 on the lintel.

PITTENWEEM CHURCH, FIFESHIRK.

In 1583 William Stewart, a descendant of Alan Stewart of Darnley,
obtained a gift under the Great Seal of the priory and lands of Pitten-
weem, and three years later the whole possessions were erected into
a temporal lordship in his favour. In 1614 the lordship was sold, and
the monastic buildings, or what of them was left, became known as the
" House " or " Manor Place of Pittenweem." The church of the monastery
must have been destroyed early, as in 1583 there was no church, and at
that time the town council and community "are of mind, God willing,
to cause ane kirk to be bigget with all godly expedition."

In 1588 William Scott of Abbotshall, son of the hereditary bailie of
the lordship of Pittenweem, granted to the burgh some portion of the
buildings and ground of the old monastery for the purpose of erecting
a "decent, honest, and comely kirk," and shortly afterwards the work
was carried out.* Since its completion the old church has had to submit
to a dreadful restoration, which has entirely changed its character, but
the tower and spire shown in Fig. 1263 have remained comparatively
uninjured.

We have here a very fine example of the intermingling of domestic
and ecclesiastical work which was so common in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries. The tower, with its corbelled upper story and orna-
mental balustrade surmounting the plain work below, recalls the general
design of the Scottish mansions of the period. It will be observed that
the windows have shot-holes under the sills precisely as in the castles.
The circular stair turret, again, with its gabled top corbelled out to the
square, might be the corresponding feature of any Scottish castle of the
Fourth Period. The spire is certainly an ecclesiastical feature, but we
find similar designs adopted in domestic structures, such as the stone-
roofed turrets with lucarnes which occur at G.irdyne Castle, Tain Tol-
booth, &c.

* The above particulars are from The. East Ncuk of Fife, second edition.

FOURTH PERIOD

150

PITTENWEEM CHURCH

F.o. 1263.-Pittenweem Church. View of Tower from North-East.

AXSTRUTHER EASTER CHUKCll 151

FOURTH PERIOD

CHURCH OF ANSTRUTHER EASTER, FIFESHIRE.

This edifice (Figs. 1264 and 1265) is another example of the adoption of
domestic details in the ecclesiastical buildings of the seventeenth century.
The church was built in
1634, and ten years later,
says the author of The
East Neuk, "the steeple
was added, after a Dutch
model." We are not told
what church in Holland
furnished the model, but
the statement may be dis-
missed as being without
any real foundation, the
whole building being de-
signed in the style of archi-
tecture prevailing in Scot-
land at the time, as the
other examples now pro-
duced show. The archway
of the entrance door has the
great roll and hollow com-
mon in all Scottish castles
of the period. The tower
and spire aiv very similar
to those at Pittenweem and
Orail in the same district,
and also to the tower at
Stirling Church, and other
buildings throughout the
country. The corbelling,
the balustrade, with its
pyramidal ornaments, and
the projecting stair turret,
with its cape-house termina-
tion, are all features strik-
ingly Scottish in their
character, and, although
somewhat crude, have a

wonderfully original and ho. 1864-Chnrch of AMferutter Barter.

J View from South -East.

picturesque appearance.

FOUKTII PERIOD

152 ANSTRUTHER EASTER CHURCH

Fio. 1265. Church of Anstruther Easter. View from North-East.

DAIUS1E C1IUUC11

If):!

FOURTH PERIOD

CHURCHES OF KIUKCALDY AND CRAIL, FIFESHIRE.

The towers of these churches (Fig*. 12G6 and 1267) furnish further
instances of the keep-like form so commonly adopted in the sixteenth

.i. l6.Kirkcldy Church.

View from South-Wrst.

Fio. 1267. frail I'Jiuivh.
View from South-East.

century, to which was generally added a spire, so as to give an ecclesias-
tical character to the structure.

DAIBSIE CHURCH, FIFKSIIIKK.

This remarkable edifice is situated in close proximity to the castle
of Dairsie, previously described.* It is a simple oblong on plan, divided
by buttresses on each side into four spans, each span containing a window
with roughly designed tracery (Fig. 1268), while two similar windows,
placed side by side, occupy the east end. The west end contains the
doorway (Fig. 1269), above which are the date 1621, the arms of the

* Vol. iv. p. 43.

FOURTH PERIOD DAIRSIE CHURCH

Spottiswoode family (a chevron between three oak trees), and the initials
of IOANNES SPOTTISWOODE. A striking feature of the church is its pictur-
esque belfry, which is perched on the top of the walls at the south-west
corner, there being no gable (as was usually the case) on which to set
such a structure. The spaces between the angle of the church and the

FIG. 1268. Dairsie Church. South-West Angle.

adjoining buttresses have therefore been corbelled out so as to form a good
wide base for the support of the belfry.

The mode in which the corbelling is carried out, and the whole character
of the belfry, including its curious balustrade, might well qualify it to be
a turret in a domestic structure such as Glamis or Fy vie, while the doorway

UAIRSIE CHUIICH

155

FOURTH PKRIOD

of the church, with its Renaissance details and armorial panel, might
belong to any of the castles of the Fourth Period.

The lands of Dairsie belonged to the See of St. Andrews, but in 1550,
according to Pennant (Vol. HI. p. 189), it was feued out to Lamont of

FH;. 1'JtJ'J. -Daiisic Churc-li. West Doorway, &c.

l>;iirsie, and afterwards sold to Archbishop Spottiswoode, "who publicly
and upon his own charges built and adorn'd the church of Darsy after the
decent English form, which, if the boisterous hand of a mad Reformation
had not disordered, is at this time one of the beautifullest little pieces of
church work that is left to that now unhappy country." *

* Spottiswoode's Life of Bryan, Lord Bishop of Winchester.

FOURTH PERIOD - 156 - CUPAR-FIFE CHURCH

It is shocking to all our ideas of seemliness and propriety to find
that only twenty-six years after the church was erected the fanatical
Presbytery of Cupar hacked and destroyed the whole interior woodwork
and ornament of the church, not even sparing the ecclesiastical arms of
the pious donor.

The following extracts show that the interior was possessed of a con-
siderable amount of decoration, but after two blasts of the Puritanic
trumpet the place was changed into the bald condition in which it has
since remained :

"In 1647, Mr. Walter Greig declared that he spake to Kingask anent
the removing of the monuments of superstitione in the kirk of Dairsie."
And again in October 1648 : "The Assembly ordenes the haill ministers
and ruling elders of the Presbyterie of Couper to meitt at the kirk of
Darsie with Mrs. Patrick Scougall, James Bruce, and Andrew Honny-
man, minister, with the Laird of Creich and Kingcraig, ruling elders, for
removing of the monuments of idolatry and superstition in the said Kirk
of Darsie, and cognoscing the haill fabrick theirof," &c. The meeting
was held at Dairsie, but the minute is silent regarding the monuments
of idolatry. The synod record, however, informs us " that at the entrie of
sundrie deskis, upon the platform and above the great west doore there
are Crosiar staffes, in some part alon, and in other as a aditament and
cognisance of the last pretended Bischop's armes, not being any signe or
cognisance ordinarie and commune in that name or familie, bot meirlie a
signe of his degrie hierarchicall, according to the maner and forme used
among the Roman hierarchists, and others following them;" and that
there is "a glorious partition wall, with a degrie ascending thereto,
dividing the bodie of the kirk fra there queir (as it is ordinarlie called
in papistrie, and among them that follow papists) ; and above the great
doore of their queir, so called, the arms of Scotland and England quartered,
with divers crosses about and beside them, are set up."

The choir screen and other carved work were removed by the synod's
orders.*

CUPAR-FIFE CHURCH,! FIFESHIRE.

This edifice, according to The Slack Book of Paisley, as quoted by Sir
R. Sibbald, was built in 1415. It was partly destroyed at the Reforma-
tion, and again in 1785, when a hideous edifice was built on the site.
What remains of the structure erected after the Reformation is the north-
west corner of the nave and aisle (Fig. 1270), with the lower part of the
tower, and it is to the upper stage of the tower and the spire built
in 1620 that we wish to draw attention, as another illustration of the

* Ecclesiastical Records of St. Andrews and Cnpar (Abbotsford Club), 1837.
t We are indebted for the drawings of this church to Mr. W. F. Lyon, who points
out that the spire bears a striking likeness to that of Diehem in Holland.

DUNLOP CHURCH

157

FOURTH PERIOD

unity of the style then prevalent in Scotland. These portions of the
structure were built at his own expense by the Rev. William Scott, then
minister of the parish.

\'\<:. 1-J70. Ciii>Mr-l''ifr ( lunch. I'hns .-mil Klrvatioits uf Towrr.

DUNLOP CHURCH, AYRSHIRE.

Only the north aisle of this church (Fig. 1271) possesses any interest.
The main part of the building is modern, and of the poorest type. The
Sketch shows the centre of the gable of the aisle, the outline of which,
however, is not drawn, as it was spoiled by having the side walls raised

FOURTH PERIOD

158

DUNLOP CHURCH

and its pitch flattened, when the new church was erected, thus completely
destroying the effect of the old side dormers. In the upper pediment there
is the date 1641, with a monogram composed of the initial letters of

Fio. 1271 . Dunlop Church. North Aisle.

James Dunlop (of Dunlop) and his wife, Elizabeth Cuninghame, a daughter
of the Corsehill family. The remaining fragments are of interest as
examples of the domestic style of the period applied to ecclesiastical
purposes.*

* A detailed description of this church by John Shedden-Dobie will be found in
The Archceological and Historical Collections of Ayr and Wigton, Vol. iv. p. 26.

FEN WICK CHURCH

159

FOURTH PERIOD

FENWICK CHURCH, AYRSHIRE.

The village of Fenwick is situated about four miles north-east from
Kiliimnioirk. The church is cruciform on plan, and in the centre of the

Via. 1272. Fenwick Church. View of West End.

FOURTH PERIOD

160

FENWICK CHURCH

FIG. 1273. Fenwick Church.
Tympanum over Gallery Door.

west gable is placed the broad massive belfry shown in Fig. 1272. The
upper part, including the pillars and the ogee roof, are modern, having
been renewed in 1864.

The church was erected in 1643, and the first meeting of the kirk-session
of Fenwick " was holden be Mr. Mathew Mowat, minister of Kilmarnock,

upone the twentie sevene day of June
the year of God, 1644."* The east end,
or the choir, is known as the " Rowallan
aisle," to the gallery in which there is a
separate entrance on the south side by
an outside stair from the churchyard
(a common feature in post-Reformation
churches). Over the door to the gallery
is the tympanum shown in Fig. 1273,
containing a shield with the arms of the
Muirs of Rowallan, the initials of William
Muir, and the date 1649. This is the
Sir William Muir referred to in Vol. n.
p. 386, as the historian and in part the
builder of Rowallan Castle (which is about
two miles from Fenwick). " He delyted
much in building and planting," and it is not at all unlikely that it is to
his influence, in a great measure, that we are indebted for this picturesque
church. There are three galleries in the building. The south one has a
front of oak, ornamented with pilasters and arches ; the others are of
plain deal, carved in imitation of the former. But they are of late date,
as parts of the original fronts are still in n,.i" i , *,

existence in the church, having been used
to patch up the seats. Some of them are
carved and are of oak, and two of the
panels are shown in Fig. 1274, from
sketches by Mr. Railton. The shield,
with fess ermined, contains the arms of
Craufurd of Craufurdland, with the ini-
tials I. C., while the other shield contains
the Boyd and Cunningham arms quar-
tered, with the initials I. C. Both panels
contain the date 1650. These are probably
the arms of William, ninth Lord Boyd, who was served heir to his father
in 1655, and his lady, Jean Cunningham.

The pulpit (Fig. 1275) is an interesting example, as there are but few
remaining of such an early date as this. It is circular in front, and the
panels are almost entirely covered with minute flat ornament. Its great
* Mackay's History of Kilmarnock, p. 131.

Fio. 1274. Fenwick Church.

Panels containing Craufunl, Boyd, and

Cunningham Arms.

FENWICK CHURCH

161

FOURTH PERIOD

sounding board with carved wings is a quaint relic of what was once
common in Scottish churches, and so too is the suggestive hour-glass
with its iron stand a feature seldom to be met with in situ.

Fir;. 1'27">. Fi-nwirk Church. Pulpit.

With the exception of what is shown by the Sketches and some other
carved woodwork, the church is very plain but extremely picturesque, and
it is one of the few seventeenth century churches of Ayrshire that has not
been spoiled by restoration.

V. L

FOURTH PERIOD

162

BOWDEN PARISH CHURCH

BOWDEN PARISH CHURCH, ROXBURGHSHIRE.

The village of Bowden is situated about three or four miles from
Melrose, on the south side of the Eildon Hills. The parish church is in
part a quaint example of the style of ecclesiastical architecture which
prevailed in this country during the seventeenth century. The structure
consists of the church proper at the west end, having a belfry on the
apex of the gable (Fig. 1276). A north wing or aisle (not seen in the

Fi<;. 1276.- Bowden Parish Church. View from South-East.

Sketch) contains in the basement a burial vault of the Ker family (of
Cavers), with a private room and an entrance to the family pew above it.
The lofty building at the east end also contains a burial vault beneath,
being that of the Roxburghe family, and rooms above, probably at one
time open to the church, but now cut off.

On the lintel of the door of the Roxburghe aisle (Figs. 1277 and 1278)
are the initials of Robert, the first Earl of Roxburghe, and his second wife,
Jane, daughter of Patrick, Lord Drummond. Their arms (which doubtless
filled the panel above) are absent, but the date on the lintel is 1644. On
the hood moulding of the pointed windows occurs the revived Early English

BOWDEN PARISH CHURCH

163

FOURTH PERIOD

dog-tooth ornament (see Fig. 1278). An almost similar hood moulding and
termination is to be seen over a round-arched gateway in the neighbouring
village of Newstead.

The south wall of the church, with its large ungainly windows, is appar-
ently of later construction than the rest of the edifice. In the Cavers
gallery (already referred to) against the north wall is an elaborate example
of the style of pew which many of the Scottish lairds erected for them-

Fin. 1277. Bowden Parish Church. The Roxburghe Aisle from South-West.

selves in the churches of the period. Over the doorway (see Fig. 1278) is
carved the date of its erection, 1661. In the panel above the lintel are the
initials of Sir Thomas Ker, and " his Virtuous Lady, Dame Grissel Halket,
second lawful daughter to Sir Robert Halket of Pitfireane," * and a shield
containing their arms impaled. The same initials, with the family arms,
are blazoned on the remarkable front of this gallery inside the church
* Epitaph on tombstone.

FOURTH PERIOD

_ 164

BOWDEN PARISH CHURCH

(Fig. 1279). Various other emblems are painted on the eight arcaded
compartments, all being on a green-coloured ground. The wall beneath
the gallery is also treated with painted decorations, comprising the follow-
ing inscription, to which a hand points :

BEHOLD THE AXE LYES AT THK TREES ROOT

TO HEW DOUNE THESK THAT BRINGS NOT FORTH GOOD FRUTE

AND WHEN THEY'R CUT THE LORD IN TO HIS IRE

WIL THEM DESTROY AND CAST INTO THE FIRE.

Fiu. 1278. Bowden Parish Church. Details.

A hatchet separates the first two lines from the last two. A similar
hatchet is carved on the gallery of Pitsligo Church (also illustrated in this
volume), where probably some such lines were intended to be carved.

This structure is a fine example of a laird's private pew. The design
here is very singular, and not like any other Scottish carving with which
we are acquainted. It seems likely that these carved and decorated
specimens of oak -work were of foreign origin, probably Flemish.

A sundial (see Fig. 1278), a feature very common on the churches
of this period, occupies the usual position at the south-west corner, a few

(.I.KN'OORSE CHURCH

165

FOUUTII PERIOD

feet below a skew-stone, bearing a fleur-de-lis. The dial is dated 1666,
and tells the hours with accuracy.

! Hi. 1-_'7'J. - Uowden Parish Church. Front uf the Cavers Gallery.

GLENCORSE CHURCH, MIDLOTHIAN.

This church is situated about six or seven miles south from Edinburgh.
It enjoys a very romantic site in one of the numerous glens which run
up towards the Pentland Hills. As will be seen from the date in the View
(Fig. 1280) the building was erected in 1699. It continued in use as
the parish church till a few years ago, when a new church having been
erected on another site, the old building was abandoned, and is now roofless
and fast falling into ruin. It is a long narrow structure, with a south
transept, containing the Woodhouselee Loft. The south end of this

FOURTH PERIOD - 166 GLENCORSK CHURCH

transept, shown in the Sketch, is the only part having any architectural
value. The traceried wheel window is remarkable and very characteristic

Fio. 1280. Glencorse Church. Woodhouselee Transept.

BALCARRES CHAPEL

167

FOURTH PERIOD

of the period, being a variation on the .similar type of window found in
early churches in Scotland. The sundial seen on the south west corner
is a common feature of the churches of this period. The spirelet shown
in the Sketch is comparatively modern and is of timber.

BALCARRES CHAPEL, FIFESHIRK.

The old castle of Balcarres, if not demolished, is entirely concealed by a

modern mansion house, now occupying its site, except perhaps a small part

FK. 1-J-.1. Miili-iirri's Chaj>el. View from S<mth-East.

of the ancient structure, which may still be observed on the west side.
Judging from the records and from information we have received, this

FOURTH PERIOD

168

PENCAITLAND CHURCH

was evidently one of the finest specimens of our ancient domestic archi-
tecture ; but unfortunately it is now a thing of the past.

A few yards to the east of the house
stand the roofless ruins of the chapel
(Fig. 1281), a singular example of the
quaint mixture of Gothic and Renais-
sance features which prevailed during
the seventeenth century, and of which
many fine examples are to be found in
Fifeshire. The peculiarities of the style
are sufficiently illustrated by the Sketch
an oblong structure with round but-
tresses at the four angles, resting 011
square pedestals (Fig. 1281), and sur-
mounted by obelisk -shaped finials, while
on the west gable there is a fantastic
bell-cot. The chapel is lighted with mul-
lioned windows and a wheel window
in the east end, not unlike, but not so
ingenious as, the similar window at Glen-
corse. On the apex of the west gable are
carved the crest and motto of the Lind-
says (Fig. 1283), with the monogram B. L. D. S. Beneath this, and just
over the doorway, there occur a coat of arms and the date 1635. The
doorway is round-headed, and has a kind
of Corinthian pillar at each side sur-
mounted by round balls. On the square
pedestals (Fig. 1282) there are carvings of
the kind usual on the tombstones of the
period. One contains a human skeleton ;
one a death's-head with illegible motto;
another an hour-glass and spades or
shovels ; the fourth is concealed by ivy.
The chapel, which is locked and stan-
chioned at the windows, has an ornamental
ambry at the east end of the south wall.

Fin. 1282. Balcarres Chapel.
Square Pedestal.

FIG. 1283. Balcarres Chapel.
Crest and Motto of the Lindsays.

PENCAITLAND CHURCH,* HADDINGTONSHIRE.

This is an extremely interesting church, presenting as it does examples
of architecture ranging over a period of about three centuries. The

* We are indebted to the Rev. James Coullie, B.D., for information regarding
this church, partly derived from the session records, which date from 1633.

PENCAITLAND CHURCH

169

FOURTH PERIOD

earliest part the Winton aisle is pure Gothic of the fourteenth century,
and not being connected with our subject is not shown here. The tower
at the west end (Fig. 1284) is dated, over the doorway, 1631, and con-
tains the initials I. O., for John Oswald, minister of the parish, son and
successor to Archibald Oswald. He was translated from Montrose to
Pencaitland in 1629, and remained there till 1641, after which he suc-

Ki... li'fvl. lYiicaitlanil Cluuvli.
Tlio Tower.

FIG. 1285. Pencaitland Church.
Doorway to the Stevenston Aisle.

cessively ministered at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and Prestonpans. The
monument seen on the west gable of the church was erected by Mr.
Oswald to the memory of his wife.

On the north-west side of the church an aisle was erected by Sir John
Sinclair of Stevenston (a proprietor and elder in the parish) about the
same time as the tower was built. The entrance doorway to this aisle,
with Sir John's initials over it (Fig. 1285), is a characteristic example
of the architecture of the period, and bears a considerable resemblance

FOURTH PERIOD

170

PENCAITLAND CHURCH

to much of the work to be found at Winton House, in the immediate
neighbourhood.

The main body of the church is believed to have been built soon after
1560. The west buttress of this part, shown in detail in Fig. 1286, con-

U-l

Kio. 1-286. Pencaitlaud Church. West Buttress.

tains a fine sundial with three faces. Fig. 1287 shows another dial which
terminates the east gable. It will be observed that there is still another
dial near the top of the tower, its gnomon being visible in the View.

PRKSTONPANS CHURCH

171

FOURTH PERIOD

in., i-jsr. iVin-aitlaiKl rimivli. Sundials on East Gable and Tower.

PRESTONPANS CHURCH,* HADDINGTONSHIRE.

Tlie body of this church was erected in 1774, and is a building of no
general interest whatever; but it occupies the site of an older church, of
which, as we shall see, parts still remain. As will be observed from the
View (Fig. 1288), there are two transept like buildings on the south side,

* We have to express our thanks to Mr. J. Fowler Hislop for assistance in the
preparation of the following notice.

FOURTH PERIOD

172

PUESTONPANS CHURCH

of the church. The eastmost contains in the upper part the Prestongrange
pew, with the family burial vault beneath. On the gable is affixed a
monument to the memory of Lord Prestongrange, who was Lord Advo-
cate in 1745. The western transept, which is the older of the two, appears
to have been added as a porch to the church which preceded the present

FIG. 1288. Prestonpans Church. View from South-West.

building. A part of the south wall of this older church, against which
the porch abuts, still exists, and contains the old south-west doorway,
with a round-arched top. As this is built up and partly concealed, only
a large beaded moulding on the jambs and the springing can be seen.
The entrance to this porch is a wide square-headed doorway of seven-
teenth century design. The upper part of the porch contains a small

PRRSTONPANS CHURCH - 173 - FOURTH PERIOD

room or vestry, and a dial on the south-west corner, which is illustrated
further on in this volume.

The tower and portions of the west gable are undoubtedly of consider-
able antiquity. The wall is harled at present, but where this has peeled
off it reveals good ashlar masonry, which must have braved several cen-
turies. The slated steeple is of much later construction, and, although
not beautiful, is of considerable interest, as it was from its louvred open-
ings that Dr. Carlyle and his father (the then minister of the parish),
viewed the battle of Prestonpans and the movements of the troops in
1745, as related in the Autobiography of the former.

The building shown at the south side of the tower contains the stair-
case to the upper and lower galleries and in the clock stage of the tower,
and is of a much later date than the tower ; but we think it very probable
that it is a reconstruction of an old staircase leading to the tower.

The interior of the church is fitted up in the style of last century, and
the onpainted woodwork of its pews, with their well moulded panels, has
a very pleasing and artistic effect.

heneath the Fishermen's Gallery there is a spirited painting on canvas
representing a man-of-war in full sail, giving chase and firing her guns ; it
is dated 1803, and bears the painter's initials, D. A. Round the framework
of the picture is the quotation, " The Lord is the conndency of the ends of
the earth, And of them that are afar off upon the sea."

The church stands on the north side of the churchyard, on the edge of
a high bank overlooking the village of Prestonpans. Down in the village
itself there is another old churchyard, but with 110 traces of a church, and
it does not appear to be known which of these sites, if either, the first
church in this place occupied. The canons of Holyrood had a church here
at Preston, which, along with the tower and town of Preston, was burned
by Hertford in 1544, and thereafter the inhabitants acquired the right of
fre<|uenting the church of Tranent. This continued till George Hamilton
and his son, John of Preston, bestowed ground for a church, churchyard,
and schoolhouse. These appear to have been in existence in 1595, and
in 1 606 Preston, or Saltpreston (now Prestonpans), was erected into a
separate parish. John Davidson was the first minister after the Reforma-
tion. He built the church at his own expense, and on one of the doorways
was inscribed

SEDEM DEDIT PRESTONIS
JEDIFICAVIT DAVIDSONIS
TEXIT WILLIAMSONIS.

Davidson also built the manse, which still exists, a little beyond the east
end of the church, and is now inhabited by labourers.

The old tower is certainly not later than Davidson's time, and it does
not appear to us improbable that it may be a part of the older church
which suffered in Hertford's invasion.

FOURTH PERIOD

174

KILBIRNIE CHURCH

CHURCHES OF KIPPEN, STIRLINGSHIRE, AND
CAMBUSNETHAN, LANARKSHIRE.

The ruined churches from which these belfries (Figs. 1289 and 1290)
are taken were probably erected about the same time in the seventeenth
century. The first-named example is of simple design, while the other
example from Cambusnethan is a pleasing specimen of the style of the
seventeenth century.

FIG. 1289. Kippen Church.
Belfry.

FIG. 1290. Cambusnethan Church.
Belfry.

Hamilton of Wishaw, writing about the beginning of last century, in
describing* Cambusnethan House, says that it is situated near "the seat
of the old church of Cambusnethan, but for the convenience of the parish
was, about the year 1 649, removed to a place called Greenheid, and there
well built and decored."

This "well decored" church, of which we show the belfry, was, when
we sketched it, an ivy-clad, roofless ruin.

KILBIRNIE CHURCH, AYRSHIRE.

This is an interesting oblong structure, measuring about 65 feet in
length by 29 feet 6 inches in breadth, with a low western tower, all prob-
ably of pre-Reformation date. The south and north transepts (or aisles, as

* Description of the Sheri/dom of Lanark, by William Hamilton of Wishaw.
Maitland Club, 1831.

KILBIRNIE CHURCH - 175 - FOURTH PERIOD

they are called in Scotland) are of date 1597 and 1642 respectively. The
ijrn.ndio.se family gallery shown in Fig. 1291 is situated in the north aisle.
It is constructed of oak, and was erected by John, first Viscount Garnock,
between the years 1703 (when the title was created) and 1708, the year of
his death.

The gallery (Fig. 1291) with its canopy occupies the full width of the
aisle, and projects into the church, abutting against the east gable. The
central portion is convex on plan, and projects about 2 feet beyond the
sides. The front or principal pew for the proprietor and his family is
separated from those behind by a low screen of open work (seen in the
Sketch), on the top of which arc four pillars bearing between the capitals
convoluted f rot work. Behind these seats another and higher open screen
separates the whole from the entrance passage. The construction of the
gallery and canopy will be easily understood from the Sketch, and need
not lie further described.

There are eighteen armorial bearings on the front of the gallery.
The upper one on the canopy and the central one on the arcade are
special representations of the viscount's honours. The eight panels on
the right . (heraldic-ally) show his lordship's descent by the maternal side,
and the eight on the left show his paternal lineage. This reversal of the
usual arrangement is explained by the settlement of the maternal grand-
father of the viscount, Sir .John ( Yawfunl, who entailed the estate of
Kilbirnie on his daughter Margaret and her husband, the Hon. Patrick
Lindsay, on condition that he should assume the surname and arms of
( Ya wfunl.

The central arms on the canopy may be tirst described "as being the
only complete achievement, as well as embodying, or representing, as it
wer<-, all the other honours." The bearings are as follows: Two coats
impaled, baron and femme ; the first bears quarterly, first and fourth azure,
three cross-pa tees, or, for Barclay (Malcolm Crawfurd of Greenock, in
1470, having married Marjory, only daughter and heiress to John Barclay
of Kilbirnie); second and third gules, a fess cheque, argent and azure,
for Lindsay (as explained further on), and by way of surtout, gules, a
fess ermine, the maternal coat of Crawfurd. The second shield bears, or,
a fess cheque, azure and argent, for Stewart, Lord Garnock having married
Lady Margaret Stewart, only daughter of James, first Earl of Bute. The
shield is tiinbred with helmet, coronet, and mantling, befitting the quality
of the viscount, and on a wreath of the principal tinctures of the coats
for crest a stag's head erased proper, collared ermine, and between his
attires, or, a cross crosslet fitche of the last. On an escroll is the motto,
Hinc Honor et Solus. Supporters on the dexter, a man robed in green,
striped with gold, and carrying on his right arm a shield charged with
the fess ermine of the Crawfurds, and on the sinister a horse, sable ; the
whole on a compartment on which are the words Sine Lobe Nota.

FOURTH PERIOD

176

KILBIRNIE CHURCH

KTLHIRNIE CHURCH - 177 - FOURTH PERIOD

The bearings on the second shield, being that in the centre of the
gal lory front, showing his lordship's honours, are a repetition of the above
dexter coat, viz., Barclay quartered with Lindsay on an inescutcheon.
The maternal bearings beginning at the centre are :

First. Crawfurd and Barclay quarterly. The viscount's mother, Mar-
garet Crawfurd, mentioned above.

Second. Or, an eagle displayed, azure. Mother's mother, daughter
to David, son of the tirst Earl of Southesk.

Third. Argent, a shakefork, sable. Grandfather's mother, daughter of
seventh Earl of Glencairn.

Fourth. Quarterly, first and fourth, Hamilton of Innerwick ; second
and third, a coat of augmentation for the title of Melrose. Grand-
mother's mother, daughter of first Earl of Haddington.

Fifth. Argent, a saltier and chief, azure, the first charged with five
mascles of the field. Grandfather's father's mother, Margaret,
daughter of John Blair of Blair.

Sixth. Quarterly, first and fourtli for Lindsay, second and third for
Abernethy, and on an inescutcheon the ensign of a baronet of
Nova Scotia. Grandmother's father's mother, daughter of Sir
David Lindsay of Edzell.

Seventh. Quarterly, first and fourth, Campbell ; second, Stewart ;
third, argent, a lymphad sable, with oars in action. Grandfather's
mother's mother, daughter of Sir Colin Campbell of Glenurchy.

Eighth. Grandmother's mother's mother, daughter of James FouKs of
Colinton.

On the other side of the gallery the arms are as follows :

First. Quarterly, first and fourth, counter -quartered, Crawfurd and

I '.arclay ; second and third, Lindsay of the Byres. Father of the

viscount, Patrick Lindsay, second son of the fourteenth Earl of

Crawfurd and first of Lindsay.
Second. Quarterly, first and fourth for Hamilton, second and third for

the title of Arran. Father's mother, second daughter of second

Marquess of Hamilton.
Third. The same as fourth above.
Fourth. The same as third above.
Fifth. Quarterly, first and fourth for Leslie, second and third for

Abernethy. Grandfather's father's mother, daughter of fifth Earl

of Hollies.
Six tli. Grandmother's father's mother, daughter of John, seventh Lord

Glands.
Seventh. Argent, three cinquefoils vert, within a bordure, gules. Grand-

fat.her's mother's mother, daughter of Borthwick of Newbyres
Fight h. The same as seventh of the first.

V. M

FOURTH PERIOD 178 PITSLIGO CHURCH

Besides these armorial representations, there are various interlaced
initials of the viscount and his lady, and on the wall of the church at each
end of the gallery there exist the faded remains of two paintings. The
subject of one only can now be made out (see Sketch). It represents
Moses as the Lawgiver.*

PITSLIGO CHURCH,! ABERDEENSHIRE.

The church at Pitsligo illustrates what has been said above as to the
post-Reformation churches being often built with extreme plainness and
rudeness, while some special feature is selected for architectural adorn-
ment. Here it is the belfry (Fig. 1292) which is ornamented, and it is
a design of considerable architectural merit. It is placed on the apex of
the west gable, and exhibits that mingling of Gothic and Renaissance
features so common in the early part of the seventeenth century. Two
of the four pillars which support the belfry are connected together on
each side with transoms, and filled in with what may be called tracery
above ; but the belfry is open to the east and west so as to allow the bell
to swing.

The church is an oblong structure, with a south aisle attached to it,
which enters by an outside stair from the churchyard. This aisle, Avliich
was built for the accommodation of the Pitsligo family, contains some
remarkable and richly carved woodwork. It opens into the church by
a round arch, the top of which is seen (Fig. 1293) looking towards the
body of the church. The floor of the aisle is about 5 feet above the level
of the church floor, and the space beneath was used as a burial vault.
The ornamental woodwork consists of the gallery front facing the church
(Fig. 1294) and the elaborate canopy overhead. The length of the front
is about 12 feet 3 inches; the height of the solid carved part is about

3 feet 1 1 inches ; the height from the book-board to the top of the abacus
of the pillars is 3 feet 7^ inches, and from thence to the top of the cornice
is about 19 inches. The width of the canopy from back to front is about

4 feet.

The canopy embraces only one seat. It is supported behind by a row
of six pillars about 3 inches in diameter. At the front there are only
two end pillars, the rest being omitted so as not to interrupt the view
from the laird's seat. Behind the seat, beneath the canopy, there is

* For a fully detailed description (illustrated) of Kilbirnie church and gallery
see Archaeological and Historical Collections of Ayr and Wiyton, Vol. n. , by John
Shedden-Dobie. From this valuable paper the above details are derived.

t .Since the annexed sketches of Pitsligo Church were made, we understand that
a new parish church has been built, and that this old fabric has been abandoned.

PITSLIOO CHURCH

179

FOURTH PERIOD

another elaborately carved screen, about 4 feet high, through the centre
of which opens a richly ornamented doorway, seen in both Views.

The ceiling of the aisle, as well as that of the canopy, is divided into
numerous panels, which contain the arms of the Forbes and other allied
families, together with the initials of Lord and Lady Pitsligo.

Fio. 1292. Pitsligo Ohuivli. Belfry from Soul li \\Vst.

Pitsligo Church was built by Sir Alexander Forbes of Pitsligo, after-
wards Lord Pitsligo, in 1G30, when Patrick Forbes of Corse was Bishop
of Aberdeen; and tlio initials of Lord Korbes and those of his wife,

FOURTH PERIOD

PITSLIGO CHURCH

FIG. 1293. Pitsligo Church. Entrance to Gallery from South Aisle.

u>N;sii>K cm ken

181

FOURTH PERIOD

Daine Jane Keith, daughter of the Karl Marischal, are found singly and
in entwined monograms on various parts of the work, along with the three
heads of the Forbes and the pale of the Keiths.

KM;. 1-J'jl. 1'itsli-o Clmirli. l-Yi.

LONGS1DE CHURCH, ABBBDBBNBHIBE.

This is another ol tln^r plain churches with an ornate belfry, comprising
details (Kig. 1-JiC)) such as may he found in the domestic architecture of
the period. The building is now roofless, and it is seemingly intended to
allow it to go to ruin, a new church having been erected near it.

FOUKTII PERIOD

182

LONGSIDE CHURCH

From the View of the Diocese we learn that " Longside, called at first
New Peter, was built about A.D. MDCXX., under Bishop Patrick Forbes,
the parish' being taken out of Peterhead and Crimond." The Earl
Marischal was the principal proprietor in the district, and several
elders of Peterhead were appointed to co-operate with him to have " ane
new kyrk bouldit in the head of the paroche," which appears to have
been accomplished in 1620.

FIG. 1295. Longside Church. Belfry and Details.

The Lych Gate (Fig. 1296) is of considerable interest, as there are few
such structures left in Scotland. A finial over the gateway is dated 1705,
but the gateway we believe to have been built earlier.

Several details from the church are shown in Fig. 1295. The small
corbel (built at random into the gable) has a decided appearance of having
belonged to an earlier church ; it has quite the character of a Gothic
detail.

ELGIN CHURCH

183

FOURTH PERIOD

Fm. IL".M;. Longside Chnrch. The Lych Gate.

ELGIN CHURCH, ELGINSHIRE.

In the centre of the main street of the town of Elgin stood the ancient
church of St. Giles, which probably existed before the transference of the
Episcopal See to the town. It was surrounded with a churchyard, in
which the fairs were held and wooden booths or shops were erected. In
1679 the vaulted roof fell, and the church was rebuilt in 1684. The
interior is thus described in Rhind's Walks in Moray: "Two rows of
massive stone pillars, terminating in high Gothic arches, ran along each
side aiid supported the lofty arched roof." The church was 80 feet long
by 60 feet wide.

The annexed Sketches from Rhiiid (Figs. 1297 and 1298) show a

FOUKTH PERIOD

184

TURR1FF CHURCH

tower, which, like many of our old church steeples, might easily be taken
for a simple keep or dwelling-house.

FIG. 1297. PIG. 1298.

St. Giles', Elgin. (Reproduced from Rhind's " Walks in Moray.")

This church was taken down in 1826, when a modern church was
erected on the site.

TURRIFF CHURCH, ABERDEENSHIRE.

This ancient church, which was dedicated to St. Congan, is a very old
foundation, having probably been established in the seventh century by
a follower of St. Columba. It received donations at various early dates,
amongst others one by King Robert the Bruce. In 1272 it was attached
by the Earl of Buchan to an alms-house for thirteen poor husbandmen.
The church was 120 feet long by 18 feet wide, but is now reduced to the
fragment of the choir, crowned with the picturesque belfry shown in
the Sketch (Fig. 1299). The belfry is interesting as an example of
the application to an ecclesiastical edifice of the Scottish style, as used
in the domestic architecture of the beginning of the seventeenth century.
There is a strong dash of Renaissance taste in the design ; but the conrice
with its small corbels and the string-course with its moulded supports
might be details from any old Scottish castle. The bell bears the date
1557. The above features are all evidently of the early part of the seven-
teenth century. A curious relic of the older structure has, however, been

TURRIFF CHUKCll

185

FOURTH PERIOD

discovered in the choir in the form of an antique wall painting of St.
Ninian.

The interior of the choir contains a very interesting and remark-
ably picturesque series of monuments, with a quantity of well-executed
lettering. One of these tablets is to the memory of a member of the

Km. I'J'J'.). -Tunill Clancli.

family of Barday of Towie, of date 1636, with a Latin inscription still
legible.

The churchyard contains a number of interesting monuments of the
same date as the belfry.

The gateway to the churchyard (Fig. 1300) is a simple but pleas-
ing specimen of the early Scottish Renaissance, similar in style to the
belfry.

FOURTH PERIOD

- 186

KINTORE CHURCH

FIG. 1300. Turriff Church. Gateway to Churchyard.

MONUMENT IN KINTORE CHURCH, ABERDEENSHIRE.

This very interesting and unique monument (Fig. 1301) is built into
the wall of Kintore Church. It consists of two parts, the lower portion
forming a panel to contain an inscription or coat of arms, and the upper
portion being enriched with a beautifully carved bas-relief, representing a
monstrance of elaborate tabernacle work, supported by two angels and
crowned with a sculptured crucifix. The whole monument is surrounded
with a frame composed of a series of baluster-shaped shafts covered with
flat foliage of a Renaissance character.

The monument is evidently much older than the church (which was
not erected until 1819), but owing to the panel at the bottom being
blank, there is nothing to form a guide to the name of the person whom
it commemorates, nor can any information be obtained on the spot. It
seems not unlikely, however, that it was brought from the church of
Kinkell, about two miles to the northward.

KINTORE CHURCH

187

FOURTH PERIOD

In 1754 the Lords Commissioners for Plantation of Kirks annexed
one-third of the parish of Kinkell to that of Kintore, the remainder going

FIG. 1301. Kiuturc Church. Monument.

to augment the parish of Keithhall. The church of Kinkell was remark-
able for its fine design and workmanship, and contained several monu-
ments and sculptures. The west window is stated to have traces of

FOURTH PERIOD

188 TIIURSO CHURCH

"third pointed work," though now almost entirely destroyed. In the
north wall was a tabernacle, which is described as follows in Smith's
New History of Aberdeenshire :

"In the north wall, adjoining the sanctuary, is a most remarkable
tabernacle I should imagine almost unique. It was not simply an Easter
sepulture, but a permanent receptacle for the Holy Sacrament. It consists
of an aumbrye, or deep rectangular recess in the wall, on either side of
which, as well as above and below, are a series of sculptured ornaments.
The bas-relief is altogether gone. No traces of it or its subject remain.
But two crocketed finials, on either side, of a close-grained freestone, are
almost perfect. Below are the remains of the ostensorium, with adoring
angels on either side, and underneath is some boldly sculptured foliage,
with a shield in its centre, charged with a lion rampant crowned. A
label on either side of the recess contains the following legend : me EST
SVTVM- CORPS -DE-VIGIE-NATVM (Hie est servatum corpus de Virgine natum
Here is reserved that body which was born of the Virgin Mary). The
letters A. G. occur twice once disjointed, and again united by a knot
into a monogram. So, too, the device of a rose. The date, 'A.D. 1528,'
also remains, as well as the inscription, Memorare, on a label below."

The letters A. G., and the style of the work, point to its having been
constructed by Alexander Galloway, who was rector of Kinkell in 1528,
and who was also the architect of the first bridge of ten arches over the
Dee.

The above quotation would apply almost verbatim to the accompany-
ing Sketch, which there is every reason to believe is part of Alexander
Galloway's work, and has been brought here when the parish of Kinkell
was dismembered, and its fine church allowed to fall into ruin.

The style of workmanship of the tabernacle and angels has a strong
affinity with late German sculpture, while the framework is an early
example of the kind of Renaissance which was generally in use in Scot-
land fully half a century later, not only in monumental work, but for the
decoration of the doorways and windows of domestic buildings.

THURSO CHURCH,* CAITHNESS-SHIRE.

This building, now ruinous, presents a remarkable illustration of the
mixture of Scottish features with the revived Gothic elements intro-
duced along with the re-establishment of Episcopacy in the seventeenth
century.

It is said that a church was founded here by Bishop Gilbert Moray in
the thirteenth century, but the structure which now exists has evidently

* We are indebted to the Rev. Alexander Miller of Buckle for the drawings of and
particulars regarding this church.

THURSO CHURCH

189

FOURTH PERIOD

been entirely remodelled .and rebuilt in the seventeenth century. The
peculiar circular form of the east end internally (Fig. 1302) probably indi-
cates some remains of the original apse, but on the top of it has been
erected the more modern session-house. The tower adjoining is also of a
remarkable form (Fig. 1303). It was formerly finished with a pyramidal
roof. Mr. Miller states that the date 1638 or 1640 could formerly be read
over the door leading from the tower into the session-house.

The internal arrangements recall those of many of our older post-
rliinrlios. 'Flic ground floor was all seated with pews, one

GROUND FLOO R

GALLERY FLOOR

Km. i::02. Thurso Church. Plans and Details.

part being occupied by the "communion tables." The "table seats,"
though under the gallery, were furnished with canopies of wood supported
on posts. A gallery occupied each arm of the cross, and contained the
seats of the principal heritors in the "breast of the loft," the most im-
portant position. These galleries had all separate outside stairs. The
arms of the cross were frequently united by a stone arch like that seen in
the Sketch (Fig. 1304).

Tlio porch was somewhat ornate, and had, as in many other churches,
the "jougs," for the punishment of scolds, attached to the wall. The

FOURTH PERIOD

190

THUR80 CHURCH

"cutty stool," or seat of the penitents, "with neat turned legs," held its
place where indicated till shortly before 1832, "when the friends of a

FIQ. 1303. Thurso Church. View from South-Kast.

P.O. 1304. -Thurso Church. Interior, looking South.

PORT PAT RICK CHURCH

191

FOURTH PERIOD

young fellow, condemned to stand on it next clay, broke into the church
by night and sent it down the river."

The tracery and mouldings of the windows show the attempt to repro-
duce the Gothic elements, while the crow-stepped gables, with their
Renaissance finials (Figs. 1304 and 1305), indicate the native style of the
time.

^K \ <^v, v

PHI. 1 :;<>:,. Thui'so church. View from North-West.

As in most of the churches in the north, the principal window is to
the south, so as to face the sun. The same occurs at Caiinisbay Church.
From the extreme distance of the cathedral of the diocese at Dornoch,
and the position of this church in the chief town (the old Norwegian
capital on the mainland), and the proximity of the bishop's chief residence
at S.-rabster,* the building had naturally more architectural pretensions
than \\-ascoinmon in Caithness.

PORTPATRICK CHURCH,! WIGTONSHIUF,

This old parish church is in a state of ruin, having long been aban-
doned as a place of worship. It bears on one of its skew-putt stones the
date of its erection, 1629. The church is a cruciform structure (Fig.
1306), with a very remarkable round tower at the west end (Fig. 1307).
The length outside, measuring from east to west, is 63 feet 6 inches,
and 10 feet more for the projection of the tower; the width is 24 feet
10 inches. The length of the transept is 54 feet 2 inches by 24 feet

* Sec Castle Varrich, Vol. in. p. 253.

t For the drawings of this church we are iiuloUnl to Mr. Galloway, architect.

FOURTH PERIOD

192

PORTPATRIOK CHURCH

8 inches. A screen wall separates the west end of the church from the
other parts, and it is not easy to say whether this is an addition or a part
of the original structure, but most probably it is the former. The few

FIG. 1306. Portpatrick Church. Plan.

details about the building are entirely of the domestic character of the
period. This will be seen from the mouldings round the windows and
doors (see Fig. 1308), from the recesses over the windows for coats of arms,

FIG. 1307. Portpatrick Church. View from South-East

and the skew-putts at the gables. But all the moulded work being of the
red freestone of the district is very much wasted. The mullions of the

THE MONTGOMERY MONUMENT 193

FOURTH PERIOD

windows are away, but their positions are indicated by the reprises on
the sills and lintels.

There are three doorways
to the church and one to the
tower, which has no communi-
cation with the church, and
is otherwise a singular struc-
ture, measuring about 16 feet
8 inches in diameter, with
walls about 3 feet 6 inches
thick, and quite riddled with
windows tier above tier.
There is a prevailing belief
that it was built as a light-
house on an exceptionally
dangerous coast; and it is
worthy of remark that a
similar round tower at the
church of Cockburnspath also
Pio.i308.-portp.tricka.un-i,. occupies such a position as

Elevation of Doorway, A.T. this, looking out On the SCa.

THE MONTGOMERY MONUMENT, LARGS, AYRSHIRE.

This splendid example of a Renaissance monument (Fig. 1309) was
erected by Sir Robert Montgomery of Skelmorlie in 1636. The date
shown on the right-hand side of the Sketch really occurs inside the door,
and is not visible from the point of view selected.

The monument stands in an aisle, formerly the north transept of the
old church of Largs, of which this aisle is the only portion now preserved.
It is obvious from the Sketches of the building (Figs. 1310 and 1311)
that it is a seventeenth century structure, and was doubtless erected for
tlio purpose of containing the monument. It seems to have been joined to
the church (as was generally done in similar cases) with an open arch. The
gable wall shown (see Fig. 1310) would then be a part of the old building,
the mouldings of the arch being visible where it is now built up.

The roof of the aisle is of timber, shaped internally like a barrel vault,
and is lined with thin boards similar to those of the painted ceilings at
Pinkie, Earlshall, Culross, and other places. The ceiling is divided into
compartments, with painted ribs, imitating those of a vaulted roof. In
these compartments are figured scenes intended to represent the old castle
of Skelmorlie, Largs Church, and several emblematical subjects, together
with the signs of the zodiac and heraldic emblazonments. Still partly

V. N

FOURTH PERIOD

194 THE MONTGOMERY MONUMENT

readable beneath the various subjects are sundry quotations from Scrip.
Little is known of the artist who painted this ceiling. In Notes
ies (7th Series, llth October 1886) information was asked regar

Fio. 1309. The Montgomery Monument, Largs.

THE MONTGOMERY MONUMENT 195

FOURTH PERIOD

ing an artist of the name of Stalker, "who was employed in 1638 to
execute an elaborate design on the ceiling of the church of Largs," but we
believe no reply has been given. It may be mentioned that in the collec-
tion of drawings relating to Scottish buildings in the library of the Royal
Scottish Academy there is preserved a careful pencil drawing of this
ceiling made when the subjects were quite distinct and clear.

from tlir (op of the cornice hung a series of iron pennons

FIG. 1310. The Montgomery Aisle, and Monument of Boyle of Kellmrn, Largs.

with coats of arms blazoned on them. Of these decorations only a few
with the arms faintly coloured, together with some helmets (as seen in
Sketch), now remain. In the vault beneath are deposited the remains of
Sir Robert Montgomery and his wife, Margaret Douglas, eldest daughter
of Sir William Douglas of Drumlanrig.

When Sir Robert succeeded to Skelmorlie lie likewise succeeded to a
legacy of family feuds. The murder of his father and brother, and also
that of the chief of the Montgomeries, Hugh, fourth Earl of Eglinton,
gave him half the families of the district as subjects for his revenge. To

FOURTH PERIOD

196 THE MONTGOMERY MONUMENT

the fulfilment of this object he seems to have devoted the strength of his
manhood, but in later years he is said to have suffered extreme remorse

FIG. 1311. The Montgomery Monument, Largs. Doorway and Coats of Arms.

and penitence, " repairing heither at nights for devotional meditations,

and thus, as it were, burying himself alive." * He likewise, in expiation of

* Robertson's Ayrshire Families, Vol. n. p. 330.

Till-: MONTGOMERY MONUMENT - 1 ( .)7

FOURTH PERIOD

KIK. 1812. Plan of tin: Mont-onn , > \isl.- and Plan and Elevation of the Monunieiil.

FOURTH PERIOD - 198 - THK MONTGOMERY MONUMENT

his conduct, performed many acts of charity. Sir Robert died in 1651, so
that the monument was erected in his own lifetime.

Over the entrance door (Fig. 1311) are quartered the bearings of
Montgomery and Eglinton impaled with those of Douglas and Mar.
The doorway is of a remarkable form. A similar example has already
been given from Badeiiheath.* This doorway, along with the coat of
arms, the ornamental quoins, and the thistle and fleur-de-lis finials, shows
how domestic is the style here applied to the aisle of a church.

The monument itself consists of a gallery, raised above a partially
sunk basement, and ornamented with a species of canopy somewhat re-
sembling a triumphal arch. The basement forms a tomb-house, entered
by a half sunk doorway, the steps leading to which are covered with a
movable wooden trap-door in the floor of the aisle. The part of the
basement wall visible above the floor is ornamented with short pilasters,
finished with Ionic caps. Above this is a parapet or stylobate profusely
decorated with interlacing scroll-work, armorial bearings, and monograms.
The stylobate supports a Corinthian colonnade of four square pillars, each
with a detached circular shaft in front of it. The same arrangement is
repeated at the back of the monument, which is 5 feet in depth.

The space between the four columns at each flank is covered with a
horizontal entablature having a panelled soffit, while the central space is
spanned with a barrel vault elaborately panelled, which springs from the
top of the entablature of the side compartments. It was doubtless intended
that this gorgeous canopy should enclose a recumbent statue of the founder,
but this appears never to have been put up (see measured Plans and Eleva-
tion, Fig. 1312). Above the central arch is a horizontal entablature,
supported on two Corinthian pilasters, and the whole structure is crowned
with foliated and interlaced scroll-work, mingled with cupids, hour-glasses,
obelisks, and other ornaments (Fig. 1313).

The gallery behind is reached by a small stair and passage on the right
hand side of the monument. In the vault below (according to Mr. Dobie)
lies the coffin of Sir Robert, on which is the following inscription :

IPSE MIHI PR^: MORTUUS FUI, FATO FUNERA
PR^CIPUI, UNICUM, IDQUE, C^ESAREVM,
EXEMPLAR INTER TOT MORTALES SECUTUS.

Which may be thus translated : " I was dead before myself ; I anticipated
my proper funeral : alone, of all mortals, following the example of Csesur,"
i.e., Charles v., who, it will be recollected, had his obsequies performed
before he died.

The building in which this monument is erected has every appearance
of being native work, whether its outer aspect or the painted decorations

* See Vol. i. p. 307.

TIIK MONTI; OMMKY MONUMENT 199

FOURTH PERIOD

of the interior be considered. But the design of the monument itself
appears to be too classic to be of Scottish origin at the date of its execu-
tion. Probably the design was procured by Sir Robert Montgomery from

Fi... i:;i:;. The Montgomery Monoment, Lar-s.

<t on

I. Fi^iii-r \vitli S]i;nlc at cud f Cinnpy. ',. Fric/r, S]iandril, and Krystoiii' nl'Ontral Arc.ii.

-. Omamenta Seating on Comioe over Central An-ii. r>. Kinial ornainrnis. \T., at sides of ditto.

:'. and I. I'ilasters at Central Areli. TandS. Panels and Anns at l!ase of Monument.

abroad, and the execution was carried out under his own eye by native
workmen.

Fig. 1310 shows another monument, built against the south wall of the
old church, in the same style of art, though greatly inferior, both in design

FOURTH PERIOD

200

THE CRAWFURD MONUMENT

and execution, to that of Sir Robert Montgomery. It is to the memory
of the Boyles of Kelburn, and formed a part of the old church of Largs.
This and numerous similar examples, the degenerate successors of such
splendid piles as the above, exhibit the style of monument which crowded
our churchyards during the following century.*

THE CRAWFURD MONUMENT, KILBIRNIE CHURCHYARD,

AYRSHIRE.!

This tomb ( Fig. 1314) stands at the distance of a few yards from the south
side of the church. It measures 9 feet 6 inches long by 6 feet in width,

**>*Wi 4^

.. t j '//-,./

Fio. 1314.- The (Jrawfurd Monuiii^it, Kilbimic.

and is 6 feet 6 inches high. At present it has a flat roof, but it was
probably finished originally with some kind of pyramidal form on top.

* For a very full description of the church and monuments at Largs, see Archaeo-
logical Collections of Ayrshire and Galloway, Vol. vi. ; also (same society) Monuments
of the Royal Burgh of Irvine, 1890.

t For the careful drawings of this mausoleum we are indebted to Mr. C. S. S.
Johnston, architect, who made them in April 1890, while superintending the repairs
then made on the structure.

THE CRAWFUKD MONUMENT

201

FOURTH PERIOD

The inscribed panel seen in the View reads as follows, and tells its
own story :

HEIR-LYIS-THOMAS-CRAVFVRD-OF-IORDANIIILL SEXT SON TO LAVRENCE
CKAVJ-'VRD OF- KILBIRNY- AND IONET KER HIS SPOVS ELDEST- DOCHTER-TO
ROBERT KER OF KERRISLAND 1594.

Above is the motto of the Crawfurds " GOD SCHAW YE RIGHT." In the
centre of the inscription, and dividing it into two parts, "is a shield bearing
quarterly Crawfurd and Barclay ; a sword proper, hiltcd and pommelled,
forming its transverse division, and for crest the helmet of an esquire."*

jp-

Ki-.. !:.)."<. The Crawfuid Monument, Ivilliirnie. Statues ul' Thomas dawlurd and his Spouse.

The ornamental features of the tomb, it will be observed, are entirely
Scottish, and consist partly of the revived ornaments of an earlier date.
This monument, of native design, presents a striking contrast with the
Renaissance structures of the period. Tn the interior of the mausoleum
repose the recumbent statues of Thomas Crawfurd and his spouse
(Fig. 1315). The figures are somewhat rude in execution, but are quaint
and interesting. They were drawn on the spot by Mr. Johnston, under-
favourable circumstances, when the tomb was opened for repairs. At other
times they are only seen through the gloom of the faintly lighted structure.

* Ayr and Wiyton Archceoloyical Collections, Vol. n., by John Shedden-Dobie.

FOUKTII PKKIOD

202 THE DUNBAR MONUMENT

Fia. 131(5.- Monument to George Home, Earl of Duubar, at Dunbar.

THE LAUDEKDALi: MONUMENT 203 FOURTH PERIOD

MONUMENT TO GEORGE HOME, EARL OF DUNBAR,
DUNBAR CHURCH, HADDINGTONSHIRE.

One of the most costly and splendid monuments of this epoch, great in
monuments, is that of the Earl of Dunbar (Fig. 1316), erected in the early
part of the seventeenth century. The monument bears the following
inscription: "Here lyeth the Body of the Reight Hon 1 . 6 George Erie of
Dunbar, Baron Hownie of Berwick, Lord Heigh Tress 1 ? of Scotland,
Knight of the most noble order of the Garter, and one of his Ma? most
lion 1 '.' privie Coimsell, \vhoe departed this life the xxix day of Jaunuary
MVCX."

These titles show that the bearer of them was a man of great import-
ance in his time. He was much favoured l>y James VI., and supported
the king's desire for the re-establishment of Prelacy in Scotland. His
body was buried in a vault beneath the Collegiate Church of Dunbar,
which has now been rebuilt as the parish church. The monument,
which was erected by the earl's executors, occupies the east end of the
church, it is about 1'J feet wide and L'O feet high, and is executed in
alabaster, with panels of darker marble. As is frequently the case in
monuments of the period, the principal tigu re is represented kneeling on
a sarcophagus and engaged in prayer. On each side an armed figure sus-
tains an entablature .surmounted by a statue of .Justice and Wisdom on
either hand. Ba* relict's ..f Fame and Peace till the spandrils over tin-
arch, and on the summit a central panel contains the royal arms, while
smaller side panels (which have been renewed) doubtless displayed the
armorial bearings of the deceased.

The monument is well designed and carefully executed in the style of
the seventeenth century, and was beyond doubt the work of foreign
artists. It is a good example of the kind of models by which the Renais-
sance was established in Scotland.

THE LAUDERDALE MONUA1 KNT, 11ADD1NGTON CHURCH,
HADDINGTONSHTBE.

This monument ( Kig. 1:517) occupies the north end of a vaulted
chapel or aisle, built out to receive it from the north side of the choir
of Haddington Church, and is still in a fair state of preservation.
The monument is divided into two compartments, each having a deeply
recessed arch with panelled sollit resting on Corinthian columns of black

FOURTH PERIOD

204 THE LAUDERDALE MONUMENT

1:517. --The Laudurdale Monument, Iladdin.nton.

THE LAUDKRDALK .MOMMKNT - !'()" FOURTH PERIOD

marble, with alabaster caps. A hove the latter are hold trusses supporting
a cornice and pediment.

In the centre of the tympanum are displayed the Maitland arms and
supporters, with smaller shields on either hand. The architraves of the
arches are enriched with nine shields on each, blazoned with the family
arms. At the hack of each arch is a portrait in a circular frame, and
largo panels beneath these contain inscriptions to the memory of the
deceased. The panels in the continuous pedestal have also been carved
with similar inscriptions, but they are now scarcely legible. Fortunately,
however, all the inscriptions on the monument have been preserved in a
paper on the subject in the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland, Vol. i. p. 102, by the Rev. Dr. George Barclay of Middleton.

I n the left or western compartment are the recumbent figures of John
Maitland, Lord Thirlestane, and his lady, executed in alabaster. He was
"next brother to the secretary," William Maitland, and was appointed
Lord Privy Seal in 15G7 ; but having joined the secretary against Morton,
he narrowly escaped at the siege of Kdin burgh Castle, and went abroad
till Morton's death in If) 7^. <">n his return he was appointed vice-chan-
cellor, and afterwards chancellor. He died 3rd October 1595. The Latin
inscriptions on this side of the monument state that it is in memory of
the chancellor and his wife, Jane Fleming, and their daughter, Anne
Maitland, who died, aged nineteen, in 1609.

The eastern compartment contains the recumbent statues of John,
first Earl of Lauderdale, son and heir of the chancellor, and his countess,
Isabella Seton. The latter died in 1638, aged forty-four.

Above the monument, though now defaced, and the black marble
broken, were inscribed the following verses, written by King James vi.,
in praise of Chancellor Maitland:

" HH.-C Jacobus Rex Sextus :
Thou, passenger, that spy'st with gazing eyes

This trophy sad of death's triumphing dart,
Consider, when this outward tomb thou sees,

How rare a man leaves here his earthly part
His wisdom, and his uprightness of heart,

His piety, his practice in our state,
His pregnant wit, well versed iu every art,

While equals all were ever at debate ;
Then justly hath his death brought forth of late

A heavy grief to prince, and subjects all,
Who virtue love and vice do truly hate,

Though vieious men be joyful at his fall.

Hut for himself most happy doth he die,
Though for his prince, he most unhappy be."

FOURTH PERIOD - 206 - THE BRUCE MONUMENT

THE BRUCE MONUMENT, CULROSS ABBEY CHURCH,

PERTHSHIRE.

This monument (Fig. 1318) is built against the east gable wall of the
interior of a burial aisle attached to the Abbey Church of Culross. The
following inscription on the upper division of the monument gives its
history :

TH IS- IS-SIR- GEORGE- BRUCE -OF-CARNOCK
HIS-LADY-HIS-THitEE-SONS-AND-FIVE-DAUG
HTERS-THIS-TOMB-WAS-PROVIDED -BY-GEORGE
BRUCE- OF-CARNOCK -HIS -ELDEST -SON.

Sir George Bruce, here commemorated, was the third son of Edward
Bruce of Elairhall. He built, in 1642, the aisle in which the monument
stands, and his brother, Edward Bruce (the second son), built the Abbey
House at Culross (to be illustrated in a succeeding chapter of this work).

This monument is a fine specimen of seventeenth century art. It is
constructed of freestone, with some of the details brought out with a
slight touch of light colour here and there. The figures and the recum-
bent statues are of alabaster. They are doubtless of foreign workman-
ship, and are of interest as examples of costume as well as for their
qualities as works of art. The figures of the children are movable, and
have suffered damage in some parts. On the frieze above the recumbent
statues occurs the following inscription :

SI MORTVI NON RBSVRGVNT RESVREXIT AVTEM ET FACTVS

NEQUE CRISTVS RESVREXIT. EST PRIMITIVE OBDORMIENTI VM.

Alongside the panel containing the first of the above inscriptions are
the arms of Sir George Bruce and those of his wife, Margaret Primrose ;
and in the upper panel the Bruce arms again occur, with supporters and
mantlings. On the left hand side of the lower pedestal of the monument
is the inscription, JOHN-MERCER-FECIT, from which it would appear that
the monument itself was of native workmanship, although the alabaster
statues were probably imported. It differs considerably in design from
most of the other Renaissance monuments illustrated, and has rather some
affinity with native works, such as Heriot's Hospital.

Between the pilasters, at the recess for the figures, the width is 6 feet
7 inches. The recess itself is 5 feet 9| inches long by 2 feet 6J inches
deep and 4 feet 1 inch high. At this stage the total width is 8 feet
3jj inches. The whole height of the monument, which reaches the
summit of the roof, is about 22 feet.

THE BRUCE MONUMKNT

207

FOURTH PERIOD

^t UK

FIG. 131S.- The Bruce Monument, Culross Abbey Church

FOURTH PERIOD

208

THE URUCE MONUMENT

On the floor in front there lies a loose deal plank, about 1 2 feet long,
with the following inscriptions painted upon it :

9th July 1680 12th January 1680 28th April 1701 10th November 1705
Aged 51 Aged 20 Aged 60 Aged 39

The plank is only a fragment, and probably the missing part contained

obituary notices of the eight children of Sir George, if the first mentioned

was not actually one of them.

The monument is said to be * "a close imitation of that of Edward,

Lord Kinloss, Sir George's elder brother, erected in the Rolls Chapel,

Chancery Lane, London," This
appeared to us to be a very un-
likely circumstance, and we have
obtained, through the kindness of
Mr. W. F. Lyon, architect, a sketch
(from which Fig. 1319 is copied) of
the monument in the Rolls Chapel,
a comparison of which with that at
Culross shows how very unlike the
two are to each other. The London
monument is evidently the work of
some architect who was working in
a style with which he was well ac-
quainted. Its main idea, the Corin-
thian columns and arch supporting
the entablature, is after the usual
and best manner of the Renaissance,
while the work of John Mercer is
based on a totally different idea,
being divided into stories and com-
partments, and carried out in a more
picturesque although less " correct "
manner. The monument in the Rolls
Chapel is "all of mixed coloured

marbles, black and green predominating, and stands 30 feet high."

We may observe, in passing, that Mr. Beveridge, in his valuable

works relating to this locality, is quite in error in speaking of the Norman

remains of Culross Abbey. Nothing exists, so far as now visible, anterior

to the perfected Early English period, and the tower is even of a later

date.

* Culroas and Tulliallan, by David Beveridge, Vol. ir. p. 272.

Fio. 1319. Monument to Edward,
Lord Kinloss.

TIIK Ll'MSDKN MONUMENT

J09

FOURTH PERIOD

THE LUMSDEN MONUMENT, CRAIL, FIPESHIKK.

This monument contains in its corbelling a reminiscence of the Scot-
tish style, mingled with early IJrnaissance work (Fig. 1320). It stands
against the north \v;dl at the west corner of the churchyard of Crail.

Km. 1IWO. The i.mnsilfii Momnm-ut, Crail.
O

FOURTH PERIOD

210 PRESTON CROSS

In the central panel are the family arms azure, a chevron or between
a wolf's head couped and a buckle in chief, and an escalop in base, argent ;
and as a crest the earn perching on a salmon, with the motto, "Beware
in time." Beneath is the date 1598, and in panels on either side is the
monogram, with the name in full above, of JAMES LVMSDEN DE ARDRIE.
Ardrie (ante, Vol. iv. p. 123) is about three miles north-east from Grail.
James Lumsden was served heir to the estate in 1566. There are numer-
ous inscriptions on the monument, all of which are given, so far as they
can be deciphered, in the Sketch Book of the Edinburgh Architectural
Association, Vol. in.

The structure is still in fair preservation, although greatly in need
of some repair, which it is well worthy of having bestowed on it. Several
of the pillars at the top have fallen away, and the want of their support
will tend to weaken the side spirelets.

The width of the monument at the level of the lost pillars is 1 1 feet
6 inches, and at the detached pillars beneath 10 feet. The height from
the ground to the apex of the pediment is 15 feet, and to the top of the
spirelets it measures 17 feet 1 inch.

PRESTON CROSS, HADDINGTONSHIRE.

The Market Crosses of Scotland have been the subject of a monograph
read before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1861 by the late
James Drummond, R.S.A.

Mr. Drummond mentions that there were five of the same type as that
here shown (Fig. 1321) viz., at Edinburgh, Perth, Dundee, Aberdeen, and
Preston. The latter is the only one of the five which now stands as it
left the builder's hands, the three first mentioned having been destroyed,
and that at Aberdeen having been taken down and rebuilt on another
site in 1837. The Cross of Preston is here given as an example of the
monumental style of the seventeenth century. It stands in a large
market garden enclosed with high walls, a little to the south-east of the
ruined tower of Preston,* which is shown in the Sketch in its right
position and size in relation to the cross.

In the Scotsman (September and October 1889) a controversy was
carried on by various correspondents as to the right of the public to have
free access to this cross ; and from these letters and the Old Statistical
Account, Vol. xvn., it seems that the documents relating to the erection
of the cross are known to have been lost in the fire which burned all
that was inflammable within the old castle in 1663. The Hamiltons
of Preston had a grant in 1617 of the right to hold an annual fair, which

* See Vol. i. p. 317.

PRESTON CROSS

211

FOURTH PERIOD

was called " St. Jerome's Fair " (held on the second Thursday of October).
"Its saintly designation," says the writer of the Statistical Account,
"clearly points to its having existed long before 1617." In 1636 a

FIG. 1321. Preston Cross. Vi.'W from Houth-fiast.

FOURTH PERIOD - 212 - ABERDEEN MERCAT CROSS

society called "The Chapmen of the Lothians " acquired the right to the
fair and to the cross ; and down to very recent times they assembled
annually beside it, and elected their office-bearers. So late as 1851, one
of the correspondents of the Scotsman (Mr. Fowler Hislop) had an invita-
tion from " The Ancient and Royal Fraternity of Chapmen of the Three
Lothians, incorporated 1530," requesting his attendance "at our ancient
Cross of Salt Preston, where we will hold our Court . . . and thereafter will
proceed in state to witness the sports and pastimes of the villagers," &c.
On the invitation card there is printed the trade mark shown in the corner
of the annexed Sketch. The chapmen appear to have become extinct, and
the cross was falling into disrepair, when Dean Stanley visited it, "and
generously started a subscription to put it in order." This was done,
and it is now in a very creditable condition. The building is circular in
plan, and is about 12 feet in diameter at the niches. There is an arched
apartment on the ground floor, entered from the west side ; and on the east
side there is a door (seen in the View) which leads by a flight of steps to
the paved platform, at a height of about 9 feet from the ground. The
parapet round the platform is about 3 feet 8 inches high, and above the
platform the shaft rises, measuring to the top of the Lion, about 20 feet
3 inches.

ABERDEEN MERCAT CROSS.

This cross (Fig. 1322) was designed and built by John Montgomery,
mason in Old Rayne, Aberdeenshire, in 1686. It stands in a conspicuous
position in the centre of the market-place of Aberdeen, but it is not now
on its original site, nor quite in its original condition. It was first built in
front of the Tolbooth, near the site of two older crosses, and was removed
either in 1837 or 1842 (both dates are given) to its present position. In
its original situation the arches were enclosed, and contained a number of
booths.

The structure measures about 21 feet across, and is about 18 feet
high to the top of the parapet, and about 12 feet 6 inches more to the
Corinthian capital. The parapet contains twelve compartments, in two of
which are the royal arms and the arms of Aberdeen. The other panels
contain medallions of the Stuarts, beginning with James I. Montgomery
built the cross conform to a model made of timber and pasteboard. He
received for the work the sum of 100 sterling, the town paying for the
stones and carriages.

It is a favourable example of this kind of structure, and does credit
to the man who was both its designer and builder. This instance of the
architect and builder being the same person is referred to in the account
of Scottish architects which concludes this volume.

AOKRDKKX MKKCAT CI!<S 213

FOURTH PKUIOD

iberdeen M<-irat Crosu. View from Sutith-Wost.

FOURTH PERIOD

214

ABBOT'S TOWER

r i

i&i

7 . ||U iilLiJi jillij 'WfR

5 2

SUPPLEMENT

CONTAINING, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER,

Inscriptions and Illustrations of a number of structures information
regarding which was obtained too late to allow of their being
inserted in their proper places in the foregoing series.

A 13 1 JOT'S TOWER,* KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE

This small tower, as approached from New Abbey, is so screened by
trees that it may be passed unnoticed. The site is somewhat peculiar,
being at the foot of a slope on the
summit of which perhaps 30 feet
above the ground floor of the tower
stands a modern farm-steading. The
tower is distant about half a mile
north-east from the abbey. Its history,
so far as we know, is unrecorded, but
it appears to be very doubtful if it
existed before the Reformation. The
structure (Fig. 1323) is in a state of
ruin, and the ground iloor, which has
been vaulted, is choked full of debris.
Almost all the moulded and wrought
stones within easy reach (such as those
of the doorway and the corners) have
been torn out and applied to the usual
common purposes. The general wall-
ing of the tower is of the large unhewn
granite boulders of the district, while
the dressed work being of freestone the
wonder is, not that so much has been
taken away, but rather that any is
left. The tower (Fig. 1324) is of the
L Plan, the main block measuring
28 feet 9 inches by 23 feet 7 inches,

* We have to thank Mr. W. H. Ross, architect, Glasgow, for the plans of this
tower, and for a pencil sketch from which the view is made.

FIRST
FLOOK

FIG. 132-J. Abbot's Tower. Plan.

FOURTH PERIOD - 216 - AIRLIE CASTLE

and the wing, which contained the staircase, having a projection of about
8 feet 5 inches. The walls are about 4 feet thick, and there is only one
apartment on each floor. The hall is well lighted, with windows on three
sides, and has a fireplace at one end and a garde-robe in the thickness of
the south corner.

AIRLIE CASTLE,* FORFARSHIRE.

This interesting fragment of what appears to have been a great for-
tress occupies a strong position on the banks of the Isla, just below where
it is joined by the Melgam Water. The wild ravines formed by those
streams skirt on three sides the elevated and projecting plateau on which
the castle stands, leaving the east only free for access. All along this
side there is still a considerable hollow in the ground, which was doubtless
in ancient times occupied by a deep ditch. The remains of the castle consist
of the east wall of enceinte (see Plan, Fig. 1325), which measures about
120 feet from north to south by 10 feet in thickness, and is about 30 feet
high. Towards the northern end of this wall is situated the entrance
gateway, with the lofty tower (shown in the View from the interior of the
courtyard, see Fig. 1325) rising above it. The upper portion of this tower,
above the large course of dentil-like corbels, and the staircase turret, are of
a date long subsequent to the erection of the wall. The entrance, through
a pointed archway, was defended by a portcullis, the grooves for which are
seen on the Plan. There was another door inside the portcullis, and prob-
ably a drawbridge at the ditch. Besides these defences, there exists on the
soffit of the arch, thrown between the two outside buttresses, a square
flue (see Fig. 1325), down which missiles could be thrown on an attacking
force. Towards the courtyard the gateway is still further defended. On
this side the arch is circular, and is carried high so as to permit the leaves
of the pointed doorway to open to their full width. Over this the tower
projects on a row of stone corbels, and above (as seen in the View) are an
upper and under row of corbels for supporting a timber hoarding, as also
the projecting stone water-table, beneath which the sloping roof of the
hoarding was fitted. The round-arched doorway leading out to the hoard-
ing still exists, although now built up to form a small window into what
was the portcullis room. Towards the outside, the tower, which is built of
a rich red sandstone, is entirely concealed beneath a dense growth of ivy.
From the stage above the portcullis room a door leads out to the top of
the curtain wall, while another door leads by the turret staircase to the
top of the tower.

From the foregoing description it will be seen that the entrance to

* We are indebted to Mr. Robertson, architect, Dundee, for assistance in con-
nection with this structure.

AIRLIK CASTLK

217

FOURTH PERIOD

Airlie Castle was very securely defended. Along the whole length of the
outer wall there are only two small windows about 9 inches wide to the

l-'i;.

. Airlie Castle. Plan and Views.

outside, but they are splayed off to about 7 feet wide on the inside. At
the extreme south end there is a high buttress, but nothing now remains
of the return wall.

FOURTH PERIOD

218

THE TOWER OF ARDCLACH

On the north side of the courtyard, and at the edge of the steep bank,
stands the modern castle, the residence of the Dowager-Countess of Airlie.
Its situation is indicated on the Plan by hatched lines ; it seems to occupy
the position of the old north wall of enceinte some portions of which
still exist, towards the west end, incorporated with the more modern
masonry.

In the Club edition of Speeding' s Troubles, Vol. n. p. 291,* it is stated
that in 1432 Sir Walter Ogilvy of Lintrathen received a licence f from
King James i. to erect his Tower of Eroly in the form of a castle. The
existing remains are apparently of about the above date.

THE TOWER OF ARDCLACH,J NAIRNSHIRE.

This exceptional structure, which combines the characteristics of a small
keep (Fig. 1326) of the simple square form with that of the belfry of the
parish church, stands on the summit of a lofty promontory, round the base

5ECT1OIS

FIG. 1326. The Tower of Ardclach. Plans, Elevations, and Sections.

* Memorials of Angus and Mearns, p. 18.

t Quoted by A. Jervise in Proceedings of the Society oj Antiquaries, 1864, p. 346.

I We have to thank the Tutors of Lethen for their kind permission to visit and
measure this structure, and Mr. Donaldson of Nairn for information regarding it
and the other belfries referred to.

THE TOWER OF ARDCLACH

FOURTH PERIOD

of which the river Findhorii flows in a deep and wide ravine. From this
elevated position the tower commands an extensive prospect over the
wooded table-land through which the deep glen of the Findhorn is cut,
stretching down the course of the river towards Forres (which is distant
about twelve miles) and upwards to the higher country lying inland. The
parish church of Ardclach is situated on a level haugh near the river,
and the belfry thus stands several hundred feet higher than it, and

Fifi. 1327. -The Tower of Ardclach. Vicu hom South-West and Details.

from this elevation the sound of the bell extends much further than if it
had been attached to the church, buried as it is in the deep glen below.

The tower is about 14 feet square (Fig. 1327), and contains two stories.
The entrance door is at the south end of the eastern side, and a straight
stone stair leads from it to the upper floor. The ground floor is vaulted, and
contains one apartment, with a recess under the stair, which was probably
a garde-robe. The vault is about 5 feet 6 inches high in the centre, and

FOURTH PERIOD - '2'20 THE TOWER OF ARDCLACH

3 feet 9 inches at the springing. The door to this vault is only 3 feet

9 inches in height, and there is a recess formed in the wall to receive the
door when open. Like all the other door and window openings of the
tower, it has dressed granite jambs and lintel. The upper floor lias an
unfinished appearance. The roof has been renewed and the timbers left
open, but the old slates and stone ridge appear to have been re-used. The
wall-head of the east and west sides is 5 feet 3 inches above the floor.
The north gable contains a fireplace, with a chimney on the top of the
gable, and a square shot-hole on each side of the fireplace, having well-
splayed openings towards the interior, and an aperture 5 inches square to
the exterior. Over the fireplace is a freestone with the monogram M. G. B.
(see Fig. 1327) carved upon it in raised letters. The east and west side
walls each contain a window about 12 inches wide by 1 foot 6 inches high,
with holes sunk in the sill and lintel to receive a stanchion in the centre.
At the south-east angle of the first floor a recess is formed in the south and
east walls as if to enlarge the space so as to contain a garde-robe over the
entrance. A small window suitable for lighting such a chamber is pro-
vided in the east wall, and a square recess, such as usually occurs in garde-
robes, is formed in the south wall over the wooden beam which supports
the wall above the recess. The south gable contains a shot-hole, and is
crowned with the belfry. The aperture in which the bell hangs is 1 foot

10 inches wide, and the jambs are built in courses of granite about 1 foot
10 inches long and 6 inches thick. The top is lintelled with wood, and is
evidently modern, but the jambs appear to be old. An aperture about
6 inches wide is formed through each jamb. In the exterior of the south
wall there is a carved freestone bearing the date 1655 (see Fig. 1327).

On approaching this remarkable little edifice one is struck by its
resemblance to a watch-tower, such as the Tower of Repentance.* It
occupies a similar prominent situation, from which a signal could be
discerned from a distance, and warning spread by its bale fire to the
country round for many miles. The belfry may have contained a bell,
both for the purpose of rousing those near at hand in case of alarm, or
for church purposes. It may also have contained an iron grating on the
top, in which a beacon fire might be placed.

It may be thought that the date inscribed on this structure (1655) is
somewhat late for the erection of a watch or signal tower, but we doubt
whether the Tower of Repentance is earlier. Besides, it must be kept in
view that about this time the country was held in constant alarm by the
strife between the Royalists and the Covenanters. Brodie of Lethen, on
whose estate Ardclach is situated, and who espoused the cause of the
Covenant, was frequently assailed. In 1645 the house or fortalice of
Lethen, which Shaw states to have been a large house, built in 1613 by
John Grant of Freuchie (the predecessor of Brodie), was besieged by

* Vol. ii. p. 60.

TIIK TOWER OF ARDCLACH

221

FOURTH PERIOD

Montrose, who failed to take it. It was afterwards unsuccessfully attacked
by the Marquis of Huntly for twelve weeks, and after each failure the whole
country round was devastated. Half a year later Highlanders overran
it, and took away all that was left upon the ground. Brodie represented
liis losses to the Estates of Parliament in 1047, and, "having plenished
sonic of his boundis," was again plundered by the enemy. The explanation
of the monogram M. G. B. is not easy. The second wife of the first Lethen
was Margaret Grant, youngest daughter of .lames Grant of Ardrielzie, in
liothes, whom he married in 1639, and who survived him till at least 1679.
Lethen died in 1672, between eighty and ninety years of age. It has
been conjectured that the above letters stand for Margaret Grant Brodie.

\Ve are not aware of any exactly similar example of a combined tower
and belfry anywhere else.
At Clyne, in Sutherland-
shire, the church bell was
hung till lSi'f> (when a
belfry was added to the
church) in a detached
round tower situated on
a hillock near the church.
This tower resembles a
dovecot, with pointed and
slated roof, but there are
no nest recesses in the in-
terior. There are, however,
one set of oak beams, and
rests for another set, to
carry the bell, in the inside
of the walls. This con
lirm.s the idea that the
tower was erected for the
purpose of a belfry. The

interior diameter is 5 feet 3 inches, and the walls are 2 feet thick; the
height to the eaves is 1 1 feet 5 inches. A triangular opening is left in
the roof from the eaves to the peak to let out the sound.

Another detached belfry, which fell in 1865, existed at Daviot, Inver-
ness-shire. It stood on an eminence called Knock-na Sagart (the priest's
hill), the site of the old church. The tower was about 12 feet high and
measured 6 to 7 feet on each side, with seven windows. It had also a
chimney and fireplaces. The materials were to have been used in erecting
the new church, but the tower was preserved for a time by the liberality
of the minister, the Rev. .1. Macphail.

Dr. Burn of Latheron, in Sutherlandshire, informs us that a detached
to\\er (Fig. l.'ii'S) contained the bell at Latheron till about 1825, when, on

IMC;. l:;-JS. Bt-11 Tower at Latheron.

FOURTH PERIOD

222 ASHINTULLY AND WHITEFIELD

the repair of the church, the bell was transferred to a new belfry erected
on it. The tower has been allowed to remain as a landmark to fishermen.

ASHINTULLY CASTLE AND WHITEFIELD CASTLE,*
PERTHSHIRE.

These two castles are situated about two miles apart, in Strathardle,
in the parish of Kirkmichael. The first mentioned is still inhabited, and
has been largely added to; the latter is in a state of complete ruin
(Fig. 1329). We group them together because they are almost identical
in arrangement and size.f They are examples of the L Plan (Figs. 1330
and 1331), with the wing projecting over both sides of the main building.
The dimensions of the main block at Ashintully are 37 feet 6 inches by
22 feet, and of the tower or wing 17 feet 2 inches by 16 feet 5 inches.

FIG. 1329. Whitefield Castle. View from South- East.

The corresponding dimensions at Whitefield are 36 feet 11 inches by
23 feet 10 inches, and 19 feet 3 inches by 17 feet 8 inches. The
ground floors have been vaulted, but in the Ashintully kitchen the vault
is removed. The positions of the respective entrance doors, passages,
kitchens, and cellars are very much alike, as is also the arrangement of
the stairs. The main stair terminates at the first floor, and the ascent is
continued in a wheel-stair situated in both castles in very much the same
position at the angle adjoining the wing. At Ashintully it is continued

* We are indebted to Mr. John Sim, architect, Montrose, for plans, sketches,
and photographs of these castles, and for information, and, through him, to Mr. A. H.
Ballingall, Perth, for notes from the estate papers.

t Forter Castle, situated in the same locality, and illustrated in Vol. in. p. 596,
is built after the same plan.

