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CATALOGUE
OF A. SELECTION FROM
COLONEL LEAKE'S GREEK COINS,
EXHIBITED IS
THE PITZWILLIAM MUSEUM,
CHUEOHILL BABINGTON, B.D., r.L.S.,
DISNEY PROFESSOR OF AECH^OLOGV.
PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1867
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! N D E X.
Division I. Coins of Kikgs and Uvnasts . . , ,
„ II. „ Asiatic Greece ....
„ III. „ CONTINETITAL EuROPE (eSOWDISQ ItALy)
„ IV. „ Europe continued; Italy and Sicily
„ V. ,, Islands of the Egean, &c. AiTiican Gtreeoe
KoTE ON THE weights of Greek Coins , . . ,
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CATALOGUE
OF A SELECTION FROM
COLONEL LEAKE'S GREEK COINS,
EXHIBITED IN
THE PITZWILLIAM MUSEUM.
Sizes of the Coins.
N.B. Tlie tickets in the glass-case, nearly
tliG whole of which are written by Col. Leake,
are placed ahme the coins to which they re-
fer ; and the following Catalogue is designed
as much as possible to afford information in
addition to what they supply. Consequently
the types and legends are not ordinanly de-
scribed at length. The denominations of value,
as stater, tetradrachm, &0. are usually added
for the gold and silver coins; but the values
of the copper coins are for the most part
unknown. These last indeed, to apeak gene-
rally, appear to be rather tokens than coins
proper, and so not to be adjusted with accuracy
to any scale ; the coinages of Italy, Sicily, and
Egypt offer some exceptions to this remark.
The whole question, however, of denominations
and scales is at present in a perplexed and
uncertain state. The brown tickets indicate
that the coins below tbem are electrotypes,
being impressions in most cases of very rare
or iinely preserved originals. The abbrevia-
tions AV, EL, AR, AB, which occuu on the tickets
stand for aurum, electrum, argeatuin, and ^s,
indi«5ating the metal of which the Coin is made,
whether gold, electrum, silver, or copper. The
figures on the tickets refer to the sizes of
the coins, and are taken from the scale of
Mionnet which is given above. The weight of
the gold and silver coins is also added in grains
Troy ; the weight of the copper (or brass) coins
beilig in general not given, because coins in
this metal (which varies somewhat in coins of
different places) have usually lost more in weight
than those in other metals. The abbreviation
K on the tickets is used for the reverse or
back view of the coin ; B or L often stand for
ScaU of MionnU.
"to the right" or "to the left," i.e. to the right
or left of the spectator. Thus on ticket n. 2.
"Horseman r" means that the horseman is
moving toward the spectator's right hand : on
ticket n. 25, "Head Perseus l" signifies that
the head is facing towards the left hand of the
spectator, Ex. is an abbreviation for ewergtie,
or the lower part of the reverse, which is di-
vided from the rest by a straight line, or other-
wise. See no. 60, &c. The open sjRice of a
coin is called its fields designated f on the
tickets, see no. 13, &c. ; upon it are often found
adjuncts *, e. secondary types, or monograms, the
meaning of both which can only in compara-
tively few cages be discovered. "When Col.
Leake's ticket reads "another similar," it indi-
cates that his cabinet contains another speci-
men of the same coin ; in such cases a fttJler
description is added in this Catalogue. In
printing the Greek legends no attempt has been
made to imitate the ancient forms of the letters.
CoL Leake's divisions of coins into classes is
here followed, though it would have been much
better if he had simply followed Eckhel, who
arranges the coins of Kings, not apart by them-
selves, but in connection with the regions over
which they reigned. Thus the coins of Mace-
donia in genere, and the. coins of the various
cities of Macedonia, are in Eckhel's system,
now almost universally adopted, viewed in
juxtaposition with those of the Kings of Mace-
donia In Col. Leake's Nwmismata Hellenica,
which is the printed Catalogue of his collection,
will sometimes be found information, which is
not contained either on the tickets or in this
Catalogue. To this, a copy of which is kept in
tho Library, the reader is referred.
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Kings and Dynasts, Europe.
FIRST DIVISION.
Coins of Kings and Dynasts.
A. Europe.
1. Kings of Macedonia.
1 Alexander I. (Reigned about e.c.
500—454). Obverse. Male figure,
wearing the Macedonian hat
(causia) and light cloak (chlamys),
bearing two spears, walking be-
hind a bridled horse. Reverse.
Sunk square, usually called ' quad-
rate incuse,' including another
square of four divisions, around
which is the legend AAESANAPO.
B. M., on Leake's ticket, indicates tbat the
original of this very rare piece is in the Britisli
Museum. If the Alexander of this coin is
Alexander I. of Macedon, as is generally as-
sumed, it is the earliest regal coin known to us
having a legend. Some of the Darics (aee n.
84 in this selection) may perhaps be as old, but
they bear no inscriptions. With the types and
weight of this coin compare one of the Orescii
in Thrace {n. 96 of European Greece). It is
difficult to speak with certainty about the scale
of the old Macedonian coinage before Alexander
the Great ; many, as L. Muller, consider it to
be Eginetan, and call n. 10 a didrachm or two-
dram piece of that scale. Col. Leake however
seems to have reason to doubt the correctness
of this view, and rather inclines to suspect it
to be of the Euboic standard, whose unit (or
dram) appears to have been from 55 to 57
grains Troy. (The Eginetan drachma, as de-
termined from coins of .^gina, is about 95
grains troy.) In this view n. 10 is a tetra-
drachm (four-dram piece) and the present coin
an octodrachm. The octodrachm or eight-dram
piece is of very rare occurrence, and surpassed
in weight only by certajn pieces of Athens
(Europ. Greece, n, 24) and Sicily (n. 75, 128 —
132 in this selection). In Queipo's view it is
a hexadrachm of a system which he calls Olym-
pic ; he recognises also another system, which
he calls Bosporic, in the Macedonian money
before Alexander, whose drachmee weigh about
75, and 57 grains Troy, respectively. (Essai
sur les systkmes m^triques et mon^taires, Vol. i.
E, 144. Paris, 1859.) His Olympic may per-
aps be considei'ed as reduced Eginetan, and
his Bosporic as Euboic weight.
It will be observed that the reverse presents
a transition from the rough incuse of the earliest
coins (see n. 84 below, and nos. 70, 71, 80, 81
in Asiatic Greece in this selection) to the later
coins in which the reverse has a fnliy developed
type of its own. The termination of the geni-
tive, O and not OT, seems to be universal
before the age of Philip IL, in whose reign the
other form first appeared, as it seems, and be-
came speedily almost universal, tho ugh lingering
traces of the older form are found as late as
Lysimachus.
2 Archelaus (b. c. 41 3—399) . Perhaps
a liglit tetradrachm; see previous
remarks.
This coin has no legend, hut a similar one
in the British Museum reads APXEAAO. The
goat, which gave the name to the Macedonian
capital jl^te, previously called Edessa, refers to
the legend of Caranus (see Leake Num. Hell.
Kings, p. 1), and was the symbol of the Mace-
donian empire (Dan. viii. 6). The advance in
art on this coin as compared with the last de-
serves notice, the types of the obverses being
nearly similar.
3 Do., the coin reading APXEAAO.
Denomination doubtful; possibly
a tridrachm, more probably a very
heavy didrachm.
The youthful head, having the diadera, is
considered by some to be young Hercules, by
others to be Apollo. It is not a portrait of
Archelaus, for no regal portraits appear on coins
before the age of the successors of Alexander.
4 AmyntasII. (B.C. 393— 369). Same
denomination. The original is in
the British Museum.
5 Do. Same denomination, but
lighter. Obv. Head of Hercules
in lion's scalp to right. Rev.
AiVlYNTA. Horse to right.
6 Do. This is among the earliest
Greek copper coins.
7 Philip II. (B.C. 359—336). Gold
didrachm, or stater. (Attic scale).
8 Do. Do.
These beautiful gold coins of Philip, which
had a wide circulation down to Boman times,
are peculiarly interesting as being the proto-
type of the early British gold coinage. (See
British and English coins in this selection, n. 1,
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Kings and Dynasts, Europe.
&c.) They were worth 20 Attic silver drachms,
%.e. about 20 francs.
Scarcely any European gold is earlier
than Philip II. The head of the obverse is
most probably Apollo ; the biga, or two-horse
chariot of the reverse, commemorates Philip's
Olympian victories. See N'v/m. Hell. (Kings),
p. 3. The adjuncts (the thunderbolt on n. 7
and the trident on n. 8) indicate the places of
mintage on tbe coins of PbUip and succeeding
kings : the thunderbolt is probably for Pella,
and tbe trident for Amphipolis. See L. MUller'a
Monnaies de Philippe II. nos. 1 and 59.
9 Do. Half-quarter stater. The can-
tharus is more especially the cup
of Bacchus, and is often seen in
his hand. See a yase in case III.
in this Museum.
10 and 11 Do. Tetradrachm and di-
drachm (Euboic scale ?). Both
struck at Pella.
12 Do. Copper coin. Ohv. Head of
Apollo (or young Hercules) to
right. Rev. Horseman, below a
monogram. Place of mintage un-
certain. ,
13 Alexander HI. (B.C. 336 — 323).
Gold tetradrachm or double stater,
with the thunderbolt for Pella.
(MtiUer, n. 4).
14 Do. Stater. The gold stater or
didrachm of Alexander the Great
had an immense circulation, and
was struck in a great many cities
both of Europe and Asia, and the
same may be said of his silver
tetradrachms (nos. 16, 17).
L, MUller in his Nurrmmatique d' Alexandre
Le Grand (Copenhagen, 1855) enumerates be-
tween 1700 and 1800 varieties of tbe coins of
Alexander, tbe greater part of which ai'e gold
staters, and silver tetradrachms, and drachms ;
differing from each other only in tbe adjuncts;
from which the place of mintage can sometimes
be determined. The present coin is n. 633 of
MiiUer, and is considered to belong to Northern
Greece, tbe precise place being uncertain.
16 Do. Quarter stater. The bow
and club relate to Hercules.
16 Do. Silver tetradrachm. Ohv.
Head of Hercules in lion's scalp
to right. Eev. AAIiSANAPOY
BA21AE12S, Jupiter sitting on a
throne.
Below throne KA ; in tbe field a monogram.
Struck according to MuUer (n. 7l7) in Northern
Greece.
The silver as well as the gold money of
Alexander the Great is adjusted to tbe Attic
scale ; tbe gold money only of Philip being so
adjusted. The Attie drachma properly weighs
about 67 grains Troy; but the tetradrachms of
Alexander vary in weight considerably, being
sometimes heavier, more usually lighter than
this standard. In the following pages, by tetra-
drachm, drachma, stater, &c,, tbe Attic tetra^
drachm, &c. is intended, the contrary not
appearing.
17 Do. Do., reading aaesanapOY
only.
The arms of tbe throne of the reverse of
this rare variety terminate in winged Victories,
which on some other coii^, has no back but more
usually a back with plain arms. Tbe figure in
the iield is bebeved by L. MiiUer to represent a
dancing Apollo holding the sacred fillet in both
bauds, being probably a copy of a statue of an
Apollo in some temple at Sicyon, where this
coin is considered to have been struck. (MiiUer,
n, 866, p. 219.)
18 Philip III. (Aridseus) (b.c. 323—
316). Gold stater, types those of
Alexander (n. 14). The AY in the
field of the reverse indicates, in
L. MuUer's opinion, that the coin
was struck in Lycia. [Monnaies
de Philippe III. n. 96.)
19 Demetrius Poliorcetes (e.g. 294 —
287). Tetradrachm, on the ob-
verse of which is his portrait. The
Neptime, holding an acrostolium,
of the reverse, alludes to the
naval victory gained by his father
Antigonus and himself over Pto-
lemy Soter in Cyprus, b.c. 306.
Very fine work.
20 Lysimachus (b.c. 286—280). Gold
stater. Ohv. Portrait of Alex-
ander the Great, as the young
1—2
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Kings and Dynasts, Europe.
Ammon, with the ram's horn. Bev.
BASIAEJIS AT^IMAXOT. Pallas
holding avictoiy, seated, liershield
behind. In the field, torch and
monogram.
Struck at Chvyaaoris (i. e. Stratonicea) in
Caria, according to Miiller, Munsen des Lysi-
machus, p. 82 (Copenhagen, 1858) ; who refers
'to this identical coin of Leake,
21 Do. Tetradrachm, same types,
but a different monogram. Miiller,
n. 401, who thinks it was struck
at Sigeum. Fine work.
22 Do. Drachma or dram. Types of
the silver coins of Alexander the
Great ; the throne of Jupiter has
no back.
The lion and crescent in the field perhaps
indicate that this coin was struck at Cardia in
Tln-ace, over which country Lysimachus bad
previously reigned soon after Alexander's death;
similar adjuncts occur on a coin of Alexander.
{Miiller, Al^. n. 358, Lysim. n. 19.)
23 Antigonus Gonatas (b.o. 283—239).
Tetradrachm.
The head of Pan, in the centre of the Mace-
donian shield of the obveKie, allude to the
defeat of the Qauls at Delphi by Antigonus
(B-C. 279); that God having been supposed to
have struck them with a panic. The Pallas of
the reverse is probably a copy of the archaic
statue in the temple of Pallas Itonia between
Larissa and Pherse, for the forked drapery, &c.
is foreign to the age of Antigonus, and (except
in cases of affected archaism) peculiai- to the
early period of Hellenic art.
Philip v. (B.C. 220 — 178). Di-
draclim; the original is in the
British Museum, as is indicated
by the B. M. of the ticket.
Do. Tetradrachm. The head of
the hero Perseus in the centre of
the Macedonian shield on the
obverse (who has the harpe or
hook behind his neck), alludes to
Philip's assumed descent from
Perseus; after whom he named
his son and successor.
24
25
Leake thinks that we have here the por-
trait of Philip V. as Perseus; but this seems
doubtful, if we compare this coin with his un-
doubted portrait on n. 24.
26 Perseus (b.c. 178—167). Tetra-
drachm. Ohv. His portrait (of
beautiful work) to right ; below in
small letters zniA[OT], standing,
as is thought, for Zoil us, the artist
who cut the die. Mev. BA^IAEiiS
llEPSEiiS- An eagle standing on
a thunderbolt, enclosed in wreath
of oak ; in the field a monogram.
It is not certain that Zoilus was the artist ;
he may have been a magistrate. At the same
time the names of magistrates usually occur
on the reverses of coins, though there are cer-
tain exceptions to this remark, e.g. coins of
Apollonia in Illyricum have the names of ma-
gistrates on both sides. See remarks on n. 15
of Asiatic Greek coins in this selection.
2. Kings of Epirus.
27 Alexander I., son of Neoptolemus
(u. c. 342—325). Gold stater of
very fine work, thought to have
been struck at Tarentum, in Italy,
which was succoured by Alex-
ander against the Lucanians and
Bruttii, about 335 b.c. The oak
^vreath on the head of Jove shews
that he is the Jove of Dodona.
The thunderbolt of the reverse
may be compared with the coins
of Agathocles. See Div. iv. n, 137.
The original is in the Hunterian
Museum at Glasgow.
28 Pyrrhus (b.c. 312 — 272). Gold
drachma.
This beautiful coin is presumed to have
been struck at Syracuse about 278 B.C., when
Pyrrhus was fighting with the Carthaginians
in Sicily. The type of the obverse resembles
a coin of Syracuse. See Div. iv. n. 111.
29 Do. Didrachm.
The typo of the reverse resembles the gold
coins of the Bruttii, see Div. IV. n. 1 ; and this
coin is conjectured to have been struck in their
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Kings and Dynasts, Europe.
territory, perhaps at Consentia, ■when Pyrrlius
visited Italy {280 — 274 B.c.) to aid the Italian
Greeks of Tarentum and other cities against
Eome. Fine work.
30 Do. Tetradrachm, of very beau-
tiful work, thought to have been
struck at Syracuse.
A clever forgery of this magnificent coin
has been executed by Becker.
31 Do. Drachma, also thought to be
of Syracuaan work. Compai'e the
coins of Syracuse. Div. iv. n. 136,
138. Probably of the Bginetan
scale, but light ; (Persian, accord-
ing to Queipo.)
32 Alexander II. of Epinis, accord-
ing to Leake. (Began to reign b.c.
272). Tetradi-achm, Ptolemaic
scale.
The attribution of these beautiful coins is
uncertain. Leake's a.rguments in favor of
Alexander II. of Epinis may be seen at
great length in Nvmi. HeU. (Kings), p. 18.
Against them is the well ascertained fa«t that
they are principally found in Egypt; and other
able numismatists, aa Consin^ry, Finder, and
L. Miiller, think that they were struck in Egypt
in honour of the deified Alexander the Great
by Ptolemy Soter. The ram's horn on smaller
coins of this type (see n. 33) greatly confirms
the view that we have on the obverse the head
of Alexander the Great as the young Ammon
bound with the diadem (see n. 20), clothed
also mth the elephant's scalp, as the conqueror
oflndia. The Eeverse,reading A AE5 AN APOT,
has Pallas Itonia appai'ently (compare il 2S),
which it is difficult to connect with Ptolemy
or Alexander the Great, though easy, as Leake
shews, to explain in reference to Alexander II.
of Epirue, whose father Pyi'rhus dedicated the
shields of the Gauls in the temple of Pallas
Itonia. Notwithstanding upon the whole Mijl-
ler's opinion seems most probable ; and it may
be added that Pallas Itonia occurs on Bactrian
regal coins. (See n, 89.) Miiller calls her sim-
ply Athene Promachos.
33 Do. Drachma. Types nearly as
before, but the comti Ammonis
appears on the head of Alex-
ander. Scale as before.
3. Dynasts of Paeonia.
34 Patraus. (Contemporary with
Philip 11. or nearly so.) Perhaps
a tetradrachm of the Greco- Asiatic
scale. See nos. l and 2.
The Macedonian shield in the hand of the
fallen foe, shews that Patraus is earlier than
Alexander, who reduced Pieonia to submission
B. c. 335. He seems to be unknown to literary
history; Leake thinks he is "contemporary
with or earlier than Phihp IL"
He cannot be much if at all earlier, as the
genitive of his name ends in OT on his coins.
See remark at the end of n. 1.
35 Audoleon. (Began to reign pro-
bably about B.c. 350, was certainly
reigning B.c. 310). Same denomi-
nation.
The monogram of the reverse, AT, may be
for the commencement of his name.
B. Kings of Asia.
1. King of Ada.
36 Antigonus (b.c. 311—301), Tetra-
drachm ; fine work.
The typo of Neptune on the obverse and of
the galley on the reverse seem to allude to his
■victory over Ptolemy Soter in 306. See n. 19.
2. Sdeiteidae, or Kings of Syria.
On the obverses of this beautiful series of
regal coins we very generally have portraits
of the reining sovereign. ITie reverses relate
principally to the worship of Jupiter and Apollo,
sometimes also to Pallas, the Dioscuri &c. From
the reign of Antiochus III. downwards the
larger silver coins are usually dated; the era
being that of the Seleucidte, which commenced
in the autumn of 312 B. c. when Seleucus and
Ptolemy Soter defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes
at Gaaa.
37 Seleucus I, (Nicator) (B.a 312 —
280). Gold stater. The original,
formerly in the Duke of Devon-
shire's collection, is now in the
British Museum.
All the gold coins of the Seleucidse are
excessively rare ; strangely contrasting in that
respect with the plentiful gold coinage iS Philip
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Kings and Dynasts, Asia.
and Alexander. The genuineness of all the
gold octodrachms (see n. 46) in this series has
been doubted, but without sufficient reason.
38 Do. Tetradrachm of the same
type as Alexander's, on both sides.
(See a 16.)
Lysimachus also, in his earlier coinage,
copied the typ^ of Alexander : see n. 22.
39 Do. Tetradrachm, but of different
types.
