\
W:
Presented to the
LIBRARY of the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
hy
Sask Tel
Corporate Library
Errati
Page 21. Title underneath illustration should read
Micrometer Calipers.
Page 54. Diameter 1 has been omitted in first column of
first table.
Page 66. Fourth line should read 980 em. per second.
Page 80. Fourth line from bottom should read rope wire
instead of piano wire.
Page 100. Each of last 5 lines of 8th and 16th columns
should read pounds instead of feet.
Page 114. Second line from top should read No. 32 B. & S.
instead of No. 81.
Page 145. Second paragraph, first line, 146 should read
page 144.
Page 164. Title under first illustration should read s«rv*J
in place of sewed.
Page 165. Second line should read "taped overall."
Page 178. In first column of table, list number opposite
1/0 should read 252 S instead of 250 S.
Page 66. Under caption Electrical Data, equations should
read as follows:
The amp>ere = 10~' cm. ' g. ^ sec."'
" ohm = 10" cm. sec.~*
" volt = 10» cm. i g. ^ see."*
" henry =10* cm.
" farad = 10~» cm."' sec»
^
Sales Offices
CHICAGO 115 Adams Street
NEW YORK 30 Church Street
WORCESTER North Works
BOSTON 120 Franklm Street
PITTSBURG Frick Building
CLEVELAND Western Reserve Building
ST. LOUIS Third National Bank Building
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DENVER, COLO First National Bank Building
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SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. . . . i6th and Folsom Streets
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SEATTLE, WASH. . Fourth Ave., S., and Connecticut St.
LOS ANGELES, CAL 160 Central Avenue
LONDON, ENG 36 New Broad Street, E. C.
EXPORT SALES AGENTS
United States Steel Products Company
30 Church Street, New York, N. Y.
Catalogue and Handbook
of
Electrical Wires
and Cables
American Steel & Wire Company
Chicago New York Worcester
Denver San Francisco
Copyright igio by
American Steel and Wire Company
Pref
ace
THIS Catalogue-Handbook presents in
serviceable form information interest-
ing to customers, engineers and
students. All types of bare and insulated
electrical wires and cables now in com-
mon use are fully described herein. A con-
siderable amount of engineering data and
descriptive matter, including an abridged
dictionary of electrical terms, has been in-
troduced for the purpose of making the book
a fairly complete treatise on electrical con-
ductors.
Much of the information may be found
in books of reference, but some of it is
published here for the first time. The
data have been carefully compiled and
arranged with a view of rendering the
customer all possible assistance in select-
ing and specifying the material best suited
to his requirements.
Contents
THIS book conveniently and logically divides
into nine sections, the first of which contains
in descriptive and tabulated form general
engineering data relating to copper, iron and alu-
minum electrical conductors.
PAGE
General Data ..... ii
The following seven sections constitute the cata-
logue portion of the book, in which is given not only
a complete list of all bare and insulated electrical
wires and cables manufactured by this company, but
also some general information regarding standard
specifications and the uses and construction of con-
ductors.
PAGE
57
83
93
97
107
Bare Wires and Cables
Magnet Wire ....
Annunciator and Office Wires
Weatherproof Wires and Cables
Lamp Cord Products
Rubber-covered Wires and Cables 115
Lead Encased Wires and Cables and
Their Installation . . . 147
The final section has been compiled with consider-
able care for use as a dictionary of electrical terms.
Abridged Electrical Dictionary of page-
Common Words, Terms and Phrases 183
The book concludes with a very complete index,
having conveniently arranged cross references to
materials used specially for electric light, electric
railway and telephone and telegraph work.
PAGE
Index ....... 229
Facilities
HE first electrical wire factory of the
American Steel and Wire Company, estab-
lished in 1834, is here represented. In
this and in later buildings, the most im-
portant improvements in the manufactur-
ing of all kinds of wire were invented and adopted.
The business and the plant have developed rapidly.
About twenty years ago preparations were made for
producing our first insulated electrical wire. Shortly
after this the first enlarged terminal stud rail bonds
were made in these works. Since that date vast
changes and advances have taken place in every
branch of electrical engineering, and these have been
accompanied by a corresponding growth in our man-
ufacturing facilities.
Reinforcing our extensive factory equipment, there
are well equipped chemical, physical and electrical
laboratories, wherein the problems incident to the
solution of every difficulty encountered are handled
by thoroughly reliable experts and up - to - date
methods. All steel and copper used by us is rolled
and drawn in our own mills and under our own super-
vision throughout every operation. All raw materials
are tested and inspected before being used, the
manufacturing processes are constantly checked, and
finally the finished material is subjected to an exhaus-
tive series of tests that determine beyond question
whether or not it is of proper quality. With such facili-
ties at our disposal we are enabled to manufacture
electrical conductors of all kinds to the severest speci-
fications, and to give to the users of our product a
standard of quality that is unexcelled.
I
Regarding Orders
N order to avoid errors, delays and misunder-
standings, purchasers should carefully note
the following:
1. Orders and correspondence regarding
orders should always be sent to the nearest
sales office, list of which is given on page 4.
2. Describe fully material ordered. List
numbers are provided in this catalogue to facili-
tate ordering.
3. When referring to orders always give the
number or date of the order.
4. State distinctly how goods are to be
shipped, whether by freight, express or mail. If
any special route is preferred it should be men-
tioned in the order. We reserve the right to
route all shipments upon which we pay or allow
freight.
5. Before returning reels or other material,
please secure from us shipping directions
6. No claims for allowances will be enter-
tained unless made within ten days after arrival
of the goods, and no allowance will be made
beyond the original invoice price of material.
7. All prices are subject to change without
notice.
8. All agreements are contingent upon
strikes, accidents or other causes beyond our
control.
General Data
Page
Conductance amd Resistance 12
Physical Properties of Conductors 14
Temperature Effects on Resistance .... 15
Carrying Capacities of Conductors .... 18
Resistance of Copper at Different Temperatures
and Conductivities 17-19
Alternating Current Heating Effects .... 19
Measurements of Wires, Wire Gauges ... 21
Comparative Table of Wire Gauges .... 22
Wiring Formulae and Tables 22-26
Strands 27
Concentric Cables 32
Rope Strands 32
The Manufacture of Wire 35
Copper 35
Iron and Steel 39
Wire Drawong 42
Tinning and Galvanizing Wire .... 44
Packing and Shipping 44
Coils 45
Reels 49-50
Miscellaneous Tabulated Data 52-56
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data
Conductance and Resistance
ELECTRICAL energy is always transferred from the generating source to the
receiving device through, or by means of, some form of conductor. This is
one of the three necessary parts of any electrical circuit. With the various
kinds of metallic conductors we shall be chiefly concerned in this catalogue.
Electricity may be transmitted through any substance, though in widely vary-
ing degrees. The following table gives a list of materials which are arranged
approximately in order of their conducting powers :
Conductors
Non-Conductors or Insulators
All metals
Dry air
Ebonite
Well-burned charcoal
Shellac
Gutta-percha
Plumbago
Paraffin
India rubber
Acid solutions
Resins
Silk
Metallic ores
Sulphur
Dry paper
Living vegetable substances
Wax
Dry leather
Moist earth
Glass
Porcelain
Water
Mica
Oils
The conductmg power of any substance depends largely upon its physical
state. For instance, the conductivity of air decreases very rapidly as its pressure
increases, while rarefied air makes a good conductor of electricity. The conduc-
tivity of all substances materially alters with change of temperature.
The number of substances which are used for conductors of electricity in
commercial work is, however, limited to three of the useful metals, copper, iron
and aluminum. Of these, the first is pre-eminently the best, while next in order
come aluminum and iron. Pure copper possesses many physical properties of
great engineering value in addition to that of its high conductivity. It has to a
very high degree the qualities of malleability and ductility which make it an ideal
metal for wire drawing. Its strength and hardness are greater than that of any
other metal except iron and steel. It has the power of resisting oxidation, it takes
a fine polish, is easily worked, and can be forged more easily than iron.
The precious metals, platinum, gold and silver, are used as conductors only to
a limited extent in laboratories and for scientific purposes. A list of the common
metals, arranged in order of their relative conducting properties, is given in the
following table :
Relative Conductivity of Pure Metals
(Matthiessen's Standard)
Metals
Relative
Conductivity
Metals
Relative
Conductivity
Silver, annealed
Copper, annealed
Gold, annealed
Aluminum, annealed
Zinc
108
102
73
63
28
Iron, wrought
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Mercury
17.6
18.0
12.0
8.0
1.7
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES
Since the conductivity of any one wire will in general differ from that of any General
other, it becomes necessary in comparing or specifying wires to refer to some Data
standard or system of units. We cannot describe anything except by comparing it
with some standard which is recognized by and familiar to all. The conducting
power of a substance is usually expressed in terms of its electric resistance rather
than in terms of conductivity. The resistance of a wire is the reciprocal of its
conductivity. A wire that is high in conductivity is low in resistance and vice
versa. Resistance is that property of a conductor by virtue of its form and molecu-
lar structtire which modifies the strength of current flowing through it. It is an
inherent property of all electrical conductors; even the best conductors possess
appreciable resistance.
The commercial standard of conductivity in this country is the one established
bv Dr. Matthiessen in 1861. It is that of a piece of supposedly pure copper wire of
constant cross-section having the following specifications:
Specific gravity, 8.89.
Length, 1 meter or 39.3704 inches.
Weight, 1 gram or 15.432 grains.
Resistance, 0.141729 ohms at 0° C.
Specific resistance, 1.594 microhms per cubic centimeter, or
Specific resistance, 0.6276 microhms per cubic inch at 0° C
Much of the copper now being made is higher in conductivity than Dr.
Matthiessen's standard by one or two per cent., owing to improved methods of
refining copper. It is usual, however, to specify that soft drawn copper shall have
98 per cent, conductivity and hard drawn copper 97 per cent, of Matthiessen's
standard.
The practical unit of resistance is the International Ohm, which is the resist-
ance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of pure mercury at a
temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 grams (0.51 ounces) in mass, of a constant
cross-sectional area, and 106.3 centimeters (41.85 inches) in length. To obtain a
concrete idea of this unit it may be remembered that a copper wire having a
diameter of one tenth of an inch, has at 68° F. a resistance of approximately one
ohm per thousand feet, or 5.28 ohms per mile.
Resistance varies greatly with different metals and is in general less for a pure
metal than for any of its alloys. Its value will in every case depend upon the
relation of three factors. The length of the wire, its cross-sectional area, and the
nature or chemical composition of the metal, all of which vary with temperature.
Increasing or decreasing the length (L) of any conductor will increase or decrease
the resistance (R) of the conductor in direct proportion. Increasing or decreasing
its sectional area (A) will inversely affect its resistance, that is, as the section of
the conductor increases the resistance becomes proportionately less, and conversely.
The term conductor as used in this connection should be taken in its broadest sense,
meaning the whole length of any circuit or any portion of a circuit under consider-
ation, whether it be in a straight line or wound in a coil.
For example: One mile of any given wire will have twice the resistance of
one-half mile of the same wire, or 5.28 times the resistance of 1,000 feet. Again, if
we have two wires of equal length, one of which has a sectional area five times as
great as that of the other, then, assuming uniform quality and treatment, the elec-
trical resistance of the larger wire will be one-fifth that of the smaller, and as the
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General weight per unit length varies directly as the sectional area, it follows that the
Data resistance of a wire weighing, for example, 500 pounds per mile, will equal one-fifth
the resistance of a wire weighing 100 pounds per mile, assuming uniform quality
and treatment as before.
Algebraically, these relations may be expressed thus :
A
Where (K) is a constant for any metal and represents its resistivity or specific
resistance.
Resistivity, a factor depending only on the material or structure of the metal
as compared with pure copper as unity, may be expressed in a number of different
ways, all being equivalent to the resistance of some unit of cross-section. This
unit may be expressed either in linear dimensions or as a combination of weight
and dimensions. It may represent the resistance measured between opposite faces
of a unit cube of the metal. Or, another and more common way of expressing resis-
Physical Properties of G)pper, Aluminum, Iron and Steel Wire
Copper
Aluminum
99 Per Cent.
Pure
Iron
(Ex. B. B.)
Steel
Annealed
Hard Drawn
(Siemens
Martin)
Conductivity, Matthiessen's
standard
99 to 102
96 to 99
61 to 63
16.8
8.7
Ohms per mil-foot at 68° F.
= 20° C. (K)
10.86
10.57
16.7
62.9
119.7
Ohms per mile at 68° F. = 20° C .
( 54.600
1 cir. mils
.55,700
e-ir. mils
88,200
cir. mils
332,000
cir. mils
632,000
cir. mils
Pounds per mile-ohm at 68° F.
= 20° C
875
896
424.0
4700
8900
Temperature co-efficient per
degrees F. Mean values .
.00288
.00283
.0022
.0028
Temperature co-efficient per
degrees C. Mean values .
.0042
.0042
.0040
.0050
Specific grav
Pounds per 1
cular mil
Weight, in \
inch . .
ty. Mean values
,000 feet per cir-
8.89
.003027
.320
8.94
.003049
.322
2.68
.000909
.0967
7.77
.002652
.282
7.85
002871
Dounds per cubic
.283
Specific heat. Mean values . .
.093
.098
.214
.113
.117
Melting point in degrees F.
Mean values
2012
2012
1157
2975
2480
Melting point in degrees C.
Mean values
1100
1100
625
1635
1.360
Mean co-efficient of linear ex-
pansion. Degrees F. . . .
.00000950
.00000950
.00001285
.00000678
.00000662
Mean co-efficient of linear ex-
pansion. Degrees C. . . .
.0000171
.0000171
.0000231
.000120
.000118
Solid Wire
Pounds per
square inch
Tensile strength
Elastic limit . .