ASHISTULLY AND WHITKFIELD 223

FOURTH PERIOD

within the walls, and at Whitefield it projects on a corbel, as shown by
dotted lines on Plan. At Whitefield there is a recess behind the door,
which appears to have been constructed to hold the end of a block of
wood, to be placed behind one of the back bars of the entrance door to

MODERN

GROUND

FIRST FLOOR

Fie.. 13:!0. Ashintully Castle. Plan.

prevent its being pushed open from the outside. This castle also contains
a rudely constructed private stair in the north end wall, communicating
between the cellar and the hall. The kitchen, which is lighted with mere

Fin. 1331. Whitefield Castle. Plan and Details.

slits, contains an arched fireplace, and has ;i stone b;isiii and drain. Some
of these details at Ashintully have been removed.

At Whitefield there are two projecting corbels in the wing, as shown in
the View (see Fig. 1329). They are somewhat peculiar, and an enlarged
plan and section of them is given (see Fig. 1331). They project 12 inches,
and measure 11 inrhesaiid S inches on (lie face respectively. On the inner

FOURTH PERIOD

224 ASHINTULLY AND WIIITEFIKLD

side of the larger there is a sinking for an iron plate measuring 24 inches
long by 3J inches by J inch, and on the centre, within the face of the
wall, there is a stanchion hole. Between the corbels the wall recedes in

the manner so often seen
in garde-robes, and this
may be the remains of
one. The corbels are also
suggestive of having been
used for a hoarding ; but
we. cannot explain the
meaning of the iron plate.
The mouldings of the
doorways and windows at
both places are alike, and
a section of the door rybat
is given on the Whitefield
Plan (see Fig. 1331), as
well as a sketch of the
moulding enclosing the
circular-headed panel over
the doorway, on the apex
of which there is a carved
terminal. Ashintully bears
the date 1583, carved on
its door lintel (Pig. 1332),
and above, in an enriched
panel, are carved the im-
paled arms of Andro Spald-
ing and his wife, and the
initials of the former. The
lady was a member of the
Wemyss family, as shown
by the four lions on the
shield. Her initials, which
are very much wasted, ap-
pear to have been A. W.

In connection with this alliance, the following note from Sir William
Frazer's history of the family is interesting. On 20th September 1571
there is a precept, dated from Elcothe by John Weinys, charging Andro
Spadyne for the lands of Achyndullie and various others to meet him on
1st October next "boidden in feir of Weir" at Leith to wait the king's
service. The Earl of Wemyss claimed the right to the patronage of the
parish of Kirkmichael, which was unsuccessfully disputed in 1666 by
Spalding of Ashintullie.

Fin. 1332. Ashintully Castle. Doorway.

ASHINTULLY AND WIIITEFIELD

225

FOURTH PERIOD

On the top of the wall over the doorway there is a bartizan projected
on corbels (Fig. 1333). This appears to be of more modern construction
than the castle, but it may be a reconstruction of some older defence.

FK.. ]:;:;::. A sliintiilly Castle. Doorway and Bartizan over.

The north-west end of the castle (Fig. 1334) remains comparatively un-
changed. It is extremely simple, having crow-steps on the gables, and
small windows.

Two years after its erection viz., in 1585 Ashintully was besieged
v. p

FOURTH PERIOD

226 ASHINTULLY AND WHITEFIELD

by a lawless band of about thirty country gentlemen, who took Andro
Spalding prisoner and maltreated him.* In 1677 Andro Spalding got
a charter under the Great Seal, by which the lands were erected into the
barony and free forest of Ashintully and Kirktown, with the privilege of
two yearly fairs and one weekly market, Ashintully being declared the burgh
of said barony, The barony consisted of the third part of Strathardle,
with fortalices, manor place, &c. Ashintully remained in the possession
of the Spaldings till 1750, when it was acquired by the Rutherfords, now

Fio. 1334.- Ashintully Castle. View from South-East.

represented by Mrs. Rutherford Lindsay. The lands of Moot-Cloich,
called Whitefield, with the glen of Correyraik, seem to have been feued
off to a cadet of the Spalding family at an early date. The carved date
at Whitefield Castle is almost effaced, but it is of the same century as
Ashintully. The castle was roofed and entire until the beginning of
this century, when the slates were taken off and the walls broken down
for materials to build a shepherd's house.

* Fitcairn's Criminal Trials, quoted in Historic Scenes in Perthshire, by William
Marshall, D.D., p. 208.

AUCHKNBOWIE

227

FOURTH PERIOD

AUCHEN BOWIE, STIRLINGSHIRE.

A large and well-preserved example of a seventeenth century mansion-
house. The part shown hi the View (Fig. 1335) represents a house of the

Fio. 133f>. - Auchenbowie. View from South-East.

O>*l? I

L Plan, with an octagonal staircase turret in the re-entering angle. There
are extensive wings to the west and north, in one of which is situated the
present entrance (the doorway shown in the View being
now built up).

The arms with the initials G. M. and M. B. (Fig. 1336)
are taken from a sundial which stands on the east side
of the house, and they are, we believe, first and fourth,
the Monro arms, an eagle's head erased ; second and
third, the Bruce arms ; and from the Retours and Sibbald
it appears that both families are designated as of Auchen-
bowie, the present estate having probably at one time
been in two portions.

GMj

FIG. 1336.

Auchenbowie.

Arms and Initials

on Sundial,

FOURTH PERIOD

228

AUCHENIIARVIE CASTLE

AUCHENHARVIE CASTLE,* AYRSHIRE.

A ruin about four miles north-east from Irvine, placed on a rising
ground caused by an outflow of whinstone trap. This, and a bed of
mountain limestone forced up by it, have been quarried on three sides of

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST

FLOOR

FIG. 1337. Auchenharvie Castle.

the castle, and to within a few feet of it. The castle (Fig. 1337) is 36 feet
6 inches by 28 feet 6 inches, and is built of quarried whinstone, with
freestone corners, &c., and the walls are 6 feet thick. The whole is much
destroyed, the interior vaults and a great part of two sides having been

* We have to thank Mr. Railton for the drawings of and information regarding
this ruin.

AUCHTERHOUSE 229

FOURTH PERIOD

entirely removed. The ground floor had a semi-circular vault, and the
entrance must have been in the east end, where part of the wall has
entirely disappeared.

The hall above had a lofty vault, apparently an elliptical or four-
centred arch, and the fireplace was in the south wall. At the north-west
corner, a stair entering from the bay of a window led to the floor above,
the apartment in which was enlarged by thinning the outside walls, and
part of the height was got in the roof. The south wall has some of the
quoins and most of the corbel-table still in position ; but all the rest of
the freestone, except some remains of the arches of the window bays, has
been removed. The corbels of the parapet are plain and continuous, and
of less projection than usual. This style of corbelling recalls the work at
Law Castle and IJarr Castle, also in North Ayrshire, and, judging from the
style, this building must be of about the same date as these edifices.

The castle belonged to the original family of the Cuninghames of
Auclienharvie, but it was probably early deserted, as they had consider-
able property in Stevenston parish, and the residence there is now Seabank
House.

AUCHTERHOUSE,* FOBFARSHIRE.

This structure, which now ranks as an old Scottish manorial residence,
appears to have been in its origin a large and important castle, with
enclosing walls, defended with towers, and containing a keep. But in the
course of generations its character has been entirely changed ; the walls
of enceinte have been thrown down, and the courtyard turned into gardens.
Only the vaulted ground floor of one of the towers now remains, with
indications of where the enclosing walls abutted against it (Fig. 1338).
The two vaults of the ground floor of the keep also survive. The keep
and the tower above mentioned are about fifty feet apart, and as old shapes
and divisions of ground tend to perpetuate themselves, it is more than
probable that the present garden extending southwards nearly occupies
the site of the ancient castle. The site is a level one, with a rocky burn
along the east side. This burn, having a considerable fall above the
house, could easily have supplied a moat on the other sides. The tower
is situated on the edge of the burn, and is about 25 feet by 15 feet square
inside. It enters from the courtyard by a doorway having rounded

* This building has already been partly illustrated in Vol. iv. p. 376, but the
information since obtained has made it desirable to return to the subject.

We are indebted to Mr. T. S. Robertson for the plan of Auchterhouse, and to
Mr. Valentine (tenant of the house) for photographs, from which the sketches are
made. Much valuable information regarding Auchterhouse (of which we have partly
availed ourselves) will be found in Annals from an Angus Parish, by Rev. W. Mason
Inglis, M.A.

FOURTH PERIOD

230

AUCHTERHOUSE

shoulders for supporting the lintel. The vault has fallen, and the whole
place is now a mass of ivy. The keep, which stands about twenty yards west
from the burn, has been so greatly changed and modified that few of its
original characteristics are observable. Its vaulted ground floor is quite
entire, and is doubtless contemporaneous with the ruined tower. The
walls above may also be so to some extent, but, as already indicated, the
edifice has been dismantled and converted into a mansion-house, enlarged
in the manner shown on the Plan. A lofty gabled porch (Fig. 1339) has
been added in front, concealing the ancient arched doorway. From this
porch a stair leads up over one of the vaults to a turret stair, shown by

FIG. 1338. Auchterhouse. Plaii.

dotted lines on the north side. The corbelled supports of this stair turret,
with other corbelling adjoining, are visible on the inside near the ceiling
of the first floor. These are all of rather an unusual kind, and bear
evidence that the house was one of some architectural pretensions. Some
corbels on the Ground Plan are shown on the north wall of the keep.
They are a few feet above the present level of the ground, and their
meaning is not very apparent, unless there was a fosse here, and they
formed the supports of a hoarding. The porch entrance, with its
stair, has been superseded by the entrance hall, shown on Plan. This
entrance hall and the drawing-room are finished with some of the finest

AUCHTERHOUSE - 231 -

FOURTH PERIOD

plaster-work remaining in Scotland. A general view of the drawing-room
ceiling is given in Vol. iv. p. 376, and Fig. 1340 shows an enlarged

:.:-^

FIG. 1339. -Auchterhouse. View from South-East.

view of part of the decoration over the drawing-room fireplace, with the
initials and arms of James, seventh Earl of Buchan, and of his countess,

Fio. 1340. Auchterhouse. Fireplace in Drawing-Room

FOURTH PERIOD

232

BANKEND OR ISLE CASTLE

Marjory Buchan, a daughter of the first Earl of Dalhousie. There are
other good examples of plaster-work throughout the house, all in a good
state of preservation.

James, Earl of Buchan, succeeded about 1628, and died in 1664. The
lands of Auchterhouse came into the possession of his ancestors, by mar-
riage, about 1466, in
the person of James
Stewart, uterine-brother
of King James n., and
who was afterwards
created Earl of Buchan.*
In 1469 he took the title
of Lord Auchterhouse.
The property continued
with the Earls of
Buchan till the seven-
teenth century.

It is not improbable
that the exterior of
Auchterhouse, after the
seventeenth century ad-
ditions were made, was on a scale equal to the richness of the interior,
as various carved stones lying about the grounds, which were evidently
decorations of the house, seem to imply. Fig. 1341 shows one of these,
being the tympanum of an attic window. From the presence of a large
round hole in the centre, it is probable that it contained some piece of
sculpture.

FIG. 1341. Auchterhouse. Gabiet of Attic Window.

BANKEND OR ISLE CASTLE,f DUMFRIESSHIRE.

A structure situated about two miles north from Caerlaverock, and
close to the Lochar Water, which may be said to surround it on three
sides. The remaining or south-west side is protected by a ditch, which
still contains water. The site is on the skirts of the Lochar Moss.

The building is in a state of complete ruin, a considerable part of the
south-west wall having fallen, but the corners as yet remain nearly of their
original height (Fig. 1342). The interior is choked with debris almost as
high as the first floor. The castle measures about 29 feet 2 inches by
22 feet, with a staircase tower projecting from the north-west front about

* Memorials of Angus and Mearns, p. 341.

t We are indebted for the plan of Bankend to Mr. William H. Ross, architect,
Glasgow, and to Mr. Barbour, jun., architect, Dumfries, for the sketch of the panel
containing the arms.

13ANKEND OR ISLE CASTLE

233

FOURTH PERIOD

9 feet 4 inches. The doorway is in the re-entering angle, and has the
usual bar-hole, with the recess for lamp adjoining. The walls are about

ft M\

!fea *-ea

PANEL OVER

X^/k

~ O $J

Fi<;. l:;ii>.- Uaiikeiid or Isle Castle. l'l;ui and View from North.

3 feet 4 inches thick, and on the ground floor (which appears to have been
vaulted) are pierced with shot-holes on all sides except towards the Lochar
Water, where there is a window about 18 inches wide. The shot-holes

FOURTH PERIOD

234

BEMERSYDE CASTLE

measure on the exterior 19 inches wide by 6J inches high. The doorway
was defended by a hoarding, the corbels for supporting which still remain.

In the north-east wall is the panel shown in the Sketch. It contains
the initials of Edward Maxwell of Isle, and Helen Douglas, his wife, with
the crests of the respective families, and the date 1622.

There are traces of building on each bank of the Lochar, indicating
that the tower may have been surrounded by walls.

BEMERSYDE CASTLE, BERWICKSHIRE.

A short notice of this ancient seat of the Haigs is given in Vol. HI.
p. 220, and we have now the pleasure of giving a view of the house
(Fig. 1343), kindly supplied to us by Mr. W. Anderson.

';flfe*

FIG. 1343. Beniersyde Castle. View from South-East.

The ancient keep in the centre is well preserved, and made to form
part of the modern mansion.

BOTH WELL CASTLE

235

FOURTH PERIOD

BOTHWELL CASTLE, LANARKSHIRE.

Since the plans and account of this castle were published in a previous
volume,* considerable excavations have been made in connection with the
ruins by the Earl of Home, and many interesting and valuable particulars
have been brought to light relating to the earlier form and extent of the
structure. The annexed Plan (Fig. 1344) explains the new features which

Fio. 1344. Bothwell Castle. Ground Pliin.

have been discovered. It was pointed out in the earlier description that
the existing north and east walls of enceinte had been rebuilt, and that
the former probably did not occupy the site of the original wall. This is
confirmed by the excavations, which show that the courtyard was of much
greater size than that enclosed by the present walls, and that it extended
northwards so as to cover about double the present area. The foundations

* Vol. i. p. 93.

FOURTH PERIOD - 236 - BOTHWELL CASTLE

of a large round tower have been laid bare at the north-east angle, and the
two towers which flanked the entrance gateway at the northern apex of the
walls have also been distinctly revealed. The foundations of the walls of
enceinte along the north-east arid north-west sides, and of two towers con-
nected with them, are likewise made apparent. The outline of the whole
castle is thus ascertained to have been of an irregular form, having a long
straight front to the south, where the wall stands on a perpendicular cliff,
and is flanked by the donjon at the west end and a large round tower at
the east end. The eastern wall runs northwards at right angles for about
150 feet, and has been strengthened, in addition to the square tower in the
centre, by the round tower at the north-east angle (above referred to), which
is 35 feet in diameter, with walls 8 feet 6 inches in thickness. From this
tower on the east, and from the donjon on the west, the walls incline
gradually towards each other till they reach the towers, which flanked the
principal gateway at the north angle of the castle. A very similar form
of plan, as regards almost all the above particulars, was adopted at the
great castle of Kildrummie/in Aberdeenshire.* The area within the walls
of Kildrummie measures about 185 feet by 160 feet. Thut at Bothwell has
been about 240 feet by 200 feet within the walls, and exclusive of towers.
The walls of enceinte at Bothwell were surrounded by a ditch, and in front
of the entrance gateway there was an oblong pit, with retaining walls care-
fully built round the inside, over which pit a drawbridge would doubtless
be lowered to enable the castle to be entered.

The traces of the foundations of the buildings connected with the
entrance towers are indicated by dotted lines. These show that the
entrance to the castle has been through a long narrow passage (about
40 feet long and 8 feet wide), which would without doubt be defended by
gates and machicolations or openings in the vaulted roof, Some remains
of two square towers which were attached to the north-east and north-
west walls and carefully built with ashlar-work have been disclosed.
They are about 15 feet square, and each contains an opening like a door-
way towards the outer ditch, the work on which is remarkably sharp and
well preserved. But these openings are too narrow to have been used as
posterns, being only about 2 feet in width, and they are provided with an
external rebate or check, apparently to receive a grating opening outwards.
Most probably they have been apertures from drains. The towers may have
contained latrines, of which these were the outlets. Similar arrangements
occur at Rothesay Castle, Carrick Castle, &c. On the north-west side, at
a short distance beyond the wall of enceinte, and parallel to it, there existed
another wall, which has been demolished at some distant time, probably
1 337, when the great dismantling of the castle took place, after its final
recapture from the English. The materials of which this wall was built are
still lying where they were thrown down, and have been uncovered by the

* Vol. i. p. 109.

BRUNTSFIELD HOUSE 237 - FOURTH PERIOD

excavations. This seems to have formed an outer wall of defence, and at
the same time acted as a retaining wall along this side, where the ground
is steep. The space enclosed between the two walls might form the lices,
or place of arms, from which sorties could be made. It would communicate
with the interior by means of the postern on the basement adjoining the
keep.* On the eastern side a similar service of double defence has
apparently been rendered by an earthen mound, which is still visible.

The wall of enceinte on this side has been rebuilt on the old foundations
(which still exist), but the new wall has not been accurately set out, and
overlaps the remaining portion of the old work at some points, and recedes
from it at others by a few inches.

Portions of a small square tower attached to the east wall, somewhat
similar to those above described on the north-east and north-west walls
of enceinte, have been uncovered at about 12 feet from the south-east
tower. The walls of this tower are 2 feet 6 inches thick, and the internal
measurements are 4 feet 2 inches by 3 feet. This has most likely been a
flue from garde-robes above. A shoot from a flue at the base of the south-
east tower is also now observable.

The lower part of the wall of the great square tower near the centre
of the east wall of enceinte has been exposed. From the nature of the
masonry it may be inferred that there was originally a large square tower
at this point in the enceinte, which had been demolished and rebuilt on the
old foundations at a later period. The lower part of the walls is carefully
built with ashlar, and has a splayed base-course at about 6 feet from the
foundation. This work is all old, and the rubble building above it is
clearly of later date. There are also two flues in the outer end of the
wall, about 1 foot 6 inches and 12 inches square respectively. Along the
east wall of this tower, at the level of the foundations, runs a gutter
1 foot 9 inches wide of carefully-wrought freestone. This would probably
be carried down the centre of the ditch, and discharged over the steep
b;mk next the river at its south end.

The above excavations prove that Bothwell has been the largest of
our Scottish castles of the First Period, and probably also that which
most closely resembled the great fourteenth century castles of France and
England.

BRUNTSFIELD HOUSE, EDINBURGH.

This quaint old mansion-house stands within a few minutes' walk of
crowded streets, and is surrounded by the ever-growing city. The struc-
ture is in a good state of preservation, and still retains in its surround-
ings many traces of its former retired and rural situation. Considerable
additions have been made to the house during this century. These are
* See Plan, Vol. I. Fig. 71.

FOURTH PERIOD

238

BRUNTSFIELD HOUSE

situated on the east side, and are not shown in the Sketches. The
original house is an example of the Z Plan (Fig. 1345), with square

FIG. 1345. Bruntsfield House. Plan..

towers at the two opposite angles, each tower projecting both from the
front and gable of the main block. The part shown hatched on Plan is

an addition made in 1605, at
which time a portion of the
original south front appears
to have been taken down and
rebuilt with an extension east-
wards. This addition has on
the first floor large and hand-
some windows, which seem to
have been renewed. Over
these are circular pediments,
with a thistle for finial (Fig.
1346), and containing the
monogram and initials of
John Fairlie, and the date
1605. These pediments and
their ornaments are all old.

The original entrance door-
way (which has now been
changed, a porch and stair-

F,o.l346.-Bruntsneld House. CaSG ^Vmg Decently been

Monogram and Initials over Window. added) was in the east front

BRUNTSFIELD HOUSE

239

FOURTH PERIOD

of the south-west tower (Fig. 1347). It comprised a pediment over the
doorway, with a panel for a coat of arms above. The kitchen is in this
tower, and its fine arched fireplace is still perfectly preserved. The
whole ground floor is vaulted, and in the addition of 1605 the vault is
groined, but without ribs. The stair from the entrance door led to the
first floor, where it terminated, and the ascent was continued by two

Fio. 1347. Bruntslk-M lloust*. View from South-East.

wheel-stairs contained in projecting turrets, one situated in the re-enter-
ing angle of the south wing, and the other on the north side. Both
turrets are supported on fine corbelling. The roof of the south turret
has a large thistle-shaped fkiial carved in stone. The turret on the
north side is extremely picturesque (Fig. 1348). It is probable that,
in its original state, it finished somewhat differently from what it does
now, and that there was some kind of open bartizan at the top, from

FOURTH PERIOD

240

13RUNTSFIELD HOUSE

Fio. 13-48. Brnntsfielrt House. View from North-West, and Dormers Enlarged.

BRUNTSFIELD HOUSE

241

FOURTH PERIOD

which a view could be obtained towards Edinburgh Castle. This would
explain the meaning of the upper projection, and the space for standing
room would be obtained inside by making the roof behind of the same slope
as that of the roof adjoining to the west. The View from the North- West
(Fig. 1349) shows the house as it has existed for about three centuries,
with the exception of the addition of the outside stair leading up to the
drawing-room, and possibly the changing of a window here and there.
Some of the details of the dormer windows are shown in Fig. 1348, with
the initials of John Fairlie, and his wife, E. W. All the existing dormers

Fio. 1349. Bruntsfteld House. View from North-West.

contain these initials, and they probably date from the time of the additions
made in 1605, although the Z part of the house appears to be earlier.
Miss Warrender * supposes this house to be the mansion referred to in a
charter of 1457. But that is too early a date for the existing structure,
as the Z Plan does not appear to have been in use till a century after,
and the details of the corbelling likewise indicate a later period.

The estate of Bruntsfield belonged in the fifteenth century to the
Lauders of Button. For a short period it was forfeited to the Crown,

* In Walks near Edinburgh, p. 12.
V Q

FOURTH PERIOD 242 CANNA CASTLE

but was restored to the same family. In 1603 it was sold to John Fairlie,
and in 1695 it was purchased from his descendants by George Warrender,
afterwards Lord Provost of Edinburgh, who was created a baronet in 1715.
The house still continues to be the residence of his descendants.

Like all mansions of the period, this one appears to have been
surrounded with high walls, part of which still remains, together with
the old entrance gateway (see Fig. 1347).

CANNA CASTLE,* ARGYLLSHIRE.

A small ruin (Fig. 1350) situated on a lofty detached rock on the
coast of the island of Canna, which lies about seven miles south-west
from Skye. It is well described by Scott in The Lord of the Isles as

' ' Canna's tower, that, steep and grey,
Like falcon's nest o'erhaiigs the bay. "

FIG. 1350. Canna Castle.

The approach up the steep and crumbling rock is almost inaccessible,
and when the ruin is reached it is found to consist of crumbling walls, which
have apparently formed a double gateway or defence to the platform on
the top of the rock. The structure is too small to have been itself a keep

* \Vc have to thank Mr. John William Burns of Kilmahew for notes regarding
Canna, and Mr. Allan G. Thorn, the proprietor, for photographs.

CAPRINGTON CASTLE 243 FOURTH PERIOD

or castle. Two walls at right angles enclose a notch or crevice in the
rock, by means of which a steep access is obtained to the summit, on which
there may have been houses or shelters of some kind.

The outer wall contains one entrance, and a cross wall in the middle
of the gatehouse was pierced by a second doorway. These two doors,
t<>-vtln>r with the perpendicular and inaccessible faces of the rock at all
other points, would render the site very secure against siege, and a safe
place of refuge for the inhabitants of the island.

Tradition says that it was used by one of the Lords of the Isles as the
place of confinement of a beautiful lady of whom he was jealous, and that
her restless spirit still haunts the ruins.*

CAPRINGTON CASTLE,f AYRSHIRE.

The original castle was erected upon an isolated rock which formed
the top of a rising ground about two hundred yards south of the river
Irvine, and about a mile west from Riccarton.

The rock is about 10 feet high and nearly square in form, and the
castle being built at the south side, left room for the projection containing
the stair and for the approach to it. The original castle (Fig. 1351) was
a keep, 48 feet by 33 feet, with a slight projection at the north-west angle
to contain the staircase. The ground floor contained cellars, while the
hall occupied the first floor, and bed-rooms, with numerous wall recesses,
the upper floors. From the external aspect of the portion of the keep seen
in Fig. 1352, it may be regarded as of the Third Period.

An addition was afterwards built at the corner adjoining the stair,
thus making the keep assume the L shape, and the stair, being at the
junction of the old and new buildings, gave access to both. The top of the
rock was then made into a platform, and a wide flight of steps built outside
towards the east to lead up to it. Where the addition projected beyond
the rock towards the north, vaulted cellars were built to equalise the floors.
The main portion of this wing seems to have been first built, and the
narrow part containing the kitchen was probably added subsequently,
both additions apparently being made during the seventeenth century.
In 1797 Sir William Ciminghame, having in prospect some alterations,
caused plans to be made of the buildings as they stood, and from these
the plans annexed are copied, and they give a good idea of a country
mansion of the time.

Changes made since at various times have entirely altered the appear-
ance of the editirc ]><>th inside and outside, and it now looks like a square

* The Lord of the Ishs, canto iv.

t We have to thank Mr. Railton for the drawings and description of this castle.

FOURTH PERIOD

244

CAPRINGTON CASTLE

block of the Tudor Period, castellated and surrounded by a terrace on the
outside, supported by a curtain wall and circular bastions, which completely
mask the original rock.

A small stream winds round three sides of the site at a hundred yards
distance (the south only being open), and would at one time form a protec-
tion to the castle.

From notes written on the above plans, it would appear that in 1797
the old castle was only habitable on the ground floor, the first floor being
"unfinished," the second having "no floor," but the roof was perfect.

FIG. 1351. Caprington Castle. Plan.

The ground floor of the old castle seems not to have been vaulted, but the
addition to the north has the ground floor vaulted. The old walls are
incorporated in the present building, but are much altered, the circular
stair now being used as a servants' stair.

The Sir William Cuninghame of 1797 was succeeded by another of
the same name, who willed the property to the father of the present pro-
prietor. His name was Smith, but he assumed the name of Cuninghame
in addition.

Between the castle and the village of Riccarton is the site of the
" Bickering Bush," which was a thorn marking the spot where Wallace is

CAPRI XGTOX CASTLE

FOURTH PERIOD

246

CASTLE STEWART

said to have had a tussle with some English soldiers, who wanted to deprive
him of the fish he had caught in the river.

It will be observed that the west walls are out of the square, a
peculiarity which may have arisen from the shape of the rock.

CASTLE STEWART, PENNINGHAME,* WIGTONSHIRE.

is situated about three miles north from Newton-
a few yards of its walls, on the south and west, there

Castle Stewart
Stewart. Within

flows a small stream called the Gallowhill Burn. The site seems to have
been selected as much for the amenity of the situation as for defence,
being low and sheltered.

FIG. 1353. Castle Stewart. West Side.

The castle is understood to have been erected during the seventeenth
century by Colonel William Stewart, who, being engaged in the wars
under Gustavus Adolphus, amassed a fortune, bought the lands previously
known as Calcruchie, and built Castle Stewart.

Although of comparatively recent date, it is evidently modelled on the
old type of castle, of which it is a curious survival, in a period when very
different ideas were entertained as to what constituted a suitable and
commodious dwelling.

The nucleus of the structure has been a tall massive keep (Fig. 1353)
about 30 feet square, with four stories and attics, rising to the height
of from 40 to 50 feet, without a break of any kind either in plan or
elevation.

The walls are for the most part 5 feet in thickness, the east or entrance
side being about 6 feet (Fig. 1354). They have been very strongly built,
* We have to thank Mr. Galloway for the plan and description of this structure.

- 247

FOURTH PERIOD

chiefly with large irregular blocks of granite and greywacke, and the usual
shell mortar, the hewn work being all of the ruddy-coloured freestone from
Kirkcudbrightshire, so extensively used in all old buildings in the south-
ed. The corners are rounded, and the large granite and
greywacke blocks, not lending themselves readily to a quick curvature,
have been discarded, and the corners formed up with much smaller stones
and inferior masonry, thus giving an appearance of weakness and singu-
larity to the building.

To keep up the antique character, the walls were finished on the top
with a parapet all round of very slight projection (not over six to eight
inches), carried on plain corbels. The usual walk would be within this.
The tower was covered with a saddle roof, of which the western gable still
partially remains.

GROUND FLOOR

FM. ISM. Gtttle Stewart. Plan.

he various stories no staircase now exists, or trace of one. But
as the south-eastern angle of the building has been entirely demolished
(Fig. I ithin a few feet of the ground, and has carried with it

one half of both the connected sides, it is extremely probable that the stair
was in this angle, and within the thickness of the wall, which would make
it very narrow and tortuous. The carrying off of the freestone steps would
account for the destruction of this particular angle.

The ground floor has been very low in the ceiling, and cannot have
exceeded six feet. It is ! -mall rubble-built slits, and, having

no fireplace, may have been used as a store or cellar. On the north and
south sides of the interior three rough stones project as corbels to carry
beams, for the ends of which square holes have been formed. The
windows, some of which are of considerabl :eet by 6 or 7 feet),

have been chiefly in the south and west sides. The majority of the fire-
places have been in the north wall, but the jambs, lintels, <fcc., are entirely

FOURTH PERIOD

248

CASTLE WIGG

FIRST FLOOR

FJG. 1355.

Castle Stewart.

Plan.

gone, so far as the dense ivy will permit of judging. On the third floor,
however (which seems to have been laid out as a principal apartment),
on the west side, the lintel of a very large fireplace (8 feet to 10 feet)
appears in good preservation (Fig. 1356), forming an example of a straight
arch in four stones, and a key-stone, checked to prevent
slipping, which still hangs amid the ivy as if in mid-air.
Above this lintel there runs a moulded cornice, decorated
with good-sized dog-teeth, set as space ornaments. This is
the only piece of decorative work traceable in the building,
which, however, is completely obscured, both inside and
outside, with a dense covering of ivy, concealing all further
details.

Of the parapet very little remains, but the corbels which
carried it seem pretty complete. The keep has been erected
quite independently, and with no structural connection with the rest of the
buildings. These have lain chiefly to the east and south, and are now repre-
sented only by the lower part of the walls or foundations, which nowhere
are above from two to three feet, except the return on
the north-east angle of the keep, which rises about double
that height. At the south-east angle there has no doubt
been a small courtyard, on the east side of which lay the
kitchen, identified by its large fireplace. There was another
apartment on the north, and from between these two long
lines of wall run eastward. It is hard to tell whether these
formed a range of buildings or a means of communication
with buildings beyond. There seem also to have been erections to the
south of the \ eep, the founds of which are now level with the turf.

FIG. 1856.

Castle Stewart.

Lintel of Fireplace.

CASTLE WIGG,* WIGTONSHIRE.

Castle Wigg is situated about two miles north-east of Whithorn. The
older portion forms but a small part of the building as it now exists,
extensive additions having been made at the close of last century. The
situation is very fine, sheltered by extensive woods, and with magnificent
prospects over Wigton Bay and the Stewartry Hills.

The original dimensions do not seem to have exceeded 43 feet by 32
feet 6 inches (Fig. 1357), but a further extension of 18 feet was made to
the west wing, probably in the course of last century. The east wing only
is vaulted. The original doorway still exists in a very perfect state,
although much obscured by plaster and whitewash (Fig. 1358). It is
ornamented with massive mouldings, and has a double set of crooks,

* We have to thank Mr. W. Galloway for the plans and description of this
building.

CASTLE WIGG

FOURTH PERIOD

and a bar-hole nearly 6 feet in length. It is situated close to the inner
angle, and opens into the vaulted wing. Above the lintel there is
a large carved panel containing a shield with arms as borne by the
Stewarts of Garlics viz., the fesse cheque of the Stewarts, crossed by a
bend dexter, with a crescent beneath for difference. It may be noted, as
a peculiarity of this shield, that the fesse cheque and the bend are placed

Fi<;. l :;;>:.- Castlr

Plan.

saltii-e-wise, and not with the fesse crossing the shield horizontally, as is
usually the case. On either side of the shield, in large letters, are the
initials A. S., and in a separate panel beneath, in still larger letters, are
the initials H. M'K. Immediately beneath is the date 1593, with the
above initials repeated in line with it. There can be no doubt the letters
A. S. refer to Archibald Stewart of Bardye, Tonderghie, fec., who, as

FOURTH PERIOD

250

CASTLE \VIGG

mentioned by P. H. M'Kerlie in Lands and their Owners in Galloway
(Vol. i. p. 481), acquired the lands of Wigg from Sir John Waus in 1584,
and thereon evidently built the castle. Mr. M'Kerlie states that it is
not known whom he married.

According to present arrangements, there
is nothing to indicate where the stair was
situated in the original building, the existing
staircase being in the modern addition, and
access to the various apartments in the older
portion being obtained from wide corridors
running the entire length of the western
wing. The probability, however, is and
the formation of the house every way favours
it that a circular turret or turnpike stair
stood in the angle close to the entrance
door, and is actually so shown in what is
believed to be a view of the castle in the
background of an old oil-painting (Fig. 1359).
There is a tradition also supported by the

FIO. i358.-ca 8 tie Wigg. existing construction that a small turret

Original Doorway." stair at the south-east angle led from the

first floor to the stories above.

On the first floor there is a doorway, now built up, and formed into
a cupboard of apparently later and more classical character than that

[

V *^-~ N

ari'&v

PIG. 1359. Castle Wigg. (From a Picture.)

described (Fig. 1360). As it stands 9 feet above the ground, and cannot
have been connected with the large turret, it must have had some inde-

COCK13URN HOUSE

251

FOURTH PERIOD

pendent means of access. The building is, however, now entirely rough
cast, so that it is impossible to ascertain many things that would be
of interest, amongst others the quoining.
The original door is built with a ruddy,
strong-grained freestone, very similar to that
of which all the hewn work at Cardoness
Castle is formed, and which must have come
from the Rerwick or Roscarrol shore.

In exactly the same material there is a
large water-scape built into a drystone
boundary wall in the policies. It may have
been one of the gargoyles from the roof of
the castle. The classic moulded door is of
quite a different character of freestone.

Ki.i. I :;><). rustic Wi--.
Doorway on First Floor.

COCK BURN HOUSE, MIDLOTHIAN.

This house is situated about two miles south-west from Balerno, and is
now the property of the Governors of George Watson's Hospital. It is

l-'i... IMl. Cockburn House. View from North-East.

FOURTH PERIOD

252

CORSTON TOWER

still in a state of good preservation, and in its outward aspect has under-
gone but little change since it was erected upwards of two centuries ago,
but the interior has been remodelled. In general plan it resembles
Bonhard House, erected earlier (see Vol. in. p. 533), and situated about
twelve miles distant, being 011 the L Plan, with an octagonal turret stair-
case in the re-entering angle, in which is the
entrance doorway, as shown in the View (Fig,
1361). The turret is in the north-east angle,
which was the favourite position for the doorway,
as it gave the rooms on the south side the full
benefit of the sun. But here, as at Bonhard, a
new door and entrance lobby have been opened
up in the south front, and the stair has been
diverted in its lower flight to meet the altered
circumstances. The old entrance doorway is
neatly moulded, and has a slight cornice above
the lintel (Fig. 1362). Each front of the house
presents a series of dormer windows similar in
design to those seen in the Views, of one of which
^jflVl|f|f1IIH( an enlarged Sketch is given bearing the date 1672
(see Fig. 1362). There is a single-faced sundial
on the south front and a two-faced one at the
north-east corner.

FIG. 1362. Coekburn House. From the titles of the lands of Cockburn, we

Dormer and Cornice of Doorway. fi n( j that John Lindsay of Corrington was in-

fefted by William Lord Ruthven of Balerno in

the lands of Cockburn in 1468, and with this family they remained till
1670. On 9th June 1671 there is a disposition of the lands in favour of
Mr. "William Chieslie and the deceased Agnes Rutherford, his spouse.
From the date on the dormer we may suppose the house to have been
built by this proprietor. But he does not appear to have possessed the
lands for a long period, as in 1678 they are disponed to Mr. James Lewis
of Merchiston.

CORSTON TOWER, FIFESHIRE.

A ruin situated a quarter of a mile west from Strathmiglo, at the
base of the Wester Lomond. It is shown in Fig. 1363 as almost entire,
only wanting the roof, but about five years ago the whole structure fell,
with the exception of the east wall, coloured black on Plan (Fig. 1364).
Looking at the rent in the south wall (seen in the View), one would
have been prepared for the fall of the west wall, but not for such an
extensive disaster as really occurred. Shortly after this event Corston

CORSTON TOWER

253

FOURTH PERIOD

became the property of the Marquis of Bute, who has rebuilt the lower
part of the old walls, and generally taken means to preserve what
remains. The Plan shows by hatched lines the work done by Lord

Fio. 1363. Corston Tower. View from South-West.

Bute. The tower was three full stories high, with a story in the roof,
and a watch -tower placed in the usual way over the staircase, which
occupied the south-west corner. The ground floor only was vaulted.
The joists of the upper floors, which existed
till recently, were of black oak, and the roof
was covered with heavy pavement slabs. On
the second floor a garde-robe still exists at the
north-east corner, with an exit at the ground
level. There were outbuildings conneeted with
the castle on the west side, of which traces of
foundations remain. The kitchen was a de-
tached one-story building, somewhat like that
at Kinnaird Castle, Carse of Gowrie ; it stood
at the south-west corner. The garden, which

extended to about three-quarters of a Scotch acre, lay mostly to the south-
east. These adjuncts have all been swept away, and only the fragment
of a dovecot ivm.-iins, situated about twenty yards to the north, on the
banks of the Eden.

Fio. 1364. -Corston Tower.
Plan.

FOURTH PERIOD

254

CRICHTON HOUSE

In the fifteenth century Corston belonged to John Ramsay, who was
descended from the house of Carnock. His son, Sir John of Corston,
received from James in. the barony and lordship of Bothwell, with the
title of Lord Bothwell, the lands and dignity being confirmed by
Parliament in 1483. The lands of Corston remained in the possession of
the Ramsay s till about 1669, when they passed into the hands of a family
named Colquhoun. The tower was probably built in the seventeenth
century.

CRICHTON HOUSE, MIDLOTHIAN.

This is a simple mansion of the L Plan, which stands not far from the
well-known castle of the same name. It is evidently a structure of the
seventeenth century, erected after the angle turrets and all other symbols

FIG. 1365. Crichton House. View from South-West.

of the castle had been abandoned, and is a good example of a plain Scottish
house (Fig. 1365), built on one of the traditional plans, and retaining only
the features required at the period. Over the entrance doorway is inserted
a small window to light the entrance lobby and staircase, and above it is a
panel, which doubtless once contained the proprietor's arms. The building
is now occupied as a farm-house.

CULCREUCII

255

FOURTH PERIOD

CULCREUCH,* STIRLINGSHIRE.

This old tower stands at the base of the Fintry Hills, in the Endrick
Valley, at a di>tance of about eight miles from Kippen Railway Station.
It consists of a sixteenth century keep ( Fi^. 1366), still in perfect preserva-
tion, and inhabited, together with a large addition on the east and north

Fi<!. l:if,i;. Culcreucli. View from Soiith-West.

sides (see View), made probably at the end of the seventeenth century.
At the time when this was erected, various alterations were necessarily
made on the keep, such as opening doors of communication between the
ol<l and new buildings, closing up doors, windows, and slits, and enlarging
those that were left in the older structure. The old staircase was entirely
removed, and all trace of it obliterated, a handsome scale and platt stair
in the new building supplying its place.

\Vr :ire link-Mod to Mr. James \\ 1 1 oherton for bringing this castle under our
notice, and for the plans and descriptive notes regarding it.

FOURTH PERIOD

256

CULCREUCH

The keep (Fig. 1367) measures 41 feet long by 28 feet 9 inches broad,
and is four stories high. The height to the top of the gabled roof is
about 47 feet.

FIRST FLOOR GROUND FLOOR

FIG. 1367. Culcreuch. Plans.

The entrance door is in the north end of the east wall, which is here
about 9 feet thick. It leads into a passage, which contains a recess on

CULCREUCH

257

FOURTH PERIOD

either hand, as seen on Ground Plan. The recess in the angle may have
contained a stair, or perhaps there was no communication between the
ground floor and the floor above, and the main entrance was on the first
floor. From the entrance passage a second door, secured with a sliding
bar, leads to the two vaulted cellars on the ground floor.

The hall occupies the whole of the first floor. The fireplace is in the
south end, and is modern. In the west wall (at A on the Plan) is the
ambry shown in Fig. 1368. It appears originally to have been enriched
with a bead and hollow moulding cut in stone, and finished with an ogee-
shaped arch ; but at the time of the additions already referred to the
walls of the hall were lathed and
strapped, and the original simple
moulding was added to in plaster
in the manner shown by hatched
lines on the section of the moulding
(see Fig. 1368).

The upper floors each contain
two rooms, each room having a fire-
place. One of the rooms on the
second floor has a garde-robe in the
east wall. The attic floor is, as
sometimes happens, partly in the
roof, the floor of the battlement
walk being 3 feet 9 inches higher
than the floor of the attic.

The battlement walk is composed
of large stones, which overlap in the
usual manner. The parapet is sup-
ported on checkered corbelling, with Fi , ; 1368 ._ Culcreuch .
one continuous course beneath (see Ambry at A ou Plan.
enlarged Sketch, Fig. 1366). The
upper part of the parapet wall is modern,
doorway (seen in Fig. 1366) there are two worn carved stones. On the
under one can be seen the date 1721, with initials and indications of
arms. On the upper stone can be faintly observed the first two figures
of a date in the seventeenth century, and traces of arms. This stone
probably marks the date of the addition.

The estate of Culcreuch formerly belonged to the Napiers, lately
of Milliken, who, on the death of the third baron of Merchiston, suc-
ceeded to the old baronetcy. At the beginning of this century it
became the property of the Spiers of Ellerslie, but was sold in 1890
to Mr. Waters.

Over the altered entrance

FOURTH PERIOD

258

CULROSS ABBEY HOUSE

CULROSS ABBEY HOUSE,* PERTHSHIRE.

This mansion (Fig. 1369) closely adjoins the east end of the remains
of the Abbey of Culross, the front facing southwards and overlooking
the Frith of Forth. The building was begun in 1608 by Edward Bruce,

Fio. 1369. Culross Abbey House. View from South-East.

second son of Edward Bruce of Blairhall, who was raised to the peerage
in 1602, under the title of Lord Bruce of Kinloss. Two years afterwards
his lordship died, having completed the south front and a small portion

* See Culross and Tulliallan, by David Beveridge, Vol. I. p. 110, from which the
historical facts in this notice are derived.

DARNICK TOWER - 259 FOURTH PERIOD

of the western side. The edifice was completed by Alexander, second
Earl of Kincardine, who in 1670 added a third story, which was not a
part of the original design.

At the end of last century the Culross estate passed into the hands
of Sir Robert Preston, who destroyed a great part of the old abbey, and
made a ruin of this house. "The roof was taken off, the window frames
and doors removed, and the whole building gutted and dismantled."*
Towards the end of his life he set about the work of repairing the damage
he had done; and in 1830, when Sir Walter Scott visited Culross, he
mentions in his Diary that the work of repairing the mansion was then
in progress.

Mr. Beveridge believes that this house was designed by Inigo Jones,
but admits that there is no evidence on the subject. f There is very little
probability of this having been the case. The whole of the details betray
the hand of one little accustomed to pure Renaissance design. It seems
much more likely to have been the work of some one of the same school
as John Mercer, the architect of the monument in the abbey church
adjoining, above described.

DARNICK TOWER, J ROXBURGHSHIRE.

This well-preserved and interesting Rorder pele is situated at the
base of the Eildon Hills, about one mile west from Melrose. The portion
tinted black on the Plans (Fig. 1370) show^ the ancient structure, and
the part drawn in hatched lines has been added at a later period, so
as to provide the increased accommodation requisite in modern times.
These additions have been so made as in no way to detract from the
ancient edifice (Fig. 1371). The tower measures about 30 feet from east
to west by 22 feet from north to south (Fig. 1372), with a square turret
projecting from the south front, containing the entrance doorway and a
wheel-stair leading to the upper floors and to the battlements, from the
level of which, in the thickness of the north wall of the tower, a smaller
wheel-stair leads up to the watch-turret, situated over the main staircase,
and carried a story higher than the pele.

The ground floor, entering from the stair-foot, appears to have been
strongly guarded with double doors ; it was vaulted, but about 110 years
ago this vaulting fell, and the sides of the walls were dressed up so as to
get a square ceiling in the kitchen. The hall occupies the whole of the
first floor, and is an apartment measuring 22 feet 6 inches by 14 feet

* Culross and Tulliallan, Vol. n. p. 248. t Ibid., Vol. i. p. 111.

J For the measured plans and elevations of this tower, and for information regard-
ing it, we are indebted to the proprietor, Mr. Andrew Helton, architect, Terth.

FOURTH PERIOD

260

DARNICK TOWER

6 inches, with a massive fireplace at the west end. It is lighted with
three windows, one having in the thickness of the wall a wide recess for
seats In the staircase adjoining the hall door there is a stone sink, with
spout projecting to the outside. The second floor is similar in arrange-
ment, and has a shot-hole beneath one of its windows, commanding the
entrance doorway. Entering from the battlements, there is a considerable
apartment in the roof, now fitted up with a collection of old armour. The

PLAN OF WATCH TOWER

Fio. 1370. Darnick Tower. Plans.

main west gable is peculiar in having a rounded surface, the wall being
thinned towards the eaves, so as to gain convenient space in the battle-
ment walk. The battlements are paved with flags, and have numerous
gargoyles for carrying off the water. The watch-tower is corbelled out in
a picturesque manner; it is vaulted, and has a stone roof outside. It
likewise has a stone floor, carried on a vault over the main stair. In
both cases spaces are left above the arching for pigeons.

Darnick has always been an inhabited house, and in the constant
possession of the Heitons, an ancient Scottish family. An older pele

DARNICK TOWER

261

FOURTH PERIOD

stood on the side, but was razed to the ground in Hertford's expedition
in 1545. In 1566 a new charter was granted, under the sign-manual of
Mary and Darnley, to Andrew de Heyton, and three years later the

SOUTH ELEVATION WEST ELEVATION

Km. 1871. Darniek Tower. Elevations.

existing building was erected by him, as we find from his initials, and
those of his wife, R. F., with the date 1569, carved over the entrance
door. On the south face of the tower are the Heiton arms or, on a

FOURTH PERIOD

262

DOG CASTLE

bend sable three bull's heads cabossed of the first. Above this is the

cres t out of a ducal coronet a bull's head armed of the first, with the

family motto, "Cave Taurum."

DOG CASTLE, TOESA, LOCH MELFORT,* ARGYLLSHIRE.

This once extensive fortress is now reduced to the remains of the enclos-
ing walls, which rise from the perpendicular faces of a detached rock at the

* We have to thank Mr. John William Burns for information regarding this
structure.

DOUGLAS CASTLE

263

FOURTH PERIOD

north end of the island of Torsa, near Loch Melfort, on the West Coast.
It consists of a higher platform about 40 feet square, and a lower outer
-court next the sea upwards of 100 feet in length, with a round tower at
the north-east angle. The rock is scarped all round so as to afford no
foothold, and the lower clefts of the rock are carefully built up with stone
and mortar. The masonry of the walls consists of stones about 3 feet by
2 feet and 2 feet thick, and the irregular joints are made up with smaller
slaty stones, like many of the other castles of the West Coast. The spaces
within the walls are now green mounds, the inner mound being about 10
feet higher than the outer. The rock is 20 feet high on the average, and
there is about 10 feet of masonry on the top in the best preserved parts,
but some building exists nil round the summit.

Mr. Burns observes that there are smaller forts all round Loch Melfors
and on the islands near, but is unable tit say whether these are prehistoric,
or have been erected with the view of forming Loch Melfort into a well-
defended arsenal.

DOUGLAS CASTLE, LANARKSHIRE.

Of this the famous li Castle Dangerous," the fortress of the friends of
Wallace and I'.ruce, not a trace no\v remains. The solitary tower (Fig.
1373) which represents the old castle exhibit sail the features of a structure

I.. 187*. -Don-las Castle. Plan and View from South-West

FOURTH PERIOD

264

DOWER HOUSE

not earlier than the seventeenth century. It .appears to have been
a detached building connected with the enclosing walls. The large
square windows and the thin walls indicate a late date. The earliest
notice of Douglas Castle occurs in 1288. It was taken by Edward I.,
and retaken by the Scots, and formed the scene of many bold adventures
of the good Sir James Douglas during the War of Independence, ft is
said to have been razed to the ground by James n., but in 1644 Godscroft
wrote that a tower built by Clifford still stood, and was known as
"Harry's Tower."

In 1707, when the dukedom of Douglas was created, this castle was
declared to be its principal messuage, but in 1755 the whole structure,
with the exception of the tower shown in the figure, was destroyed
by fire.

The modern castle, a seat of the Earl of Home, is erected close to the
old tower. It was designed by Adam, and founded in 1757.*

DOWER HOUSE, CORSTORPHINE, MIDLOTHIAN.

This house stands a little to the north of the site of the old castle
of Corstorphine, of which nothing now remains except the circular

Fio. 1374. Dower House. View from North.

Irvintfs History of the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire.

MTNS CASTLE

265

FOURTH PERIOD

dovecot. "The house was probably built," says Mr. Selway,* "by one of
the Lords Forrester as a dower house about 1660-70." The pillars of the
gateway leading to the house (Fig. 1374) are of a picturesque design, and
th iron supports of the stone balls am rather unusual features.

The house itself is of the T form, and is a plain design of the latter
halt' of the Fourth Period.

DUNS CASTLE,f BERWICKSHIRE.

This castle is situated in the immediate neighbourhood of the town of
Duns. As will he seen from the (Jrotmd Plan (Fig. 1375), considerable
additions have been made to it at various times. The portion tinted black

MOOERN .TN TIM NICE

Fn:. i:,7">. nuns c.-isilc. Plan of Ground Floor.

shows ilie ancient castle, and the singly-hatched part was erected by the
first William Hay of 1 )rummel/ier, when the estate came into the possession
of the family in the closing years of the seventeenth century. The cross-

A Midlothian l r tlln</>, l>y <!. 1'pton Selway.

t We arc indebted to Mr. ,1. Ferguson, 1 >uns, for bringing this castle under our
notice, and for information regarding it, as also to Mr Hay the proprietor, for the use
of tin: plans, prepared in ISIS by James (iillespie Graham, architect, Edinburgh.

FOURTH PERIOD

266

DUNS CASTLE

hatched portion was erected at a subsequent period by Alexander Hay of
Druminelzier, or by his son Robert. The building shown in outline, with
still more extensive erections towards the west, not shown on Plan, were
added in 1820. The ancient castle was then done up in the castellated
style, and much of its interest as a relic of earlier times wiped out.
No idea can now be formed of its ancient external appearance, except
what can be gathered from the plan, and by comparison with similar
examples, no view of the castle in its original condition being pre-
served. The ancient keep was a structure of great strength, and of the
L Plan. The main building measured about 50 feet from east to west by
35 feet in width. The wing, which is nearly square, projected about 30
feet. The walls were about 8 feet in thickness,
and the castle was doubtless arched in certain
of its floors. It will be observed from the
Plan that the west wall of the main building
and the walls of the wing have been partially
reduced in thickness. The north wall of the
latter is of this century. On the Plan of the
First Floor (Fig. 1376) we have shown these
thinned walls restored to something like what
their original dimensions probably were. The
windows on the Plans are drawn as they now
exist, except at the east end of the hall, where
there is a large modern projecting one. The
entrance doorway is in the re-entering angle,
adjoining which a wheel-stair leads to the
upper floors, of which there are four in the

main building and five in the wing. The roof, with its ancient defences,
is entirely obliterated.

The tower and lands of Duns were bestowed by Bruce on Thomas
Randolph, Earl of Moray, and he is supposed to have built this keep about
1320. Duns did not escape the disastrous ravages of the English expedi-
tions during the first half of the sixteenth century ; and from a con-
temporary account of Hertford's second expedition in 15 45,* we find that,
after the army passed the Water of Tweed, they " birnd and destrued the
nonery cald Colstreme, so to Fogga, and thair earnpeit that nyght, and
many a town birnd that day, and a Monday Downes (Duns) tower and
towne awaretrown (overthrown) and birnd all the pares w ch is 1 (parish
which has 50) towns and willaiges by longeyng to the said Downes ; and
the nexht day to West Nysbed, w c was birnd, and owaiertrown the
castell, and many mor." Further on a list is given of fifty-two places
burned in the parish, and the castle is referred to as " the towre of
* See Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. i. pp. 275, 278,
Sessions 1851-1854.

Fio. 1376.- Duns Castle.
Plan of First Floor.

FOURTH PERIOD - 267 - EAST CAIRNS CASTLE

Dunce raced " (razed). It is just possible that the walls of the wing
already referred to may then have been overthrown, and rebuilt at some
later time in a less massive mnimer. A charter under the Great Seal a
few years after the raid on the castle grants the lands to the proprietor
de novo, and proceeds on the supposition that the original writs had been
burned by the English. General Leslie had his headquarters in Duns
Castle in 1639.

There is reason to believe that the old tower had lost its ancient
battlements before the alterations of 1820, and that it was covered with
a wide slated roof.

EAST CAIRNS CASTLE, MIDLOTHIAN.

A ruin standing on the northern slope of the Pentland Hills, in the
parish of Midcalder, about twelve miles south-west from Edinburgh. The
Water of Leith rises in the neighbourhood, and the large lake-like reser-
voir of the Edinburgh Water Trust comes up to within a few yards of the
castle. The building is now in a very ruinous condition, a considerable
portion having been taken down about twenty years ago. Its plan is of
the modified L form (Fig. 1377), the wing being projected so as to command
two sides of the main block. The tower rose
to a height of three floors above the ground
floor. The basement in both towers was
vaulted, as was also the first floor of the
smaller tower or wing, the remains of the
latter vault being visible in the View (Fig.
1378). An entrance exists on the ground
floor into the large tower, at the re-entering
angle, by a round-arched doorway, and a

door of communication leads into the smaller FlG 13rr ._ Eust Cainis Castk ..
tower. It is not clear whether there was a rum of First Floor.

stair from the ground floor upwards, but

there was a separate high entrance at the first floor level, as shown on the
Plan and View. This entrance is square-headed, and a wheel-stair adjoining
the door led to the upper floors, in each of which there was a fireplace, and
windows with stone seats. The windows were glazed in the upper part,
as is seen from the checks cut for the glass. On the ground level of the
smaller tower there is a garde-robe shoot on the west side. The existing
tower has had the masonry stripped off the inside to such an extent as to
greatly imperil its security, and the masonry round the arched doorway
is in several places reduced to mere points of support.

Not much appears to be known regarding the history of this castle,
but it probably belongs to the sixteenth century. In the Retours of 27th

FOURTH PERIOD

268

EDMONSTON CASTLE

August 1684 we find the following: "Andreas Aitkene rnercator de
Edinburgh, hseres Thomse Aitkene in Mitchellhill, patris, in annuo redditu

FIG. 1378. East Cairus Castle. View from North-East.

40, correspondente 1000 m. de lie roume et terris de Wester Cairns, infra
parochiain de Midcalder et baroniam de Calder."

The castle is situated on the slope between the hills of Easter and
Wester Cairns.

EDMONSTON CASTLE,* NEAR BIGGAR, LANARKSHIRE.

This old tower stands on the right bank of a small stream among the
hills between Biggar and Dolphinton, and close to the border of Peebles-
shire.

The lands of Edmonston and Candy were resigned in 1322 by William
of Edmonston to Sir James Douglas, the ancestor of the Morton and
Dalkeith families, with consent of Gilbert Fleming of Biggar, the superior.
The Douglases held them, with the fortalice, mill, &c., for over three
hundred years, till the middle of the seventeenth century, when they

* We have to thank Mr. J. D. Roberton for the drawings and description of this
edifice.

EDMONSTON CASTLE

269

FOURTH PERIOD

were sold by the then earl to Baillie of Walston. At the beginning of the
eighteenth century the estate was acquired by a Laurence Brown, who died
at the age of ninety-two, and with his descendants it remained till 1867,
when it was bought by W. A. Woddrop of Ellsrickle and Dalmarnock.

The tower (Fig. 1379), which measures 26 feet by 20 feet 6 inches, and
is three stories high, is a small one, and was built probably about 1500 (or
fifty years earlier). It is peculiar in having the stair contained in a round
turret projecting from an angle, instead of rising in the thickness of the
walls ; but all the other features are the same as those of towers of the
above period. The outer door gives access to a small lobby or passage

GROUND FLOOR.

FIG. 1379. Edmonston Castle. Plans.

which leads to the stair. In this passage there is a small slit or spy-hole
communicating with the vaulted cellar, which is entered by a door facing
the entrance. The ground floor contains the usual vaulted cellar or room,
which has a shot-hole in the wall opposite the door, and a small window
high up in one of the end walls.

The stair leads first to the hall, which occupies the whole of the first
floor, and was also entered direct from the outside by a door above the
one at the ground level. The hall has a window looking out to the gate
of the courtyard, two in the south-east wall, and a small cupboard in the
south-west wall. In this wall was the fireplace, which, though not fine or

FOURTH PERIOD

270

EDMONSTON CASTLE

large, had good jambs. One of these fell in the winter of 1889-90 from
the effects of the weather.

The stair continues to the upper floor, which also contains only one
room. This room has a large press in the south-west wall, two windows
above those in the hall, and the fireplace, good though not ornamental,
and a window in the south-east wall. What is now left of the tower
so covered with ivy that one cannot see the corbels or top of the walls
(Fig. 1380).

The tower has formed part of a courtyard, the gateway and piece of
wall of which still stand at the south-east end. A second house was built
in the courtyard, but when it was pulled down in 1815, on the erection of

, .

' '"

. .. i . . ! ' .-jfi 1 1 IV il III

FIG. 1380. Edmonston Castle. View from South-East.

a modern mansion lower down the hill, the outline and buildings of the
courtyard were obliterated.

The building, except for the want of a few slates, was intact up till 1872.
In that year the then tenant being afraid that part of it might fall,
dynamite was applied to it, with the result that the north-east wall and
part of the south-west, including the greater part of the hall fireplace,
were blown down to within a few feet of the ground, and part of the vault-
ing of the cellar was smashed through. Instead of this wanton destruction,
the house could have been put in good order for a few pounds.

Although it has not been a "great place," Edmonston lias been a good
specimen of its time of a castle with a courtyard, and when held, by the
Morton Douglases must have seen some service.

FERRY-PORT-ON-CRAIG CASTLE 271

FOURTH PERIOD

FERRY-PORT-ON-CRAIG CASTLE,* FIPESHIEK.

This edifice, of which nothing now remains, was probably the most
massive example of the Z Plan in Scotland. It stood on ground rising
up from the Tay, overlooking the entrance to the river opposite Broughty
Castle. About the year 1855, the vaulted ground floor, the only portion
then remaining, was removed. The small village of Ferry- Port-on-Craig,

. Fury IWt on-Cnirj ('astir. Flan.

which then adjoined the castle on the east, has since extended round
the site, and almost all memory of the existence of this stronghold is
obliterated.

The castle was about 40 feet square (Fig. 1381), with two round towers
at the south-east and north- west angles, each about 26 feet in diameter.
The walls varied in thickness from about 7 feet up to 12 feet 6 inches.

* We arc indebted to Mi'. T. S. Robertson for the plan of this castle, made by
him before it was removed ; and to Mr. Agnew, Dundee, for information regard-
ing it.

FOURTH PERIOD

272 FORD HOUSE

The entrance doorway, which projected a few inches, was on the east side,
and gave access to the two vaults in the main building and to the north-
west tower. The section through the north vault (Fig. 1382) shows
the entrance to the round tower, and the finely-arched recess leading to
the shot-hole in the north wall. Leading off this recess there was a
mural closet or ambry, raised two or three feet above the floor and
checked for a door. Another finely-arched ambry was formed in the west
wall of the south vault; it was constructed as shown on Plan, being
narrower at the back than at the front. The south-east tower had a
separate entrance from the outside, and was divided into two places ; one

of these appears to have been a kitchen,
with an arch for the firepla.ce, as shown
by the dotted lines on the Plan. There
does not appear to have been any com-
munication between the ground floor
and the upper floors.

On the 18th May 1588, King

Fia. 1382.-.Ferry.Port-on-Craiff Castle. James yj b charter disponed in feu-

Entrance to Round Tower. J ,,-,., ,

farm to Robert Malvile of Murdocarny,

treasurer depute, in liferent, and to Robert Malvile, his only son, in fee,
the lands of South Ferry of Portincraig, with the " villa " and " porter "
of the same.

On 1st February 1592, James ratified said charter in favour of said
last-mentioned Robert Malvile in. inter alia, the lands of South Ferre, as
in said charter, and specially the six acres of land called Gibbisland, " cum
domo et turre super eis fundata, versus hie Craig-gait ad occiden, hie bank
de chapil-bank ad orien, terras Jac. Hay ad Anstrum hie yairdheids villa
de South Ferreis ad boream."

FORD HOUSE, MIDLOTHIAN.

Ford House is situated near Pathhead, about four miles south from
Dalkeith. It is the same type of house as Cockburn, and was built after
it, in 1680 ; but it has been rather better preserved, having suffered little
alteration either externally or internally (Fig. 1383). Here we have the
entrance doorway at the south-east, so that there was not the inducement
to change its position in modern times, which occurs when the entrance is
found on the north side.

The house is a good example of its period, and has a warm and
sheltered situation on the banks of the Tyne.

FOWLIS EASTKR CASTLE

273

FOURTH PERIOD

1888.- Ford House. View I'mm Moutli-East.

FOWLIS EASTER CASTLE,* PERTHSHIRE.

This castle is situated about six miles north-west from Dundee. It is
.'i building of the seventeenth century, and occupies part of the site of a
much older structure, of which scanty remains still exist. From a descrip-
t inn of the older castle,f made from a plan prepared about 1696, we gather
that it consisted of a large quadrangle with a strong outer wall, defended
by towers, having a portcullis gateway with a pointed arch, apparently
something like that which now remains at Airlie.J The existing struc-
ture (Fig. 1384) is called on this plan the "Lady's Tower." It measures
about 40 feet 6 inches from east to west by about 23 feet wide, and is
four stories in height. A modern wing has been added to the north side,
and the building is now occupied by farm labourers.

It is a very simple si ructure, but its prominent points are grouped in a
picturesque manner. A wide projecting chimney containing the kitchen

* We arc indebted to Mr. T. S. Robertson for assistance in connection with
this building.

f Historical Sketches of the dinn-li uinl /V/vV/ of Foirllx ]<M*tti\ p. 90, by James
Stuart. Dundee: \Y. & .1. Middleton, 1865.

Atitf, i>. 21(i.

FOURTH PERIOD

274

FOWLIS EASTER CASTLE

fireplace, and having a few offsets as it rises, a round staircase turret, and
a couple' of dormer windows constitute its principal features.

The entrance doorway is in the east gable, and leads directly into the
kitchen, which probably occupied the whole of the ground floor, and from

Fia. 1384. Fowlis Easter Castle. View from South-East, Plan, and Details.

which, we presume, a door led into the staircase, as the present door from
the outside into the stair (as shown on the Plan), is modern, as are also the
first few steps of the stair.

The present dormer windows are of brick, and quite modern, but prob-
ably the tympanum (shown enlarged on Sketch, and now built into a house

GAGIE HOUSE

275

FOURTH PERIOD

adjoining) belonged to one of the original windows. The carved stone,
bearing the date 1640, is also built into a modern house. It was probably
taken from the castle, and presumably marks the date of erection. The
" Lady's Tower " was built by Andrew Gray, eighth Lord Gray, who suc-
ceeded to the estates in 1612, and died in 1663.

The staircase tower was, till a few years ago, roofed over by a continua-
tion of the slope of the main roof, so that the upper part of the masonry
of the turret is necessarily modern.

Immediately adjoining the castle stands the interesting parish church,
which is said to have been built by Andrew Gray of Fowlis, 1437-60.*
It is one of the best-preserved examples of its age in Scotland, and is
unique in the possession of several ancient paintings. It has lately received
the most careful attention of the Rev. Mr. Burr, and Mr. Robertson,
architect, and a new roof and bell turret have been constructed.

GAGIE HOUSE,! FORFARSHIRE.

This small but interesting mansion-house is situated on the south bank
of the Murroes Burn, about four or five miles north from Dundee.

GARDE KOBE

SUMMER

Fin. 1385. Gagie House. Block Plan of House and Garden.

Although it has been slightly altered in parts, and has had various
modern additions attached to it (shown by hatched lines on Plan,

* Memorials of Angus and Mearns, p. 235.

t We have to thank Mr, T. S. Robertson for the sketches of Gagie, and the
historical information is obtained from \Vardeii's Anyus or Forfarxhire, Vol. v. p. 11.

FOURTH PERIOD

276

GAGIE HOUSE

Fig. 1385), it still retains a certain old-fashioned aspect both as regards
the house itself and its surroundings.

The old part of the building is shown tinted black on Plan. It is a long
narrow structure of two stories in height, with round turrets at the south
gable (seen in the View, Fig. 1386). There has been an alteration on this
gable, which has been widened, as is seen from the perpendicular lines of
the old corners.

Some of the rooms retain certain of their old features, such as chimney-
pieces, wood-panelled walls and doors, and in one room (Fig. 1387) there

FIG. 1386. Gagie House. View from South-East.

is a quaint writing-desk, with drawers fitted into the lower part of the
window. Some of the ironwork from the doors, and other details, are
shown in Fig. 1388.

The garden, with its old enclosing walls, still remains intact, with a
group of yew trees in front of the house. The summer-house (Fig. 1389)
is a fair specimen of Renaissance work, and has an open Doric colonnade
towards the garden. On the building are carved the Guthrie arms,
with the date 1614. The sundial (marked on the Plan), although of a
plain design, well befits its situation.

<;A<;II: IIOUSK

FOURTH PERIOD

At the end of the sixteenth century Gagie belonged to a family of the
name of Sibbald, and in 1610 it was sold to William Guthrie, second son

FIG. l:;s7.- (i;i-ic Jlmisi.-. View of Interior of Room.

of Alexander Guthrie of that Ilk. The house was doubtless built by one
of this family, as, besides the arms on the summer-house already men-

Fiu. l:}88. Gagie House. Details.

FOURTH PERIOD

278

GAGIE HOUSE

tioned, the same arms occur over the entrance gateway to the courtyard,
with the initials of John Guthrie of that Ilk and his wife.

FIG. 1389. Gagie House. Summer-House in Garden.

The panel seen in Fig. 1 388 is on the west wall of the house, and contains
the Leslie arms ; the bell, with its iron frame (shown in the same figure),
is placed near the kitchen, and is probably an old appendage of the house

1 -

FIG. 1390. Gala House, Arms from. (Now in Gate Lod-c.)

G A II LIES CASTLE

279

FOURTH PERIOD

GALA HOUSE,* SELKIRKSHIRE.
FIREPLACE LINTEL AND PANEL.

The old mansion-house of Gala, which was
deserted by the family ten or eleven years ago,
is a plain and unpretending building, now quite
surrounded by the modern town of Galashiels.
It has been altered and added to at various
periods, and is now almost unrecognisable as
an old baronial edifice.

The panel (Fig. 1390), with the date 1583,
was situated in the wall of what is undoubtedly
the oldest portion of the building. It was re-
moved at the time when the house was aban-
doned, and built into the wall of the lodge, at
one of the entrances to the new mansion-house
of Gala. The arms and initials on the shields are
those of Andrew Pringle and his wife Marion,
daughter of John, fifth Lord Borthwick. The
height and width of the panel, including the
moulded frame, measure 3 feet 3 inches by 2 feet
7 inches.

The fireplace lintel (Fig. 1391) had been
plastered over, and was discovered during the
execution of some structural alterations for
the present proprietor. The arms and initials
are those of Sir James Pringle (knighted by
James vi.) and of his wife, Jean Ker of Linton.
The lintel measures 9 feet 5 inches long by
1 foot 8 inches deep.

GARLIES CASTLE, f KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE.

The ruined castle of Garlics is situated on a
steep hill slope about three miles north-west of
Newton-Stewart. The ground falls very rapidly
outside the buildings along the south and south-
east sides. The castle (Fig. 1392) has been a
structure of considerable size and various ages,

* We have to thank Mr. W. Anderson for the accom-
panying sketches and notes.

t We are indebted to Mr. Galloway for the plan of
and information regarding this castle.

FOURTH 1'KliIOl)

280

GARL1ES CASTLE

;iiid, ;is is usually the case, the oldest part (tinted black) is still the best
preserved. This consists of the keep, a parallelogram measuring about
40 feet by 30 feet, and in its ruined condition attaining in parts a height
of about 30 feet (Fig. 1393), with walls averaging about 6 feet in thick-
It is very much dilapidated, and till the present year lay buried to a

ness.

Fio. 1302. Garlics Castle. Plan.

great extent in its own ruins. But at the instance of Major-General the
Hon. Alexander Stewart, with the sanction of the Earl of Galloway, the
keep has been cleared of debris. The results have been extremely satis-
factory, and most interesting discoveries have been made.

The lower part of the keep has been entirely vaulted, the height being
about 17 feet from floor to crown ; but the springing only remains. This

(iAKLIKS CASTLE

281

FOURTH PERIOD

rather unusual height has been divided in two by an entresol floor carried
on corbels. Entry lias been obtained from the courtyard by a double
door, giblet-checked on the outside, and another within. These lead into
a passage 3 feet 6 inches wide, with a small apartment and ambry to the
right, and on the left to a turnpike stair made of flags, and complete up
to the level of the entresol. From this point the steps were of freestone,
one only remaining in situ. The ground floor has been unequally divided
into two apartments, accessible by separate doors entering from the
passage. That on the right seems to have been the kitchen, for although
there is neither fireplace nor vent, there is in the north angle a circular
arrangement of stones in the floor, which, with ash and burnt material,
si 'cms to indicate a hearth. In the north-west angle there is a large
wall-press or ambry about 6 feet square and nearly 5 feet high. Both

Ki.;. !:;;:;. liailx s Ca.sllc. Vk-\v from Wf.-t.

apartments have been lit by deeply-splayed slits 3 inches wide by 2 feet
high. The lesser one has a small ambry, and the floor is at a lower
level.

The main entrance to the great hall seems to have opened from the
rising ground to the north-west, where some remains of an approach still
exist. Beyond the continuation of the massive walls, the only features
remaining on the first floor are one side of a deeply-recessed window and
a small ambry, both on the south-west side.

Amongst the numerous pieces of freestone found are the almost complete
remains of a richly-decorated fireplace (Fig. 1394), about 9 feet 6 inches
in width and 5 feet 6 inches from hearth to lintel, which is 18 inches
deep, and is constructed on the principle of the straight arch. At either
side are moulded jambs, with enriched caps and bases. Above the lintel
has run a cornice, curiously carved with the Stewart arms (Fig. 1395), a

FOURTH PERIOD

282

GARLIES CASTLE

stag-hunt, scroll-work of oak leaves and acorns, grotesque heads, and other

devices.

Amongst the debris was also found a large stone with the head of an
ogee arch (Fig. 1396), and over it the inscription, "ALLD. STEWARD MILES

FECT."

From the state of the ruins it is clear the great contributing cause to
the destruction of the keep was the weakness of the wall next the court-
yard, pierced as it was with so many doorways and a wide passage. As
now uncovered, the central part of this wall and the jambs of the door lean
considerably outward, and it is evident the haunch of the vaulting arch on
this side must have burst out with damaging effect. Indications of this
catastrophe probably led to the abandonment of the building.

The existing masonry is rubble of very good quality, with massive

FIG. 1394. Garlics Castle. Fireplace.

whinstone corners ; and throughout the entire building a large quantity
of freestone must have been used. A good deal of this material is a fine-
grained white freestone, closely resembling that used at Dundrennan
Abbey ; but the most of it, like that so much employed in the old build-
ings throughout this district, is of the ruddy or purplish-grey freestone
grit obtained from the Berwick or Roscarrol shores.

The keep forms the western side of a courtyard, measuring about
60 feet by 53 feet, enclosed on its eastern and southern sides by a strong
wall, remaining in parts to a height of 9 feet. Against this wall, opposite
the keep, there has run a short range of buildings, of which little more
than the foundations remains. The upper or northern side of the court-
yard is occupied by a range of one-story structures, substantially built of
rubble, measuring 52 feet long by 26 feet wide. A passage 6 feet wide
intervenes between this and the keep. In continuation of this range east-
wards, there extends a narrow series of ruins, opposite which a passage

GARLIES CASTLE

283

FOURTH PERIOD

runs along the outside of the eastern wall of the courtyard, giving
access to another range of buildings on the east side, and opening into a
large paddock, from which we may infer that the latter were stables or
byres. The paddock encloses an area of upwards of 2000 square yards,
and runs as far southwards as the declivity will admit. It is surrounded

l-'n;. I:: 1 .'.'-. Garlics Castle. Arms over Fireplace.

by a well-built, substantial wall, still in good repair. Two rows of buildings
extend along the western side of the paddock, the upper or northern row
being about 60 feet in length, and projecting into the paddock, and the
lower range, about 70 feet in length, being built outside its wall. The
latter building is now traceable only in its foundations.

Fio. 1396. Garlics Castle. Arch, with Inscription.

The extensive accommodation provided for horses and cattle in con-
nection with the paddock is quite a feature in the arrangements at Garlies,
which is of architectural value in this respect, that although dismantled
and dilapidated, there is no appearance of the buildings having been
tampered with or turned to any later use.

FOURTH PERIOD

L'SI

(iAUTSUOKK HOUSE

In continuation of the keep southwards, for a distance of about sixty
feet, the ground is enclosed by dry stone dykes. This space may have
formed a garden, as marked on Plan.

In its ruinous condition it is difficult to decide as to the age of the
keep. It appears to be a structure of considerable antiquity. In 1263
the barony was bestowed by King Alexander in. on Alexander, the fourth
Hereditary High Steward of Scotland. In 1283 it passed to his second
son, John, known as "John of Bonkyl," from his having married Margaret,
daughter and heiress of Sir Alexander Bonkyl of Bonkyle, now Buncle,
in Berwickshire. With his descendants the barony of Garlies has ever
since remained, giving title to the Earl of Galloway's eldest son.

We may mention that Buncle Castle, above referred to, still exists,
but unfortunately in a state of much greater ruin than even Garlies.

GARTSHORE HOUSE, DUMBARTONSHIRE.

This mansion is situated near Kirkintilloch. It is a plain structure
(Fig. 1397), and probably dates from the seventeenth century. As will

. l.:.7. Gartsliore House. View of Entrance Front.

be seen from the View, it is a "double tenement," divided by a central
wall, so that the rooms do not seemingly extend from side to side, as in
the more ancient edifices. There is no information to be had as to the

GARTARTAN CASTLE

285

FOURTH PERIOD

building of the house, but the following facts regarding the owners of the
property are obtained from the Register of the Great Seal. In 1553 (21st
December) James Lord Flemying confirmed a charter by which James,
Duke of Chatelherault, Earl of Arran, sold to his eldest daughter, Barbary
Hamilton, the liferent of Easter and Wester Gartshore and others; and
from the Privy Council Register, 22nd October 1579, there is caution for
John Gartschoir, alias Golfurd, of Gartschoir ; and again, on 20th June
1594, John Gartscho of that Ilk becomes surety for certain burgesses of
Kirkintilloch. According to Hamilton of Wishaw,* Gartshore, or "Gart-
shire," as he calls it, at the time he wrote early in last century belonged
to Stark of Auchenvole (see Vol. in. p. 474). The Laird of Gartshore
appears in the Records of Parliament as a Commissioner on Loans and
Taxes in 1643; on the Committee of War, 1647-48; as Member of
Parliament for Dumbartonshire, 1685-86 ; and as a Commissioner of
Supply down till 16.90.

GARTARTAN CASTLE, f PERTHSHIRE.

This ruinous structure is situated in the parish of the Port of Menteith,
and not far from Gartmore House. The ancient name of the place

Fi<;. i:;:is. (iarlartan Castle. Plan.

was Gartavertane, and the lands formed a part of the Earldom of
Menteith. Early in the sixteenth century they were partly in the

* Description ofth, Hlx-ri/dom of Lanark, p. 35 (Maitland Club).
t Wu are indebted to Mr. J. W. Penfold, architect, Westminster, for the plan of
Gal-tartan, and to Mr. John Guthrie Smith for information regarding its history.

FOURTH PERIOD 286 GLADNEY HOUSE

hands of Buchanan of Arnpryor, and partly in those of a family of
Liles or Lyles. The Buchanan part passed from that family in 1545
to Margaret Moubray, Countess of Menteith, in liferent, and Walter
Graham, her son, and his heirs in fee, and was thereafter joined to the
Graham estate. The castle probably stands on the Liles' part of the
lands, which were transferred in 1531 from John Liles to Walter Macfar-
lane of Ardleish, a younger son of Sir John Macfarlane of that Ilk, who
was killed at Flodden. In 1597 Malcolm Macfarlane of Gartavertane,
and John, Earl of Menteith, entered into a bond of friendship, whereby,
in consideration of the earl's protection, Macfarlane promised to assist
him on all occasions, with as many men as he could command, against all
persons the King's Majesty, the Duke of Lennox, and the chiefs of his
clan excepted. It is highly probable, judging from the plan of the castle
(Fig. 1398), that it was built by Malcolm, and there can be no doubt but
that it was erected by one of the Macfarlanes.

Alexander Graham of Duchray, who wrote an account of the parish
in 1724, says of this old place : "Two miles south-west from the church
is the tower of Gartartan, the residence of Andrew Macfarlane of Gar-
tartan." From the Macfarlanes the property passed into the hands of
the Grahams of Gartmore, who allowed the castle to fall into ruin.

The structure is of the usual Z form, with round towers at two of the
diagonally opposite angles. One of these, which contained the entrance
doorway and staircase, is larger than the other. The ground floor is
vaulted. A modern house has been constructed above the vault at one
end, and access provided to it by a wooden stair in the smaller turret.

GLADNEY HOUSE,* KIRKCALDY, FIFESHIRE.

This old house is so completely hemmed in and concealed in an
obscure alley called Bute Wynd, near the west end of Kirkcaldy, that but
few people are aware of its existence ; and it is with rather a pleasurable
surprise that one finds himself in front of such a fine specimen of the
early Scottish Renaissance. The fortunes of the house have changed with
the locality, and it is now used as a penny lodging-house. The history of
the building is as obscure as its situation, and almost nothing appears to
be known regarding it. In the Retours this notice occurs, "Petrus
Clark de Glaidnie heris Georgie Clark de Glaidnie, patris in regalitate
Sancti Andrese, August 1649;" and in the tomb of the Adam family in
Greyfriars' Churchyard, Edinburgh, there is an inscription informing us
that William Adam, architect (the father of the celebrated Robert and
James Adam, architects), married Mary, a daughter of Robertson of

* We are indebted to Messrs. M'Arthy & Watson, architects, Edinburgh, for
bringing this house under our notice.

GLADNEY HOUSE

287

FOURTH PERIOD

Gladney, in Fife. William Adam died in 1748, aged fifty-nine years, and
his wife died in 1761, aged sixty-two. Notwithstanding the obscurity

Fio. 1399. Gladney House. View of East Front.

FOURTH PERIOD

288

GLADNEY HOUSE

surrounding its history, it is quite obvious that at one time this was a
fine stately mansion surrounded with high walls, and doubtless pleasant
wardens stretching down to the Forth. The interior of the house has,
as may be supposed, been entirely stripped of all its old fittings and
decorations, and the fabric suffered a good deal, as we have been informed,
by fire some years ago. Almost the only remaining internal feature
which can be considered characteristic of an old house is the well in the
area floor. The central recessed facade (Fig. 1399), with its pilasters and
pediment, is a well-detailed and bold piece of work. The carved capitals

FIG. 1400.- Gladney House. View from South- West.

have been hacked away, and the doorway, with its side lights, is now
obscured with a mean wooden porch, which fills up the whole recess.
The projecting wings on either side, with their O.G. gables, have been
considerably disfigured within the last few years. At present both the
gables finish with sloping roofs, as shown by the nearest one in the View
(Fig. 1400), but in 1886 the more distant projection retained its original
gable as shown, similarly to that at the south-west corner, seen in the
same View. Adjoining the last gable there will be observed a projecting

GRANGE HOUSE

289

FOURTH PERIOD

luv.ik in the cornice, supported on corbels. This is supposed to have
been the base of some kind of belfry.

Gladney House was probably built in the first half of the seventeenth
century.

GRANGE HOUSE, EDINBURGH.

The estate now called the Grange was, previous to the Reformation,
the farm of St. Giles' Collegiate Church in Edinburgh. The present
mansion-house has, however, no connection with such a remote period.

FIG. 1401. Grange House. Plans of Ground Floor and First Floor.

Indeed, the greater portion of the structure is of this century, being the
work of Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, the well-known writer on Scottish
subjects.

Only the part tinted black on the Ground Plan (Fig. 1401) is as old as
1592, and of that portion a great many of the embellishments are modern.
Such are the two western semi-octagonal turrets, the balconies, and the
dormer windows. This is evident both from the structure itself and from
a comparison of the views now given with the view by Storer of the
house in its original state.

The whole structure is harled, and the old portions and the new are
so blended together that at first sight one hardly knows where the old

V. T

FOURTH PERIOD

290

GRANGE HOUSE

work ends and the new begins ; but when the plan is laid down the
familiar arrangements of an old Scottish mansion-house of the L form
disclose themselves.

