The Castle Line atlas of South Africa : a series of 16 plates, printed in colour, containing 30 maps and diagrams, with an account of the geograaphical features , the climate, the mineral and other resources, and the history of South Africa. And an index of over 6,000 names

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THE CASTLE LINE

ATLAS

OF

SOUTH AFRICA,

A SEBIES OF 16 PLATED, PRINTED IN COLOUR,
CONTAINING 30 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES,

THE CLIMATE, THE MINERAL AND OTHER RESOURCES,

AND THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

AND AN INDEX OF OVER 6,000 NAMES.

LONDON;

DONALD C U R R I E & CO.,

I, 2, 3, & 4 FENCHURCH STREET, E.C.
1895.

CONTENTS.

"SUNNY SOUTH AFRICA."

South Afkican Railways (see Maps 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13). 4

CHAP.

I. A Land of Diamonds and Gold (see Maps 4, 5^, 13, 14 and 15) . . . .5

II. The Country of the Veldt and the Karroo (see Maps 4, 511, 10 (inset), 11, 12 (inset), and all

the general maps) .....••• ^

III. A Land of Sunshine and Health (see Maps i, 2, 3 and 6a) . . .16

IV. The Sportsman's Paradise (see Map 4) ...■.• 21
V. The People of South Africa (see Map 66) . . . . ■ • ^S

VI. The Makers of South .\frica (see Maps 2, 3 and 4) . . . . -29

VII. The Story of South Africa (see Maps 7, 12, 15 and 16) . . . -33

LIST OF MAPS.

I THE BKIIISH EMPIRE, ON Mekcator's Projection.

2. AFRICA, with Insets of Madeira and the Canary Islands, shewing Castle Line Mail and

Intermediate Routes.

3. CENTRAL AND SOUTH AFRICA, SHEWING Communications and Mission Stations.

4. AFRICA SOUTH OF THE ZAMBESI, Political and Industrial.

5. SOUTH AFRICA, PHYSICAL; SOUTH AFRICA, GEOLOGICAL.

6. SOUTH AFRICA, RAINFALL; SOUTH AFRICA, ETHNOLOGICAL.

7. CAPE COLONY in Divisions, with Basutoland and the Orange Free State.

8. SOUTH AFRICA— WESTERN SHEET, SHEWING Western Cape Colony.

9. SOUTH AFRICA— CENTRAL SHEET, shewing Central Cape Colony, and part of the Orange

Free State.

10. SOUTH AFRICA — EASTERN SHEET, shewing Eastern Cape Colony, Natal, Basutoland,

Zululand, and part of the Orange Free State, with a Plan of PIETERMARITZBURG.

11. THE CAPE PENINSULA, AND PLANS OF CAPETOWN, PORT ELIZABETH, and DURBAN.

12. SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND THE ORANGE FREE STATE, with Plan OF Pretoria.

13. SOUTH AFRICA— NORTH SHEET, shewing the Transvaal Gold Fields, with a Pla.n of

Johannesburg and its Suburbs.

34. PLANS OF THE DE KAAP AND MOODIE, K.OMATI, WITWATERSRAND, AND KLERKSDORP
GOLD FIELDS.

15. MATABELELAND and MASHONALAND.

16. EAST CENTR.\L AFRICA, including British Central Africa and Nyassaland.

SOUTH AFRICAN RAILWAYS.

CAPE COLONY.— The three main or trunk systems of railways in the Cape Colony are called

the AVestern, Midland, and Eastern.

The Western RaUway, with its starting point in Capetown, and the Midland Railway from Port
Elizabeth, are worked as a single trunk system, 839 miles in length, the connection between the two
systems being at De Aar, 501 miles from Capetown, and 339 from Port Elizabeth. Througli trains are
also despatched from both Cajietown and Port Elizabeth to Kimberley, the centre of the Diamond
Fields, 647 miles from the former, and 485 miles from the latter port ; and the line has been extended
to Vryburg and to Mafeking. Another line, witli junctions at De Aar and Naauwpoort, has been
completed, via Bloemfontein to Johannesburg and Pretoria. On the Western portion of the hne the
principal stations are Durban Road, Paarl, Wellington, Ceres Road, Worcester, Touw's River, Beaufort
West, and De Aar. There are branch lines to Blalmesbury, and to Wynlierg, Kalk Bay, and Simon's
Town ; and another, 42 mUes in length, from Worcester to Robertson and Roodewall (Kogmans Kloof)
— the station for Montague — has been opened for traffic.

The chief stations on the Midland Railway from Port EUzabeth are Alicedale Jimction, Cookhouse,
Cradock, Middleburg Road, and Naauwpoort Junction, where it joins an extension to Bloemfontein,
Kronstad, and Viljoen's Drift (Vaal River), Johannesburg, and Pretoria. Branch lines run to Uitenhage,
and Graaf-Reinet, Grahamstown, and Colesberg.

The Eastern system of Railways has East London as its starting point, and runs through Fort
Jackson, Blaney, Kei Road, Toise River, Queenstown, Sterkstroom, Molteno, and Burghersdorp to Aliwal
Nortli. 280 miles, witli a branch line to King Williamstown. This line has been extended to join the
Midland Railway (to Johannesburg) in the Orange Free State.

Tliere are also railways belonging to private companies between Port Nolloth and the Cape and
Namaqua United Copper Mines, 300 mUes in length, and from Port Alfred to Grahamstown, 45 mUes.

NATAL. — The Natal Railway system consists of a main line from Durban through Richmond
Road, Pietermaritzburg, Howick and Ladysmith, and Biggarsburg to Charlestown, with a branch to the
Dundee Coalfields, and has recently been extended to Johannesburg. There are also short lines from
the Point, where passengers land, to Durban, a distance of two miles ; and from Durban along the coast
to Verulam, 19 miles, and Isipingo, 11 mUes.

DBLAGOA BAY. — A line, 129 miles in length, has been made from this Port to Nelspruit, and
is being continued towards Pretoria and Johannesburg. A branch line is also being constructed towards
the Murcliison Gold Fields.

BBIBA. — From Fontesvilla, 40 miles by water from Beira, a line 118 mUes in length has been
opened to near Chimoio, and is being extended towards Fort Salisbury, 180 mUes further.

LUGGAGrB BY RAIL AND COACH.— Passengers by the South African Railways are

allowed 100 lbs. first class ; 50 lbs. second class ; and 25 lbs. third class, free per adult. Children
between 12 and 3 pay half fore and are allowed half the above quantities. Excess baggage is charged
id. per lb. for distances up to 25 miles, |d. per lb. for distances between 25 and 50 nules, and |d. per lb.
for distances between 50 and 100 mUes, with Jd. additional for every 100 miles, or portion thereof,
boyond 100 miles. From Capetown to Kimberley the rate is, therefore, 2jd. per lb., and from Durban
to Ladysmith Id. per lb.

FARES. — The fares by the South African Railways are, with certain exceptions, 3d. first class,
2d. second class, and Id. third class per mile. Return tickets arc issued at a fare and a half.

Passengers preferring to pay their railway fares in London, can obtain tickets from Capetown,
Natal, or Dolagoa Bay, to the various inland stations, at Messrs. Donald Currie & Co.'s London Offices.

OTHER MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.— There is regular passenger communication
by means of mail carts, coaches, and in some cases bullock waggons, between the railway stations and
the larger South African towns situate at a distance from the railway lines.

The table following will show approximately the distances, by the various routes, to the South
African Goldfields. The tares by coach vary considerably from time to time. Besides the coaches, mucli
cheaper means of travelling are aftbrded by waggons, the fare by which, from either Kimberley, Vryburg,
Viljoen's Drift, Ladysmith, or Biggarsburg to the Goldfields, is usually only about £2 or £3.

aljo

BLOEMFONTEIN AND KIMBERLEY ROUTES.

Capetown to Kimberley by rail ... 64" Miles.

Capetown to Bloemfontein ... 749 „

Capetown to Vryburg by rail .. ... 774 „

Capetown to Mafeking by rail ... 870 „

Capetown to Johannesburg via Bloemfontein

Ijyr.iil ... ... ... 1,013 „

Capetown to Pretoria by rail ... ... 1,040 „

Algoa Bay to Kimberley by rail ... 485 „

Algoa Bay to Johannesburg by rail ... 713 „

East London to Johannesburg by rail 665 „

NATAL ROUTE.
Durban to Charlestown l>y rail ...
Durban to Johannesburg by rail or coach
Durban to Pretori.i by coach

DELAGOA BAY ROUTE.
Delagoa Bay to Crocodilport by rail
Delagoa Bay to Pretoria ...
Delagoa Bay to Johannesburg ...

BEIRA ROUTE.
Beira to Fontesvilla by steamer
Fontesvilla to Chimoio
Chimoio to Umtali ..
Umtali to Salisbury ...

303 Miles

433

463

)»

113

Miles.

350

373

j>

40

Miles.

118

80

149

)»

SUNNY SOUTH AFRICA.

I— A LAND OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD.

Africa, a laiij of surprises— South Africa, a laml of diamonds and gold— The "Cinderella" of the Empire— Etfccts of the discovery ol
diamnnils— The Gold Fields of South Africa— Ancient Workings— Ophir— Fluctuation of value of the diamond— Unlimited demand for gold—
Effects of the iliscovery of gold in Australia— The "rush" in South Africa— Kapid rise of Johannesburg- Extraordinary richness of the Itaud.

" Semjxr aliquid novi Africa affei-t " — so wrote Pliuy
nearly two thousand years ago, and the statement is as
tnie now as it was then, if not indeed truer. Africa has
always been, and .still is, a laud of unexpected discoveries
and startling surprises. In the heart of Inner Africa, for
instance, instead of arid deserts and broad savannahs like
those to the north, or grassy plains and treeless uplands
like those to the south, Stanley found a huge forest, over
three hundred thousand square miles in extent, crammed
with gigantic trees, so close that their branches interlaced
one another, and formed an umbrageous canopy absolutely
impenetrable to sunshine. Other parts of the African
wonderland tell the .same tale, and have given us undreamt-
of solutions to many a geographical problem or sudden
revelations of long-hidden sources of wealth. In the far
south, we have seen "a land apparently destitute of
resources, barely able to support its scanty population,
living the most frugal lives, suddenly transformed, 'as
by the stroke of an enchanter's wand,' into a perfect
Sinbad's Cave of precious stones and gold." Southern
Africa, especially, is indeed a land of surprises, but, as a
recent writer remarks, it is difficult to imagine that any
more startling .surprises can be in store for us than have
been witnessed within the last quarter of a century, diu--
ing which " a desolate corner of a distant desert, shut out
by barren wastes from communication with the sea and
with the fertile districts of the country, has been con-
verted into a teeming hive of industry " and an inex-
haustible source of wealth. That, however, was but the
" overture " to the " grand march " of South African
progi'ess !

Although pastoral, and, to a very limited extent, agri-
cultural, inilustry had from the outset laid a broad and
permanent foundation for real, if slow, progress, yet after
a century and a half of apathetic Dutch dominance, and
half a century of more eventful and progressive British
rule, to stay-at-home Englishmen generally, the Cape re-
mained almost as much a lerra incognita as the interior of
the continent. The country seemed to call for no particular
notice, and, fifty years ago, was probably less known
and talked about than any other considerable portion of
our over-sea possessions. In truth, while her Australasian
and Canadian sisters had got on in the world, had been gay
and prosperous, and had received much company in the
shape of emigrants, this " Cinderella " of the empire stood
by her " Stormy Cape " neglected and almost ignored.
Now and then a lurid light was cast across this far-oft"
corner of the Dark Continent ; a massacre of settlers in

some outlying district by the savage natives, and sharp
reprisals by colonial or imperial troojis awakened a strong
but transient interest in " The Cape," but it served to
repel rather than attract either the capital or the labour
of the mother-country.

The discover!/ of diamonds in Griqualand West altered
all this, and almost immediately produced a marvellous
change in the condition and prospects of the country,
which was, as it were, uplifted in a day from obscurity
into universal notice, whUe its destiny was advanced
hundreds of years at a bound. Mr. Keunert, in his ex-
cellent work, " Diamonds and Gold in South Africa " — a
work which everyone interested in the country and its
development should read — asserts, and that rightly, that
diu-ing the four- centuries which have elapsed since the
Portuguese sailors, steering south in search of the sea-
route to India, fu'st sighted the Cape of Good Hope, no
more important event has happened in South Africa
than the discovery of the first diamond by Mr. John
O'Reilly, m the month of March, 1867. " The beneficial
efi'ects of that discovery are ajjparent to-day in every
corner of South Africa. It has spread new life and
energy through all the Colonies and States, which, a
quarter of a century ago, were in a languishing and im-
poverished condition ; and has converted the most de-
spised possession of Britain into a source of wealth to the
mother-country, and a field of ever-widening enterprise
for her sons."

During the first five years after this auspicious dis-
covery (1867-72) nearly two and a quarter million pounds'
worth of diamonds was exported from the Cape ports.
The outjiut then gradually increased to 7| millions in
1873-77, ICi mdlions in 1878-82, nearly 16 millions in
1883-87, and 20i millions in 1888-92. Altogether, the
South African "Diamond Fields" have produced, up to
the present, about 70 million pounds' worth of the gem ;
and, as Mr. Reimert )5oints out, of this enormous sum
realised by their sale, probably one-lialf has been paid
away in wages at the mines, and for other local expenses.
As a natural result, the trade of the country largely
increased ; other industries revived ; public works were
energetically pushed forward; means of comnnuiication
improved and extended ; natives were employed In ever-
increasing numbers, and " taught to work instead of to
fight " ; while exploration and settlement steadily ad-
vanced north to, and beyond, the Zambesi.

But wonderful and widely-beneficial as the residts of
the diamond discovery have been, and still continue to

A LAND OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD.

be, they are completely overshadowed by the more
recent discovery of enormously richer and equally in-
exhaustible sources of wealth. "The Gold Fields of
South Africa," though as yet in theh- infancy, already
rival those of Kussia, Australasia, and Cdifornia ; and
the output of the precious metal, especially from the
Witwatersrand mines in the Transvaal, is steadily in-
creasing, and at such a rate that South Africa, which
now ranks ./o!(7-?A among the gold -producing countries of
the world, must soon rank iu'st. Russia and Australasia
now produce yearly about 6 million pounds' worth of
gold each, or about half a million less than the present
annual output of the United States. Witwatersrand
alone, from a narrow strip of country not more than
ten or twelve square miles in area, constituting only the
first row of claims on the outcrop of the Main Eeef
series, already produces over 5 million pounds' worth of
gold per annum. Besides the Rand, a number of other
gold areas in the Transvaal are being more or less actively
worked, and the recently-opened fields in the ^Yitwate^s-
berg, some 30 mUes north of Johannesburg, may rival
those of the Rand itself. In foot, the whole of the
eastern portion of the Transvaal may be regarded as one
contimwus (jold field. Native gold is also known to exist
in several parts of the Cape Colony, and may yet be found
in paying quantities. Careful profipecting operations in
the Orange Free State have resulted in the discovery of
permanent and payable reefs, whUe the " banket " beds
of Vryheid, in Dutch Zululand, are identically similar in
formation to those of the Witwatersrand, and probably
of equal richness. Swaziland, Slashonaland, and Mata-
beleland are also rich in gold, the gold-bearing area ex-
tending far north to the Zambesi. In fact, we may say
that the entke country, from the great bend of the
Limpopo to the south end of Lake Tanganyika, must be
gold-bearing, as it is in all directions honey-combed with
"Old Workings," and is by some supposed to be the
Ophir, whence King Solomon is said to have drawn
gold to the value of £900,000,000 sterling.

A well-known mining expert, Mr. Robert Williams,
speaking at a banquet given on St. Amlrew's Day, 1892, at
Salisbury, the capital of Mashonaland, stated that he had
travelled some 4,000 miles over almost continuous old
workings,* and he estimated that at least 800,000 tons of
ore had been excavated by the old diggers. These ancient

* "These old workiugs," says Mr. Selous, " are of a very singular
and persistent character, consisting for the most part of circular
shafts, v.arying in depth from 20 to 80 feet, but not more than 30
to 36 inches in diameter. They have been sunk at all sorts of
distances apart, in many cases not more than one foot, and in
others as much as fifty or a hundred leet. No outcrop is apparent
on the surface, and nothing at the bottom of the shafts would
seem to suggest a likelier reason for the stoppage of work than
the gradual deterioration in the grade and size of the veins."

A curious fact in connection with these old gold workings is
also mentioned by Selous, and tliat is — wherever lemou trees
grow, old workings will invariably be found in the neighbourhood.
The natives have no tradition as to how these trees have been
introduced, and Selous thinks they may have been introduced by
the Portuguese, two or three centuries ago, or they may date back
to much more ancient times, when South-East Africa was visited
by the trading peoples of Asia and Arabia in search of gold.

miners, however, seem to have given their attention exclu-
sively to high gi'ade ore, being doubtless unable to deal with
low grade and refractory ores. Tliey also seem, says Mr.
Fairbridge, in his report on the Masiionaland Goldfields,*
to have preferred open cuttings to subteiTaneous tunnel-
ling, and apparently in few cases did their probably rude
appliances permit them to go deeper than a lumdred feet.
" As might be supposed, the debris thrown out of their
workings were a means of calling the attention of travel-
lers, as they have later guided the prospector, to the
existence of gold-bearing reefs in this country. But as
the ancients were unable to exhaust the veins they struck,
so also were they unable to complete their discoveries of
good surface outcrops. On every field, since the arrival
of the whites, excellent, and frequently very high grade,
lodes have been struck, bearing no vestige of human
prospecting or laboim Mashonalanders, as the new
colonists call themselves, perhaps justly claim as a sign
of the pre-eminent richness of their mineral rock, that in
Zambesia alone of old-world places have the old Eastern
nations thought it wortli whUe to delve upon a gigantic
scale for the commodity whose value has been as old and
long-established almost as the hills themselves."

South Africa, then, is pre-eminently a land of diamonds
and gold.

■' The stones thereof are the place of sapphires,
And it hath dust of gold. "f

Both the gem and the metal are alike wonderful
energisers of trade and industry, but there is this im-
portant difference between them. The "demand" for
diamonds — as for coal, iron, copper, and even silver —
has to be taken into account, and necessarily regulates
the production and the price. Over-production would
be the bane of the diamond, as of the baser mineral and
metal industries ; and, as a matter of fact, although the
great diamond corporation — the De Beers Consolidated
Mines, Limited — which produces over ninety per cent, of
all the diamonds mined in South Africa, and exercises a
paramount control over the industry, paid over three
millions sterling for the greater portion of the Dutoitspan
and Bultfontein mines, no work has been done by the
Company at either of these mines since 1892, as a sufll-
cient supply of blue ground is more readily and profitably
obtained from the two principal mines — De Beers and
Kimberley. But there are certain risks, more particu-
larly—as Mr. Rhodes pointed out in his speech at the
annual meeting of the De Beers Company, in 1893— the
risk of new mines being suddenly discovered, and worked
recklessly, to the detriment of the industry generally.
In that case, the diamonds would have to be sold for
what coidd he got for them, perhaps for considerably less
than the cost of production, and this, of course, woidd
speedily lead to the annihilation of the industry. Con-
ducted, however, systematically on scientific principles,
and under wise and vigilant control as at present, the
life of the diamond industry is practically unlimited —
there are plenty more ' pebbles ' in the groimd, and plenty
more on the floors. And in order to control stiU more

* Appendix XV. in Mr. Reunert's book, " Diamonds and Gold
in South Africa."
f Job, chap, xxviii., verse 6.

A LAND OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD.

effectively the output and price of what is essentially an
article of luxury, the Consolidated Mines Co. have
bought up large areas of land around the Kimberley
mines, and have acquired a third of the land in British
Beohuanaland, and a preferent right to any diamonds
that may be found in any part of the enormous terri-
tories of the British South Africa Co.

Gold, on the other hand, is an article whose standard
of value will not be changed or affected in the slightest
by any probable or possible extension of production. As
Mr. Hamilton Smith points out, gold is now the only
material for which there is a practically unlimited de-
mand, and as over-production is therefore an impossibility,
the richest and most extensive gold-bearing areas in the
world, as those of South Africa are, will certainly be still
more vigorously worked and extensively developed, with
the same beneficial and enduring results as in Australin.
Fifty years ago, Aastralia was a country little known
to the mass of the people at home ; but when at length,
in every bookseller's shop in Great Britain, maps of
Victoria appeared, dotted over mth yellow marks, show-
ing that gold had been discovered in all directions, there
was a mighty "rush" to the land where wealth unbounded
was to be obtained. In the colony itself, the entire
population became "drunk with gold." Settlers left
their homesteads, professional men their offices, sailors
their ships, and rushed off to the " diggings." For a time
there was an excitement which nothing could allay, and
it was not until the hardships and dangers of a digger's
life, with its uncertain results, began to show that none
but the strong and experienced could succeed, that the
country returned to its normal state, and gold-mining
became a regular and steady industry. The effects of the
discovery of gold in such abundance proved, however, to
be as permanent as they were startling. By its magic
touch, tents were transformed into flourishing villages
and mud huts into magnificent cities. Little thought
the three solitary pioneer settlers of 18,35, when they
built their mud huts on the then dismal banks of the
Yarra, and surveyed the desolate wastes around, that
in fifty years a colossal city would cover them, or that
the dreary spot, then bought from the natives for two
blankets and a bottle of spirits, would be the site of, with
one exception, the most populous city in the Southern
Hemisphere, and the most important commercial centre
in our Australasian empire.

So much for the colonising power of raw gold in Aus-
tralia— a power by which a similar transformation will
be seen in the far interior of South Africa. Here, indeed,
a like process was begun in 1867, when the diamond was
discovered, with the result that " The Camp " of the
early diggers, with its motley collection of tents and tin
houses, became a well-built town, furnished with all the
necessities and luxuries of civilisation. Gold, however,
did not assert its power in South Africa untd about ten
years ago, and although the " rush " to the South African
Goldfields has never attained anything like the propor-
tions of its Californian or Australian prototypes, yet
discovery after discovery of the precious metal in various
parts of the country gave rise to a gold mania, which
speedily developed into mad speculation and gambling in

shares in properties that not only were, in most cases,
not being worked, but only very roughly and superficially,
if at all, tested — the inevitable result being disappoint-
ment and ruin to hundreds of too credulous investors,
too eager to be "in the swim." At the outset, there
was much feverish activity on the Exchange and in the
Share Market, and miserably inadequate work on the
reefs ; people, profoundly ignorant of their real value,
dabbled in stocks " boomed " in glowing prospectuses,
and exchanged their money for worthless scrip ; and
thus, in a few years, mUlious were lost in aU but
fruitless speculations. Fortunately for the reputation of
South Africa as a gold-producing country, the marvel-
lously rich and practically inexhaustible conglomerate
reefs (locally called " banket ") of the Witwatersrand
were discovered, and soon attracted both capital and
labour in abundance, with the result that, on the highest
ridge of the High Veldt of the Transvaal, one thousand
miles from Cape Town, we find, instead of the few miser-
able tents and shanties which formed tlie Johannesburg
of 1886, a large town, solidly built, with macadamised
roads and broad streets, liglited by gas and electricity,
stores filled with the newest goods and the most modern
mining appliances, shops stocked with tlie latest fashions,
tramways from one end of the city to the other, a dis-
tance of over three miles, numerous suburbs, and an ever-
increasing number of outlying townships along the Rand.
The latter are connected with Johannesburg, itself by a
light railway, which, at Elandsfontein, seven miles
distant, is crossed liy the main trunk-line from the Cape
to Pretoria, the objective also of the East Coa.st railways
from Delagoa Bay and Natal, the former of which is
already open for some distance within, and the latter to,
the Transvaal frontier.

Before the discovery of diamonds, wool was by far the
most valuable item in the export trade of South Africa.
Then, until very recently, the diamond took the first
place, but now both diamonds and wool are eclipsed by
the gold output. The production of wool and diamonds
for some years past has remained almost stationary, the
former averaging a little over two millions sterling, and
the latter about four millions yearly. The output of
gold, on the contrary, has advanced by leaps and bounds,
and now amounts to abotit five millions a year ; and, with
plants of increased capacity, the Rand "banket" beds
alone are expected, in a very few years, to yield ten million
pounds' worth per annum, if not considerably more. The
value of the few squiu-e miles included in the Rand Gold-
field is incredible, and two well-known mining engineers
— Theodore Reunert and Hamilton Snuth — have esti-
mated the total quantity which it may be expected to
yield, and, though the methods of calculation were
diflerent, the results arrived at are much the same. Mr.
Reunert points out that the Johannesburg Main Reef
Series have been exposed along the outcrop for at least
30 miles, and assumes that they will be within reach of
mining operations for probably several miles across the
dip. Fixing the limit at only one mile, there are 30 square
miles of auriferous beds. Of the two or three hundred
feet which these lieds measure in thickness, Mr. Reunert
allows only live feet as carrying gold in payable quantities.

A LAND OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD.

According to the last returns of the Witswatersrand
Chamber of Mines, the average yield of the district is at
present 10 dwts. of gold per ton crushed.*

It is known that a good deal of gold is lost, which more
perfect treatment will enable to be saved in the future ;
but, taking a low estimate, Mr. Reunert assumes those
five feet of payable "banket" to carry an extractible
average of only 8 dwts. per ton. Thus he arrives at a
total of 130 million ozs. of gold, worth, say, 450 millions
sterling, "as the value of the ore locked in Nature's
treasiu-y, and only waiting the industry of man for its
extraction." Mr. Hamilton Smith estimates, in the stretch
of 11 miles, a paying length of 50,000 feet, a probable
thickness of fully 5 feet, and an inclined depth of 5,200
feet. This aggregates 100 million tons, of which 3 million
tons have been mined ; the remaining 97 million tons, at
an average of 12i dwts. to the ton, would yield 60 million
ozs., having a gold value of £215 millions. The many
mOes of " banket," outside this district of 11 linear miles,
will yield at least one half of this amount, or, say,
£325 millions in all. " This seems a huge figure, but it is
by no means a wild conjecture, and the final results
will probably exceed this sum." These estimates have

* " This is merely the yield from the mill ; but subsequent treat-
ment, by cy.iuide and other processes, brings up the total average
yield to over 12J dwts. per ton."— Reunert.

been further confirmed by the successful results shown
by the " Great Borehole " of the Rand-Victoria Mines
on the Boksburg line. Not less than 2,343 feet of
barren strata were penetrated by the drill, but at
that depth the South Reef was struck, and, 54 feet
lower, the Main Reef itself was pierced, the footwall
being struck at a depth of 2,401 feet, and giving an average
assay through the 4 feet of 1 oz. 15 dwts. The Main
Reef Leader, 18 inches wide, was struck at 2,391 feet,
and assayed in some samples as high as 10 ozs. per ton,
showing visible gold. The Johannesburg Star estimates
that the Rand- Victoria Mines have, at a moderate com-
putation, 12 million tons of ore, computed to give an
average result of 23 dwts. to the ton. " Take, as with our
experience of banket we fairly may, this as a fair specimen
of the results to be obtained from the Nigel to Rand-
fontein, and the fabled Eldorado of Sir Walter Raleigh is
but pinchbeck. Then, when we consider that, at this
enormous depth of 2,397 feet, we have not to deal with a
densely-pyritic ore, in which the precious metal is en-
veloped in a non-amalgamating cover, but with free gold
in considerable quantity, the troublous problems of ore
treatment sink into comparative insignificance, and leave
us a clear vista, wherein will be an output enhanced
maybe ten times, and whereon not only our own but the
eyes of the whole world will gaze with appreciation
and envy."

II.— THE COUNTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

The Veldt — A sea of grass— The Karroo— Latent fertility— The coasts of South Africa— Walfish Buy— Table Bay and Cape Town— Simon's
Bay and Simonstown— Cape Agulhos— Mossel Bay— Algoa Bay and Port Elizabeth— Port Alfred— East London— St. John's River— Port Natal
and Durban— Delagoa Bay and Lorenzo Marquez— Inhambaue— Chiloane — Sofala— Beira— Chinde— Quiliniane- Mozambique— Physical aspects
of the country— Gradual rise in terraces fiom the seaboard— The Coast Plateau -The Southern Karroo— The Eastern I'plands- The Northern
Karroo— The rivers and lakes of South Africa — "Bars" at river mouths— Falls and rapids— South Africa, once a country of great lakes
and vast inland seas— Vleis and salt-pans— Political divisions and governments.

The " Veldt " and the " Karroo " are the pecidiar and
distinctive features of South Africa. There is nothing
English to which they can be compared ; in fact, there is
nothing in the Empire like them — the nearest resemblance
to the true " Veldt " and the monotonous " Karroo " being,
perhaps, the downs and the waterless plains of Queens-
land.

The Dutch word "veldt," like the German "feld," is
literally synonymous with our word " field," but, in South
Africa, the term " veldt " ha.s a much wider application
than its English or German equivalents, as it is given
not only to the wide, rolling pasture-lands, covered by
rough scrubby grass, or by more or less dense growths
of mimosa or acacia and other bushes and scrubs, but also
to the herbage itself, which is spoken of as " sweet veldt ''
or " sour veldt," as the case may be ; while, according to
the season, the farmer moves his flocks and herds from
the " hooge veldt " to the " bush veldt," or from the
" koud veldt " to the " warm veldt." In the Transvaal,
the higher portion of the plateau is known as the " Hooge
Veldt," the hilly country to the north and east being dis-
tinguished as the " Banken Veldt " or terrace country ;
the sub-tropical, tsetse-infested bush country along the

Limpopo being the dreaded " Bush Veldt " of the Trans-
vaal Boer. In the Cape Colony, we have the well-known
plateau of the " Warm Bokkeveldt," and further north
the higher and more exposed " Cold Bokkeveldt." In one
form or another, the term " veldt " is of universal applica-
tion throughout South Africa,

During the rainy season, the South African veldt Ls a
" sea of grass," aftbrdiug abundant pasture to millions of
sheep and cattle, and to the antelopes and other ruminants
which are still found in considerable numbers in the more
inaccessible parts even of long-settled districts. But
" when the strength of the African sun is at its greatest
in summer, the veldt is very hot and barren-looking, its
brown and parched surface cracking into large fissures or
' sluits,' as they are locally called, and radiating back the
light with a strange simmering mirage, deceiving the eye
and perplexing the judgment of the stranger." So clear is
the atmosphere that distances are dwarfed, and moun-
tains that are miles away appear quite close. " The roads
across the veldt are not macadaiuLsed, but wind away as
tracks cut out according to the whims and fancies of a
post-cart driver, and twisting in long and sinuous lanes
over the interminable spaces. Over these the slowly-

THE COUNTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

moving ox-waggon, with its white canvas covering, makes
its way from point to point, and across ' drifts ' or fords
of the rivers."* The halting-place, or " outspan," is a piece
of land reserved for the public use, and "here, in the
summer noon, the kurveyor or waggoner is seen, with his
unyoked span around him, taking his siesta, and preparing
for the evening, or perhaps, if it is moonlight, the night
journey."

The " Karroo " is another peculiar feature of South
Africa. The name is taken from the little karroo plant,
one of the best kinds of bush for ostriches as well as for
sheep and goats, and is applied to a marvellous tract of
country, about two-thirds the size of Scotland, in the in-
terior of the Cape Colony, apparently an arid desert,
but possessing an extraordinary latent fertility, and re-
quiring only sufficient moisture to be as productive as
the banks of the Nile. The name " karroo " is also given to
similar tracts both to the north and south of the Karroo
proper, or the Great Karroo ; in fact, all South African
plains and plateaus, which are, as it were, intermediate
between the grass- or bush-covered veldt and absolute
desert, are karroos. During the long periods of drought,
the parched karroo is devoid of verdure, but, when rain
falls, the ground is quickly clothed with grass and shrubs,
and parts of it have the semblance of a brilliant flower-
garden. When thunder-clouds break over any area, and
heavy rain falls, it is marvellous to see the magical trans-
formation of the sparsely-covered soil; grasses and flowers
springing up with great rapidity and in countless variety,
carpeting the surface with every colour and hue" —
one of the many startling contrasts and sudden surprises
which excite the interest and admiration of the sojourner
from other lands in which Nature is not, so to speak, so
impulsive and erratic in her movements.

South Africa is then, par excellence, the country of the
Veldt and the Karroo. Life on the veldt is full of interest
and enjoyment ; mere existence is a pleasure ; while, un-
attractive as the karroo may appear, " its sunny sky, its
translucent atmosphere, its dry buoyant air — ' exhilarat-
ing as wine to the senses ' — its starry, balmy, and dew-
less nights ; its measureless expanse ; its vast and
unbroken solitude ; and even its weird desolateness, have
a peculiar charm, which clings to the memory of those
who have dwelt on any part of it."

The coast of South Africa is of the same regular and
unbroken character as that of the continent generally,
being "singularly deficient in good harbours, devoid of
navigable rivers, and washed a great part of the year by
a most tempestuous ocean, girdled by a never-ceasing
surf, while its projecting capes and headlands bristle with
reefs, on which many a gallant ship has met its fate." t
Nearly the whole of the western coast, from the mouth of
the Cunene to that of the Orange River, is low and sandy,
and the adjoining coastland is barren and dismal, with no
permanent rivers, and scarcely any vegetation. Waljish
Bay, the only point of any importance on this dreary
coast, belongs to the Cape Colony, and may derive

* Greswell's Africa, South of the Zambesi. (Loudon : Stan-
ford),
t S. W. Silver's Handbook to South Africa, p. 553.

some importance in the near future as the starting-
point of a raOway into the interior ; meantime it serves
as the port of entry for supplies to the German olficials
at Windhoek, the capital of German South- West Africa,
a small settlement in the Damara highlands, some 200
miles inland. Thence to the Orange River, not a single
perennial stream enters the sea, and not a vestige of
human occupation is visilile except at one or two
small bays and anchorages, such as iSandwich Harhour,
where large quantities of fish are caught and cured,
and Angra Pequeiia, or Liideritz Bay, whence a good
cattle-road leads into the more habitable and inviting
uplands of Great Namaqualand. The Orange River,
although it is 1,200 miles in length, is a terribly disappoint-
ing stream, and the country it flows through, in the lower
part of its course, is about the most dismal and barren
in the world. The river itself is a finer stream hundreds
of miles inland than it is at its mouth, and, moreover, an
impassable bar forbids entrance from the sea, except for
a few days after very heavy rains in the interior. Usually,
however, inside the bar, it can be ascended by small
craft for some 30 miles. We then come to I'ort Nolloth,
the coast terminus of a light railway from the copper mines
at O'okiep. Thence to the broad curve of St. Helena
Bay, the coast is stUl low and desolate, with one or two
lonely harbours and a few river mouths hopelessly blocked
with sand or rocks. Rounding Cape St. Martin, and pass-
hig through a narrow entrance, we enter a splendid land-
looked basin, Saldanha Bay, one of the finest natural
harbours in the world ; a noble bay, easy of access in all
winds, but seldom visited.

Passing a few rocky islands, we enter Table Bay, along
the curving shores of which extends the metropolis of all
South Africa— its main avenues running straight from the
sea to the pine and sQver-tree plantations, which clothe the
base of a titanic wall of rock, the flat-topped Tafel Berg or
Table Mountam, that, with the picturesque Devil's Peak
and the grotesque Lion's Head on either flank, enclose
the city and its immediate environs, forming an amphi-
theatre comparable in scenic efl'ect to Naples or Rio.

Cajie Town is not only the capital of Cape Colony, but,
with its 60,000 inhabitants, is also the most populous
town, and, with the exception, perhaps, of Port Elizabeth
and Johannesburg, the most important commercial centre
in South Africa.

Originally laid out with mathematical precision by its
stolid and unimaginative Dutch founders, the main streets
run panillel to each other, and are crossed at regular
intervals by minor streets. At the top of the chief
thoroughfare — Adderley Street, which compares favour-
ably with the main street of any ordinary EngUsh town-
is a magnificent avenue of oaks, planted by the early
Dutch settlers, and stUl the favourite promenade, leading
to the ofiicial residence of the Governor and High Com-
missioner. The town contains several fine public build-
ings, the finest not only in Cape Town, but in all South
Africa, being the new Houses of Parliament, completed
in 1886 at a cost of a quarter of a million sterling. The
most interesting building, however, is the Public Library,
with the priceless literary treasures i)resented by a former
Governor, Sir George Grey, and the Museum, containing

THE COUXTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

specimens of almost every species of Soutli African ante-
lopes and birds. Rough diamonds in the matrix, gold
nuggets and quartz may also be seen here. In the mag-
nificent Botanical Gardens, experiments are being con-
stantly carried on with plants and trees from other
countries, to test their suitability for the soil and climate
of South Africa. As a port, Cape Town ranks first in
South Africa, and by the completion of the gi'eat break-
water and commodious docks, the Bay has been converted
from a dangerous roadstead into a safe and convenient
harbour, accessible at all states of the tides, and completely
protected from the fearful effects of the northern and
north-western gales, by which many a vessel has been
driven ashore. The Ca-stle is a quaint specimen of the
old Dutch citadel, but it is perfectly useless from a
military point of view, being on aU sides commanded by
the adjoining hdlB.

Strong batteries, erected along the foreshore and on
Signal HiU, and garrisoned by imperial troops, defend our
" Half-way House " to IntUa and the East from hostile
attack, whOe the town is connected by rail with the naval
station at Simon's Bay on the other side of the peninsula.
The subnrbs and environs of Cape Town are exceedingly
beautiful, and by almost any of the roads or routes from
the city magnificent ocean and mountain views may be
enjoyed, and the glowing heat and dusty streets may be
quickly exchanged for cool health-giving breezes in the
most delightful sylvan retreats. Wynherg, a pretty
village on the eastern side of Table Mountain, is usually
regarded as the suburban limit.

The glory of Cape Town is its magnificent mountain,
which " rises behind the town in a sheer precipice to tlie
height of nearly 4,000 feet, cutting the sky-line with a
jagged horizontal front nearly two miles in length.''
The ascent of the mountain is easOy accomplished, the
only danger being the dense clouds that suddenly collect
and envelop the summit, forming what is locally known
as the " table-cloth." There are many other table or
flat-topped mountains in South Africa, but the Cape
people boast that "there is but one Table Mountain;"
and, indeed, "only those who explore the mountain
can form any idea of the beauties hidden among its
rocks. The frowning precipices which, seen from a dis-
tance, speak only of the convulsions of nature, are found on
nearer approach to open into tiny glens and valleys,
adorned with streams and cascades, and clothed with the
most beautiful foliage and flowers. The flat summit of the
Kasteel-Berg, or Castle Mount, wliich forms the buttress
of the great precipice overlooking the Bay, is a miniature
continent in itself, its surface diversified by river and hill,
and producing a flora to be found nowhere else."* The
view from the summit is magnificent, as also are the
views to be obtained from the Devil's Peak (3,300 feet)
and the Lion's Head (2,000 feet), which complete the
majestic rock -wall that forms the amphitheatre in which
Cape Town is situate.

The Cape Peninsula terminates in the real " Cape of

* Brown's Snuih Africa, a practical and complete Guide for the
nse of Tourists, Sportsmen, Invalids, and Settlers. (Ijomlou :
Sampson Low & Co.).

Good Hope " — the " southern point of Afric's coast "
immortalised by the grcAt Portuguese poet, Camoens, in
his " Lusiad " : —

" I am that hidden mighty head of land

Tile Cape of Tempests fitly named by you,
Wliieh Ptolemy, Mela, Strabo never fand.

Nor Pliny dreamt of, nor old sages knew.
Here in South Ocean end I Afric's strand ! "

From the lighthouse on Cape Point, as it is locally
termed, the visitor obtains a fine view of the waters of
False Bay and the broad expanse of the South Atlantic ;
the Cape itself, a lofty sandstone precipice nine hundred
feet in height, is certainly a far more striking object on
this, the most picturesque and grandly beautifid part of
the South African coast, than the low shelving bank of
Cape Agulhas, which forms the geographical extremity
of the continent, and from which also is drawn the
theoretical boundary between the Atlantic and the
Indian Ocean.

Within Fithe Bay is the safe and well-sheltered Simon's
Bay, on which stands Simonstown, the strongly-fortified
station of our fleet in South African waters. About
midway between the Cape of Good Hope and Cape
Agulhas is Danger Poijif, near which H. M.S. Birkenhead
struck in 1852— an ever memorable disaster, in which
British soldiers exhibited a calm courage infinitely more
heroic than was ever displayed in the most desperate
charge on the battlefield. Cape Agulhas, or the Needles,
is so named from the sunken rocks or saw-edged reefs
which run far out to sea, and with the strong currents
and fiu-ious storms met with in the channel between the
coast and the outlying Agulhas Bank, render its naviga-
tion difficult and dangerous.

It is ofl'tliis justly-dreaded point that the great Mozam-
bique, or, as it is sometimes termed, the Agulhas current,
which sweeps down the Mozambique Channel and fol-
lows the curve of the South African coast, bringing
with it the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, meets the
Antarctic or Cape current, another powerful current
that flows from the cold waters of the South Polar seas*
— hence the continual tempests and dangerous navigation,
these currents being but too often, in thick weather, the
imsuspeeted cause of many wi-ecks.t So thoroughly,
however, are these seas known to the ofiicers of the
regular ocean and coasting steamers, and so admirably
do they handle their vessels, that, practically, there is
now as entire an immunity from disaster as on any of
the great ocean routes.

The next noteworthy point on the coast is Mossel Bay
— a port of call for the coasting and intermediate steamers,
with an excellent harbour protected from westerly gales
by Point St. Blaize, and situate about halfway between
Cape Town and its energetic and successful rival, Port
Elizabeth. We must not, however, pass on without
noticing the cm'ious chain of lakes near the margin of the
sea about five miles from Wood^dlle ; and, further e;ist,
the picturesque land-locked estuary of the Knysna, a
splendid natural harbour, entered by a narrow passage
between lofty sandstone cliffs, and with no less tlian 14

* Greswell.

+ Silver's Handbook.

THE COUNTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

II

feet of water on the bar. The coasting steamers call
here regularly, and the harbour could easily be made
impregnable and absolutely safe from any hostile attack
from the sea.

Passing by the shallow indentations of Plettaihiinj
Bay and St. Francis Bay — the coast between which is
exceptionally dangerous, and has been the sceue of
numerous wrecks, we double the low rocky point ot Cape
Recife and enter the broad and well-known inlet of A Igoa
Bay, on the north-western angle of which stands Port
Elizabeth, the "Liverpool of South Africa," and the
most important centre of the foreign trade of the country.
Even before the construction of the railway, which now
runs from the jiort to tlie Free State and the Transvaal,
connecting at Middelburg with the East London line and
at De Aar with the Cape trunk line. Port Elizabeth was
a stirring and bustling trading-place, " especially during
the wool season, when the huge transport waggons, caiTy-
ing from 6,000 to 10,000 lbs., came in laden with bales of
wool, skins, and ivory, to load up again witli merchandise
for the interior towns and villages." The anchorage
is sheltered from the winterly north-west winds, but is
exposed to the heavy rollers caused by the frequent
easterly gales. There are two wrought-iron jetties ; but
passengers and cargo have to be landed by means of tugs
and lighters. The European population now numbers
about 15,000, mainly the descendants of the energetic
and enterprising British settlers who founded the town
in 1820, and occupied the then unsettled " hinterland."

The eastern coast of the Cape Colony, though, on the
whole, as regular and unbroken as its north- western sea-
board, is infinitely more beautiful and attractive. The
evergreen slopes, picturesque bays, and wooded kloofs
which diversify this coast, form a pleasing contrast to the
low, sandy, barren, and desert shore-line on the opposite
side of the colony. About 100 miles to the eastward of
Port Elizabeth is Port Alfred, beautifully situate at the
mouth of the Kowie Kiver, and justly named the " Dart-
mouth " of South Africa — a name also claimed by the
more important port of East London, at the mouth of
the Buffalo Piiver, which flows through equally picturesque
scenery. Port Alfred, or the Kowie, as it is also called,
is the outport of Graham^s Town, the metropolis of the
eastern division of the Cape.

East London was originally a mere outport to King
William's Toion, the capital of the formerly separate
colony of British Kaftraria ; but, since the extension of the
Eastern Railway System, of which it is the coast ter-
minus, and its junction with the Midland and Western
Systems, it has become the centre of a very large and
rapidly increasing trade, second only to that of Port
Elizabeth and Cape Town. Extensive and costly harbour
works, planned by Sir John Coode, have so far removed
the obstructions at the mouth of the Buffalo, that
steamers of 4,000 tons can enter the sheltered anchorage
inside the bar.

Thence, for three hundred miles, the only serviceable
harbour is that oi St. John's River, on the Pondo coast.
The River St. John, or Umzimvubu, enters the sea be-
tween two huge forest-clad cliffs, which, with the surround-
ing forests and many-coloured cliffs, are among the most

romantic and striking scenes on the South African sea-
board— a scene, however, equalled, if not sm'ixissed, by the
Port of Natal, with its tall "Bluff" overlooking a broad
bay, along the northern shores of which extends the pros-
perous and thriving town of Durban, backed by the
wooded plateau of the Berea, now covered with handsome
mansions and pretty villas. Durban is not only the seaport,
but also the most populous town and the jirincipal trade
centre in Natal ; and from the " Point," the Natal main
line of railway runs right through the colony to Charles-
town, on the Transvaal border, whence it will be extended
to Johannesburg. Two short coast-lines also nm from
Durban— one to Verulam, 19 miles to the north-east, and
the other to Ispingo, 1 1 miles to the south-west.

Few indeed and small are the vessels that have any
dealings with the Zulu or the Tonga coasts. Botli are
bordered by shallow tidal lagoons, and even a brief stay
in tliese hot and marshy coastlands is sure to bring un-
jdeasant consequences in the shape of fever and ague.
This has also been a drawback of the great inlet of
Dehigoa Bay, one of the finest natural harbours in the
world, spacious, deep, and well sheltered, where the
largest ocean-going vessels can lie in perfect safety.
The town of Lorenzo Marquez has been notorious for its
unhealthiness during the rainy season, but its increasing
importance as the terminus of the shortest route from
Pretoria and Witwatersrand to tlie sea, will, no doubt, be
followed by improved sanitation and healthier conditions.
From the port a railway runs to Komati Poort, at the
foot of the Lobombo Blountains, whence it is being ex-
tended to Pretoria via Middelburg, the total distance
being 350 miles, as against 1,000 miles from Cape Town,
and 500 miles from Durban. The main line is now open
to Nelspruit, 129 mUes from Delagoa Bay, and branch
lines are being made from Komati Poort, towards the
Murchison Gold Field, on the north, and from CrocodU-
poort, 113 miles from Delagoa Bay, to Barberton, in the
De Kaap Gold Field.

From Delagoa Bay the coast trends north-east, and
sailing in that direction, we pass the mouth of the Lim-
popo river, which, though shallow, is navigable by stern-
wheel steamers, and, doubling the well-known Cape
Corrientes, we reach Inhambane, a sleepy old Portu-
guese town at the head of a deep bay, backed by wooded
hUls. Thence the coast turns north, curving at the
delta-mouth of the Sabi river, past Chiloane, a port
of call on a small island on the coast, towards the broad
bay into which opens the estuary of the Sofala river, the
fine natural harbour of the historically famous old town
of Sofala, the oldest of all the Portuguese settlements in
Eastern Africa. " Its name is that of a maritime king-
dom, renowned in ancient times for its wealth, which
formed part of the mythical empire of Monomotapa, of
which the earlier travellers gave marvellous accounts.
From its richness in gold and ivory, Sofala has been even
supposed to be the golden Ophir to which King Solomon
sent a fleet of ships every three years," and from which
he is supposed to have obtained enormous quantities of
gold. As we have already stated, the "Hinterland" of
the Sofala coast is literally honeycombed with ancient
workings, and the wonderful ruins of numerous "Zini-

12

THE COUNTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

babwes" all over the country are undoubtedly the
remains of the strongly fortified stations and temples of
the ancient miners, who probably invaded the country,
and forced the inhabitants to labour for them much in
the same way as, in later times, the Spaniards exploited
the gold and silver mines of Mexico and Peni.

The riches of the golden " Hinterland " of Sofala will
not, however, flow through their ancient outlet, but
through the bustling brand-new little port of Beira,
at the mouth of the Puugwe river, the estuary of which
forms an excellent harbour, while the river itself is
navigable for 40 miles inland to Fontesvilla, the present
terminus of the Mashonaland raOway, of which 75 miles
(to a station near Chimoio) have beeu opened — the rest
of the journey to Salisbury, 180 miles further, being
made by waggon. The estuary and lower course of the
adjoining Busi river are also navigable, and, like the
Pungwe, might be utilised to some extent in facilitating
passage and transport over the unhealthy flats of the
littoral to the healthy and elevated plateaus of Manica-
land and Mashonaland.

From Port Beira, a sail of 100 mQea along a low and
uninviting coast brings us to the delta of the Zam-
besi, the largest of all the African rivers that flow into
the Indian Ocean. This great river is navigable for
small steauiers as far as Tete, about 260 miles inland ;
beyond that, a succession of cataracts and rapids limits
navigation to a few sections of the river. The Anglo-
Portuguese Convention of 1891 gave England a foothold
at the Chinde mouth, the concession to be used for
landing, storage, and transhipment of goods. At Chinde,
says Dr. Rankin, tlio river is about a mile wide, and
lower down it increases in width, whilst its surface
is covered with islands. From the immense volume
of water brought down, the banks and channels are
continually undergoing change. The greater part of
the delta is made up of gently-rolling grass country, the
depressions of which during the rainy seasons are covered
with water. The inundated districts at the seaboards,
swamped at high tides and floods, are thickly covered
with mangroves, and but slightly populated. The Chinde
River is undoubtedly the best entrance to the Zambesi,
and aff'ords a waterway for craft of from 400 to 500 tons.

About 50 miles higher up the coast, the Quilimane river
enters the sea. The estuary was formerly the most north-
erly delta branch of the Zambesi, the Mutu channel, which
connected it with the head of the delta, being then large
and navigable all the year round ; but it has long since
been blocked up by silt and vegetation, so that Quili-
mane is completely deban'cd from access to the Zambesi
itself except by sea. But this port, though thus cut
ofl' from the great river, and surrounded by swamps and
marshes — "aplace of mud, fever, and mosiquitoes" — is stUl
of some importance ; its trade is fairly good, while its
beautiful mango groves, its shady avenues, and delicious
oranges, are delightfully refreshing. Some mUes higher
up the coast, we arrive at a much busier port, situate
on a coral islet close to the shore. This is Mozambique,
the capital of all Portuguese East Africa, and, curiously
enough, lying under almost exactly the same parallel as
Mossamedes, on the west coast. An irregular line be-

tween these two places would mark the furthest limit,
territorially and climatically, of Southern Africa. All
beyond, and even in some parts within that line, belong
absolutely to Tropical Africa, scarcely any portion of which
is suitable for permanent European colonisation. Euro-
peans may live tliere for years without breaking down,
but they cannot settle and work there, as they can in
almost every part of Temperate South Africa.

Having now made the circuit of the South African
coasts, wa proceed to note very briefly its mountains and
plains, its rivers and lakes, supplementing our resume of
the physical features of the country with a short account
of its political divisions— a matter which, from the num-
ber and variety of States, Colonies, and Protectorates, is
rather confusing to the general reader.

Regarding South Africa as a wliolc, we may say that
the greater portion of the country forms a vast upland,
which slopes towards the seaboard — not regularly, but by
a series of successive terraces or steps, the more or less
abrupt seaward edges of which are marked by long ranges
of mountains and hills. These gird the country in hrog-
ular lines, separated from each other by valleys and
plains, and intersected at intervals by deep ravines or
gorges (kloofs) — the main elevations trending generally
in a direction parallel to, and at no very considerable
distance from, the coast.

" Africa," says Professor Drummond, " rises from its
three environing oceans in three great tiers, first a coast
line, low and (in Tropical Africa) deadly ; further in, a
plateau the height of the Grampians ; further still, the
higher plateaux, extending ibr thousands of miles, with
mountains and valleys." The relief of South Africa
exhibits the same terraciform aspect that characterises
the build of the continent generally.

" If the traveller," says the Rev. W. P. Greswell, in his
exhaustive " Geography of Africa, South of the Zam-
besi," " were to land at Mossel Bay on the south coast
and journey northwards tow;irds the interior, he would
see, immediately facing him, a coast range up which he
would find his way through the Montagu Pass into the
George district. Here a second range of considerably
higher mountains, called the Zwartebergen, would in-
terpose a barrier to the north, through which he would
penetrate by Meiring's Poort or pass. Here he would
stand upon the plateau of the Great Karroo. Further
north still, however, he would see a third range, called
the Nieuwveld Mountains, past which he would go by
Nel's Poort — a defile which the railway engineers have
utilised for the AVestera Railway from Cape Town to
Kimberley. A simihir impression of the 'step-by-step
rise' ofthe land would be gained if the traveller, journey-
ing by rail from Cape Town to Nel's Poort, notices the
gradients as he proceeds up the line through the famous
Hex River Pass, past Montagu Road, Prince Albert Road,
and so on to Beaufort West and Nel's Poort." On the
Natal side, the same formation would be clearly seen
during a journey along the main line from Durban,
through Maritzburg, Estcourt, and Ladysmitb,and thence
by the branch line over Van Reenen's Pass in the Drakens-
berg, and so on to tlie Free State uplands. A similar trip
by the Delagoa Bay or Beira Railway would show the

ritE COUNTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

same rising of the coast belt into a moderately-elevated
terrace, wliich again forms the pedestal for a still liigher
terrace, that in turn merges into the vast central plateau.

An orographical map of South Africa shows these suc-
cessive plateaux very clearly. First, there is what may
be termed the Coast Platemt, a belt of land rising from
the seaboard to an average height of about 600 feet, and
varying in widtli from a few miles to fifty miles or so.
This plateau adjoins the west and south coasts, and may
be said to end at Cape St. Francis. Further east, long
swelling uplands and forest-clad mountains come down
almost to the water's edge, and tiie bold and rocky coast
rises here and there into huge cliffs, the most notable
being those which tower on either side of the entrance
to the St. John's Eiver.

North of Natal, the coast belt gradually broadens out
and finally merges into the low-lying plains of the Lower
Zambesi. Besides the coast towns already mentioned,
the following inland towns are in this district : — Malmes-
bury, Wellington, Paarl, Stellenhosch, Caledon, Sivel-
lendam, Riversdale, Humansdorp, and Uilenhage*

The Coast Plateau is divided from the next terrace —
the plateau of the Southern Karroo— hy the Lange
Bergen and other ranges ; and this again from the third
plateau — the great upland of the central or Great Karroo
— by tlie Zwaartebergen or Black Mountains. The towns
in the Southern Karroo district are Worcester, Jlfontagn,
Kobertson, Ladismiih, Oudshoorn and Uniondale. The
Great Karroo extends east and west for about 350 miles
at a level of from 2,500 to 3,500 feet above the sea. Along
the nortliem border of this great upland basin rises the
long and comparatively lofty range wiiich, under various
names, stretches from the hills of Little Namaqualand to
the lofty range of the Drakensberg. The central range, the
Nieuwveld, is flanked by the Eoggeveld on the west, and
by the Winterberge, the Sneeuwberge, and the Storm-
berge on the east— the culminating point of this bold es-
carpment of flat-topped heights being the Compass Berg,
7,800 feet, in the Sneeuwberge range. This long range
forms the central watershed or waterparting of the Cape
— the drainage on the one side flowing north to the
Orange Eiver, and on the other, south into tlie Lidian
Ocean. The chief towns in this section are Beaufort
West, Prince Albert, Willowmore, Graaf Reinet, Somer-
set East and Aberdeen.

Beyond this great range stretch the vast and scantily-
watered uplands of the Northern Karroo, the loftiest
and most extensive of all the plateaux to the south of the
Orange Eiver. This plateau has an average elevation of
about 3,000 feet, and upon it are situate the towns of
Gradoch, Qtteenstown, and Tarkastad ; Aliwal North,
Burghersdorp, Dordrecht; Colesberg, Richmond, Vic-
toria West, Carnarvon, and Fraserburg.

Under the general name of Eastern Uplands may be
included all the broken middle terrace country from
Graham's Town to the Manica upland. In this district are
Graham's Town, Fort Beaufort, Stnttcrheim, King Wil-
liam's Town and Bedford, in the Cape Colony ; Umtata,

* Full details of these and all other South African towns are
given in tlie CasUe Line Guide to South Africa.

in the Transkei ; Pieter-Maritzburg, Hoioick, Estcourt
and Ladysmith, in Natal ; Vri/heid, in Dutch Zululand ;
and Bremersdorp, in Swaziland.

These Eastern Uplands are divided by the long range
of the Drakensberg and its continuations from the great
Eastern Plateau, which includes the mountainous Basuto
country, the higher upland plains of the Free State, and
the hilly and undulating " Hooge Velilt " of the Trans-
vaal. The Drakensberg or Quathlamba* Mountains
form the " backbone " of South Africa ; and although the
loftiest summits do not reach the line of perpetual snow,
the range attains — in Giant's Castle — an elevation of
nearly 10,000 feet, and still higlier in Champagne Castle
and Mont aux Sources, 11,000 feet. Tlie higlilands along
the edge of the Mashona plateau rise in Wedza to 5,400
feet, and in Sadza to 4,500 feet — two peaks at the sources
of the Sabi Eiver. The plateau itself is about 4,000 feet
above the sea. Johannesburg, which stands on the
highest ridge of the High Veldt of the Transvaal, is at
an elevation of 5,600 feet.

The Northern Karroo of the Cape Colony, the great
Eastern Plateau of the Free State and the Transvaal,
with its continuation, the Matabele and Mashona plateaux,
on the one side, and, on tlie other, the broken uplands of
German South-West Africa, all slope gradually towards
the vast plains of Bechuanaland and the Kalahari Desert.
From the Orange Eiver, northwards to about the 22nd
degree of latitude, Bechuanaland is mainly a broken
plateau of 4,000 to 6,000 feet in height above the sea, dry
and devoid of perennial streams,! but beyond that it
slopes gradually down to the basin of Lake Ngami,
which is little more than 2,000 feet above the sea.