\ 30,000 to
'( 42,000
S 6,000 to
/ 16,000
45,000 to
68,000
26,000 to
45,000
20,000 to
35,000
\ 14,000 ]
50,000 to
55,000
25,000 to
80,000
100,000 to
120,000
50,000 to
72,000
Modulus of elas-
ticity ....
1 7,000,000 to
/ 17,000,000
13,000,000 to
18,000,000
10,500,000 to
11,500,000
22,000,000 to
27,000,000
22,000,000 to
27,000,000
Con-
Tensile strength
\ 29,000 to
( 87,000
43.000 to
65,000
j- 25,800 j
98,000 to
118,000
centric
Strand
Elastic limit . .
( 5,800 to
( 14,800
23,000 to
42,000
J- 18,800 ]
45,000 to
55,000
Pounds per
square inch
Modulus of elas-
ticity ....
( 5,000,000 to
1 12,000,000
12,000,000 to
14,000,000
Approx.
10,000,000
16,000,000 to
22,000,000
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES
tivity is in terms of ohms per mil-foot, meaning the resistance of a round wire one General
foot long, having a diameter of one mil or .001 inch and an area of one circular mil. Data
With this unit, the resistance of any wire is found by multiplying its length (L) by
its resistivity (K see page 14) in ohms per mil-foot and dividing this product by
the section area expressed in circular mils.
For telephone and telegraph conductors it is customary to use still another unit
of resistivity — weight per mile-ohm. This is the weight of a conductor one mile in
length, which has a resistance of one ohm. It equals the product of the resistance
per mile and the weight per mile. However great may be the variation in weight
of wires of different sizes, the variation in resistance is equally great inversely, and
so the balance is preserved.
To illustrate: If the mile-ohm be 5,000, the resistance of a wire weighing 1,000
pounds per mile will be 5 ohms, while a similar wire weighing 5 pounds per mile will
have a resistance of 1,000 ohms. This method of expressing resistance is more
direct than the others, which require interpretation before the results may be used
in any calculation. Values for these various units will be found tabulated on
page 14.
Temperature Effects on Resistance
The question- of temperature bears an important part in all tests and calcula-
tions of electrical conductors, as the resistance varies directly with temperature.
The resistance of copper wire increases about twenty-three one-hundredths and
that of iron wire about twenty-eight one-hundredths per cent, for each additional
degree F.
Dr. Matthiessen, while experimenting with copper conductors, derived the fol-
lowing formula for the change of resistance with temperature in copper wire:
R=Ro(l+ .00387t+ .0000059t2)
Later experiments have shown that for practical engineering purposes all terms
below the second may be dropped, and that the above equation for temperature
changes in copper wire may now be written :
Rt=Ro(l+ .0042t) for t in degrees C. or
Rt=Ro(l+ .0023t) for t in degrees F.
Where Ro = Resistance at 0° C.
Rt= Resistance at any temperature t°
The general equation for any conductor is usuallv written:
Rt=Ro(l + at), where
a is called the temperature coefficient of the conductor. These coefficients vary
considerably with the purity of metals, and they change slightly even in the purest
metals. The following average values of the temperature coefficient have been
found experimentally, at 0° C.
Metals
Centigrade
Fahrenheit
Aluminum
.0040
.0022
Copper, annealed
Gold
.0042
.0028
.0038
.0021
Mercury
.0007
.0004
Platinum
.00>6
.0014
Silver, annealed
.0040
.0022
Soft iron
.OOV)
.0028
Tin
.0044
.0026
Zinc
.0041
.0028
For convenience in determining the resistivity of copper conductors at vari-
ous temperatures, we give on page 17 the resistance per mil-foot at temperatures
16
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General ranging from -10° C. to 45°C. at 97 per cent., 98 per cent, and at 100 per cent.
Data conductivity Matthiessen's standard. We also give, on page 19, the weight per
mile-ohm at various temperatures and conductivities within practical limits.
If a continuous current of electricity flows through any conductor, a certain
definite portion of the electrical energy supplied to the conductor will be required
to overcome its resistance and transmit the current between any two points in the
conductor. This energy of transmission, as it is called, is never lost, but is trans-
formed into heat energy. Heat will be developed whenever any electric current
flows through any conductor, or part of conductor, the amount of heat being
directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the
current flowing. The amount of heat measured in calories will equal
H=0.24PRt
Where H represents calories of heat produced
I " current in amperes
R ' ' resistance of conductor in ohms, and
t " time in seconds that the current flows.
If heat be developed in the conductor faster than it can be dissipated from the
surface by radiation and convection the temperature will rise. The allowable safe
temperature rise is one of the limiting features of the current carrying capacity of
any conductor. Since the rate at which heat will be dissipated from any conductor
will depend upon many conditions, such as its size and structure, the kind and
amount of insulation, if any, and its location with respect to other bodies, it is not
possible to give any general definite rule for carrying capacity that will be true for
all conditions. The following empirical formula* will give approximate values for
the current I flowing through a solid conductor, or through each conductor of a
multiple conductor cable which will cause a rise in temperature of t degrees C.
I=C.
i/;
d3
K
In this, d represents the diameter of the bare wire or strand, K is the resistance
per mil-foot of the wire at allowable elevated temperature t taken from the curves
given on next page, and C is a constant having the following values for different
conditions.
Location and Kind of Conductor
Values of i/ d«
■■ Constant C in Expression Q!\ 1 1?
Solid Conductor
Stranded Conductor
Bare overhead wires out of doors
1250
1100
Bare wires in doors, exposed
660
610
Single conductor rubber covered cable in still air
580
490
Single conductor rubber covered lead sheathed cable in
underground single duct conduit
530
490
Single conductor paper covered lead sheathed cable in
underground single duct conduit
470
430
Three-conductor rubber covered lead sheathed cable in
underground single duct conduit
400
370
Three-conductor paper covered lead sheathed cable in
underground single duct conduit
350
320
* Taken by permission from Foster's Electrical Engineer's Pocket Book published by D.
Van Nostrand Company, New York.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 17
General
Data
Resistance per Mil-Foot of Pure Copper at Various Temperatures and
Conductivities
Values of K in expression C i,/ t ^
11.5
510.5
10.
-) 9 / / Ao 20 30 40
+^— ■ /y X i
-^- /^ / / 1
The heat radiating surface of any conductor varies as the diameter of the con-
ductor, while the current carrying capacity, depending on the number of circular
mils, will vary as the square of the diameter. In consequence, the current density
in large conductors will be less than in small conductors for an equal temperature
rise. It has been found impracticable on this account to use insulated conductors
larger than 2,000,000 c. m., except in special cases. (See page 172.)
18
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data
Carrying Capacities of Insulated Wires and Cables
Published in National Electrical Code of 1909
Amperes
B. & S. C
Jauge Capacity
ber Circular Mils.
Num
Rubber Insulation
Weatherproof
Insulation
1£
1,624
8
5
16
2,583
6
8
14
4,107
12
16
12
6.530
17
23
IC
► 10,380
24
82
i
I 16,510
88
46
e
t 26,250
46
65
£
. 33,100
64
77
4
[ 41,740
66
92
i
1 52,680
76
110
J
5 66,370
90
131
1
83,690
107
156
(
) 105.500
127
185
(K
) 133,100
150
220
m
) 167,800
177
262
200.000
200
300
o66(
) 211.600
210
312
300,000
270
400
400,000
830
500
500,000
890
590
600,000
450
680
700,000
600
760
800,000
550
840
900,000
600
920
...
1,000,000
650
1,000
1,100,000
690
1,080
1,200,000
780
1,150
1,300,000
770
1,220
1,400,000
810
1,290
1,500,000
850
1,360
1,600,000
890
1,430
1,700.000
930
1.490
1.800.000
970
1,550
1.900.000
1,010
1,610
...
2,000,000
1,050
1,670
Drop of potential is not taken into consideration in the above table. These
amperages for rubber-covered wires are adopted because to exceed them may
cause gradual deterioration of the insulation even though the chance of ignition
from overheating may be small.
Wires smaller than No. 14 should not be used except as prescribed in
Underwriters' rules.
For aluminum wire the carrying capacity of any given size should be taken as
84 per cent, of the value given in the above table.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 19
Pounds per Mile-Ohm of Gjpper Wire at Various Temperatures
auid Conductivities
General
Data
Per Cent.
?ounds per Mile-Ohm
Per Cent.
^ounds per Mile-Ohm
Conductivity
Conductivity
Matthiessen's
Standard
At 32° F.
At 60° F.
At 68° F
At 104° F.
Matthiessen's
Standard
At 32° F.
At 60° F.
At 68° F.
At 104° F.
CC.
15.6° C.
20° C.
40° C.
0°C.
15.6° C.
20° C.
40° C.
96.0
841.9
893.4
908.7
9808
99.0
816.4
866.3
881.1
951.0
.2
840.2
891.5
906.8
978.7
.2
814.8
864.6
879.4
949.1
.4
8a8.4
88.t.7
904.9
976.7
.4
813.1
862.8
877.6
947.2
.6
836.7
887.8
903.0
974.7
.6
811.5
861.1
875.8
945.3
.8
835.0
886.0
901.2
972.7
.8
809.9
859.4
b74.1
943.4
97.0
83.3.2
884.2
899.8
970.6
100.0
808.2
857.6
872.3
941.5
.2
831.5
882.4
897.4
968.7
.2
806.6
855.9
870.6
939.6
.4
82ii.8
880.5
895.6
966.7
.4
805.0
854.2
868.8
937.8
.6
828.1
878.7
893.8
964.7
.6
803.4
i-52.5
867.1
935.9
.8
826.4
876.9
891.9
962.7
.8
801.8
&50.8
865.4
934.1
98.0
824.7
875.1
890.1
960.7
101.0
800.2
849.2
863.7
932.2
.2
823.1
873.4
8^.3
gs-^.s
.2
798.7
847.5
862.0
930.4
.4
821.4
871.6
886.5
956.8
.4
797.1
845.8
860.3
928.5
.6
819.7
869.8
884.7
954.9
.6
795.5
844.1
858.6
926.7
.8
818.1
868.1
882.9
958.0
.8
794.0
842.5
856.9
924.9
102.0
792.4
840.8
855.2
923.1
Alternating Current Heating Effects
If an alternating current be transmitted through a conductor, portions of the
electrical energy supplied may be transformed into heat in four different ways,
each resulting in an energy loss and in a corresponding reduction of the current
carrying capacity of the conductor.
1. A definite amount of electrical energy will be required to overcome the
ohmic resistance of the conductor, just as in the case with continuous currents.
This is commonly known as the I*R loss, where I is the effective current.
3. Under certain conditions there will be loss of energy due to the skin effect
of alternating currents. A current induced in a conductor builds up from the
surface, and an appreciable period of time is required for the current to penetrate
to the interior portions of the conductor. If the frequency be high the central por-
tion of large conductors may contribute nothing to the conducting powers of the
conductor. This is equivalent to increasing the resistance of the conductor, or in
effect the conductor will have a spurious resistance which will be greater than its
real resistance.
The effect is much greater in iron than in copper, owing to the high magnetic
permeability of iron. It also increases directly with the frequency of alternations.
With the two standard frequencies now being used, 25 and 60, the skin effect in
copper does not become appreciable until a diameter of conductor of about three-
quarters of an inch has been reached. In distribution systems which conduct
heavy currents of high frequency, the conductor wires may be built up into cables
about a hemp core, thus offering a greater amount of surface by placing the
copper where it will do the greatest service without increasing its weight.
20
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General Approximate values of the effective resistance of straight copper conductors
Data at 68 degrees F. can be obtained by multiplying the actual ohmic resistance by
factors given in the following table:
Factors to Obtain Effective Resistance from
Ohmic Resistance
Diameter
Bare
Copper
Conductor
Inches
Approxi-
mate Area
in Circular
Mils
Frequency
Diameter
Bare
Copper
Conductor
Inches
Approxi-
mate Area
in Circular
Mils
Frequency
25
60
130
25
60
130
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.125
4,000.000
3,062,500
2,500,000
1,562,500
1,265,625
1.265
1.170
1.098
1.053
1.0:35
1.826
1.622
1.420
1.239
1.168
2.560
2.272
1.983
1.694
1.545
1.000
.75
.50
.46
1,000,000
563,500
250,000
211,600
1.020
1.007
1.002
1.001
1.111
1.040
1.008
1.006
1.897
1.156
1.039
1.027
3. Foucoult or eddy currents may be induced in the conductor itself, or in the
lead sheathing or in the steel armor wires by the rapidly changing alternating mag-
netic flux. Foucoult currents are produced at the expense of energy supplied the
conductor, and they are dissipated in the form of heat. This loss would be much
greater in single-conductor cables carrying alternating current than in two-conduc-
tor or three-conductor cables, in which the outer resultant magnetic field should be
very small. Placing a single-conductor alternating current cable in an iron conduit
would very greatly increase the energy loss, and for that reason it is seldom done.
This loss will be greater in solid conductors than in stranded conductors of equal
section, and it will increase with thickness of lead sheath and with the diameter of
the armor wires.
4. Dielectric hysteresis losses in the insulating material. This loss is some-
what similar in kind to the magnetic hysteresis loss in iron. A dielectric is a poorly
conducting material used for insulating conductors, through which an electro-
motive force establishes a molecular strain or an electro-static field of flux. The
total dielectric loss is due to the sum of a direct PR leakage of current through
the dielectric and to the dielectric hysteresis loss, which is thought to be a function
of the insulation resistance, varying inversely. The hysteresis loss in the dielectric
of a cable is constant and independent of load. It increases with voltage, with the
length of cable and with frequency. It may be lessened by increasing the thickness
of the dielectric, by using a dielectric of low specific inductive capacity and by
working at low voltage and low frequency. The loss is thought to be negligible
in direct current systems and in low voltage alternating current distribution
systems.