We have first the long narrow structure forming the main part of the
house, vaulted on the ground floor, and rising to the height of three
stories. The wing forming the L projects to the south, and contains

GRANGR HOUSE

291

FOURTH PERIOD

apartments. There is also a square tower projecting from the north
side. This seems originally to have contained the doorway in the re-enter-
ing angle, and also a wide main stair leading to the ancient hall, now the
modern dining-room, at which level it terminated. From the hall a wheel-

FIG. 1403. Grange House. View from North-East.

stair in the turret, corbelled out in the re-entering angle formed by the
main building and the southern tower (Fig. 1402), leads to the various
upper floors and to the platform of the tower.

These ancient arrangements are now almost entirely superseded by

FOURTH PERIOD

292

GRANGE HOUSE

the new entrance doorway (shown at the north-east corner, Fig. 1403),
with the large modern staircase, and the other additions shown on the
Plans and Views.

FIG. 1404. Grange House. Lintel over Entrance Door.

The original entrance is now all concealed except the lintel (shown by
Fig. 1 404), containing the inscription, to which a hand points : REPOSE-
ALLEVRS-ANNO-1592. The central part of the ground floor is not vaulted,
but probably in some of the many alterations the vault may have been
taken out. The hall is decorated with various plaster casts, seem-
ingly taken from some ecclesiastical building. One of these is a shield
containing a complete representation of the emblems of the Passion
(Fig. 1405).

Fio. 1405. Grange House. Plaster Cast.

FIG. 1406. Grange House. Arms.

On one of the outbuildings are the arms shown in Fig. 1406. These
Mr. R. C. Walker believes to represent the bearings of Kay on the dexter
side,* and those of Crich or Creich f on the sinister side, together with
* See Nisbet, Vol. i. p. 106. t See Stodart, Vol. i.

GRANGE HOUSE

FOURTH PKKIOD

the date 1613. Adjoining these arms, and built into the wall, is a stone
with the date 1674. At a few yards' distance from the north side of the

Kii. 1407. -Grange House. Gate Pillars.

house stand the seventeenth century gate pillars shown in Fig. 1407.
ino- the seventeenth century the Grange passed into the possession of

the Dicks.

FOURTH PERIOD 294 - INGL1SMALD1E

JIELMSDALE CASTLE,* SUTHERLANDSHIRE.

Tlie ruins of a hunting- seat of the Earls of Sutherland, on the right
bank of the Helmsdale Water, near its mouth. It is said to have been
erected in 1488 by the seventh Countess of Sutherland, and to have been
the scene of a terrible catastrophe in 1567, when the Earl and Countess
were poisoned by Isobel, the aunt of the former.

1408. Helmsdale Castle. Plan.

The Plan (Fig. 1408) shows that the structure was of an L form, with
a circular staircase in the angle ; but it is now so much damaged and
demolished that little can be determined about its internal arrangements.

INGLISMALDIE, KINCARDINESHIRE.

This was a tine old mansion near the North Esk, about six miles
south-west from Laurencekirk. It consisted (Fig. 1409) of a Fourth
Period tower of the L Plan, with angle turrets and crow-stepped gables,
We have to thank Mr. L. Bisset of Golspie for the plan of this castle.

INNELLAN MANSION HOUSE - 295 - FOURTH PERIOD

to which a long plain building was added at a later date. The whole has
now been restored and converted into a modern mansion.

The annexed Sketch is from a photograph taken before the restoration
was made. The broken string-course running round the centre of the
old block is peculiar.

Fie. 1 10'J. Iii.ulisinaMio. Ykw tnuii South.

Tnglismaldie was the residence of the Lords Falconer of Halkerton,
ancestors of the Earl of Kintore, to whom the edifice now belongs.

INNELLAN MANSION-HOUSE,* ARGYLLSHIRE.

A ruined house standing close to the sea, about one mile south of the
modern watering-place of Innellan, in the district of Cowal. It was built
in 1650 by one of the Campbells, shortly after the lands were restored
to the clan. The arms of the builder, and the initials of himself and
his \vife, are over the entrance door. The estate is still held by their
descendants.

The house (Fig. 1410) is a simple oblong, with a wing at the east end,

* We are indebted to Mr. James D. Roberton, Glasgow, for the plan and
description of this building.

FOURTH PERIOD - 2U6 - DUNYVEG AND LOCHGORME

and measures 56 feet by 22 feet. Tt has been a very plain unpretending,
two-storied dwelling. A room on the ground floor has a large fireplace, and
there are the usual presses and cupboards in most of the apartments. On
the north side there is a circular staircase, which projects from the main
building. Whether it had a pointed roof, or one which simply sloped

GROUND FLOOR
Fto. 1410.--Iuucllun Muu.sion-House. Plans of Ground Floor ami Upper Floor.

down from the main house, cannot now be ascertained, as the roof is oil'.
The upper floor is lighted with dormer windows, which are supported by
a small and plain continuous corbel.

The walls and gables of the house are quite entire, but the roof and
flooring are gone.

ISLAY THE CASTLES OF DUNYVEG AND LOCHGORME,*

Although Islay was the home of the early Kings of the Isles, these
potentates have left no traces of their possession in the form of fortresses.
Their successors, the M acdonalds, whose chief at a later period became
Lord of the Isles, are, however, represented by the fragments of two or
three castles.

* We have to thank Mrs. Forbes Irvine of Drum for the use of the sketches from
which our illustrations of these castles are made.

DUNYVEG AND LOCHGORME

L>97

FOURTH PERIOD

The most important of these is the castle of Dunyveg, which stands
on the summit of a detached rock on the south-east coast of the island
(Figs. 1411 and 111.!). It seems to have been a strong keep of the
usual form, such as that of Castle Mearnaig* in Morven. It was the
chief stronghold of the Lord of the Isles in Islay, and occupies an
important place in the history of the disputes between that turbulent
and semi-independent chief and the royal authority in Scotland.

After numerous insurrections and submissions, during the reign of
James iv., who made at least six expeditions to the western seas, James v.
visited the isles with a strong naval force in 1540. He then took several
of the chiefs prisoners, and placed a royal garrison in many of the most

FIG. 1411. Dun j -v. u Castle. View.

important fortresses. Archibald Stewart, of the Bute family, was made
captain of the castle of Dunyveg, which had belonged to James Macdonald,
Lord of the Isles, whilst the lordship of the Isles was annexed inalienably
to the Crown.

The island chiefs still continuing troublesome, various attempts to
curb them were made by James vi. He endeavoured to enter into an
agreement with Sir James Macdonald of Islay, and the latter offered
that the castle of Dunyveg should be placed in the hands of a governor
and garrison appointed by the king ; whereupon Robert Hepburn, lieu-
tenant of the king's guard, was sent to receive it.

Further disturbances having arisen, Argyle was despatched to reduce
* Vol. in. p. 170.

FOURTH PERIOD

298

DUNYVEG AND LOCHGORME

the islanders to obedience ; but the governor of Duny veg disobeyed the
mandate to deliver the castle up. This gave rise to one of the most
dreadful proposals which have ever been suggested, even in connection
with the Western Highlands. The task of subduing them having been
found too troublesome, it was now seriously proposed that the inhabit-
ants should be extirpated. This horrible commission was undertaken
by Huntly, and its execution was only accidentally prevented by the
jealousy of the Presbyterian ministers, who detained Huntly at Elgin,
that he, being a Catholic, might receive the benefit of their admonitions
and instructions.

The following year the Privy Council granted a commission to Andrew
Knox, Bishop of the Isles, and Lord Ochiltree, to receive offers from the

FIG. 1412. Duuyveg Castle. View.

chiefs for the delivering up of their strongholds, and for disarming and
destroying such as they thought nt. Angus Macdonald gave up the
castle of Dunyveg and the fort of Lochgorme, when the latter was
demolished, and a garrison of twenty-four men put in the former.

In 1610 a great rebellion of the Clan Donald took place, lasting till
1615. The castle of Dunyveg, after being three years occupied by the
garrison placed in it by the bishop, was taken by Ronald Oig, son of
Angus Macdonald. The bishop tried, but failed to recover it. At this
time the Privy Council, having received the offer of an increased feu-duty
for Islay from Campbell of Cawdor, empowered him to take possession of
the island. Accordingly, in 1615, he landed with cannon, and attacked

DUNYVEG AND LOCHGORMK

299

FOURTH PERIOD

V- $!

FOURTH PERIOD

300 KILBIIYDE CASTLE

and took the castle of Dunyveg and the fort of Lochgornie. Meanwhile
Sir James Macdonald, who had been long kept prisoner in Edinburgh,
succeeded in escaping, and made his way to the Western Islands,
where he was well received. He raised the Islesmen, and, partly by
stratagem, got possession of Dunyveg. Finding this castle untenable, he
greatly strengthened with an earthen rampart the isle of Lochgorme, and
another strength called Dunand, and threatened to obtain possession of
the whole of the West. In this emergency the Earl of Argyle was recalled
to raise the West Highlanders. Sir James Macdonald was speedily
driven from Islay by a superior force, and his castles taken and delivered
over to the keeping of Sir John Campbell of Cawdor, while Sir James
managed to escape to Spain.*

There seem to be now no traces of the forts of Lochgorme and Dunand,
but Macculloch describes that of Lochgorme as " an island, on which once
stood a square fort or castle, with a round tower at each angle." He also
mentions that " in Lochfinlagan there is another ruin of the same nature,
with traces also of a pier and a chapel." This castle of Finlagan is that
shown, together with the ruins of the chapel of Kilfinlagan, in Fig. 1413.
The tradition is that it was the chief castle of the Lord of the Isles.
Some fragments of another fort, called Castle Claig, which commanded
the Sound of Jura, are also still visible.

KILBRYDE CASTLE, PERTHSHIRE.

About ten years ago this castle was entirely remodelled and enlarged,
so as to adapt it to modern ideas and requirements, but before carrying
out the works Mr. Heiton, the architect, made very careful plans of the
old building, and through his kindness we are enabled to reproduce his
measured drawings, and thus preserve a minute record of a very interest-
ing old Scottish mansion-house.

The castle is situated about three miles north-west from Dunblane.
It was surrounded with enclosing walls, as is shown by the Sketch,
Fig. 1414. f The structure is of the L Plan (Fig. 1415), and the main
building is three stories high, with entresol floors in the north wing
(Fig. 1416). There was only one staircase for the whole house, which
was situated in the north-east corner of the wing, and was so placed
as to serve the various floors with considerable efficiency. There was

* See Gregory's Western Highlands and Isles.

t This sketch is copied from a watercolour drawing made by James Drummond,
R.S.A., in 1861, and the use of which was kindly obtained for us by Mr. Heiton.

KILBRYDE CASTLE

301

FOURTH PERIOD

302

KILBRYDE CASTLE

also only one entrance door at the foot of the staircase, as was usual
in the seventeenth century. It conducted directly into the ground floor,

StCOND FLOOR PLAN
on

BEDROOM FLOOR

Fio. 1415. Kilbryde Castle. Plans.

giving access to the staircase and to the passage running along the north
side of the castle, from which the various cellars or apartments entered.

KILBRYDE CASTLE

303

FOURTH PERIOD

NORTH ELEVATION

PLAN or ENTRESOL BETWEEN

BASEMENT AND PRINCIPAL FLOOS

PLAN OF ENTRESOL BETWEEN
PRINCIPAL AND BEDROOM FLOOR*

Fi<:. 141t'<. Kilbrydf Castle. Elevations and Plans of Entresols.

FOURTH PERIOD - 304 KILCONQUHAR CASTLE

The outer door leading into the east cellar is probably an alteration.
The kitchen was at the west end, and its large arched fireplace was
curiously splayed into the wall on one side. Along the back of the
fireplace was a stone seat. The first floor contained three large rooms
viz., the hall in the centre, with a private room beyond, and a dining-
room, which had a separate entrance, and also a door communicating
with the hall in the thickness of the west wall. On either side of the
kitchen vent were recesses, one of which had a window, and was probably
used as a garde-robe.

The second floor contained the bedrooms. Each room had a garde-robe
in the thickness of the wall, those of the end rooms being formed in the
square projecting corner turrets, of which there were four. Between the
turrets on the west gable a projecting bartizan or balcony, entering by
a door from the centre passage, was formed by thinning off the wall
towards the exterior. Above this level was an attic floor, of which
the windows are seen on the Elevations (see Fig. 1416).

It is usually stated that the castle was built about 1460 by Sir James
Graham ; but this is manifestly too early a date by a century at least for
such a structure as that just described. The finishing of the gables with
plain skews having a round roll at the bottom seems to indicate an
alteration, probably the result of repairs in the eighteenth century. The
barony remained iii the possession of the Grahams till 1643, when it
was acquired by the family known as the Campbells of Aberuchil and
Kilbryde.

KILCONQUHAR CASTLE, FIFESHIRE.

This is a characteristic specimen of a Scottish turreted castle of the
L Plan. It occupies a low situation, and was surrounded by a fosse and
mound, remains of which seem to have existed down to this century. The
old building is now incorporated with a large modern mansion, which
surrounds it on all sides except the south-west. In erecting this mansion
considerable alterations were made on the old castle, of which, however,
some views may still be got where it soars above the modern work.
In the View of the upper part obtained from the north (Fig. 1417),
looking towards the re-entering angle, we have a good illustration of
the Scottish style of the seventeenth century. The entrance doorway
was probably situated beneath this, at the ground level ; but all traces
of it have been removed. The walls of the ground floor are about
6 feet thick, but above that level they are greatly reduced in thickness.
At the south-west corner, within the walls, a wheel-staircase ran from
the ground floor to the upper floor ; and somewhere in the east wall

KILCONQUHAR CASTLE

305

FOURTH PERIOD

there was another wheel-stair, which seems to have begun at the first
floor level. Both of these were removed in consequence of the thinning
of the wall.

As will be seen from the Plan of the Upper Floor (Fig. 1418) there is a
turret on each angle, those of the main block being much larger than those

Fio. 1417. Kilconquhar Castle. View from North.

of the wing, and being finished with tapering pointed roofs, while the roofs
of the latter are merged in the slope of the main roof (see Fig. 1417).
The small turrets are at a higher level than the others, and access to the
floor of the ojie which is open (the other being built up) is obtained by
steps. The turret containing the wheel-staircase is a part of the original
structure, while the building from which it enters (shown hatched on Plan)
v, u

FOURTH PERIOD

306

KILCONQUHAR CASTLE

is of later construction. This addition interferes with the simplicity of
the old L Plan in a manner which the original builders would never have
adopted, and yet without this later wing the staircase turret as it now
exists would have no connection with the lower floors. Apparently some
great change has been made at an early period on the wing of the L,
which may have contained a staircase on the lower floors, from which
this turret stair entered.

It is not known when the building containing the scale and platt stair
was erected, but the Earl of Lindsay (the proprietor) has a drawing to

FIG. 1418. Kilconquhar Castle. Plan of Top Floor.

scale, which was probably made by the architect of this tower, and is
evidently of old date. It shows the tower finished at the top, with
merlons and embrasures ; and an old engraving of the castle shows the
same style of battlement. The existing corbels and open parapet were
constructed by Mr. Burn (Fig. 1419). The windows of the castle as shown
in Fig. 1420 have all been enlarged, except those of the turrets ; probably
this was done at the time when the staircase was built. Their present
regular arrangement is clearly an afterthought, which, with the touching
up of the masonry, gives the castle as seen from the south a rather
modern look as compared with the glimpse obtained over the roof of the
modern house at the north-east corner (see Fig. 1417).

KILCONQUIIAR CASTLE

307

FOURTH PERIOD

Nothing seems to be known regarding the building of the castle, and
the coats of arms and inscription (which probably existed over the entrance

Fie. 1 UO.-Kilconquhar Castle. View from South-East.

doorway) have been swept away during the alterations made by Mr. Burn
early in this century.

FOURTH PERIOD

308

KILLASSER CASTLE

FIG. 1420. Kilconquhar Castle. View of South Side.

KILLASSER CASTLE,* ARDWELL, WIGTONSHIRE.

An ancient seat of the Maccullochs of Ardwell, standing in a large field
immediately adjoining the Ardwell House policies. The ruins, as they now
exist, are very small, and are chiefly buried in the debris, which forms
a mound about 60 to 65 feet square. The castle appears not to have been
of great elevation, and the present height of the walls does not exceed
18 feet above the ordinary level of the field. The structure appears
to have formed a square keep (Fig. 1421), of which two sides are now
partially visible ; a third is concealed under the mound, and of the fourth
only the foundations probably remain.

The ground floor has been vaulted, about three feet of wall above the
springing still remaining. On the first floor level the north wall is pierced
by a passage 3 feet 3 inches in width, still partially roofed, and which
seems to have led to a stair where the exterior wall has been thickened
at the north-east angle. Two windows of small dimensions light this
passage, one of them being only a circular bole 6 or 7 inches in diameter,
cut out of a slab of ruddy silurian grit from the Stewartry. Another
* We have to thank Mr. Galloway for the plan and description of this structure.

KIRKCONNELL TOWER

309

FOURTH PERIOD

opening of the same kind shows itself on the ground floor level imme-
diately below. With the exception of these two specimens of freestone,
the entire building, including the quoining, is of rubble.

Fii;. 1421. Killasser Castle. Plan.

A f.-\\ yards to the north runs a small stream called Killasser Burn,
but outside tlu- keep there arc now no traces of outbuildings or defences
of any kind.

KIliKO 'NNKLL ToWER.* KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE.

This small tower exists in a state of considerable completeness, but

; still inhabited it has been entirely modernised in the interior. It

mple structure of the familiar L Plan (Fig. 142LM, and measures on

the outside 33 feet by 25 feet. The projecting staircase tower is about 14

feet square. The height from the ground to the top of the battlements is

fully 38 feet, and to the top of the cape-house roof is 48 feet.

The walls of the ground lloor are about 4 feet 6 inches thick, increased
to about "i feet thick on the upper floors. The ground floor is barrel-

* We are indebted to Mr. Robert Barbour, Dumfries, for the drawings of Kirk-
connell Tower, as also for obtaining for us, from Mr. R. Maxwell Witham, the
present proprietor, notes regarding the history of the family.

FOURTH PERIOD

310

K1RKCONNELL TOWER

vaulted, and is lighted with two small cross-shaped loop-holes. The stair
ascends to the three upper floors, and to the battlements, which run round

FIG. 1422. Kirkcoimell Tower. Plans.

the tower. From the main stair landing at the battlements a small turret
stair leads to the cape-house, situated over the main stair. The room in

FICJ. 1423.- Kirkcoimell Tower. View from Courtyard.

KIKKCONNELL TOWER

- 311

FOURTH PERIOD

the cape-house measures about 10 feet square, and is 6 feet 6 inches high.
The turret stair lias a slight projection, as is seen in the View (Fig. 1423).
The double windows on the first and second floors (Fig. 1424) were put
in by James Maxwell in 1780, on his return to Scotland, from which he
had Ik-d after the '45.

The lower floors consist of only one apartment on each. The second
floor was divided into two rooms, as is apparent from the two separate

I-'K.. 1 I _'-!. -Kirkciniiifll Tower. Front View.

doors; one entering diiv.-tly from the stair, and the other, leading to
the furthest room, being reached by a narrow passage in the thickness
of the outside wall. Thus these two apartments do not enter through
each other, but are both in direct communication with the stair.

The Kirkconnells of that Ilk have possessed these lands from very
early times ; and in 1410, Aymer de Maxwell, second son of Sir Herbert
de Maxwell of Caerlaverock, married Janet de Kirkconnell, and with their
descendants the property has ever since remained.

FOURTH PERIOD

312

KIRKTON

There is no clue extant to fix the date of this tower, but it is quite
obvious that it is of a period not earlier than the sixteenth century.

KIRKTON,* FIFESHIRE.

A ruin situated two and a half miles south from Newport, and in the
immediate vicinity of the old church of St. Fillans at Forgan. All that

FIG. 1425. Kirkton. Plan and View.

remains of the building (Fig. 1425) viz., the north wall and round
tower, with the returns of the east and west walls is entirely covered
with ivy, and has a more imposing appearance in reality than the Sketches
would lead one to suppose.

The structure measures about 80 feet long, and is three stories in

* We are indebted to Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, for the drawings, and to
Mr. Robert C. Walker, Newport, for information regarding this structure.

KIRKTON

313 -

FOURTH PERIOD

height, with a tower considerably higher. The entrance doorway is in
the centre of the front, and a round-arched gateway in a low wall at the
west end opens into what appears to have been a courtyard, from which
a doorway leads into the house, adjoining a large fireplace.' The tower
has rooms with fireplaces in its upper stories, and a curious hiding-
place about 20 inches in height.

The mouldings round the centre doorway are shown in Fig. 1426 at A,
and those of the arched gateway at B. Sections C and D show those of

FIG. 1420,-Kirkton. Details.

the fireplace lintel and jambs. It will be observed that only one half
of the jamb moulding is carried along the lintel of the fireplace. This
lintel has been removed to the adjoining farm-steading of Kirkton Barns.
A small sketch of it is shown, with its carved coat of arms enlarged
(see Fig. 1426). The arms and initials are those of David Balfour and
his wife, Catherine Crichton, probably of the Crichtons of Naughton, with
the date 1585.

Kirkton, formerly called Balleduiond, belonged to the Balfours,
descended from the Balfours of Mouiitquhany. John Balfour of Balled-
mond is a witness to a charter in 1525. The initials and arms just
referred to are those of his son David.

The estate passed from the Balfours about the beginning of the seven-
teenth century to a family named Young, and on a lintel, also at Kirkton
Barns, are the initials of David Young and his wife, E. Nairn, with the
date 1645. In 1680 David Young was served heir to his grandfather,

FOURTH PERIOD

314 LEITH HALL

David Young of Kirkton, and the estate remained with this family till
about 1700, when it was acquired by John Gillespie of Newton Rires, and
is now the property of his descendant, Mr. David Gillespie of Mount-
quhany.

KNOCK AMILLIE,* INNELLAN, ARGYLLSHIRE.

This castle, of which very little now remains, stands on the high
ground straight up from the pier at Innellan. Nothing can now be made
out as to the size or strength of the castle, which, however, has had a
courtyard of considerable extent, and must have played a part in the
constant fighting and skirmishes which took place in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries.

The Laments were the original chiefs of Cowal. The Campbells, how-
ever, gained a footing in the district, after which, for a long time, it was
never quiet. On a stone coffin found at Kilmun was the following inscrip-
tion : "I the Great Lamont of all Cowal give to you the Black Baron of
Lochawe a stone grave in which to bury your son in your distress." In
1544 Lennox drove out Argyle, who, however, came back in 1563.

In 1646 the massacre of the Lamonts took place, after which the
Marquis of Argyle was beheaded.

In 1 685 Argyle fortified an island at the mouth of Loch Ridden, and
fought a battle with the troops of James n.

The Stewarts of Appin then for a time preyed on Cowal, and after
them it was under the lieutenancy of M'Lachlan of Strathlachlan. In
1745 the district was forfeited to the Crown, and the lands of Innellan
were given to a branch of the house of Argyle, whose descendants still
own them.

LEITH HALL, ABERDEENSHIRE.

A structure of the L Plan, in the district of Garioch, which has been
much added to and altered, but still retains its turrets on the angles. It
was built by James Leith, the thirteenth in succession of an old family of
that name, about 1650.f

* We have to thank Mr. James D. Roberton, Glasgow, for the description of
this building.

t The Castellated Architecture of Aberdeenshire, by Sir A. Leith Hay of Rannes.

LIliKKTON HOUSE

315

FOURTH PERIOD

LIBERTON HOUSE,* MIDLOTHIAN.

Liberton House or " Place," as it is termed in an eighteenth century
suivcy of the locality, is situated in the immediate neighbourhood of

Kir;. 1I-J7. Liln-rtt.n House. \ ir\v in CouM yard.

* \Ye have to thank Mr. (I. (Godfrey Cunninghanie, advocate, tenant of Liberton
House, for the ground plan of this house, and for information regarding the numerous
discoveries of old work lie has brought to light, and we are indebted to Miss Cun-
ninghanie for the use of the drawing which is shown reduced in Fig. 1431.

FOURTH PERIOD

316

LIBERTON HOUSE

LTBERTON HOUSE

317

FOURTH PERIOD

Liberton Tower, described and illustrated in the first volume of this work.
This interesting old mansion has suffered grievously from alterations at
various dates, more especially about sixty years ago, when, in order to
accommodate the fabric to the taste of the period, nearly all of its ancient
features were obliterated or concealed. The old high-pitched roof was

FIG. 142!*. Liberton House. Entrance Doorway.

removed, the gables heightened, and a new story added. The top of the
square termination of the staircase turret in the re-entering angle (Fig. 1427)
was also entirely altered, while the base of the turret and the adjoining
entrance were concealed by a large and incongruous porch, providing, no
doubt, an improved access to the house, but greatly detracting from its

FOURTH PERIOD

318

LIBERTON HOUSE

architectural character. Internally, the rooms were completely modern-
ised. In the apartment now used as the dining-room the massive arch of
wrought stone that spans one extremity was concealed by a curtain of
lath and plaster, while a corresponding arch thrown across the sub-
divided window of the private room was removed at a comparatively recent
date, to permit of the insertion of a bow window of the most commonplace
character. Asa matter of course, the massive oak timbers of the ceiling

FIG. 1430. Liberton House. Plan.

with the wood-lined interspaces were covered over in the same way as the
arch upon which they rest.

The dining-hall, or, as it is now, the drawing-room, shared the fate of
the rest of the house, and no one suspected that behind the modern lath
and plaster there were hidden the characteristic features shown in
Fig. 1428. About three years ago the present tenant commenced investi-
gations, with the result that one interesting example of construction after
another came to light. The quaint stone fireplace, the small, high, and
deeply-recessed windows on each side, with the long sloping sills, stone

LII3KRTON HOUSE

319

FOURTH PERIOD

Ki<;. 1 1:}].. -Liberton House. Interior of old Kitchen.

FOURTH PERIOD

320

LIBERTON HOUSE

soffits and seats, and the finely-arched recess, are thus once more visible
and complete. The main entrance to the house led directly into the
dining-hall, from which access was obtained to the wheel-staircase. This
arrangement was very unusual, and is now altered, and the stair turned
to the outside, as shown on the Plan. The mouldings of the doorway
(Fig. 1429) are bold and effective, and over the lintel is a recessed panel,
doubtless intended for a coat of arms.

Within, the entrance was defended by a sliding wooden bar, now
restored, and was commanded by the shot-holes in the staircase or turret

FIG. 1432. Liberton House. Fireplace in Outer Kitchen.

wall (see Fig. 1429). The original plaster of the dining-hall exhibited
considerable traces of painting in distemper. The panels into which the
surface was divided were separated by dark lines, as shown in the View
(see Fig. 1428). Traces of more elaborate decoration exist in other parts
of the house, as, for example, in the present dining-room, and on the
modern ceiling of one of the upper apartments. In the kitchen, which
communicated with the dining-hall by a door now built up (Fig. 1430), is
an arched fireplace, within which stands the modern range, but which
forms, with the stone fender and the adjoining sink, surmounted by a stone

LOUDON CASTLE - 321 - FOURTH PKRIOD

table, shot-hole, and shutter-board window (all of which are shown in
Fig. 1431), a unique and picturesque group of considerable antiquarian
interest.

The lesser buildings adjoining (tinted black), and completing the three
sides of the courtyard, were probably erected at no long period after the
main edifice itself. They consist of the servants' premises. An outer
kitchen, with another arched fireplace similar to that alluded to above,
is si town in Fig. 1432, where, however, the iron swing is modern, but
after the original form. Of the wall which probably enclosed the court-
yard no traces whatever remain.

On the south-west angle of the
house there is a quaint sundial (to be
afterwards illustrated), with the motto

AS THE SVNE RVNS SO DEATH COM KS.

Above the dial the stonework is

rounded and enclosed with a carved

scroll containing a shield with the

anus of the family of Little (a saltire

with an inescutcheon) betwixt the KIC. H:;:',.- i,n>crton House.

initials W. L. (William Little), and Date OB Pediment of Window.

the date 1683.

Another date (lG7-">) appears on a stone (Fig. 1433), now inserted in
the pediment of a window near the porch, but which was, when the Sketch
was made, built into the wall immediately over the kitchen doorway.

William Little acquired part of the barony of Over Liberton in 1587.
He was a burgess of Edinburgh. His successors ultimately became proprie-
tors of the whole estate. His son was Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and
to his brother Clement is assigned the credit of having been the founder
or co founder in K)80 of the Library of the University of Edinburgh.

The property now belongs to Captain Gordon Gilmour of the Inch.

LOUDON CASTLE,* AYRSHIRE.

This castle is situated near Galston, about five miles east of Kilmar-
nock. It has been occupied for centuries by the Campbells of Loudon.
The present extensive building was erected in 1807, and is of the regular
castellated architecture then in vogue. Within the modern structure are
incorporated portions of two older castles, the first a keep of the fifteenth
or sixteenth century, of which there remain four stories, and the other (of
which at least a portion of the basement exists) is apparently of the seven-
teenth century. The castle is placed on a rising ground about half a mile
north of the river Irvine, the intervening ground being flat and marshy.

* The plans and description of this castle have been kindly supplied by Mr.
Railton.

V. X

FOURTH PERIOD LOUDON CASTLE

It stands east and west, and has immediately to the east a stream with a
deep ravine. The castle commands the old route from Edinburgh into
Ayrshire and the West. It was besieged by Cromwell's troops, and was
defended by Margaret, Countess of Loudon, and the capitulation was
signed under the old " Yew Tree," which still grows on the bank close to
the south side of the castle. The keep, which is now entirely engulphed
in modern work (see Block Plan and Plan of Ground Floor, Fig. 1434),
was probably built by the Craufurds of Loudon ; in its size and other
particulars it resembles Kilbirnie Castle, built also by a branch of the
Craufurds, related to the Loudon family. The buildings may possibly
have had the same architect. The interior of the keep is about 30 feet by
20 feet. The gable walls are 6 feet 6 inches in thickness, and the side
walls seem to be thicker. Considerable alterations have been made on
all the stories, but least in the basement, where the only changes are an
opening made in each gable. That on the west has recesses and crooks
for two doors, and is finished outside with a classic architrave having
base-blocks. The opening on the east seems to be modern, but here the
wall has had 18 inches of new masonry attached to it in order to make
the outside conformable to the details of the modern building.

The vault (see Sections) is nearly a semicircle, and the original
entrance at the south-east angle is still perfect. It has an outside door
(see enlarged Plan), and also one into the. vault, both checked into the
stone, and finished outside with a bold chamfer. The iron crooks are
still in their places.

The doors are 6 feet high, and the tops are semi-circular. They are
placed in the south wall close to the east gable, at which point the original
stair seems to have been, as the opening is visible (although now built up)
with a semi-circular arch above. In the third story the angle is cut off
within the room at this corner (see Plan), which favours the idea that the
stair was here. There is one loophole in the side wall of the basement,
and probably when it was entire there was one in each end. The first
floor (see Plan) has a large recess in the north wall, which was probably a
window, and there seems to have been a wall-chamber at the south-west
corner. The second floor is vaulted, and has a modern plastered ceiling
in transverse panels (see Section, Fig. 1434). The room on the first floor
doubtless formed the hall, and the second story was constructed in the
vault, as so frequently happens. There are the remains of a wall-chamber
in the north-west corner. The third story is divided by partitions 20 inches
thick, which appear to be modern, and are required to carry the stair and
the divisions of the three modern stories above, which are all alike
in plan. Above the third story the walls are levelled, and on the platform
thus made stands the modern tower, which, for a reason afterwards men-
tioned, is set at an angle of 1 in 14 with the old walls.

The only part of the exterior of the old keep now visible is a strip to

LOUDON CASTLE

323

FOURTH PERIOD

324

LOUDON CASTLE

the court on the west side. It is rough-cast, but the window dressings
of red freestone are in fair preservation, having a quarter-round moulding
on the outer edge. On the space between the old keep and the edge of the
bank additional buildings were erected, apparently in the seventeenth
century, when the Earls of Loudon were prominent in the history of the
time. The first earl was Chancellor under Charles I., and the Secretary for
Scotland at the Union was also an Earl of Loudon. These additions were
built at an angle of 1 in 14 with the old keep (see Ground Plan), and the
modern castle being erected at right angles to the additions, is also at an
angle to the keep. The additions included the old kitchen, which is little
altered, being used as an adjunct to the modern kitchen. It has a char-
acteristic fireplace within a wide arch (see Section on C. D), and the spacious
chimney is carried up through the story above, which otherwise is entirely
modern. The kitchen is vaulted, one side being a groined arch, to make

FIG. 1435. Loudon Castle. Carved Stones.

room for the fireplace arch. The rest of the basement of this building
seems to have been used as a base for the modern castle, the outside to
the south being faced with modern masonry. One of the old windows,
which was seen, was about 1 2 inches wide, strongly stanchioned with an
upright and cross bars.

There are still preserved six carved stones belonging to the old castle,
which are built into the west wall of the courtyard. Three of them,
placed in an upper row, are evidently outside ornaments ; two are circular
panels, with a torus moulding round them, one containing a male head
with a flat cap. The other has been similar, but is defaced. The centre
one is the finial of a dormer, the skew having a billet ornament under-
neath ; above is a rude representation of a piper with a bagpipe, a fold of
the kilt appearing on each side of the skew.

Of the three carvings in the lower row (Fig. 1435) the central one is a
well-cut coat of arms, much decayed ; the outline of the helmet indicates the

MAINS CASTl.K 325 FOURTH PERIOD

rank of knight, and the gyronny of eight on the shield the family name,
of Campbell. The crest seems to be a double-headed eagle displayed.
The supporters are two stags, the antlers of which are probably brass,
and are green with oxidation.

The other two sculptures seem to be ornaments from the inside of the
seventeenth century castle, possibly the pilasters of chimney-pieces. One
is a soldier ; the shield at his right hand is a narrow oval with a swelling
in the centre, and finished top and bottom with a volute ; the sword has a
curved hilt and guard ; the top of the head is broken off (it may have been
a broad hat with plume). Both this and the other carving seem to be
foreign ; this one is evidently an imitation of a Roman soldier.

The other carving is a terminal figure, the lower part being tapered
with panels on front and sides, ornamented with drapery and what appears
to be a trophy of musical instruments. The upper part is a male torso,
but the arms seem to have been broken off. This figure has no base,
which in the other is a sort of pilaster capital with two volutes. Both
when complete seem to have been a little over 4 feet high.

At the ruined church of Loudon some relics of the "queer" (or choir),
which contained the burial vault of the Campbells, still survive. It has
resembled the aisle at Largs in general idea, but is quite plain. Over the
door are the Campbell arms, with the initials j_ < H. ^ and the date 1622,
being for Hew, created Lord Loudon in 1601. Here is preserved a flat
stone, covered with a bold inscription in capitals, stating that it is the
monument of Fulton, master mason to Lord Loudon, who died in 1632.

.MAINS CASTLE, KILMARONOCK, STIULIN<;SIIIUI<:.

An ancient keep standing on a level haugh on the south side of the
Kndriek Water, about two miles from Drymen Station, and immediately
opposite Buchanan House. It is apparently a structure of the Third
Period, having walls 7 to S feet in thickness, and being vaulted on the
ground floor, first floor, and second floor.

The entrance door was on the second floor level (Fig. 1436), in the
centre of the east side. It passed directly into the hall (27 feet by 19 feet),
and communicated with a stair down in the south-east angle. The prin-
cipal staircase to the upper floors was in a circular well in the north-east
angle. The large fireplace of the hall is immediately opposite the entrance,
and has a small window on each side of it. but the hall is chiefly lighted by
two larger windows in the north and south walls, near the fireplace end.
These are carefully constructed and supplied with stone seats. Exter-
nally (Fig. 1437) they have each been adorned with a mullion and transom
very rare features in simple keeps like this.

The upper floor is also provided with similar windows with circular

FOURTH PERIOD

326

MAINS CASTLK

heads, and the walls of this floor (so far as they remain) are riddled with
small chambers. A projection on the south side seems to have contained
garde-robes, but is now so much demolished that its exact purpose cannot
be accurately denned.

Over the entrance doorway and entering from the main staircase is a
small gallery, such as we find at Mearns Castle,* Renfrewshire, the
Dean,f Kilmarnock, and elsewhere. This probably served as a place for
The only access from the hall to the two floors below was by

musicians.

FIRST FLOOR

THIRD FLOOR L.V."".1 J J

GROUND FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR '- J ENTP.E5OLE

Via. 1436. Mains Castle. Plans.

the small staircase above referred to leading downwards in the south-east
angle. This communicated first with a narrow vaulted strip on the first
floor, which appears to have been the kitchen, from its fireplace and large
stone sink in the east window. This floor also contains another vaulted
apartment, lighted by three windows, and having a second small staircase
conducting to the cellar beneath. The other cellar, below the kitchen,
was reached by a separate little stair from above. It is narrow, and
* Vol. i. p. 231. t Vol. i. p. 404.

MAINS CASTLE

327

FOURTH PERIOD

semis to have no opening to the exterior. This may have been the
prison, while the larger cellar adjoining, with which the former does
not appear to have had any communication (although a hole is now
broken through the wall of division), was probably the wine-cellar.
The room next the kitrhen was possibly the guard or garrison room, and
the upper part of the castle was the habitation of the proprietor. The

1'n.. 1 l:;7. Mains Castlr. Yio\v i'ruin South-Kast.

talus or slope at the base (see View) is a rather unusual feature. It may
have l.een introduced in consequence of the foundation being soft, or
the keep may have been surrounded by a wet moat, supplied from the
Endrick.

The following particulars regarding the history of this castle have
been kindly supplied by Mr. J. Guthrie Smith of Mugdock :

FOURTH PEUIOD - 328 - MAINS CASTLK

The lands of which this old tower and fortalice formed the principal
messuage, when they were erected into a barony, are part of the old
earldom of Lennox. In 1329 they were in the hands of Sir Malcolm
Fleming, Earl of Wigton. On the marriage of his daughter to Sir John
cle Danyelston of that Ilk they seem to have passed to him as her dowry.
Certainly they were in his possession in the time of King David n., for
there is a charter of confirmation in his reign of certain lands to Sir John,
among them those of Kilmaronock. In the troublous times of this king
Sir Malcolm Fleming and his friends took an active part.

Sir John de Danyelston was succeeded by his son, Sir Robert, who
was one of the hostages for the ransom of King David when he was a
prisoner in England. Sir Robert was rewarded for his own and his
father's faithful services to the king by large grants of lands in various
shires, and by the office of Sheriff of Lennox and Keeper of the Castle of
Dumbarton. He died about the end of the fourteenth century, and his
great estates were divided between his two daughters Margaret, the wife
of Sir William Cunningham of Kilmaurs, and who had as part of her
share Kilmaronock ; and Elizabeth, the wife of Sir Robert Maxwell of
Calderwood.

This distinguished old family was carried on in the male line by
the Dennistouns of Col grain, whose present representative is James
Wallis Dennistoun of Dennistoun, in the county of Renfrew. It was
probably in the Dennistouns' time that the old castle was built, and
there still exists over one of the windows a shield of the heater
shape, which prevailed in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, bearing
the bend dexter, which was the original and sole bearing of the early
Dennistouns.

The Cunninghams, afterwards Earls of Glencairn, who acquired Kil-
maronock through this Dennistoun heiress, long continued to hold it, and
made it one of their residences. The earl was living there on the 6th
September 1568, for on that date he signed a pass dated at "Kylmaran-
nak," giving leave to Sir John Maxwell of Nether Pollok to pass and
repass from the town of Dunbarton to "our place of Kilmaramiok," and
many of his feu-charters are dated there.

From the Cunninghams these Kilmaronock lands passed to William
Cochrane, first Earl of Dundonald, and the barony of Kilmaronock, of
which the castle was the messuage or manor place, became afterwards the
property of William Cochrane, his second son, and his wife, the Lady
Grizel Graham. By them the barony was gradually feued off, principally
to the "kindlie tenants" upon it; and on the 27th November 1727,
Thomas, Earl of Dundonald, their son, who had succeeded his cousin, the
fifth earl, feued to John M'Goune, portioner of Blairnyle, who was
apparently at this time living in it, the old castle and certain of the
dominical lands. The charter describes Mr. M'Goune's purchase as

MONYMUSK CASTLK

329

FOURTH PERIOD

"parts of the three pound lands of the Mains of Kilmaronock, including
among other pertinents the tower and fortalice."

The Castle of Mains, as it is now called, has continued in the
possession of this family ever since, the present representative being
Mrs. Margaret M'Goune, widow of the late Mr. Robert Bruce M'Adam.

MONYMUSK CASTLE, ABERDEENSHIRE.

This View of Monymusk Castle (Fig. 1438) is from a watercolour
sketch made in 1780 by Archibald Robertson, an Aberdeenshire artist,
who went to New York in 1791, and, remaining there, became one of the
"pioneers of American art." A very interesting account of Robertson's
life occurs in The Century Magazine for May 1890, by Mrs. Edith Robert-

FK.. 1 i:;s. Mom-musk Castle.

sun. Cleveland, wherein this drawing of Monymusk Castle is mentioned;
and on our application to the authoress, she kindly sent us a copy of
Robertson's sketch.

The castle was built by William Forbes, who succeeded to the estate
in 1 587. The central tower or nucleus appears to have been a lofty struc-
ture of the L Plan, to which wings, branching out on both sides, were
subsequently added. The main block was five stories high, with attics.

In 1712 Monymusk was purchased by Sir Francis Grant of Cullen,
with whose descendants it has since remained.

FOURTH PERIOD

330

MYRES CASTLE

MYRES CASTLE,* FIFESHIRE.

This edifice is situated within a few minutes' walk of Auchtermuchty
Railway Station, and is about two miles northwards from Falkland Palace
It occupies a low-lying situation, which, as its name implies, was probably
a marsh in earlier times. The castle has been so altered and added to
that the class of structure to which it belongs is not apparent by merely
looking at it from the outside. On examination it is found to have
originally consisted of two blocks (as shown by Plans, Fig. 1439), with
round towers at the diagonally opposite angles.

The northern or lesser block has been so completely altered in con-
nection with the modern additions that it has entirely lost its antique

GROUND FLOOR

1ST FLOOR

FIG. 1489. Myres Castle. Plans.

character. It will be observed from the Plans that the walls of this block
almost are all solid building, without openings of any kind, the ancient
openings being now either all built up or lost in wide slappings for passages
of communication. In these circumstances it is not now possible to deter-
mine where the original entrance was situated, but the general scheme of
the buildings as shown on the Plan may be regarded as accurate.

Amid all these changes the southern block remains unaltered on the
ground floor, as does also most of what is seen in the View from the South-
East (Fig. 1440). The ground floor is lofty and vaulted, and contained
the usual cellars, with probably a kitchen.

In the south round tower there are an upper and lower tier of shot-
holes beneath the vault, and there has been a wooden floor, as is still

* We are greatly indebted to Mr. J. Ogilvy Fairlie of Myres for information
regarding this castle, and to Mr. H. W. Walker, architect, Edinburgh, for the use of
plans made in connection with recent additions.

MYKK* CASTLK

FOURTH PERIOD

apparent, for maiming the upper shot-holes. At the entrance to this
tower from the adjoining cellar there is a deep bar-hole, but there are no
indications of a door having ever been in this position. The first floor
contained the hall, with a private room which seems to have had a stair
to one of the cellars. The small turret at the south-east corner is now
inaccessible, and the buttress shown supporting it on the ground floor is

l-'i;. 1440.- M\n> Cattle. View from Soul h-Kust.

probably modern. The south-west tower is brought out to the square on
the upper floor, and is the only portion of the castle not harled. It is
built of good freestone ashlar, and contains a small room on the top story,
marked on the Plan as the " Watch Tower," which is reached by the
turret stair, seen in the View from the North- West (Fig. 1441).

FOURTH I'KKIOI)

332

MYRES CASTLE

On the south front of the parapet, enclosed in circular wreaths, are,
first, the Paterson arms three pelicans in base, and as many mullets in
chief, with the initials S. P., of the owner, and those of his wife, E. M. ;
and second, the initials of the latter, with her arms, three garbs within
a bordure ; while on the west parapet there is a monogram, now almost
indecipherable, with the date 1616.

Fici. 1441. Myrcs Castle. View from North-West.

Ill 1628 John Paterson was served heir to his father, Michael Paterson
of the Myris, in the lands of the Myris, Over and Nether, and also in the
office of claviger (key-bearer or macer) and serjeand-of-arms, with the
sum of 10, 10s., as well as in the feu-fermes of the said lands assigned
as the fee of said office.*

This office of claviger is attached to the lands, and has been held by
* Fife Retours, No. 397.

MYRTON CASTLE 333

FOURTH PERIOD

the representatives of the various families who at different times have
possessed Myres down to the present time. It has now resolved itself
into the patronage of one of the four niacers of the Court of Session.
Dr. Laing * suggests that this official was originally connected with the
neighbouring palace of Falkland. However this may be, in 1484 John
Si -rimgeour, second son of the Constable of Dundee, had a charter to
the office of claviger, with the lands of the Myres of Auchtermuchty ;
and in ir>31 John Scrimgeour, Master of the King's Works, son of John
Scrinigeour, macer, had a charter to all the lands of Myres, which was
renewed ten years later.

We have already mentioned that the upper part of the tower was built
in 1(J1 6, and we are of opinion that this date applies to that portion only,
and that the castle itself is of a somewhat earlier date.

MYRTON CASTLE,f WIGTONSIIIRE.

This castle is situated to the north-east of the present mansion-house
of Monreith, and within the policies attached to it. It is placed on the
summit of a broad ridge of considerable length, running north-east from
the house, and formerly separating the White and the Black Lochs. The
AVhite Loch lying to the west still remains, Monreith House being built
at its southern extremity. The Black Loch has been drained for a con-
siderable time, and in the course of the operations extensive remains of a
crannog were found, of which the oaken piles and drystone erections may
still be seen.

The knoll on which the castle stands is by many averred to be arti-
ficial, but the erection of so massive a building on its summit seems to
negative that idea, the probability being that it is merely a little higher
outcrop of the strata which form the mass of the ridge. What tends to
give it an artificial character is the fact of there being a dry fosse on its
southern side ; but this has doubtless been cut across the neck between
the ridge and the knoll in order to isolate the castle more effectually.

The lands of Myrton came into the possession of the M'Cullochs in
the fourteenth century, and it was by this family that the square keep on
the knoll was erected. They retained the lands and castle till the close
of the seventeenth century, when they passed by purchase to the Maxwells
of .Monreith. James iv., during his pilgrimages to the shrine of St. Ninian
at Whithorn, frequently stayed at Myrton Castle, and part of the old tower
is still pointed out as the " king's chalmer."

* Lindores Abbey, p. 454.

t For the plan and description of this castle we are indebted to Mr. W. Galloway,
and for a photograph, from which the sketch was made, to Sir Herbert Maxwell,
Bart, of Monreith.

FOURTH PERIOD

334

MYRTON CASTLE

The castle was occupied by the Maxwells as their family seat till the
close of last century, when the nucleus of the present house was erected
to a large extent out of the ruins of the old one,

As it now stands, Myrton Castle is in two quite distinct and discon-
nected portions. The original keep, which was probably about 40 feet in
height, stands on a knoll about 20 feet high, cut off on the south by
a fosse from the ridge. All that remains is the southern part of the

FIG. 1442. Myrton Castle. Plans.

castle (Fig. 1442), a fragment about 22 feet square, tolerably complete
in itself, but quite open to the north or north-east. The building on
this side is completely disguised by a high plain wall, erected about twenty
years ago, in order to convert the old tower into a dovecot. It runs up
to within a short distance of the original height, finishing with a pent
roof. The accommodation for the birds is formed in brick, the entire

MYBTON CASTLE - 335 - FOURTH PERIOD

inner face of the new wall, and also of the old east wall, being thus
lined. This wall externally is densely covered with ivy, so that it is
masked in every way.

There has been no vaulting, and the flooring and roof are entirely gone,
it being reported that they were destroyed by fire, of which some traces
remain.

On the ground floor there are no windows, only one or two ambries,
the walls here being about 4 feet 9 inches thick, diminishing to 3 feet
G inches above.

On the first floor the large window (5 feet high and 2 feet 6 inches
wide) is peculiar from having a very deep ingoing. The fireplace is in
the centre of the south side, but built up, and, either by scorching
or damage, no features like jambs, itc., are distinguishable. At the
sides are largo plain recesses; on the top floor these become quite little
"chalmers."

The parapet, so far as now visible (Fig. 1443), has very little projec-
tion, with flat plain corbels, and at the angles circular turrets of corres-
ponding character.

Weakened by the internal arrangements and vents, the south wall is
much rent ; the others seem to be strong and plumb. The building does
not impress one as being of any very great age, and no doubt would be in
its prime, if not new, when James iv. favoured it with his presence. How
far it extended northwards it is at present impossible to say; perhaps
excavation might show something. It has never been more than 22 feet
over the walls, and had no lateral extensions.

At the base of the knoll northwards there is a considerable breadth
of level ground before it again rises. Advantage has been taken of this
to add an extension to the old structure at a level a story or more below
its base. There is no structural connection now between the two build-
ings, but such may possibly have existed at one time. What remains is
L shaped in plan, with a good, wide, and very easy stair at the re-entering
angle formed of rough ilagging. The long limb is vaulted throughout, the
short one floored. Of the former the ground floor only remains; of the
latter, which is very much modernised, and still in use, there are two
stories, which are roofed.

The only ornament is on the entrance door, which is 6 feet 10 inches
high by 3 feet 1 inch wide, with a rybat head moulded with a double
roll of rather late character. The window in the north-west vault has
a double sill ; the mid vault has in one corner a large three-feet square
slab built into the wall a rough flag, now much broken, probably for
the milk-dish.

When; this wing abuts on the knoll the masonry is very much broken
and destroyed, and no connection between the old work and the new
is now traceable. At the back of the short wing over the "closet"

FOURTH PERIOD

336

MYRTON CASTLE

there still exists a four or five feet broad piece of arching, which gives
access to the top of the vaults.

The L house or extension is probably at least a century later than

Fio. 1443. Myrlon Castle. View from South-West.

OLD SAUGHTON HOUSE - 337 - FOURTH PERIOD

the keep. The Maxwells acquired the property in 1682, and it may be
a question whether they or the M'Cullochs erected the new house. The
peculiarity of this structure is that of site rather than of buildings.

Bounding the level space to the north are still extensive remains of a
pretty high wall, and near the castle stood Myrton Chapel, the site of
which sec n is t<> be now unknown.

OLD SAUGHTON HOUSE, MIDLOTHIAN.

This house is situated a little to the south of Corstorphine Railway
Station, and from the passing train a glimpse of the house is obtained at
the end of a wide avenue of ancient trees. Saugliton is a good example
of a small manor house of the seventeenth century, and still retains
many of its ancient features unaltered. It is of the L Plan (Fig. 1444),
with a staircase turret in the re-entering angle, in which is situated the

Fio. 1444. Old Saughton House. Plan of Ground Floor.

entrance doorway, now partly concealed by a modern porch. The door-
way (Fig. 1445) is of a Renaissance type, with architrave and cornice
enriched with medallions.

The ground floor is vaulted throughout, and is now divided by parti-
tions as shown. The room marked " Parlour " on the Plan is interesting,
having quaintly panelled walls, and a recessed cupboard at one end. The
arched ceiling is painted, and is probably the best preserved of any
painted stone ceiling in Scotland. Some painted timber ceilings of far
finer design than this still remain, but old paintings on stone have almost
all decayed. Only a shadow of the splendid ceiling of Borthwick is

V. Y

FOURTH PERIOD

338

OLD SAUGHTON HOUSE

traceable, and that at Craigmillar 1ms almost disappeared within living
memory. The vault at Saughton shows in the centre, on a blue ground,
the sun surrounded by the signs of the zodiac, and along the walls at
the springing of the arch there runs a series of garden scenes, with rudely-
executed figures. At intervals, above this band, a row of ships on a
wavy sea completes the design. The painting contains the initials S. V.,
with the date 1694.*

Fio. 1445. Old Saughton House. View from South-East.

The first floor contains three rooms, with finely-panelled walls and fire-
places of good design. The principal room, with its massive plaster
ceiling (Fig. 1446), has a stateliness of appearance which one would not
expect in a house of such modest dimensions.

The small adjoining room, nearly square on Plan, at the west end of
the house (Fig. 1447), is panelled in a similar way and has a light plaster
ceiling, with a central circle and ribs and a few surface ornaments.

* A sketch and description of this ceiling will be" found in Mr. G. Upton Selway's
book, A Midlothian Village, as also much information regarding Saughton and its
proprietors.

OLD SAUGHTON HOUSE

339

FOURTH PERIOD

The staircase turret was doubtless finished originally in a different
manner from what it is now, its present condition being an obviot

FIG. 1446. Old Saughton House. Interior of Dining- Room.

makeshift, and it had probably a parapet or balustrade for protection.
Old Saughton being situated in an extensive plain in the great highway

FOURTH PERIOD

340

OLD SAUGHTON HOUSE

between Edinburgh and the West, it was doubtless desirable to have a lofty
point of vantage, such as this turret, from which to observe the country.
The house appears to have had a courtyard attached to it, like most of

FIG. 1447. Old Saughtou House. Interior of Ante-Drawing Room.

our old houses, and the finely-built well, which still exists a little to the
south-east, would lie within the enclosure.

The lands of Saughton were in the possession of the Watsons from
1537, passing from father to son in the direct line till 1837, when one

OTTKUSTON AND COUSTON

341

FOURTH PERIOD

brother succeeded another, and the estate passed to a sister, who married
Lord Aberdour, afterwards Karl of Morton, and to their son, the present
Earl of Morton, Saughton now belongs.

OTTERSTON AND COUSTON CASTLES,* FIFESHIRE.

Otterston is situated in the parish of Dalgetty, about two miles north-
east from Inverkeithing. It occupies a secluded position on the margin

l-'ic. 1 I H. --Ottcrston Castle. View from North-East.

* We have to thank Mr. Lyon for a pencil sketch of Otterston Castle, made in
1850, before it was altered, from which the accompanying view is copied.

FOURTH PERIOD

342

OTTERSTON AND COUSTON

of a small loch of the same name, surrounded by gentle eminences abun-
dantly clothed with trees.

The building was a very picturesque one, and extremely characteristic
of an old Scottish mansion-house, as will be seen from the View (Fig. 1448) ;
but, unfortunately, about 1851 the proprietor pulled down certain portions
and built a large addition to the cast end, greatly increasing the accom-
modation of the house, but sacrificing its antique character.

The round-arched entrance gateway (seen in the Sketch) is gone ; the
two round turrets shown on the high building are concealed with modern
work, and externally nothing remains to indicate an ancient house except
the round tower attached to the low buildings, with the dormer window
beside it. The entrance doorway, which still exists, is in the re-entering

FIG. 1449. Otterston Castle. Lintel of Entrance Doorway.

angle. On its lintel is the inscription (Fig. 1449), WELCVM FREINDIS, and
the date 1589. The whole ground floor was vaulted, and the main stair,
which was in the tower or wing, terminated where the angle turret began.

The Mowbrays have been in possession of Otterston for many genera-
tions, and several members of the family have held important public
trusts.

A few hundred yards or so eastwards from Otterston, and situated on
the edge of the loch, is the ruined castle of Goustoii. Very little of it is
left, although some sixty or seventy years ago it was practically entire,
and is so shown on old engravings.

The Rev. Robert Blair, a well-known Presbyterian clergyman during
the troublous times, lived at Couston Castle, and died there in 1666.*

* See Aberdour and Inchcolm, by the Rev. Mr. Ross, p. 253.

PILKIG HOUSE

343

FOURTH PERIOD

PILRIG HOUSE, BONNINGTON, MIDLOTHIAN.

This old mansion, although it has been added to, still retains, almost
unaltered, the original form of its structure. It is a rather late example
of a mansion of the Fourth Period, designed on the L Plan (Fig. 1450).
It was erected, as the inscription on its walls states, in 1638, and exhibits
some of the characteristics of that time in the absence of all defensive
features and the introduction of Renaissance details in its quaintly formed
gables and chimneys (Fig. 1451),

The original entrance doorway is still preserved in the round angle

I-'K.. 1 Jon. -1'ilrij,' House. I Man of First Floor.

turret, which also contains the wide wheel-stair. The door was on the
ground floor, and the principal rooms were on the first floor, above which
are a bed -room floor and attics in the roof. The entrance doorway
has the usual bold architrave, and was surmounted by a curved pediment,
which has been removed, and is now placed over the door to the courtyard.
It contains a shield (Fig. 1 152) with the initials G. K. and M. F., and a
verse from 2 Corinthians v. 1 : "For we know that if our earthly house of
this tabernacle were dissolved," etc. The carving is, however, very much
obliterated by decay. On a dormer window on the north side of the
house the above initials again occur, with the date 1638, and that date
is also carved on the lintel of one of the attic windows in the east gable.

FOURTH PERIOD

344

PILRIG HOUSE

The original kitchen fireplace, with its wide arch and chimney, is still
preserved. This accounts for the great thickness of the west gable, which
is continued up to the upper floors, and gives space on the first floor (see
Plan) for a deep alcove on one side and a small strong-room on the other.
The latter seems formerly to have had an iron door. The doorway, with
two columns (seen in the View), and steps leading up to it, are compara-

ii. 1101. Pilrig House. View from South-West

tively modern, and were probably formed when the additions to the north
(not shown in the Plan) were made.

The initials above referred to are those of Gilbert Kirkwood (by
whom the house was erected in 1638) and Margaret Foulis, his spouse,
who was of the family of Foulis of Colinton. Before their time the
property belonged (in 1584) to Sir Patrick Monypenny, whose name
again occurs in connection with the place in 1601.

The estate of Pilrig was acquired in 1718 by James Balfour, merchant

P1TCA1RLIE HOUSE

345

FOURTH PERIOD

in Leith, ancestor of the present proprietor. In 1767 James Balfour,
Procurator and Professor of Law. was in possession, and it is now the
property of John M. Balfour Melville, Esq. of Pilrig and Strathkinnes.
The house is well situated, and has a fine prospect to the south.

FKI. 1-1 Jl 1'ilrig House. Tympanum of Entrance Doorway.

Although the buildings of Edinburgh and Leith have gradually drawn
towards it, there is still a considerable extent of open ground around,
and it is surrounded by a fine garden and beautiful old trees.

PITCAIRL1E HOUSE,* FIPKSHIUE.

This house is situated between Auchtevmuchty and Newburgh, and
about three miles from My res Castle, to which it bears some resemblance.
It may perhaps have been a castle of the Z Plan. What now exists
of old work is a square building with a south-west angle tower (Fig.
1 -1 ":>). This tower remains comparatively unaltered, but the main build-
ing has been lengthened northwards, the portion north of the tower
containing four windows in two stories being old work. The wide space
between these four windows and the other two windows further north
is occupied with a very thick wall, which seems to have been the end
of the original building. Up to this point the whole of the old house,
including the tower, is finely vaulted. The round projection at the

* We are indebted to Mr. Cathcart of Pitcairlie for information regarding this
house, and for a photograph from which the sketch is made.

FOURTH PERIOD

346

PITCAIRLIE HOUSE

SOUTHSYDE CASTLE - 347 FOURTH PERIOD

south end was built early in this century, and between it and the
square tower the entrance doorway is supposed to have been situated,
leading into a vaulted passage. A spiral turret stair, with a cape-house
on the top, commences on the second floor and leads to the top of the
tower. This was the original arrangement, but the cape-house was
probably finished in a different manner from what it now is. All the
windows throughout the building have been enlarged, and the three
square holes at the base of the tower were made during last century
to hold beehives. The house stands on a ridge or hillock, and above
what was a loch (now drained), which protected it on the east and
south-east. On the south and west a hollow and a burn cut it off
from the high lands. These natural advantages for defence were sup-
plemented by a moat, the remains of which were distinct a generation
or two ago. Sibbald mentions Pitcairlie as " an old tower." It originally
formed part of the barony of Abernethy, and then became the property
of the Earls of Rothes. It was granted to Sir Patrick Leslie, Lord
Limlores, and continued to be the seat of his successors till about the
middle of the seventeenth century, when it came into the possession of
the ancestors of Mr. Cathcart, the present proprietor.

SOUTHSYDE CASTLE,* MIDLOTHIAN.

An ancient editiee situated about three miles south-east from Dalkeith,
in what was known as the lordship of Newbattle, and towards the south
side of the same. About forty years ago it was in a state of semi-ruin ;
the tops of the turrets were gone, and the house was only partly
inhabited by the tenant of the farm. About that time it was put in
a state of repair, but at a later period it underwent very considerable
alterations. These are not shown on the drawings, which represent the
house in its original condition, as nearly as can be ascertained from
competent sources.

The last alterations consisted in lowering the walls (but not the
turrets) about 5 feet, reducing the structure from four to three stories,
and changing the floor levels. A staircase and entrance porch were
built in the re-entering angle, the old staircase shown at the south gable
011 Plan having been taken out along with the partitions and arched
ceiling in the wing. These alterations, while they may have increased
the convenience of the house, have seriously injured its antique aspect.
The introduction of large mullioned dormer windows has completely
destroyed the scale of the building, and instead of the commanding

* We are indebted for information regarding, and for the use of old plans of,
Southsyde, to Mr. John Ramsay, Clerk of Works, Newbattle, and to Mr. Herdman,
farmer, Southsyde.

FOURTH PERIOD

348

SOUTHSYDB CASTLE

air which these old buildings generally possess, and which Southsyde must
have presented in a peculiar degree, it is now reduced very much t
level of a modern villa.

PLAN or GROUND FLOO

FIG. 1454. Southsyde Castle. Plans.

The Plan (Fig. 1454) is very characteristic of a seventeenth century
Scottish mansion, the whole ground floor being vaulted, and comprising
in one of the vaults the kitchen with its wide fireplace. Opposite the

SOUTHSYDE CASTLE

349

FOURTH PERIOD

entrance door -(which was secured with a strong sliding bar) was the wide
square staircase, which terminated at the first floor, the ascent being con-
tinued in a projecting turret-stair in the east wall. A private stair from
the hall (contained in the thickness of the centre wall) led as u^ual to a
cellar in the ground floor. The hall appears to have occupied the west end
of the first floor, so that it would be about 30 feet long by 14 feet 6 inches
joining i rivate room. The partitions shown in lines

_ - . -v^* ll

-Southsyde Castle. View from South-W

on the Plan are probably modern. A remarkable little room like a

guard-room is formed in the wins at the landing of the stair on the

'.-tor. The upper floors were used as bed-rooms. The angle turrets

are remarkable : they are probably the most slender in their propor-

f any illu>t rated in these volumes (Fig. 1455). They occupied all

the corners except the north-ea>t.

On the lintel of an upper window (now preserved at Xewbattle)

FOURTH PERIOD

- 350

STANE CASTLE

Fio. 1456. Southsyde Castle. Lintel of Upper Window.

(Fig. 1456) next the staircase wing are carved the letters -PEAC, with the
dates 1640-4, which dates show that the house occupied four years in
1 u i Mi MI;. The triangular stone shown in the same figure, which was part

of a window tympanum,

PE\

AG \

:- ~B )

anc ^ w hih bears the initials
of Patrick Eleis and his
wife, occupied a position on
outbuildings at the east
end (now removed). In all
likelihood the letters on
the lintel, which seem at

first sight to stand for the

word "PEACE," are the

same initials, as we have evidence that two years later than the date
of the finishing of the house Patrick Eleis was the proprietor of South-
syde. In the kirk-session records of Newbattle parish there is the
following entry: U 29th of May 1646. The whilk day was given by
Rob. Short, younger, a silver cup for service in the kirk. Likewise by
Ale x - Kaitness, anoth er of the same fashion. Likewise by Patrick, Laird
of Southsyde." And again on the 25th February in the following year
there was a case against him in the Presbytery of Dalkeith. In 1652
"James Eleis of Southsyde, heir-male of Patrick Eleis, designit of Plew-
lands, thereafter of Southsyde, his father," was returned " in the easter
third part of the lands of Southsyde, within the lordship of Newbottill."*
In all probability Patrick Eleis was the first of that name in South-
syde, and built the house on acquiring the property, as in 1633, only
seven years before he began to build, we find from the Retours that
Anna Foulles succeeded her father in the easter third part of the lands
of Southsyde, "infra dominium de Newbottile."

STANE CASTLE, f AYRSHIRE.

A modernised ruin situated in a slight hollow at the south end of the
approach to Eglinton Castle, from which it is distant about a mile and
a half.

The walls, which are about 4| feet thick, are in good repair (Fig. 1457),
but as all the lower openings are built up the interior can only be seen
through the upper windows. These are four in number (one in the centre
of each side), 4^ feet wide, with pointed arches. Beneath each is a panel or
blind window of the same size and form, and filled with freestone slabs.
The castle has long been the property of the Earls of Eglinton, and
is said to have been repaired about 1750 by Alexander, the tenth Earl,

* Retours.

t We have to thank Mr. Railton for the drawings and description of this building.

STANK CASTLE

351

FOURTH PERIOD

when possibly these openings and panels have been inserted, as though
from the state of the freestone they are of some age, they are evidently
made in the old walls, and for effect only. The castle (see Fig. 1457) is
31 feet by 24 feet over the walls, which are built of small quarried whin-
stone, with freestone corners, <fcc., of a dark brown appearance. The stone
of the recent panels, etc., is a light bluish grey. The parapet above the
corbel-courses is all of whinstone, and comparatively recent. The interior

VIEW FROM S.W.

Fi... 1 l.">7. - SMUT (.'astir. Plan, ; iind View from Sont h-Wrst .

has a low vault in the basement, and the upper part has been in three
floors, the two upper floors having been joisted, and the highest being
partly in the roof. A stair in the north-east corner starts at the first floor,
and gives access to those above. Part of the steps still remain, and are
of the usual form, with a newel cut on the steps.

The entrance door is at the east end of the south side. It is about
8 feet above the ground, and is narrow, the jambs having a cavetto mould-

FOURTH PERIOD

352

TERRINGZEAN CASTLE

ing round them. The access to the door has been movable, as two corbels
projected from the wall to support the platt, one of which still remains.
The existing old windows are few and small ; others, along with fireplaces,
would be obliterated in making the large openings, &c.

In the west side there is inserted above the apex of the large panel a
square stone with the Eglinton arms cut on it (see Fig. 1457). Through
some mistake it is placed upside down. The corbelling under the parapet
has a continuous moulded course at top and bottom, and two rows of
detached corbels between. This structure evidently dates from the six-
teenth century, and resembles several of the castles in North Ayrshire,
illustrated in Vol. in.

TERRINGZEAN CASTLE, AYRSHIRE.

This ruin is situated within the grounds of Dumfries House. It
stands on the summit of a high steep bank which skirts the haughs that

Fia. 1458. Terringzean Castle. Plan.

WHITSLADE TOWER 353 - FOURTH PERIOD

lie along the river Lugar. The portion tinted black on Plan (Fig. 1458)
represents an ancient castle, of which the tower rises in a very broken
condition to a height of 20 or 30 feet. It is built of large square stones
in courses, with a double-splayed base. The tower is irregular in shape,
and is a small structure, having a square apartment inside measuring about
1- tVct square. It has been vaulted, and the vault has had three ribs.
On the ground floor the tower enters from the courtyard by a narrow
passage through the wall, and from this passage a wheel-stair has led up
to the upper floors and to the top of the walls. The hatched portions of
the Plan show later walls, which are now little more than foundations.
They appear- to have been cleared out, as shown on Plan, by lines along-
side the walls, so as to show their full width. The thick wall at the north-
west may possibly be a part of the old structure. A dry moat surrounds
the unprotected sides of the castle, as shown on Plan. It debouches at
either end on to the steep bank which rises up from the haughs.

The ancient tower of Terring/ran reminds one of the towers at
Mugdock, illustrated in Vol. in. They are of about the same size, and
the vaults are supported by ribs in the same manner, and in both edifices
the towers appear to have been situated on the walls of enceinte.

For further information regarding Terringzean see Paterson's History
of Ayrshire, Vol. n. p. 367.

WHITSLADE TOWER,* BERWICKSHIRE.

The ruins of this tower stand on the east side of the Leader Water,
about three miles below the town of Lauder. The tower has apparently

FIG. M/JO. Whitslad* Tower. Plan.

been a simple keep, about 40 feet long by 32 feet wide (Fig. 1459), which
lias at a late period been altered into a gabled house, with windows in
the south wall (Fig. 1460). The doorway has been in the north wall,

\Ve have to thank Mr. W. Anderson for the drawings of this tower.
V. Z

FOURTH PKRIOU

- 354

WHITHORN CASTLE

and the stair ascended from it in the thickness of the wall. The walls
are 7 feet in thickness, but no details remain from which the date of the
structure can be defined. It belonged to a branch of the Lauder family.

FIG. 1460. Whitslade Tower. View from South- West.

ISLE OF WHITHORN CASTLE/ WIGTONSHIRB.

This building, designated as above on the Ordnance Survey, but by
Symson called "The Isle," and described as a "good stone house," is

FIG. 1461. Isle of Whithorn Castle. Plan.

* We have to thank Mr. W. Galloway for the drawings and description of this
castle.

WHITHORN CASTLE 355

FOURTH PERIOD

situated on elevated ground close to and overlooking the Isle of Whithorn.
Round the knoll on which it stands there winds immediately to the north
the Drumoulin (i.e. mill ridge) Burn, the mill itself standing just below
the castle on the other side of the burn.

The Isle is a comparatively small building (Fig. 1461), measuring
about 35 feet by 30 feet, and 27 feet or so to the wall head. It is thus
nearly square in plan, although the principle of the L arrangement is
still retained, and the angle is filled up with an ample staircase, only a
portion of the steps of which are on the wheel.

The structure has, no doubt, undergone considerable changes, especially
when occupied fifty or sixty years ago by Sir John
Reid, Superintendent of the Coastguard. Only the
western wing is vaulted, the east wing being (now at
least) the kitchen. The entrance had evidently been
at the foot of the staircase, but a large porch having
been erected there, the doorway has been removed to
afford a wider passage.

To the east a one-story range of building, nearly Isle of ^ r 6 n 2 Castle<
50 feet in length, has been added for servants' and stone over Doorway,
outhouse accommodation. Over the doorway in this

range has been inserted a small stone (Fig. 1462) with the initials
P.H. and M.G., and the date 1674. The probability is that this stone
may have been originally over the entrance door and transferred when

FIG. H63. Isle of Whithorn Castle. View from North- West.

it was taken down. The initials are evidently those of Patrick
Houston of Drummaston, who is mentioned by Symson as proprietor
here in 1684, and who probably built the castle. His wife's name was

FOURTH PERIOD

356

WHITHORN CASTLE

Margaret Gordon. The Houstons owned a considerable amount of land
about the Isle and Whithorn, especially those of Drummaston, an old
barony immediately to the south of Whithorn, the court hill of which is
still in existence, and the barony book is in the possession of Sir Andrew
Agnew.

The door to the vault has been at the north end, but it is now built
up, and a door broken out to the south through what must have been a
window. Above this are two floors with large modern windows, and now
present no features of interest.

At each angle of the west wing on the second floor level there are
angle turrets, each carried on three plain corbels (Fig. 1463), but they
do not show at all in the inside. It is evident that all the arrangements
have been extensively modified to suit modern comfort and convenience.

The roof timbers are of home-grown oak, and the slating is fixed to
the sarking with wooden pegs. The building is entirely rough-cast and
whitewashed, so that nothing can be seen of the old masonry.

Fio. 1464. From a Seventeenth Century Monument in Greyfriars' Churchyard, Edinburgh.

SUNDIALS 357 SUNDIALS

SCOTTISH SUNDIALS.

THK number of sundials connected with the castles, mansions, churches,
and even the cottages of Scotland is very great, and the variety of the
designs is so remarkable, that, without some description of them, the fore-
going account of our Scottish edifices would undoubtedly be incomplete.

Numerous books exist which treat of the scientific construction of
sundials, and in which definite rules are laid down for the guidance of the
dial-maker, so as to ensure his producing a work which will accurately
note the passing hours. But it is not a little surprising that there should
be no well-illustrated book dealing with sundials as objects of artistic
design and skill, showing how they changed in appearance as .different
styles of art prevailed, and how the types of one country affected those of
another.

In the following pages an attempt is made to treat of sundials, so far
as Scotland is concerned, from the historical and architectural point of
view, and to arrange them according to their date and design ; but the
full elucidation of the subject would require the co-operation of others
in foreign countries, so as to trace the origin and development of the
remarkable forms adopted.

When engaged in collecting materials for the Castellated and Domestic
Architecture of Scotland, many ancient sundials were seen and sketched.
In the cour>e of correspondence still further accessions were made, and a
number of illustrations have been finally collected, which are sufficient to
give a clear idea of the art of dial-making as practised in Scotland from
the sixteenth to the eighteenth century.

The nook uftiiuuUul*, by H. K. F. Gatty* and Eleanor Lloyd (London :
Hell 0,- Sons), is a work of great research and labour, which no one interested
in the subject can ignore, and it. is the only guide we have to the where-
abouts of sundials throughout the world. As a treatise which reviews
them "chiefly from their moral and poetical aspect" it is never likely to
be superseded. In it are treasured up the wise saws relating to the flight
of time, collected from many generations and many lands.

Sundials may be divided into two great classesthe attached and the
detached. The attached dials are those displayed on the walls of a build-
ing ; the detached those standing alone. The former are subsidiary works,
the latter are often of a very monumental character. Of the attached
dials almost every town and village contains examples, and they occur in
all imaginable positions in wall panels, on the apex and eaves of gables,

* Now Mrs. Eden.

SUNDIALS

358

SUNDIALS

on the corners of Louses, over archways and doorways, and every other
"coign of vantage." Although detached dials exist in hundreds, there
are only four independent types of them in this country. And as it is
convenient and necessary to have some descriptive name by which the
dials of each type may be known, they will be referred to as (1) the
obelisk-shaped dials ; (2) the lectern-shaped dials ; (3) the facet-headed
dials ; and (4) the horizontal dials. These names are suggested by the
appearance of the dials themselves.

The following description commences with the simplest form of sun-
dials, and then proceeds to those of a more complicated design. This
arrangement is adopted as being more convenient than following their
chronological order.

I. ATTACHED DIALS.

These may be divided into

1. Single-faced dials.

2. Dials with two faces on angles of buildings.

3. Dials with two or more faces projected on corbels.

4. Terminal dials.

5. Dials on market and other crosses.

6. Horizontal attached dials.

1. SINGLE-PACED DIALS.

These consist of a plain flat slab or plate, either of stone or metal,
fixed to the surface of a building, or forming part of the structure itself.

King's College, Aberdeen. There is a
dial here about 3 feet square, formed of a
metal plate set on the face of one of the
buttresses of the chapel at a height of
about 25 feet from the ground. It appears
to be an original part of the structure,
which was founded in 1494, and in that
case it is probably the earliest example of
a sundial known in Scotland.

Hatton House, Midlothian. There are
five dials at this mansion. Three of these
belong to the class now under considera-
tion. Two are placed on the south-east
tower. The lower one is perfectly plain,
and faces south (see Vol. in. p. 275).
The upper one faces the east; it is rounded
on the top, and contains the date 1664, with the monogram of Elizabeth

FIG. 1465. Hatton House.

SUNDIALS

359

SUNDIALS

(Lauder), wife of Charles Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale, the proprietor and
builder of the greater part of Hatton House. Another dial (Fig. 1465)
occurs on the west wall of the building ; its face does not coincide with
the face of the wall, being slightly canted northwards. It rests on a

" \AN NO/

Fio. 146(5. Ilalton House Gateway.

moulded bracket, and is finished square on the top, having an incised
scroll-line enclosing the same monogram as the last dial, with the date
1675.

Hatton House Gateway (see Vol. in. p. 274). The fourth of the dials
at Hatton (Fig. 1466) is placed over an arched gateway leading from

SUNDIALS

360

SUNDIALS

Fio. 1467. St. Boswells.

the public road to the grounds. Over the keystone of the arch, on the
face opposite the dial, is the inscription ANNO DOM 1692, and alongside in
modern figures the date 1829. The latter date probably refers to a
re-erection of the gateway in its present posi-
tion, and to the building of two inferior side
archways for foot passengers. At least it may
be inferred that the dial is not in its original
position, as it now faces the north.

St. Boswells.A dial (Fig. 1467) canted from
the face of the wall of the house front. It is
dated 1731, and bears the initials J.A.

Balcomie Castle, Fifeshire (see Vol. II. p. 358).
This is a very modest dial, hardly seen beside
the rich heraldic carving which fills the three

adjoining panels. Like the dial last considered, it is over the entrance
gateway. The initials on it are those of John Learmonth of Balcomie, and
his wife, Elizabeth Myreton of Randerston, whose arms occupy the panels.
On the frieze above the panels is the inscrip-
tion (EXCEPT) THE LORD BVLD THE HOUSE

THEY LABOVK IN VAINE THAT BUILD IT. The

date of the gateway, which faces the south,
is 1660.

Aberdour Castle, Fifeshire (see Vol. II.
p. 468). This quaint dial (Fig. 1468) is
placed in a kind of niche formed on a pro-
jecting corner of the castle ; it cuts diagon-
ally across the corner, and faces in a south-
west direction. Over one of the windows in
this part of the castle are the initials of
William, Earl of Morton, who built it be-
tween the years 1606 and 1648, the year of
his death. Since the sketch of this dial was
made, it has been pointed out that on the
upper corners it contains the initials of
William, Earl of Morton, and Anne, Coun-
tess of Morton, with the date beneath
1635. These are all faintly cut, and easily
escape observation.

Fountainhall, East Lothian (see Vol. n.
p. 550). This charming old mansion has a
dial (Fig. 1469) on the south-west corner,

treated in a manner similar to the dial on Hatton House. Fountainhall
is a seventeenth century building, and the supporting stone seems to be
part of the original structure, but the dial itself is evidently of later

FIG. 1468. Aberdour Castle.

SUNDIALS

361

SUNDIALS

FIG. 1469. Fountainhall.

workmanship, and is believed to have been
put up by Sir Andrew Lauder about the
end of last century. The dial faces due
south, and is accurate as a timekeeper.

Dunnikier House, Fifes/tire (see p. 35).
The dial on this house is similar to the one
just described. The house faces the road, on
the top of the hill at the east end of Kirk-
caldy, and is dated 1692.

)'<irr<r Kirk, Selkirkshire. The sketch
of this dial (Fig. 1470) is taken from the
Reminiscences of Yarrow, p. 166.* It con-
tains the motto WATCH AND PRAY TYMK is

SHORT, with the initials I.F.M. The maker's

1(540.

name is concealed in the monogram, B.M.

FECIT.

Cortacky Church, Forfarshire. The dial
here (Fig. 1471) is surrounded with an orna-

mental frame in the convoluted style of the
seventeenth century. On either side of the frame
are the initials K.C., which probably mean either
Kortachy Church or Kirk of Cortachy ; on the
lower side the motto UT HORA FVGIT VITA, and on

Fn;. 1170. --Yarrow Kirk.

the top the date 1675. The gnomon
is tixed in the centre of a figure of
the sun. This sketch is made from
a rubbing kindly made for us by
Mr. (Jforgc Mi In, architect.

PeffermiH Ifmixc, Midlotlt'xi n
(see Vol. ii. p. 167). There are
three dials on this house, all of
the same design (Fig. 1472). They
have a considerable resemblance to
those of Heriot's Hospital, to be
hereafter described ; and as the

* Messrs. William Blackwood & Sons,
publishers, to whom we are indebted for
permission to copy it here.

FIG. 1471. -Cortachy Church.

SUNDIALS

362

SUNDIALS

FIQ. 1472.
Peffermill House.

house is contemporaneous with Heriot's, being dated 1636, and only two
miles distant from it, the dials may be the work of the same designer.

Monkton House, near Inveresk, Midlothian (see Vol. iv.

p. 183). There is a plain dial on the west wall of this

house, which probably dates from about the beginning of
last century.

Northjield, Preston, East Lothian (see Vol. n. p. 183).
This dial (Fig. 1473) is lying on a rock-work in the
garden at Northfield. It has a rounded top, with the
date 1647, and the initials G.M. M.R. These connect
it with Northfield, which was built by proprietors called
Marjoribanks.

Pinkie House, Midlothian (see Vol. n. p. 392). There
are three dials here. The one now referred to is a plain
example; it is placed over the ground floor windows of
the oriel on the south side of the house, and dates from
early in the seventeenth century.

Inveresk House, Midlothian. A plain weather-worn dial is built in the
east front of this house, which was formerly the parsonage of Inveresk.
Over the doorway, in a carved tympanum, is the monogram composed of
the letters O.C.M.R., with the date 1643, and the motto NEMO NISI
VERITATIS ET PACis STUDiosvs INTRABIT ("Let none enter who is not
studious of peace and truth"). Inveresk House is supposed to have
been built by Oliver Coult, to whom and to other members of the family
there is a monument in the neighbouring church-
yard, from which we find that he was minister of the
parish from 1651 to 1679. Oliver and his predecessor,
Adam Coult, were buried within the grounds of this
house.

Inveresk Churchyard, Midlothian. There are two
dials here, lying loosely against the walls of the
church. One of them (Fig. 1474) is of very great
interest, as it bears the inscription ARCHIBALDI

HANDASYDE PISCATORII FECIT MDCCXXXV., with the

motto sic TRANSIT GLORIA MUNDI. Piscatorii is a

classical form of the name of the neighbouring village of Fisherrow, where
Handasyde lived at that time. He was fond of classical names, and, as
we shall see further on, he invented the name of " Conchi Polensis " for
the town of Musselburgh when he lived there. Handasyde was evidently
a regular dial maker, and probably made the plain dial lying beside
the above one (Fig. 1475), and also the dial at Cramond House, one of
the finest and most elaborate we possess, as well as a horizontal dial at
Portobello, and one at Nisbet (all of which are afterwards described) ; and
his influence, if not his handiwork, is visible on the fine dial at Cadder.

FIG. 1473.
Northfield, Preston.

SUNDIALS

363

SUNDIALS

The chief dial at Inveresk has a rounded moulding on the edge, and is,
scientifically speaking, of complicated construction ; the gnomon is open,

=== =*=

FIG. 1474. Inveresk Churchyard.