The anchor in the field of the reverse was
the signet of Scleuciis I. and occurs frequently
on corns of the Seleucidae, from whence it
passed over to the coins of the Jews under
the Maccabees, He adopted it in consequence
of a vision in which his mother appeared to
him (Appian. Syr. 58).
40 Do. Copper coin. Obv. Head of
Pallas. Rev. BASlAEfiS 2EAET-
KOT. Victory crowning the name
of Seleucus ; before her an anchor.
41 Antiochus I. (Soter) (B.a 280—
261). Tetradrachm.
On some few coins with this type and
portrait Antiochus is styled Soter. The cortina
(curtain) drawn over Apollo's tripod is seen
also on many other coins of this series.
42 Antiochus II. (Theos.) (b.c. 261 —
246). Tetradrachm.
There is great difficulty in assigning many
coinswhich oalyread BASlAEIiS ANTIOXOT
or BASIAEQS 2EAETKOT to their proper
owners ; the portraits being the principal gnides,
and uncertain ones withal. This coin, remark-
able for its winged diadem, which is attributed
by Leake to Antiochus II,, is by other numisma-
tists considered to belong to Antiochus Hierax,
his younger son.
43 Seleucus II. (Callinicus) (b.c. 246
—226). Gold stater.
44 Do. Tetradrachm.
45 Seleucus III. (Ceraunus) (d.c. 226
— 223). Tetradrachm.
46 Antiochus III. (Magnus) (b.c. 223
. — 187). Gold octodrachm.
The original of this almost unique coin
was in the Pembroke collection, and it was
considered to be genuine by Mr. Burgon, It
fetched however, together with a tetradrachm
of the same king, only £7. 12s. Sec Pembroke
Catalogue, p. 24il.
47 Do. Gold stater.
Mr. M. Eorrell has noted respecting this
specimen, "Poor, but appears genuine," See
remarks on n. 37.
48 Do. Tetradrachm,
The monogram in the field which reads
into T. T. P. shews that this coin, like many
others of the Seleucidie, was struck at Tyre.
The date AP i.e.. 104 of the SeleucidK = 208
B. c. when this coin was struck.
49 Seleucus IV. (Philopator) (b.c.
187—175). Tetradrachm.
50 Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes) (b.c,
175 — 164). Tetradrachm of rare
type (having the head of JoTe)
and beautiful work.
Antiochus Epiphanes is the first of the
Seleucidse, who styles himself God upon his
coins ; some succeeding monarchs as Demetrius
II., Cleopatra (mother of Antiochus VIII.),
Demetrius III. and Tigranes followed his ex-
ample. This act in itself would make him
appear peculiarly odious to the Jews, of whom
be was the relentless persecutor.
51 Do. Tetradrachm of the ordinaiy
types bearing his portrait, and a
representation of the JoVe of
Olympia by Phidias on the reverse.
Antiochus IV. caused a copy of the Olym-
pian Jove to be executed of the colossal size of
the original, and to bo placed at Daphne.
52 Do. Copper coin, of unusually
large size.
The types, style, and size of this piece are
similar to many copper coins of the Ptolemies.
There can be no doubt that Antiochus struck
it in Egypt in one or other of bis four cam-
paigns in that country (l7l — 168 B.C.).
53 Antiochus V. (Eupator) (b,c. 164 —
162). Tetradrachm, (Attic, but
light).
This king was only nine years old at bis
accession, and was murdered by Demetrius two
years afterwards; the artist who engraved this
rare coin has made him appear like a grown
man.
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Kings and Dtjnasts^ Asia.
11
54 Demetrius I. (Soter) (b.o. 162—
150). Tetradrachra. Ohv. Por-
trait of the king wearing his
diadem, within a \\Teath. Rev.
Seated female to left holding in
her right hand a wand, a horn of
plenty in her I'ight ; on both sides
of her in three lines BASlAEllS
AHMHTPIOT SliTHPOS (King De-
metrius the Saviour) ; in exei^ue
ASP (Year 161 Sel. i.e. 151 b.c.).
This fine coin is from tlie Thomas collec-
tion.
55 Do. Copper coin (with animal
types).
These serrated coins appear to he of copper
only, and are tolerably frequent in the series
of the Seleucidse, but scarcely, it is believed,
occur in any other. The Romans however had
serrated denarii, which, as Tacitus informs us,
were known to the Germans and used by them.
The attribution of the copper coins of the
, Seleucidse to their true owners is peculiarly
uncertain, unless they are accompanied by
portraits; three kings bearing the name of
Demetrius reigned at no long intervals from
each other.
56 Alexander I. (Bala) (B.a 150—
146). Fine tetradrachm.
57 Antiochus VI. (Dionysus) (b.c. 146
— 1 37). Tetradrachm.
The TPT. in the field stands for Tryphon,
who was chief minister of his father Alexander
Bala, and brought the son forward as a claimant
of the crown against Demetrius Nicator. The
OP is 170 Sel. *.e. 142 B.C.
58 Do. Drachma. Ohv. Head of
Antiochus VI. radiated (in the
character of Apollo) to r. Bev.
Apollo seated on his cortrna to
r, nolding bow and arrow. Same
legend, with a monogram : in ex-
ergue OH. ST A.
59 Tryphon. (b.c. 142—139). Tetra-
drachm. Obv. King's portrait to
r. Rev. Macedonian helmet, an
ibex horn projecting in front;
on the body of the helmet are
ornamentations (eagle and winged
lion apparently, in circular com-
partments); the cheek-piece has a
thunderbolt for ornament, in the
field a monogram. Electrotype
from the original in the Hunterian
Museum at Glasgow.
Tlie silver tetradrachms of Tryphon, the min-
ister and murderer of Antiochus VI. are among
the rarest in this series, only about four or five
being known. The Pembrake specimen, now
in Gencrsd Fox's cabinet, fetched £130.
60 Demetrius II. (Nicator) (b.c. 146
— 125, with interruptions). Tetra-
drachm, dated lEP, 167 Sel. i.e.
145 B.C.
61 Antiochus VII. (Euergetes, or
Sidetes) (b.c. 137— 128J. Tetra-
drachm.
62 Do. Tetradrachm, with type of
, Tyre on reverse. (See Div. ii. n.
109. Tyre). Date ZOP, year 177
Sel. i.e. 135 B.C. Scale Ptolemaic.
Not only is the eagle &c, the same as on
the Tyrian tetradrachms, but a monogram end-
ing in the club of Hercules reads T, T. P. and
another monogram reads A, S. T. for offuXos
(/tfl inviolable. P.E.A. in two lines is for lepa
the sacred. Coins of the Seleucidte struck at
Tyre and Sidonare mostlyof the Ptolemaic scale;
nearly all the rest are Attic, hut often light.
63 Demetrius II. Ketumed from
captivity b.o. 129. Tetradrachm.
Date 184 SeL i.e. 128 B.C.
The head of the obverse, called on the
ticket Jupiter, though with a mark of doubt,
is more usually considered to be the portrait of
Demetrius himself, bearded, after .his return
from, captivity, and CoL Leake himself in the
Nwn. Hell. (Kings), p. 32, adopts this view,
64 Alexander II. (Zebina) (b.o. 128—
122). Tetradrachm.
65 Do. Serrated copper coin.
The attribution must be regarded as un-
certain (see remarks on n. 55). The copper
coins ascribed to Alexander Bala have the.
same legend, and on one of them is a head of
Bacchus, as here. See Num. Bell. p. 28.
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12
Kings and Dynasts, Asia.
66 Cleopatra, mother of Antioclms
VIII. (Reigned alone, b.c. 125).
Tetradrachm, dated ZHP. 187 Sel.
i.e. 125 B.C.
The ©BAS ETETHPIAS of the reverse
taken in connection with the veil of the por-
trait shews that Cleopatra is represented in the
character of Ceres, ss goddess of Abundance.
The type of the reverse is Egyptian (see nos.
99, 100), as is not unnatural, Cleopatra being
daughter of Ptolemy VL (Philometor). The
original of this most rare coin, now in the
British Museum, fetched at Lord Northwick's
sale £240.
67 Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII.
(Grypus) (b.c. 124 — 121). Date
189 Sel. z. e. 123 b.o.
From the Pembroke collection, where it
fetched £13.
68 Atttiochus VIII. (Reigned alone,
B.C. 121 — 96). Tetradrachm of
very fine work, and in perfect
The fiiat letter of the date is "off the coin"
in the exergue of the reverse, in consequence
of the &va of the coin not having teen suf-
ciently spread out to contain it; S P (190) being
the only letters whose tips are visible;, con-
sequentlythe coin, though lying between 122 and
112 B.C., cannot be dated more precisely.
69 Do. Tetradrachm, struck at Tar-
sus, bearing on the reverse the
representation, as is generally sup-
posed, of the tomb of Sardana^
palus, who was buried there.
This type occurs on the coins of Tarsus
(see Div. n. nos. 98—100), but its meaning
is uncertain. It seems to be a sepulchral
monument, but Leake tries to shew, Num. Hell.
(Asia), p. 128, that it is probably not the tomb
of Sardanapalus.
70 Antiochus IX. (Philopator or Cyzi-
cenusXB.c. 125 — 95). Tetradrachm
with bearded portrait.
71 Antiochus X. (Eusebes). (b,o.95 —
83, or thereabouts). Tetradrachm
of rather rough work, as those of the
Seleucidee now most usually are,
as well as of light (Attic) weight.
72 Antiochus XI. (Philadelphus) (b.c.
95). Tetradrachm of rough work.
73 Philip (Reigned about B.C. 94 — 84).
Tetradrachm. .
The execution of this coin, though rather
coai'se, is much better than Philip's usual coin-
age, which is often quite barbarous.
74 Tigranes (b.c. 83—69). Tetra-
drachm, struck at Antioch in
Syria.
The king's portrait on the obverse has the
tiara of Armenia, of which country he was also
king. The figure of the reverse represents the
Fortune or City of Antioch, as a woman setting
her foot on the river Oontes (personated by-
a boy swimming). For further remarks see
the coins of Antioch (Div. il. nos. 5 and 6).
3. Princes of Jadcea.
75 Alexander JannEcus (b.o. 105 — 78).
Obv. " Jonathan the High Priest
and the Confederation of the
Jews" in Samaritan character with-
in a wreath. Bev. Two horns of
plenty and a poppy-head.
The coins previously given to Jonathan
Maccabteus are now generally assigned to Alex-
ander JannEens (Madden's Jemish Coinage, p.
76 Herod the Tetrarch (Antipas)
(B.C. 4— A.D. 39). Date AZ, 37. The
date is probably his regnal year,
and is the same as that of the
Christian era, which begins four
years too late.
This coin, like most or all of the other coins
of Herod Antipas, was struck at Tiberias, a
city founded by him near the lake of Gen-
nesareth, in honour of Tiberius (Madden's Jew-
ish Coinage, p. 98).
77 Herod Agrippa I. (a.d. 37 — 44).
OJrv. EAClAEiiC [ArPfflA] around
an umbrella, a symbol of regal
dignity. Rev. Three wheat-ears
springing from one base ; in field,
the date g-, or year 6, i.e. 41 a.i>,
(Madden's Jewish Coinage, pp.
104—106.)
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Kings and Dynasts, Asia.
This coin, formerly given to Agrippa II., is
now assigned to Agrippa I. (' Herod the King,'
Acts xii.).
4. Kings of Bithynia.
78 Nicomedes II., son of Prusias II.
(B.C. 149—91). Olw. His portrait
(with diadem) to right. Bev. ba-
Sl AB£12 Eni<J>AN0T2 NI KOMH-
AOT. Jupiter crowning the name
of Nicomedes ; in his left hand a
sceptre, with eagle before him :
near his feet a monogram, and the
date ES, 205. Eemarkably fine;
formerly in the Devonshire cabi-
net.
The era on the coins of the Kings of Bi-
thynia is the same as that of the Kings of
Pontus, and commenced 297 B.C. The present
coin was consequently struck 92 RC.
5. Kings of Fergamus.
79 Uncertain king. Tetradrachm.
Obv. Head of PhiletJcrus. Rev.
*IAETAIP0T, Pallas seated, with
spears shield, and bow.
The kingdom of Pergamus was founded by
PhilctEGrus, keeper of the treasures of Lysima-
chus, in 280 B.C., who held it till 203 B.C. ; it
lasted tdl 133 B.C., when Attains HI. left it to
the Romans by -will The legend of the kings
of Pergamus is always 't>lAETAIPOT, and
the portrait is nearly always the same ; so that
the coins have never been assigned satisfactorily
to any of the kings ; though some of them have
the monogram of Eumenes, of whom there are
two.
80 Uncertain king. Do. The same
types and legend, but the portrait
differs.
This is presumed by Leake to be the por-
trait of Attalus XL, the legend notwithstanding.
Num. Sell. (SuppL) p. 7.
6. Kings of Galatia.
81 Amyntas (contemporary of Cicero).
Tetradrachm. Obv. Head of Pallas
to right. .K^u. BASIAEI12 AMTNTOT.
Victory moving to left, holding
sceptre with ribbons.
Compare the coin of Side. Div. II. n. 84
7. Kings of Pontus and Bosporus
82 Mithradates the Great (Eupator)
(B.C. 120— 63). Tetradrachm of the
finest work. Obv. Head of Mithra-
dates VI. to rigiit, the diadem
visible above. Rev. BASIAEiiS
MI@PAAATOT ETHATOPOS. Stag
feeding ; star and crescent before
it. In field two monograms and
date BKS, 222^75 b.c. The
whole enclosed in a wreath of ivy
leaves and berriea
83 Ehescuporis III. (contemporary of
Caracalla). Stater of Electrum or
pale gold, dated Ai*, year 511
= 214 A.D.
The kings of the Bosporus and their dates
are known to us in great measure from their
coins. Some are as late as the fourth Century.
" La taille de ces monnaies est fort remarqua-
ble, puisqu'elle n'appartient ^ aucun des sys-
tenies connus." Qtieipo table xu,, who further
remarks on their affinity with the Cyzicene
staters, which seem to have been the gold cur-
rency of the Bosporus. This coin weighs nearly
half a Cyzicene stater. See Div. ii. n, 21.
8. Kings of Persixj,.
84 Uncertain king. Ohv. King as
archer, to right. Rev. Oblong
punch-mark, with shapeless im-
pression. — The Daric.
The Daric is commonly said to be so called
after Darius son of Hystaspea {B.C. 521 — 485),
though it may be derived with at least equal
probability from a Persiau word, signifying
king. It seems to have been coined by the
Persian monarchs for circulation over their own
dominions and over Greece proper, while the
empire lasted. The heads differ somewhat on
different specimens, and some ingenious rather
than successful attempts have lately been made
in France to recognize in them portraits of the
different Persian kings.
This coin is usually thought to be intended
by 'dram' in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah;
if so, it is the only coined money named in the
Old Testament, the shekels, &c. being only
weights. For the scale see note at the end, § 4.
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14
Kings and Dynasts, Asia.
85 Same types in silver. — The Ary-
andic, or unit of the Persian scale.
Aryandes, the Persian governor of Egypt,
is said to have imitated the gold Daric of
Darius, son of Hystaspes, in silver ; a piece of
presumption, whicli cost him his life, according
to Herodotus. It was notwithstanding adopted,
and like the Daric had a very wide circulation ;
being still commonly met with in Asia Minor.
86 Uncertain king, probably Arta-
xerxesll. (Mnemon)(B.c.40o— 359).
Obv. Portrait of the king, in a
cap with flaps. Bev. BAXlA. and
Lyre.
This is considered by Col. Leake (Wum,
Hell. Kings, p. 53) to offer a portrait of Arta-
xerxes I. (Longimanus) (B.C. 465 — 425); but Mr
Newton prefers to regard it as a portrait of the
second king of that name. In either case, it is
the earliest portrait which occurs on a coin. It
is far from certain however that it is a portrait
at all ; coins of Lampsacus have a very similar
head. See Div. ii. n. 51, 52. (The latter is
doubtless Bacchus.)
9. Kings of Jiaetriana.
This kingdom was made independent of
the kings of Syria about 255 B.C. by Diodotus,
governor of Bactra (Balkh). We have in the
series of Bactrian coins a number of kings
(Greek, Indo-Scythic, &c.) down to Mahom-
medan tim^, some of which are only known
to us by their coins. Their chronology is to
some extent conjectural only. Wilson's Yiews
inMs Ariana AnUqua are here mostly followed.
See also Nwnism. Chron. for 1857. Vol. xix.
p. 13.
87 Buthydemus. (Began to reign
about 220 B.C.). Tetradrachm.
He may he considered the founder of the
greatness of the Bactrian kingdom. His son
Demetrius married a daughter of Antiochus
the Great.
88 Eucratides (b.c. 180 — 150, more or
less). Tetradrachm.
A Macedonian helmet, similar in form to
the one here woi-n by Eucratides, was found a
few years ago in the bed of the river Zab.
89 Menander. Reigned about 1 25
B. c. Tetrobol, apparently ; (hemi-
drachm, according to Wilson).
The Arianian legend of the reverse is, Ma-
harajasa Tadarasa Minandasa.
90 Do. Square copper coin, having
the same Greek and the same
Arianian legend as the preceding.
The square coins, both in silver and copper,
are almost peeuhar to the Bactrian scries.
91 Azes. (Reigned probably about
50 B.C.) Tetrobol, apparently.
The Arianian legend of the reverse is, Ma-
harajasa Makatasa Ayasa. The coins of this
king are extremely numerous both in silver
and copper.
92 Kadphises. (Reigned probably
about 90 A. D.) Double stater or
gold tetradrachm.
The figure alongside the Indian bull on
the reverse is Siva. The king's dress, as seen
on this and the following coin, shews that he
is of Tartar or Scythian race, who notwith-
standing encouraged the native religion of
India.
93 Do. Copper coin.
This coin is curiously re-struck (recusus).
The Greek legend of the obverse (around Kad-
phises, standing) ought to be BACIAETC
BACIAEliN [CXiTHP MEFAC OOH] MO
KAA$ICHC, but the letters between brackets
ai-e obliterated by nine Arianian letters, be-
longing to the reverse of a similar coin. Simi-
larly on the reverse the Greek letters AETC
BACIAEil appear among the Arianian letters,
94 Kanerkes. (Reigned probably in
the second or third century a.d.)
Copper coin.
The name and figure of the Sun on the
reverse, and the fire-altar on the obverse of
this and the preceding coin shew that these
Indo-Scythian kings had adopted the Persian
fire-worship, as well as the Indian supersti-
tions.
C. Africa.
Kings of Egypt. {Lagidai.)
95 Ptolemy I. (Soter) (b.c. 323—285).
Gold pentedrachm, (five-dram
piece.)
The serpents, by which his ^gis (or deco-
rated cloak) is confined round the neck are.
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Kings and Dynasts, Africa.
seen before and behind. The scale of the coins
of the Ptolemies is termed La^d by Queipo,
but it scarcely differs from the early Macedonian
money adjusted to a scale, which he calls Bos-
poric, and wMch Leake suspects to be Euboic.
See n. 1. Queipo makes the Lagid drachma
3,54 grammes (=54,6 grains Troy); and the
Bosporic drachma 3,71 grammes (= 57,2 grains
Troy).
96 Do. Gold hemidraclim.
97 Bo. Silver tetradrachm with the
title of Sotei*, and various letters
in the field.
This coin being undoubtedly , of the first
Ptolemy helps to fix the attribution of other
coins, which read only nTOAEMAIOT BA-
CIAEIIC, having a similar portrait.
98 Ptolemy It (Philadelphus) {b. c.
285—247.) Gold octodrachm.
This remarkable coin gives on the obverse
the portraits of Ptolemy Philadelphus and his
wife Arsinoe, with the legend AAEA*liN,
brother wnd sister, ArsinoS being also his sister:
the reverse gives portraits of their deceased
parents, Ptolemy Soter and Berenice, who are
styled gods (0EfiN). The portrait of Ptolemy
Soter on this coin may be compared with nos.