While the amount of heat developed under ordinary service conditions by any
one of the last three mentioned causes would probably be small, yet the ag-
gregate amount tends to increase the temperature of the conductor, which
increases its resistance, reduces its carrying capacity and shortens the life of the
insulation.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES
Measurements of Conductors
The diameter of a conductor is usually expressed in mils. A mil is a thou-
sandth part of an inch. The direct measurement of diameters in mils is made by
wire gauges, of which there are several different types on the market. One type in
common use is shown in the cut below.
Micrometer Screw
The circular mil is very generally taken as the unit of area in considering the
cross-section or capacity of electrical conductors. This is the area of a circle whose
diameter is one mil, or one-thousandth of an inch. It equals .7854 of a square mil.
This unit area possesses several advantages in making wiring calculations and in
determining the relations between different wires having known diameters. The
cross-section of any solid round wire in circular mils is found by squaring the diam-
eter of the wire in mils, and conversely, the diameter of a wire in mils is obtained by
extracting the square root of the section expressed in circular mils. The constant -,
which expresses the ratio between the circumference and diameter of any circle,
does not enter into these calculations, thus greatly simplifying them.
Circular mils = square inches -;- .0000007854 = (diameter in mils)-
Square inches = circular mils X .0000007854
One circular mil = .0005067087 square millimeters
One square millimeter = 1,973 circular mils
The weight in pounds per 1,000 feet of any conductor may be found by multi-
plying its area in circular mils by the "pounds per 1,000 feet per circular mil,"
tabulated on page 14.
Wire Gauges
The sizes of wires are ordinarily expressed in certain gauge numbers arbi-
trarily chosen. There are unfortunately several independent gauge systems, and
it is necessary in each case to specify the particular wire gauge used. Though the
gauge numbers have the advantage of enabling manufacturers to carry wires in
stock from which purchasers may choose with a reasonable assurance of quick de-
livery, there is nevertheless a tendency to do away with all 'gauge numbering
methods and to distinguish different electrical wires by their diameters expressed
in mils.
The Brown & Sharpe gauge is used in America as the standard for copper wire
used for electrical purposes. In this gauge both the sizes and the areas vary in
geometrical progression. The diameters of wires are obtained from the geometric
series, in which the first number, No. 4/0, = 0.46 inch in diameter, and No. 36 = .005
inch, the nearest fourth significant figure being retained in the areas and diameters
22
A :M E R I C A N
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
SO obtained. It will be seen upon examining a wiring table that an increase
of three in the wire number corresponds to doubling the resistance and halving the
cross-section and weight. Also, that an increase of ten in the wire number increases
the resistance ten times and diminishes the cross-section and weight to one-tenth
their original values.
The American Steel and Wire gauge is used almost universally in this country
for steel and iron wires.
The Birmingham gauge is used largely in England as their standard, and in
this country for steel wires, and for other wires not used especially for electrical
purposes.
The following table gives the numbers and diameters in decimal parts of an
inch for the various wire gauges used in this country and England:
Comparative
Sizes Wire
Gauges in Decimals
of an Inch
Is
* rt «
a o
^ *
J3
O rt
s »
IS
MS
.5 °
111
i
0000000
.4900
.500
18
.0475
.04030
.049
.048
.0490
.288
000000
.4«15
'.mm
.464.
19
.0410
.085><9
.042
.040^
.0400
.250
00000
.4305
.51650
'.m
.432
20
.034«
.a3196
.085
.086
.0350
.263
0000
.3938
.46000
.454
.400
" !4546
21
.0317
.02846
.032
.032
.0315
.279
000
.8625
.40964
.425
.872_
.4250
22
.02«6
.02535
.028
.028
.0295
.290
00
.3810
.36480
.880
.348
.8800
28
.0258
.02257
.025
.024^
.0270
.303
0
.30(15
.32486
.840
.324
.3400
24
.0230
.02010
.022
.022
.0250
.316
1
.2iS0
.28980
.800
.800
.3000
083
25
.0204
.01790
.020
.020
.0230
.881
2
.2625
.25763
.284
.2761
"^ .2840
040
26
.0181
.01594
.018
.018
.0205
.342
3
.2437
.22942
.259
.252^
1.2590
050
27
.0173
.01420
.016
.0164
.01875
.356
4
.2253
.20431
.288
.232
.2380
063
28
.0162
.01264
.014
.0148
.01650
.371
5
.2oro
.18194
.220
.212
.2200
068
29
.0150
.01126
.018
.0136
.0155')
.383
6
.1920
.16202
.203
.192_
.2030
088
80
.0140
.01003
.012
.0124
.01875
.394
7
.1770
.14428
.180
.176
.1^00
097
81
.0132
.00898
.010
.0116
.01225
.408
8
.1620
.12849'
< .165
.160
.1660
110
32
.0128
.00795
.009
.OlOS
.01125
.419
9
.1483
.11443
.148
.144
.1480
120
83
.0118
.00708
.008
.0100
.01025
.431
10
.1350
.10189"*
.184
:1^
.1340
185
34
.0104
.00630
.007
.0092
.00950
.448
11
.1205
.09074
.120
.1200
149
85
.0095
.00561
.005
.00*4
.00900
.458
12
.1055
.08081
.109*
' .104 >
.092^
' .1090
162
36
.0090
.00500
.004
.0076
.00750
.472
13
.0915
.07196
.095
.0950
172
37
.0085
.00445
.0068
.00650
.485
14
.0800
.06408
.088
.080
.0880
185
88
.0080
.00396
.0060
.00575
.499
15
.0720
.05706
.072
.072
.0720
197
39
.0075
.00358
.0052
.00500
.509
16
.0625
.050-<2
.065
.06t
.0650
212
40
.0070
.00814
.0018
.00150
.524
17
.0540
.04525
.058
.056
.05:0
225
♦Also called New British or English Legal Standard.
Wiring Formulae and Tables
The current carrying capacity of a conductor is not only limited by its allow-
able temperature rise, as already explained, ,but also by the allowable drop of
potential. The potential difference required to transmit a given electric current
through a conductor will vary directly as the resistance of the conductor and
inversely as its cross-sectional area. The diameter of conductors used for long
distance transmission purposes is usually determined by the drop of potential
allowable, rather than from other electrical considerations.
For most practical purposes the following formulae can be used to determine
the size of copper conductors, current per wire, and weight of copper per circuit for
any system of electrical distribution.
Area of conductor in circular mils =
W
-E-T-
Current in main conductor =
D X W
P X E«
P =
K = C. M.
D X W
C. M. X E«
K
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
33
Weight of copper
D'' X W X K X A
P X E8 X 1.000,000 • PO""^s-
In these equations the symbols used denote the following quantities:
W = total watts delivered.
D ^ distance of transmission, one way in feet.
E = voltage between main conductors at the receiving or consumers' end of
circuit.
P = loss in line in per cent, of power delivered, i. e. , of W, this being a whole
number. K, T and A are constants given in the following table:
Wiling Formulae Constants
Values of K
Values of T
System Values of A
Per Cent. Power Factor
Per Cent. Power Factor
100
95
90
85
80
100
95
90
1.11
.55
.64
85
80
1 -phase, and D. C.
2-phase-4 wire
3-phase-3 wire
6.04
ia.08
9.06
2160
1080
1080
2400
1200
1200
2660
1330
1330
3000
1500
1500
3880
1690
1690
1.00
.50
.58
1.05
.53
.61
1.17
.59
.68
1.25
.66
.72
These constants depend upon the system of distribution as well as the condi-
tions of the circuit.
For continxious current K=3160, T=l and A= 6.04.
For any particular power factor the value of K is obtained by dividing 2160,
the value for continuous current, by the square of the power factor for single-phase,
and by twice the square of the power factor for three-wire three-phase or four-wire
two-phase. In continuous current Edison three-wire systems, the neutral should
be made of one-third the section obtained by the formula for either of the outside
mains. In both continuous and alternating current systems, the neutral conductor,
for secondary mains (i. e., service connections) and house wiring, should be taken
as large as the other conductor. The three wires of a three-phase circuit and the
four wires of a two-phase circuit should all be of the same size, and each conductor
should be of the cross-section, as obtained by the proper application of the first
formula.
The following assumed values of power factors for circuits may be used in any
calculation when their exact values are not known.
Incandescent lighting and synchronous motors, 95 per cent.
Lighting and induction motors, 85 per cent.
Induction motors alone, 80 per cent.
For continuous currents and for short branch circuits in wiring buildings, for
lamp and motor outlets, the following formula for determining area of conductor is
found more convenient to use.
^. , ., 10.8 X Amperes X Length of circuit in feet.
Circular mils= ^^i-^t, ■ — ^ttj — 3 ■ =
Volts permissible drop in wire.
For example: What size of wire would be required for an 800-foot circuit
carrying current to a 500-volt, 20-kilowatt, direct current motor, allowing 2 per cent,
drop in the circuit.
20 kilowatts=20,000 watts.
20,000-i-500=40. amperes in line.
1 per cent, loss in each wire or branch of circuit=500 X .01=5 volts.
Length of each wire=800 feet.
^. , ., 10.8 X 40 X 800
Circular mils = = =69,120 or No. 2 B. & S. wire say
for each branch of the circuit.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data
Bare Copper Wire Table
The data from which these tables have been computed are as follows: Matthies-
sen's standard resistivity, Matthiessen's temperature coefficients, specific gravity of
copper = 8.89. Resistance in terms of the international ohm.
Brown & Sharpe
Gauge
0000
000
00
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
80
31
37
Diameter of Wire
In Inches
.4600
.4096
.3648
.3250
.2576
.2294
.2043
.1819
.1620
.1443
.1285
.1144
.1019
.0907
.0720
.0641
.0571
.0453
.0403
.0359
.0320
.0285
.0253
.0226
.0201
.0179-
.0159
.0142
.0126
.0113
.0100
.00795
.00708
.00630
.00561
.0050
.00445
.00353
.00314
Allowable
Variation in
Per Cent.
Either Way
.45
.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
.75
.75
.75
.75
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
In
Millimeters
11.68
10.40
9.266
8.255
7.348
6.543
5.827
5.189
4.620
4.115
3.665
3.264
2.906
2.588
2.304
2.052
1.829
1.628
1.450
1.290
1.151
' 1.024
.9119
.8128
.7239
.6426
.5740
.5105
.4547
.4039
.3607
.3200
.2870
.2540
.2268
.2019
.1798
.1600
.1425
.1270
.1130
.1006
.07976
Cross-sectional Area
Circular Mils
(d=)
d = .001 Inch
211600.
167772.
133079.
105625.
52624.
41738.
26244.
20822.
16512.
13087.
10384.
8226.5
6528.6
5184.0
4108.8
3260.4
2580.6
2052.1
1624.1
1288.8
1024.0
812.25
640.09
510.76
404.01
320.41
252.81
201.64
158.76
127.69
100.00
79.74
63.20
50.13
39.69
31.47
25.00
19.80
15.68
12.46
Square Inch
(d" X .7854)
.166190
.131770
.104520
.065733
.052117
.041331
.032781
.020612
.016354
.012969
.010279
.0081553
.0064611
.0051276
.0040715
.0032271
.0025607
.0020268
.0016117
.0012756
.0010122
.00080425
.00063794
.00050273
.00040115
.00031731
.00025165
.00019856
.00015887
.00012469
.00010029
.000078540
.000062631
.000049639
.000031173
.000024718
.000019635
.000015553
.000012316
.0000097868
.0000077437
Square
Millimeter
107.219
85.011
67.432
53.521
42.408
38.624
26.665
21.149
16.766
13.298
10.550
8.3666
6.6313
5.2614
4.1684
3.3081
2.6267
2.0819
1.6520
1.3076
1.0898
.65804
.51887
.41157
.32434
.25880
.20471
.16235
.12810
.10217
.08044
.06470
.05067
.04040
.03202
.02540
.02011
.01594
.01266
.01003
.00794
.00681
.00499
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
25
Bare Copper Wire Table
Giving dimensions, weights, lengths and resistances of bare round solid wires,
Matthiessen's Standard of Conductivity. While these values are theoretically cor-
rect, slight variation should be expected in practice.
General
Data
Pounds per
Ohms per
Feet per
-
1000 Feet
Ohm at
20 C.
68 F.
Pound at
20 C.
68 F.
1000 Feet at
20 C.
68 F.
1000 Feet at
50 C.
122 F.
Pound
Ohm at
20 C.
68 F.
&
Sharpe
Gauge
640.5
506.0
402.8
319.5
13.090
8,232
5,177
3,256
.0000764
.0001215
.0001931
.0003071
.01893
.06170
.07780
.09811
.05467
.06898
.06692
.1096
1.561
1.969
2.482
3.130
20,440
16,210
12,850
10,190
0000
000
00
0
253.3
200.9
159.8
126.4
2,048
1,288
810.0
509.4
.0004883
.0007765
.001235
.001963
.1237
.1560
.1967
.2480
.1382
.1743
.2198
.2771
3.947
4.977
6.276
7.914
8,083
6,410
5,084
4,031
1
2
3
4
100.2
079.46
063.02
49.98
320.4
201.5
126.7
79.69
i .003122
.004963
.007892
.01255
.3128
.3944
.4973
.6271
.3495
.4406
.5556
.7007
9.980
12.58
15.87
20.01
3.197
2,535
2,011
1,595
5
6
7
8
39.63
31.43
24.93
19.77
50.12
31.52
19.82
12.47
.01995
.03173
.05045
.08022
.7908
.9972
1.257
1.586
.8835
1.114
1.405
1.771
25.23
31.82
40.12
50.59
1,265
1,003
795.3
630.7
9
10
11
12
15.68
12.43
9.858
7.818
7.&40
4.931
3.101
1.950
.1276
.2028
.3225
.5128
1.999
2.521
3.179
4.009
2.234
2.817
3.552
4.479
63.79
80.44
101.4
127.9
500.1
896.6
814.5
249.4
18
14
15
16
6.200
4.917
3.899
3.092
1.226
.7713
.4851
.3051
.8153
1.296
2.061
3.278
5.055
6.374
8.038
10.14
5.648
7.122
8.980
11.32
161.3
303.4
256.5
323.4
197.8
156.9
124.4
98.66
17
18
19
20
2.452
1.945
1.542
1.223
.1919
.1207
.07589
.04773
5.212
8.287
13.18
20.95
12.78
16.12
20.82
25.68
14.28
18.01
22.71
28.63
407.8
514.2
648.4
817.6
78.24
62.05
49.21
89.02
21
22
23
24
.9699
.7692
.6100
.4837
.03002
.01888
.01187
.007466
33.32
52.97
84.23
133.9
32.31
40.75
51.38
64.79
36.10
45.52
57.40
72.39
1,031
1,300
1,639
2,067
80.95
24.54
19.46
15.43
25
26
27
28
.3836
.3042
.2413 !