FIG. 1475. Inveresk Churchyard.

and made of hammered iron, with a slight artistic touch in the centre.
The companion dial has a similar moulding round its sides, and has also
a wrought-iron open gnomon. ..a

Preston Lodge, Cupar-Fife
(see Vol. iv. p. 358). There
are three plain dials on this
interesting mansion - house,
situated in the Bonnygate.
A stone built into the wall
contains the motto SAT CITO
si SAT BENE, along with a
merchant's mark, and the
date 1623.

Melrose Abbey. On the
face of the buttress of the
south transept, at the west
side of the doorway, the lines
and figures of a dial have
been cut, with the date 1661
(Fig. 1476). This dial lias
been merely carved on the
face of an existing stone.

Linlithgoiv Church. A
dial similar te> the foregoing
has been cut on the south
porch of this church, on the

FIG. 1476. Melrose Abbey.

SUNDIALS

364

SUNDIALS

west side of the doorway. It is seen in the View, Fig. 6, p. 38 of Vol. in.,
but it is so very small and inconspicuous as hardly to attract attention.
It has no date, but being of the same construction as the one at Melrose,
it is doubtless of the seventeenth century.

FIG. 1477. Borthwick Church.

Fio. 1478. Prestonpans.

Borthwick Church, Midlothian.
This neat dial (Fig. 1477), dated 1707,
is inserted in the south-west corner of
the south porch or transept of the
church, which probably dates from
the fifteenth century.

Prestonpans, East Lothian (see
p. 51). There are a number of dials
in this village, and several which once
existed have been lost or destroyed.
]YIany of the houses on which they
appear belonged to masons. The
westmost dial in the village is on a
house which belonged to one Petti-
crew, a mason ; and the next dial,
going eastwards, is likewise 011 a
mason's house. Fig. 1478 shows the
position of the latter on the corner
of the house, as well as an enlarged
sketch of the dial, which is a circular

SUNDIALS

365

SUNDIALS

one inscribed on a square stone. In the upper corners
then- is ;i representation of the sun and moon, with the
initials of John llowison, and his wife, Agnes Wood,
with the date 1 7:M). Round the top is an ornamental
scroll containing the masons 1 arms, a chevron between
three castles. Immediately above the dial, on the skew-
stone of the gable, there is sculptured a right hand
holding a mallet, and striking a chisel held in the left
hand.

Torryburn, Fifeshire. This is a plainer rendering
(Fig. 1479) of the same design as that just shown

Fi<;. HSO.- West Kirk.

SUNDIALS

366

SUNDIALS

from Prestonpans. On the adjoining window are the initials seen on the
figure, and the date 1705.

West Kirk, Edinburgh. This finely-cut dial (Fig. 1480) is placed on
the west face of the steeple, and in design is not unlike those in Inveresk
Churchyard. It has a bead and hollow moulding round its four sides, and
has an open iron gnomon; above is the motto VIVITK FUGIO, with the
date 1774. The dial and its frame appear to be made of stones from
different quarries. The builder and supposed designer of the church was
a Mr. Weir. The upper part of the tower and the spire shown in the
sketch were added in 1787, and are the work of a Mr. Stein.

Aberdeen Town-House. The town-house of Aberdeen was erected in
1730, and on the front of it there was a plain metal dial (Fig. 1481) which

UT UM13RA SIC FUGIT VITA

FIG. 1481. Aberdeen Town-House.

FIG. 1482. Stirling.

was transferred to the new building when the old one was taken down
about twenty years ago. The gilt gnomon issues from a radiant sun, and
is of wrought-iron, ornamented as shown on sketch. Along the top of
the dial is the motto UT UMBRA sic FUGIT VITA.
We are indebted for a sketch and photograph
of this dial to Mr. John Morgan of Rubislaw
House.

Stirling. Fig. 1482 is a dial with a nicely
carved border from a seventeenth century house
on the north side of the main street. It is set
off with some gilding, and is evidently regarded
with pride by its owner.

Barrochan House, Renfrewshire (see Vol. iv.
p. 380). Fig. 1483 is a plain example, dated
1689.

Dargavel, Renfrewshire. This house, situated
about a mile from Barrochan, has a neat dial on
one of its round towers. It is dated 1670, and
is illustrated in Vol. iv. pp. 22, 23.

FIG. 1483.
Barrochan House.

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367

SUNDIALS

Orniiston, East Lothian. This simple dial (Fig. 1484), supported on a
moulded bracket, is placed below the eaves of a two-storied house in the
village. It bears the date 1736.

FlG.

FIG. 1485. Lue-ton.

i, /W/,v ////. There is a dial here, placed over one of the
Hum- windows of a house overlooking the Esk (Fig. 1485). It is
plate, and contains the initials W.B.,
and the dat<- 17 15. The panel with
the pediment enclosing the plate are
of stone, and date from early in this
century.

Ln<inli>'fid, MlillntJilnti. A similar
dial (Fig. 1486) is placed on the west
front of a house in this village, near
Dalkeith.

Canonyate Tolbooth, Edinburgh (see
p. 104). There is a very weather-worn
dial on the south front of the tower of
this building. The date of the tol-
booth is 1591, but the dial has the
appearance of having been inserted at
some later time. FIG. I486.- Loanhead.

second-
a metal

__:-, j

SUNDIALS

_ 368

SUNDIALS

2. DIALS WITH Two FACES ON ANGLES OF BUILDINGS.

John Knox's House, Edinburgh (see Vol. iv. p. 431). On the south-
west projecting corner of this house there is a remarkable piece of
sculpture, containing a dial which does not appear to have been hitherto
recognised. It contains a figure, very skilfully twisted round the corner
of the house, representing Moses kneeling on the top of a mount pointing
with his right hand to a figure overhead of the sun in glory, on which
is carved, in Greek, Latin, and English, the name of God. The sun's
rays are represented as flames of fire. The left arm of Moses is bent
backwards, and the hand rests on one of the tables of the law. Beneath

FIG. 1487. -Philipstoun House.

FIG. 1488. Lethington Castle.

are two square empty panels supported on a bracket, representing flames
of fire. These two empty panels were intended for dials facing south
and west, as shown in the illustration.

Philipstoun House, Linlithgowshire. There are six angle dials on this
house. These, simple as they are (Fig. 1487), give a life and character
to the building. The date 1676 is carved over one of the windows, and
on another part are the initials I.D. F.D. The Dundases of Philipstoun
are a branch of the neighbouring house of Dundas.

Lethington Castle, Haddingtonshire (see Vol. in. p. 256). On the
south-east corner of the latest part of the castle may be seen the dial

SUNDIALS

369

SUNDIALS

shown in Fig. 1488. The date (1644) shows that this portion of the
building was erected after Lethington passed from the Maitlands into
the possession of the ancestors of the present proprietor, Lord Blantyre.

Prestonpant, East Lothian. Eastwards from Howison's Cottage,
already noticed, there is a house called Galla Bank, which has four

Fio. 1489. Prestonpans.

Fio. 1490.- Prestonpans.

sundials, two on the south-west corner (Fig. 1489) and two on the
south-east corner (Fig. 1490). One of the latter viz., the one facing
the east is peculiar; the surface is sunk,

and the gnomon or stile is

formed by a portion of the

stone being left. Sinkings of

various forms are of common

occurrence on detached dials,

but are rare on attached dials.

Examples, however, will be

noted at Makerstoun, New-
stead, Elie, and East Calder.

Neither the date of this house

nor the builder's name has

been ascertained. Still further
i-ast \vards, at the head of Low's Wynd, another

south-west corner contains two dinU ; and within living memory a dial
stood on a battlenu-ntrd wall at the foot of the wynd overlooking the sea.
v, 2 A

Ftc. 1491.
LiiiH'kilns.

FIG. 1492. Culcreuch Mill.

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370

SUNDIALS

Limekilns, Fifeshire. On the south-east corner of a house here
there is a similar dial bearing the date 1682 (Fig. 1491), and another
on Culcreuch Mill, Stirlingshire (Fig. 1492).

FIG. 1493. Invernethy House.

Ormiston, East Lothian. Two dials, almost the same in design as
those at Galla Bank, Prestonpans, occur on the south-east corner of a
house near the west end of the village.

Cockburn House, Midlothian. On this house (illustrated on page 251)
there are three dials one single-faced dial to the south, and a double-
faced dial on the north-east corner, rather an unusual position ; the date
of the house is 1672.

Invernethy House, . Abernethy, Perthshire. For this dial (Fig. 1493)

SUNDIALS

371

SUNDIALS

we are indebted to Dr. Laing. There is a
opposite corner of the house. They are
somewhat similar to the Newstead dials.

Liberton House, Midlothian (see p. 315).
On the south-west corner of this house,
the ancient mansion of the Littles of Liber-
ton and Craigmillar, there is a fine angle
dial (Fig. 1494), round the top of which
is the motto AS THI; .SVNK HVNES so DEATH
COMES. Above the dial the corner is
rounded and enclosed with a carved scroll
containing the arms of Little (a saltire
with an inescutcheon) betwixt the initials
of William Little and the date 1683.

Inverkip Castle, Renfrewshire (see Vol. i.
p. 296). This double-faced dial (Fig. 1495)
is lying on the floor of the hall of the
castle ; it is dated 1699. There is another
dial here, built into the south-east corner
of the castle ; if it is coeval with the castle,
it must be one of the oldest of our sundials.

similar dial on the diagonally

FK;. 1495. Inverkip Castle.

Fio. 1494. Liberton House.

Nisbet Farm, Pencaitland,
Haddingtonshire. This dial
(Fig. 1496) is believed to
have been made by Archi-
bald Handasyde (above men-
tioned, p. 362). It stands
on a rockery in the garden.
The farm of Nisbet is now,
and has been for some gener-
ations, in the tenancy of a
family of the name of Handa-
syde, probably descendants of
the maker of the dials at In-
veresk Church and Cramond
House. Each face measures
10 inches square by 11 \
inches high. The total height
of the dial is 20 inches. (For
further remarks on this dial
see the next following.)

Ormiston Manse, Hadding-
t mi shire. The dial here (Fig.
1497) stands on the top of the

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372

SUNDIALS

garden wall, but, as appears from an inscription on it, DKDICAT TO THIS
CHAPEL BE THK (PARISHIONERS?), it is obviously not in its original position,
but probably stood on one of the corners of the old church of Ormiston,
to which it was gifted. The reading of the end of the inscription is
very obscure. We have suggested the "parishioners," but are not at all
confident of this, especially as it also contains beneath the initials J.C.,

FIG. 1496. Nisbet Farm.

probably some member of the Cockburn family, who would not likely
place his private initials on a public gift. It further bears the date 1719.
We think it not improbable that this dial and the one just described
at Nisbet (about three miles distant) were made by the same hand, and
the date is just the period of Handasyde's activity. Both have occupied
positions at the angle of a building ; the lettering and surrounding double

SUNDIALS

373

SUNDIALS

lines, with markings for the half-hours, correspond, and in the latter
respect agree with the large signed dial at Inveresk Church.

f l ^-

FIG. 1497. Ormiston Manse.

Prestonpans Church, Midlothian (see p. 171). On the south-west
corner of one of the south aisles of this picturesque church there was

FIG. 1498. Prestonpans Church.

FIG. 1499. House in Bathgate.

SUNDIALS

374

SUNDIALS

a projecting angle dial (Fig. 1498). The aisle has been taken down since
the sketch was made. The Old Statistical Account says that this church,
with the exception of the steeple, which is
much older, was rebuilt in 1774. A dial in a
similar position occupies the south-west corner
of a house in Bathgate (Fig. 1499). It is
dated 1704, but the house is probably older.

Silvermills, Edinburgh. On the south-west
corner of a quaint old house in the lane behind
St. Stephen's Church an angle dial projects on
a rounded corbel (Fig. 1500). The dial finishes
above with an ogee moulding reaching up nearly
to the ornamental skew-stone. A similar skew-
stone on the opposite side of the building bears
the date 1714.

Glencorse Church, Midlothian (see p. 166).
On the south-west corner of this abandoned
church there is a very simple dial of this type.
The date on the Woodhouselee aisle of the
church is 1699.

Pencaitland Church (see p. 168). There
are five dials on this church. Three are placed
on the three faces of the south-west buttress,
one on the east gable, and one at the top of
the tower.

FIG. 1500. -Silvermills.

3. DIALS WITH Two OR MORE FACES PROJECTED ON CORBELS.

Heriot's Hospital (see Vol. iv. p. 138). Perhaps the finest specimens
of attached dials in Scotland are to be seen on this building. There are
eleven of them, eight being on the outside walls and three facing the
courtyard. They are all of the same general form. Figs. 1501, 1502,
1503, and 1504 represent those of the courtyard. Those on the outer
fronts are similar to the above, and they all differ from each other chiefly
in their supporting brackets. One has this feature rounded, as shown by
Fig. 1504. Others have brackets, consisting of cupids' heads with wings,
similar to Figs. 1501 and 1503, and to the dials at Peffermill. Others have
demons' heads, with wings similarly disposed ; and one on the east side
(Fig. 1505) rests on what appears to be intended for an elephant's head.

These dials seem to have been made by William Aytoun, who succeeded
William Wallace as architect and superintendent of the hospital buildings
in 1631-32. In the contract between Heriot's Trustees and Aytoun.* the
* Life of George Heriot, p. 68.

SUNDIALS

375

SUNDIALS

latter was bound ''to m;ik and carve his Majesties portratt or any other
portrait he beis requyrit to mak in that wark ; and to mak all sort of
dyallis as sal be fund fitting for samyn."

FIG. 1501. Heriut's Hospital.

FIG. 1502. Heriot's Hospital.

There ought to be another dial at Heriot's Hospital, but it seems to
have disappeared. In 1679 "Mr. Alexander Burton, laitly arie of the
doctors of the High School, had gifted freely to the hospital a dial for
the hospital garden, which he is to put up at his own expense." "*
* Life of George Heriot, p. 101.

SUNDIALS

376

SUNDIALS

Dials are very liable to get broken, and during repairs and alterations
they are apt to disappear ; while coveting and taking away a neighbour's

FIG. 1503. Heriot's Hospital.

FIG. 1505. Heriot's Hospital.

FIG. 1504. Heriot's Hospital.

dial is not an unknown offence, as we
find from Scott's History of Berwick,
p. 306, that " Johne Orde the younger "
was charged "for taking away the dyall
that was at the Newgate, which is now
standing in his garden. As also the
same hath taken away the sone dyall
that Thomas Smith sett up on the
church wall which was a benefit to all
persons that came that way."

While on this subject we may men-
tion that the dial on G lasgow Cathedral,
referred to by Miss Gatty, is not there
now.

Innes House, Morayshire (see Vol. II.
p. 202). There are numerous dials
on this house, which is one of great
interest, as it is known, from an ac-
count of the building kept by the laird,
to have been designed by "William
Aytoun, maister massoun at Heriott
his work." As might be expected, the
dials here resemble those on Heriot's
Hospital.

SUNDIALS

377

SUNDIALS

Alton, Clnckinannanshire. Tins very fine dial* (Fig. 1506) occurs on
the front wall of ;i house in the Kirkgate, Alloa. The supporting bracket
is quite different from those at Heriot's, and so is the ornament along the

Fio. 1506. Alloa.

top. A shield beneath, surrounded with a nicely-carved wreath, bears the
date 1695, with the initials of Tobias Baak, or Bachup, and his wife,
* We are indebted for a large photograph of this dial to Mr. Adam Frame,
architect, Alloa.

SUNDIALS

378

SUNDIALS

Margaret Lindsay. He was a mason in Alloa, and built the handsome
house, on which the dial occurs, for himself.*

FIG. 1507. South Queensferry.

In 1680 extensive repairs, almost amounting to rebuilding of the old
kirk and steeple at Alloa, were carried out by order of the Archbishop
of St. Andrews. " Sworn craftsmen " reported on the condition of the
building, and undertook the work that was needed. A note of the

* Northern Notes and Queries, June 1889 and March 1891 ; also footnote .in
Macdowall's History of Dumfries.

SUNDIALS

379

SUNDIALS

materials required as to the stonework, "conform to the measson's report,"
is signed "T. Buchanan, Tobias Baak."*

Fio. 1508. Fishenow.

FIG. 1509. Bonally Gi

The Kirkgate was at one time the principal street in Alloa, being in
the direct route between Stirling and Dunfonnline, and doubtless this
dial was of considerable importance to travellers two centuries ago.

The dial from South Queensferry, LinlitJtyowshire (Fig. 1507), is built
into a chimney-stack on the south side of a house near the east end of the
village. It has had rough usage, and the ledge projecting at the base has
been broken as indicated. The dial is about level with the road behind
the house, and is not visible from the street ; it is doubtless of the same
age as the Heriot's Hospital examples.

The dial from FisJierrotr, Midlothian (Fig.
1508) is somewhat similar, but plainer; while
the one from the garden of Jl<> it <>////, Midlothian
(Fig. 1509), instead of having the cherub's head
as a supporter, has it as an ornament on the
top of the dial stone. That from Bonally is a
well-executed work, and contains the unknown
initials, A.M C M.Y., and the date 1743. It
is now, with other carved stones, lying in the
garden, but was probably meant to be set up on
a house. An example of the same kind from
Torryburn, Fifeshire (Fig. 1510), is recessed in
a square niche.

Jedburgh, Roxburghshire. This is a peculiar
dial (Fig. 1511); it is wedge-shaped in the lower part so as to form a
double dial like those of Heriot's Hospital, and above this there are two

* This master mason was engaged as architect and contractor at Dumfries Town
Hall (see p. 127), and also executed some of the work at Kinross House, as pointed
out further on.

FII;. I'llO. Torrylmrn.

SUNDIALS

380

SUNDIALS

cup-shaped dials on a surface parallel with the wall of the house on which
it stands. The dial is in rather a dilapidated condition ; it is undated,

but has the remains of a riband in
high relief bearing the words FUMIT

CUNCTUS NOVANTIIUS.

Canon-mills, Edinburgh. A dial
here is projected on a rough corbel from
the south wall of one of the old mills.
Newstead, near Melrose. There are
numerous dials in this village, a fact
which is accounted for from the cir-
cumstance of Newstead having been
the home of many first-class working
masons, who had the taste to set up
dials on their own houses. Fig. 1512
is supported on a vigorously -carved
bracket; it is dated 1683, and has the
initials W.M. and L.M., standing for
the surname of Mein. Figs. 1513 and
1514 are dated 1751 and 1754 respec-
tively. The latter contains the initials
J.B., signifying J. Bunyan, Mein and

Bunyan being both old mason-names in Newstead. Fig. 1515 is identical
in design with the last mentioned, and is situated over an archway.
Figs. 1516 and 1517* have each three faces; the former is dated 1777,

FIG. 1511. Jedburgh.

iw.

PIG. 1512. Newstead.

FIG. 1513. Newstead.

FIG. 1514. Newstead.

and the latter, without a date, is remarkable from having on one side a
sloping semi-cylindrical dial. This is the simplest form we have observed
of this feature, which, as we shall afterwards see, is a conspicuous one
on certain of the detached dials.

* Fig. 1517 is from a sketch by Mr. Anderson.

SUNDIALS

381

SUNDIALS

3 f el rose. This dial (Fig. 1518) is placed on the corner of a house near
the Market Cross ; it bears the date 162 .

Fio. 1515. Newstead.

Fio. 1516. Newstead.

FIG. 1517. Newstead.

The dial at Limekilns in Fife (Fig. 1519) may be classed with those
from the Mel rose district.

FIG. 1518. Melrose.

FIG. 1519. Limekilns.

VIVE- MEMOR
HOKA

FIG. 1520. Makerston.

Makerston, near Kelso. This is the dial (Fig. 1520) already referred
to in the description of that at Prestonpans (Fig. 1490). It is peculiar
in having a hollow cup on one face, the other two faces being of the
ordinary kind. The following motto is on the cup-faced side : VIVE
MKMOR LETIII FUGIT HOKA. Makerston House was destroyed by Hert-

SUNDIALS

382

SUNDIALS

ford in 1545, and it is believed to have been rebuilt (says Jeffrey in
liis History of Roxburghshire) in 1590; but the dial is probably of a
later age.

In connection with the two
foregoing dials of Newstead and
Makerston, this is perhaps the
proper place to introduce the
two very remarkable dials which
are found on the churches of
Cockburnspath and Oldham-
stocks, situated about two miles
apart, and a dial at Seton
Palace.

Cockburnspath and Oldham-
stocks, Berwickshire. These are
sloping dials, and, so far as our
observation goes, they are unique
amongst attached dials, which
are all upright; and as these
two dials probably date from
early in the sixteenth century,
they may be regarded as the
forerunners of the "lectern"
dials, to be considered under a
separate head.

The dial at Cockburnspath
(Figs. 1521 and 1522) forms the
terminal of the angle buttress
at the south-west corner of the
church ; its face leans forward,
and the sides are splayed away ;
the upper surface slopes back-
wards to the skew of the gable,
and is hollowed like a half cylin-
der. A singular piece of stone
sticks out like the stump of an
amputated arm from the west
side. Whether this was meant
FIG. 1521. Cockburnspath. to tell the time by its shadow on

the gable cannot be determined,

as the wall is "harled" over. The west end of this church, including the
buttress and the singular round tower (Fig. 1522), as well as the east end,
probably date from about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and
without doubt the dial is a part of the original structure.

SUNDIALS

383 -

SUNDIALS

The Oldhamstocks dial
(Fig. 1523) is placed on the
south wall of the church at
the west corner ; it leans
forward, and has the top
hollowed like a cylinder. Its
procliuing face having been
cut out of a square stone,
sufficient material has been
left to form a gnomon, which
is moulded like a Gothic rib.
The face of the gnomon lias
itself formed a dial. Stone
gnomons are of frequent oc-
currence on unattached dials,
but are rare in those of this
class. We have already noted
on<> (but of a different form)
at Prestonpans (Fig. 1490).
The stone is notched out and
sj .laved away on each side,

FI-I. 1 'I 1 :;, oidhainstocks.

Fro. 1522. Cockburnspath. View from South-West.

and has dials on the
splays. Above each
splay a portion of the
stone is left square
like horns at each side
of the dial face ; these
horns act as gnomons
in the same manner as
the similar horns on
the unattached dial at
Woodhouselee (Fig.
424). Cockburnspath
and Oldhamstocks
churches seem to be
both of the same date.
Oldhamstocks has
a square projecting
tower-like belfry in
the centre of the west
end, the position occu-
pied by the round
tower at Cockburns-
path. It has a chancel

SUNDIALS

384

SUNDIALS

with an east window filled with rude flowing tracery. Alongside this
window there is an inserted stone with arms, and the date 1581, "prob-
ably," writes the Rev. Mr. Hutton, " the date of the death of Margaret

FIG. 1524. Seton Palace.

FIG. 1525. Seton Palace.

Sinclair, wife of Thomas Hepburn, incumbent of Oldhamstocks." Without
doubt the chancel is earlier than this date, and it is almost equally certain
that the west gable is also earlier.

The body of the church was partly rebuilt and repaired in 1701, that
date being over the doorway in the south wall. Now, this is too late a

date for the angle buttress at Cock-
burnspath, where buttress and dial
are part of the original structure ;
and as there can be no doubt but
that both dials are contemporaneous,
the date 1701 is out of court alto-
gether, and we have to fall back on
some date previous to 1581 as the
period of these dials. They measure
horizontally about 20 inches in
breadth.

Seton Palace. This dial, of the
same type as the two last mentioned,
has not been so well preserved. It
stands on a bastion tower, built at
an angle formed by the walls of the old garden of Seton Palace (see
Vol. iv. p. 187). Fig. 1525 shows the dial at the top of the tower as seen
from the outside. The tower is probably about 10 feet high. Fig. 1524

FIG. 1526. Seton Palace.

SUNDIALS

385

SUNDIALS

shows it more in detail. There have been cylinders on the upper sloping

surface, but they have been smashed and

broken so as hardly to be recognisable.

On the flat top of the stone there is a

horizontal dial seen from the inside of

the bastion by ascending a stair. It is

shown by Fig. 1526.

Ai/uhfarkauae C/t iircJi, Forfarshire.
This very interesting Gothic church has
two dials one, perfectly plain, on the
south-east corner of the chancel j the
other, on the gable (Fig. 1527), may
appropriately be introduced here. It
consists of a semi-cylinder sunk into the
stone with a triangular hollow on each
side. On the same gable occurs the
stone shown with the date 1630.

FIG. 1527. Auchterhouse Church.

4. TERMINAL DIALS, OR DIALS FORMING THE TERMINATION OF A GABLE,
BUTTRESS, SKEW, OR OTHER PORTION OF A BUILDING.

Dials are frequently used as strictly architectural features, altogether
irrespective of their use in noting the hours, and this is especially the
case with those which come under this head. They frequently occur

FIG. 1528. -Water of Leith.

FIG. 1529. Belmont.

on the apex of gables, as at the village of the Water of Leith (Fig. 1528),
where the dial crowns a building belonging to the bakers' craft, whose
arms and insignia shown on the sketch are carved on the wall (see
Vol. iv. p. 485).

v. 2 B

SUNDIALS

386

SUNDIALS

Fig. 1529 is a handsome specimen from the apex of a gable at Belmont,
near Corstorphine, and Figs. 1530 and 1531 are from gables of old houses

FIG. 1530. Haddington.

They form the finials of
the buttresses ; but they
are not coeval with the
buttresses and church, the
latter being founded in
1429, while the dials are
undoubtedly later.

St. Giles', Edinburgh. In
a view of this church, painted
in 1790, and now in the posses-
sion of the Town Council,
there is a large dial, sur-
mounted by a cross, shown
on the apex of the gable of
the Chepman aisle.

Ay ton Church, Berwick-
shire. In Carr's History of
Coldingham Priory, p. 128,
there is a view of Ayton
Church, on which a dial is
shown, occupying the same
position as the one at Chirn-
side, shown at p. 390.

FIG. 1531. Haddington.

at Haddington. Similar ex-
amples of dials occur on the
offices at Bredisholm, near
Glasgow.

Corstorphine Church, Mid-
lothian (see Vol. in. p. 29).
There are seven dials on
this church, all similar to
the one shown in Fig. 1532.

FIG. 1532. Corstorphine Church.

SUNDIALS

387

SUNDIALS

ffawick, Roxburghshire. On the 25th of December 1888 a sundial
was found built into one of the grates in the house of Mr. Francis Scott,
26 High Street, Hawick, who kindly sent us a sketch of the dial. It
is a square block of stone with two face dials ; the third side contains
indistinct lettering, and on the fourth side there is the date, in clear large
letters, 1683. On the upper and lower surfaces there is a hole as if for a
dowel. In the newspaper report of its discovery considerable importance
is attached to the dial, as it was apparently used by the inhabitants, a
clock not having been introduced till eleven years later, when the tolbooth
was erected.

Peebles. In Chambers's History of Peeblesshire there is a woodcut
showing a dial on the top of a wall over an arched gateway.

West Linton, Peeblesshire. Dials forming terminations at the eaves or
lower ends of gables are of common occurrence, and a good example is
shown from a one-storied cottage at West Linton (Fig. 1533).*

FIG. 1533. West Linton.

* This drawing is copied from a sketch by Mr. C. S. S. Johnstone, architect,
Edinburgh.

SUNDIALS

388

SUNDIALS

Newburgk, Fifeshire. We are indebted for this dial (Fig. 1534) to
Dr. Laing of Newburgh. It originally stood on the old Parish Church,

FIG. 1534. Newburgh.

Fio. 1535. Prestonpans.

FIG. 1536. Clackmannan.

SUNDIALS

389

SUNDIALS

which was taken down in 1830. It bears the date 1725, and now stands
on Lingurth House, Newburgh.

1'restonpans, E*t Lothian (Fig. 1535). This dial is already referred
to (see p. 51) as belonging to one Petticrew, a mason. The date of its
erection has not been ascertained.

FIG. 1537. Suimiicrhall, Kdinlmr^h.

Clackmannan. A very quaint round dial (Fig. 1536) is placed on one
of the crow-steps of an old house in Clackmannan. It is neatly fitted to
its position with a square base and properly prepared side.

A dial (Fig. 1537) resembling the one at Clackmannan may be seen
on one of the old houses at Summerhall, Edinburgh. It probably dates
from about the end of the seventeenth century.

Grangepans, Bo'ness, Linlithgoivshire (see Vol. iv. p. 82). On this fine
old mansion-house there are two dials occupying a similar position to the
one last mentioned. The date on the house is 1564, but the dials are
later. The place they occupy has not been specially prepared for them,
and they do not properly fit their position.

SUNDIALS

390

SUNDIALS

East Calder, Midlothian. This dial (Fig. 1538), on the gable of a
house in the village, is peculiar in having a cup-hollow.

PIG. 1538. East Calder.

FIG. 1539. Aberdeen.

Aberdeen. This dial (Fig. 1539), for which we are indebted to
Mr. Keith, jun., stands on a house in Upper Kirkgate, and occupies a
similar position to the last mentioned.

FIG. 1540.-Chirnside Church.

FIG. 1541. Bladdo Farm, Kinross.

Chimside Church, Berwickshire. The dial here (Fig. 1540) is not
unlike the one above referred to at Prestonpans (Fig. 1535), both in
design and position ; it bears the motto HOC AGE DUM LUMEN ADEST, and
the date 1816 ; but the dial itself is older than the lettering. The church

SUNDIALS

391

SUNDIALS

dat.-s from the Norman period, and some work of that time is still left ; but
it has under-.. IK' many transformations and repairs, and on the north gable
there is a stone inscribed REPAIRED 1705. This
is a much likelier date for the dial than 1816,
the date it bears. Dr. Stuart, Chirnside,
states that there are several old dials in the
village, and that a man named Dunbar was
in old times in the habit of making them.

FIG. 1542. Ejirlsfurry.

^irm, Kinross. -This dial
(Fig. 1541), dated 1775, occupies the
same position as those in Figs. 1537,
1538, and 1540. Bladdo is about two
miles welb from Kinross, adjoining
the highway leading to the Crook of
Devon.

Earl sf err y and Leuchars, Fifeshire.
These dials occupy similar positions.
The first mentioned (Fig. 1542) is neat
and graceful in design ; the second
is commonplace, and termin-
ates with a rudely-carved head
(Fig. 1543). There is a some-
what similar dial on Roxburgh
Church.

Kinross House, l\'mr<>xx-
sJiire. We are indebted to
Mr. David Marshall, F.S.A.
Scot., for the following inter-
esting facts regarding the sun-

Fi<;. 1543 Leuchars.

FIG. 1544. Kinross House.

SUNDIALS

392

SUNDIALS

dials here. John Hamilton, mason, servitor to Mr. James Smith,
overseer of His Majesty's Works, cut the two sundials still standing on
the walls of the office courts to the right and
left of the house between 14th April and 24th
June 1686. Mr. Smith was son-in-law to
Robert Mylne, the king's master mason.
James Anderson, a local mason, hewed the
"basses" for the dials (Fig. 1544).

Pitfirrane, Fifeshire (Fig. 1545). A well-
shaped dial of this century. It forms the
termination of a gate pillar adjoining the
public road at Pitfirrane.

Longside, Aberdeenshire. Over the Lichgate
leading to the old church and churchyard of
Longside there is a dial (illustrated at p. 183)
placed at one end of the cornice, and there was
probably another at the other end. A finial
over the centre of the gateway bears the date
1705, but the gateway appears to be earlier.

FIG. 1545. Pitfirrane.

The church itself
was built in 1620.

Kelly Castle,

Fifeshire. A

sketch is given in
Vol. n. p. 127 of
a square dial at
Kelly Castle, with
an ogee top, which
serves to mark one
of the corners of
the garden wall.

House ofMuir,
Iladdi ng tonshire.
On the quaint
old House of Muir,
near Ormiston,
now used as a
roadside inn, there
is a square block
dial (see p. 67).
It is placed dia-

FIG. 1540. Liberton.

SUNDIALS

393

SUNDIALS

gonally on the gable skew, in a position similar to the dial at Clack-
man nan.

Auchtermucltf;/, Fifeshire (see "Vol. iv.
p. 43). Dial over gateway, dated 1629.

Liberton, Midlothian. This sundial
(Fig. 1546) now occupies a peculiar posi-
tion over a gateway leading through a
small garden to a house on the roadside.
It is supported on an arched bar of iron
thrown between the gate pillars in the
manner shown. The dial is of neat
workmanship, but the finial on top is
not original.

Lessudden House, Roxburghshire.
Two dials (Figs. 1547 and 1548) adorn
the garden walls here. One is dated

FJ<;. 15 iv.- Lessudden House.

Fio. 1548. Lessudden House.

1706, and has the familiar rebus WE
MOST (DIE ALL). The other is dated 1739.

A dial almost similar to the last
stands on the garden wall at Drylaw,
near Edinburgh.

Pollok Castle, Renfrewshire (see Vol. iv.
p. 220, Fig. 793). This is a triangular
sundial, fixed on the cope of a stair balus-
trade, which probably dates from about
1694. Another similarly - shaped dial
(see Vol. iv. p. 223, Fig. 797) occupies a
position on the top of the garden wall.

Cockburnspath, Berwickshire (Fig.
1549). A dial placed over the lintel of
a doorway leading to a garden.

Fountainhall, Midlothian. This sin-
gular juxtaposition of a dial and "jougs"
(Fig. 1550) is to be found on a pigeon-
house at Fountainhall. The old mansion-
house (see Vol. n. p. 550) was the
residence of Lord

Fountainhall (Sir John Lauder), and the tradi-
tion that he held occasional public courts of
justice here is not lessened by the presence of
the "jougs" on one of his pigeon - houses. Only
one gnomon of the dial remains entire ; the stone
faces have scaled off, and it is altogether in a
neglected state ; while the pigeon-house itself has

FIG. 1549.
Cockburnspath.

SUNDIALS

394

SUNDIALS

been allowed to fall into total ruin. This and another pigeon-house
stand about lifty yards south of the mansion-house, the ancient approach
to which passed through between them, so that
the "jougs" and dials were in full view of all
visitors.

fflie, Fifeahire. The " Muckle Yett " (p.37)
was a fine old Scottish house in Elie, which, as
it projected some 10 or 12 feet into the street,
had to be taken down about thirty years ago.
On the projecting part there was an elaborate
doorway which contained a curious terminal
dial, of which a drawing is shown at p. 38.
The dial and doorway are still preserved. The
former unites some of the peculiarities of the
unattached dials with those of its own class,
such as proclining and hollow cup-dials with
upright ones. On the doorway is the date
1682, and the initials of Alexander Gillespie,
and his wife, Christian Small.

Church, Berwick-un-Tweed* This fine dial
(Fig. 1551) forms the termination of the south
aisle wall of the nave, immediately over the
compartment of the third window from the
west end. The face of the dial is of a white

FIG. 1550,-Fountainhaii. stone > and measures about 4 feet 8 inches
square ; the width across, including the frame,

is about 5 feet 10 inches; and the height to the apex of the gablet is
about 8 feet 2 inches. The gnomon is of iron, and projects 2 feet

CHURCH

FIG. 1551. Berwick Parish Church.

FIG. 1552. -Warriston House.

* We are indebted to Mr. W. D. Purves, Berwick, for procuring drawings of this
dial and another on the bridge of Berwick.

SUNDIALS

395

SUNDIALS

4 inches. The church was erected in 1652, and Mr. James Stevenson,
juii., architect, Berwick, to whom we are indebted for drawings of the
dial, is of opinion that it is of the same date.

Wtirrixtnii House, Edinburgh (Fig. 1552). This dial is picturesquely
perched on the cornice of a modern cottage adjoining. Warriston House, and
is probably not older than last century. There is a very good modern
dial of this century in front of the house of a Tudor Gothic design.

5. DIALS ON MARKET AND OTHER CROSSES.

It is not surprising to find that many of the market crosses erected
during the seventeenth century have been adorned with dials ; the senti-
ment peculiar to a dial is well fitted for such a symbolic structure. At
Iiiverkeithing, Airth, Peebles, Doune, Nairn, Leven, Lochgoilhead, Elgin,
and other places, sundials are conspicuous on these crosses.

Jiir> r/.-i'if/ii.ny. This beautiful market cross (Figs. 1553 and 1554) was
illustrated by the late James Drummond, B.S.A., in a paper read before
the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in February 1861 ;
and from the heraldry of the shields on the capital viz.,
those of the Royal and Drummond arms impaled, and of
the Earl of Douglas he connects the cross with Annabella
Drummond, queen of Robert in., and says, " May not this
cross have been a gift of the queen on the occasion of the
marriage of her son, the Duke of Rothesay, with the
daughter of the Earl of Douglas, in 1398, as the heraldry
suggests ? " There is no reason for doubting Mr. Drummoiid's
conclusion, and his suggestion is extremely probable, so far
as regards the cross proper ; but the dial is without doubt

. Inverkeithiog.

Fin. 1554.
luverkeithing.

SUNDIALS

39G

SUNDIALS

FIG. 1555. Airth.

SUNDIALS

397

SUNDIALS

an addition of the seventeenth century. The height from the base of the
pillar to the top of the unicorn is 14 feet 6 inches.

Airtk, Stirliityxliire. This fine market cross (Fig. 1555) stands in the
centre of the village. On the top of the shaft a square architectural
composition, which resembles an old-fashioned eight-day clock, contains
two sundials. Over one of them is the date 1697. On the other two
faces there are first the Elphinstone arms and motto DOE WELL LET
THEM SAY, and above are the initials C.E. On the other face are
quartered the Elphinstone and Bruce arms ; * above are the initials,
probably of Richard Elphinstone, eldest son of Sir Thomas Elphinstone
of Calderhalljt along with his initials are those of his wife, I.E., Jane
Bruce, heiress of the estate of Airth.

Fio. 1556. Peebles.

* \\Y are ol.li^cd to Mr. Small, Stirling, for sketches of these arms.
t Mxbrl, Vol. i. p. 158.

SUNDIALS

FIG. 1557. Elgin.

SUNDIALS

399

SUNDIALS

Peebles. The Peebles cross is an octagonal shaft about 12 feet
high, and is dated 1699 (Fig. 1556). It has an iron vane on the
top, with the open figures 1662. The shaft rose from the top of
an octagonal building about 10 feet high and 12 feet across, in
which Dr. Chambers, in his History of Peeblesskire, says there was
an inside stair which led up to the platform. But in the paper
above referred to Mr. Drummond asserts that there was no stair lead-
ing to the platform. This cross was taken down so as not to obstruct
the traffic (?) on the street of Peebles, and is now in the Chambers
Museum.

Elijin. This sundial (Fig. 1557) surmounts what is known as the
" Little Cross." There is a dial on each of the four faces, and the
north face bears the date 1733. The shaft and steps are supposed to
be much older, and to have been erected at the expense of Alexander,
third son of the Lord of the Isles, about 1402 ; but this date appears to
be extremely doubtful. The steps and shaft are circular on plan. The
height of the former measures 3 feet 8 inches, and to the top of the
capital from the ground 12 feet 4 inches, the total height being about
15 feet.*

Nairn. The dial-cross at Nairn is in a very dilapidated condition,
and is entirely given over to the use of the bill-sticker, behind whose
handiwork it can hardly be recognised. The
top ball is broken away, and the dials and
capital are very much defaced. The height
of the whole structure is about 7 feet
6 inches (Fig. 1558).f

Fetter cairn, Kincardineshire.^. This mar-
ket cross (Fig. 1559) is an octagonal shaft,
surmounted with a capital having a sundial
on its southern face. It bears the coroneted
initials of John, first Earl of Middleton, and
his arms (a lion rampant within a double
tressure flowered and counter-flowered with
fleur-de-luce, all countercharged), and on
the north side is the date 1670. This cross
stood originally in the now decayed village

* We are indebted to Mr. L. Mackintosh,
Elgin, for information regarding and for a sketch
of this dial.

t We are indebted to Mr. William Fowler,
architect, Liberton, for bringing this dial under
our notice.

$ We are indebted to Mr. J. Crabb Watt,
advocate, for procuring a drawing of this cross and
dial.

Fio. 1558. Nairn.

SUNDIALS

400

SUNDIALS

of Kincardine, which lost its prestige by the courts being removed
to Stonehaven in the year 1600. It is probable that the shaft only

FIG. 1559. Fettercairn.

SUNDIALS

401

SUNDIALS

was brought from Kincardine, and that the earl had the present
capital made for it then. On the shaft, as will be seen by the
sketch, there is a representation on one side only of the standard

Scotch ell, 3 feet 1^ inches long. This
cross was noticed by the Queen in the
Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the
HighUvnds.

Galashiels, Selkirkshire. Mr. Anderson,
architect, Galashiels, to whom we are in-
debted for bringing the dial (Fig. 1560)
under our notice, informs us that a few

Fio. 1560. -Galashiels.

;. i :,r,l. Galashit.-ls.

years ago the upper part of this market cross was brought to the ground
by the foolish freak of a young man who climbed to the top and over-
balanced the vane and sundial. They were, it appears, little damaged,

2 c

SUNDIALS

402

SUNDIALS

and the youth escaped with a broken leg. When the cross was sub-
sequently restored (Fig. 1561) it is supposed that the dial was renewed
after the original pattern. The date on the vane is 1695.

FIG. 1562. Pencaitland Wester.

Pencaitland Wester, Haddingtonshire. This market cross (Fig. 1562),
surmounted by a dial, stands in the centre of the village. It is a
good example of its kind, and is doubtless of late seventeenth century
work.

SUNDIALS

403

SUNDIALS

Houston, Renfrewshire. This is a simple village cross (Fig. 1563) with
a square block on the top having dial faces.

l)r;/l> n. rf/h , Roxburghshire.
This dial (Fig. 1564), situ-
ated in the abbey grounds,
is not unlike some of the
market crosses just described,
and more especially the one
at Houston, the dial being
the termination of an octa-
gonal shaft. There are four
faces. The one to the south
(see view) has at the top of
the dial the round face of
tin- sun, with ;i goat above,
and the motto WATCH WEEL.
On the north side, in a posi-
tion corresponding to the sun,
is carved a rude figure, bear-
ing a cross in one hand and
something like a bell in the
other, with the motto above_

FIDUCIA CONSTANTE. On

another face are the Scott

arms, with the initials T.H.,

and on another the Campbell arms first and fourth,
girony ; second and third, a galley, with the initials
J.C.

As regards the conjunction of the Scott and
Campbell arms on this sundial, the only circum-
stance known to us as at all likely to account for
it is that Walter Scott, well known as " Beardie,"
the paternal great-grandfather of Sir Walter,
married, in 1690, Mary Campbell, a niece of the
Blythswood family. But as telling against the
theory that this dial was set up by them we
have to point out that the initials accompanying
the arms on the dial do not correspond with
theirs; they are T.H. and J.C.

FIG. 1563. Houston.

SUNDIALS

404

SUNDIALS

6. HORIZONTAL ATTACHED DIALS.

There are few dials of this kind to be met with in Scotland, while, on
the other hand, horizontal detached dials occur with great frequency.

Ayr. On the parapet of the famous " Auld Brig" of Ayr there is a
horizontal dial (Fig. 1565). The bridge is an ancient structure, and the

FIG. 1565. Ayr, "Auld Brig."

lower bracket-stone of the dial is likewise of an early date ; but the upper
stone and the metal plate and gnomon belong to a later period, and
they probably replace older pieces. The face of the dial is very much
broken.

SUNDIALS

405

SUNDIALS

Crichton, MiiUotli'xnt. At this seventeenth century mansion (see
p. 254) there is ;i dial in a very peculiar position on the sill of one
of the first floor windows (Fig. 1566). It is the
only example known of a dial so placed at the
time of the erection of the house, and forming an
integral part of it.

Berwick Bridge. The dial here, shown by a
plan and elevation (Fig. 1567), is similar to the
one just described at Ayr. It is placed on the
down-stream parapet, in a recess over the first
pier from the Berwick side. The bridge dates
from 1624, and the dial, it is believed, was put

up about the beginning of this century ; but whether it replaced an
older one or was then quite new does not appear to be known.

FIG. 1506. Crich ton.

F-Lt, N/

T-LA.4

1-V;. 1507. Berwick Bridge. Plan and Elevation of Dial.

SUNDIALS

406

SUNDIALS

Melrose, Roxburghshire. This is a dial (Fig. 1568) in a similar
position to that of Crichton. It occurs on a house to the north of the
abbey. The dial is supported on the window sill by a flat iron bracket.

FIG. 1568. Melrose.

FIG. 15(59. Melrose.

Fig. 1569 shows the face of the dial as seen from the room. It bears
the date 1762, and is, we understand, of a date subsequent to the
building of the house. These dials could only be read by those inside
the house.

II. DETACHED DIALS.

The dials to be considered under this head are among the most
important monumental objects bequeathed to the country by the
seventeenth century; and it is only when we come to know how
numerous they are, and how many of them are fine works of artistic
and scientific skill, that we perceive how widespread must have been
the appreciation of the sculptor's art, combined with that of the landscape
gardener, at that time.

As already mentioned, the detached dials are reducible to four
groups, viz. :

1. Obelisk-shaped dials.

2. Lectern-shaped dials.

3. Facet-headed dials.

4. Horizontal dials.

A brief description of the characteristics of these will be given under
their respective headings. As might be expected in a subject such as
this, where the examples are so numerous, a hard and "fast line cannot
always be drawn so as to completely separate the specimens of one class
from those of another class ; but, generally speaking, the distinction we
have drawn between the various classes is perfectly obvious.

SUNDIALS 407 SUNDIALS

1. OBELISK-SHAPED DIALS.

This name, while it fairly describes the appearance of the dials
of this class, has a further fitness from the circumstance that the
Egyptian obelisks are believed, amongst other purposes, to have acted
as gnomons.

The constant parts of these dials are a square shaft, a bulged capital,
and a tapering finial. Where the dial is of the normal type and unaltered,
the shaft is divided on each side into five horizontal spaces by incised
lines, thus presenting twenty compartments. These compartments are
hollowed out with cup-shaped, heart-shaped, triangular, and other sinkings,
which are generally lineated so as to mark the hours, and were without
doubt always meant to be so. The sharp edge of the figure casts the
shadow, which is especially distinct in the angular shapes and at the top
of the heart sinkings, where there is often a certain amount of under-
cutting. Stone gnomons of various forms are frequently left in the cup-
hollows, and metal stiles are to be found in all the dials. Occasionally
some of the spaces are left blank, and on the north side initials, dates,
and arms sometimes occur.

The capital is always bulged out so as to form an octagon in the
centre, with an upright facet on each of the eight sides, having a dial
on each. Above and below each facet over the four sides of the shaft
are sloping facets, with a reclining dial or a proclining dial on each
the former being those dials whose faces slope towards the sky, and the
latter those whose faces slope towards the ground. The eight triangular
pieces formed by the meeting of the square and octagon are cut out, and
most effective shadows, from an artistic point of view, result from this
arrangement, giving an air of dignity to the capital, which is wanting
in the one instance (at Drummond Gardens) where this arrangement is
departed from. The upright facets of the octagonal part have heart-
shaped and cup-shaped sinkings, as in the shaft ; but the proclining and
reclining parts seldom have sinkings. Nor has the tapering finial, although
usually covered with dials, ever any sinkings ; like the shaft, this part is
divided by horizontal incised lines, the number of spaces, for which there
appears to have been no rule, varying according to the height of the finial.

The obelisk-shaped dials are generally set on some kind of base,
consisting either of steps or a pedestal ; the former frequently alternate,
being set square and diagonally as they ascend. The pedestals have a
general resemblance to each other, being frequently ornamented with
representations of the sun and moon in almost identical form as at
Meggatland and Kelburn (Figs. 1572 and 1575).

With this general description of the obelisk-shaped dials, we will now
proceed to the consideration of individual examples.

SUNDIALS

408

SUNDIALS

Barnton House, near Edinburgh. This dial (Fig. 1570) stands on the
east side of Barnton House, and, like another dial at this place, to be
hereafter described, it is set on four steps placed alternately at an angle
of 45 with each other. The upper part, or tapering finial, nearly equals
the shaft in height, their dimensions being 3 feet 9 inches and 4 feet
respectively; the height of the dial is 9 feet 4J inches, and including

the steps it measures 11 feet 10 inches; the
shaft is 10 inches square. It is dated 1692.
(As to the probability of this dial not being
in its original position, see page 480.)

Bonnington House, near Ratho, Mid-
lothian. This dial is situated in the garden
of Bonnington House ; it stands on three
steps placed anglewise (Fig. 1571). The
dimensions of the dial are shaft, 3 feet

FIG. 1570. Barnton House.

FIG. 1571. Bonnington House.

10 J inches high ; the capital, 1 foot 6| inches high ; and the finial about
3 feet 4 inches high ; or 8 feet 9| inches in all, and including the three
steps, 10 feet 2 inches. The width of the capital is 1 foot 7J inches,

SUNDIALS

409

SUNDIALS

and of the shaft 10| inches. The remains of an iron finial are visible
on the top of the finial. Other examples of obelisk dials having this
feature are shown. Like the dial at Barnbougle (Fig. 1573), this one
has on one of the compartments of the north side the Cunnyngham
arms. A shake fork and the presence of three stars seem to indicate
the Cunnynghams of Belton, and on the compartment beneath there is a
lion rampant.

Meggatland, Midlothian. This dial (Fig. 1572) stands in the grounds
of Meggatland House, about one mile west from Merchiston Castle. It

has a square moulded pedestal with four
panels ; in the south, east, and west panels
respectively there are sculptured representa-
tions of the sun, the moon, and a star ; and
on the north panel occur the initials R.B.
and D.H.P. (the last initial is indistinct,
and may be R. or B.) The pedestal is about
34 inches high, and the dial about 7 feet
more, or nearly 10 feet high altogether; the
shaft of the dial is 9J inches square.

FIG. 1572. Meggatland.

FIG. 1573. --Barnbougle Castle

Barnbougle Castle, Linlithgowshire.-When this dial (Fig. 1573) was
sketched it was standing in a garden in front of the cottages

SUNDIALS

410

SUNDIALS

Lang-green, not far distant from Barnbougle Castle, to which place it

was removed a few years ago when the castle was rebuilt. It has a base

a little deeper than is shown by the sketch, the lower part having been

partly concealed. The dial is about 7 feet

2 inches high, and including the base 8 feet

4 inches, with a shaft 10 inches square.

The Mowbrays disposed of Barnbougle in

1615 to the Earl of Haddington, and in

1662 it was purchased by Sir Archibald

Primrose of Carrington (see Vol. iv. p. 379).

On one of the spaces of the shaft, on the north

side, are the Cunnyngham arms, as noted

above in connection with the Bonnington dial.

Kellurn, Ayrshire. These companion
dials (Figs. 1574 and 1575) adorn the gar-
dens which surround the fine old castle of
Kelburn (see Vol. iv. p. 24). They seem
to be in their original positions, and, unlike
the two dials at Newbattle (to be described
further on), they are in no way designed to
balance or harmonise with each other, not
being visible from any point at the same time.
The shafts are set diagonally on a moulded
base. The obelisk (Fig. 1574) of one of these
dials terminates with a wrought-iron vane of
delicate design and workmanship, en-
closing the entwined and coroneted
monogram of the Earl of Glasgow and
his wife, the whole being surmounted
with a Scotch thistle. This is
beautiful piece of wrought-iron work
it was loose and other-
wise worn by time, but
the Earl of Glasgow has
just had it carefully re-
stored. The dimensions
of the dial are height
of shaft, 3 feet 8 inches ;
height of capital, 1 foot

8 inches ; height of FIO. 1574. Kelburn.

finial, 2 feet 5 J indies ;

height of moulded base, 9 inches ; total, 8 feet 6^ inches. The moulded
base is 2 feet 1J inches square, and the breadth of the shaft is 9J inches.

The other dial (Fig. 1575) is generally of the normal type, but certain

SUNDIALS

411

SUNDIALS

deviations therefrom seem to show that it has been altered. The shaft
has only four spaces, and there has been mending done on it, and probably
a space has been lost ; and attention may be drawn to the unusual circum-

Fie. 1575. Ki-llium.

stance that the spaces on each face are not all of one size, in this respect
resembling the dial at Tongue. The curved finial on the top and the
ball termination are no doubt the result of a repair, like the altered finial

SUNDIALS

412

SUNDIALS

at Craigiehall (Fig. 1577). The dial stands angle wise on a pedestal which
resembles somewhat that of the Meggatland dial ; on both there will be
observed similar figures of the sun and moon.

Many of our dials stand on a stone pavement slightly raised above
the grass, often of a circular or octagonal form, and this feature certainly
adds to their dignity and consequence. This dial at Kelburn is superior
to most others in this respect, as it stands in a built stone basin supplied
with running water. The height of this dial and pedestal is about
10 feet.

On Fig. 1574 there is the date 1707, with the initials ^ and L C c
These stand for David Boyle of Kelburn, who was created Lord Boyle
in 1699, and Earl of Glasgow in 1703, and his first wife, Margaret
Lindsay Crawford, daughter of the house of Kilbirnie. The other
dial is undated, but having the same initials,
is probably of about the same age.

Lochgoilhead, Argyleshire. This is a con-
spicuous object in the village, and was
probably a market cross (Fig. 1576). On the
north side, and on the upper space of the
shaft, there are the initials H D ^ ; further down
on a shield are the initials S.C.C., and on the
under space is the date 1626. The dial was
overthrown and broken across the middle of
the shaft by some Glasgow excursionists about
thirty years ago. It was repaired and set up
again, and is now protected by an iron railing.
The drawing is from a photograph made ex-
pressly for the purpose by Mr. John Parker,
C.A., Glasgow.

Craigiehall, near Cramond, Linlitkyowshire.
This dial, which is one of the normal type
(Fig. 1577), has undergone a considerable
transformation. When the mansion-house was
rebuilt about the middle of last century by the
Hon. Charles Hope Yere, second son of the
first Earl of Hopetoun, the dial, which was
:==:= ^--~^///*> probably broken, was set up on a new and
most original base, consisting of a globe about
2 feet 2 inches in diameter, into which the
shaft is fitted, burying the whole of one of
the five spaces. The globe is supported on a
rounded base, and the whole rests on a square
plinth. The upper portion was also renewed,
Fio. 1576.- Lochgoiihead. but not strictly after the old form, a slightly

SUNDIALS

413

SUNDIALS

curved outline without division lines having heen given to it. The

whole of the renewed work is of white sandstone, while the original

dial is of red sandstone. The height

from the ground to top of globe

measures about 4 feet 8 inches,

thence to top of capital about

4 feet 5 inches, and the renewed

top 2 feet 11 inches; total height

is about 12 feet. The width of

the base at the ground is 2 feet

2 inches. The dial stands in the
park, and is protected from the
cattle by an iron railing.

Leven, Fifeshire. This dial (Fig.
1578) is believed on sufficient
evidence to have been the town
cross of Leven. All knowledge of
its existence was lost till, on the
15th January 1889, Mr. James
Anderson of Norton, Leven, ob-
served it broken and built into a
garden wall. He had it taken
out, and found the shaft in two
pieces, with a portion of the centre
lost, as well as the upper portion,
but the capital was entire. The
whoie has now been restored, and
set on three steps, on one of
which is the following inscrip-
tion : LKVEN CROSS, FORMERLY ON
CARI'ENTEK'S BRAE, REMOVED 1767,
RESTORED AND REBUILT BY JAMES
ANDERSON OF NORTON, 1889. It

has been handed over by Mr.

Anderson to the custody of the

trustees of the Greig Institute.

The dial stood on Carpenter's

Brae, and it was taken down to allow the passage of Mr. John

Gibson of Duric's funeral in 1767. After the burning of Durie

House in 1764, Gibson lived in the High Street of Leven. The

height of the upper part as restored is purely conjectural, and the

whole height as it now stands, exclusive of the steps, is 7 feet

3 inches.

Fio. 1577. Craigielmll.

SUNDIALS

414

SUNDIALS

L-EVEN

FIG. 1578. Leven.*
* We have to thank Mr. Andrew Dewar, architect, Leven, for this drawing.

SUNDIALS

415

SUNDIALS

Tongue, ,$'////////,/,/. This obelisk, known as "Lord Reay's " dial
(Fig. 1579), stands in the gardens of Tongue House. Bishop Pocock
thought it worthy of notice when he visited Sutherland* in July 1760.
He says, " In the middle of the kitchen garden is a pillar entirely covered
with dials." Mr. Kemp's note on the pillar is that it is made of " red
sandstone, too soft to resist the action of time and storm, so very few of

FROM

Via. 1570. Tongue.

the old dials are now decipherable." Its total height is 7J feet, the pillar
and main dial-stone being 5 feet, with an obelisk of the same stone, "but
of much newer appearance " (it is newer, having been restored early in
this century), " standing on the top of it. It is covered with dials from
top to bottom, except on the north side of the pillar, which bears the
remains of an earl's coronet, with escutcheon underneath, now blank ;
below that a heart cut in stone, then the date 1714, with a double letter
* See Sutherland Papers, Pocock's Tour, p. 21, Notes by Mr. Daniel William Kemp.

SUNDIALS

416

SUNDIALS

SOUTH FACE

Fia. 1580. Mount Stuart.

SUNDIALS 417

SUNDIALS

R below, and further down a cross or star." The view of this dial is
made from a pen sketch kindly lent by Mr. W. Fowler, architect.

Mount Stuart, Bute. The drawings of this dial (Fig. 1580), which
were kindly lent us by Mr. G. Washington Browne, architect, are so
minute as to render description scarcely necessary. The dial rests on
a pavement of stones taken from the shore. The shaft and the tapering
part of the dial each measure 3 feet 10 inches, the capital is 1 foot
10 inches, and including the pedestal the whole height is 11 feet 4 inches.
The capital of tins dial differs from those of the normal type in this
respect, that the four triangular pieces connecting the octagon with the
square are left in on the upper reclining surfaces, and are only cut out
in the usual manner on the under or proclining surfaces.

SPECIAL VARIKTIES OF OBELISK DIALS.

Tin; obelisk-shaped dials still to be described have each certain varia-
tions from the normal type. These are shown on the sketches, and will
now be described.

Drummond Castle, Perthshire. This dial stands (Fig. 1581) in the
centre of the splendid gardens at Drummond Castle (see Vol. I. p. 285).
Its upper part is considerably higher than the shaft, and the whole dial is
cut into placques which correspond to the spaces of the normal type.
On the shaft only they are enriched with hollow figures, some of which are
new and different from those hitherto met with. The shaft contains four
spaces instead of the usual five in the height, and for the first time we have
a neck-moulding beneath the capital, while the triangular spaces at the
angles of the obelisk are not cut out, thus losing the effective shadows so
conspicuous in the dials of the ordinary type. The dial finishes with a stone
ball having a metal point, while its base consists of a thin spreading mould-
ing. A Latin inscription informs us that it was erected by the second Earl
of Perth in 1G30 ; and from the Dictionary of Architecture we find that it
was made by John Mylne (the third of the name), who was the architect of
extensive additions at Drummond Castle. The dial contains five stanzas
of rhyme in which the hours as sisters descant on the flight of time.*

* Inscription on the dial erected in 1630 in Drummond Castle gardens, translated
by Dr. W. Barrack, Rector of Dollar Academy :

We arc the hours on the ]>ill;ir you K6, We whose robes are red and bright

Marked by the shadows that ever flee, Have our names from the sun's retreating light,

And move with the sun in its course on high, Italians, Bohemians, all are we,

Noting the time passing swiftly by. And the bright red tints of the West you see.

s are we, then why an- we clad \y,, w ] 10 are dark and dusky in hue

In joyful robes, and robes that are sad'.' Mark out the hours on the zodiac blue,

We who have ravs from the sun at morn T,, '1'" I"'"!' 1 '' <><' France alld the P e l' le of S P ain '

Are servants , those in the Kas. who are born, Who live by the side of the weltering main.
Who live in those regions far remote,

Where the Medcs and the Persians round Mabylon (There are two or three lines at bottom of pillar

fought. illegible.)

V. 2 D

SUNDIALS

418

SUNDIALS

Invermay, Perthshire. This dial (Fig. 1582) shows a greater diver-
gence from the normal type than any other known example. In certain
of its details it resembles the dial at Drummond Castle, from which
it is distant about ten miles, and that the design of the one influenced

FIG. 1581. Drummoiid Castle.

FIG. 1582. Invermay.

that of the other there can be little doubt. The placque arrangement
is alike in both ; so are the base and the neck-moulding. The capital
has reclining and proclining dials only, the octagonal centre with its
upright dials being entirely omitted, which gives it a cleft appearance.
The central portion rests on four little rounded balls placed above the
neck-mouldings of the shaft. The finial rests in a similar manner on four

SUNDIALS

419

SUNDIALS

balls set on the top of the capital. Such small rounded balls, forming
raetfl for architectural objects, like feet peeping out beneath a skirt, are
of frequent occurrence in the architecture of the time. They will be
found in connection with the Newbattle and Pinkie dials, and at
Pitivavio and Aberdour they support the whole structure.*

Ball,' n<l< ill <><},, IMfron, Stirlingshire. This dial (Figs. 1583 and 1584)
is of the normal type, except that the octagonal part of the capital is
extremely thin, being reduced to 1J inches, while it is continued round
the cardinal sides as a narrow sinking. The dial rests on three steps,

FK, i:,x::. Ballendalloth. Elevation.

Fir,. 1584. Ballendalloch. View.

the upper one being round. The dimensions of the dial are height of
shaft, 2 feet 10i inches; height of capital, 1 foot 2J inches; height
of top, 2 feet 5 inches ; height of steps, 1 foot 9 inches ; total height,
8 feet 3 inches. The breadth of the shaft is S inches. For a perspec-
tive sketch of this dial we are indebted to Mr. E. Thornton Shiels,
architect, and for its dimensions to Mr. A. H. Cooper, W.S.

* We are indebted to Mr. Andrew Grant of Invermay for fine sketches of the
dials at Drummond Castle and Invermay, made by James M'Laren, a young man on
the latter estate.

SUNDIALS

420

SUNDIALS

Lennox Castle, Stirlingshire. This drawing is made from measure-
ments and sketches by Mr. John B. Ross, land steward at Lennox
Castle. The peculiarities of the dial (Fig. 1585) consist in the shortness
of its shaft, which contains only three sections, being the fewest of

any known example, and in having a bead
moulding beneath and above the capital.
The dial stands on two octagonal steps,
each 5J inches high, with a third step
beneath, 3 feet 2 inches square by 8 inches
high, and it has a tapering iron rod for a
termination 35 inches long. The height of
the shaft, including the bead, is 27 inches,
and of the capital 17 inches. The tapering
top, including the under bead, is 26| inches ;

Fio. 1585. Lennox Castle.

FIG. 1586. Pan mure.

height of dial, 5 feet 10 J inches, and the total height of the stonework,
including the steps, is 7 feet 5| inches.

Pan-mure, Forfarshire. This dial (Fig. 1586) appears to us to be a
part of the shaft of an obelisk.

Carberry, Midlothian (see Vol. in. p. 430). There are two companion
dials in the grounds of Carberry Tower. Of one dial (Fig. 1587) only the

SUNDIALS

421

SUNDIALS

octagonal capital is old, the pedestal with the curved neck being quite
modern, and clearly not according to the original design, as this is
evidently the capital of an obelisk dial, and a very remarkable one it
is, being pierced quite through in the manner shown. The raised
placques on the faces are of uncommon
shapes. A wooden pin or dowel, the
rounded end of which is seen on the top,
goes down through the capital into the
necking, and the rounded bead seen be-
tween the two is of wood. The total
height of the dial as it now stands is about
6 feet. Fig. 1588 shows an attempt to
restore it to something after its original
design, the idea of the open obelisk to suit
the open capital being taken from Polton

Ki<; l.'-s;. CarlK-rry.

(Fig. 1649). The capital is 17-J inches high, and the faces of the octagon
measure about 6| inches wide by 6-f inches high.

Pollok Castle, Renfrewshire. Fig. 797, p. 223, Vol. iv., shows the
capital of an obelisk dial.

SUNDIALS 422 - SUNDIALS

2. LECTERN-SHAPED DIALS.

The dials of this type are as unlike those of the obelisk class in
appearance as any two things can be which are designed to serve the
same purpose. The characteristic elements of the lee tern -shaped dials
are a shaft (on which there are no dials), and a stone supported upon
it, cut in a peculiar manner, so as to contain several sundials, the whole
bearing a very decided resemblance to a music-stand or lectern.

The dial-stone is cut, angled, bevelled, and hollowed into a multipli-
city of parts not easily described. In a general way the front and back
present sloping surfaces, and the ends or sides are perpendicular. On
the front slope there is left a square block 3 or 4 inches thick, not
unlike a closed book resting on a lectern. Suppose a square cut out of
each corner of the book so as to leave the form of a Greek cross, and four
semicircles cut out of the ends of the four arms of the cross, thus leaving
eight horns, and you have the principal and universal feature of this
kind of dial. Further, suppose this cross to be placed well up on the
slope so as to project beyond it, and the projecting part containing the
semi-cylinder cut out of its upper side continued down the sloping back
of the dial, and you have another constant feature of this design. The
forerunners of this pattern we saw in the dials at Cockburnspath and
Oldhainstocks, where a semi -circular hollow is employed. The lower
part of the stone generally contains proclining dials, which are almost
concealed from view.

We have felt while drawing these sundials that there must have been
some reason, not apparent on the surface, for the selection of the peculiar
shape given to them. They are not objects of a kind which an architect
would devise whose aim was simply to design beautiful features for the
adornment of a garden such as statues, vases, or obelisks. We were
convinced that the forms were traditional, and had a definite purpose
in their origin. They are sometimes called masonic dials ; but we have
not met with any explanation of what is meant by that expression.
We believe, however, that an illustration in an article in the Magazine
of Art (Cassell & Company, November 1891), by W. Fred. Dickes, entitled
"The Mystery of Holbein's 'Ambassadors,'" may suggest the source from
which the lectern-shaped dials derived their peculiar form. The picture
contains representations of several sundials (not of this type), while
astronomical and musical instruments are distributed on the table, at
either end of which the ambassadors stand. These instruments are used
by Mr. Dickes to prove who the ambassadors were, being, as he makes
out, the Counts Palatine Otto Henry, born 1502, and his brother Philip.
One of the instruments represented is the torquetum of Apian, by means
of which " the position of sun, moon, or stars can be indicated at any

SUNDIALS

423

SUNDIALS

hour," tfcc. Apian was professor of mathematics at Ingolstadt, and
published numerous books. One of his works, called the Book of Instru-

Fio. 1589. Woodhoii
Front View.

FIG. 1590. Woodhouselee.
Back View.

SUNDIALS ' DIALS

merits (1533), contains various figures, one of which, reproduced by
Mr. Dickes, seems undoubtedly to indicate the source from which the
lectern-shaped dial derives its origin ; it is simply an astronomical instru-
ment of this kind converted into stone. The study of astronomy and
the invention of all kinds of instruments connected with it were very
common in the sixteenth century ; and the above figure, or some similar
one invented for astronomical purposes, has in all probability suggested the
shape of the dials we are now considering. Possibly, if search were made,
earlier examples of a similar form might be discovered abroad.

Woodhouselee, Midlothian. This, is the most elaborate dial of the
type. It consists (Figs. 1589 and 1590) of a broad spreading base, from
which rises a twisted shaft 8 inches in diameter, with a cap on top ; and,
including base and cap, it is 3 feet 9 inches high. The total height of
shaft and dial is 6 feet 3 inches. In the lower part of the hollows of the
shaft the thistle and the rose are carved alternately, with winged cupid
heads and hearts at the top. In addition to the usual features of the
type there are eight upright dial faces ; two of these, on the front, are
overshadowed by square projecting horns similar to those at Oldhamstocks,
and, like them, serving the purpose of gnomons. This dial, like many
others, is, we are informed by Mr. Tytler of Woodhouselee, a wanderer.
It belonged to the Napiers of Wrychtis Housis (see Vol. iv. p. 432), and
fortunately, before that mansion was destroyed in 1800, it was purchased
by Lord Woodhouselee and set up in his grounds in its present position.

Ruclilaw, Stenton, ITaddingtonshire. This most graceful dial (Figs.
1591 and 1592) stands in the garden of the old house at Ruchlaw. It
has a plain octagonal shaft, with a base and capital supporting the dial-
stone, which contains about thirty-five gnomons. The shaft is 7J inches
in diameter, and is 3 feet 5J inches high, and the total height is 5 feet
8 inches. There are two carved window pediments on the old house (see
sketch), one of which has the arms and initials of Archibald Sydserf and
the date 1663 ; the other has the same date and initials, with the addition
of those of his wife, also a Sydserf, and in all likelihood this is the date of
the construction of the dial. It was broken and cast aside, till, about the
beginning of this century, it was restored and put up where it now
stands, and for security the dial-stone was clasped to the capital with iron
bands.

Neidpath Castle, Peeblesshire (see Yol. I. p. 183). This dial (Figs. 1593
and 1594) has all the permanent features of the type, but the book part,
instead of being square as in the normal conditions, is oblong, while the
sloping cylinder is closed about half-way down, and on the flat surface
thus made there is a cup-hollow. Its other features are all normal. The
measured drawing (Fig. 1595) of this dial, prepared by Mr. Robert Murray,
architect, gives a definite representation not only of it, but of those of the
type. This dial belonged to Neidpath Castle, and about the time (1795)

SUNDIALS

425

SUNDIALS

PIG. 1591. Ruchlaw.
Back View.

FIG. lf>92. Ruchlaw.
Front View.

SUNDIALS

426

SUNDIALS

when "Old Q." began his work of desolation there, his gardener, Mr.
Spalding, fortunately got possession of the dial, and his son, a nurseryman
in Peebles, erected it in his grounds, where it remained for many years,

F io. 1593. Neidpath Castle.
Back View.

FIG. 1594. -Neidpath Castle.
Front View.

SUNDIALS

427

SUNDIALS

till it was presented to the Chambers Institute a few years ago, where it
now remains, but without the shaft.

Side.

Back.

'". Nuidpath Custlc. Klrvutions.

Front.

M'nt-(.'nl,lT I [,*>, Midlothian. This
dial (Fig. 1596) is placed in the garden of
Mid-Calder House. At some unknown
period it got broken and was in danger of
being lost, when Lord Torphichen had it
repaired and placed on a new shaft and
base. It has the constant features, and,
in addition, a central portion, consisting
of a narrow octagonal band, which is cut
away beneath, and is then splayed out
from the octagon to the square with slop-
ing and perpendicular dials. The dial-
stone is 27 inches high, and the width
across the horns of the book part is

FIG. 1597. Mid-Caldur House. Back View.

13 J inches. The whole height as it now
stands is 35^ inches, but it was doubtless
higher in its original state. Fig. 1597
shows a side and back view of the dial.

. -Mi'l-OaMer House. Front View.

SUNDIALS

428

SUNDIALS

Pitreavie, Fifes/tire (see Vol. n. p. 537). This dial (Fig. 1598)
stood on a terrace which ran along the south front of the old house
of Pitreavie. A flight of stone steps led up to the dial, which had a
wide octagonal paved space around it. This, with the stair and terrace,
gave a finished and dignified air to the dial. It stands on a square

ARMS ON DIAL

PIG. 1598. -Pitreavie.

pedestal, instead of the usual shaft, with carved escutcheons on each
face containing the initials of Sir Henry Wardlaw, the family arms, a
heart-shaped figure, and the date 1644. This dial is not quite so elaborate
as others of the type, but it contains all the permanent features, and is
fitted gracefully to the pedestal with a bold, flowing moulding. The
pedestal is 10| inches square, and measures from floor to top of cornice

SUNDIALS

429

SUNDIALS

4 feet 5^ inches, and the whole height is 6 feet 1| inches.* A copy of
this dial was put up in the gardens of Fordel about thirty years ago.

liuiidaa Castle, LinHtIi<ioi'-Jtir>> (see Vol. I. p. 328). This combined
fountain and dial (Fig. 1599) well illustrates the magnificent ideas which
prevailed during the .seven-
teenth century with regard
to the monumental accessories
considered desirable for the
adornment of pleasure grounds
and gardens, and we learn
from the inscriptions on the
fountain that many more
objects of the kind once
existed here which have been
swept away. The fountain
and dial do not appear to be
in their original position, as is
evident from an unpublished
drawing in the possession of
the IJoval Scottish Academy.
They were probably shifted
when an old house which
stood here was taken down.
A flight of ten steps leads
up to the dial, which is
supported on an octagonal
shaft adorned with winged
figures ; above this is the
swelling basin of a second
fountain, out of which rises
the dial proper. It contains
the usual features, with cer-

tain peculiarities which can
easily be seen on examina-
tion of the sketch. The
principal fountain, which is
square, measures about 7
feet each way by about 7

feet high to platform, above FH:. iM9.-Dumias CastK-.

which the dial and pedestal

rise to a height of 5 feet 8 inches. From an inscription seen on the

drawing we learn that the structure was built HUMANA! Tnere are

numerous initials and other inscriptions on the fountain; the former are

* For these measurements we have to thank Mr. Henry Beveridge of Pitreavie.

SUNDIALS

430

SUNDIALS

those of Sir Walter Dundas, and his lady, Dame Ann Menteith ; and the
latter, amongst other things, advise visitors to behave themselves seemly,
to forbear to do harm to the fountain, nor yet should'st those inclined
to injure the signs of the dial."*

Lamancha House, Peeblesshire. This very beautiful dial exhibits the
greatest variation from the type of any known example. It has the usual

FIG. 1600. Lamancha House.
Back View.

FIG. 1601. Lamancha House.
Front View.

cylinder, hollowed out in a very pronounced form (Fig. 1600), but all the

other details are changed. The dial on the top is square (Fig. 1601),

* For further particulars see Miss Gatty's Book of Sundials.

SUNDIALS

431

SUNDIALS

the eight horns being wanting ; the lower corners are canted off, the

figures are arranged in a circle, and are finely cut, and the gnomon, made

of thin iron, is of a pleasing design. Following the circle of the cylinder

is the motto FUGIT IIORA (Fig. 1602). The under side of the stone is cut

into so as to leave a drum-shaped dial (a new form), the shadows on which

are cast by the sides of the cutting.

The sides of the dial-stone contain each

a single distinct and different figure,

unlike those usually found in this

position. The oblong hollow on one

side has two carved serpents starting

with their intertwisted tails and

wriggling round the sides of the

hollow, the upper edge of which

forms the stile ; the lower edge is

not sunk. Serpents in a similar

position will be seen on the dial at Pinkie (Fig. 1670). The other

" haffet " has a heart or shell shaped figure, sunk, with a flat field,

and the sharp overlapping top for a gnomon. The sides of the shell

Fir;. lG02.--Lamancha House.

FIG. 1603. Lamancha House.
Side View.

FIG. 1604. Lamancha House.
Front View.

are splayed, and contain the figures. The whole of the faces are carefully
lineated and figured. The dial is placed on the top of a basket of fruit.
The wicker-work and fruit disappear as you get round to the back,

SUNDIALS

432

SUNDIALS

and with most successful effect the rounded stone is here left uncarved.
The basket and dial are cut out of one stone. Mr. M'GJashan, sculptor
(to whom we are indebted for bringing this dial under our notice),
informs us that it rested on a pedestal 25 \ inches high by 16| inches
wide, the total height being about 4 feet 4 inches. Figs. 1603 and 1604
show the dial portion drawn to scale. There is no date on the dial, but
judging from the lettering of the motto, which resembles the lettering of
thedial at Gadder dated 1698, and from the whole circumstances, it
probably dates from late in the same century.

Ardgowan, Renfrewshire. This, mutilated dial (Fig. 1605), which
adjoins the old castle, has a considerable resemblance to the Ruchlaw
and Neidpath dials.

Front.

Back.

FIG. 1605. Ardgowan.

Cromarty.* The dial seen nearest in the view (Fig. 1606) was dis-
mantled and lost, when, early in this century, Hugh Miller, then a boy,
dug it out of the earth, and set it up in his uncle's garden as shown. He
statesf that it "had originally belonged to the ancient castle garden of
Cromarty," and remarks about it " that as it exhibited in its structure no
little mathematical skill, it had probably been cut under the eye of the
eccentric but accomplished Sir Thomas Urquhart." This is not an unlikely
supposition, but, as we see from this treatise, there is nothing remarkable
about the dial, there being many others of more complicated design ; so
that it does not necessarily follow that its construction required any very
special skill. He mentions an interesting episode of his life in connection
with the dial. When standing beside it, and discoursing on it to some

* We have to thank the Rev. Walter Scott, Cromarty, for kindly procitring for
us a photograph of these dials, from which the sketch is made.
t My Schools and Schoolmasters, chap, xxiii.

SUNDIALS

433

SUNDIALS

friends, he first saw for a brief moment the young lady who ultimately

rkO/*Q T-l/!* K-ICt itris^ *

became his wife.

Fir,. 1600. Cromarty.

The other dial seen in the background is interesting as having been
made by Hugh Miller himself.* He refers to it with some pardonable

* My Schools and Schoolmasters, chap, xxiii.
v. 2 E

SUNDIALS

434

SUNDIALS

pride. During a period of convalescence, while still a young man, he
tells us that he amused himself in hewing for his uncles, " from an
original design, an ornate dial-stone; and the dial-stone still exists to
show that my skill as a stone-cutter rose somewhat above the average of
the profession."

Ladylands House, Ayrshire. This fine specimen of a lectern dial
(Fig. 1607) is mounted on a pedestal unlike those of the general type,
and resembling those often found among the horizontal dials. It is dated
1673, and contains the initials M.P.C., but we are not in a position to
say whose they are.

Fia. ]607. Ladylands House.

SUNDIALS

435 -

SUNDIALS

CaetU, Sutherland. T\IQ careful drawings of this dial (Fig. 1608)
were made by the Rev. Donald Grant, Dornoch. Although differing
greatly in its details from the other dials of the type, it retains in a

FIG. 1608. Skibo Castle.

very marked degree the general lectern appearance. As at Lamancha, the
eight-horned figure on the top is absent, and a plain-faced dial is substi-
tuted. The cylinder hollow (which is 1 J inches deep) is retained, with the

SUNDIALS

_ 436

SUNDIALS

peculiarity of having its ends closed. The north and south sides have
each a large plain-faced dial. All the other figures (triangular, oblong,
and circular) are sunk. The large circle on the east side (marked E on
drawing) is sunk 2J inches, and it has a gnomon stretched across the cup
as at Gadder. The triangular hollows are all 1 inch deep on the west
side; the oblong semicircle is 1J inches deep. The shaft is circular, and
rests on a square base, measuring together about 1 foot 8 inches high,
the total height being about 3 feet 2J inches. Mr. Grant says that, so
far as is known, this dial stands in its original position.

Zoological Gardens, Edinburgh. A very fine dial of this type,
of which an illustration is given in Chambers's Encyclopaedia (article
" Dial "), stood in the old Zoological Gardens. We have made various
inquiries regarding its present location, but have not learned anything
on this point.

Scotscraig, Fifeshire. The drawings of this dial (Figs. 1609 and 1610)
have been kindly furnished by Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, Dundee.

This is a very exceptional dial,
having only a sloping cross of the
Latin form, instead of the usual
Greek cross peculiar to the type.
The dial stood in the courtyard
of the old mansion-house of Scots-
craig, which Mr. A. H. Millar
says (see Dundee Advertiser, 16th
August 1888) "was habitable until
a comparatively recent time." The
house was removed, and the court-
yard was transformed into a gar-
den. The dial, which is of close-
grained sandstone, was mounted
on its present pedestal by Admiral
Maitland Dougall. Scotscraig was
acquired by Archbishop Sharp,
Mr. Millar believes about 1661,
and the gateway leading to the
mansion, which was erected by the
archbishop, still stands, bearing his
initials, A.I.S., with his arms and
the date 1667. There seems every
FIG. icoo.-scotscraig. reason to believe that this dial

belonged to the archbishop.

A sketch of a modern dial in Shenstone Churchyard, near Lichfield,
bearing a considerable resemblance to the one at Scotscraig, is given by
Miss Gatty, No. 221.

SUNDIALS

437

SUNDIALS

PLAN

FIG. 1610. Scotscraig. Side Elevation.

Carberry, Haddinytonshire (see Vol. in. p. 430). This is one of the
most quaint and interesting dials (Figs. 1611 and 1612) we possess. The
support a short rounded column has for its capital a graceful female
bust presenting one face to the north, and another (the one shown) to
the south, with the Ionic volutes and abacus so frequent in Renaissance
work. On the top rests the dial -stone, fashioned to contain upright,
reclining, and horizontal dials. There is also an upright round dial
at the shoulders of the bust pendant from the volutes. Altogether
there are thirteen dials on the structure. The base and steps, as
is so frequently the case, are set diagonally. The measurements of
the dial are height of steps, 18 inches; shaft and base, 20J
inches; bust and abacus, 13^ inches; total to the top of abacus,

SUNDIALS

438

SUNDIALS

4 f ee t 4J inches. Above this the dial-stone is 10 J inches high by
10 inches on the face, and 11 inches in width on the sides. The

FIG. 1611. Carberry. South Elevation.

FIG. 1612. Carberry. View from South-East.

pendant dials are 5 inches in diameter, and the lower step is 2 feet
square.

Kenmure Castle, Kirkcudbright (see Vol. iv. p. 256). We are indebted
to the late Mr. George Hamilton of Ardendee for bringing this dial
(Fig. 1613) under our notice, and for the great trouble he has taken in
searching out the various readings which have been made at different
times of its closely -printed faces, which are somewhat difficult to
decipher. We are otherwise much indebted to Mr. Hamilton for
assistance. The inscriptions were made out by the late Rev. George
Murray, Balmaclellan, and Provost M'Kay, New Galloway, in 1867,

SUNDIALS

439

SUNDIALS

HOC /EpUlNOCTIALG HOROLOGIUM SOLI5

SUNDIALS

440 SUNDIALS

and again in 1871 by the present minister of Kirkpatrick- Durham.
They were composed by a local schoolmaster, whose name is forgotten.
The dial consists of two flat slate slabs, three-quarters of an inch thick,
set up against each other at an angle, like the sides of a lectern or music-
stand, and they are supported on a modern shaft. Although differing
in many points from the other lectern dials, it may, for convenience sake,
be classed along with them. The faces are both of the same size, and
measure about 2 feet by 1 foot 8J inches. On the front dial (see figure)
the following inscriptions occur. It is difficult to say in what order they
should be read.