The want of rain, or rather the spasmodic and violent
character of the rainfall, being the chief drawback of the
greater part of South Africa, the rivers are of necessity
an unsatisfactory feature in the physical conditions of
the country. Many of them are periodical streams,
flooded to excess after the rains, speedily drying up, and
becoming mere chains of pools in the dry season. There
are, of course, numerous perennial rivers, but all of
them are similarly liable to great and sudden variations
in volume. In an hour or two after a heavy thunder-
storm, the most insignificant stream becomes a raging
torrent of turbid water, rusliing impetuously between its
steep banks, perhaps overflowing them and flooding the
adjoining veldt. But the flood is as brief as it is violent,
and it is very rarely that the transport-rider is forced to
outspau on the banks of a swollen stream for more than
a few hours, or a few days at the longest.

The rivers improve, and the flow of water increases, as
we proceed eastwards. Instead of tlie dry water-courses
and sand-rivers that furrow the solitudes of the western
coastlands, we are charmed with the delightful babble of
never-failing streams, that run down the verdant mount-
ain slopes and wind through many a wooded kloof.
Generally speaking, however, the vohime of water in

* A Kaffir name, meaning " heaped up in a jagged manner.*
t See fnrther, Chap. IX., Livingstone and Central Africa.
By H. H. Johnston, C.B., H.M. Commissioner for British Central
Africa. The World's Explorers Series. (London : G. Philip & Son),

14

THE COUNTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

South African rivers is comparatively small ; and when,
swollen by rains, they do attain a respectable size, tlie
flood water runs off very quickly, and the river souu
shrinks into its ordinarily insignificant dimensions.

Besides their normally-limited volume of water and
liability to sudden and dangerous floods, the courses of
all South African rivers are, owing to the peculiar terrace-
like conformation of the country, repeatedly broken by
waterfalls or rapids, which, of course, mark the more or
less abrupt stages in their descent from terrace to terrace.
The streams also, especially when in flood, bring down
such enormous quantities of sediment that, in nearly all
cases, " bars " have been formed at thek mouths, which
prevent, or greatly impede, the entrance of sea-going
vessels. South African rivers are therefore, on the whole,
of but little value as waterways into the interior.

The " bars " at the river-mouths may, however, by the
aid of breakwaters and training walls, be to some extent
removed, and the estuaries thus converted into safe and
convenient harbours. This has been done with consider-
able success at East London, where vessels of 4,000 tons
can now anchor in the river. About half a million
sterling has been spent on similar work at the Kowie,
but not much improvement has been eflected. In Natal,
also, the energy and enterprise of the Harbour Board
have so far overcome the peculiar difficulties caused by
the ebb workmg on the sandy bottom of that part of the
coast, that the "bar" at the entrance to the port is
scarcely ever impassable, and vessels of considerable size,
such as the s.s. Dunrohin Castle, can now enter the bay.
The Orange and the Limpopo are similarly blocked at
theu- mouths, although the Orange, like several of the
south and east coast rivers, is navigable for smdl craft
for some miles inside the bar. The Zambesi, which has,
as it were, been politically annexed to South Africa, is
navigable for gunboats and river-steamers for about 260
miles from the sea. Beyond that, numerous rapids and
falls, especially the stupendous Victoria Fall.?, render
this magnificent river useless as a waterway into the far
interior. Major Serpa Pinto says that, between the 16th
parallel and the Falls, its channel is obstructed by no less
than 72 cataracts and rapids. The navigability of the
lower Zambesi derives additional importance from the
fact that its great tributary, the Shire river, which flows
from Lake Nyasa, is also navigable, except at one point
— the Murchison Falls.

In past times, South Africa was, no doubt, a country of
o-reat lakes and vast inland seas. Dr. Livingstone's
theory that the karroos and other large plains once formed
the beds of immense lakes is strongly corroborated by the
fossil remains found there. The rims of these great
basins, it is supposed, were fissured or cracked by up-
heaval at a comparatively recent geological period, and
through these fissures the waters were discharged. " The
fissures thus made at the Victoria Falls let out the waters
of the great Zambesi Lake. The fissure through which
the Orange Kiver pours itself at the Falls of Aughrabies
probably drained ofl" the waters that then covered the
Kalahari and the table-lands of Bushmanland. The
Wai-m Bokkeveldt valley and Kannaland, as well as the
Great Karroo itself, were evidently lakes at one period.

their waters escaping by the fissures of Mitchell's Pass,
the Cxauritz, and the Hex River Valley ; and, indeed, the
rugged and fearfid kloofs, through which their surface
waters still escape, show the evident traces of some violent
convulsion of nature. The basins of Cradock and Queens-
town, evidently old lake-beds, are now di'ained by the
water-courses of the Great Fish and Kei rivers."*

This theory finds perhaps its strongest corroboration
in the fact that the remnant of the great Kalahari basin
— the shallow Lake Ngami — is gradually di-yiug up.
When discovered by Dr. Livingstone in 1846, it was
about 50 miles in length and eight or ten miles in width.
It receives the Cubango from the inner uplands of Angola,
and in the rainy season this stream pours such a flood of
water into the shallow basin of the Ngami that it over-
flows by the Botletle, or Zouga channel, into the great
vleis or saltpans on the east. These " vleis " are shallow
sheets of water, which, after heavy rains, accumulate in
natiu-al hollows in the ground, and on evaporation leave
an incrustation of salt on the surface, and are hence
called saltpans. Anderssou's Vlei, in the Kalahari, to
the east of Lake Ngami, the Commissioner's Saltpan in
Great Bushmanland, the four vleis which form the sheet
called the Groen Y\n on the coast in the Knysna district,
are the largest of these variable lakes. There ai-e hun-
dreds of "fonteins," or fountains, of delicious water
distributed over the country, and numerous hot or mineral
springs, some of which have medicinal properties of high
voJue.

Physically, then, South Africa is a distinct and homo-
geneous region, solid and unbroken ; but, politically, the
country is split up into a conglomeration of states and
territories, colonies and protectorates, under a dozen dif-
ferent kinds of government and forms of administration
-from the most primitive to the most advanced, and
from the most democratic to the most absolute and
despotic. We have British Colonies, with full responsible
government ; British Crown Colonies and Protectorates,
under the direct control of the mother-country ; a great
British Company, with extraordinary powers over vast
areas ; two independent Boer Republics ; an enormous
German Protectorate; and an immense Portuguese
Dependency : to say nothing of native chiefs innumer-
able, who, nominally subject to British, Boer, Teutonic,
or Lusitauian control, still rule their tribes and clans in
patriarchal fashion— a veritable pohtical mosaic, curious,
but rather puzzling. The following notes, with a care-
fid examination of the map, wiU, it is hoped, give the key
to the puzzle, and enable the reader to gain a clear idea
of the actual and relative position and extent of the
various political divisions of Southern Africa.

Until the recent exjjansion of British authority north-
wards to and beyond the Zambesi, the Cape Colony wiis
the most extensive, as it still is the wealthiest and most im-
portant, of all the territorial divisions of Southern Africa.
The colony takes its name fr^^- that of the famous head-
land discovered by the disappouitcd Portuguese naviga-
tor, Bartholomew Diaz, in 1486, and by him named " El
Cabo de todos tormentos " — " the Cape of all the

* Silver's Handbook to South Africa.

THE COUNTRY OF THE VELDT AND THE KARROO.

15

Storms"— in remembrance of the exceptionally severe
weather which he encoimtered off the coast, while mak-
ing his futile attempt to reach India by sea. The
Portuguese monarch, on hearing Diaz's report, and rightly
judging that the discovery gave " good hope " of ultimate
success, changed the name which the baffled navigator
had given to it, into the very opposite one of " El Cabo de
Boa Esperanza," the Ca-pe of Good Hope— a. name which
the headland has ever since borne, and which is still the
official name of the colony.

Cape Colony occupies the southern extremity of the
continent. Its western shores are washed by the waters
of the Atlantic, and its southern and south-eastern coasts
by those of the Indian Ocean ; the nominal boundary
between the two great oceans being the 20th meridian
of East longitude — the meridian of Cape Agidhas, the
southernmost point of the Cape and of Africa. The
colony extends northwards to, and, since the incorpora-
tion of Griqualand West, beyond the Orange River ;
eastwards, by the gradual absorption of the Kafirarian
territories (a process which was completed by the recent
annexation of Pondoland), the Cape is conterminous
with Natal, the boundary being the river Uiutamfuna.
Of the formerly quasi-independent territories in Kaff'raria,
Pondoland and Griqualand J<J<ist adjoin Natal, while
Tembuland and the Transkeian Territories — Fingoland,
the Idutywa Reserve, and Gcalekaland — extend along
the Kei River, the former boundary of the Cape Colony.
Twelve islands off the coast of Damaraland, together
with the port of Walfish Bay — the only good harbour
on the entire seaboard of German South- West Africa —
also belong to the Cape. On the north-east of the
colony lies Basutoland, now a separate colony, but from
1871 to 1884 a part of the Cape Colony. To the north
are the two Dutch Republics, Bechuanaland, and the
German Protectorate of South- West Africa. How large
a territory is included in the colony may be inferred
from the fact that a bee-line of 600 miles may be
drawn across it from east to west, and one of 450 miles
from north to south, and that its area of over 230,000
square miles is four times that of England and Wales,
or twice that of the whole of the United Kingdom.

Natal lies to the north-east of the Cape Colony, and
includes the pleasant and verdant land between the
Umtamfuna and the Tugela, discovered on Christmas
Day, 1497, by Vasco da Gama, on his celebrated voyage
to India, and therefore named by him Terra Natalis.
Natal has an area of about 20,000 square miles — about
that of England and Wales, and one-twelfth tliat of the
Cape — and extends inland to the giant range of the
Drakensljerg, which rises from 80 to 120 mOes distant
from the coast, and separates Natal from Basutoland
and the Orange Free State.

Basutoland, the " Switzerland of South Africa," is a
mountainous country, 10,000 square miles in extent —
about twice the size of Yorkshire— and completely
hemmed in by the Cape, Natal, and the Orange Free
State. Since 1884, when it was disannexed from the
Cape, it has formed a British Crown Colony.

Another British Crown Colony is Zvl^dand, or rather
the remnant of Zululand saved in 1887 from absorption

along with the rest of the country into the Transvaal.
To the north of Zululand are two other native territories
— Tongaland, a British protectorate, on the coast, and
Sivaziland, an inland state, still under the joint protection
of Great Britam and the Transvaal, but in all probability
soon to be annexed to the latter.

The twin Dutch republics are also entirely inland — the
more southerly, the Orange Free State, being divided
from Cape Colony partly by the Orange River and
partly by an artificial boundary which passes close by
the " Diamond Fields " to the Vaal River, which separates
it from the South African Repuhlic or the Transvaal.
The Free State is about four-flfths the size of England
and Wales, but the Transvaal is twice as large, extend-
ing from the Vaal on the south to the Limpopo or
Crocodile River on the north.

To the west of the South African Republic extend the
great plains of the British Colony and Protectorate of
Bechuanaland, with an area of 170,000 square miles, or
three times that of England and Wales. North of
Bechuanaland and the Transvaal, and extending to and
beyond the Zambesi, are the enormous territories, the
administration and development of which have been
entrusted, and so far with signal success, to the British
South Africa Company, of which Mr. Rhodes is the
moving spirit. The operations of the company now cover
the whole of inner South-Central Africa from Mafeking
to Tanganyika— a territory three-quarters of a million
square miles in area, or nearly nine times the size of
Great Britain. The Zambesi divides this region into two
great sections, which may be distinguished as Northern
Zanibesia, or British Central Africa, and Southern
Zamhesia. Northern Zanibesia includes the Nyasaland
Protectorate, the Barotse country, and other undeveloped
and but imperfectly-known territories. Southern Zam-
besia includes Mashonaland and Matabeleland, both of
which countries now loom large in the public eye, although,
but a year or two since, they were practically unknown
and inaccessible, except to a few adventurous travellers
or daring traders.

There are yet two other territories in Southern Africa
that must be noted, both extensive, and both under foreign
domination. To the German Protectorate of South-
West Africa belongs the entire region between the Orange
River and the Cunene, with the exception of a small
territory on and around Walfish Bay, and a few islands
off the coast which belong to the Cape. The German
territory, which h;«; an area of not less than 350,000
square miles, or one- third larger than the German Empu'c
in Europe, extends inland to the frontier of Bechuanaland,
with, on the extreme north-east, a narrow strip extending
along the Chobe Valley to the Zambesi.

On the opposite side of the continent another foreign
power — Portugal — exercises a feeble authority over im-
mense territories along the coast to the north and south
of the Zambesi, and over a limited belt of country on
either side of the river as far as Zumbo, about 600 miles
from the coast — an area altogether of over a quarter of
a million square miles, which, however, is only partly
within the limits of Southern Africa.

(i6)

III— A LAND OF SUNSHINE AND HEALTH.

Three Afiicas known to the moilern world— Sunny South Africa— The light, ricli and brilliant— The air, clear and transparent— A fine
climate— Heat not excessive— Large daily range of temperature— Temperate South Africa — The gradual rise of the country from the coast, and
corresponding reduction of temperature— The temperature of the various divisions of tlie country — The rainfall — " It never rains but it pours" —
Reckless destruction of the bush— Irrigation in its infancy — Droughts— Olive Schreiner's graphic picture— Annie Martin's description of a
drought in the Karroo— llainfall in the Cape, Natal, the Itepublics, etc.— Health Resorts— The voyage to the Cape.

There is a common saying to the effect that three dis-
tinct Africas are known to the modern world — North
Africa, wliere men go for health ; South Africa, where
they go for wealth ; iind Central Africa, where they go
for adventure. The statement is certainly as true as it is
clever ; but, as far as South Africa is concerned, it dojs
not express the whole truth, for men not only go to the
" Land of Diamonds and Gold " for wealfJi, but they go in
ever-increasing numbers to the " Land of Sunshine " and
balmy air for health ; and, as we shall presently see, men
go there for adventure also, and find in the interior and
towards the Zambesi a veritable " Sportsman's Paradise,"
and enough excitement, spiced with danger, to tingle the
nerves of the most hardened hunter. Health, wealth,
excitement — the world's three-fold desire — may be found
in " Sunny South Africa,"

"Sunny South Africa" is, in truth, a Land of Sunshine.
The light is as rich and brilliant as the air is surpassingly
bright and clear— a striking contrast to the diffused light
and hazy atmosphere of cloudy England. This difference
Las almost a startling effect on the newcomer, particularly
if he happens to enter Table Bay on a clear Cape winter
morning. Looking landward, he sees " the long range of
mountains, which completely separate the peninsula from
the mainland, thougli at a distance of from seventy to a
hundred miles, standing out with a sharply-defined out-
line— the ravines, and watercourses, and terraced heights
appearing with almost supernatural distinctness." A
stranger, describing his first impressions on landing in the
country,* says that " the characteristic beauty of light in
South Africa is not seen in its marriage with manifold
forms of cloud, so much as in the full and even splendour
with which it penetrates the air. Distant objects that,
in a less brilliant atmosphere, fade away in hazy outline,
stand out with perfect distinctness. Small boulders,
cavernoxis hollows in the rocks, patches of bush at the head
of the kloofs, at an elevation of two or three thousand feet,
are seen without difliculty. Let the spectator place him-
self a distance of twenty or thirty miles from Table
Mountain or the Katberg in South Africa, and then do
the same with Snowdon or Cader Idris in the mother
country, and he will be surprised at the contrast in the
aerial perepeotive. Tlie two latter elevations will apjjear
in more or less of hazy outline, with details of face and pro-
file obscured ; but in the clear atmosphere of South Africa,
the direction of the watercourses, the curves of the kloofs,
and indeed every bold wrinkle on the face or slope of the
mountains, will be clearly discerned. I have sometimes,"
he adds, "looked at Table Mountain at what photographers
would call the sharp definition of every line, until the
sense of distance almost vanished, and it has seemed as if
I must see a human figure if it were climbing the heights,

• Official Handbook to tlie Cape and South Africa.

or hear a human voice if it broke the silence of the
kloofs." *

South Africa has, undoubtedly, one of the finest climates
in the world ; but in so extensive a country, ■with such
diversity of physical feature and form, we necessarily
find considerable differences in the climate in different
parts of it ; on the whole, however, it may be said to be
temperate, dry, and healthy. The country is, of course,
much warmer than Great Britain, but the heat is no-
where excessive, and though the direct rays of the sun
may be extremely powerful, particularly in summer, yet
the peculiar dryness and rarefaction of the air make even
the occasionally intense heat easily bearable. " m some
of the deep-lying valleys, where the motionless air becomes
heated by the large mountain masses, the heat is, in
summer, oppressive, but the actual heat is at no time
excessive." Dr. Lawrence Herman, in his paper on " The
Cape as a Health Resort,"! gives, as an example, Kim-
berley, notably one of the hottest places in the country,
with a maximum temperature ranging from about 75° F.
in June, to 105° F. in January ; " and yet," he says,
" there is no place in the Cape where people have more
ceaseless activity, or more restless energy. Europeans
work all day, heedless of the heat. The day is char-
acterised by a maximum of sunlight, a balmy, buoyant
atmosphere, with a clear, cloudless sky of the purest
blue, and a cool night succeeds a warm day."

The seasons in South Africa are, of course, the reverse
of those in Europe, but they are not so well marked, and
it is only in some parts of the coast that the difference
between spring and summer, autumn and winter, can be
traced. The country generally may be said to have only
two seasons — the warm and the cool, or summer and
wiater. In summer, which in South Africa may be said
to extend from October to LLarch, it is considerably
hotter than in England at the corresponding season, but
summer in England is often much more oppressive than
it is in South Africa, on accouut of the moisture which
the air of our beclouded land contains. Li the coldest
South African winter weather, even in the up-country
districts, the sun is hot ; in fact, winter, in the English
meaning of the term, is unknown. Compared with
ordinary English temperatures, South Africa is certainly
a warm country, but scarcely anywhere is there anything
approaching the excessive heat and humidity that makes
the climate of India so debilitating to Europeans. For-
merly, indeed, before the Suez Canal was opened, the
Cape was the favourite resort of invalids from India, and
no climate in the world could be more agreeable to the
feelings, and very few more beneficial for the usual class
of Indian invalids, than a Cape winter. There is an iu-

• Quoted in Silver's Handbook to South Africa, p. 665.
t Official Handbook to the Cape and South Africa.

A LAND OF SUNSHINE AND HEALTH.

REBH0L2 I

17

vigorating freshness about this season equally delightful
and Ijoneficial ; the moment the rain ceases, the clouds
rapidly clear away, and the sky remains bright for
several days.*

Another striking feature in the climate of South Africa
is the large daily range of temperature. But the result
of these apparently trying and sudden changes of tem-
perature is, if ordinary precautions are taken, most
beneficial, inasmuch as the heat of the day is never
prolonged into the night, and so causing exhaustion and
1 ire venting sleep. All over South Africa, summer and
winter alike, the nights are cool and refreshing, and on
tlie uplands and mountain districts, decidedly cold, and
not infrequently frosty. Snow generally falls on the
mountains, and sometimes on the higher plains, but no-
where does it remain all the year round, the loftiest
mountains being far below the snow-line.

The climate of South Africa is, on the whole, far more
temperate than that of countries within the correspond-
ing parallels north of the equator. Cape Town, for
instance, is only about 34 degrees distant from the equator,
and yet it has a mean annual temperature of 62" F.,
which is about the same as that of Naples, Nice, and the
Riviera, in from 41 to 43 degrees north of the line.
This is due to the fact that " Temperate South Africa "
is surrounded by vast, open oceans, and is swept by cool
winds from the cold regions of the Antarctic Seas, from
which also a cold drift impinges against the western coast.

The climate of South Africa is also powerfully affected
by the peculiar conformation of the country, by which its
entire surface is exposed, step by step, to the cooling sea
breezes and strong gales which sweep freely over it ; and
by the ever-increasing altitude of its terraces and plains
— the land rising rapidly, in many places from the very
margin of the sea, to the great ranges which are — as Mr.
Russell, in his excellent book on Natal, points out — the
rugged cliff-edge of the crowning terrace, the vast central
plateau of South Africa. Taking Natal as an example of
the step-by-step structure of South Africa, we see that,
" from the sea to the Drakensberg, the land rises by suc-
cessive terraces, well-known to travellers on the main
road between the Port and Van Eeenen's Pass. The first
terrace, 1,730 feet high, rises above the village of Pine-
town, 12 miles inland ; the second, 2,424 feet high, is at
Botha's Hill ; the third, 3,700 feet high, begins on the
town hill, above Maritzburg, 45 miles from the sea ; and
the fourth, 5,000 feet high, forms the highlands between
the villages of Weston and Estcourt. From this point,
the surface rises and falls with little variation tUl the Pass
is reached, and at a distance of 225 miles from Durban by
rail." t

In Cape Colony, the land rises simOarly in successive
steps from the seaboard to the Orange River— the first
step, or Coast Plateau, averaging about COO feet in height ;
the second terrace, the Southern Karroo, and the Warm
Bokkeveldt, rising to between 1,000 and 2,000 feet ; the

* Dr. Stovell, iu the Bomiay Medical Journal.

f See further, A^atal ; The Land and its Story, by Kobert
Russell, Superintendeut of Education. (Maritzburg: Davis and
Sons. Loudon : Simpkin, llarshall and Co.).

third plateau, being the Central or Great Karroo, with
an average altitude of about 3,000 feet ; and the fourth,
the still loftier Northern Karroo, the highest and most
extensive of all the Cape plateaux, varying in height
from about 2,700 to 6,000 feet above the sea-level, the
average elevation being between 3,000 and 4,000 feet.
Beyond the Orange stretches the Diamond Fields country,
a less elevated continuation of the Northern Karroo ; the
wide undulating plains of the Free State, with an altitude
of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, and over 50,000 square miles
in extent ; the loftier and still more extensive plateaux of
the Transvaal, with a general elevation of from 5,000 to
7,000 feet ; tlie lower but more diversified uplands of
the Matabele country ; and, on the opposite side of the
continent, the irregular highlands of Damaraland and
Namaqualand ; these, together with the Cunene Table-
land and the trans-Zambesian Highlands on the north,
encompass and merge indefinitely into the great central
plains of Bechuanaland and the dreary expanse of the
Kalahari Desert. There are, as we have already remarked,
indications that this great central basin formed the bed,
at some remote age, of an immense inland sea, whose
waters rushed in intermittent raiglity cataracts over its
mountain-rim, as its rocky floor was gradually raised by
a succession of volcanic disturbances. Its present eleva-
tion is about 4,000 feet. Vryburg, in the south, is 4,300
feet, and Lake Ngami, in the north, 3,700 feet above the
level of the sea. When we bear in mind that the ther-
mometer fells one degree for every 300 feet of altitude,
we can readily see how, even in the semi-tropical zone of
the country, the climate is comparatively cool and brac-
ing ; and how, in the winter, on the high tablelands of the
Karroos, the Free State, and the Transvaal, the nigiits
are often intensely cold, the temperature frequently felling
to some degrees below freezing point.

Throughout South Africa, the temperature is more
equable in the coast districts than on the uplands in the
interior ; the mean daUy range for the year between
maximum and minimum being about 15° on the coast,
but nearly double that amount in the Free State and at
the Diamond Fields. Again, while the mean annual
temperature of the Diamond Fields and the coast, as far
as Natal, is about the same (63° F.), the mean maxinunn
for the month, which reaches 80° F. on the coast, fre-
quently exceeds 90° F. at Kimberley. North of Natal,
the coastlands become much hotter, and Durban itself
has a mean annual temperature of 8° F. above that of
Cape Town, where the mean temperature for the year is
almost exactly the same as the mean summer temperature
of England, 62° F.

On the whole, then, we may say that the coast climate
of the Cape Colony is warm, moist, and equable ; that of
the midland is colder and drier in winter and hotter in
summer ; the mountain climate is drier still and more
bracing, but with extremes of heat by day and cold by
niglit. The hottest month is generally January ; diirinc
that month the average maximum temperature during
the last ten or twelve years at Cape Town was 82° F., at
Port Elizabeth 76° F., at Graaf Reinet 87^ F., King
William's Town 84° F., Aliwal North 84" F., Clanwilliara
93° F., and Kimberley 93-7° F., which is the highest

i8

A LAND OF SUNSHINE AND HEALTH.

average in the colony. July is generally the coldest
month, and the minimum average at (;'ape Town is
46° F., at Port Elizabeth 48° F., at Graaf Reinct 36-^
F., at King William's Town 34° F., Aliwal North 28° F.,
ClanwUliam 39° F., and at Kimberley 38° F. The
fierceness of the sun's heat must be taken into account in
iudging of the temperature of the country, but the dryness
of the air makes the heat less felt than it would be in a
damper climate.*

The climate of Natal varies considerably, but although
it is nearer to the tropics, its mean annual temperature
hardly exceeds that of the Cape, which is nearly the
same as the mean summer temperature of England. At
Durban the highest temperature in the shade, in 1892, was
105° F., and on 31 days of that year it was over 90° F. ;
the lowest was 47" F. in August, and on 9 days only
was it below 50° F., while in January, February, Blarch,
and December it was never below 60° F. The mean tem-
perature at Pietermaritzburg is on an average of years
between 64° and 65°, or 4° lower than on the coast. The
winter is bright and dry, and the summer heat is tempered
by a clouded sky and frequent thunderstorms and heavy
rains. The climate is much more bracing at places like
Newcastle, Dundee, Howick, Pinetown, and Estcourt,
than it is on the coast ; the summers are hot, but the
nights and winters are cold. Snow is very rarely seen,
except on the tops of the highest hills and mountains, but
in the uplands the temperature on some nights in the
winter falls below the freezing point.t

In Bechuanaland, owing to the elevation, the extremes
of heat by day and cold by night are great, especially in
the winter, which, according to Dr. Livingstone, who
spent many years in the country, is the complete antipodes
of our cold, damp English winter. Here " the winter is
perfectly dry, and as not a drop of rain even falls from
the end of jSIay to the beginning of August, damp and
cold are never combined. However hot the day may have
been at Kolobeng— and the thermometer, previous to rain,
sometimes rose to 96° F. in the shade— yet the atmo-
sphere never had that straining and debilitating effect so
well known in India and in parts of the coast regions of
South Africa itself. You may sleep out of doors with the
most perfect impunity, as for many months not a drop of
dew falls."

The climate of the Free State, says Dr. Lawrence
Herman of Cape Town,|; is most delightful, being cool and
bracing, with a bright, superabundant, almost dazzling
sunlight. The days in summer during the morning and
evening are cool, but in the middle of the day the heat is
considerable, while the nights are cool and refreshing.
During the winter, the air is balmy and warm in the sun,
but the nights are intensely cold, the temperature rapidly
falling to some degrees below freezing point. Dr. Fuller,
of Kimberley, writing of the same country, says that,

♦ Handbook to the Cape, issued by the Emigrants' Information
Office.

t Handbook to Natal, issued by the Emigrants' Information
Office.

Jin his Paper on "South Africa — its Climate and Health
Resorts," in Mr. John Noble's Official Handbook to the Cape and
South Africa.

during the sis hottest months of the year, the average
maximum temperatiu-e is 82° F., the average minimum
for the same period 55° F., and the highest for one month
being 60° F. The heat of summer, therefore, he adds,
is considerable, but perfectly tolerable with the dry
atmosphere ; the nights are deliciously balmy, and enable
an invalid to sleep with doors and windows open diu^ing
the night, or even to sleep altogether in the open air.

The Transvaal, although partly within the tropics, is
so considerably elevated — the general elevation of the
country being from about 5,000 to 7,000 feet— that the
climate is cool and bracing, much more so than the coast-
climate many degrees further south. The winter season,
from April to September, is, says ilr. Jeppe, cold and
dry, particularly during the nights ; the days are often
as warm as in summer. During the winter months,
cutting, sharp, cold winds blow from the south, and the
High Yeldt and the Drakensberg Mountains are fre-
quently covered with snow. The mean annual tempera-
ture is 68'64° F., or about 6i° higher than that of the
Cape, or the mean summer temperature of England. At
Johannesburg, Mr. Miles, C.E., found the mean tempera-
ture for the three siunmer months — December, January,
and Febniary — was, in 1889, 7291° F., while for the
three winter months — June, July, and August — it was
5274° F. " During the winter months great and sudden
changes are experienced, for example, in May, 1892, on
two days the temperature in the sun fell from 111° F. to
30° F. ; in June, on 19 days from over 100° F. to under
4° F., and on 14 days from over 100° F. to freezing
point ; in July, on 18 days from over 100° F. to freezing
point. In August, on twelve days from over 100° F. to
under 40° F., and on five days from over 100° F. to
freezing."*

In the mountain districts of the Cape and Basutoland,
the climate is very fine, exhilarating in summer and
intensely cold and most bracing in winter. Snow lies on
the Cold Bokkeveldt in the Cape for weeks at a time, as
it also does on the Stormberg and other mountains. In
the Basuto country, the days in summer are warm, but
the heat is never excessive ; while in winter even the
days are cold, and the nights intensely so. " Frost is
generally met with towards the end of AprU ; May is a
delightful month ; and June is the commencement of
winter.''

Although entirely within the tropics, the climate of
Mashonaland and Matabeleland is by no means tropical,
the temperature ranging from 36° to 86° F. ; while
beyond the Zambesi, on the Milanji plateau, the heat,
though very considerable, is not excessive or injurious to
Europeans, provided ordinary precautions are taken, and
their stay is not too prolonged.

In German South-West Africa, the climate of the
Damara uplands in the interior, which have an average
elevation of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet, is not too warm,
and is even cold in winter. But along the arid and
waterless coastlands from the Cunene to the Orange the
climate is not agreeable to Europeans ; the heat is very
great, but it is dry, and a nmch more intense degree of

* Noble's Official Handbook.

A LAND OF SUNSN/\E AND HEALTH.

'9

dry heat can be borne without injury than the moist and
enervating heat that characterises the coastlands on the
opposite side of the continent.

Dryness is the chief characteristic of the climate of
South Africa, but, wlicu it <loes rain, " it pours." Vast
torrents of rain fall in a very short space of time, as much
falling in an hour as in a day in England. This, as Dr.
Fuller of Kimberlcy points out, exerts a marked influence
on the Inunidity of the atmosphere, which is much lessened
for the whole day with the more rapid downpour. And
not only is the rainfall intermittent and violent in
character, but it varies considerably in amount in different
parts of the country and from year to year, while
periodical and long continued droughts greatly interfere
with agricultural operations even in districts where
irrigation is jiossible. Except on the Eastern coastlands
and in the neighbourhood of the Knysna and other forest
tracts, the surface of the country generally is so hard that
the torrential rains flow oflf as fast as they fall, there
being nothing to restrain the moisture and allow of slow
filtration.

Tiie statement is IVeiiuently maile that South Africa is
drying up. If by this, says an eminent hydraulic engin-
eer,* is meant that the springs and streams are not so
constant as they used to be, the statement is undoubtedly
true. If it is meant that less rain falls now than in
former Instoric times, the statement has certainly not been
proved, and is most probably untrue. The early books
of travel speak of droughts in tlie interior ; Sparrman
mentions the great drought of 1775. Careful rainfall
measurement at the Royal Observatory at Cape Town
gives no support to the view that the rainfall is diminish-
ing. But the cutting down of trees and the burning of the
veldt have affected, and are aff'ecting, the permanence of
springs and streams. Both white men and natives seem
to act recklessly in this matter, cutting down bush for
kraals and firewood, the natives, especially, using large
quantities of young trees for their tents and game traps.
The increased number of flocks has also contributed to this
result. Where the grasses and bushes are eaten oft", the
sun bakes the soil, and the rain runs off into the rivers,
forming new " sluits " as it runs, and is lost in the sea
without replenishing the underground supplies. Sir
Charles Warren thinks that the alleged decrease of rainfall
may be due to a gradual change of grasses on the veldt,
and to the introduction of sheep, as well as to the veldt
fires. In former days, he says, there were long grasses
which were not suited for sheep, the sun scarcely ever
reached the soil, and evaporation was, therefore, very
gradual ; consequently the soil remained damp, and
there were many vleis and pans of water. Since the
introduction of sheep, the sun has been able to beat
fiercely upon the soil, moisture is rapidly exhausted,
and, in addition to this, the numerous cattle-tracks
tend to carry ofi^ the rainfotl much more rapidly to
the sluits and rivers, and the river beds have, in many
cases, sunk many feet during the last fifty years. The
result is that, where there used to be morasses and swamps,
there are now dry watercourses, and this is very remark-

* J. G. Gamble, Esq., C.E.

able in many parts of the country." During his stay
in South Africa, Sir Charles Warren also frequently
noticed that, where rain fell on a piece of ground early in
tiie season, succeeding showers fell on the same piece of
ground, while adjoining farms remained comparatively
dry ; and it frequently occurred that, where a large tract
became wet, heavy rains continued to fall during the
season. Of this peculiarity of the rainfoll in South
Africa, Mrs. Annie Martin, the accomplished authoress of
"Home Life on an Ostrich Farm "t— a series of most
delightfully piquant and graphic sketches of life in the
Karroo— says :— " The partiality of the thunderstorms is
surprising ; sometimes one farm will have all its dams
filled, while another near it does not get a drop of rain.
Often, during a whole season, the thunderclouds will
follow the same course, one unlucky place being repeat-
edly left out."

In almost all parts of " dry " South Africa, there are
immense tracts of the most fertile land, which only require
water to produce the most abundant crops. Numerous
wells have been sunk and dams made, but irrigation is as
yet in its infancy, though destined, in the near future, to
change the face and the fortunes of the countr3'', and to
enable it to support with ease a pojailation from ten to
twenty times as numerous as it does at present. In the
meantime, " the long droughts are certainly very trying ;
indeed, they could not possibly be endured by any country
less wonderfully fertile tlian South Africa, where it is
calculated that three good days' rain in the year, could
this but be had regidarly, would be sufficient to meet all
the needs of the land. But often, for more than a year,
there will be no rain worth mentioning ; the dams, or largo
artificial reservoirs, of which each farm usually possesses
several, gradually become dry, and the veldt daily loses
more of its verdure, till at last all is one dull, ugly brown,
and the whole plain lies parched and burnt up under a
sky, from which every atom of moisture seems to have
departed— a hard, grey, metallic sky, as different as
possible from the rich, deep-blue canopy, which, fiir away
to the north, spreads over lovely Algeria. The stock, with
the pathetic tameness of thirst, come from all parts of the
farm to congregate round the house, the inquiring ostriches
tapping with their bills on the windows as they look
in at you, and the cattle lowing in piteous appeal for
water ; and you realise very vividly the force of sucli
scriptural expressions as, ' the heaven was shut up,' or, ' a
dry and thirsty land, where no water is.' "

Olive Schreiner, in her incomparable " Story of an
African Farm," thus describes the great drought of 1862.
" From end to end of the land, the earth cried for water.
Man and beast turned their eyes to the pitiless sky, that,
like the roof of some brazen oven, arched overhead. On
the farm, day after day, month after month, the water in
the flams fell lower and lower ; the sheep died in the
fields ; the cattle, scarcely able to crawl, tottered as they
moved from spot to spot in search of food. Week after
week, month after month, the sun looked down from the

* Proceedinrj$ of the Royal Colonial Institute, vol. xvii., p. 9.
t Published by Messrs. George Philip & Smi, London and
Tiiverpool.

20

A LAND OF SUNSHINE AND HEALTH.

cloudless sky, till the Karroo-bushes were leafless sticks
broken into the earth, and the earth itself was naked and
bare, and only the milk-bushes, like old hags, pointed
their shrivelled fingers heavenward, praying for the rain
that never came."

The eastern coastlands are much more favourably
situated with regard to water than the rest of the country.
Their mountain-slopes and valle}'s are dad in verdiu-e,
kept ever green by the moLsture carried to them by the
trade-winds of the Indian Ocean. The vapour-laden
clouds and humid air-currents are arrested by the en-
circling mountain-barriers, and the moisture thus con-
densed descends in refresliing and fertilising showers on
their seaward sides. The Cape Peninsula, and some parts
of the south coast, together with many favoured spots in
the interior and towards the Zambesi, have an abundant
rainfall, and, consequently, a luxuriant vegetation.

In the eastern portion of the country, the wet season is
the summer ; in the western, the winter. In the summer,
the south-easterly winds, laden with the moisture from
the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, are caught by the
high mountain-chains and plateaux and deprived of their
moisture ; so that, while at this season heavy rains fall
in the eastern division of the Cape, the Transvaal, and
Xatal, the western districts ai-e comparatively dry. In
the winter, on the other hand, the prevailing uortli-
westerly winds discharge their moisture in copious rains
over the western districts, the midland and eastern dis-
tricts being then usually dry.

Mr. Gamble thus sums up the results of the meteorol-
ogical observations at the Cape. The north-west of the
colony, he says, is almost rainless. The south-west has
abundant winter rains. The south coast has rain in all
months, December and January being the driest time ; in
the midlands, as well as in the north and east, the rains
occur generally in February and March, although near the
coast there is a second maximum in October and November.
Droughts seldom occur all over the colony in the same
year ; in fact, it seems as if a drought in the interior fre-
quently occiu's in the same year as abundant rains on the
south-west coast.

In the Cape Colony, the annual rainfall (in inches)
during the last nine years has ranged from 23 to 41 near
Cape Town, 8 to 15 at Worcester, 16 to 24 at Mossel
Bay, 6 to 13 at Oudtshoorn, 12 to 24 at Graaf Reinet, 14
to 27 at Colesberg, 12 to 30 at Kimberley, 26 to 42 at
Graham's Town, 17 to 36 at King William's Town, 16 to 28
at Port Elizabeth, 15 to 41 at Qucenstown, and 2 to 12
at Beaufort West, as against 26 inches in London. In
the Great Karroo and Great Namaqualand and other
districts in the north-west, less than 6 inches of rain fall
in the year, while at Port Nolloth it is only two inches.

In Natal, on an average of years, rain falls at Pieter-
maritzburg on about 126 days in the year, of which 95
are in the six summer months, and 31 in the winter, while
no rain falls on about 239 days. The amount of rainfiill
in the year varies considerably in difierent parts. The
average rainfall in the winter months at Pietermaritzburg
is 7 inches, and 30 inches in the summer. On the high
lands above Ladysmith, the fall averages from 24 to 31
inches in the year. The rainfall at Durban, wliich Ls about

40 inches in the year on an average, and along the coast, is
heavier than on the hiU country in the interior. Although
the total amoimt of rainfall in Natal is not very largely
in excess of that in England, yet it appears far greater
through being concentrated into a shorter season.

In Bechuanaland the winter — April to September — is
dry ; rain falls from November to April, which are the
summer months. The water soon disappears, but it can
be generally got by digging in or near the river beds, or
by sinldng wells. The annual rainfall is about 25 inches.
" It has been remarked that the climate in this district is
gradually becoming drier, but the lack of reliable meteorol-
ogical observations renders it difficult to substantiate
this statement. It appears, however, that in former years
the hippopotamus was found in many pools of the Kuru-
man River, which are now nearly dry."

The climate of the Orange Free State is remarkable for
its dryness, the rain, which averages about 22 inches yearly,
falling principally during the violent thunderstorms
which occur at frequent intervals during the summer.
But the torrents of rain that then descend are soon
absorbed by the dry ground, and are quickly carried off
by the gaping sluits and deep river-beds that seam the
gi-ass-covered surface of the veldt.

The Transvaal is, on the whole, much better watered
tlian the Free State. The winter season, as in all
Eastern South Africa, is dry, the rains commencing in
September, setting in heavily about November— fre-
quently rendering the roads almost impassable— and
ending in March or AprU. Thunderstorms and hail-
storms are frequent during the summer months, while in
winter the high veldt and the mountains are covered
with snow. Mr. MUes, C.E., gives the the total rainfall
at Johannesbiu-g, in 1890, at 25'94 inches, falling on six
days ; in 1891 it amounted to 4085 inches, falling on 99
days ; in 1892 it was 27'54 inches, falling on 94 daj-s.
In some years not a drop of rain has fallen for five
months at a time. At Pretoria the raiafaU seems to vary
from 20 to 30 inches.

In the higher mountain districts all over South Africa
snow falls during the winter ; but there is not a single
summit that readies the limit of perpetual snow. In
Basutoland, the winter months — June, July, August —
are dry, rain seldom falling from May to October. Fre-
quent showers fall in October, November, and December,
but January and February are the rainy months. The
rainfall is also abundant in the Chartered Company's
territories — both south and north of the Zambesi. The
low-lying coast-lands of Portuguese East Africa have a
very heavy rainfall ; but the German territory on the
opposite side of the continent is almost rainless along the
coast and in the interior towards the Kalahari, altliough
the uplands are, on the whole, fairly well supplied with
water.

In the eastern portion of South Africa, hot winds are
occasionally experienced during the summer ; they come
from the north-west, carrying with them waves of heated
air from the central plains, and blowing as if from a furnace.
Fortunately, they are not of long duration anjTvhere. In
some parts of Cape Colony, and also in the Transvaal,
violent hailstorms occiu^, and do much damage to vegeta-

A LAND OF SUNSHINE AND HEALTH.

2i

tion aud stock. Thunderstorms are very rare in the
neighbourhood of Cape Town, but in almost every other
part of South Africa they are frequent in summer, and
often very grand. Fleecy clouds rise on the horizon,
swelling and darkening until the lightning flashes along
them, while the thunder peals out with long and in-
creasing reverberations. It is then a sight to watch the
brilliant colours and forms of the electric discharges, and
their varied track against the inky black sky — now
forked, now straight, now zigzagged, now in quivering
rays and horizontal flashes, appearing and disappearing
rapidly in the twinkling of an eye. Such striking e.xhib-
itions of the forces of nature, however, do not last long ;
after them the rain ceases, clouds roll up and disperse,
and a delicious cool atmosphere follows.*

With the exception of the Portuguese coastlands, and
the low-lying riverine districts along the Zambesi, South
Africa may be said to be one of the healthiest and most
salubrious countries in the world. This is amply proved
by the fact that, in physique, the descendants of Euro-
peans, both Dutch and English, have in no way deterior-
ated, but have in fact improved. The typical Buer —
a tall, well-built, strong, healtliy man — is a finer speci-
men of the genus homo than tlie present-day Hollander,
while an Africander of English descent is a lithe,
athletic, and sinewy fellow, much more active in his
movements, and capable of undergoing greater hardships
and severer privations, than an ordinary Englishman, even
though he be a man of note on the football ground or on
the cricket field. But besides the undoubtedly favourable
efl'ect of the climate on those born and bred in the coun-
try, it is "little less beneficial on those who, born in
Europe, reside there. Children grow more rapidly and
develop sooner, while a strong, sturdy manhood is fol-
lowed by a hajipy old age, with fewer of the attendant
senile diseases observed in the more vigorous climates of
the north." As far as the native races are concerned, we

* Official Handbook, Colonial anil Indian E.\hibition, 1886.

may say that, while some of the lower types have
decreased in number and will probably disappear alto-
gether, the stronger Kafiir races show no signs of dis-
appearing before the advance of the all- conquering
European, but are increasing rapidly and undoubtedly
improving, both physically and mentally, and seem
destined in future generations to occupy a by no means
ignoble position, industrially, intellectually, and politic-
ally, in the " United States of South Africa."

" South Africa as a Health Jiesort " is too wide a sub-
ject to be dealt with here, and mere generalisations are of
but little value, especially when we consider the diversity
of physical features and climatic conditions that are found
in so extensive a country, and of which diSerent parts
are suitable for different ailments or for the different
stages of disease, especially of the lungs, on which the
dry invigorating air, particularly that of the interior
plains and uplands, seems to exert the most beneficial
influence. Dr. Lawrence Herman says that sufl'erers
from bronchial and asthmatic afl'ections derive gi-eat
benefit from a stay in the country ; and that, where there
is any marked hereditary phthisical tendency, a residence
is most strongly to be recommended, particularly in the
case of children. In other conditions of debilitating and
wasting disease, much benefit will be derived from travel-
ling in the equable climate of South Africa, and a con-
valescence from a serious illness can be most profitably
spent by voyaging to the Cape, spending a short time
there, and then returning.

2'he Voyage to the Cape has become justly famed as
one of the most pleasant and enjoyable it is possible to
make, and the fine ocean-steamers of the " Castle Line "
have become celebrated for their comfort and punctu-
ality. Each carries a surgeon, and is provided with
everything necessary for the comfort and convenience of
passengers during the voyage, which is accomplished in
from 15 to 17 days, touching, outward and homeward, at
Madeira or Grand Canary, and occasionally at St. Helena
and Ascension.

IV.— THE SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE.

Nature will not bring bacli the mastoilon— Nor will game laws renew the teeming animal life of tlie country— Lions round Cape Town-
Plains literally darkened by all kinds of game— The interior still a "Sportsman's Paradise"— Ilunting on tlie South African veldt— The
matchless fauna of South Africa— The antelopes— The Cape buffalo— The zebra and quagga— The giraffe— 'J'hc black and the white rhinoceros
—The elephant— Beasts of prey— Hy.^'nas, leopards and lions— Dangers of lion-hunting— Prolific bird life— Game-birds of South Africa-
Snakes and vipers— South African fishing— Lord Randolph Churchill's advice to young Englishmen -Indescribable charm of life on the veldt.

Nature will not bring back the mastodon, aud neither
will the game laws, passed within the last few years by
the various governments in South Africa, renew the mar-
vellous display of animal life that met the astonished
gaze of the early settlers. When the Dutch landed in
Table Bay, the country absolutely swarmed with animals
of all kinds, packed, as Mr. Trimen says, with the ferw
naturae down to the very margin of the ocean. Lions
then chased immense herds of " harts and elands " on the
slopes of Table ]\Iountain, and hippopotami crashed
through reedy swamps on the very site of Cape Town.

Van Eiebeek, in his diary, tells us that one night the
lions— evidently desiring a change of diet — "appeared
about to storm the fort for the sheep within it," and not
long afterwards the king of beasts interviewed the Dutch
Commander in his own garden. For fifty years lions
prowled about the settlement, and as late as 1694 attacked
a herd of cattle within sight of the castle. If the settlers
ventured a few miles inland, they had sometimes to make
a detour to avoid troops of elephants, while in the Paarl
Valley were " many rhinoceroses and zebras, and great
numbers of hippopotami in the river." In 1685, Com-

THE SPORTSMAX'S PARADISE

mander Van der Stol made his famous expedition to
Namaqualaiid, and when somewhere in the vicinity of
tlie Piquet Berg, we are told that a rhinoceros furiously
charged his carriage and almost made an end of His
Honour when he jumped out.*

Later explorers and naturalists also give us some idea
of the matchless feuna of South Africa, but the innumer-
able hosts of animals with which the country teemed
have been so ruthlessly hunted and so wantonly destroyed,
that " never again will the traveller be able to stand upon
his waggon box, and, like Burchell, Andrew Smith, Corn-
wallis Harris, and Gordon Gumming, scan plains literally
darkened by thousands upon thousands of -ndldebeests,
quaggas, Burchell's zebras, blesboks, hartebeests and
springboks." Twenty-five years ago, the undulating
plains of the Free State swarmed with game— over 2D,000
head were driven before the guns of Prince Alfred's
shooting party in 1860. Speaking of the Transvaal,
Lord Randolph Churchill says that its wide and grassy
plains formerly abounded with game of almost every
description. Persons whose word can be implicitly relied
on informed him that, within the last fifteen years, they
remembered these plains being covered as far as the eye
could reach with countless thousands of wildebeest,
blcsbok, springbok, and other varieties of the deer and
antelope tribes. The Boers, however, slaughtered
without discrimination every wild four-footed animal.
" Forming themselves into large shooting parties, they
shot the beasts dowTi everywhere by scores, and by hun-
dreds, and by thousands, leaving the carcases to be
devoured by the vultiu-es, and going a few days after-
wards to gather up the skins which the vultures had
neglected, and which the sun had dried and tanned.'H
Little wonder, then, that the traveller can now compass
mile after mile of plain without seeing so much as a
solitary buck.

But although all over the settled parts of South .Africa
the slaughter has been reckless and ruthless in the ex-
treme, there are yet large areas where good shooting may
be had, whUe many a tract in the more inaccessible
regions Ls still a " sportman's paradise." Excellent sport
is to be obtained in jilenty by the sportsman who does
not fear hard work, and has made up his mind to journey
far into the interior, where many a gallant head of game
and many a rare species will fall to a well-aimed rifle. In
the Puugwe River hunting-grounds a prodigious quantity
of game— big and little— swarms. Buffalo, hippopot-
amus, rhinoceros, buck of all kinds — neither wild nor
wary — teem in the swamps and thickets on either side of
the railway. In Mashonaland, game abounds. " Ante-
lopes of all kinds are numerous. Sable antelope, wilde-
beest, hartebeest, eland ostrich — all can be found and
chased, though good galloping horses will be necessary
for success, while the presence of many lions ofiers an
exciting variation to the bold and steady shot." Further
west and north, towards the Kalahari and the Zambesi,
the hunter may, in a few weeks, come across girafJ'e, hip-
popotamus, ostrich, eland, sable antelope, roan antelope,

* Noble's Official Handbook.

■)■ J/en, Mines, and Animals in South Africa. (London:
Sampson Low & Co.)

koodoo, wildebeest, hartebeest, waterbuck, zebra, many
kinds of small buck, wart-hog, hytena, and jackal, and
l)robably leopard and lion. Almost every day he will
find game of some kind, and, without much exertion,
will be able to supply his camp with fresh meat. Even
if he does not venture north of the Zambesi, he will find
a wide range of animals, from the lordly lion and the
vicious buft'alo to the dainty steinbok and the stealthy
duyker, that will test his powers of endurance as well as
his skill as a marksman. Of the nobler game, Selous, the
hist of the great hunters in Southern Africa, shot lions,
giraffes, buffaloes, hippopotami, and rhinoceros ; and the
very perfect collection of South African fauna in the
Natural History Museum at Gape Town has been mainly
contributed by him.

With good horses, well-tndiied dogs, and proper guns,
hunting in the South African veldt is as pleasurable as it
is beneficial. " The morning rides through the bush have
an indescribable charm. The scenery, tlie fresh air, the
bright sunshine, and the knowledge that one may at any
moment come upon anything in the shape of game —
from a lion or a giraffe down to a pig or a baboon — lend
to these excursions a most exhilaratmg interest."* The
weather, in the winter, is perfect ; the days being bright
and warm with refreshing breezes, while the nights are
cool and even frosty. A few weeks of active, energising,
and yet restful life on the grass-covered veldt is immeas-
urably more health-giving than mouths full of ennui in
the soft air of the Riviera, or a winter in the dust-laden
atmosphere of Egypt.

Among the matchless fauna of South Africa, the most
conspicuous in number and variety ai'e the antelopes, of
which there are no fewer than thirty-one species, ranging
from the massive eland and the princely koodoo to the
little klipspringer and the diminutive blue-buck. The
steinbok and the dia/kei- (literally (/tije;')- so-called be-
cause, when ahu-med, it " dives " into the thickest bush —
are among the smallest and most beautiful of South
African antelopes, and are found abundantly on the open
plains and in hilly giounds of a bushy character from
the Cape to the Zambesi, and apparently thrive as hap-
pily on the driest pastures of the " Doorstland " as on the
greenest hill-slopes. The klipspriiuier is another agile,
handsome little antelope, but is only found among the
most solitary and rugged mountains, where it remains even
when snow falls. The blesbok formerly scoured the plains
in myriads, but they are now rare. They are preserved
on a few farms in the Gape, and may occasionally be met
with in the Reimblics. Small herds of springbok still
take their wonderful leaps over waggon tracks and paths
all over South Africa, but are very difficult to shoot,
much more so than the gallant little boschhok, which, as
its name implies, is found in bushy country. Bush-bucks
are common in the wooded kloofs of the Eastern Prov-
inces and the bush veldt of the Lim]joijo, and the
northern rivers— in the thick reed beds of which are
liidden the few survivors of the beautiful red and white
rletbok. The waterbuck — the krinijaat of the Boers — is
a handsome animal, the horns of the bull being very fine ;

* Men, Mines, and Animils in South Africa.

THE SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE.

25

but it is uot now abuudunt, even along the Botletle and
otlier streams in the far north, where also is found tlie
lechive, or lesser water-buck. The shy and swift vaal, or
grey rhebolc, is fairly plentiful on the higher gi-ounds,
and the elegant and beautifully coloured rooi rheboh
on the lower grounds, even in the Cape and Natal.
The grys steinhok is now very scarce. The undaunted
gemsbok, with its terrible horns, will attack and van-
quish even the lion. Small troops of this buck (which
figures on the Cape coat of arms, and is in all prob-
ability the original of the unicorn — the two horns,
when seen in profile, appearing as one) still scour
the country to the north of the Orange. The bontebok
may be found in the Transvaal and Bechuaiuxland,
but is extinct in Natal and the Cape, with the ex-
ception of a few preserved on one or two farms near
Cape Agulhas. A few of the zivaart wildebeest, or white-
tailed gnu, which also figures on the Cape coat of arms,
are preserved in Victoria West. The blaauw ivildebeest,
or brindled gnu, is now extinct south of the Vaal and
Orange, but is still plentiful in Khama's country and
along the Okavango and in the Mababe country, and
thence to the Zambesi.

The stately koodoo is a magnificent animal, and by far
the most plentiful of the larger antelopes. It stands as
high as a mule, and is of a soft grey colour ; its face is
beautifully marked with white, and it carries fine twisting
horns from two to three feet long. The sportsman will
find large numbers of koodoo in North Bechuanaland, and
in the bush veldt to the west of the Limpopo, and along
the Zambesi. On both banks of these rivers, and round
Lake Ngami, and along the Okavango and Chobe, will
also be found small troops of situttmga, or Speke's ante-
lope, the " water koodoo " of the trek Boers. The pookoo
is another rare water antelope, found near the confluence
of the Chobe and the Zambesi. The hartebeest, a fine an-
telope, but shy and swift, and the bloom-glossed tsesseby —
the " Zulu hartebeest " of the Boers — are rare, except in
the Kalahari, and along the Zambesi towards Mashona-
land. Extremes meet in the massive eland, the largest of
the antelopes, weighmg from 900 to 1,000 lbs., standing six
feet at tlie withers, and the hlaauwbok, the smallest of all
African antelopes, scarcely bigger than a rabbit. Immense
troops of elands formerly pastured on the plains, but large
herds are now only met with on the North Kalahari and
towards the Zambesi. But the antelopes which, of all
others, the South African hunter covets, are the roan
antelope, which is about as big as a fine Scotch stag and
quite as graceful, and the sable antelojx, a magnificent
creature with long horns arching over his back. These
beautiful antelopes, both roan and sable, are still abundant
in Mashonaland, and may be found in the northern portion
of Khama's country and in the Mababe veldt.

The Cape buffalo is perhaps even more dangerous to
hunt than the lion, its " nmscular development and mas-
sive horny front, backed by a temper of sullen ferocity,
render it an antagonist not to be trifled with, and hunting
literature teems with the accidents and hairbreadth es-
capes" incident on encounters with this terrible and
cunning beast. When wounded, it will lie jjerdu, waiting
until the hunter gets close and then charging suddenly

and swiftly, often with irresistible force and fatal results.
South of the Limpopo, the buff'alo is only found in the
Tzitzikama and Knysna forests, and in the Addo Bush,
where it may not be shot without express license from the
Government. In the marshy grounds of the Pungwe
River hundreds have been shot, and vast herds still
roam through the fever-stricken lowlands of the Barotse
country.

Perhaps the most beautiful and characteristic of all
equine animals is the zebra, which still survives in some
of the wilder mountains of the eastern provinces. Bur-
chell's zebra, which some travellers miscall quagga, is not
now met with, except in localities where water is to be
found, between Palapye and the Zambesi. The tnie
quagga, formerly so numerous on the Cape karroos and
the Free State plains, has, like so many other beautiful
animals, become extinct. Happily the giraffe, the
" kameel " or camel of the Boers, a unique and most
peculiar species, still exists in the safe retreat of the
great Thirstland of the North Kalahari. Very large
troops of this magnificent animal roam over the desolate
and waterless region to the south of the Botletle river, and
they are also found in considerable numbers in parts of
Ovampoland, and along the south bank of the Chobe.
There are only a few now left in the North Transvaal and
Mashonaland, where not so long since they abounded.

The hippojiotamus, the "zee koe " (.sea cow) of the
Boers, once so abundant in every river throughout the
Ca])e, is now confined to the lower waters of the Orange
and the East Coast rivers to the north of Natal. Montsioa,
the old chief of the Barolongs, told Mr. Bryden that he
remembered sea cows in the Molopo, a " river " which is
now a mere chain of pools, but they have long since dis-
appeared from Southern Bechuanaland, and must be
sought for in Lake Ngami, and in the Chobe and the
Zambesi, where they are very numerous.

Next to the elephant, the rhinoceros is the most
gigantic of all existuig land animals. The black rhinoceros,
says Mr. Selous, is still very plentiful throughout a large
tract of country along the southern bank of the Central
Zambesi, as it doubtless is also in many parts of the
interior to the north of that great river ; and it will be
many years, perhaps centuries, before it is altogether ex-
terminated. But its congener, the great while rhinoceros,
whicii may be regarded as specially South African, it
being unknown north of the Zambesi, is on the verge of
extinction, if not already extinct, although, twenty years
ago, it was common over an enormous extent of country
in Central South Africa. Two specimens have recently
been shot by Mr. R. T. Coryndon, a well-known South
African hunter. Both varieties have two horns, and in
the huge white or square-nosed rhinoceros the front horn
attained an enormous length of between 4 and 5 feet.

Like the buffalo, the elephant, with the exception of the
.small herds preserved in the Knysna forests and the
Addu Bush, has been exterminated in the Cape, Natal,
and tlie Trausviud, but large herds still frccjuent the well-
watered bush country of Northern Mashonaland, while
beyond the Zambesi there are plenty of them up the
Loangwa Valley. In Ngamiland and the Kalahari coun-
try the wild elephant is scarce ; in fact, the amount of

u

THE SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE.

ivory obtained from tlie whole cotmtry to the south of
the Zambesi is now very small. According to Sir. Selous,
elephaut-huntiug is even more exciting than lion-hunting,
and never can this noble game be beheld by the South
African hunter without pursuing it — a pursuit that en-
tails great hardshii)s, fatigue, thirst, and exposure to
the intense heat of a tropical sun.