.1913
.004696
.002953
.001857
.001168
213.0
338.6
538.4
856.2
81.70
103.0
129.9
161.8
91.28
115.1
145.1
183.0
2.607
3.287
4,145
5,227
12.24
.9.707
7.698
6.105
29
80
31
32
.1517
.1203
.09&13
.07568
.0007346
.0004620
.0002905
.0001827
1,361
2.165
3,441
5,473
206.6
260.5
328.4
414.2
230.8
291.0
366.9
462.7
6,591
8,311
10,480
13,210
4.841
3.839
3.045
2.414
33
34
35
36
.06001
.04759
.08774
.02993
.0001149
.00007210
.00004545
.00002858
8.702
13,870
22,000
34,980
522.2
658.5
880.4
1047.0
583.5
785.7
927.7
1170.0
16,660
21,010
26,500
88,410
1.915
1.619
1.204
0.955
37
88
39
40
26
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data _
Weight per 1 ,000 Feet of Bare Copper Wire in Pounds
^f umber
American
American
Birmingham or
British Imperial
Standard (B. & S.)
Steel & Wire Co.
Stubs'
Standard
000000
1017.
643.9
650.4
00000
808.6
560.3
755.9
564.3
0000
639.8
468.9
623.2
483.8
000
507.3
397.3
546.1
418.4
00
402.4
331.3
436.6
366.2
0
319.4
284.0
349.5
317.4
1
253.0
242.1
272.1
272.1
2
200.6
208.3
248.9
230.3
3
159.1
179.6
202.8
192.0
4
126.2
153.5
171.8
162.7
5
100.0
129.6
146.3
135.9
6
79.85
111.5
124.6
111.5
7
62.96
94.72
97.96
93.66
8
49.92
79.35
82.81
77.40
9
39.57 '
66.49
66.23
62.69
10
31.39
56.10
54.29
49.54
11
24.87
43.90
43.54
40.68 '
12
19.74
33.65
35.92
3S1.79-
13
15.67
25.31
27.29
25.59
14
12.42
19.85
20.83
19.35
15
9.858
15.67
15.67
15.67
16
7.802
11.81
12.77
12.38
17
6.204
8.816
10.17
9.482
18
4.910
6.822
7.259
6.966
19
3.897
5.082
5.333
4.838
■ 20
3.096
3.662
3 704
3.918
21
2.456
3.038
3.096
3.096
22
1.935
2.473
2.. 370
2.370
s;3
1.544
2.018
1.890
1.742
24
1.222
1.599
1.463
1.463
25
0.9688
1.258
1.209
1.209
26
0.7644
0.9905
0.9796
0.9796
27
0.6097
0.9049
0.7740
0.8132
28
0.4-00
0.7935
0.5926
0.6623
29
0.3861
0.6803
0.5110
0.5592
80
0.3023
0.5926
0.4354
0.4649
31
0.2411
0.5268
0.3023
0.4068
32
0.1911
0.4954
0.2449
6.3527
33
0.1516
0.4210
0.1935
0.8028
34
0.1200
0.3270
0.1481
0.2559
35
0.09515
0.2729
0.0r559
0.2183
36
0.07559
0.2449
0.04838
0.1746
37
0.05987
0.2184
0.1398
38
0.04741
0.1935
0.1088
89
0.03768
0.1701
0.08175
40
0.02981
0.1481
0.06y66
1000 feet of pure copper wire of one circular mil capacity weighs 0.003027057 pound.
Tensile Strength of Pure Copper Wire in Pounds
Hard Drawn
Annealed
Size
B. & S.
Hard Drawn
Annealed
Size
B. &S.
Average
Average
Average
Average
Actual
per Square
Inch
Actual
per Square
Inch
Actual
per Square
Inch
Actual
per Square
Inch
0000
8260.
49,700
5820.
32,000
7
1050.
64,200
556.
34,000
000
6550.
49,700
4220.
32,000
8
843.
65.000
441.
84.000
00
5440.
52,000
3340.
32,000
9
678.
66,000
350.
34,000
0
4530.
54,61)0
2650.
32,000
10
546.
67,000
277.
84,000
1
3680.
56.000
2100.
32.000
12
348.
67,000
174.
84,000
2
2970.
57,000
1670.
32.000
14
219.
68.000
110.
34.000
3
2380.
57,600
1823.
32.000
16
188.
68,000
68.9
84.000
4
1900.
58,000
1050.
82,000
18
86.7
68,0 lO
43.4
34,000
5
1580.
60,800
884.
34,000
19
68.8
68,000
34.4
84,000
6
1300.
63,000
700.
34,000
20
54.7
68,000
27.3
84,000
RI. ECTKICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
27
Strand
General
Data
If a solid copper wire be made larger in diameter than 0.46 inch it becomes
hard to splice and difficult to handle, owing to its size and stiffness. Conductors
larger than this are nearly always built up of small wires twisted into a strand or
cable. The flexibility of a cable will increase as the size of the constituent wires
decreases or as the number of wires increases, and it will depend somewhat upon
the method of laying up the cable.
While it is possible to build up a cable from any number of wires, there are
certain combinations only that can be used to obtain a smooth and symmetrical
cable. These combinations are governed by well established geometrical rules
which should be observed whenever possible.
Seven-layer Strand
A bare cable may be defined as consisting of any group of wires twisted
together helically, or it may be composed of any number of such groups. The
term wire indicates the individual solid wires in a cable.
A strand is a group of single wires in one or more layers, twisted together
helically and symmetrically with a uniform pitch around a single central wire or
neutral axis. This construction is sometimes called concetitric strand.
The term bunched strand is sometimes applied to a collection of straight or
twisted wires which are grouped together with little regard to their geometrical
arrangements.
The above cut represents the manner in which a concentric strand with 7 layers
is built up. The first layer consists of six wires twisted spirally around the central
wire or core. The second layer has 12 wires or 6 + 6, the third 18 wires or 12 + 6,
and so on, each succeeding layer having 6 more wires than the one underneath.
The total number of wires in this type of strand would be,
For 1 layer, 1+6=7
2 layers, 7 + 12 = 19
3 layers, 19 + 18 = 37
4 layers, 37 + 24 = 61
7 layers, 127 + 42 = 169
This can be expressed by the following formula, where n is the number of
layers over the core:
Total number of wires = 3n(l -h n) -i- 1.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General In this type of strand, all wires are of the same size and each successive layer
Data of wires after the second is twisted in a reverse direction from the preceding one,
making the external diameter symmetrical and cylindrical. It is the most compact
form, it has the smallest diameter for a given capacity and presents the smoothest
and most uniform external surface possible to obtain. These are very necessary
qualifications for the production of a high grade insulated cable. The insulation,
whether it be rubber, paper, cambric or other material, will have a more uniform
thickness on a concentric strand than on any other, due to the evenness of its
external diameter.
Stranding Machine
As the successive layers are wound in opposite directions, the wires will not fit
into the grooves between the wires underneath. The diameter of such a strand will
therefore equal the sum of the diameters of the individual wires crossing each other
in any diameter. It will equal d(2n + 1), where d is the diameter of each wire and
n the number of layers.
The axial length of one complete turn of a wire in a strand is called the pitch,
or the lay of the strand. This is often expressed in terms of the diameter of the strand.
There is no one fixed standard pitch used by all cable makers. An extended experi-
ence in cable making has shown us that the particular system of laying wires in a
strand outlined in the following table gives best results. This is based on placing
the wires in the strand at a uniform angle with the core. The "per cent, take-up
of whole strand " represents also the per cent, increase in weight of a strand over a
solid wire of equal cross-section.
K L K C T R I C A L
WIRES
AND
CABLES
20
Standau'd Pitch of Concentric Copper Strand
General
Data
Number of
Wires in
Number in
Outside
Per Cent.
Take-up
Per Cent
Take-up of
Whole
Strand
Approx-
imate
Diameters
Pitch
An^le
Cosine
of
Approximate
Weight per
100,000 Circular
Strand
Layer
Each Layer
Wire
Angle
Mils per 1,000
Feet Strand
1
302.7058
7
6
0.97
0.83
15
so-c
.9902
305.218
19
12
2.63
1.97
11
13»-0'
.9744 .
308.669
37
18
2.63
2.29
12
ISo-O'
.9744
309.638
61
24
2.63
2.42
12
130-0'
.9744
310.031
91
30
2.63
2.49
12%
130-0'
.9744
310.248
127
36
2.63
2.53
12K
13°-0'
.9744
310.364
169
42
2.63
2.55
12}^
13O-0'
.9744
310.425
217
48
2.63
2.57
12K
13°-0'
.9744
310.485
7 X 7 = 49
6 Wires
0.97
15
8°-0'
.9903
309.244
Rope Strand
6 Strands
1.54
2.16
12
lOo-O'
.9848
If a longer twist were used than that given in the above table, the wires in the
strand would not bind together properly, and if a shorter twist be employed, the
per cent, of take-up of the wires and the weight would be increased.
The best copper strands are made on machinery which permits the wires to be
laid into the strand without torsion. Where torsion is present, it has a bad effect
on the strand and on the physical characteristics of the wire.
The sectional area of a cable in circular mils is obtained by multiplying the area
of each wire in circular mils measured at right angles to its axis, by the number
of wires. Copper strands larger in sectional area than 4/0 B. & S. gauge are
usually classified according to their total area in circular mils; smaller copper
cables are nearly always classified in the B. & S. gauge. The area in circular mils
(d*) of any one wire equals the circular mils of the cable divided by the number of
wires in the cable. The diameter of any wire in mils will equal, as explained elsewhere,
the square root (4/d-) of the area of the wire expressed in circular mils. The indi-
vidual wires of a cable can seldom be drawn to any of the standard gauge numbers,
because the diameter of the wire is fixed by the required size of the cable, and the
number of wires composing it.