95 and 97- The original of this electrotype is
in the British Museum. (Ool. Leake has acci-
dentally written the description on an niico-
loured ticket.) Some consider this coin to
have been struck by Ptolemy III. in honour of
his predece^ors ; but it seems more likely to
have been executed by order of Ptolemy II.
99 Arsinoe, sister and wife of the
preceding. Silver decadrachm
or ten-dram piece.
The flower at the top of her head is pro-
bably the lotus. The reverse gives the double
horn of plenty, or BiKepwi, a vessel invented
in her honour as goddess of plenty twice-told.
{AthenEeus p. 497). As respects the legend,
0IAAAEA*OT is an adjective agreeing with ,
APSINOHS, not a substantive depending
upon it.
100 Do. Gold octodrachm.
typea
101 Ptolemy III. (Euergetes.) (b.c.
247—221.) Gold octodrachm.
The obverse appears to indicate that Pto-
lemy Euergetea assumed the attributes of
three divinities, as he wears the regis of Pallas,
(whence issues a serpent,) holds the trident of
Poseidon, (the central prong of which is orna-
mented with the lotus,) and in fine wears on
his head the radiated a'own of Apollo or the
Sun.
102 Berenice II., wife of Ptolemy III.
according to Leake. Gold hemi-
drachm, Attic scale.
It is not certain to what Berenice this rSre
little coin should be assigned. Col. Leake
purchased it at the sale of the Pembroke
collection for the somewhat small sum of
£5. 2s. Qd. Mr Burgon {Pemh. Cat. j>. 273)
thinks that the doin was struck in Syria "in
consequence of the weight being adjusted to
the Attic and not the Ptolemaic talent." The
coin now weighs nearly 33 grains, and is there-
fore half the Attic drachma, whose full weight
is computed by CoL Leake to be 67, 5; where^
as the Ptolemaic drachma must have weighed
about 54 or 55 grains. Well preserved tetra^
drachms of Ptolemy Soter weigh about 220
grains (see n. 97, and Compare the weights of
the gold octodrachms which sometimes reach
about 429 grains.) "The stars would point to
Tripolis as the place of mintage, where the
Dioscuri were preeminently the tutelary divi-
nities." (Burgon.) See Biv. ii. n, 105 (Tripolis).
On some of the gold octodrachms of ArsinoS,
which are certainly Hot adapted to the Attic
talent, we have the club and monogram of
Tyre.
103 Ptolemy V. (Epiphanea) (b. a 206
— 181.) Gold octodrachm.
For the two stars, see remarks on the pre-
ceding coin,
104 Ptolemy XII. (Dionysus) (b.c. 51
— 47). Silver didrachm.
From the Pembroke collection, where it
fetched £6. 12s. 6d.
105 Cleopatra, sister of Ptolemy XII.
(B.O. 51—30). Tetradrachm, of
base silver, adjusted to the Attic
2—2
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Kings and Dynasts. AJH
talent, as debased in Roman
times.
The place of mintage of this curious piece
is untnown ; but it was most likely not in
Egypt ; more probably in Asia. Cleopatra ap-
peared in public, as Plutarch tells us, in the
character of the New Isis ; which explains the
legend of the obverse, 0EA NEOTEPA. The
legend of the reverse, ANTaNIOC ATTO-
KPATiiP TPITON TPIHN ANAPilN, is
the Greek rendering of Antonius Imperator
III, Triumvir. Thus, as Col. Leake observes,
this coin was struck B.C. 35, when Cleopatra was
in her Sith year, and Mark Antony about 53
years of age. Perhaps this coin gives as faith-
ful a portrait of Cleopatra as is known, but
she has been unfortunate in her artists. The
lunar epsilon and sigma are early examples of
their kind.
106 Do. A denarius, and properly
belonging to the Roman scries of
coins.
Portraits of Cleopatra and Mark Antony
as before, and of better execution, but that of
Cleopatra is on a very smah scale. The legends,
as Leake remarks, prove that the coin was
struck after Antony s return from Armenia,
B.C. 34, when he and Cleopatra publicly in-
vested one of their sons with the attributes of
King of Armenia and Media, and the other
with those of King of Phenicia, Syria, and
Cilicia. On the legend of the obverse, Filio-
rum Regum must be taken in apposition with
the preceding Regum, so that Cleopatra styles
herself Queen of kings, who are sons of kings
(i. e. of herself and Antony). For the Arme-
nian tiara behind the head of Antony, com-
pare n. -■ ""■
107 Do. Copper coin of herself only.
This coin is evidently by its fabric one of
the Egyptian series. With the three portraits
of Cleopatra here given may be compared
T)iv, II, n, 106 (Tripolis), on the obverse of
which, as many think, Antony and Cleopatra
are represented in the characters of the Dios-
curi ; it has unfortunately suffered a good deal
by circulation.
DIVISION II.
Asiatic Greece.
1 Abydos ? Hecta or sixth part of
the Cyzicene stater, generally sup-
posed to be struck at Abydos.
Ohv. Head with curved horn.
Rev. Eagle. No legend.
This coin, as well aa No, 4 and Nos. 72 —
78 in this division, and n. 41 in Div, III, were
found in a supplemental cabinet of Col. Leake,
which contained various other coins of doubt-
ful attribution, or in an unsatisfactory state of
preservation. They are not described in the
Nii/mii^mata HeUemca, and the tickets accom-
panying those which are here exhibited are
written by the author of this catalogue.
2 Aradus in Phenicia, (Arvad of the
Old Testament, now Ruad). Te-
tradrachm.
The PKP of the reverse is the date, 123.
The era of Aradua commenced B. C. 259, when
its independence was probably guaranteed by
a treaty between the kings of Syria and Egypt,
Consequently the present coin was stntck B, C,
136. Below the date is a Phenician letter,
and below that two Greek letters whose mean-
ing seems to be unknown. The turreted and
veiled head of the obverse is probably a per-
sonification of the city (compare the coin of
Antioch, n. 5, Seleucia, n. 82, Sidon, n. 86, and
Tripolis, n, 105).
3 Do. Drachma. Oiv. Bee, and
two monograms. Itev. APAAJiiN.
Stag and palm-tree.
The types on both sides are the same as
those of Epbesus (see n, 25) ; and the coin
was most probably struck there indicating an
alliance between Aradus and Ephesus,
4 Do? Octodrachm. Obv. King in
chariot of oriental style ; his cha-
rioteer in front, an attendant be-
hind on foot. Jtev. Galley and
Phenician letter.
These fine coins are thought by some to
be struck at Aradus, and during the time of
Persian supremacy over Phenicia; or between
the age of Darius son of Hystaspes and that
of Alexander the Great (b,c. 521—336), The
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Asiatic Greece.
17
galley and Phenician letter appear to indicate a
coast-town o£ Phenicia The scale is Phenician,
or Bosporic {ie. Enboic) ; see helow Div. v. no. 69.
6 Antioch of Syria, of Augustus.
Tetradrachm of reduced Attic
scale, apparently. (Bosporic, ac-
cording to Queipo.
The obverse gives a good portrait of Au-
gustus, and the reverse is the fortune or city
of Antioch personified (a woman setting her
foot on the neck of a swimming hoy, who sym-
bolises the river Orontes. Comp. Div. i. n.
74). This was the composition of Entychides
of Sicyon, and the statue was contained in a
temple (■nr^etbi') which is seen in n, 6. The
same composition, a little varied, is repeated
on the reverses of imperial coins of other cities
of Asia, e. g. Samosata and Tarsue. See K. 0.
Miiller, Andent Art and its Remains, § 158.
The legend of the reverse, ET0T2 HK Nl-
KHS, "the 28th year of the victory," refers
to the battle of Actium, the Actian era cofh-
mencing B.C. 31. Tho present coin was there-
fore struck B.C. 3 (or, as Leake says, B.C. 4).
The THA IB refers to the 12th consulship of
Augustus ; and the ATT. to the autonomy of
Antioch, TIIA, and ATT. being expressed in
monograms. Queipo thinks that no coins of
Antioch are adjusted to the Attic scale; an im-
probable hypothesis, seeing that the kings of
Syria struck nearly all their money thereby.
6 Do. of Trebonianus Gallus and
Volusian (a.d. 251—254). See
preceding remarks.
S. C. in the exergue is for Senatus Con-
sulto ; the legends of the coins of Antioch
being often partly in Latin, partly in Greek;
as well as in Greek only or in Latin only. The
meaning of AE "cannot be readily explained."
(Leake).
7 Alexandria in the Tread, Tetra-
drachm.
The AnOAA£lNOS ZMIQEnS of the
reverse indicates the statue to be that of
Apollo Sminthcus (for the orthography see
Leake, Num. Hell.) who destroyed the rats
with his arrows. AAESAN. of the exergue
is for AAESANAPEHN, which occurs at
length on other coins of this city, and PMA
in the field is the date 141. Leake thinks that
the era dates from the fall of Antigonus, B.C.
300, and that the date of this fine and rare
coin is consequently B.C. 159.
8 Antioch of Caria, of Gallienus
<A.D. 253—268). Obv. AT. K. 110.
rAAAIHNOC. Bust of the Em-
peror Gallienus to I. lim. En.
APX. A<t>. ANTlOXEilN, i.e. when
Aphrodisius was archon. (See
N-wm. Hell.) The river Mieander
personified as a recumbent figiire
on a bridge ; behind him is a man
walking; to the left are arches
with a square superstructure (pos-
sibly of an aqueduct); below the
arches of the bridge the river
flows rapidly ; fishes are seen be-
low. — Large brass.
The bridge of the Mieander at Antioch of
Caria, mentioned by Strabo, was on the great
eastern road from Ephesus. See Leake for
details.
9 Aspendus in Pamphylia. Ohv.
Two wrestlers opposed. Rev.
eSTFEAI1T[2] being the Famphy-
lian form of the name Aspendus.
Slinger discharging his sling. In
the field a triscelium; below ^,
and a wild goat, as countermark
below. Persian didrachm.
For the language of the legend, see Leake.
The triscelium (or three-leg-piece) occumng
also on the coins of Sicily, and in modern
times on those of the lale of Man, may pro-
bably be a religious symbol ; it does not seem
to have been explained. The countermark is
the stamp of some other state to make the
coin pass current there; Leake observes that
it resembles the Cretan wild goat.
10 Bithynian Confederation in the
reign of Hadrian (a.d. 117—138).
Ohv. Portrait and titles of the
Emperor Hadrian. Rev. Temple
of eight Corinthian columns, with
KOINON across the field, in ex-
ergue BE10TNIAC.
Confederations for religious and political
purposes, perhaps based on earlier ones, ex-
isted in many parts of Asia in imperial times.
With these various oiBcers were connected ;
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18
Asiatic Greece.
e.g. the Kotvov 'Atria?, or Commune Aaiie (i. e.
Proconsular A^ia) liad its Asiarchs and its
Higti-Prieats of Asia ; and similarly the Com-
mune Bithynia: had its Bithynarclis. The
temple may be supposed to represent (conven-
tionally, probably} the sacred building em-
ployed by the Confederation. The metal of
this coin is yellow brass, which is by no means
usual,
11 Byblus in Phenicia, of Macrinus
(a.d. 217, 218). Obv. Portrait
and titles of the Emperor Macri-
nus. Bev. lEPAC BTBAOT. Tem-
ple of eiglat columns, sunnounted
by a tall pyramid; behind it a
square enclosm-e or portico ; (the
temple of Venus and burial-place
of Adonis) ; on the left is a tem-
ple (of Isis) of two columns, at
the entrance an altar.
See Leake, Num. Hell., and Donaldson's
Archit, Nv/fnism. p. 105, n. 30.
12 Cibyra in Phrygia, of Macrinus.
Medallion of unusually large size.
The era of Cibyra commenced a.d. 24!, the
year after an earthquake. The date 193 thus
corresponds to 217 -A-D. The sacred casket
{ici0QjTi';) on the head of the priestess is said
to be connected with the name of the city.
13 CEGsarea of Cappadocia (prius
Mazaca), of Trajaa (a.d.98— 117.)
Double denarius. Obv. ATT. KAl.
NEPOTAC TPAIANOC CEBAC.
PEPM. Head of Trajan to right.
Rev. rnAT. AETT. {ie. Cos. II,)
Statue of Apollo on the summit
of Mount ArgEeus.
Trajan's second consulate was A.D. 98,
when this coin was struck. Mount Argjeus, at
the base of which the city lay, was regarded,
according to Maximua Tyrius, aa a deity. The
name of the city is omitted on many (not all)
of its coins, but the type removes all doubt as
to the attribution.
14 Clazomente of Ionia. Gold coin
of very fine work.
This coin seems to be the third part of
the stater of Phoca;a, which weighs about 254
grains.
15 Do. Tetradrachm of very fine
work, with the same types of
Apollo and the Swan; but with
©EOAOTOX EnOEI ("Theodotus
made it") on obverse.
The number of coins which have a legend,
distinctly stating who engraved the coin, is
very small indeed. Another example is a coin
of Cydonia in Crete, NETANT02 EHOEI.
But there is a larger number which have
proper names in small letters, which are usu-
ally thought to be the names of the artists.
See Div. l. U. 26, &c. The reverse of this coin
doubtless had KAAZO, but it is "off the
coin," the metal not being sufficiently beaten
out.
16 Do. Very early coin.
' The weight of this coin is singularj and it
may possibly be a very light didrachm of the
Euboic scale,- Mt Burgon remarks that its
weight is half the gold stater of the same place,
which differs from the Oyaicene. {ThoTnas
Catalogtte, p. 296.) Early Asiatic gold and sil-
ver coins rarely, it is believed, belong to the
same scale.
17 Do. Hemidrachm; (Attic scale);
types in 14 and 15,
18 Cnidus of Caria. Drachma. Obv.
Head of Venus to right, hair in a
knot behind: behind the neck a
monogram. Rev. KNI. TEABA2.
(magistrate's name.) Head and
foreleg of lion.
Venus, who was especially worshipped at
Cnidus, is commonly placed on its coins.
19 Cyme of ^olis. Tetradrachm of
fine work.
The adjunct, a vase of peculiar form, on
the reverse occurs frequently either as a pri-
mary or secondary type of coins of Cyme, but
hardly anywhere else.
20 Do. of Tranquillina, wife of Gor-
dian III. (She was reigning a.d.
241.) Obv. *OTPIA TPANKTA-
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Asiatic Greece.
19
AEINA CEB. Her portrait. Eev.
E. ATPH. ACKAHniAAOT PP.
(ypa/j./j.aTe(a^) KTMAIIiN (the last
four letters in the field.) The
Ephesian Diana, half-stags at her
feet. See n. 30, &c.
This coin weU iltusti'ates Acts xix. 27.
"The great goddess Diana... whom all Asia
and the world worshippcth." Her image also
occurs on coins of Acrasus in Lydia, of An-
cyra in Phrygia, &c. The town-clerk is a
functionary mentioned on various other coins
of Asia, e. g. Ephesus. See Acts xix. 35.
21 Cyzicus of Mysia. Stater of elec-
trum or pale gold, the alloy of
silver being about one fourth.
The Cyziceno staters are mentioned by
Demosthenes and others, and were reckoned
equal to 28 Attic silver drachmae ; their norma!
weight being about 248 grains. Their types
ai-e various, hut the tunny fish is generally
present, as here : they are almost always with-
out legends.
22 Bo., according to Leake. The
third part of the Cyzicene stater.
Countermarks occur on the face and edge
of this coin, which however seems not to have
been struck at Cyzicus; the quadrate incuse
of the reverse is very different, and resembles
that of Sardes, n. 80, 81, which has moreover
in part the same type. It is impossible to
speak with certainty of the place of mintage
of many of these early uninscribed gold and
olectrum coins.
23 Do. Hecta, or sixth part of the
Cyzicene stater.
The attribution of this coin to Cyzicus may
be considered certain, as the tunny fish occurs
upon it.
24 Ephesus of Ionia. Very early
silver coin, drachma (Greco-Asia-
tic scale).
The Muses in the guise of bees led a co-
lony from Athens to Ephesus, according to
Philostratua and Himerius.
25 Do. Attic Drachma. Ohv. Bee be-
tween Eff. Rev. NIKOAOXOS
(magistrate's name) : stag and
palm-tree.
The stag was sacred to the Ephesian Diana,
and sometimes is represented at her feet both
on coins of Ephesus and elsewhere. See n. 20.
36 Do. Didrachra (Greco-Asiatic) of
beautiful work. Ohv. Head of
Diana (quiver behind). Rev.
E*. nTOAroPAS. (magistrate's
name), bee, and half-stag.
The Diana of the obverse is the true Ar-
temis, who was strangely identified both by
Greeks and Komans with the many-breasted
Asiatic deity of fecundity, who was worshipped
at Ephesus especially and also very widely
throughout Asia. See n. 20.
2T Ephesus of Ionia. Cistophorus.
The Cistophorus is mentioned by Cicero
and other ancient writers. It is a tetradrachm
of the " Greco-Asiatic" (Queipo) (or " Rhodian"
Pinder) scale, whose unit or dram is three
fourths of the Attic scale, so that the Cis-
tophorus would pass for an Attic tridrachm in
countries where that scale prevailed. It is a
coin peculiar to the kingdom of Pergamus, or
(as it afterwards became) the Roman Procon-
sular Asia; the era of which began, B.C, 133,
when Attalus III. bequeathed his kingdom to
Rome. The present coin being dated 53 was
consequently struck B.C. 80. The types of the
Cistophorus refer to the mystical worship of
Bacchus; the obverse has the mystic chest,
from which a serpent emerges ; the reverse ha^
two serpents with an object between them
which on the heat executed specimens is seen
to be a bow-case; butit is usually only very par-
tially represented. This is also an attribute of
Bacchus. In later times the Romans modified
the type (n. 28), or retained the denomination
and abolished the type. This very interesting
class of coins has been made the subject of an
ample monograph by M. Pinder (Ueber die
Oistophoren und iiher die Kaiserlich&n Silber
medailhns der Romischen Provim Asia, Berlin,
1856, from which some of these remarks were
derived. See Nos. 28, 30, 31, 54, 68, 104 in
this Division. Whether the Greco-Asiatic scale
be identical with what was anciently termed
the Rhodian, or (as Queipo thinks) its half only,
seems uncertain.
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Asiatic Greece.
28 Do. Cistophorus. Ohv. m, anto-
NIVS IMP. COS. BESIQ. ITKR. ET. TERT.
Head of Mark Antony within an
ivy-wreath. Mev. iii vir e. p. o.
{i.e. Triumvir Reipublicaj consti-
tuendse). Mystic cista between
serpents; above it the head of
Octavia. Struck before b.c. 34.
(Eclchel VI. 65. Find. t. 2. f. 1.)
For other portraits of Antony, see Div. i.
Nos. 105 and 106.
29 Do., according to Leake. Di-
drachm, or double denarius of Nero
(a.d. 54 — 68) of base silver. Obv.
NEPnNOC KAICAPOC I'EPMANI-
KON. Young bust of Nero to
right. Eev. AIAPAXMON Simpu-
lum and lituus. (Augur's sacri-
ficial vessel and staff.)
The place of mintage, though not named,
is probably Ephesus. (See Finder, p. 577.) This
is one of the very few coins on which the deno-
mination is inscribed. In imperial times the
drachma was defeased to the level of the dena-
rius, so that this is in fact a double denarius.
30 Do. of Claudius (a.d. 41—54).
Cistophorus medallion.
31 Do. of Hadrian (a. d. 117—138).
32 Do. of Septimus Severus (a. d.
193__2ll). Large brass.
With the Ephesian Diana, as seen on these
three coins, compare that seen on n. 20.
33 Do. of Trajanus Decius (a.d. 249
251). Small brass.
The reverse has the river-god, Cayster, re-
cumbent, and bearing his name. River-gods
are commonly represented as holding a reed
in one hand, and having by their side an urn
from, which water flows.
34 Do. of Gallienus (a.d. 253—268).
Middle brass.
The legend of the reverse E*ECinN A.