Man has not been the only destroyer of the antelopes
and other herbivora of South Africa ; hyrena.s, cheetahs,
caracals, servals, hunting dogs, leopards and lions have
found ample scope for their powers of destruction. The
noxious hymna, both brown and striped, is hapjjily fa.st
disappearing from the settled districts ; the cheetah, or
hunting leopard— the "luipaard" of the Boers — yet chases
the antelopes on the upland plains ; while the leopard,
the " tiger " of South Africa, is still common in all parts
of the country, and, like the hyaena, often proves de-
structive to the flocks and herds of the farmers, by
whom they are poisoned or trapped in large numbers.
Although a leopard seldom ventures to attack man, it is,
when brought to bay or wounded, a most dangerous
animal to deal with, as savage as a lion, and as agile as a
cat.

All these animals afford good sport, not wholly free from
danger, but it is a.s a lion hunter that the South African
sportsman reaches the pinnacle of fame. Unlike the
leopard, the lion has disappeared from the country to the
south of the Vaal and the Orange, but it still exists in large
numbers in the bushier parts of Ngamiland and in the
regions between the Limpopo and the Zambesi. When
riding out from "Lion Camp," Lord Eandolph Churchill
saw a "yellow animal, about as big as a small bullock,
lolloping along through and over the grass," and soon the
glade appeared to be alive with lions. There they were,
trooping and trotting ahead like a lot of enormous dogs,
great yellow objects in the grassy veldt. Similar sights
may still be enjoyed by the ardent sportsman who
ventures beyond the Limpopo, but successful lion-shoot-
ing requires not only a cool nerve and excellent marks-
mansiiip, but the sportsman must be mounted on a
perfectly-trained fast horse, for often enough the hunter
becomes the hunted, ami then it is a race for life.

The dangers of lion-hunting are vividly shown by an
adventure that befell Selous when out riding one day
looking for game. One of his Kaffirs, he tells us, jumped
on an ant-hill and caUed out, " A lion ! a lion ! "
" Where ? " " There, there, close in front of you, lying
flat on the ground." Selous instantly saw him — a male
lion, crouched perfectly flat, with his head on his out-
stretched paws, and certainly not more than 20 yards
from him. He was too close to feel inclined to dismount,
and did not care to do so, especially as he was riding a
good shooting horse lent him by Lobengida. His horse,
however, would not keep perfectly still, and as he was
trying to get the sight on to the lion's nose below the
eyes, he saw him draw in his forelegs, which had been
stretched out, under his chest ; then his whole body
quivered. Selous knew well what these signs portended,
and that the lion was on the point of charging. Just at
that moment tlie intreiiid hunter fii'ed, and made a very
lucky shot ; touching the trigger just as the sight crossed

the lion's face, the bidlet struck him exactly between the
eyes. Death was, of course, instantaneous. On returning
to his camp, Selous had another and much more exciting
adventure with a lion, which he also shot. Wounded
lions are extremely dangerous to approach, and Selous
says that anyone who has not seen at close quarters the
fierce light that scintillates from the eyes of a wounded
lion, can hardly imagine its wondrous brilliancy and
furious concentration, gleaming with all the savage fiu'y
of unutterable though impotent rage.*

As the nobler game disapjjears, more attention will be
given by the sportsman to the prolific bird life of South
Africa. An English fowler can have no conception of
the diversity of feathered game that lies everywhere at
hand, Guinea-foiols swarm m vast numbers all over the
country ; the francolins — the " pheasants " and " part-
ridges " of South Africa — are plentiful ; many kinds of
bustards abound, including the great kori bustard, or
(jompaattiv — the king of South African game birds — and
the Jcoorhaan, one of the best of sporting birds ; the
striking and graceful Kaffir crane ; the curious secretary-
bird ; eagles of many kiuds, hawks aud falcons in great
variety, and vultures — the "aasvogel" of the Boers —
with the true wild ostrich, small flocks of which stUl
scour the open plains of the Kalahari and Ngamiland.
To shoot game birds in South Africa, a decent pointer is
a sine qua nan, and the sportsman must also acquaint
himself with the game laws, which are now more or less
strictly enforced in the country.

Snakes are, unfortunately, plentiful in South Africa.
The green tree-snake is a most active reptile, but probably
harmless. The coh-a, or hooded snake, is tolerably
common on the eastern coastlauds ; its movements ai'e
swift and its temper fierce, and its bite is quickly fat;il to
man and beast. Here also is found the huge python or
rock snake, sometimes twenty feet in length. The alert
and pugnacious ringhals is also venemous ; but the most
repulsive and dreaded are the puff-adder and other vipers,
the flattened-backwards, broadened head of which, has
" an expression that, for concentrated malignity and dull
ferocity, has no equal throughout nature."

South African fishing certaiidy cannot compare with
European or American sport ; but the enthusiastic di.sciple
of Walton can find fiiir sport with rod aud line in almost
all the rivers and pools throughout the country. Natur-
ally, as Mr. Bryden points out, sOuroid fish occiu- most
frequently, capable, as they are, of supporting life even
when nothing but a mudhole remains to them.

Space will not permit us to enter into any details as to
the outfit, the employment of Masarwas or Bushmen and
Kaflirs as trackers, and Dutch hunters as assistants in the
hunting veldt, etc. The sportsman will find ample
directions and most valuable " wrinkles " in the works
of Selous, Churchill, Bryden, Nieolls, Holub, Baines ; and,
in addition to some of these, he should take with him
" The Art of Travel," by Francis Galton, and " Shifts and
Expedients of Camp Life," by Baines and Lord.

We cannot, perhaps, close this very brief outline of

* Travels and Adventures in South-Eaalem Africa, By F, C>
Selous. (London : Rowland Ward).

THE SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE.

25

sport iu South Africa better than by the following extract
from Lord Randolph ChurchiU's well-known letters from
South Africa, republished under the title of " Men, Mines,
and Animals in South Africa," by Messrs. Sampson
Low & Co., Ltd. :—

" To the young Englishman fond of study, of riding, of
a wild hunter's life, active, vigorous, healthy, and endowed
with adequate fortune, those regions of South Africa
which extend from the Limpopo to the Hunyani River
ofler a field for sport not to be equalled in any other part
of the world. During the winter time — from May to
September — the climate of this region Ls almost perfect,
the risk of fever slight. The air of the veldt is invigorat-
ing, the scenery and surroundings attractive and various,
the life of the hunter temperate and wholesome. This
man, coming to these parts of South Africa, eager for
sport, will experience little, if any, disappointment. Ac-
companied and guided by some good Dutch hunter, he
will see, pursue, probably kill, every African wild animal,
with the exception of the elephant, buffalo, and rhinoceros.
These also may be obtained without difficulty, if one is
not daunted by the remoteness of the districts near the
Zambesi, by the real rough life incident on the absence of
waggons and of all beasts of burden, owing to the existence
of the tsetse-fly, and by hard walking exercise under the
heat of a tropical sun. But in the vast territory defined
above, the hunter may, without difficulty, surround and
cheer himself with every species of comtbrt. Waggons
drawn by oxen or by mules — the former are preferable
—can penetrate to any part of the bush veldt ; tents,
bedsteads, provisions of all kinds, can be carried with
ease ; and even a young Pall Mall sybarite would acknow-
ledge that there can be provided out here an inconceivable
combination of sport and luxury. The soundest sleep at
night, the best of appetites for every meal, the clear head,
the cool nerve, the muscle and wind a.s perfect as after
an autumn in the Highlands, are pleasures and delights
which can be here experienced, and to which many of our
London jeunesse doree are almost strangers. All kinds
of strange forest sights, all the beauties and many quaint
freaks of nature, will charm the eye and exercise the mind.

" Nor is the exciting element of danger by any means
altogether absent. The lion and the leopard are beasts
to encounter which, successfidly, requires skill, experi-
ence, and coiu-age. Snakes of great venom, and some of
great size, may not infrequently be met with ; falls from
the horse, when galloping wildly through the bush or

over the plain — such as even Leicestershire cannot rival
— may occur constantly ; and .should anyone imagine that
antelope-hunting in South Africa is a tame, safe kind of
amusement, three or four weeks' experience of it will
easily undeceive him. Then the game. Such numbers,
such variety, such beauty ! Nothing more wildly lovely
can be imagined than the sight of a herd of roan antelope,
or hartebeest, or zebra, galloping through the forest ;
nothing more wildly exciting than the pursuit of such a
herd ; sighting the game through the trees, sometimes
obtaining a fair standing shot at moderate range ; then
mounting your horse, loading as you gallop along, leaving
him to pick his way as best he can among the trees,
branches, roots, stones, and holes ; coming again within
one hundred and fifty yards, not dismounting, but almost
flinging yourself off your horse, and firing both barrels as
rapidly and as accurately as you may ; then on again, over
hiU, river, and dale, until you and your steed are alike
e-^hausted. Then the accompaniments, the framework,
as it were, of the chase : the early start, the break of
day, the cool morning air ; the return to camp, wearied,
but pleased and excited, the bath, the evening meal^
eaten with an appetite and a zest such as only an African
hunter knows ; the camp fire, the pipe, the discussion of
the day's sport, the hunter's stories and experiences, the
plans for the morrow— no thoughts of rain or bad weather
oppressing the mind : all this makes a combination and
concentration of human joy which Paradise might with
difficulty rival. Nor is this hunting life, when pursued
for a few months or from time to time, a useless, a frivol-
ous, or a stupid existence, especially when it is compared
with the sort of idle, unprofitable passing of the time
experienced from year to year by numbers of young
Englishmen of fortune. Nature and all her ways can
be observed and studied with advantage ; much know-
ledge of wild animals and wild men can be acquired by
the observant, the intelligent sportsman ; languages may
be learnt, habitudes and customs noticed and written
about ; interesting persons are met with, excellent friend-
ships are formed ; the mind and the body are seasoned,
hardened, developed, by travel in a wild country ; all its
many incidents, its rough and its smooth, its surprises,
its difficulties, its adversities, and its perils ; and I hold
this for certain that, in nine cases out of ten, a young
Englishman, who has had six months of South African
hunting life, will be a better fellow all round than he was
before he started."

v.— THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

Advantages of South Africa— A thinly-peopled and imperfectly developed country— European inhabitants— Boers and Britons— EnglibU
and Dutch— Native races— The Kaffirs— The Amakosa, Amazulii, and Bechuana Tribes— The KafSr Language— Hottentots and Bushmen.

South Africa, says Mr. John Noble, " has a most
healthful climate, where cloudless skies, continuous sun-
shine, and dry au' can be enjoyed to perfection. Its lands
give scope for every kind of jiastoral, and agricultm'al
occupation. Flocks of sheep, herds of cattle, and troops

of horses feed entirely on its natm'al plants and grasses.
Its soils are fertile, ofl'ering th.e most ample choice to the
cultivator, and producing almost anything and everything
grown in tropical or in temperate latitudes. Its mineral
deposits are varied and abundant, and some seem well-

26

THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

nigh inexliaustible. Its flora is one of the richest ou the
earth's surface. Its fauna embraces the most interesting
and conspicuous forms of the animal kingdom, and its
iuland regions are still ' the sportsman's paradise.' It has
settled European communities, some of whom have for
successive generations been engaged in the pioneering
work of colonisation ; and within its borders are native
poj)ulations, amenable to civilising influences and capable
of becoming an increasingly-important and valuable in-
dustrial element."

But with all its advantages and conditions, so favourable
to rapid progi'ess, this vast region — a region equal in
extent to all the countries of Western and Central Europe
taken together, and not less than ten times the size of
Great Britain and Ireland— is very thinly peopled, the
entire pojjulation only amounting to about 4A millions ;
and of tliese the Eurojieans, or persons of European
descent, scarcely number three-quarters of a mOlion.
That is to say, a country more than twenty times the
size of England has considerably fewer inhabitants than
London, and not so many white people as Liverpool. In
England, tliere are now nearly 600 people to the square
mile ; in South Africa, there are four ! Of white people
there are, on an average, only three to every five square
miles.

Of South Africa, therefore, it may be said, as Professor
Seeley said of the Empire as a whole, that it is as yet but
very thinly peopled, and very imperfectly developed ; a
young country with millions of acres of virgin soil and
mineral wealth as yet not half explored, with abundant
room for nmltitudes of Englishmen, and with homesteads
for them .all, for the most part in a congenial climate, and
out of the reach of enemies. Here, if anywhere, is amjile
space for the English race to expand and renew, under the
most propitious auspices, the mighty youth of the mother
country ; and towards this favoured land should be
directed the tide of British labour and capital that con-
tinues to flow over and fructify foreign and inferior
countries ; for here our emigrants would themselves thrive
under their own fig-tree, and rear children with stout
limbs and colour in their cheeks and a chance before them
of a human existence.*

The European inhabitants are mainly the descendants
of the early Dutch settlers and later British immigrants.
Tlie South African-born Dutch are scattered all over the
country as sheep and cattle farmers ; a large number of
English people are also settled on the land, but most of
them are to be found in the towns and mining centres.
Tlie genuine South African Boers lead a solitary and
jiatriarchal existence on their fai'ms, many of which
extend for miles, and include large areas of the richest
arable land, of which, however, the Boer cultivates but
a very small part. He is quite content if he has sufficient
pasturage for his cattle and a little seed-earth for his
corn ; and the more rapid roads to wealth, especially if
they necessitate residence in a town or a prolonged stay
at a mining centre, have no attractions for him. Lord
Eandolph Churchill, during his tour through South Africa,
formed a very pour opinion of the Boer jjopulation gener-

* Froude.

ally. The Boer farmer, he says, personifies useless idle-
ness, passing his day doing absolutely nothing beyond
smoking and drinking coffee, perfectly uneducated, and
proud that his children should grow up as ignorant, as
uncultivated, and as hopelessly uuprogressive as himself.
Other writers admire the Boer as a model pioneer, and
regard the trek-Boers as marvels of hardihood and cool
courage in the face of apparently insuperable and over-
whelming difficulties. Selous dwells upon the simple
kindness and gi'eat hospitality for which the Boers have
always been noted, and says that n(i people in the world
are more genuinely kind and hosjiitable to strangers than
the South African Dutch. He is also convinced that, in
South Africa, the Dutch element will never be swamped
by the English, as it has been in America. The South
African Dutch are one of the most prolific races in the
world, and very large families of from twelve to sLxteen
children are not uncommon. They have good natural
qualities, and only want education to enable them to hold
their own against the Englishmen and Scotchmen, the
Germans and Jews, who now fill the towns, exploit the
mines, and carry on the trade of the country.

The Cape having been settled by the Dutch, and for a
century and a half an exclusively Dutch possession, the
Boers would natirrally regard the forcible annexation of
their country by the English with anger and distrust ;
and subsequent events, particidarly the emancipation of
the slaves, deepened the hostility of the Boers, and caused
them to regard Englishmen generally with intense dislike
— their hatred of everything English culminating at last in
the voluntary exile of hundreds of families, who left their
homes and farms in the Cape and trekked away into the
then unknown interior, across tlie Orange and over the
Drakensberg, braving every difficulty and danger, and
even death, rather than submit to what they considered
an unjustifiable interference with their personal liberties.

For years, even after the founding of the republics, this
feeling permeated the rural Dutch-speaking population of
South Africa ; and, on the annexation of the Transvaal iu
1877, the old hostility against the English flamed out
anew in open rebellion iu that country, and in a very
bitter feeling among the Dutch of the Cape and the Free
State. The magnanimous restoration of independence to
the Transvaal, especially after the deplorable reverses at
Bronkhorst Spruit and Majuba Hill, won the confidence
of the great body of the Dutch people throughout South
Africa, and led them to regard the British Government
and their English fellow-colonists with feelings of respect,
friendship, and trust. And as they got to know each
other better, Boer and Briton became still friendlier and
more disposed to work together amicably, helping, not
hindering, the development which was seen to be good
alike for both. The spirit of the Dutch, as a people, is
too much like the English spirit to allow them to work
with the English on anything but equal terms.* The work
of Boer and Briton in South Africa is the same ; and no
false assumi)tion of superiority or useless regret for past
blunders should be jiermitted to wreck "the chances of
that peaceable expansion wliich is the complement of con-

* President Krugei.

THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

27

ciliation." And to the continuance of this auspicious state
of goodwill and mutual trust, the genius of the Cape
Prime Minister, Mr. Cecil Rhodes, not less than the
generosit}' of the surrender after Majuba, has contributed.
He has known how to secure the confidence of the Dutch
farmer, and, at the same time, to retain the trust of the
English settler, and he has shown in the daily practice of
his governnicut that their interests are entirely and abso-
lutely common.*

Although the Europeans or people of European descent
in South Africa are chiefly of Dutch or English origin,
there is a considerable foreign element — principally
French and German. A large number of Huguenots, or
French Protestants, driven from their own country by the
revocation of the Edict of Mantes, in 1685, sought refuge
in Holland, and about one hundred families were sent out
to South Africa, where they settled and devoted " their
best energies to the cultivation of the vine and the mid-
berry, the making of wine, the distillation of brandy, the
production of silk, and the development of agriculture
and horticulture generally." In a few generations, how-
ever, these exiles blended with their Dutch neighbours,
and ceased to speak their own language. It was nearly
a quarter of a century after the surrender of the Cape to
the English before Great Britain took any effectual steps
to plant her own people in the colony. In 1820, several
thousands of British immigrants lauded on the shores of
Algoa Bay and founded Port Elizabeth, thence spreading
inland over the lands between the Fish and the Sunday
rivers. From time to time, numbers of people from
other countries have settled in various parts of South
Africa, the most numerous being the Germans, whose
thrifty habits and steady industry have proved of ines-
timable value to the country.

English is the language in general use all over South
Africa, especially in the towns and mining districts.
Dutch is, of course, the ofKcial language in the Transvaal
and the Free State, and may also be used in the Cape
Parliament, but the rude patois, known as "Capo Dutch,"
is now only used by the Boer farmers in the country
districts, and all attempts to make this dialect the
national language of South Africa have failed. The
relative importance of the two languages may be inferred
from the number of newspapers published in each of
them. No less than 64 English and only 7 Dutch journals
arc published in the Cape ; 7 English and none in Dutcli in
Natal ; 2 English and none in Dutch in Bechuanaland ;
2 English and 1 Dutch in the Free State ; 19 English
and 3 Dutch in the Transvaal : in all, 94 English papers
and 11 Dutch. There are no statistics as to the actual
number of English and Dutch people in the various
states and colonies, but in the Western Province of the
Cape most of the country people are Dutch, while iu the
Eastern Province and Natal the English predominate.
In the Free State the bulk of the people are Dutch ; iu
the Transvaal, since the great rush to the goldfields, the
Dutch have been outnumbered by the British, German,
and other immigrants. Nearly all the Dutch people in
the Cape can speak English, and English is also taught

* Lord Itamiolpli Cliurckill.

in almost all the schools in the Free State and the
Transvaal.

The heterogeneous native races in South Africa greatly
outnund)er the white population ; but, if we consider the
size of the country, their numbers are by no means ex-
cessive, being only about three to the square mile. They
include the Mbced Eaces, the Bantu tribes, the Hotten-
tots, and the Bushmen. The Mixed Races are de-
scendants of imnu'grants from Java, Ceylon, Bladagascar,
&c., and various natives, and form "a motley population of
every gradation of colour, feature, and physique." These
" Cape Boys," as they are called, are of great service as
day labourers and domestic servants.

The Kaffir's are the most numerous and widely sjiread
of all the native tribes of South Africa. They belong to
the great Bantu fanuly — a race that includes all the
African tribes from the Cape to tlie Congo, and from the
Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, excepting only the Hot-
tentots and the Bushmen, who seem to be the remnant
of an aboriginal population that was driven to the south-
western corner of the continent by the great Bantu wave
from the north.

The typical KafSr is, physically and mentally, superior
not only to the Hottentot and the Bushmen, but also to
the true Negro, and is a finer sjjecimen of the genus homo
than any other African race. Tall and well-proportioned,
strong, muscular, erect, haughty, fearless, but cruel and
callous, though sensible to kindness and consideration,
with intellectual qualities of no mean order ; such is the
Bantu, who has bravely fought both Boer and Briton, but
whose assegai and shield proved of little avail against the
rifle and the cannon.

The Ama-Kosa, or Kaffirs proper, occupy the beauti-
ful and fertile coastlands between the Cape and Natal.
Here are located the Gcalekas, the Gaikas, the Tembus,
the Pondos, and other Bantu tribes, all of whom are now
under the direct control of the Cape Government. The
Ama-Zulti include not only the well-known Zulus of
Zululand, but also the Swazis, the Tongas, the Mauikoos,
the Matabeles, the Mashonas, and other kindred tribes
from Natal to the Zambesi. The Bechuanas axe the most
numerous and perhaps the finest-looking, though not the
most warlike, of the South African Kattii-s. The various
Bechuana tribes, of which the most notable are the
Bamangwato and the Batlapin, are all found within the
limits of the British Crown Colony anil Protectorate.
The Ova-Herero and Damara and Ovampo tribes, in the
German Protectorate and the south of Angola, are also
pure Bantus or Kaffirs.

The Kaffir language, says Theal, is rich in words,
musical and euphonious, and there is no difficulty what-
ever in expressing any idea in it. The three "clicks" in
Kaffir have been adopted from the Hottentot, and are
somewhat difficult to sound, but European children very
quickly master all the intricacies of Kaffir pronunciation
and style, and are soon able to speak Kaffir as fluently
as their own mother tongue.

Kaffirs are no longer mere savages. Contact with
Europeans for two centuries has resulted in an appreci-
able advance towards a state of civilisation and progress.
Thousands of them have " acquired han<licrafts, engaged

28

THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

in industrial trades, and accumulated fixed property ;
many of them may proudly point to churches and chapels
that have arisen chiefly from their own efforts, where
large congregations, neatly dressed and well behaved, now
regularly assemble at the sound of the Sabbath bell."
The marvellous progress of the Basutos, during the last
decade, and the prosperous condition of the Bamaugwato
under their enlightened chief, Khama, a Christian and a
gentleman in the highest sense, show that, under firm
and wise guidance, the Kaffir is capable of development
and of occupying, in the near future, a much higher posi-
tion among the peoples of South Africa than he does at
present.

The Kaffii' tribes show no signs of disappearing before
the white man ; on the contrary, they are rapidly in-
creasing in number. For instance, in 1839 the highest
estimate of Bantu population, between the Umzimvubu
and the Tugela, was under 10,000. Sixty years later,
there were nearly a million Kaffirs on the same ground.
And from the various Kaffir locations swarms periodically
migrate and occupy vacant places, so that the great un-
inhabited wastes, that every traveller of half a century
ago describes, are now teeming with human life. That
the Bantu population, from the Limpopo to the sea, has
trebled itself by natural increase alone within fifty years,
is asserting what must be far below the real rate of
growth.* The sanguinary wars of merciless tjTants, such
as Tsliaka and Moselekatse, involved the destruction of
hundreds of thousands of natives ; and Lo Bengula is
said to have slaughtered over a million of the Mashona
and other tribes. Inter-tribal conflicts, witchcraft, and
" smelling out," also widened the ghastly gaps in the
Kaffir tribes ; but, with the conquest of the Matabele and
the annexation of Poudoland, all this terrible waste of
life may be said to have ceased ; and in a few gener-
ations the numbers of these prolific polygamists wU be
enormous, and will furnish an inexhaustible supply of
labour for the development of the country. Given suffi-
cient inducement and fair treatment, the Kaffir will work,
and that steadily and well ; thousands of them are now
working in the Diamond Fields and in the gold mines,
the coal mines, and on the railways ; while, on the
farms and in the households, the labour power is Kaffii-.
Europeans are only emjfloyed in skilled work, or to dnect
and superintend the labour of the natives.

Unlike the Kafiirs, the Hottentots and the Bushmen —
the aboriginal, and once the dominant, races of Southern
Africa — are steadily diminishing in numbers, and in a
few generations will probably be extinct. The pure
Hottentot race is already extinct in the Cape ; of the
50,000 classed as Hottentots in the census of 1891, but
few, if indeed any, are piu-e-bred, and the Koranna and

* Tlieal's History of the liepuUics of South Africa, 1SS9, p.

p. 404.

Namaqua Hottentots found north of the Orange River
are probably also a mixed race. The Bushmen are
evidently the remains of a great primeval pigmy race
that once overspread Southern Africa, but was broken up-
by successive immigrations of Hottentots and Kaffirs,
and its fragments driven into almost uninhabitable deserts
and inaccessible mountain fastnesses. The.se wretched
nomads were ruthlessly hunted by the early Dutch
settler.s, who shot them down like vermin ; and disease,
the assegai, and the rifle exterminated many a tribe of
both Bushmen and Hottentots. The Kaffirs killed every
Bushman they could find, and were frequently at war with
the Hottentots, with whom, however, a process of amal-
gamation went on along the frontier, so that, in some cases,
Hottentot tribes became Kaffir clans. Hottentot women
also became the slaves of Dutch Boers, and from them
sprang the bastard race now kno-mi as Griquas. " The
Cape Hottentots and the Griquas have certainly emerged
from barbarism. They have lost their indigenous manners
and usages, but from their ancient pastoral habits retain
traditionally their pas.sionate love for the ' beesties,' and
for this reason are universally employed in all occupations
connected with horses and cattle." The Korannas in
Bechuanaland, and the Namaqitas and the Hill Damaras
in the German Protectorate, are all classed as Hottentots,
but the Koranna and Namaqua exhibit Bantu charac-
teristics, while the miserable Hill Damaras differ only
in colour from the abject Bushmen, who, however, have
some good points. . Selous says that, as trackers and
assistants in the himting veldt, the Masarwas, or Busli-
men, are imrivalled, especially if they are half starved,
for as soon as they get fat they become lazy and careless
like dogs. He says that there is one fixculty which the
Bushmen possess in an extraordinary degree, and that is
the sense which enables them to find their way, by day
or night, through level pathless forests, where there are
no landmai'ks whatever, to any point which they -nish to
reach, where they have ever been before.

The Bushman's language is, like the race, primeval in
character, and is apparently " a collection of clicks modi-
fied by grunts." The Hottentot tongue, on the contrary,
which is now, however, only spoken by a few wandering
tribes, is more highly developed than even the Bantu,
though both have adopted the click, presumably from the
Bushman. Both Bushmen and Hottentots are poetical
in their ideas, and have an extensive traditionary litera-
ture full of wonderful myths and curious fables. In the
Bushmen, the artistic faculty was well developed ; in
the caves they inhabited are to be found coloured draw-
ings in clay and ochre of animals and^men, and repre-
sentations of a mythological character relating to theur
customs and superstitions.*

* Noble.

(29)

VI.— THE MAKERS OF SOUTH AFRICA.

The real " Makers" of South Africa— Its farmers, miners, and trailers— South African farms— Ostrich farming— Land under cultivation-
Irrigation— The model farm of the Transvaal— Viticulture— Tobacco, sugar, and tea planting— iMining— Diamonds and gold— Copper and
sliver— The South African coalfleld- Iron ore— Lead, cobalt, and other niinerala -The traders of South Africa— South Africa, a single trade
area- Means of communication— Railways and Eoads— Commercial position of South Africa— A customer, and not a competitor, of England.

The real " Makers " of South Africa are its farmers, its
miners, and its traders ; the men who pasture their flocks
and herds on the upland plains and mountain slopes, or
cultivate the valleys and watered lands ; the men who
delve deep in the eai'th for the gold and silver, the
diamonds and coal ; and the men who collect and forward
the produce of the farm and the mine, and distribute the
necess.aries and luxuries dra^^^l from other lands.

The farmers occupy a foremost position among the
" Makers " of South Africa ; their industry is the first in
order of time, and is first also in order of importance to
the well-beiug of the country. The great bulk of the
native population and the majority of the European
inhabitants of South Africa are settled on the land, and
are occupied in the rearing of stock or the cultivation of
the soil. The farmers are chiefly occupied in the rearing
of sheep and goats, the breeding of cattle and horses,
and the country is, on the whole, better suited for
pastoral pursuits than for agricultural operations. South
African farms generally are very large, and the farmers
are, for the most part, owners of the land which they
occupy. Wool has always been and still is a most im-
portant and staple source of wealth, and the grasses of
the South African veldt and the pasture plants of the
karroos are admirably suited for the growing of the finest
wool. Over seventeen million sheep are pastured in the
Cape, one million in Natal, seven millions in the Free
State, and several millions in the Transvaal, Bechuana-
land, etc. Millions of the beautiful Angora goats, which
yield the valuable mohair, are also reared, chiefly in the
Cape ; and in time, with careful and intelligent super-
vision. South Africa might surpass Turkey as a mohair-
producing country. Cattle are extremely numerous in
almost every part of the country, but the formerly
enormous demand for oxen for transport-riding has been
greatly diminished by the opening of railways, previous
to which, practically, the whole of the goods trafiic was
carried on by means of ox-waggons.

In the neighbourhood of the larger towns, or near the
lines of railway, dairy-farming is very profitable ; but
very little has been done towards the cultivation of food
for milch cows or other stock, the animals being left to
depend entirely on the natural veldt, with the result that
in times of drought they get into a very poor condition, and
numbers die. Attempts are now being made, and to all
appearances will be as successful as similar attempts in
Australia, to develop an export trade in butter and other
dairy produce ; but the present supply of milk and
butter, especially in dry seasons, falls short of the local
demand, and prices often run very high.

Ciu-iously enough, although the natives of South Africa,
at the time of the discovery of the Cape, had cattle,
sheep, goats, dogs, and poultry, and the country was the
native home of three species of zebras, horses were un-

known, and were first introduced by the Dutch East
India Company from Java. Others came from South
America, and the stock was from time to time improved
by pure Arabs and English thoroughbreds. Cape horses
have, however, deteriorated, and at present there is no
extensive demand for them, although a few are exported
to India for army purposes. " Bony, high-withered,
and goose-backed," though the uiilioautiful Cape horse
is, it is hardy and enduring, of indomitable pluck, and
capable of stfinding hot and cold weather in the open,
and keeping in good condition on the natural veldt.

Another peculiar and most importnnt industry of the
Cape is ostrich-farming. Up to 1864, ostrich leathers
were obtained only from the wild birds, and European
and native hunters chased and killed them at all times
of the year, until they were almost exterminated. Be-
tween 1857 and 1864, however, a few farmers had suc-
ceeded in rearing a number of wild ostrich chicks, and
ostrich-farming soon became a recognised industry. No
great advance, however, was made until Mr. Douglass
perfected his incubator. Artificial hatching entailed
artificial rearing, and thus the formerly wild and exces-
sively shy bird has become perfectly domesticated.
Ostriches are now bred and reared like poultry, but the
price of the feathers fluctuates so much that only farmers
with considerable capital and special knowledge and
experience can succeed in an industry so dependent on
the capricious whims of fashion.* There are now a quar-
ter of a million ostriches in the Cape, and the industry
is spreading to the north of the Orange and the Vaal.
In order to preserve its monopoly, the Cape Govern-
ment has imposed a tax of ilOO on every ostrich, and
i"5 on every ostrich egg, exported. A graphic account of
ostrich farming will be found in Mr. Dougla.ss's paper in
the Official Handbook to the Gape, and in Mrs. Annie
Martin's brightly- written ^^ Home Life on an Ostrich
Farm."

The land under actual cultivation, even in the long-
settled districts of the Cape, is comparatively limited,
although the agricultural capabilities of the country are
practically inexhaustible. The rainfall in the south-
western and eastern coast regions is ample ; elsewhere,
except in some favoured localities, it is impossible to rely
upon a regular return from the soil without irrigation,
which has many advantages, as " it enables more valu-
able crops to be grown than those which can be produced
without irrigation ; and in a climate like that of South
Africa, which Ls warm enough for vegetation all the year
round, it permits crops to be raised almost without

* For instance, though 259,933 lbs. of ostrich feathers were
exported in 1S93, as ag.aiust 253,954 lbs. in 1882, yet their
declared value was only £461,652, as against £1,093,989 in the
former year.

THE MAKERS OF SOUTH AFRICA.

interruption — one crop following another in close suc-
cession." *

The authorities in the Cape are iloing tlieir utmost to
encouraije irrigation — the largest irrigation work yet
undertaken being Van W>/k's Vlei in the Carnarvon
district. Where the rainfall is sufficient, splendid crops
of the finest wheat, barley, and oats are grown ; but
maize, or " mealies," is a much more certain crop, and is
more widely grown, forming, as it does, the staple food of
the natives, from the Cape to the Zambesi. Kaffir corn,
or millet, is largely grown for making native beer.
Basutoland has perhaps the best wheat-growing land
in all Africa, and the south-eastern districts of the Free
State and the Transvaal are admirably adapted for the
growth of the king of cereals.

Until recent years, however, the farmers north of the
Orange did little in the way of cultivating .the soil ; and
even now, with all the opportunities for profitable culti-
vation consequent on the settlement of a large mining
population, the Boer farmer is very loth to exert himself.
A well-to-do Boer was one day boasting that he had
obtained exactly double the price which he had expected
for his wheat. " I suppose," an English friend said, con-
gratulating him, " that you will sow a double quantity
this year." " A double quantity ? " replied the Dutchman,
" half the quantity you mean ! Don't you see that, with
a double price, half the quantity will give me the same
return ? " The description given by The Times Special
Correspondent, in her " Letters from South Africa, "t of the
Irene Estate, on the railway near Pretoria, shows what
may be accomplished by intelligence and enterprise. At
this place scientific farming has only been attempted for
two years ; and yet the wi-iter says that if she were to
endeavour to describe the full result, she should probably
be accused of wishing to re-edit "Kobinson Crusoe."
" Everything that is -written of the material resources of
this astonishing country must read like exaggeration, and
yet exaggeration is hardly possible. The fertility of the
soil is no less amazing than the mineral wealth. Sowing
and reaping go on all the year side by side, and there is
no fallow time for the gi-ound Here were pea-nuts ready
for reaping, and green oats, barley in the ear and barley
in the shoot, Swedish turnips fit for storing and Swedish
turnips just shooting, mangold- wurzel, also in both stages,
rye in the ear, carrots quite young and carrots ready for
storing, potatoes in both stages ; and in one immense
field the sowers and the reapers had literally met. At
the far end maize was standing, reapers were busy cutting
and carrying the sheaves of corn; upon their heels sowers
followed putting the wheat into the ground ; and at the
near end, where maize had been standing ten days before,
thin green blades of wheat were already shooting. So
vigorous is the growth of everything, that forest trees
planted only two years ago were already high enough to
give shade ; apples grown from seed of March, and grafted
in October, will bear fruit this year. With the exception
of cherries, gooseberries, and currants, all European fruits

* Chisliolm.

f Republished in booli-form by Messrs. Jlacmillaii & Co.,
Loudon and New York.

flourish well. Throughout the estate, the watercourses
which divided the fields were bordered by hedges of
quince, pear, apple, plum, and peach. The gardens con-
tained a profusion of Eurojwan vegetables and fruit-trees.
Acres of roses, violets, and ornamental plants surrounded
the houses ; but nothing seemed to impress upon me more
vividly the rapidity with which the place had spning into
being than the simple fact that, after hours of driving
through vineyards, woods, and cornfields, we were met at
the door of the house by a baby child of two and a half,
who was older than everything we had seen. The estate
had been named after her. When she was born, the spot
on which it stands was nothing but bare veldt." And in
almost every other part of South Africa, where the rains
are copious, or irrigation possible, the soil and climate are
equally favourable, and only require capital and energy
to be brought to bear upon them to yield magnificent
results.

But the extraordinary fertility of the soil in South
Africa is shown, perhaps, most strikingly by the Cape
vineyards, the produce of which in quantity and quality
surpass those of any other vine-producing country in the
world. In the coast districts of the Cape, the average
yield amounts to 86i hectolitres per 10,000 vines ; in the
inland districts it is, on an average, 173 hectolitres ; but
many farmers in the Worcester, Montagu, and Ladismith
districts, obtain, year after year, as much as 3 leaguers
from 1,000 vines, which amounts to what a European
wine-farmer would consider the incredible quantity of 287
hectolitres per 10,000 vines ! Now, according to Baron
von Babo, the greatest living authority on viticulture,
the average production of wine per hectare of 10,000
vines in Italy, in the United States, and in Australia,
is 144 hectolitres ; in Spain 17, in Greece 17|, in France
18i, Austria 18i, Hungary and Germany 24, Algeria
25j, and Switzerland 42 hectolitres ; that is, at the
Cape, ten to twenty times the amount of wine can be
raised as from the same area in Australia or the States,
and twice to six times the amount obtained in Switzer-
land. Unfortunately, the Phylloxera made its appear-
ance in the Cape in 1886, and, in spite of all attempts
to eradicate this dreaded pest, it has spread rapidly ;
but nurseries have been established by the Govern-
ment for the purpose of raising such varieties of American
vines as have been proved to be phylloxera-resisting.
The varieties of the Cape gi"apes, grafted on these
American vines, are much larger than from vines which
were planted directly from the cuttings, and this augurs
a bright future for the Cape as a wine-producing country.
The Constantia and a few other wines have a deservedly
high reputation, but Cape wine and brandy generally
ai'e of inferior quality, and are consumed jirincipally by
the natives; and it is "a sign of the robustness and
vitality of the indigenous races in South Africa that they
have not yet been exterminated by ' Cape Smoke.' "

Tobacco is also cultivated in the Cape and Natal and
in the Transvaal, but the industry is still in its embryo
state, although capable of development. Sugar and tea
planting in Natal have passed beyond the experimental
stage ; a considerable quantity of sugar of excellent
quality is exported, and the tea produced is of good

THE MAKERS OF SOUTH AFRICA.

31

flavour. Coffee and arroioroot also thrive on the moist
coastlands. No greater stimulus could be given to the
development of the sugar, tea, tobacco, and other indus-
tries in South Africa, than the free exchange of the in-
digenous products of the various colonies and states, and
the formation of a Customs Union for the whole of South
Africa, a region which, from a practical point of view,
forms but a single trade area.

Mining has become so prominent an industry in South
Africa that, judged simply by the value of their products,
the miners already rival, and may before long surpass,
the farmers in importance as " Makers " of the country.
The mineral wealth of South Africa is amazing ; its stores
of diamonds and gold are practically inexhaustible ; while
abundant supplies of coal and iron will quicken its in-
dustrial development, and put its progress upon a per-
manent and stable basis. The wealth of the country in
diamonds and gold has been already referred to ; those
who desire further information should read Mr. Theodore
Reunert's exhaustive and graphic work — Diamonds and
Gold in South Africa. The shutting down of important
diamond mines, and the restriction of the output in order
to keep up the price,* has made gold-mining the most
important of all South African industries, but the coun-
try contains rich deposits of other metals and minerals,
but few of which have as yet been worked.

The copper mines of Namaqualand are not surpassed
in richness of yield by those of any other country ; and
the new silver mines in the Transvaal may, in the near
future, prove no mean rival to the gold-fields. The prin-
cipal silver mine now worked is in the district of Pretoria,
about 50 miles east of Johannesburg, and six miles from
the coal-fields, upon which the silver industry may be
said to be entirely dependent for its existence. Some
samples of ore from this mine nm over a thousand ounces
to the ton, and the reputedly argentiferous country is
some thousands of square miles in extent.

Next to the precious metals and diamonds, the future
of South Africa rests upon its coal and iron. The great
coalfield of South Africa embraces an area of some 56,000
square miles, and extends from Burghersdorp to Aliwal
North in the Cape Colony, and thence to the vicinity of
Bloemfontein in the Free State, Heidelberg and Lake
Chrissie in the Transvaal, there bending south-ea.stward
to Newcastle and Ladysmith in Natal, and along the
eastern foot of the Drakensberg to the Stormberg, above

• "The world's stock of diamonds has increased enormously dur-
ing the past fifteen years. In 1S76, tlie output of the South
African mines was about 1,500,000 carats ; in 1893, it was over
4,000,000 carats, and the great trust, which controls all the prin-
cipal mines, asserts that it has 16,000,000 carats in hand at the
present time. Meantime, the demand for diamonds has greatly
increased, and they are more expensive to-day— partly because of
the trust, and partly because of the inere.ased demand— than they
were a short time .ago.

In one respect the diamond industry is different from almost all
others. Its product, that is of gems, is never consumed. Of
gold and silver, a much larger amount than most people would
believe is liter.ally consumed in the arts past recovery, but a
diamond once cut goes into the world's great stock, and is liable
to come upon the market at any time."

Queenstown. The principal coal-mines in the Cape are
at Cyphergat, Molteno, Fair View, and Indwe. The
Indwe Mine, about 60 miles north-east of Queenstown,
is considered the centre of the Cape coal area. The
Dundee coalfield, in Natal, now has an annual output of
over 100,000 tons of coal, adapted for general steam pur-
poses as well as for domestic use, while, in some districts
in the Transvaal, the deposits are so numerous as prac-
tically to form a continuous coal-bed over a large area
of country ; in most cases the main seam is of considerable
tliiokness, in many places being over 20 feet thick, ten
feet thickness of clean coal being very common.* A very
important colliery is now in fidl work at Vereeniging, on
the Transvaal-Free State Railway, near the junction of
the Vaal with the Klip river, and about 30 miles south
of Johannesburg. An outlying deposit is also being
worked at Boksburg, about twelve miles east of Johannes-
burg, and at Brakspan and the Spring.?, to the east of
Boksburg ; but the most extensive deposits are those of
the Oliphants and Wilge Rivers district, through which
the Dclagoa Bay-Pretoria Railway will pass. " The
proximity of large beds of coal to the goldfields on the
Rand has been of immense value in their development,
and but for this singular and most happy juxtaposition
of the coal and the gold, many of the mines would not
be worth working at all. And as railway communication
is opened up between the De Kaap and other goldfields
and the collieries, we may expect an enormously greater
production of the precious metal."

Another fact, pregnant with most important conse-
quences to the future of South Africa, is that " in close
proximity with the coal there are enormous deposits of
the finest iron ore, especially in Natal and the Transvaal.
In both countries, the natives have for years extracted
and used the metal for the manufacture of battle-axes,
assegais, and other weapons. Lead ore, with an unusual
proportion of silver, abounds in the Transvaal, especially
in the Marico district, and cobalt is found in the Jliddel-
burg district, while rich deposits of tin have been dis-
covered in Swaziland. Crocidolite occurs in Griqualand
West, and as for the diamond, the Kimberley mines
may find formidable rivals in the Free State and the
Transvaal. A new diamond mine is being opened near
Kroonstadt in the Free State, and the gem has been
discovered on the banks of the Crocodile River and else-
where in the sister republic. Besides these, platinum
and plumbago, manganese and the garnet, agate, ame-
thyst, jasjKr, chalcedony and other precious stones,
marble equal t« the best Carrara, building-stone and
lime, occur in various parts of the country. As a
mining country, then, Africa south of the Zambesi has
certainly a brilliant future, and where the miners go,
the farmers follow, and thus districts, that might other-
wise remain unoccupied for generations, save perhaps by
a native clan or two or a few half nomad Boers, become
peopled and endowed with all the comforts and con-
veniences of an advanced civilisation in a few years.

The traders of South Africa, although they are in no
sense producers, like the farmers and the miner,?, but

'Ernest Williams, Esq., M.I.C.E.

THE MAKERS OF SOUTH AFRICA.

simply intermediaries between i)roducer and consumer,
yet rank high among the "makers" of the country, and
especially of such a country as Soutli Africa. The great
merchants of the ports and inland towns, and the village
or wayside storekeepers, have been very actively engaged
in the " making " of the country, and a large amount of
business has been and is being done by the travelling
trader — the " trader " par excellence — the man who loads
up his waggon with goods likely to tempt the natives,
and fearlessly treks from tribe to tribe, returning to town
or port, after an absence of many months, to dispose of
the ivory, horns, skins, or feathers that he has received
in exchange for his wares, and to renew his supplies for
another trip. The hardy and resolute pioneer traders of
South Africa liave been the real discoverers of the coun-
try. The trader has always preceded the settler, and his
depot has been, as it were, an outpost of civilisation,
which sooner or later became a centre of settlement. As
in the past, so now, the track of a solitary trader's wag-
gon across the pathless veldt, often becomes a highway
for miner and farmer to advance still further into the
heart of Inner South Africa.

Commercially, South Africa is but a single trade area,
with a gathering ground of over a million and a quarter
square miles, and a seaboard of over three thousand
miles in length, in which there are numerous outlets and
inlets for the external trade of the countrj'. The collec-
tive commerce of this vast and homogeneous region is
technically termed " the Cape Trade," and is carried on
principally by the Castle and the Union lines of steamers
— their fast and powerful mail steamers and intermediate
boats giving practically a semi-weekly service between
England and South and Sonth-East Africa, and fort-
nightly sailings from the Continent.

The means of comrmmication, external and internal,
are excellent. Besides the mail steamers, which main-
tain regidar communication with Europe and Australia,
numbers of sailing and steam vessels, from various parts
of the world, are found in the ports, from the more im-
portant of which railways penetrate the country, and
are being extended and inter-connected, so that in a few
years every important centre of population and settle-
ment between the Cape and the Zambesi will be easily
accessible. There is now through communication from
Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, and East London, via Kim-
1 lerley, to Mafeking in Bechuanaland, and through Bloem-
fontein in the Free State to Johannesburg and Pretoria
in the Transvaal. The Cape-Pretoria trunk line is over
a thousand miles in length, and the journey occupies
about 60 hours. The Natal main line has been com-
pleted to Charlestown on the Transvaal frontier, within
120 miles of Johannesburg, and a survey is now being
made for extending the line to that busy centre of gold-
mining. One branch of the Natal railway runs from
Biggai'sberg to the Dundee coalfield ; another branch
winds through Van Reenen's Pass, in the Drakcnsherg
Mountains, to Harrismith, whence it will be extended to
meet the main line from the Cape at Krooustad. The
Delagoa Bay-Pretoria line is rapidly approaching com-
pletion ; a section of it is already open, and branch lines
lue being made to connect with the De Kaap Goldficlds

to the south and the MurehLsou Goldfields to the north
of the main line. • The Beira Railway is open from
FontesviUa, at the head of navigation on the Pungwe,
as far as Chimoio, at the foot of the Manica plateau, and
will soon emerge on the Mashona uplands — the objective
being Salisbury, the capital of Mashonaland.

Besides the railways, there are, in the more settled
districts of South Africa, fairly good roads on all the
main lines of traffic, with substantial bridges across
nearly all the larger rivers. From the various stations
on and termini of the railways, coaches and mail carts
convey passengers, parcels, and mails ; heavy goods being
forwarded to their destination chiefly by ox-waggons.
Formerly, the lumbering ox-waggon, with its white
canvas tent and long team of oxen, was the peculiar
" institution " of South Africa ; it was the " ship " of the
veldt and the karroo. With their ox-waggons, the dis-
affected Boers of the Cape " trekked " north to escape
from British control. By drawing tliem together in a
circle or hollow square, and filling up the openings with
thorny bushes, they formed a " waggon-laager " or
entrenched camp, which often enabled them to check the
onslaught of the savage hordes that assailed them. The
ox-waggon has, in fact, been the means by which nearly
all the pioneer work of colonisation has been done in
South Africa ; and in the development of all pastoral
and agricultural pursuits, the ox and the waggon are stUl
essential elements.

The commercial position of South Africa is also excel-
lent in every respect. Before the opening of the Suez
Canal, the Cape was the " Halfway House " between
Europe and the East ; and were the so-called " Overland
Route " to India to be closed or even imperUled, Table
Bay and Simon's Bay would immediately regain far more
than their former importance as the chief commercial
and strategical points on the only alternative ocean-route.
Dr. Yeats, in his Map Studies of the Mercantile World*
shows very clearly why the commercial position of the
Cape, and South Africa generally, is so favourable, and
how it is that the country is a customer, and not a com-
petitor, of England.

Regular sea communication with Europe ; direct routes
to Australasia and the East on the one hand, and America
on the other ; a lengthened sea-board, including several
safe and commodious ports ; a pastoral, non-manufactur-
ing Boer population, with an ever-increasing influx of
energetic and intelligent British colonists, who bring their
advanced home-country knowledge to bear on their pur-
suits, and who are extending communication by railways
and improved roads, so that produce of all kinds can come
forward with more ease ; all these combine to create and
increase very considerable commercial movements. " The
gravitation and circulation of goods, as throughout Africa,
is to and from the sea-coast. There is but little trade
between town and town, aU being supplied from the
great seaport centres. The duty of our merchants and
traders is to watch the advance and extension of the rail-
ways and the increase of the towns, and be ready to

* Published by Jlessrs. George Philip & Son, London and
Liverpool.

THE MAKERS OF SOUTH AFRICA.

33

supply the well-known wants of the people." The "Cape
Trade " is an increasing one, the circulation of goods
yearly becoming of greater value — the annual import
and export trade of the region south of the Zambesi now
being not far short of thirty millions sterling, and as the
greater part of this trade is with the mother-country,
the commerce of South Africa is a very important item
in British trade returns.

The position of South Africa is also, as Dr. Yeats
points out, uni(iue, in that it is a supplier and a cnslomei;
and not a competitor, of England. Generally speaking,
the people are thinly scattered (jver extensive territories,
and, " turning their attention to the land, to the im-
provement of sheep and cattle runs, ostrich farm!?, etc.,
do not attempt industrial life in many forms ; and
even where a large industrial population is concentrated,
as at Kimberley and Johannesburg, their labom- and
capital are devoted to the natural ' earth-gifts,' and not
to the production of commodities which would displace
or render unnecessary the import of products ' made
in England.' The people of the Diamond Fields and
the Gold Fieldis, and the scattered Dutch as well as
the English farmers and traders, look to Enrfland to
supply their requirements."

By the splendid vessels of the Castle Line, and by other
vessels. South Africa sends to England her multifarious
products, receiving in exchange every manufactured article
required in the "opening out" and development of the
country. We reiterate the fact that the people of South
Africa are customers, and not comjtetitors, in the hope
that gi-eater attention will be paid by our merchants
and manufacturers to their special requirements. Other

markets are becoming closed to us by the extension of
native industries, or are iilched from us by the ubiquitous
Teuton or the smart American, who show a far greater
readiness than we do to adapt their products to the special
wants, or it may be the whims, of the various markets.
" Trade follows the flag," and our merchants and manu-
fiictnrers have an advantage over their foreign rivals in the
common sentiments and mutual interests, which, in spite
of all misunderstandings and mistakes, yet bind Britons
abroad and Britons at home. But this natural preference
is, a-s Dr. Yeats justly remarks, of no avail, if British goods
are dearer or of poorer quality than foreign goods. Tlie
increasingly aggressive competition of Germany and the
United States is, however, making itself felt even in South
Africa, but the prospects of British trade in this rising
country are bright, and indeed brilliant. The new life
and energy which the discovery and development of the
Diamond Fields gave to the entire country has been in-
tensified by the discovery of the richest goldfields in the
world, " Railways are being pushed forward, the popula-
tion is increasing, the tide of emigration is setting steadUy
in this direction, and the prospect of enlarged trade
with the Cape and Natal is unsurpassed, because tliere
is pracficalb/ the whole of the African co?itinent before
them." The riches of the interior will be tapped from the
south and south-east, and trade and civilisation wUl
steadily advance north. The gate to the heart of Africa
is not through Egypt, but through South Africa, and it is
within the bounds of possibility that, even in our time, tlie
valleys and plains of Inner Africa will vibrate witli the
tread of the iron liovse, and that the trans-continental rail-
way from the (Jape to Cairo will be au accomplisheil tact.

VII.— THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

The Portuguese navigators of the fifteenth century— Pvince Henry, the navigator— Phoenician circumnavigators of Africa— Diego Cam—
Bartlioloniew Diaz— El (';ibo ile todos tormentos— El Cabo de Bcri Esperanza— Pedrao Corvilhso— Vasco da Gania and the seaway to India -
Death of the Viceroy d' Almeida— Sir Francis Drake— Dutch and English ships at the Cape— The Netherlands East India Company
—Arrival of Van Riebeek at Table Bay— The first true colonists of South Africa— War with the Hottentots -Purchase of territory-
Governor van der Stell's "haughty and unrighteous tyranny"— Origin of trekking— Revocation of tlie Edict of Nantes, and arrival of the
Huguenots— Hottentots and Bushmen— The Kaffirs- The first Kaffir War— End of the Dutch East India Company's rule— English and
French fleets at the Cape— The second Kaffir War— Revolt of burgliers— Tiny republics- Surrender of the Colony to the English— Temporary
British occupation— Third Kaffir War— Re-occupation of the Cape by the Dutch— General Janssens capitulates — The Cape again a British
colony— Slaves— Boers ami natives— The fo»n-th Kaffir War— Important concessions— slagter's Nek — Tlie fifth Kaffir War— The British
settlers of 1S20— Magna Charta of the natives- Emancipation of the slaves— The sixth Kaffir War— The Earl of Glenelg's policy— Wars and
devastations of Tshaka— Natal, a black Arcadia— Moselekatse— The Bechuanas— Mo.^hesh— The Great Trek— The Matabeles— Gazaland—
Retief and Dingaan — l^Iassacre of the emigrants— " Dingaan's Day "—Panda — "Republic of Natalia"— Orange River sovereignty — The Cape
girdled by native treaty states— The seventh Kaffir War— Sir Harry Smith— The Boers defeated at Boomplaats-Sand River Convention-
Establishment of the Orange Fiee State— The Cape Constitution— Anti-convict agitation— Sir George CJrey's policy— The eighth Kaffir War —
'i'he wreck of the Birkenhead— The cattle-killing mania— British Katfraria— The Transkeian territories— The nintli Kaffir War — Walfish I!ay
—The German Protectorate— Natal and Zululand— Rebellion of Langalibalele— Cetewayo— Isandlwana and Ulundi— The Orange Free State
and Basutoland— Discovery of diamonds— The South African Republic— Annexation of the Transvaal— War of Independence— Majuba and
Lang's Nek— Bechuanaland— Zambesia and the Chartered Company— The Pioneer Expedition into Mashonalanil— The Matabele War— The
Nyasaland Protectorate— Portuguese East Africa.

The Portuguese navigators of the fifteenth century
were the hardiest and most daring of all seafaring peoples
of Europe ; and Prince Henry, the son of King John II. of
Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, sister of Henry IV.
of England, was possessed with tin insatiaV)le passidii for
unravelling the mysteries of the unknown seas. Having

accomjianied his father on au exjn'dition against the Moors
in North Africa, his interest was centred on tlie Dark Con-
tinent, the southeru limits of which were then unknown,
but which, according to Herodotus, had been circum-
navigated by an Egyptian fleet manned by Phcenirians,
about six hundred years before tiie birth of Christ. These

c

34

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

adventurous mariners had sailed south from the Red Sea,
and had returned to Egypt through the "Pillars of Her-
cides," reporting tliat "in sailing round Africa, they had
the sun on their right hand." But this and other
traditional voyages, if ever aocomplished, had left nothing
but vague legends, and although it is known that, in the
first century of the Christian era, Arab sailors had round-
ed the "Eastern Horn" of Africa and had crept down the
coast as far soutli as Quiloa, if not Sofala, in their quest
for gold, the southern extremity of the continent remained
unknown to the civilised world until an intrepid band of
navigators from Portugal, in tlieir eager and persistent
search for an open ocean-route to India and tlie East,
sailed from point to point aL.mg the low and deadly West
Coast, and Anally doubled the long-sought headland and
entered the Eastern Seas by way of the South Atlantic.

It was in 1484, eight years before Columluis set out to
discover a western route to the Indies, that Diego Cam
reached the mouth of the Congo, and, penetrating south,
landed near Walfish Bay, and erected a cross on the
headland now known as Cape Cross. Two years later,
two little caravels and a small store-ship left Lisbon under
the command of Bartholomew Diaz, and sailed still further
south, anchoring in the 'little bay' of Angra Pequeiia.
Having set up a cross as a mark of possession, the little
fleet proceeded on its voyage ; liut when off the mouth of
the Orange, the vessels were caught in a furious gale, and
for thirteen days were driven helplessly before it far to the
southward past the Cape. When the storm abated, Diaz
sailed to the east ; but finding no land, as he expected,
he took a northerl.y course, and made the land somewhere
between Cape Agulhas and the Knysna. Sailing east-
wards along the coast, the vessel entered Algoa Bay.
Diaz landed on a surf-beaten islet in the bay, and erected
thereon a pillar and a cross — those twin emblems of civili-
sation and Christianity. He greatly desired to proceed,
but the crews complained that they were worn out with
fatigue, and that behind them was some great cape, and
that they had better turn back to seek it. Diaz persuaded
them to press on a couple of days longer, promising to re-
turn if they did not by that tiuie make some discovery that
would induce them to continue. No such discovery was
made, and when oft" the mouth of the Great Fi^h River
the vessels were put about, Diaz sighting on the way
home a bold headland, which he named "El Caho de
todoB tormenlos " — " The Cape of all the Storms," a name
of ill-omen that King John, believing that its discovery
gave "good hope" of an open ocean route to India,
changed into the more auspicious one of " Ul C'abo de
Boa Espemnza "— " The Cape of Good Hope."

While Diaz was thus engaged. King John had sent
Pedrao Corvilhao to gather all the information he could
about the East. Corvilhao embarked at Aden in an Arab
vessel bound for Calcutta and Goa, and thence lie crossed
to the African coast and managed to reach Sofala. His
messengers reported that vessels, sailing south from Por-
tugal, would certainly reach the extremity of the African
continent, and would thus arrive in the Eastern Scas_
These encouraging discoveries determined Emmanuel, the
successor of King John, to make another boM attcm])t
to reach India by sea ; and in 1497, the famous Vasco da *

Gama started on that adventm'ous voyage which forms
the subject of Camoens' great national epic, " The Lusiad."
From the Tagus, Da Gama put to sea in command of
four small vessels, which, five and a half months later,
anchored in St. Helena Bay, about 120 miles to the north
of the Cape of Good Hope, which was shortly after
doubled. After touching at what is now called Mossel
Bay, Da Gama sailed along the coast, and on Christmas
Day, 1497, sighted the bold headland and wooded coast-
lands of Natal. Thence the expedition went north,
touching, en route, at Delagoa Bay, Sofala, Mozambique,
and jMelinde, where Da Gama engaged Arab pilots to
take the vessels to Calicut, on the Malabar coast of India.
This famous expedition retimied home by way of the
Cape, and arriveil at Lisbon in September, 1499, after an
absence of little more than two years.