80
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data
Diameters of Strands and Component Wires
7-Wire Strand
19 -Wire Strand
37-Wire Strand
61 -Wire Strand
Size in
Circular Mils
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
of Each
of
of Each
of
of Each
of
of Each
of
Wire
Strand
Wire
Strand
Wire
Strand
Wire
Strand
100.000
.1196
.3588
.0726
.3628
.0520
.3640
.0405
.3645
125,000
.1337
.4011
.0811
.4055
.0581
.4167
.0458
.4077
150,000
.1463
.4889
.0889
.4445
.0686
.4442
.0496
.4464
175.000
.1581
.4743
.0960
.4800
.0688
.4716
.0585
.4815
200.000
.1690
.5070
.1026
.5130
.0735
.5145
.0573
.5157
225,000
.1793
.5379
.1088
.5440
.0780
.5460
.0607
.5468
250.000
.1890
.5670
.1147
.5785
.0822
.57.T4
.0640
.5760
275.000
.1982
.5946
.1203
.6015
.0862
.6034
.0671
.6089
300.000
.2070
.6210
.1257
.6285
.0901
.6807
.0701
.6809
825,000
.2155
.6465
.1308
.6540
.0937
.6559
.0730
.6570
350 000
.2236
.6708
.1357
.6785
.0978
.6811
.0757
.6813
375.000
.2312
.6936
.1405
.7025
.1007
.7049
.0784
.7056
400,000
.2391
.7173
.1451
.7255
.1040
.7280
.0810
.7890
425.000
.2464
.7392
.1495
.7475
.1072
.7504
.0835
.7515
450,000
.2535
.7605
.1539
.7695
.1103
.7721
.0859
.7781
475,000
.2604
.7812
.1581
.7905
.1133
.7931
.0882
.7938
500.000
.2672
.8016
.1622
.8110
.1162
.8134
.0905
.8146
525.000
.2738
.8217
.1662
.8310
.1191
.8837
.0928
.8352
550,000
.2803
.8409
.1701
.8505
.1219
.8533
.0950
.8550
575.000
.2866
.8608
.1740
.8700
.1247
.8729
.0971
.8789
600,000
.2928
.8784
.1778
.8890
.1278
.8911
.0992
.8928
625,000
.2988
.8964
.1814
.9070
.1299
.9098
.1012
.9108
650 000
.3047
.9141
.1850
.9250
.1825
.9275
.1032
.9888
675.000
.3106
.9816
.1885
.9425
.1851
.9457
.1052
.9468
700,000
.3163
.9489
.1919
.9595
.1875
.9625
.1071
.9639
735 000
.3218
.9654
.1953
.9765
.1400
.9800
.1090
.9810
750,000
.3273
.9819
.1986
.9980
.1424
.9968
.1109
.9981
775.000
.3328
.9984
.2019
1.0095
.1447
1.0129
.1127
1.0103
800.000
.3380
1.0140
.2052
1.0260
.1470
1.0290
.1145
1.0805
825.000
.3433
1.0299
.2084
1.0420
.1498
1.0451
.1168
1.0467
850,000
.3484
1.0452
.2115
1.0575
.1516
1.0612
.1181
1.0629
875,000
.3535
1.0605
.2146
i.orao
.1538
1.0766
.1198
1.0782
900,000
.3586
1.0758
.2176
1.0880
.1559
1.0918
.1215
1.0985
925,000
.3635
1.0905
.2206
1.1030
.1582
1.1074
.1281
1.1079
950.000
.3684
1.1052
.2236
1.1180
.1602
1.1214
.1248
1.1282
975,000
.3732
1.1196
.2265
1.1825
.16^3
1.1861
.1264
1.1376
1,000,000
.3780
1.1840
.2294
1.1470
.1644
1.1508
.1280
1.1520
1,100,000
.3964
1.1892
.2406
1.2080
.1724
1.2068
.1843
1.2087
1,200.000
.4140
1.2420
.2513
1.2565
.1801
1.2607
.1402
1.2618
1,250.000
.422J
1.2678
.2565
1.2825
.1838
1.2866
.1431
1.2879
1,300.000
.4309
1.2927
.2616
1.8080
.1874
1.3018
.1459
1.8181
1,400.000
.4472
1.3416
.2714
1.3570
.1945
1.3615
.1515
1.8635
1,500,000
.4629
1.3887
.2810
1.4050
.2013
1.4091
.1568
1.4112
1,600,000
.4780
1.4340
.2902
1.4510
.2079
1.4558
.1619
1.4571
1,700.000
.4931
1.4793
.2991
1.4955
.2143
1.5001
.1669
1.5021
1,750 000
.5000
1.5000
.3034
1.5170
.2175
1.5225
.1694
1.5246
1,800 000
.5071
1.5213
.3078
1.5890
.2205
1.5435
.1718
1.5462
1,900,000
.5210
1.5680
.3162
1.5810
.2266
1.5862
.1765
1.5885
2,000,000
.5345
1.6085
.3243
1.6215
.2325
1.6275
.1810
1.6900
7 -Wire
Strand
19 -Wire Strand
37-Wire Strand
Size of
Strand
B. & S.
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Each Wire
Strand
Each Wire
Strand
Each Wire
Strand
10
.0385
.1155
.0238
.1165
.0168
.1176
9
.0485
.1305
.0262
.1310
.0187
.1309
8
.0485
.1455
.0293
.1465
.0211
.1477
7
.0545
.1635
.0331
.1655
.0287
.1659
6
.0612
.1836
.0372
.1860
.0266
.1862
5
.0687
.2061
.0417
.2085
.0299
.2093
4v
. .0772
.2316
.0168
.2840
.0335
.2345
3
.0867
.2601
.0526
.2680
.0.377
.2639
2
.0973
.2919
.05ii2
.2960
.0423
.2961
1
.lO'.S
.3279
.0663
.3315
.0475
.3325
0
.1228
.3684
.0746
.3730
.0534
.3738
00
.1378
.4134
.0836
.4180
.0599
.4193
000
.1548
.4644
.0940
.4700
.0673
.4711
0000
.1736
.5208
.1055
.5275
.0756
.5298
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
Diameters of Strands and Component Wires
General
Data
91-Wire Strand
127-Wire Strand
169-Wire Strand
817-Wire Strand
Size in
Circular
Diameter of Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Mils.
Each Wire
Strand
Each Wire
Strand
Each Wire
Strand
Each Wire
Strand
.OSSl
.3641
.0281
.3653
.0248
.3645
.0215
.3655
100,000
.0871
.4081
.0314
.4082
.0272
.4080
.0240
.4080
125,000
.0406
.4466
.0348
.4459
.0298
.4470
.0263
.4471
150,000
.0188
.4818
.0371
.4823
.0322
.4830
.0284
.4838
176,000
.0469
.5159
.0397
.5161
.0344
.5160
.0.304
-.5168
300,000
.0497
.5467
.0421
.5473
.0865
.5475
.0323
.5174
335,000
.0524
.5764
.0144
.5746
.0384
.5760
.QUO
.5780
350,000
.0549
.6039
.0465
.6045
.0403
.6045
.0356
.6053
275,000
.0573
.6303
.0486
.6318
.0421
.6315
.0373
.6334
300,000
.0597
.6567
.0506
.6579
.0438
.6570
.0387
.6579
325,000
.0620
.6820
.0526
.6838
.0455
.6825
.0401
.6817
3 0,000
.0642
.7062
.0543
.7059
.0471
.7065
.0415
.7056
376,000
.omi
.7293
.0561
.7293
.0487
.7«05
.0439
.7393
400,000
.0683
.7513
.0579
.7527
.0501
.7515
.0443
.7514
425,000
.0703
.7733
.0595
.7735
.0516
.7740
.0465
.7735
450,000
.0722
.7912
.0612
.7956
.0530
.7950
.0468
.7956
476,000
.0741
.8151
.0627
.8151
.0544
.8160
.0480
.8160
500,000
.0759
.8349
.0643
.8359
.0557
.8355
.0493
.8364
525,000
.0777
.8M7
.0658
.8554
.0570
.8550
.0603
.8661
560,000
.0795
.8745
.0673
.8749
.0583
.8745
.0614
.8738
575,000
.0812
.8932
.0687
.8931
.0596
.8940
.0536
.8942
600,000
.0829
.9119
.0?02
.9126
.0608
.9120
.0537
.9129
626,000
.0846
.9295
.0716
.9308
.0620
.9300
.0647
.9299
650,000
.0661
.9471
.0729
.9487
.0632
.9480
.0668
.9486
675,000
.0683
.9713
.0742
.9646
.0644
.9660
.0568
.9656
700,000
.0892
.9812
.0756
.9828
.0655
.9825
.0578
.9826
725,000
.0908
.9988
.0768
.9984
.0666
.9990
.0588
.9996
750,000
.0923
1.0153
.0781
1.0153
.0677
1.0155
.0598
1.0166
775,000
.0937
1.0307
.0794
1.0322
.0688
1.0320
.0607
1.0319
800,000
.0952
1.0472
.0806
1.0478
.0698
1.0470
.0617
1.0489
825,000
.0966
1.0626
.0818
1.0634
.0709
1.0635
.0636
1.0643
850,000
.0981
1.0791
.0830
1.0790
.0719
1.0785
.0635
1.0795
876,000
.0994
1.0934
.0841
1.0933
.0730
1.0950
.0644
1.0948
900,000
.1008
1.1088
.0853
1.1089
.0740
1.1100
.0653
1.1101
925,000
.1021
1.1231
.0864
1.1232
.0750
1.1350
.0663
1.1354
950,000
.1035
1.1385
.0876
1.1388
.0760
1.1400
.0671
1.1407
976,000
.1018
1.1528
.0887
1.1531
.0769
1.1535
.0679
1.1543
1,000,000
.1099
1.2089
.0931
1.2103
.0807
1.2105
.0713
1.3104
1,100,000
.1148
1.2628
.0972
1.2636
.0843
1.2645
.0744
1.3648
1,200,000
.1172
1.2892
.0992
1.3896
.0860
1.3900
.0759
1.3903
1,260,000
.1195
1.3145
.1011
1.3143
.0877
1.3155
.0774
1.8168
1,300,000
.1210
1.3640
.1050
1.3650
.0910
1.3650
.0803
1.3661
1,400,000
.1284
1.4124
.1087
1.41H2
.0942
1.4130
.0831
1.4127
1,500,000
.1326
1.4526
.1122
1.4586
.0973
1.4695
.0859
1.4603
1,600,000
.1366
1.5036
.1157
1.5041
.1003
1.5045
.0886
1.5045
1,700,000
.1386
1.5246
.1174
1.5262
.1018
1.5370
.0898
1.5266
1,760,000
.1406
1.5466
.1190
1.5470
.1032
1.5480
.0911
1.6487
1,800,000
.1145
1.5895
.122:1
1.5899
.1060
1.5900
.0936
1.5912
1,900,000
.1482
1.6302
.1255
1.6S15
.1088
1.6330
.0960
1.6330
2,000,000
61- Wire Strand
91-Wire Strand
127-Wire Strand
Size of
Strand
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
Diameter of
B. & S.
Each Wire
Strand
Each Wire
Strand
Each Wire
Strand
.0129
.1161
.0106
.1166
.0090
.1170
10
.0146
.1314
.0120
.1820
.0101
.1813
9
.0164
.1476
.0185
.1485
.0114
.1482
8
.0184
.1656
.0151
.1661
.0128
.1664
.0207
.1863
.0169
.1869
.0148
.1859
6
.02J8
.2097
.0190
.2090
.0161
.2093
5
.0261
.2;M9
.0314
.2554
.0179
.2327
4
.0294
.2646
.0340
.2640
.0203
.2639
3
.0329
.2943
.0369
.2959
.0328
.2964
2
.0370
.3330
.0303
.3333
.0252
.3276
1
.0416
.3744
.0340
.3740
.0288
.3744
0
.0467
.4203
.0383
.4203
.0328
.4199
00
.0525
.4725
.0439
.4719
.0863
.4719
000
.0589
.5301
.0482
.5303
.0406
.5804
0000
k
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data
Resistance of Copper Strand
There is a division of opinion as to whether the electrical resistance of an
annealed copper strand is equal to or greater than that of a solid annealed con-
ductor of equal sectional area. The separate wires, on account of being laid up
spirally, are longer than they would be if laid up parallel to the core, by an amount
given in the table on page 29. If the electric current flows spirally through the
separate wires and not through the strand as a unit, from wire to wire, then the
effective length of the circuit has been increased, and also the resistance. On the
other hand, the weight of the strand is greater than that of a solid wire by a
proportionate amount, and this would reduce the resistance in strands where the
current flowed from wire to wire. In any event the difference would rarely exceed
one per cent. In case of hard drawn copper, however, there is no question as to
the strand having a higher resistance than a solid wire of equal section.
Concentric Cables
Smooth symmetrical cables can be built up about a core of more than one wire,
though this is seldom done in practice.
Wires in Concentric Cables
Number
of Layers
Over Core
Core of One Wire
Core of Two Wires
Core of Three Wires
Core of Four Wires
Wires
per
Layer
Total
Number
of Wires
Wires
per
Layer
Total
Number
of Wires
Wires
per
Layer
Total
Number
of Wires
Wires
per
Layer
Total
Number
of Wires
1
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
7
19
37
61
91
127
169
8
14
20
26
32
.38
44
10
24
44
70
102
140
184
9
15
21
27
33
89
45
13
27
48
75
108
147
192
10
16
22
28
84
40
46
14
30
52
80
114
154
200
Rope Strands
A bare rope strand consists of a group of strands twisted together helically
and symmetrically with a uniform pitch around a central strand. A rope is some-
times called a compound strand and sometimes cable laid strand. It differs from
the concentric strand already considered, in that it is more flexible and that strands
are substituted for individual wires.
The number and arrangement of strands in such a cable are similar to those of
wires in a concentric strand. The total number of wires in a rope strand would
equal the number of wires in a correspondingly constructed concentric strand, multi-
plied by the number of wires in the core. Or, expressed by formula, the total
number of wires would equal
C X [3n (1 + n) -f 1]
Where C is the number of wires in the core or central strand, preferably 7, and
n is the number of layers over the core.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
33
Wires in Rope Strand
General
Data
Number of
Number of
Strands
Total Number of Wires
Layers
7 Wires
19 Wires
Over Core
in Cable
per Strand
per Strand
1
7
49
183
2
19
188
361
3 *
87
889
703
4
61
427
1159
5
91
637
1729
6
127
889
2413
The diameter of a rope strand would equal
D (1 + 2n)
Where D is the diameter of each strand and n is the number of layers over the
core. As explained on page 29, D=d (1 + 2n) where d is the diameter of the single
wire.
For example: The outside diameter of 4-layer 61 X 7 rope-strand in which the
diameter of each strand D=0.3 inch would be
.3(1 + 2 X 4) = 2.7 inches.
The diameters so obtained are usually about 5 per cent, larger than the finished
diameter of the rope stranded cable owing to inherent characteristics of this type
of construction.
Rope Strand
The manner of building up a rope-stranded cable is shown in the above cut.
The number of wires in each strand which it is preferable to use is seven. Groups
of such strands around a central core will form successively a 7 X 7, 19 X 7, 37 X
7, 61 X 7 and 127 X 7 rope strand. Such expressions as "19 X 7" mean 19 strands
of 7 wires each, the number of strands always being g^ven first. Wherever this
method of designating compound strands is used it will be understood in this
manner. The better construction for electrical conductors is to use, say, a 37-strand
of 7 wires instead of a 7-strand of 37 wires, because the former is more compact
and has a smoother external surface around which to place the insulation. This
will be evident from a casual glance at a sectional view of such a cable. The 7 X
7 construction is not advisable on large conductors, as it is unwieldy and
uneconomical. Its use is confined to the smaller sizes like 4 B. & S. gauge and
smaller.
34
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data
Data Ralating to Bare Copper Strand
Approximate Values
B. &
Gauj
S. Circular
56 Mils
Number
Wires in
Strand
Diameter
Each Wire
Inches
Diameter
of Strand
Inches
Weight per
1000 Foot
Strand
Pounds
Area
Strand
Square
Inches
Resistance
per 1000 Feet
at 68° F. or
20° C.