Round the circle of the upper half is the following :

ANTE SOLIS OCCASUM DEBET DIES CLARA FECIT
ITAQUB DEUS DVO MAGNA ILLA LUMINARIA LUMINARE
MAJUS AD DOMINIUM DIEI ET LUMINARE MINUS
AD DOMINIUM NOCTIS ATQUE STELLAS
INNOCUI VIVITE NUMEN ADEST.

VIGILATE QUIA NESCITIS BOXAV. NEQUE DICTAM
HORAM QUA FILIUS HOMINIS VBNIET.

Round the under side of circle :

OPTIMA QU^EQUE DIES MISERIS MORTALIBUS 1EVI PRIMA
FUGIT SUBEUNT MORBI TRISTIS QUE SENECTUS.

THIRTIE DAYES HATH SEPTEMBER

APRIL JUNE AND NOVEMBER

FEBRUARIE HATH EIGHT AND TWENTY ALONE

AND ALL THK REST HATH THIRTIE AND ONE.

Along the base and sides :

HOC jEQUINOCTIALE HOROLOGIUM SOLIS (LU)NJE
MARIS NECNON TOTI ASTROLABII DIOPTRAM
CONTINENS AB JOANNE BONAR AER^E

PIED OS LABORATUM FUIT.

1623 II DEC.

The names of the zodiac, the months, and numerous towns, mostly
English and Scotch, are all cut on the dial face.

This inscription occurs in eight lines round the top part of the back
dial :

QUHAIR MENNOK * MONTANE MOUNTES FRA THE WOLD
A LAPICIDE DID RAISE ME FRA THE RUITE
TWYSE NYNE THOWSAND OF MILES PHO3BUS IS ROLD
THE NATURALL DAY TO RINE ON ME BUT BUITE
QUHEN HE WALD FEED ON VENISON AS FRUITE
* NN should be RB.

SUNDIALS - 441 SUNDIALS

TIIKN CAPRICORN WITH HORNS DOES HIM EPPRAYE
HE HAISTES SYNE TO LEIFF ON LAMPETTS RUIDE
OUT THROUGH THE SIGNS WITH CANCER FOR TO STAYE
QUHEN ARIES AND LIBRA MAK*S DERAYE
IN SABLE WEED FOR PHAETON HIM CLEEDS
ENDYMIONS SPOUS THAT LIQUID FEELDS ARAYS
PORTUMNUS SOJORS* TEACHES HEER THAIR MEEDS.
LET ALL ESTAITS MY MUISSINGS HEBRON SKANCE ;
EARN BY MY SHADE OF WARDLIE GLEE THE GLANCE
LAUS HONOR IMPERIUM DOMINO. AMEN.

And along the bottom of the dial is the inscription :
1623 II DEC.

DUM LICET ET VEROS BTIAM NUNC EDITIS ANNOS
DISCITE EUNT ANNI MORE FLUENTIS AQILE.

3. FACET-HEADED DIALS.

These dials consist of a large head, generally approaching a sphere in
shape, but cut so as to present a number of facets, on which sundials are
formed. Facet-headed dials are generally supported on some kind of
baluster, rather than a shaft. In three instances lions take the place
of the baluster ; but whatever shape the supports may assume, dials do
not occur on them (as is also the case with the lectern dials), with the one
known exception of the very remarkable dial at Mount Melville. Each
face of the facet-head contains a dial, either on a flat surface or in cup-
hollows. Only in a few examples, as at Holyrood, are the heart-shaped
sinkings, so common on the obelisks and lecterns, to be found. The
facet-head is generally supported on a small pivot, which gives to these
dials one of their most striking peculiarities.

Holyrood (see Vol. iv. p. 130). This dial (Fig. 1614) is situated in
the grounds of Holyrood Palace; it stands on a high, wide -spreading
base, consisting of three moulded steps. The support of the dial is
hexagonal, and it is delicately carved and moulded. The facet -head,
with its dials, is the most elaborate of the type, and the same arrangement
of facets is found only at Invermay (Fig. 1617). At top and bottom the
head has five sides, and cut horizontally in the centre it presents ten sides.
This results from the alternating triangular arrangement, in which we have
a triangle resting on its base, then one resting on its apex, and so on.

The dials are hollowed out with figures of various shapes. In one the
gnomon is formed by the nose of a grotesque face ; in another by the
points of a thistle-leaved ornament. The under surfaces have no dials,
except on one small heart-shaped lozenge, but are decorated instead with

SUNDIALS

442

SUNDIALS

heraldic and other devices. These comprise the royal arms as borne in
Scotland, with the collar and badge of the Thistle. There are also the
initials of Charles I. and his queen, Henrietta Maria, for whom Charles is
said to have had the dial made. From the " Excerpts from the Masters of
Works' Accounts," supplied to us by Dr. Dickson, and quoted further on,

FIG. 1614. Holyrood.

we learn that this sundial was made by John Mylne, the king's master
mason, in 1633, with the assistance of his two sons, John and Alexander,
"for which he was paid the sum of 408, 15s. 6d. Scots." The dial and
pedestal measure 6 feet 7 inches high, and the total height, including the
base, is 10 feet, and the width at the ground is 10 feet 3 inches. It is

SUNDIALS

443

SUNDIALS

stated that this dial was lying broken and uncared for, and that it was
put in order by command of the queen.

Warriston House, Edinburgh. The dial here (Fig. 1615) is probably all
that remains of the old mansion-house of Warriston. It has had a stepped
base, like that at Holyrood, but only a portion of it now remains;

2 ~*r-SP - - ""-

FIG. 1615. Warriston House.

otherwise the dial is perfect. On the top of the remaining step there is
a square pedestal ornamented with Oriental-looking heads, above which
rises the moulded baluster for supporting the dial-stone, which rests on a

SUNDIALS

444

SUNDIALS

point. Round the centre the dial-head is six-sided, with flat dials on its
numerous faces, except on one side, where there is a cup-hollow. The
height of the dial and baluster is 5 feet 3 inches, and the pedestal
measures about 1 foot 10 inches above the steps.

Melville House, Fifeshire. We are indebted to the late Mr. Russell
Walker, architect, for a pencil sketch of the Melville House dial (Fig. 1616).

Fio. 1616. Melville House.

Its head resembles that of the last mentioned, and is full of hollowed
figures. It was erected about half a century later, and is dated 1697.

SUNDIALS

445

SUNDIALS

The height of the dial and pedestal is about 5 feet 8 inches, and the total
height from the ground is about 8 feet 4 inches. We were informed by
the late Lady I. L. Melville Cartwright that this dial originally stood
at Balgonie Castle (see Vol. i. p. 377), and when that property was sold
the dial was taken by the family to Melville House, where it was erected
in 1861 or 1862. (See Monimail Castle, Vol. HI.
p. 448.)

Invermay, Perthshire. This dial (Fig. 1617) is
shaped on the same principle as the one at Holy-
rood, but is simpler in its construction. It is
fixed on a point, and rests on a low quaintly-
designed baluster.

JZllon Castle,* Aberdeenshire. This extremely
beautiful example (Fig. 1618) is one of two sun-
dials which stand in the castle garden. It differs,
as will be seen, very considerably from the normal
type, but as a graceful object of architectural
design it will hold its own with the best examples
of its class. The general contour of the dial corre-
sponds with that of the obelisks, but is modified in
all its details. Thus, the shaft, instead of rising
abruptly from the platform, or resting on a pedestal,
has a fine and boldly moulded base. The faces of
the shaft are richly carved with well-executed orna-
ments of fruit and flowers hung from open-mouthed masks. A few simple
mouldings with a double necking connect the shaft and capital, which con-
tains hollows on all its twenty-four faces an unusual arrangement, and
found only on the Pitmedden dial, figured in the next illustration. The
finial, with its neck-moulding and stone-ball termination, also resembles
the same example, and it is not improbable that the design of the one
influenced that of the other, although the Ellon dial is considerably
richer and more delicate in its details. The finial of the dial in Duthie
Park, Aberdeen, appears to have been modelled somewhat after the style
of these two dials at Ellon and Pitmedden, indicative of a decided local
peculiarity, also visible in the Rubislaw Den dial. The Aberdeen
dial is dated 1707, but we incline to the opinion that the Ellon and
Pitmedden dials belong to the previous century. The appearance of
the Ellon dial is greatly enhanced by the fine and wide moulded steps
on which it stands. The steps, each 7 inches high, measure respectively
8 feet square, 7 feet square, and 4 feet square. The dial itself to top of ball
is 8 feet 6 inches high. The other dial in Ellon garden resembles the dial

* We are indebted to Mr. Arthur Gordon, Ellon Castle, for calling our attention
to this dial, and for having it photographed for our use; as also to Mr. Robert Keith,
jun., Aberdeen, for assistance regarding it and the dial at Pitmedden.

Fio. 1617. Invermay.

SUNDIALS

446

SUNDIALS

at Forgue (Fig. 1664) so closely as to suggest that they are the work of
the same hand.

FIG. 1618. Ellon Castle.

SUNDIALS

447

SUNDIALS

Pitmedden House* Udny, Aberdeenskire (Sir William Seton). In
describing the Ellon dial above, the peculiarities of this fine sundial

FIG. 1619. Pitmedden House.

(Fig. 1619) are commented on. Its capital being placed on a slender
stock or neck, unlike those of the type in general, has a more than
usually striking appearance. Mr. Duthie believes the dial to have

* We are indebted to Mr. Robert Duthie, Pitmedden House, for a photograph
and for particulars of this dial.

SUNDIALS

448

SUNDIALS

been made about 1675, about which time the garden walls at Duthie
House were erected. We agree in thinking that it is certainly as old
as this date. The dimensions are width and height of the capital on
the square, 1 foot 1 1 inches ; total height from ground, 8 feet 9 inches ;
width of lower step, 4 feet 11 inches; width of pedestal, 12 inches.
There are two other dials here on the corner of a garden house, but
they have nothing of special interest about them.

Cammo, Cramond, Midlothian. This dial (Fig. 1620) stands in the
gardens adjoining the mansion-house. It has cup-hollows in the upright
facets, and flat dials on all the others. It is considerably older than its
pedestal, and was taken to Cammo by the present family, in recent
years, from the gardens of Minto House, in the Canongate, Edinburgh.
On the square abacus of the pedestal there occur the initials of Charles
Watson, a former proprietor of Cammo, with the date 1795, so that this
pedestal must have supported some dial constructed for itself, if, indeed,
it was not a horizontal dial, which its broad abacus seems to suggest.
The pedestal is very graceful, and has a Greek character in its refined
details. This dial indicates the hour on five faces at one time.

FIG. 1620. Cammo.

FIG. 1621. Woodhall.

Woodhall, Juniper Green, Midlothian. This, dial (Fig. 1621) has
evidently had a chequered career. It now stands with its head down-

SIX DIALS

449

SUNDIALS

FIG. 1622. Invercsk Lodge.

2 P

SUNDIALS

450

SUNDIALS

most, and its support up in the air, the latter bearing a metal dial
roughly fixed down, and showing the inscription MADE BY JOHN JUSTICK
AND GIFTED TO woODHALL 1717. The facet-head is peculiar; it consists
of a series of large octagonal faces separated by small squares. The
height of the pedestal is 26 inches, and the dial and pedestal measure
3 feet 5i inches. The width across the bottom step is 5 feet 2J inches,
and along the top step 16f inches.

Inveresk Lodge, Midlothian (see Vol. iv. p. 356). This dial (Fig.
1622) has had -rough usage in some bygone period, but General Hope,
to whom it belongs, has carefully preserved its parts, and has recently

had it repaired by Mr. Bryson, optician,
and set up again. It is a neat and care-
fully cut dial, with a very graceful baluster.
It is dated 1691.

Inveresk House, Midlothian. This is
probably the dial (Fig. 1623) referred to
by "Delta" in the Roman Antiquities of
Inveresk, p. 13. It bears a considerable
resemblance to the last-mentioned dial, but
it is not so careful in its workmanship. It
has a curved support fitted into its under
side, which probably rested on some sort of
pedestal. The dial is now cast aside on a
garden rockery. It doubtless belonged to
the ancient mansion of the Earls of Suther-
land which stood here, arid the dovecot of
which still remains.

Craigton, Linlithgowshire. Only the head and breast
of this lion-shaped dial-support exist (Fig. 1624). There
is a neatly carved abacus on the head of the lion for the
dial to rest on.

Pitfirrane, Fifeshire (see Vol. in. p. 572). The dial-
stone which rested on this fine lion-shaped pedestal (Fig.
1625) is lost. The figure holds between his fore-paws
a shield, containing a lion passant regardant, over three
piles, the cognisance of the Halketts of Pitfirrane. The
date on the castle is 1580, but there is nothing to connect
this date with the dial, and the earliest dated dials (at Dundas Castle
and Kenmure Castle) are forty-three years after this time. This dial
disappeared, and all knowledge of its ever having been at Pitfirrane was
lost, till the late Mr. Paton of Dunfermline found it lying in a garden in
the neighbourhood, and on Sir Arthur Halkett recognising the arms as
his own it was restored to Pitfirrane. The height of the lion is 2 feet

FIG. 1623. luveresk House.

pjo ]62 ^
Craigton.

SUNDIALS

451

SUNDIALS

6 inches, and including the base 3 feet 3J inches; breadth of base 12*
inrhrs ; breadth across shield, 9* inches.

Fie;. 1025. Pitfirrane.

Cramond, Midlothian (see Vol. m. p. 432). This is a most remarkable
dial (Fig. 1626), and possesses certain peculiarities giving it a distinct
character of its own within the type. It stands on a graceful square
baluster, nicely moulded and carved, on which rests its peculiarly facetted
double head. On the lower part of the head there are four circular upright
dials with grotesque faces between and sloping dials above. The upper part
of the head is of the form peculiar to the type. On one of the round dials
is carved the name SIR ROB DICKSON, and the date 1732 (Fig. 1627).
Sir Robert was a descendant of the well-known David Dickson, Professor

SUNDIALS

452

SUNDIALS

Fm. 1626. Cramond.

SUNDIALS 453

SUNDIALS

of Divinity in Edinburgh University. His father acquired the estate of
Carberry and Sornbegg, now designed Inveresk, and sold the latter to
the Duchess of Monmouth at the beginning of last century. Sir Robert
NVMS the chief bailie of Musselburgh during the rebellion of '45. He
died in 1760. On the other side of the dial occurs the inscription
ACII IIANDASYDE FECIT. The same name occurs, as we have seen, on one
of the two dials already described as lying in the churchyard of Inveresk
(p. 363), and others are mentioned as being
known to be by the same maker. We are thus I 7 ^ 9

able to identify Handasyde as a dial-maker. L )")/%

Although the dials at Inveresk and Cramond ^ \?

arc widely different in design, they have a point J:^"
of resemblance in their open gnomons. On
finding, from the name of Sir Robert, that this
dial was connected with Inveresk, an examina-
tion was made of the churchyard, and on a tall
dial-like tombstone, to the south-west of the , j

church, a family epitaph was found describing Ac!l '
Handasyde as a mason in Musselburgh, or, as f " eci
it is rendered in the epitaph, CCEMENTARII

CONCHI POLENSIS. His OW11 death is not FIO. 1027. Cramond.

recorded on the tombstone, but there are

various dates from 1729 to 1733. A few years ago this dial was
found lying in an outhouse, broken in. several pieces, and we were then
informed by the gardener that it once stood in the neighbouring grounds
of Lauriestoun. In 1886 it was repaired and placed in the grounds of
the Edinburgh Exhibition, and on being returned to Cramond it was
set up in front of the house. It now bears a modern finial, which is the
" poppy -head " of a cast-iron railing. While in the Exhibition it was
copied, at least once, and a copy, with a different support, was shown in
the Exhibition of Decorative Handiwork held in Edinburgh in 1888.
The height of the square base is 9 inches, above which to the top of
the cornice is 3 feet 2 inches, and from thence to the top of the dial (not
including the finial) 2 feet 2 inches. The total height is 6 feet 1 inch.

Lee, Castle* Lanarkshire. This capital lion-supported sundial (Fig.
1628) stands within a short distance of the castle. The lion carries an
enriched cartouch, on which is the Lock Heart, the origin of the cognomen
of the family of Lockhart of Lee, and on its head the facetted dial-stone
is skilfully poised (Fig. 1629). It is interesting to notice that the next
dial, from Waygateshaw, in the vicinity, has also a lion support, that pro-
perty during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries having belonged to
the Lockharts.

* We are indebted to Mr. Hugh Davidson, Lanark, for good photographs of this
dial, and for bringing it under our notice.

SUNDIALS

454

SUNDIALS

Fio. 1628.- Lee Castle. Front View of Dial.

SUNDIALS

455

SUNDIALS

FIG. 1629. Lee Castle. Side View of Dial.

SUNDIALS

456

SUNDIALS

Waygateshaw, Carluke, Lanarkshire (see Vol. iv.
p, 406). This dial (Fig. 1630), having a lion sup-
port, stands at present, along with other sculptured
animal figures, over the old archway leading to the
mansion-house of Waygateshaw, on the Clyde. The
height of the whole is about 3 feet.

Rowland, Galashiels, Selkirkshire. This dial* (Fig.
1631) is designed on the same principle as the one
at Gadder ; the square block of the dial-stone having
its angles canted off on each face. There are four cup-
hollows measuring about 7 inches, each having a metal
gnomon. On the upper surface of the dial-stone there
is a horizontal dial of bronze or copper, and on each
side of the gnomon is an engraved table for every day
of the year, arranged in monthly columns, with the
following inscription behind, which shows that dial-
makers were not antagonistic to watchmakers, but rather the reverse :

SET YE WATCH SO MUCH FASTER OR SLOWER THAN YE TIME BY YE SUN

Fie. 1631. Bowland.
* This drawing is made from sketches by Mr. Anderson, architect, Edinburgh.

SUNDIALS

457

SUNDIALS

ACCORDING TO THE TABLE FOR YE DAY OF YE MONTH WHEN YOU SET IT.
AND IF YE WATCH GO TRUE YE DIFFERENCE OF IT FROM YE SUN ANY DAY
AFTERWARDS WILL BE THE SAME IN YE TABLE. JOHN BROWN, EDINBURGH.

On the east side is the date JUNE 1708, 11 DAY. The shaft measures 2 feet
1\ inches high, and the total height is 3 feet 5J inches. The dial was
brought to Bowland from St. Fort, in Fife, which at one time was in the
possession of the family of Sir William S. Walker of Bowland.

Edmonston, Mi<Uothian.
This dial (Fig. 1632) stands
in front of the mansion-
house. The dial and finial
only are ancient ; the shaft
and pedestal date from early
in this century. The dial
has a resemblance to that at
Cramond, but is of simpler
design ; it is in perfect order,
with figures and lines clear
and distinct. The centre
squares measure 10 J inches
by 10 inches high, the height
of the old dial -stone is 18
inches, and including finial 2
feet 4 inches. The shaft and
pedestal are six-sided; the
former is 2 feet 11 inches
high, and the latter is 19-
inches high. The total height
of the dial is 6 feet 10 inches.

Cadder, Lanarkshire.
This dial (Figs. 1633 and
1634) stands in front of the
old mansion of Gadder, about
five miles north-east from
Glasgow. Its shaft bears a
considerable resemblance to that at Cramond (Fig. 1626), but nothing could
be more unlike than the two dials themselves the latter being the most
complicated of the type, and the other designed with a Doric simplicity
which marks it as distinct from all its companions. Comparing the
two shafts, it will be observed that they consist of the same general
features. Two corresponding members at the base are decorated with
carved foliage. From the cap moulding of both a curved slope leads
up to support the dial. In the one this member is carved, and in the
other it is plain. While this does not prove that the Gadder dial was

FIG. 1632. Edmonslon.

SUNDIALS

458

SUNDIALS

Fir;. 1633.-Cu<ller.

SUNDIALS

459

SUNDIALS

designed by Handasyde, it is worth noting, as there are only thirty-two
years between the dates of both works. The Gadder dial-stone consists of
a block 14| inches square, with a
sloping upper surface ; the height of
the block is 13^ inches and 14^
inches ; the height of the shaft is
3 feet. On the east, west, and
south faces there are large cup -hol-
lows, 9 1 inches in diameter, all care-
fully lineated. Over each hollow
there is a motto ; these, in the order
above given, are :

CARPE DIEM.

oMNKS VVLNERANT VLTIMA SECAT.

IIORAS NON NUMERO NISI SERENAS.

The gnomons consist of thin strips
of metal stretched across the cups.
On the sloping upper surface there
is a metal dial-plate (which may be
called a horizontal dial, not a usual
feature in this type), the gnomon of
which is the finest piece of design
and workmanship of the correspond-
ing feature of any known dial. It is
a thin piece of brass most delicately
perforated and chased, and containing
the arms of the Maitland or Lauder-
dale family a lion rampant within a
double tressure. On the north side,
in a panel, the initials of Charles Mait-
land and his wife, Lilias Colquhoun,
are entwined (see Fig. 1633), with
the date 1698. Lilias Colquhoun
first married Sir John Stirling of
Keir, and in their marriage contract
Sir John settled on her in lifererit
his manor-place of Gadder. Sir John

died in 1684, and shortly afterwards I "** I

his widow married the Hon. Charles

Maitland, thire 1 ion of the third Earl Fin. 1034.- Cadder.

of Lauderdale. She died in 1726, and

was buried at Gadder. At the distance of a few yards from the dial two
sphinx-like figures guard the approach.

SUNDIALS

460

SUNDIALS

Loch Inch, Wigtonshire. Only the shaft and steps here are old. They
indicate a dial of considerable elegance and importance. In 1889 Lord
Stair added the capital and upper part in a suitable style, as shown by
Fig. 1635. The lower step measures about 10 feet in diameter, and the shaft
about 10 inches, and the whole height from the ground is about 10 feet.
This dial may be regarded as forming part of the appurtenances of Castle
Kennedy (see Vol. iv. p. 368).

Fro. 1635. Loch Inch.

SUNDIALS

461

SUNDIALS

Mount Melville, Fifeshire. This very remarkable dial of the facet-
headed type (Fig. 1636) contains certain features peculiar to the obelisks

FIG. 1636. Mount Melville.

SUNDIALS

462 SUNDIALS

and lecterns, and to those of Cockburnspath and Oldhamstocks. Tims, its
shaft contains dials as in the obelisks, but differently arranged, being on
an octagonal shaft instead of the universal square shaft of the latter, and
the dials of a certain shape are arranged on a sequence all round, while
on the obelisks there is no such sequence. There are (1) a series of plain
dials; (2) oblong-shaped sunk dials, all upright except one, which is
placed obliquely; (3) heart-shapes, variously turned; and (4), on the
cardinal faces only, cup-hollows. At the base of the shaft there are
upright panels with rose and thistle carvings alternately, except on one
face, where two twisted serpents with indefinite carving beneath occupy
the space. Above the shaft a collar contains a series of five cylinder-
shaped hollows, and behind these four slanting, oblong sunk dials. Above
the collar, and resting on a base, there is a square block not unlike the
Gadder dial, having, like it, three large cup-hollows, which probably had
also similar gnomons. At the back there is a large heart-shaped hollow.
Above this square block is placed the facet-head, but not fixed, as will be
observed, on the usual pivot principle. This singular structure contains
seventy dials, twenty -five of which are on the facetted sphere top, which
measures about 18 inches in height. The block beneath is about 10
inches square.*

Rubislaw Den, Aberdeenshire. We are obliged for a large photo-
graph of this dial, and for information regarding it, to the proprietor,
Mr. William Keith of Rubislaw Den. This fine monumental dial
(Fig. 1637) was erected by the Earls Marischal in the garden behind
their town house in Aberdeen. The house was demolished about the
year 1789, and the name of " Marschal Street" and this dial are
now probably the only memorials left of the Earls' residence there.
The late Mr. Skene rescued the dial, and had it set up at the old
house of Rubislaw, where it remained till the property fell into
decay, and was let out in tenements. It then passed into the pos-
session of the proprietor of Rubislaw Den, where it now stands in
good preservation, except that its eight gnomons were cut off and
stolen during a time when the house was unoccupied. The dimensions
of the dials are width of stone platform, 6 feet ; width of base
on which balusters stand and of table supported by them, 3 feet
11^ inches; the dial-block above is a cube of 17 inches; the cup-
sinking, 12 inches diameter; width of dial-block above, 13^ inches;
from thence to top of ball, 14 inches; height from top of platform to
top of table, 3 feet 4^ inches; total height from ground to top of ball,
9 feet 5 inches.

* For photographs of this dial, and for information regarding it, we are greatly
indebted to Mr. J. M. Kalfour Melville of Strathkinnes.

SUNDIALS

463

SUNDIALS

i<;. ir,;;7. Iluluslaw Den.

SUNDIALS

464 SUNDIALS

Aberdeen. We have to thank Mr. John Morgan of Rubislaw House

for bringing this dial under our notice, and for a large photograph of it,
as well as for information regarding it. The dial (Fig. 1638) belongs to
the city, and stands in a property formerly called Arthur's Seat, now

FIG. 1638. Aberdeen.

absorbed in the Duthie Park, a public pleasure ground presented to
Aberdeen by the late Miss Duthie of Ruthrieston. The dial-faces and
the ball on the top are painted a light blue colour, and the lines and
figures are gilt ; there are shields on each of the four sides of the support-

SUNDIALS

465

ing baluster bearing respectively the initials C.G., G.B., the date 1707,
and a representation of a mortar and pestle. This dial bears a consider-
able resemblance to the one at Midmar (Fig. 1639); and, omitting all
above the square block with the cup-sinkings, it is not unlike the Gadder
dial.

Midmar, Aberdeenshire (see Vol. II. p. 372). This dial stands (Fig.
1639) in front of the grand old castle of Midmar. It is of quaint design,
and contains nine dials. Its age is uncertain, but it is believed to have

FIG. 1639. Midmar.

been made a little over a hundred years ago. The drawing was made
fn.in a photograph kindly sent us by Miss Gordon, Midmar. The height
of the dial above the steps is not quite 6 feet.

2 G

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466

SUNDIALS

FIG. 1640. Meadowbank.

Meadowbank, New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire. W 'e are indebted to the late

Mr. Hamilton, Ardendee, for the sketches

of this dial (Fig. 1640) which stands in

front of Meadowbank House. It is an old

dial-stone in the shape of a cube, with a

circular hollow on top and square sinkings

on the sides. A portion of the stone is left

standing in the hollow on the top to act as

a gnomon, and there is a gnomon of steel

on one side, and a stone gnomon on another side. The dial measures 11^

inches square by 11 inches
high ; the opposite faces are
similar to those shown.

Haddington. This is a
facet-headed dial (Fig. 1641),
of a kind so complicated and
irregular that no two sections
through it would be alike. Its
horizontal face on the top is
five-sided, from which diverge
five reclining faces, which grow
into eight faces, and these again
change and turn in a manner
not easy to describe. These
irregularities necessarily give
the dial an unbalanced appear-
ance from whatever side it may
be viewed. There are four hol-
lowed dials. Two of these are
round, and on opposite faces ;
the other two are elongated
into the appearance of the gun-
holes seen in mediaeval castles.
The one seen in the view is a
recliner, and the opposite one
is a procliner. Dr. Howden,
to whom the dial belongs,
informs us that when he got
it it had no pedestal, and was
merely placed for convenience
on the shaft shown in the
view, which is doubtless a
piece of seventeenth century

Fro. 1641. Hadtlington.

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467

SUNDIALS

work, not unlike the shafts at Woodhouselee and Drummore. The block
of the dial measures about 19 inches on the square by 16 inches high.
The shaft is about 2 feet 5 inches high by 7-j- inches in diameter.

Haddinffton.Thia dial (Fig. 1642) in its general conception is unique,
although its parts are to be found in many others; but from its general
idea it may be classed as a facet-headed dial. The cup-hollows on each of
its octagonal faces are not unlike those found on the horizontal dial at
Pinkie ; and in the same way as at Pinkie, Newbattle, and other places,
certain of the hollows have faces acting as gnomons. Between each of

FIG. 1642. Haddington.

the hollows there is a mask. The peculiarity of this dial consists in its
vase form, being hollowed out in the inside, and lineated so as to form a hori-
xontal hollow dial. There is a hole at the bottom of the vase to allow the
rain to escape. Its pedestal or support is gone ; and Dr. Martine, to whom
it belongs, says that the history of the dial is not known further than
that it and the preceding dial from Haddington (Fig. 1641) were at one
time companions at Bellevue, at the west end of the town, and that being
a modern place, they were evidently wanderers there. The dial is 11

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_ 468

SUNDIALS

inches high by 15 J inches wide, and the basin is 6 inches deep. The
cup-hollows surrounding the dial are 4 inches wide.

FIG. 1613. North Barr. Front View.

North Barr, Renfrewshire. This singular and graceful sundial (Figs.
1643 and 1644) stands in the centre of the old-fashioned, semi-decayed

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469

SUNDIALS

gardens of North Barr, at a distance of a few minutes' walk up the Clyde
from Krskinc Ferry. There is something extremely droll and quaint in
the conception of the lady who supports the dial-stone, with her remarkable
headpiece and picturesque seventeenth century costume, as she stands

FIG. 1C44. North Barr. Back View.

gracefully holding a rose at her breast and smiling on the spectator. The
two hair curls standing out in relief very considerably heighten her odd
effect, and at the same time give apparent strength to her slender
neck to carry the overhanging and weighty dial. The dial itself is
an octagonal block with seventeen faces. On the perpendicular faces

SUNDIALS - 470 - SUNDIALS

there are cup-hollows alternating with plain face dials. The gnomon of
the west hollow is a piece of metal stretched from side to side, with its
under edge serrated like a saw. The hollows on one of the last faces are
four heart-shapes, disposed somewhat as they are at Holy rood. On the
horizontal dial, which is 14| inches wide, there occur the initials of
Donald Macgilchrist, with the date 1679. North Barr was for genera-
tions in the possession of a branch of the Stewarts of Darnley. The
North Barr Stewarts became extinct in the seventeenth century, and the
last of them alienated most of his estate about 1670 to Donald Macgil-
christ, a wealthy Glasgow merchant. He built the house of North Barr
in 1676, and died in 1684. The dimensions of the dial are height of
lady, 3 feet 11^ inches ; height of lady and dial, 5 feet 3| inches ; height
of steps, 8 inches each ; width of upper step, 3 feet \ inch ; of under step,
5 feet. The whole structure, which is in fine preservation, is cut out of
grey freestone. The dial stands in its original position, and tells the
hours with exactness.

Glamis Castle, Forfarshire (see Vol. n. p. 113). This dial* (Fig. 1645)
has been classed with those of the facet-headed type, as it has their
distinguishing feature in a very pronounced form. It may be regarded
as certainly one of the finest monumental dials in Scotland, befitting the
majestic castle beside which it is erected. It consists of an octagonal
base, on which stand four rampant lions, each holding a dial in his fore-
paws. The dial held by the lion facing the south is elliptic in shape, and
measures 19 inches by 14 inches ; the north one is round, and measures
16 inches in diameter; the west one is rectangular, and measures 15 J
inches high by 13J inches wide; the east one is 13 J inches square.
Between the lions there are twisted pillars, with curving in the spiral
hollows, which support a canopy, from which a curved neck rises up,
bearing the facetted globe, the dials on which are arranged in three tiers.
The dimensions of the structure are height from ground to platform
on which lions stand, 3 feet 7 inches ; height of lions, 5 feet 2 inches ;
the cornice above them is 12 inches thick ; from top of cornice to under
side of facetted head, 3 feet 3 J inches high ; the height of the facet-head is
about 3 feet 5J inches, and it comprises twenty-four compartments, each
compartment containing three or four facets with dials. The earl's coronet,
supported by the four curved scrolls, is about 4 feet 9 inches high. The
total height of the dial from ground to top of coronet is thus 21 feet
3 inches. Behind the lions, in the centre of the structure, there is an
octagonal pillar 12 inches thick. The width of the lower step at the ground
level is 10 feet 10 inches, and the width of the base of the structure at
the level of the top of the second step is 5 feet 4 inches.

* For particulars regarding this dial we are indebted to Mr. Andrew Ralston,
Glamis.

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471

SUNDIALS

Fio. 1645. Glamis Castle.

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472

SUNDIALS

Portobello Tower, Midlothian. There is a large collection of carved
stones from various old buildings gathered together at this place, and
amongst them is this sundial (Fig. 1646). It stands in front of the
tower, and the steps are concealed with a garden rockery. The faces
of the dial are very large, and consist of separate slabs cramped together ;
it is finished with a moulded tapering top, surmounted with a Scotch
thistle.

FIG. 1646. Portobello Tower.

Newbattle Abbey, Midlothian (see Vol. in. p. 354). There are two
dials here (Fig. 1647) of a very monumental description. They are exactly
alike in all respects, and stand in the gardens on the east side of the
abbey. They are not, however, in their original position, having been
moved from another part of the grounds. In appearance they bear a

SUNDIALS

473

SUNDIALS

w 2

FIG. 1647. Newbattle Abbey.

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474

SUNDIALS

certain resemblance to articles of goldsmiths' design, and the pedestal
seems thin for such a massive superstructure ; this is, however, compen-
sated for in a great measure by the wide-spreading steps on which the
structure stands. The dial part is octagonal, and contains two tiers of
oblong spaces. Four of the spaces, however, do not contain dials, but are
filled (1) with coroneted initials of William, Earl of Lothian; (2) those of
Annie, Countess of Lothian ; (3) the arms of the earl ; (4) a figure of the
sun, the crest of the family. These are all drawn in detail (see sketch), as is
also one of the slightly hollowed dials, where the profiles of diagonally
opposite faces act as gnomons. Sir William Ker, of the Ancrum family,
married, in 1631, Lady Ann Ker, who succeeded to Newbattle in her own
right. He was created earl in the same year, and the dial was doubtless
erected between then and 1667, the year in which the countess died.* The

gnomons, figures, and lines of the
dials have all been gilt. The total
height, measuring from the surface
of the upper step, is about 16 feet.
Copies of these dials have been
erected by Lord Haddington and
Lord Home at their mansions.

Drummore House, near Mussel-
burgh, Midlothian. The shaft of
this dial (Fig. 1648) belongs to the
lectern type. The commonplace
square block dial now crowning the
shaft is not a part of the original
dial; it is of red sandstone, while the
shaft is of white sandstone, similar
in material and design to the shaft
at Woodhouselee. Both are twisted
in the same manner, and similarly
ornamented with foliage in the
hollows. The winged heads, in-
stead of being placed in the hol-
lows at the top of the shaft, as
at Woodhouselee, are formed so
as to make a capital; thus all

FIG. 1G48. Drummore House. the elements of design to be found

in the one are found in the other.

The present insignificant dial bears the date of 1753, with the initials of
W. Finlay, a former proprietor of Drummore.

Polton, Midlothian. This drawing (Figs. 1649 and 1650) shows the

* Since the above was written, Lord Lothian has found, from papers at Newbattle,
that the date of the dials is 1635.

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475

SUNDIALS

ruins of what has been either one or two dials, apparently of excep-
tional design. They are now built up against the garden wall so as to
form a rockery, and are here sketched as they appear. The three lower
dial-stones have been part of one structure. They are unusually tine in
workmanship and design, all the figures and ornaments being raised in
relief. The lowest stone is a cube of about 22J inches, and has large cup-

. li;r.'.--Polton.

FIG. 1650. Polton.

hollows of about 13 inches diameter. The next two tiers of dials are each
cut out of one stone, the lower being a square of 13 inches by 22 inches
in height, containing the date 1685; the next, of a polygonal section, is
9 inches high, with faces of about 6 inches in breadth. On one of the
exposed sides are the initials ^ These have all formed part of one dial,
and when the exceptionally large size of the lowest stone is considered,

SUNDIALS

476

SUNDIALS

along with the careful finish and beauty of the whole, we are warranted
in concluding that this must have been one of the finest of Scottish dials.
The dial-stone immediately above, with the figure of Death and his
scythe encircling the globe, appears to have belonged to a different
structure. The two carved stones on either side are suggestive of having
belonged to a dial similar in design to those of Newbattle ; the left-hand
figure would fit such a position as those standing on the pedestal of the
latter (see Fig. 1647), while the carved head on the right hand, reclining
on the scroll, recalls the similar features on the upper part of the New-
battle dials, and so likewise does the carved tapering finial. The lintel-
like stone on which this latter rests may or may not be a part of the dial.
It contains the date 1672.

Castle Park, Prestonpans, East Lothian. This dial (Fig. 1651) was
found by Mr. Hislop, Castle Park, lying in one of the bastions of
the garden wall enclosing the old castle of Preston ; the shaft was also
discovered amongst the rubbish ; so that in all probability this dial
belonged either to the family at the castle or to that at Magdalens
House. It is undoubtedly of the seventeenth century, the date of the
latter house, and the period when extensive additions were made to the
castle. It has been re-erected by Mr. Hislop.

FIG. 1652. Temple.
Fio. 1651. Castle Park.

A sundial similar to that at Castle Park stands at the gate of Temple
Churchyard, Midlothian, and is shown by Fig. 1652, a reproduction of a
sketch kindly supplied by Miss Dundas of Arniston. It measures 8^
inches square, and is dated 1638.

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477

SUNDIALS

Prestonpans, Ffaddingtonshire.Thia dial (Fig. 1653) is lying in a
mason's yard in the village. On the top are the initials T.C. and J.W.,
and a shield containing for arms a tree.

FIG. 1653. Prestonpans.

FIG. 1654. Inveresk House.

Inveresk House, Midlothian. This small, unpretending dial (Fig. 1654)
stnnds in the garden of Inveresk House, where a dial (p. 362) has been
already described. It is square on plan, and is about 5 feet high. It
bears the initials of Oliver Coult, with some unintelligible contractions
bcnoath, and the date 1727.

Nunraw, IladdingtonsJdre (see Vol. in.
p. 353). This dial (Fig. 1655) stands in the
grounds of Nunraw House, and Mr. Walter
Wingate Grey of Nunraw, in sending a
photograph, writes: "The small dials include
di.ils for Cairo, Ispahan, Jerusalem, Mount
Sin;ii, J.-unaica, etc., and also Savannah, Phila-
delphia, tkc., which shows that it cannot be
more than a hundred years old ; also on
one of the sides of the pillar there is a
system of figures for making an equation
of time and so called." The upper, or
facetted, part has the usual dials, hollowed

and plain. FIG. 1655. -Nunraw.

SUNDIALS

478

SUNDIALS

Dunglass, Haddingtonshire. This dial (Fig. 1656) stands on the
summit of a circular artificial mound about fifty yards south-west from
the ruined Collegiate Church of Dunglass (see Vol. in. p. 27). It is
square on plan, and has very much the appearance of being a fountain,
with what seems to be a broad projecting square basin ; but it is a dial
only. The pedestal (cut out of one stone) is fashioned with four pilasters
at the angles ; these are fully relieved, showing daylight between. The

FIG. 1656. Dunglass.

dials are on the top of the seeming basin, the upper surface of which is
flat; they measure about 15 inches square by about 2 feet high; but it
is doubtful if this part of the structure is in its original condition. There
are various loose stones, moulded and carved, lying about, one of which
is here shown, and it seems probable that these are connected with the
dial. The height from the ground to top of basin is about 6 feet 2
inches, and across the basin the measurement is 5 feet 1 inch ; the width
across the pedestal is about 20 inches.

SUNDIALS

479

SUNDIALS

Troquhain, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire. We are indebted to
Mi. William Barbour, the tenant of Troquhain farm, for information
regarding this dial, and for having procured the sketch (Fig. 1657) The
lower part or shaft is modern, of date 1855, and contains the initials of the
Rev. George Murray, minister of Balmaclellan, and of his wife, Elizabeth
1 1 yslop Murray, with the inscription HORAS NON NUMERO NISI SERENUS. The
, dial itself is dated 1616, and it is thus the

oldest dated dial we have met with in Scot-
land. There is an almost similar dial lying
in front of Callendar House, Stirlingshire*
Oxenford, Midlothian. There are
three dials at Oxenford Castle. The
first, stands in the centre of the garden;
it, is a plain circular horizontal dial, with
a marble dial-plate. The second stands

Fi'.. 1<;;,7. Troquhain.

FIG. 1658. Oxenford.

in the old churchyard adjoining the castle; it is a square horizontal
dial, and has also a marble dial-plate, which, in addition to the figures,
has the name JAMES ANDERSON cut on it. The third dial, of an extremely
simple design, is the one shown by Fig. 1658. On each face of the
square pedestal there is cut a bear evidently the crest of the Macgills
of Cousland, from which place this dial was brought. There are three
dials on the block above. The dimensions of the dial are height of base
(which is modern), 13J inches; the pedestal, 17J inches high by 15^
inches wide ; dial, 9 inches high by 8 j inches wide ; total height, 3 feet
10 inches.

SUNDIALS

480

SUNDIALS

Barnton, Midlothian. This dial (Fig. 1659) stands on the west side
of Barnton House, anciently known as Cramond Regis. It contains

FIG. 1659. Barnton.

the arms of Lord Balmerinoch (Fig. 1660), from which we may infer
that it is not in its original position, as the Barnton possessed by the

SUNDIALS

481

SUNDIALS

!<6 VV -

Balmerinoch family was only the eastern part of the property now
known by that name ; and the old house of Barnton, built by the Lords
Balmerinoch in 1623, was situated not far from the village of Davidson's
Mains, where without doubt this dial also stood. John, fourth lord, sold
Barnton in 1688, the year in which his
son Arthur, sixth lord who was fated
to end his days on Tower Hill was
born. "We may be almost certain that
this dial was erected by the fourth
Lord Balmerinoch ; its details forbid an
earlier date being assigned to it than
towards the end of the seventeenth
century. It contains eight dials, two
of which have cup-sinkings. The open
pierced mouths of the masks in the
lower part of the structure are sugges-
tive of a fountain. The dial rests on
steps placed anglewise, as in the case
of its companion (described at p. 408).

The history of this latter dial cannot, however, be made out. The
whole height of the Balmerinoch dial, including steps, is 10 feet 2J
inches.

Nisbet Farm, Pencaitland, Haddingtonshire. This fragment (Fig.
1661) lies in the garden rockery beside the one already described
(Fig. 1496). Nothing remains to indicate how it was originally
finished. There is a dowel mark on the top, suggesting that the

Fid. 1660. Barnton.

i. Nisbet Farm.
2H

SUNDIALS

482

SUNDIALS

octagonal part was continued, probably as a shaft with dials. The whole
structure would stand on some kind of pedestal. It is not unlikely, from
its being in the possession of the Handasydes of Nisbet, that it may

also, like its companion,
be the work of Archibald
Handasyde.

Pinkie, Midlothian (see
Vol. n. p. 392). This dial
(Fig. 1662) stands on the
top of the old garden wall
on the east side of Pinkie
House. It is canted a
little to one side, so that
its face does not coincide
with the line of the wall.
The structure is square
throughout. On the spaces
immediately above the
wall-cope there appear to
have been painted dials,
none of the lines being
incised. The crowning
obelisk resembles that of
the dial at Newbattle.
This is, however, a very
characteristic feature of
the architecture of the
period, and is to be found
crowning the pillars of the
entrance gate at Pinkie,
and at numerous other
places throughout the
country. The measure-
ments are the height of
the wall on which the
dial stands is about 10
feet, and from the cope
to the top of the balls
supporting the obelisk is
about 6 feet; the obelisk
with the stone ball on
top about 3 feet 6 inches ;

FIO. 1662. -pinkie. the face of the dial is 23 1

inches in breadth.

SUNDIALS

483

SUNDIALS

West Pilton Farm, Granton, near Edin-
i. This dial (Fig. 1663) stands in the
farm-house garden. It surmounts a short
modern Doric column. The dial has only one
face, and, judging from the rounded appearance
of the back of the stone, it appears to have
been cut from a split boulder.

Forgue, Elgin. This dial (Fig. 1664) was
at one time built into a wall, and appears to
have been a corner dial. It has been mounted
on a pedestal as shown, and has been fixed
on the buttress of St. Margaret's Church,
Forgue. The Rev. William Temple, to whom
it belongs, traces its possession back through
five generations of -paternal ancestors and
to his brother (whose obituaries have all

carved on the pedestal). The dial stone is 19 inches high

W. West Pilton Farm.

SUNDIALS

484

SUNDIALS

by 10 inches square, and is dated 1710. We have already referred
to a similar dial at Pitinedden, made, according to tradition, by the
same sculptor.*

Castle Wigg, Kirkcudbrightshire (see
p. 248). We are indebted to Mr.
Galloway for a sketch of this fine
sundial (Fig. 1665). It is of square,
massive construction, 8 feet 5 inches
high, and has four dial faces, each
about 16 inches square (on one of
which there is a table from which
the difference between Greenwich and
local time may be calculated). On
the top ball there is a central line
divided to indicate time by the
shadow travelling round the ball
itself, a divided circle with a gnomon
at top, and another on one side at
bottom.

Ladylands House, Ayrshire. This
dial (Fig. 1666), in the garden of
Ladylands, has a very graceful
pedestal finished with a voluted
capital. On the pedestal occur
the initials of William Cochrane of
Ladylands, and his wife, Catherine
Hamilton, and on the opposite side
the year 1821 ; but it is believed
to be of an older date. The dial-
stone on the top does not appear
to us to be an appropriately formed
termination. It will be observed
that it is like the capital of an
obelisk dial, and has the appearance
of being merely placed there, and not
of being specially designed for its

Fio. 1665. Castle Wigg. position.

* We have to thank the Rev. Mr. Temple, Forgne, for information regarding
this dial, and Mr. M'Currach, stonecutter, Huntly, for a photograph.

SUNDIALS

485

SUNDIALS

Fio. 16(3(5. Ladylands House.

SUNDIALS

486

SUNDIALS

4. HORIZONTAL DIALS.

The dials of this type are so numerous that a list of them would
probably include the name of every parish in Scotland, and the making
of them has continued down to our
own time. Horizontal dials may be
divided into two classes (1) those
which in appearance are not unlike
a card-table, consisting of a pedestal
supporting the flat dial-stone, which
is either square, octagonal, or round ;
(2) the class in which the top of the
pedestal itself becomes the dial.

Ruchlaw, Stenton, Haddingtonshire.
This is a typical example of the
class (Fig. 1667). It has a marble
face inserted in the stone table, which
bears the name ARCHIBALD SYDRERP,
ROUGHLAW. His initials (see p. 425)
occur on a stone at Ruchlaw, dated
1663.

Drummond Castle, Perthshire,
Fig. 1668 is from a rubbing, kindly obtained for us by Mr. Henry
Curr, from one of two brass dials which stand on the garden terrace at

FIG. 1CC7. - Ruchlaw.

FIG. IOCS. Druiamoiid Castle.

SUNDIALS

487

SUNDIALS

Druimmmd Gardens. It contains the initials of John, Earl of Perth,
surmounted ly ,-m earl's coronet, with the inscription on the margin
JOHANNES MAKKK LONDiNi FECIT LATT 5G 20 1679. The plate measures
11^ inches across.

Cairnie, near Hnh-arres, Fifeskire.Tlus sundial (Fig. 1669), which is
duf.-d 1G~>0, ,'iiid contains the initials S.I.L. and D.C.R., was, it is conjec-
bured by the K-v. J. \V,,<>d Brown of Gordon, brought from Pitcorthy,in the
neighbourhood. In the East Neuk of Fife it is stated that Wester Pitcorthy

IKcsKSSBPCi'fb "

Fit:. liiii'.i.-Ciiiniic.

was the dower-house of the estate of Innergellie, and that a Dame
Christian Rutherford in 1635 was infeft in an annuity from Innergellie.
This would suggest that the other initials are those of Sir James Lumsden
of Innergellie, the only difficulty being that these parties were not
husband and wife, so far as is known. The dial is well cut in stone, and

SUNDIALS

488

SUNDIALS

has the frequent mariner's compass face enclosed in circles, with the degrees
and other signs minutely carved. It measures 4 feet 2 inches in height.

Pinkie, Midlothian (see Vol. n. p. 392). This is one of the finest
examples of the class (Fig. 1670), but it is unfortunately broken into two

pieces, and its support is lost. The table is octagonal, and measures
16 inches across. The face of the dial is beautifully cut, and has fine

SUNDIALS

489

SUNDIALS

figures. In appearance the dial resembles the upper part of the typical

Norman capital. The scalloped

sides are 5 inches deep, and each

contains a dial, three of which

are hollowed. In the upper part

of the hollows occur carved twisted

serpents, which recall those on the

L;im;incha dial (p. 430).

Craiyton, Livdithgowshire*
This dial (Fig. 1671) is situated
in the garden of the seventeenth
century mansion-house of Craig-
ton ; it has a circular baluster
support with boldly cut egg and
dart enrichment supporting a
square abacus, on which is placed
the bronze dial-plate.

Elie House, Fifeshire. There
is a marble dial here, which was
made in Italy and brought to this
country by one of the Aiistruthers
of Elie. The metal plate, by
Heath of London, contains the Anstruther arms and motto PERIISSKM

NI PERIISSEM.

Hatton House, Midlothian.
This is the fifth dial (Fig. 1672)
described as existing at Hatton
(see ante, p. 358). The pedestal
is carved in imitation of the trunk
of a tree a poor design, which
finds great favour in modern terra-
cotta garden-work. The table is
round, and measures 26 inches in
diameter, and in it was fixed the
metal dial -plate, now lost. The
height of the dial is 3 feet
7 inches.

Polmaddie, near Rutherglen,
Lanarkshire. The following in-
teresting account, accompanied by
a photograph? of this dial, from
which Fig. 1673 was made, was

;. ir,72. nation iious.-. kindly communicated by Mr. John

* \Vc arc indebted to the Rev. Mr. Primrose, Broxburn, for bringing this and
various other dials under our notice.

SSFj*

{(<&& *i

l*&&&

SUNDIALS

490

SUNDIALS

Parker, accountant, Glasgow. The pillar and table are of freestone,
and in the table a square cavity is cut, in which is inserted a square

cube of hard slate on which nine
dials are cut. The centre one is
for Glasgow alone. Smaller dials
at the four corners show the hours
at different places, corresponding to
the hour at Glasgow. Thus, when
the shadow indicates noon at Glas-
gow, the stile on the upper left-hand
circle gives an hour in the morning
at Boston or Charlestown, not the
same in each, but both morning,
while that on the upper right-hand
corner gives an evening hour at
Alexandria or the Cape of Good
Hope. Between these corner dials
at each side there are three smaller
dials recording the time at only one
place each.

Mountquhanny, Fifeshire (see
Vol. iv. p. 268). This dwarf dial (Fig. 1674), 2 feet 2 inches high by
1 foot 7 1 inches broad, was brought to its present position from Murdoch
Cairnie. The inscription, NON HORAS NUMERO NISI SERENAS, is modern,
while the dial is supposed to be about a century old.

FIG. 1673. Polmaddie.

FIG. 1674. Mountquliaimy.

FIG. 1675. Culcreuch.

Culcreuch, Stirlingshire (see p. 255). This is another dwarf dial
(Fig. 1675), of about the same dimensions as the last described; it stands
in the gardens of the old mansion-house.

SUNDIALS

491

SUNDIALS

i-, Forftu-x/itrt' (see
1>. 229). This (Fig. 1G7G) is an-
other good example of the card-
table type of dial ; it is under 3
feet high, and is massive in its
design, with figures boldly cut
ni the stone face, and is
probably of about the same date
as the Ruchliiw dial.

Croft-an-Righ , Ed'nt I urgk.
This massive, weather-worn dial
(Fig. 1677) stands in a market
garden to the east of the old
house of Croft-an-Righ.

North Le if /i. This dial (Fig.
1678), entirely of stone, is in
the manse garden at North
Lcith.

J. Itiri.;. Auchterhouse.

.. Hi77.-Cruft-au-Uk'li

FIG. 1678.- North Leith.

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492

SUNDIALS

Aberdour, Fifeshire. This quaint dial (Fig. 1679), drawn from a
sketch by Mr. John D. Michie, artist, stands in the gardens of " The
Place " of Aberdour. It belongs to the second class of horizontal dials.
Its square ornamented pedestal, resting on four large balls, is similar in

FIG. 1679. Aberdour.

idea to the pedestal of the dial at Pitreavie, about four miles distant
(see p. 428), and both rest on a raised pavement, which is of a circular
form here, and octagonal at Pitreavie. From information supplied by
Mr. Patrick Borrowman, it appears that on the north-west face of the

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493

SUNDIALS

pedestal there is a coronet with the insignia of the Order of the Garter,
and the motto HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE, and on the south-west face
the Douglas heart. The south-east face contains what appears to be
a clam-shell, and the north-east face a grotesque and undecipherable
sculpture. The dial is set north-east and south-west, so that twelve
o'clock falls exactly at the north-east corner of the stone. The letters
are on the edge of the stone, and a circle contains the degrees numbered
on it within.

( ,' lasserton House, Wiytonshire* The architectural features of this
dial (Fig. 1680) recall to mind the " Gothic " work sometimes produced
by the brothers Adam, tilasscrton House down to 1740 was a principal

FIG. 1680. Glasserton House.

seat of the Earls of Galloway. About that date it was burned, and
afterwards became the residence of Admiral Stewart, a younger son of
the earl. The dial probably dates from about the middle of last century ;
it has a modern dial-plate.

* We have to thank Mr. Galloway for a pencil sketch of this dial.

SUNDIALS

494

SUNDIALS

Whitekouse, Cramond, Midlothian. This sundial (Fig. 1681), which
stands in the garden of Whitehouse, contains four vertical dials on the
frieze of its shaft, along with its horizontal table-dial. The latter is a
circular strip of metal cut out like the letter O, and is 3 or 4 inches
in breadth, with the figures and lines cut on it. The gnomon, of which

FIG. 1681. Whitehouse.

an enlarged sketch is given, is very large, being about 1 1 inches high
by 7^ inches. It contains the initials ^ , with the date 1752, and on the
dial-plate there is the inscription MR DAVID STRACHAN, with the date
1732. Mr. Mackay of Whitehouse informs us, from his manuscript
notes, that Strachan's conveyance to the property is dated 21st May 1750,

SUNDIALS

495

SUNDIALS

that he was a bailie of Leith, and a prominent man in the affairs of the

locality till his death in 1771. It

thus appears that if the stonework

of the dial was made by Strachan

after he purchased Whitehouse, he

must have brought the plate with

him from some other place. The

horizontal dial measures 9J inches

high by 9^ inches in breadth, and

the table is 20 j- inches square, and

is 4 feet from the ground.

L<-t Jiiny ton Castle, II adding ton-
x/tire (see Vol. in. p. 256). A
round horizontal dial with a balus-
ter shaft stands in front of this
ancient castle; it is undated, but
on its metal face is engraved
DAVID LYON SCULPSIT.

Xi<I<Ii'i'' M<< riscTtdl , Midlothian
(see Vol. n. p. 62). This is a
fine example of the second class

of horizontal dials (Figs. 1682 and
lOs: 1 ,); it stands in front of the
mansion-house, on the edge of a
swift-flowing burn. The arms of
the Wauchopes of Niddrie, with

all the accessories, are very skil- Fio. 1082.-Niddrie Marischal.

fully wrought m the pedestal, and on the metal face is the inscription

JAOOBU8 n.AKK DI;NI>F.K FF.CIT.

[ (M^m^ *

M: )i;s:$. Niddric Marisclial.

SUNDIALS

496

SUNDIALS

Inch House, Midlothian (see Vol. in. p. 528). This dial (Fig. 1684),
from the garden of the old mansion-house of Inch, is a simple and

Fio. 1684. Inch House.

very clever design. The method of working in the octagon top
above the square below is effective, and quite in the style of the early

SUNDIALS

497

SUNDIALS

seventeenth century. The lower part of the dial, which appears to be
quite plain, is concealed with ivy. The under dials measure 84 inches

Fi<;. MS:.. --Inch House.

square; the octagonal portion measures II* inches across, and each of
the eight dials is 4^ inches square. There are twelve dials in all ; two
of them contain heart shapes on the
east and west sides respectively ; the
north side (Fig. 1685) contains the
Preston arms, very delicately carved.

//W'/;//.v/<m. A dial (Fig. 1686)
of this type stands in the garden
of Haddington House, a fine old
mansion near the church (see p. 64).
On the bronze plate are the initials
A.M. K.C., and the date 1688.

v. 2 i

FIG. 1GS6. Haddington.

SUNDIALS

498

SUNDIALS

Craigiehall and Hopetoun, Linlithgowshire. The horizontal dials at
Craigiehall (Fig. 1687) and Hopetoun are almost identical. The carved

Hl$M^ v '

Fio. 1687. Craigiehall.

Fio. ]688.~Craigiehall.

work on the pedestals was probably wrought by the same hand. On the
first-named is the inscription MADK BY ENGLAND, INSTRUMENT MAKER TO

HER MAJESTY AT CHARING X,

LONDON, with the arms of
the Marquis of Annandale
(Fig. 1688) quartered with
those of his wife, a Fairholm
of Craigiehall.

Houston, Linlithgowshire
(see Vol. n. p. 512). This
is a massive square dial (Fig.
1689), which probably dates
from the latter part of the
seventeenth century ; it stands
on a circular stone base, which
is flush with the ground, be-
side the old mansion of Hous-
ton.

Elsick, Kincardineshire.
This dial (Figs. 1690 and
1691), as may be judged from
the plate, belonged to an
agriculturist. Mr. J. Crabb
Watt, advocate, to whom we
FiG.ieso.-Houston. are ^ebted for bringing it

to our knowledge, and for
sketches of it, informs us that James Rae, whose name is engraved

SUNDIALS

499

SUNDIALS

on the plate, was a farmer at Crowhillock, Kinneff, father of the
celebrated Rachel Rae, an excellent fiddler, in whose house Neil Gow

FIG. 1690,-Elsick.

composed " Ratchell Rae's Rant," and his strathspey " Crowhillock." The
dial was shifted about from one farm to another until its present owner,

Fin. 1091. Elsick.

SUNDIALS

500

SUNDIALS

Mr. Forbes, got possession of it, and set it up in the garden of Elsick
House. The dial bears the inscription WM. NICOL FECIT, LATITUDE 56.

Portobello, Midlothian. This is a dial (Fig. 1692) of great interest,
as it is known to have been the work of Archibald Handasyde, and
it is pleasing to learn that it still remains in the possession of his
descendants of the third generation. His grandson, the late Mr. Handa-
syde, had it erected in his garden at Windsor Place, Portobello, where
it now stands. The whole is of stone, and is about 4 feet high; the
face is rudely cut, and is lettered from 1 to 8 and from 4 to 12, and has
the date 1775.

FIG. 1692. Portobello.

FIG. 1G93. Auchterhouse.

Auchterhouse Manse, Forfarshire. For the sketch from which the
view of this very graceful dial (Fig. 1693) is made we are indebted to
Mr. Robertson, Dundee. The dial is in the manse garden; it stands
on a circular base 4 inches high by 21 inches in diameter; above this the
dial rises 3 feet 6 inches high; the base is 5 inches square, and
the shaft tapers from 4 inches to 3 inches; the' disc is 13 inches in
diameter.

SUNDIALS

501

SUNDIALS

Colonsay House, Isle of Colonsay. This dial (Fig. 1694) is from a
sketch by Mr. Galloway. It stands in an extensive and beautiful
garden ; the date on the
house, the residence of Major-
General Sir John M'Neill, is
1722, and probably the date
of the dial is the same.

Jht/'f/fify, 'i war Mranlyaff,

Kirkcudbrightshire. This
view and plan (Figs. 1695
and 1696) are made from a
sketch by Miss Johnstone,
Minnigair Manse, and the
following information com-
municated by her is interest-
ing. The dial is the handi-
work of Andrew Heron of
Bargaly, who died in 1729;
it bears his initials and those
of his wife, Mary Graham,
cut on the corners of the dial-
stoiie (Fig. 1696). In the
Advocates' Library Macfar-
lane MSS., Vol. I. p. 517, occurs
the following entry : " There
are some stones on the two

Fiu. li)94. Colonsay House.

gates of the churchyard with

some proper inscriptions from the Psalms, and a dyal in the middle of

the churchyard, all done by Bargaly 's own hand." The dial is not in any

FIG. 1C96. Bargaly.

FJG

5. - -Hardily

SUNDIALS

502

SUNDIALS

way to be regarded as a churchyard monument, as Bargaly and his wife
are buried in a mausoleum, erected in his lifetime, beside the mansion-
house of that name. Miss Johnstone notes that Heron was married
about 1678, and thinks the dial was erected about that time.

Minniyaff, Kirkcudbrightshire. The description we received of this
dial* (Fig. 1697), from the late Mr. George Hamilton of Ardendee, is
that it is an old dialed market cross with a " louping-on " stone along-

FIG. 1697. Minn igaff.

side. The dial is very primitive, and is a rough unhewn whinstone
(Fig. B) ; the top is squared, and bears a horizontal dial about 9 inches
in diameter (Fig. A).

* The drawing is copied from a sketch by Miss Johnstone.

SUNDIALS

503

SUNDIALS

Neworth, Kelso, Roxburghshire. The drawing of the dial at Neworth
(Fig. 1698) is made from a watercolour sketch by the designer of the
dial, kindly lent to us by his great-grand son, Mr. Patrick Robertson,
Foimtainhall. Mr. Robertson informs us that his ancestor made the dial
in 1760, when he was a very young man, and had the pedestal hewn by
a local mason at Ednam, where it was first put up, and after being once
in' twice removed, as the family changed their abode, it was finally brought
to Neworth by the son of the designer when he purchased that property
in 1854. The dial-plate is of metal.

l-'i, ; . L698. Neworth.

FIG. 1699. Ardgowan.

Dials at North Leith (see p. 491) and Ardgowan (Fig. 1699) are very
similar in dcsim to the last described.

SUNDIALS

504

SUNDIALS

Cults, Fifeshire. There is a simple dial here (Fig. 1700), which stands

FIG. 1700. Cults.

Fio. 17Ul.--Gagie.

in the manse garden. A pencil sketch sent us by Mr. T. S. Robertson,
architect, Dundee, shows its base to be quite over-
grown with ivy.

Gagie, Forfarskire. Gagie House is illustrated
in this volume, p. 275, where the position of the dial
(Fig. 1701) is shown in the old-fashioned garden.
As will there be seen from the sketches, the whole
place is in admirable keeping, the old trees, the
summer-house, and turreted mansion realising on a
small scale a gentleman's establishment of the seven-
teenth century.

Tongue, Sutherlandshire. There is a companion
dial (Fig. 1702) at Tongue to the one already de-
scribed on p. 415 ; it has an octagonal shaft about
9 or 10 inches square, with a rounded top on which
FIO. 1702. Tongue. there is a horizontal dial.

SUNDIALS

505

SUNDIALS

AM, J^cmk, JIvttM^-Tbi* dial (Kg. 1703) may be classed
with thoee of the honzontal type, although the globe supported by the
hollow cylinder-shaped figure which forms the gnomon is a feature

Fie. 17<i:;. Newhall.

unusual in such dials. The dial is probably the production of a local
sculptor, specimens of whose work may be seen scattered about the
village of West Linton. A dial there (p. 387) bears a considerable
resemblance to this one, and they are probably by the same hand.

SUNDIALS - 506 - SUNDIALS

III. MODERN DIALS.

The practice of dial-making has never entirely died out in Scotland,
but the character of the art exhibited in the dials of the seventeenth
century seems to have gradually deteriorated during the eighteenth
century, and to have almost entirely perished in the nineteenth. Some
modern sundials, although of considerable size, and exhibiting a worthy
ambition to rival the more ancient ones, are wanting both in the
scientific and artistic elements which distinguished their forerunners.

The Plaining, Selkirk. This is a singular modern example (Fig. 1704),
and may be well called a masonic dial, since it contains various symbols

of the craft an arch springing
from Ionic columns enclosing the
all-seeing eye within a wreath, the
compass, square, and triangle, and
various other figures. The dial is
the work of a hewer who was
employed at The Haining in 1817,
the date on the dial.*

Amisfield, Dumfriesshire. Mr.
Roberton, Glasgow, has drawn our
attention to a neat modern hori-
zontal dial at Amisfield Castle.
The plate contains the inscription

THIS DIAL BELONGS TO AND. COWAN,

FIG. 1704. The Haiuintr.

J. w. FECIT 1825, together with the

motto DAY GIVES PLACE TO NIGHT, LIFE SOON ENDS IN DEATH, AND TIME

WILL BE SWALLOWED UP IN VAST ETERNITY. The dial tells the hours at
various towns throughout the world.

Newhall, Penicuik, Midlothian. This dial (Fig. 1705), which may
be regarded as a monument to Allan Ramsay, stands in front of the
mansion-house of Newhall. Its appearance will be easily understood
from the sketch. The following information regarding the dial was
supplied by Mr. John J. Wilson, banker, Penicuik. There are eight
panels on the square tapering shaft, on one of which there is the
following inscription : HERE ALEXANDER PENICUIK OP NEWHALL, M.D.,

IS SAID TO HAVE GIVEN ALLAN RAMSAY THE PLOT OF HIS CELEBRATED

PASTORAL COMEDY OF THE "GENTLE SHEPHERD." This explains the contents
of the six remaining panels, which refer to the well-known play viz.,
(1) a design consisting of a shepherd's crook and other pastoral imple-
ments ; (2) Habbie's Howe and Mause's cottage ; (3) the washing-green
and Symon's house; (4) the Craigy bield and Glaud's onstead ; (5) a
* We are indebted for this example to Mr. Anderson, architect.

SUNDIALS

507

SUNDIALS

ship enclosed in an oval margin ; (6) HERE ALLAN RAMSAY RECITED TO

HIS DISTINGUISHED AND LITERARY PATRONS, AS HE PROCEEDED WITH THEM,
THE SCENES OP HIS UNEQUALLED PASTORAL COMEDY, AMID THE OBJECTS

AND CHARACTERS INTRODUCED INTO IT. The last panel contains the
motto

OBSERVE HOW FAST, TIME HURRIES PAST,
THEN USE EACH HOUR, WHILE IN YOUR POWER,
FOR COMES THE SUN, BUT TIME FLIES ON,
PROCEEDING EVER, RETURNING NEVER.
R. B. 1810.

Fi.i. 1705. Xrwliull.

_>, near Glasgow. In the gardens here there is a dial

(Fig. 1706) erected in 1840, not unworthy to be classed with the ancient
examples. It is entirely the work, both in design and execution, of

SUNDIALS

508

SUNDIALS

Alexander Fraser,* a north country working mason. The Rev. Mr.
M'Millan, Baillieston, having made diligent inquiry, has communicated
the following notes, containing all that can now be gathered regarding
Fraser. He rented an orchard adjoining Bredisholm House, and built a
cottage for himself, where he lived quite alone. Having no knowledge of

FIG. 1700. Bredisholm.

horticulture, the management of an orchard proved an unsuccessful under-
taking. He devoted a considerable portion of his time to dial-making,
and in one instance, for a very simple dial, he is known to have received
2. During his residence here, which lasted for a few years, he erected

* This is probably the skilful mason referred to by Hugh Miller in My Schools
and Schoolmasters.

SUNDIALS

509

SUNDIALS

the above dial in his orchard. Removing to Shettlestone, he again built
a house for himself, and embarked in the speculation of building a tene-
ment adjoining Camlachie Parish Church, but evidently with little profit
to himself. For many years he wrought most of the tombstones and
sculpture work required in the locality, and was often seen, Mr. M'Millan

FIG. 1707. Bredisholm.

says, by the people of Old Monkland passing their doors on his way to
the churchyard a modern "Old Mortality." Whatever his occupation
for the time may have been, he appears always to have had a dial on
hand. He died about 1870.

When Fraser executed this dial, the art as it was understood in olden

SUNDIALS

510 SUNDIALS

times may be said to have been extinct, only the commonest horizontal
dials being occasionally set up. All the traditions which guided the men
who erected the "obelisks," the "lecterns," or "facet-headed" dials were
lost, so that we are not surprised to find that this dial is based on
altogether different lines. It may be described as a massive horizontal
dial supporting an octagonal column from which there jut out two tiers
of radiating wings. These wings are carved and sliced into innumerable
figures and shapes, which will be partly understood by referring to the
drawing (Fig. 1707), in which is also seen a space for a thermometer.
There are dials on each corner of the flat table, three of them carved on
the stone, and the fourth consisting of a metal plate. There are other
contrivances on the table, some of which it is
believed served the purpose of a rain-gauge, and
are supposed to be connected with an opening in
the base of the dial. Winding round these dials
is the inscription IT is A LIGHT THING FOR THE

SHADOW TO GO DOWN TEN DEGREES ; NAY, BUT LET
THE SHADOW RETURN BACKWARDS TEN DEGREES. It

is not unlikely that the arrangement of the table
dials may have been suggested to Fraser by the dial
at Polmaddie, only a few miles distant.

Grange, Bo'ness, Linlithgowshire. The baluster
supporting this dial (Fig. 1708) is ancient, but the
old dial having become dilapidated, the late Mr.
Henry Cadell of Grange designed the peculiar
Fm. iros. Grange. horizontal dial shown in the sketch.

No attempt having hitherto been made, so far as we can ascertain,
to illustrate in a systematic manner the sundials of any country, nor
to analyse and classify their designs, we are unable to make any com-
parison between those of Scotland and other countries. We believe,
however, that those above described form a representative collection of
Scottish sundials, sufficiently numerous to illustrate the principles which
guided the old dial-makers ; and we are confident that no further examina-
tion of the subject will reveal any new type or system of design in this
country.

An examination of the Table of Dials, arranged according to their
dates on p. 513, shows that the chief dial-making period extended from
1616 (the date of the dial at Troquhain) onwards for a period of about
one hundred and fifty years. As has been already shown, there were
dials before and after the above dates, but the period just mentioned
may be regarded as that in which the art was at its best. The authors
have not seen any dial in Scotland which can in their opinion be placed
earlier than about the year 1500, and there is no dated dial belonging to

SUNDIALS 511

SUNDIALS

the sixteenth century known. In the old Palace of Holyrood, erected
after 1547 (see Fig. 717, Vol. iv. p. 134), there are sundials shown
towards tho upper part of the tower on the right hand. An examination
of the table of dated dials shows that the earliest of these dials are
amongst the most complicated of their kind. This seems to indicate
that the art was imported into this country in a highly advanced state,
and had probably been developed abroad; but till foreign dials have
been examined and classified, we cannot say positively where the ideas
were derived from, nor how far the foreign models were followed. As
above pointed out, the pattern of the lectern-shaped dial seems to have
IHTH derived from the mathematical and astronomical instruments in
common use in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is also
observable that the different types do not follow each other in succes-
sion, but that dials of all the types were erected simultaneously. When
we consider how few the types are, notwithstanding the number of
specimens, and the widespread area they occupy, it seems probable that
the art of dial-making was practised according to certain well-known
traditions, for it is impossible to believe that such a multitude of designs
would have been limited to such a small number of leading patterns had
they been the emanations of individual fancy. It is not improbable
that the scientific principles of dialling were taught in many of the
parish schools along with land-surveying, both practical and theoretical,
and other mathematical studies. But as the publication of the Ordnance
Maps put an end to the study of land-surveying in schools, so has the
comparative cheapness of clocks and watches, combined with their
greater convenience, put an end to the study of dialling. Two dials
of very scientific construction one at Currie and another at Riccarton
were made in 1836 and 1829 respectively by the village schoolmaster,
Robert Palmer, who taught the elementary principles of astronomy,
and had the walls of his schoolroom painted with astronomical
diagrams. Such a man could not fail to give lessons in dialling.
We learn also that the local schoolmaster had to do with the dial at
Kenmure Castle.

Burns, the poet, in an autobiographical letter to Dr. Moore, says that
he was sent to a "noted school" (Kirkoswald) " to learn mensuration,
surveying, dialling," &c. In a controversy on this episode, in the
Scotsman of January 1889, it was held by certain writers that the
"dialling" here mentioned referred to underground surveying in coal-
pits, the proof brought forward being that the writers knew of places
where underground surveying is so called. Without entering on this
question, it seems probable that the poet's schoolmaster was prepared
to teach mathematics and astronomy ; and when we remember that this
was at a time when dial-making was still, to a certain extent, a living art,
it would not be surprising to know that he also touched on the subject of

SUNDIALS 512 SUNDIALS

dial-making, and that the term "dialling" was understood in the sense of
sundial-making.

In the same county, at Fenwick, about the time that Burns was
sent to learn dialling, we find that Hugh Wilson, the author of the
tune " Martyrdom," having finished his education at the village school,
and while learning the shoemaking trade with his father, "applied
himself assiduously to the study of mathematics and kindred subjects."
One of the kindred subjects was the making of sundials, and a specimen
constructed by him may still be seen at Fenwick.*

The art of dial-making appears to have been more popular in certain
localities than in others, being in part due to the influence of the local
school, and in part to the taste and spirit of the working masons, who
frequently erected a specimen on their own dwellings, and thereby spread
the desire for and appreciation of dials as adornments of houses. The
making of dials appears to have been a favourite amusement of many of
our masons during their leisure hours ; and when it was the practice to
stop building in winter, they would have ample time to devote to it.
The dial made by Hugh Miller, already mentioned (p. 433), is a case in
point. Probably at no time nor place was there a sufficient demand for
dials to keep a maker in constant occupation. There can be no doubt,
however, that our forefathers regarded the sundial in very much the same
manner as we regard the public clock. Thus, in 1719 a sundial was put
up on the church at Inverarity for the public benefit, and for which the
sum of half-a-crown was paid (note Epitaphs and Inscriptions, by Jarvise,
Vol. II. p. 304). In Weir's History of Greenock, mention is made of a
corner dial on a house in that town built in 1716, which was the only
"tell-tale time could boast of" till the magistrates built a timber steeple
with a clock in 1753. And we have seen that the magistrates of Berwick
(p. 376) regarded a dial set up on the church wall "as a benefit to all
persons that came that way." In all probability many dial-makers, like
Fraser in our own time, found a large share of their employment in the
making of tombstones. Mylne and Wallace practised their business
very much in the manner of modern architects ; and Handasyde, the
dial-maker above referred to, was possibly also an architect and builder,
with a practical knowledge of sculpture and carving.

* Article by James Love, Falkirk, in Parish Magazine, September 1889, p. 134.

TABLE OF SUNDIALS

WHICH ARE DATED, OR WHOSE DATES ARE KNOWN,
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR DATES.

Troquhain, ....
Dundas Castle,
Kenmure Castle, .
Preston Lodge, Cupar-Fife, .
Lochgoilhead,

Melrose, ....
Auchtermuchty, .
Auchterhouse Church, .
Drummond Gardens, .
Heriot's Hospital,
Holyrood, ....
Newbattle, ....
Aberdour Castle, .
Peffermill House, .
Temple, ....
Yarrow Kirk, .
House, Water of Leith,
Inveresk House, .
Lethington Castle,
Pitreavie House, .
Northfield House,
Ciiirnie, ....

Berwick Church, .
Balcomie Castle, .
Melrose Abbey,
Peebles Cross,

Ruchlaw, ....

Hatton House,

St. Mary's College, St. Andrews,
Dargavel, ....
Fettercairn Cross,
Cockburn House, .
Polton House,
Cockburn House, .
Ladylands House,
Cortachy Church,
Hatton House,
Philipstoun House,
North Barr, ....
Urummoiid (wardens,
Heriot's Hospital,
Elie, "TheMuckle Yett," .
Inveresk House, .
V.

YEAR

1616
1623
1623
1623

Limekilns, .....
Hawick, .
Liberton House, ....
Newstead, ....

YEAR

1682
1683
1683
1683

1626

Polton, .

If-QFC

162-

Kinross House, ....

iuou
1686

1629

Haddington House,

1688

1630

liarrochaii House,

1689

1630

Inveresk Lodge, ....

1691

1631

Dunnikier House,

1692

1633

Barnton House, ....

1692

1635

Hatton House, .

1692

1635

Alloa,

1695

1636

Galashiels Cross, .

1695

1638

Airth Cross, .

1697

1640

Melville House, .

1697

1643

Cadder House, ....

1698

1643

Glencorse Church,

1699

1644

Peebles Cross, .

1699

1644

Inverkip Castle, ....

1699

1(147

Bathgate, House in,

1704

1650

Tor ry burn, .

1705

1652

Longside, .

1705

1660
1661

Lessudden,

f 1706
1 1739

1662

Aberdeen, Duthie Park,

1707

J1663

Borthwick Church,

1707

I 1663

Kelburn,

1707

1664

Bowland,

1708

1664

Forgue,

1710

1670

Tongue, .....

1714

1670

Silvermills, Edinburgh, House in,

1714

1672

Greenock, .

1716

1672

Woodhall,

1717

1672

Inverarity,

1719

1673

Ormiston Manse, ....

1719

1675

Newburgh,

1725

1675

Inveresk House, ....

1727

1676

Prestonpans, .

1729

1679

Aberdeen Municipal Buildings, .

1730

1679

St. Boswells, .

1731

1679

Cramond House, ....

1732

1682
1682

Whitehouse, Cramond,

/1732
1 1752

SUNDIALS

514

SUNDIALS

YEAR

Elgin Cross, 1733

Inveresk Churchyard, . . . 1735

Ormiston, 1736

Bonally, 1743

Lugton, Dalkeith, . . .1745

Newstead, 1751

Drummore, Musselburgh, . . 1753

Newstead, 1754

Neworth, Kelso, .... 1760

Melrose, 1762

West Kirk, Edinburgh, . .1774
BladdoFarm, .... 1775

Portobello, '.

Newstead, .

Cammo,

Newhall,

Chirnside Church,

The Haining,

Ladylands, .

Amisfield,

Riccarton, Currie Parish,

Currie Churchyard,

Bredisholm, .

YEAR

1775
1777
1795
1810
1810
1817
1821
1825
1829
1836
1840

ST. MARY'S COLLKQE, ST. ANDREWS.

EARLY SCOTTISH MASTERS OF WORKS, MASTER
MASONS, AND ARCHITECTS.

IN concluding our account of the civil and military structures of Scot-
land, it may not be inappropriate to collect the various notices which
have come to our knowledge of the designers and constructors of these
and other edifices of early times in this country, and to endeavour to
draw conclusions from that information with reference to the conditions
under which the designing and execution of buildings were carried on.

1! -fore considering these points in connection with Scotland, we shall
first glance at the information which we have gleaned on the subject from
other countries.

Throughout Europe in the Middle Ages the name of "architect" is
not given to the designers of edifices before the sixteenth century.* The
earliest centres of civilisation during that epoch were the monasteries.
These comprised within their walls masters as well as workmen in all the
crafts and arts ; and as they furnished from their ranks the painters,
sculptors, illuminators, musicians, and designers in stained glass and
metal-work, many of whose productions still survive for our admiration,
they without doubt also provided the men who designed their own
churches and monasteries, as well as all the other structures of the period,
whether ecclesiastical, civil, or military. But when in course of time
towns sprang up, under the encouragement and protection of the monks,
around the walls of the monasteries, the various arts and trades passed
gradually into the hands of the lay inhabitants, from amongst whom there
arose masters and workmen, who succeeded the monks as designers and
artificers. Amongst these the lay inaitre de Vwuvre of the thirteenth
century held a prominent position.

A short account of the mediaeval architects whose names have survived
in France is given by Viollet-le-Duc in his Dictionnaire. The architects
of the great French cathedrals, according to him, were generally laymen,
such as Robert de Luzarches and Thomas de Cormont, architects of
Amiens Cathedral ; Pierre de Montereau, who was entrusted by St. Louis,
in 1240, with the construction of the Sainte Chapelle of Paris; and Erwin
de Steinbach, whose name as the architect of Strasburg Cathedral was
recorded on that edifice. The names of several others are also preserved.
These architects were men of distinction in their time, and some of them
were honoured with a grave and a monument in the noble edifices they

* In the following notes the term " architect " is employed for convenience, as
applicable to designers of buildings of all periods.

MASTERS OF WORKS

516 MASTER

erected. Viollet-le-Duc also points out that, from the resemblance of the
designs of the three great cathedrals of Clermont, Narbonne, and Limoges,
there is reason to believe that they are the work of one architect, who
sent designs to these widely distant localities. A considerable number of
the working drawings of the French and German cathedrals have been
preserved, which show the handiwork of the architects and their mode of
procedure in carrying out their designs. The sketch-book of two French
architects who executed extensive works both in France and other
countries has also been discovered, and is published, and the drawings
prove that these artists were men of great observation and well skilled in
their profession. The authors of this portfolio were Wilars de Honecort,
architect of the choir of Cambrai Cathedral, who was likewise called to
Hungary to undertake important works, and Pierre de Corbie, a celebrated
architect of the thirteenth century, who designed several churches in
Picardy, and probably erected the apsidal chapels of Rheims Cathedral.
In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries French lay architects were
constantly summoned from a distance to erect churches, monasteries,
palaces, and other fabrics.

The names of a number of early French master masons and contrac-
tors are collected, and interesting facts regarding them are narrated in an
article in The Builder* Some account of the building trade of the
Mediaeval Period is also given in the same journal. f From these notices
we gather that the mode of operation then pursued in France was not
dissimilar to that used in England.

The late Mr. Street, in his admirable work on Spanish Architecture,
has devoted a chapter to the architects of some of the splendid cathedrals
of Spain, in which he shows that the architects entrusted with the design-
ing and superintendence of these structures were generally laymen, some-
times residing permanently on the spot and receiving an annual salary,
and sometimes being only engaged to visit the buildings occasionally and
give a general superintendence to the work. In other cases the " masters
of the works " were also builders or sculptors, and besides furnishing the
designs, they appear to have wrought at the work with their own hands.
Instances occur of architects being brought from a distance for consulta-
tion, and an account is given of a number of architects being called
together to consider and decide matters of importance.