The seaway to India and the East was now open, and
an immense trade was carried on by means of the fleets
which every year sailed to and from Portugal. In 1503,
Antonio da Saldanha entered a bay which had never been
entered before, and climbed to the summit of a great flat-
topped mass of rock, to which he gave the name of Table
Mountain. The bay, in which he anchored, was there-
after called after him the watering-place of Saldanha,
imtil nearly a century later it received from the Dutch
sea-captain, Joris Van Siiilbergen, its present name of
Tabic Bay.* Seven years after, Francisco (FAlineida, the
first Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in the East,
on his return from India, put into Table Bay for water,
and, having seized some cattle, was attacked by Hotten-
tots and killed, together -with sixty-five of his men. After
this, the Portuguese avoided the Capo as much as possible,
and althougli ftir more than a century their fleets passed
and repassed the Cape, year after year, they seldom
touched at any port south of Sofala ; in fact, the Portu-
guese did little more than discover South Africa.

In 1580, the gallant Sir Francis Drake, on his famous
voyage round the world, sighted the Cape, which he
describes as "a most stately thing, and the fairest cape
we saw in the whole circumference of the world." The
English flag was first seen in Table Bay at the end of July,
1591, when three ships touched at the port on their way
to India. The Dutch made their first appearance at the
Cape in 1595, and in 1598 the Dutch ship Lw7i called at
Table Bay with John Davis, the famous Arctic and
East India Navigator, on board.t Three years later, the
first fleet of the London East India Company put into
the bay, and successive fleets of the same comjiany also
made Table Bay a port of call for water and refreshment.

The over-sea trade with the Ea.st soon proved so lucra-
tive that several companies were formed in the Nether-
lands to profit by it ; but, to avoid the evils of rivalry
and competition, these were, early in 1C02, united into
one great company — the Netlierlands East India Com-
pany. An assembly of seventeen directors was charged

•Theal's South /1/riaj—" Tlie Story of the Nations " Series—
Vol. 38. (London : Fislier Unwin).

f .Tohn Davis. By Clements Jlaikham, President of tlie Royal
Geograpliical Society. Tlie World's Gre:it Explorers Series,
(London : G. Philip & Son).

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

with the management of this powerful corporation, which
was destined not only to break the power of Portugal
and Spain in the Eastern seas, but also to bring South
Africa within the iiale of civilisation. The Dutch were
alive to the advantages of the Cape as a "Half-way
House " to the East, but a proposal from the directors of
the English East India Company to the "assembly of
seventeen" to build jointly a fort, and form a place of
refreshment on tlie South African coast, was not enter-
tained, although buth companies ordered the commanders
of their outward-bound fleets to examine and report upon
suitable sites for the purpose. The English captains
decided that Table Bay was the best place, planted the
English flag on the Lion's Rump, and proolaimed English
sovereignty over the adjoining country in the name of His
Majesty Kuig James II. Possession, however, was not
maintained, and ultimately the favom-able reports of the
officers of a Dutch ship, which had been wrecked in
Table Bay, decided the Dutch Company to establish
a victualling station for their fleets in Table Valley.
Plans were drawn up and approved, and three vessels
were got ready to convey men and materials to the Cape,
and placed \uider the command of Jan Anthony Van
Eiebeek, who had been appointed governor of the new
settlement. These vessels — the Dromedaris, an old
Indiaman, the Reijger, a smaller vessel, and the yacht
Goede Hoop, anchored in Table Bay on the 6th of April,
1652, after an tuiusually quick passage of 104 days from
the Texel.

Mr. Van Kiebeek was an irascible little man of un-
daunted spirit and indomitable perseverance, and for ten
years he ruled the new settlement with Spartan sim-
plicity and severity. He immediately set about building
an earthenwork fort as a stronghold agaiust the savages,
and, under the protection of its guns, the settlers, 116 in
number, all of whom were employes of the Netherlands
East India Company, built then- huts, and laid out their
gardens and pasture grounds. Van Riebeek himself
actively engaged in the work of cultivating the ground,
and the breeding of cattle and sheep. Vegetables were
raised, and wheat, barley, oats, and maize successfully
grown. The vine, the orange, the olive, the mulberry,
the fig, peach, apple, and other fruit trees were introduced,
and young oaks and firs were brought from Europe.
Cattle and sheep were obtained from the Hottentots,
horses were imported from Java, and pigs, sheep, dogs,
rabbits, and poultry from Europe. The settlement throve
apace, and Van Riebeek was soon able to furnish tiie
numerous vessels that called at Table Bay with abundant
supplies of provisions. But everything was done by and
through the Company, which had a monopoly of the
trade, internal and external. No competition or free
immigi'ation was allowed at first, but the cost of so ex-
clusive a system induced the directors to permit a few
burgher fiimilies to settle, and cultivate small jilots of
laud in the neighbourhood of the fort. These farmers,
or " boers," were the first true colonists of South Africa.
Ever-increasing numbers of other discharged servants of
the Company, and inunigrants from Holland and Ger-
many, also settled on the land, and gradually extended
the limits of the colony. Negro slaves were introduced

in 1658, and Asiatics, chiefly natives of Malacca, Java,
and the Spice Islands, were brought into the settlement.
For a few years, the intercourse between the Dutch
settlers and the aboriginal inhabitants was friendly in
the extreme, and when the commander or other officers of
the garrison visited any of the Hottentot kraals, they
were received with effusive welcome. Van Riebeek did
not much relish their amicable embraces, for in his journal
he says : — " We had again a suit of clothes destroyed
from the greasiness of the oil and filth with which they,
and jiarticularly the greatest among them, had so be-
smeared themselves, that they shone like looking-glasses
in the sun, the fat trickling dowu from their heads and
along their whole bodies, which appeared to be their
greatest mark of distinction."

When the " Caepmans " saw the white men ploughing
their ground and taking possession of their pastures,
tliey became alarmed, then angry ; hostilities broke out ;
a white herdsman was killed, and several natives were
shot. After months of unrest, peace was concluded, and
the first of the long series of wars with the natives, which
darken the story of South Africa, came to an end. On
the anniversary of the founding of the settlement eight
years before, the Captain and chief of the tribe, with the
principal men, met Van Riebeek and his Council at the
fort to discuss the terms of peace, and the arguments
advanced by the aborigines were certainly unanswerable.
The Dutch Commander reported that the Hottentot
leaders " dwelt long upon our taking every day for our
own use more of the land which had belonged to them
from all ages, and on which they were accustomed to
depasture their cattle. They also asked whether, if they
were to come into Holland, they would be perm.itted to
act in a similar manner, saying, 'What would it signify
if you remained here at the Fort ? but you come quite
into the interior, selecting the best for yourselves, and
never once asking whether we like it, or whether it will
put us to any inconvenience. Who,' said they, ' should
be requu-ed to give way, the natural owners or the foreign
invaders ? ' They insisted much upon their natural right
of projierty, etc., and that they should at least be at
liberty to gather their winter food — tlie bitter almonds
and roots which grew there naturally . . . and they
insisted so much on this point that om- word must out
at last : That they had now lost that land in war, and
therefore could oidy expect to be henceforth entirely
deprived of it ; that their I'omitry had thus fallen to our
lot, being justly won by the sword in defensive warfare,
and that it was our intention to retain it." Truly a
typical example of Euroi)ean dealings with the natives
all the world over ! Van Riebeek concludes the entry
with the naive remark, that after the terms of peace were
settled, the chief and all the jirincipal people received
j)resents of braws, beads, and tobacco, and " were so well
entertained witii food and brandy that they were all well
fuddled, and if we had chosen we could have easily kept
them in our power, but for many weighty reasons this
was not deemed expedient, as we can do that at any time,
and meanwhile their dispositions can be still fiu'ther
sounded."

The hopes of a peaceful occupation of the f)ape were

36

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

thus rudely dispelled ; but the directors in Holland — to
their honour be it said — issued stringent orders that the
natives were to be justly and kindly treated, and their
property respected. They wrote, " The discontent shown
by these people, in consequence of our appropriating to
ourselves — and to their exclusion — the land which they
liave used for their cattle from time immemorial, is
neither surprising nor groundless, and we therefore should
be glad to see that we could purchase it from them, or
otherwise satisfy them." This was done in 1672 ; the
"lands, rivers, creeks, forests, and pastures inclusive,"
from the Cape Peninsula to Saldanha Bay, were pur-
chased (?) from two petty Hottentot potentates for
brandy, tobacco, beads, and merchandise of the nominal
value of £l,600, but actually, according to the accounts
furnished to the directors, the articles transferred cost
£9 12s. 9d. ! *

After this agi'eeable transaction, the precursor of many
such transfers of real estate in South Africa, the Company
posed as absolute owners of the soil, and though the
Assembly of seventeen showed some lingering regard for
the rights of the original owners. Judge Watermeyer tells
uf, that scarcely ten yeai's had elapsed, before the Dutch
authorities had ceased all affectation of a desire that
native claims should be respected. In 1673, war broke
out between one of the most powerful of the Hottentot
tribes, near the Cape Peninsula, and the settlers, and
although the latter were aided by some friendly Hot-
tentots, the settlement was practically blockaded on the
laud side, and the cattle trade entirely .stopped ; a fact
which had most imjiortant consequences for the future of
the country, as it forced the authorities to encourage the
breeding and rearing of cattle by Europeans, instead of
being entirely dependent on precarious supplies fi'om the
natives. Simon van der Stell, one of the most famous of
the early Dutch governors, threw himself heart and soul
into the new project, and induced many burghers to
leave the settlement by an offer of as much land as they
could cultivate at Stellenbosch and Drakenstein, with
extensive grazing rights. Land to farm was also granted
to the government officers, and the energetic Van der
Stell himself laid out and planted a beautiful wine-farm
at Constantia, near Wijnberg, to which he retired in 1699,
being succeeded as Governor by his eldest son, Wilhelni
Adrian van der Stell, who also, together with his brother,
took to farming on a large scale for his own benefit — a
proceeding which subjected the free burghers to ruinous
rivalry. They therefore sent a memorial to the directors
in Holland, complaining of " the unrighteous and haughty
tyranny " of the Governor, who had in various ways used
his position to fill his own purse and those of his relatives
and friends, and would only listen " to reasons that
jingle." Van der Stell instantly took severe measures
against the memorialists : some he banished, others lie
committed to prison, while some escaped and remained
in hiding until the directors of the Company — " for the
quieting of dLsorder and the restoration of tranquillity" —
dismissed the Governor and confiscated his estate, and
forbade their servants to "own or lease land in the Colony,

♦ Theal.

or to trade directly or indirectly in corn, wine, or cattle.
The burghers were expressly admitted to have the same
rights, as if they were living in the Netherlands " — pre-
viously they had been little better than slaves to the
Company, whose officers had acted as lords and masters
of the settlement in every way, and had monopolised the
trade and restricted the industry of the inhabitants,
levying heavy taxes on all their produce, which could
only be sold to the Company at the Company's price,
while at the same time they could buy nothing but what
came from the Company's store. Small wonder, then,
that the rule of the Company had become so obnoxious
to the boers that " many of them moved away with their
waggons and flocks and herds far inland beyoml its con-
trol." Thus was originated that pccvdiar habit of
trelckinri, or moving from place to place, which has always
characterised the Dutch farmers of South Africa, and
which led them to people Natal and to found the Over-
berg Eepublics. " At first the Government tried by
threats of severe punishment to stop the migration from
the seaboard, but the movement was too strong to be
checked. The farmers continued to move inland, enticed
not only by the thought of fresh pastures for their cattle
and game for their guns, but by a desire to be free from
the irksome restraints of Government. The Company
made some attempt to follow the migratory colonists.
A magistracy was established at Swellendam in 1745,
and at Graaf Keinet in 1786, and in 1788 the Great Fi.sh
River was declared to be the boundary of the settlement.*
There have never, says Theal,t been people less willing
to submit silently to grievances, real or imaginary, than
the colonists of South Africa, and no doubt much of the
impatience of restraint and love of individual liberty
shown by the trekboeren, as well as by the biu-ghers, was
derived from the many Protestant Frenchmen who were
sent out to the Cape in 1687. These Huguenots — " exiles
for conscience sake" — had been driven from their own
country by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the
intolerant and cruel Louis XIV., and had sought refuge
and received sympathy and kindness in the Netherlands,
then the stronghold of liberty in Europe. The greater
part of the refugees were located in the valley of the Berg
River ; others were scattered over the country between
the Groenberg, the Koeberg, and Hottentots-Holland.
They soon had " cornfields green and sunny vines," and
endeavoured to preserve their language and form of
worship. This, however, was discom-aged, the Company
desiring that French should, in time, entirely die out,
and that nothing but Dutch should be taught to the
young to read and write. The use of French in communi-
cations to the Government was forbidden in 1709, and, in
1724, " the reading of the lessons at the church service in
the French language took place for the last time. In
little more than half a century after the an-ival of the
Huguenots, French had almost ceased to be spoken

* See further Russell's admirable and graphic resuml of South
African history in — Xalal : The Land and its Story. (Pieter-
maritzburg : P. Davis and Sons. London : Sinijikin Marshall
and Co.).

t The.iVs South Africa. "Story of the Nations" Series.
(London : Fisher Unwin).

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

37

among their children, they, by marriage and social con-
nections, had become merged with the Dutch and Ger-
mans around them, using the Dutch language only."*

The descendants of these Huguenots are widely scat-
tered all over South Africa, and Huguenot names such
as De Villiers, Du Toit, Jourdan, Retief, Theron,
Joubert, etc., are common to this day from the Cape to
the Zambesi. Many of the wine farms and estates also
bear French names — the Huguenots excelled as wine
growers, and gave a great impetus to the cultivation of
the vine, although they were not, as is commonly sup-
posed, the founders of viticulture at the Cape.

After the formal purchase of the Cape peninsula and
adjoining district from the Hottentot chiefs — who prob-
ably thought they might as well get something for what
would otherwise be taken for nothing — consideration for
the rights of the natives dwindled away ; and as the
settlers advanced, the Hottentots retired. The Nama-
quas and the Chocoquas went north and settled in the
wild and arid country on either side of the lower Orange,
an undesirable region, where their descendants still dwell.
Tribal feuds, constant war with the savage Bushmen,
and disease, decimated the other tribes. >Small-pox,
which made its first appearance in South Africa in 1713,
first seized the Negro slaves, then attacked the Europeans,
one-fourth of whom died ; but it proved most fatal to the
Hottentots, whole clans of whom in the neighbourhood of
the Cape were almost entirely swept away. The miserable
remnants of these tribes struggled for existence on
reserves set apart for their use, and were employed on
the cattle stations and farms.

When the Dutch arrived at the Cape, a primeval
hunting people, armed with bows and poisoned arrows,
wiis thinly scattered over all the wilder parts of the
country to the south of the Orange, and between these
wild Bushmen and the Hottentots there had always been
a fierce and deadly feud. The Bushmen, who were armed
with bows and poisoned arrows, were still more enraged
at the invasion of their happy hunting-grounds by the
white men, and revenged themselves by making frequent
raids on the farms, killing the herdsmen and stealing the
sheep and the cattle, and occasionally looting the home-
steads and murdering the inmates. As the farmers
advanced, the Bushmen retired and sought refuge in the
mountain fastnesses along the northern border, and for
thirty years the sorely-harassed farmers carried on what
was practically a war of extermination. The records of
Graaf Reinet show that, between 1786 and 1794, more
than 200 persons were murdered by the Bushmen, while
the " commandos," or armed bands of farmers, who, aided
by the Hottentots and half-breeds, scoured the country
along the great mountain range, had shot over 2,500
Bushmen. These wild pigmies never would surrender,
and they were as fiercely hostile to the white man as to
the Hottentots and Kaffirs. The Bushman was an
Ishmaelite indeed ; his hand was against every man, and
every man's hand against him. Despised and yet dreaded,
these untamable pariahs of South Africa were hunted
from kloof to kloof, and shot down with as little consider-

* Noble.

ation as if they had been wild animals. Few of them
are now left on the northern liorder of the Cape ; and
from the Drakensberg and the JMaluti Mountains, where,
fifty years ago, they were comparatively numerous, they
have entirely disappeared. Numbers of them still roam
over the desolate plains of the Northern Kalahari, and
Selous tells us that they are unrivalled as assistants and
trackers in the hunting veldt.

The Gamtoos River, which had formed the eastern
limit of the Hottentot region, was early adopted by the
Dutch as their frontier towards the east, but many of the
more adventurous Boers crossed the river, and thus came
into conflict with the Kaffirs, a people who soon proved
to be much more formidable neighbours than the pigmy
Bushmen or the degraded Hottentots. The more advanced
of the Kaftir clans — the Kosas — had, in 1779, crossed the
Fish River, but did not at first molest the Europeans,
who had settled in what was then beyond the limits of
the colony, although they murdered a luimber of Hotten-
tots and took their cattle. Becoming bolder, the Kosas
began to drive oft' the cattle of the Boers also, upon
which they were attacked and dispersed. Again the
Kaffirs invaded the colony, and this time in such numbers
that a commando of the border farmers was called out
and placed under the command of Adrian van Jaarsveld,
who was ordered to drive back the Kaffirs across the Fish
River. With a small force of 92 burghers and 40 Hotten-
tots, all mounted and well armed. Van Jaarsveld fell upon
the Kaffirs and smote them hip and thigh. In less than
two months not a single Kosa was to be found to the
west of the Fish River, and i\m first Kaffir ivar was over.

For over a century the Dutch East India Company
had been supreme in South Africa, but during the admin-
istration of Van Tulbagh (1750-1771), although the
colony was becoming more and more prosperous, the
power of the Company began to decline, and ultimately
the heavy losses sustained by the casting away of many
of its richly-laden merchantmen in Table Bay, where in
the winter season they were exposed to the full fury of
the north-west gales, together with the mismanagement
of aft'airs in other of its possessions besides the Cape, and,
above all, the growing competition of the English and
French in the markets of the East, brought the once
powerful and rich Company into a state of hopeless
insolvency. In South Africa, the arbitrary rule of Tul-
bagh's successor, Van Plettenberg (1771-1785), and the
corruption and exactions of the Company's subordinate
officials, caused much disaffection among the colonists,
who sent delegates to Holland to obtain redress, only to
be told by the Directors that the settlers had been per-
mitted " as a matter of grace to have a residence in the
land and to gain a livelihood as tillers of the soil, and
that the settlement was planted not for their commercial
advantage, but for the welfare of the Company." The
Company, in view of the unstable state of afi'airs, de-
cided to station a large body of troops at the Cape and
to fortify the peninsula, so that it should be secure from
invasion. Van Plettenberg was therefore recalled, and
an engineer officer — Colonel Van de Graaf — appointed
governor. His reckless expenditure, which necessitated
increased taxation and a forced paper currency, petty acts

38

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

of tyranuy, constant troubles with the Kaliii-s on the
eastern frontier, deepeueil the dissatisfaction of the
colonists, and caused an agitation against the Company
which did not cease until tlie despotic rule of this famous
corporation came to an end.

During the struggle between England and her Ameri-
can colonies, Holland had joined France and the armed
neutrality powers, and in 17sO the British Government
delared war against Holland, and planned an expedition
to seize the Caj)e. This became known, and a French
fleet was immediately sent out with troops to aid in its
defence. Off the Oape Verde Islands, the out-going Eng-
lish fleet was accidentally met, and was flercely attacked
and partially disabled. The French commander tlien
made all sail for the Cape, and lauded his troops a month
before the English fleet arrived. So complete were tlie
arrangements for the defence of Cape Town, that the
English admiral did not venture to attaclc tlie place ; but
contented himself with seizing the richly-laden Dutch
Indiamen in Saldanha Bay. This brief war ended in
1783, but, before the conclusion of peace, the Dutch
mercantile marine was almost annihilated.

In 1780, De Uraaf founded the town of Graaf Reinet,
and formed a new district between the Gamtoos and the
Fish rivers, and proclaimed the latter stream as the eastern
boundaiy of the colony. This forward move was speedily
followed by ji renewal of the troubles with the natives,
who suddenly crossed the Fish River in ]\Iarch, 1789, and
began to drive oil' the farmers' cattle. A commando was
called out, but was disbanded without tii-ing a shot, by
order of the Government. In a short time the Kosas
recommenced their raids— seizing the cattle, burning the
homesteads, and murdering every farmer they came
across. The bmghers were again assembled, but
although the Kaffirs had laid wa.ste the coastlands as
far- as the Zwartkops River, and had driven oft" 65,000
head of cattle, the campaign was an utter failure, owing
to the action of Maynier, the landdrost of Graaf Reinet,
who evidently believed that smooth words would turn
away wrath aud — Kaffirs. And so, much to the chagrin
of tlie farmers, the second KafHr wai- ended in a delusive
peace.

This method of dealing with the Kosa marauders added
to the prevailing discontent, and the mismanagement of
aft'aii's generally made the Com]iany's government so
obnoxious, that great numbers of Boers trekked away
with their waggons and flocks and licrds far inland beyond
its control, wliile the farmers on the Eastern border aud
in the valley of the Breede broke out in actual rebellion.
In February, 1795, the bm-ghers of Bruintjes Hoogte
assembled at Graaf Reinet, and declared theni.selves in-
dependent. They exjiellcd the landdrost, and set up a
republic of their own, with Adrian van Jaarsveld as
military commander. The Commis.sioner-General, Sluy-
sken, who had been put in charge of the colony when the
Directors recalled the spendthrift 'N'an de Graaf coulil do
nothing to stoji the movement ; and in June, the burghers
of .Swellendam also expelled their landdrost, and elected
a "national assembly.'' Sluysken had no force to send
against the-se tiny republics, his treasury was empty, and
the people elsewhere were mutinous ; besides, he had the

native question to deal with, aud a jjrobable invasion to
[jrepare for.

The Cape was really in a state of anarchy, when an
unexpected event happened. France had jiassed through
the throes of a revolution, which had deluged that fair
land with blood and with crimes. In Holland, a strong
"patriot party" was in sympathy with the French
revolutionists ; and, in 1795, the armies of the Convention
overran the country, aud forced the Stadtholder, the
Prince of Orange, to fly for refuge to l^igland, where he
continued to co-operate with the Allieil Powers against
France. It was feared that the Cape, the most important
of all the maritime stations on the ocean-route to India
and the East, might fall into the hands of the French.
The British Government, therefore, decided to occupy
the country, and a mandate was obtained from the fugit-
ive Stadtholder commanding the authorities at Cape
Town to receive the English fleet, and to admit the
English troops into the Castle and the forts. Sluysken
had meanwhile received orders from the Company's
directors to oppose the lauding of any force, British or
French ; and when the English fleet under Admiral
Elphinstone, with a strong body of troops under General
Craig, arrived in Table Bay, he refused to admit them.
After a very feeble defence, however, he sm-rendered the
castle and town ; and thus, on the 16th of Sejitember,
1795, the detested ride of the Dutch East India Company
in South Africa, after an occupation of one hundred and
forty-three years, came to an inglorious end.

For the next eight years the Cape remained uudcr
British military rule, but although all monopolies and
restrictions on trade, from which the colonists had so
grievously suffered during the Dutch occupation, were
removed, and large sums of money were freely spent in
the Colony by the BritLsh Government, the country
people generally were in a state of chronic rebellion.
General Craig, who had assumed the government, did
everything in his power to soothe the susceptibilities of
the sturdy colonists. Obnoxious taxes were repealed ;
the paper money was taken up at its full nominal value ;
and the farmers were told that they could now buy and
sell freely, and that any complaints they had to make
would be attended to. No opposition was oS'ered to the
new government in the Cape and Stellenbosch districts ;
and the peojile of .Swellendam abolished their republii^
but the burgher.s of Graaf Reinet did not submit to the
English until their supplies of annnunition and goods
were cut ott'. In the meantime, the States-General had
sent out a squadron of nine vessels, with 2,000 troops
on board, to aid the colonists against the English. The
Dutch Admiral put into S;iManha Bay, where he was
caught, as in a trap, betweeu a strong British fleet and a
large BritLsh m'my. He surrendered without even an
attempt at resistance.

The conciliatorv attitude of General Craig was unfor-
tunately not show M by his successors ; and the strict rule
of the Earl of Macartney, who forced the burghers to
take the onth of allegiance or leave the country ; the
arrest of the old commander '\'an Jaarsveld, and his
rescue by the f:u-mers of Graaf Reinet ; the " friendly
arrangements " which ended the thu'd Kaffir war,

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

39

although tlie whole country from the Sunday's River
westward even to Langeklooji and the Knysna had been
desolated by the Kafiirs and their Hottentot allies ; the
thoroughly corrupt administration of Sir George Yonge,
a man who could only be approached through unscrup-
ulous favourites— all combined to embitter the Dutch
against the British, and to make welcome the change
when, in February, 1803, the colony, according to the
terms of the Treaty of Amiens, was restored to its original
owners. The population of the colony at this time is
supposed to have been about 70,000, of whom 22,000
were Europeans, 26,000 slaves, and the rest Hottentots.

No commercial company now intervened between the
colonists and their Fatherland ; and the new Governor,
General Janssens, and the Dutch High Commissioner
De Mist, proved to be liberal and noble-minded men,
who did their utmost to increase the prosperity of the
colony and to elevate every class of the population. The
farmers were encouraged to plant trees and preserve
forests, to establish schools, to treat the Hottentots as a
free people and the slaves as fellow-creatures, and to give
the Kosas no cause for making raids.

Events in Europe, however, prevented the full fruition
of these wise and humane measures. In less than three
months after the restoration of the colony, tlie Batavian
Republic and France were again at war with Great
Britain, and General Janssens devoted all his attention
to the defence of the Cape I'eninsula against any attempt
that might be made to recapture the colony. In January,
1806, an English fleet anchored at the entrance to Table
Bay, and an army of 7,000 men, under General Sir David
Baird, landed on the Blueberg beach. General Janssens,
with a motley force of burghers, Dutch soldiers, German
mercenaries, French seamen, Malays, Hottentots, and
even slaves, endeavoured to bar the way to Cape Town,
but the flight of the German mercenaries forced him to
retreat. Two days later, General Baird entered Cape
Town, and, on the 18th, General Janssens capitulated on
lionourable conditions ; and thus the Cape again became
a British possession, tliough it was not until 1815 that
the King of the Netherlands, in consideration of a pay-
ment of six millions sterling, finally ceded the Cape,
along with the Dutch settlements in Guiana, in per-
petuity to tlie British crown.

There were in the Colony at this time about 30,000
slaves, chiefly the descendant;^ of those introduced in the
early days of the settlement from the Guinea Coast. One
of the first acts of the new Governor, the Earl of Caledon,
was to abolish tlic slave-trade, and at the sanre time to
alleviate the condition of the Hottentots and other
coloured people. Absolute democrats and lovers of free-
dom the Boers might be, but their ideas of liberty, equality,
and fraternity did not include the Kaftir and the Hotten-
tot. AU the coloured races were "black property," or
" creatures ; " and anything approaching equality between
the Boer and the black was, and still is, an impossible
idea. " The more ignorant of them believed themselves
to be ' God's chosen people,' and the Bushmen and the
Knftirs the 'Canaanites,' whom they had a divine command
to smite and utterly destroy.* The cruellest raids on the
* Russell's .\atal : The Land and its Utory.

nati\es in the interior by the Trekboeren in after years
were publicly justified by the instructions given to the
old Jewish wai'riors.* The Boers were convinced that in
conquering, dispossessing, and enslaving the natives, they
were obeying the behests of the Almighty." t

The Governor also opened up postal communication
with the inland districts, and established Circuit Courts,
before which, in 181i, numbers of Boers were accused by
the missionaries of ill-treating the natives, and some were
convicted, with the result that a very bitter feeling was
aroused among the farmers, " it being an unheard of thing
that a European should be punished for an assault on a
native." The Earl of Caledun's successor, Su' John
Cradock, also caused uuich animosity by his proclamation
reconmiending the study of the English language.

In 1811-12 occm'red the fourth Kaffir ivar, wliich was
occasioned by an irruption of some Kaffir clans into the
" neutral territory " between the Sunday's River and the
Fish River. Colonel Graham, who was in command of
the British and Colonial forces, sent an officer to try and
persuade the Kosas to retire peacefully, but the fiery old
chief Ndlambe angrily retorted, " This country is mine ;
I won it in war, and intend to keep it." The order was
then given to advance, but before an attack was made,
Landdrost Stockcnstroom and eight farmers were treacher-
ously murdered during a conference with a number of
Kaffir- warriors. This led to terrible retaliation. No mercy
was shown to any of the warriors who resisted, no
prisoners were taken ; it was war to the knife until every
Kaffir had been driven across the Fish Rivei-, along which
a line of forts was erected, the principal post being named
Graham's Town in honour of the officer in command.

A most important concession in favour of the farmers
was made by proclamation in 1812. All holders of lands
on lease were allowed to convert them into perpetual quit-
rent proiicrties ; in other words, farmers, who had hitherto
held their land on yearly lease from the Government, were
made absolute owners of their farms. But this and other
boons and blessings bestowed by the British Government
failed to conciliate the Boers, and, a year after Lord
Charles Somerset succeeded to the governorship, the more
turbulent of them broke out in open rebellion, which
resulted in five of them being hung at Sliigter's Nek. The
horrible circumstances which attended the execution of
these unfortunate men deejiened the aniniusity of their
fellow-countrymen against British rule.

In spite of forts and troops and burgher commandos,
the feeling of insecurity along the eastern frontier was so
general, that otters of free farms even of 4,000 acres failed
to attract many settlers. Fleet-footed Kattirs again and
again slii>ped over the border during the night, and
"lifted" many a fine herd of cattle, the soldiers re-
taliating by an occasional raid nn the nearest ki'aal, and
seizing indiscriminately all the cattle within reach. This
game of hide and seek increased the hostility on both
sides, and led to the nfth Kaffir war. In 1817, the

* Deut. XX. 10-14, and simil.ir passages.

t See further " Livingstone ami the Exploration of Central
Africa," by H. H. Johnston, C.B., H.M. Commissioner for Nyasa-
laiiil. — Tlie World's Great Explorers Series. (Loudon : George
Philip & Sou).

40

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

Governor had recognised Gaika as the supreme chief of
the Kaffirs to the west of the Kei River, hoping through
him to control the other chiefs. They, however, headed
by Ndlambe and a famous seer named Jlakana, or " Lynx,"
refused to acknowledge Gaika as over-lord, whereupon a
desperate battle was fought on the Debe flats, Gaika's
forces being driven from the field with frightful slaughter.
The fugitive chief appealed to the Government for aid.
A force of burghers and soldiers went to his assistance.
Ndlambe's kraals were destroyed, and his cattle driven
off, but the dense thickets sheltered his warriors, whoi
immediately the troops retired, fell again upon Gaika, and
then poured into the Colony, murdering the whites and
Hottentots, and destroying their property. Led by
Makana, a man of conspicuous ability and daring, who
aimed at uniting all the western clans into one strong
nation, ten thousand savage warriors swooped down upon
Graham's Town, in three columns. Their impetuous rush
was stopped by a deadly fire of artillery and musketry,
and, after a brief struggle, the discomfited warriors were
driven back with heavy loss. Two thousand soldiers and
burghers followed them into Kaflirland, and hunted them
out of the bushy fastnesses of the Chumie and the Keis-
kamma. Makana, with the magnanimity of a Roman,
voluntarily surrendered himself. Walking calmly into
the British camp, he said, " If I have occasioned the war,
let me see if delivering myself to the conquerors will
restore peace to my country ! " Gaika was restored to
his lands, and, in 1820, he ceded the country between the
Fish River and the Keiskamma to the Colony.

Lord Charles Somerset was very anxious to see the
vacant lands in the eastern frontier districts — which he
described as "unrivalled in the world in beauty and
fertility " — occupied ; and, on his recommendation, the
Imperial Parliament voted £50,000 towards their coloni-
sation. In a very short time over 90,000 people applied
for passages, 5,000 of whom were accepted and sent to
South Africa. In Aprfi, 1820, the Nautilus, Ocean, and
Chapman arrived in Algoa Bay with the first batch of
immigrants, and were followed by 23 other transi»rts.
The landing place, then a small fishing viUage, was
named Port Elizabeth, after the acting Governor's wife ;
and thence the settlers were distributed over the pleasant
country between the Bushman's and Fish rivers and the
Zuurberg and the sea. In spite of much distress and
inevitable difficulties, the settlers in a few years be-
came prosperous, and Port Elizabeth, the chief jwrt, and
Graham's Town, the chief inland centre of the district,
grew from mere hamlets into populous and flourishing
towns.

A few years later, a series of sweeping changes irritated
the old Dutch colonists almost past endurance. In
1827, English was ordered to be used instead of Dutch in
all oflieial proceedings and business ; and in the following
year, the courts of justice were remodelled after the
English pattern, the Burgher senate was abolished, and
English resident magistrates and civil commissioners took
the place of the landdrost and heenu-aden, who had
hitherto administered justice and managed local afi'airs in
the country districts. Everything was becoming so Eng-
lish, that the Dutch began to feel as if they were no

longer in their own country. Dutch ideas with regard to
the natives also received a severe shock when, in 1829, by
an Order in Council, it was enacted that " all Hottentots
and other free persons of colour lawfully residing within
the colony are in the most full and ample manner entitled
to all and every right, benefit, and privilege to which
any other British subjects are entitled." This " Magna
Charta " of the natives was followed by the emancipation
of the slaves, which was carried into effect by Sir Ben-
jamin D'Urban in 1834. The 35,000 slaves in the Colony
were officially valued at three millions sterling, but the
Home Government only allowed a million and a quarter
as compensation to the owners, and a large part of this
sum never reached the hands of the indignant Boers,
many of whom refused to receive any of it. The prover-
bial last straw was the reversal by the Earl of Gleuelg,
who became Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1835,
of what the colonists considered to be the only safe
policy of dealing with the Kafiirs, after a war which
forms one of the saddest chapters in the troubled history
of the Cape.

Space will not permit us to trace the events which led
to the sixlh Kaffir war, which broke out in December,
1834. On the 22nd of that month, a horde of between
ten and twenty thousand savages under Hintsa suddenly
rushed over the border, and spread terror and destruction
over the whole country. In a week, fifty fiirmers were
murdered, 450 farmhouses burned, and 4,000 horses,
100,000 head of cattle, and 150,000 sheep were driven
off. Most of the British settlers of 1820 were reduced
to destitution, and many of them, failing to reach any
place of refuge, were barbarously murdered. The con-
sternation in Cape Town and throughout the colony was
intense. Every available soldier and burgher were humed
to the front, and Colonel (afterwards Sir Harry) Smith
pushed the war into the enemy's country, and, after
severe fighting, succeeded in forcing Hintza to sue for
peace. He was shot dead soon after, while endeavouring
to escape, and was succeeded as paramount chief of the
Kosas by his son Kreli, with whom peace was concluded.
British authority was then proclaimed over the territory
of the conquered clans as far as the Great Kei, while
the Governor brought some 18,000 Fingoes— remnants
of the Fetcani, or Zidu refugees, who had been enslaved
by the Gcaleka Kaffirs— out of Kaflirland and located
them between the KeLskamma and Fish Rivers, so as to
form a "bufler" between the Kosas, who hated them
bitterly, and the colonists, upon whom they depended for
protection. The AVestern Kosas were now British sub-
jects, under the control of Colonel Smith, who, with the
troops, was stationed at a place that grew in later years
into the important town of King William's Town.

These arrangements promised to work well, but there
was a clique in Cape Town that disapproved of the
Governor's plans. Its chief. Dr. Philip, the champion of
the natives against what was stigmatised as oppression
and cruelty, visited England, and impressed his views on
the Secretary of State, who wrote to Sir Benjamin
D'Urban to the efl'ect that the frontier must be retroceded
and western Kosalaud given up ; and that he con-
sidered the Kaffirs, as the victims of systematic injustice

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

4'

through a long course of years, were amply justified in
rushing into war, and had a perfect right to endeavour
to extort by force that redress which they could not
expect otherwise to obtain. The Governor stoutly pro-
tested that the reversal of his policy could not but be
pregnant with insecurity, disorder, and danger ; but his
expostulations only procured his dismissal. The British
settlers, who had suffered so much, also protested, but
in vain. As for the aggrieved Dutch colonists, disdaining
to make a vain protest and unable to offer any eti'eotive
opposition, they determined to quit the country and to
seek somewhere in the wilderness beyond the Orange
and the Vaal — devastated and unpeopled by the impis
of the merciless Tshaka — a new home beyond the control
of the hated British.

The wars and devastations of Tshaka, the founder of
the dreaded Zulu power, form a terrible answer to the
thoughtless utterances of those wlio echo the jiarrot cry
of " Africa for the Africans." In spite of all actual and
seeming harshness and cruelty on the part of both Boers
and Britons in South Africa, no fair-minded enquirer but
will admit that the advent of the white man in South
Africa has been the salvation of the black. Bantu
potentates, of the type of Tshaka, Dingaan, Moselekatse,
Cetywayo, and Lo Bengula, have slaughtered mUlions
of their fellow-countrymen, have made many a populous
and flourishing region a desolate waste, and but for the
white man and his dreaded rifle, millions more would
have been similarly exterminated, and the horrid slaugh-
ter would, in all probability, have continued untd the
southern extremity of tlie continent had been all but
depleted of human, as it has been of animal, life.

Tshaka, a military genius of the highest order but a
sanguinary despot, had raised the insignificant Zulu clan
into a powerful nation. This sable Napoleon, like his
European counterpart, aimed at universal sovereignty,
and, by a series of ruthless aggressions and wholesale
massacres, had become paramount chief of all south-
eastern Africa, from Kafl'raria to the Limpopo. During
his reign probably a million people were slaughtered
by his savage impis. " He turned thousands of square
miles into literally a howling wilderness, shed rivers of
blood, annihilated whole communities, converting the
members of others into cannibals, and causing misery
and suffering, the full extent of which can never be
known."

When Tshaka commenced his reign of ten'or, Natal
was a black Arcadia, inhabited by no less than 94 tribes,
representing about a million of people, living in peace
and plenty ; but in a few years the once " incredibly
populous " land was a desolate wilderness. In the dense
thickets and mountain gorges were hidden a few thou-
sand miserable starvelings, subsisting on wild fruits and
roots— some even on human flesh. In 1824, three bold
Englishmen — Lieutenants Farewell and King, and Mr.
Henry Fynn — settled on the shores of the Bay, and, per-
haps by their very boldness, won the favour of the
ferocious Zulu despot, who indeed went so far as to cede
to them in perpetuity a tract of laud along the coast,
including the Bay, and the country inlanil fo the Drakens-
berg. Refugees from Tshaka's tyranny tiocked to the

English settlement, and communications were opened
with the Cape.

One of Tshaka's ablest generals, a chieftain named
Moselekatse, had also to fly from his master's vengeance.
Having, Ananias-like, kept back part of the booty he
had taken in a successful raid, the enraged king sent an
army to put him and his soldiers to death. Being warned
in time, Moselekatse and his followers fled over the Berg,
and began to devastate the upland plains on both sides
of the Vaal, ultimately setting up his military kraals in
the valley of the Marikwa.

Thousands of the wretched, timorous, and unwarlike
Bechuaua tribes were slaughtered in mere wantonness by
the fierce Matabele, as the Zulu hordes of Moselekatse
were named by the wretched tribesmen, of whom the
Batlapins of Kuruman alone escaped, saved by the pre-
.sence among them of the devoted missionary Moftat, who
visited Moselekatse, and won his respect.

Remnants of many broken tribes had, in the meantime,
gathered round an able and astute young chief named
Moshesh, in the mountainous enclave now called Basuto-
land. Moshesh fixed upon an impregnable mountain
stronghold— Thaba Bosigo— as his capital, and thence
consolidated and buUt up a formidable native power.
In 1831, a Matebele army besieged the Basuto stronghold,
but had to retreat. Moshesh magnanimously sent his
thwarted foes a present of fat oxen, with a complimentary
message, which so astonished the Matabeles that they
never again attacked the Basutos. This was in 1831, in
the same year that Dingaan, who with one of his brothers
had mm-dered Tshaka and had assumed the chieftainship
of the Zulu nation, declared Henry Fynn, the survivor
of the three English pioneers, the " Great Chief of the
Natal Kafiirs." Dingaan had not the military genius of
his brother Tshaka, but he was equally bloodthirsty, and
even craftier and more treacherous.

The Great Trek of the discontented Boers commenced
in 1835, and in two or three years not less than ten thou-
sand people left the Cape Colony with their waggons and
oxen, then- horses and cattle and sheep and goats, and in
detached parties, of from fifty to one hundred families,
trekked slowly across the wide plains of the Orange and
the Vaal. Their leaders were "grave, stern men, indaued
with the spirit of the Dutch burghers who defeated
Alva, and of the Huguenots who fought under Coudd.
The Bible was their only literature. No important
undertaking was ever entered upon without prayer and
praise being oft'ered to the Almighty. Like the Pm'itans,
they had as much faith in the psalm iis in the pike-
point."*

The plains were then covered with myriads of antelopes
and quaggas, and over two hundred lions were shot during
the trek. The Basuto chief, Moshesh, offered no opposi-
tion to the progress of the emigrants ; but Mosclekatse's
fierce warriors fell upon two small detached parties wlien
near the present town of Kroonstad, massacred nearly
all of them, and carried oft' their waggons and flocks and
herds. Succeeding parties were more cautious, and never
encamped without drawing their waggons close together
in a square or circle, filling up the openings between and

* Russell.

42

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

under the waggous with thorn buslies. When attacked,
meu and wumen, and even ehildreu, fought with desperate
energy, and, in siiite of the overwhelming numbers of
their savage foes, succeeded in driving them oti'. To
avenge the murder of tlieir comrades, one lumdred farmers
rode across the Vaal and attacked Moselekatse's head-
quarters at Mosega, inflicting upon him so severe a de-
feat that he fled witli liis warriors to the highlands
between the Limpopo and the Zambesi. From this new
Matabeleland, impi after impi continued to raid and
slaughter surrounding tribes iu the old Zulu style, until
the advent of the Chartered Company and the conquest
of Lo Bengula, the son and successor of Moselekatse.
Another of Tshaka's generals, rather than return homo
to certain death, after failing to carry out an order to
drive the Portuguese from Delagoa Bay, went north
with his warriors across the Limpopo and occupied the
country now called Gazaland, which is still under the
undisturbed rule of his successor, Gungunhaua.

From the upland plains, an advanced party of the
emigrant farmers, under Pieter Retief, made their way
down the wild passes of the Drakensberg, through a
seemhigly unoccupied country, to the Bay, where they
were warmly welcomed by the English traders. Retief
and a few men rode across the Tugela to Dingaan's
kraal, and asked the Zulu king for a grant of land in
Natal. Dingaau agreed, if the Dutchmen would only
prove their goodwill by recovering some cattle, which a
Rob Roy of the Berg had carried oif. This was done,
and in high glee Retief, accompanied by about 70 horse-
men and 30 servants, returned to the royal kraal of
Umgungundhlovu. There they were received in the
friendliest manner ; a formal deed of cession was drawn
up and signed, and the Dutchmen were getting ready to
saddle-up and leave, when Dingaan invited them to drink
xdywala with him in his great place. Suspecting nothing,
the farmers comiilied, and even left their muskets outside
the enclosm'e ; but, while seated on the ground, they
were suddenly seized by order of the treacherous savage,
and dragged to the place of execution, and there dune to
death with knobkerries.

In the meantime, large numbers of Boers and their
familie's had come down the Berg, and had encamjied
here and there over the uplands along tiie Tugela and
Bushman's rivers. No danger was apprehended, no
laagers were formed ; but in the dead of night, when all
were asleep, almost simultaneously the encampments
were rushed by armed Zulus, who indiscriminately
butchered men, women, and children. A few escaped
and warned neighbouring parties, who, hastily forming
waggon-laagers, were able to beat back the masses of
savages. Rendered desperate by the sight of their
mangled kinsfolk, and burning with revenge, the farmers
charged the Zulus, and put them to utter rout. Hun-
dreds of the savages were struck by the avenging bullets
of the farmers during that terrible flight dowu the Busli-
nian's River valley. In a week, six hundred men, women,
and children had been massacred. But they were indeed
avenged when, on " Dingaan's Day," the 16th of Decem-
ber, 1838, the Boers under Prelorius killed three thousand
of the warriors who attacked their laager on the " Blood "

river, and thus broke the power of the Zulu tyrant.
Pushing on to Umgungnndhlovu, the farmers found the
royal kraal deserted and bvu-nt ; and there, on the " hill
of death," were the skeletons of their murdered friends.
" Retief was recognised by his clothes, and by the leather
hunting-bag slung round his shoulders. In it was found,
clean and uninjured, the document by which Dingaan
ceded Natal to Retief and his people for their everlasting
property." Soon afterwards, the "humbled bloodhound"
was again defeated by the Boers, aideil by his brother
Panda. Dingaan then fled to the Swazi country, where
he was tortured to death, while Panda was crowned king
by the victorious burghers, who now found themselves iu
j)ossession of Natal, where they proceeded to lay out the
town of Pietermaritzburg, and to form settlements at
Durban on the coast, and AVeenen up-country. A Volks-
raad was elected, and magistrates were also appointed.
In 1840, they hoisted the flag of the " Republic of Na-
talia," which, however, the British Government refused
to acknowledge. After serious hostilities lietweeu the
English troops at the Port and the Boer forces, the Re-
public was aljolished on the 10th of May, 1843. Two
days later, Natal was proclaimed a British Colony, and
iu December, 1845, was annexed to the Cape. The
Dutchmen of Natal thus found themselves again under
British rule, and, of course, another exodus began. Some
of the farmers trekked over the Berg and joined their
friends ui the Orange River Sovereignty ; others settled
in the territory between the Vaal and the lofty Magalies-
berg ; but many of them went no further than Klip River
and the Biggarsberg.

The British Government, swayed by popular feeling
and prejudiced by the anti-colonist action of the great
missionary societies, regarded the persistent trekking of
the Boers into the interior with little favoiu", and would
fain have compelled them to return to their old homes
and prevent others from leaving the colony. This, how-
ever, could not be effected by any direct means, but in-
directly it was hoped that the creation of a girdle of large
native states along the borders of the colony would, by
cutting off communications with the emigrants, force
them to return. This fatuous project of native treaty
states was carried o\it ; and the Basuto chief Moshesh, the
Griqua captain Adam Kok, and the Poudo chief Fakn,
were subsidised and supplied with arms and ammunition.
On the same principle, the Zulu chief Panda was treated
as an independent sovereign, and, like the other chiefs,
was permitted to build up a power that cost much lilood
and treasure to cope with in later years. The sturdy
farmers took little notice of these native puppets, and
came and went as before. Those nominally under Adam
Kok refused point-blank to acknowledge the authority
of a half-bred Griqua captain. The Governor of the Cape
.sent a military force to aid Kok, and the farmens, taken
unawares, were forced to submit, but were placed under
an English otHcer, who fixed his residence at a place
called Bloemfontein.

Meanwhile matters on the eastern frontier of the Cape
were iu a very critical state, and the dislike of the colony
to the Glenelg policy was fully justified when, in 184(i,
after the country, as far west as the Suiulay's River li.-id

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

43

for teu years been harried and wasted, the seventh Kaffir
war broke out. This war, wliich is known as the " War
of the Axe," was brouglit ou by the forcible re?cue of a
Kosa prisoner, who had been arrested for the theft of an
axe and the cruel mutilation and murder of a Hottentot,
to whom he was manacled. A large force started for
Sandili's kraal, but tlie Kaffirs fell upon the wag!,'on
train, and the troops had to retreat jirecipitately, where-
upon Kosa and Tembu warriors poured into the colony,
plundering as usual. Another train from Graham's Town
was captured, but, after a severe struggle, Sandili sur-
rendered. The enormous expense of this war, and the
almost insuperable difficulty of directing the government
of the Cape i'rom England, convinced even Downing Street
that it would be better in every way to allow the Cape
colonists to manage their own affairs.

The year following, Sir Harry Smith, who proved to be
an able administrator and an impetuous commander, was
sent out as Governor and High Comuussioner. Ho at
once reversed the Glenelg policy, extended the limits of
the Colony ou the north and the east, and formed a new
province, British Kafl'raria, between the Keiskamma and
the Kei. Hm'rying iiortli, he put an end to the Griqua
and Basuto treaty states, and proclaimed as British the
whole territory l)ptween the Vaal, the Orange, and the
Kathlamba Mountains, under the name of " The Orange
River Sovereignty." But these wise and statesmanlike
measures came too late. The Governor had scarcely
returned to Cape Town when he heard that the farmers
in the Sovereignty had risen in arms, with Andries Pre-
turius at their head, expelled the Englisli Resident from
Bloemfontein, and ileclared themselves independent.
With chai-acteristic energy, Sir Harry Smith hastened
with all tlie available forces in the colony, and, meeting
Pretorius and his followers at a place named Boomplaats,
he defeated and dispersed them. The more violent Boers
crossed the Vaal without furtlier fighting, and Pretorius
became Commandant-General of the new republic formed
there, the independence of which was acknowledged by
the Sand River Convention of 1850. English rule had
been re-established in the Sovereignty, but the latent
spirit of rebellion among the farmers, troubles with the
Basutos, who more than once defeated tlie troops sent
against them, and the general desire in England to with-
draw from all interference in affau's in the interior, led
the Home Government in 1854 to " abandon and renounce
all dominion and sovereignty over the Orange River
Territory," and to giiarantee tlie future indeijendence of
tlie Orange Free State.

At this time, also, a liberal constitution was granted to
the Cape. The change from an arbitrary to a rejire-
sentative government was most gratifying to the colonists,
but they were not altogether satisfied until, in 1872, they
oljtained resjionsible government, and secured tlie full
and free luanagement of their own affairs.

Just before the grant of a free parliament, there occurred
an event which brought the Cape into prominent notice
at home. The Secretary of State proposed to make the
Colony a penal station, but the people protested so
strongly that, after a six months' struggle, the shij) Nep-
tune, which had arrived with 300 convicts in Simon's

Bay, was ordered to leave, and since tlien no similar
attempt has been made.

This violent anti-convict contest had scarcely ended,
when Sir George Grey's policy of gradually increasing
British control over the natives throughout Kaffirland
caused Sandili and other chiefs to assume a defiant
attitude. Aided by some Tembus and Hottentots, the
Kosas commenced the eif/hth Kaffir tvcv) — the longest
and most costly of all flie native wars of the Cape — by
attacking a body of troops in the Boomah Pass, and
massacring a number of settlers in the military villages of
the Chumie Valley. The frontier districts were ravaged ;
and so fierce a guerilla warfare was kept up in the
Amatolas, that it took three years' hard fighting and an
expenditure of three millions sterling to suppress it. It
was while conveying troops to assist in this war that the
steam transport Birkenliead stnick on a reef off Danger
Point, and gave to the world that noble example of true
heroism — four hundred British soldiers drawn up on deck
as if on parade, and standing calmly, without a murmur,
while the boats put off with the women and children and
the sick people ; and then, just as the shiji sank, leaping
into the sea, there to perish.

The Kaffirs, however, were not really subdued ; and, in
1857, occurred the cattle-fctllinr/ ninnia — a gigantic impos-
ture instigated by the crafty Gcaleka chief Kreli, who
thus hoped to throw an irresistible mass of famishing
and desperate natives across the border. Moved thereto
by Kreli, a witch doctor named Umhlakaza, through the
medium of his niece, Nongkause, iiro]ihesied "an approach-
ing resurrection from the dead of all the old chiefs and
their followers, who would unite with the tribes to drive
the white men and the Fingoes out of the country, and
restore the glory of the Amakosa nation." But to this
end the tribesmen must utterly destroy their 'cattle and
their corn. This they did, and, half mad with excitement
and hunger, the Kosas waited ardently for the day of
resurrection ; but in vain did their eager eyes scan the
horizon, none of the predicted signs appeared. Fierce
fury then gave place to mad despair, and the foolish
people, now perfectly destitute, died of starvation and
disease in thousands ; while the strong forces that had
been posted along the frontier to check the expected
torrent of warriors, aided rather than checked the invasion
of the colony by a continuous stream of emaciated beings,
who staggered round the farmhouses, begging in piteous
tones for food, wliich was freely given. About 30,000
Kaffirs were thus scattered over the Colony ; about 2."),000
died, and large tracts of land became vacant, upon which
the Governor located members of the disbanded Crimean
Anglo-German Legion, who were soon afterwards joined
by over 2,000 settlers from North Germany. By their
industry ami thrift, British Kaffraria prosjiered exceed-
ingly ; King A\'illiaiu's Town grew into an imiiortant town ;
and, ui IMti'), the then .separate colony of which it was
the capital was annexed to the Cape Colony. Since then
the rest of the Transkeian territories, between the Kei
and Natal, have been added to the Cape Colony, but
more as dependencies than as integral jjortions like
British Kaffraria and Griqualand West. Four tribes —
the Poudos, Pondomisis, Tembus, and the Kosas— occu-

44

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

pied this fine country two lumdred years ago, and their
descendants still own the greater p;irt of it ; but other
tribes — Fingoes, Griquas, &c. — have been located there by
the Government at various times, and, as may be sup-
posed, are heartily hated by the older tribes.

For twenty years after the cattle-killing mania there
was peace, but the jealousy between the Gcalekas,
originally a section of the Pondo tribe, and the loyal
Fingoes, brouglit about the ninth Kafir war. Bands of
Kosas swept otf the Fingoes' cattle, and in February,
1878, the British camp at Kentani was charged by dense
masses of warriors, who, however, were driven back.
Kreli at once fled over the Bashee, and, some months
later, Sandili was killed in action. Other clans rose
against the Europeans in October, 1880, but were soon
subdued. Pondoland, which was constantly convulsed
with quarrels between rival clans, was the last portion
of the Kaffir country to come under direct British
authority. It was annexed to the Cape in 1894. Seve-
ral islands along the coast, to the north of the Orange,
also belong to the Cape, and in 1884, Wulfish Bay was
formally annexed to the colony. With the exception of
this bay, and a little tract of land round it, the whole of
the vast territory of Namaqua-Damaraland, extending
along the coast from the Orange to the Cunene, and in-
land to the Kalahari and the upper Zambesi — a region
of over 350,000 square miles in area, forms a German
Protectorate. The Cape Government had long wished
to take formal possession of this immense territory, but
the procrastination of the Home authorities permitted
Germany, on the slenderest pretext, to step in. To the
great indignation of the Cape Colonists, who liad long
regarded the country as practically one of their own de-
pendencies, Germany, in 1884-6, extended her claims over
the whole of the vast area that was then, in the eyes
of international law, vacant. The Cape had only effec-
tively occupied Waltish Bay, which is, however, practic-
ally the only inlet and outlet for the trade of the country.

Reverting now to Natal, we find that it remained a
province of the Cape until 1856, but in tiiat year was
formed into a distinct colony, under a Lieut.-Governor
and a Legislative Council, a body in which the propor-
tion of elective and non-elective members has been
changed no less than six times, until, in 1893, responsible
government was conceded to the colony.

From the outset, the claims of the natives— in spite of
the " earth hunger " of the Boer settlers— to lands which
they either held or occupied were scrupulously respected ;
with the result that, since the British occupation of the
country, there has only been one serious trouble with
the natives — the rebellion of Langalibalele,* which termin-
ated in the banisliment of the chief and the breaking up
of the Hlubi tribe. With this exception, the natives of
Natal have been under British rule, as Lord Wolseley
reported, "happy and prosperous, well-off in everysen.se,
and on the best of terms with the colonists." But
for the sugar, arrowroot, and other growing industries
on the coastlands, native laboui' could not be depended
upon ; " Coolies," or labourers from India, were therefore

• "The Great Sun which shines and burns.'

introduced in 1860 ; and since then many thousands of
Her Majesty's Indian subjects have settled down in the
Colony, instead of returning home on the expiration of
their contracts. Owing to the teeming native poi)ulatiou
and the introduction of coolies, there has not been any
considerable influx of Europeans since Byrne's crude and
ill-managed emigration scheme attracted some 4,000
British emigrants into the colony in 1848-51. There are
now about 50,000 whites, the same number of coolies,
and half a million Kaffirs.

When Natal was declared a distinct colony in 1856,
serious troubles broke out in Ziiluland between King
Panda's eldest son, Cetywayo, and his younger and
apparently more favoured brother Umbalazi, which cul-
minated in a terrible battle on the banks of the Tugcla,
in which Umbalazi and thousands of his followers were
killed. Cetywayo thereupon became the real ruler of the
country, and in 1861 was publicly announced as the future
king-. On the death of Panda in 1872, Cetywayo was in-
stalled as king of the Zulu nation by Mr. Shepstone, who,
with his escort, was everywhere welcomed by the natives.

In the meantime, there had been almost continual
disturbances in the Transvaal. President Burger's
grandiose schemes for vivifying the Republic had come
to nothuig beyond driving the Boers into latent revolt —
some indeed trekked away across the terrible Thirstlaud
into Benguela, their path marked by a line of graves —
and rendering the natives defiant and indeed uncontroll-
able. A campaign against the rebellious Bapedi, under
their chief Sekukuui, turned out disastrous to the Dutch,
who were also threatened by Cetywayo, who evidently
wished to pose as a second Tshaka. Alarmed lest
the excitement among the natives should spread and
involve the colonies in danger, the British Government
commissioned Sir TheophOus Shepstone to proceed to the
Transvaal, and, if possible, to help the Boers out of their
difficulties. He found the country in a state of anarchy,
faith in the President gone, and his government defied ;
the ])eople no longer willing to fight or to pay any taxes ;
the natives triumphant, and the country liable at any
moment to be oven'uu by the impis of Cetywayo. An
" emergency " had arisen, so pressing indeed that, to
save the country, Shepstone, on the 12th of AprU, 1877,
proclaimed it Britisli territory, thereby transferring to
the British the perplexing difficulties with the natives
that had threatened to overwhelm the Dutch, and that
taxed severely even our resources to overcome.