2,000,000
91
.1482
1.6302
6204.8
1.56874
.00530
1,750,000
91
.1887
1.5257
5429.8
1.86494
.00607
1,500,000
91
.1284
1.4124
4653.6
1.17831
.00707
1,250,000
91
.1172
1.2892
3878.0
.98170
.00852
1,000,000
61
.1280
1.1520
3100.3
.78194
.01060
950,000
61
.1248
1.1232
2945.3
.74618
.01115
900,000
61
.1215
1.0985
2790.8
.70724
.01179
850,000
61
.1181
1.0629
2685.3
.66852
.01247
800,000
61
.1145
1.0305
2480.2
.62810
.01325
750,000
61
.1109
.9981
2325.2
.58922
.01413
700,000
61
.1071
.9639
2170.2
.54954
.01514
650,000
61
.1032
.9288
2015.2
.51020
.01630
600,000
61
.0992
.8928
1860.2
.47146
.01767
550,000
87
.1219
.8538
1703.0
.48181
.01925
500,000
37
.1162
.8134
1548.2
.39237
.02116
450,000
37
.1103
.7721
1893.4
.35284
.02349
400,000
37
.1040
.7280
1288.5
.31431
.02648
350,000
37
.0973
.6811
1083.34
.27512
.03026
300,000
19
.1256
.6285
926.01
.23591
.03581
250,000
19
.1147
.5788
771.67
.19635
.04283
6oo(
) 311,600
19
.1055
.5275
653.14
.16609
.04997
0(X
) 167,772
19
.094
.4700
512.07
.13187
.06298
(X
) 183,079
.1380
.4134
406.98
.10429
.07935
(
) 105,625
7
.1228
.3684
822.39
.08303
.10007
:
83,694
7
.1093
.3279
255.45
.06559
.12617
i 66,358
7
.0973
.2919
202.5
.05205
.15725
i
J 52,624
7
.0867
.2601
160.6
.04132
.19827
.
41,788
7
.0772
.2316
127.4
.03276
.25000
f
, 26,244
7
.0612
.1836
80.1
.02059
.39767
i
i 16,512
7
.0486
.1458
50.4
.01298
.62686
K
) 10,384
7
.0385
.1155
81.7
.00815
1.00848
IS
J 6,528
7
.0305
.0915
19.9
.00511
1.59716
li
i 4,108
7
.0242
.0726
12.5
.00322
2.54192
ELECTRICAL
W I R E vS
AND
CABLES
a5
Sizes of Wire for Rope Strands
General
Data
Capacity of
Cable in
Cir. Mils.
49 Wires
138 Wires
259 Wires
427 Wires
687 Wires
7x7
19x7
37x7
61x7
91x7
100000
.0452
.0274
.0197
.0153
.0125
125000
.0505
.0306
.0220
.0171
.0140
150000
.0553
.0386
.0242
.0188
.0154
175000
.0597
.0363
.0260
.0202
.0166
200000
.0638
.0388
.0278
.0816 •
.0177
225000
.0677
.0411
.0295
.0230
.0188
250000
.0714
.0435
.0311
.0242
.0198
275000
.0749
.0455
.0326
.0254
.0208
mmo
.078:^
.0475
.0841
.0265
.0217
325000
.0814
.0494
0354
.0276
.0226
350000
.0845
.0513
.0868
.0286
.0285
375000
.0875
.0531
.0381
.0296
.0248
400000
.0904
.0548
.0893
.0806
.0251
425000
.0931
.05(>5
.0405
.0815
.0259
450000
.0958
.0581
.0418
.0324
.0266
475000
.0984
.0598
.0428
.0888
.0273
500000
.1010
.0613
.0439
.0342
.0280
525000
.1035
.0628
.0450
.0850
.0287
550000
.1059
.0643
.0461
.0859
.0294
575000
.1083
.0658
.0472
.0367
.0301
(WOOOO
.1107
.0672
.0483
.0875
.0307
(•.25000
.1129
.0686
.0492
.0883
.0818
(150000
.1152
.0699
.0501
.0890
.0819
675000
.1174
.0712
.0510
.0398
.0325
700000
.1195
.0726
.0520
.0405
.0881
725000
.1216
.0738
.0529
.0412
.0337
750000
.1237
.0751
.0538
.0419
.0343
775000
.1258
.0763
.0546
.0426
.0849
800000
.1278
.0776
.0556
.0488
.0854
825000
.1297
.0788
.0565
.0440
.0360
850000
.1317
.0799
.0574
.0446
.0365
875000
.1336
.0811
.0583
.0458
.0871
900000
.1355
.0822
.0591
.0459
.0376
!t25000
.1374
.0834
.0599
.0466
.0381
'.t50000
.1392
.0845
.0606
.0472
.0386
975000
.1411
.0856
.0614
.0478
.0891
1000000
.1429
.0867
.0621
.0484
.0396
1100000
.1498
.0909
.0652
.0508
.0416
1200000
.15(i5
.0951
.0683
.0530
.0434
1250000
.1597
.0969
.0695
.0541
.0448
1300000
.1627
.0988
.0708
.0552
.0452
1400000
.1690
.1026
.0785
.0578
.0469
1500000
.1750
.1062
.0761
.0598
.0485
IfiOOOOO
.1807
.1096
.0786
.0612
.0501
1700000
.1862
.1180
.0811
.0631
.0517
1750000
.1889
.1147
.0823
.0640
.0525
1800000
.1916
.1162
.0836
.0649
.0532
1900000
.1969
.1196
.0857
.0667
.0546
2000000
.3020
.1226
.0878
.0685
.0560
The Manufacture of Wire
The metals used, almost to the exclusion of all others, for the conduction of
electrical currents are, as before stated, copper and steel. It will not be out of
place to give here some account of the method of winning these metals from their
ores, the subsequent processes for their purification, and a short description of the
means employed for giving the purified metals their final shape for use in electrical
apparatus.
Copper
Copper is by far the most important material for conductors, both on account of
its high conductivity and on account of its physical characteristics. Standing, as it
does, next to silver, the best conductor, occurring in such quantities as to make its
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
General supply adequate to the demand, and necessitating a fairly inexpensive though complex
Data process for recovery, it is only natural that copper should have met with the greatest
favor, and that the increase in its use should have been phenomenal. In fact, the
wonderful growth and development in electrical apparatus have been made possible
chiefly by the fact that we have two such metals as copper and iron, which possess
the necessary conductivities for electricity and magnetism.
We find the ores of copper occurring in many and varied forms and widely dis-
tributed over the earth. In the United States there are three localities in which the
copper mineralization is of considerable magnitude. The most important districts,
in which about 95 per cent, of the total copper ore of the country is mined, are the
Lake Superior region and the deposits of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra
Nevadas.
The Lake district is one of the most interesting localities, mineralogically
speaking, in the world. The copper bearing rocks are very distinctly stratified
beds of trap, sandstones and conglomerates which rise at an angle of about 45
degrees from the horizontal sandstone which forms the basin of Lake Superior.
One peninsula extending out into the lake has developed copper in profitable
amounts, which is present here for the mcst part in the metallic state, almost
chemically pure.
The amount of copper in these ores averages only about 3 per cent., the balance
being rock, which is so intimately mixed with the metal that both must be taken
out together. On account of this large amount of worthless matter, the ores are
first subjected to a mechanical process whereby the metal is concentrated into a
small bulk and the rock rejected. "Lake" copper is so pure that it is merely put
through the final melting without the refining usually necessary.
The deposits in the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas comprise a terri-
tory nearly one-half the area of the United States, and in geological formations
and nature of mineralization show all the phases from the original unaltered sulphide
deposits to the most highly altered oxides and carbonates. In this district we find
the mystery-shrouded names of Butte, Bisbee, Leadville, Clifton, Globe and Black
Range, names which have spelled fortune or despair, rejoicing or suffering, to the
thousands of prospectors who have discovered and rediscovered their wonderful
richness.
The third and least important district is that of the Atlantic Coast beds. From
the far north latitudes to Florida there extends an almost unbroken chain of miner-
alization, profitable at some locations, and bearing only traces of metallic deposits
at others. In the North, where the earth's surface is comparatively new, having
only yesterday, as it were, been shaved by a glacier, the minerals are in their
original sulphide form. In the more southern portions, however, where this glacial
abrasion has not taken place, and the oxidation and weathering of the surface has
continued for no one knows how many centuries, the ore has been almost entirely
decomposed and washed out from the surface. The result of this is that at greater
♦ depths the deposits are at times enormously enriched and concentrated. At a little
greater depth, however, this concentration is lost and at times a meager vein with
only traces of copper destroys all hope of profitable operation, and adds one more
to the list of abandoned mines.
On account of the extremely low percentage of copper in most of its ores, the
usual method of procedure, as we have seen, is to first obtain this metallic portion in
as small a bulk as possible. This is a mechanical process and results in concen-
trating the heavy minerals, and washing away, or otherwise separating the worthless
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES
rocky portion, or "gangue" as it is called. The "concentrates" resulting from General
this process are afterward treated to obtain the copper in the same manner as an ore. Data
A "sulphide ore," that is, an ore in which copper appears in chemical combi-
nation with sulphur, is in some cases first "roasted '' or heated so that the sulphur
is burned off, leaving the copper and iron, which is almost always present, in an
oxidized or burned form. This is then smelted with coke. In another process,
however, the raw sulphide ore is thrown into a blast furnace and is made to smelt
itself. This is one of the very simple discoveries that have meant so much to the
copper industry. Formerly a copper mine had a dozen or more great smouldering
heaps piled up in its yard, breathing out clouds of stifling sulphur fumes. Nothing
would g^ow for miles around, the men themselves had a white, bleached-out appear-
ance, and besides, thousands upon thousands of dollars worth of precious fuel was
being wasted. This has all been changed, the "raw" unroasted ore is now thrown
into the furnaces, the sulphur itself burned and made to smelt the mass, producing,
on account of its chemical nature, a highly impure, yet very valuable, compound
with iron and sulphur, called "matte." This "matte" which consists of about half
copper is poured while yet molten from the furnace into a "converter," a large
vessel shaped like a barrel laid on its side, and the iron and sulphur are burned out
by blowing through great volumes of air. Here again the despised and hated
element, sulphur, by burning and generating heat, has made possible one of the
most labor and time saving processes known to the metallurgy of copper. The
result of this operation is "blister" copper, so called on account of the blistered
appearance of the surface caused by the quantities of gases absorbed by the metal.
If copper ore occurs in an oxidized or carbonate form, or roasted ore is used, a
blast furnace is also utilized for the reduction. Oxidized or sulphide ores are also
often mixed and the matte is " blown" and blister copper produced as before.
This blister copper contains about 99 per cent, of copper but is much too impure
for commercial use. The refining now depends upon whether the copper has a
sufficient amount of the precious metals to pay for utilizing the electrolytic process.
If so, the blister copper is cast into plates of a suitable size and shape, and the
copper is dissolved and deposited almost chemically pure on other plates by means
of an electric current passing through an acid solution of copper sulphate. The
impurities and other metals do not deposit with the copper, but are dropped as a
residue or " slime " on the bottom of the tank, to be recovered and refined later.
The blister copper or " electrolytic" copper, as the case may be, is then charged
into a refining furnace and melted by means of a very pure fuel, so that the metal
may not occlude any deleterious gases. A charge of 12 to 20 tons of pig copper is
put in the furnace — a simple bowl-shaped hearth, covered and provided with doors
for skimming and stirring — and the metal is melted as quickly as possible. The
process is now one which depends greatly upon the skill of the refiner. After the
metal is melted, and the last traces of sulphur have been removed by combination
with the oxygen from the flame, the process known as "rabbling" or " flapping" is
begun. This is a violent agitation of the metal by means of small rabbles or pokers
through one of the side doors. This motion so far has not been duplicated mechan-
ically, and it means a tedious and slow operation of about two hours' duration.
During the flapping, samples are frequently taken in a hemispherical mould about
an inch in diameter. When the "set" or appearance of the solidified metal in this
mould indicates that sufficient work has been done upon it, the surplus oxygen must
be removed to prevent the extreme brittleness and lack of conductivity of an over-
oxidized metal. This is done by "poling" the bath. A stick of green hardwood
as large as possible is introduced into the bath. The stick burns and the metal is
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General violently agitated by the gases given off. The surface of the bath is covered with
Data charcoal to prevent further oxidation, and samples are very frequently taken. This
is continued an hour, more or less, according to the size of the bath and the amount
of oxidation, until the test piece shows "tough pitch " or the removal of the excess
of oxygen, and that the metal is in its toughest condition. This "tough pitch"
condition is absolutely essential for the requirements of rolling and wire drawing,
Copper Billets
as copper in this state possesses at the same time the highest degree of conductivity
and an extremely tough and ductile nature. The metal is now poured into ingot-
moulds or wire bars, in which condition it comes to our works for conversion into
all manner of sizes and shapes for electrical conductors.
The refining of copper and its separation from the multitude of alloying metals
is a complex metallurgical process, but a very necessary one. Even traces of
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES
other metals affect the conductivity to a remarkable degree, as the following table General
will show : Data
Element
Per Cent.
Present in Copper
Per Cent.
Conductivity
Carbon ..........
0.05
0.18
0.10
1.32
1.33
0.10
77 87
Sulphur ..........
92 08
Arsenic ..........
73 89
Silver
90.84
Tin
50.44
Aluminum
86.49
With these figures in mind it is not difficult to appreciate why copper must be
of the highest degree of chemical purity to be suitable for electrical conductors.
Iron and Steel
The distribution of iron ores follows in a general way that of copper. Here
again the wonderfully mineralized Lake Superior region plays an important part in •
the supply, statistics showing that the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Min-
nesota produced in 1908 over 78 per cent, of the total ore mined in the United States.
The Southern states, Alabama, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia,
Maryland and North Carolina contributed about 12 per cent, of the country's supply.
The balance is distributed quite widely along the Atlantic Coast range, the Missis-
sippi Valley and Rocky Mountains.
The separation of the metal from an iron ore is a much simpler problem in
some respects than that which we considered in the case of copper. Practically all
of the ores commercially utilized are already in an oxide or carbonate combination
so that a simple heating to the reducing point of the ore in contact with a proper
reducing material is sufficient to bring about the first step in the process.