NEllK.OPnN impUes that Ephesus was ap-
pointed temple-warden {veatKcpo';) of the empe-
rors for the fourth time, an honour conferred on
csus only, whence the legend on a coin of
' ' E*ECIilN MONJiN AHACIiN
TETPAKIC NEflKOPilN. Ephesus is called
in Acts xix. 35, worshipper (temple- warden) of
Diana, which is illustrated by an Ephesian coin
of Caracalla and Geta reading B^ECION
TPIC NEOKOPliN (sic) KAI THC APTE-
MIAOC. The type of the reveise, which
Leake scarcely understood, is Fortune holding
the Ephesian Diana, in allusion to the pro-
sperity of the city as depending on her goddess.
35 Do. of Do. Small brass.
The Diana of the reverse is not the Ephe-
sian Diana, though the two were identified.
See n. 26. Greek imperial coins (i. e. which
have an emperor's head on one side, and which
are in fact the Greek coinage of the empire)
terminate with the reign of Gallienus, to speak
generally, (The Num/mi Alexandrmi are a
notable exception to this remark.)
36 Erythrse of Ionia. Olympic drach-
ma. Ohv. Male figure holding horse.
Eev. Ftdl-blown flower in quad-
rate incusa, in the angles EPT0.
The weights of the coins of Erythrse of
about this size vary very considerably. See
the following coin, and Leake's N. Hell.
37 Do. Bosporic drachma, appa-
rently.
The principal types on both sides (head
in lion's scalp, and club and bow-case) refer to
Hercules ; the owl on the reverse to Minerva,
his patron- goddess. Their temples at Erythne
are mentioned by Pauaanias. See Leake, N. H.
38 Do. Copper coin, with the same
principal types.
39 Do. Copper coin.
The BPT@PAI of ohv. indicates that the
turreted bust is meant for the city personified.
The ' beacon-fire,' as Leake calls it, of the re-
verse is curious.
40 Eucarpeia of Phrygia, of Sep-
timus Severus (a.d. 193 — 211).
Large brass.
The usual representation of Health, feeding
a serpent from a saucer {<ptaKii).
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21
41 Mausolus, satrap of Halicarnaa-
sus (B.C. 377—353).
42 Hidrieua, satrap (b,c. 351 — 344).
43 Pixodams (b.o. 341—335).
The types of these coins of these satraps
or tyrants of HalicamassuB are the same. Oov.
Head of Apollo or the Sun seen in front. Mem.
Jove holding sceptre and double axe (Xd^pvi).
About their denominations it is less easy to
speak ; the weights seem to agree beat with
what Qnoipo calls the Bosporic scale. Brandis
however calls their scale Hhodian ; Queipo
regards it a« "attique, quolque aiFaihh en
gknkral."
44 Heliopolis of Ccele-Sjria, of Sep-
timius Severus (a,d, 193 — 21 1 ).
Middle brass.
The reverse shews the great temple of Ju-
piter at Baalbec seen in perspective. Like
the other beautiful buildings still standing
there it seems to be of the second century
after Christ. On the Upper part of the coin
are to be seen traces of I. O. M. H. (which
Leake has omitted) i. e. Jovis Optimi Maximi
Heliopolitani. These letters, according to Ses-
tini, occur frequently on the coins of the city
from Sept. Severus onwards.
45 Timotheus and Dionysius, tyrants
of Heraclea in Bithynia, in the
time of Alexander the Great.
Olympic didrachm. (Weight
omitted by Leake. Lord North-
wick's specimen, which fetched
£16, weighed 146 grains.)
The head of the obverse with a thyrsus
behind is probably of a Bacchante, (not of
Bacchus, as Leake says),
46 Shekel of Simon Slaceab^us
struck at Jerusalem (b.c. 144 —
135). Obv. Shekel Israel (in Sa-
maritan characters), i. e. The she-
kel of Israel. A cup: above it
two letters for Shenath SJiethaim,
i. e. year 2. Rev. Jerushalaim,
ha-hedoshah, i.e. Jerusalem the
Holy. A triple lily.
About B.C. 139 Antiochus VII. granted to
Simon liberty to coin money with his own
stamp (1 Mace xv. 2 — 9). These shekels are
now almost universally considered to belong
to Simon, and the numerals to refer to the
years of his Coinage. The type of the obverse
baa been very frequently taken for the pot of
manna, and that of the reverse for Aaron's
rod that budded ; but against this view see
Madden's Jewish Coinage, pp. 48, 49. More
probably both types are simply a cup and a lily,
and express the prosperity of Judiea ; compare
the expression of 0. T. " my cup shall be full ;"
"Israel shall bloom like a hly" (Hos. xiv. 5).
The coin is in fact a tetradrachm of the
Ptolemaic (" Lagid," Queipo) scale ; Josephus,
by a slight inaccuracy, identifies the shekel
with the Attic tetradrachm. De Saulcy, Num.
Jud. p. 25.
47 Ilium in the Troad. Tetradrachm.
The reverse gives a representation of" Mi-
nerv-a Lias, whose temple was at New liium,
The threads hanging down from her distaff
may be noted. Formerly in the Pembroke
collection, now in that of Gen, Fox.
48 Jewish copper coin of Augustus.
Quadrans or farthing (St Mark
xji. 42).
The date h. A®, year 39, is probably the
year of Augustus, which began, according to
Censorinus, Jan. 1, 727 (b.c. 27); in which
case this coin was struck A.D. 12, when M,
Arabivius was procurator. This and the two
following coins are of the class which are sup-
posed to he struck by the procurators. See
Madden's Jewish Coinage, pp. 134 — 138, 301.
49 Similar coin of Tiberius. Far-
thing.
The date of the coin ,17, is a.d. 30, which
was therefore struck when Pontius Pdatc was
procurator or governor, who held office A.D.
25—35.
60 Similar coin of Nero. Farthing.
The year 5 of Nero, or A.D. 58, when this
coin was struck, is the last year but two of the
procuratorship of Claudius Felix.
51 Lampsacus in Mysia. Gold di-
drachm.
The head may possibly be that of Arta-
xerxes Mnemon. See Div. 1. n. 86.
52 Do. Tetradrachm.
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Asiatic Greece.
The typo of the reverse is Apollo
i.e. Conductor of -the Muses, in a long robe,
holding the lyre and plectrum. He was so
represented at Actium in bis temple, and Eckhel
thinks that this coin was struck in reference to
the victory of Augustus over Mark Antony
at Actium, rc. 31. The date of the coin can
hardly be very much earlier, as appears by the
lunar sigma and efsilon. Compare a coin of
M. Antony and Cleopatra, Div. i. n, 105.
53 Laodicea in Syria. Tetradrachm
of Bosporic scale, according to
Queipo.
Jupiter holding a Victory occurs on the
reverse of coins of the Seleucidse. See Div. i.
n. 50, 56, &a It is sometimes difficult to
distinguish the Bosporic and the reduced Attic
scales. See n. 82, and remarks on coins of tho
SeleucidaB, Div. i. p. 9.
64 Laodicea in Plirygia. Cistopliorus.
(See n. 27.)
55 Do. Cistopliorus medallion of Ha-
drian. Obv: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
p. p. His head to right. Sev. cos
III. Jupiter of Laodicea holding
eagle and sceptre, as on coins of
Laodicea in Phrygia. (Figured in
Finder's Cistoph. t. viii. f. 1, whence
the defects in Leake's description
are supplied.) Hadrian was con-
sul for the third time a.d, 119,
and so remained ever afterwards.
56 Lehedus in Ionia. Tetradrachm,
of fine work.
57 Magnesia in Ionia. Tetradrachm.
58 Do. Do., same types, but with a
different magistrate's name.
The beauty of the draped bust of Diana on
the obverse and of the figure of Apollo on tlic
reverse of these coins can hardly be exaggerated.
The original of n. 57 was in Lord Northwick's
collection, at whose sale it realised the extra-
ordinary sum of £265. No. 58 is in tho British
Museum.
The symbol of the Mseander, near whose
banks this Magnesia was built, is also used for
other rivers, and occurs frequently as an orna-
ment of Greek vases, as may be seen by tho
collection in this Museum ; in modern art it is
sometimes called the key-ornament.
59 Mallus in Cilicia. Double Ary-
andic, or didrachm of Persian
scale.
Evidently struck imder Persian influence ;
see Div. I. nos. 84, 85. "These coins of Mallus,
are strong indications that it was the principal
sear-port of the Persian government in Cilicia,
prior to the time of Alexander," (Leake.)
60 Miletus in Ionia. Didrachm, of
Greco-Asiatic scale. Obv. Lau-
reated head of Apollo to left.
Mev. Lion looking back at a star.
Ml in monogram (Miletus); in
exergue EpriNOS.
The temple of Apollo at Branchidse near
Miletus explains the type of the obverse.
The lion and star refer to the sign of the
Zodiac ; similarly a ram looks back at a star
on coins of Antioch in Syria.
61 Mopsuestia in Cilicia, of Valerian
(A.D. 253— 260). First brass. Obv.
ATT. K. OTAAEPIANOC CGB.
Head of the Emperor Valerian
to left. Eev. Five-arched bridge
over the Pyramus; under each
arch a letter of the word AliPEA;
on the bridge a river-god reclin-
ing, a gate at each end. AAP.
MO^'EATXiN rKT(323 of the Pom-
peian era = A.D. 250); in excise
HTPAMOC.
(Legends taken from Leake, JV. ff. Suppl.
p. 69 ; but the date seems to be KT, i.e. 320
= A.D. 253).
The word Smpe^ seems to indicate that
Valerian built this bridge over the Pyi-amus;
in the following century Constantius built
another.
62 Myrhina in .^olis. Tetradrachm.
Ohv. Head of Apollo to right.
Mev. MTPlNAinN. The Grynean
Apollo sacrificing; in his right
hand, saucer (phiale) ; in his left,
branch with pendent fillets ; in th&
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23
field a cantharus and the cortina,
and a monogram ; all within
wreath.
Apollo'e temple at Grynium was about sis
miles from Myrina.
63 Nacrasa in Lydia. Small brass
com. Ohv. OEON CTNKAHTON
(sc. ^ iroki.'! TLixa). Head of the
Roman Senate personified, to
right. Rev. NAKPAClTfiN. The
Ephesian Diana and Stags.
See remarks on n, 20 and nos. 30 — 32.
64 Nagidus in Cilicia. Didrachm
(Persian scale).
-65 Do. Do., fine work.
Eckbel thinks the type of the reverse is
Jupiter rather than Bacchus ; if so, one may
suspect the reverse, to be intended for Juno,
ieake calls it " Venus crawned, like Juno."
66 Neapolis in Samaria (now Nab-
lous), of Macrinus (a.d. 217, 218).
Obv. [ATT. K. M.] on. CE (Opelius
Severus) MAKPliSTOC ceo. Head
of the Emperor Macrinus to right.
Bev. c&A. (Flavise) NEAC. nOAEilC
CT[PIAC]. Mount Gerizim ; upon
it a temple of Jove of four
columns ; at the foot of the moun-
tain a portico, from whose centre
steps rise to the summit; on a
peak of the mountain a smaller
temple.
' The Sarnaritan temple, built about 334 B.C.
in honour of Jehovah, on Mount Gerizim, was in
the time of Antiochua Epiphanes consecrated to
Jupiter, lest the Samaritans should suffer perse-
'cutionlike the Jews. It waa destroyed by Hyr-
canus; but Damascius speaks of a temple of
Jupiter there at a later period. It was probably
'built not very long after the destruction of Jeru-
salem, as it is represented on- coins of Hadrian
And later emperors. The city called itself I'la-
-vian in honour of Titus and Domitian.
67 Perga in Pamphylia. Tetradrachm.
The goddess on both sides of this coin is the
Artemis of the Greeks, whom they identified
with the Diana of Perga; she is represented
however on other coins of Perga as a veiled
statue with a modius on the head. The same
identification was adopted as regards the
Ephesian deity. See nos. 26, 30 — 32, and re-
marks.
6 8 Pergamum,or Pergamus, in M ysia.
Cistophorus.
One of the monograms reads IIEP. for
Pergamus ; the other is for IIPTT. (Prytajiis),
followed by BA, (the first letters of his name).
The cistophori of Pergamum are much more
common than those of any other city, and
somewhat more numerous.
69 Do. Small copper coin.
The Pergamus of the obverse must be a
magistrate, whose name coincided with that of
the city ; which was said to have a hero Per-
gamus (IlepYa/iO! KTMrrjj! on coins) for its
founder.
70 PhocEea. Stater of electrum, or
pale gold.
The PhocEsan staters a^e mentioned by
Thucydides and Demosthenes, but they are
now among the rarest of Greek coins ; they are
of purer gold and about six grains heavier than
the Cyzicene staters (see n. 21). Staters of
Phocsea and their Hectte (sixth pai-ts) are also
named in an inscription of the British Museum.
The Phoca or seal occurs as the type of the
stater, and the secondary tvpe of its hecta
(no. 71).
71 Do. Hecta of the stater, adjunct
a seal.
72 Do. Uncertain hecta, probably
of Phocaea, as there seems to be
a trace of a seal to the left of
the bearded head.
73 — 78 Uncertain hect^ of Asiatic
cities, some of very beautiful work;
all uninscribed.
The accompanying tickets are by the com-
piler of this catalogue; the coins were not
included by Leake in his Numismata Hellenica
in consequence of their uncertain attribution.
A great number of them are figured as mmtmi
aurei incerti by Sestini in his Bescriz. dsgli
Stateri antichi. (Fir. 1817.) They appear to
be of the fourth and fifth centuries b, c. (those
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24
Asiatic Greece.
■with tlie quadrate incuse on the reverse being
the oldest), and to helong to cities on or near the
■west coast of Asia Minor. They are all about
size 2 (or rather less), and weigh about 40
grains.
79 Sardis in Lydia, according to
Leake. Hecta of the stater.
Omphale, daughter of Jardanus, king of
Lydia, wore the club and lion's skin of Hercules,
while he \inder the influence of Love handled
the distaflf. Omphale so attired occurs on one
inscribed coin of Sardie ; hence the attribution
of the present coin.
Gold coin probably ad-
justed to the Babylonian talent,
but equivalent to the Attic di-
drachm.
This coin appears to be the original shekel
of Phenicia, thence derived to Lydia. The
heads of the lion and bull facing bespeak an
oriental origin.
81 Do. Silver coin of the same types,
but of a lower weight. Siclos of
Xenophon.
This is the drachma or unit of the Persian
silver scale of Queipo, and like the Aryandic,
(Div. I. n. 85) weighs about 84 Troy grains.
Though called o-ikXw (i-e. shekel) by the Greeks,
the original Phenician or Babylonian shekel,
the monad of Egypt, was equivalent to the
Attic cUdrachm. See Leake's note (in Num.
Hell.) on the Weights of Greek coins. Both
this and the preceding are among the earliest
coins known, and may probably be of the time
of Crcesns (B.C. 560—546), or thereabouts.
Those in silver are tolerably common ; the gold
pieces are extremely rare. No. 22 may, it is
suggested, be a coin of Sardis ; the form of the
quaHrate incuse being also similar.
82 Seleuceia in Syria. Tetradrachm,
perhaps of Bosporic scale.
The type of the thunderbolt on a table
refers to a legend that Scleucus Nicator was
guided by lightning to the site of his new city.
See Leake, M. H. For the scale, see n. 53.
83 Selge in Pisidia. Persian di-
drachm.
This coin much resembles another of As-
pendus (no. 9).
84 Side in Pamphylia. Tetradrachm.
There can be little doubt that this and
other similar coins were struck by Amyntas,
king of Galatia, who must consequently have
been master of Pamphylia also. See Div. I. n. 81.
85 Do. Silver coin with Palmyrene
legend. Persian didrachm.
This coin appears to be adjusted to the
Persian scale, being double the weight of the
Aryandic. (Div. i, n. 85.) The saucer in the
hand of the sacrificing figure is the ^lakt] ofi-
tpaXtorm, the boss being clearly visible in itB
centre.
86 Sidon in Phenicia. Tetradrachm
of Ptolemaic (Lagid) scale.
The autonomy of Sidon dates B.C. 110, after
the straggles and reconcihation of Antiochus
IX. and Antiochus X, The present coin, there-
fore, dated AH or 81, was struck B.C. 29,
87 Do. of Elagabalus (a.d. 218—222).
Tlie type of Astarte (Ashtaroth) occurs fre-
quently under various forms on the coins of
Tyre, Tripoiis, and Sidon.
88 Smyrna in Ionia. Grold stater.
The authenticity of the original of this
unique piece (in the Biblioth^iue Nationale at
Paris) has been doubted. It represents a statue
of Nemesis dedicated by the Prjiianes. The
obverse represents, according to some, Oybele;
according to others, the Amazon Smyrna.
89 Do. Tetradrachm of fine work.
The legend ZMTPNAIIIN forSMTPNAI-
HN is frequent on the coins of Smyrna.
90 Do. Do., without the lion on re-
verse, very fine work.
91, 92 Do. Small copper coins. Obv.
OMHPOC. Homer seated, hold-
ing a stafi* in one hand and a
book in the other. Eev. CMTP-
NAmN in wreath.
Coins of Colophon and Chios have hkewiso
representations of Homer similar to the present.
Salamis, Rhodes, Argos and Athens also claimed
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Asiatic Greece.
25
Homer as their own ; of which however, it is
believed, their coins shew no signs. Hia head
is represented on coins of lus (one of the
Cyclades), where he was said to be buried, and
of Amast.ris io Paphlagonia, for some unknown
reason; see Div. v. n. SI.
93 Do. of Sevenis Alexander (a.b.
222—235). First brass coin. Obv.
A. K. M. CE. AAESANAPOC . Head
of Sev. Alexander to right. Bev.
CMTPNAinN nPilTUN ACIAC T.
NEHK. TliN CeB. ell. C. nOAEI-
TOT. Heads of Sev. Alexander
and his mother Julia ManiEea op-
posed; the former radiated (as
the Sun), the latter with crescent
behind (as the Moon).
The Ephesians, no less than the Smymeans,
styled tbemselves "primates of Asia" (Trpwroi
'Affia?) on coins (Eck, D. N. Y. ii. 517); and
were also, as the Smyrneans here boast of
being, " thrice temple-wardens of the emperors."
(7. veioicopai to)c %i0aaTwv.) See remarks on
n. 32.
94 Do. of Gordian IH. (a.d. 238—
244). Do. Obv. ATT. KAI. M. ANT.
TOPAIANOC. His head to riglit.
Rev. CMTPNAIilN V. NEIl. EH.
TEPTIOTACIAPXOT. Alexander's
dream.
Alexander, hunting on Mount Pagus, lay
down tired under a plane-tree near a temple of
the Nemeses, who admonished him in a dream
to found a city there, and bring the Smyrneans
thither. Apollo Clarius having confirmed tbeir
advice, the Smymeans migrated to Mount
Pagus. (Eck. ii. o48.)
95 Do. Large brass coin.
The bust on the obverse is Ceres, or as
some think Tranquillina (wife of Gordian III.),
in the character of Ceres. The name of Tertius
the Asiarch on the reverse shews that it be-
longs to her time. See n, 94.
The Asiarchs are mentioned in Acts xlx. 31
("chief of Asia," E. Y.), and their office is the
subject of a paper in the Numismatic Chronicle
for 1866, by the author of this catalogue.
96 Tarsus in Cilicia. Didrachm of
Persian scale (double siclos),
struck by tlie satrap Absohar.
Ohv. Baal Tars (in Phenician
letters.) Jupiter of Tarsia sitting.
Rev. Phenician legend (" This lion
money was struck by Absohar,
prince of Lower Cilicia".) Lion
and bull; building with towers
below.
97 Do. Same denomination, without
legend.
The Jupiter of this coin seems to be Baal
Tars, whence the appropriation,
98 Do. Small silver medallion of
Hadrian (a.d, 117—138).