At this time an able Indian administrator — Sir Bartle
Frere— became tJovernor of the Cape and High Commis-
sioner for South Africa. After suppressing a rebellion of
the Gcalekas and Gaikas in Kaffirland, he turned his
attention to the critical position of att'au-s in Natal and
the Transviial. He found that Cetywayo had been
allowed to develop the military system of the Zulus to
an alarming extent. Sckukuni defied the British as he
had the Dutch ; but Sir Garnet Wolseley subdued the
tribe, and took the bold i-liicttain prisoner. The award
in the Zulu-Dutch frontier dispute with Cetywayo was
in favour of the Zulus, but tlie Zulu king's disposition
was so hostile that, in December, 1878, along with the
boundary award, an ultimatum was sent him— requu-ing

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

45

him to disband his regiments and to give satisfactory
assurances for the peace and quiet of his country. Cety-
wayo refused, and on the 10th of January, 1878, tlie
English army a<:lvanced unopposed into Zululand in tliree
divisions. Ten days later the centre column, under Lord
Chelmsford, encamped at the foot of Isandlwana — the
hill of "the little hand;" but though there were waggons
enough to form a laager, none was made, nor was a trench
dug. At dawn, on the 22nd, part of the column marched
to attack a kraal some miles distant, and whOe these
troops were away, ten or eleven of Oetywayo's regiments,
in all about 2.3,000 or 24,000 men, suddenly surrounded
the camp, and massacred nearly 700 British soldiers and
130 colonists. Very few escaped. Lieutenants Melville
and Coghill gallantly endeavoured to save the colours of
the 24th regiment, but were both shot. The Zulus suffered
severely ; three thousand of them were killed in the des-
perate fight for life on the " Flodden " of Natal. About
five o'clock on the same day, some 4,000 Zulus attacked the
depot and hospital post at Korke's Drift, and, until four
o'clock the next morning, the little garrison, behind a
slender barrier of sacks of maize and of biscuit boxes, re-
pulsed the fierce assaults of the Zvdus. This splendid
defence no doubt saved Natal from a serious invasion.
Lord Chelmsford encamped that night on the fatal field of
Isandlwana, and then retreated into Natal. Strong rein-
forcements soon arrived, and another advance was made ;
and at Ulundi, on the 4th of July, Cetywayo's impis made
their last stand. With magnificent courage the Zulu war-
riors rushed on the British square, but were literally mown
down by the terrible hail of bullets ; and, turning to
retire, were charged by the British cavalry and dispersed,
never again to rally. Cetywayo fled, but was soon cap-
tured, and sent a prisoner to Cape Town. During the
war, the hapless Prince Imperial of France, while out
with a small reconnoitring party, was surprised and
killed by a band of Zulus. Sir Garnet Wolseley par-
celled out the country between thirteen kinglets, all of
whom he placed under the control of a British Resident.
This arrangement did not work well, and in 1883, Cety-
wayo, who in the meantime had visited England, was
restored to part of his former dominions. Another por-
tion was formed into a " Reserve " for those who did not
wish to be under the king, while a small territory was
left to Sibepu, who shortly after attacked Cetywayo and
forced him to take refuge in the Reserve, where he died,
or some say was poisoned, the year following. The
implacable Sibepu continued to fight Cetywayo's son
and successor, Dinizulu, who called to his aid a number
of Boer farmers, whom he rewarded with a large tract of
land in Western Zululand, which was then formed into
the " New Republic," and is now a part of the Trans-
vaal. Siljepu was subdued, but disturbances continued,
and in 1887 Zululand was formally annexed and declared
a British Crown Colony. Dinizulu was naturally indig-
nant, and headed a revolt against British authority, but
was arrested, and, along with the other chiefs, exiled to
St. Helena. Sir Marshall Clarke was appointed Resid-
ent Commissioner in 1893, and his efl^orts will no doubt
be crowned with the same success in Zululand as they
have been in Basutoland.

The close interdependence of events in Natal and Zulu-
land has its counterpart in the still closer connection
between the history of the Orange Free State and that of
Basutoland. When British sovereignty over the Orange
River territory was withdrawn, a small and scattered
community of farmers was left to set up and maintain
a government of its own, while, close by, a powerful
and hostile native state had been created by the genius
of the astute and sagacious Basuto chieftain, Moshesh,
undoubtedly the ablest black ruler that South Africa baa
ever produced. Secure in his impregnable mountain-
fortress of Thaba Bossigo, Moshesh rallied round him
the wretched remnants of the Bechuana tribes decimated
by the savage impis of Tshaka, and by his clemency
attached to him even those whom war and famine had
caused to become cannibals. He knew how to change
foes into friends ; and he put an end to the raids of the
Matabeles by a most un-African proceeding. He wel-
comed the missionaries, and "admired the white people,"
so long as they did not thwart his plans. He allowed
some of the emigrant fiirmers to settle on Basuto territory
— " they might remain for years if they liked." Under
his wise and kindly rule, the Basutos increased so rapidly
that they wanted more land, and Moshesh re-claimed the
farms occupied by the Boers. " He had lent them the
cow to milk ; they could use her, but they could not sell
the cow." Thus originated an endless series of boundary
disputes, which involved the Basutos in a long and bitter
war with the Free State. The light horsemen of Moshesh
ravaged the Free State farms and then retreated into their
fortified caves and mountain strongholds. The farmers re-
taliated as best they could. For ten years the fighting went
on, but in March, 1868, just as the last Basuto stronghold
was on the point of surrendering, Moshesh transferred
the sovereignty of his country to the Queen. To the
surprise and disgust of the Free State burghers. Sir
Philip Wodehouse declared the Basutos British subjects,
and sent an armed force to protect them. Peace was
concluded in 1869, and, in 1871, Basutoland was annexed
to the Cape. Nine years later, the Cape Government
attempted to disarm the Basutos, but they resisted so
strenuously that the colonial forces absolutely foUed to
reduce them to submission. A disannexation Bill was
therefore passed in 1883, and the year following, in com-
pliance with the request of the Basutos themselves, the
country was re-transferred to the Imperial Government,
and has since been ruled by hereditary chiefs under the
direction of a British administrator and magistrates.

In the meantime the Free State had been progressing,
slowly but surely, when in a corner of what Sir George
Clerk had called a "howling wilderness," between the
Modder and the Vaal, a discovery was made that created
almost a revolution in South African aft'airs. The Dia-
mond Fields attracted thousands of adventurers from
all parts, and there was naturally much confusion and
lawlessness. The Free State sent its officers to govern
the district, but the Griqua captain AVaterboer and the
South African Republic claimed the ground. The matter
was submitted to arbitration, and as soon as the " Keate
award," which was in favour of Waterbocr's claims, was
issued, Sir Henry Barclay proclaimed the Griqua captain's

46

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

country a British dependency, ami fVirnied Griqualand
West into a British Crown Colony. Tlie Free State,
however, protested ; and, as it wa,s afterwards found that
AVatcrboer had really no right to the territory, tiie British
Government paid the republic £90,000 as a solatium, and
offered £15,000 more to encourage the construction of
railways in the country. For 20 years, however, the
ox-waggon remamed the only means of transport ; but, in
1892, the main trunk line from Cape Town to Pretoria,
which passes through the State, was opened, wliile branch
lines connecting with Natal and the Eastern system of the
Cape were also constructed. Griqualand West and the
Diamond Fields, which thus justly belong to theFreeState,
became, in 1880, an integral part of the Cape Colony.

When the Transvaal was annexed in 1877, the President
retired under protest, and there was considerable dissatis-
faction among the Boers ; but as long as Sir Theophilus
Shepstone, who was personally much liked by them,
remained at the head of affairs, there was no open
ojiposition to English rule. One deputation after another
visited England to protest against the annexation, and to
en<leavour to get it annulled ; but the Boer delegates only
received a decided " No " in answer to their earnest
appeals, and Sir Garnet Wolseley told the Boers at Pre-
toria that, "so long as the sun shone in the heavens," so
long would the Transvaal remain English territory. The
ajipointment of Sir Owen Laiiyou to succeed a popular
man like Shepstone, and the promulgation of a so-called
" constitution " for the country — a "nominated " mockery
of the freely-elected '\'"olksraad — hastened the crisis ; and
at a great meeting at Paarde Kraal, where the gold-
mining town of Krugersdor]) now stands, the Boers
resolved to tight for their independence, and, if beaten,
to burn their homesteads, lay waste the country, and
trek north beyond the Limpojio. Three commandos were
immediately formed ; and at Heidelberg, on the historic
16th of December— -Dingaan's Day — the flag of the
republic was again hoisted amid enthusiastic cheering.

The brief war which followed was disastrous to the
British arms. Pretoria and other towns, garrisoned by
English troops and crowded with English settlers aud
loyal. Transvaalers, were surrounded and their communi-
cations cut off, while a detachment of the 94th was almost
annihilated at Bronkiiorst Spruit by a party of mounted
Boers. The excitement in the neighbouring English
colony of Natal was intense, and General Sir tJeorge
Colley, the Governor, hastily formed a relief column of
about 1,000 men, and at once marched north. Imme-
diately a much stronger force of Boers crossed the border
into Natal, and took up a strong position on both sides
of the road which winds tlirough the narrow pass of
Lang's Nek, and along which the relief column would
have to pass. A determined attempt to force a passsage
was repulsed with heavy loss by the deadly fire of the
concealed Boer marksmen. Some days later, an English
patrol of about 300 men was attacked on the Ingogo
Heights and forced to retreat, leaving two-thirds of
their number dead or wounded. On Saturday night,
the 26th of February, Sir George Colley left the camp
at JMount Prospect with 600 men, and silently climl)ed
to the top of Majuba Hill. At dawn the next day, the

Dutchmen encamped at the Nek, two thousand feet below,
were astonished to see the redcoats on the heights above
them, and prepared to retire. Commandant-General
Jonbert called for volunteers to storm the apparently
impregnable British position. A hundred and fifty young
Boers responded, and, firing continuously, crept up from
terrace to terrace. At noon, about seventy of them
reached the summit and fired a deadly volley into the
terrified soldiers, who broke and fled down the hill, leav-
ing 94 killed, l.'?4 wounded, and 57 prisoners. This daring
deed was done with a loss to the Boers of only one man
killed and five wounded. General Colley himself was
among the slain, and but for the Highlanders, who were
entrenched on a connecting ridge, very few indeed of the
British soldiers would have escaped. Commandant
.Jouhert reported to Kruger that "the troops fought like
true heroes, but God gave us the victory."

This fatal fight ended the war. Reinforcements pom-ed
into Natal ; General Roberts was sent out to command
the avengers, but he was stopped at Cape Town, and Sir
Evelyn Wood received orders to conclude an armistice and
arrange terms of peace. Complete self-government was
restored to the Boers, subject to the suzerainty of the
Queen. The Transvaal was no longer English territory,
and yet " the sun still shone in the heavens."

A convention, embodying the terms of peace, was
ratified liy the Volksraad in 1881, and was subsequently
modified, the only vestige of British control being the
power of vetoing any treaties the Republic may make
with any State or nation other than the Free State. It
also provided for the pacification of the western border-
lands, where Massouw and Moshette, two chiefs allied
witli the Boers, were pitted against Mankoroane and
Montsioa, two rival eliiefs who had, of course, sided with
the English during the war. European freebooters were
enlisted by both parties, and rewarded with tracts of
land, which were forthwith formed into two Republics —
Stellaland and Goshen— which incontinently dissolved on
the ajjproach of Sir Charles Warren's expedition. There
was no fighting, but it slioweil the natives and the Boers
that the British Government was not to be trifled with,
and it kept open the great highway into the interior. In
1885, British authority was formally proclaimed over the
whole of Bechuanaland, the southern sei^tion being formed
into a Crown Colony and jilacod under British magistrates,
while in the northern division the chiefs were permitted
to continue to exercise full authority over their people.
Of these chiel's, Khama, the wise and able head of the
Bamangwatos, is the best known and the most respected.
His kindliness and generous treatment of travellers and
traders are proverbial, but he will not pernut into.xicants
to be brought into his country, and his town, Palapye, is
the model native town of South Africa.

The Republic had not long been re-established when
the painful financial troubles of the Burger's regime
recommenced, and the country was rajiidly drifting from
bad to worse. Dissension among the leaders, discontent
among the burghers, the Treasury in sore straits for money
which could not be got, the future of the country seemed
dark indeed, when the discovery of the richest guldfields
in the world saved the State from bankruptcy, and filled

THE STORY OF SOUTH AFRICA.

47

to overflowing its empty coffers. Dazzling descriptions of
the .Slieba Reef, in the De Kaap valley, and almost in-
credible accounts of the marvellous richness of the Wit-
watersrand " banket," attracted thousands of miners and
capitalists, artisans and traders, into the country. A busy
town sprang up in the centre of the eastern mines, but
was soon eclipsed by another, which grew with still more
M'onderful rapidity into a populous city, with long streets
of handsome liuildings, numerous suburbs, and quite a
number of outlying towns. English enterprise and capital
soon wrouglit a marvellous change ; trade revived, and
the Government gut a new lease of vigorous life.

The relations between the Transvaal authorities and
the British Government — which, in 1885, had extended its
sovereignty over British Bechuanaland and the country
northward to the Zambesi, and had, in 1888, concluded
a treaty of peace and amity with Lo Bengula, the king of
Matabeleland ami overlord of Mashonaland — were con-
siderably disturbed, in 1S!)1, by rumours of a great Boer
trek into Masiionaland, which had been occupied by the
British South Africa Company, under a royal charter
granted in 1889. The Company's " Pioneer Expedition "
crossed the Macloutsie River in June, 1890, and reached
Mount Hampden, in Mashonaland, on September 12th,
without the loss of a single man. A fort was built at
Tuli drift; another at Victoria, on the edge of the high
Mashona plateau, and not far from the wonderful ruins
of Zimbabwe ; and two more at Charter ami Salisbury,
the latter, near Mount Hampden, being made the head-
quarters of the administration for Mashonaland.

Meanwhile the proposed Boer trek had been eftectu-
ally damped by " Oom Paul," who, however, expected to
be allowed in return to annex the Swazi country to the
Republic — a step wliich the Swazi queen and people do
not devoutly wish. About a hundred armed Brers
appeared on the banks of the Limpopo, but foiuid a
strong body of the Company's police stationeil at the
drifts. The Boer leaders crossed and were arrested ; a
few of the trekkers accepted the Company's terms, and
were allowed to enter the country ; the rest " sold or
bartered what they had to the Company's commissariat,
and returned home sadder if not wiser men"

The Company did not limit their sphere of operations
to Mashonaland and the country' to the south of the
Zambesi. Mr. Rhodes sent missions to Lewanika, chief
of the Barotse, and to other chiefs between the Barotse
country and the Nyasaland Protectorate. In all these
territories, as well as in Gazaland, in Portuguese East
Africa, valuable trading and mining concessions have
been secured for future exploitation. The total extent
of territory, to the north and south of the Zambesi,
within the sphere of the British South Africa Company,
is estimated at over three-quarters of a million square
miles, an area more than six times that of Great Britain
and Ireland.

The Protectorate of Nyasaland has been placed under
an Imperial Commissioner, who also acts as Administrator
of the British South Africa Company's trans-Zambesian
sphere of operations. He resides at Zomba, on the
healthy and fertile uplands of the Shird ; and with a
land force of Sikhs, supported by gunboats on the Shire
and Lake Nyasa, has done nuich towards suppressing
the slave trade, and ensuring the peaceful development
of tlie country.

The Company's right to enter Mashonaland was based
on tlie Eudd-Rliodes concession, granted liy Lo Bengula,
who, however, would not allow any considerable numlier
of white people to enter into his own country, and
was naturally jealous of the Company's occupation of
Mashonaland. The greatest possible care was taken to
prevent collisions with the Matabele, and the route of
the Pioneer Expedition was purposely planned to avoid
their kraals. But the Matabele warriors j-ersisted in
making raids on the wretched Mashonas, and even
attacked the Mashona employes of the Company, until
at last hostilities broke out. A well-equipped force of
about 600 men advanced westwards from Forts Charter
and Victoria, while another strong force of the Company '.s
and Bechuanaland Border Police, with about 1,500
Bamaugwatos under Khama, advanced from the south.
Khama soon withdrew his men, but the European forces
marched towards Buluwayo, and, after repulsing several
desperate attacks, entered the Matabele capital. Lo Ben-
gula's power was effectually broken, and he fled with a
nundaer of warriors towards the Zand^esi, closely pur-
sued by a small patrol, which was, liowever, cut to pieces
on the banks of the Hooded Shangani River. Before leav-
ing, Lo Bengula had given orders to burn Buluwayo, and
the victorious troops found the place in flames, but a new
township soon sprang up around it, and it now forms the
seat of government for the country, and the chief centre
of its trade and industry. The great attraction of
Mashonaland and Matabeleland consists in the gold-
bearing reefs, of more or less richness, which traverse
both countries in all directions, and many of which are
being actively developed. Rajiid progress is, however,
impossible, until the means of communication have been
improved and extended. The "fly country" between
the Mashona uplands and the coast has already been
siianned by the Beira Railway, and an excellent waggon
road leads from the terminus, via Umtali, to Salisbury
and other centres. The Cape-Kimberley Railway is
being extended northward from Vryburg, and this line,
or the Cape-Pretoria line, will no doubt ultimately be
extended north to the Tati and Buluwayo. The rapid
extension of the railways within the last five years
has marked the commencement of a new era in South
Africa — an era, let us hope, of concord between Bantu,
Boer, and Briton ; an era of peace, prosperity, and
progress.

GEORGE PHILIP AND SON, LONDON AND LIVERPOOL.

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'C,/'^'" °~^i°fcS^', ■'^'''''''wa /i ^Z-Sy-O^""^ , '^'i-^"' F>adirXir"-^-^_j.W'!!S!''"''^''.' .

I^Sau^A Maniu:') I.

^/^Kis^r^e ffarb.

»v-

^/

»vm<^

o

-'iSanBCAn'
,iltvanibi ov Femb& B.

\Saji^on(i B. \
yfcnilta B.

iVasasitu^ B\ iFex'ntuido Pkloso I
KsiniRJuhi BT

'^ncia if. ^

At "

^> .hian deNmml,"

^. x.>;>T^

"<«o

4«^,

',??-

George Philip it Sori London VLi^erpunl

%

INDEX.

ABBREVIATIONS.

B. = Bay.

Bas. = Basutoland.

B.C. A. = British Central Africa.

Bech. = Bechuanaland.

C. = Cape.

C.C. = Cape Colony.

C.F.S. = Congo Free State.

Co. = County.

Dist. = District.

Div. = Division.

E. = East.

Fn. = Fontein.

Ft. = Fort.

Gaz. = Gazaland.

G.E.A. = German Bast Africa.

G. F. = Gold Field.

Grt. = Great.

G.S.W.A. = German South-
West Africa.
Harb. = Harbour.
Hd. = Head.
T. = Island,
li. = Islands.
June. = Junction.
Kr. = Kraal.
L. = Lake.
Lit. = Little.
Mad. = Madagascar.
Mash. = Mashonaland.
Mat. = Matabeleland.
Jit. = Mount or Mountain.
Mts. = Mountains.

N. = North.

Nat. = Natal.

Ny. = Nyasaland.

N.Z. = Northern Zambesia.

O.F.S. = Orange Free State.

F.E.A. = Portuguese East

Africa.
Pk. = Peak.
Pks. = Peaks.
Ft. = Point.
P.W.A. = Portuguese West

Africa.
R. = River.
Rk. = Rock.
Rks. = Rocks.
S. = South.

S.A. = South Africa.
S.A.R. = South African

Republic.
S.E.A. = South-East Africa.
Spr. = Spruit.
Sta. = Station.
S.W. = South-West.
Sw. = Swaziland.
S.W. A. = South-West Africa.
S.Z. = Southern Zambesia.
Tong. = Tongaland.
Tr. = Tribe.
W. = West.
W.A. = West Africa.
Zul. = Zululand.

AAPIES

BERSHEBA

AAPIES R., S.A.R

Aaavogel Berg.The.C.C.

Aasvogel Pt., C.C

Aba-bumpi, S.Z

Abbntsdale, C.C

Abelskop, The, C.C

Aberconi, li.C.A

Aberdeen (Aberdeen),

C.C

Aberdeen( Victoria), C.C.
Aberdeen RoadSta.,C.C.

A biam, G.S.W.A

Abotak, G.S.W.A

Abotle, N.Z

Achte lloggeveld, The,

C.C

Ada, S.A.R

Adams, Nat

Adarashoop, C.C

Addo Heiehts, C.C

Adelaide, C.C

Adendorp, C.C

Africa, Brit. Cent., C.A.
Africa, German South-
West, S.A ...

Africa, Portuguese East,

E.A

African Republic, South,

S.A

Agatha, S.A.R

Agatha, Old, S.A.R

Agulhas, Cape, C.C

Abilombe, C.F.S

Ahinibe, Lake, C.F.S. ..

Aiais, G..S.W.A

Aikams, C.C

Aikhoas, G.S.W.A

Aintas R., Bech

AjawaTr., P.E.A

Akananga, C.F.S

Akumiaka, }'.E.A

Akumtunda, P.E.A

Albany, diat., C.C

Albasini, S.A.R

Albert, Nat

Albert, dist., C.C

Albert Edward, Fort,

S.A.R

Albert, P'ort, S.A.R

Albert, Fort, Zul

Albertina, O.F.S

Albert Silver Mine,

S.A.R

Alcock, S.A.R

Alexandra, Nat

Alexandra, S.A.R

Alexandra, co., Nat

Alexandria, C.C

Alexandria, dist., C.C. ..

Alfred, co., Nat

Alfred, Port, C.C

AlgoaBay, C.C

Alice, C.C

Alicedale, C.C

Aliwal North, C.C

Aliwal North, dist., C.C.

Aliwal South, C.C

Allenholni, Nat

Allison, S.A.R

All Saints, C.C

Amabe, P.E.A

Dd

13

Eg

S

])g

a

Ch

i,^

Cf

8

Fc

8

Ec

s

De

g

Fe

0

De

u

Ba

7

Ab

7

Be

16

Ed

S

Fd

1.1

De

10

Eb

7

Ef

9

Fe

8

De

fl

Dd

3

Bf

3

Dc

16

Be

IX

Fb

13

Fb

13

Dk

8

Ab

Ifi

Bb

16

A a

7

Ab

7

Aa

7

Ca

7

Dc

16

Ac

16

Cd

16

Dc

16

Ft

9

Db

n

Dd

10

Ed

9

Dc

10

Dc

12

Ec

lU

Cc

10

Dd

13

D.l

n

Dd

4

Go

13

De

10

Ff

9

Ef

9

Ce

10

Ff

9

Ef

9

Fe

11

Ef

9

Fc

9

Fc

9

Ag

9

Dc

10

Dd

1?.

Bf

10

Dd

10

Amadab, G.S.W.A. ...
Ainaduma Tr., Mash. ..

AmaKotoTi-.,C.C

Amahlongwa, Nat. ...

Amajuba Hill, Nat

Amakiba, P.E.A

Amalieiistein, C.C

Araantlelboom, C.C

Amanzamyama R., Nat.
Amararaba Lake, P.E.A.

Amaa, G.S.W.A

Ainasan^o, C.C

Amasimda, Rand, S.A.R,

Araatikulu, Zul

Ainatota Mts.. C.C

Ainatongalaiul, E.A.

Ambontlro, Mad

Ambo R., S.Z , ,

Amersfoort, S.A.R

Ampami, G.S.W.A

Anigainros, G.S.W.A. ..

Araiel, Fort, Nat

Amina R., C.C

Amis, C.C

Arakhous, G.S.W.A

AmmaR., Tk., C.C

Amos Poort, C. C

Amos R., C.C

Ampala, C.F.S

Amsterdam, S.A.R

Amutuni, Great,

G.S.W.A

Ainwell. S.A.R

Anahapia, P. E.A

Ancuse, P.E.A

Aiulara, G.S.W.A

Anderson Berg, S.A.R...

Anderson, Fort, Ny

Andersson Vlei, Bech. . .

Andrada, P.E.A

Angola, C.F.S

Angosh Is. , P. E. A

Angosh. R., P.E.A

Angra Pequena,

G.S.W.A

Aninua, C.C

Anis, G.S.W.A

Anne's Villa, C.C

Anoeriigas, Bech

Ansuri. C.F.S

Antonies Berg, C.C

Antonio R., P.E.A

Anya Berg, C.C

Apies R., S.A.R

Arahaap R., Tk., C.C. .-

Arawis Berg, C.C

Arcona, S.A.R

Arguis, C.C

Arian, Bech

Arimba Point. P.E.A. . .

Aroroams, G.S.W.A

Arugoams, G.S.W.A. ..

Arundel, C.C

Ashton. C.C

Assegaai R., Sw

AtchewaTr., B.C.A ....
Atlantic Ocean. The,

S.W.A

Atys, G.S.W.A

Aub, G.S.W.A

AubR., G.S.W.A

Auckland Park, S.A.R.

Audanoup R , <j.(,'

Aughrabis Falls (Orange

R.) Great, S.A.

Ab

4

Ed

LI

Cf

10

De

10

Cb

10

Cc

16

Ff

S

Ed

8

Gb

7

Dc

16

Ba

7

Fc

9

Eb

10

Ed

10

Ge

!)

Eg

3

Gf

3

Cb

1,'i

Dd

1?

Bb

7

Ac

4

Cb

Hi

Ac

i

Ac

4

Ba

7

Bb

S

Be

9

Be

9

Be

16

Fe

13

Aa

4

Fa

7

Dd

1.)

Cd

16

Ce

3

Fc

13

Dd

16

Ae

15

Fc

1.5

Ab

IB

Dd

16

Dd

16

Ag

3

Bb

8

Ab

4

Ef

9

Be

4

Bb

16

Cf

9

Ed

16

Ef

S

Cc

IS

Bb

■S

Bb

H

Dc

1°

Ab

7

Be

4

Ec

16

Ab

4

Ac

4

Ec

9

Df

S

Eb

10

Cc

16

Bd

8

Ab

7

Ba

7

A a

7

13A

Ba

S

Ea

8

Aukotowa Kraal, C.C.
Aunas. G.S.W.A.
Auta Naueji. C.F.S.
Auuns, G.S.W.A. .

Avoca, C.C

Avoca. S.A.R

Avontuur, CC. . . .
Ayliff, Fort, C.C. .

B

Baba, Bech

Baba Aijawa Lake,

B.C.A

Babalong, C.C

Babanango, S.A.R. . .
Babels Tower, C.C. ..

Babesi Tr.,C.C

Babisa Tr., B.C.A ....

Babolong, C.C

Babylon's Tower, C.C.
Bads Berg, S.A.R ....
ISabloekwa Tr., Mat. . .

Bain's Kloof, C.C

Bajone Point, P.E.A.

Bakalahari, Bech

Bakenkop, C.C

Bakgat, S.A.R

BakoioloTr., G.S.W.A.

BakR., G.S.W.A

BakubeTr., G.S.W.A.
Bakwen.a Tr., Bech. ..

Bakwena Tr., CC

Bakweid Tr., Bech. ..

Backwini, B.C.A

Balgowan, Nat

Balmoral, C.C

Balmoral, S.A.R.

Balthasar, P.E.A

Bamagandu, P.W.A. ..
Bamangwato Tr., Bech.
Bamangwato Tr. , East,

Btch

Bamangwato Tr., West,

Bech

Bamboes Bergen, The,

C.C

Bamboes Spruit. S.A.R.
Bamboo Spruit, P.E.A. ..

BampelaTr., S.A.R

Banayoa, Bech

l^and.iwe, Ny

I'.aniliiii, P.E.A

liaii.hif, dist., P.E.A. ..

Hand Spruit, C.C

Bango, Ny

Bangnr, C.C

Bangwaketsi lY., Bech.
Bangweolo, La.ke, C.A...

Bank.sdrift. O.F.S

Bannantyne, S.A.R

BanyaiTr., S.Z

BanyaTr.,S.Z

Banyeka R., S.Z

Banye Vlei, C.C

Baqutds, Mat

liarberton, S.A.R

liaikly East, C.C

Barkly Junction, C.C. ..

Darkly Pass, C.C

Barkly West, C.C

Barkly West, dist., C.C.
Baroda, C.C

Ab

7

Ba

7

Ah

16

Aa

4

Db

7

<Sd

13

Cf

9

Gc

9

Cd

15

Be

16

Gc

7

Ec

10

Ed

t

Be

10

Ed

3

Be

10

Dg

8

Dc

13

Db

4

Cf

8

Hd

16

(;b

4

Ba

9

Fd

13

Ba

4

Ba

7

Ab

15

Ab

VI

Be

10

Cb

4

Bb

15

Dd

10

Bf

9

Dd

13

Dd

16

Aa

4

Df

3

Be- Be

15

Ac

16

Ed

9

Af

13

3 A

Cb

I'J

Be

15

Ed

3

Hd

13

Fc

15

Fc

9

Cc

16

Ed

9

Bb

4

Be

16

Ea

!>

Cc

M

Db

15

Bil

Ifi

Db

15

Bd

S

Cc

15

Gd

13

Ao

10

Ed

7

Af

10

Da

9

Ca

9

Ed

9

Baroka Tr., S.A.R

Barolong Tr., Bech

BarotseTr., B.C.A

Barracouta, Cape, C.C.
Barracuta Point, P.E.A.
Barren Karroo, The, C.C.

Barroe, C.C

Barrow, South, Nat

Barrydale, C.C

Barue Tr., P.E.A

Barwari Tr., Bech

BasarutoL, P.E.A

BasengaTr., P.E.A

Bashee R., C.C

Basbluis Fontein, C.C...

Bashona Tr., Bech

Bashubia Tr., G.S.W.A.

Basoetia Tr., S.A.R

Basson, S.A.R

Basutoland, S.A

Bathurst, C.C

Bathville, S.A.R

Batlaros, Bech

Batlaro Ti-., Bech

Batlokoa, S.A.R

Batoka Tr., B.C.A

BatokaTr., E.A

Batonga Tr. , B. C. A

Batowana Tr., Bech

Batunda, B.C.A

Baviaanskloof .Mts., C.C.
Baviaanskloof R., C.C. . .

Baviaans It., C.C

BavienoTr., G.S.W.A. ..

Bawe, B.C.A

B.aweTr., B.C.A

Bayzeia, C.C

" izilulu Tr., S.Z

Baziya, C.C

Beaconsfleld, C.C

Beaufort, Fort, C.C

Beaufort, Port, C.C

Beaufort, West, C.C. .. .

Bechuanaland, S.A

Bedford, C.C

Beenbreek, C.C

Beerseba, O. F.S

Beerseba, S.A.R

Beer Vlei, C.C

Beest Bers, The, C.C. ..

Beira, P.E.A

Beira Railway, The,

P.E.A

Belela.s Berg, The, S.A.R.
l!i-lf;iuni, New, S.A.R. ..

liflinnnt, C.C

Bell, C.C

Belleview. S.A.R

Bellevue, S.A.R

Bellows Rock, C.C

Belmont, C.C

Belvidere, C.C

Bemba, Lake, C.A

Bembe, Lake, C.F.S

Bembe, R., P.E.A

rninbesi, R., Mat

K.nnttsville, C.C

LensHiivide, C.C

Berea, Bas

Bereng, Bas

Bergendal, S.A.R

Berg, R., O.F.S

Berg, K., Great, C.C. ..

Berlin, C.C

Bersheba, G.S.W.A

Db
Be
Be
Eg
Ed
Cc
Df
De
Ef
Cd
Be
Ff
Cd
Bf
Be
Ba
Ab
Db
Fa
Ad
Fl

Be
Be
Db
Bd

Cd
Bb
Ad
Ac
Cf
Cf
Ee
Ba
Cb
Bd
Bf
Bd
Gc
Da
Fe
Eg
Be
Bb
Ee
Da
Fc
Cd
Cc
Cc

Db
Db
Eb
Gf

Cg
Db
Bg
Be
Bb
Eb
Cc
Cf
Ge
Ad
Ad
Fd
Db
Ce
Ge
Bg

12

4

16

8

16

8

9

10

8

10

4

3

10

10

7

4

15

12

7

10

9

13A

4

4

12

16

16

15

15

16

9

9

9

4

15

16

10

16

7

9

9

8

9

4

9

8

7

13

9

7

3a

3a
10
13

7

9
13A
13a

8

9

9
16
10
12
15

BERTRAM

liertram, S.A.R

I.Sa

Keshuit Kuil, S.A.R. ...

Db

12

Besler, O.F.S

Ga

7

Bethanie, O.F.S

Fb

0

Hethanie, S.A.R

Cd

18

Bethany, G.S.W. A. ...

Bg

3

Bethel, C.C

Be

S

Bethel, S.A.R

Ee

13

Bethelsciorp, C.C

Ef

9

Bethesda, Bas

Ae

Eb

111

Bethesda, S.A.R

13

Bethesila, New, C.C

Dd

9

Bethlehem, O.F.S

Be

10

Bethulie, O.F.S

Ec

9

Beyers Berg, The, C.C. .

Bd

9

Bezondernieid, C.C

Ab

7

Beziiidenhout, S.A.R. ..

Ga

7

Bezuidenville, .S.A.R. ..

l.'lA

Biddulphs BerfT. O.F.S.

Ac

10

Biedouw, The, C.C

Ce

8

Biejespoort, C.C

Bd

9

Bier Spruit, S.A.R

Hd

13

Biggarsberg, The, Nat. . .

Cc

10

ISiuibi, Ny

Dc

Ifi

Birdls., C.C

F('

0

Bire, Mash

Fl,

1.-.

Biribesi, P.E.A

Ec

IB

Birthday, S.A.R

Fb

13

Bisimiti R., P.E.A

3 A

Bismarck, Mt., Mash. . .

Fb

l.T

Bisombo, R, B.C.A

Co

l(i

Bitter Puits, C.C

Db

K

Bitter R., C.C

Be

S

Bitters Fonteins, C.C. ..

Be

Blaasbalg Spruit, O.F.S.

Fc

9

Blaauwbank, Nat

Cc

10

Blaauw Berg, The,

S.A.R

Db

13

Bliuiuwbosch Fontein,

C.C

Db

Blaauwheuvel, O.F.S. ..

Ec

9

Blaauwkop, The, C.C. ..

Cb

9

Blackburn, Nat

Ed
Fb

10
13

Black Hills. S.A.R

Jilack Kei R., C.C

Fe

9

Black Umvolosi R., Zul.

Ec

10

Blanco, C.C

Bf

0

Blaney Junction, C.C. . .

Ge

9

Blankomo Mts.,C.C

Be

10

Blautyre, Nv

Fe

t

Blauw Bosh Kalk,

Bech

Cb

Ea

7

Blesbok, S.A.R

Blesbok R,(Hei(lelberg),

S.A.H

De

13

Blesbok R.(Standerton),

S.A.R

Ee

13

Blignanfs Pont, O.F.S.

Ea

9

lilikfontein, C.C

Ea

Jilinkklip, C.C

Db

7

Bloe.l R., S.A.R

Eb

13

l!loi.mf..ntcin,G.S.W.A.

Ba

7

Blocmfontein, O.F.S. ..

Fb

9

Bloeudiof, S.A.R

Ea

7

Blond R., C.C

Df

.s

Blood R.,S.A

Dd

1»

Blood River Sta., C.C. . .

Ff

8

Blue Kop, The, C.C. ...

Bf

9

Blyde Berg, The, C.C. ..

Cf

')

Blyde I!., S.A.R

Fc

13

lilydewerwacht,

G.SW.A

Bb

7

BIytheswond, C.C

Bg

10

Be
Bb

15

T1

Boatlanama, Bech

Bobo, Ny

Dd

Ifi

Bobos, S.Z

Fd

lli

Bochlapuka, Bech

Bb

1?.

Boden.stein, S.A.R

Fa

7

Bodiani, C.C

Gf

9

Boer Pont, Bech

De

IS

lioetsap, C.C

Ea

7

Bohunje, 1!., N.Z

Be

Ifi

Bokkeberg, The. C.C. ..
Bokkeveld Bergen, C.C.

Cii

7

Dd

S

Bokkeveld, Cold, C.C. ..

I>e

8

Bokkeveld Flats, C.C. ..

Cd

S

Dd

.s

Bokkeveld Mts., Cold,

C.C

De

S

Bokkeveld, "Warm, C.C.

Df

S

Bokkeveld, The, C.C. ..

Bd

Bok Point, C.C

Cf

8

Bok,sburg, S.A.R

De

13

Bolebeng, Bech

Art

l.i

Bolengue Gor^e, B.C.A.
Boliteletse, Bech

Da

I.S

Be

4

Kolo, C.C

Fd

JSolotwa, C.C

Gd

9

Bombai, P.E.A

He

13

Bonmiingani, Bech

Cf

4

Bomvanaland, C.C

Bk

10

Bomvana Tribe, C.C

Gd

7

Bondlezwarts Territory,

G.S.W.A

Bb

7

Bonga, P.E.A

Cd

Ifi

Bontebok, C.C

Fe

p

Bb
Dc

8
12

Booi-en, S.A.H

INDEX.

CLIFTON

Boomplaats, C.C

Boroma, P.E.A

Borrels Kopje, C.C. .. .

Boschjes Pan, C.C. . . .

Boschluis, C.C

Bosch R..C.C

Boshof, C.C

Boshof, O.F.S

Boshof (Heidelberg),
S.A.R

Boshof (Watersberg),
S.A.R

BosiR., P.E.A

Bosjes Pan, C.C

Bosworth, C.C

Boterkloof, C.C

Boterlegte.C.C

Botha (Middelburg),
S.A.IJ

Botha (Pretoria), S.A.R.

Botha (Zoutpansberg),
S.A.R

Botha (Zoutp.ansberg),
S.A.R

Botha Berg, The, S.A.R.

Botharnia, S..A. \i

Bothasberg. The, O.F.S.

Hotlias Drift, O.F.S... .

Botha's Hill, town, C.C.

Botha's Pass, S.A

Botletii, R., Bech

Bot, K., C.C

Botshabelo, S.A.R. ...

Bowan, P.E.A

Bowker, Fort, C.C

Brabis, C.C

Brackenbury, C.C

Brack Pans, Bech

Brack R., S.A.R

Brakfontein (Carnar-
von), C.C

Brakfontein (Victoria
•West), C.C

BrakjesPan, C.C

Brakpan, .S.A.R

Brak, R. (Little Bush-
man Land), C.C

Brak, H. (Little Nama-

land). C.C

Brak. R. (Richmond),

C.C

Brak, R. (Somerset

E.ast), C.C

Brak, R., S.A.R

Brak, R. (Swellendam),

C.C

Brak, R. (Vanrhyns-

dorp), C.C

Brak, R. (Worcester),

C C
Brait, R., Great, C.C. ^
Brak, It., Little, C.C. .
Brak Spruit, S.A.R. ..

Brak Valley, C.C

Brandewys Gat, C.C. ..

Brandfort, O.F.S

Brand, R., C.C

Brand Vlei, C.C

Brandvley, S.A.R

Brandwacht, C.C

Braunschweig, C.C

Brazen Head, C.C

Bredasdorp, C. C

Breede, R., C.C

Breede R. Station, C.C.

Breidbach, C.C

Breidenbach, S.A.R.

Breip.aal, O.F.S

Bremersdorp, .Sw

BreyPaal, C.C

Briedenhaud, S.A.R

Brink (Uustetiburg),

S.A.R

Brink (Watersberg),

S.A.R

Britanni.a Reef, C.C

British Central Africa . .

Britstown, C.C

Broiikhorst .Spruit,

S.A.R

Brown, Fort, C.C

Bruint.jes Hoogte, C.C. . .
Bruintjes Hoogte,

Klein, C.C

BrulKolk, C.C

BuaR., Ny

BubiR., M,it

BubyeR.,Mat

liuckingham. Fort, Nat.

Buck Kr.aal, C.C

Bvdfalo R., G.S.W.A. ..

ISulialoR., .S.A

Bullalo R. (East Lon-
don), C.C

Buffalo R. (.Murrays-

burg), C.C

BufFel li., C.C

Hultel R., S.A.R

Buffels Hoek, C.C. . .

Eb
Cd
Da
Cb
Db
De
Eb
Ea

Dc

Cd
Fd
Db
Dd
Dd
Fc

Dc
Cc

Cb

Db
Bd

Bf
Cb
Ec

Ff
Cb
Bd
Dg
Cc
He
liR
Cb
Ba
Ca
Ea

Fa

Cd
Cb
De

Cb

Ad

Ce

Ee
Cb

Ef

Bd

Df

Fd
Fd
Ae
Cd
Be
Fb
Ff
Ec
Cc
Ed
Ge
Cf
Eg
Eg
Df
Ge
Dd
Fc
Ge
Cb
Ea

Be

Cc
Be
Be
Be

Dd
Ff
Ee

Ef
Bb

Cc

Co
Ed
Dc

Ff
Aa
Db

Ah

Cd
Cd
Fe
Ee

Buffels R. (Namaqua-

IB land), C.C

9 Buffels R. (Sutherland),

C C
•S Butieis River Mine, C.C.

8 Buila Hills, B.C.A. ...
Hukotabela K.and, Bas.

Bulberg, O.F.S

Bullfontein, C.C

Bull Point, C.C

Bull R., C.C

12 Bultfontein, CC

15 Bultfontein, O.F.S. ...
Buluwayo, Mat

9 Hulwer, Nat

8 Bumbawu, P.E.A

8 Bunibi, B.C.A

Hume 1{., S.Z

12 Bungane, Tong

12 Bunkeya, C.F..S

Buntingville, C.C

Huntingville, Old, C.C. .

Burgers, S.A.R

liurgers. Fort, S.A.R. .

Burgers Hall, S.A.R. .

Burghersdorp, C.C. . . .

Bushman Land, Great,
C.C

Bushman Land, Little,
C.C

Bushman R., C.C

Bushman R., Nat.

Bushman R. Pass, S.A.

Bushman's Kop, O.F.S.

Busliman's Nek, Nat. .

Bushveld, The, S.A.R. .

Butha Buthe, Bas

Butlers, Nat

Butterworth, C.C

Byrne, Nat

c

Cacadu, C.C

Cahimbe I. (R. Zambesi)

Cahiumba, C.F.S

Caiongo I. (R. Zambesi)

Cala, C.C

Caledon, C.C

Caledon R., S.A

Caledon R., Great, Bas.
Caledon R., Little,

O.F.S

Caledon River, dist.,

O.F.S

Calitzdorp, C.C

Calvinia, C.C

Cambridge, C.C

Cambridge, Fort, S. A . R.
Camdeboo Mt., C.C. ...

Caradeboo R., C.C

Camniadagga, C.C

Campbell, C.C

Camperdown, Nat

Cana, Bas

Canarie Fontein, C.C. ..

Cancaco, C.F.S

t^andebob Berg, The, C.C.
Cango Berg, The, C.C.
Cango Caves, The, C.C.

Canpueje, C.F..S

Canungo, C.F.S

Capac.a Melemo, C.F.S.

Cape Colony, .S.A

Cape, dist., (3. C

Cape Town, C.C

Cape Town (plan of), C.C.

Capo Capo, P.E.A

C.apoco, C.F.S

Carmel, O.F.S

Carnarvon, C.C

Carolina, S.A.R

Casamba, t'.F.S

Casova, P.E.A

Cassa, C.F.S

Cassoko I. (R. Zambesi)

CastiKO,P.E.A

C.astilhopolis, S.A.R. ..

Castle, Cape, C.C

Ca^^uarina I., P.E.A

Cathoart, C.C

Cathkin Peak, Nat

Cedar Berg, The, C.C. ..

Cedar Mts., C.C

Cedarville, C.C

Centocow, Nat

Central Africa, British. .
Central K.arroo.The, C.C.

Ceres, C.C

Ceres Ro.ad Sta., C.C. ..

Chabuela, Ny

Chagos, C.C

Chakane, Bech

Chalumna R., C.C

Chama, B.C.A

Chama, C.F.S

4

Ab

Ee
Bb
Cb
Be
Fb
Bb
Ce
De
Da
Fb
Dd
Cd

Cc
Db
Ed
Dd
Bf
Cf
Dc
Fc
Dc
Fc

Db

Cb

8

fr

9

Cd

UJ

Cd

10

Fb

9

Gb

7

Cd

13

Be

10

Dd

10

Bg

10

Dd

10

Ed

Ac

Gb

Ac

Dc

Dd

Cd

Ea

Gd

9

Fb

15

Be

Ifi

Fa

15

Af

10

1>K

f

Be

IC

Gb

7

Be

10

Fb

9

Ff

fl

Dd

8

Ag

10

Dc

4

Ce

9

D«

9

Ef

9

Ca

9

Dd

10

Art

10

Ac

7

Ac

Ifi

Drt

7

Ff

8

Df

9

Ah

16

Be

10

Ac

IB

Cc

7

Cg

8

Cf

8

11

Frt

15

Ab

Ifi

Fc

7

Be

9

Fe

13

Ab

Ifi

Db

4

Ab

16

Dh

15

Dil

111

Kc

12

He

8

Dd

IB

Ge

9

Cd

10

Bd

7

Do

8

He

111

(^d

10

Be

16

Co

9

Df

8

Df

8

Ce

16

Eb

7

Ce

15

Gf

9

Bb

Ifi

Be

IB

Chambezi R., B.C.A. .

Chamnb, W., G.S.W.A.

Champagne Castle, S.A.

Cham. W., G.S.W.A...

Chanswari Hills, P.E.A

15 Chaoni, Ny

10 Ch,apetoane, Bech

9 ChariChari Hill, P.E.A

9 Charlestown, Nat Eg

7 Charlestown, Nat Cb

9 Charlestown, S.A.R Gd

9 Ch.arley, Tati Cd

7 Charlton, C.C Ed

15 Charo, Bech Ac

10 Charter, .Mash E c

3a Chasa, B.C.A Cc

16 Chasaya, B.C.A Cc

15 Chasunda, Ny .-.. Cc

12 Chafer, Fort, Zul Ec

3 Chelmsford, Fort, Zlll. . . E c

10 Chelsea Point, C.C. ... Eg

10 Chiafunga, B.C.A Cc

12 Chibanda, B.C.A Cc

13 Chibeyu, iMash Ec

12 Chibinga, P.E.A Cd

9 Chibonga's, Mash Fb

Chibula, C.F.S Ab

Chibwe, B.C.A Cb

Chicari, P.E.A Fc

Chicombo, Mash Cd

Chicova, P.E.A Fa

Chicova Plain, P.E.A. .. Fa

Chicualla Cualla, P.E.A. G a

Chicundo, S.A.R Db

Chigaragara, Ny Cc

ChiliaR., S.A.R Ga

Chihombo, Mash Fb

Chikaronga F,all (R.

Zambesi) Cd

Chikole, .Mash Fb

Chikonta. M., Ny Cc

Chikosi, B.C.A Bb

Chikumbi, B.C.A Be

Chileo, C.F.S Ab

Chilo.ane, P.E.A Ff

Chim.an, P.E.A Dd

Chimanga's, Mash - IC b

Chimbimbe, Ny C c

Chimoio, P.E.A Fc

Chimsaka, P.E.A Dc

Chinama, B.C.A Cc

Chiuanga, Ny Cc

Chinde, P.E.A Fe

Chingwayo. S.A.R Dd

Chinoni, Mt., P.E.A

Chinsuni, Ny Dd

Chipalla, B.C.A Bb

Chipatula, Ny , Cc

Chipojola, P.E.A Dc

Chiponga, B.C.A Da

Chir.apela, Mt Bd

Chiromo, Ny Fo

Chirowe, B.C.A Cc

Chiiuvu Hill, P.E.A Fc

Chiruvu Sta., P.E.A

Chisaka, dist., P.E.A. .. Cc

Ciiisamena Mt., B.C.A. Bd

Chisiunguli, Ny Cc

Chitanga. Mat Ed

Chitembo, B.C.A Ed

Chitcsi. P.E.A Cc

Chitimba, B.C.A Cb

Chitokoka, P.E.A C c

ChitoraR., P.E.A , Fc

Chitunda, Ny Co

Chiwagulu, P.E.A Dc

Chiwanga, P.E.A Dd

Chiwara. P.E.A Dc

Chiwi.a, Ny Cc

Chiwiyi, Nv Cc

Chobe, R.,.S.W.A Ce

Choebitu, G.S.W.A. ... Ab

Chonguc, R., B.C.A Bd

Chopo, Bech Da

Chorumane, B.C.A Bd

Chorumbane, B.C.A... ., Da

Chosi, R., Ny Cb

ChrLssie, Lake, S.A.R. .. Fo

Chri.^tiana, .S.A.R E a

(Miristiania Bay, C.C. .. De

Chuaka, P.E.A Ea

Chuane Pits, Bech Bb

Chunibi, P.E.A Cc

Chunes R., S.A.R Ec

Chungu, B.C.A Cb

Churfde Berg, Bech Be

Chuzu's, Mash Cd

Chwapong, S.A.R C b

Cio, C.F.S Ac

Clanwilliam, C.C Ce

Claremont, C.C Cf

Clarkebury, C.C B f

Cl.arkson, C.C Dg

Clearwater. C.C A e

Cliff Pt. (Little Nama-

qualand), C.C. Ac

Cliff Pt. (Vanrhyusdorp),

C.C Cd

Clifton (Bedford), C.C. . . F e

4

16
16

15
15

3
10
13
15

9
15
15
IB
16
16
10
10

9
16
IB
15
IB
15
10
10
16
IB
15
15
13

4

16
13
15

16
15
16
16
16
16
3
IB
15

in

IS

18

16

16

3

12

3*

16

16

10

16

15

16

3

10

15

3A

16

10

16

15

3

16

16

16

16

16

IB

16

16

16

16

3

4

16

7

16

16

16

13

7

7

15

4

16

13

16

4

10

12

16

10

10

CLIFTO^

INDEX.

FURUMANA

Clifton (Fort Beaufort),

C.C

Cloetes Tafel, The, C.C.

Clumber. C.C

Clytlesdale, C.C

Coitus l.ouws 11., C.C. ..

Cockscomb Rlt., C.C

CoegaR., C.C

Coelzee (Bloemhof),

S.A.K

Coelzee (Lydeiiburg),

S.A.K

Coernay R. , C.C

Coetze,S.A.R

Cogman's Kloof, C.C. ..
Colatto, Cape, P.E.A. ..

Colchester, O.V

Coiil Bokkeveld, The,

C.C

Colilstream, Nat

Coldstream, S.A.R

Colen.so, Nat

Coleiiberg, C.C

Colosa, C.C

Combruik, C.C

Couimadagga, C.C

Comiiiaiulo Drift, O.r.8.
Commando, R., O.F.S. ..
Comraissioiiers .Salt Pan,

C.C :

Comoro I., G. A

Compass Berg, The, C.C.
Concession Hill, Mash. .
Concordia Mine, C.C. .
Conducia Bay, P.E.A. .,

Cone Point, Zul

Conference Hill, S.A.R.

Ct)nfunvaba, C.C ,

Constable, C.C

(Content, C.C

Conway, C.C

Cookhouse, C.C

Coopersdal, S.A.R. ...
Cornells, R., O.F.S. ...
Corrientes, Cape, P.E.A

Cove Rock, C.C

Covie,C.C

Cradock, C.C

Cradock Fontein, C.C. ..
Cradock, Foit, Zul. .. .

Crocodile R., S.A

Crocodile R., S.A.R

Cromwell, Mt., S.Z

Cronje, S.A.R

Cross, Cape, G.S.W.A. .,

Crown I., P.E.A

Cuando, R., P.W.A

Cunningham, C.C

(■anyana, P.E.A

Currie. Mt., C.C

(Jurtis, Fort, Zul

Cutagandas, C.F.S

(■yphergat, C.C

Cypress (Jrove, C.C

D

Dabegabis, G.S.W.A.

Dabeias, G.S.W.A

Dabe, The, C.C

Dadelfontein, S.A.R. . .

Dahne, C.C

Daimus, G.S.W.A

Dainge, P.E.A

Daka, ISecli

Daka, R., Becli

Damaraland, G.S.W.A.

Daiiibe, Mash

Dallile R., S.Z

J)aiiKei J*oint, C.C

Daniels Kuil, C.C

Daniihauser, Nat

Darile Beigen.The, S.A.R
Dargle Road Sta., Nat. . .

Darika, P.W.A

Darkton, Sw

Darting, C.C

Darwin G. F., Mt., Mash,

D.issen, C.C

Das.senberg, C.C

Dassen I. , C C

Davidsgr.af, O.F.S

Dawigiiab, G.S.W.A

De Aar Junction, C.C. . ,

De Deer, O.F.S

De Beers, C.C

De Beers, O.F.S

De Beers Vlei, C.C

Debing, Bech

Deboaganl;a. S.A.R

Debra, G.S.W.A

DeGoupli, C.C

De Jager, S.A.R

DeKaapG. F., S.A.R..

De Kloof, C.C.

De Kruis (Carnarvon),
C.C

Fe
Ee
Ff
Ce
Pe
Df
Et

Ea

Dc
Ef

Dd
Ef

Dc
Ef

De

Cb
Kf
Cc
Ec
l'.K
Eb
Ed
Fa
Cb

Ee
Gd
Dd
Ec
Bb
Ec
Fc
Db
Ge
Ef
Da
Ed
Ee
Dc
Cb
Ff
Ah
Cf
Ee
Ef
Ed
Db
Fd
B(l
Fa
Af
Dd
Ba
Bg
Db
Co
Ec
Ac
Fd
Ed

Bb
Ac
Ca
Fb
Cie
lib
Fb
Be
Cc
A a
Eb
Cb
««
Ca
Db
Ea
Dd
Ba
Ge
Ct
Eb
Cf
Bd
Bf
Db
Ba
Cc
Db
Eb
Eb
Cf
Da
Be
Ab
Bd
Ga
Fd
Db

Fb

De Kruis (Fraserbxn-g),

C.C

Delagoa Bay, P.E.A

Dela, R., B.C.A

Delgado, Cape, P.E.A. ..

Delportshope, C.C

Denikane, S.Z

De Pat, O.F.S

Dephiring, Bas

Derby, S.A.R

DerdePoort, S.A.R

De Riet, C.C

Deseada, C;ipe, C.C

De Tuin, C.C

Deuka, P.E.A

Devil's Kanlor, S.A.R. . .

Devule R., Mash

Dewetsdorp, O.F.S

Didema, Mt., C.C

Diko's, C.C

Dilolo, Lake, B.C.A

Dinah, Fort, C.F.S

Dinizulu Tribe, Zul

Dipetung Nek, Bas

DipuiHo, C.F.S

Disselsdorp, C.C

Diu, P.E.A

Djelele, R., S.A.R

Doe Mt., Mash

Dombe Berg, The, S.A.R.
Domodhlomo, S.A.R. ..

Domoe Mt., P.E.A

Donald, Fort, C.C

Doiikin Bay, C.C

Doom Bergen, The, C.C.

Doornbosch, C.C

Doornfontein, Bech. . . .
Doornkop, The, S.A.I!..
Doom It. (Clanwilliam),

C.C

Doom R. (Jansenville),

C.C

Doom R., Karroo, C.C.
Doom R., Zwart, C.C. .

Dooms, C.C

Doom Spruit, C.C

Dora, Lake, P.E.A. ...

Dordrecht, C.C

Dorokarra, Bech

Dorps R., S.A.R

Dorunyangi R., Mash. .

Dcsofu. C.F.S

Double Mts., Bas

Douglas, C.C

Dover. C.C

Draai Fontein, C.C. .. .
Draaikraals R., C.C. ...

Drabi, C.C

Drakensberg, The, S.A.
Drakensberg, The, S.A.R.
Drakenstein Mts., C.C,
Drennan Sta., C.C. . .

Dreyer, S.A.R

Driefnntein (Boshof),

O.F.S

Driefontein,(Kroonsta<I),

O.F.S

Drouheld, C.C

Dronkfontein, S.A.R. . . .

Droogdop K., C.C

DroogeR.,C.C

Drooge Strand, C.C

Drui Fontein, C.C

Duiker Point, C.C

Duivenhoeks R., C.C ... ,

Dumbe, i\lat

Duiuiny Point, C.C

Dundee, Nat

Dundees, O.F.S

Du Plessis, S. A. K

Duplooi, S.A.K

Dupree, S.A.R

Du Frees, S.A.R

Durban, Nat

Durban, CO., Nat

Durbanville, C.C

Durnford B.ay, Zul

Durnford Point, Zul. . . .

Dutoit, S.A.R

Dutoits Pan, C.C

Duvenage, S.A.R

D\va.alfontein (Hanover),

C.C :.

Dwaal Fontein (Prince

Albert), C.C

Dwars Berge, S.A.R

Dwars R., S.A.R

Dwekwal!.,C.C

DwykaR., C.C

Dyer I., C.C

E

East Ai'hica, Portu.

GUESE

East London, C.C

Ebenczer, C.C

Ed
Eg
Bd
Gd
Da
Ba
Eb
Fb
Fe
Bo
Ac
Ce
Cb
Cc
Fd
Ec
Fb
Fe
Ce
Cd
Bb
Ec
Bd
Ab
Bf
Cd
Fa
Fc
Db
Eb
Cd
Ce
Cd
Bb
De
Da
Bd

Cd

Df

Cd
Be
Db
Eb

Fd
Bd
Eb
Ec
Ac
Ad
Cb
Eb
Cd
De
Be
Cc
Dc
Df
Ee
Be

Ea

Ab
Da
Cc
Bb
Cd
Cb
Be
Cg
Fg
Ed
lie
Dc
Df
Cc
Cc
Ga
Bd
Ed
Dd
Cf
Ec
Fc
Dd
Da
Cb

Dd

Be
Be
Eb
De
Fe
Dg

Dd

Ah
Cd

Ebenezer, Nat

Ebenezer (Rustenbnrg),

S.A.R

Ebenezer (Wakker-

stroom), S.A.R

Edenburg, O.F.S

Kdendale, Nat

Eendoom, C.C.

Eersteling, .S.A.R

Eerste Poort, S.A.R

EersteR. Junction, C.C.

Egwoli,P.E.A

Ehlanzeni, Nat

!']iiuhlangeni, S.A.R

Eiffel Gobi Field, JIash.

Kijas, C.C

I'^liamba, Nat

EUul.ingeni, S.A.R

Elandsberg, Tlie, C.C. . .
Elands Berg, The, S.A.R.

Elands Drift, C.C

Elands Fontein, C.C

Elandsfontein, .S.A.R. ..
Elandsfonteiu June,

S.A.R

Elaiul.slicuvfl, C.C

Eland-s KInnf, C.C

Elandski.p, The, O.F.S.

Elands R. (Lydenburg),

S.A.K.

Elands R. (Pretoria),
S.A.R

Elands R. (Uustenburg),
S.A.U

Elands R. (Tarkastad),
C.C

Elands R. (Uitenhage),

Elebe, Fort, Bech. ......