Foreign architects were frequently sent for to give advice in other
countries. Of this Mr. Street gives some examples, and the visit of Wilars
de Honecort to Hungary above quoted is a case in point. In notes on
Upsala Cathedral, by Mr. J. Travenor Perry, J it is stated as " a curious
fact that the three cathedral churches of Scandinavia were not only
designed by foreigners but by men from different countries ; and in all
essential features Upsala Cathedral is French, Lund is German, and
* 1884, p. 154. f 1878, p. 92. J Building News, 14th February 1890.

M VSONS 517

AND ARCHITECTS

Throndhjem is English." A letter of appointment is quoted, showing
that an architect called Estienue de Bonnueill, who had been engaged
en Xotre Dame of Paris, was selected to go to Upsala in 1287 to super-
intend the erection of the cathedral there.

Other examples might be given, but enough has been said to show
that the profession of architect in the above countries, by whatever
designation known, was well recognised and fully practised.

Towards the close of the Medieval Period, according to Viollet-le-Duc,
tlio various crafts or corporations in France seem to have undertaken
works on their own account, both as regards design and execution, and
thus to a certain extent to have superseded the architect. The masons,
carpenters, .-md plumbers are said to have all worked independently, with-
out the control of one guiding mind, the result being that all unity of
design was lost.

Thf subject of the position and occupation of the various persons
connected with the superintendence of buildings in England during the
Middle Ages has been very fully investigated and explained by Mr.
Wyatt Pap worth in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British
Ai'i-hitfffs* The titles applied to such persons in the numerous fabric
rolls of the cathedrals, and other ancient documents consulted by him,
are in Latin, and have been found somewhat confusing and difficult of
translation into equivalent modern terms distinctly denning the duties of
each office ; and this is rendered the more complicated from the meaning
of the title used having changed at different epochs. The word " archi-
tect " does not occur before the end of the sixteenth century, but several
other terms are employed, which have frequently been supposed to apply
to the designers of buildings. Imjfidator is one of these titles, which was
in use from the eleventh century. The proper translation of this term,
however, is fuyineer, being applied to those who designed or worked
engines of war. These ingeniators were not infrequently foreigners
Germans and Italians, "expert men in the skill of fortifying," being
sometimes employed. Supervisor or surveyor of the works is a designation
which came into use soon after the Conquest, and has been by some writers
considered equivalent to that of architect. This view has given rise to
litl'erence of opinion, notably in the case of the well-known William of
\Vykcham, Bishop of Winchester, in the latter part of the fourteenth
century. He was appointed to the post of "supervisor of the king's
works at the castle and in the park of Windsor," and at other royal
works, of which he was therefore supposed by Pugin and others to have
been the "architect." But Mr. Papworth adduces many reasons for
believing that the title of "supervisor" was applied to persons who took
a general superintendence; only, and had nothing to do with the designing
of structures. The duties of the supervisor also included superintendence
* Vol. in., New Series, p. 185.

MASTERS OF WORKS - 518 - MASTER

of the "victuals and artillery." Thus, in 1338, Edward in. made his
clerk of the works at Perth in Scotland " receiver of the pennies and of
victuals." The duties of Wykeham as supervisor "empowered him to
impress all sorts of artificers, and provide stone, timber, materials, and
carriages ; also to hold lete and other courts, pleas of trespass and mis-
demeanour, and to inquire of the king's liberties," &c. Hence, as Mr.
Papworth suggests, the title of steward would be much more applicable to
this office than that of architect.

At a later period, however (from about 1520), the name of surveyor
came to be employed in the modern sense. Other titles used in ancient
deeds, such as master of the work, keeper of the fabric, and keeper of the
works, might be supposed at first sight to apply to the designer of the
structures, but they were really applicable to the persons who acted as
receivers of the necessary funds and as paymasters, and in whose names
the accounts were kept.

An office for carrying out royal works existed in the king's household
from a comparatively early date. The oldest list of such an establishment
occurs in the reign of Edward iv. (1461-1483), and included first "the
clerk of the works and assistants, the comptroller, the clerk of the engross-
ment of the pay-book, the purveyor, the keeper of the storehouse, the
clerk of the check, the clerk of the comptrollment, the carpenter (the
mason is accidentally omitted), the sergeant plumber, the joiner, the
glazier, the surveyor of the mines, and lastly the devisor of buildings."
The office of surveyor of buildings under the king gradually came to mean
the architect, and was subsequently held by Inigo Jones, Sir C. Wren,
and other well-known architects of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.

Many of the offices above described, such as " the master of the work,"
" the keeper of the fabric," tfec., appear to have been conferred on ecclesiastics
and others not concerned with the designing or execution of buildings, in
order to provide them with a salary. Geoffrey Chaucer the poet, for
example, was appointed " clerk of the works " at Westminster and several
other places, these offices being bestowed on him by the favour of the
king.

As already stated, Mr. Papworth has difficulty in defining clearly the
duties of all the different posts above named. He says : " The English
word * supervisor,' if that of * steward ' be questionable, is, I think, best
kept for those who, acting on behalf of others, as Wykeham for the
monarch, have yet no grounds to be considered the designers of the
building. The 'master of the work,' a designation used in monastic
establishments, whilst in Scotland it took the place of the king's chief
professional man, was, I feel certain, one of the talented advisers of the
day. The ' clerk of the works ' of the king's household (later ' surveyor ')
may have stood in the place of the ' architect,' or of that of ' keeper of

MASONS KIQ

AND ARCHITECTS

the accounts' (it is not at all clear, but was probably the latter) The
'master, or keeper, of the fabric' was probably the keeper of the whole
structure, and the 'keeper of the work' was perhaps only the custodian
of the particular work then in progress; the edifice under those circum-
tances being developed by the 'master of the work ' or by the 'master

mason.

The conclusion at which Mr. Papworth finally arrives is that the
" master masons " were the real architects during the Medieval Period in
England. The ' master of the works ' may have been so, and probably
the 'clerk of the works ' was so in the latest times."

Mr. Papworth enumerates a great many " masons and master masons,"
from the time of the Conquest downwards, whose names have been pre-
served on account of their skill in the art of masonry. The "master
masons " were either engaged by the day, and were paid at a higher rate
than the ordinary masons, or they undertook contracts for fixed sums,
sometimes under heavy penalties.

The materials and carriages were usually provided by the proprietor,
but were sometimes supplied by the master masons. The latter super-
intended the other masons, and were frequently engaged for life, receiving,
in addition to their daily remuneration, a comfortable house and the
annual gift of a handsome robe.

The " master mason," though obtained occasionally on the spot, appears
to have been sought for in some distant locality, similarly to the archi-
tects of the present day. Many of them " realised property, and had lands
at their disposal. That 'they were considered men of repute may be
inferred from the fact that the clergy were often associated with them in
the contracts, apparently in the place of sureties."

Comparat ivcly few of the names of the architects of the earlier Renais-
sance structures in England have been preserved. These works were prob-
ably carried out under the direction of "master masons," as in the earlier
times.* It is noticeable, however, that several of the names recorded in
connection with these edifices are those of foreigners. \ Pietro Torregiano
practised in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and Hans Holbein
and John of Padua later in the same century. In 1546-49, Burnet states
in his History that the Duke of Somerset imported architects from Italy,
and in 1566-67, Flemish workmen were brought over to work at the
I loyal Exchange in London. From this period the names of English
architects become prominent, and we find in such men as Needham,

* In a paper recently read before the Architectural Association of London by
Mr. J. A. Gotch (see The Architect of llth and 18th March 1892), it is clearly shown
that in Shakespeare's time the designs of several of the large mansions of the period
iren produced by the proprietor working in conjunction with the master mason and
artificers.

t See Mr. Papworth's pamphlet on the Renaissance and Italian Architecture of
England.

MASTERS OF WORKS - 520 - MASTER

Shute, Thorpe, Kirby, Carter, Jansen, Stone, Simons, Sniithson, and
Wren the precursors of the architects of modern times.

We shall now endeavour, with the light thrown on the subject by the
above notes on the early architects and builders of other countries, to trace
the history of the designers and constructors of edifices in Scotland.

FIRST PERIOD.

It has been fully explained in the foregoing volumes how building
with stone and mortar, both in secular and ecclesiastical edifices, was
introduced into Scotland by the Normans, but little information can be
obtained as to who were the architects of the castles and churches of the
period. There can, however, be little doubt as to the ecclesiastical struc-
tures having been designed and carried out under the superintendence of
the monks, who brought with them their Norman style of building from
the South. As regards the castles, their designs were probably the work
of skilled ecclesiastics, perhaps assisted by the ingeniators, or engineers,
who we have seen were employed in similar work in England. From the
Exchequer Rolls we learn that Frenchmen and Dutchmen were frequently
employed in Scotland, especially in connection with the bombards which
came into use at a subsequent 'period, and it seems not unlikely that
foreigners may have assisted at the erection of some of the early castles
also.

Scarcely any of the names of the architects of our Scottish cathedrals
and abbeys have survived ; but these edifices bear in the unity and com-
pleteness of their design the impress of a single mind, whence it may
reasonably be inferred that they were conceived and carried out by
architects in a manner and spirit similar to that of the great churches
in other countries, as above narrated.

Although the names of the bishops and abbots under whom many of
the Scottish churches were erected are recorded, only a few names, con-
nected in a somewhat shadowy way with the designing of these structures,
have been preserved.

Kirkwall Cathedral, built in the twelfth century by Earl Ronald, was
the special care of his father, Kolr, who is stated by Sir Henry Dryden* to
have had "the peculiar management of the plans and building."

An inscription on the cathedral of lona states that "Donaldus
O'Brolochan fecit hoc opus," and it is recorded that a prior of that name
died in 1202, and that the Pope confirmed the erection of the monastery
in 1203.

A stone over a door in the south transept of Melrose Abbey contains
an inscription, evidently of the sixteenth century, which narrates that
* Description of St. Macjmis Cathedral, p. 6.

MASONS 521

AND ARCHITECTS

John Mnrw (or Mo rmv for Murray), "born in Parysse," had in keeping
all mason work of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Melrose, Paisley, Nithsdale*
and Galloway, but no other trace of such an individual is to be found.
The Hev. James Morton, in his description of the abbey (Monastic Annals
of TcnutAtt,*, }.. 2f>0), says: "Over the same door a shield is carved,
bearing compasses and Heurs-de-lys, probably to indicate the profession
and nalivt; country of the architect. There is also an inscription, partly
obliterated, above and beside the shield, which has been read thus

SA GAYS YE COMPAS EVYN ABOUT

SA TRUTH AND LAUTE DO BUT DOUTE

UK IIAULDE TO YE HENDE Q. IOIINE MURDO,"

which M r. Morton paraphrases thus "As the compass goes round without
deviating from the circumference, so doubtless truth and loyalty never
deviate. Look- well to the end, quoth John Murdo." *

The information regarding the authors of the designs of the great
castles of the First Period is even more meagre. These structures were no
doubt carried out on traditional lines, and changes were slowly introduced.
The more important of them certainly show the influence of a master
mind in their construction, which leads to the conviction that they were
_ned by professional architects. This must undoubtedly have been
the case in such edifices as Couci and Pierrefonds in France,! an d the
Edwardian fortresses in England, in which many novel elements are
introduced in the arrangements, as well as much beauty of design dis-
played in the execution. The same remark applies to the similar castles
in Scotland in the thirteenth century. The fine architecture of Bothwell,
Caerlaverock, Kildrummie, and Dirleton, so superior to the usually plain
and simple work of the other castles of the First Period in this country,
must certainly have been designed by well-qualified architects, by what-
ever name they were called.

The resemblance of Bothwell Castle in several respects to the castle of
Couci in France has been remarked in the descriptions of it in previous
volumes,;}; and it is worthy of note that Mary of Couci, after the death
of Alexander n. (her first husband), married John de Brienne, and she,
with her brother, En^uerrand de Couci (the builder of the great castle of
Couci), revisited Scotland in 1272. This intimate connection between these
French nobles and this country may possibly imply some influence on the
character of our castles of the period.

Mary was buried at Newbattle Abbey, and Father Hay "asserts,
almost as an eye-witness," that "in the midst of the church was seen the
tomb of the queen of King Alexander, of marble, supported on six lions

* See also an interesting paper on this inscription by the late Dr. John Smith in
the Pron-dinij* of the Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. II. p. 166.
t Vol. i. pp. 38, 44.
i Vol. i. p. 98, and Vol. v. p. 235.

MASTERS OF WORKS - 522 - MASTER,

of marble. A human figure was placed reclining on the tomb, surrounded
with an iron grating."*

Monuments of this description were occasionally imported from abroad,
and show the connection of Scotland with other countries in relation to
such matters. Several examples of the importation of monuments to dis-
tinguished personages during the fourteenth century are mentioned in the
Exchequer Rolls.

King Robert the Bruce died in 1329, and was buried in front of the
high altar of Dunfermline Abbey. A marble monument which was made
in Paris was erected over his grave. Richard Barber received payment
in connection with it ; and Thomas de Charteris, who seems to have had
the principal charge regarding it, received money to defray the expense
of the monument in Paris. Payments were also made to the workman of
the tomb, in 1329, for its freight and for his expenses in bringing it from
Paris by Bruges, and through England to Dunfermline. It was sur-
rounded for protection with an iron railing decorated with gilding.

A similar monument was erected to James I. in the Carthusian convent
in Perth, and iron for the construction of a railing round it was delivered
to Friar John of Bute, whose name also occurs in connection with other
works about that time. He seems to have been employed on political
business, and was sent on an embassy to Ireland.

In 1368 Queen Margaret had a tomb of alabaster brought from
London, and erected at Dunfermline, along with a similar monument to
her husband, David 11. An alabaster stone for the tomb of Elizabeth
Mure, the first wife of Robert n., was imported in 1379. Master
Nicholas, the mason, is paid for making and sculpturing the tomb of
Robert n., for which work he had a contract at a fixed price. He was
evidently a man of some position, being a custumar of Stirling, and
having men working under him. He receives his own fee and also money
to pay the other masons. Andrew, the painter, who succeeded Adam
Tore as keeper of the mint at Edinburgh, is also paid for his labour
expended on the tombs of Robert n. and his father and mother, Walter
the Steward, and Marjory Bruce. In the Exchequer Rolls there is a
payment to him of 12 for an alabaster stone for the tomb of the king's
first wife.

The castles of the simple type during the First Period (consist-
ing of a plain wall of enceinte) may have been constructed by masons
employed by the proprietor, who would give the required dimensions, and
the rest would follow as a matter of course, according to the traditional
arrangements and ideas. The timid and gradual steps by which progress
was made for instance, in the development of the angle turrets f (to take
an example from a later time) points to this feature as having been
wrought out by the master masons under a general direction of the pro-
* Innes, Early Scotch History, p. 136. t Vol. II. p. 10.

MASONS 523

AND ARCHITECTS

prietor, who again may have derived his ideas from a distance, and would
describe generally what he had seen and desired to have reproduced.

One name of distinction in connection with the structures of this period
in Scotland lias been handed down by tradition, both oral and written.
Gilbert de Moravia, or Murray, Bishop of Caithness, is believed to have
been the architect, not only of his own cathedral at Dornoch, and
numerous churches in the North, but it is also recorded that he built
many royal castles, including those of Bothwell and Kildrummy. Gilbert
was the son of the Lord of Duffus, and was himself a large proprietor in
the North. He administered the affairs of Government in that unruly
district during the middle of the thirteenth century, and was so much
respected that he was canonised as St. Gilbert. According to a tradition
related by Sir Robert Gordon two centuries ago, "all the glass which
served that church [Dornoch Cathedral] was maid by Sanct Gilbert, his
appoyntment besyd Sideray, two miles bywest Dornoch."*

From this it would appear that the bishop must have brought work-
men from abroad to execute the glass work, and it seems most likely that
he would also import skilled masons and other tradesmen to carry out the
various structures which he raised. This, indeed, was apparently the
usual system adopted in the construction of architectural fabrics at that
time. The general idea being sketched out by the proprietor, the execu-
tion was entrusted to skilled workmen, who were also, in all probability,
the masters of their various crafts.

The interesting account of the building or restoration of the castle of
Tarbert in 1326,f as extracted from the Exchequer Rolls, shows the direct
relations which existed between King Robert I. and the tradesmen who
executed the work.

We there find the king coming into immediate communication with
Robert the mason, John the carpenter, Donald the blocker, Neill the
plumber, and Neil the smith. Robert the mason receives 5, 6s. 8d., in
addition to his contract of 282, 15s., for having in the king's absence
increased the thickness of the walls beyond the agreement. This payment
indicates that it was left to the mason to exercise his judgment as to the
thickness of the walls, and probably other details. The king recognises
this by allowing a sum in compensation for the additional work. The
materials and carriage thereof were at least partly supplied by the king,
the payments made for burning and conveying the lime by land and sea
being entered in the accounts.

The contracts were made in presence of the king, who seems also to
have personally superintended the details of the execution. The mason
only took it upon him to thicken the walls on his own responsibility,

* Quoted by Mr. J. Balfour Paul in Transactions of the Architectural Association,
Vol. I. p. ">4.

t Vol. I. p. 141.

MASTERS OF WORKS - 524 - MASTER

owing to the king's absence, while on the king's return the alteration is
inspected and approved of.

Other contracts were entered into by King Robert at this time at
Tarbert. An agreement is made with Robert the mason for erecting a
new pele at West Tarbert, and another with Adam the mason for work-
ing at the castle and burning lime. A contract was also entered into
with William Scott, in presence of the king, for forming a ditch round
the castle, also a mill-race and a road from East to West Tarbert. The
contractors are paid partly in money and partly in provisions, corn,
cheese, <fcc. ; while Neil the smith receives an annual salary of 12.

A good many references occur in the Rolls of the thirteenth and four-
teenth centuries to the various tradesmen employed on the royal edifices.
We find masons, carpenters, smiths, plumbers, plasterers, roofers (both with
slates and shingles), engaged on the castles at Turnberry, Dumbarton,
Berwick, and Roxburgh ; and the names of Friar John (a Minorite monk),
and Adam of Edinburgh (possibly the same as mentioned in connection
with the royal tombs) are associated with the works.

Master Richard the mason is employed in 1264 on works at Aberdeen,
and in 1288 he is paid for work at Edinburgh and Stirling Castles.

In 1264 Peter the mason is at work at Dumfries Castle and Wigtown
Castle.

Amongst the excerpts from the Exchequer Rolls of 1288-90 two
accounts are presented, one by Master Richard the mason (doubtless the
same individual who is above referred to at Aberdeen and Edinburgh),
and the other by Alexander the carpenter.

Master Richard's statement, rendered in March 1288, narrates first his
receipt of funds from various quarters, and then the mode in which these
were expended in operations in the castle of Stirling, and in bringing
masons, quarrymen, smiths, and other workmen to the building.

Alexander the carpenter's account contains a statement of sums
received for and expended by him on the works at the castle.

It is evident, from the confidence reposed in them and the money
entrusted to them, that these men (especially Richard the mason) must
have occupied a somewhat prominent position, probably equivalent to that
of king's mason and king's carpenter at a later period. They performed
the duties of the office of the "master of the work" in the following
period, and it seems likely that they also acted as their own architects.

A curious instance occurs of the employment of tradesmen by Edward in.
in Scotland in 1336. Being desirous of strengthening his position in the
North, Edward instructs Thomas of Roscelyn to select in Norfolk and
Suffolk three carpenters, three masons, and two smiths, and to take them
to Dunnottar Castle to execute certain works required there. But there
is no mention of any architect or superintendent. Doubtless that office
would be occupied by Thomas of Roscelyn himself.

MASONS - 525 - AND ARCHITECTS

SECOND PERIOD.

After the conclusion of the War of Independence, and during the
whole f tin- fourteenth century, or Second Period, when only the simplest
keeps were erected, the " architect " would not find much opportunity for the
display of his talents. Considerable ingenuity is shown in the variety of
the plans of these keeps, but the design is always of a sort which might
be contrived by the proprietor and master mason working together. Dun-
donald Castle, with its vaulted hall, would doubtless tax the ingenuity of
the kind's master mason, but was probably within his power, and there is
no other domestic structure of the period which contains work beyond
the capacity of the ordinary mason.

David ii. made Edinburgh Castle his chief residence, and carried out
extensive works there. He built the great keep called after him, " David's
Tower," and the \Vell Tower. He also erected a second church within the
castle, dedicated to St. Mary. Amongst the various payments recorded in
the Rolls* to masons, carpenters, etc., we find a fee paid to the "master of
the work." His duties are not defined, but they evidently related to the
expenditure and accounting.

In 1362 David n. resolved to rebuild the church of St. Monans, in
Fife, at whose shrine he had experienced a very wonderful cure. This
beautiful church still exists, f Sir William Dishington was appointed
"master of the work."J He was also steward of the royal household
and sheriff of Fife, as well as proprietor of the estate of Ardross, in the
neighbourhood. His duty seems to have been to collect money for the
expenses of the building, and to watch over and account for the disburse-
ments, for which he was responsible. He paid the workmen, procured
man-rials, and eng.-iged a vessel to carry timber from Inverness. But he
does not appear to have had anything to do with the designing of the
church.

An interesting document bearing upon the subject of the designing
and execution of edifices at this period is quoted by Dr. Laing in his
ac.-ount of St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. j| It is a contract, dated
November 1387, between the provost and community of Edinburgh, on
the one part, and three master masons, John Prymros, John of Scone, and
.John Skuyer, on the other part, by which they engage to erect five vaulted
chapels on the south side of the parish church of Edinburgh, from the west
gable lying "in rayndotm'' (signifying probably in a straight line), west-
ward to the great pillar of the steeple, in the same style of masonry as the
vault above St. Stephen's altar, erected on the north side of the parish

* Vol. ir. p. 47r>.

f It is illustrated by Billings.

t Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IT. p. 307.

|| Register of the Charters of St. Giles', Edinburgh.

MASTERS OF WORKS - 526 MASTER

kirk of the Abbey of Holy rood, " the quhilk patronne they haf sene."
Four of these chapels were each to have a window of three lights, and the
fifth chapel was to have a door equal to or corresponding with the west
door of the church. The chapels were to be " thekyt abovyn with stane
and water thycht, the buteras fynyt up als the laue of that werk askys.
Alswa betwene the chapellis guteryt with hewyn stane to cast the watir
owte, and to save the were for the watir." For this work the contractors
were to receive 600 merks of sterlings of the payment or money of
Scotland.

It is evident from this contract that the " three Johns " combined the
functions of architect and mason. No architect, in the modern sense of
the term, was engaged, simply skilled masons, who contracted to carry
out new works in imitation of old ones, which they were to take as their
pattern. The manner in which the windows, door, and buttress are
specified by reference to similar features existing elsewhere is, as we shall
find, of very usual occurrence.

Professor Innes mentions* that the contract with a plumber for
" theking the mekil quer with lede," after a fire which partly destroyed the
abbey of Arbroath in 1380, is still preserved. " The contractor, William
of Tweedale, plumber, Burgess of Andirstone " (St. Andrews) is to thatch
the great choir, and gutter it all about with lead, and after it is " aluryt "
(parapeted) about with stone he is to " dight it about with lead sufficiently
as his craft asks."

For this work he is to have twenty-five merks and a gown with a hood.
The abbot is to find all the graith, apparently including the lead, and the
plumber to have threepence per stone and one stone of each hundred for
his trouble in fining. Each working day he is to have a penny to his
noynsankis (luncheon). The contractor and the abbey are each to provide
a labouring man at their own expense till the work is ended.

The same author refers f to another indenture of April 1394, between
the abbot and the burgesses of Arbroath, for the improvement of the
harbour. The work is to be executed in the best situation, according to
the judgment of men of skill, and under the direction of the masters of
the work (probably officials of the monastery).

THIRD PERIOD.

During the fifteenth and early part of the sixteenth century, or
Third Period, when the castles came to be of a more extended and
ornate character than during the previous sterile period, we naturally look
for some traces of the architects who designed them. The extensive and
elaborate edifices of the royal palaces at Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Stirling,
and Falkland must certainly have required the services of experienced
* Innes, Early Scotch History, p. 164. f find. p. 162.

MASONS 527

AND ARCHITECTS

designers. But, unfortunately, their names have in most cases escaped
preservation. We find in the Exchequer Rolls and the Accounts of the
Lord High Treasurer, during the reigns of the Jameses, many names of
I,H t*f firs of the works, who have generally been hitherto regarded as the
architects of the structures. But a careful examination of the names of
these officers and the duties assigned to them shows that many of them,
if not all, acted at this period (as Mr. Papworth has pointed out was the
case in England) as stewards or receivers of funds and superintendents
of the disbursements. There is no indication of their employment as
designers. Their other engagements are for the most part incompatible
with it, and the work which they perform can be as well done, and indeed
frequently is done, by the keeper or constable of the castle or other building.

The following list of "masters of the works," taken from the Rolls,
will, we believe, prove the accuracy of the above remarks. It will be
noticed that many of the "masters of works" are nobles or ecclesiastics
of high position, or prominent citizens otherwise engaged in the king's
service, whose employments and occupations would not suggest the idea
that they were in any sense architects. Besides, their rapid succession to
one another seems to prove that the structures they superintended were
not executed from their designs, but that their office was titular and not
professional an appointment bestowed by the king on a favourite at
court for the sake of the salary, or on some one in whom reliance could
be placed to answer for the proper use of the money entrusted to him.

It is quite possible, however, that some of the " masters of the works "
may have been lovers of architecture, while others, although not profes-
sional architects, may have taken an intelligent interest in the structures
of which they superintended the expenses.

Many instances occur in which the constable or keeper of the castle
acts as "master of the work," receiving the necessary funds and account-
ing for their outlay. But the appointment of constable is itself frequently
merely titular, and is bestowed for the sake of the income derived from
it, as, for instance, when Queen Margaret (1483-86) is keeper of Stirling
Castle and Edinburgh Castle, and receives the fees of these offices.

The following is a note of the " masters of the works," master masons,
and tradesmen connected with several of the more important structures
of the Third Period whose names occur in the Exchequer Rolls and the
Treasurer's Accounts.

EDINBURGH CASTLE.*

The amount of work done here during the fifteenth century was not
extensive, but several names of " masters of the works " occur at different
times. During the regency of Albany and the reign of James L, Walter

* Vol. i. p. 445.

MASTERS OP WORKS - 528 MASTER

Spot, and Walter Mason, burgess of Edinburgh, are recorded as " masters
of the works."

In 1433-35 Robert Gray, a burgess of Edinburgh, was "master of the
works " of the castles of Edinburgh and Leith. He was also master of
the mint and of the king's ships.

In 1447 a " book of the works " is mentioned as being kept in the castle.

In 1455-70 Thomas Oliphant is constable and keeper of the castle,
ami also holds the office of "master of the works."

In 1458 Adam Cant, a custumar of Edinburgh and a merchant there,
acts as " master of the work." He purchases artillery for the castle, and
pays for work done there. He also carries on monetary transactions for
the king at Bruges, and (1460) pays money to the foregoing Thomas
Oliphant as master of the King's Work or store at Leith.

In 1465 a payment is made to George Smalehame, "mason," for his
account. This was probably the master mason engaged on the work.

In 1511-12 Thomas Kincaid was "master of the work" in Edinburgh
Castle.

The previous castle and church having been destroyed by a great fire,
a new palace and church were begun by James I. in 1424, and many
notices occur of money received from different sources, arid payments
made by the " masters of the works " for stones, wood, boards, iron, and
other materials, and for the wages of the workmen.

In 1426-31 John of Walton is "master of the work." He was a
custumar of Linlithgow, and had his wool shipped uncustomed.

Fees are paid in 1429-31 to Sir William de Kers as comptroller of
the accounts ; to James de Foulis y writer of the books of the work ; and to
Thomas de Railstoun for work and diligence as keeper and superintendent
of the operations.

In 1434 Robert Livingston renders his account as "master of the
work," stating all his receipts and the expenditure on the palace, and on
other diverse matters. Livingston was probably the most considerable
merchant in Linlithgow, of which he was a frequent custumar. He was
rewarded for his activity in the king's affairs, was employed on an embassy
to England, was appointed comptroller in 1448, and finally was arrested,
along with other members of his family, and executed in 1450, and his
lands escheated.

In 1434 Sir Robert of Wedale was "master of the work," along with
Livingston. He was a monk, and afterwards became Abbot of Culross
Abbey. He was responsible for the payments of the various workmen,
and for the carriage of the materials necessary for the work, all as con-
tained in the "book of the work."

* Vol. T. p. 478.

In 1448 John Holmys was "master of the work," and expended
money for repairs of the castle and for the dam of the lake.

In 1451 John Weir renders his account as "master of the work," and
details all his receipts and expenditure.

The works were renewed in 1469, under the superintendence of Henry
Livingston, and between 1488 and 1496 the south side of the quadrangle
was in progress.

In 1488 a carpenter is sent from Dundee to inspect the works.

In 1497 the Abbot of Lindores was appointed " master of the works,"
and was assisted by Sir John Lindsay, vicar of Creich.

In the same year payment of 24 per annum is made to the
"master of the work" for the custody of the palace and as the salary
of his office.

The Abbot of Lindores, who also acted as master of the works at
Stirling Castle, had a letter under the Privy Seal of 1st December 1498,
appointing him keeper of the palace, park, loch, and garden of Lin-

lit h go w.

The names of a number of the masons employed on the building,
along with the payments they received, are preserved in the Lord
Treasurer's Accounts.

In 1413-20 Adam Legate was "master of the work." He was one of
the custumars of Stirling, and renders the accounts of the bailies of the
town. He also attests payments for repairs at 'the castle.

In 1426 Alexander Guide was "master of the work." He was also
one of the custumars of Stirling, and rendered the accounts of the bailies ;
received payment as " master of the work " for work required in the
castle, and for the expenses of the king in his house.

In 1437 we read of a " book of the works" being kept at Stirling Castle,
and in the same year Alexander Guide was "master of the work," and
accounts for his receipts and expenditure.

In 1467, 1469, and 1471 Henry Livingston (probably the same as the
superintendent at Linlithgow) renders account as "master of the work,"
accounting for the money received from different sources and how it was
expended.

In 1469 mention is made of work done by Robert Jackson, "master
mason."

On 8th June 1496 payment is made to Walter Merlioun, mason,
"in erlis of his condiciun (contract) of bigging of the king's hous." Dr.
Dickson regards the settlement of this contract as marking the commence-
ment of the "palace" in Stirling Castle, thus showing that it was begun
by James iv., although finished by his successor.

* Vol. i. p. 464.
V. 2L

MASTERS OF WORKS 530 MASTER

The Merliouns were evidently a distinguished family of master masons,
several members having been long in the royal service. It was almost
certainly one of them who was called to Stirling to give his advice about
the works. Walter also rebuilt the castle of Dunbar, and in 1499 received
a pension of 40 a year for life as a reward for his services. Henry
Merlioun (as mentioned below) was engaged at the castle of Ravenscraig
in 1462-63, and the fame of the family was preserved in the name of
Merlin's Close, which formed one of the lanes leading off the High Street
of Edinburgh to the southward.

In 1497 the master mason at Linlithgow is sent for, and rides to
Stirling to "gif his devis to the work."

Prior to 1497 Sir Thomas Smith, chaplain to the Laird of Balgonie,
acted as "master of the work." He also attended to the payment for
making the carriages for the king's guns. He was succeeded in January
1497 by Andrew Cavers, Abbot of Lindores.

Shortly afterwards, Sir William Betoune, along with Andrew Ayton,
Chamberlain of Stirlingshire, were successively "masters of the works."
Andrew Ayton makes purchases for the king, collects the tax of spears
in Fife, and conveys money to the master of the artillery. He super-
intended the work carried on here in preparation for the king's marriage,
and for a considerable time after.

In 1499 a payment occurs to David Borg, carpenter, for work done in
Stirling Castle.

In 1511 Sir Robert Calendar was constable of the castle, and as such
had charge of the works-, and is called " the master of work." He also
had charge of the king's ships at the Pow of Airth, and evidently acted as
a king's officer, not as a designer.

The erection of the palace of Holyroodhouse was begun by James iv.
between 1498 and 1501 ; but the precise date is uncertain, because the
Accounts for that period have not been preserved. But in 1501 and
onwards we find that the work was going on under the charge of Master
Leonard Logy. It was near enough completion in 1503 to be ready for
occupation by the king on the occasion of his marriage in that year to the
daughter of Henry VIE. ; and on 10th September of that year the king
granted to Logy, in consideration of his "diligent and grete lawboure
maid be him in the bigging of the palace beside the Abbay of the Haly-
croce," a yearly pension of 40 for life, "or quhil he be benencit of 100
markis." Walter Merlioun built the "foirwerk" and the new hall, and
William Turnbull the gallery and the "boss windois."

* Vol. iv. p. 130.

MAS NS - 531 - AND ARCHITECTS

INVERNESS CASTLE.

After the battle of Harlaw in 1411 it was resolved to erect a strong
tower at Inverness, to form a bulwark against the power of the Earl of
Ross and the Lord of the Isles. In connection with this work, John of
Soulis, in 1415, receives payment as master mason (lathomus principal),
" pro opere suo faciendo unum turnpyke et duos turrites." He also receives
a fee as " master of the work."

In 1455-60 the Bishop of Moray and Alexander Fleming receive
payments to meet the expenses of the works. The bishop holds the
otlice of "master of the work," and Fleming that of constable of the
castle.

In 1460 Alexander Fleming now acts as "master of the work." He
also receives wheat for store, and grain fermes and customs of Inver-
ness are ordered to be paid to him. In 1462 he is appointed keeper or
constable of the castle, and receives salary as such.

In 1451 Alexander Crichton, a kinsman of the then powerful pro-
prietor of the castle of Crichton, in Midlothian, was "constable and
master of the work" of the castle of Kildrummy. In 1438 the name of
Ingerame the carpenter occurs, as engaged in roofing the chapel in this
castle, and Thomas Blak and Kemlok, masons, are mentioned as also
working there.

RAVENSCRAIG CASTLE, FIFE.t

This castle was built by Mary of Gueldres after the death of her
husband, James n. In 1461-63 Master David Boys is "master of
the work," and receives and expends the required funds in the usual
manner.

Amongst other entries in the Accounts we find payments to Henry
Merlioun, mason, one of the well-known family of builders whom we
also meet with as master masons at Stirling and Dunbar.

The works here were carried out somewhat in the manner adopted
more than a hundred years before by Robert I. at Tarbert. The timbers
are brought from the king's woods, and payments are made to the king's
carpenter J for cutting, planing, and transporting them. Entries also
occur for oats for the horses used in conveying building stones, timber,
and other materials to the building.

* Vol. i. p. 108. t Ibid. p. ">:is. J See king's carpenter, infra, p. 533.

MASTERS OP WORKS 532 - MASTER

TRINITY COLLEGE CHURCH, EDINBURGH.

A beautiful structure, erected and endowed by Mary of Gueldres
(1461-69), but now destroyed. The "master of the work" was John
Halkerston, who kept a book of the works written in his own hand. Mr.
Burnett says : * " Large payments occur sometimes to John Halkerston, the
architect of the Queen's College, whose memory has been preserved in
the name of Halkerston's Wynd, borne by the steep declivity which led
from the High Street to Trinity Church ; and sometimes to Edward
Bonkill, the queen's confessor, who became the first provost of the new
foundation. "

So far as we have been able to ascertain, there is nothing to distinguish
Halkerston from the other " masters of the works " attached to the royal
edifices. He, like Bonkill, seems to have acted as paymaster, but there
is no indication of his having had any connection with the designing of
the structure.

FALKLAND PALACE.t

This was a favourite hunting seat of the Jameses, and a good deal of
building was in progress here, especially during the reign of James iv.
and James v. The work carried on in preparation for the marriage of
James iv., and for a considerable time afterwards, was superintended, first
by the Abbot of Lindores and his deputy, Sir John Lindsay, vicar of
Oreich, and afterwards by Andrew Mathesoun. In 1508 James Beaton,
Abbot of Dunfermline and Chamberlain of Fife, was the "keeper" of the
palace, and retained that office after he became Archbishop of Glasgow.

In 1512 W. Thorn, mason, is paid 200 in complete settlement of the
sum promised by the king for the construction of the hall.

DINGWALL CASTLE.

This advanced post in the north of Scotland was considerably
strengthened by James iv. Thomas the mason was evidently the master
mason there in 1504-13. Land was let to him without grassum as part of
his reward for his work. Two carpenters are also constantly employed.
The Chamberlain of Ross draws a fee as keeper.

ROTHESAY CASTLE.J

Being a frequent residence of the early Stewarts, this edifice was
always kept in good order. In 1495 we find payments made for repairs
and an allowance granted to Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox, for these
repairs as keeper of the castle.

In 1444 Simon the carpenter is rewarded for repairs on the buildings.
* Introduction to Vol. vn. of the Rolls, p. liii. f Vol. I. p. 501. Ibid. p. 80.

MASONS _ 5QQ

AND ARCHITECTS

OF TAY AT PERTH.

In 1 li'."> Sir John Livingston was "master of the work." He was
steward of the household of the Earl of Douglas, Provost of Edinburgh,
and ;i man of considerable account. This structure was in progress till

l H; i.

In I L". I William of Valaudy is "master of the work." He acknow-
ledges receipt from the bailies of Perth of a sum annually payable by
them out of the burgh fernies for the bridge of Tay. In 1435-64 John
of Peebles fills the office of "master of the work." He is also called
a mason, and a fee of .10, 14s. 8d. is regularly received by the provost
and community of Perth, for the maintenance of the bridge of Tay,
through him as "master of the work." In 1486 John Hadington]
also a mason, occupies the post of "master of the work;" and from
lo02-7 Thomas Kothcringham, mason, is "master of the work" of the
bridge of Tay, and acknowledges the annual fee of 10, 14s. 8d. paid to
the provost and council for its maintenance.

I5I51DGE OF DUMFRIES.

In 1460 John Oliver is "master of the work," and receives a fee
"ex elimosina regis bone memorie."

In 1465 a sum is allowed for the repair of the bridge, this year only
"ex gratia domini regis," to John Olyver, "master of the work."

KLXd's CAKI'KXTKIi UNDER JAMES II. AND JAMES III.

In 1 I -".si ! i'J this office was held by Master Nicholas, "the king's
carpenter," who. amongst other employments, was sent to Galashiels to
rai.M- and bring back the king's great bombard.

In 14")-") i'Yiar Andrew Lisouris executed carpenter work at Falkland
Palace, and received his fee as king's carpenter.

In 14f> 1 .John Lisouris held the office of king's carpenter, and obtained
his fee from the lands of Denemill.

Friar Andrew Lisouris, lay brother of Cupar-Fife, still continued to
hold this appointment. In 1460 he purchased and supplied timber,
partly from Morayshire, for Ravenscraig Castle, and for the repair of
the bombard at Edinburgh Castle, and also provided timber for the
chapd at Stirling and the works at Linlithgow. He repaired and
superintended the artillery, especially during its transit to and from the
siege of Threave Castle.

Jlobort Lowry held the office of king's carpenter in 1479-80, and
received a fee of .10.

Annual contracts with different tradesmen seem to have been not
uncommon. From 1504 onwards Thomas Peebles, glazier, receives a

MASTERS OF WORKS

534 MASTER

regular salary for life, in respect of which he is bound to provide with
glass the royal palaces of Falkland, Holyrood, Stirling, and Linlithgow.
Thomas Wallace, king's mason (lapidarius), also receives a fee.

Besides the examples given above, frequent references are made in the
Rolls to expenditure on various castles throughout the country, and
occasionally the names of the " master of the work " and of the masons
and carpenters are given. Most generally, however, the keeper or con-
stable of the castle acts as receiver of money, and accounts for the expen-
diture. It is only in the larger and more important edifices that it seems
to have been the practice to appoint a "master of the work" to collect
and disburse the requisite funds.

At almost every building belonging to the king we find in the Rolls
notices of the employment of masons, carpenters, and other workmen,
whose charges are defrayed by the keeper of the work.

At the siege of Haltoune Tower (Hatton in Midlothian), Alexander
Napier is master of the works, and appears to have taken charge of the
various operations required, and to have paid the masons and carpenters
for the carriages of the great bombard, and stones prepared for it, for the
construction of a " sow " for use in the siege, for weapons, arrows, &c.

At Dumbarton Castle in 1451 payments are made to Patrick, Lord
Graham, as keeper, and to Sir John Fleming, vicar of Houston, as master
of the works ; while carpenters and masons receive fees for repairs on the
"red tower."

In a note in the Introduction to the Accounts of the Lord High
Treasurer, it is stated * that the expenses on the king's castles and
houses were provided for "by precepts directed to the sheriff or other
receiver of revenue for the district in which the building was situated,
ordering the necessary advances to be made to the master of works, who
rendered an account of his receipts and disbursements."

Other notices of masters of works occur, which seem to indicate that,
like the corresponding official in England, they had to do with providing
and paying for materials, engaging workmen and paying their wages, and
that their duties were connected with " receipts and disbursements," not
with design.

Thus, in 1473, at Haddington, a note of the expenses of the artillery
and workmen is contained in the book of the " comptaris deliueransis to
he masteris of werk for the quhilk thai sail ansuer." f

Also in " the expensis maid apone the byggen of the kyngis rowbarge
in Dumb^rtane " J are numerous entries paid by Sir George Cal-
braith, "master of work," for carrying out the construction of the vessel.
He pays " sertane wrychtis " for the " dychten of the grete tymmyr of the
barge," others for "fellyng, squarying, and dychtyne of the tymmyr
* Vol. I. p. 24. f Accounts of Lord Treasurer, Vol. I. p. 74. Ibid. p. 245.

- 535 - AND ARCHITECTS

in divers woddis," also for sawing, for floating it down the river from
Loch Lomoncl to Dumbarton, for the making and conveyance from Edin-
burgh and Glasgow of iron-work, rigging, <fec.

Sir George's business thus appears to have been chiefly connected with
" ways and means," the designing and execution of the work being prob-
ably left to a practical shipbuilder.

The "king's werk" at Leith, which was building in 1458, combined
a Induing for the king with an establishment of workshops and stores.
Thomas Oliphant was master of work there, and doubtless superintended
the stores.*

Through the kindness of Dr. Dickson, of the General Register House,
Edinburgh, who has had the goodness to supply us with notes from the
unpublished Accounts, we are enabled to continue our notices of the
appointments to and duties of the oifices of the king's masters of works
and the kings master masons till after the close of the reign of James v.
A large amount of work was executed during that period, especially
about 1530-40, when all the royal castles and palaces were repaired and
put in good order in anticipation of the king's marriage in 1537, and in
connection with the improvements which James v. continued to make up
to the time of his death in 1542 (see Falkland, Vol. i. p. 505).

The king's master of works seems at this period to have been selected
as a man of good position, to whom the expenditure of considerable sums
of money might be safely entrusted. Mr. John Scrymgeour of My res
occupies this post for a number of years at this time, and receives and
disburses considerable amounts; but nothing occurs to suggest that he
was occupied with the designs of the structures.

For a time probably each work of the king's which was in progress
had a master of work. Eventually a principal master of work was
appointed, who resided in Edinburgh, visiting the works which were
going on as occasion required, and exercising supervision through local
deputies or overseers, whose duty it was to be always in attendance, to
engage and pay the workmen, and to procure, receive, and keep account
of the materials. At the beginning of the seventeenth century a general
overseer was introduced as intermediate between the master of works and
the local overseers.

In like manner, we find that several master masons are engaged at
one and the same time at Linlithgow. It would not be surprising to mid
a Scotch master mason and a French master mason working together, but
here we have several French and at least one Scotch master mason.
Each master mason had a small gang or company of masons, who worked
along with him, and are called his "servants," each master mason with
his servants undertaking or contracting for certain portions of the work.
The master masons were paid, like the ordinary masons, by days' wages,
* Accounts of Lord Treasurer, p. 268.

MASTERS OF WOltKS - 536 - MASTER

but at a higher rate ; and the king's master mason received, in addition,
an annual salary, sometimes for life and sometimes at pleasure, as the
subjoined letters of appointment show.

Besides the king's master mason, we find that there is a king's French
master mason, and several Frenchmen in succession held that office after
this time. The first of them, being master mason of Dunbar, was appointed
king's master mason by James v. when he was at Orleans, during his visit
to France in 1536.

In 1539, after his marriage with Mary of Guise, the duke, her father,
sent over several French masons to assist in the works then in progress.

1529-30.

Mr. John Skrimgeour of Myres is master of works (magister fabrice
operuni) at Holyrood, and J. Aitoun is master mason there, with a wage
of 18s. weekly. The following entry occurs: " Deliverit to the Mr.
Maisone in part payment of his task at sindry tyrnes for the masonry
of this new werk in Halyrudhous fra 12 Marche anno 1529 usque ad
27 Aug. 1530, 338. 0. 11."

The sum total of the expense of this work was <1568, 9s. 8d.

1531-32.

Mr. John Scrimgeour is master of work at Holyrood, Stirling, and
Falkland.

Sir James Nicolson, chaplain, is overseer at Stirling.

1535-36.

Sir James Hamilton of Fynnart is master of work at Linlithgow, and
Sir Thomas Johnston, chaplain, is overseer there.

In March 1534 Thomas French, master mason, began work at Lin-
lithgow, and continued till the work seems to have been completed 15th
May 1535. A fortnight before he had been appointed king's master
mason for life.

Mr. John Scryrngeour is master of work at Holyrood ; John Broun-
hill, James Black, Thomas French, and Andrew Bikartouii are described
as master masons, the first three receiving 18s. weekly, the last 16s.
Brounhill was at the time king's master mason, with a salary, in addition
to his weekly wage, of .20 per annum.

1537-38.

Mr. John Scrimgeour is master of work at Falkland, St. Andrews,
Holyrood, Stirling, Crawfordjohn, Tantallon, and Kinghorn Tower.

Sir James Nicolson is assistant master of works at Stirling, and John
Brounhill master mason. Moyse Martin is master mason of Dunbar, as
successor to his father, now king's master mason ; and Thomas French,
James Black, and others are named in the Falkland account.

1538-39.

Mr. John Scrimgeour is master of work at Falkland, Holyrood, and
Tantallon.

- 537 - AND ARCHITECTS

George Sempill is master mason of Tantallon.

At Falkland John Brounhill is master mason, and Nicolas Roy is the
king's Fivneh master mason. He was appointed in April 1539 with a
salary of .68. James Black, master mason, John Merlioun, Thomas
Fren<ehe, Peter Flemisman, &c., are named. The latter was engaged in
" hewing of five gret stane imagis to be set upone the five butrissis on the
south syd of the new chapell ; ilk pece hewing and wirking allanerly 56/.
And to the sainyi. for ane repryse hewing to the wyndok abone the gret
entres, 20s." Black and French received respectively '13, 6s. 8d. and
10 as their " bouiiteth for the south syd and galry of the said palice
bigging; 7 ' while Merlyon was employed " for chymnais slitting, parpane
wallis rasing, woltis making and sindry utheris eismentis and reforma-
tiounis in the eist quarter of the palice" (see Vol. I. p. 502).

1539-41.

Mr. Joliu Srryingeour is master of work at Falkland and Holyrood.

At Falkland, .Mm Brounhill, Henry Bawtie, and Nicolas Roy, master
masons, are employed.

The following notes of appointments of masters of works and master
masons, as given in the Privy Seal Register, suffice to show generally
their status, tenure of office, and emoluments :

" Ane lettre maid to James Hammyltoun of Fynnart, knycht, makand
him maister of werk principale to our soverane lord of all his werkis within
his realme now l)iggaii(l or to be biggit and to haif thre or four deputis
imdir him tjuha sail ansuer to him and his directiouii our all; and to
haif yerlie for the said office ij c - li. of fe to be pait to him, that ane half
l>e the thesaurar and the uthir be the comptrollare at tua termes Mertymes
in wynter and Whitsonday be evin portionis allenerlie. At Stirling,
the ix day of September the yere forsaid " [1539].

"Ane lettre, maid to Maister Johne Hammyltoun, vicar of Crage,
makand him maister of werk of all our soverane ladies palices and places
within the realme for all the dais of his lyvc, Arc. At Paislay the xiij
day of Maij the yeire forsaid" [1543 J.

" Ane lettre maid to Johnne Brounhill makand him maister niasoun
to our soverane lord for all the dais of his lyf, gevand him feis, levariis,
and dewities sicklik as unn[uliil Johnne Aitoun or ony uthir had in the
said olli.-e in tymes bigane. At Stirling, the xvj day of Januar the yiere
forsaid" [1531].

"Ane lettre maid to Thomas Franche makand him maister masoun
to our soverane, lord for all the dais of his lif . . . and thairfor to
have yeirlie induring his liftyme of our said soverane lord, the soume
of xl. li., to be pait yeirlie be our soverane lordis thesaurar ... At
Kelso, fche last day of Aprile in the yeir of God j'- v- and xxxv.

MASTERS OF WORKS

538 MASTER

It has been already mentioned that at this time several Frenchmen
in succession were appointed master masons to the Crown. On 1st
December 1536 King James v., being at Orleans, appointed Mogin
Martyne, Frenchman, "sumtyme maister masoun of the castell of
Dunbar," to be his master mason during his grace's pleasure, with a
yearly salary of .60, in addition to his ordinary wages as a mason
employed on the king's work. On 22nd April 1539 Nicolas Roy,
Frenchman, received a similar appointment, also during pleasure, with
a yearly salary of 80, besides his ordinary weekly wages ; and on 10th
March 1557 John Koytell, Frenchman, was appointed for life, with a
salary of .50 yearly.* He had been a burgess of Edinburgh since 1550,
and the Accounts show that he was still in office as master mason in
.November 1582.

The subjoined notes, which are kindly supplied by the Rev.
Robert Scott Mylne, M.A., from researches made by him in connection
with his forthcoming work on his ancestors, the celebrated Mylnes,
the king's architects in Scotland, are of interest as bearing on the
subject of " masters of work " and master masons. While agreeing
with several of the facts given above, they also supply some additional
information.

" Alexander, Abbot of Cambuskenneth, was closely connected with
architecture in his younger days. While Canon of Dunkeld he was
also master of works to the bridge there, erected by the bishop A. n.
1510-17. The original MS. of the accounts is preserved in the
Advocates' Library, and the Latin text was printed by the Bannatyne
Club in 1823. When he became a leading personage in both Church
and State, his name frequently appears amongst the auditors of the
expenditure on the royal palaces. He also added various architectural
ornaments to the great abbey of Cambuskenneth. It seems that he
influenced the appointments of master masons and masters of works
during the last twelve years of James the Fifth's reign, when the king
was so much engaged in building. The family of Franche were prominent
under James v. Thomas was appointed master mason for life, by writ
under the Privy Seal of Scotland, in 1535. He worked largely at
Linlithgow and Falkland, and to some extent at Stirling and Holyrood.
Before he was employed on the king's palaces he had built the bridge
of Aberdeen, first under Bishop Elphinstone, and then under his suc-
cessor, Gawin Dunbar. His son Thomas died at Aberdeen A.D. 1530,
and was described on his tombstone in the cathedral as " the son of the
master mason of the Bridge of Dee." His career is interesting, because
it illustrates the great historic fact that during the opening years of the
sixteenth century the Church ceased to be the chief builder amongst the
* Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots (Bannatyne Club), pp. Ixi., Ixii.

MASONS 539

AND ARCHITECTS

nations, and the Crown or the Government began to develop its own
resources in this direction."

From the above notes regarding " the masters of the works " and the
master masons and contractors of the Third Period it is apparent that
in Scotland, as Mr. Papworth found in England, there is considerable
difficulty in denning clearly the duties of each office. We think, however,
there can be little difficulty in coming to the conclusion that here, as in
Kim-lam I, the "master of the work" was an official appointed by the
(Yown to act as receiver of funds set apart for certain works, and that
it was his business to see that these funds were properly expended and
a (<( united for.

These duties might often be performed by deputy, while the salary
would go to the principal, who would doubtless be a person who could
make himself, or had already rendered himself, useful in other ways.

From the foregoing particulars it is further apparent that the office of
" master of the work " was sometimes bestowed on high ecclesiastics, such
as the Abbot of Culross, the Bishop of Moray, and the Archbishop of
Glasgow. More generally it was occupied by a prominent layman, often
one of the custumars of the burghs, or a merchant who had distinguished
himself in financial matters in the king's service.

Very frequently we find the constable or keeper of the castle combining
the duties of " master of the work " with his other engagements, and
collecting and expending the required funds.

Occasionally a master mason held the appointment, as in the case of
the bridges over the Tay at Perth and the Nith at Dumfries. But in
these cases the sum allowed was small, and would doubtless be mostly
required for the upkeep of the structure. The advantage of a practical
man ;is >: master of the work " is here apparent.

The question still remains, Who was the architect? There is no
reference in the Rolls or elsewhere to such an individual. Yet the
buildings must have had designers. The only example we have found
of any one being called upon to give practical advice regarding a
building is at Stirling, where the master mason is sent for from Lin-
lithgow.

We have seen that the chief master masons and carpenters of the time
enjoyed the appointment of king's masons and king's carpenters, and
received a salary as such. They were evidently recognised as prominent
men, and are frequently referred to, whereas no mention of architects or
designers anywhere occurs. In the carrying out of the additions to St.
Giles', above described, the masons taking the contract only are named.
We thus seem to be shut up to the conclusion, in the absence of any
evidence to the contrary, that the master masons were both the designers
and constructors of the various works which they executed. The French-

MASTKIIS OF WORKS

540 MASTER

men brought over by James v., and above referred to, also seem to have
conil.iiied the two occupations. Their designs are quite distinguishable
from those of native origin, but we do not hear of any of them being
considered designers as distinct from the masons. This applies particu-
larly to those of the sixteenth century, some of whom were appointed for
life " master mason " to the king.

It has been several times pointed out in the foregoing volumes that
the royal palaces show evidences in their design of the workmen or archi-
tects employed upon them having been imported from abroad,* the design
being much in advance, in point of time, of the style common throughout
the country at the date of various portions of these buildings. This view
is confirmed by the Accounts, and by the letters of appointment of several
of the foreigners above quoted, from which we learn their names and
salaries and the works on which they were engaged.

In considering the subject of the offices and occupations above dis-
cussed, it must be kept in mind that the duties of the " master mason "
or contractor of the period differed considerably from those of the builder
of the present day. The latter now performs much of the work of which
the older "master mason" was relieved by the "master of the work,"
or his deputy or overseer. The modern contractor has to provide the
materials, to arrange for the carriages, to engage and pay the workmen
in short, to do almost all the work which used formerly to be the business
of the " master of the work." The master mason's employment was limited
to looking after the execution of the worl$ and superintending the work-
men. He would thus occupy the position of a superior foreman, and it
would quite naturally fall to his province to make the plans and designs.
From the appointments and pensions held by many of the master masons,
they evidently occupied a more important position than that of mere fore-
men (in the modern sense) of the king's works, and the distinct character
of the buildings erected by the French master masons seems to show that
these structures were designed as well as executed by them.

In the above early appointments of king's mason and king's carpenter
we observe the first step towards the establishment of an office which
became of considerable importance and distinction in the succeeding
reigns.

It will have been noticed that John Scrymgeour, during the sixteenth
century, occupied the post of "maste'r of works" to the king for a
lengthened period, and that he attended to a number of buildings at
once. This seems to indicate that he exercised some kind of professional
supervision over these structures. A proprietor, or his overseer, might
exercise such a supervision over his own castle, but in the case of the
king's fabrics a deputy had to be employed, and when a great deal of
work was going on the deputy would gradually tend to assume a pro-
* See Falkland Palace, Vol. i. pp. 475, 506.

AND ARCHITECTS

fessional character. This position, as we shall see, was further developed
under James vi.

The following are a few notices of architects of this period, derived
from various sources.

Thomas Cochrane, one of the unfortunate favourites of James in. who
were hanged by the nobles at Lauder Bridge in 1482, is said to have
been a mason. His name is often quoted in connection with castles said

to have been built by him or bestowed upon him by the king as, for

instance, Bothwell, Auchendoun, and Kildrummy ; * but we seek in vain
for any well-authenticated example of his handiwork.

Early in the sixteenth century, as above noted, we have the record of
a principal "master of works" to the king, who, like Cochrane, came to
an untimely end. Sir James Hamilton of Finnart, the proprietor of
Oraignethao Castle in Clydesdale, is believed to have been the architect
of the extended portions of his o\vn castle. f According to Dr. Joseph
Robertson, }H> was undoubtedly employed by James v. in building or
repairing the palaces of Falkland and Linlithgow, and the castles of
Edinburgh, Stirling, and Rothesay. Being a man of inventive mind, he
had contrived a certain machine by which it was said that the king was
to be shot from the towers of Linlithgow. For this "crime" he lost
his life in 15404

In the description of the Bishop's Palace at Spynie, it was mentioned
that Bishop .John limes, who rebuilt Elgin Cathedral in the beginning of
the fifteenth century, would be at no loss for architectural assistance in
the erection of his mansion, and we accordingly there find indications of
the superior architecture of ecclesiastical edifices having been applied to
domestic purposes in the elegant gateway and other features which still
survive.

But later in the fifteenth century the Bishop of Moray then in power
found it necessary to adopt the securer, though plainer, style of the
secular arm. The Earl of Huntly having threatened to pull Bishop
David Stewart (who died in 1475) "out of his pigeon-holes," the bishop
erected a massive keep in connection with the more elegant walls of his
predecessor, in which he dwelt secure and defied the power of Huntly
and all his clan.

The keep was evidently, to judge from the style of its design and
workmanship, erected by the local masons under the bishop's directions,
and it forms in all its features a marked contrast with the more architec-
tural features of the older structure. The same contrast may be noticed
Let ween the ecclesiastical work and that of the castles generally, which

* Vol. i. pp. 113,314.
t Ibid. p. 260.

.t Tr<tn.-n-t>iix of flu- Ar<-l,;ircfnral Institute of Scotland, 1850-51, p. 60.
Vol. i. p. 113.

MASTERS OP WORKS 542 MASTER

seems to prove that the latter were designed and executed by the masons
of the country without the superintendence of ecclesiastics.

Professor Cosmo Innes has collected facts concerning the erection of
the college of Old Aberdeen, a structure partly ecclesiastical and partly
domestic, whicli may be found to throw a little light on the method of
rearing such edifices in the time of James iv. The University of Aber-
deen was founded by Bishop Elphinstone in 1494. This prelate had
occupied several high positions in the country, and was chancellor under
James in. and James iv. He had studied abroad, having been nine years
in Paris, and had had many opportunities of seeing foreign countries in the
various embassies to England, France, Burgundy, and Austria in which
he had been employed. When he received the bishopric his first care
was to restore the service and the fabric of the cathedral, and under John
Malison, whom he employed to restore the ritual books and music, the
service was brought to great perfection. He next turned his attention to
the erection of the university, and the construction of a bridge over the
Dee. The latter still bears the bishop's arms and initials, and from the
above notes supplied by the Rev. R. S. Mylne, it appears that Thomas
Franche, the king's mason, acted as contractor for the bridge. " With no
private fortune, and without dilapidating his benefice, he provided for the
buildings requisite for his university and collegiate church, and for the
suitable maintenance of its forty-two members ; and the cathedral choir,
the king's college, and the old grey bridge spanning the valley of the
Dee are monuments to his memory, that command the respect of those
who have no sympathy with his breviary, rich in legends of Scotch
saints, and who would scarcely approve of his reformed Gregorian
Chant."*

To carry out his educational scheme the bishop found qualified persons
at home only two, and these native Scotchmen, viz., Hector Boece, the
historian, and William Hay, being recalled from abroad. That the general
design of the buildings may be attributed to the bishop himself we think
there can be little doubt, but almost no account is preserved of the method
in which the work was carried into execution. It is, however, recorded
that Andrew Cullen, Provost of Aberdeen, as factor for Bishop Elphin-
stone in 1506, entered into a contract with "John Buruel, an Englishman
and plumber to the King of England, regarding the roofing of the church
of the new university." f

Hector Boece and Andrew Strachan describe the college as containing
tine windows and ceilings, marble altars, and pulpits of brass, pictures and
images of saints, carpets and hangings for decoration during festivals.
These are now all gone, but the structure of the chapel is fortunately
still preserved, along with the tomb of the founder, and a considerable

* Innes, Sketches of Early Scotch Hiatory, p. 265.
t Ibid. p. 313.

- 543 - AND ARCHITECTS

quantity of tine oak carved work, by far the most extensive and best of
its kind in Scotland.

The building presents many characteristics of native art,* and we
doubt not was carried out by native workmen, under the direction of
the bishop. The design, in some of its features, bears the character
of tlu> Parish Church at Stirling, and other Scottish works of the
beginning of the sixteenth century; but the carved stalls, monuments,
and other decorative work of the interior may possibly have been
brought from a distance, or executed by foreign workmen, engaged (like
the English plumber) by the bishop. From the Rolls we find that the
bishop was allowed custom of his salmon in 1500, in consideration of
ornamenting and repairing the cathedral, and a similar allowance is
made in 1501 in consideration of bringing bells and ornaments to the
university founded by him.

An exceedingly interesting account of the church of Midcalder,
extracted from the Public Records by the late Joseph Robertson, occurs
in the 'frninon-finiM of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, f

Early in the sixteenth century the rectory was in the possession of
.Master Peter Sandilands, a younger son of the sixth knight of Calder.
He had raised the walls of the vestry, and laid the foundations of the
choir, before the year 1542. Being an aged man, he arranged with his
nephew and grand-nephew, Sir James Sandilands of Calder, and John,
his sun, to complete the church. This is embodied in a formal bond,
which contains a complete specification of the various portions of the
intended building. In the east gable of the choir are to be "twa lichtis
a Is fair as tlia i may be had e fie rand to the heicht of the queir." The
height of the walls, the number of the windows, the pinnacles of the
buttresses, the corbels, water-tables, ifcc., are all defined. " And the said
queir to be compleitlie pendit (vaulted) with croce brace, and rinruif, con-
forme to Sanct Anthonis Yle in Sanct Gelis Kirk." We have here
another instance of the method above referred to of fixing the work to
be executed in conformity with some existing structure. There are to be
arches at the west end of the choir, and a steeple raised upon them, its
dimensions being specified, and " lychtis at all partis for the sound of the
bellis," and to be <i; persit for the orlage hand and bell."

Three pointed windows are to be inserted in the south wall of the
choir; four flat liiitelled windows, each 10 feet wide, in the south wall
of the nave ; and a pointed window, 1 2 feet wide, in the west gable of
the nave. All the windows are to have mullions, with lockets of iron, to
which the glass might be fastened, tfcc.

This specification seems to have been written by the parson himself,
and shows a good acquaintance with the requirements of a church. It
will be noticed, however, that there are no plans or drawings referred to
* See BUliiujs' Vitws, Vol. i. t Vol. in. p. 160.

MASTERS OF WORKS - 544 - MASTER

in the document, but the existing structure of St. Giles' is named as the
model for imitation, just as, in the contract previously quoted of the " three
Johns," the chapels at St. Giles' were to be executed similarly to those at
Holyrood.

The above examples show the personal interest taken by Bishop
Elpliinstone and Master Peter Sandilands in their respective edifices, and
their capability for the superintendence of the work. Many other struc-
tures were doubtless executed in a similar manner, under the instructions
and guidance of the proprietors, by the skilled master masons of the
country.

In 1491 various operations were in progress on the church of St. Giles,
Edinburgh, as appears from a contract of the provost and council, con-
taining regulations for the hours of attendance of the "master of works"
and his colleagues and servants. The name of the " master of works " is
not given, but a previous entry, supposed to belong to the year 1484, states
that Alexander Gray " was then chosen and sworne maister of the werk
to the towne for this yeir to cum, for quhilk he sail haif xx^ mark of fie."
The part of the structure on which Alexander Gray was then engaged
was probably the extension of the south transept and the erection of two
aisles or chapels on each side.

This contract shows that the Town Council had then a master mason
in its employment at an annual salary, with the title of "master of the
works." He was bound to turn out, like his men, at 5 A.M., and seems
to have worked all day along with them, acting both as architect and
master mason. This use of the title of " master of works " as applied to
a master mason is not uncommon in the next period.

The style of the workmanship in most of the castles of the Third
Period is usually of a character inferior to that of the contemporary
ecclesiastical structures, and this seems to indicate that the designers and
masons of the castles were not the same as those engaged upon the
churches. The fireplaces, ornamental ambries, and similar decorative
features are generally rudely executed, although evidently copied from
ecclesiastical work.*

Even the chapel, when that rare apartment exists, is inferior in design
to the ecclesiastical architecture of the period as, for instance, the chapel
at Affleck and the oratories at Doune and Borthwick.

In the royal palaces the design is of a superior description, being, as
we have seen, to some extent at least the work of foreign artists, and in
advance of the local style. Occasionally, also, in the castles, as at Borth-
wick, the carving is good, and bears the mark of the ecclesiastical work of
the time.

The " three Johns " who undertook the contract at St. Giles' were
probably men accustomed to ecclesiastical work, and they may possibly
* For examples see Comlongan, Balvaird, &c.

MASONS 545

AND ARCHITECTS

have carried out the Preston aisle and the enlargement of the choir, which
were executed soon afterwards. It is impossible to believe that an
elaborate and beautiful structure like the Trinity College Church could
have been produced except by a competent and experienced architect.
Possibly amongst the numerous followers brought over by Mary of
Gueldres there may have been designers or master masons well skilled
in Gothic architecture, to whom this elegant structure may be attributed.

FOURTH PERIOD.

In the three earlier periods of Scottish architecture the architect is
with difficulty detected amidst his work ; but during this period, in which
we pass gradually into modern times and conditions, we shall find as we
proceed that the architect, in the modern sense, is at length fully developed,
;ind stands clearly revealed.

Of the architects of the great majority of the keeps, castles, and man-
sions even of this period no record remains, but notices of a few are here
and there divulged.

The style of these buildings, as has been frequently observed in the
foregoing volumes, is remarkably uniform over the whole of Scotland.
Throughout most of them we find the same features repeated, with only
slight variations. Three or four forms of plan are strictly adhered to,
and the details closely resemble one another. There is no doubt a
gradual growth or development, but in few instances is there any indica-
tion of marked originality or individual effort. In other words, there is
mi-civ Miiy appearance of the architectural or designing mind ; the work
is rather that of the builder acting on traditional lines. In a few instances
the Celtic love of enrichment is traceable, and is superadded to the ordi-
nary design. Thus, at Castle Stalcaire,* Duridarave,f Barholm,{ and
Monkcastle some curious carvings are introduced, which recall the
ancient sculptures of prehistoric times, or the later Celtic work of the
Highland crosses and monuments.

When the more settled and civilised period of the seventeenth century
was reached, and when the art of printing had become general, the names
of the more prominent architects who were connected with some of the
important domestic structures in the country, such as Heriot's Hospital
and Holyrood Palace, || gradually came to be recognised and preserved,
although perhaps not quite so distinctly as might be desirable.

If we direct our attention to the churches of the seventeenth century,
we find that many of them, though sometimes tinged with Renaissance
feeling, are of undoubted native design, and, indeed, they continue to
exhibit the Scottish style even after it had been, to a certain extent,
* Vol. in. p. 103. Vol. in. p. 520. I! Vol. TV. pp. 130-138.

t H>i<l. p. 613. Vol. iv. p. 121.

V. -' M

MASTERS OF WORKS

546 MASTER

abandoned in domestic edifices. This possibly arose from the desire to
revive the ancient forms, to which reference has frequently been made.
The church of Dairsie* seems to have been largely designed by Bishop
Spottiswoode, and exhibits a mixture of revived ecclesiastical and domestic
elements.

At Loudon Church there is a monument to one Fulton (by whom this
church was perhaps designed), called master mason to Lord Loudon. He
died in 1632.

Some of the monuments retain a good deal of native art in their
design, such as that at Kilbirnie;f but in most of these erections, as well
as in the internal fittings of the churches, the influence of the Renaissance
is supreme. This is very apparent in such examples as the Montgomerie
Monument at Largs,| the Home Monument at Dunbar, and the galleries
at Bowden|] and Pitsligo.H

The Bruce Monument at Culross is perhaps an exception. It is the
only one which bears the author's name, " John Mercer, fecit," and, as
has been pointed out, it is different from the other designs, which may be
regarded as foreign, and has more affinity with the native work of the
period such as that at Heriot's Hospital.

There cannot be any doubt as to much of the Renaissance work,
especially in the monuments, having been imported from abroad, and the
information below (p. 566) regarding the Dutch workmen employed at
Kinross House and Drumlanrig shows one way in which the foreign
influence was exercised.

By the assistance of Dr. Dickson we are enabled to continue the
history of the masters of works and master masons during the reigns of
Mary and James vi., and down to about the middle of the seventeenth
century, when the architect proper comes to be recognised. Until that time
he is a rather mysterious person. It is scarcely possible to ascertain clearly
by whom plans \vere previously made. The master of works continues
during this period, as previously, to render his accounts of the outlays
required and the money spent. We have also glimpses of his visits to
various buildings, taking note of the dilapidations and of the necessary
repairs. In these expeditions he is generally attended by an overseer, or
by a member of the Privy Council. On one occasion he spends a week
at one place, and evidently goes into the subject of the repairs needed
very minutely, no doubt making up. along with the master mason, an
estimate of the probable cost, just as the same business might be done
now either by a professional man or by a proprietor or his steward.

Overseers are now appointed under the master of works. These
officers seem to have acted somewhat like a modern clerk of the works

* Vol. v. p. 153. J Vol. v. p. 193, || Vol. v. p. 165.

t Ibid. p. 200. Ibid. p. 203. IT Ibid. p. 180.

- ^7 _

in superintending the building. They also procured men and materials,
and obtained the money required for wages from the master of work!
The amount of their wage shows that their position was inferior to that
of the master mason. By degrees the title of master of work seems to
have been used loosely for that of overseer.

The change which we observed commencing in the previous period
with reference to the occupation of the king's master of works is now
more fully carried out.

James Murray of Kilbaberton acts as master of work at the royal
palaces for a number of years after 1607. He visits the buildings,
.urnerally accompanied by an overseer or assistant, spends a considerable
time at them, noting dilapidations and works required, and reporting
thereon to the Council. These duties must have partaken of the nature
of professional work, but to what extent is not quite clear. They were,
at all events, sufficient to justify the king, when granting a charter of
the lands of Kilbaberton and others, resigned by W. Wardlaw, on 10th
July 1612, to his master of works, to designate him " arckitectus nosier."

We also find that a charter was granted in 1616 to James Schaw of
Sauchie, with consent of his wife, his mother, and the deceased William
Si-haw, "regrttM arcMtecttts"; and on 18th January 1614 the king granted
a charter of the barony of Glengarnock to David Cunynghame of Robert-
land, "architects regius, lie maister of work."

The king's masters of works thus begin to receive in the early part
of the seventeenth century the title of " architect."

It is still, however, doubtful to what extent these gentlemen fulfilled
the duties of the modern architect. They seem to have been relieved by
the overseers (or local masters of work) of a good deal of the business which
pertained to their office at an earlier period, such as providing materials,
paying the workmen, tfcc. ; and they now appear to confine themselves to
a L." MIC nil superintendence and to reporting on works required. These
reports would probably be accompanied with plans, which would explain
generally the operations to be done ; but the working out of these plans
in all their details would be left to the master masons, as we have seen
was the case in England.

The accounts we have of the master masons show very distinctly that,
as in previous times, they wrought with their own hands at the work.
They were evidently expert carvers, and doubtless designed as well as
executed the ornamental work of the edifices. William Wallace, John
Mylne, and William Aytoun seem to have begun their career in this
capacity, and to have gradually developed into architects. The master
masons likewise sometimes made "the moulds for the plasterers." They
therefore seem to have designed this part of the work also.

The following notes, from the accounts of the masters of works, will
be found to bear out the abovo remarks.

MASTERS OF WORKS

548 MASTER

1583.

An estimate of expenses of repairs to be made on the palaces of Lin-
lithgow, Falkland, Holyrood, and the castles of Stirling and Edinburgh,
is cdven in by Sir Robert Drummond of Carnock [Master of Work] to the
Lords of Exchequer.

Sir Robert Drummond of Carnock was appointed master of works
6th April 1579. His commission is in similar terms to that of Sir James
Hamilton of Fynnart, and his fee the same.

The following is the record of appointment of his successor: "Ane
letter maid to Williame Schaw constituand . . him grit M r of Wark
of all and sindrie his Majesties palaceis, biggingis and reparationis . .
and grit oversear, directour and cornmandar of quhatsumevir police
devysit or to be devysit for our Soverane lordis behuif and plesour . .
for all the dayis of his lyiftyme, with all and sindrie feis and casualiteis
pertenyng thairto . . and in especial with ane yeirlie feall of the sowme
of fyve hundreth markis usuall money of the realme . . At Halieruidhous,
20 Dec. 1583."

He was succeeded 13th July 1602 by David Cunninghame of Robert-
land, whose commission was in similar terms.

Then we have a letter " makand mentioun that our Soverane lord
understanding perfyitlie the skilfull experience, knawledge and habilitie
of James Murray younger M r - Oversear and attendar on all his Majesties
warkis and buildingis in Scotland and his sufficience everie way ;
Therefore makand . . the foresaid James Murray principal M r - of all his
Majesties workes and buildingis within Scotland . . with all honors . .
fies, casualties and dewties pertening . . thairto . . during all the dayes
of his lyiftyme, now vacand be the deceis of umquhile David Cunning-
hame of Robertland . . and . . gevand . . to the said James in yeirlie
feall the sowme of fyve hundereth merkis of usuall money of Scotland . .
At Quhythall 26 Dec. 1607."

1615.

James Murray of Kilbabertoun is master of work at Edinburgh Castle.

William Wallace was working there from June to September and
in October, and the following entry occurs: "15 Nov. 1615, to
W m - Wallace, carver in stone for the space of 3 oukis and ane half
working eftir the wark wes dischargit 18, 12/-" "To his man for
working the space of 5 oukis and ane half 16, 10/-"

1616-18.

James Murray of Kilbaberton is master of work at Falkland,
Edinburgh Castle, and Dumbarton Castle. More than 52,000 were
expended on Edinburgh Castle on this occasion (1615-18).

William Wallace, carver, stands first in the list of masons at
Edinburgh Castle, his weekly wage being 6 ; the master wright had
4 ; Walter Murray, the overseer (or clerk of works), 5. The highest

MASONS 549

AND ARCHITECTS

journeyman mason's wages are 4, 13s. 6d. William Wallace is paid
for "making the haill muldis for the plaistereris and for carveing of
dyvers window brods 8." Another carver named Ralf Ralinsone, an
Englishman, is mentioned as making the Dragon and St. George,* and

nuiking moulds for plasterers. The following entries also occur: "To

W"'- Wallace for a pund and a half of tyn to be a home to the Unicorne
and for making of it 24/-"

At Dunibarton, " To Johne Stewart for rinning with a letter fra Dum- "*
bartane to Edinburgh, for silver, to the thesaurar and master of wark 40/-"
" For a hors hyr to Tho s - Fallisdaill (overseer) to ryd to Stirling and
his boy ;uid hors charges twa days thare in seiking maisones 3 ; and for
aggreing with Robert Welsche maisone and uthir thrie at Paislie and
(Jlasgoxv, in arles 24/-"

" To Tho s - Fallisdaill ryding to Edin r - to speik the maister of wark
anent tlie ordinance .4 ; to Fallisdail cuming to Edin 1 '- and entering his
comptis with the Mr. Wark, 16."

James vi. visited Scotland in May 1617, and the works going on at
the royal residences for two or three years before were in preparation for
that event. On 8th January 1618 he granted to James Murray, his
principal master of works, a pension of 100 yearly, in consideration of
his good service in that office, "and speciallie in his maist diligent and
exquisite attending, building and repairing of his Hienes castellis and
pala.-es within his hienes kingdom of Scotland, wherein his Majestic, in
his last returning to Scotland in the moneth of Maij last, anno 1617
yeares, wes maist prim-elie and honorablie ressavit, with the haill nobill
men. Mrangeris and utln-ris, being in companie with his hienes, to the
great lyking and contentment of his Majestic, and to the honour and
proffeit of the countrey."

1618-19.

James Murray of Kilbaberton is master of works at Linlithgow, Edin-
burgh, and Dumbarton.

" On the 30th April 1618 my lord thesaurar depute and the M r - of Wark
tuke jorney fra Edinb. to sie his majesties warkis at Lithgow, Dumbartane,
and Stirling, and the Brig of Earne at his majesties directioun"; "to
the M r - Wrycht for his hors hyre in ryding to Lithgow with the thesaurar
deput and the Mr. Wark." 20th July 1618, " for W" 1 - Wallace his hors
hyre to Lithgow and back to Mussilburgh agane, 24/-" (William Wallace
became king's master mason in April 1617, and at that time lived at
Musselburgh). For the M r - of Warkis extraordinary charges, 27 Julij,
and W 1 "- Wallace, M r - Maisone being with him at the warkis, 5. 6/-
10th November, " for the M r - of Warkis charges quhen he raid to sie the
warkis at Lithgow, 8. 6. 2."

* Probably a wooden figure used in a pageant or other display, on the occasion
of the king's visit in 1617.

M \sTKKS OF \VOKKS 550 - M ASTER

On the 1st of February 1619, William Wallace takes the place of
James Stein at the head of the list of masons engaged on the work
going on at Linlithgow since 7th April 1618. There follows a payment
"for mending the lock of W" 1 - Wallace chalmer dore (at Linlithgow),"
and "to W 111 - Wallace, M r Maisone, for twa raikes (journeys) fra Mussil-
burgh to Lithgow, 3 ; mair to him for transporting his warklumes
(tools), 30s.," he having begun to do the part of an ordinary workman
from the time of his arrival on the 1st February. There is little reason
to doubt that this was the practice of master masons till this time, and at
least for some time after.

"For the M 1 - of Warkis extraordinary charges, he being a haill weik
at the warkis, 13. 9. 8."

"For a hors to Tho s - Elies (one of the overseers) fra Edinburgh to
Lithgow to ryd with the M r - of Wark and for his hyre back agane to
Edinb. 44/-"

"To Tho s Fallisdaile (overseer at Dumbarton) ryding in the barony
of Renfrew in seiking the warkmen to enter agane 18/-"

" His charges, his hors and boy, at Camstradan Craig ressaving 3000
sklaitt, 24/-"

" 9 Nov. 1618. James Logie for careing a letter fra the M r - of Wark
to Lithgow with sum direction.es to the warkmen, 9/-"

"For Thomas Elies his charges, being sent be the M 1 '- of Wark to
Lithgow to pay the warkmen sex oulkis waiges the first Dec 1 '- 1618, 40/-"

1622-23.

James Murray of Kilbaberton, master of work at Edinburgh Castle.

" On the 27 May, 1622, the M r - of Wark tuik jorney at the Counsallis
directioun for sichting Lowis wark at Huntingtoure and did set douii
ordour for building the same and did give directioun for sindrie thingis to
be done at Falkland. 24 August the M r - of Wark tuke jorney to the
palace of Linlithgow, Stirling Castell and the palace of Falkland and
going throw the samin at lenth did considder the haill rowmes and decayed
pairtis thairof and did bring ane particular note thairof with him to certifie
my lord thesaurar thairof."

"18 Nov. To the M r - of Warkis servandis for thair extraordinar
paines this yeir about the workis 24."

" Upon the 14th day of Marche 1624 the M 1 '- of Wark wyth the Erie
of Linlithgow and the Laird of Dundas by the counsallis directioune did
ryd to the Brig of Linlithgow and did considder the estait thairof and did
report the same to the counsall."

1625.

William Wallace was working at Stirling from 18th July to 31st
October. His name appears as usual at the head of the list of masons,
but with the designation of master mason.

31st October 1625. "To W'- Wallace M r - Maissone for his transport

MASONS _ KKI

AND ARCHITECTS

with his ,,, ha,,,,, over from Stirling to Edinburgh at the ending of the

\\ 1 1 K 1 S i, i .

mair to him for x* pund weycht of small irnes maid be him for
.g ot the lyounes ;m ,l unicornes with the rest of the kingis badges "
Item mair to him for symont (cement) furneist to the haill wark

tins veir, 3."

1626-27.

James .Murray of Kilbaberton, master of work at Edinburgh Castle
Stirling, and Holyrood.

"Upon the 1th of Apryle 1626 the M'- of Wark tuke jorney to
Lithgow to sie the pallace and to considder the estait thairof and giveing
ordour for sindrie thingis to be done thair." (Walter Murray, overseer
at Edinburgh Castle, accompanied him on this journey).

' Dpon the 21st August the Maister of Wark tuke jorney to the
Ca.tell of Stirling and retnayned in that jorney 4 dayes " (Walter Murray
again accompanied him).

In tin- master mason's account there are the following items: "To

AV'"- Wallace 2 dayes in pointing the alreines (parapets) of the Counsall
hous of Ifalyrudehous and Johne Boig maissouue with him 53/4."

"To W'"- Wallace Maister Maissoune for pavementing the inner
Counsall hous quhilk tuik L'i ruid of pavement, the said W m - furneissing
the stanes, eariagis and warknianschip and laying the same, 150;
mending the pavement of the utter Counsall hous 10; for ane new
hearth slant- furiieished, wrocht and layed to the Counsall hous chiuiley
5. 13. 4. r

1628-29.

lames Miii-ray of Kilhalierton, master of work at Edinburgh Castle,
Stirling Castle, Falkland, Linlithgow, and Dumbarton Castle.

" Upon the 6 of Men/he 1 GL J !) thair was appointit thrie of His Majesties
privie Counsell with Sir Henrie Wardlaw (receiver of rents) and sindrie
utheris to go with the M 1 '- of Wark to visit and sie the estait of His
.Majesties haill castellis and palaceis and to report the same to the privie
Counsell."

"To Walter Murray M 1 '- Overseer of His Majesties warkis in consider-
ation of his extraordinar chairgeis and travellis in His Majesties warkis
in the yeir of Cod KJ2.S and als in 1629 200."