The abbreviated legend of the obverse is in
full : AvTOKpdropo'i Kato-apos 0eou Tpaiavov
JlapdiKoO vw, ®eov Nep/3a nt'toj'o?, Tpaiavoi
'ASpiavoi 2«|SaffT05. The type of the reverse
is thought by Leaie to be Mithras, an oriental
divinity. The original of this curious coin is
in the collection of the Due de Luynes.
99 Do. Autonomous copper coin.
The reverse is usually considered (but not
by Leake) to be the tomb of Sardanapalus,
who boasted of having founded Tarsus and
Anchiale in one day. (See Div. I. n. 69.) The
figure on one of its aides is evidently the same
aa n. 98. Leake thinks it is a small pyramidal
temple or shrine.
100 Do. Copper coin of smaller size.
Same types, but the side of the structure
differently ornamented (possibly a different
101 Do. of Gordian III. First brass
coin.
Mithras, when cutting a bull's throat, as
here, is more usually represented without rays,
and in a Phrygian cap. The letters A.M.K.
have been supposed to stand for dpiaTTji (so.
/iijT-poTroXeo)?), fj.eyia-Ttj'i KiXiKtat. (Eck. iii. 77) ;
r.B. is {or 'Ypd/j.p.aTi ^oii\% = S.C. on Roman
coins.
102 Teos in Ionia. Primitive silver
coin; didrachm of Eginetan scale.
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103 Do. Hemidraclim of Bosporic
scale.
The canthanis, or cup of Bacchus, on the
reverse of this coin, is precisely of the fictile
form, which is most commouly found in Italy,
Cistophorus.
104 Tralles in Lydia.
(See n. 27.)
105 Tripolis in Phenicia. Tetradrachm
of Greco-Asiatic scale.
M. Antony and Cleopatra are here represent-
ed with stars above, as the Dioscuri, the favourite
deities of Tripolis. The date SI, of the Pom-
peiau era = B.C. S3, when Antony and Cleopatra
were exhibiting themselves at Alexandria, as
Osiris, and Isis. (See Div. I. nos. 105—107.)
On the reverse is Astarte standing. The Pom-
peian era begins B.C. 64, when Pompey van-
quished Tigranes and made all Syria free,
106 Do. of Oaracalla (a.d. 211—217).
Middle brass. The temple of Jove
is on the right ; that of Astarte on
the left.
107 Do. of Blagabalus (ad, 218— 222).
Do.
The temple on this coin, and one of the
two temples on the preceding, have the symbol
of Astarte in the pediment (compare n. 87) ;
statues of Apollo and Diana occur in both.
The architectural details on this and the pre-
ceding' are in an unusually fine state of preserva-
tion.
108 Do. of Diadnmenian (a.d. 217).
The date f^K.0 is of the Selencid era, and
= A.D. 217. The details of the ship are most
beautifully preserved; the circular object neai
the mast-head ia.the carchesium,. a tetm also
applied to a vase -of a somewhat similar toim
The boy-emperor Diadumenian, son of
Macrinus, was murdered the same year that he
was proclaimed Osesar; his coins are consequent-
ly not very common. His portrait is ot brttei
execution than is usual on Greek imperial coins
109 Tyre in Phenicia. Tetradrachm.
The temple of Hercules at Tyre was famous,
to whom the types on both, sides refer. The
eagle on the prow occurs also on coins of
Sidon (no. 86), and is probably adopted fiom
coins of the Ptolemies, the prow being very
naturally substituted for the thunderbolt, and
the palm added, as well as the club of Hercules,
The date 7 is of the Tyrian era, when De-
metrius II. was slain at Tyre and the city
became free, B.C. 126. This coin was therefore
struck B.C. 119. The scale seems to be Ptole-
maic; or, as Queipo calls it, Lagid.
110 Zeugma in Commagene, of Philip
Senior (a.d. 244 — 249). Middle
brass.
The town derived its name from its site
near a bridge over the Euphrates. The temple
on the reverse is on the summit of a mountain,
and can be reached by two flights of steps,
which are connected by a portico or passage
below.
DIVISION III.
CONTIKENTAL EluROPE, EXCLUDING ItALY.
1 Abdera, in Thrace. Tetradrachm
of Bosporic scale.
The gryphon is the type of Tcos in Ionia,
who peopled Abdem b.c. 544(seeDiv.il. n.l02);
hence also the Ionic form ABAHPITBriN.
2 Acanthus in Macedonia. Attic
drachma, apparently.
3 Do. Smaller silver coin, probably
a tetrobolua.
The weights of the coins of Acanthus are
perplexing. Leake obtained several of them
on the site of Acanthus. These have no legends,
and are of an early period ; the former is nearly
the weight of an Attic drachma, and the latter
of an Eginetan hemidrachm, or Attic totrobolus.
4 Acarnia. Olympic didrachm. Obv.
Beardless hum an head of the river
Achelous, with neck and horns of
a bull; behind, ATKOTProS. Eev.
AKAPNANUN and monogram. A-
poUo seated, a bow in his hand.
The Lycurgus of the obverse of this beau-
tiful coin is probably a magistrate; possibly,
however, the artist. Magistrate's names are
usually on the reverses of coins. See Div. i.
n 26 The drachma of Queipo's Olympic scale
weighs 75,29 Troy grains ; -this scale may per-
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27
haps be regarded as a later and degraded form
of what is called in this catalogue the Eginetau
scale (i.e. the Commercial Attic of Queipo and
Poole).
5 AchEean League in genere. Hemi-
drachm of the Eginetan scale.
The obverse of all the sQver coins of the
league has the head of Zeus Homagyrius, and
the reverse has AX in monogram. The present
coin has no additional letters on the reverse;
but various cities of the League append their
own initial letters or symbols, to which a
magistrate's name (in whole or part) is often
added; thus FA on the following is for
FAAEinN, i.e. Elis. See nos. 61—64. For
the scale, see Mr Finlay's remark.? in Num.
Chron. for 1866, p. 24.
6 Elis, struck for the Achsan
League. Do.
7 Phlius, struck for the AchEean
League. Copper coin.
The type of all the copper coins of the
League is Jupiter Nicephorus ; that of tlio
reverse Juno. The copper coins bear the names
of the various cities of the League at length,
and usually some magistrate also.
8, 9 yEnus in Thrace. Tetradrachms,
of fine old work, but light.
10, \\ Mi6{\si.in genere. Tetradrachms.
Slightly varied.
The type of the reverse (which has been
variously explauied,) is probably in both cases
.^tolia personified, sitting on Macedonian
armour; and the coin was most likely struck
to commemorate the share which .iSltolia (allied
with Erome) took in vanquishing Philip V. and
his Macedonians at the battle of Cynoscephalie,
B.C. 197.
12 Amphipolis in Thrace. Tetra-
drachm of very fine work, of the
Bosporic scale.
The old Attic or Ionic form of the legend
(AM^mOAITEflN) is explained by Ampbi-
Solis being a colony from Athens. See Leake,
'.SCEurope), p. 10.
13 Apollonia in lUyricum. Drachma.
The types (Cow and calf, and the gardens
of Alcinous, so-called) are those of Corcyra, of
which Apollonia was a colony; Dyrrhachium,
another colony of Corcyra, has also the same
types. See no. 59, and Biv. V. no. 17. The
coins of Apollonia have mostly the name of a
magistrate in the nominative on one side, and
another in the genitive on the other, where
hrX seems to be understood. The latter is con-
jectured to be the Archon Eponymus. The
weights of the coins of this city vary so much,
that the scale is uncertain ; Queipo regards it
as Greco -Asiatic.
14 Do. Do. Ohv. ArfiNinnoT. Head
of Apollo to left. Rev. ADOA.
across the field; AINOKPATH2
EPIMNA2T0T in the exergue ;
three nymphs dancing round a
hill from which fire issues, i.e. the
Nymphffium, near Apollonia, men-
tioned by Strabo, a burning hill
sacred to Pan and the Nymphs.
15 Argos in Argolis. Hemidrachm.
(Eginetan scale). Ohv. Fore part
of wolf. Eev. A in quadrate in-
cuse ; a dot below it.
1 6 Athens. Gold stater, probably
about the age of Alexander.
Down to the times of the orators Darics and
Cyzicene staters seem to have been the gold
currency at Athens.
19 — 23 Do. Tetradrachms of the same
types, but of different periods.
The Athenian tetradrachm, held in the
highest esteem for its purity, was the silver
coinage of the old world in Greek times, and
there exist barbarous imitations and forgeries.
The types of the tetradrachms of the early
periods, reaching probably as late as Alexander,
are always the head of Minerva on one side
and her owl on the other, together with a sprig
of olive (as weU an a crescent on the later coins) ;
the legend being invariably A0E; this legend
was retained on the much later tetiudraehms
from a conservative feeling, long after the H
had come into use: see especially n. 26, which
bears the names of Micion and Eiiryclides,
demagogues of Athens B.C. 216, whom Philip V,
put to death. Nos, 19 — 21 are probably much
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earlier than the Persian wars. The style of noa. ,
22 and 23 prevailed during the 5th and 4th
centuries B. C. I
24 Do. Decadraclim, same types.
Only two or three specimens of this coin
appear to be known; they seem to be rather
older (Leake thinks 'much older') than the
Persian wars. One in the British Museum has
a deep notch, which Lealce calls 'the Persian
countermark ' ; it often occurs on coins of the
Persian empire, see Div. ii. n. 96.
25, 26 Do. Later tetradrachms with
magistrates' names, and of lighter
weight.
The head of Pallas on this class of tetra-
drachms is quite different from the foregoing,
and is undoubtedly copied from her statue by
Phidias in the Parthenon. The secondary
symbols (caduceua on n. 25, and youths on
n, 26) are certainly connected in some way
with one of the magistrates. The date of n. 26
is about 216 b.c. See preceding remarks.
27 Do. Later tetradrachm with mono-
grams of magistrates.
28 Do. Drachma of the usual types.
The types are the same as the tetradrachm :
compare especially nos. 22, 2.3, The drachma,
whose normal weight was 67,5 grains, accord-
ing to Leake, is very nearly the value of the
modem franc: it contains 6 ohols, of 11,25
grains each. All the coins of Athens, certainly
known to bo such, are of the scale of Solon;
and his reform seems to have consisted in re-
ducing the Eginetan standard to his new Attic
scale.
The reader (and especially the classical stu-
dent) is recommended to consult Leake's Num.
Hell. Europe, pp. 21, 22, for many valuable re-
'Uiarks both on the weights and history of the
coins of Athena, which are much too long for
insertion here. Since his death M. Beule has
written an excellent work on them exclusively,
entitled Monnaies d^Athhies, Paris 1858, ito;
with figures of all the principal forms in all
metals. Queipo estimates the Attic drachma
at 65,67 grains. In later times it was much
reduced and was at length considered equiva-
lent to the Koman imperial denarius, which
weighed about 60 grains, varying at different
times.
29 Do. Triobol or hemidrachm.
The types and legend as on the earher
tetradi-achms, but the owl is seen in front and
is wingless. There are two ohve-sprigs and no
crescent.
30 Do. Trihemiobol, or obol-and-a-
half
Same types and legend as before, but the
owl has spread wings.
31 Do. Diobolus, or two-obol piece.
Same types and legend, but the owl has
two bodies and one head.
32 Do. Obols.
Same legend and types exactly as the
ordinaiy drachm and tetradrachm.
33 Do. Half-obols, with precisely the
same types and legend.
34 Do. Tritemorion, or three-quarter
obol.
Obverse as before, but A@B and three
ci'escents on the reverse.
35 Do. Tartemorion, or quarter obol.
The same, but with one crescent only.
The number of crescents shews the number
of quarters of the obol.
36 Do. Early copper coin, perhaps a
chalcus.
Same types and legend ; Minerva's head in
old style (n. 22), beside her an oil jar (amphora)
standing. This is among the earUer Athenian
pieces of copper (none of which can be older
than B.C. 406, when copper money was first
introduced), and may probably be about the
age of Philip. See Beul^, pp. 73—75, The
denominations of the copper money are diflicult
if not impossible to determine.
37 Do. Late copper coin.
It is remarkable that no imperial Greek
copper coins {i.e. having an emperoi^s head)
of Athens exist. The present piece, however,
may (with Beul^) be referred to the imperial
period, the legend A0H indicating a very late
date The design (Theseus killing the Minotaur)
varies a good deal on different Athenian coins.
BeuM, p. 398.
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29
88 Bo. Late copper coin.
The reverse of this excessively rare coin
has A0HNAIflN, a sure proof of a late date
(perhaps ahout the second century after Christ) ;
it represents the theatre of Dionysus with one
diazoma or concentric circular passage ; above
this are caverns in the rock , higher up the wall
of the Acropolis, above which the Parthenon,
and to the left of this the Propylfea. See
Leake, N. H. p. 28, and BeuH p. 394.
39 Do. Late copper coin, also read-
ing A©HNAiaN (nearly effaced).
The contest of Neptune (not Jupiter, as
Leake has accidentally written on the ticket)
with Minerva for the possession of Attica occurs
on the Parthenon (west fi'ont), on gems, and on
vases. For this particular representation, taken
from Athenian statues found near the Par-
thenon, fragments of which still remain, see
Beui4 p- 393.
40 Do. Do.
The stairs seen on the right-band side of
the coin lead up to the Propyl£ca ; to the left
of which stands the Acropolis, the colossal figure
of Minerva Promachus (conspicuous from afar
to sailors) standing between them. The grotto
of Pan is seen in the rock of the Acropohs (the
actual statue of Pan included in it is now in
this Museum); and above this the wall of the
Acropolis, in which there is also a cavern.
This coin is very rare, and perhaps never in
good preservation. See Leake, u. s. p. 28, and
Beul4 p. 394.
41 Uninscribed silver coin (drachma),
usually assigned to Athens. Obv.
Half-horse (the hind quarters) to
right. Mev. Quadrate incuse.
From Leake's miscellaneous cabinet, which
is not included in his Nwniismata Hellenica.
See Div. II. n. 1. For the reasons for attribut-
ing coins of this type to Athens, see Beul^, pp.
15 — 20. The wftole horse also occurs as a
didrachm. Similarly on other coins {e.g. Syra^
euse) the half of a type indicates half the value
of the coin which has the whole type. The age
of this coin can hardly be much later than
Solon's Archonship (B.C. 594), to whose new
Attic scale this dass of money certainly belongs.
42 Bizye in Thrace of Caracalla (a.d.
211 — 217). Large brass.
The representations of the city-gates on
different coins of Bizye differ rather considerably,
and seem to indicate that architectural details
have not been strictly adhered to in all cases.
See Donaldson's Archit Numism, nos. 83, 84,
4S Bceotia in genere. Archaic di-
drachm of the Eginetan scale.
44 Do. Similar didrachm of a good
period of art. Obv. Bceotian shield.
Hev. ETAPA (name of a magistrate,
probably a Bocotarch); a crater
(Bacchic vase) ; club (of Hercules)
and grapes above.
The digamma may be noted in the legend.
These Bceotian coins were probably struck at
Thebes. See Leake.
45 Chalcidenses in Macedonia. Tetra-
drachm, Bosporic scale.
The city at which this beautiful piece was
struck was probably Apollonia in Chalcidice, to
which the types of Apollo and the lyre naturally
point. See Leake, N. H. p. 33.
46 Do. Smaller silver coin, tetrobol,
(same scale) with the same types.
47 Ohersonesus of Thrace. Early
didrachm (of the Eginetan scale).
Queipo prefers to regard this as a Greco-
Asiatic tetradrachm.
48 Do. Later hemidrachms of the
same scale, but lighter.
The pointed amphora or wine jar on this
coin may be noted. Similar vessels were made
down to Eoman times; and a specimen found in
this countiy is in this Museum, See also a
representation of one (stuck in the ground)
in a black-figure vase in Leake's collection.
49 Cleona; in Argolis. Hemidrachm
{Eginetan scale) of fine work.
50 Corinth. Primitive coin, didrachm.
Ohv. Pegasus with curled wings
to left, below it the Koppa or
ancient form of the letter K,
(initial letter of Corinth). Rev.
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European Continental Greece, {excluding Italy).
Quadrate incuse of unusual form
(peculiar to Corinth?).
This ia the Corinthian stater divided into
ten litne ; it is equivalent to the Attic didrachm.
51 Do. Early coin (though later) of
the same denomination. Ohv.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian hel-
met to left, in sunk square. Rev.
Pegasus (bridled) to right, and
Koppa.
52, 53 Do. Later coins of the same
denomination.
Types as before, but the Pegasus has point-
ed wings and no bridle. The obverses of these
most beautiful and very common coins have
various adjuncts (as a Hermaic statue on n. 52,
B. cock on a club n. 53, and very many others,
see Leake) ; they probably are connected with
the magistrates in whose time tbey were struck.
The retention of the archaic koppa on these
later coins (about the time of Alexander and
later) may be compared with the retention of
E for H on later coins of Athens. See n. 26.
Leake thinks that the Corinthian standard was
nearly the same as at Athens, or about 67
grains to the drachma,
54 Do. of Lucius Verus. (a.d. 161 —
169). Middle brass.
The imperial coins of Corinth are extremely
numerous, and the legends are always in Latin,
as is most generally the case when a Greek
city was superseded by a Latin colony. The
full legend of the reverse is CoLONiA Laijs
Julia Corinthus, Julius Ceesar having colo-
nised Corinth ac. 4i6. The imperial coins very
generally (as here, where Bellerophon mounted
on Pegasus spearg the Chimjera,) preserve the
ancient ti'aditions of their respective cities.
56 Cosa in Thrace. Gold didrachm
or stater.
Obtained by Col. Leake in Macedonia, where
these coins ai-e not very rare; who says "they
were coined probably by order of M. Junius
Brutus" (who is presumed to be represented
between two lictors on the reverse) " when he
commanded the Roman army in that country
previously to the battle of Philippi." (B.C. 42).
56 Delphi in Phocis. Diobolus, with-
out legend, Eginetan scale.
The ram's head on the obverse is connected
ivith the worship of Apollo or the Sun. The
dolphins and Cretan goat's head of reverse may
allude to Apollo having conducted CastaJius
from Crete to Delphi under the form of a
dolphin. See Leake N. H. p. 45. Some coins
with these types read AAA or AEA,
57 Do. Obelus, also without legend,
same scale.
The dot in the centre of the circle denotes
that Delphi was the central point of the earth,
(imibilictis terr<e); while the tripod on the other
side refers to the Delphic oracle of Apollo.
58 Do. Copper coin of Hadrian. {a.d.
117—138), reading AEA3>iiN.
For a somewhat different representation of
Apollo Musagetes see Div, ii. n. 52.
69 Dyrrhachium or Epidamnus in
Illyricum, Didrachm (of reduced
Eginetan scale, apparently).
Types of the mother-city Corey r a. See
Div. V. n. 17. The name DyiThachium alone
(as here ATP) occurs on the coins, none of
which seem to be very early. Queipo considers
the scale Persian.
60 Do, Didrachm of Attic scale, with
Corinthian types on both sides-
See n. 52.
Corcyra was a colony of Corinth ; whence the
Corinthian types of its daughter Dyrrhachium.
61 — 64 EUs regio. Didrachms (of
Eginetan scale) of fine old work.
The types of Jupiter and Juno, and in con-
nexion with them of the eagle and thunderbolt,
occur very generally on coins of Elis ; the
digamma of the legend (FA or FAAEION)
may be noted.
65 Epirus in genere. Didrachm of
Olympic scale.
The oak-wreath round the head of Jove
indicates him to be the Jove of Dodona, where
(as Leake thinks) the coins of Epirus were
struck; the butting bull on the reverse pro-
bably symbolises the river Arachthus.
66 Do. Drachma (same scale). Mo-
nogram behind. Obv. Head of
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Jupiter Dodonaeus to right, mo-
nogram behind. Refi). AHEIPIiTAN.
Eagle on thunderbolt to right
within oak-wreath.
67 Lacedtemon in Laconia, a tetra-
drachm (Attic scale!) struck by
Cleomenes III. (b.o. 236—220).
Obv. His portrait, with diadem,
to left. Refi). Archaic statue of
Apollo Amycleeus; in field aa (for
AAKEAAiMONlilN) and a wreath.