Elephant R., P.E.A

Elephant Rock, C.C

Elephant Vley,G.S.AV. A,

Elim, C.C

Elim, Nat

Elizabeth, Port, C.C. ..

Ellerton, S.A.R

Elliottdale, C.C

Eloff Nel, S.A.R

Elsburg, S.A.R

Elukaweni, C.C

Einln'Icelweni, Sw. ,*....
l*;nil>oamedi K., S.A.R..

Enifulweni, Zul

Enifuiuiisweni, C.C

Eniigratie, S.A.R

EniUaiiduli, C.C

Knii>;in,^;\viMtL*, Zul

Emperor William's Gold

Field, Mash

iMuniaus, Nat

I'lniniaus, O.F.S

l'".ncobo, C.C

Kiulyane, ISLat

Edgelbrecht (Potchef-

strooni), S.A.R

Engelbrecht (Pretoria),

S.A.R

Engels Berg, The, S.A.R,

English Drift, C.C

EnjslishR., P.E.A

Enjanyana, C.C

Ell Kokerboom, C-C

Enon, C.C

Entemba, Mat

Entonjaneni, dist., Zul.

I'^ntumeni, Zul

Epedendron I., P.E.A...
Erasmus (Koshof), O.F.S.
Erasmus (Ileilbron),

O.F.S

Erasmus (Potchef-

stroom), S.A.R

Erasmus (Pretoria),

S.A.R.

Erasmus (Wakker-

stroom), S.A-R

Erasmus, Kort, S.A.R.

F2rmelo, S.A.R

Eshowe, Zul

Estcourt, Nat

Esterhuise, .S.A.R

Eugenie, Zul

Eureka City, S.A.R. ..

Evansdale, Nat

Evelyn, Fort, .S.A.R....
"zel Berg, The, C.C. . . ,
Ezels Fontein, C.C. . . ,

F

Faigoni, Tong. ...

Fairfield, C.C

False Bay, C.C. ...
False Bay, Zul. ...
Fannings Mine, C.C.
Faraday, S.A.R. .. .
Fauresmith, O.F.S.

Ho

Cc

Dd
Eb
Dd
Be
Cc
Be
Cg
Dd
Dc
Dd
Dc
Bb
Dc
Eb
Fe
Db
De
Cc
De

De
Ec
Ff
Bb

Fd

Dd

Cd,

Fd

Ef
Ce
Hb
Cd
Ab
Dg
De
Ef
Fb
Bg
Be
De
Be
Ge
Gd
Dc
Ce
Dd
Bf
Ec

Fb
Cc
Eb
Bf
Ca

Bd

Cc
Bd
Db
Ec
Bf
Be
Ef
Dd
Ec
Ec
Dd
Eb

Df

Be

Dd

Ga
Dd
Fe
Ec
Cd
Cd
Fc
Gd
Dc
Ec
Cb
Ec

Dc

Fg
Cg
Fb
Ba
l''b
Eb

Fernando Veloso Bay,

P.E.A

Fern Hill Sta., Nat

Ferreira, S.A.K ,

Ficksburg, O.F.S

Fife, B.C.A

Finga, Ny

Fingoes, The, C.C

Fingo Tribe, C.C

Fish Bay, C.C

Fishgat, C.C

Fishla Bantu, P.E.A. ..

Fish Point, C.C

Fish R., C.C

Fish K., Great, C.C

Fish R., Great, G.S.W.A.

FishR., Little, C.C

Fish River Sta, C.C

F'itzwilliani, Cape,P.E.A.

Flat Point, C.C

Flesh Bay, C.C

Fletcher, F^ort, C.C

Florence Bay, N y

Florey, S.A.R

FogoL, P.E.A

Fokoti, Tong

Fontesvilla, P. IC.A

Forbes Reef, S.W

Fordsburg, S.A.R

Fordyce, Fort, C.C

F'orest Hall, C.C

Fort Abercorn, B.C.A. .

Foi-t Albert, Zul

Fort A miel , Nat

Fort Anderson, Ny

Fort Ayliff, C.C

Fort Beaufort, C.C.

Fort Bowker, C.C

Fort Brown, C.C

Fort Buckingham, Nat.
F'ort Cambridge, S.A.R.

Fort Charter, Mash.

Fort Charter, Zul

Fort Chelmsford, Zul. .

Fort Cradock, Zul

I-'ort Curtis, Zul

Fort Dinah, C.F.S

Fort Donald, C.C

Fort Evelyn, S.A.R. ...

Fort Fletcher, C.C

Fort Fordyce, C.C

Fort George, S.A.R

Fort Glencoe, Nat

Fort Hardy, Bas

Fort Harrison, C.C

Fort Hartley, Bas

Fort Jackson, C. C

Fort Johnston, Ny

Fort Lister, Ny

Fort M.aguire, Ny

Fort Marshall, S.A.R. ..

Fort Napoleon, Zul

Fort Newdigate, S.A.R.
Fort Northampton,

S.A.R

Fort Pearson, Nat

Fort Pine, Nat

Fort Salisbury, Mash. . .

F'ort Sharpe, Ny

Fort Tenedos, Zul

Fort Tuli, Mat

Fort Victoria, Mat

Fort Victoria, S.A.R. ..

Fort Vincent, S.A.R

Fort Warden, C.C

Fort Warwick, S.A.R. ..

Fort William, C.C

Fort William, S.A.K

F'.ut Yolland, Zul

Fo.-^sil Head, C.C

Foulirub R., C.C

Fourie, C.C

Fourie (Rustenbnrg),

S.A.R

Fourie (W\akkerstroom),

S.A.R

Fourier, S.A.R

Fouriesburg, O.F.S

Fourteen Streams, C.C.
Francks Spruit, .S.A.R...

F'rankfort, C.C

Frankfort, O.F.S

FYaserburg, C.C

Fraserburg Road Sta.,

C.C

Freeuianstown, C.C

French Hoek, C.C

Frere, Nat

Frio, Cape, G.S.W.A. ..

FukumaMt., B.C.A

Fumbi I., P.E.A

Fungaf unga, B. C. A

Fungu Namegua I.,

P.E.A

Funk Tr., Bech

Furumana, B.C.*

GABIS

INDEX.

IMliEWUI.A

G

Gabis, G.S.W.A

Gadaos Ford (Orange R.),

S.A

Gaibes, G.S.W.A

Gaikas, The, C.C

Galekas, The, C.C

Gamba, P.E.A

Gauiero's, Mash

GamkaR.,C.C

Gamogara, Each

Gamtoos R., C.C

Gamzel Vlei, C.C

Ganab, G.S.W.A

Ganda, P.E.A

Gandura Vley, P.E.A. ..

Ganesa, Bech

Ganikohis, G.S.W.A

Gans, G.S.W.A

Ganzel Vlei, C.C

Gaozi, Zul

GarelGraf, C.C

Garengaiize IV., C.F.S. . .

Garieb K., Gei, S.A

Gariepine Walls, S.W.A.

Garis, C.C

Garis, G.S.W.A

Garon, S. A.R

Garuga, Mat

Gashuma Flat, Bech, . .

Gasip, C.C

Gaspan, S.A

Gatberg, The, C.C

Gats Rand, The, S.A.R.
Gaveresi, R., Mash. .. ..

Gaza Land, P.E.A

GcalekaTr., C.C

Geelbecksvlei, S.A.R. ..
Geelhoutkop, Mt.,S.A.K.

Geiab, G.S.W.A

Geidaos, G.S.W.A

Geigaob. G.S.W.A

Gei Garieb, R., S.A

Geikhaus l-r., G.S.W.A.

Geis, G.S.W.A

Geit.saub, G.S.W.A

GelukTr., S.A.R

Gembokberg, The, C.C.

Geinsbok li., C.C

Genadenthal, C.C

George, C.C

George, Fort, S.A.R

Georgenholtz, S.A.R. ..

Gerieke Point, C.C

Gerlach's Hope, S.A.R.
German South-West

Africa

Germiston, S.A.R

Gernfa, Mat

GertLeow, C.C

Gethsemane, Bas

Gey,S.A.R

Gham, C.C

Ghamgkhuara, Bech. ..

Ghanze, Bech

Ghatwani, Bech

Giant's Castle. The, S.A.

Gibeon, G.S.W.A

Gibson, S.A.R

Gilt Bergen, The, C.C. ..

Gindundo, P.E.A

Glasgow, New, Nat

Glassen Point, C.C

Glencoe, Foit, Nat. . . .
Glencoe Junction, Nat. . .

Glen Connor, C.C

Glendale, Nat

Gleidvnden, C.C

Gnabbakka Point, C.C.

Gnaku, Bech

Goagibgaos, G.S.W.A. ..

Goaraus, G.S.AV.A

Gobabis, G.S.W.A

Gobas, G.S.W.A

Gobatsi, Bech

Goeiieverwacht, C.C

Goedgedach, S.A.R

Goenians Berg, O.F.S. ..

GoldR., S.A.R

Gonioperi, Becli

Gonamolopue Rand,

B.C.A

Gonga, P.W.A

Gong Gong, C.C

Gonin, S.A.R

GonubieR., C.C

Gonye Falls, B.C.A. . . .
Good Hope, Cape of,

C.C

Goose Vleis, Bech

Gopani, S.A.R

Gordon Bay, C.C

Gordoniu, Becli

Gordt)n'.s Bay, C.C

Gorima Mts., M;i.sb

Bb

A a
Ab
Bg

Bg
Cd
Ec
Bf
I»a
Cf
Ad
Aa
Fc

Ea
Ac
Bb
Fd
Dc
Dc
lie
<-b
Da
Be
Ab
Cd
Cc
Be
Dl)
Db
Bf
Ce
Fb
Fc
Bg
Ce
Dc
Ba
Ab
Aa
Cb
Ab
Ba
Ba
Ec
Ab
Dc
Dg
Bf
De
Fa
«g
Dc

Bf
De

Cc
Eb
Ad
Fa
.Ac
Bb
Bb
Ea
Cd
Bs
Cd
Ea
Cc
Ed
Eg
Dc
Dc
Ef
Ed
Fe
Bg
Bd
A a
A c
Bf
Ba
Da
Ce
Ea
Db
Db
Da

Db
Aa
Da
Be
Bg
Ad

A^I
IJc
Cf
Fa

^^
Fc

Gorongoza Tr., P.E.A. . .

Goschen, C.C

Gossi, IMash

Gouba, C.C

Goubes, C.C

GoubK., G.S.W.A

Goudini, C.C

Gougouxas, G.S.W.A. ..

GouiitzK., C.C

Gdws Pan, C.C

Govea.P.E.A

Graaff Reinet, C.C

Graliamstown, C.C

Great Aui;hrabis Falls

(Orange R.)

Great Berg K., C.C

Great Brak R., C.C

Great Brak River, town,

C.C

Great Brak Spruit,

S.A.R

Great Bushman Land,

C C
Great Fish R." C.C. . . . .
Great Fish R., G.S.W.A.

Great Kei R., C.C

Great Lion R., C.C. ...
Great Marsh, The, S.Z.
Great Oliphants R.,

S.A.R

Great PalalaR., S.A.R.
Great Pan, The, C.C. ..
Great Paternoster Point,

C C
Great Riet, C.C. "......

Great Riet R. (Somerset

East), C.C

Great Riet R. (Suther-
land), C.C

Grea.t Thiist Land, Bech,
Great AViiiterberg, C.C.
Great M'inter Hoek, C.C,
Great Zwart Berg, C.C. . .
Great Zwarte Bergen,

The, C.C

Greendoorns B., C.C. . .
Greylingstad. S.A.R. ..

Grey town, Nat

Greytown (Robertson),

C.C

Greytown (Stutterheim),

C.C

Grieve, S.A.R

Griqualand Fast, C.C. ..
Griqualand West, C.C. . .

Gri(iU!itown, C.C

Groaws, S.A.R

Grobler (Lichtenburg),

S.A.R

G robler (Standerton)

S.A.R

Groen Fontein, C.C

Grnenekloof, CC

Grneiie R. (Namaland),

C.C

Groen R. (Victoria West),

C.C

Groenwater, C.C

Groenwald, S.A.R

Gmot Choing, Bech

Groot Derm, C.C

Gioote Beru, The, C.C. . .

Grootebosch, C.C

GrouteRiet, C.C

Groote R. (Ceres), C.C. . .
Groote R. (Ladismith),

C.C

Groote R. (WiUowmore),

C.C

Groote River Heights,

C.C

Groote Toorn Berg, C.C.

Grootfontein, Bech

Grootfontein, C.C

Groot HartzR., S.A.R.
Groot Modder Fontein

Pan. C.C

Groot Pan, C.C

Groot R., C.C

Groot Valbeuvel, The, C-C.

Gros Kraal, C.C

GroutviUe, Nat

Guaap Peak, C.C

(iuatalala, I^Iash

Giiay R., Mat

Giichas, G.S.W.A

Guengue, P.E.A

Guias, G.S.W.A

Guiuanabis, G.S.W.A. ..

Guingua R., C.C

Guiana, C.C

(Jnngunyana, P.E.A

Guiiyana, P.E.A. .....

(Jnzelschap Bank, C.C...

Gwai K., Mat

Gwali. C.C

Gwamba, S.A.R. .. .
Gwena R., Mash. .. .
Gwibi R., Mash

Cd

10

Fe

9

Fb

l.i

Bd

(

Be

7

Ba

7

Df

.S

Aa

i

Ag

9

Db

7

Cd

16

De

9

fe

9

Eft

8

Ce

8

Fd

8

Bf

9

Bd

13

Db

R

Ed

9

Ac

4

Bg

10

Bf

9

Ba

4

Cd

12

Cb

12

Ca

9

Be

8

Cb

7

Ee

9

Ee
Cd

8
1.5

Fe

9

Cf

K

Cf

8

Af

9

Fd

9

De

13

Dd

10

Df

8

Ge

9

Fb

13

Be

10

Ca

9

Ca

il

Ea

7

Fa

7

Ga

7

Hr

7

Cf

8

Be

8

Be

9

Be

4

(ia

7

Ea

7

Ab

7

Be

8

Ag

9

Eh

8

Ef

8

Ff

8

Ce

9

Df

9

Dd

8

Ea

7

Ff

8

Ae

13

Bb

9

Db

7

Bd

7

Cb

S

Cc

7

Ed

10

Dd

8

Dd

15

Cc

I.')

Ab

4

Cd

10

Ab

4

Ab

4

Ef

9

Gf

9

Fd

15

Ec

12

Bb

7

De

3

Fa

7

Dc

12

Eb

l.i

Eb

15

H

Hauan, P.E.A

IlabobesTr., G.S.W.A.
HabobeTr., G.S.W.A. ..

Uabonab, G.S.W.A

Hackney, C.C

Hadab, G.S.W.A

Hadse, S.A.R

Haernertaburg, S.A.R. . .

Haib, G.S.W.A

Haigap R., Bech

Haigas, G.S.W.A

Hakhais, G.S.W.A

HakhiliR., Bas

Halata, P.E.A

Halesowen, C.C

Halle, New, S.A.R

Hamburg, C.C

Hamies, Bech

Hamilton, S.A.R

Hamilton, Mt., Bas. . ..

Hamis, G.S.W.A

Hampden, Mt., Mash. ..

Ham, R., G.S.W.A

Hanab, G.S.W.A

Hangklip Berg, S.A.R...
Hangklip, Cape, C.C. ..

Hanjoka, C.F..S

Hankanda, C.F.S

Hiinkey, C.C

Hannu Berg, G.S.W.A.

Hanover, C.C

HanoTer EoadSta., C.C.
Hans Berg, The, C.C. ..
Hant,am Berg, The, C.C.

Hantam East, C.C

Hant.am, K., C.C

Hanyani, Mash

Hanyani, R., Mash

Hara, B.C.A

Uaraxas Ford, S.W.A. ..

Hardcastle, C.C

Hardeveld, The, C.C. . .

Harding, Nat

Haiis, G.S.W.A

Haris, G.S.W.A

H.armony, The, S.A.R. ..

Harrismith, C.F.S

Harrison Cove, C.C

Harrison, Fort, C.C

Uartebeestfontein,

S.A.R

Hartebeest Kr.aal, C.C.
Hartebeest Mts., C.C. ..
Hartebeest, R. (Great

Bushman Land), C.C.
Hartebeest, R. (Nama-

qualand), C.C

Hartebeest Stroom,

S.A.R

Hartinashum, S.A.B. ..
Hartingsburg, S.A.K. ..

Hartley, S.A.R

Hartley, Fort, Bas

Hartley Gold Field,

Mash

Hartley Hill, Mash

Hartogh, S.A.R

HartR., S.A.R

Harts R., C.C

Harts R., S.A.R

Hartzogs Rand, C.C

Hartzogs R., C.C

Has, Bech

Haukoin TV., G.S.W.A...

Haverklip, S.A.R

Hawston, C.C

Hay, C.C

Hebron, C.C

Hebron, O.F.S

Hebron, S.A.R

Hebron Road Sta., C.C.
Heenen Weers Koppen,

O.F.S

Heidelberg, C.C

Heidelberg, S.A.R.

Heikab, G.S.W.A

Heilbrun, O.F.S

Heilbron Road Sta.,

O.F.S

Helpmakaar, Nat

Helvetia, O.F.S

Henderson, Cape, C.C. ..

Uendries, C.C

Henkriesfontein, C.C. . .

Hennings. O.F.S

Hennops R., S.A.R

Herakha.s Ford (Orange

R.), S.W.A

Herald, Port, Nv

Herbert, dist., C.C

Herniansburg, Nat

Hernion, Bas

Hermon, C.C

Uerschel.C.C

|c

Fd

16

Ac

4

Ab

4

A a

t

Fe

9

Ab

4

Cc

12

Eb

13

Bb

7

Ca

Ac

4

Aa

7

Bd

10

Fd

15

Ee

9

Dd

13

Gf

9

Ac
Dd

4
12

Bd

10

Bb

7

Eb

15

Bb

7

Ac

4

Dc

13

Cg

8

Bb

16

Bb

Hi

Df

9

Ba

7

Dd

9

Dc

9

Ba

9

Be

7

Dd

8

Dd

.s

Eb

15

Eb

15

Cb

10

Ac

4

Db

7

Bd

8

Ce
Ab

10
4

Ba

7

Fc

13

Cc

10

Ac

4

Cf

10

Be

13

Ed

9

Dg

8

Eb

8

Cc

8

Dd

13

Cb

4

Dc

13

Cc

12

Ae

10

Ec

15

Ec

15

Dc

12

Cc

4

Eb

7

Ea

7

Fc

S

Fc

8

Be

4

Aa

4

De

13

Dg

H

Db

7

Da

«

Fc

i

Cd

13

Da

9

Eb

9

Eg

S

De

13

Ba

7

Df

13

Cf

13

Dc

10

Fb

9

Bg

10

Bb

7

Ca

R

Fa

(

Cd

13

Ca

8

Fe

3

Da

y

Dc

10

Ad

11)

Cf

8

Gc

9

Uertzog.C.C

Hex Berg, The, C.C

Hex It., C.C

Hex R., S.A.R

Hex River, town, C.C. ..

Hex River Mts

Hex River Sta., C.C

Higli Veld, The, S.A.R.

Himandn, C.F.S

llinga Rand.Sw

Hisii.ck, O.F.S

Hlalrana Lake, Zul

Hlobane Mts., S.A.R. ..
Hoakhanas, G.S.W.A. ..

HoamuB, G.S.W.A

Hoaseb, G.S.W.A

Hodgson, S.A.R

Hoedspruit, S.A.R

Hoek Bergen.The, S.A.R,

Hoffenthal. Nat

Hoffman's Drift, O.F.S..

Hofmeyer, S.A.R

Hogskin Vley, Bech

Holhach Strand Fontein

C.C

Holfontein (Potchef-

stroom), S.A.R

Hoi Fontein (Rusten-

burg), S.A.R

HolgatR., C.C

Holle R., C.C

HoUoway, S.A.R

Hololo R., B,as

Hoi Spruit, O.F.S

Holtsbausen, S.A.R

Hondeblats R., C.C. ...

Hondeklip, C.C

Hondeklip Bay, C.C

HoiideR., P.E.A

Honingnestkloof, C.C. ..

Honing Vlev, Bech

Hooge Veldt, The, S.A.R.

Hoop Point, C.C

Hoopstad, O.F.S

Uopetield, C.C

Hopetown, C.C

H ores, G.S.W.A

Hofhia, P.E.A

Hottentots Holland

Jits., C.C

Hottentots or Koi-Koin,

The, S.W.A

Houm Ford (Orange R.),

S.W.A

Hout Bay, C.C

Houtbosch, S.A.R

Houtbosch Berg, S.A.R.
Houtboschdorp, S.A.R.
Houtkop, The, S.A.R...

Houtkraal, C.C

Hout R, S.A.R

HouwHoek, C.C

Houwwater, C.C

Howick, Nat.-

Howobis, G.S.W.A

Hubukwin, Sw

Huiyser, S.A.R

Humansdorp, C.C

Humansdorp, dist., C.C.
Huiii.iais, (i S.W.A. ...

Huns, (i. S.W.A

Hurd I, P.E.A

Hurub, G.S.W.A

Hutchinson, Nat

HutobR., G.S.W.A. ...
HygapR.,Bech

IBEKA, C.C

IbisiR.C.C

Ibo,P.E.A

Iduchywa, C.C

Idumeni, Mt., Nat

Idutywa, C.C

Ifafa, Nat

IfafaR., Nat

Ifnfa, B.C.A

Ifumi, Nat

Iguambira .Mt., P.E.A...
Ignasonha R., P.E.A. ..

Ignatenje, P.E.A

Igogo, Nat

Igogo R- , Nat

Igugumba, Tong

Hllanyana, .S.A.R

Ihktu R., sw

Ihlimbitwa R.,Nat.
lizer Fontein Point, C.C.
I'kobaabTr., G S.W.A...

IkoghaR., C.C

Ikwezi Lamaci, Nat

Ilitin, Sw

Ilovo R., Nat

Imbazami R. , Nat

ImbeitsiR., P.E.A

Imbewula, C.C

Fe
Bd
Df
Cd
De
Df
Df
Af
Be
Ea
Gb
Fc
Db
Bf
Aa
Ab
Cc
Dc
Cc
Cc
Fa
Kb
Be

Be

Bd

lie
Aa
Fc
Fa
Be
Bb
Cc
Dc
Be
Be
Fc
Db
Be
Bd
Eg
Fb
Cf
Db
Ac
Dd

Cg

Ab

Ca

§1
Ce
Eb
Be
Cc
Eb
Dg
Be
Dd
Ac
Dd
Fa
Dg
Df
Aa
Ac
Dd
Ba
Ce
Ab
Be

Bg
Cc
Gd
Kg
De
Gc
De
De
Ad
De
Fc
Fc
Cd
Cb
Cb
Ed
Dd
Dd
Dd
Cf
Ab
Cg
Ce
Dd
De
De
Ec
Bf

IMBONDUNE

INDEX.

KENHARDT

Imbuiuluiii;, r.E.A

Iinboongaiia, P.E.A

Iiiihwaia, C.C

lml>yasuse, Mat

Initihlweni, Tong

Inigodini, C.C

Iiiiizizi Tr., C.C

Impako, P E, A

Impunda, P.E.A.,

Imperani, S.A.U

Impiso, Sw

Inipogonyolo, P.E.A. ..

Impota, P. K.A

Iiupukaiii, O.K.S

Iinpuiie, Mt., C.F.S

Iinpungun, Tong

linsolan, P.E.A

Iinvani, C.C

Iiiachab JiePfi, G.S.W.A.

Ina iMuana, IJ.C.A

In;uHia, co., Nat

Iiichanga, Nat

Iiulian Ocean, The, E.A.

Indinia, Mat

Indowbalane, dist., S.Z.

Induba, Mat

Indueni, Mat

Indunduma, Nat

Indwe, C.C

IndweR., C.C

Inembe R., Zul

Infanta, Cape, C.C

Ingadu Beacon, Tong. ..

IiigaleleR., y.A.K

Iii;i()bini, C.C

Ingogo Hill, Zul

Ingome Hand, S.A.U. . .

Ingramsburg, S. A . R

Ingwesi R., Mash

Inliacaroa, P.E.A

Inhacoa, B.C. A

Inhambane, P.E.A. . ..

Inhambui, P.E.A

Inlianbunde, S.A.R

Inhlazan R. , Zul

Inkachia, C.F.S -

InkumpiR., S.A.R

Innigwale, P. E. A

Inowangwane, Nat

Insengaisi R., Mash

Insipo, B.C. A

Insuzi R., Zul.

Intembui, Mat

Intsheeb, Tong

Intombe, S.A.R

Inxu R., C.C

Inyackl., P.E.A

InyaLiue R., Mash.

Inya^urukadv.i, K.,Mash.

Inyambe, P. E.A

Inyamboyo, P.E.A

Inyameni, S.A.R

Inyainmashenga R.,

Mash

Iiiyamu, P.E.A

Inyangeri R., Mash

Inyangoma, I. of, P.E.A,

Inyangomba, P.E.A

Inyasanga, P. E.A

Inyati, Mat

Inyatsutsu, P.E.A

Inyatzitzi, iMasli

InyawshoMt., P.E.A. .,

Inzinghazi R. , Mash

Ipolela, Nat

Ipolela, CO., Nat

Ipolela R., Nat

Iramba, dist., B.C. A. ..

Irani ba Tribe, C.F.S

Irati, Mt,, P.E.A

Irene Instate, S.A.R

Isandhlana, S. A. R.

Isevwark Point, C.C

Ishungwana, C.C

Isibuga, P.E.A

Isibugu, P.E.A

Isigdimi, C.C

Isindeni, Mat

Isipingo, Nat

Island Point, C.C

Iswan, R., C.C

Itembeni, Nat

Itepa, S.A.R

Ithumel, C.C

Itule, P.E.A

Ityane Rock, Sw ,

Ityenahluvu R ock,S. A. R

Ivuna, R., Zul

Ixopo, CO., Nat

Ixopo, K. , Nat

Izervark Point, C.C. ...
Izolo, C.C

J

Jackals Water, C.C.
Jackson, Sw

Eb

12

Jackson, Fort, C.C

Ge

!)

Fd

lb

Jacob lieef, C.C

Be

8

Af

10

J.acobsd.il, O.F.S

Db

9

J)c

i;.

Jacobs.ial, S.A.U

Be

12

Fa

10

Jacobskop, C.C

Cf

9

Gc

V

Jacoby, .S.A.B

Co

12

(Jl

10

Jaoomo, S.A.I!

Db

12

J)il

16

Jagersfontein, G.F.S. ..

Eb

9

i'.l

lb

Jaf^tpan Rand, C.C

Ec

K

IJe

12

Jakbalsfontein, S.A.R...

Be

13

lUl

Vi

Jakhals IHs., C.C

Ab

7

Kd

15

Jakhals, H., C.C

Ce

8

l)d

16

J.aines Point, P.E.A

Ec

16

Kh

7
10

Fd
Gd

13

Ac

-lainestown, S.A.R

j.;<i

I'i

Jan Dissels, R., C.C

Ce

s

I'd

1;.

JanRauIa, C.F.S

Kb

16

Vd

!)

Jan Mas-sibi, Bech

Ac

12

Ac

4

Jaiisen, S.A.R

Dc

13

He

10
10

De
Df

9
9

Dd

.lansenville, dist., C.C.

JJd

10

Janzwarts liergen, C.C.

Ed

S

Ec

16

.loanette Peak. S.A.R. .

De

13

Ec

l.i

JoUalabad, S.A.R

Dc

12

Ed

16

Jellalabad, Fort, S.A.R.

Fo

13

Uc

16

Jeppe (Jobannei^burg),

L)d

lb

S.A.R

13*

Cd

10

Jeppe (Rustenburg),

Ud

H

.S.A.R

Be

12

Gd

9

Jeppestown, S.A.R

De

13

Ed

10

Jericho, S.A.R

Cd

13

Ef

S

Dc

16

Fa

10

Job, Tong.

Ed

12

Ea

13

Jobo, P.E.A

SA

(Jl

10

Johannesburg, S.A.R. ..

De

13

J>c

10

Jobannesbnrg, Inset map

Eb

10
ISA

of, S.A.I!

Johnston Falls (R.

13a

Ed

16

Dd

Dd

IB

Johnston, Fort, Ny

Fd

3

J)b

15

Jnjii.C.C

Gc

7

El

3

Joke.skey R., S.A.E

Cc

12

J)d

16

JoleR., S.Z

Da

16

(ic

13

Joidler Water, town, C.C.

Dc

7

Ec

10

Jordan, S..A.R

Gn.

7

Ah

16

Jor.sberg. The, C.C

Cb

fl

(Jc

12

J. 0. Smith Bay, C.C.

Ab

7

Dc

16

.Joubert (Eimelol, S.A.R.

Dd

12

Od

10

Ji.ubert (.Middelburg),

KU

In

S.A.R

Dc

V

JU.

10

Jiiubert(Pretoria),S.A.R.

Cc

12

1)0

10

.Iilibertshoop, S.A.R..

Dc

12

l)c

16

Juandf Nnval., P.E.A.

Ed

16

Ell

!■■

Junibbi, Jit., C.C

Be

10

Dd

12

Jutten I., C.C

Ad

7

Bf

10

l)c

4

Eb
Kb

16
16

K

nc

4

3a

Kaaien VEi.D.The, C.C.

Bb

0

Dd

12

Kaalfontein, (i.F.S

Ab

10

Kaal Spruit, O.F'.S

I'b

9

Ec

16

Ivaauiayan, S.A.K

Be

12

Dc

4

Kaap Plate.au, The, C.C.

Ca

n

Dd

16

Kaap Plateau, The,

D.i

16

S.A.R

Fd

13

Db

4

KaapR., S.A.R

Dc

12

Cd

11)

Kaap K., North, S.A.I!

Gd

13

Dc

i:.

KaapR., South, S.A.R..

Fd

13

cd

16

Kab, G.S.W.A

Ba

7

E c

16

Kabare, li.C.A

Ac

16

S/\

Kabele, C.F.S

Ab

16

(!d

16

Kabinsa, R.C.A

Cc

16

(ib

7

Ivabiskow HerL'.The, C.C.

Dc

•S

Cd

10

Kabompo, P.W.A

Ac

16

(;d

10

Kabompo R., B.C. A

Cd

3

He

16

Kabookolk Vloer, C.C. . .

Ec

8

He

16

Kabo li., C.C

Fe

9

1)0

IB

Kab R, G.S.W.A

Ba

7

Dd

13

Kabusie, C.C

IS

10

De

10

KabusieR., C.C

10

Ce

7

Kacbirika, Ny

Cc

16

G c

7

Dc

16

Ec

12

KadziR., S.Z

Oh

16

Db

4

Kaffir Drift, S.A.R

De

13

Eo

9

Kaffir Kuyl Bay, C.C...

Ce

7

De

16

Kaffir Knyl R., C.C

Fe

8

Dd

10

K.affirPan, C.C

Cb

9

He

S

Kaffir K., O.F.S

Eb

9

Ge

10

Katfraria, S.A

Bf

10

Dc

10

Kalima, P.W.A

Aa

4

Dh

12

Kaflmbe, B.C.A

Cb

16

Eb

7

KaBinbi, C.F.S

Bo

16

Do

16

Kafne, R., B.C.A

De

3

(ie

13

Kiifuko, C.F.S

Be

16

Db

10

Kafumbi, B.C.A

Bb

16

Eb

10

K.afundango, P.W.A. ..

Ac

16

Dp

10

Kabamai, ('.F.S

Bb

16

De

10

Kahando, Lake, C.F.S..

Bb

16

^•§

8

Kahinga, B.C.A

Be

16

7

Kahinga {or Kaionko),

B.C.A

Bd

16

Kahlamba Peak, C.C. . .

Fc

7

Kahund.a, B.C.A

Cb

16

Kaias Mts., G.S.W.A. ..

Ba

Kainta, B.C.A

Be

IB

Db

7

Kaionko, B.C.A

Bd

16

Go

IS

Kakaman, Bech

Cb

7

Kakole, Bech

Kakolole Rapids (K.
Zambesi), S.A

Kalabas Kraal, C.C

Kalabas Pan, C.C

Knlahari Desert, The,
S.A

Kalai I. (R. Zambesi) . .

Kalala, C.F.S

Kalala (Kasembis),
C.F.S

Kala Mahite, Bech.

Kalamehongo, R., C.F.S.

Kalassa, C.F.S

Kalassa, C.F.S

Kalaui, C.F.S

Kalaui, C.F.S

Kale Banibwe Cataract
(R. Zambesi), S.A

Kale Cataract (R. Zam-
besi), S.A

Kalinhnhe R., Mash

Kalk Bay, C.C

Kalk Fontein, C.C

Kalk Spruit, S.A.R

Kallanji, li., C.F.S

Kalonio, B.C.A

KalomoR., B.C.A /

Kahnnbo, C.F.S

Kalunganjovo, B.C.A. ..

Kalungu, B.C.A

Kaluzi I. (U. Zambesi),
S.A

Kama, C.C

Kama Kama, Bech

Kamanga, B.C.A

Kamatigas, C.C

Kamani Berg, Bech

Kamastone, C.C

Kambazembi Tr.,
G.S.W.A

Kambisa, Mash

Kamboinba, Nv

Kambula, S.A.R

Kambusi, Bech

Kameelkop, The, S.A.R.

Kameel U., Bech

Kamcel R., S.A.R

Kame R., Mat

Kamesi, R., B.t'.A. ..

Kamhlnbana Pk., S.A.R.

Kaminibe, B.C.A. ...

Kami.'j Bergen, The, C.C.

Kaniis Berg, Little, C.C.

Kai)iniannassieMts.,(J,C,

Karaorondo, dist., C.F.S

Kamosango, B.C.A

Kanipalala, B.C.A

Kaiiislilnhana, S.A.R. ..

ICainvata R., C.C

Kaniw.'iwi, C.F.S

Kaniwinda, C.F.S

Kaiia, Bas

Kaiiada, S.A.R

IC.iii.Miibande, C.F.S

Kanaidis, JJech

Kande, Nv

Kandulu, P.E.A

Kanene, C.F.S

Kanenge, C.F.S

Kan;;a, Bech ,

Kangalla, K., B.C.A

Kangas Berg, The, C.C.

Kangene, Ny ,

Kangense, C.F.S ,

Kangninda, P.E.A. ....

KangndziR., P.E.A

Kangyu, Becll

ivaniii^ina, Ny

Kanii'ka's Kingdom,
C.F.S

Kanjonke, P.W.A ,

Kaunaland, C.C

Kaniie, Bech ,

Kansaro Falls (R. Zam-
besi), S.A

Kanyanatimba, Mash. .,

Kanye, Bech

Kanyele Mt.. B.C.A

Kanyelti, G.S.W.A. ...

Kanyemba, P.E.A. .. .,

Kanyenbiro, P.E.A. ...

l\anyenda, P.E.A

Kanyindula, Ny ,

Kanyola, Ny

KaokoLand, G.S.W.A.

Kaonka. B.C.A

Kapangura, B.C.A

Kapassu, C.F.S

Kapata, P.E.A

Kapeliu Kalabunda,
B.C.A

Kapende, P.W.A

Kapendoko, P.E.A.

Kapoba, B.C.A

KapocheR., B.C.A. ...

KapokR., S.A.R ,

Kaponia, B.C.A

Kapoon, Bech

7

Da

Cd

16

Cf

8

Db

9

Cf

3

Bb

15

Ac

16

Ac

16

Hd

16

Bb

16

Bo

16

Bo

16

Ho

16

Be

16

Ad

16

Ad

16

Kc

16

(Jk

8

Db

7

Ga

7

Ab

16

Hd

16

Cb

16

Be

16

(!c

16

Bb

16

Bd

16

Ab

t

Ho

16

Cc

IB

A b

7

Da

7

Fe

9

Ab

4

Ec

16

Co

IB

Dd

12

Cd

15

Eb

13

Da

7

Dd

13

Gc

15

Ac

IB

Dc

12

Be

16

Cc

8

Co

S

Hf

9

1! b

16

Bo

IB

Cc

16

Gd

13

Dd

7

Hb

IB

Hb

16

Gb

7

Cd

13

Ab

10

He

4

Cc

16

De

16

Ab

IB

Bb

16

Co

4

Hd

16

Cd

8

Gc

16

Ab

16

De

IB

Kb

16

Hd

16

Cc

16

Ab

16

Ac

IB

Ef

S

Ce

15

Bd

16

Db

15

A 0

1?

Bb

16

Ba

4

Cd

16

Ea

16

De

16

Cc

16

Go

IB

A 0

3

Bd

16

Cc

16

Ab

16

Cc

16

Cc

IB

Ac

16

Do

16

He

16

Ed

3

Dd

12

(;e

16

Ea

t

[Caprimera, Nv.

Karadouw Peak, C.C. ..

Cc

Df

Kanagas Tr., G.S.W.A. . .

Ac

Karahecei, P.W.A

A a

Karanain, Bech. .

Be

Kar.anna 1!., O.F.S

Eb

Ivaraoa, G. S. W. A

Ba

KarasBerg, G.S.W.A. ..

A e

Uarawa. P.E.A

Ec

Karees Kroon, C.C

Ee

KavegaR., C.C

Eg

KareigaR.,C.C

Ce

Karema, G.E.A

Kc

Kariba Gorge (R. Zam-

besi), S.A

Ud

Kariega Bosch, C.C

Be

Karima, C.F.S

Ab

Karivua Fall (R. Zam-

besi), S.A

Ea

Karkai, Bech

Bb

Karoa, P.E.A

Dc

Karoabasa Rapids (R.

Zambesi). K.X

lie

Karoba, P.E.A

Dd

Ed

Karora, P.W.A

Aa

Karree Beigen (Carnar-

von), The, C.C

Kc

Karree Bergen (Van-

rhynsdorp). The, C.C.

Cd

Karri-Karri Salt Pan,

Cd

K.arroo Doom R., C.C. .,

Cd

Karroo, Moordenaars,

CC

Fe

Karroo, The, C.C

Ch

Karroo, 'I'he Barren, C.C.

Cc

Karroo, The Bokkeveld,

C.C

Dd

Karroo, The Great, C.C.

Dd

KarsR., C.C

Dg

Karumbo, B.C.A

Cc

Cc

Kasaiiva, P.E.A

Cd

Kasembe, BCA

Bb

Kasenga, B.C.A

Cc

Kasha R., B.C.A

Hb

Kasbeke B., C.F.S

Ac

Kashull, C.C

Go

Kasiaiie, B.C.A

Bb

Ivasinde, C.F.S

Bb

Kasoaba, S.A.R

Go

Kasongo, dist., C.F.S

Bb

KaNsali, Lake. C.F.S...

Bb

Kassnngo, P.W.A

A a

Kasteel Poort, C.C

Dd

Kasukosuko,Ny

Cc

Kasuuja, Ny

Cc

Kasxcnibe, CA

Dc

Katamamda, Ny

Cc

Dd

Katango, Ny

Dd

Katapaua, C.F.S

Bb

Katembe, P.E-A

He

Katende, C.F.S

Ab

Katengira, B.C.A

Gc

Fb

KathIambaiMts.,.S.A. ..

Be

Kathoek, C.C

Cb

Katiraa Catar.act (R.

Ziimbesi), S.A

Ad

Katima Molib) Cataract

(R. Zambesi), S.A

Bb

Kalkop, C.C

Ec

ICatkop Berg, The, C.C.

Kc

Katlachter, S.A.R

Db

Cb

Katonga, Ji.CA

Ad

Katongo, B.C.A

Ad

Kat, R. (Fort Beaufort),

CC

Ko

Kat, R. (Prieska), C.C. , -

Bb

Katua, P.W.A

A a

Katuma, P.E.A

Dd

I'io

Katungo, C.F.S

Be

Kaudum, B., S.W.A

Ha

Kavirua Fall (B. Zam-

besi), S.A

Bd

Kawala, C.F.S

Ab

K.awieis, G.S.W.A

Ac

Keana, R., C.C

G«

Kebrabasa I!.apids (R.

Zambesi), P.E.A

Fa

Keerom, O.F.S

Kb

Keerom Berg, The, C.C.

Df

Kectmanshoop,

G.S.W.A

Br

Ktheum, Bech

Be

Keighap R, C.C

Dh

Kei R., Black, CC

Fe

Kei R., Great. CC

Bf

Kei B., WJiite, C.C

Fd

Kei Boad Sta., C.C

Oe

Koiskamahoek, C.C

Oe

Kciskamma, R.. C.C. .

Gf

Kelc. Mt., C.C

Gb

Kembe, B., B.C.A

Ho

Kenhardt, C.C

Eb

KENJENE

INDEX.

LONGAMO

Kenjeiie, C.F.S

Kentaiii, C.C

B'o
Bg

10

Klippen Point, C.C

Klipplaat, C.C

D "

9

Krugersdorp, S.A.Ii

Kruger's Post, S.A.E. ..

Ce

13

Let.aba Bas .. ....

I'.d

10

10

De

9

Fc

13

LclabaE., Great, S.A.R.

Eb

13

Kerses, G.S.W.A

Keurbooin, II., C.C

Ab
Ct

4
9

Jvlip E., Nat

Cc

Ga

lU

Kruis Fontein, C.C

Krnis E., C.C

Df
Cd

9
9

Letaba R., Klein, S.A.E.
Litaba R., Midden,

Eb

13

KlipR,S.A.R

Khaaseb, G.S.W.A

Ba

7

Klip R. (Heilbrnn),O.F.S.

Df

13

Kruis Eiver, town, C.C,

Af

9

S.A.R

Fb

13

Khama's Country, liech.

Bd

15

Klip E. (Vrede), O.F.S.

Ef

13

Kudubeni, C.C

Af

10

I-eteba, Mat

Cc

15

Khanibes. G.S.W.ji

Aa

7

Klip River, co., Nat

Cc

10

Kuibeisis Berg, C.C

Ba

8

Letjesbosch, C.C

Ee

9

Khamis, G.S.W.A

Khaiions, G.S.W.A

Khatle, Bech

Kheis, C.C

Khoaeib R., G.S.W.A. ..

Ba
Aa
Ac
Ba

I

Klip Hug, C.C

Be
Dd

12

Kuik.ams, G.S.W.A

Kuils Hand C C

Aa
Be

4
9

Letloche, Bech

Letsea's, Bas

Ce
F b

15

Klip Stapel, S.A.E

Kn;u\s, Bech

7

12
9

Be
Ec

4
9

Kuis, Bech

Be
Da

4

Letsilele R., S.A.E

Leuwdcorn, S.A.R

Db
Fa

12

Knapzak E., O.F.S

Knobnose.s, The, S.A.R.

ICulfiis, I5ech

7

Ah

4

Fb

13

Kuinadan Lake, Bech. . .

Bd

16

Leuwen Drift, C.C

Ed

8

Khoanus, G.S.W.A

Ab

4

Ivnysna, dist., C.C

Cf

9

Kunana Location, S.A.K.

Ae

13

Leven Point, C.C

Kg

8

Khooate.s, G.S.W.A

Ab

4

Knysna Harb., C.C

Bg

9

Kunap K., C.C

Fe

9

Leven Point, Tong

Fb

10

Khoro.s, G.S.W.A

Ba

7

Koba, B.C.A

Bd

10

Kunda, B.C.A

Ed

3

Levubo R., S.A.E

Fa

13

Kllosis, Bech

Du.

7

Kobanishodi Kopjes,

Kunene, R., W.A

Ae

3

Leydsdorp, S.A.E

Fc

13

Khougaiiab, G.S.W.A...

Bb

7

The,S.A.R

Gc

13

Kungwe, B.C.A

Cb

16

Lialui, B.C.A

Ce

3

Khowas. G.S.W.A

Ab

4

Kobbies Berg, The, C.C.

Be

7

K vniu wa, Bech

Bb

12

Liambai E., B.C.A

Cd

3

Kliuiis, G.S.W.A

Kiahema, P.W.A

Kibaijele, C.i'.S

Ab

Aa
Bb

4

4

10

Kobe, Bech

Bd
Bb

Aa

15
4
4

Kunwana, 8.A.U

Kunyara, Bech

Kma Hills. P.E.A

Ad
Bd

12
15
3A

Liana E., P.W.A

LibakoL, B.C.A

LibaR., B.C.A

Ba
Ad
Cd

4

Kobis, Bech

10

Kobis, G.S.W.A

3

Kibambo, Lake, C.1''.S. ..

Bb

10

Koe Berg, The, C.C

Cb

8

Kurrabella, Bech

Bb

12

LibaE., P.W.A

Ac

Hi

Kibara Mt., C.F.S

Bb
Be

16

10

Koedoes Berg, The, C.C.
Koegas, C.C

Cd
Bb

7
9

Kui'uinan, Bech

Da
Da

7
7

Libata, C.F.S

I.ibatas, B.C.A

Be
Be

10

Kibiiri, C.F.S

Km unian K., Bech

10

Kifembe, C.F.S

Ab

10

Kc.i'sterfontein Gold

Kushito, B.C.A

Be

16

Lichtenburg, S.A.it

Licungo, P.E.A

Be

13

Kifuntue, C.F.S -..

Bb

10

Fit-l(l, S.A.E

Bd

13

Kuthing, Bas

Fc

7

Dd

10

Kikondia, C.F.S

Bb

10

Kottitfontein, O.F.S..- ..

Eb

9

Kuthing, dist., Bas

Ae

10

Lidgettown, Nat.

Dd

10

Kifcvoisch Berg, C.C. .

Dd

9

Koffiekuil, O.F.S

Db

9

Kuthing K., Bas

Be

10

Liebensberg's Vlei E.,

Kilauieluiido, P.W.A. ..

Ac

16

Kogazi. Zul

Dd

12

KwaKwaR., IMC. A. ..

Fe

3

O.F.S

Bb

10

Kihiutican, C.C

Bb

8

Kogel Bay, C.C

Cg

S

Kwaiuaquaza, Zul

Ec

10

Lieuw Berg, The, (." ('. .

Cb

9

Kileraba, C.F.S

Bb

10

Kngelbeen, C.C

Db

7

Kweio It., P.W.A

Ba

4

Lifungo I. (Lake Bang-
weolo), C.A

Kiliman, P.E.A

Fe

3

Kogel Berg, The, C.C. ..

Cg
Gd

8

Kwelegha Point, C.C. ..

Bg

10

Be

10

Kilombo, P.W.A

Ac

16

KoghaE.,C.C

7

KweleghaR., C.C

Gd

7

LigoniaR., P.E.A

Dd

10

Kiluilui, U., C.F.S. ..

Bb

16

KoiKoin,The, S.W.A...

Ab

4

KwitoR., P.W.A

Aa

4

Li':atlong, C.C

Eb

7

Kilwa I. {Lake Moeio),

Koius, G.S.W.A

Ba

7

Kybaka's Pan, Bech

Cc

15

Likoma, I'.E.A

Ed

3

B.C.A..

Bb

16

Kokahu Pits, Bech

Bb

4

Ky Gariep R., S.A

Ga

7

Likondo, C.F.S

Ab

16

Kilwa, Lake, Ny

Dd

16

Kukenaop, C.C

Be

7

Likoto, P.E.A

Ec

12

Kimberley, C.C

Da

9

Kokstad, C.C

Ce

10

Lilyfontein, C.C

Cc

8

Kimubere, B.C. A

Ac

16

Kokuiubene, E., S.A.E.

Ga

13

L

Ladismitp,, C.C

Ladybrand, O.F.S

liimpopo E., .S.A

Cb

IS

ICinchewe, Bech

Cb
Fb

4
9

Koknming, ISech

Kokwe, Bech

Ea
Ea
Db

7

9

12

Ff

s

LimvubaE., S.A.R

Lindley, O.F.S

Ijingalo, Bech

Db
Bb
Ac

4

Kincora, O.F.S

King W'illiam's Town,
C.C

10

Kolberg, C.C

Kulobeng, Bech

15

Ge

9

Ac

Gb

if

Linokana, S.A.E

Be

12

Kinhama, C. F.S

Be

16

Koniaggas, C. C

lib

8

Lady Frere, ( '. C

Gd

9

Lintjes E.. Zwart, C.C. . .

Jic

8

Kippon Point, C.C

Ee

7

Koniati Gold Field, Sw.

Ge

13

Lady Grey (Aliwal

Linvanti, G.S.W.A

Ac

16

Kiviia, C.F.S

Bb

16

Komati Middel, S.A.E..

Dc

12

North), C.C

Gc

9

Lion Pan, G.S.W.A

Ba

4

Kirk Mt.s., Ny

Cd.

10

Koniati Poort, S.E.A. .

Hd

13

Lady Grey (Paarl), C.C.

Cf

8

Lion R., Great, C.C

Bf

9

Kirui I. (Lake Bang-

Komati E., S.E.A

Fd

13

Lady Grey (Eobertson),

Lions River, CO., Nat. ..

Cd

10

weolo). C.A

Kirwa, C.F.S

Kisemu, B.C.A

Kisenga, P.W.A

Be

Ab

16
16
16
16

Konibe, Zul

Dc

Ec

10
15

c c

Lady Koch,' The, C.c! ' '. '.
Ladysmith, Nat

Df
Be

8
10

Lishehe, P.E.A

Lister, Fort, Ny

Dc

Dd

10

Kt'njbisa RIash. ........

10

Cc
Ac

Konibuis' lit., C.dy ....
Koingha, C.C

Cc

Ag

9
10

Cc
Dd

10
15

Lisunga, B.C.A

Litane R., S.A.E

Cc

Ga

16

Lahonibu, Mash

13

Kisima, C.F.S

Bb

10

Konipis E., S.A.E

eI

13

Laincisburg, C.C

Ff

8

Liteta, B.C.A

Be

10

Kisima-iulu Harb.,

Konis Berg, The, C.C. . .

Ee

8

Lains'sNek, Nat

Cb

10

Liteyana, Bech

A c

12

P.E.A

Ec

16

Kondidzoa Eapid (E.

Laken Valley, C.C

Cd

9

Litlatlong, C.C

Da

9

Kisimeme, C.F.S

Ab

16

Zambesi), P.li.A

Fa

16

Lakersing, C.C

Ab

7

Litofe, B.C.A

A d

16

Kisi, E., B.C.A

Bb

16

Kone Mts., C.F.S

Be

16

Landia, P.E.A

Dc

10

Little Brak R., C.C

Fd

8

Kissamba, C.F.S

Ab

16

Konig.sberg, Nat

Cb

10

Lambert Bay, C.C

Ce

8

Little Bushman Land,

Kitangula Mts., B.C.A.

Be

16

Koni Mt., C.F.S

Be

16

Langebaan, C.C

Cf

8

C.C

Cb

8

Kiteraju, P.E.A

Kiteve, dist., P.E.A

Ec
Fc

16
15

Koning Bech

Da
Fb

7
13

LangeBerg. The, C.C. ..
Lange Bergen, 'I'he, Bech.

Be
Db

~

Little CaledonE., O.F.S.
Little Fish E., C.C

Be
Ee

10

Kooikies E., S.A.E

9

Kitobe, B.C.A

Be

16

Koodoo, C.C

Da

9

Lange Bergen (Namaqua-

Little Kamis Berg, C.C.

Cc

8

Kiviiida Ny

(;b

Ed

16
16

Koodoo Rand, The, C.C.
Kooigoeil Flats, C.C

Bb

Cc

9
8

land), The, C.C

Lange Berge(S\vellendam

Cc

8

Little Lebata R.. S.A.E.
Little Namaqualand,

Db

12

Kivolani, P.E.A.;

Kiwari, C.F.S

Klaar Fontein, C.C

Bb
Bd

10

7

Kookfontein, C.C

Koonap E., C.C

Bb

Fd

8
7

& Riversdale),C.C.,The
Laiige Knit. C.C

Ef
Ed

8

C C ....

Ab

8

Little PellaVc.C.

Cb

8

Klaarstroom, C.C

Bf

9

Koopnian, C.C

Eb

7

L;in-ford, C.C

Be

4

Little Riet R., C.C

Fe

S

KlassSmitsK., C.C

Fd

9

Koopmanfontein, C.C. . .

Da

9

Lan;:kloof, C.C

Ba

9

Little Tugela R., Nat. ..

Cc

10

Klaver Valley, C.C

Be

7

Kopa, B.C.A.

Cc

16

Langklouf Mts., C.C

Cf

9

Little Zwarte Bergen,

Klein Eruintjea Hoogte,

KopieAUeen. The, O.F.S.

Fa

7

Lang Kloof R., C.C

Ae

10

The, C.C

Bf

9

C.C ...

Ef

9

Kop.ie Enkel, The, S.A.R.

Ea

7

Lang's Nek, Nat

Ga

7

Livingstonia, Ny

Cc

10

Klein Choing, Bech

Ea

7

Kiipjies Dam, C.C

Ad

4

Langspruit. O.F.S

Bb

10

Liwele, C.F.S

Bb

10

Kleine Frijstaat, dist.,
Sw

Fo
Ae

13
13

Kopong, Bech

Be

Ec
Fa

12
7

8

Larcon, S.A.R

Lat Lake Kraal, Bech. ..
Leadsman Shoal, Tong.

Ec
Bb
Fb

10
4
10

Llanwarne, S.A.E

Loamba, E., B.C'. A

Ijoane, P.E.A

Ef
Bd
Dd

13

Koran, C.C

Korana, The, C.C

16

Klein Hartz E., S.A.E.

10

Klein LetabaGoKl Field,

Koran Ford (Orange E.)

Bb

7

Le Bihan Falls (Maleta-

Loanginga. R., B.C.A. ..

Cc

10

S.A.E

Fb

13

Koranna Land, Bech. . .

Be

4

unyane R.), Bas

Bd

10

Loangwa E., B.C.A

Cc

16

Klein Marico R., S.A.E,

Bd

13

Kornet Spruit, Bas

Ae

10

Lebuchani Pool, Bech. ..

Da

7

Loangwa E., Rapids of

Klein Modder Fontein

Kornet Spruit, dist., Bas.

Ae

10

1-eclianas, C.C

Cd

4

the,B.C.A

Cc

16

Pan, C.C

Be

9

Kort Erasmus, S.A.R. ..

Dd

13

Ledinguana, Bas

Bd

10

LoanjaR., B.C.A

Bb

15

Klein Muiden, S.A.E. ..

G d

13

Kosi, Tong

Fa

10

Leeuw Spruit. S.A.R. ..

Ea

7

Lo.ano, P.E.A

Dd

16

Klein Oliphants R.,

Kosi Bay, Tong

Ed

12

Leeow Kop, The, S.A.R.

Ea

7

Lobttron, Bech

Be

4

S.A.E

Ed

13

Kosi, Lake, Tong

Kotakota, Ny

Fb

10

Lee's Farm, Mat

Cd

15

Lobatani, Bech

Bb

12

Klein Poort, C.C

Df

9

Cc

16

Leeuwen Orift, C.C

Cc

7

Lobelo.S.W

Dd

12

Klein R., C.C

Ca

8

KougaBerg, The, C.C. ..

Dd

7

Leeuwen Kuit, C.C

Be

7

Lobemba, dist., B.C.A...

Cc

16

Klein Riet E., C.C

9

KougaE.,C.C

Bf

9

Leeuwfoutein, C.C

Bd

9

Lobe R., B.C. A

Cc

10

Klein Roggeveld, C.C. . .

Ee

8

Kouga Rand, The, C.C. . .

Cf

9

Leeuw Klip. The, C.C. ..

Cb

8

Lobethal, S.A.R

Dc

12

Klein Tafelberg, C.C. . .

Ce

8

Kouws Berg, The, C.C...

Fe

8

Leeuw R., C.C

Be

9

Lobisa, dist., B.C.A

Cc

16

Klein Toorns E., C.C. . .

Dd

8

Kowamba, Lake, C.F.S.

Bb

16

Leeuw R. (Ladybrand),

Lobonibo Mts., P.E.A. .

Ed

12

Klein Vaalheuvel, C.C. . .

Cb

8

Kowedi, C.F.S

Bb

16

O.F.S

Fb

9

Loenge 1!., B.C.A

Be

16

Klein Winterhoek Mts.,

KowirwiMt, Ny

Cc

16

Leeuw R. (Vrede), O.F.S.

Bb

10

LofuaR., B.C.A

Db

16

C.C

Df

9

Kowisin Tribe, G.S.W.A.

Ab

4

Legobate, Bech

Da

7

LofuR., B.C.A

Cb

16

Klerksdorp, S.A.E

Klerkdorp's Drift, S.A.E.

Be
Be

13
13

Kraaibosh, C.C

Kraal E., C.C

Eb
Ge

Lehlabane R.. S.A.R. ..
Lekone, R.. B.C.A

Db

12

Lo^agane, Bech

A c

12

9

Bd

16

LohalaE.,S.Z

Cb

16

Be
Eb

9
13

Kraal E., C.C

Krans Berg, The, S.A.E.

Fc
Cc

7
13

Lekuni, Bas -

Lelintitung, Bech

Bd
Bb

10
4

Loi, E., B.C.A

Lokera, B.C.A

Ad
Be

16

Klipdam, S.A.E

16

Klip Drift (Fiaserberg),

Kranstontein, O.F.S

Be

10

l,em(indo, S.A.R

Db

12

LokingaMts., C.A

Be

10

C.C

Ed

8

Krantskop, The, C.C. ..

Ec

s

Leonbard, S.A.R

Ga

7

Lolo Mts., S.A.R

Dc

11"

Klip Drift (Sutherland),

Krans Kop, The, O.F.S.

Cb

10

Lepalule R., S.A.R

Dc

12

Lo Magondi's, Masli

Bd

10

C.C

Ee

8

Krans Kop, The, Nat. . .

Dc

10

Lejiata, S.A.R

Gb

13

Lo Magondi's Gold Field,

Klipfontein, S.A.Ii

Klip Fontein (Calvinia),
C.C

It' n

13

Kranskuil, C.C

Kromelleboog R., O.F.S.
Kromme E., C.C

Db
Ce

a

13

Lrporu, S.A.U

Leribe, Bas

Be

12

Jlash

Eb

15

Vj C

Be

10

Lomanii, E.. C.F.S

Ab

16

Cd

7

Cc

8

Leribe, dkst., Bas

Bd

10

LomatiE., S.A.R

Gd

13

Klip Fontein (Little r

Krom E., C.C

ng

9

Lerothodi, Bas

Ad

10

Lombaard, S.A.R

Ga

7

Namaqualand), C.C. . .