The ore, as mined, consists exactly as in the case of copper, of two main con-
stituents, the valuable mineral which contains the iron, and quantities of rock and
other materials from which the metallic part must be separated. With copper ores
we can at times mechanically concentrate the metallic portions as we have already
seen, but with an iron ore that is usually not feasible, the ore being charged as a
whole into the furnace, and the proper mixing with non-metallic substances relied
upon to form final products which are easily fusible, and from which the liquid
iron will separate itself by reason of its greater specific gravity. The " flux," as these
additions are called, is usually limestone, as the gangue is usually of a silicious
nature.
The ore, fuel and fluxes are charged into a blast furnace. This is a huge cylin-
drical stack 80 to 100 feet high and about 20 feet in diameter at its largest point,
with suitable arrangements for blowing in great volumes of air near its base. The
fuel used is coke, which heats the charge up to its melting point and at the same
time frees the iron from its chemical bonds in the ore. The earthy portions of the
ore are eargerly sought for by the limestone and unite with it to form a waste
product, the slag. The carbon in the coke singles out the iron in combination with
oxygen and in a brief moment destroys the associations of hundreds of thousands
of years and starts the iron on its path toward its destination, which may be a part
40 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
General of some noble structure, a rail upon whose soundness many lives may depend,
Data a wire whose message may bring joy or sorrow, or any of the innumerable products
of this the " Iron Age."
A Typical Michigan Iron Ore Mining Scene
The metal from these furnaces is called "pig iron" and is employed mainly in
this shape as a stepping stone toward other products. The selection of our material
is begun when the ore is mined. The various grades of ore, each differing from the
others in some essential characteristic, are mixed carefully according to proportions
which are the result of long years of experience ; the resulting pig iron is carefully
graded and the proper grades carefully preserved for making such grades of steel
as are required for the manufacture of wire.
The next step is the conversion of the "pig" into shape for the manufacture
of wire. The pig itself is coarse-grained, brittle and full of impurities, which must
be removed before we can obtain the metal in a condition suitable for wire. This
is done by melting the pig in mixture with steel scrap of a highly selected grade
and subjecting the molten mass to the purifying action of an intensely hot flame.
After several hours, in which the various impurities are literally "boiled out," the
metal is poured into a huge flat bottomed "ladle " and thence through a small hole
in the bottom of the ladle. The liquid stream pours into cast-iron moulds, which shape
it into ingots nearly a foot and a half square and six feet tall. These ingots
are taken out of the mould after the outside has firmly solidified and are plunged
into a deep, white-hot abyss in which they "soak" until the temperature is
uniform throughout. After this soaking an immense crane seizes an ingot in its
vise-like grip and carries it to the rolling mill, where the mechanical operations
commence.
The first series of operations takes place on what is called a "blooming mill,"
the resulting products of which are styled "blooms." Here the ingot is passed
back and forth between heavy chilled steel rolls, each pass elongating the ingot and
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
making its section smaller. Back and forth this goes, turned like a stick of wood
by the wonderful mechanical fingers of the mill until the particular size desired is
reached. In our case, the metal has been squeezed in and out, through and through,
until the section has been reduced to four inches square and the length increased
from six feet to over one hundred. This long mass is now cut into pieces about
four feet long, which have become so cool that they must be reheated before
reducing the size further.
General
Data
Steel Billets
From this point on, the treatment of copper and these blooms is practically the
same. The copper wire bars are received in approximately the same size and
length and are heated to a cherry redness in the same furnaces.
Through roll after roll, each doing its share toward reducing their sizes, the
billets pass in succession ; as the size grows less the speed increases and the rod
elongates until finally our stubby bloom four feet long has produced a rod which
may be a quarter of an inch in diameter and nearly a quarter of a mile in length.
Up to this point the metal has been handled hot, but during the processes of
wire drawing it is worked in the cold state. The first step after the rod has left the
rolling mill and has cooled down, is to immerse it in a weak solution of sulphuric
acid to take off the scale which has formed on the rod while it was cooling in the
air. This done, the rods are washed in a stream of high pressure water and dipped
into a vat of lime which coats them and prevents rusting. They are now " baked
43 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
General out" in huge ovens to counteract the ill effects of the acid bath, and are then in
Data proper condition for drawing.
Wire Drawing
The drawing process consists, briefly, in reducing the diameter of the wire by
pulling it through tapering holes in iron or steel plates, thus reducing its diameter
and increasing its length with each draft until the wire has undergone a sufficient
number of drafts and consequent reductions to bring it to the proper diameter.
When the finer sizes of wire are to be produced, the total reduction cannot be
made in one series of drafts, as we are limited in the size of a hot-rolled rod, and
the wire therefore must be treated at intervals to relieve the internal strains produced
by the cold working. This treatment, called annealing, consists in heating the
metal uniformly to a sufficiently high temperature to remove the internal molecular
strains and to make the metal once more soft and ductile.
A scale forms on the wire as a result of the annealing. This is again removed
in an acid bath, and the wire limed and baked and sent to the drawing frames.
This may be repeated many times before the necessary amount of reduction has
been attained.
Copper is generally handled somewhat differently in the annealing process, as
precautions are taken to prevent the formation of scale. Especially is this true in
the case of fine magnet wires, for instance, where oxidation would seriously affect
the properties of the wire. This is done by "bright annealing," which is accom-
plished in various ways by preventing the metal, while it is at a high temperature,
from coming in contact with the air. By this means we obtain an annealed wire as
bright as when it comes from the drawing frames. So the process goes, drawing as
far as feasible, annealing and drawing again until the finest sizes of magnet wire
are finally produced, by drawing through holes skillfully drilled in diamonds.
As the physical condition of the wire depends largely upon the number and
amount of the drafts, the proper regulation of these to produce the best results,
especially in the case of hard drawn copper, requires much study and long experi-
ence. Many drafts, each giving only a slight reduction, produce an entirely
different effect from few drafts, even though the ultimate reduction in area be the
same. Drawing the same size of wire on blocks of different diameters will vary the
physical characteristics. Various methods of annealing will produce various re-
sults, and so on. There is a multitude of details, each of which has its own effect.
Cold drawing or cold rolling a rod or annealed wire invariably increases its
hardness, stiffness, elasticity and tensile strength and at the same time decreases
its elongation, ductility and electrical conductivity. The amount of these changes,
however, is not directly proportional to the per cent, of reduction in sectional area
or to the amount of work expended on the metal. Statements have been made
to the contrary, but our many experiments and careful observations have estab-
lished beyond a doubt the accuracy of the foregoing. The actual change in the
physical properties of a wire by cold working are affected by many factors, as we
• have already stated, and the final effect is difficult to forecast; hence long experience
with these problems is exceedingly valuable both to the maker and to the user of
wire.
The tensile strength and elongation of wire vary considerably with its size.
Annealed or soft copper wire varies in tensile strength from 30,000 pounds per
square inch in the coarser sizes to 42,000 pounds in the fine sizes. Hard drawn
copper varies in tensile strength from 45,000 to 68,000 pounds per square inch,
according to size.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
43
The elongation also varies according to size, as a ten-inch length will show 45 General
per cent, in coarse wire, while a fine wire will elongate only about 15 per cent, in the Data
same length. The per centum elongation obtained depends very largely upon the
length of test specimen, the highest elongation being obtained in the shortest
length. To illustrate: a 12-inch linear section of annealed copper wire, 600 mils in
diameter, will elongate about 45 per cent. The elongation occurring in shorter
sections of the same specimen will be approximately as follows:
Elongation of Annealed Copper Wire
Diameter in Mils
Per Cent. Elongation Calculated on Measured Length of
13 Inches
10 Inches
8 Inches
6 Inches
4 Inches
3 Inches
2 Inches
1 Inch
600
45
46
48
50
53
58
63
75
The foregoing fact of a variable elongation dependent upon the length of test
specimen is equally true of hard drawn wire. While the figures for hard wire
differ widely from those for soft wire, the proportionate variation in elongation of
hard wire due to length of test specimen is even greater than for soft wire. This
is illustrated by the following figures, which are approximately correct for 2/0 B. & S.
hard copper trolley wire and for No. 4 B. & S. hard drawn copper wire.
Drawing Wire Through a Die
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
COMPANY
Genera
Data
Elongation of Hard Drawn Copper Wire
Size
Diameter
in Mils
Per Cent. Elongation Calculated on Measured Length of
B. &S.
12 Inches
10 Inches
8 Inches
6 Inches
4 Inches
3 Inches
2 Inches
1 Inch
00
4
364.8
204.8
4.0
1.8
4.5
2.1
5.0
2.4
6.0
8.0
7.5
4.0
10.0
5.8
13.0
7.2
22.0
12.0
This fact is of considerable importance in drawing up specifications, as it is
readily seen that a specified elongation is of little value unless the measured length
is given.
Tinning and Galvanizing Wire
Copper conductors are often tinned and telegraph wire is usually galvanized.
The methods of supplying these coatings while simple to describe are nevertheless in
actual performance complex, requiring careful supervision and expert workmanship.
' The principle of the process is to pass a wire first through a tank of acid whose
function is to clean the wire, next through a water tank where the acid is washed
off, next through a flux, and then into the molten tin or zinc. It is not hard to get
the tin or zinc to adhere over almost all of the surface, but the absolute perfection
demanded by the trade requires that every portion of the wire must be covered
with a uniform thickness of metal which must be bright and which will not peel or
crack. This has justified the elaborate equipment and painstaking operation em-
ployed in maintaining the quality of our product.
Packing and Shipping
Many can no doubt remember the time when neither the manufacturer nor the
purchaser gave any particular attention as to how goods were packed or shipped
so long as they arrived at their destination in comparatively good condition. But
these conditions have changed steadily within the past few years, and to-day
practically all complete and up-to-date specifications make special mention of the
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
45
method of packing and shipping. We have, after many years of careful attention
to this subject, developed a system which is very complete in all details, having
made use of data accumulated from all kinds and conditions of shipments, from
the smallest spool of delicate silk covered magnet wire of only a few ounces in
weight, to the largest reel of aerial, underground or submarine cables of many tons
weight, to destinations near by or to remote points in foreign countries.
General
Data
Coils of Wire
It is necessary that wire be properly coiled to prevent snarling and other
difficulties.
Our coils are formed to standard dimensions, evenly wound and securely bound
with strong and durable material, both ends of the coil being accessible for test
purposes and only one length in a coil, unless otherwise specified. These coils are
protected by paper or burlap, or both if conditions require it. The covering materials
are selected for the purpose, cut to proper dimensions so as to protect the wire in
the most complete way, without giving a surplus amount of material which would
increase the tare weight. All wires are inspected when being wound into coils and
also at the time of papering or burlapping. Each individual coil is papered or bur-
lapped by hand, which gives a good opportunity to detect any visible mechanical
defects. All coils are accurately measured or weighed before shipment, and
properly tagged with strong, durable tags on which are given full details.
46
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General The size of the coil is arranged so as to be most convenient for handling, pack-
Data ing or shipping, according to the kind and size of wire in the coil. We ship coils
according to the customer's requirements, packed in boxes or barrels and so
arranged in these that there will be no unnecessary waste space ; or they may be
shipped loosely in carload lots when specified. All large coils are protected with
paper and burlap and are generally shipped loose.
Stringing Wire from Coils
When wire is purchased for the purpose of stringing on poles, the general im-
pression is that it is easier to handle if placed on reels than in coils; but if this
question were given a little thought, we believe that persons having such an idea
would be convinced otherwise. They should take into consideration the transpor-
tation of wire in coils as against wire on reels, the increased amount of coiled wire
that can be stored in a given space as compared with the same amount placed on
reels; the increased cost of freight, due to weight of reels, the necessity of keeping
Wrapping Coils
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 47
■^■M
General
Data
^"f
Stringing Heavy Wire from Coils
48
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General reels in good condition after being emptied, the amount of handling incurred
Data because of empty reels, return transportation charges and the necessary clerical
work and supervision required. With coils, all labor and responsibility cease after
the wire is strung. We do not recommend coiling solid wire that is larger than 1/0
B. & S. gauge, except in special cases.
A suitably constructed blade, such as shown on the previous page, will fit
any standard coil. With the lead arm and swivel sheave it makes the uncoiling of
the wire during process of stringing on poles or other places a very economical and
easy process, and avoids the possibility of snarls, provided the coil is properly placed
upon the blade. With this lead arm and sheave, the wire may be drawn over a cross-
arm on a pole, when the coil is almost directly under the cross-arm, if lack of space
requires this to be done. This system of handling wire also reduces the amount of
apparatus that would be required for operating reels, such as bars, jacks, and so on.
Blades of similar construction can be placed on any ordinary wagon, and, with the
exception of lifting coils of the largest sizes of wire, one man, usually the team-
ster, can operate the uncoiling of wire. After finishing the day's work of stringing
wire by the coil method, there are no empty reels to be collected, cared for and
returned to the manufacturer, and no credit to be looked out for.
Standard Dimensions of Coils
Solid Copper Weatherproof Wire
Size
B. & S.
Approximate Weight
per Coil, Pounds
Approximate
Outside
Diameter
of Coil
Inches
Approx.
Diameter
of Eye
of Coil
Inches
Approx.
Thickness
of Coil
Inches
Covering
of Coil
How
Shipped
3 Braids
3 Braids
0000 >
000
00
0
1
2
8
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
860
852
826
301
294
810
305
817
817
820
171
50
40
40
30
80
388
877
850
825
816
888
330
344
850
180
195
50
40
40
80
30
30 to 84
30 to 34
80 to 34
30 to 34
30 to 84
30 to 84
30 to 84
30 to 34
30 to 34
30 to 34
80 to 84
18 to 20
18 to 20
18 to 20
18 to 30
18 to 30
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
12
12
12
13
13
W2 1
6
I ■
5
5
5
5
Paper
and
Burlap
Paper
J Loose
1 Coils
I Coils
\ Packed in
( Barrels
Weatherproof Iron Wire
Size
B.W. G.