Cleomenes III., who changed the Spartan
form of government into a tyranny, is the only
king who could have placed his portrait on
coins of Laced^emon or Sparta ; the wreath
indicates a victory, probably of Cleomenes III.
over the Ach^an League B.C. 225. Fot these
matters and for the type of the reverse, see
Leake, N. H. (Europe), pp. 55,56.
The coin ia evidently in imitation of the
contemporary coins of the Seleucid^i which
accounts also for the Attic scale, adopted by
Alexander and his successors in Syria. See
Div, I. nos. 41—43.
68 Do. Copper coin, struck in honour
of their legislator Lycurgus.
The lunar C shews that the coin can hardly
be very much anterior to the Christian era.
(Compare late coins of Smyrna in honour of
Homer. Div. 11. n. 92.) The position of AT-
KOTPrOS on the ohuerse leaves little doubt
that the head is not of Jove (as Eckhel half
suspects. Vol. II. p. 280), accompanied by a ma-
gistrate's name, but that of the lawgiver himselt
On many coins of Sparta we have the names of
magistrates on the reverse.
69 Lamia in Thessaly. Hemidrachm
(Bginetan scale). Obv. Ivy-
crowned head of Bacchus to left,
of beautiful work. Mev. aamiehn.
Crater, ivy-leaf above it; beside it
au cenochoe.
The crater was the vessel holding the mixed
wine and water, from which the liquor was
drawn in the cenochoe or jug, and thenCe passed
into the cylix (cup). See Vase-room, Kv. III.
and the model of the Campanian tomh.
70 Larissa in Thessaly. Eginetau di-
drachm of splendid work. Obv. Fe-
male head, full face, with frontlet,
her hair hanging loosely in flowing
tresses (the fountain Messeis?
Horn. II. 1. 456). lie,v. AAPlSAinM.
Bridled horse to right.
The type of the obverse is undoubtedly a
fountain personified (see a precisely similar
coin of Syracuse, reading APE@OSA, Div, IV.
n. 121), not ApoUo, as Leake says. The type
of the horse on this and the following coins
may refer to the celebrity of the Thessalian
horses (Leake) ; but it is more probably to be
connected with the worship of Neptune. See
no. 98.
71 Do. Drachma. Obv., as before,
but of inferior execution. Mm.
AAPL Horse feeding.
72, 73. Do. DrachmBB, with other
types.
For the oaima or Macedonian hat seen on
both coins see Div. i. nos. 1, 2. The bull on
n. 72 refers to the celebrity of Thessalian cattle.
The female head on 73 may be the Nymph of
the fountain.
74 Lete in Macedonia. Very early
Silver coin, didrachm of the Olym-
pic scale.
For the scale see remarks on Div. i. n. I.
This coin deserves attention as a very finely
preserved specimen of the stiff and exaggerated
style of the earhest art. This coin may be
suspected to be about six centuries before
Christ, more or less.
75, 76. Leucas in Acamania. Di-
drachms with Corinthian types on
both sides.
No. 75 has the less usual legend AETKA-
AlilN; no. 76 has A only on both sides.
Compare nos. 52, 53.
77, 78. Locri Ozol;e ? Didrachms with
Corinthian types.
Leake thinks that their coins were struck
at Naupactus on the gulf of Corinth, the most
important city of Locri Hesperii or Ozohe.
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82
The legends here are always, as it seems, AO- i
KPilN or AOKP (to prevent confusion ^vith
Leucast). It is however very doubtful whether
these coins are not of the Locri Epizephyrii in
S. Italy, on whose copper coins Corinthian \
typea certainly occur (see Leake JV. H. Suppl.
p. 131) ; as appears by the annexed coin.
79 Locri Epizephyrii in S. Italy (out
of its true place. See Div. iv. n.
29). Copper coin with Corinthian
types.
For the coins of the Loeriaus of Opus see
no8. 94, 95,
80 Macedonia. Gold medal, of third
century A. D.?
Obtained by CoL Leake in Macedonia, and
considered by him to have been probably struck
to gratify CaracaUa when passing through
Macedonia (a.d. 214), who was a passionate ad-
mirer and imitator of Alexander. Both work
and letters indicate a late date. Some however
regard the medal (for coin it can hardly be
called) as a modem fabrication altogether.
81 Macedonia Prima, under the
Romans. Tetradrachm.
L. jErailius Paullus (u. c. 108} divided Ma^
cedonia into four provinces, a division which
lasted about 20 years. Coins of the first, second,
and fourth regions are known. The capital of
MAKEAONIiN HPilTHS was Amphipolis,
where this coin was no doubt struck.
82 Macedonia under the Romans. Do.
Later than the preceding, when the four
provinces were mei^d in one, with a bilingual
inscription. Oh). MAKEAONHN. Head of
Alexander, with ram's horn (compare Biv. i.
nos. 20, 21, 33) to right; behind, 0, (perhaps
for Thessalonica) : Rev. AESLLLAS Q. (i.e.
Qusestor) Cista of Bacchus, Club of Hercules,
and Quaestor's Table; all within wreath.
83 Do. of late imperial period. Cop-
per coin.
This portrait of Alexander is inscribed with
his naine, AAEZANAPOO, in late letters.
For the l^end of the reverse KOINON MA-
KEAONflN AIG NEaKOPflN, see Div. u.
■n. 10, and n. 82. No Neokor coins of Macedon
are older than CaracaUa.
84 Mantinea in Arcadia. Probably
three-quarter obol-piece {-rpiTiino-
piov) of Eginetan scale. Obs. MAN
(in archaic characters) between
three acorns disposed like a
triscelium, their stalks touching.
Eev. Tliree taus similarly disposed.
Compare no. 119.
The acorn alludes to tlie oak for^ts of
Arcadia. Silver coins of Mantinea are very
rare, contrary to what we should expect from
so illustrious a city.
85 Maronea in Thrace. Very early
uninscribed didrachm (of Egi-
netan scale).
The large and small incuse of the same
type on the reverse are very peculiai'. Coins
of the same general types as the present read
MAPfl.
86 Do. Light (Attic) tetradrachm of
a later period, of good work.
The canthanis above the horse (as well as
the vine of the reverse) is a symbol of
Bacchus, the tutelaiy god of Maronea; some of
its coins read AIONTSOT SUTHPOS MA-
PiiNITiiN.
87 Massalia in Gaul (Marseilles).
Apparently a tetrobolus (Attic).
A very usual size and weight of the silver
coins of Massalia; none seem to be larger;
and none to be very ancient,
88 Megalopolis ia Arcadia. Triobol
or hemidrachm (Eginetan scale).
The city was founded b.c. 370 by Epami-
nondas, was in a state of decline about B.C.
180, and extinct before Strabo's time. The
coins are mostly of the same age, style and
denomination as those of the Achsean league.
Compare nos. 5, 6.
89 Messene in the Peloponnese.
Didrachm (Eginetan) of very fine
work.
90 Do. Tetradrachm (late Attic).
This very rare coin is interesting
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Mur(ypefm Continental Greece, {excluding Italy).
l®flM on the reverse; shewing the figure to
be the statue of Jupiter Ithomates at Messene.
91 Neopolis (Neapolis, Acts xvi. 11)
of Macedonia (formerly Datus).
Very early silver coin,(uninscribed)
(Attic didraclim?) Obv. Head of
Gorgo, full face. Rev. Four in-
dentations in a square form.
92 Do. Later coin, of fine work. (At-
tic diobol, or rather Corinthian di-
litron.) Obv. Same type. Rev.
NEOII. Head of Venus to right,
hair rolled and corded.
It is difficult to see by what scale the coins
of Neopohs are regulated; see the weights of
those given in N. H. (Europe) p. 76. It would
seem to he most probably Corinthian,
93 (Eniadffi of Acamania. Copper
coin of fine work. For type of
obverse see n. 4,
94, 95 Opus in Locris. Didrachms
(Fginetan) of very fine work.
Precisely similar coins read AOKPiiN
instead of OnONTIIlN; both were struck
doubtless at Opus of the Locrians. Queipo is
disposed to regard them aa light Attic tridrachms.
96, 97. Orescii, in Thrace. Very early
silver coins, of uncertain scale.
Both for weights and types of these coins
compare Div. l n. 1, and Div. iii. n. 72 respec-
tively, They can hardly be much later than
B.C. 500, to judge by the fabric, and yet contrary
to expectation H and il occur in the legends.
For the Orescii, a tribe who probably hved
among the Pangsean mountains, .see Leake
N. H. (Europe) p, 81.
98. Orthe in Thessaly. Copper coin.
The horse emerging from a woody rocky
cavern alludes to the creation of that animal
by a blow of Neptune's trident on a Thessalian
rock, which was probably claimed for Orthe.
SeeLeake,-ffun)p. Greece, j4cMertd. p. 162. This
interesting and beautiful coin is thought to be
unique.
99. PanticapEeum of the Taurica.
Gold stater (heavier thau the
Attic didrachm).
100. Do. Copper coin.
The Greeks connected Pan with Pantica-
pffium, as appears by both these coins ; Dr W.
Smith thinks the name was probably Scythian.
(Diet. Geogr, s. v.)
101 Phalanna in Thessalia. Drachma
(later Eginetan) of beautiful woi"k.
Tins is intermediate in weight between
Queipo's Commercial Attic (Eginetan) and 0-
lympic scales; and is one of several indications
that these are vai'ieties of one and the same
Eginetan scale.
102 Pheneus in Arcadia. Didrachm
(Eginetan) of very fine work.
On some coins of this type the name Areas
is written near the child. He was the son of
Jove by Callisto, whom Mercary concealed
from the jealous wrath of Juno.
103 Philippi in Macedonia (formerly
Crenides). Gold stater (Attic
didrachm).
One of the very few cities in Greece proper
which struck gold; Philip II. discovered it in
the neighbourhood, ancj named the city after
himself. His and his son's (regal) gold coins
were probably derived from the same mine.
104 Phlins in Achaia. Apparently a
litra of the Corinthian scale.
There are coins of Phlius which have a
whole butting bull on the obverse, which we
should have expected would have been double
the weight of the present coin, which has a lui,lf
bull ; in fact it is the triple of it, weighing
about 40 grains, or three litrje. The scale of
these coins can hardly be Eginetan; it seems
rather to be Corinthian, which is perhaps not
surprising, considering the proximity of Phlius
to Corinth.
105, lOG Phocis in genere. Hemi-
drachms (Eginetan) of fine work.
The occurrence of ApoUo's head on these
coins leads to a suspicion that they were minted
at Delphi, the principal city.
107 Platsea in Bccotia. Apparently a
hemidrachm of the later Eginetan
scale, (but light).
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JEuropean Continental Greece, {excluding Italy).
The head of Juno refers to her famous
temple at Platsea, one of the most perfect
Greece in tlic time of "
1 08 Sicyon in Achaia. Drachma
(Eginetan).
The doves are sacred to Venus, who had
a temple near Sicyon.
109, 110 Do. Didrachms, same scale.
The Chimera (compounded of a lion, a goat,
and a dragon) has reference to Bellerophon, " a
heronot less honoured at Sicyon than at Corinth,"
Leake N. R. (Europe) p. ,95, who gives reasons
for attributing these coins to Sicyon. Gf n. 54.
111 Do. Hemidrachm, same scale.
1 1 2 8t3'mpha!us ia Arcadia. Di-
drachm (Eginetaa) of very fine
work.
The Diana of the obverse had a temple at
Stymphalus; on the revei"se. Hercules, whose
lion's skin is flying behind, is about to strike
the Stymphaliau birds, whom he has fairly put
to flight from off this coin, though on other
coins of Stymphalus they appear ; sometimes
with Hercules on one side and the bird on the
other.
1 1 3 Thebes. Gold coin of fine early
work, apparently a hemidrachm of
the Eginetan scale. Obv. Head
of Bacchus (ivy-crowned) to right.
Eev. [0] E. The infant Hercules
strangling the serpents (sent by
Juno to destroy him). Weight i7
grains, size 2, (Mionnet's scale).
From Lord Northwick's collection, sold in
1859 after the publication of the Num. Sell.,
and therefore not included therein. Thebes
is very nearly, if not quite, the only city in
Greece proper which struck gold before the
time of PhiUp II., and these are of the highest
rarity; there ai'e a few gold coins of early look-
ing fabric ascribed to Macedonia and Thrace,
whose genuineness is somewhat doubtful Even
in Philip's time and long afterwards very little
gold was struck by any city in Greece proper;
gold coins of Philippi, Athens, and ^tolia in
genere being excessively rare, and those of any
other place {e.g. Chalcis in Macedonia) being
either unique or nearly so. The regcd gold of
Philip, Alexander, and Lysimachus is abundant.
114 — 118. Do. Yarions early silver
coins adapted to the Eginetan
scale; drachma (n. 114), obol (n.
115), didrachm (116, 117, 118).
The type of all on the obverse is the Bceotian
shield, which occurs on various other Bceotian
cities {e.g. OrchomenuB, Plataaa n. 107, Tanagra,
ThespiEe nos. 125, 126) ; the reverse of all have
incuses of various forms. No, 114 has no letter;
nos. 115, 116, 117 have ®, only of different
archaic forme; no. 118 has 0EBA.
119 Do. Three quarter obol-piece,
(TeTapTjj/iopioy,) Of the same scale,
(as also the two following) .
The three half-shields correspond to the
three crescents on the coins of Athens (n. 34)
of the same denomination, but of a different
scale : the normal weight of this coin being
nearly 12 grains, that of Athens nearly 9. Com-
pare no. 84.
120 — 123 Didrachms (later, but early
and of good work).
On n. 120 and n. 123 the is of the modem
form, but the E is not replaced by H, as on
some later coins. For the ci-ater on n. 123,
compare n, 69.
124 Do. Hemidrachm.
The vase on this coin is a canthants, the
cup of Bacchus and his attendant route.
See n. 86.
125 Thespiss in Bceotia. Obol (Egi-
netan) of early work.
The form of the sigma deserves notice.
126 Do. Didrachm (Eginetan) of fine
work.
The legend eESlTIKON is in regimen
with the coin imderstood, whether vo/ua-fia
(Leake) or hiZpa'XJJ-ov.
127,128 Thessaly m ^eraere. Drachms
(Eginetan) of rather late work.
For the Pallas Itonia on these coins see
Liv. I. n. 23.
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85
129 Thessalonica in Macedonia. Cop-
per coin of good work.
The city was built by Cassander B.C. 315
or thereabouts, and this coin seems not very
nrncb later, to judge by the fabric. It ia singular
that all the coins of this city, the metropolis of
Macedonia secwnda so famous in profane and
sacred history, should be of copper only; they
are very numerous both autonomous and im-
perial. It is quite probable however that
tetradrachms of the Roman period were struck
there. See n. 82.
1 30 Do. of rhilip junior (a. d. 247—249).
Obv. MAP. lOTAioc a>iAinnoG
AT [TOKPATHP.] His radiated
bust to right. Rev. ©ECCAAO-
Nio:nN nehkop. A tripod; its
caldron holding five (balloting?)
baUa
Thesaalonica is ono of the very few Neokor
cities in Europe; they are nearly all in Asia
Perinthus in Thrace is another instance, and
the Macedonians generically are called New-
Kopoi. See n. 83.
131 Thyrrhcium in Acarnania. Silver
coin of the same scale and types
as n. 4, and half its value. (Olym-
pic drachma.)
We can hardly doubt that coins of Acarnania
in genere were struck here.
132 Do. Corinthian stater (= Attic
didrachm) with Corinthian types.
133 Tyras in Sarmatia. Drachma
(later Eginetan) of spirited work.
This city was situated, according to Leake,
on the Dniester about 15 or 20 miles from its
mouth, and with Olhia was the most northern
limit of Greek civilisation.
DIVISION lY.
Europe continued, Italy and Sicily.
The Greek cities of Italy and Sicily being
in a great degree Achaean, their scale, as Leake
remarks, appears to be mostly Corinthian ; but
the weights of the drachm and didrachm vary
a good deal, as the following coins shew ; and
some probably belong to other scales. Some of
the copper money are pai-ts of the Roman as.
1 The Brettii, or Bruttii. Gold
drachm.
Compare the coins of Pyrrhus (Div. I. n.
29). Both are probably nearly contemporary,
and struck at Consentia, the chief city of the
Brettii, a barbarous tribe who revolted from
the Lucanians about B.C. 356, and were sub-
dued by the Komans under L. Papirius Cursor
(B.C. 274); hut did not utterly disappear from
history till after the close of the second Punic
war, (about RC, 200). They inhabited Calabria
Citra and Calabria Ultra.
2, 3 Do. Silver drachms (heavier
than usual), of good work.
The weights of the silver coins of the Brettii
vary a good deal.
4 Do. Copper coin.
The types of this coin (Hercules and Pallas)
are the aa.m.% as on some coins of the Lucani,
The coins of the Brettii seem to have been
mostly struck a little before and after B.C. 300.
5 Do. Do. Obv. Head of Jove to
right; ear of com behind. Rev.
BPETTION. Eagle, crescent, and
horn of plenty. Size 5.
6 Do. Do.
7 Do. Do.
8 Do. Do. Obv. Head of Victory
to left. Rev. Jupiter ftihninating
in a biga to left; under horses
grapes.
9 Do. Do. Olrv. Same type, with
NIKA. Rev. BPETTIIIN. Jupiter
standing to right, fulminating;
in field, star and horn of plenty.
The copper coins of the Bruttii are com-
monly well preserved, and sometimes (as these)
in a very fine state. As a general rule Greek
copper coins have, suffered considerably from
circulation or time or both; the quality of the
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metal is not the same in all cases, which may
account for a good deal When itia chemically
changed into a green or blue varnish (as n. 4,
n. 39 &c.), the coin is said to be paHnated.
10 Cales in Campania. Didrachm
of good work. The Latin legend
(CALENO) on all the coins of Cales
shew that they belong to the
Roman colony, b.c. 331.
1 1 Caulonia in Bruttium. Very early
didrachm of the incuse type. Obv.
KATAO. Nude youthful figure
with long hair to right (Apollo?)
holding a branch in his right hand,
and a figure with winged heels,
(Hermes?) in his left: in field,
stag (symbol of Artemis, associ-
ated LQ worship with Apollo). Hev.
Same legend and types but incuse
(i.e. in intaglio).
The incuse coinage is peculiar to Magna
Grtecia : commonly the same type and legend
(or nearly so) occur on both sides, (compare
nos. 13, 30, 31, 43, 55, 56); but sometimes the
incuse type is altogether different from that
in relief (as no. 14, 32).
12 Do. Later but early didrachm.
Caulonia was founded from Achaia towards
the end of the eighth centuiy B.C. and depopu-
lated by the elder Dionysius b.c. 388. The
coin lies within these limits.
13 Orotona in Bruttium. Early di-
drachm with tripod in relief and
incuse.
14 Do. Do- but the incuse type of
the reverse is an eagle.
15 Do. Do. but both types are in
relief
The Koppa (whence the Latin Q) for Kappa
shews these three coins to be early; it is ti\e
only example, it is believed, of this letter occur-
ling on coins not followed by the vowel 0.
We have the letter on early coins of Syracuse
(n. 115), Coresia (Div. rv. n, 21), and Corinth
(Div. 111. nos, 50—53), whero it is retained
by an affected archaism on its late coins.
16 — 19 Do. Later didrachms of
beautiful work, the types referring
to the worship of Juno, Apollo,
and Hercules.
From all these coins the old Koppa has
disappeared. The obverse of n. 18 is the La-
cinian Juno, Whose temple was a few miles
from Croton. The vessel held by Hercules on
the reverse of the same coin is his own peculiar
cup, the scyphus (see also n. 22), Several va-
rieties of this cup may be seen in the Vase-
coUection (Periods I. II. III. IV.)
20, 21 Cumte in Campania. Early
didrachms. The female head on
the'obverses is uncertain, perhaps
Parthenope (not the Cumffian
Sibyl, of whom the earlier Greek
authors know nothing); for an-
other representation of Scylla (on
n. 21) see n. 74.