Ab

7

Kr<«m R., S.A.U

Dd

12

Lesatsilebe, Bech

Ad

15

LombeE., B.C.A

Ad

16

Klip Gat, C.C

Bb

7

Knionstad, O.F.S

J?,!

3

Leshoburo, Bas

Ad

10

Louibu, 1*.E.A

Ec

10

Klipheuvel, C.C

Cf

8

Kri.onstad, S.A.R

13

Leshulatebe's, Bech

Ad

15

Lomwe Tr., P.E.A

Dc

18

Klip Kuil, Bech

Bb
Be

12
12

Krugen, S.A.E

Kruger Kraal, C.C

Cd
Ec

12
7

Le Souvenir, O.IT.S

T.piiQPvf.mvn C C

Gb
Fd

9
9

Londamo, B.C.A

Longamo, N.Z

Cc
Be

16

Klip Kuil, S.A.E

18

JJWOOw J vv IT Uj V/. \J' •. ...a *■

8

LONGHOPE

INDEX.

MATITA

I.oiieliope, C.C

Long Kloof, The, CO....

IjOiislaiuls, C.C

I>Mni:oR.,S.VV.A

I.oukin;,', liech

Lopijif, Bech

liorfiizoMarquez, P.E.A.

Losiiiiija, R., C.F.S

I.osIktk, S.A.B

I.nsiti B., B.C.A

I.oskop, C.C

I.o.s Kop, The, C.C

Lo.skop, The, S.A.R

Lospeis Plaats, C.C

I.otit.i, Sw

Lotl.-ikana, Bech

liOtlokane, Bech

LoL.saiii K., Jiech

Lot's Pillar, O.P.S

liOuisfontein, C.C

Lovedale, C.C

Lovoi, B., C.F.S

Lowe, C.F.S

Lower Drift, Nat. ...

Lower Tugela, co., Nat.

Lower Umfuli Goldliehl,
Ma.sh

Lower Umvolosi, (list,
Zul

Luaho, We.st, P.E.A. .

Lual.iba, B., C.F.S. .

Luaiijo, P.W.A

Lunpula 1{., C.F.S....

l.uhir.an.si B., C.F.S. .

LubliPits, Bech

Lubiiri,B., C.F.S. ...

Luchulingo Valley,
P.E.A

Ludlow, C.C

LuiUvigslust, S.A.U. .
Liiflra, R., C.F.S. ...

Lufubo, B., C.F.S....

Luia, R., Mash

Luia, R., P.E.A

Lliibanda 'I'ribe, P.W A.

Luiji, B., C.F.S

Luisi B., Bech

Luis, R., Mash

Luitshwe, Bech

Lu.ienila, R., P.E.A

Lukauga, R., B.C.A

Lukassi, R., C.F.S

Lukotokwa, E., P.E.A.

Lukuga It., C.F.S

LukAga, R., P.E.A

Lukunibi, S.A.B

Lukungu, C.F.S

Luku.sasi, R., B.C.A

Luli, P.E.A

Luli, R., P.E.A

Lulua. R., C.F.S

Lulu Mts., S.A.R

Lunibn, P.E.A

Luniesa, P.E.A

Luncaja. C.F.S

Lutule, Mash

Luudi, R., Mat

Luneberg, S.A.R

Lunga Mandi's, C.F.S. ..
Lunga, B. (R. Kabompo),

B.C.A

Lunga, R. (Kitangula

Mts.), B.C.A -

Lungo RIashimba, C.F.S.

Lunguije R., B.C.A

Lupampa Mt., B.C.A. ..

Lu)«iuda, C.F.S

Lupata Gorge, P.E.A. ..

I^urilopepe, Bech

LurioBay. P.E.A

Lurio, R., P.E.A

Lusheri, C.F.S

Lushuina, S.Z

Lusiti R., P.E.A

Luttig, C.C

Luvigo R., C.F.S

Luwenibi R., C.F.i3

Luwinda, C.F.S

Luzizi, C.C

Lydenhurg, S.A.R

Lydenburg, dist., S.A.R.

M

Maamya, Ny

Mahalrel.a, C.F.S

Maliakutwani, RLit. ...

Mal.al, S.A.l;

Malialis, S.A.B

Mabare Mt., S.Z

Mabare R.,S.Z

MabelaR., C.C

Mabendiaiie, .S.A.R

Mabie's Kraal, S.A.R. .

M.abo, P.K.A

Mabola, O.F.S

Maboongatsjaba, S.A.R.

Ee

0

Mabsa. Bech

Cf

R

i)e

8

Rlacasule, S.A.R

Dc

n

J) a

;i

MacDougalHarbour,C.C

Ab

s

Ad

Ii;

Machabe Flats, Bech. ..

Be

16

ilb

7

Machabe R., Bech

Ac

16

Bh

12

Machacha, Mt., Bas

Ad

10

Eg

3

Machakul, S.A.R

Do

1?,

Bb

16

Machaquete, P.E.A

Ga

13

l-'a

V

Machay, S.A.R

Gd

13

Bd

10

Macibi, Mt., C.C

Cf

10

Hd

7
7

Ac

Ag

12
10

Eb

Maclean, C.C

Ce

13

M.aclear, C.C

Bf

10

Dc

8

Macloutsie, M.at

Dd

IS

i)rt

K

Macloutsie R., Mat

Dd

16

Ad

12

Macocoene, P.E.A

Hd

13

Bd

16

Madaguas Reef, C.C

Gf

9

Ce

11.

Madam, P.E.A

])C

4

A c

10

S

Da

Cb

l.'i

Be

Madembe, B.C.A

Fe

!)

Madeuasana, Bech

Be

16

Bb

10

Madiacune, P.E.A

Fe

16

Ab

10

Madodo, P.E.A

Dc

Ifi

Ed

10

Madrara, P.E.A

Cc

10

Ed

10

Madundsi, P.E.A

Fd

16

M.adunjeR., P,E.A

Hb

13

Db

li,

Malamede I., P.E.A

Ed

10

Mafeking, Bech

Dg

3

Fc

10

Mafeking R., Bech

Be

4

Fe

3
10

Ad
Frl

10
16

Bb

Mafi.gwan, P.E.A

Aa

4

Mafokong, S.A.R

Cb

1^

Be

10

Mafungabuzi Hills, S.Z..

Db

16

Ab

10

Mafu.ssi, P.E.A

Fd

16

IU>

4
16

Dd

Da

12
13

Bb

Magalaqueen R., S.A.R..

Magalies Berge, S.A.R. . .

Cd

13

Uc

10

Magahes, R., S.A.B

Cd

13

Ed

a

M.aganges Kraal, S.A.B.

Gc

13

l)c

li

Magato, S.A.R

Ea

13

\>c

3

Magliamba, S.Z

Cb

16

lie

10

Maghunda, Mash

Db

16

Eh

l.'i

Ea

10

Co

10

Magne Pool, Bech

Cd

16

Ac

10

Magogomela, P.E.A

Fd

16

Ab

10

Magoni, P.E.A

Fc

16

Co

l.'i

Maguata, P.E.A

Fc

16

Cd

10

Maguire, Fort, Ny

Dc

16

Be

12

Maguival, P.E.A

Dd

10

Fd

3

Magumba, G.S.W.A

Ba

4

Be

10

Maj;uinlia, S.Z

Ac

16

Ab

10

M.ili.ilipsiR., Bech

Bb

I"

J)d

10

.•M.thalul., P.E A

Ec

10

Uc

3

.MahiLian, P.E.A

Dc

4

i>d

10

.Mahila'.s Kop, S.A.R. ..

Eb

13

JJd

1-J

.M iliili Cliwanie, Bech. ..

Ce

15

Ab

10

.Maliluiiiba, P.E.A

Ed

1?

Cc

10

.Mall.. hi. Mat

Dc

16

Fd

Jlah.intal., .S.Z

Ad

16

J>c

10

Mahonti. P.E.A

Fe

16

Ac

10

Mahue Ma .Sinique Mts.,

Eg

13

Mash

Fc

15

Ec

It;

Mahuiiga. P.E.A

Fd

16

Cc

10

.Maliutu Mahbi, Bech. ..

Be

16

Ab

10

iMaili..iida, Bech

Cc

16

Kd

15
l.i

Maila Bech

Bd

Ba

15
4

Ed

Mailul, G.S.W.A

H'f

13
10

Ce
Ge

:o

3

Bb

Maintirano, I\lad

10

Cf
B c

,s

16

A c

Majane, Bech

Maieela R., B.C.A

Bb

15

Be

16

Ma.iuba Hill, Nat

Ga

Bb

10

Makabeng, S.A.R

Cb

12

Be

JO

M:ikal.al;aTr.. B.C.A. ..

Cb

16

Be

10

.M,.k:iiiiliuri. I'.E.A

Dc

10

Ab

10

Makalida, P.E.A

Dd

10

Cd

10

Makaiirtoa, P.E.A

De

10

Be

16

M.akaTigaTr., P.E.A....

Cd

16

Ec

10

Makaiiiera, P.E.A

Dd

10

Fd

3

Makaujila, Nv

Fd

3

Be

10

Makao, S.A.R

Cb

1"

Bd

10

Makapolo Vlei, Bech. ..

Ad

16

Fc

16

Makararia, P.E.A

Ec

10

Be

9

Makari Kari (Salt Pan),

r. h

16
10
10

Great, Bech

Cd
Ad
Dd

15
15
10

A h

Makata, Bech

Bh

M.akettu, P.E.A

'^^

10

Makhaleng Spruit, Baa. .

Ad

10

13
13

Makhobe, Tati

Cd
Be

16

12

Fc

Makhosi, S.A.R

Maklaka, Bech

Be

12

Makoarela, S.A.B

Fa

13

Makoe, B.C.A

Cb

15

Makoe, R., B.C.A

Cb

15

MakoloIoTr., Ny

Cd

10

IJd

16

Makombes, P. E. A

Cd

10

Ac

16

Makonde, B.C.A

Cb

16

J)d

l.i

Makonya Mts., Sw

Gd

13

Bd

I'J

Makopan, S.A.B

Ce

12

Uc

13

.Makopi, R., P.E.A

Dd

10

Db

16

.\lak..ri. Mash

Ec

15

Cb

16

.Mak..iik..riTr., S.Z

Cb

16

(ic

7

.M.akosini Rand, The,

J)e

12

S.W

Eb

10

lid

13

MakuatoeMt.,Bech

Bb

12

Ke

16

Makua Tr.. P.E.A

Dc

10

(i b

0
13

Makulau, P.E.A

Fd
Ga

15
13

Fb

Makuleke, S.A.R

Makulusina, S.A.R

Makwara Tr., Mat

Makwarele, S.A.R

iMakwarga, P.E.A

IMakwassie Berge, .S.A.R.

Makwassie Spr., S.A.R.

Malagas, C.C

Malan, S.A.R.

Malaiig, S.A.B

Malans, S.A.R

Malenia, R., P.E.A

Malemba, B.C.A

Malembeka, C.F.S

Males.so Muuo, P.E.A. ..

Maletsnnyane R., Bas...

Malilctse, S.A.R. ......

jMalinda, Sw

Malip, S.A.B

Malisa, Mat

MalitziTr., S.A.R

Malnianie Gold Field,
S.A.B

Malmani B., S.A.R

MalTiicsbury, C.C

Mal.il h.a, S.A.R

."^lal.iLCK.Shire), B.C.A.

Malok, .S.A.B

Malopa, P.E.A

Malopo R., Bech

Malti.u, Nat

Maluli Mts., Bas

Maniachali, S.A.R

Mamakahuie, Bech

RLaniatseo's, Mash. ...

Manilla, B.C.A

Manil.a. S.Z

Maml.adin, S.A.B

MaiHlii, S.A.B

M.aniliiruna Falls (B.

Liiapnla), C.F.S

Ma-mburuma, B.C A. .
Manibwe, dist., B.C.A..

Mamele, G.S.W.A

Mamheny, P.E.A

Maniilaiiga, B.C.A. . .
Mamoel's Kraal, S.A.R.

Mamre, C.C

Mannisa, S.A.R

Mamuzulu, Sw

Manab, Tong

Manaba, Tong

Mana, B., C.F.S

Mananga Mt., Sw

Manansa Tr., Bech. . . .
Man-bunda, B., B.C.A..

Mancanja Tr., Ny

Manda, Ny

Mandabare, B.C.A. ...

Mandala, Ny

MandangaTr., P.E.A. .

Maudingo, P.E.A.

Mandoya Tr., P.E.A

Maneering, Bech

Manenko's. P.W.A.

Manganja Tr., Ny

Manganzaiia. C.C

Mangoche, P.E.A

Mangonian, Sw

iMaii;:iifn(li, Mash

M.iiiKHi'l.-, S.A.R

Maniiuiulwane, P.E.A...

Maugoia, P.W.A

MangwaSansa, C.F.S. ..

Mangwe, Mat

Mangwe B. , Tati

Manhissa R., P.E.A

Manica, dist., B.C.A. ..

Manica, dist., Mash

Manica Gold Field, E.A.
Manica Tr., B.C.A. ...

Manisaue, S.A.R

RIankanibira, Ny

Maiikelekop, The, S.A.R,

Mankoe Tr.. B.C.A

Maiikopan, S.A.R

Mankutane, liech

Rlanjobo, P.E.A

Mano, Ny

Mano, dist., P.E.A

Manowa's, P.E.A

MaTitaiiyanta, B.C.A. ..

Manupi, Heeh

Manvako R., S.Z

Manyanie, P.E.A

Manyania, Mat

Manvaiiihven, S.A.R. ..

.\hipaii. la, P.E.A

Maiiaslilela, S.A.R

Mapela, .S.A.R

Maping, Bech

Mapoch's, S.A.R

Mapondera's, Rlash

.Mapota, P.E.A

Mapotshan, Tong

Rlapotya, Tong

Mapui B., Mat

Mapune, B.C.A

Maputa B., Sw

Marabastad, S.A.B

9

Dd
Dh
Db
Fd
Bf
Bf
Eg
Dd
Cc
Dc
De
Cc
Be
Dd
Bd
Dc
Dd
Ee
Cc
Eb

Ad
Cc
Cf
Cb
Dd
Cc
Dd
Ea
Dd
Ad
Cc
Bb
Eb
Db
Da
Gd
Dd

Be

Cd
Cb
Ab
Ed
Bb
Gc
Cf
Ea
Dd
Ed
Fb
Bb
Ge
Be
Ac
Ce
Cb
Bd
Cd
Fd

Fd
Da
Ac
Ed
Fe
De
Dd
Ec
Fa
Hd
Ac
Bb
Cd
Cd
Ec
Ca
Fc
Fc
Be
Ga
Cc
Gc
Ac
Cb
Ac
Ec
Cc
Cc
Cd
Cb
Ae
Db
Cd
Cd
Ga

Ec
Db
Da
Fd
Eb
Ed
Ed
Fa
(;c
Be
Dc
Eb

Maraben, .S.A.B

Marafata, P.E.A

Marais, S.A.B

Marais, P.E.A

Rlar.-iisburg, C. C

Marakalata Mt., Bech. .

Maranda, B.C.A

Maranquam, S.A.R.

Maravi Tr., P.E.A

Marburg, Nat

Rhircus Bay, C.C

Marebaneng. Becli.

Maremane, Bi ell

Mareinbo, P.E.A

Mareiiga, Ny

Mareybeng, C.C

Mareybeng, C.C

Maribogo, Bech

Marieo, dist., S.A.R

Marico Drift. S.A

Marieo, R., S.A.R

Marico R., S.A

Marico ]!., Klein, S.A.R

Mariep, S.A.R

Marikele Jits., S.A.R. .,

Marimba, B.C.A

Marimba Tr., B.C.A

M.aritsani B., Bech

M.arlow, C.C

Marnewyk, O.F.S

Marobing, Eech

Mar.shall, S.A.B

Marshall, Fort, S.A.R...

Martha Point, C.C. ...

Jlartin Rock, C.C

Marukutu, B.C.A

Maiule, S.A.R..-

Marutse and Mabunda,
Kingdom of, B.C.A. . .

Masabango, Ny

Masambara, Mash

Masanji, P.E.A

Masarwa Tr., Bech. ...

Masasima Bay, P.E.A. .

Masassa, C.F.S

Masecha, P.E.A

Maseke, S.A.B

Ma,seppa, Bech

Maseru, Bas

Masesa, C.F.S

.Mashabba, S.Z

Maslianios, li.C. A

Masliato, B.C.A...

MashegasheB., Ma.sh. .
MashekeR., Mash. ...
Masheok.ane, S.A.R. ...
Mashimalala Mts.,

S.A.R

Mashinga, dist., P.E.A.
Mashiicinlia, P.E.A... .

Maslii.me, I'.E.A

Washdllalnlld, S.A

jMashua, Beeh

Mashue, Beeh. -

Mashukulumbwe Tr.,

B.t'.A

Masimbwa Bay, P.E.A .

Masiringi, Mat

Masitisi, Bas

Masokalau, G.S.W.A. .

MassaruaTr., S.Z

RIassassa, P E. A

Massi Kessi. P.E.A. . .

Massape, P.E.A

M.'issonio, S A.B

Masua, P.E.A

M asupha, Bas

Masupia, Bech

MaTabbin, S.Z.

Matabeleland, .S.A. ..

Mataffin, -S.A.B

Jlataffin, S.W.

Matakania, P.E.A

Blatakenya's, P.F.A...
.MatakoR., G..S.W.A .
MatalaPocrt, .S.A.R. .
Matalha Point, P.E.A. .
Matambwi Tr., I'.E.A. ,

RIatamini, P.E.A

Matanda, B.C.A

Rlatangeni, S.A.B

Mataliele. C.C

MatrhilMli, B.C.A

Rlatchutstneng, liich. .

Matela, Bas

Matement, P.E A

Rlatemo I., P.E.A

RIatewane RIts., C.C... .

Rl at hatha, B.as

RIathuluaiie, Bech.

Rlati, P.E.A

RIaliliane, P.E.A

RIatiWs, S.A.R

Rlatietsie R., Bech. . . .

Rlatikwili, P.E.A

RIatimba, B.C.A

Rlatingi, Tong

Rlatippa. RIat

RIatita.Ny

Cb
Ec
Dc
He
Ed
Bb
Cc
Gc
Cc
De
Ce
Da
Db
Dd
Cc
Be
Ea
Ea
Ad
Be
Cb
Be
Bd
Fc
Cc
Bd
Ce
Ac
Ee
Fa
Ea

Dc
Ce
Be
Cb
Fc

Ad
Dc
Ec
Cc
Bb
Ec
Bb
Cd
Gb
Be
Ad
Bb
Cc
Bh
Be
Ed
Ec
Cb

Fc

Cd
Fb
Fd
Bb
Cb
Bb

Bd
Ec
Dd
Ae
Bh
Cb
Fb
Ee
Fc
Dc
Dc
Ad
Ac
Bb
Dc
<i
Gd
Ea
Cd
A a
Kc
Hd
Dc
Ee
Be
Kb
Be
Cb
Da
Gb
Dd
Ec
Bf
Bd
Bd
Ec
Ec
Cb
Cc
Dc
Be
Ed
Db
Cd

MATITI

INDEX.

MURCHISON

Matiti, P.E.A

Matjes Fonteiii (Graaf
Eeinet), C.C

Matjes Fontein (Hope-
town). C.C.

Matjesfontein (Worces-
ter), C.C

MatlabasB., S.A.R. ...

Matlaselell., S.A.K

Matlopine, Becli

MathvaririKll., Bech, .

Matok, S.A.R

JIatoiigo, B.C. A

Matope, Ny

Matopi's, Mash

Matoppo Mts., M.at.

Matroos Bay, C.C

Matsap, C.C

Matsieng, Bas

Matsoku K., Bas

Matsopong, .S.A.U

Matswaiiakaba, Jias

Matua, B.C. A

Mjitumbo, P.W.A

Matuiia, B.C.A

Mat yatye, S.A.R

MauaTr., P.E.A

Rlaubaaii, S.A.R

MaiichBerg, S.A.H

MaundoMf.. B.C. A

JlaviaTr., P.K.A

Maviti Tr., Ny

Mavongo, P. E. A

MaviisR., P.E.A

Maxongos Hoek, C-C. ..

Mayapa Bay, P. E. A

Mayorukokoro, C.C

Maytengue R., Ht'ch. ..

Mazavamba, B.C.A. . . - .

Mazaza, Ny

Mazazima Bay, P.IC.A. . .

Mazel Foiiteiii, C.C

Mazeppa Point, C.C

Mazeppa K., C.C

Maziinbagupa's, Mash. . .

Mazingani R., M:ish.

Mazoe Gold I'iekl, Jlasli

Mazoe R., Masli

Mazungwa. Mt., Mash,

Mbadu, P.E.A

MbaiU., B.C.A

Mbalipi, P.E.A

Mbampa, P.E.A

Mban^'a, P.E.A

Mbekeleweni, Sw. .. .

Mbewe, Ny

MboiKlaMts.,P.W.A.

Mbopo, B.C.A

Mhopo, B.C.A

Mbota, P.E.A

JIbuli, C.C

McAithur, S.A.R

.McUeimot, S.A.R

McFavlin, C.C

Mchilimba, P.E.A

Mc'wasa R., C.C

Mdigwidi, P.E.A

Medingen, S.A.K

Medingwedingwe R.,
P.E.A

MedoTr., P.E.A

Megabeii, M.^t

Mehadieh, P.E.A

Meirings Pooit, pass,
C.C

Melanie, Mt., O.F.S. ..

Melkboon, C.C

Melkbosh Pohit, CC.

Melmoth, Zul

Melville, C.C

Memba Bay, P.E.A. .

Memonda, IS.C.A. ...

Menipe, S.A.R

Mequatling, O.F.S... .

Mere Mere, C.F.S.

Merengi, P.E.A

Merome, O.F.S

Merome, O.F.S

Mersaua, P. E. A

Meru, Lake. C. A. ...

MesaMt., P.E.A

Mesire Sliiranibo, B.C.A

Mesumbe, B.C.A.. .

Mewettville. S.A.R,

Mtungu, C.F.S.

Mgosa, li.C.A

iMhlambve. C.C. . . .

Middellmrg, CC

Middelburg, S.A.R..

Middelburg, dist., C.C.

Middelburg Road Sta.,
C-C

Jliddel Roggeveld, The
C.C

Jliddelveld, Tlie, C.C.

Middleton, C.C

Midirani, P.E. .-V

Mikati, R., P.K.A

MilantiMt., Ny

Fd

15

Ec

7

Dc

7

Ef

8

He

12

(ic

13

Ad

12

Da

7

Eb

13

Be

111

Ke

3

Eb

15

Dii

15

A.I

4

Be

4

Ad

10

Bd

10

Cb

12

Be

10

15 d

10

A a

4

Co

in

l)b

12

JJc

Hi

(!c

12

Kd

13

Bit

1(!

1)0

IB

(;c

ii;

Kc

1(1

Cd

11)

Af

10

Hd

3

Be

4

Cd

15

Cc

If,

Co

in

(id

3

Be

4

Bg

10

Bg

10

Dli

15

Ed

IB

Kb

15

Eb

15

Kb

15

Dd

1(!

Cb

15

De

l(i

(;c

111

1)0

ir>

l)d

12

Cd

IR

Ac

Ifi

Bb

15

Bd

Hi

Cc

Ifi

Ka

Ud

12

Fa

Da

fl

1>0

1(1

^A

10

Ifi

Fb

13

3A

Dc

111

Co

15

Fd

15

Of

9

Cc

10

lie

7

Bd

7

Eo

10

Cf

9

Gd

3

Cb

Ifi

Fc

13

Ac

10

Bo

111

Kc

Ifi

Co

4

Fb

7

Dc

10

Bb

16

Ec

Ifi

Cc

10

Cc

10

13 a

Kb

III

Bb

Ifi

Bg

10

l)d

9

E.l

13

Ud

9

Ed

9

Ee

8

J)c

7

Ee

!)

He

1«

Do

10

Dd

16

Milk, C.C

Milkbosch Point, C.C.

Milk R., C.C

Milkwood.C.C

Mill H., O.F.S

Mill River, town, C.C.

Millwood, C.C

Mimosa, C.C

Minenga, B.C.A

Mingar, S.A.R

Minula, C.F.S

Mirambo, C.F.S

Miranja, P.E.A

Missala, dist., B.C.A.
Mitchell's Pass, C.C

Mitete, P.E.A

Mitondo, Ny

Mitsi Bokluko, Bech.

Miula, P.E.A

Miyui, P.E.A

Mjema, C.F.S

Mkalawili, P.E.A

Mkaluma, R., P.E.A..

Mkande, C.F.S

Mk.inye, P.E.A

Mkapo, P.E.A

Mkayigua, P.E.A. ..

Mkewe, B.C.A

MkingaMts., C-F.S.
llkc.molo, P.E.A. ..
-Mkoiinngotto, C.F.S,
.Mk. . II, ,Tia, P.E.A. ..
-Mkopoka, P.li.A. ..
:\Ikorouia, P.E.A. ..

Mkota, P.E.A

Mkubure, R-, P.E.A.

.Mkiifi, P.E.A

MkwaliR., Bas

Mlala, P.E.A

Mlamilo, P.E A

Mlangata, B.l'.A. ..

Mlunga, B.C.A

Mlungii, B.C.A

Mnabo, P.E.A

Moamba, B.C.A

Moami, B.C.A

,\loana(R.Kafue),B.C.
Mi,ana(R. Zambesi),

B.C.A

Moashemb.a, B.C.A. .
Mobnmbal. (R. Zambesi),

C.A

Mochuane, Bech

Mochuri, Bech

Modder Fontein, C.C. ..
Modder Fontein Pan,

Groot, C.C

Modder Fontein Pan,

Klein, C.C

MiHiderpoort, O.F.S

Modder K., S.A

MniUler Vlei, Great, C.C.

Mudimo, Bech

Mndimulle, S.A.R

Modj.adje, .S.A.R

.Moero, P.E.A

Moero, Lake, C. A

Moginquale, P.E.A

Mogonono, Bech

-Mtiiiukrumba, P.E.A. ..

.M,, hales Hoek, Baa

Mohunguta, l^E.A

Moi Dumb.a, P.W.A

Moiloa, S.A.R

Moilos, S.A.R

Moine Lema, B.C.A

Moine Mulva, Ny

Mojeng.a, P.W.A

Mokambo Bay, P.E.A. ..

Mokanda, Ny

Mokoii Well, Bech

Mokokongoni, Becll

Mokopon, Bech

JNlokosso, C. l-'.S

Mokotani, Bech

Mokuana, Bas

Mokunibi, B.C.A

Mokumbula, B.C.A

Molannan, Bech

Molapo, Bas

Molei, B.C.A

Molela, B.C.A

Molen R., O.F.S

Molepo, S.A.R

Molepolole, Bech

Molitsani Tr., Bas

Moloka, P.E.A

Molomo Mts., Nv

Miilombo 1!., Ma"t

Molomo, M., P.W.A

Molopolole, Bech

Molopo R., Bech

Molototsi Gold Field,

S.A.R

Molototsi R., S.A.Ii

Molteno, C.C

Moltke, .Mt., M.ash

Molugwi, R., P.E.A

MomaL, P.E.A

Ed

7

Ab

8

De

9

Fg

8

Gb

t

Bf

H

Bf

9

l)b

7

Cb

16

Cc

12

Bb

10

Bb

Ifi

Cd

16

Cc

16

Df

8

Dc

10

Dc

111

Be

15

Ec

16

Cd

16

Be

16

Co

16

De

16

Bb

16

Dc

10

De

16

De

16

Co

16

Bb

Ifi

Dc

16

Ac

16

Dc

16

De

16

Dc

16

Ec

Ifi

Dc

16

Ec

Ifi

Bd

10

Ed

16

Dc

16

Cb

16

lib

16

Be

16

Dc

16

. Co

16

Cb

16

Bd

16

Bd

16

Bd

16

Ab

15

Cc

4

Be

12

Ce

8

Bb

9

Be

9

(ih

9

Fb

9

Dc

7

Ea

7

Dc

13

Fb

IS

De

16

Bb

16

Kd

16

Ac

12

Dd

16

Ae

10

Db

4

Ad

4

Be

12

Be

13

Cc

16

Cb

16

A a

4

Kd

16

Cc

16

Be

4

Bd

15

Be

4

Be

16

Ce

15

Be

10

Be

16

Cb

16

Da

7

Bo

10

Bd

16

l!d

16

(;e

10

Dc

12

Cb

4

Fb

7

Fe

15

Ce

16

Kd

15

A a

4

Ae

12

fg

3

Fb

13

Fb

13

Kd

9

Fb

15

Dd

16

Dd

16

Momlta, Sw

Mombazi R., BC.A

Mombeia, Ny

Mombera (-Stevenson

Road), Nv

Mombi Gold Field, Masb

Mombo, B.C.A

MonaDomba, C.F.S

Mona Kande, C.F.S. ...

Mona Kieni. C.F.S

IMonaMansi, C.F.S

Mona Mocanda, C.F.S...

MonaTenda, C.F.S

Monsa, P.E.A

Monika, Bas

Monica i\It., P.E.A. ....

.Mnnjel)odi. S.A.U

.Moiimoboli R., Bas

Monoqiie, Becli

Montapiue, C.C

Montasue Pass, C.C

Hloiitoi, C.C.

Mont aux Sources, S.A.
Moiitepes Bay, P.E.A. ..

Montsioa, Bech

Monze, B.C.A

Moodie's Berp, S.A.R. ..
Moodie's Gold Field,

S.A.R

Mooifontein, S.A.U

Mooi Loop Spruit, S.A.R.

Mooiplaats, S.A.R

MooiJi.,G.S.W.A

Mooi R., Nat

Mooi R.. S.A.R

Moora Dr., S.A.R

Moordenaara Karroo,

C.C

Moordenaars R., C.C. ..

M003R., S.A.R

^Iope:i, P.E.A

Morambala Mt., P.E.A..

Mnrati Jits., Bech

M oragge, B. C. A

Moreland, Nat

Morenii, Bech

Morgan, Cape, C.C

Murgenzon, S.A.R

Morija, Bas

Morley, C.C

Moroka, dist., O.F.S

Morokane, Bech

Morokweiig. Bech

Morraiana, Bech

Morris Point, C.C

Mortimer, C.C

Morumbua Cataract (R.

Zambesi), P.E.A

Morungabubara, B.C.A.
Mosanga I. (R. Zambesi),

S.A

Mosanko I. (R. Zambesi),

S.A

Moschwane, Bech

Mosego, S.A.R

Moselhi, S.A.R

Moshoro, B.C.A

Moshuaneng, Bech

Mosing, Bech

Mosita, Bech

Mobitunde, S.A.R

Mossel Bay, C. C

Mosuasa, P.E.A

Mnsiipia, R., Bech.

Motai Mt., Bas

Motala, S.A.R

Motale, R., S.A.R

Motemwa Hill, P.E.A...
Motepuesi, R., P.E.A. ..

Motito, Bech

Motlatsa, Bech

Motlokotlo, Bech

Motoko's, Mash

Motsitlana, Becli

Mount Ayliff, C.C

Mount Cuke, town, C.C.
Mount C'urrie, dist., C.C.
Mount Darwin Gold

Field, Mash

Mount Fletcher, C.C

Mount Frere, C.C

Mount Point, C.C

Mount Stewart, C.C

.Muvini, P.E.A

MowilaR., P.E.A

Moyara, B.C.A

Moyeni, Bas

Mozambique, P.E.A

Mozambique Channel,

E.A

Mozambique, prov.,

P.E.A

ISIozia I. (R. Zambesi),

S.A

Mozingwa I. (R. Zam-
besi), S.A

Mozuma, B. C. A

MpakoU.,C.C

Mpala, C.F.S

10

Ea

10

Cb

10

Cc

16

Cb

10

Dc

15

Cb

16

Ab

111

Ab

10

All

16

Ab

16

Ab

16

Ab

16

Cd

16

Ad

10

Dd

16

Eb

13

Cd

10

Bb

12

Et

8

Bf

9

Be

10

Gb

7

Ec

10

Ad

13

Cb

15

Fd

13

Gd

13

Dd

13

Ce

13

Dd

13

Ba

7

Dd

10

Fa

7

Ec

13

Fe

8

Be

9

Ed

13

Dd

16

Dd

111

Bb

12

Be

10

De

4

All

15

Be

10

Cd

13

Ad

10

Bf

10

Fb

9

Ea

7

Be

4

Cd

15

Ce

7

Ec

0

Cd

16

Cc

16

Cb

15

Art

Ifi

Ac

12

Ee

13

Dd

13

Be

16

Cb

4

Bd

15

Ac

12

Gc

13

Bg

9

Cd

16

Ac

12

Bd

10

Eb

13

Fa

13

Ea

15

De

11!

Da

7

Bd

15

Bb

4

Fb

15

Ac

12

Ce

10

Ge

S

Ce

10

Kb

15

Be

10

Be

10

Gd

7

Df

9

Hd

13

Cd

16

Bb

15

Ae

10

Ec

16

Gf

3

Dc

16

Bd

16

Cd

16

Bd

16

Gd

t

Dc

3

Mpalera I. (R. Zambesi)
Mpambe I. (Lake

Nyasa), Ny

Mpanda. P.E.A

Mpandaji, P. E.A

Mpande, C.F.S

Mpande I. (R. Zambesi),

S.A

Mparawe, B.C.A

Mpas.a, Ny

Mpaschele, S.A.R

Mpashi, P.W.A

Mpassu, P.E.A

Mpassu (H. Shire), P. E.A,

Mp:ita, B.C.A

Mpelenibe, P.E.A

Mpeniba, Ny

Mpcmbe, Ny

Mpende. P.E.A

Mpeseiii, B.C.A

Mpile Nek, C.C

Mpinii, B.C.A

Mpipi, C.F.S

Mpite, Bus

INIponda (R. Rovuma),

P.E.A

Mponda (B. Shirii), Ny.

Mpueto, C.F.S

Mpunda, Ny

Mriamwendo, P.E.A. ..

Mriha, P.E.A

Msalu, R., P.E.A

Jlsenz.a. P.E A

Msiiiji Valley, P.E.A. ..

M'siri, C.F.N

Msiri's Kingdom, C.F.S.

Msoa, C.F.S

Msose, Mash

Msukilan, P.E.A

Msuva, P.E.A

.Mswilii, Ny

-Mtaiiilabare, B.C.A

Mtarika (R. Lujenda),

P.K.A

Mtarika (R. Rovuma),

P.E.A

Mtebka, Mash

Mtegari, Mt. P.E.A. ..
Mtembanje, G.S.W.A. ..

Mteiiguli, P.E.A

Mtina. P.E.A

Mtonia, Mt., P.E.A

Mti.ta, P.E.A

Mtumlo, L, P.E.A

Mualia.P.E.A

Muana Sambamba,

B.C.A

Muari-Agoia, C-F.S

Muashiko, C.F.S

Mnasi, R., P.E.A

Muazi. B.C.A

Mucueta, P.K.A

Mudii, 1!., P.E.A

Muden, Nat

.Miidue, Point, C.C

Mudia, P.E.A

:vliHlibing, S.A.R

-Mudiehiri, P.K.A

Mudzi.B., Mash

^luenibe, Tr.,P. I'-.A

Muene Auta, C.F.S

Muene ivula, C.F.S

Muense, C.F.S

MufaR., P.E.A

Mufukushi, R., N.Z

Mugete, P.E.A

Mu'giibe Magalo, W.,

Bech

Muiden, Klein, S.A.R. ..
Jlui Gallulua, B.C.A. ..

Muira, R., P.E.A

Muiri, C.F.S

Muirua, B.C.A

Miiishond R., C.C

.Miiizhoekberg, The, CO,

Mnk:ilumbo. C.F.S

Jliikana, C.F.S

Miikunguru. B.C.A

Mvikururu, Ny

Mulanda, B.C.A

Mulandi, B.C.A

Mulders Vlei Junction,

C.C

Mulua, P.E.A

Muniba. C.F.S

Mumbeje, R., B.C.A

Mumpata Mt., B.C.A. ..

Munkulla, C.F.S

Munsa, C.F.S

Muncatu, Ny

Munihnn, P.E.A

Muno Vuito, B.C.A

Munshaketa, C.F.S

.Muongo, M., P.W.A

Muorango, Ny

Mural Mts., S.A.R

Murchison, S.A.R

Murchison Falls (R.

Shire),Ny

Cc
De
Ec
Bb

Cb
Cc
Cb
Do
A a
Dd
Dd
Bd
Dc
Cc
Cc
Cd
Ed
Be
Ce
Bb
Be

Fd
Ce
Bb
Cc
Dd
Dd
Dc
Cd
Dc
Be
Bb
Bb
Ke
Fd
Dd
Cb
Bd

Dc

Dc
Ed
De
Ba
Cc
Dc
Cc
Dc

Cc
Ae
Be
Fo
Cc
Ed

Dc
Dg
Dc
Ea

Fb
Dd
Be
Ae

Ab
Cil
Be
Ec

Bb
Gd
Bb
Cd
Ac
Cc
Ee
Ce
Bb
Ab
Cc
Cc
Be
Ac

Of

Dd
Be
Be

Bb
Cb
Fd
Cc
Be
A a
Cd
Cb
Fb

E e

MUBCHISON

INDEX.

PEKAWI

Murchison lianpe.S.A.R
Muricant', P.E.A. ..

Muroa, 1».E.A

Muro Ashinto, B.C.A,
Murraysiiurgr, C.C. .. .
Murunibu, U.C.A. .. .

Miisau, S.A.R

Museba, B.C.A

I\Iushena, P.E.A. ...
Miishiiiga, C.F.S. ...
IMussanangoe R., P.E.A.
Musso Kfintanda,P.W.A.

Musula, C.F.S

MutangwaR., P.E.A. ..

Mutipa'H, li.C.A

Mutsi R., y.A.U

Mntua U., S.Z

Mutukuta, li.C.A

Muxinga Mts., C- A

Rluzijj;aguva, Masli

Mvainbi Bay, P.E.A

Mvoobu, Tnncr

Mwainbi, P.E.A

Mwemba I. (R. Zambesi),

S.A

Mweinbe, P.E.A

Mweru, Lake, C.A

Mwigania, P.lil.A

Mwojia, P.E.A

Myakii, S.A.R

Mynfoiiteiii, C.C

Mzeiiza, P.E.A

N

Naauw Poort Junc-
tion, C.C

Naauwte Vlei, C.C. ...

Nababis, G.S.W.A. ...

Nabaa, G.S.W.A

Nabis, G.S.W.A

Naboomfontein, S.A. U.

Napatatollo, Bech

Nagulue, P.E.A

Naliaiige, P.E.A.

Nahanyawa, P.E.A.

Nahlambe, C.C

Nahoria, P. K. A

Nakabele Falls (U. Zam-
besi), H.A

Nakachinto, R., B.C.A.

NakaGold Field. Mat...

Nakhusiha. P.E.A

Nako,B., P.E.A

Nalawa, li., P.E.A

Nalolo, B.C.A

Naraakau, I., B.C.A

Naraalungn, P.E.A

Natnaqualand, Great,
G.H.W.A

Namaqualaud, Little,
C.C

Namani, P. E. A

Namashili, P.E.A

NamaBuiisu, I. (R. Zam-
besi), S.A

Namborouio, B.C.A

Naiubwe Cataract (R.
Zambesi), .S.A

Nameta, B.C.A

Namiheri, P.E.A

Namkuna, P.E.A

Namkwitta, P.E.A

Namlagu, P.E.A

Namlokt.ko, P.E.A

Nammb, C.C

Namtusi. P.E.A

Namuli Peaks, P.E.A. ..

Namurola, P.E.A

Nana, C.C

Nana Kandundu, B.C.A,

Nanebis, G.S.W.A

Nangana, G.S.W.A

Nangoma, P.E.A

Nansisi, P.E.A

Nantupa, P.E.A

Naochabeb, G.S.W.A. ..

Naoxabeb, G.S.W.A

Nape, C.C

Napier. C.C

Napusa, P.E.A

Naraab, G.S.W.A

Nardouw, C.C

Naresie, C.C

Nariele, B.C.A

Naros, G.S.W.A

Narugas, G.S.W.A

Narukus 11., S.W.A

Nass Nass Point, C.C. ..

Natal, S.A

Natal, Port, Nat

.Vatal Spruit, S.A.U. ...

NataR., Mat

Natchiwa, P.E.A

Naterabn, P.E.A

Nauko, n.C.A

Nauwte Vlei, C.C

Fb

13

Fc

l.'^

Cd

10

Cc

10

Cil

9

Cc

10

Db

12

Cc

10

Cd

10

Ac

10

Fa

1.')

Ac

1()

Ac

11)

Fb

15

Cc

10

Cc

1'?.

Eb

1.'.

Cc

16

Cc

10

Ec

16

He

10

Dc

4

Gd

3

Cb

1.=.

Dc

10

Dc

3

Dc

10

Dc

10

]>c

12

Cc

9

Ea

16

Ed

9

Kc

S

Bb

7

A c

4

Ac

4

Cc

!■!

Be

l,")

Dd

16

Fc

16

Dd

10

Fd

7

Dd

10

Bd

10

Kd

10

Ed

16

Ec

10

Fa

15

Dc

1()

Ad

10

Ad

10

Ed

10

Ac

4

Bb

S

Dc

10

Dd

lU

Ea

15

Be

10

Ad

10

Ad

10

Dd

10

Dc

10

Dd

10

Dd

10

Ed

10

Be

8

Dc

10

Fe

3

Dd

10

Ab

7

Cd

»

Ba

/

Ba

4

Dd

10

Dd

10

Dd

10

Ac

4

Ba

7

Be

K

Dk

8

Dc

10

Ba

7

Ed

7

Dd

H

Ad

10

Ac

4

Ba

7

Ab

4

Bb

8

Dd

10

Ed

10

13A

Oc

16

Ec

ii;

Dd

10

lid

IB

Co

7

Nawaruma, P.E.A. .

Nazaretb, Nat

Nbadiia, P.E.A. ...
Ncamana, Tong. ...
Ncliine, P.E.A. ...
Ncbokotsa, Bech. .

Ndari, B.C.A

Ndarima, P.E.A

Ndara, G.S.W.A....

Ndunila, Ny

Ndoomba, Tong. . . .
Nebulu, P.E.A. ...

Nel, S.A.R

Nels Poort, C.C. ...
Nelsville, S.A.R....

Nena, Bas

Nen Halle, S.A.R. .
Neves Ferreira, P.E,
New Amsterdam, S.
New Bethesda, C.C.
Newcastle, C.C. ...
Newcastle, Nat. . . .
Newcastle, CO., Nat.
New Denmark, S.A.
Newdigate, Fort, S.
New Glasgow, Nat.
New Halle, S.A.R. .
New Pass, C.C. . . .
New Republic, The,
S.A.R.

A.
A.R.

R.
A.R.

New Scotland, S.A.R. .

Newtondal, C.C

Newton Peak, C.C

Newtonville, Nat

Newtoiidale, C.C

New Year 1!., C.C

New Year's U., O.F.S. .

Ngabisane, Bech

Ngambo, R., P.E.A. ...
Ngami, Lake, Bech. . . .
Ngoanestsi R., S.A.R. .

Ngombe, Ny

Ngunga, Bech

Ngwa Hill, Bech

Nliamessansara, Mash.
Niamvani's, P.W.A. ...

Niekerk, C.C

Niemands, C.C

Nieuwveld, The, C.C. .
Nieuwreld Range, C.C. .

Nifale, B.C.A

NihegehR., P.E.A. ..

Niiioma, P.E.A

Nikungu, P.E.A

Nikutii, P.E.A

Niusi, P.E.A

Njoko, B., B.C.A

Nkandhla, dist., Zul

Nkoebe's, Bas

Nkuka's Kraal, C.C. ...

Nkumakwe, C.C

Nkumba. Ny

Nolo, P.W.A

Nokanna R., Bech. ...

Nolloth, Port, C.C

Nomans, G.S.W.A

Nona Fall, G.S.W.A....

Nondwans, P.E.A

Xonjes Poort, C.C

Nonkonyani, C.C

Nonswe R., P.E.A

Noodsberg, The, Nat. .

Norden, S.A.R

Northampton, Fort,

S.A.R

North Sand Bluff, Nat. ,
Nortliumberland Point,

C.C

Norubi,C.C

NosobR., G.S.W.A. ...

Nosop R., Bech

Nosop, W. Black,

G.S.W.A

Nosop. W. White,

G.S.W.A

Nossi Ve, Mad

Notaiig, C.C

Nottingham, Fort, Nat.

Notwani, R., Bech

Noup Plateau, S.W.A.

Nousi, C.C

Nquatsha's, Bas

Nqutu Mts., S.A.R. ..

Nrogi Mt., P.E.A

Nsoba, Zul

Nsutu R., Great, Sw.

N'Tenke, C.F.S

Ntunda, P.E.A

Ntwara, Ny

Ntwe-Ntwe Salt Pan,

Bech

Nuanetsi, R., Mat

Nugames, G.S.W.A. ..

Nugoais, G.S.W.A

Nuis, G.S.W.A

Nukanin, Bech

Numas, C. C

Numees, C.C

Nutzi, R., C.C

Dd
Dc
Dc
Fb
Dc
Bd
Cb
Dc
lia
Cc
Ed
Dd
Dd
Be
Bd
Fb
Cc

Dd
Dd
Gf
Cb
Cc
Ee
De
Ed
Dd
Be

Db
Dd
Fd
Be
Ce
Ff
Ft
G b
Bd
Dc
Ad
Db
Dc
Da
Be
Fb
Ac
Dd
Ff
Cc
Be
Ad
Ec
Dd
Dc
Dc
Cc
Ad
Dc
Ae
(;£
Ag
Dc
A c
Db
Ab
I'.a
Ba
Ec
Dd
Ce

Dd
Dd

Dc
Df

Eg
C'c
Bf

Bb

Ab

Ab
Gf
He
Gb
Cb
Da
Be
Be
Dc
Ec
Ee
Dd
Be
Dd
Cc

Bd
Ed
A a
Ba
Ab
Ce
Bb
Aa
Cg

Nwanetsi, R., P.E.A. ..

Nyadimba, I. (li. Zam-
besi), S.A

Nyakoba, P.E.A

Nyamatarara, R., P.E.A.

Nyaniounga, P. K. A

Nyanipanga I. (R. Zam
besi), S.A

Nvampunga I. (H. Zam-
besi), S.A

Nyampungo, P.E.A

Nyango, P.E.A

Nyaohdwe, P.E.A

Nyassa, Lake, C.A

Nyassaland, B.C.A

Nyawos Hill, .S.W

Nyawosk(.p, The, S.A.R.

Nyena Kapemba, B.C.A.

Nyimba, Ny

NvlR., S.A.R

NylR.,SA.R

Nylstroom, S.A.R

Nylstroom R., S.A.R. ..

Nyl Vlei, S.A.R

o

Oangwa, R., S.Z

Oas, G.S.W.A

Obere Zak R., C.C

Oboop, C.C

Odendahl, O.F.S

Odonga, G.S.W.A

Odzi li„ Mash

Oertel, S.A.R

Oesterhuys, S.A.R

Oham, S.A.R

Ohamahando, G.S.W.A.
Okahandya, G.S.W.A. ..
Okamabuti, G.S.W.A. ..
Okambombo, G.S.W.A.

OkavangoR., W,A

Okav.arona, G.S.W.A. ..

Okomavaka, Bech

Old Buntingville, C.C. . .

OldTsolo, C.C

Olifant Berg, The, C.C. . .

Olifant, Fort, S.A.R

Oliplinntsboseh Pt., C.C.
Olifints I'ontein, O.F.S.

Olipluims Mts., C.C

OlifantsR., S.A.R

Oliphants R. (Carnarvon),

C.C

Oliphants R. (Clan-

williani), C.C

Oliphants R. (Ladismith),

C.C

OlifantsR., Great, S.A R.
Olifants R., Klein, S.A.R.

Oliphants Vlei, C.C

Olifants Vley, S.A.R

Oliphants Vlei R., C.C...
Omaramba Epuriko, W.,

Bech

Omaramba R., S.W.A. ..
Omba Oinengi, G.S.W.A.

Orahongo, G.S.AV.A

Oniboiigo Tr., S.W.A. ..
Omborombonga,

G.S.W.A

Omdraai, Bech

Oraeva, G.S.W.A

Omurainboua, G.S.W.A.

Oraushira, P.W.A

On.an.l.aya, G.S.W.A

Oiichas, G.S.W.A

Onderste Dooms, C.C. . .
Ondevveld, The, Bech. ..

Ongar R.,C.C

Ongelaks R., C.C

Ongeluk, C.C

Ongeluk R., C.C

Oiigeluk's Nek, S.A

Onkoro Okavapa,

G.S.W.A

On!;ovaTr.,S.Z

Olisila R., G.S.W.A

Oograbip, C.C

Ookiep, C.C

Oomay, R., S.Z

OoriR.,P.E.A

Oorlogs Kloof B., C.C. . .

Orange, C.C

Orange Free State, S.A.

Orange B. , S. A

Orange R. , Mouth of the

C.C

Orange Biver Sta., C.C.

Origstad, S.A.R

Orlogs B. (Clanwilliam),

C.fc

Orlogs R. (Colesberg),

C.C

Orob, The, C.C

Oro Point, Tong

Oruthe, G.S.W.A

II

He

13

Fa

16

Cd

10

Cd

10

Cd

10

Bd

10

Db

15

Ea

16

Dd

10

Fa

15

K d

3

Cc

16

Dd

la

Eb

10

Cb

16

Cc

16

Cb

4

Db

13

Dc

13

De

13

Dc

13

Cd

10

Ab

4

Cb

7

Da

8

Cc

4

Be

3

Fc

15

Dc

12

Cc

12

Dd

12

A a

4

Ab

4

Aa

4

Aa

4

Be

3

Ab

4

Bb

4

Cf

10

Bf

10

Bd

7

Ec

13

Cg

8

DS

a

De

8

Ed

13

Cc

7

De

8

Ff

8

Cd

12

Ed

13

Fc

s

Cc

12

Fc

«

Bb

4

Ba

4

Aa

4

Aa

4

Aa

4

Ab

4

Bb

4

Aa

4

Ab

4

Aa

4

Aa

4

Ac

4

Ec

8

Ea

8

Cd

9

De

8

Db

7

Bd

1

Be

10

Aa

4

Ba

4

Aa

4

Ab

7

Bb

8

Brt

16

Eb

12

Dd

8

Eb

7

Be

12

Cb

9

Aa

8

Db

9

Dc

12

Be

7

Ec

7

Ca

8

Fa

10

Aa

4

OsBerg, The, C.C

Oscar, Nat

Osse Spruit, O.F.S

Othello, Nat

Otiniati, Nat

Oljitjika Mts., G.S.W.A.

Otterdam, C.C

Otter Pan, C.C

Ottoshoop, S.A.R

Otvitii, G.S.W.A

Otyiere, G.S.W.A

Otyikeko, G.S.W.A

Otyikoto. G.S.W.A

Otyimbinde, G.S.W.A...
Otyimbindo, Wadv,

G.S.W.A

Otyimbuka, G.S.W.A. ..
Otviomakoyo, G.S.W.A.

Otyire, G.S.W.A

Otyisaona, G.S.W.A

Otyorukaku Berg, 'i'he,

G.S.W.A

Otyosazu, G.S.W.A

Otvozondyupa, G.S.W.A

Oubeep Cove, C.C

Ouchas, G.S.W.A

Oudtshoorn, C.C

OupR., Bech

Ourafi.,C.C

Ousenia, G.S.W.A

Outeniqua, Mts , ('.<'. ..
Ovamho Tr.. G.S.W.A. . .
OvatyimbaTr., G.S.W.A,

Overtoun, Nat

Ozire, G.S.W.A

Ozumbeyakauha,

G.S.W.A

PAAnDEBF.IlG, TlIK, CiC.

Paarde Kraal, C.C

Paarde Kraal, O.F.S. ..
Faardepoort. pass, C.C.

Pa.ard Fontein, C.C

Paarl, C.C

Pa.auw Pan, C.C

Pac.iltsdorp, C.C

Pfick Ox Nek, S.A

Padells, C.C

Padrone, Cape, C.C.
Paerzynloop B., S.A.B.

Pafuri, S.A.R

Pafuri R., S.A.R

Pamdi, P.E.A

Pahla, Mat

PaiodziB., P.E.A

Pakadi, Nat

Pakalimapua, B.C.A

Pakambwer.a, Ny

Pakariro, C.F.S

Pakaundi, (list., B.C.A.

PakweR.,Mat

Palala R., Great, S.A.R.

Palani, Mt. M.,S.A

Palapye, Bech

PalmietR., C.C

Pahnerton, C.C

Pamalomhwo Lake, Ny.

Pamliala, Ny

Pambete, B.C.A

Pampoen Pan, C.C

Pampoen Poort, C.C

P.in(la-ma-Tenka, Bech.

I'ande, C.F.S

Panga, Mt,, P.E.A

Pangani, Has, P.E.A. ..

Pangara, P.E.A

Pangola, P.E.A

Panguana, P.E.A

Panmure, C.C

Paiitula, Ny

Panyame R., E.A

Panzo, P.E.A

Papendorf, C.C

Papkuil, C.C

Parap.ato, P.E.A

Parijs, O.F.S

Passorie B., Mat

Patela, Bas

Paternoster Point,Great,

C.C

Paterson, C.C

Patrys Berg, The, C.C...

Patterson, CV

Patuni, Bech

Paudio. Ny. ..■

Paul Pieters Dorp,S.A.R.

Pazaman, P.E.A

Peacock Roads, C.C

Pearson, Fort, Nat

Pearston, C.C

Peddle, C.C

Pedros Kloof, C.C

Peelton,C.C

Pekawi, P.E.A

Pekawi, Bas, P.E.A

Be
Dc

Eb
Dc
Ed
A a
Bd
Be
Ad
Aa
Ab
Ab
A a
Bb

Ab
Ab
Aa
Ab
Ab

Aa
Ab
Ab
Ab
Ac
Bf
Bb
Oc
Ab
Bf
Be
Ab
Dc
Ab

Ab

Cf
Gd
Ab
Bf
Ed
Cf
Cc
Bf
Be
Be

FS
Cb
Db
Ga
Fd
Dd
Fa
Dc
Be
Cc
Be
Cc
De
Cb
Ob
Ce
Cg
Cf
Cc
Cd
Cb
Cb
Bd
Be
Be
Fc
Ec
Fb
Cd
Fc
Ag
Cc
Eb
Fa
(;d
Db
Dd
Ce
Dd
Be

Be

Ef
Ce
Ag
Be
Cc
Db
Dc
A a
Ed
Ke
Gf
Be
Ge
Ec
Ec

PELLA

INDEX.

SCHILDPADKOP

, C.C.

Pella, C.C

Pelhi, S.A.E

Pella. Lit lie, C.C

PembaBay, P.E.A. ...
Penjiuin Kock, C.C. ...

Penguins Nek, Sw.

Pennings Drift, Bech. .

Perie, C.C

Perigengi, P.E.A

Pesiniba, P.E.A

Petrusberg, O.F.S

Petrusville, C.C

Philadelphia. CX'

J'hilippolis, O.F.S

Philip-stown, C.C

Pietennariteliuig, Nat. .

Pieterburg, .S.A.K

Pieterse, tS.A.R

Piet Potgietei's liust,

S.A.K

Piet Ketief, H.A.I!

Piag's Peak, Sw

Pilana, Bech

PilancJs Berg, S.A.R. .

Pillar Kraal, Mat

Pilgrim's Kest, S.A.R.

Pine, Fort, Nat

Pinetown, Nat

Pingwe, Ny

Piosela, P.K.A

Piquetberg, C.C

Piquetberg Road Sta.,

C.C

Piquet Berg, The, C.C.

Pire, Mt.,B.C.A

Pirie's, S.A.R

Pisangkop. The, S.A.R.

l*isene, P.E.A

Pi.sini, P.E.A

Pitlanganyane, Bech.

Pitsan, S.A.K

Pitsauie, Bech

Platberg, The, S.A. . .

l>lat U., .S.A.K

Plessis K., C.C

Plettenberg, C.C.
Plettenberg Bay

Pniel, C.C

Pocho, Bas.

I'ocho'sPeak, O.F.S

Poina, S.A R

Pokiones Kop, The,

S.A.K

Poko, Ny

Pokollo Cataract, (E.

Ivabompn), B.C.A

Pokuteke It., Mash

Pokwani, Bech

Poltontein, S.A.K

Polonia, S.A.K

PombaBay, P. H.A

Pomeroy, Nat ._

I*ompean Pan, C.C

Pondoland, C.C

I'ongola R. (Utrecht),

S.A.R

I'ongola R. (Waterberg),

S.A.R

Poortiesdam, C.C

Porrtjes Fontein, O.F.S,

Pc. Alfred, C.C

Port Beaufort, C.C. . . .
Port Elizabeth, C.C. ...

Porterville, C.C

Port Herald, Ny

Port Natal, Nat

Port NoUoth, C.C

Port Shepstone, Nat

Portuguese East Africa,

]'ost Relief, C.C.

Potchefstroonj, S.A.R. ..

Potfontein, C.C

Potgieler (Bloeiuhof),

S.A.R

Potgieter (Rustenburg),

S.A.R

Potgieters Rust, S.A.B..

Pot R., C.C

PotEdam, C.C

Pram Bergen, The, C.C. .
Pram Berg, The, C.C. ..

Preis, S.A.K

Preller.S.A.R

Pretoria, S.A.R

Pretoria (Inset Map of),

S.A.R

Pretorius (Heidelberg),

S.A.R

Pretorius (Pretoria),

S.A.R ■■

Pretorius (Rustenburg),

S.A.R

Prieska, C.C

Primeira Is., P.E.A. .. .
Prince Albert, C.C. ..
Prince Albert, dist., C.C.
Prince Albert Road Sta.

C.C

Prince AUred, CC

Db
Bd
Cb

Ab
Eb
Be
Ge
Cd
Dc
Eb
Be
Cf
Ec
Dc
Dd
Eb
Be

Dc
Ff

Gd
Ac
Cd
Cd
Fc
Dc
Dd
Dd
Fd
Ce

Cf
Ce
Ac
Db
Fh
Hd
Ec
Ac
Dc
Ac
1'' a
Dc
Cf
Cg
Cg

D.T,

Be
Be
Dc

Db
Cb

Ac

Ec
Ea
Ad
Cd
Gd
Dc
Db
Cf

Db

Prince Alfred's Pass.C.C.