This is the second occurrence of a general overseer in addition to the
local o\ erseer, and distinct from the master of works. The entries rela-
tive to the loeal overseer are such as this: "To James Kynnynmonth
(overseer at K;ilklaiid)"for his extraordinar chargeis and travellis takin
in the warkis and in his ryding and travelling for bringing in provisiones
(materials for the work) and seiking of warkmen at all tymes about the
cost syde the tyme of this compt. 100."

MASTKH8 OF WORKS - 552 - MASTER

Andrew Mill was overseer at Linlithgow and Daniel Clark at Dum-
barton at this time.

1633.

At Edinburgh Castle James Brounhill, who appears at the head of the
masons.

" To the maisteris of the Kingis Warkis for 4800 Caitnes sklait spent
of thair stoir at the Castell."

Here the name " masters of works " seems to be loosely applied to
the overseers.

Holyrood. John Mylne and William Aytoun both appear here as
master masons. Ralf Raleine, carver, is brought from the Chanrie in
Ros (Fortrose) "quhair he wes working to the Erie of Huntlie."

The next four entries apply to the fine sundial at Holyrood, above
illustrated (p. 441).

" Coft be David Yuill to Johne Mylne for the dyell one pund of
quhyt wax 26/8d."

"To Johne Bartoun for gilding, making, and graving the dyell in the
north yaird 66. 13. 4. ; twa rosnobillis and ane halff to gilt the dyell
26. 11. 8d."

" To Johne Andersone, painter, for painting the day ell and counsell
hous conforme to his contract .290."

" To Johne Mylne, meassone and his servandis for the working and
hewing the dyell in the northe yaird with the pillar, stapis, degries,
and foundatioun thairof and also for the chairges gcvin out to Johne
Rannald and James Andersone quarreoures for winning the haill stapis
and degries thairof and to W in - Barrone, kairter for carying thairof
408. 15. 6."

"Debursed in visitatioune of the kingis housis in Apryle 1633 be M 1 '-
Maxuell (the Master of Maxwell) and the Maister of Wark 532. 12. 2."

Dumbarton. "To Tho s - Fallisdaill (overseer) for his chairges and his
man and hors coining from Dumbarton to Edin b - to the Lordis of Counsell
my lord Thesaurer and M r - of Wark, to show them the ruynes that had
fallin out thair be the great storme of wind and ordour gevin to him
thairanent 20."

Charles I. was crowned at Holyrood 18th June 1633. The work in
progress at the various royal residences about this time was in preparation
for that visit.

1639.

Holyrood. The account is rendered by William Toftes, overseer.

Edinburgh Castle. Account rendered by John Mylne, who appears
at the head of the list of masons, receiving 8 weekly.

In summing up the evidence afforded by the above extracts from the
accounts of the Royal Works, as to the connection of the " Master of
Works" with architecture, we may conclude that whatever was implied

MASONS _ r^q

AND ARCHITECTS

in the designation "architect" at the close of the sixteenth century may
be held as indicative of the functions of the master of works ; for as we
have stated above, that designation is distinctly given in Crown charters
to three successive masters of works at this period. A hundred years
before this time the word "architect," or rather "architector," seems
to have been used in the general sense of superintendent, without any
specific limitation.* But at the close of the sixteenth century it had
undoubtedly come to combine with the idea of superintendence that
also of design, with a view to construction. It is not necessary on this
account, however, to suppose that when the name " architect " was given to
the master of works he was thought of as discharging the precise duties
which the word now suggests. It is enough to suppose that he projected
a general plan of the form and arrangement of the structure to be erected,
and left the invention of the details to the skilled workman to whom the
realisation of it in its several parts was entrusted.

John Shute, after travelling abroad, published his work on the First and
Chief e Grounds of Architecture in 1563. He was called a surveyor, and
< cms to have made the general plans of a number of important mansions
in England, the details of which were probably worked out by the master
mason (see Mr. Gotch's paper in the Architect of llth and 18th March 1892).

The position of John Mylne and William Aytoun will be again con-
sidered further on ; meanwhile we shall turn our attention to the mode
of procedure adopted by proprietors throughout the country with regard
to their buildings in the seventeenth century.

Some interesting examples of contracts between proprietors and master
masons are given in the foregoing volumes. Thus, we have at Kelburn
Castle an "agreement betwixt Kelburn and Thomas Caldwell, mason." f
In this contract the new work is specified with reference to the existing
house, and is to be " exactly conform to what is builded." The size of the
doorways is fixed, but they are only specified as "ffour heun doors."
Caldwell is to be his own quarryman, and is " to whin the haill stones,
both biggiiig stones and heun stones." He is also "to furnish all service
men and barrowim-n." The proprietor is "to lead the haill stones, and to
lay lyme and sand to his hand . . . with the furnishing of boynes and
barrows, and materials for morter and stones."

The contract for the building of Partick Castle, near Glasgow, J dated
1611, is more minute, but it is also directly between the proprietor,
George Huchesoune, and William My liar, " the masoun in Kylwynning."
It states that some of the foundations and walls were previously built;
these are to be taken down, and new walls erected of sufficient thickness

* "The office of jewel-house hath an architectour called keeper of the king's
jewels" (Ordinances Royal Household, 1461-83).

t Vol. iv. p. 30. + See ante, p. 4.

MASTERS OF WORKS

,V>4 MASTER

to serve for a vaulted house. The work to consist of a "mayne hous and
ane jame (or wing), turnpyiks, and all uther easmentis," the walls of the
" mayne hous being maid thrie futtis and ane half of the said George's
awin fute" longer than the gables already laid. The jamb or wing to be
16 feet between walls, and to contain an arched fireplace. The said
William to provide sufficient "layars, hewairs, and barrowmen." A
turnpike stair to be built by itself at the north-east "nuk" of the
main house i.e., in the re-entering angle. All doors and windows ;m>
specified the doors to be hewiii and all sufficiently pendit (arched)
outside and inside over the lintels. There are to be vaulted trances,
or passages "fra the turnpyik yet to the laiche sellars and kitching."
The pantry on the first floor to have a passage down to the east cellar
(evidently the usual private stair to the wine-cellar), "a kirnal turnpyik
to serve the haill heiche chalmers and wairdroip," and to have gutter
stones or gargoyles at the angles. " Small windows and boles and
commodious lichtis (to be formed) as the said George pleisses." The
room in the jamb or wing on the first floor off the hall is called the
"chalmer of daiss." William is either to form a high arch in the north
wall of the main building, so that the room over the " chalmer of daiss,"
along with part of the floor over the hall, may be formed into a gallery ;
or to make the said apartment a room by itself, with a fireplace having a
window on each side of it, and of such height as to leave room for a ward-
robe in the roof of the "jame." The top floor to have stone windows,
i.e., dormers. William, with his servants, to abide at the work so long
as George provides materials, and to complete the building. George is to
sharpen the irons, and to provide a wright to help to make the scaffolding,
gangways, centering of arches, ifec.

Neither in these contracts, nor in any of the above notices regarding
buildings, are any drawings or an architect mentioned ; everything is to
be executed either of the same nature as some other building referred to,
or according to written description. In both of the above cases the
materials are provided by the proprietor, and the labour by the con-
tractor. The specification of the house at Partick is specially interesting,
from its giving so minute a description of the structure a description
which would apply, both as regards the planning of the house and the style
of work, to almost all the castles of the L Plan. The proprietor is to settle
everything himself, even to the measuring off with his own foot, deciding
on the size and position of windows and other details of the plan.

It was not unusual at this period, as we have noticed in earlier times,
for proprietors, in making contracts with master masons, to specify
existing structures as models for proposed new buildings. Thus, in 1663,
when Sir Philip Anstruther undertook his new house at Dreel, Fifeshire,
he contracted with Alexander Nisbet, deacon of the masons in Edinburgh,
that the house should be 76 by. 2-4 feet within the walls, and of four stories,

AND AltCUITECTS

and the walls 4 feet thick. The windows of the hall were to be "as lar^e
and compleit as those of the hall of Kellie." The gate was to be conform
to the principal gate of Bulcarres," and "a sufficient square doocote of
the quantity of Sir James Lumsdaine of Innergelly, his doocote." *

The remarkable account of the erection of the manse of Anstruther in
l.V.H), l )y the minister himself,! may be taken as a specimen of the manner
in which the smaller houses of the period were frequently designed and
executed. The reverend gentleman took the work in hand himself,
obtained ground from the laird, stones from the town, lime from the land-
ward part of the parish, and subscriptions from the townspeople and
county gentlemen. He employed and paid the workmen, and so carefully
superintended the execution that there never occurred "a soar finger
during the hail labour ! "

On a larger scale, other structures of the period appear to have
been carried out in much the same way. The great edifices of Fyvie,
Pinkie,| &c., were erected (about 1613) under the supervision, and prob-
ably from the designs, of Chancellor Seton, the details of the execution
being evidently entrusted to local tradesmen.

In like manner Huntly Castle was built, about the same date, by the
.Marquis of Huntly. Both of these noblemen were distinguished men
who had travelled abroad, and whose observation of what they had seen
is impressed on many of the features of their mansions.

The pleasure enjoyed by proprietors about this period in building and
adorning their houses and grounds is well exemplified in the castle of
Rowallan in Ayrshire, where we find that Sir John and Sir William
Muir "tooke great delyte" in the erection of the various parts of that
interest in- structure, and a record is kept of the portions completed by
each. || "Policie and planting" also occupied much of their attention, as
was then customary.

In the description of Pitreavie Castle, ^f it is pointed out that William
Shaw, Chamberlain to Queen Anne of Denmark, had charge of the palace
of Dunfermline, and was reputed "most skilful in architecture." He was
principal master of works.** It is not unlikely that Henry Wardlaw,
who succeeded Shaw in his office of chamberlain, was also skilled in
architecture, and that the line design of his house of Pitreavie maybe
attributed to him.

Tin- Black Book of Tay mouth, written by William Bowie, secretary to
Sir Duncan Campbell, the seventh laird of Glenurchy, in the end of the
sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century, gives numerous details
regarding the castles erected by the successive proprietors of the estate.ff

* Wood's E<tt Xcuk of Fife, p. 159. t Vol. in. p. 561.

J Vol. 11. pp. 354, 398. Ibid. p. 281.

/hid p. 384. f Ibid. p. 544.

** See ante, pp. 547, 548. tt Innes, Early Scotch history, p. 342.

MASTKRS OF WORKS 556 - MASTER

Thus, Sir Colin Campbell, the first laird, as tutor to his nephew, the Earl
of Argyle, built the castle of Inveraray in the middle of the fifteenth cen-
tury. He also constructed his own castle of Ilankeilquharn ( Kilchurn ),*
the tower of Strathfillan, and the enclosing walls of the Isle of Loch Tay.
Sir Duncan, the second laird, who fell at Flodden, built "the laich hall"
of Kilchurn, and he also " biggit the great hall, chapel, and chambers of
the Isle of Loch Tay " (now destroyed). Colin, the third laird, built the
Chapel of the Blessed Virgin at Finlarig f as a burial-place for himself
and his posterity. Colin, the sixth laird, erected the castle of Balloch
(Taymouth), J and added corner turrets to the castle of Kilchurn. Sir
Duncan, the seventh laird (the author's patron, and known as " Black
Duncan "), built the castle of Finlarig, and ornamented the chapel there
with "pavement and painterie." He also built the tower of Achalladour
and repaired Kilchurn, erected the house of Lochdochart (now a mere
fragment), and a great house at Barcaldine,|j and repaired the church of
Glenurchy and the bridge over the Water of Lochy. This Sir Duncan
was a man of taste, who held advanced views for the time, and did much
for the improvement of the aspect of his estate and the comfort of his
vassals. He had travelled to the Courts of France and England, and in
1602 he visited Flanders and acquired some new ideas. He encouraged
planting round the farm-steadings, and introduced fallow deer. He also
cultivated literature and poetry.

Sir Colin, the eighth laird, built and repaired his family castles. He
indulged in the new luxury of rich furniture and hangings of silk and
tapestry, which he brought from West Flanders. He was a man of
education, a Latin scholar, and a student of French and Italian literature.
He also became a patron of the fine arts, and employed artists to paint
pictures as ornaments to his mansion. He " bestowit and gave to ane
German painter whom he enterteinit in his house aucht moneth . . . the
soume of ane thousand poundis." Jameson, the father of Scottish painters,
was liberally employed by Sir Colin, both as a decorative and a portrait
painter.U

We have here abundant mention of works carried out by the successive
lairds, but no reference to an architect. When, on the other hand,
painting is mentioned, we are immediately introduced to the German
painter and the Scottish Vandyke. The inference seems to be unavoid-
able viz., that the Scottish architect, if he then existed, was not greatly
in request, and that the various buildings were erected by masons under
the laird's instructions. In a similar manner, at Cagill, the Laird of
Glenurchy enters personally into a contract to build the ferryman a hall

* Vol. i. p. 382. f Vol. in. p. 583. J Vol. iv. p. 36.

Vol. in. p. 585. || Ibid. p. 618.

1 It may be mentioned, in passing, that Jameson's father is said to have been an
architect in Aberdeen.

MASONS _ 55? _

AND ARCHITECTS

and lofted chamber, with chimneys, doors, and windows water
meet, and convenient. He also personally conducted The I^ne fof
his estate, granting leases to craftsmen-to the builder of helaTrd'
park dykes the smith of the castle, the gardener of Balloch I

of Cawdor

n - 1? 1 ! 63 ^ a Tf COntract is fo d for building the auld hall and kitchen of
"It is apparent," says the professor, "that drawing or plans
were not used, and that in the very time when Heriot's Hospital*

ospa wa

n. Ivlmburgh, Glamis in Strathmore, and Castle Fraser and Crai<nevar

. Aberdeenshire, the Tutor of Cawdor was satisfied to leave the & archi-

ure of his family mansion to the Nairn masons, provided the 'annes

nanu-s, and sifens upon the windockis were wrocht to the said Colin

Cump ,,11 Ins contentment.'" In execution the arrangement of the steps

(winch descend into the entrance courtyard and are not quite satisfactory)

was found to be a difficulty, "and required more architectural skill than

James and John Nicolson [the Nairn masons] brought to the undertaking *

In 1677 Sir Hugh Campbell of Cawdor proposed to build a mansion-

house at Killarow in Isla where "lime, timber, and all materials are to

be got on the spot, but the masons, skilled workmen, he is to bring himself

from the Saxon coast." f

In Glamis Castle + we have a very striking example of a structure
carried out from the designs and under the personal superintendence of
tw. successive proprietors Patrick, first Earl of Kinghorn (1578-1615),
and his grandson Patrick, the third earl (1647-95). The book of record
of the latter shows how closely the work was designed and supervised by
himself. He even takes blame to himself that "in designing so great a
matter as these reformationes putt all together comes to, I did not call
such as in this a-<> were known and repute to be the best judges and con-
trivers." But carrying on the work as he did very much for his own
pleasure, he did not think it necessary to "invit to either of my houses
the public architecture."

This plainly indicates that the occupation of " architecturs " was in
the seventeenth century beginning to be recognised as separate from that
of the master mason.

The absence of all mention of plans or drawings for buildings has
frequently been remarked in the above notes.

Up to the seventeenth century drawing does not appear to have been
much studied and practised, as is apparent from the prominence given by
Professor Innes to Robert Gordon of Straloch, in consequence of his skill
in that art. " He was the prime assistant of Scotstarvet in his two great

* ] nnes, Early Scotch History, p. 429.
t Ibid. p. 422.
J Vol. n. p. 113.

MASTERS OF WORKS 558 MASTER

undertakings, the Atlas,* and the Collection of Scotch Poetry. The maps
of Scotland in the great atlas (many of them drawn by himself, the whole
revised by him at the earnest entreaty of Charles I.), with the topo-
graphical descriptions which accompany them, are among the most
valuable contributions ever made by an individual to the physical history
of his country. His son, James Gordon, parson of Rothiemay, followed
out his father's great object with admirable skill, and in two particulars
he merits our gratitude even more. He was one of the earliest of our
countrymen to study drawing, and to apply it to plans and views of

places."!

In the description of Pitfirraiie Castle, a set of plans for alterations
made in the seventeenth century is mentioned as being still preserved,
but the name of the author is not known. |

In early times working drawings were unquestionably as much required
as more recently, but they have for the most part perished. This may be
accounted for by the circumstance that they were generally drawn upon
vellum or on boards, and the former being an expensive material, the
drawings were often expunged in order to enable the vellum to be used
again for new designs, while the boards were too cumbrous for preserva-
tion. An instance of full-sized working drawings being delineated on
the walls of the building itself has been pointed out by Dr. R. Rowand
Anderson in the chapel of Rossi yn. These include a pinnacle and one
of the cusped arches of the retro-choir, which may be seen traced on the
walls of the crypt.

Some working drawings, dated 1695, for alterations and additions at
Traquair House, are preserved by the proprietor, and one of them is
reproduced in the description of the house ;|| but although they are
initialled, the name of the author is not known.

Probably the earliest set of plans now preserved are those made by
Robert Mylne, principal master mason to Charles n., for the additions to
Holy rood Palace. These were prepared in 1670, and are to be published
by the Rev. R. S. Mylne in his forthcoming work already mentioned.

The master gunners employed by the Jameses were generally foreigners
from the Low Countries. A reference to the account of the siege of St.
Andrews Castle ^[ will show how superior the foreigners were to the
natives in the art of fortification, and in the management of artillery.
The English also availed themselves of the foreigners' skill in such matters.
When Hertford's troops attacked Kelso Abbey in 1545 they "devised
theruppon with the Italion fortifier that ys here, Archani, and the master

* Published at Amsterdam in 1654 by John Blaeu.

f Innes, Early Scotch History, p. 296.

J Vol. in. p. 574.

Transactions of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland, Vol. x. p. 63.

|| Vol. IT. p. 444. IT Vol. in. p. 335.

AND ARCHITECTS

mason of Herwik." The master mason in this instance was evidently an
architect or engineer.

The following extracts from the Minutes of the Glasgow Town Council
tor ( >ctober !', 1078, give some notion of the light in which an architect
was then regarded in that locality, and the kind of talent required of
him : "The said day, in answer to the supplicatioune, given in be Alex.
Thorn, architector, upon several! consideratiounes the said Magestrates and
Counsel 1 lies given and graiitet, and heirby gives and grants, libertie and
licence to the said Alex. Thorn to reside within this burgh, and to exerce
his employment ami calling in architectorie and measonrie and fra the
dnit h<>irof to the term of Candlemas 1680." The subjoined statement
of work done for the Town Council, dated 26th September 1684, shows
how he practised his calling, and made use of his licence: "The said
Alex. Thorn gave in aiie compt of his cutting the kings arnies upon stone,
furnishing ane stone theirto, peynting and gilding theirof ; and cutting
the kings arnies in timber for the kings seat in the High Kirk, conteyn-
im; the modells of the frontespiece of the lofts theirof; and for cutting
.werall thistles and crouns for the 'use of the said seat, and his haill
panes and attendance theiron ; and the taking down and putting up the
said lofts ; and for eight cedar tables, and the pertinents belong-
ing theirto, furnished be him for the use of the toun, will be restored
to him by ane attour, what he has receaved formerly, the soume
of four hundred and fyve punds Scots, whilk compt was allowed and
proven."

During the reign of James vi. it is apparent that the office of king's
master mason was tilled by men properly qualified to discharge the duties
of architects, although they still continued to undertake some of the func-
tions now performed by master builders. Under Queen Mary the office
had been held by "John Koytell, Frenchman," as a life appointment,
us has been already shown.

After Roytell's death (probably after an interval of some years) King
James, in 1017, appointed "William Wallace, Scottisinan, maissoun in
his imployment, anent the reparation!! of His Maiesties castell of Edin-
burgh and palice of Halyrudhous, and utheris His Maiesties warkis,"
to be "principal! maister maisouii to all His Maiesties maister warkis
within this realme of Scotland."! His fee was to be ten pounds Scots
per month for life. From the preceding extracts from the accounts
rendered by the "masters of works" we learn that William Wallace
was en-aged at Edinburgh Castle as a carver in 1615, and afterwards
ai Linlilhgow. He was still working at Linlithgow in 1618, and at
Stirling in 16-!.~>.

* Innes, Early Scotch History, p. 200.

t Letter of appointment of William Wallace quoted by Dr. Laing in Transactions
of the Architect u mi In^Hfuh of Xro//<nid, 1851-52.

MASTKRS OF WORKS

560 MASTER

In the account of the building of Heriot's Hospital* it has been
shown that, although the structure was to be erected "conforme to the
patrone of the same given by the said Dean of Rochester " (probably a,
rough sketch of the plan such as a proprietor might make), there can be
almost no doubt that William Wallace was the practical architect and
master mason of the hospital. Dr. Laing conjectures that " he may have
enjoyed an opportunity of improving his skill as an architect by foreign
travel." He was a burgess, and the son of a burgess of Edinburgh, and
from 1626 to 1628 he held the office amongst the Freemasons of " Deacon
of the Lodge of Edinburgh."

The above excerpt from his letter of appointment acknowledges that he
had been engaged on and had given satisfaction in connection with works
which he had previously carried out. " That he was employed by several
of the nobility," says Dr. Laing, " there is no reason to doubt ; arid the
house of Winton, in the parish of Tranent, may have contributed, through
the recommendation of Mr. Robert Balcanquall and the personal know-
ledge of his fellow-citizens in Edinburgh, to his being employed in the
erection of the new hospital." f

In the descriptions of Winton House j and Heriot's Hospital full
details are given of Wallace's connection with these structures, and the
result proves pretty distinctly that he acted as the architect of these
buildings, of which he prepared the "frame," or design, and superintended
the execution. He seems to have been (after the first few weeks) con-
stantly at the work, and to have taken oversight of the masons. It is
therefore almost certain that we owe the above fabrics, which are amongst
the finest examples of Renaissance work in Scotland, to Wallace, one of
the earliest recognised architects of the period.

The north side of Linlithgow Palace, which was rebuilt about 1620,
and bears a considerable resemblance in style to the above designs of
Wallace, was probably also his work, as king's master mason at the time.
He was certainly occupied there as king's master mason at the date of
the rebuilding. Wallace died, it is supposed suddenly, in October 1631,
and was succeeded in the office of king's master mason by John Mylne,
while that of master mason of Heriot's Hospital was conferred on William
Aytoun, junior. The latter was required " to prosecute and follow forth
the modell, frame, and building of the said wark, as the same is already
begun ; and to devyse, plott, and sett down what he shall think meittest
for the decorement of the said wark and pattern thereof already begun
where any defect beis found." Aytoun appears as master mason at
Holy rood in 1633.

* Vol. iv. p. 138.

t Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Scotland, 1851-52, p. 18.

t Vol. n. p. 520.

Vol. T. p. 492.

MASONS _ rcci

AND ARCHITECTS

In the account of the hospital it has been shown how he fulfilled his
Obligations us architect, Aytoun was evidently one of the "public archi
fceci urs referred to by the Earl of Kinghorn, and was employed on other
buildings throughout the country. Amongst the.se the mansion of Innes
Bouse,* Morayshire, was undoubtedly designed by him. This appears
from the entry made by the laird in his account of the expenditure on
the house, viz.: "To Win. Aitoun, maister maissoun at Heriott, his
w,,rk, f,,r dmwing the form of the house on paper, 26. 13. 4" (Scot's, or
t'L'. Is. (id. sterling). It is a good and characteristic example of the style
of the period, though inferior in design to Heriot's Hospital or Winton
House.

In connection with Heriot's Hospital it may be pointed out that the
coal of the materials used and the workmen's wages were paid by the
treasurer of the town.

In 1675 Robert Mylne, master mason, was required to make a design
for the completion of the steeple, and in 1676 it was said to be finished
conform to a "draught condescended upon be Sir William Bruce." The
steeple remained, however, apparently still incomplete, for in 1693 the
treasurer entered into a contract with Robert Mylne for finishing it
according to a draught by the latter.

From these facts it is apparent that Mylne occupied the position of
architect, combined with that of contractor.

In the accounts of the treasurer of Heriot's Hospital, Wallace is
generally called the "maister masone and maister of wark," thus showing
that the master of work was now regarded as one with the master mason.
Wallace undoubtedly acted as "architect," but that title, although
given, as we have seen, to some of the king's masters of works, does not
appear to have come into general use till somewhat later. The desig-
nation of "royal architect" seems to have been given to the king's
master of work very much as a title of honour, but the general practice
of architecture throughout the country was evidently entrusted to the
muster masons.

The following examples show that architects were not much in request
till after the middle of the seventeenth century ; and when they did come
into requisition, it was from the ranks of the master masons that they
sprang, such men as Mylne and Wallace being the early representatives
of those who established the profession in Scotland.

Amongst our earliest acknowledged architects (some account of whom
en below) Sir William Bruce may perhaps be regarded as the latest
representative of the royal architects or masters of work, combining as
he did the characteristics of the courtier and the designer; but the prac-
tical architects of the period were the Mylnes and the Adams, who
gradually rose from the ranks.

* Vol. n. p. 203.

V. 2 N

MASTERS OF WORKS

562 MASTER

Drumlanrig Castle,* a structure in the advanced Renaissance style,
was erected by William, first Duke of Queensberry, between 1675 and
1689. The master of works was one Lukup, but we have no further
information regarding his professional employment. His tombstone stands
in the churchyard of Durrisdeer, with the date of his death 1685. Here,
as at Kinross House (see below), Flemish workmen were employed upon
the carving.

The market cross of Aberdeen f is a notable work, both because of its
elegant form and because the name of the designer is preserved. It
was drawn and executed by MT. John Montgomerie of Old Rayne in
1686, at a cost of 100 sterling.

The market cross of Perth was also a structure of some pretension,
and was designed and erected by Mr. Mylne of Balforgie (to be afterwards
referred to), the king's master mason in 1668, who was required by the
Town Council, with a worthy ambition tempered with frugality, "to
make it as elegant as any in Scotland for 200."

" Another Aberdonian deserves passing mention. David Anderson
of Finzeauch, known as ' Davie-do-a'-thing,' was uncle of Jameson the
painter, the Scottish Vandyck, as he was called. Anderson was Dean
of Guild and City Architect of Aberdeen in the early part of the seven-
teenth century, and designed the steeple of St. Nicholas' Church there." j

It has been stated, on the authority of the late Mr. Skene, that the
builder of the additions to Castle Fraser in 1617 was J. Bel, and that
the builder of Midmar Castle in the same district was George Bel, whose
epitaph still exists in the parish churchyard HEIR LIES GEORGE BEL,
MEASON, 1575. These two masons possibly belonged to the same family.

The above names are of special interest, as showing that some of the
more prominent examples of the picturesque Scottish style of the Fourth
Period were executed by native master masons. We have elsewhere ||
endeavoured to prove that this was so, and it is satisfactory to find this
distinct support of that view. We have seen that in the earlier part of
the sixteenth century Frenchmen were employed by James v. and Queen
Mary, but the French influence seems to have entirely ceased after the
middle of the century, and to have been absolutely wanting at the very
time when those structures were erected to which the term " French " is
so often applied in relation to their style. A certain amount of foreign
influence, however, again revived in connection with the introduction of
the Renaissance in the seventeenth century.

The following are a few additional examples of the non-professional
architect of this period and his work.

* Vol. n. p. 446. f Vol. v. p. 212.

+ Mr. J. Balfour Paul in Transactions of the Edinburgh Architectural Association,
Vol. i. p. 58.

Vol. ii. p. 231. || VoL if. p. 12.

- 563 - AND ARCHITECTS

In 1633 a violent storm blew down the "crowne" of the steeple of the
college of Old Aberdeen, which was designed to resemble an imperial
diadem. This was speedily " recdefeit and biggit up little inferior to the
first," the "architect" being Dr. William Gordon, professor of medicine,
u a godlie, grave, learned man, and singular in common works about the
college, and putting up on the steiple thereof, most glorious as you see,
aue staitlie crowne thrown down be the wyncl before."*

This "architect" was doubtless an enthusiastic amateur, who must
have entrusted the practical work to a mason of Aberdeen.

About 1723 James Fraser (librarian to James n.), an old alumnus of
Aberdeen, rinding the structure in a neglected and dilapidated condition,
contributed money to restore it. "Ker records that Alexander Fraser,
sub-principal, and Alexander Burnett, then regent, were the architect
and engineer ( VifrnciiiK Aberdonensis et Archimedes noster) who directed
the \\orks and rendered all professional advice unnecessary."!

iiewhat similar instance of the amateur architect occurs at Glasgow
College. j when, in 1 I'.*!, ''Master John Hutchson," "having been active
in building the new kitchen, and probably also in repairing the new hall
of the pethagogy, and having already held the honourable office, was
re-elect rd Dean of the Faculty in consideration of the great benefit he
had conferred in the building and repair of the ' College of the Faculty of

'"
In the description of the college it is also pointed out that the

earliest portions of the new structure were erected by the exertions of
Principal Strang, and that in 1656 the building went on vigorously, "Mr.
Patrick (Jillespie (the then principal), with a very great care, industry,
and dexterity, managing it himself as good as alone."

In 1690 a contract was made with William Riddel, mason, for the
erection of the steps leading to the fore-hall of the college, with their
massive balusters and pedestals crowned with a sculptured lion and
unicorn.

What has been regarded as a combination of the offices of clergyman
and archited occurs in 1569, when the Privy Council, having removed the
lead from the roofs of the cathedrals of Aberdeen and Elgin, a subscription
was raised by the Bishop of Elgin "for mending, thaking, and reparaling
of the cathedral kirk of Murray, to the effect that the same may be a
convenient place to convene the people for the hearing of the Word of
( ;,!. Contributions were to be sent to " Maister Hew Cragy, parson of

* Spakliiig, p. 257. Quoted in Early Scotch History, p. 314.

t limes, Early Scotch History, p. 318.

I Vol. iv. p. 161.

limes, Early Scotch History, p. 247.

Paper on Early Scottish Architecture, by Mr. J. Balfour Paul, Lyon-Kmg-of
Anns, in Transactions of the Edinburgh Architectural Association, Vol. i. p. 67.

MASTERS OF WORKS

564 MASTER

Innerkeithing, appointed maister of the said werk and resaver of the said
contributions." "Here, then," says Mr. Paul, "we find a clergyman
appointed to look after and superintend the repair of an important church,
and as he was in no way connected with the diocese of Elgin, but belonged
to a far distant part of the country, it is not too much, I think, to suppose
that he must have had some special knowledge of building and architec-
ture." This may be so, or may it not rather be an indication of the
appointment of a clergyman at this late date to perform the duty for-
merly undertaken by the "master of the work," viz., that of receiver
and distributor of the funds ?

Reference has already been made to John Mylne, who was appointed
kind's master mason on the death of William Wallace. This John Mylne
was one of an illustrious family who, during eleven generations, may be
almost said to have established architecture as a profession in Scotland,
and raised it to and maintained it in a position of dignity and importance
to which it had hitherto been a stranger. John Mylne, the first of the
family, is said to have been appointed, about 1481, master mason in Scot-
land to James in. Alexander, his son, and Thomas, probably the grandson
of John, were each master mason to the king. Thomas was succeeded
by his son. John Mylne, burgess of Dundee, was master mason to King
James vi. He "came from the north country to Dundee, and afterwards
settled at Perth," and, "by reason of his skill and airt," was preferred to
be the "kings ma'ties mr. measone." In 1580 he was engaged on the
harbour, public works, and market cross of Dundee ; in 1587 he contracted
with George Thomson, mason, to build Lord Bannatyne's house at New-
tyle ; and in 1604 he was master mason of the bridge of Tay at Perth.
He died in 1621, and was buried in the Greyfriars' Church at Perth,
where his monument still exists. His son John (the third of the name)
succeeded his father as master mason. He was engaged on numerous
works throughout the country, being sent for by the Town Council of
Edinburgh to complete a statue of the king. He worked at the steeple
of the tolbooth at Aberdeen, and at Drummond Castle, Perthshire, in
1630, where a celebrated sundial* was erected by him. In 1633, with
the assistance of his sons, John and Alexander, he executed the fine
sundial at Holyrood.f On the death of William Wallace he was
appointed, in 1631, principal master mason in Scotland to Charles i.
He was also engaged on considerable public works at Dundee. He
died in 1657.

His son, the fourth John, succeeded his father in 1636 in the office of
principal master mason, and was also master mason to the town of Edin-
burgh. From 8th July 1639 to 8th February 1640 he was in charge of
extensive works in Edinburgh Castle. He designed the Tron Church in
Edinburgh, finished in 1647. In 1643 he succeeded William Aytoun as
* See ante, p. 552. t See ante, p. 441.

MASONS 565

AND ARCHITECTS

architect of Heriot's Hospital, and continued the works till 1667. He
made additions to the college of Edinburgh, repaired the crown of St.
< Jiles 1 , built fortifications at Leith, and carried out other works.

In 1663 this John made designs for a new palace at Holyrood. In
1666 he also made plans for Panmure House, and for the existing Town
Hall and (irammar School at Linlithgow, Leslie House, <fec. He died on
24th December 1667, and was buried in Greyfriars' Churchyard, Edin-
burgh, where his monument may still be seen.

Robert Mylne, nephew of the last, succeeded him as principal master
mason to Charles n. He agreed, in 1668, to build the market cross
at Perth. He erected the hospital at Largs, and carried on works at
Thirlstane Castle. In 1669 he built a sea wall and reclaimed a con-
siderable part of the foreshore at Leith. In 1670 he prepared plans for
rebuilding Holyrood Palace, which were sent to London for the king's
approval. The foundation stone was laid by Mylne in 1671. Six of his
drawings are still preserved, and are above referred to. Charles I. had
intended to rebuild the palace on a more extensive scale, making the
facade to the west much longer than it is at present. But all his schemes
were cut short by the Civil War. Sir William Bruce (the king's surveyor
and architect of Holyrood Palace) was well skilled in architecture, but as
lie rose in favour with the Duke of Lauderdale and the king, he became
chiellv occupied in assisting in the administration of the government of
the country. It is curious to note the personal interest the king took in
all the details, such as the position of the fireplaces, or the width of the
entrance irate way.*

OwiniX to a regulation that buildings should be constructed with stone
instead of timber in the. main, streets of Edinburgh, a large number of
new tenements were erected in the old town by Mylne such as Mylne's
Square, 1679 t and he also had a large practice throughout Scotland.
He died at Inveresk in 1710. The family continued to be represented
by a succession of architects during the eighteenth century, Robert
Mylne being the most famous. He travelled abroad, J and on his return
to Kiighmd was en^a^'d on many of the largest mansions of noblemen
and gentlemen in England, and numerous public works. He died in
1S11. and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral (of which he had been
appointed surveyor), beside Sir Christopher Wren, "to whom he had
erected," as stated by the Rev. R. S. Mylne, " the happy inscription

SI MONl'MKNTTM QU/EHIS CIRCUMSPICE."

* These remarks regarding this master mason have been kindly supplied by the
Rev. R. S. Mylue.

t Vol. iv. p. 471.

t The Rev R. S. Mylne mentions that Robert Mylne spent five years in Italy
in order to study the classic architecture of that country, and was successful i:
winning two papal medals in the Academy of St. Luke.

MASTERS OF WORKS

566 MASTER

We have now arrived at that point in our account of the history and
development of Scottish architects beyond which it is unnecessary to
give a minute account of each, the life and works of the prominent
architects of the seventeenth century being too well known to require
recapitulation. Besides, the designs of the Adam family, and those of
Colin Campbell and James Gibbs, have been fully brought before the
public in their published works. But as the designs of two well-known
Scottish architects of comparatively modern times have been illustrated
in the preceding work, we may be excused for adding a few words
regarding them.

Sir William Bruce of Kinross, whom we have met with as the architect
of Holyrood Palace,* was the second son of Robert, third baron of Blair-
hill, in Perthshire. He seems to have practised architecture rather as
an amateur than a professional designer, but undoubtedly in a very
successful manner. He was much engaged in politics, and from his
adherence to Charles II. he obtained the office of surveyor of the king's
works in Scotland, an appointment corresponding to that of Sir Chris-
topher Wren in England. We have seen that Holyrood Palace was
chiefly designed by him, although probably the carrying out of the
building owed a good deal to Robert Mylne, the contractor, who was
also the king's master mason.

Sir William designed his own house of Kinross, which is an important
edifice, and one of the earliest examples in Britain of a style of country
mansion which became almost universal under Campbell and Adam.
Hopetoun House, Linlithgowshire, is also one of Sir William's designs
(although now much changed). The plans of the Merchants' Hall in
Glasgow were likewise prepared by him ; and we have seen that he
furnished the Town Council of Edinburgh with a sketch for finishing the
steeple of Heriot's Hospital. He died in 1710.

Mr. David Marshall, F.S.A. Scot., has been good enough to supply us
with the following interesting information regarding Kinross House :
" John Hamilton, mason, servitor to Mr. James Smith, overseer of His
Majesty's works (and son-in-law to Robert Mylne, the king's master mason),
cut the two sundials still standing on the walls of the office courts in
1686. Peter Paul Boyse and Cornelius van Nerven, Dutch carvers of
stone, were employed three months at Kinross House in 1686, and they
went from it to Drumlanrig Castle. Tobias Bachop, mason, Alloa, was
the principal contractor for the mason work, but there were many others
employed at piece-work and days' wages. Bachop erected ' a great gate
of curious architecture ' at the principal entrance from the town, from a
timber model delivered to him by Sir William in 1684. Of this gate only
two pillars remain, and these are somewhat fragmentary. James Ander-
son, a local mason, hewed the ' basses ' for the dials ; he also wrought the

* Vol. iv. p. 130.

- 567 -

'pine-apples,' 'flame-pots' for the gates, 'globes,' &c., and erected the
summer-houses in the garden."

Some of the above names indicate the presence of foreign stone-carvers,
who, as already pointed out, were sometimes introduced along with the
Renaissance designs of the seventeenth century. We also find foreign
workmen and English plasterers engaged at Holyrood and elsewhere.*
Tobias K-ichop, here introduced as the contractor, is a good example of
the confusion common in the use of the titles of architect, mason, and
contractor at this period. The Dumfries Town Council, in the erection
of their town hall in 1704,f first engaged Mr. John Moffat, a Liverpool
architect, to prepare a design, and afterwards sent for one Tobias Bachop,
a master l< ;!,!,>, from Alloa, who carried out the work. He is styled
"our architect," or "architect and builder of the steeple and council
house." Baehop appears to have acted in the various capacities of
designer and constructor, and even to have performed some of the work
now done by modern contractors, as he relieved the council of their
troubles in regard to providing materials by undertaking the whole
work himself.

William Adam, of Marybury, was born at Kinross in 1689, and
appeal's to have been brought up as a pupil by Sir William Bruce. He
completed Hopetoun House, which was begun by Sir William, and
succeeded the latter as surveyor of the king's works in Scotland. Adam
soon acquired a large practice, and carried out many important works,
Itoth public and private. These consisted of mansions of all sizes, public
buildings, bridges, Occ. As Colin Campbell had published his designs
under the name of I'///-// //'//* Britannicus, so William Adam collected and
published his designs, along with those of other contemporaries, in a folio
work called Vitrnrius Scoticus. William Adam was the father of the
celebrated brothers, Robert and James Adam, who settled in London,
and built the " Adelphi " there. They were amongst the most distin-
guished British architects of the eighteenth century, and their works are
deservedly much admired ; but it is doubtful whether those of their less-
known father are not of equal, or even superior, merit. Drum House, J
Midlothian, exhibits a good specimen of the work of William Adam.

We have now completed our review of what we have been able to
ascertain regarding the master masons and architects, to whose skill we
owe the many remarkable edifices which are described and illustrated in
the foregoing volumes. We have seen that the great castles of the First
Period probably derived their form and design from the contemporary
castles of France and England, and that the architects were in all prob-
ability the Norman barons who owned them, assisted by the masons
* See Pro<:<-<:di.nii* of the Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. in. p. 115.
t Seep. l'J7. tVo 1 - n. .p. 557.

MASTERS OF WORKS

568 MASTER

(whether lay or ecclesiastic) who worked at the churches and monasteries
of the time. The plainer castles of this period were doubtless erected,
like that at Tarbert by King Robert, under the superintendence of the
owner.

The simple keeps of the Second Period were apparently carried out on
traditional lines by the masons of the country, from instructions by the
proprietor as to their size and general dispositions.

The Third Period undoubtedly owes its large castles of the Courtyard
Plan to influence from a distance most likely imported from England
about the time of the return of James i. from captivity. The imperfect
and gradual manner in which the idea is adopted shows that it was
carried out by native workmen. The royal palaces of this period, how-
ever, were, at least partly, designed and executed by the Frenchmen
above named, who have left their mark unmistakably upon them. Most
of the other structures, including churches, throughout the country were,
as the examples above quoted prove, carried out by the local master
masons, who acted both as architects and constructors. The position or
employment of an independent architect' seems to have been scarcely,
if at all, recognised.

In the Fourth Period, which is transitional in every respect, the change
to modern usages slowly takes place, and the independent architect is
gradually developed. At the same time, the old practice of entrusting
the design to the master mason is still generally adhered to, as is very
evident from the contracts above quoted. Gradually, however, the con-
tractor ceases to be the designer, but the latter still retains the title
of " master mason." In this capacity he is bound to be constantly
present at the building, both to design and superintend the execution of
every feature. This is clearly brought out at Heriot's Hospital, where
the materials and wages are supplied by the proprietors, and the "master
mason " makes the designs and sees them properly executed. He also
prepares designs for other "structures, such as Winton House and Innes
House. Up to the end of the seventeenth century we still find the king's
master mason, Robert Mylne (who also designed buildings), making con-
tracts for the erection of Holyrood Palace, under Sir William Bruce as
architect. This shows that the old practice was continued long after the
new system for the division of labour had been introduced. The impor-
tation of designs for monuments from a distance, which we have seen was
so common in the seventeenth century, would doubtless help to accelerate
the distinction between the designer and the constructor.

Amateur architects seem also to have greatly flourished at this time.
Of these, Glasgow and Aberdeen Colleges, and the castle of Glaniis, supply
good illustrations. But this is not to be wondered at ; amateurs have
always existed, and are not unknown even in modern times. Nothing is
more natural than that proprietors, in laying out their grounds and in

MASONS

569

AND ARCHITECTS

erecting and beautifying their mansions, should follow the example of
Lord Kinghorn at Glamis, and derive what pleasure they may from the
occupation.

In recent times many examples of this process might be cited ; but
perhaps no more striking illustration could be selected than the building
of Abbotsford by Sir Walter Scott. No doubt Sir Walter conferred with
Blore and other architects ; but the story of the growth of the house, as
narrated in the Life of the proprietor, shows that it owes all its character-
istic and prominent features to Sir Walter himself, working in conjunction
with his master mason from Darnick.

I'ANKI. ADOVE DUO

* From sketch by Mr. William Railton.

FOUNTAIN IN" OOI'RTYARD, LiNLITHGOW PALACE.

GENERAL INDEX TO THE WHOLE WORK.

), Sir Walter Seott at, v, 509.
Abbot's House, Ihmfennline, iv. 17.

- Tower, v. 215.
Aberdeen, v. 524.

Bishop's Palace, v. SI.
iindgeof, v. 538, 542.

liedral, v. 542.
Doorway, Trinity Hall, v. 78.

Duthie Park, sundial, v. 464.

House in Broad Street, &c., v. 78,
79.

House in School Hill, v. 77.

- Kind's College, v. 542, 543, 5G3,
568; sundial, :
Marisehal College, i. 572.

- Mt-i-eat Cross, v. 212, 5<}2.
Town House, sundial, v. 300.

Upper Kirkgate, sundial, v. 390.

- Wallace Tower, v. 78.
Aberdour Castle, i. 454 ; details of, ii. 9 ;

dorription, 468; sundial, v. 300.
Chapel, ii. 4/8.

Houses in, v. 3-2.

Place of, sundial, v. 4!)'2.

Alirrgeldie Castle, ii. 54.
Aberuchill Castle, iii. -
Aboyne Castle, iv. 37-'!.
Achallader Castle, iii. 5S5 ; v. 55(5.
Achanduin Castle, iii. 75.
Achincass Castle, iii. 105.
Ackergill Tower, iii. 250.
Act of Parliament for increasing strong-
holds on Borders, ii. 38.
Adam, of Kdinburgh, v. 5'24.
James, v. 5t'7.

Robert, v. 5(57.

the family of, v. 5(><>.

William, architect, ii. 5(i() ; v. 5(57.
Advocates' Library, MS. in, i. 371.

1 Affleck Castle, oratory at, i. 225, 571

description, 250 ; staircase, 295.
Aigues Mortes, gate and walls, i. 3], 32 ;

hoards at, 39.
Aiket House, iv. 365.
Ailsa Craig Castle, iii. 206.
Airdrie Castle, iv. 123.
Airlie Castle, v. 216.
Airth Castle, bartizan and turret, ii. 11 ;

description, 403.
Church, ii. 404.

village sundial, v. 397.

Aithernie Castle, iv. 376.

Aitouii, John, master of works, v. 536.

Aldie Castle, ii. 484.

Alexander the carpenter, v. 524.

Allardyce Castle, ii. 401.

Atlardyce, Colonel, iv. 58.

Alloa Tower, guard-room in roof, i. 152 ;

description, 155.
Alloa, house in, sundial, v. 377.
Altered and Fragmentary Structures, iv.

373.

Amboise Castle, i. 53.
Amiens Cathedral, architect of, v. 515.
Amisfield Tower, corbelling at, ii. 3, 4,

10; ornament at, 8; description, 20;

sundial, v. 506.
Anderson, David, v. 562.

Dr. Joseph, iii. 3.

James, mason, v. 552, 566.

John, painter, v. 552.

R. Rowand, architect, v. 558.

William, architect, sketches by, iii.

403, 404, 408, 420, 547, 551 ; iv. 115,

207, 209, 472 ; v. 234, 279.
Andrew the painter, v. 522.
Angers, Castle of, ii. 12, 13.
Angle Turrets, ii. 10.

INDEX

572

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Anne, Queen, v. 555.

Austruther, Easter, Church, v. 151.

House in, v. 42.

Manse, iii. 560 ; v. 555.

Anstruther, Sir Philip, v. 554.

Antibes, i. 20.

Antiquarian Society of Scotland, i. 508.

Arbroath Abbey, hoards, i. 225 ; descrip-
tion, 561.

Archam, Italian fortifier, v. 558.

Architects, Scottish, v. 515, 520, 521,
553, 558, 563.

French, v. 515.

Spanish, v. 516.

Early use of title, v. 553.
indefinite title, v. 567.

- Who was the ? v. 539.

Amateur, v. 568.

Ardblair Castle, iv. 282.

Ardchonnel Castle, description, iii. 87 ;

Donald Dubh prisoner at, 90.
Ardclach Tower, v. 218.
Ardgowan, sundial, v. 432, 503.
Ardmillan Castle, iv. 253.
Ardross Castle, iv. 376.
Ardrossan Castle, iii. 301.
Ardstinchar Castle, description, iii. 302;

monument at, 304.
Ardtornish Castle, iii. 122.
Ardvreck Castle, iii. 631.
Argyll's Lodging. See Stirling.
Aries, Roman walls at, i. 3.
Armstrong, R. Bruce, History of Liddes-
dale, i. 523, 532 ; iii. 217, 400 ; iv. 201,
202, 287.

Aruage, iv. 58.

Arnot Tower, iii. 245.

Aros Castle, iii. 125.

Arques, Chateau d', i. 6, 7, 20 ; descrip-
tion, 23; subterranean passages, 112-
121.

Artillery, use of, in sieges, ii. 1.

Aschaffenburg Castle. See Germany.

Ashintully Castle, v. 222.

Aslisk Castle, iii. 610.

Asloon Castle, iv. 60.

Atlas, by J. Blaeu, v. 558.

Auchans Castle, ii. 174.

Auchen Castle, iii. 105.

Auchenbowie, v. 227.

Auchendoir Church, i. 328.

Auchenharvie Castle, v. 228.

Auchenskeoch Castle, iv. 376.

Auchenvole, iii. 474.

Auchindoun Castle, description, i. 314 ;

vaulting, ii. 52.
Auchinleck Castle, iii. 496.
Auchterhouse, iv. 376 ; v. 229 ; sundials,

385, 491, 500.

Auchterlony or Kelly Castle, iii. 599.
Auchtermuchty, sundial, v. 393.
Auldhame, iv. 377.
Avignon, i. 33, 34.
Avondale Castle, i. 352.
Ayr, Bridge of, sundial, v. 404.
Ayton Church, sundial, v. 386.
Aytoun, Andrew, master of works, v.

530.
William, master mason, v. 552, 553,

560.

BABERTON HOUSE, iv, 67.

Bachup, Tobias, architect and builder,
v. 127, 567.

Badenheath Castle, i. 307.

Baikie, William Dover, v. 96.

Baird, John, iii. 438, 478 ; v. 1.

Balbegno Castle, plan of, ii. 5 ; groined
vaulting, 9, 52 ; staircase, 68 ; descrip-
tion, 79 ; blank window at, 281 ; shot-
holes, 296.

Balbythan House, ii. 182.

Balcanquall, R., v. 560.

Balcarres Chapel, v. 167 ; gate, 555.

Balcomie Castle, Scripture text, ii. 9 ;
description, 355 ; sundial, v. 360.

Balcruivie. See Pitcruivie.

Balfour Castle, iii. 337.

Balfluig Castle, iii. 600.

Balgonie Castle, i. 359 ; description, 377.

Balhousie Castle, iii. 585.

Baliol Castle. See Loch Doon.

Ballantrae, Kennedy monument, iii. 304.

Ballencrieff, iv. 378.

Ballendalloch Castle, sundial, v. 419.

Ballinbreich Castle, resemblance of win-
dows to Notland, ii. 221 ; description,
411.

Ballindalloch Castle, iv. 61 .

Balliushoe Castle, iii. 598.

Balloch Castle, iv. 36 ; v. 556, 557.

Ballone Castle, turret degraded, ii. 11 ;
desci-iption, 248.

Ballumbie Castle, iii. 158.

Balmanno Castle, iii. 579.
Balmuto Tower, iii. 247-

ARCHITECTURE OP SCOTLAND 573

INDEX

Balnacraig Castle, ii. 463.

Balnakiel House, iv. 80.

lialqiiliaiii Castle, i. 303.

Baltersau Castle, iii. 502.

lialthayock Castle, iii. 132.

Balvaird Castle, parapet, i. 224; barti-
xaiis, 225 ; embrasures, 254 ; descrip-
tion, 335 ; introduction of staircase
tower, ii. 17 ; arched entrance, 296.

I'.alveiiy Castle, i. 38G.

Bandon Tower, iii. 456.

Banll', Auchniedden House, v. 83.
House in, v. 84.

Bankend or Isle Castle, v. 232.

Bannachn C'astle, iii. 445.

IJannatyne House, iii. 5! 12.

Barber, Richard, v. 522.

Barbour, description of Punstaffnage
Castle, i. ( J2 ; reference to Liulithgow
Castle. 47S.

Harbour, Robert, juii. , plans by, v. 232,

909,

IJaivaldine Castle, iii. 618; v. 556.

Barclay, Margaret, monument of, i. 343.

IJardowie Castle, iii. 230.

Uargaly, sundial, v. 501.

Bargany House, iv. 367.

Hal-holm Castle, iii. 520.

Barnbougle Castle, iv. 379; sundial,
v. 409.

Barnes Castle, Haddingtonshire, ii. 333.

Barns Tower, Peeblesshire, iii. 414.

Baniton Huns.-, sundial, v. 408, 480.

Burochan, iv. 380 ; sundial, v. 366.

Baronial Hall, Glasgow, v. 8.

Bur Castle, Lochwinnoch, iii. 183.
- Tower, Galston, iii. 201.

Barm Castle, ii. 399.

Barrone, William, carter, v. 552.

Barscobe House, iii. 523.

Bartoun, John, v. 552.

Bttwemdean House, iv. 381.

liath, Queen Mary's, Caiiongate, Edin-
burgh, ii. 10.

Bathgate, sundial, v. ;>71.

Bavelaw Castle, iii. 531.

Bawtie, Henry, master of work, v. 537.

Bayeux tapestry, i. 4.

Beaton, , lames, keeper of Falkland
Palace, v. 532.

Beaugency, Chateau de, i. 8, 9.

Beaumaris Castle, i. 42.

Bedlay House, iii. 467.

Bel, George, mason, v. 562.

J. , mason, v. 562.

Belmont, Corstorphine, sundial, v. 386.
Bemersyde Castle, ii. 38 ; iii. 220 ; v. 234.
Benholme Castle, description, i. 284 ;

cape-house, ii. 317.
Benholme's Lodging, Dunnottar Castle,

i. 566.
Bennett, Mr., Alloa Archaeological

Society, i. 270.
Berkeley Castle, i. 22.
Berriedale Castle, iv. 297.
Berwick Bridge, sundial, v. 405.

Castle, i. 464 ; walls, 467 ; v. 524.

Church, sundial, v. 394.

master mason of, v. 559.
Betoune, Sir William, master of work,

v. 530.

Bikartoun, Andw., master mason, v. 536.

Billie Castle, iii. 220.

Billings, R. W. , Baronial and Ecclesias-
tical Antiquities of Scotland, i. v, 116,
390, 460, 497, 519; ii. 4, 5, 11, 43, 52,
105, 113, 220, 228, 242, 282, 338, 354,
370 ; work at Dalzell, iii. 316.

Binna Castle, iv. 381.

Birsay Castle, ii. 328, 333.

Birse Castle, description, ii. 49 ; resem-
blance to Knock, 49.

Bishopton, Old, iii. 489.

Bisset, L., plan by, v. 294.

Black, James, master mason, v. 536, 537.

Blackball, iv. 116.

Blackhouse Castle, iii. 404.

Blackness Castle, i. 330 ; iii. 225.

Bladdo, Kinross, sundial, v. 391.

Blair Castle, iv. 240.

Blairfindy Castle, ii. 82.

Blairlogie Castle, iii. 577.

Blak, Thomas, mason, v. 531.

Blanc, H. J., iii. 490.

Blanerne Castle, iv. 383.

Blervie Castle, plan of, ii. 6 ; description,
263.

Blind Harry, reference to Kinclaven
Castle, i. 68, 69.

Blois, Chateau de, i. 53, 476.

Bocharm or Gouldwell Castle, i. 63 ; iii.
609.

Boddam Castle, iii. 250.

Bodiam Castle, i. 49, 50.

Boece, Hector, v. 542.

Boghall Castle, iii. 320.

INDEX

574

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Boig, John, mason, v. 551.

Bonally, sundial, v. 370.

Bo'ness, house in, v. 47.

Bonhard, iii. 533.

Bonkill, Edward, v. 532.

Bonuington, Ratho, ingle neuk at, v. 54 ;
sundial, 408.

Bonnueill, Estienne de, v. 5J7.

Boushaw Tower, iii. 398.

Book of the Works at Edinburgh, v. 528.

at Stirling, v. 529.

at Trinity College, v. 532.

Border peles, i. 58, 59.

strongholds, ii. 38.

Bordie Castle, iv. 384.

Borg, David, carpenter, v. 530.

Borthwick Castle, guard-room in roof,
i. 152 ; wall paintings, 202 ; fireplace,
215 ; two wings, 224 ; parapet, 225 ;
corbels, 232 ; barrel vault, 315 ; date
of, 317 ; steep roof, 331 ; late Gothic
work, 336 ; description, 344 ; no gun-
ports, 393 ; oratory, 406, 425 ; top story,
407 ; enclosing wall, 483 ; Crookston
similar to, 534 ; three-sided doorhead,
ii. 292.

Borthwick Church, sundial, v. 364.

Borve Castle, iii. 115.

Bothwell Castle, i. 63, 64, 65, 92, 108,
418 ; description, 93 ; tower with keel,
31 ; St. Bride's Chapel, 106 ; chapel,
109; keep, 116; general form, 124:
buildings in courtyard, 146 ; water-
trough, 197 ; bartizans on buttresses,
354 ; exchanged for Hermitage, 524 ;
arch in donjon, 527 ; window in hall,
549 ; further excavations, v. 235.

Bow windows, iii. 36.

Bowden Parish Church, v. 162, 546.

Bowland, sundial, v. 456.

Bowie, William, v. 555.

Boyne Castle, gateway, ii. 296 ; descrip-
tion, 301 ; plan, 333.

Boys, David, master of work, Ravens-
craig, i. 544; v. 531.

Boyse, Paul, carver, v. 566.

Braal Castle, iii. 137.

Brackie Castle, turrets and gables, ii. 11 ;
stair, 68 ; description, 74.

Branxholm Castle, iv. 199.

Breacacha Castle, iii. 117.

Brechin Castle, i. 63.

Breckness, Bishop's house, ii. 192.

Bredisholm Gardens, sundial, v. 386, 507.

Bridge Castle, iii. 275.

Brienne, John de, v. 521.

Brims Castle, iii. 628.

Brisbane House, iv. 370.

Brochs, i. 61, 62 ; wall chambers in, 236 ;

iii. 3.

Brodick Castle, iii. 285.
Brodie Castle, iv. 63.
Broughty Castle, iv. 386.
Brounhill, James, master mason, v. 536,

537, 552.

Brounstoun Castle, iv. 119.
Bruce, Marjory, tomb, v. 522.

Monument, Culross, v. 206.

Sir William, v. 561, 566.
Bruce's Castle, Stirlingshire, iii. 245.

Turnberry, iii. 110.

Brunstane Castle, iv. 170.

House, iv. 176.

Bnmtsfield House, v. 237.

Bryce, John, iii. 144, 173, 192, 200, 248,

250, 438, 623; iv. 13, 21, 50, 61, 127,

334, 371.

Bucholie Castle, iii. 338.
Buck, C. A. M. , iv. 206.
Buckholm Castle, iii. 551.
Buittle Castle, iv. 386.
Burgie Castle, plan of, ii. 6 ; description,

260.

Burleigh Castle, i. 275.
Burnett, Alexander, v. 563.
George, Lyon - King - of - Arms, on

Ravenscraig Castle, i. 544 : Mons Meg,

463.
Burns, J. W., iii. 172, 253, 444, 631 ; iv.

80, 372 ; v. 242, 262.
Bumtislaiid, house in, v. 34.
Burton, J. Hill, on Castles of the Islands,

iii. 14.

Buruel, John, plumber, v. 542.
Busbie Castle, iii. 372.

CADDEB HOUSE, sundial, v. 457.
Caerlaverock Castle, i. 232 ; triangular

plan, 64; description, 127; courtyard

plan, 222 ; parapet, 542.
Caerphilly Castle, i. 42, 220.
Cagill, contract at, v. 556.
Cairnbulg Castle, i. 309; ii. 31.
Cairnie, sundial, v. 487.
Cairntows, ingle neuk, v. 53.
Cakenmir Castle, ii. 55.

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND 575

INDEX

Calbraith, Sir George, master of work,

v. 534.

Calda or Kdderehalder House, iii. 632.
( 'alder House, iv. 387.
Calderwood (';istle, iii. 442.
( 'aldwell, Thomas, mason contractor,

v. 553.
Calendar, Sir Robert, master of work,

v. 530.

Cambrai Cathedral, v. 516.
Cambuskenneth, Abbot of, v. 538.
Caiubusnethan Church, v. 174.
Canmio House, sundial, v. 448.
Campbell, Colin, v. 566, 567.
- Sir Colin, v. .V>6.
Sir Duncan, v. 55(5.

Sir Hugh, v. 557.

Campston Castle, iv. 387.
Camatradan Craig, v. 550.
Canna Castle, v. 242.
Cannes, Mont du Chevalier, i. 19, 20.
Canongate Tolbooth, v. 103.
Cant, Adam, master of work, v. 528.
( 'aprington Castle, v. 243.
Carberry Tower, iii. 430 ; v. 420, 437.
Carcassonne, Roman works, i. 3.
Cardarroch House, porch, i. 392 ; descrip-
tion, ii. 511.
Cardeii Tower, iii. 456.
Cardoness Castle, description, i. 243 ;

mantelpiece, 308.
Cardrona Tower, iii. 551.
Carcston Castle, iv. 80.
Carleton Castle, iii. 209.
Carlyle, Thomas, i. 177.
( 'urmichael, Alexander, iii. 115.
Carnarvon Castle, i. 41, 42, 220.
Carnussery Castle, iv. 316.
Carnock Castle, ii. 490.
Caroline Park, details, ii. 9 ; corbelling

ami symmetry, 18 ; description, 453.
Carrick Castle, iii. 186.

House, Eduy, Orkney, v. 97.
Carscreugh, iv. 77.
Carsleuth Castle, iii. 513.

His Castle, iii. 131 ; v. 74.
Castle-building, origin of, iii. 2.
Castlehill, iii. 416.
Castle Campbell, description, i. 202 ;

additions to keep, 223 ; corridor, 470.

Cary, iii. 439.

Coeffin, iii. 120.

Craig, iii. 465.

Castle Dounie, life in, ii. 573.

Drumin, iii. 134.

- Fraser, turrets and parapets of, ii.
3, 11; L plan, 6; ornament at, 7, 8,
15; not an old keep embellished and
heightened, 15; ovoid windows, 200;
Z plan, 204 ; description, 226 lues'
230, 232 ; v. 562.

Grant, iii. 611.

Hedingham, i. 14, 15.

Huutly, i. 320.

Kennedy, iv. 368.

Lachlan, iii. 357.
Leod. iii. 625.

Maoil, iii. 172.

Mearnaig, iii. 170.
Menzies, iv. 37.

Newe, iv. 388.

Oliphant, iv. 388.

- Roy, site, i. 64 ; description, 65 ;
no towers at, 71 ; like Balveny Castle
386.

Shuua, iii. 447.

Sinclair. See Girnigoe.

Stalcaire, description, iii. 162; Celtic
ornament at, 163.

Stewart, corbelling at, ii. 3 ; descrip-
tion, 479 ; v. 246.

Swin, description, iii. 58 ; keep of,
60.

Varrich, iii. 253.

- Wigg, v. 248 ; sundial, 484.
Castles, thirteenth century, iii. 4.

first period, i. 61 ; iii. 14, 41.

second period, i. 143; iii. 17, 114.

third period, i. 222 ; iii. 23.

fourth period, ii. 1 ; iii. 32.
Cathcart Castle, iii. 233.
Cathcart, Mr., of Pitcairlie, v. 345.
Caumoiit, ])e, on French Architecture,

i. 2, 3.

Cawdor Castle, iron "yett" from Loch-
indorb, i. 71 ; turret degraded, ii. 11 ;
description, 314 ; resemblance to Craig-
millar, 316 ; contract at, v. 557.

Celtic carvings, v. 545.

Cessford Castle, iii. 138.

Cessnock Castle, iv. 245.

Chalmers, Rev. Peter, History of Dun-
fermline, i. 516.

Chambers, Dr. R., on Edinburgh Castle,
i. 445, 455, 460 ; restoration of Edin-
burgh Castle, 449.

INDEX

576

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Chambord, CMteau de, i. 53.

Chanrie in Ros, v. 552.

Chapels in castles, v. 544.

Charney Manor House, i. 43.

Charteris, Thomas de, v. 522.

Chaucer, Geoffrey, v. 518.

Chaumont, Chateau de, staircase, ii. 352,

353.

Chirnside Church, sundial, v. 390.
Chivalry in Scotland, iii. 29.
Christie, T. Craig, iii. 467.
Christison, Dr. D., iii. 127, 162, 447.
Churches, decorated period, iii. 19.
first pointed, iii. 7.

Norman, iii. 7.

Scottish style, iii. 37.

and monuments, v. 130.

Clackmannan Tower compared with

French towers, i. 34; attic on battle-
ments, 152, 270; description, 178;
corbels at, 443 ; sundial, v. 389.

Clark, Daniel, overseer, v. 552.

- G. T., on English Castles, i. 2, 3,
22 ; on Conisborough Castle, 28.

Claypotts Castle, corbelling at, ii. 3, 10 ;
plan of, 5, 15 ; open bartizan, 23 ; Z
plan, 204 ; description, 208 ; compared
with Cluny, 237.

Cleish Castle, iii. 569.

Clermont Cathedral, v. 516.

Clonbeith Castle, iii. 374.

Closeburn Castle, description, iii. 128 ;
J. Hill Burton and Captain Grose,
130.

Cluny Castle, description, ii. 232 ; com-
pared with Claypotts, 237 ; iii. 589.

Clyne, Bell Tower, v. 221.

Cochrane, Thomas, architect, i. 113, 314,
v. 541.

Cockburn House, v. 251 ; sundial, 370.

Cockburnspath Tower, iii. 220.

Church, sundial, v. 382.

Garden Doorway, sundial, v. 393.

Colchester Castle, i. 11, 12.

Colinton Castle, iii. 540.

Coll. See Breacacha.

Collarnie Castle, ii. 172.

Colleges and Inns of Court, i. 48.

Collegiate churches of fifteenth century,
iii. 25.

Colliechat, iv. 388.

Colliston Castle, iv. 51.

Colmslie Castle, iii. 547.

Colonsay House, sundial, v. 501.

Colquhonny Castle, iii. 459.

Comlongan Castle, description, i. 237 ;
plan, 244 ; parapet, 250 ; covered para-
pet, 284 ; transition from open to roofed
turret, ii. 11 ; kitchen, 16.

Comrie Castle, iii. 583.

Congleton Castle, i. 64.

Conisborough Castle described, i. 28-30 ;
buttresses at, 42 ; staircase, 78.

Constable of the castle, v. 527.

Contracts at Dreel, v. 553.
at Kelburn, v. 553.

at Partick Castle, v. 5, 554.
Conway Castle, i. 42, 220.
Corbelling, ii. 10; iii. 31.
Corbett Castle, iii. 423.
Corbie, Pierre de, v. 516.
Corehouse, ii. 404.

Corgarff Castle, ii. 66.
Cormont, Thomas de, v. 515.
Corsbie Castle, iii. 426.
Corse Castle, ii. 265.
Corsehill Castle, iii. 495.
Corsindae, iv. 80.
Corston Tower, v. 252.
Corstorphine Church, view of, iii. 29 ;
sundial, v. 386.

Dower House, v. 264.

Cortachie Castle, iv. 50.

Church, sundial, v. 361.
Couci, Castle of, v. 521.
Mary de, v. 521.

Enguerrand de, v. 521.

Coucy, Chateau de, described, i. 37-40 ;
Coucy and Pierrefonds compared, 46 ;
Inverlochy like, 78 ; Bothwell like, 98 ;
Doune compared with, 422 ; draw-
bridge, 547.

Coullie, Rev. James, v. 168.

Courtyard Plans, ii. 294; iii. 21, 292;
iv. 1, 130.

Couston Castle, v. 341.

Covington Tower, iii. 239.

Cowane's Hospital, Stirling, iv. 77.

Cowdenknowes, iii. 425.

Coxton Tower, staircase, i. 140 ; outcome
of Norman keep, ii. 4 ; description,
23 ; resemblance to Hallbar Tower, 23,
to Scotstarvet, 41, and to Spedlin's
Tower, 49 ; shot-holes, 209.

Cragy, Hew, Inverkeithing, v. 563.

Craig Castle, Aberdeenshire, passage like

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND

57.7

INDEX

(Jight Castle, i. 323; description, 326;
crow-stepped gables, ii. 337.
Craig Castle, Forfarshire, iv. 289.
Craig Caffie Tower, iii. 388.
( 'raigcrook Castle, iv. 2.
Craigenthmy House, iv. 388.
( 'raigliall compared with Struthers Castle,

i. 354; ii. 41 ; description, 554.
Craighouse, iv. 102.

Craigiu Castle, iii. 296.

Craigiehall, sundials, v. 412, 498.

Craigievar Castle, turrets and parapets
of, ii. 3 ; modification on L plan, 5 ;
ornament at, 7, S ; not an early keep
embellished and heightened, 15 ; stair-
case, 18 ; resemblance to Udny, 44 ;
wings and turrets, 68 ; description, 103.

Craiglockhart Castle, iii. 227.

Craigmillar Castle, fireplaces removed,
i. 108 ; attic on battlements, 152 ;
ription, 189; walls of enceinte,
203 ; corbels and machicolations, 207 ;
converted into courtyard plan, 223 ;
example of hoardings, 225 ; fireplaces,
308; parapet corbels left, 311 ; barrel
vault, 315 ; stone roof, 331, 414 ; para-
pet without corbels, 407 ; enclosing
wall, 483; Renaissance mouldings, .ii.
282; defences similar to Girnigoe, 312;
resemblance to Cawdor, 316.

Craigneil Castle, i. 297.

CraigiK-than Castle, imitation corbels, i.
225 ; description, 255 ; sloping gun-
holes, 542.

<'r;'.i'_rnish Castle, iii. 173.

Craigston Castle, circular medallions,
ii. S2 ; b:is- reliefs, 282; description,
483.

ion, sundials, v. 450, 489.

('rail, liarns of, iv. 125.
Church, v. 153.

Lumsden monument, v. 209.

-Tolbooth, v. 117.

Craill Castle, i. 63.

Cramund Tower, iii. 432 ; sundial, v. 451.

Cramond, William, iii. 606.

Cranshaws Castle, iii. 428.

Crathcs Castle, peculiarities of plan, ii.
5; built at one period, 15; gallery,
16, 17; resemblance to Udny, 44;
description, 108 ; contrast with Drum,
113.

( Yawford Castle, iv. i>25.

Crawfordjohn, work at, v. 536.
Crawfurdland Castle, iii. 384.
Crawfurd Monument, Kilbirnie, v. 200
Creich Castle, iii. 568.
Crichton, Alex., master of work, v. 531.
Crichton Castle, description, i. 209 ;
machicolations, 224 ; carving, 225 ;
balcony, 459 ; details and ornaments,
ii. 8 ; resembles German work, 13 ;
staircase, 18, 320 ; corbelling, 146.
House, v. 254 ; sundial, 405.
Cromarty, sundial, v. 432.
Crookston Castle, exceptional design, i.
225, 523 ; passages in walls, 317 ; deep
external bay of windows, 470 ; descrip-
tion of, 533 ; compared with Morton
Castle, 550.
Crosbie Castle, iv. 117.
Crosraguel Abbey, gatehouse, iii. 385.
Crossbasket Castle, iii. 442.
Culcreuch, v. 255.

House, sundial, v. 490.

- Mill, sundial, v. 370.
Culdees, the, iii. 6.
Cullen House, iv. 294.
Culross Abbey, v. 258.

Abbot of, master of work, v. 528,
539.

Bruce monument at, v. 207.

doorway at, v. 26.

Palace, gallery and roof, ii. 16 ;

courtyard, 401 ; description, 432.

"The Study," v. 25.

Tolbooth, v. 119.

Cults Manse, v. 504.

Cumbrae Castle, Little, iii. 173.

Cuiminghame, G. Godfrey, plans by, v.

315.

Miss, drawing by, v. 315.
Cunynghame, David, master of work,

also called architect, v. 547, 548.
Cupar-Fife Church, v. 156.

Preston Lodge, sundial, v. 363.

Currie Churchyard, sundial, v. 511.

DAIRSIK CASTLE, iv. 43.

Church, v. 153, 546.
Dalcross Castle, ii. 179.
Dalhousie Castle, iii. 144
Dalkeith Palace, iv. 390.
Dalquharran Castle, iii. 344.
Dalswintoii Castle, i. 64.
Dalzell Castle, iii. 312.

2 o

INDEX

_ 578

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Dargavel, iv. 21 ; sundial, v. 366.
Darleith Castle, iii. 447.
Darnaway Castle, i. 304.
Darnick, master mason of, v. 569.

Tower, v. 259.

David II. , monument to, v. 522.

works under, v. 525.

Daviot Bell Tower, v. 221.
Dean Castle, additions detached from
keep, i. 226, 359 ; minstrels' gallery,
231 ; description, 401.
Deer Abbey, ii. 332.
Defoe, Daniel, visits Glamis, ii. 118.
Delgaty Castle, groined ceiling, ii. 9 ;

description, 52.
Denmilne Castle, iii. 291.
Dickson, Dr. Thomas, v. 535.
Dingwall Castle, iv. 390 ; work at, v. 532.

Town Hall, v. 102.
Dirleton Castle resembles style of the
South, i. 64; description, 113, 114,
435; chimney, 121 ; towers demolished,
129; old towers utilised, 169; court-
yard plan, 222 ; timber roof destroyed,
306 ; guard-room and dungeon under
the private room, 320 ; window to
cellars as at Linlithgow, 487 ; external
work like Hermitage, 527 ; different
from courtyard castles of Fourth Period,
ii. 17.

Dirlot Castle, iii. 253.
Dishington, Sir Wm., master of work,

v. 525.

Dog Castle, Torsa, v. 262.
Donald the blocker, v. 523.
Donaldson, H. T., Nairn, v. 218.
Donnybristle Castle, beacon light, i. 330.
Door Knocker, Gorton, Midlothian

Tailpiece, iv. 520.
Dornoch, Bishop's House, ii. 336.

Cathedral, v. 523.
Douglas Castle, v. 263.
Douglas, David, iv. 37, 91.
Doune Castle, fireplace removed, i. 108 ;
plan corresponds with Crichton Castle,
214 ; hall roof of Crichton similar, 215 ;
built on courtyard plan, 222, 417 ; hall
fireplace double, 225 ; open timber roof
gone, 306 ; musicians' gallery, 404 ;
oratory, 406, 571 ; outside stair to
hall, 407; description, 418; belonged
to Duke of Albany, 429; enclosing
wall, 483 ; large keep, 523 ; external

work like Hermitage, 527 ; extended
buildings, 528 ; different from court-
yard castles of . Fourth Period, ii.
17.

Dover Castle described, i. 5, 18 ; sub-
terranean passages at, 112, 121.
Dower House, Corstorphine, v. 264.
Dowhill Castle, iv. 41.
Downreay Castle, iii. 630.
Draffane, i. 259. See Craignethan.
Drawings or plans, old, v. 554, 558.
Dreel, contract at, v. 554.
Drochil Castle compared with Balveny,
i. 390 ; moiildings like those of Aber-
dour and Edinburgh Castles, 454 ;
arrangements as to bartizans and
corbelling, ii. 6, 74, 256 ; ornament
at, 8; Z plans, 204; description, 221.
Drum Castle, Aberdeenshire, description,
i. 150; rounded angles like Neidpath,
188 ; staircase, ii. 18, 320 ; contrast
.with Udny, 44, and Crathes, 113;
description, 436.

House, Midlothian, ii. 557 ; v. 567.
Drumcolterii Castle, ii. 84.
Druminnor Castle, ii. 291.
Drumlanrig Castle, details, ii. 9 ; sym-
metry, 18, 19; description, 446; Flemish
workmen at, v. 562, 566.
Drumlochy Castle, iii. 458.
Drummelzier Castle, iii. 553.
Drummond Castle, i. 285 ; v. 564 ; sun-
dials, 417, 486.
Drummond, Sir Robert, master of works,

v. 548.

Drummore. Musselburgh, sundial, v. 474.
Drury, Sir William, Report on Edin-
burgh Castle, i. 450.
Dryburgh, sundial, v. 403.
Dryden, Sir Henry, Bart. , i. 522 ; v. 520.
Dryhope, iii. 403.

Drylaw, near Edinburgh, sundial, v. 393.
Duart Castle, description, iii. 46 ; keep,

47 ; laws regarding chiefs, 51.
Due, Viollet-le-, descriptions of French
architecture, i. 2 ; description of
Beaugency, 8 ; restoration of Chateau
d'Etampes, 25 ; machicolations in-
vented by Richard I. , 25 ; description
of Provins, 27 ; description of Chateau
de Coucy, 38 ; restoration of Chateau
de Pierrefonds, 46.
Duchal Castle, iii. 156.

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND 579 _

INDEX

Duchray Castle, iii. 577.
Dudhope Castle, iv. 270.
Duffus Castle, early stronghold, i. 63;
description, 279.

Dumbarton Castle, early stronghold i 63-

v. 524, 548, 549, 550, 552.
Dumbarton, king's barge at, v. 534.
Dumfries Bridge, v. 533.

Castle, v. 524.

- Town Hall, v. 127, 567.

Dunbar Castle, early stronghold, i. 64
v. 530, 536, 538.

Monument, v. 203.

- Town Hall, v. 113.
Dunblane, fireplaces removed, i. 108.

Cathedral, view of tower, iii. 28.
Dnndarave, Castle, iii. 613.
Dundiiririuj Castle, iv. 390.

Dundas Castle, description, i. 328 ; sun-
dial, v. 429.

Dundas, Robert, of Arniston, iii. 538 ;
iv. 396.

Dundee, carpenter sent from, v. 529.

house in Greenmarket, v. 68.

- Market Cross, v. 564.

Strathmartine Lodging, v. 72.
Dundonald Castle compared with Rothe-

say, i. 82 ; fireplaces, 121 ; description,
167 ; Torthorwald compared with, 1 75 ;
a simple keep, 221 ; Crookston Castle
compared with, 534.

Dunfermline, beacon lights, i. 330 ;
Church, 464.

Abbey, view of western tower, iii.
28 ; monuments at, v. 522.

- Palace, courtyard plan, i. 417;
description of, 514 ; reference to, v. 5">r>.

The Botany, v. 31.

Dunglass Castle, iii. 305 ; sundial, v. 478.
Church, views of, iii. 26, 27.

Dunlop Church, v. 157.

Dunnideer, iv. 391.

Dunnikier House, v. 34; sundial, 361.

Dunnottar Castle, corbels and machicola-
tions, i. 224, 443 ; description, 562 ;
an epitome, ii. 294 ; extension like
Girnigoe, 312 ; plan, 331 ; work at,
v. 524.

Dunolly Castle, i. 281.

Duns Castle, v. '265.

Dunscaich Castle, iii. 87-

Dunskaith Castle, ancient fortress, i. 63.

Dunskey Castle, iii. 507.

Dunstaffnage Castle compared with
French and English examples, i. 33 ;
thirteenth century, 63 ; rocky site 64
description, 85; description of chapel'
90 ; plan irregular, 127 ; loopholes as
t Caerlaverock, 129 ; traditional date,
283.

Duntarvie Castle, late corbelling, ii. 18 ;
resemblance to Fordel, 238 ; descrip-
tion, 516.

Duntreath Castle, iv. 212.

Duntroon Castle, iii. 85.

Duntulm Castle, iv. 307.

Dunure Castle, iii. 341.

Dunvegan Castle, iii. 77.

Dunyveg Castle, v. 296.

Durham Castle, a shell keep, i. 22.

Durrisdeer, tomb at, v. 562.

Dury, Abbot, arms at Dunfermline, i. 516.

Dysart Church, v. 145.
House in, v. 36.
- Tolbooth, v. 118.

E PLANS, iii. 34; iv. 1, 64.
Earlsferry, sundial, v. 391.
Earlshall, gallery and roof, ii. 16, 17 ;

staircase, 18; description, 282.
Earlston Castle, iii. 521.
Early English Castles, i. 42, 43.
Earne, Brig of, v. 549.
East Cairns Castle, v. 267.

Calder, sundial, v. 390.

Coates House, Edinburgh, turrets,
ii. 11 ; description, 509.

Easter Clune, iii. 458.

Ecclesiastical Architecture, iii. 2, 6, 19 ;
revival of, 24.

Kdderchalder or Calda House, iii. 632.

Eden Castle, ii. 272.

Edgar, James, iii. 85, 173.
- Rev. J. H. , iv. 68.

Edinample Castle, iv. 34.

Edinburgh Castle, an ancient fortress, i.
64 ; courtyard plan, 222, 417 ; timber
roofs, 306 ; gabled crow-steps, 328, 505 ;
description, 445 ; one of the four chief
fortresses, 464 ; extended accommoda-
tion, 478 ; watch-turrets, 467 ; Renais-
sance corbels like work at Falkland,
506 ; Renaissance mouldings, ii. 282 ;
crow-stepped gables, 337 ; works at,
v. 524, 525, 527, 528, 533, 548, 549,
550, 551, 552, 559.

INDEX

580 CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Edinburgh, Houses in, viz. :
Acheson's, Sir Archibald, iv. 449.
Back Close, Cowgate, iv. 460.
Baxter's Close, iv. 497.
Bell's Wynd, iv. 497.
Bothwell's, Adam, iv. 469.
Broadstairs House, iv. 468.
Castle Wynd, iv. 453.
Craig's Close, interior decorations, iv.

495.

Croft-an-Righ House, iv. 434.
Dean House, iv. 481.
Dean Village, doorway, iv. 485.
Gladstone's Land, iv. 461.
House opposite do., iv. 461.
Grassmarket, house on north side, iv.

466.
houses 011 south side, iv. 467.

interior decorations, iv. 491.
Guise's House, Mary of, iv. 417.
Holyrood, doorway at, iv. 479.
Hope's (J.) House, fireplace, iv. 490.

Sir T., gateway, iv. 489.
Johnston Terrace, iv. 455.
Knox's (John) House, iv. 424.

house adjoining, interior decora-
tions, iv. 496.

Leven Lodge, bath, iv. 478.
Lintels, old, iv. 489.
Macmorran's (Bailie) House, iv. 439.
Mary's (Queen) Bath, iv. 475.
Morton's (Regent) House, iv. 456.
Mound, houses at top of, iv. 470.
Mylne's Square, iv. 471.
Nisbet of Dirleton's House, iv. 458.
Old Playhouse Close, lintels, iv. 500.
Pleasance, house in, iv. 472.
Ramsay's (Allan) House, iv. 420.
Roseburn House, iv. 437.
St. John Street, iv. 499.
Scraps, iv. 486.
Shoemakers' Land, iv. 500.
Skinners' Hall, doorway, iv. 486.
Speaking House, Canongate, iv. 420.
Spence's (Lucky) House, iv. 474.
Stair's (Lady) Close, iv. 481.
Tailors' Hall, iv. 464.
West Bow, corner of, iv. 410.
White Horse Inn, iv. 453.
Wrychtis Housis, iv. 432.
Edinburgh, Greyfriars' Churchyard, v.
565.
Parliament House, i. 460.

Edinburgh, St. Giles' Cathedral, carved
boss, iv. 516.

Tolbooth, v. 106.