22, 23 Heraclea in Lucania. Di-
drachms of very fine work.
Hercules (who occurs on the reverse of both
coins, and indeed of most of the city) was also
a favourite deity at Tarentum, from which
Heraclea was colonised B.C. 432. "Some of
the coins of Heraclea may deser\'edly be reckon-
ed among the choicest specimens of Greek art,"
(Bunbury, in Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Oeogr.
S.V.)
24 — 26 Velia or Hyele in Lucania.
Didrachms of beautiful work.
The letters KAETAHPOT above the front-
let of Minerva (n. 25) are quite microscopic,
(compare nos. 121, 132); Cleodorim was pro-
bably the artist.
27 Hyrina (in Campania?) Didrachm
of fine early work, with retrograde
The andromorphous bull of the reverse is
said to he an exclusively Campanian type
(occurring on coins of Neapoiia and Nola, see
nos. 38, 40), and has led numismatists to place
this Hyrina in that province. The coins of
Hyrina and Nola are sometimes found in com-
pany, which leads to a suspicion that the cities
were not far apart. Hyrina in Campania is not
mentioned by any ancient author whatever, and
its existence is established by its coins alone.
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Europe continued, Italy and Skibj.
28 Italian league for promoting the
Social War {b.g. 90-— 88). Denarius
of rather barbarous fabric with
Oscan legend. Ohv, Head of
Bacchus to right; in front MVTIL.
EMBPATVR.(i.e.Mutilusimpcrator).
Uev. BulKsymbolofltalianleague)
goring wolf (symbol of Rome) : in
exergue c. PA API (*.e.Caius Papius).
The coins of this league are thought to have
been struck at Coriinium in Samnium. They
chose consula in imitation of Rome, Q. Pom-
paedius Silo, and C. Papius Mutilus, both of
whose names occur on coins. This coin, taking
both its aides, reads (in Latin) : C. Papius
Mutilus, Imperator (i.e. consul).
29 Loeri Epizephyrii in Bruttinm.
Didrachm. See Div. iii. nos. 78,
79; one or both of which belong
here.
30 — 32 Metapontum inLucania. Early
coins with incuse types.
The pjlant represented on all these coins
15 bearded wheat (not barley^ as Leake). The
incuse type of nos. 30, 31 is a repetition of the
obverse; but the reverse of n. 32 has a hull's
head.
83—37 Do. Didrachms of beautiful
work.
The head on 34 is that of Mai^; on 35, 36,
Oeres (of the most exquisite execution); on 37
Venus, apparently, but perhaps Ceres.
38 Neopolia in Campania (Naples).
Didrachm.
The head of the obverse is probably Par-
thenope, the Siren, who gave her name to the
place,
39 Do. Copper coin, beautifully pat-
inated. Obv. NEOnOAlTriN. Head
of Apollo to left ; behind, T. Rev.
Victory crowning human-headed
bull ; two letters (IX ?) below.
The andromorphous bull according to some
symbolises Baechus; according to others the
river Glanis.
37
40 Nola in Campania. Didrachm.
(See remarks on n. 27.)
41 Nuceria Alfaterna in Campania.
Didrachm. Type of the obverse
(homed head) uncertain; Bacchus
(Bckhel); the river Samus (Leake);
Alexander the Great, according to
othera (Eckhel). See Div. i. nos.
20, 21.
The retrograde legend (in Oscan characters)
is in Greek letters NTFKPINiiN AAA-
^ATEPNfiN. Leake thinks the coins
are of the thii-d century B. C.
42 Popidonium (Pupluna on coins)
in Etruria. Double denarius (as
denoted by xx).
The flat smooth reverse (without type or
indentation) is peculiar, or very nearly so, to
Populonia. Some early British coins have also
a blank reverse, but it is very convex. See
Select, of Brit Coirw, n. 5.
43 Posidonia, afterwards Ptestum, in
Lucania. Very early didrachm
with same types on both sides (in
relief and incuse).
Fine old work. The Sigma in this coin
(which reads II02) resembles M ; the ancient
Mu may be seen on n. 30, where the left-hand
stroke is longest.
44 Do. Didrachm of a more recent
period, good work.
45 Do. Copper coin, reading IIAIS-
TANO.
The name seems to have been corrupted
into Pajstum about three centuries b. c. (more
or less).
46 Do. Copper coin (a triens desig-
nated by the four globules). Obv.
Head of Bacchus, four globules
behind. Rev- IIAIS. Horn of plen-
ty and four globules : in field ear
of branched com (wheat).
Leake's conjecture tiiat the plant is Maize
is out of the question; the Zea Mays being a
native of the West Indies, and consequently
unknown in Europe before the discovery of
America.
5
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47 Rhegium in Bruttium. Tetra-
drachm (heavy).
Atiaxilas of Messenian origin, became ty-
rant of Rhegium B.C. 494. Ai-istotle tells us
that he introduced the hare into Sicily, and
also won a chariot-race of mules at Olympia ;
and that he accordingly placed the hare and
mule-chariot on the coins of Rhegium, the
types of the present coin, which is prohably of
the j^e of Anaxilas. See coins of Messana be-
low {Nos, 92 — 95), and the remarks.
48 Do. Do.; fine early work. Ohv.
Lion's head seen in front. Mev.
PHriNON. Head of Apollo. Two
leaves of olive behind.
The lion's head is a Samian type, and is no
doubt placed on the coins of Rhegium, because
of the assistance which the Samians gave Ana-
xilas in conquering Zancle. See below, n. 92.
49 Do. Drachma (same types).
50 Do. Hemidrachm. Obv. Same
type. Sev. PH, and sprig of olive-
51 Do. Copper coin of beautiful
work.
52 Uncertain of Campania. Gold di-
drachm (or denai-ius). Ohv. Head
of Janus. Mev. ROMA. Kneeling
figure holding a pig; a military
chief standing on either side of
him, touching the pig with a
sword.
This' is evidently an 'alliance' coin, pro-
hably between Rome and some city of Italy.
Of. Stahant, etCEesajungebantfcederaporca.
^n. Vlil. .641. CoL Leake considers coins read-
ing ROMA or ROMANO to have been struck
in Rome itself ; othei«, as Mr Burgon, regard
them as having been struck in various cities of
Campania under Roman influence. The Ro-
mans first struck silver money B.C. 269.
53 Do., reading Romano. Silver di-
drachm (early denarius according
to Leake).
The Romulus and Remus of the reverse
may seetd to favour the view that the coin was
struck in Roma The denarius, which at first
weighed about 112 grains Troyj gradually fell,
according to L6ake, to about 60 grains in the
first century B.C. In imperial times it varied
rather considerably.
54 Suessa in Campania. Didrachm.
Obv. Head of Apollo to right.
Rev. Naked man on a horse to left,
a palm branch on his shoulder,
by his side another bridled horse ;
in exergue SVESANO.
Leake considers that Suesano is for Suesanom
the old Latin genitive ; on some Lucanian
coins we have AOTKANOM. Tho present coin
is prohably of the second or third century B.C.
55 Sybaris, aftcnvards Thurii, in
Lucania. Didrachm of the earliest
work (incuLse types).
66 Do. Drachma, same types.
Sybaris was founded about B.C. 720, and
almost destroyed B.C. -510. "The extant coins,
therefore, of Sybaris are of the sixth or seventh
century B.C., and some of them are among the
most ancient to be found either in Greece or
Italy." — Leake, who considers the bull to sym-
bolise the river Crathis. For the form of the
Sigma in the legend (2T), see n. 43.
57—69 Thurii. Tetradrachm (n 57),
and didrachms (nos. 58, 59), of
very fine work.
Tlie figure on th^ helmet of Pallas is
Scylla; see n, 74- The coins of Thurii arc
considered to be among the very finest ever
struck by the Greeks.
60 — 62 Tarentum in Calabria. Gold
didrachms of very beautiful work.
63 Do. Gold obol, or rather litra.
Aristotle mentions that on the coins of
Tarentum, Taras, the son of Neptune, was
represented riding on a dolphin. Tarentum is
the only city in Magna Grtecia which had a
gold coinage of any considerable extent, all the
coins, however, being rare,
64 — 67 Do. Didrachms of good work.
The silver didrachms of Tarentum are im-
mensely numerous ; in Cai'elli's work on the
money of ancient Italy more than 500 varieties
are figured.
68 Temesa in Bruttium. Didrachm,
of early date.
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Tcmese, a port to which Homer mentions
that Greek ships went to obtain copper in
exchange for iron, is identified by Strabo, Ovid,
and Statius with the Temese or Tempsain
Mf^na Greecia. See Leake, p. 150.
69—72 Terina ia Bnittium. Di-
drachms.
No. 71 is a very early coin, as appears both
by the style of art, and by the forms of the
letters ; NIKA on the reverse, indicates the
figure to be that of Victoiy. Nos. 69, 70 are
also considerably ancient, as appears by the
legend TEPINAION, which in the more recent
coin n. 72, becomes TEPINAIQN. The ob-
verse of n. 71 (marked TEPINA), and the
reverses of 70 and 72 (also marked TEPINA),
are figures of Terina, the nymph of the foun-
tain, which gave name to the city. The ob-
verses of 69, 70, 72 are considered by Leake to
represent the Siren Ligeia, sister of Parthenope
(see n. 38), whose monument stood on the
river Ares, near to which Terina stood.
^ 2. Sicily, and adjacent Islands.
(Scale mostly Attic, i
r rather Corinthian ;
111.)
73 Acragas,orAgrigentum(Girgenti).
Tetradrachm;
The inscription is written houstrophedon, i.e.
partly ascending, pai'tly descending. The crab
is the freshwater crab of the Mediterranean,
which shews that the coin symbolises the river
(not harbour) of Girgcnti.
74 Do. Do., but much more spread.
The original of this most beautiful piece
fetched at Lord Northwick's sale, £159.
76 Do. Decadrachm.
This denomination occurs also among coins
of Syracuse. The original of this coin (at
Paris) is believed to be unique.
76 Camarina. Tetradrachm of early
work.
The microscopical letters on the plinth
(EHAKE2TIAA2) probably denote the artist
The vases in the exergue Me amphone. Compare
Athens (Div. iii. nos. 25 — 27) and Chios
(Div. V. n. 12).
77
78
79
39
Catana. Tetradrachm of early
work.
Do. Do., later ; of fine but rather
mannered execution.
Gela. Small gold coin. One and
a half litra), apparently. (Lagid
diobol, according to Queipo).
Sosipolia is an epithet of the Goddess (Pro-
serpine?) represented. Soteira occurs similarly
on copper coins of Agathocles as an epithet of
Diana.
80, 81 Do. Tetradrachms of fine
early (n. 80) and later (n. 81) work.
82 Himera. Drachma (Egmetan),
early work.
83 Do. Tetradrachm (Attic), of fine
work.
The female holding a phiale or patera, the
boss (p/iijidko^) of which is visible, is probably
the nymph of Himera (cf. n. 109, 110); and
the companion faun (upon whom the hot water
descends) symbolises the sufferers who derive
benefit from the baths, or Thermas, as Himera
was afterwards called.
84 Leontini. Tetradrachm of fine old
work.
85 Do. Do.
86 Do. Didrachm.
87 Do. Obolus, or rather litra.
88 Lipara. Copper coin, reading
AIHAPAION.
The genitive ending in -ON is very unusual
on copper coins; money in that metal being
in almost all cases later than 400 b, c, and near-
ly all coins having the O for fl in the genitive
being of the fifth century R c. or only a little
earlier or later; coins inuch earlier than 500
B. C. having either abbreviated legends or none.
The present coin seems to be about 400 B.C.;
at any rate not much earlier.
89 Melita (Malta). Bilin^al copper
coin of the Roman period.
The selia lyurtdis or Roman chair of state is
5—2
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represented on this and on various Koman coins.
C. Arnmtanus Balbus was doubtless proprietor
of Sicily, to which Malta belonged.
90 Do. Copper coin with foreign
(Egyptian?) types, but Greek le-
gend.
The veiled head crowned with the lotus
may probably be Isis ; the four-winged figure
Osiris.
91 Messana (Measiaa), formerly Zan-
cle. Drachma (Eginetan scale).
Zancle, here written Dank[le], is a Sicihan
word signifying a sickle; the sickle on this coin
symbolising the noble harbour of Messina, the
projections being perhaps buildings. This very
early coin may be safely ascribed to the sixth
century B. C. See below.
92 Do. Tetradrachm {Attic scale);
or rather a double decalitron of
the Corinthian scale.
Anasilas, tyrant of Rhegium, by the help
of some Samians and Messenians (from the
Peloponnese) seized Zancle 494 B. C, and
changed its name to MesSene. The types of
this coin (calf s and lion's head) are Saniian,
and occur also on some coins of Khegiunx
The form of the legend and of the letters
indicate that this early and very rare coin is
contemporaneous with Anaxilas.
93 Do. Do.
The hare was introduced into Sicily by
Anaxilas, whence the type, as Aristotle tells as ;
the same types on both sides o6cur also on some
rare coins of Rhegium ; see n. 47-
94 Do. Do., very fine work.
The legend now becomes ME2SANI0N
(Doric form ) , having previously been ME22 ENI-
ON. The Doric dialect came in with Dionysius
I. tyrant of Syracuse, who in 396 B. c. took
Messene, and transported most of its population
to Tyndaris. The genitive ending m -ON
shews that this coin cannot be much later than
that event. The head accompanied by the
syrinx is probably that of Pan, though without
boms.
95 Do. Do., also of fine work.
Later than the preceding, and reading
MESSANIilN (not MESSANION).
96 Do. Copper coin of very fine
work, bearing the name of the
Mamertini.
About 282 B. C. some Oscan mercenaries
of Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, after h^
death B. C. 289, treacherously seized Messina,
and massacred the inhabitants. They ruled
the city under the name of Mamertini, i. e. eons
of Mamers or Mars (the head of Mars and the
legend APE02 occur on this coin), and struck
coins bearing their name ; which are of un-
commonly fine work, but all of copper. They
allied themselves with Rome and continued to
rule Messina till the reign of Augustus in their
own name. The coins of Messina from first
to last are amongst the most historical in the
whole Greek series.
97 Naxos. Tetradrachm. Very fine
old work.
The squatting faun on the revei'se holds
a cantharus, the sacred dririking-cup of Bacchus,
whose head is on the obverse.
98 — 105 Formerly classed to Panor-
mus, but now considered to belong-
to Carthage. They have either no
legends or else Punic legends or
letters.
98 Stater of electrum, of the Egine-
tan scale (L. Miiiler Nttmism. de
VAfrique Anc. vol. ii. p. 135.
Copenh. 1860).
The symbol above the horse on the reverse
is thus explained by Miiiler; "Lesymbole^gyp-
tien, compost d'un disque radi^ fianque de
deux serpents portant chacun un disque sur hi
t^te, nous pr&ente le soleil combing avec le
serpent aspis, qui par les ^yptiens ^tait appeld
ouro, ureus, et consider^ comme symbole de la
divinite. Get emblfeme est sans doute celui
d'Osiris, dieu du soleil" Id. p. 119. This coin
is bis n. 64 of Cai-thage, p, 85, and as no Greek
coin is in this style of art, as regards the head
of Ceres, "elle doit 6tre regard^ comme pro-
premeiit carthaginoise."
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41
99 Gold stater of the Olympic scale.
Id. p. 134.
This very elegant coin, "oil la beaute s'unit
it la noblesse," is n. 45 of Carth^e iu Miiller,
pp. 84, 112.
100 Eighth part of the Olympic gold
stater. Miiller u.s. n. 79 (Car-
, p. 87.
101 Silver decadrachm of the Phe-
nician {i. e. Bosporic) scale, ac-
cording to Miiller, p. 136.
This coin is his n. 127 ; the Phenician
legend whose letters, rendered into Hebrew, are
)l5nNl, is considered to express "le nom de
Byraa, citadelle de Carthage." p. 125.
i02 Tetradrachm, of the Attic scale,
struck by Carthage in Sicily, ac-
cording to Miiller, p. 7-5. Oho.
Head of Ceres wiih. blades of
wheat in her hair to left, sur-
rounded by four dolphins. Rev.
Bust of horse, Punic legend
{Am-^machanat, i-e. people of the
camp) below. Miiller n. 13 (Car-
thage).
The interpretation of the legend is uncer-
tain : some understand Panormus to be intended
by it, others Carthage itself.
103 Do., according to Miiller. Obv.
Head of Hercules. Rev. Bust of
horse and palm-tree. Legend as
before. Miiller n. 8 (Carthage).
104 Do., to judge by the weight. Obv.
Head of Ceres with dolphins. JRev.
Quadriga and Puniclegend below.
This is apparently not included in Miilier's
work. The types on both sides are those of
Syracuse.
10.5 Do., according to MuUer. Obv.
half horse crowned by victory, in
field grain of barley : below Punic
legend Kart-chadmat {i.e. new
toii^n). Rev. Palm; and Punic le-
gend Machanat {i.e. camp) as be-
fore.
Miiller n. 3 (Carthage).
106 Segesta. Didrachmof fine work.
107 Do. Tetradrachm of very fine
early work.
The figare of a hunter in a Phrygian cap
is considered to be Acestes, a Trojan, and the
mythical founder of Segesta.
108 Selintis. Early didrachm (but
heavy) .
109 Do. Tetradrachm of fine old
work (light).
110 Do. Didrachm (light).
The SeUnimtians suffered from a plague,
arising from the marshy character of their soil ;
the philosopher Empedocles of Agrigentum
("Who flourished 444 B. c.) recommended works
of draini^e, and so the pestilence ceased. The
types of the river-gods Hypsaa and Selinus
sacri6cing at the attar of Asclepiua (which
bears his Symbol a dock) have reference, as is
generally thought, to this happy event (nos.
109, 110).
The Apollo and Diana of n. 109, arc the
deities who can shoot or withhold their plague-
bearing arrows. SeUnus was destroyed or nearly
ao about 409 B. c, and all its coins appear to be
of the fifth and sixth centuries K. C.
Ill — 148 Syracuse and Tyrants of
Syracuse.
The coins of Syracuse are amongst the most
beautiful of the whole Greek eeries, and are
also exceedingly numerous, ranging from, the
sixth century B, C. to the reign of Hieronymus
the last tyrant, who died 215 B.C., and perhaps
later. The city was taken by Marcellus 212
B. c. ; but its power of striking money may have
been retained, as it became a most favourite
resort with its Boman masters. The monetary
scale of Syracuse is the same as that of Corinth
the mother city; the litra, weighing about 13
grains, being the unit. As the Corinthian
stater of 10 litree was nearly equivalent to the
Attic didrachm, it is common to render the
money into Attic denominations.
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42 Europe continued, Italy and Sicily.
Ill Gold piece of eight litrfe, ap- ' but it is certain that in some places the short
parently. Extremely fine work. vowels survived a few years later. See n. 94.
112 Gold litra.
The same unit of measure, having nearly
the same types, occurs also in silver, n. 120.
113 Gold drachma {i. e. five litr^e).
The head on this and the foUowing coin is
that of ApoUo, and ia so described by Leake
himself in the Numimnata Hellenica. The
triscelium, or triquetra, which is found on various
coins of Asia, as woU as of Sicily, is probably
a rehgious emblem. It is now the arms of the
Isle of Man.
114 Gold drachma, of fine work. Ohv.
Head of Apollo to the left; be-
hind, star. Rev. STPAKOSlflN.
Tripod.
None of the gold coins of Syracuse seem to
he earlier than the Dionysii ; the earliest ap-
pear to be those of Evenetus and Oimon.
{Tram. Royal 8oc. Lit. for 1850, p. 361.)
115 Very early silver tetradrachm,
probably about 600 b. c. or a little
later.
The style indicates a very remote antiquity.
116 Very early silver didrachm, but
later than the preceding; pro-
bably about 500 B. c.