Prinslo, S.A.R

Prinsloo (Pretoria),

S.A.K

Prinsloo (Pretoria),

S.A.K

Priors, O.F'.S

Process Fontein, C.C

Providential Gorge,

Mash

Puffadder, C.C

PuRUt.i. P.E.A

PaluMiti, P.E.A

Punawe K., P.E.A. ...
Putfers Kraal, C.C

Q

Cf

Dd

Cc

Cd

Ec

Dc

Ed

Bb

He

Fd

Ee

Fd

QUABI, Bech

yuaggas Fontein, C.C. .

Quaggas Pits, C.C

Qualimbata, Bech

Quamanca, C.C

Quatlatala, Mash

(Judeni Mts., Zul

Quedlingburg, S.A.R. .

Queenstown, C.C

Querimba Is., P.E.A. .
Quikura Falls (Luapula

R.),C.F.S

Quilimane, P.E.A

Quilimane R., P.E.A. .

Quinzungu I., P.E.A

Qumbo, C.C

Quoin Point, C.C

QuoraR., C.C

(juthiug, see Kuthing.

R

Cc

13

Eb

7

Cc

4

Ff

9

Eg

S

Ef

>J

(;f

s

Ke

8

Ed

10

Ah

S

De

10

Dd

IC

Ke

a

Ce

IH

Cc

9

Ea

Be
Cc
Bf
Ge
Bd
Ed
G a
Cc
Dd

De

Be
Bb
Dd
Ff
Bf

Fe
Df

13

Fd

Be

Cc

Dc

He

Af

Dd

Dc

E h

Fd

Ec

Bb

Dd

Dd

Dd

lif

dr

Gd

Radloff, C.C

Uahane Pass, Bas

liamagoep, S.A.R

Kaniah, C.C

Ramaquaban R., Tati . .
IJamatiabama, Bech. ..
K-.imat 1 abana Pool , Bech .

liame Head, C.C

Kumkwa Samasala,

S.A.R

Kamoutska, Bech

Hand Berg, The, S.A.R.

RarakaR., P.E.A

KasPangani, P.E.A

Has I'ekawi, P.E.A

Katabane, O.F.S

Kawlinson Mt., S.A.K. . .

Kayner, C.C

Head's Drift, C.C

Kebanga, S.A.R

Rebel, B.C.A

Recife, Cape, C.C

Reddersberg, O.F.S. ...

Red House, C.C

Reef Point, C.C

Kehoboth, G.S.W.A....

Reitz, O.F.S

Keitzburg, O.F.S

Uemlsburg, C.C

Rendsburg, S.A.R

Rennicke, S.A.R

Kensburg (Ermelo),

S.A.R

Rensburg (Polclief-

stroom), S.A.R

Rensburg (Rustenburg),

S.A.R

Ketief, S.A.R

Reuben, C.C

Revubwe, R., P.E.A

Revue, R., P.E.A

Rhaletsani, Bech

Rbamaltane, S.A.R. . . .
Rhenoster Fontein, C.C.
Khenosterkop Sta., C.C.
Rhenoster Kop, The,

O.F.S

Rhenoster Poort, S.A.R.
Rhenoster K. (Bloemfon-

tein), O.F.S

Rhenoster R. (Hope-
town), C.C

Rhenoster R. (Kronstad),

O.F.S

Rhenoster R. (Pretoria),

S.A.R

Rhenoster K. (Suther-
land), C.C

Rhenoster Valley, C.C.

Rhodesia, B.C.A

Kibuni Fontein. Bech. .

Itichards Bay, Zul

Richmond, CC

Kichmond, Nat

Richmond Hills, C.C. .

Eb

7

lie

111

E b

lo

Dl>

9

Cd

i:.

Ad

13

Cc

i

Cf

lu

Gc

13

Be

l-i

Dd

l-l

Dd

It)

K,c.

Hi

E c

1«

Fb

7

Dh

12

Fd

9

Cb

9

Fb

13

Bd

10

Eg

9

Fh

9

Ef

9

(id

7

Al.

i

Bb

10

Ce

13

E c

9

Fd

li

Fa

1

Dd

Cd

13

Dd

1-1

Ce

10

Cd

Iti

3A

Cd

15

Bd

It

Be

y

Fa

7

Ed

13

Fb
Dc

Fa
Cc

Eb

8

Vc

9

Dc

3

Be

4

Fc

10

(■d

9

Dd

10

Fg

»

Richmond Road Sta.,

C.C

Richterveld, The, C.C,
Ricketsdam, S.A.R. .
Ridsolo R., S.A.R....

Rielieek, C.C

lUebeekcasteel, C.C. .

Rieker, S.A.R

Kiet. C.C

Rietfontein, Bech

l!ietfontein,G.S.W.A. ..

Rietfontein, S.A.K

liiet Fontein (Albert)

Rietfontein (Carnarvon),

C.C

Riet Fontein (Colesberg),

C.C

Riet Fontein (Great

Bushman Land), C.C.
Rift Fontein(Griqualaiul

West), C.C

Rietfontein (Richmond)

C.C

Riet R., Klein, C.C. ...

Kiet, Port, C.C

Riet Point, C.C

RietR., O.F.S

Riet E., S.A.R. ..

Hiet K. (Cere.s), C.C

Riet K. (Fraserburg),C.C,
Riet R. (Griqualand

West), C.C

Riet K., Great (Somerset

East), C.C

Riet K., Great (Suther-
land), C.C

Kiet H., Little, C.C. ..

Riet Spruit, O.F.S

Kiet Spruit, S.A.R

Kiet Vlei, C.C

KikuruR..Ny

Uitobi, P.E.A

Kiversdale, C.C

Kiverton, Nat

liobhe Bay, C.C

Kobl>enI.,C.C

Robertson, C.C

Robinson Pass, C.C

Kode, C.C

Kodewal, C.C

Kodi Duinen Point, C.C.

Roggeveld Mts., C.C

Koggeveld, The Achte,

C.C

Rogceveld, The Klein,

C.C

Roggeveld, The Middel,

C.C •

Rohlf's I. (R. Zambesi),

S.A

Rolfontein, S.A.R

Roma, Bas

Ilonian Vloer, C.C

Rombashe, Ny

Rondable, C.C

RondBerg, The, C.C...

lioude, P.E.A

R.m.legat, C.C

Rondeval, C.C

Ki.od Berg, The, C.C...
Rood Bergen, The, O.F.S.
Koode Berg (Aberdeen),

The, C.C

Uoode Berg (Ladismith

Dist), The, CC

KoodeBerg(Middelburg),

The, C.C

Roode Berg (Namaland),

The, C.C

lioodeKlip R., C.C. ,,
Roode Rand, The, Sw.
Roode Vloer, Pan, C.C,

Uoodewal, S.A.K

Roodewall Bay, C.C. . .
Rooi Berg, The, C.C. . .
Rooi Grond, The, S.A.R.

Roos, S.A.R

KoosR.. S.A.R

Koossenkal, S.A.R. . . .

Rorke's Drift, Nat

Rose Fontein, C.C

Kosettenville, S.A.R. .
Kosi Mopani, Bech. .. .

RoUKville. O.F.S

Kovuina Bay, P.E.A. .

Kovuma R., E.A

Rowe, S.A.K.

Huenya K., P.E.A

Rugahi, Toug

Uuggens, The Zwarte,

C.C

Ruiaiia R., S.Z

Huigtefontein, O.F.S. ,
Ruinabire K., Mash. ..,

Riio, K., E.A

Rupert, Mt., C.C

Rusambo, RIash

Rustenburg, S.A.R. ..
Kuzarwe, E., Mash. ..
12

Cd

9

Aa

S

Kc

12

I'-l)

i;;

Ff

9

Cf

ii

Vc.

12

Be

7

Cf

3

Ha

7

Ea

(

Ec

7

Db

Cc

9

Ca

9

Cd

7

Gf

9

Fb

9

Cc

13

De

S

Cc

1

s

Db

Ee

Ee
Fd
Fb
Cc
Ce
Cc
Ec
Fg
Dd
Ab
Cf
Df
Af
Ce
Cd
Cd
Ee

Ed

Ee

Ad
Dd
Ad
Ec
Cb
Ac
Cc
Dd
Ce
Bd
Dc
Be

De

Ff

Ec

Cc

S

Df

9

Eb

10

Be

9

Db

1-2

Be

,s

E 1)

8

Ad

13

Cc

12

<'d

13

Ed

13

Dc

10

Ed

9

13a

Cd

KS

Fc

9

Ec

11'.

Dc

It)

Fo

13

<-.d

If.

Ed

12

Df

9

Kb

16

Ac

10

Eb

Is

Dd

16

Da

9

Fb

16

<;d

13

Ec

16

Sabine, Tati

Sabi, R.,Mat

SabiR., S.A.R

Sablai, Bech

Saduni B. , S.Z

Sadya's, Mash

St. Albans, C.C

St. Andrews, C.C

St. A ndrews, Zul

St. Augustine, C.C. —
St. Augustine, S.A.R. .
St. Blaise, Cape. C.C. .

St. Croix I., C.C

St. I'lancis Bay, C.C

St. Francis, Cape, C.C .
St. George R., P.E.A. .
St. Helena Bay, C.C...

St. James, Zul

St. John's, CC

St. John's E., C.C

St. Lazarus Bank, P. F;.^
.St. Lucia Bay, s. E.A. .
St. Lucia, Cape, Zul. . . .
St. Lucia Lake, S.E.A. .

St.Marks.C.C

St. Martin, Cape. C.C. ,
St. Mary, Cape, Mad.

St. Michaels, Nat

St. Mingo Bay, CC. ..

St. Paufs, Zul

St. Peters, C.C

St. Philip, Zul

St. Sebastian Bay, C.C.

Sakatoko, Mash

Sakun Mts., S.A.R. ..

Salati R., S.A.R

Saldanha Bay, C.C. ..

Salem, C.C

Salisbury, Mash

Salisbury Gold Field,

Mash

.Salons R.. S.A.R

Salt R. (Beaufort West),

C.C

Salt B. (Cape). C.C

Salt R. (Fraserburg), C.C,
Salt R. (Great Bushman

Laiul), C.C

Sama R., S.A.R

Sambana, Tong

Sambone, Sw

Sambuti R., Bech

Samson's Gat, C.C

Sana Basil, P. W. A. ...
Sanacan, Cape, P. E. A . .
Sanaghe, Lake, S.A.R.
Sand Bluff, North, Nat.
Sand Bluff, South, C.C. ..

Sand Flats, C.C

Sandfoiitein, Bech

Sandfnntein, G.S.W.A...

Sandia, P.EA

Sandown Bay, C.C

Sandown Point, C.C

Sand R., Nat

Sand R. (Vrede), O.F.S.
sand R. (Winburg),

O.F.S

Sand R. (Waterberg),

S.A.R

Sand R. (Zoutpansberg),

S.A.R

Sand sta., Bech

Sandwich Harb.,

G.S.W.A

Sandv Point, C.C

Sandy Point, Ny

Sangime Bay. P.E.A. .
Sanguru (Batoka),

P.E.A

Sanguru (Mavis R.),

P.E.A

Sandia, P.E.A

Sanie, Bech

Saniut's Post, O.F.S. . . .

Sanyara, Mash

Sanyati.R., S.Z

Sapatani, B.C.A

Sapjiii Sapp, C.l'.S

.s;uiinoiieng. CG

Sannento, P.E.A

Saron, C.C

Saron, S.A.R

Sama, R., Mash

Sasin Koro, G.S.W.A.

Sasseb, G.S.W.A

Sauls Kloof, S.A.R. ..
Sauls Kraal, S.A.K. ..

Saulspoort, S.A.R

Sauraheib, G.S.W.A. . .
S.awisis, G.S.W.A.
Schaapkuil. S.A.R. ..
Schildpadfontein, S.A.
Schildpadkop, The, C.i

Cd
Ec
Gc
Bb
Ba
Ec
Af
Cf
Ed
Gc
Dc
Bg
Ef
Eg
Dg

Ec 12

Ce

Ec

Gc

Cf

Ec

Fc

Fc

Fb

Gd

Ad

Gg

De

Eg

Ec

Ge

Ec

Eg

Ec

Fc

Dc

Bf

Fg

Eb

Eb
Be

Ce
Cf
Fd

s

10
7

10

10

10

10

10

9

7

3

10

8

10

9

10

8

16

13

12

8

9

15

15
12

9

8
8

Db
Fb
Fb
Dd
Ac
Bb
Ac
Ec
Fc
Df
Df
Ef
Bb
Bb
Cd
Be
Ab
Gb
Ef 13

Be

Cb

Db
Be

Af

Re

Cc
Ec

Cd

Fa
Fa
Cc
Fb
Fb
Db
Bd
Bb
Db

3A

Df

8

Be

12

Ec

15

Ac

15

A.I

4

Be

12

Dd

13

(■d

13

Ab

4

A a

7

Be

12

Cc

12

Ce

9

SCHOEMAN'S

INDEX.

TLOTSE

Schoeman's Drift, O.F.S.
Schoenian'a Hoek, C.C.

Schoenlierfi, C.C

Schoen .Spruit, S.A.R.

Sclioinl)ie, C.C

SchoonR., O.F.S

Schoons Spruit, S.A.R.
Schoorsteen, Berg, The,

C.C

Schulenburg, .S.A.R. ..
Schulpfontein Point,

C.C

Schurede Mt.'^., Bech,
Schweizerrennelte,

.S.A.R

Schwiezer, S.A.R

Scorpion Kraal, C.C...
Scotland, The, C.C. . .

>Scot3 Drift, Becli

Scottsburg, Nat

Sea and Green Points
Light-House, C.C. ..

Seal, Cape, C.C

Seal I., C.C

Seal Point, C.C

Seate R., Bas

Sebolane, S.A.R

Sebuburapi, liech

Sebungo, R., S.Z

Secheli's Kingilora.Bech

Secuil, Bech

.Seeis, G.S.W.A

Sefofuli, S.A.R

Sefulu, B.C.A

.Sehubia, Bech

.Sekate, Ny

Seketewayo, S.A.R. ..

Sekhosi, B.C.A

Sekunibwa, Bech

.Sekwati's, S.A.R

Selati Gold Field, S.A.R.

Selati R.,. S.A.R

Selindehe, Bech

Selole, B.C.A

Selous's Road, P.E.A

Semnlali, Mat

Semalembue, B.C.A..

.Seniene R., Bas

Semokwe, R., Mat. .. .
Semukhu, P.E.A. ...

Sena, P.E.A

Senekal, O.F.S

Sengoma, S.A.R

Sengwe R., S.Z

Senkunyane R., lias. .

.Senku, R., Bas

Sepafane R., S.A.R. .

Sephton, S.A.R.

Seplan, C.C

Sepu, R., P.W.A. ...
Sequati's Kraal, C C.
Serobane, S.A.R. ...
Seroromi R., Bech. .. .

Serotli, Bech

Serule R., Bech

Sesheke, B.C.A

.Setlagoli, Bech

Setlag<ili R., Bech....

Setluli, S.A.R

Setoutsie, S.Z

Seven Weeks' Pass, C.C-

Sewaas, S.A.R

Seymour, C.C

Shalawe, P.E.A

Shakha Badda, Mat. .
ShaMaongo, B.C.A. .

Shamo, P.E.A

Shanda, S.Z

Shaneng II., Bech. . . .

Shanga, P.E.A

Shangani II., Mat. .. .

Shangea, Mat

Sharpe, Fort, Ny. . . .
Shashani It., Mat. .. .

•ShasheR,, Mash

SUashi R., Mash

Shawbury, C.C

Shenjeina, B.C.A. ...
Sheppardson, S.A.R..
Shejjstone, Port, Nat,

Sherborne, C.C

Shesa R., B.C.A

Shesheke, B.C.A

ShidiniaTr., P.E.A. .
Shietmakar, O.F.S...

Shigengc, Ny

Shiket.a, P.E.A

Shikumbala, B.C.A. .

Shilemba, P.E.A

Shiloh, lias

Shiloh, C.C

Shiloh, Mat.!

Shiluwane, S.A.R. ...
Shiuiljwc, P.E.A. ...
Shinto Kapenda, B.C.A.

.Shipuriro, S.Z

Shimaniuiani, M t. ,P. E. A

Shinibwa, P.E.A

Shimc*ya, see Chimoio,

Fa
Bf
Bf
Fa
Ed
Df
Be

Ce
Be

Be
Ba

Af

Cd
De
Be
De

Cf
De
Be
Cg
Bd
Db
Bb
Co
Bb
Bb
Ab
Dc
Ce
Ad
Co
Dd
Ad
Ac
Ec
Fb
Fb
Bb
Bd
Fc
Dd
Bd
Bd
Cd
Ec
Cd
Ac
Be
Db
Bd
Cd
Db
Be
Gd
Ad
Gc
Dc
Bb
Ce
Ce
Bb
Ac
Ac
Gb
Kd
Ff
Db
Fe
Dc
Cc
Ac
Dd
Cc
Cd
Be
Cc
Cc
Cd
Dd
Ec
Dd
Bf
Be
Ea
De
Ed
Bd
Ad
Ea
Bb
Cc
Fe
Bd
Dd
Ae
Fe
Dc
Fc
Dd
Cc
Cb
Fc
Cd

Shire Highlands,The,Ny.

Shiri^ K., Ny

Shironzi, P.E.A

shirwa. Lake, Ny

Shishilaba, S.Z

shitambara, P.E.A

Shitimba, ISIasli

Shitinclir Marsh, P.E.A.

Shitnnku, B.C.A

ShoaLake, B.C.A

Shomali, Mash

Shonni Saltpan, Beoh. ..

Shosha, P.E.A

Shoshonia's, .S.Z

Shoshong, Bech

8huaR.,Bech

Shuitklip, C.C

.Shnlpfontein Point, C.C.

Shumba, Mash

Shungani, Mt., .S.Z

Shupanga, P.E.A

Shuye, Bech

Siabenzo, B.C.A

Sibabarim, Mt., Mash. ..

Sibai Lake, Tong

.Sibanani, Mat

Sibatoul, Bech

Sibonda, Tong

Sicatsi R., S.A.R

Siefa, P.E.A

sifumbat, P.E.A

Sifurahe, P.E.A

Sikomana, P.E.A

Sikwal.akwala, S.A.R. ..

.Sikw<ane Hills, S.A

Siloah, Bas

Silube, Ny

Siluvu Hills, P.E.A

Silval., P.E.A

Silverton, S.A.R

Sima, R., W.A

Simariango, B.C.A

SimboR., Mash

Sinionstown, C.C

Siinoona Gold Field,

Mash

Sin.ame, B.C.A

Singwedsi R., S.A.R. ..
Singwedzani R., S.A.R.

Sinjoro, P.E.A

Sinkopie, Zul

Sinkoto, Tong

Sinoia's, Mash

Sintilla, B.C.A

Sioma, B.C.A

Sir Lowrie's Pass, C.C. ..

Si3erki,P.E.A

Sitanda, N.Z

Sitters Vley, C.C

Situbi, P.E.A

Sitwande's, P.E.A

Six Mile R., S.A.R

Slagt Berg, The, C.C. ..
Slangapies Berg, S.A.R.
Slangasa Range, Zul. .

Slang Bay, C.C

Slang Bergen, The, C.C.
Slangkop Point, C.C. . . .

Slang R.,C.C

Sledmere Flats, C.C

Slingerfontein, C.C

SlypsteinR., S.A.B

Smit (Rustenburg),

S.A.B

Smit (Zoutpansberg),

S.A.R

Smithlield, O.F.S

Smitsdorp, S.A.R

Snake B., G.S.W.A. ..
Sneeuw Bergen, The, C.C.
Sneeuwkop, The, C.C. ..
Snyders Fontein, C.C. ..

Snyman, Bech

Soan<a Ganga, C. F.S

Soana Molopo, P.W.A...

Soa Salt Pan, Bech

Soba Gaue, B.C.A

Sobuza Tr., Nat

Soco Reefs, C.C

Sofala, P.E.A

Sohaap Vlei, C.C

Somerset East, C.C

Somerset West, C.C

Somerset West Strand,

C.C

SomkoliTr.,Zul

Somnas >Vater, C.C

Songue K., B.C.A

Songwe, Ny

Sonoab, G.S.W.A

Sordwana, Port, Tong. . .
Sordwana Roads, Tong..

Sorissa Point, P.E.A

Soshe, P.B.A

Sotai, C.F.S

Sources, The Mont aux,

S.A

South African Republic,

.S.A

Dd

in

Dd

ii;

Dd

1(1

Dd

10

Cb

10

Cd

l(i

Eb

i.')

Cd

in

Cc

10

Be

10

Fb

1.";

Cd

^r,

Cd

10

Cb

i^

Cb

i

Cd

IS

Bb

7

Ac

(

Ed

l,--!

Db

1.'.

Dd

10

Bb

i:;

Bd

10

Ec

1.=.

Fb

10

Cc

u,

Ac

n

Fb

10

Gd

u

Fd

15

Db

4

Eb

It:

Ec

12

Ga

in

Be

u

Fb

7

Cc

16

:!A

Dd

16

Dd

IS

Ad

16

Cb

l.'j

Ec

15

Og

S

Eb

16

Bd

:o

Fb

13

Qb

13

;u

Ee

12

Ed

12

Eb

15

Cb

16

Ad

16

'■g

8

Fe

lb

Be

16

Eb

8

Fd

16

3A

Dd

13

Cd

a

Ff

13

Ec

10

Ee

7

Ed

8

Cg

S

Bf

10

Ge

9

Dd

8

Ea

13

Cc

12

Cb

12

Fc

9

Ec

13

Ac

4

Dd

a

Bd

7

Db

7

Cc

16

Ab

16

Ac

10

Cd

16

Be

10

Dd

10

Aa

S

Ef

3

Bd

8

Ee

a

Cg

8

Cg

8

Fc

10

Be

8

Ac

10

Cb

10

A a

7

Fb

in

Fb

111

Ec

10

Cd

10

Be

16

Gb

7

Cc

12

South Barrow, Nat

Southern Zambesia, S.A

Southeyville, C.C

South Sand Bluff, C.C...

Souvenir, Le, O.F.S

Spaldings, C.C

Spandikron, Nat

Spekakel, C.C

SpekboomR., S.A.B. ..

Spion Berg, The, C.C. ..

Spion Berg, The, Nat. ..

Spionkop, The, C.C

Spitzkop Rand, S.A.R...

Spitzkop, Tlie, Bech

Spitzkop, The, C.C

Spitzkop, The, O.F.S. ..

Spitzkop, The, S.A.R. ..

SpoegR., C.C

Spriu^bn.-l; Vley, Bech.

Sprinnboklonteiu, C.C...

SjirioglH.k KuilB., C.C.

SpringlickXlakte, S.A.R.

SprinKt'ii-ld. O.F.S

Springfoiitein, O.F.S. ..

Springs, S.A.R

.Springvale, Nat

Spruit Zonder Dr., O.F.S.

Spuigland, C.C

Standerton, S.A.R

Stanford, C.C

Stanford, S.A.B

Stanger, Nat

.Steelpoort, S.A.B

SteelpoortR., S.A.R. ..

Steenberg, S.A.R

Steenkanips Berg, S.A.R.

Steenkamp's Pooit, C.C.

Steenkoot R., S.A.B

Steinkopf, C.C

Steinkop R., C.C

Steinsburg, .see Steyns-
burg.

Steinthal, C.C

Stellaland, Bech

Stelleubosch, C.C

Stephanus Church, C.C.

Sterk R., S.A.R

Sterkstrom, C.C

Sterkstroom R. (Rusten-
burg), S.A.R. -

Sterkstroom R. (Water.-s-
berg), S.A.R

Sterkstroom R. (Zout-
pansberg), S.A.B

Stevenson Boad, The, Ny.

Stewart, Mt., C.C

Steyn, S.A.R

Steynsburg, C.C

Steynsdorp, Sw

Steytlerville, C.C

Stink Fontein, Bech

Stinkfontein, C.C

Stockenstrom, dist., C.C.

Stolz, S.A.R

stolzenfels, G.S.W.A. ..

Stony Point, C.C

Stormbergen, The, C.C.

Stormberg Spruit, C.C...

Storm R., C.C

Strandfontein Point, C.C.

Stiont Berg, The

Stvuys Bay, C.C

Struys Point, C.C

Strydom (Pretoria),
S.A.R.

Strydom (Middelburg),
S.A.B

Strydpoort Rand, S.A.R,

Stryd R., C.C

.Stuartstown, Nat

Stutterheim, C.C

Stuurmans Pit, C.C

Sudbury, C.C

Sugarloaf Kock

Suikerbosch Kop, Great,
S.A.B.

Sukene, S.A.R

Sullivan, Mt., C.C ,

Sumagu, Bech

Suniba, P.E.A ,

.Sunikeli, Zul

Sumdamup Tr.,G.S.W.A,

Sunday R., C.C

Sunday R., Nat

Sunday River Pass, S.A.

Sunta, R., Bech

Suru. S.Z

Sussu, P.E.A

Sutherland, C.C

SutliiTlaiid, Nat

Sutlnrland Hills, S.A.R.

Swafo, P.E.A

SwakopR,, G.S.W.A. ..

Swannipoel, S.A.R

Sivart, S.A.R

Swartland, Bas

Swaziland, S.A

Swellendam, C.C

Swellendam Point, C.C.
18

De

Ca
Gd

nt

Gb
Be
Dc
Bb
Fc
Dc
Gb
Dd
Fb
Fa
Bd
Eb
De
Be
Be
Bb
Ce
Dd
Be
E c
De
De
Ef
Dd
Ee

ng

Cc
Ed
Dc
Fc
Dd
Fd
Fe
Ee
Bb
Db

Bd
Ea
Cf
Fa
Dc
Fd

Cd

Cc

Fa
Cb
Ed
Dd
Ed
Ge
Df
Bb
Ba
Fe
Dc
Bb
Bg
Fd
Fc
Cg
Be
Fb
Eg
Eg

Cc

Dc

Ec
Bb
De
Ag
Be
Fg
Cf

Fd
Db

Cf
Ac
Cc
Ee
Ba
De
Cc
Cb
Ac
Eb
Cd
Ee
De
Fb
Ec
Bf
Dd
Dd
Bd
Ge
Eg
Cg

T,\AIBOSCHFOXTF.1N, C.C.

Tabacheu,Mt., B.C.A.

I. able Bay, C.C

Table Mountain, C.C.

Tabuk.a, Mat

Trcoma, P.E.A

Tafelberg Sta., C.C. ..
Tafelberg, The Klein, C.C.

Tafelkop, The, C.C

Tafelkop, The, O.F.S. ..
Tafelskop (Lydenburg),

The, S.A.R

Tafelskop (Potehef-

stroom). The, S.A.R. ..

Taiaskei, G.S.W.A

TaiboschR., O.F.S

Takun, Bech

Takwaning, Bech

Tamalukan R., Bech. .,

Tama Malisa, Mat

Tambala, Ny

Tambo Akilala, B.C.A. . .

Tambooti R., S.A.R

T'ambusi I., P. E.A

Tandtjesberge, The, C.C,

'I'anqua R., C.C

Tapanianda,Cape,P.E.A.

Taplin, C.C

Tarka 1{., C.C

Tarkastad.C.C

T'atani Magha, Bech...
TatasBerg, The, C.C.

Tati, dht., Bech

Tati, P.E.A

TatiR., Bech

TaungR., Bech

T'aungs, Bech

'I'auopi, Bech

Tave B.,. S.A.R

Tekomaji I., P.E.A. ..

Tekwa, S.A.R

Telle R., S.A

Tembo, R., P E.A

Tembuland, C.C

Tenibwe, Ny

Tembwe, P. E.A

TembyB., P.E.A

Tenedos, Fort, Zul. . .
Tenedos .Shoal, Zul. ..

Tenke, N., B.C.A

Terblans, S.A.B

Teresa, Ny

Terue R., P.E.A

Tete, P.E.A

Teyateyaneng, Bas. . .
Thaba Bosigo, Bas. . .
Tliaba Enzimbe Hill,

Mash

Thabana Morena, Bas.

Thabanchu, O.F.S

Thaba Patchoa, O.F.S.

Thabine, S.A.R

ThabineR., S.A.R. ..

TheeR., S.A.R

Theko, Bas

Thelesu R., S.A.R

The()polis, C.C

Tliesiger, Mt., C.C. ..

Thlakanelo, Bas

Thlotsi, B,as

ThokweR., S.A.R

T'honias, Bas

Thomas Dreyer Berg,

S.A.R.

luimpson, C.C

Thorn Bay Point, C.C.
Tliorndale, S.A.B. ...

Thorngrove, C.C

Thornhill, C.C

Thousand Pools, Land of

the. Mat

T'hree Sisters Sta., C.C.
Three Sisters, The, S.A.R.

•JhysBay, C.C

Tibil, P.E.A

Tiger Berg (Aberdeen),

The, C.C

Tiger Berg (Calvinia),

The. C.C

Tiger Berg (Namaqua-

lanil), Th... C.C

Tiger Kloof, The, C.C. ..
Tiger Kloof Spruit,O.F.S.

Timlial.ati R., S.A.R

Tinibane, P.E.A

Tina, C.C

Tina B., C.C

Tinde, Ny

Tioge li.. Bech-

Tiungu, B.e'.A

Tlakanuano, Bech

Tlandieli, Bech

Tlaping Spruit, Bech. ..
Tlotse, Bas

Cc
Bd

Cf
Cf
Ec
Cd
Ed
Ce
Da
Cb

Fd

Be
A a
Ce
Be
Ea
Ac
Cc
Cc
Be
Cb
Ec
Ee
Ee
Ec
Ge
Fe
Fd
Bd
Ba
Cd

Cd
Ac
Be
Ce
Db
Ec
Db
Ae
Ed
Af
Cc
Cc
He
Ed
Ed
Be
Ga
Cc
Ec
Cd
Ad
Ad

Ec
Ad
Fb
Fb
Fb
Fc
Fe
Ad
Fe
Ff
Cf
Bd
Cc
Cc
Gc

Be
Ka
Cd
Be
Ee
Eb

Cc
Cd

Gd
Ee
Fd

De

Ed

Be

Ec
Be
Gc
Fd
Be
Be
Cc
Ce
Cb
Be
Cd
Ac
Be

TI.OTSE

INDEX.

WINTERHOEK

Tlotse R., Bas

T'Nous, C.C

ToaE., PICA

Tobos, G.S.W.A

Toestaaii. CO

Totikey, Ny

Tokanna IJ., Bech

Tokoji. Becli

Tokwe, R., Mash

Tola, P.E.A

Toleni, C.C.

Tolo Azirae Falls (Lim

popo R.), S.A

Tonilers, C.C

'I'ongaati R., Nat

Tongaland, S.A

Toiik, Becli

Touke R., Bech

Toorn Berg, The Groote,

C C
Too'rns R., kieiii, cVc. .

Toro, C.C

Totela, C.F.S

Toums Berg, C.C

Touw li. , C. C

Touws, The, C.C

Touws River Sta., C.C...
Triid'uws Pa33, C.C...
Trak t U. (Prince Albert),

C.C

Traka R. (Worcester),

C C
Traka, The, C.C. !'!!!! !!

TYanskei, The, C.C

Transv.'ial, 'llie, S.A....

Trekvelil, The, C.C

Triangle, C.C

Troe-'J'roe, C.C

Tromskop, The, C.C

Troyeville, S. A .R

Tsakoma, S.A.R

Tiaun, G.S.W.A

TsendeE., S.A.R

Tsening, Bech

Tshungwana, C.C

Tsliwani, S.A.R

Tsitane Saltpan, Becli. -
Tsitsa Falls (Tsitsa R.),

C.C

Tsitsa E., C.C

Tsojana, C.C

Tsolo, C.C

Tsolo, Old, C.C

Tsomo, C.C

Tsomo K.,C.C

Tsumis, G.S.W.A

Tswainff R., Bas

TugelaR., S.A

'lugela R., Little, N.at. ..

Tugulu. P.E.A

Turn, C.C

■I'ulbagh. C.C

Tuh, JIat

Tuli. E., Mat

Tumbe, P.E.A

Tundalanga, C.F.S

Tung!, P.E.A

Tntluaiie, S.A.R

Tutuan , Tong

Tungwisi R., Mash

Tunxa E., C.C

Twas.s, G.S.W.A

Tweed.lale, C.C

Tweede Bergen, The,

S.A.R

Tweede Poort, S.A.R. .
Twee Mik Berg, The, C.C.
Twenty-four Rivers, C.C,

Twins, The, C.C

Twist NiL't, C.C

Tylden, C.C

Tj-klen Peak, C.C

Tyotyo, R., B.C.A

u

UanGU, P.E.A

trhaziR.,C.C

TliipR.C.C

Ub.imoo Head, C.C. ...
I'chungu, dist., E.A. .. .

Ugii'.C.C

Ugrabib Berg, The, C.C.

Ugrabis, C.C

Ugweno, CO., Nat

Uhabis, G.S.W.A

Uilkraals Bay, C.C. . . .

Uilkraals R., C.C

Uisip, Bech

ritdraai, O.F.S

rileidiage, C.C

Uitkyk, C.C

Uitspan Berg, The, C.C.

Ukul.a, Mt., P.E.A

llkwanipa R., Mat. .. .
U'Larkeni Drift, P. E A.
Ulenji, B.C.A

Bd

10

Bb

7

Sa

Ba

7

Be

n

Cb

11)

lie

4

Be

4

Ed

16

DC

10

Bg

10

Ee

ir,

Bd

7

Ell

10

Fa

10

Da

/

Ac

15

Dd

8

nd

.'<

I?f

10

Bb

IB

Ba

8

Ef

8

Ef

8

Kf

8

Ef

8

Bf

9

Ef

8

Cf

i)

Bg

10

Be

1'.;

Dc

s

Df

8

Ad

4

Ce

7

1!U

Fb

IS

Ab

4

Gb

IS

Da

7

Be

10

Be

12

Cd

16

Bf

10

Bf

10

Ko

7

Oc

7

Bf

10

Ag

10

Af

10

Ab

4

Ad

10

Dc

10

Cc

10

Ec

16

Cd

7

Df

8

Dd

16

Dd

15

Dc

10

Ab

16

Kc

10

Cb

12

Ed

12

Fc

16

Ge

»

Ab

4

Ed

9

Ea

13

Be

12

Fc

8

Df

8

Be

8

Kd

9

Ge

9

Fd

a

Cb

15

Dc

10

Cf

10

Aa

8

Cf

10

Cb

10

Ge

7

Cb

s

Bb

8

Dd

10

Ab

7

Ug

S

I>g

8

Cb
Eb

7
11

Ef

0

Ea

7

Cc

8

Dc

16

Dc

15

Fd

16

Da

15

Ulundi, Nat

Ulundi. Zul

Umab Desert, G.S.W.A.

Umalooy, Sw

Uinbelosi K., E.A

Umbelosi R., Black, Sw.
Unibelosi R., White, Sw.

Umbigiza, Tong

Umchabanchaban,

P.E.A

Umchanatsi, S.Z

Umchengwisi R., P.E.A.

Umchingwe R., Mat

Unifanawenlela, Zul

UmfuliGokl Field,

Lower, Mash

Unifuli Gold Field,

Upper. Mash

Umfuli, R., Mash

Umfunge, R., S.Z

Umgalungulo Mt., Mat.

XJmgazi R. , C. C

Umgazwi, P.E.A

Uiiigeni, Nat

Umgesi R., Mash

Uiugitywa. Zul

UmcorbuR., P.E.A

UmgovaMts., Zul

Unigovuma R., Sw

Uinguasi, R., Mash

Umgwangwana R., C.C.

Unigwenia, P.E.A

Unihlanganini, R.,

P.E.A

Umhiangen, Mat

Umhiatoos R., Sw

Umhloti R., Nat

Umjiiuli, Tong

I'lnkhosi, R., Mat

Umkobowan, Sw

Umknf, P.E.A

Ukmomaas R., Nat

Unikoniaas R., Sw

Uinknmanzi, co., Nat. ..

TJuikoinanzi R., Nat

Umkombiea R , S. A

Uiiikonto R., Sw

Umkoshloli R., E.A

Umkosbloli R., P.E.A...
Umkmnbura, R., P.E.A.

Umkubi R., S.E.A

Umlnndela, Zul

Unilandela Tr.. Zul

Umlatusi R., Zul

Umlazi R. , Nat

Umnyati, Mash

Umnyati R.. Mash

Umona R., Zul

Umpambinyoni R., Nat.

Umpumulu, Nat

Uiuquakela, C.C

Umsaugaadzi R., P.E.A.

Uiusa we R. , Mat

Uiusengaisi R., E.A

Urashabetsi R., Mat

L'lnshagashi R., Mat. ..

Umsikaba R., C.C

Unisinga, Nat

Uni3inga. Mt., Nat

I'mslane R., Mat

Unisuaze, Bech

Umswiuia, P.E.A

Uuitagat, Sw

Umtali, Masli

Umtamvuna R., S.A

Uintanbeka, Sw

Uintanga, Mt., Mat

Umtasa'i!. P.E.A

Umtasiti R.. S.A.R

Uratata, C.C

Umtata, C.C

I'lntataR., C.C

Umtegan, Mat

Uiiitentu, C.C

UmteiiLuR., C.C

Umtigesa, Mash

UmtlitloR., S.A.R

rmtshefuR.,P.K.A

I'lntule R., S.A.R

Umtwaluini ]\., Nat

Uravolosi R., Black, Zul,
Umvolosi U., White,

S.A.R

Umvoti, CO., Nat ,

UmvotiR., Nat

Umvukwe Mts., Mash. .,

Uiuvule, Zul

Univule R., Zul

Umyangu, P.K.A

Umzimhlavana R., C.C,

Umziuikulu, C.C

Umzimkulu !!., Nat. .. .

Uiiizinilava R., C.C.

Umzimvubu K., C.C

Umzingwane, .Mat

Umzingwaue R., Mat. . .

Umzinto, Nat. ... ,

Umzinto R., S.A.R.

Uiiizinyati Lake, Zul. . .

Cd

10

Ec

10

Bb

4

Dd

12

Ed

12

<;.!

l;j

(ie

13

Fa

10

Kd

12

Kd

15

Eb

12

Dd

16

De

12

Db

15

Ec

15

Ec

15

Eh

15

K e

16

(ic

7

Fd

16

Kd

10

Ec

16

De

12

Fe

16

Ec

10

Eb

10

Eb

16

Gb

7

Db

4

Fd

16

Dc

16

Ka

10

Dd

10

Fb

10

(;c

16

Dd

12

E (1

12

De

10

Ge

13

Dd

10

De

10

Fe

13

Dil

12

1)1)

4

Eh

12

Ea

15

Kb

10

De

12

Kc

10

Ec

10

De

10

Ec

15

J)b

16

Ec

10

De

10

Ed

10

Cf

10

SA

Kd

15

Eb

16

Dd

15

Db

4

(;f

10

Dc

10

Dc

10

Dd

15

Cd

15

E (i

12

Dd

12

Fc

16

Df

10

Eb

10

Ec

16

Fc

16

Dc

12

(ic

7

Kf

10

Cf

10

Dd

15

lif

10

Df

10

Kc

16

(ic

13

Fe

15

Fe

13

De

10

Ec

10

Ec

10

Dd

1(}

Dd

10

Eb

16

Kc

10

De

12

Dc

4

(ic

7

Ce

10

Cd

10

(ic

/

Ce

10

Dd

15

Dil

15

De

10

(i.l

13

Fc

10

Umzinyati E., S.A

Uinzurabi, Nat

XJmzumbo R., Nat

Umzwaa.s, S.A.R

Unizueswie Gold Field,

Masli

Umzweswie, R., Mash. . .

Undakalvi R., C.C

Unde, P.E.A

Undi, P.E.A

Undungaswe, P.E.A

Ungucsi, E. (E. Kafne),

B.C.A

Ungues! E. (R. Zambesi),

B.C.A

Ungwali, C.C

Ungwenia, P.E.A

Uniondale, C.C

Union Vley, Bech

Unodwengo, Zul

Unyameni R., C.C

Unyango, P.E.A

Unyanyene K., .S.A.E. ..
Upamba Lake, C.F.S. ..

Upa, R., E.A

UpindoTr., C.C

Upington, Bech

Upper Tugela, town,

Nat

Upper Umfuli Gold Field

Mash

Upper ZakE., C.C

UremaE., P.E.A

Uridanab, G.S.W.A

Urigab. G.S.W.A

Urinouh R., C.C

Urua, dist., C.F.S

Uruiigu, dist, B.C.A. ..

Us, G.S.W.A

Usenie, Zul

Useme, Zul

Usibelm's Kraal, Zul. . .

Usimelo, P.E.A

Usonia, P.E.A

Ussambi Tr., C.F.S

UsutoTr., Zul

Usutu R., P.E.A

Usutu E., Great, Sw. . .
Usutu R., Littl.', Sw. . .

Utabi, R., S.A.R

Utale. Ny

Utrecht, S.A.R

Utshaniud, P.E.A

Uvula's, Mat

Uwiwa, dist., Ny

Uiamaris, G.S.W.A

Vaalheuvel, Groot,
C.C

Vaalheuvel, Klein, ('.C.

Vaulkop, The, S.A.R. ..

VaalR.,S.A

Vaal R. (N.amaqualand),
C C

Vaahvaterii., S.A.R. ..

Vacca, Cape, C. C

VaiR.,C.C

Valdezia, S.A.R

Valsh R., O.F.S

Van Reeiien's Pass, S.A.

Van Rhynsdorp, C.C. . .

Van Wijk's Vlei, C.C

Van Wvk, S.A.R

Vechtkop, Ihe, O.F.S. ..

VentenR., O.F.S

Venter, S.A.I!

Venters, S.A.R

Ventersburg, C.C

Ventersburg, O.F.S

Ventersdorp, .S..\.R

Venterskroon, .^.A.R. ..

Venterstad, C.C

Vereeniging, S.A.R

Vermaak, S.A.R

Vermaak, Sw

VerlorenR.,C.C

Verulam, Nat

Verzamel Berg, The,
S.A.R

Vetberg, C.C

Vet R., O.F.S

VetteR.,CC

Vicenti, P.E.A

Victoria, Mat

Victoria, Nat

Victoria East, dist., C.C.

Victoria Falls (R. Zam-
besi)

Victoria, Fort, S.A.R. ..

Victoria Gold Field, Mat

Victoria Mine, C.C

Victoria West, C.C

Victoria West Sta., C.C.

Vidal, Cape, Tong

Viljoen, S.A.R

14

Db

10

De

10

De

10

Db

12

Dc

16

Dc

16

Cf

10

Dc

u;

Ce

10

Db

4

Bd

16

Bd

10

Ag

10

Ec

12

Cf

9

Bb

4

De

12

Df

10

Dc

IB

Dc

10

Bb

IB

Fb

15

Be

10

Og

3

Cc

10

Ec

15

Ed

8

Sa

Ba

7

Ab

4

Ea

S

Bb

10

Cb

16

Aa

7

Dc

4

Dc

12

Eb

10

E d

12

Ce

IB

Bb

IB

Eb

10

Ed

12

Ge

13

Go

13

Db

12

Cd

16

Db

in

Fd

16

Dd

16

Cb

10

Ba

'

Cb

8

Cb

8

Be

13

Ga

'

Ab

7

Fe

13

De

7

Cd

S

Fb

13

Ab

10

Cc

10

Cd

8

Fc

8

Dd

12

Bb

10

Ef

13

Ce

12

Db

12

Ec

7

Fb

7

Be

13

Ce

13

Ec

9

Ce

13

Dd

13

Eb

10

Ce

8

Ed

10

Ff

13

Db

I'

Fa

7

l''g

8

Fe

3

Ed

15

Ed

10

Fe

U

Bb

Ec

15
10

Ed

15

Bb

7

Bd

9

Cd

9

Fc

10

Dc

12

Viljoen's Drift, S.A.R. .

Villiersdorp, C.C

Villiersdorp, O.F.S. ..,
VischwaterR., S.A.R. .

Vlei R.,C.C

Vlugt Kraal, S.A.R. ...
Vogel Fontein, C.C. ...
Vogel Klip, The, C.C. .

Vogel R., C.C

Vogel Vallei Vloer, C.C.

Vnlker, S.A.R

Volksrust, S.A.E

Voltas, Cape, C.C

^'ondeling I., C.C

Vorster, S.A.R

Vrede, O.F.S

Vredefoot, O.F.S

Vredendal, C.C

Vrijheid, S.A.E

Vryburg, Bech

Vryheid, «ff Vrijheid.

Vunga, P.E.A

Vurniele, Mat

Vurruca, P. E.A

Vuurdood, The, C.C...

w

Waai Fontein, C.C. ...

W.aal Hoek, C.C

Wagenaars Kraal, C.C. .

Wahlberg, Bech

Wahode, P.E.A

Wakkerstroom, S.A.R..
WalBsch Bay, see Wal-

viseh Bay.

Walker Bav, C.C

Walker 1, P.E.A

Waller, Mt., Ny

Walker Point, C.C

Wallmansthal, S.A.E. .
Walthnorns Kraal, C.C.
Walvisch Bay, S.W.A. .

Wamisi I., P.E.A

Waudonde Tr., P.E.A. .

Wankie, B.C.A

Wanetze, Mat

Warden, Fort, C.C. ...
Warmbad, G.S.W.A....

Warinlmth, S.A.R

Warm Bokkeveld, C.C. .
Warmwater Bergen, C.C

Warrenton, C.C

Warwick, Fort, S.A.R.

Waschbank, Nat

Waschbank, Peak, C.C,
Water Berg, The, S.A.R.
Waterfall Bluff, C.C.
Waterfall R., S.A.R.
Watergras Drift, C.C,
Waterloo Bay, C.C.
Water.sberg, dist., S.A.E.
Waterval R., S.A.E.
Weber, Fort, S.A.R.
Wedge Point, C.C. ..

WedzaMt., Mat

Weeber, Fort, S.A.R.

Weenen, Nat

Wegloop, Tati

Welcome Berg, The, C.C.

Wellington, C.C

Weltevreden, C.C

Weininer Vlei, S.A.R. .

Wepener, O.F.S

Wesley, G.S.W.A

Wesaels Nek Sta., Nat. .

Weston, Nat

Wetterhorn, The, C.C. .

Wh.ale Rock. C.C

Wheeler,S.A.R

White KeiR., C.C

White Point, C.C

White Umvolosi R.,

S.A.R

Wliittlesea, C.C

Wildebeest Pan, C.C. . .

Wilge U., O.F.S

Wilgell., S.A.R

WilhelmsR., C.C

Wilkerhout's Drift, Bech,
William, Fort, C.C. ...
William, Fort, S.A.R. ..
Williamstown. Nat. ...

Willowmore, C;.C

Willowv.ale, C.C

Winburg, O.F.S

Windhoek, C.C

Windlioek. G.S.W.A

Windvogel Mts., C.C...

Winkledrift, O.F.S

Winter Berg, The, C.C. . ,
Winterberg, The Great,

C C
Winter Hoek Mts., C.C.
Winterhoek Mts., Klein,

C.C

Ce
Dg
Df
Eb
Bd
Fd
Cd
Bb
Ee
Ee
Eb
Ef
Aa
Ad
Cc
Cb
Fa
Be
Db
Be

Fb
Ed
Dd
Ca

Dc
Fd
Bd
Bb
Hb
Ff

Ed
Cc

i'§
Cc
Af
Ec
De
Cb
Ed
Bg
Bb
Fd
Df
Ef
Da
De
Dc
Gd
Ce
Cf
Ga
Ab
Gf
Cb
De
Dc
Ab
Ec
Ec
Cc
Cd
Be
Df
Gc

Fb
Ab
Cc
Dd
Ae
Cf
Dc
Fd
Ab

Ee
Fe
Cb
Ga
Dd
Dd
Cb
Ce
Cc
Ed
Cf
Bg
Fb
Bb
Bf
Fe
Cf
Be

Fe
Ef

Df

WINTER HOEK

INDEX.

ZWINGEL PAN

Winter Hoek, The Great,

C C
Wiiiterveld, The, dc. . . .

WilherK, C.C

WitfonteinBerge, S.A.R.

Witklip, S.A.I!

Witmoss, C.C

Witputs.C.C

Witsamls, C.C

Wittebank, C.C

Witte Bergen, The,

O.F..S

Wittebergen (Barkly),

The, C.C

Witte Bergen (Griqua-

lanii West), The, C.C.
Witte Elsbosch, town,

C.C

Witte Elsbosch, The,

C.C

Witte Klip, The, C.C. ..

Wittewaters, C.C

Witvley, G.S.W.A

Witwater, The, C.C

Witwater.srapd, .S.A.R. . .

Wlekpooit R., C.C

Wodehunse. dist., C.C...

Wolff Spruit, S.A.R

Wolf Poort R., C.C

Wolniarans, S.A.R

Wolm.iranstatl, S.A.R. ..

Wolvefontein, C.C

Wolve Spruit, O.F.S. ...
Wonderbnonis R., C.C...
Wonderfontein, .S.A.R. . .
Wonderfontein Loop R.,

S.A.R

Wonderhauvel, C.C

Woodbnsh Gold Field,

S.A.R

Woodside, O.F.S

Woodville, C.C

Woody Cape, C.C

Wo,)lridge, C.C

Worcester, C.C

Wreck Point, C.C

Wuppt-rthal, C.C

Wynberg, C.C

Cf

8

Cd

fl

Db

7

B c

13

Eb

13

Ee

»

Db

9

Ba

9

Ab

7

Be

10

Ae

10

Be

10

ng

9

Df

9

Be

«

Ce

8

Ab

4

Ba

9

Ce

IS

Ed

fl

Fd

9

Bf

U

Be

8

Bd

12

Bf

U

Df

9

Ea

9

Fd

9

Bd

12

Ce

13

Ec

7

Eb

13

Bb

10

Bf

9

Fe

9

Gf

9

Df

.s

Ab

7

De

s

Cg

8

Xalanga, C.C

Xamates, G.S.W.A. .
XanobR., G.S.W.A. .

XesibeTr., C.C

XnabaraR., C.C. ...

Xosa, C.C

Xoungs, C.C

Xuka, C.C

XukaR., C.C

Xurutabi's, G.S.W.A.
Xutsa, C.C

Yamkombe, R., Mash. .

Yango, P.E.A

Yankwesi, Mash

YaoTr., P.E.A

Yeoville, S.A.R

Yolland, Fort, Zul

York, Nat

Yzerberg, The, S.A.R. .

z

ZakR.,C.C

Zak R., Upper, C.C

Zambesia, Northern, S. A
Zarabesia. Southern, S.A
Zambesi Delta. P.E.A. ..

Zambe.si, R.. E.A

Zambili, Tong

Zanibot, Sw.

ZandR., C.C

Zand R., O.F.S

Zand K. (Watersberg),

S.A.R

Zand R. (Zoutpansberg),

S.A.R

Zand River Bergen,

S.A R

Zandveld, The, C.C

Af

in

Aa

t

Aa

7

Ce

11)

Od

7

Db

Db

7

Fc

7

JSf

10

Aa

7

Fd

7

Fh

15

Dd

111

Fb

l.^i

Dc

IG

13a

Ec

in

Dd

10

Fb

13

Bd

9

Eb

8

Be

Ifi

Ca

4

Dd

l(i

Bd

HI

Ed

12

Eb

in

Cb

9

Ac

10

Dc

13

Ea

13

Dc

13

Cd

»

Zanve, dist., P.E.A

Zapaira, B.C.A

Zastroii, O.F.S

/ebane, S.A.K

Zebedela's Kiaal, S.A.U.

Zeekoe Point, C.C

Zeenist, S.A.R

ZekoeR., C.C. .

Zeven Fontein Pan, C.C

Zihi, C.C

Zietsman, Nat

Zimbabwe, Mat

Zimulu's, Mat

Zingabila, Mash

Zion, Bas

Zitzikanima Forest, C.C.
Zitzikamma Pnint, C.C.

Ziuziu R.. P.E.A

Zoani, Ny. . ,

Zoar, C.C

Zoasamoio, P.E.A

Zoekoegat, C.C

Zumba, Ny

Zunibe, B.C.A

Zonder Dr. , Spruit.O.F.S,
Zonder Einde Mts., C.C.
Zonder Einde R., C.C, ..

Zongoro, Mash

Zongwe, R., B.C.A

Zontag.C.C

Zoiiga R., see Zuga R.

ZourBerg, The. C.C

Zout Kloof R., C.C

Zout Pan, C.C

Zoutpans Bergen, S.A.R.
Zoutpansberg, S.A.R. ..
Zoutpansberg. The, C.C.
Zoutpans Brift, O.RS. .
Zout R. (Swellendaiu),

C.C

Zout R. (Vanrhynsdorp),

C.C

Zout River Vlei, C.C

ZuRa R. , Eech

Zuikerbosch Rand,

S.A.R

Zuikerbosch, R.. S.A.R.

Zululaiid, S.E.A

15

Fn

LI

Co

16

(Ic

9

Db

12

Ec

13

Ce

7

Ad

13

Dc

9

Dc

!■

He

IC

Ce

10

Ed

15

[)a

4

K, h

IB

Ad

10

Cf

9

D"

9

Dd

10

(!c

10

Ff

8

Fn

15

1)6

9

l><l

111

Ch

Hi

Ef

13

i>R

8

Dg

S

Fb

1!)

Oh

15

Ee

9

Ed

9

Hf

8

Ch

9

Eb

13

Kb

13

Ed

9

Eb

7

Eg

8

Bd

8

(!o

9

Cf

3

De

13

Cd

7

lie

10

Zumbo,P.E.A

Zundn, S.A.R

Zuurberg (Alexandria),

The, C.C

Zuur Berg (Griqualand

E.ast), The, C.C

Zuurbraak, C.C

Zuurpoort, C. C

Zwaart Doom R., C.C...

Zwaart Kop, C.C

Zwagers Hoek, C.C

Zwagerg Hoek, S.A.R. ..

Zwariberg, The, C.C

Zwartbank, C.C

Zwart Berg (Carnarvon)

The, C.C

Zwart Berg (Malmea-

bury). The, C.C

Zwart Berg, The Great,

C.C

Zwart Doom E., C.C. ..
Zwart Bergen (Ceres),

■l'he,C.C

Zwarte Bergen (Prince

Albert), The, C.C

Zwarte Bergen, The

Great, C.C

Zwarte Bergen, The

Little, C.C

Zwarteberg Pass, C.C. . .
Zwarte Ruggens, The,

C.C

Zwart Koppies, O.F.S. ..
Zwart Koppies, S.A.R.
Zwartkops Junction, C.C.

Zwartkops R., C.C

Zwartknp, 'I'he, C.C. ...

Zwartland. C.C

Zwart Lintjes R., C.C, . .
Zwart Modiier, Bech. ..

Zwart Modder, C.C

Zwart R., C.C

ZwjirtR., C.C

Zwart Ruggens, The,

S.A.R

Zwellendam, see

.Swellendani.
ZwingelPan, C.C

Cd

16

Ga

13

Ef

9

Oe

in

Ef

8

Dd

fl

Be

7

Cc

7

Ke

9

Dc

13

Ce

10

Ab

7

Fb

Cf

Cb

Cf

S

Ce

s

Df

8

Ft

8

Af

9

Bf

9

Ff

8

Df

9

Fc

7

Cd

13

Ef

9

Kf

9

Bb

8

Cf

8

Be

8

Kc,

4

Bb

7

De

9

Jig

9

GEORGE rillLIP AND SON, PRINTERS, LONDON AND LIVERPOOL.

D 000 01 1 444 7

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CASTLE LINE

ROYAL MAIL SBRyiCB.

WEEKLY

SAILINGS

FOR TUB GOLDFIELDS OF SOUTH AFRICA.

LONDON, SOUTHAMPTON, MADEIRA. GRAND CANARY.
CAPE COLONY. NATAL, DELAGOA BAY. BEIRA. MADAGASCAR,

AND MAURITIUS.

THROUGH BOOKINGS FROM THE CONTINENT.

l^^LEET.

."Sti'Miiiur. Toii.i.

•TANTALLON CASTLE 5,636

'•DUNOTTAR CASTLE" 5,465

"ARUNDEL CASTLE' 4,700

"NORHAM CASTLE ... ..4,392

"HA WARDEN CASTLE 4,380

■'ROSLIN CASTLE" 4,266

"DOUNE CASTLE" •.,045

"LISMORE CASTLE" ^1,045

■PEMBROKE CASTLE" 3,878

Stomnt^'. Tuns.

■GARTH CASTLE" 3,660

•'DRUMMOND CASTLE' 3,663

"GRANTULLY CASTLE" '....^ 3,454

■ HARLECH CASTLE '..: , 3,264

•■WAR^5^ICK CASTLE" ........: ...3,056

■DUNBAR CASTLE" 2,608

"METHVBN CASTLE" 2,605

"MELROSE" . 840

"VENICE" ... 511

The Royal Mail Steamers ot

THE CASTLE MAIL PACKETS COMPANY, LIMITED,

Jjoaxc London every .'ilternate Friday, and sail from Southampton on tlie, following
day, with Afails, Passeugers, aad Cargo, for Cape Colony and Natal, tailing at Madeira

Inlerniediate Steamers are despatciied every 14 days from London and Southainp
ton, for Cape Colony, Natal. Delagoa Bay, *e., via , Graiid C-'---\' '''i-
formin-,' a weekly service from London and Southampton.

Passengers and Cargo are taken every fortnight for Delagoa Bay and Beira (Pungw
j River) and every four weks for Madagascar and Mauritius.

Return Tickets is'sued 'or ALL PORTS. Handl>ook of information for Passengci^ grati.> on
' application. r^oADINr. Bf.rth — East India Dock r>a.sin, Blackball, London. Free BaUwai/ Tickets
are qraiUed from Loii'don to SoiUhampton. li.'cperienced Surgeons and Ste-wardesses on every Stejinier.
Superior Accommodation. Excellent Cuisine.

DONALD CURRIB & CO.,

LONDON 1, 2 3 and 4, Fenchurch Street, E.G. MANCHESTER— 15. Cross Street
LIVERPOOL 25, Castle Street GLASGOW-40, St Enoch Square