Tron Church, i. 306 ; v. 564.
Edinburgh, Sundials in :

anongate Tolbooth, v. 367.

Caiionmills, v. 380.

Croft-an-Righ, v. 491.

Heriot's Hospital, v. 374.

Holyrood, v. 441.

Holyrood Palace, v. 511.

Knox (John) House of, v. 368.

St. Giles, v. 386.

Silvermills, v. 374.

Summerhall, v. 389.

Warriston House, v. 395, 443.

Water of Leith, v. 385.

West Kirk, v. 366.

Wrychtis Housis, v. 424.

Zoological Gardens, v. 436.
Ediiidour Castle, ancient fortress, i. 63.
Edingham Castle, iii. 398.
Edmonston Castle, v. 268 ; sundial, 457.
"Edom o' Gordon," i. 337.
Edrington Castle, iv. 391.
Edwardian Castles, i. 42, 43, 64, 112,

129, 447.

Edzell Castle, corbels applied as orna-
ments, i. 225, 259, 297 ; small break

at staircase, 295 ; description, 359 ;

vaulting, ii. 9, 52 ; arched gateway,

296.
Elchies, Easter, iii. 609.

Wester, iii. 610.

Elcho Castle, turrets, ii. 11 ; staircase,
18; description, 95, 126; resemblance
to Maclellan's House, 150.

Elgin, Archways in, v. 89.

Bishop's House, ii. 58 ; v. 92.

- Cathedral, rebuilding of, i. 444 ;
repairs of, v. 563.

Church, v. 183.

Cross, sundial, v. 399.

Duffus Manse, v. 89.

- Elchies House, v. 86.

Old house in, v. 85.

Tolbooth, v. 98.

Town of, v. 85.
Elibank Tower, iv. 191.

Elie, Gillespie's monument, v. 39.
House, sundial, v. 489.

The Muckle Yett, v. 37 ; sundial,
394.

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND 581

INDEX

Elie, liou.se in, v. 40.

Elies, Thomas, overseer, v. 550.

Elizabethan style, features of, introduced

into Scotland, ii. 3.
Ellandonan Castle, description, iii. 82;

water cistern at, 85.
Ellun-Tirrim Castle, description, iii. 56 ;

keep of, 58.
Elliston House, iv. 86.
Ellon Castle, iv. 391 ; sundial, v. 445.
Elphinstone, Bishop, v. 542.
Elphinstone Castle, description, i. 233 ;
compared with Comlongan, 237, 240 ;
compared with Cardoness, 244; spy-
hole, 251 ; roof of, 326 ; kitchen, ii. 16.
Elshieshii Ids Tower, stair, ii. 68; de-

sciiption. (iS ; watch-turret, 74.
Elsick, sundial, v. 4!)S.
Kivhlcss ( 'astir, ii. lli'.i.
Esslemont Castle, iii. 603.
Etampes, Chateau d', i. 24, 25.
Etliii- Castle, ii. 406.
Kvelaw Tower, iii. 54(i.
Evi-lic-k Castle, ii. s'.i.
Kwes Castle, iv. 391.
Kxeeptional and later forms of plans,
iv. 311.

N TOWKII, iii. 462.

Fairlic Castle, iii. 173.

Fairlie. .1. Ogilvie, v. 330.

Falkland Palace, courtyard plan, i. 417 ;
gateway compared with Stirling Castle,
47'- : extended accommodation, 478,
479 ; corridors added, 497 ; medallions,
500 ; description, 501 ; compared with
Dunfermline Palace, 516 ; approach of
Renaissance, ii. 1 ; early employment
of Frenchmen, 14; gateway, 15, 296;
reference to, v. 527, 532, 534, 536, 538,
648, 551.

Falla Luggie, iv. 392.

Fallisdaill, Thomas, overseer, v. 549, 550,
562.

Falside Castle, keep enlarged into a
mansion, i. 359 ; description, 409.

Farme Castle, i. 313.

Farnell Castle, gabled crow-steps, i. 328 ;
description, ii. 501.

Fast Castle, iii. 222.

Fat Lips Tower. Sav. Minto Tower.

Federate Castle, i. 357.

Fenton Tower, ii. 270.

Fenwick Church, v. 159; sundial, 512.
Ferguson, J., Duns, v. 265.
Fernie Castle, iii. 566.
Fernieherst Castle, ii. 156.
Fernielee Castle, ii. 519.
Ferry-Port-on-Craig Castle, v. 271.
Fettercairn Cross, sundial, v. 399.
Fiddes Castle, plan of, ii. 5 ; description,

142.

Findlater Castle, iii. 340.
Findochty Castle, iii. 608.
Finhaven Castle, iii. 594.
Finlarig Castle, iii. 583.

Chapel, v. 556.
Fintry Castle. See Mains.
Fionchairn, iv. 392.
Fire-arms, effect of, iii. 33.

First Period, Architects of, v. 550, 568.

Castles of, iii. 14, 41.
Fisherrow, sundial, v. 379.
Fleming, Alex., master of work, v. 531.

Sir John, master of work, v. 534.
Flemington House, iii. 592.
Flemish workmen, v. 519, 562.
Flemisman, Peter, master mason, v. 537.
Fordel Castle, beacon light, i. 330;

turrets, ii. 11; description, 237; re-
semblance to Duntarvie, 238 ; vignette
on title-page, vols. i. and ii.

Ford House, v. 272.

Fordyce Castle, iii. 606.

Forfar Castle, ancient fortress, i. 63.

Forgue, sundial, v. 483.

Torres Tolbooth, v. 101.

Forse Castle, iv. 299.

Forter Castle, iii. 596.

Fortunes of A/iyel, ii. 231.

Fotheringham, Thomas, master of work,
v. 533.

Foulis, James de, v. 528.

Fountainhall, description, ii. 550; sun-
dial at house, v. 360 ; sundial at dove-
cot, 393.

Fourmerkland Tower, iii. 394.

Fourth Period, characteristics of, iii. 32 ;
description of style of, 364 ; influence
of Renaissance, 370 ; churches, monu-
ments, and sundials, 371 ; simple
keeps, 372 ; style of, v. 545 ; churches
of, 545 ; architects of, 546.

Fowlis Easter Castle, v. 273.

Fragmentary Remains, iii. 156.

Fraoch Eilean, iv. 392.

INDEX

582

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Fraser, Alexander, v. ."ili.S.

James, v. 563.

Fraserburgh, Castle at Kinnaird Head,
and Wine Tower, built by .Sir A. Fraser
of Cairnbulg, i. 313; descriptions, ii.
31.

Houses in, v. 82.

French castles, supposed resemblance of
to Scottish, ii. 4, 12.

Chateaux different from Scottish
castles, iii. 31.

master masons, v. 535, 540, 562.

- masons sent by Duke of Guise,
v. 536.

Thomas, master mason, v. 536, 537,
538, 539, 543.

Frenchland Tower, iii. 552.

Frendraught Castle, iv. 392.

Fulton, master mason, v. 546.

Fyffe, John J., iii. 115.

Fy vie, ancient stronghold, i. 63 ; com-
pared with Montsabert, ii. 12; with
Pinkie, 398 ; staircase, 18, 217 ; sym-
metrical arrangement, 19 ; shot-holes,
296 ; description, 349 ; Castle, v. 555.

GAGIE HOUSE, v. 275 ; sundial, 504.

Gaillard, Chateau, description, i. 25, 26 ;
" bee" or keel of the keep, 37 ; Rosslyn
Castle compared with, 376.

Gala House, v. 279.

Galashiels Cross, sundial, v. 401.

Galdenoch Castle, iii. 506.

Galloway, William, iii. 183, 519; iv. 77 ;
v. 191, 246, 248, 279, 308, 333, 354.

Gamelscleuch, iii. 403.

Gammelshiel Castle, iii. 430.

Gardyne Castle, ii. 497.

Gargunnock House, iv. 393.

Garlics Castle, v. 279.

Garmylton Castle, iv. 189.

Garrion Tower, iii. 476.

Gartartan Castle, v. 285.

Garth Castle, iii. 458.

Gartshore House, v. 284.

Germany, Architecture resembles Scot-
tish Renaissance work, as at Aschaffen-
burg, Heidelberg, Wolf enbiittel, Wurz-
burg University, Rathhaus of Liibeck,
Dresden, Schaffhausen, Altenberg, ii.
13.

Gibbs, James, v. 566.

Giffen Castle, iii. 194.

Gight or Formantine, description, i. 322 ;
passage like that of Craig Castle, 327 ;
vaulting, ii. 9, 52 ; entrance, 53.

Gilbertfield, turrets and gables, ii. 11 ;
description, 86.

Gillespie, Patrick, v. 563.

Girnigoe Castle, description, ii. 306 ;
defences similar to Craigmillar, 312 ;
extension like Dunnottar, 312.

Gisors Castle, i. 21, 22.

Gladney House, v. 286.

Glamis, ancient stronghold, i. 63 ; corbels
of old parapet left, 311 ; Glamis Castle"
and Castle Huntly both altered by
Earl of Strathmore, 322 ; plan of or
modification of keep, ii. 5 ; turrets
and gables, 11, 15; description, 113;
details, 200 ; staircase, 217, 294 ; design
of, v. 557 ; sundial, 470.

Glasclune Castle, iv. 46.

Glasgow, v. 549.

Archbishop of, v. 539.

- Baronial Hall, v. 8.

College, iv. 155 ; work at, v. 563,
568.

Earl of, iv. 24.

Manse of Eaglesham, v. 2.

,, of Peebles, v. 3.

- Merchants' Hall, v. 121, 566.

Montrose's Lodging, v. 1.

Partick Castle, v. 4.

Stobcross House, v. 9.

Tolbooth, v. 120.

Town Council, v. 559.

Glasserton House, sundial, v. 493.

Glenbucket Castle, turrets, ii. 11 ; stair-
case, 18 ; Z plan, 204 ; description,
242.

Glencorse Church, v. 165 ; sundial, 374.
Glendevon Castle, iv. 40.
Glengarnock Castle, iii. 293.
Glenurchy, v. 555.
Gloume, Castle of, i. 202. See Castle

Campbell.

Gogar House, iii. 525.
Goldielands Tower, iii. 413.
Gordon, H. Wolridge, iii. 603.
James, of Rothiemay, v. 558.

- R. , of Straloch, v. 557.

- Dr. William, v. 563.

Gorton, Midlothian, Door Knocker

Tailpiece, iv. 520.
Gotch, J. A., paper by, v. 519.

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND 583

<Joul.hu.ll or Bochann Castle, iii. 609.
Cowrie House, Perth, ii. 474.
Graham, Lord, v. 534.

Gillespie, iv. 282.
- R. C., iii. 63.

Gnmiltully Castle, ii. 273.

Grange, Bo'ness, sundial, v. 510.

G range House, v. 289.

Grungepans, iv. 81 ; sundial, v. 389.

Granton House, ii. 185.

<J ratings, iron, ii. 102.

'my, Alex., master of work, v. 544.

Robert, master of work, v. 528.
Tims., poet, visits Claims, ii. 113.

< iivenan Castle, iii. 383.
Greenknowe Castle, iii. 542.
Greenock, the Mansion-House, iii. 484.

sundial, v. 512.

Givyfriars' Churchyard, Monument in

Tailpiece, v. 356.
Gtawe, Captain, i. 407, 407, 170; visit to

Glamis, ii. 118.
Guildford Castle, " herring-bone " work

i. 1-J.

Guide, Alex., master of work, v. 529.
Uuiiii, Mr., iii. 025.
Guthrie Castle, iii. 248.
Guthrie, C. J. , iv. 424.
Gyk'in Castle, fireplace like Cardoness,

i. 240 ; stair, ii. 08 ; description, 70.

HAIUH.SC-K.N, Blair's Castle, v. 61.

Bothwell Castle, v. 58.
House, sundial, v. 497.

Houses in, v. 62, 63, 60.
John, master of work, v. 533.

Lauderdale monument, v. 203.

sundials, v. 386, 466, 4(17.

< 'astle, iii. 478.

Castle, i. 113; description, 122.

Haining Castle, i. 413.
Haining, The, sundial, v. 506.

Halibui ton, Andrew (ledger of), iii. 23.

Halkerston Lodge, iv. 356.

Halkerston, John, master of works,
v. 532.

Hall, the changes in, iii. 32.

Hallbar Tower, staircase, i. 140 ; out-
come of the Norman keep, ii. 4 ; like
Coxton, 23 ; description, 26 ; resem-
blance to Spedlin's Tower, 49.

Hallforest Castle, i. 157.

Hallgreen, iv. 393.

INDEX

Hallhead, iv. 294.

Kailyards, Linlithgowshire, iv. 95.

Fifeshire, iv. 393.
Hamilton, G., iv. 256.

John, mason, v. 566.

John, master of work, v. 537.

- Lord, of Dalzell, iii. 312, 474''

- Sir James, master of work, v 536
537, 541, 518.

- Tolbooth, v. 124.
Harlech Castle, i. 42.
Harrison, John, v. 106.

Harthill Castle, staircase, ii. 18; descrip-
tion, 244.

Hatton Castle, Forfarshire, iv. 48.

Hall, Berwickshire, iv. 193.
- House, Midlothian, iii. 268 ; sun-
dial, v. 358 ; gateway sundial, 359 ;
garden sundial, 489.

- Tower, work at, v. 534.
Hawick, sundial, v. 387.
Hawthornden, iv. 173.
Hay, Father, i. 370; v. 521.

William, v. 542.
Haystouu House, iii. 555.
Hebrides, castles in, iii. 12.
Heddle, Malcolm, v. 96.
Heidelberg Castle. See Germany.
Heiton, Andrew, plans by, v. 259, 300.
Helmsdale Castle, v. 294.
Henderson, G., iv. 51.
Herbertshire Castle, iii. 537.
Herdmanston, iv. 393.

Heriot's Hospital, style of, i. 460, 497 ;
details of, like German work, ii. 13 ;
architect of, 19, 130; resemblance to
other buildings, 200, 226 ; description,
iv. 138 ; W. Wallace at, v. 560 ; W.
Aytoun at, 560 ; J. Mylne at, 565.

Hermitage Castle, exceptional style of,
i. 225, 523 ; description, 523 ; similar
to Crookston Castle, 534, 550.

Hessilhead Castle, iii. 375.

Highland chiefs, laws regarding, iii. 51.

Highlands and Islands, Castles of, iii. 9,
10, 12.

Hills Castle, iii. 390.

Hillslap Tower, iii. 547.

Hirendean Castle, iii. 419.

Hislop, J. Fowler, iv. 81, 164 ; v. 37, 171.

Hoddam Castle, ii. 137.

Holbein, Hans, v. 519.

Hollows Tower, iii. 217.

INDK.X

584

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Holmye, John, master of work, v. 529.

Holy rood Abbey, v. 526.

Palace, courtyard plan, i. 222, 479 ;

similar to Falkland Palace, 472 ; plan,
ii. 331 ; description, iv. 130 ; date of,
v. 530 ; works at, 534, 536, 548, 552,
553 ; plans of, 558, 565 ; sundials at,
441, 511, 552, 564.

Home Castle, iii. 106.

Monument, Dunbar, v. 546.

Honecort, Wilars de, v. 516.

Hope, H. W., iv. 87.

Hopetoun House, v. 566 ; sundial, 498.

Tower, ii. 200.

Horsburgh Castle, iii. 418.

4 Nether, iii. 418.

House of Muir, v. 66 ; sundial. 392.

Houses in Towns, iv. 407.

Houston House, Linlithgowshire, ii. 512;
sundial, v. 498.

Renfrewshire, iv. 227 ; sundial on
village cross, v. 403.

Huchesoune, George, v. 553.

Hutcheson, John, v. 563.

Hunterston Castle, iii. 194.

Huntingtower. See Ruthven.

Huntly Castle, resemblance to Balveny,
i. 390; staircase, ii. 18; oriels, 19;
medallions, 82; description, 277; three-
sided doorhead, 292 ; v. 555.

Huntly, Earl of, v. 541, 552.

Marquis of, v. 555.

Hurstmonceaux Castle, i. 57, 58.

Hutcheonfield Tower, iii. 419.

Hutchison, Alex., drawings by, v. 68.

ILANKEILQUHARN CASTLE, v. 556.

Inchcolm Abbey, iv. 322.

Inchdrewer Castle, ii. 147.

Inchoch Castle, ii. 246.

Inch House, iii. 528 ; sundial, v. 496.

Ingerame the carpenter, v. 531.

Ingeniator, v. 517.

Inglismaldie Castle, v. 294.

Innellau Mansion, v. 295.

Innergellie, dovecot, v. 555.

Innerpeffrey Castle, ii. 193.

Innerwick Castle, iii. 325.

Innes, Cosmo, list of early Scottish
strongholds by, i. 63 ; date of Yester
Castle, 116; Book of the Thanes of
<'""-, for, ii. 323; history, v. 522, 526,
542, 558, 563.

limes House, L plan, ii. 18 ; ornament,
19; description, 202; resemblance to
Leslie, 203 ; architect of, 203 ; design
by W. Aytoun, v. 561 ; sundial, 376.

Inverallochy Castle, ii. 331.

Inveraray Castle, v. 556.

Inverarity, sundial, v. 512.

Inveresk Churchyard, sundial, v. 362.

House, sundial, v. 362, 450, 477.

Lodge, iv. 356 ; sundial, v. 450.

Invergarry Castle, iii. 620.

Inverkeithing, Gala Hall, v. 29.

Houses in, v. 28, 30, 31.
sundial, v. 395.

Inverkip Castle, i. 296 ; sundial, v. 371.

Inverlochy Castle, ancient fortress, i. 63 ;
site of, 64 ; description, 73.

luvermark Castle, iii. 459.

Inverrnay, sundials, v. 418, 445.

Inverness Castle, v. 531.

Iiivernethy House, sundial, v. 370.

Inverqueich Castle, iv. 394.

Iiiverquharity Castle, iii. 282.

Inverugie Castle, vaulting, ii. 9 ; descrip-
tion, 324.

Inverurie, ancient fortress, i. 63.

lona Cathedral, v. 520.

Irvine, Mrs. Forbes, sketches by, v. 296.

Irvine, house in Seagate, iv. 234.
- Town Hall, v. 125.

Islay, Dunyveg, and Lochgorme Castles,
v. 296.

Isle Castle, v. 232.

Tower, iii. 393.

JACKSON, ROBERT, master of work, v. 529.
James I. , monument to, v. 522.
Jameson, R., painter, v. 556.
Jedburgh, ancient fortress, i. 64 ; sun-
dial, v. 379.

Queen Mary's House, iv. 112.
Jerviston House, iii. 474.
Jerviswood Castle, ii. 514.

Joass, William C. , iii. 462, 625 ; draw-
ings by, v. 103.

John, Friar, of Bute, v. 522, 524.
the carpenter, v. 523.

Johnston, C. S. S., iv. 217, 404; draw-
ings by, v. 32, 97, 200.

Johnstone, A., iii. 158.

Jones, Iiiigo, v. 518.

KAMES CASTLE, iii. 192.

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND 585

INDEX

Keeper of the fabric, v. 519.
Keep Plan, continuity of, ii. 570.
Keeps, enlarged into castles surrounding

courtyard, i. 188, 359 ; French, 6, 7 ;

Norman, 4, 5, 7, '22, 30, 39, 59, 62,

144 ; rectangular, 21 ; Scottish, 30, 34 ;

shell, -Jl : life in, ii. 571.
Keiss Castle, ii. 267.
Keith Hall, IT. (51.

House, ii. 508.

Kelburne Castle, iv. 24; contract at, v.

553 ; sundial, 410.
Kelly Castle, Fifeshire, description, ii.

1 25 ; resemblance to Maclellan's House,

150: y. 555: sundial, 392.

Forfarshire, iii. 599.
Kelso Abbey, siege of, v. 55S.
Ke.lso, Ne worth, sundial, v. 503.
Kelty House, turret, ii. 11 ; description,

196.

Kemlok, mason, v. 531.
Kenmure Castle, iv. 256 ; sundial, v.

43S.

Kennedy, James A. L., iii. 227.
- monument, Ballantrae, iii. 304.

-ir William de, v. 528.
Kerelaw, dovecot at, v. 569.
Kilbirnie Church, v. 174.
Crawfurd monument, v. 200.

Place of, description, i. 390 ; angular
turrets, ii. 13.

Kill.ryde Castle, v. 300.

Kilchurn Castle, i. 382.

Kilconquhar Castle, v. 304.

Kilcoy Castle, Z plan, ii. 204, 24S ;

description, 252.
Kildonan Castle, iii. 125.
Kildrummie Castle, ancient fortress, i.

i;:; : resembles Southern work, (54, 65 ;

completed work of First Period, 92 ;

description, 108 ; exceptional building,

41 S; \. 531.

Kilhen/ie Castle, iii. 387.
Kilkerran Castle, i. 298.
Killarow, v. 557.
Killasser Castle, v. 308.
Killochan Castle, ii. 144.
Killundine Castle, iii. 447.
Kilmahew Castle, iii. 443.
Kilmaichlie, iv. 12S.
Kilmartin Castle, iv. 31.
Kilravock Castle, i. 384.
Kincaid, Thomas, master of work, v. 528.

Kincardine Castle, primitive fortress, i.

63; description, iii. 111.
Kinclaven Castle, site of, i. 64 ; descrip-
tion, 67 ; Lochmaben Castle similar to,
79 ; simple form of plan, 92 ; square on
plan, 127 ; resembles Tarbert, 136 ;
Balveny Castle resembles, 386.

King Edward Castle, iii. 112.

King's carpenter, v. 533.

Kinghorn, Earls of, v. 557, 561, 569.

Kinghorn Tolbooth, v. 116.
Tower, work at, v. 536.

Kininvie. iv. 394.

Kinkell, iv. 129.

Kinlochaline Castle, iii. 168.

Kinnaird Castle, Carse of Gowrie, descrip-
tion, i. 270 ; resembles Scotstarvet, ii.
41.
Head. See Fraserburgh.

Kinneil Castle, iii. 228.

Kinross House, by Sir William Bruce,
y. 5l>6 ; sundial, 391.

Flemish workmen at, v. 562, 566.
Kintore Church, v. 186.

Kippen Church, v. 174.
Kipps House, iv. 14.
Kirkcaldy Church, v. 153.

Dunnikier House, v. 34.

Gladney House, v. 286.

House at Harbour, v. 36.
Kirkconnell Tower, v. 309.
Kirkhill Castle, Ayrshire, ii. 146.
Kirkhill, Linlithgowshire, iv. 395.
Kirkhope Tower, iii. 405.
Kirkton, v. 312.

Kirkwall, Bishop's Palace, i. 519.

Castle exchanged for Ravenscraig

Castle, i. 545.

Cathedral, v. 520.

Earl's Palace, angle turrets, ii. 7,

11, 13 ; oriels, 19 ; stair, 257 ; descrip-
tion, 337.

Tankerness House, v. 93.

Kismul Castle, description, iii. 51 ; keep
at, 54.

Kitchens, ii. 16, 572, 574.

Knock Castle, description, ii. 29 ; resem-
blance to Birse, 49.

Knockdavie Castle, iv. 126.

Knockdolian Castle, iii. 387.

Knockhall Castle, ii. .1 65.

Knockmaillie, v. 314.

Kynnynmonth, James, overseer, v. 551.

1XDKX

586

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

193.

L PLANS, ii. 5 ; iii. 33, 138, 256, 467 ; iv.

Ladylands, sundial, v. 434, 484.

Lag Tower, iii. 396.

Laing, Dr. , v. 525, 560.

Lamancha, sundial, v. 430.

Lamberton, primitive fortress, i. 64.

Lamiugton Tower, iii. 436.

Langshaw Castle, iii. 547.

Largo Tower, iv. 396.

Largs, Kelburn Monument, v. 195.

Montgomerie Monument,

Latheron, Bell Tower, v. 221.
Lauderdale Monument, v. 203.
Lauriston Castle, Midlothian, iv. 91.

Kincardineshire, iv. 397.
Law Castle, iii. 173.

Leckie (Old) House, iv. 84.

Lee Castle, sundial, v. 453.

Legate, Adam, master of work, v. 529.

Leith Hall, Aberdeenshire, iii. 600.

Leith, Houses in, viz. :

Balmerino's, Lord, iv. 51 1.

Bonnington House, iv. 513.

Bridge Street, house in, iv. 510.

Council House, iv. 501.

Dovecot, Burns Street Tailpiece, iii.
634.

Hillhousefield, iv. 514.

Kirkgate, iv. 504.

Quality Street, house in, iv. 505.

St. Ninian's Manse, iv. 508.

Water Lane, house in, iv. 506.
Leith, king's work at, v. 528, 535.

North, sundial, v. 491.

Lennox Castle, iii. 224 ; sundial, v. 420.
Lennox, Earl of, at Rothesay, v. 532.
Lerwick, doorway at, v. 96.

Town Hall, v. 129.

Leslie Castle, description, ii. 198 ; resem-
blance to Innes, 203.

Lessels, James, iii. 569.

Lessuddeu House, sundial, v. 393.

Lethen, Tutors of, v. 218.

Lethendy Tower, iii. 590.

Lethington Castle, iii. 256 ; sundials,
v. 368, 495.

Leuchars, primitive fortress, i. 63 ; sun-
dial, v. 391.

Castle and Church, ii. 289.
Leven Castle, ornamental corbels, i.

description, 295.

Leven, Fifeshire, sundial, v. 413.
Liberton, sundial, v. 393.

Liberton House, v. 315 ; sundial, 371.
Tower, parapet at, i. 224 ; spy-hole

at, 251 ; description, 226.
Lickleyhead Castle, description, ii. 133 ;

pointed ovoid windows, 200.
Limekilns, sundial, v. 370, 381.
Limoges Cathedral, v. 516.
Lincluden Abbey built by the third

Earl of Douglas (Archibald the Grim),

i. 106.

Lincoln, Jew's house at, i. 23.
Lindores, Abbot of, muster of work,

v. 529.

Lindsay, Sir John, v. 529.
Linlithgow Brig, v. 550.

Church, view of porch, iii. 38 ; sun-
dial, v. 363.

- Knights Hospitallers, fireplace like
that of the Palace, i. 490 ; roof, 306 ;
description, 508.

Palace, courtyard plan, i. 222, 417 ;
triple fireplace at, 225 ; stone bench in
hall, 404 ; window to cellars, 438 ; hall
similar to other royal palaces, 457 ;
oriel window at, 459; deep external
bay of windows, 470 ; towers resemble
those of Stirling, 473 ; fireplaces like
those at Stirling Palace, 475 ; descrip-
tion, 478 ; compared with "Dunfermline
Palace and Falkland Palace, 504, 516 ;
round tow r ers at, ii. 14 ; gateway, 15 ;
round towers, gateway, 296 ; fountain
in courtyard, v. 570 ; palace, reference
to, 526, 528, 529, 533, 536, 538, 548,
550, 552, 560.

primitive fortress, i. 64.
Linnhouse, iv. 72.
Lismore Cathedral, iii. 75.

Lisouris, And., king's carpenter, v. 533.

John, king's carpenter, v. 533.

Literature, Scottish, growth of, during

fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, iii.

24.

Littledeaii Castle, iii. 351.
Livingston, H., master of work, v. 529.

Sir John, master of work, v. 533.

Robert, master of work, v. 528.
Loanhead, sundial, v. 367.
Loch-an-Eilan Castle, i. 73, 74.
Lochdochart Castle, v. 556.

Loch Doon Castle, description, iii. 96 ;
early English work at, 99 ; keep at, 100.
Lochend House, iv. 397.

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND

587

INDEX

Loches, Chateau de, keel on towers, i.

31 ; James v. imitates at Stirling, 470.

Keep, i. 9.

Lochgoilhead, sundial, v. 412.

Lochgorme Castle, v. 296.

Lochhouse Tower, ii. 38.

Lochindorb Castle, primitive fortress,

i. 03 ; chapel at, 64 ; enlarged by

Edward I. , 65 ; description, 70 ; iron

gate from, ii. 323.
Loch Inch, sundial, v. 460.
Lochleven ( 'astle, i. 146.
Loch Lomond

Kilcan Mhoiv, iv. 3'IS.

Inch (Julbi-iiith, iv. 3!IS.
Loehmaben Castle, primitive fortress, i.

04; description, 78; special site of, 143.
Lochnaw ( 'astle, iii. 210.
Loch Ore Castle, iii. 2H.
Loch Rau/a Castle, iii. 490.
Loch 'lay, Isle of, v. 550.
Lochy Bridge, v. 550.
Lochwood Tower, iv. 3!)!).
Lockhart, W. Eliott, iv. 206.
Logic House, iv. 275.
Logic, James, overseer, v. 550.

Leonard, master of work, v. 530.

London, City, houses of, i. 23.

Tower of, i. 5.

Lon_'side Church, v. 181 : sundial, 392.
Lordscaimie Castle, iii. 278.
London Castle, v. 321, 540.
Louvre, donjon of, i. 53.
Lovat, Lord, extract from Life of, ii. 573.
Lowrie, Robert, kind's carpenter, v. 533.
Liibeck, Uathhaus of, i. 219.
Luffness C'astle, iv. 87.
Lugs at Castle Fraser, ii. 230, 231.
Lugton, Dalkeith, sundial, v. 307.
Lukup, master of work, v. 502.
Lumphanan, 1'ele of, iii. 5.
Lumsdaiue, Sir -lames, v. 555.
Lumsdeii Monument, Crail, v. 209.
Lund ( 'athedral, v. 516.
Lu/arches, Robert de, v. 515.
Lyon, Walter F., sketches by, iii. 391,

457, 538; iv. 43, 402; v. 20, 22, 116,
150, 341.

M \( uri'i "s CASTLK, iv. 200.
Macken/ie, Cossar, iii. 162.
M'Kimion, llcv. 1). , iii. 87.
M-Lachlan, John, iii. 3-37, 388.

Maclellan's House, Kirkcudbright, de-
scription, ii. 149 ; resemblance to Elcho
and Kellie, 150; monument, 155.

Magdalens House, Haddim/tonshire ii
545.

Mains or Fintry Castle, Forfarshire ii
389.

Mains Castle, Lanarkshire, iii. 231.

Stirlingshire, v. 325.
Maitland's Uistory of Edinburgh, i 452

460.

Makerston House, sundials, v. 381.
Mansion-House, Greenock, iii. 484.
Manufactures, Board of, iv. 481.
Mar Castle, modern defences, ii. 67 ;

description, 139.
Mar's Wark, Stirling, v. 18.
Margaret, Queen, v. 527.
Marshall, David, v. 566.
Martin Moyse, master mason, v. 536, 538.
Mason, \Valter, v. 528.
Masons at Linlithgow, v. 529.
Master masons become architects, v. 559.
contrasted with modern builders,

v. 540.

duties under James vi., v. 546.

English, v. 519.

- French, v. 516, 535.

Scottish, v. 515, 535, 538.
Masters of works, appointments of, v. 515,

518, 519, 526, 527, 528, 529, 533, 534,

535, 537, 538, 547, 548, 550, 551, 552,

553.

Master wright, v. 549.
Mauchline Castle, iii. 202.
Maybole Castle, oriel, ii. 19 ; description,

iii. 498.

Tolbooth, v. 115.
Maxwell, Sir Herbert E. , v. 333.
Meadowbank, New Galloway, sundial,

v. 460.

M earns Tower resembles Scotstarvet, ii.
41 ; description, 230 ; musicians' gal-
lery at, 404.

Medallions, circular, ii. 82.

Meggatland, sundial, v. 409.

Meggernie Castle, iii. 457.

Megginch Castle, ii. 499.

Meldrum House, iv. 399.

Melgund Castle, iv. 311.

Melrose, sundial, v. 381, 406.

- Abbey Tower, view of, iii. 39 ;
abbey, v. 520 ; sundial, 363

INDEX

58S

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Melville House, sundial, v. 444.

Menstrie Castle, ii. 409.

Mercer, John, sculptor, v. 546.

Merchiston Castle, iii. 263.

Merlioun, John, master mason, v. 537.
- Walter, master mason, v. 529 ; pen-
sion, 530; at Stirling, Dunbar, and
Raveuscraig, v. 529, 530.

Methven Castle, iv. 278.

Midcalder Church, v. 543: part copied
from St. Giles, 543 ; sundial, v. 427.

Middle ton, Professor, iii. 63.

Midhope House, ii. 502.

Midmar Castle, builder of, ii. 231 ; v.
562 ; description, ii. 372.

sundial, v. 465.

Mill, Andrew, overseer, v. 552.

Millar, Mr. A. H., ii. 390; notes by,
v. 68.

Miller, Rev. A., plans by, iii. 134, 137,
253, 338, 608, 628, 630 ; iv. 297, 298,
299; v. 188.

Ex-Bailie, iv. 424.

Milne, George Gordon, iii. 282, 337, 459,

596, 598 ; iv. 55.
Mingarry Castle, iii. 42.
Minnigaff, sundial, v. 502.
Minto Tower, iii. 420.
Mochrum, Old Place of, iii. 349.
Moffat, John, architect, v. 567.
Monasteries, establishment of, iii. 8.
Moncur Castle, ii. 269.
Monimail Castle, iii. 448.
Monkcastle, iv. 121.
Monkland House, iii. 471.
Monktou House, iv. 181 ; sundial, v.

362.
Montgomerie, John, mason, v. 212, 562.

Monument, v. 193, 546.
Montrose, Oak Panels, iv. 399.
Montereau, Pierre de, v. 515.
Montsabert, Chateau de, i. 53-55; sup-
posed resemblance to Fyvie, ii. 12, 354.

Monuments, Early Scottish, v. 521, 522.

Native and Renaissance, v. 546.

in Scottish style, iii. 37, 40.
Monymusk Castle, v. 329.
Moravia, Gilbert de, v. 523.

Moray, Bishop of, master of work, v. 539,

541, 542.
Moray House, panelled ceilings, i. 301 ;

details of, ii. 9, 130, 398 ; description,

529.

Morton Castle, primitive fortress, i. 64 ;
exceptional design, 226, 523 ; descrip-
tion, 545 ; plan similar to Tullyallan,
Rait, &c., 554, 557, 558 ; plan, ii. 324.

Morton, Rev. James, v. 521.

Moulin Castle, iii. 109.

Mount Melville, sundial, v. 461.

Mountquhanie Castle, iv. 268 ; sundial,
v. 490.

Mount Stuart, sundial, v. 417.

Moy Castle, iii. 12".

Muchalls House, ii. 369.

Muckrach Castle, ii. 77.

Muckle Yett, Elie, v. 37.

Mugdock Castle, iii. 308.

Muir, Sir William, v. 555.

Muness Castle, description, ii. 250.

Mure, Elizabeth (Queen), monument to,
v. 522.

Murray, D., iii. 87.

- James of Kilbaberton, principal
master of work, v. 547, 548, 549;
journeys of inspection, 551 ; called an
architect, 547.

- Robert, sketches by, iv. 68, 125,
126, 211, 261, 364, 383 ; v. 117, 118.

- Walter, master overseer, v. 549,
551.

Murroes House, iv. 354.
Murthly Castle, iv. 278.
Murw or Morow, John, v. 521.
Musselburgh Tolbooth, v. 109, 549, 550.
My liar, William, mason, v. 553.
Mylne, Alexander, master mason, v. 564.

John (first), king's master mason,
v. 564.

John (second), king's master mason,

v. 561, 564.
John (third), king's master mason,

v. 552, 553, 564, 565.

John (fourth), Perth Market Cross,
v. 562 ; king's master mason, 565.

- Rev. R. S., v. 538, 542, 558, 565.

Robert, master mason, v. 561, 562,
565 ; made plans of Holyrood, 565 ;
made plans of Mylne's Square, 566.

Thomas, master mason, v. 564.
Myres Castle, v. 330.

Myrton Castle, v. 333.

NAIRN CROSS, sundial, v. 399.
Napier, Alex., master of work, v. 534.
Narbonne Cathedral, v. 516.

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND 589

INDEX

Nat tes, John ( 'laude. See Inchoch Castle,
ii. '248 ; Burgle Castle, 201 ; iv. 3(5, 2,
93 ; views by, v. 4, 90, 91, 101.

Neidpath Castle resembles Drum Castle,
i. l.")3; description, 183; staircase, ii.
320; sundial, v. 424.

Neil the smith, v. 523.

Neill the plumber, v. 523.

Nerveii, Cornelius van, carver, v. 5(5(5.

Nether Horsburgh Castle, iii. 418.

Netherlands, trade with, iii. 23.

Newark Castle, Ayrshire, iii. 378.

Fifeshire, iv. 2(54.

Port-Glasgow, fireplace in, ii. 49 ;
description, 425.

Selkirkshire, i. 247 ; parapet roofed

in, 284 ; kitchen, ii. 16.
Newbattle Abbey, iii. 354 ; monument

at. v. 521 : sundial, 472.
Newburgh, Fife, sundial, v. 388.
Newbyres Tower, iii. 538.
Newcastle, keep at, i. 5, 13.
Ne\\ hall, sundials, v. 505, 506.
Newmilns Tower, iii. 377.
Neworth, Kelso, sundial, v. 503.
Newstead, sundials, v. 380.
Newton House, Blairgowrie, ii. 293.

Doune, iii. 581.

Newtyle, Lord Bannatyne's House,

v. 5(54.
Nicholas, master mason, v. 522.

Master, king's carpenter, v. 533.
Nicoll, Rev. .James, iii. 158; iv. 347.
Nicolson, James, overseer, v. 536.

-lames and John, masons, v. 557.
Niddrie Castle, description, i. 324; deep

external bay of windows, 470.

Marischal House, ii. 62 ; sundial,
v. 4!)--.

Nisbet, Alexander, mason, v. 554.

Norie, H. H., iii. 585.

Norman Churches in Scotland, iii. 7.
( 'oii^uest, iii. 5, 17.

Keeps, iii. 2, 3, 5 ; style in Scot-
land, v. 520.

Normans in Scotland, iii. 8.

North Ban-, sundial, v. 468.

North Berwick Nunnery, iv. 330.

Northfield House, ii. 183 ; sundial, v. 362.

Notland, consideration of plan, ii. 6 ;
staircase, 18, 353; Z plan, 204; de-
scription, 213 ; resemblance of windows
to Ballinbreich, 221.

Nunraw Castle, iii. 353; sundial v

477.

OAKHAM CASTLE, hall of, i. 23.
Oakwood Tower, iii. 408.
O'Brolochan, Donaldus, v. 520.
Ochiltree Castle, ii. 134.
Old Bishopton, iii. 489.
Oldhamstocks Church, sundial, v. 383.
Old Saughton House, v. 337.
Oliphant, T. T., iii. 503.

Thos., master of work, v. 528, 535.
Oliver, John, master of work, v. 533.
Orleans, James v. at, v. 530.
Ormiston, sundials, v. 367, 370.

Manse, sundial, v. 371.

Ormiston, W. , iii. 585.
Otterston Castle, v. 341.
Overseers, v. 535, 54(5.
Oxenford, sundial, v. 479.

PADUA, JOHN OF, v. 519.

Paisley Abbey, vaulting of, i. 173.

The Place, v. 11.
Palnoon Castle, iv. 402.
Panmure, sundial, v. 420.
Papworth, Wyatt, v. 517, 518, 527, 539.
Paris, House of Francis i., i. 56, 507.

Notre Dame, v. 517.

Sainte Chapelle, v. 515.

Parker, J. H., Domestic Architecture of
England, i. 2, 23, 43, 49, 59, 497.

Park House, Wigtonshire, iii. 515.

Partick Castle, Glasgow, v. 4 ; contract
at, 553.

Patterson, C. M., iii. 354.

Paul, J. Balfour, iv. 107 ; v. 523, 563.

Peebles. John of, master of work, v. 533.

Thomas, glazier, v. 534.

Dial on wall, v. 387.

Market Cross, sundial, v. 399.
Museum, Chambers Institute, sun-
dial, v. 427.

Peffermill House, ii. 167 ; sundial, v. 301.
Pencaitland Church, v. 108; sundial, 374.

Nisbet Farm, sundials, v. 371, 481.

(Wester) Cross, sundial, v. 402.

Penfold, J. W., plan by, v. 285.

Penkill Castle, iii. 204.

Pennant visits Glamis, ii. 114.

Penshiel, iv. 211.

Period, First, i. 61 ; summary, ii. 567.

Second, i. 143 ; summary, ii. 568.

INDEX

590

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Period, Third, i. 222 ; simple keeps, 226 ;
keeps with one or two wings, 314 ;
keeps enlarged by additions, 359 ;
castles designed as buildings surround-
ing a courtyard, 417 ; exceptional
modification of keep plan, 523 ; close
of and break in continuity, ii. 1 ; sum-
mary, 568.

Period, Fourth, ii. 1 ; plans, 4 ; details
and ornaments, 7 ; corbelling and angle
turrets, 10 ; staircases, 17 ; symmetry,
18 ; L plans, 68 ; Z plans, 204 ; court-
yards and quadrangles, 294 ; departure
from traditional plan, 467 ; conclusion,
565; internal finishings, 565; summary,
567.

Perry, J. Travenor, v. 516.

Perth, Bridge of Tay at, v. 533.

Market Cross, v. 562, 565.

Grey friars' Church, v. 564.

Peter the mason, v. 524.

Pevensey Castle, Roman work at, i. 5,
11, 42 ; similar to French and Scottish
castles, 33 ; Inverlochy Castle re-
sembles, 78.

Philipstoun House, sundial, v. 368.

Philorth House, description, ii. 507.

Fierrefonds, Chateau de, description, i.
44-47 ; compared with Warwick Castle,
49 ; towers of Craigmillar resemble,
197 ; contemporary with keeps of Scot-
land, 220; Scottish keeps of Third
Period resemble, 223 ; keep of Doune
Castle resembles, 422.

Pilrig House, v. 343.

Pinkie, gallery and roof, ii. 16, 17 ; oriel,
English taste, 19; turrets like those at
Hoddam, 138 ; description, 392 ; com-
pared with Fyvie, 398 ; v. 555 ; sun-
dials, 362, 482, 488.

Pinwherry Castle, iii. 504.

Pitairthie Castle, iii. 562.

Pitcairlie House, v. 345.

Pitcaple Castle, iv. 60.

Pitcruivie Castle, iii. 247.

Pitcullo Castle, iv. 402.

Pitfichie Castle, iv. 403.

Pitfirrane Castle, iii. 572 ; plans, v. 558 ;
sundial, 450 ; gate pillar sundial, 392.

Pitheavlis Castle, iii. 588.

Pitkerro Castle, iv. 127.

Pitmedden House, sundial, v. 447.

Pitreavie House, details like Fordel, ii.

41 ; description, 537 ; v. 555 ; sundial,
428.
Pitsligo Castle, iv. 294.

Church, v. 178, 546.
Pitteadie Castle, iii. 450.
Pittenweem, Kelly Lodge, v. 40.

Church, v. 149.
Pittullie Castle, iii. 605.
Pococke, Bishop, Travels of, ii. 61.
Pointed windows at Mingarry, iii. 45.

at Duart, iii. 49.

at Castle Swin, iii. 60.

Pollok Castle, iv. 217 ; sundials, v. 393,

421, 500.

Polmaddie, Rutherglen, sundial, v. 489.
Polton, Lasswade, sundials, v. 474.
Porchester Castle, Roman woi'k at, i. 5,

11.

Port-Glasgow, house in, v. 14.
Portiiicross Castle, iii. 151.
Portobello, sundial, v. 500.

Tower, sundial, v. 472.
Portpatrick Church, v. 191.
Posso Castle, iii. 417.

Pratt, Dr., Guide to Buchan, i. 357.
Preston. See Magdalens and Northtield.

Cross, v. 210.
- Lodge, iv. 358.

Tower, hoardings at, i. 225 ; de-
scription, 317.
Prestonpans, sundial, v. 477.

Castle Park, sundial, v. 476.

Church, v. 171 ; sundial, 373.

Galla Bank, sundial, v. 369.

Houses in, v. 51, 54, 56.

Low's Wynd, sundial, v. 369.

Petticrew's House, sundial, v. 364,

389.

Proprietors as architects, v. 542, 544.
Provins, Chateau de, i. 27, 28.
Prymros, John, v. 525.
Pugin, A. Welby, v. 517.

QUEEN MARY'S BATH, Edinburgh, wood
corbels at, ii. 10 ; description, iv. 475.

Queensferry, South, doorway, ii. r)7.~> :
iron knocker, 598 ; fireplace at, v. 50 ;
Tolbooth, v. 112 ; sundial, 379.

RAILTON, WILLIAM, sketches by, iii. 125,
200, 233, 296, 372, 374; iv. 240, 245;
v. 125, 228, 243, 321, 350, 569.

Railstoun, Thomas de, v. 528.

ARCHITECTURE OP SCOTLAND 591

INDEX

Rait ( 'astle, windows of Duffus similar
to, i. 280; exceptional plan, 523;
entrance door similar to Morton Castle,
f>48 ; classed with Morton and Tully-
allan ( 'astles, r,40, 554, 55" ; descrip-
tion, f>.">S.

Raleine, Ralf, carver, v. 552.

Ralinsone, Ralf, mason, v. 549.

Ramagi'. Dr. C. T.. 1 ),-ut>i!it nriij (,'n.<f/(>
ml flu' l)tni<il*<x. i. 550 ; ii. 4.").'{.

Ramsay, John, plans by, v. 347.

Ranforlic Castle, iv. 230.

Raimald, .John, v. 552.

Ravelston House, iv. S.

Ravenseraig Castle, Fifeshire, excep-
tional design, i. 2'J(i, 523: description,
538; fore-stair, ii. 324; v. 531.

Aberdeensliire, iii. 14'.).
Redrastle, Forfarshire, primitive fortress,

i. C.:: : description, 280.

Ross-sliire, iii. 623.
Redhonse, iv. KJ4.

Reformation, effect of on architecture,
ii. 2 ; iii. 30.

Remains, Fragmentary, iii. 156.

Renaissance style, i. 52, 53, GO, 131, 133,
|s2. -Jill, 322, 332,470,475,483,495,
505, 507, 516 ; introduction of, ii. 1, 3 ;
slow progress of, 8 ; from Germany
rather than France, 1 3 ; influence of,
v. 54C..

Renfrew Tolbooth, v. 123.

Repentance, Tower of, ii. (i().

Rheims Cathedral, v. 5 1C,.

Riccarton House, iv. 13 ; sundial, v. 511.

Rit-hard the mason, v. 5'_M.

Riddel, William, mason, v. 563.

Riviera, ( 'astles in the, i. 20.

Robert I. , monument to, v. 522 ; con-
tracts at Tarbert, v. 523, 531.

ii., monument to, v. 522.
Robert the mason, v. 523.

Roberton, James D., sketches by, iii. 378,

398, 476; iv. 117, 227; v. 255, 268,

295, 314.
Robertson, Dr. Joseph, i. 492, 40.", ; v.

541, 5 1:5.
T. S., sketches by, iv. 127, 270, 347 :

v. 2 1C,. 22), 271, 273, 275, 312.
Robgill Tower, iii. :!!s.
Roche Guy on, Chateau de, remarkable

site and subterranean passages of, i.

36, 121.

Rochester Castle, central wall, i. 7, 14 ;

description, 15 ; enceinte, 22.
Roman work in Gaul and England, i. 2,

3, 11, 12, 21, 42.
Roscelyn, Thomas de, v. 524.
Ross, A., iv. 485.

- W. H., sketches by, v. 215, 232.
Rossdhu Castle, iii. 447.
Rossend Castle, iii. 559.
Rosslyn Castle, i. 366.

Chapel, drawings at, v. 558.
Rosyth Castle, i. 289.
Rothesay Castle, primitive fortress, i.

63; oval plan, 64, 127; description,

80 ; keep similar to Dmulonald, 221

repairs at, v. 532.

House at, v. .">;>.

Rouen, Tower of Jeanne d'Arc, i. 39, 40.
Rowallan, large gable window, ii. 178 ;

description, 375; v. 555.
Roxburgh Castle, primitive fortress, i.

64 ; one of the four principal fortresses,

464 ; v. 524.
Roy, Nicolas, French master mason,

v. 537, 538.
Royal Scottish Academy, iii. 158, 226,

233, 324, 379, 497 ; iv. 43, 187, 188, 432.
Roy tell, John, principal master mason,

v. 538, 559.

Rubislaw, Aberdeenshire, sundial, v. 462.
Ruchlaw, East Lothian, sundials, v. 424,

486.

Rusco Castle, iii. 213.
Ruthven Castle, Badenoch, primitive

fortress, i. 63 ; description, ii. 463.

Perthshire, roof on parapet, i. 225 ;
additions detached from keep, 226,
350 ; fireplace, 308 ; description, 395 ;
parapets, ii. 8; covered parapets, 11 ;
wide stair, 320.

Ryan, Mr., iv. 300.

SADDELL CASTLE, iii. 197.

Saltcoats Castle, iv. 183.

Sandilands, Peter, v. 544.

Sanquhar Castle, i. 415.

Sauchie Tower, Old, wash-hand basin at,

i. 182; description, 265; stone basin,

ii. 247.

Saughton Mills, iv. 97.
Saxons, wooden buildings of, i. 21, 24.
Scalloway Castle, description, ii. 90;

stair, 257-

INDEX

592

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Schaw, William, of Sauchie,ii. 544; master
of work, v. 547 ; architect, 548, 5.V>.

Scone, John of, v. 525.

Scotscraig, sundial, v. 436.

Scotstarvet, outcome of Norman keep,
ii. 4 ; description, 40 ; prototypes,
Auchenleck, Kinnaird, M earns, and
Sniiiilholm, 41 ; resemblance to Cox-
ton, 41.

Scott, Sir Walter, Marmion, i. 119;
" Tillietudlem," 255; ii. 231, 572; at
Abbotsford, v. 569.
- William, v. 524.

Scottish castles, early, resemblance to
French and English castles, i. 21, 33;
resemblance to those of France and
Germany, ii. 4, 13.

Scrimgeour, John, master of works, v.
535, 536, 537, 540.

Scripture texts, ii. 9.

Seafield Tower, iii. 449.

Second Period, castles of, iii. 17, 114;
enlargement of, 20 ; fragmentary re-
mains, 156; simple keeps, 115; L
plans, 138 ; architects of, v. 525, 536.

Sempill, George, master of works, v. 537.

Seton, George, Heraldry of Scotland,
ii. 333.

Lord Chancellor, the Life of, ii. 12,
398 ; designs by, v. 555.

Seton House, iv. 187 ; sundial, v. 384.

Shenstone, sundial, v. 436.

Shivas, iv. 403.

Sibbald, Sir Robert, description of
Struthers Castle, i. 355.

Sieges, artillery in, ii. 1.

Sim, John, iv. 289 ; sketches by, v. 222.

Simon the carpenter, v. 532.

Simple Keeps, iii. 115, 161, 372.

Skelmorlie Castle, iii. 173.

Skene, Mr., of Rubislaw, i. viii ; ii. 228,
232; iii. 601.

Skibo Castle, sundial, v. 435.

Skipness Castle, description, iii. 63 ; keep
at, 68 ; portcullis gate, 68 ; chapel at,
72; charter of (1261), 74.

Skuyer, John, v. 525.

Slains (Old), Castle, iii. 249.

Slezer, view of Bothwell Castle, i. 104;
view of Stirling Castle, 467, 470 ; view
of Glamis Castle, ii. 114.

Smailholm Tower, ii. 35.

Smalehame, George, mason, v. 528.

Smiddy Bank, iv. 404.

Smith, Dr. John, v. 521.
James, overseer, v. 566.

J. Guthrie, notes by, iii. 236, 308,

577 ; iv. 212 ; v. 285, 327.

Sir Thos., master of work, v. 530.

Somerton Castle, i. 43.

Sorbie Castle, iii. 519.

Sorn Castle, iii. 200.

Southampton, i. 23.

Southsyde Castle, v. 347.

Special Plans, iii. 340.

Spedlin's Tower, outcome of Norman
keep, ii. 4 ; description, 45 ; resem-
blance to Hallbar Tower, 49.

Spot, Walter, v. 528.

Spottiswoode, Bishop, v. 546

Spynie, Bishop's Palace, corbels, etc., i.
224 ; description, 439 ; large gun-
holes, ii. 9, 209 ; ecclesiastical in-
fluence, 9, 59, 209 ; reference to, v. 541.

St. Andre", Chateau de, i. 33, 34, 35;
resemblance to Dunstaffnage Castle,
92.

St. Andrews, primitive fortress, i. 63 ;
master of work at, v. 536 ; siege of,
558 ; sundial at St. Mary's College,
514.

Castle, corridor At, i. 470 ; descrip-
tion, iii. 328 ; siege of, 335.

Cathedral, unroofed by Edward r. ,

i. 464.

Houses in, v. 45, 46.

Queen Mary's House, iii. 563.

- West Port, v. 44.

St. Boswells, sundial, v. 360.

St. Giles', Edinburgh, door from, v. 108 ;
contract at, 539 ; work at, 544 ; sun-
dial, 386.

carved boss Tailpiece, iv. 516.

vaulting of, i. 173.

St. Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle,
i. 460.

St. Monans Church, master of works at,
v. 525.

St. Nicholas, Aberdeen, v. 562.

Stair House, iii. 495.

Stane Castle, v. 350.

Stanely Castle, corbelling, ii. 146 ; de-
scription, iii. 280.

Stenhouse, ii. 171.

Stein, James, masun, v. 550.

Steinbach, Erwin von, v. 515.

ARCHITECTURE OP SCOTLAND 593

INDEX

Stewart, John, overseer, v. 549.

J. Lome, iii. 117.

Stirling Castle, primitive fortress, i. 64 ;
courtyard plan, 222, 417 ; open timber
roof, 306 ; description, 464 ; work
resembles that of Linlithgow Palace,
494, 495, 500 ; work resembles that of
Falkland Palace, 504 ; Renaissance,
approach of, ii. 1 ; early employment
of Frenchmen, 14; gateway, 15, 296;
gables, 337 ; work at, v. 524, 526, 529,
534, 536, 548, 549, 551, 559.

Argyll's Lodging, porch of, i. 393 ;

details of, like German work, ii. 13 ;
symmetrical plan, 19 ; description, 417.
Greyfriars' Church, buttresses of,
i. 354.

Church, v. 141.

houses in, v. 15, 17, 22.
- Mar's Wark, v. 18.

sundial, v. 366.

the Manse, v. 20.

Stobcross House, Glasgow, v. 9.
Stobhall, porch at, i. 392 ; description,

ii. 358 ; almonry door, 380.

Stokesay Castle, i. 43.

Stonebyres, iii. 438.

Stoneypath Tower, i. 355.

Strachan, Andrew, v. 542.

Strang, Principal, Glasgow, v. 563.

Stranraer Castle, iii. 511.

Strathbolgie, primitive fortress, i. 63.

Strasburg Cathedral, v. 515.

Stnithfillan, v. 55C>.

Street, George, architect, v. 516.

Strongholds on Borders, Act of Parlia-
ment for increase of, ii. 38.

Struthers Castle, description, i. 353 ;
exchanged for Dunnottar Castle, 564.

Summary, ii. 5(57.

Sundials, Scottish, v. 357.

Supervisor or surveyor of works, v. 517.

Supplement, v. 215.

Sutherland, Duke of, iv. 300.

T PLANS, iii. 34; iv. 1, 81.

Tiilla Castle, iv. 285.

Tain Tolbooth, v. !>!).

Tantallon Castle like Crichton, Doune,
etc., i. 214; courtyard plan, 222, 417 ;
parapet with continuous corbel table,
225 ; open timber roof at, 306 ; descrip-
tion, 429 ; enlarged keep, 523; work

at Hermitage Castle resembles, 527 ;

exception to rule that castles to resist

artillery belonged to the Crown, ii. 2 ;

large gun-holes, 9 ; work at, v. 536.
Tarbert Castle, site, i. 64 ; early fortress,

65 ; description, 136 ; exceptional, 143 ;

contracts at, v. 523, 524, 568.
Tattershall Castle, i. 59.
Tay, Bridge of, v. 523, 564.
Taymouth, Black Book o/, v. 555.
Temple Churchyard, sundial, v. 476.

House at, v. 54.

Terpersie Castle, plan of ,by Billings, ii. 5 ;
Z plan, 204; description, 205; shot-
holes, 209.

Terringzean Castle, v. 352.

Theatrum Scotia, ii. 116.

Third Period Castles, iii. 23 ; simple
keeps, 161 ; L plans, 256 ; courtyard
plans, 292 ; special plans, 340 ; archi-
tects of, v. 526, 568 ; style of, 544.

Thirlstane Castle, Selkirkshire, iii. 402.

Lander, iv. 334 ; works at, v. 565.

Thomas the mason, master of work,
v. 532.

Thorn, Alexander, architect, v. 559.

Allan G., v. 242.

W. , mason, v. 532.

Thomaston Castle, iii. 289.
Thomson, A. G., iii. 204.

D., iv. 212.

Threave Castle, description, i. 157 ; can-
nons used at, 435, 463 ; round towers
on enceinte, 483.

Throiidhjem Cathedral, v. 517.

" Tillietudlem Castle," i. 255.

Thurso Castle, iv. 300.

Church, v. 188.
Tillycairn Castle, iii. 601.

Tilquhilly Castle, rounded angles, etc.,
ii. 11 ; description, 292.

Timpendean Castle, iii. 421.

Tinnies Castle, iii. 159.

Toftes, William, overseer, v. 552.

Tolbooths and Town Halls, v. 98.

Tolquhan Castle, Billings compares to
French castles, ii. 13, 14; general
description, 15 ; figures, 82 ; pave-
ment in hall, 185 ; description, 295.

Tongue House, iv. 372; sundials, v. 415,
504.

Tore, Adam, v. 522.

Torphichen Church, i. 514 ; v. 131.

2 P

INDEX

594

CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

Torregiano, Pietro, v. 519.
Torryburn, house at, v. 27.

sundial, v. 365, 379.

Torthorwald Castle, i. 175.

Torwoodhead Castle, stair, ii. 68; de-
scription, 162.

Torwoodlee, iv. 209.

Touch House, iv. 405.

Toward Castle, iv. 231.

Towie Castle, ii. 94.

Towie Barclay, groined vaulting, ii. 9,

79 ; description, 51 ; entrance, 53.
Town Houses, iii. 31 ; iv. 407 ; v. 1.

North of Forth, v. 23.

South of Forth, v. 48.

Traquair Castle, details and ornaments,
ii. 8 ; description, 440 ; old plans, 414 ;
bear on gate pillar vignette on title-
page, vols. iv. and v.

Treasurer, Lord, Accounts of, v. 527,
529, 534.

Trinity College Church, Edinburgh,
v. 532.

Tron Church, Edinburgh, i. 306 ; v. 564.

Troquhaiu, sundial, v. 479.

Tullibole Castle, iv. 107.

Tullyallan Castle, fireplace at, i. 121 ;
exceptional design, 226, 523 ; descrip-
tion, 550 ; resembles Morton Castle,
548, and Rait Castle, 558.

Turnberry Castle, primitive fortress, i.
64 ; works at, v. 524.

Turnberry. See Bruce's Castle.

Turriff Church, v. 184.
Belfry of, Aberdeenshire title-
page, iii.

Tweedale, William of, v. 526.

Tytler, P. F., historian, i. 303.

UDNY CASTLE, outcome of Norman keep,
ii. 4 ; description, 43 ; resemblance to
Drum, 43 ; to Craigievar, 44, and to
Crathes, 44.

Ulerin Castle. See Blervie.

Union, the effect of on Architecture,
ii. :*.

Upper Keith House, doorway at, v. 109.

Unjuliart, primitive fortress, i. 63.

Castle, description, iii. 90 ; charter
to, 92 ; keep at, 94.

V A i i/i ING, iii. 27.
Vayne Castle, iv. .".:..

Vikings in the islands, iii. 10.
Villeneuve-les- Avignon, i. 121.

Tour du Pont, like Scottish keeps,

i. 33, 36.
Visigoths, style of building, i. 2.

WALKER, H. W., plans by, v. 330.

R. C., iv. 424; notes, v. 312.

Wallace, Thomas, king's mason, v. 534.

William, architect, ii. 525 ; master

mason, v. 548, 549, 550, 560, 561;
master mason and master of work,
561.

Wallyford, iv. 64.

Walter the Steward, tomb, v. 522.

Walton, John of, master of work, v. 528.

Wardhouse Tower, iii. 398.

Wardlaw, Sir Henry, v. 551, 555.

Warwick Castle, i. 24, 48, 49 ; towers at
Craigmillar compared to, 197.

Watson, John J., iv. 172.
T. L., iii. 117.

Watt, J. Crabb, iii. Ill ; v. 399, 498.

Waygateshaw, iv. 406 ; sundial, v. 456.

Wedale, Robert of, master of work,
v. 528.

Wedderlie House, iv. 68.

Weir, John, master of work, v. 529.

Welsche, Robert, mason, v. 549.

Westhall, iii. 601.

West Linton, sundial, v. 387.

West Pilton, Edinburgh, sundial, v.
483.

White, Captain, iii. 75.

Whitefield Castle, v. 222.

Whitehouse, Cramoiid, sundial, v. 494.

Whithorn, Isle of, v. 354.

Whitslade Tower, v. 353.

Whittinghame Castle, i. 300.

Whytbank, iv. 207.

Wick, Old Man of, iii. 134.

Wigtown Castle, v. 524.

Williamson, George, iii. 484.

Williamstoun House, ii. 195.

Wilson, Professor Daniel, i. 461.

Windsor Castle, i. 22 ; underground
passages at, 121.

Winton House, Wallace at, v. 560, 568.

Wintoun House, piaster ceilings at, i.
301; English in style, ii. 19; resem-
blance to other buildings, 130, 200,
398 ; description, 520 ; English taste
at, 528.

ARCHITECTURE OP SCOTLAND

595

Witt, Jacob cle, artist, ii. 122.

Woo.lhall, sundial, v. 448.

\Voodhouslee, iv. 407 ; sundial, v. 424.

Workmen, foreign, v. 523.

Wren, Sir Christopher, v. 518.

Wrae Castle, iii. 418.

Wykehum, William of, v. 517, 518.

YARROW KIRK, sundial, v. 361.

Yester Castle, primitive fortress, i. 64 ;
subterranean passages at, 1.12; descrip-
tion, 116; fireplaces, 171 wall as at
Morton Castle, 547.

York Castle, i. 24.

Young, Harry, iii. 569.

Yuill, David, v. 552.

Z PLAN, ii. 6; iv. 1, 2.

! TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX

K BUILDINGS DESCRIBED IN THE WHOLE WORK.

Aberdeen Mereat Cross

Houses in

Aliergeldie ( 'astle
Aboyne Castle
Arnage
Asloon Castle
Balbythan House
BalHuig Castle
Balmacraig House
Balquhain Castle
Barra Castle
Birse Castle
Boddam Castle
Cairnbulg Castle
Cassillis Castle
Castle Fraser

Newe

Colquhonny Castle
( 'nrgarff Castle
Corse Castle
Corsindae
( Vai^ Castle
Craigievar Castle
Craigstone ( 'astle
Delgaty Castle
Drum Castle

ABEKDEENSHIBE.

Druminnor Castle
Dundargue Castle

Duimideer Castle
Easter Clime Castle
Ellon Castle
Esslemont Castle
Federate Castle
Fraserburgh, House in
Frendraught Castle
Fyvie Castle
(xight or Formantiue

Castle

Glenbucket Castle
Hallforest Castle
Hallhead
Harthill Castle
Huntly Castle
Inverallochy Castle
Inverugie Castle
Keith Hall
Kildrummie Castle
King Edward Castle
Kinnaird Head Castle
Kintore, Monument at
Knock Castle
Knockhall

Leith Hall
Leslie Castle
Lickleyhead Castle
Longside Church
Mar Castle
Meldrum Castle
Midmar Castle
Monymusk Castle
Muchalls Castle
Old Slains Castle
Philorth House

Pitcaple Castle

Pitfichie Castle

Pitsligo Castle
Church

Pittullie Castle

Ravenscraig Castle

Shivas

Terpersie Castle

Tillycairn Castle

Tolquhaii Castle

Towie Castle

Towie Barclay Castle

Turriff Church

Udny Castle

Westhall Castle

Achallader Castle
Achanduin Castle
Ardehonnel Castle
Ardtornish Castle
Aros Castle
Barcaldine Castle
Breacacha Castle, Coll
Canna Castle
Carnassery Castle
Carrick Castle
Castle Coeffin
Lachlan

Mearnaig

Shuna

AEGYLLSHIEE

Castle Stalcaire

Svvin

Craignish Castle
Dog Castle
Duart Castle
Dundarave Castle
Dimyveg Castle
Dunolly Castle
Dimstafmage Castle
Duiitroon Castle
Finlagan Castle
Fionchairn Castle
Fraoch Eilean Castle
Gylem Castle

Innellan Castle
Kilchurn Castle -
Kilmartin Castle
Killundine Castle
Kinlochaline Castle
Knockmaillie
Lochbuy Castle
Mingarry Castle
Moy Castle
Saddell Castle
Skipness Castle
Tarbert Castle
Toward Castle

INDEX

- 598 - CASTELLATED AND DOMKSTL

AYKSHIRE.

Aiket House

Crawfurdland Castle

Knockdolian Castle

Ailsa Craig Castle

Crosbie Castle

Largs, Monument at

Ardmillan Castle

Crosraguel Abbey

Law Castle

Ardrossan Castle

Dalquharran Castle

Loch Doon Castle

Ardstinchar Castle

Dean Castle, Kilmaruock

London Castle

Auchans Castle

Dundonald Castle

Mauchline Castle

Auchenharvie Castle

Dunlop Church

Maybole Castle

Auchinleck Castle

Dunure Castle

Tolbooth

Baltersau Castle

Fairlie Castle

Monk Castle

Bargany House

Fenwick Church

Newark Castle

Barr Castle

Giffen Castle

Newmilns Tower

Blair Castle

Glengarnock Castle

Penkill Castle

Brisbane House

Greenau Castle

Pinwherry Castle

Brounstoun Castle

Hessilhead Castle

Portincross Castle

Bruce's Castle

Hunterston Castle

Rowallan Castle

Busbie Castle

Irvine Town House

Seagate, Irvine, House in

Caprington Castle

Kelburne Castle

Skelmorlie Castle

Carleton Cast-le

Kilbirnie Church

Sorn Castle

Cessnock Castle

TV>f"/-ki--iTriii--f o 4-

Stane Castle

J.VJ.UIlLlIIlclll' clL

Clonbeith Castle

Kilhenzie Castle

Stein House

Corsehill Castle

Kilkerrau Castle

Terriugzean Castle

Craigie Castle

Killochan Castle

Thomaston Castle

Craigneil Castle

Kirkhill Castle

Turnberry Castle

BANFFSHIRE.

Auchindouii Castle

Boyne Castle

Findochty Castle

Ballindalloch Castle

Castle Oliphant

Fordyce Castle

Balveny Castle

Cullen House

Inchdrewer Castle

Banff, Houses in

Drum in Castle

Kilmaichlie House

Blair findy Castle

Eden Castle

Kininvie Castle

Bocharm Castle

Findlater Castle

BERWICKSHIRE.

Bassendean House

Cranshaws Castle

Hatton Hall

Bemersyde Castle

Duns Castle

Home Castle

Billie Castle

Edrington Castle

Nesbit Castle

Blanerne Castle

Evelaw Tower

Thirlstane Castle

Cockburnspath Tower

Fast Castle

Wedderlie House

Corsbie Castle

Greenknowe Castle

Whitslade Castle

Cowdenknowes Castle

BUTESHIRE.

Brodick Castle
Kaines Castle

Little Cumbrae Castle
Loch Ranza Castle

Rothesay Castle
House in

Kildonan Castle, Arran

Ackergill Tower
Berriedale Castle
Braal Castle
Brims Castle
Bucholie Castle
Dirlot Castle

CAITHNESS-SHIRE.

Downreay Castle
Dunbeath Castle
Forse Castle
Girnigoe Castle
Keiss Castle

Knockinnan Castle

Latheron Tower

Old Man of Wick Castle

Thurso Castle

Church

ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND 599

INDEX

CLACKMANNANSHIRE,

Alloa Tower

Clackmannan Tower

Sauchie Tower

Castle Campbell

Menstrie Castle

DUMBARTONSHIRE.

Auchenvole House

Darleith Castle

Inch Galbraith

Badenheath Castle

Dunglass Castle

Kilmahew Castle

Barochan Castle

Eilean Mhore

Rossdhu Castle

Cardarroch Castle

Gartshore House

DUMFRIESSHIRE.

Achincass or Auchen Castle

Elshieshields Tower

Loch wood Tower

Amisfield Tower

Fourmerkland Tower

Morton Castle

Baukend Castle

Frenchland Tower

Repentance, Tower of

Bonshaw Tower

Hoddam Castle

Robgill Tower

Caerlaverock Castle
Closeburn Castle

Hollows Tower
Isle Castle

Sanquhar Castle
Tolbooth

Comlongan ( 'astle
1 >i -initialing ( 'astle

Lag Tower
Lochhouse Tower

Spedlin's Tower
Torthorwald Castle

Dumfries Town Hall

Lochmabeii Castle

Wardhouse Tower

ELGIN OR MORAYSHIRE.

Aslisk Castle

Coxtoii Tower

Elgin Tolbooth

Bishop's House, Elgin

Darnaway Castle

Houses in

Blervie Castle

Duff us Castle

Forres Tolbooth

Brodie Castle

Elchies, Easter, Castle

limes House

1 *n vrri A ( *icf 1 A

ITT j. f^oafl

T VA * A 1/^4-1

Castle Grant

Elgin Church

-L/ocnmoiorD i^astie
Spynie Palace

FIFESHIRE.

Aberdour Castle

Crail, Monument at

Kilconquhar Castle

TT ^^

Creich Castle

Kinghorn Tolbooth

-- jnouoc 111

Airdrie Castle

( 'upar Church

Kirkcaldy Church

Aithemu: ( 'astle

Dairsie Castle

Houses in

A ncf vnfViAV ( 1 linvrli

CVmrnVi

T7" " TJ /~^ il

JVL'tllSe

vyllUI Cil

Denmilne Castle

Ivnockdavie C*\stle

House in

Dunfermliue Palace

Largo Tower

A. r dross Castle

A lYhnt'ci TTnn<4p

Locliore Cistle

Auchtermuchty, House in

House in

Lordscairnie Castle

Balcarres Church

Dysart Church

Macduffs Castle

I3al comic Castle

Tolbooth

IVtonirnail Castle

l->ci J iconic i^astle
Ballinbreich Castle

Earlshall Castle

JYj.oiiiitc|iiliaiiie C/ astle
Myres Castle

Balmuto Tower

Elie, Houses in

Newark Castle

Balvaird Castle

Falkland Palace

Otterston Castle

Bandon Tower

Fernie Castle

Pitairthie Castle

llarns of Crail

Ferry-Port-on-Craig

Pitteadie Castle

Burntisland, House in

Castle

Pitcairlie House

Garden Town-

Fordel Castle

Pitcruivie Castle

Collarnie Castle

Gladney House

Pitcullo Castle

Corstoii Tower

Hallyards House

Pitfirrane Castle

Craighall Castle

Inchcolm Castle

Pitreavie House

Crail Church

Inverkeithing, Houses in

Pittenweem Church

"K^Alliti Ooaflp

TTnnsps ir\

INDEX

600

CASTKLLATED AND DOMESTIC

Fi FESII i RE continued.
Preston Lodge, Cupar Kosyth Castle
Queen Mary's, St. Andrews Scotstarvet Tower
Ravenscraig Castle Seafield Tower

Rossend Castle St. Andrews Castle

St. Andrews, House in
Struthers Castle
Torryburu, House in

FORFARSHIRE.

Affleck or Auchenleck

Clay potts Castle Guthrie Castle

Castle

Craig Castle Hatton Castle

Airlie Castle

Dudhope Castle Invermark Castle

Arbroath Abbey

Dundee, Houses in Inverquharity Castle

Auchterhouse

Edzell Castle Kelly Castle

Balfour Castle

Ethic Castle Mains Castle

Balliushoe Castle

Farnell Castle Melgund Castle

Balluiubie Castle

Finhaven Castle Montrose, Carvings

Bannatyne House

Flemington House Murroes House

Brackie Castle

Foster Castle Pitkerro Castle

Broughty Castle

Gagie House Powrie Castle

Careston Castle

Gardyne Castle Redcastle

Colliston Castle

Glamis Castle Vayne Castle

Cortachie Castle

HADDINGTONSHIRE.

Auldhame

Haddington,Monument at Penshiel Castle

BallencriefF Castle

Hailes Castle Prestonpans Church

Barnes Castle

Herdmanston Castle Houses in

Dirleton Castle

House of Muir Preston Cross

Dunbar Town Hall

Innerwick Castle Tower

Monument at

Keith House Redhouse

Elphinstone Castle

Lethington Castle Saltcoats Castle

Falside Castle

Luffness Castle Seton Palace

Fenton Castle

Magdalens House Stoneypath Tower

Fountainhall

North Berwick Nunnery Tantallon Castle

Gammelshiel Castle

Northfield House Whittinghame Tower

Garrnylton Castle

Nuuraw Castle Wintoim House

Haddingtou, Houses in

Pencaitland Church Yester Castle

INVERNESS-SHIRE.

Borve Castle

Duntulm Castle Kismul Castle

Castle Moy, Skye

Dunvegan Castle Loch-an-Eilan Castle

Roy

Ellan-Tirrim Castle Muckrach Castle

Stewart

Erchless Castle Ruth veil Castle

Dalcross Castle
Duuscaich Castle

Invergarry Castle Urquhart Castle
Inveiiochy Castle

KINCARDINESHIRE.

Allardyce Castle
Balbegno Castle

Crathes Castle Inglismaldie Castle
Dunnottar Castle Kincardine Castle

Benholme Tower

Fiddes Castle Lauriston Castle

Carsleuth Castle

Hallgreen Castle Tilquhilly Castle

KINROSS-SHIRE.

Arnot's Tower

Cleish Castle Lochleven Castle

Burleigh Castle

Dowhill Castle Tullibole Castle

OF SCOTLAND - 001

KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHI RE.

INDEX

Abbot's Tower

Cardoness Castle

Kenmure Castle

Aucheiiskeodi ( 'astle

Drumcoltern Castle

Kirkconnell Tower

llarsrobe House

Earlston Castle

Maclellan'a House

r.arhohn Castle

Edingham Castle

Rusco Castle

Buittle Castle

( Jarlies Castle

Threave Castle

Campston Castle

Hills Castle

LANARKSHIRE.

A vondale ( 'astle

Crossbasket Castle

Hallbar Tower

Bedlay House

Dalzell Castle

Hamilton Tolbooth

Boghall Castle

Douglas Castle

Jerviswood Castle

But h we 11 Castle

Edmonston Castle

Jerviston House

( 'alderwood Castle

Farme Castle

Lamington Tower

( 'ambusnethan Church

Garrion Tower

Mains Castle

Corehouse ( 'astle

Gilberttield Castle

Monkland House

Covington Tower

Glasgow College

Stonebyres Castle

Craignetliau Castle

Tolbooth

Waygateshaw House

Crawford Castle

Houses in

LINLITHGOWSHIRE.

Barnbouglr ( 'astle

Grangepans House

Linlithgow Palace House

hiiins ( 'astle

Haining or Almond Castle

of Knights Hospitallers

Blackness Castle

1 lopetoiin Tower

Midhope House

Bonhard

Houston House

Niddrie Castle

Ho'iiess, Houses ill

Kinneil Castle

Ochiltree Castle

llrid.^e ( 'astle

K ipps House

S. Queensferry Tolbooth

I )u u< las ( 'astle

Kirkhill House

TTrvnaoa 111

Duntarvic 1 louse

Linlithgow Palace

Torphichen Church

Elliston House

MIDLOTHIAN.

Babertoii House

Dalhousie Castle

Hirendean Castle

Bavelaw ( 'astle

Dalkeith Palace

Holyrood Palace

Borthwick Castle

Dower House, Corstor-

Inch House

Brunstane Castle

phiue

Inveresk Lodge

I Jnintsl'n-ld 1 louse
Cairntows, House at
( 'akeiuuir ( 'astle
('aider Il.juse
< 'aiioli^ate Toll>OOtll
( 'arben-y Tower
Caroline Park
Cockburn House
Colinton Castle
Craicrook Castle

House

Craiglockhart Castle
( ,'rai^millar ( 'astle
( 'ramond Tower
Crichton Castle
- House

Drum House
East Cairns Castle
East Coates House
Edinburgh Castle

Tolbooth

Houses in

Kwes Castle

Fa! la Lug-gie Castle

Ford House

George Heriot's Hospital

Glencorse Church

( iogar House

Grange House

Granton Castle

Halkerston Lodge

Hallyards Castle

Hatton House

Hawthornden Castle

Lauriston Castle
Leith, Houses in
Lennox Castle
Liberton House

Tower

Lmnhouse
Lochend House
Merchiston Castle
Monkton House
Moray House
Musselburgh Tolbooth
Newbattle Abbey
Newbyres Tower
Niddrie Marischal House
Old Saughton House
PefFermill House
Pilrig House
Pinkie House

INDEX

602 CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC

MIDLOTHIAN continued.
|{;vrlston House Soutlisyde Castle

Eiccarton House
Rosslyn Castle
Saughtou Mills

Ardclach Tower

( 'awdor Castle

Temple, House at
Uttershill Castle

NAIRNSHIRE.

Inchoch Castle
K ilravock Castle

Wallyford House
\Voodhou selee
Woolmet House

Bait Castle

ORKNEY AND SHETLAND.

Bishop's House, Breckaess

Earl Patrick's Palace

Notland Castle

- Palace, Kirk wall

Lerwick Town Hall

Scalloway Castle

Birsay Castle

Doorway in

Sniiddy Bank

Carrick House

Mun ess Castle

Tankerness House

PEEBLESSHIRE.

Barns Tower

Haystoun House

Posso Castle

Card rou a Tower

Horsburgh Castle

Tiimies Castle

Castlehill

Hutcheonfield Tower

Traquair House

Drochil Castle

Neidpath Castle

Wrae Castle

Drummelzier Castle

Nether Horsburgh Castle

PERTHSHIRE.

Aberuchil Castle

Culross, Houses in

Kiuuaird Tower

Aldie Castle

Douue Castle

Lethendy Tower

Ardblair Castle

Drumlochie Castle

Logie House

Ashintully Castle

Drummond Castle

Meggernie Castle

Balhousie Castle

Edinample Castle

Megginch Castle

Balloch Castle

Elcho Castle

Methven Castle

Balmanno Castle

Evelick Castle

Moiicur Castle

Balthayock Castle

Finlarig Castle

Moulin Castle

Bordie Castle

Fowlis Easter House

Murthly Castle

Blairlogie Castle

Gartartan Castle

Newton House

Castle Huntly

Garth Castle

Douue

Menzies

Glasclune Castle

Pitheavlis Castle

Cluny Castle

Glendevon Castle

Ruthven Castle or Hunt

Colliechat Castle

Grantully Castle

ingtower

Comrie Castle

Innerpeffrey Castle

Stobhall

Culross Abbey House

Inverqueich Castle

Talla Castle

Palace

Kelty House

Tullvallan Castle

Tolbooth

Kilbryde Castle

Whitefield Castle

Monument at

Kinclaven Castle

Williamstoun House

RENFREWSHIRE.

Barochan Castle

Haggs Castle

Paisley, Houses in

Barr Castle

Houston House

Palnoon Castle

Blackball

Inverkip Castle

Pollok Castle

Cathcart Castle

Leven Castle

Port-Glasgow, House in

Crookston Ca>t !

Mearns Tower

Ranforlie Castle

Dargavel House

Newark Castle

Renfrew Tolbooth

Duclial Castle
Greeuock Mansion-House

Old Bishopton Castle

Stanely Castle

AKClllTECTUllE OF SCOTLAND 603

INDEX

EOSS-SHIEE AND CEOMARTY.

Bal lone Castle Dingwall Tolbooth Kinkell House

Castle Craig K 1 1 ancloiuin Castle Eedcastle

Leod Fairburn Tower Taiii Tolbootli

Dingwall Castle Kilcoy Castle

BowdeD ( 'hnrch
Branxholm ( 'astle
Cessford ( 'astle

( 'orbett ( 'astle
Darnick Tower

EOXBUEGHSHIEE.

Fernieherst Castle
Goldielands Tower
Hermitage Castle
Hillslap Tower
Langshaw Castle
Littledean Castle

Minto Tower

Queen Mary's House, Jed-
burgh

Sraailholm Tower
Timpendean Castle

niaekhouse ( 'astle
Buckholme Tower
Dryhope Castle
Elibank Tower

SKLKIEKSHIEE.

Fernielee Castle
Gainelscleuch Castle
Kirkhope Tower
Newark Castle

< >ak\vood Tower
Thirlstane Castle
Whytbank Tower

Airth Castle
Ai'gyll's Lodging
A uchenbowie Castle
Bardowie C 'astle
Bruce's Castle
( 'arnoek House
( 'astle ( 'ary
( 'uwaiie's Hospital

STIELINGSHIEE.

Culcreuch
Duchray Castle
Duntreath Castle
Gargunnoek House
Herbertshire Castle
Kippen Church
Mains Castle
Mugdoek Castle

Old Leckie House
Stenhouse
Stirling Castle

Church

Houses in

Torwoodhead Castle
Touch Castle

Ardvrerk ( 'astle
Balnakiel JJOnse

SUTHEELANDSHIEE.

( 'astle Varrich Helmsdale Castle

Dunrobin Castle

Bishop's L'alace, Dornoch Edderchalder House

Tongue House

( 'arscTeugh Castle
( 'astle Kennedy

Stewart

Wigg

( 'raig Catiie Tower
Dunskey Castle

WIGTONSHIEE.

Galdenoch Castle
Isle of Whithorn Castle
Killasser Castle
Lochnaw C'astle
Mochrum, Old Place of

Myrton Castle
Park House
Portpatrick Church
Sorbie Castle
Stranraer Castle

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