This coin, alone of all here exhibited, has
the Koppa (9) in place of the Kappa (K) in
the legend; and may safely on that account be
regarded as earlier than any of them. See n.
128,
117, 118 Early silver tetradrachms,
probably of the earlier part of the
fifth century b. c.
119 Early silver tetradrachm, pro-
bably of the latter part of the fifth
century b. c.
The penultimate letter of the last four coins
being O not fl shews that none of them can
be placed later than about 400 R c. The
archonship of Euclid, when the long vowels
were first used in public documents, is 403 B.C.;
120 Silver htra, early work. Obv.
Femalehead (Proserpine) to right;
in front 2TPA. Rev. Sepia.
The litra was a little heavier than the Attic
ohol; the former is estimated by Leake to
weigh 13,5 Troy grains, the latter 11,25 grains.
121 Later tetradrachm of magnificent
work by Cimon ; of the middle of
the fourth century b. 0.
The head represents the fountain of Arethusa,
and the word APE0O2A in small letters may
still be read; this orthography indicates the
coin to be early; in the Macedonian series OT
first takes the place of O iii the genitive in the
reign of Philip IL 359—336 b. c. On the
frontlet the word KIMflN occurs in microscopic
letters, Cimon being doubtless the artist (see
n. 132); the occurrence of the il indicating
that the coin could not be earher than about
400 B. c. Taking all circumstances into account
we may plaee its date about 350 B. c. more or
less, or in the reign of Dionysius II. (367 — 343
B. c).
122 Later tetradrachm, shewing the
horses of the quadriga in extreme
action.
The full legend is not visible on this
specimen ; the penultimate letter was H. See
Combe Hunt, Mus. tab. 62. f. 15.
123 Another in a different style.
124 Rather early silver tetradrachm
of most elaborate execution, by
Euclid, whose name (ETKAEIA)
may be traced in microscopical
letters on the helmet of Pallas.
Probably about 400 b, c.
On another tetradrachm this artist's name
occurs where the legend is not as here 2T-
PAK02IOS (understand N0TMM02), hut
STPAKOSION, so that the coin cannot be
much later than 400 b, c; and the exceeding-
ly elaborate and delicate treatment indicates
that it cannot be much earlier.
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125 Silver liemidrachm.
126 Silver didrachm, with Corinthian
types on both sides, in a later style
of art.
Syracuse was colonised from Corinth about
734; B. C, and lilce many other Corinthian colo-
nies aometimes adopted the types of the mother-
city.
127 Apparently a silver piece of
twelve litrse; in a later style of
art.
The Diana Venatrix is probably a copy of
an ancient statue.
128 Silver decadrachm, or pente-
contalitron ; Queen Demarete's
piece.
The date of this ma^ificent coin is known
within a year, having been struck by Gelon I,
after concluding a peace with Carthage 480 B. c.
As he died 478 B. c, we may place this coin
479 B. c. The proceeds of a present made by
the Cartht^nians to his wife Demarcte furnish-
ed the metal for these coins ; vofua-j^a e^eKoyjre
t6 xXtjOep air iicelv>)<! Aa/iaperewv tovto S' el^ep
'Atthcos Bpav/ioi; SeKO" iaXriBi] Zk irapa, rot?
St/eeXtwTOW a-TTo tov araOfwv wevr'rjKovTakiTpov
(Died. Sia XI. 26).
It will be observed that although the il
does not occur in the legend, the ordinary K
does ; so that all coins of Syracuse which have
a Koppa in the legend (see n. 116) may safely
be pronounced earlier than 480 B. c. The style
of this coin enables to date approximately others
which approach it; e.g. nos. 117, 118.
129 Ditto. Decadrachm, often called
the Syracusan medallion.
Below the lowest dolphin of the obverse are
traces of ETAINETO, the artist's name,
(Evenetus) in the old genitive. In the ex-
ergue of the reverse are seen a shield, a cuirass,
greaves, and a helmet; below these in some
specimens (as in 130) may be read A0AA (the
prise) in very small letters. They were the
reward of the victor in the chariot-race.
130 Do. Another without the name
of Evenetus, varied.
These very much admired coins have not
quite escaped criticism ; the treatment of the
hair is a httlc mannered, and Mr Poole notes
other imperfections.
Probably struck during the tyranny of the
elder Dionysius 405—367 b. c.
131, 132 Do. Others, with the name
of the artist Cimon (KIMiiN) in-
scribed on the lowest dolphia.
The liair of Proserpine is now confined in
a net behind, Nothing can surpass the tech-
nical skill of all the details of these magnificent
pieces. They may be referred to the age of the
younger Dionysius (367 — 343 B. c),
K. 0. Miiller calls the Syracusan medallions
"the costly master-pieces of Sicilian engravers."
(Ancient wrt and its remains.)
133 Do. Copper coin. Obv. STPA-
KOSinN. Head of Proserpine.
JRev. Biga, above it a star. In the
exergue uncertain traces of letters
(probably no. X., as in a similar
coin described by Mionnet).
134 Do. Copper Uncia or Ounce.
Obv. 2TPA. Head of Pallas to left,
in Corinthian helmet, around it an
olive-wreath. Bev. Star between
opposite dolphins.
The fuU weight of these Sicilian ounces is
thought by Leake to have been about 500 Troy
grains; and their age to be about that of
Dionysius I. They are heavier than the ancient
Roman ounces in the proportion of 25 to 21.
135 Do. Copper coin, on the reverse
of which is an hippocamp or sea-
hoi«e, with a cord hanging from
its mouth.
136 Do. Copper coin. Obv. Stpa-
KOSIXIN. Head of Hercules in
lion's scalp to left. Eev. Pallas in
forked drapery, in field owl.
This is interesting as being a re-struck coin
(numraus recusus); the new types were im-
pressed o» aeommon coin of Agathocles (n. 139),
and the types and legends of his coin are still
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Islands of the Egean, tStc. African Greece.
in part visible. Hence we infer that the
present coin is at least as late aa Agathoclee;
probably it is later.
Tyrants qf Syracuse.
No genuine coins of any tyrants of Syracuse
before Agathoclcs, which hear their name, are in
existence; even under the Dionysii the re-
publican forms were observed, and the coins
read STPAKOSlIiN; and it is probable that a
great part of the copper money which has the
same legend is later than Agathocles ; in some
instances we know for certain that it cannot be
earlier; see n. 136.
137 Agathocles (317— 289 B.C.). Gold
coin, apparently of six litree.
This would seem by the weight to be a
piece of six litrse.
138 Do. Silver tetradrachm.
The obverse (inscribed KOPAX) is the head
of Pi-oserpine as usual. The trophy of the re-
verse consists of an upright stake against which
are nailed a breast-plate and various pieces of
armour.
139 Do. Copper coin.
The Doric foi-m of the genitive in 137, 139
may be noted ; ArA0OKAEIO2 in 138 agrees
with cTO/i/ios or some such word; cf. n. 124.
140 Hicetas
drachma.
141 Hiero IL (270—216 b.c.). Gold
drachma.
142 Do. Silver piece of 33 litrffi,
= 6J Attic drachms (Lagid octo-
drachm, according to Queipo).
The portrait on this and the two following
coins is probably that of Hiero II, himself.
1 48 Do. Copper coin.
144 Do. Copper ounce. See n. 134.
145 Gelo 11., son of the preceding,
and associated with him in the go-
vernment. Died before his father.
Silver piece of eight litrse (or, in
Queipo's view, a Lagid drachma).
-279 B.C.). Gold
Obv. Portrait of Galon II. to left.
Rev. STPAKOSlOI TEAiiNOS. Vic-
tory in a biga to right.
The construction is difficult. Probably
FEAilNOS is merely the ordinary legal
genitive, not depending on 2TPAK02IOI ;
these (the citizens) seem to be symbolized by
the victorious type of the reverse.
140, 147 Philistis, supposed to be
queen of Hiero II. Seems from
the weight to be a piece of 15
litrEe (Tetradrachm of the Lagid
scale, according to Queipo).
Except on her coins, her name only occurs
in an inscription on thogreat theatre of Syracuse,
where it is associated with Nereis, queen of
Gelon II.
148 Hieronymus (216— 215B.O,). Sil-
ver didrachm, or decalitron.
The portrait is probably Hieronymus him-
self. Leake prefers to regard the portraits on
coins of Hiero II., Gelon II,, and Hieronymus as
meant for Gelon I. It is more likely that there
was a great family likeness between Hiero II.
and his two sons Gelon II. ^d Hieronymus;
similarly the portraits of Vespasian, Titus, and
Domitian are very similar.
149 Tauromeniimi (Taormina). Gold
litra, apparently : but heavy.
150 Do. Silver-piece of four litrse.
151 Do. Copper coin, on which Apollo
bears the title apxapetaS.
Tauromenium in 358 B. c. received the re-
maining inhabitants of Naxos (in Sicily) ; and
the Naxians, on the foundation of their city
from Chalcis in Eubcea, brought with them a
statue of Apollo Archegetes, as the founder of
the colony.
DIVISION V.
Islands of the Egean, &c. African
Greece,
J 1. Islands of the Egean sea with
1—8 .^]gina.
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Islands of the Egean, &c. African Greece.
4>5
At this place, according to Ephorus and
most Greek authorities, silver money was fii-st
coined by Pheidon, king of Argos, about 740 B.C.
Hence emanated the Eginetan scale, which
to judge by the coins, had for its principal
division a drachma weighing about 95 grains
Troy, which was subdivided into 6 obols. Nos.
I and 2 are probably among the earliest coins
in existence, and scarcely differ from ingots ;
they may he referred to the 7th or perhaps
even 8th century B, c. A rude sea-tortoise is
the type of one side; and a rude punch mark
disfigures the other side, These coins are
didrachms, as is also n. 3, which has the same
types, but is of a later though very early date,
bemg probably of the 6th century B.C. The
workmanship of both sides is much less rude.
No. 4 is an hemidrachm. Ncki. 5 and 6 are
respectively a didrachm and obol of the later
type, a land-tortoise; nos. 7 and 8 are an ohol
and half-obol of the older form. The Eginetan
drachma soon declined to about 86 grains.
9 Carthsea of Ceos. Silver didrachm
of the later debased Attic stand-
ard (of about 60 grains to the
drachma).
Aiistseus {who long dwelt in Ceos) implored
Jupiter and Sirius (the dog-star) to cause a
plague in Greece to cease; hence probably the
type of the dog-star. Leake considers this coin
to be of about the first century b.c.
10 Chalcis of Euboea. Drachma of
Queipo's Bosporic scale, which ap-
pears to be the Euboic scale of
antiquity. See note at the end.
The Euboic scale is still uncertain, and Mr
Poole thinks that the coins of Eubcea have
been the main hindrance to its discovery. See
Smith's Diet, of the Bible, vol. 3, under Weights.
I I Chios. Very early drachma. Bos-
poric scale.
The pointed form of the amphora may be
noted, which came down even to Boman times.
12 Do. Tetradraclim, same scale.
13 Do. A copper coin declaring it-
self to be a three-as piece !
These pieces are probably of the third cen-
tury after Christ, and have been referred to the
reign of Gallienus. The Roman as originally
weighed a pound, which seems not to have
differed very much from the pound Troy (the
former is variousiy estimated, by Bockh at
5053 grains; the latter weighs 5760 grains;)
now however three asses weigh about as much
as a heavy English penny,
14 Greta in genere, of Caligula. Sil-
ver didrachm, of debased Attic
scale, apparently.
15 Cnossus in Crete, with a square
labyrinth. Drachma of the Egi-
netan scale, which prevailed in
Crete generally, for the earlier
coins.
16 Do. with circular labyrinth. Tetra-
drachm of Bosporic scale.
The different modes of representing the
same labyrinth, shews that a certain conven-
tionality must be looked for in architectural
and other representations on coins. A cavern,
partly natural, partly artificial, atill exists near
Gortjna ; the reputed work of Daedalus. This
is probably the labyrinth of the present coin.
17 Corcyra (Corfu). Probably a light
Eginetan didrachm. Ohv. Cow to
left and calf to right, sucking her.
Rev. A type which has been com-
monly supposed to represent the
gardens of Alcjnous, on one side
K.
' Similar types occur on coins of Dyrrhachium
and Apollonia, colonies of Corinth. See Div.
III. nos 13 and 59.
18 Do. Reduced Attic hemidrachm,
apparently.
The Pegasus is a reminiscence of Corinth,
the mother city of Corcyra.
19 Do. having a crater on the obverse.
Probably a tetrobol of reduced
Attic scale.
20 Cos. Tetradrachm (Attic) of fine
old work.
The dancing figure is probably Apollo.
21 Coresia in Ceos. Eginetan di-
drachm of very early work.
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46
Islands of the Egean, ^c. African Greece.
For the form of the incuse, compare the
coins of ^gina, nos, 2 and 8,
22 Cydonia in Crete. Eginetan dl-
drachm, fine work.
The Cydonians were renowned for the use
of the bow.
Tela Cydonio direxit arcu, Hor. Od. iv. 9.
23 Commune Cypri, under Caracalla.
Copper coin.
For an account of the temple of Venus at
Paphos, whose image is a conical stone, seen
in the centre of the reverse, see Donaldson's
Architectura N'wmismatica, n. 31.
24 Cyprus of Claudius. Copper coin,
struck "under Cominius Proclus,
proconsul."
This is the most important of all coins for
establishing the accuracy of the New Testa-
ment, where there seemed grave reason to sus-
?ect an error. St Luke had termed Sergius
aulus, the avQimaro^ or proconsul of Cyprus ;
and it was thought by Grotiua and others that
he ought to have called him dvTL(7TpaT7}ybii or
proprietor. The present coin shews that, in the
time of Claudius, Cyprus was governed by a
proconsul {dv6vTTaT<n), whose name was Co-
minius Proclus, and therefore that the term
used by the Evangelist is correct. It had
previously been governed by a proprsetor, but
in the time of Augustus an exchange of pro-
vinces took place between the emperor and the
Senate, and consequently the title of the pre-
siding governor was then changed; the dv0v-
-TtaTof, being the title of the governor of the
Senatorial provinces, as avTiaTpaT-riyd^ was of
that of the Imperial. See Akerman's Numis-
matic Illustrations of the New Testament;
Pale/s Emdmces, part ii. a vi § 8.
25 Gortyna in Crete. Eginetan di-
drachm, of very early work.
The very archaic characters stand for
rOPTTNOS TO SAIMA (SHMA). The
lion's scalp was the •napaarjuov, coat of arms,
SO to say, of Gortyna ; and it is here termed
aT}fia. . "The style and letters indicate a pro-
duction of the sixth century B.C." (Leake.)
26 Do- Tetradrachm of (somewhat
reduced) Attic scale with Athenian
types. See Div. iii. nos, 25 — 27.
This rather late coin certainly indicates an
alliance with Athens, when it was struck. Pre-
viously in the Peloponnesian war the cities had
been allied ; but the age of the present coin is
probably that of Philip V. See Num. Chron.
for 1861, p. 174.
27 Do. Eginetan didrachm.
Pliny's observation explains the type (xii
§5): "Est Gortynae platanus ... statimque ei
GrteciEe fabulositas superfnit, Jovem sub ea
cum Europa concubuisse," The buU of the re-
verse is of course the bull of Europa.
28 Histisea in Euboea. Probably a
tetrobol of the Euboic scale. See
Leake's JVotes on the weights of
Greek coins in the Numismata
Hellenica.
The head of the obverse rather seems to be
a Bacchante, than "Bacchi fceraineum caput"
(Eckhel) ; the female on the reverse is probably
Histi^a, the foundress of the city.
29 Referred by Leake to lalysus in
Rhodes, but doubtless belonging
to the Cyrenaica, probably to Cy-
rene itself. Attic tetradrachm.
This is u. 22 of Miiller's Cyrenaique (mon-
naies sans nom de ville), and it has given rise
to some discussion. The eagle devouring a ser-
pent is regarded as symbolical of victory, sent
by Jove; and the lion's head has been con-
jectured to be a Samian type, placed on the
coin by Arcesilas IIL (b.c. 530 — 514), who
recovered his kingdom by aid of the Samians.
L. Miiller considers that the style of the coin
points to this date. Nwmism. de Vcmc. Afrique,
vol. I. p. 18. Compare Div. iv. n. 92, which
probably su^ested this view.
30 Itanus in Crete. Eginetan (re-
duced) drachma of fine work.
31 los. Copper coin, bearing the
head of Homer (inscribed).
Other places, as Chios, Smyrna, and Amas-
tris have placed Homer on their coins. Homer
was reputed to be buried in los, one of the
Cyclades.
32 Copper coin of Ithaca, bearing the
head, as is thought, of Ulysses.
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Islands of the Egean, ^c. AJrican Greece.
33 Lesbos. Small early coin of base
silver or potin. Apparently half-
hecta of the Cyzicene or Pho-
csean stater.
34 Lyttus in Crete- Early drachma
of the Eginetan scale, reduced.
The forma of the letters T and O are re-
markable. This is but Kttle heavier than a
drachma of the so-called Olympic scale ; which
seems to be the I^netan scale reduced.
35 Do. Eginetan didrachm ; later,
but early (probably of the fifth
century b.c.),
36 Mytiiene. Hecta of Cyzicene or
Phocasan stater. The M of the
reverse above the calf's head, the
type of Mytiiene, leaves little doubt
of the attribution. Leake thinks
the female head is Diana.
37 Do. Coin of potin, with remark-
able quadrate incuse.
38 Do. Do., but lighter.
Leake thinks that the exact resemblance
in form, style, and material, and in the size
and form of their reverse leaves little doubt
that they were struck in the same city. The
weights however are different, and it is hazard-
ous to pronounce on their denominations : no.
38 may perhaps be a light Eginetan didrachm,
while no. 37 appears to be a Bosporic or Lagid
tetradrachm,
39 Naxus (in the Egean Sea). Heavy
Eginetan didrachm of very early
work, of the age of Darius Hys-
taspes, as Leake thinks.
A very ancient representation of the cantha-
rus, which retains the present form (or nearly so)
in the Greek-Italian Vases of the Decadence.
40 Olus in Crete. Eginetan didrachm.
The head is probably from the statue of
Diana Britomartis at Olus, mentioned by Pau-
sanias. The more coins are studied, the more
it appears that thoy preserve many copies from
ancient statues. The wreath of bay on Diana's
head is unusual.
41 Phiestus in Crete. Eg^etau di-
drachm.
42 Do. Do.
The fine vase in the field is the itkv^o<;
or peculiar cup of Hercules. Cf Div. IV. n. 22.
43 Do. Do.
These coins exhibiting Hercules as the
slayer of the serpent of the Hesperides, as the
asaajlant of the Hydra, and as reposing after
his labours, well illustrate Mr Poole's remark
that the Ootan artists make their coins more
pictorial and more full in details than wo find
44 Polyrhenium in Crete. Eginetan
didrachm (rather light).
This is an early coin to bear a magistrate's
name in full The O (not ii) in the legend
shews that it is not much later than B. c. 400,
while the occurrence of H equally shews that
it is not much earlier.
45 Priansus in Crete. Eginetan di-
drachm.
46 Ehodes. Tetradrachm of Bos-
poric (or Euboic) scale; see be-
low, no. 69.
The flower on the reverse is certainly the
rose (not the pomegranate, as Leake and many
others) ; this is put out of all doubt by the
divided sepals. For the various scales of the
money of Ehodea see Queipo, tab. xxsix.
47 Do. Didrachmof the same scale.
48 Do. Do.
49 Do. Tetrobol, apparently.
50 Do. Copper medallion.
The fine execution of the head of Bacchus,
as well as of his ivy crown, desei^ves attention,
in a copper coin more especially.
61 Nicocies, king of Salamis in Cy-
prus. Succeeded his father Eva-
goras I. B.C. 374; time of his death
unknown. Eginetan drachma.
The BA of the obverse and the NIK of
the reverse (in monogram) are an abbreviation
for BA2IAEOS NIKOKAEOX, or (as Leake
prefers) BASIAEilS NIKOKAEOT2.
6—2
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