Approx. Weight
per Coil
Pounds
Approx.
Outside
Diameter
of Coil
Inches
Approx.
Diameter
of Eye
of Coil
Inches
Approximate
Thickness
of Coil
Inches
Covering
of Coil
How
Shipped
Length
in a
Coil
2 Braids
3 Braids
2 Braids
3 Braids
Feet
6
8
9
10
12
14
222
235
200
175
118
78
247
268
225
200
130
87
30 to 84
80 to 84
80 to 84
80 to 84
80 to 34
22 to 24
19
19
19
19
19
12
6
6
6
6
6
5
Paper
and
Burlap
J Loose
1 Coils
1760
3640
2640
2640
2640
2640
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
49
Standard Dimensions of Coils —Continued
Slow-burning Wire
Size
B. & S.
Approx. -^PP"^."/-
Weight Outside
per Coil i D»"?eter
Pounds 1 °f Coil
Inches
Approx.
Diameter
of Eye
of Coil
Inches
Approx.
Thickness
of Coil
Inches
Covering
of Coil
How
Shipped *
8
10
12
14
16
18
50 j 18 to 20
40 i 18 to 20
55 i 18 to 20
40 : 18 to 20
30 18 to 20
24 18 to 20
12
12
12
12
12
12
i 1
5 1
5 {
5 1
5 J
Paper
( Loose Coils
< Packed in
( Barrels
General
Data
.^amp
Cords
Unless otherwise ordered this material is always shipped in approximately
250 feet coils wrapped with paper and packed in boxes containing either 1000 feet or
1000 yards (3000 feet), as ordered.
Rubber Insulated and Braided Wire
No. 6 and finer single conductor rubber insulated and braided wires are shipped
in approximately 500-foot coils, having a 13-inch eye, wrapped in paper, and packed
in boxes or barrels, unless otherwise specified.
No. 10 and finer duplex parallel rubber insulated and braided are shipped in
approximately 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, and in other respects the same
as the single conductor.
No. 12 and finer twisted pair rubber insulated and braided are shipped in
approximately 500-foot and 1000-foot coils, and in other respects the same as the
single conductor.
Wooden Reels
The reels used for shipping electric wires and cables are so constructed as to
give the greatest protection to this class of material. We have on hand at all times
a large supply of the diffierent kinds and sizes of reels, as shown in the following
table. These reels are always kept in good repair and can be supplied at a very
short notice. The various sizes of reels are numbered for convenience in dis-
tinguishing them.
Material put on the reel is so arranged as to give the customer the least incon-
venience in handling. The kind and size of wire to be shipped governs the size of
the reel to be used.
Careful attention is always paid to the diameter of the barrel selected so that
cables will not be bent to a diameter which would in any way injure the cable.
Reels are never loaded to their tuU capacity, for we consider it advisable to allow a
few inches clearance between the rim of the reel and the cables to prevent any
possibility of damage to the wire when the reels are rolled about. All large reels
before shipment are lagged with strong and durable strips of wood of suitable
dimensions, in accordance with the size of reel. The wire on spools or small reels
is protected by paper, burlap, or sheet iron.
50
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
General
Data
Standard Dimensions of Reel Lagging
2 X 4 X 35 inches
2 X 4 X 37X inches
2 X 4 X 41 inches
2 X 4 X 50 inches
2 X 4 X 56 inches
2 X 4 X 63>^ inches
2 X 4 X 70 inches
2 X 4 X 76 inches
^ X 2 X 11 inches
^ X 2 X 16 inches
^ X 2 X 20^ inches
2 X 4 X 27 X inches
2 X 4 X 29 inches
Lagging is made from well seasoned lumber, free from knots, having in view
the minimum possibility of breaking. Reels and spools for magnet wire are
specially made for this particular product and are so designed and constructed as
to give the best protection to the delicate grade of wire which they hold.
Standard Shipping Reels for Electrical Wires and Cables
List No.
Dimensions are given
in Inches
Burned in
Head
Average
Price per
Reel
Symbol
Diameter
Diameter
Width
Width
Arbor
Weight
of Reel
of Head
of Barrel
Inside
Outside
Hole
in Pounds
802
W
30.
14.
8.
11.50
1.125 O
43.
$2.00
304
A
3.25
1.
8.75
5.125
.375 O
.312
805
A
2.75
1.
8.
4.375
.875 O
.218
806
A
6.
1.375
8.1875
4.0625
.625 O
.5
313
M
22.
15.
6.
9.50
1.375 O
22.
1.50
315
W
38.
16.
22.50
27.75
1.625 O
165.
5.00
316
W
32.
16.
14.50
19.75
1.625 O
93.
5.00
821
M
28.
22.
6.
9.50
1.875 O
37.
2.00
822
W
30.
12.
11.
14.50
1.125 O
50.
2.00
824
W
60.
28.
32.
38.25
2.625 O
500.
10.00
330
w
44.
24.
23.
27.
3.625 O
190.
4.00
333
w
50.
28.
82.
37.25
2.625 O
340.
10.00
334
R
86.
24.
11.
16.25
1.625 O
102.
4.00
885
R
36.
24.
15.
20.25
1.625 O
115.
5.00
886
R
58.
38.
35.
40.75
2.625 O
430.
12.00
888
M
13.50
6.
5.
6.50
1.125 0
5.7
0.75
841
M
24.
15.
6.50
9.50
1.375 O
24.
2.00
842
M
24.
15.
6.50
9.50
1.375 O
29.
2.00
848
M
7.
2.875
2.75
3.75
.625 O
.95
344
M
22.
15.
5.75
9.25
1.375 O
22.
2.00
345
M
3.50
1.875
2.75
3.75
.625 O
.25
347
M
4.50
1.75
2.75
3.75
.625 O
.33
849
M
9.
4.60
4.
6.
l-o. O
3.50
'.40
850
M
12.
6.
5.
7.50
1.25 O
7.50
.75
851
M
6.
2.375
2.75
8.75
.625 O
.72
.30
352
Rope
28.
14.
13.50
17.
4„. o
51.
2.00
854
M
16.
8.
5.50
8.50
1.25 O
15.
1.25
855
R
66.
42.
85.
41.25
2.625 O
780.
15.00
856
A
8.75
1.
8.75
5.25
•fjo
.50
.15
1002
R
42.
30.
24.
29.25
2.625 O
305.
5.00
1004
R
30.
18.
8.
11.50
1.625 O
45.
2.00
1013
R
48.
86.
24.
29.25
2.625 O
262.
10.00
1015
R
66.
42.
35.
40.75
2.625 O
510.
15.00
1020
R
54.
36.
30.
35.25
2.625 O
320.
10.00
1021
R
62.
40.
35.
40.75
2.625 O
465.
10.00
1022
R
63.
30.
45.
50.75
3.635 O
600.
15.00
,1023
R
76.
86.
45.
51.25
2.625 O
1040.
15.00
1025
R
92.
48.
53.
63.50
7.25o,n
2140.
50.00
1026
R
80.
56.
48.
56.
7.25 o,n
1600.
30.00
1027
R
96.
82.
59.
71.
7.25 o,n
2400.
65.00
1028
R
72.
42.
42.
50.
7.25 o,n
1490.
30.00
1029
R
104.
86.
64.
76.
7.255a
3650.
70.00
A=reels for annunciator wire.
R=reels for rubber, paper or cambric insulated wires and cables.
M=reels for magnet wire.
W=reels for weatherproof wires and cables.
These reels are well constructed and are expensive to make. They should be
carefully handled. If promptly returned, with slats, and in good condition, they will
be credited at the price quoted above, less transportation to our factory.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES
All reels and spools of magnet wire, when being prepared for shipment, are General
individually weighed, marked and labelled so that the customer will be able to Data
determine the exact weight of each package of wire, no matter how small.
Packing Magnet Wire
One of the commonest ways of injuring insulated wires or cables is by putting
them on reels of incorrect capacity. For the convenience of our readers who may
have occasion to load reels, a safe formula for figuring the capacity of reels is given
in the following :
Let d = diameter of cable in inches
C = minimum clearance in inches (3 inches ordinary)
B =: diameter of barrel or reel
D ^ }4 (diameter of head-B-2C) = radius of head less clearance, less radius
of barrel ; or available space from barrel to edge of head.
W = length of barrel.
Then L = number of layers
D
= -3- (take largest whole number)
N = number of turns per layer
W
= -J- (take largest whole number)
F = feet per reel with minimum clearance
= .262 X (B + D)X NL.
For example : To determine the number of feet of a cable 1.3 inches in diameter,
that a No. 1002 reel will hold: Head of reel 42 inches in diameter, allowable clear-
ance 2 inches. Barrel of reel 30 inches in diameter. "Width between heads 24 inches,
from table above.
D=>^ (42-30)-2 = 4; C = 2"; B = 30'; W = 24'
6-2 4
L = j^ = Y~3 =3. + or 3 layers
N = 7-0=' 18. + or 18 turns per layer
F = .262 X (30 + 4) X 18 X 3
= .262 X 34 X 18 X 3 = 481 feet.
53 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
General Metric Weights and Measures
Data
Linear
1 meter = 39.3704 inches = 3.281 feet = 1.094 yards.
Centimeter (1-100 meter) = 0.3937 inch.
1 millimeter (mm.) = .03937 inch = 39.37 mils.
1 inch = 25.3997 millimeters = .083 foot = 2.54 centimeters.
1 kilometer = 1,000 meters or 3,281 feet — .6213 mile.
For the purpose of memory, a meter may be considered as 3 feet 3>^ inches.
Surface Measures
Centare (1 square meter) = 1,550 square inches = 10.764 square feet.
. Are (100 square meters) = 119.6 square yards.
1 square centimeter = 0.155 square inch = 197,300 circular mils.
1 square millimeter = .00155 square inch = 1973 circular mils.
1 square inch = 6.451 square centimeters = .0069 square foot.
1 square foot = 929.03 square centimeters = .0929 square meter.
Weights
Milligram (1-1,000 gram) = 0.0154 grain.
Centigram (1-100 gram) = 0.1543 grain.
Decigram (1-10 gram) = 1.5432 grains.
Gram = 15.432 grains.
Decagram (10 grams) = 0.3527 ounce.
Hectogram (100 grams) = 3.5274 ounces.
Kilogram (1,000 grams) = 2.2046 pounds.
Myriagram (10,000 grams) = 22.046 pounds.
Quintal (100,000 grams) = 230.46 pounds.
Millier or tonne— ton (1,000,000 grams) = 2,204.6 pounds.
Volumes
Milliliter (1-1,000 liter) = 0.061 cubic inch.
Centiliter (1-100 liter) = 0.6102 cubic inch.
Deciliter (1-10 liter) = 6.1023 cubic inches.
Liter = 1,000 cu. cm. = 61.023 cubic inches.
Hectoliter (100 liters) = 2.838 bushels.
Kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 1,308 cubic yards.
• ■ Liquid Measures
Milliliter (1-1,000) = 0.0338 fluid ounce.
Centiliter (1-100 liter) = 0.338 fluid ounce.
Deciliter (1-10 liter) = 0.845 gill.
Liter = 0.908 quart = 0.2642 gallon.
Decaliter (10 liters) = 2.6418 gallons.
Hectoliter (100 liters) = 26.418 gallons.
Kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 264.18 gallons. •
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
63
G)nversion of Mils to Millimeteis
General
Data
Mils
Milli-
Mils
Milli-
Mils
Milli-
Mils
Milli-
Mils
Milli-
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
1
.0254
21
.5334
41
1.0414
61
1.5494
81
2.0574
2
.0508
22
.5588
42
1 .0668
62
1.5748
82
2.0828
3
.0762
23
.5842
43
1.0922
63
1.6002
83
2.1082
4
.1016
24
.6096
44
1.1176
64
1.6256.
84
2.1336
5
.1270
25
.6350
45
1.1430
65
1.6510
85
2.1590
6
.1524
26
.6604
46
1.1684
66
1.6764
86
2.1844
7
.1778
27
.6858
47
1.1938
67
1.7018
87
2.2098
8
.2032
28
.7112
48
1.2192
68
1.7272
88
2.2352
9
.2286
29
.7366
49
1.2446
69
1.7526
89
2.2606
10
.2540
30
.7620
50
1.2700
70
1.7780
90
2.2860
11
.2794
31
.7874
51
1.2954
71
1.8034
91
2.3114
12
.3048
32
.8128
52
1.3208
72
1.8288
92
2.3368
13
.3302
33
.8382
53
1.3462
73
1.8542
93
2.3622
14
.3556
34
.8636
54
1.3716
74
1.8796
94
2.3876
15
.3810
35
.8890
55
1.3970
75
1.9050
95
2.4130
16
.4064
36
.9144
56
1.4224
76
1.9304
96
2.4384
17
.4318
37
.9398
57
1.4478
77
1.9558
97
2.4638
18
.4572
38
.9652
58
1.4732
78
1.9812
98
2.4892
19
.4826
39
.9906
59
1 .4986
79
2.0066
99
2.5146
20
.5080
40
1.0160
60
1.5240
80
2.0320
100
2.5400
Conversion of Millimeters to Mils
MUli-
meters
Mils
Milli-
meters
Mils
Milli-
meters
Mils
Milli-
meters
Mils
Milli-
meters
Mils
1
39.370
21
826.77
41
1614.17
61
2401.57
81
3188.97
2
78.740
22
866.14
42
1653.54
62
2440.94
82
3228.34
3
118.110
23
905.51
43
1692.91
63
2480.31
83
3267.71
4
157.48
24
944.88
44
1732.28
64
2519.68
84
3307.08
5
196.85
25
984.25
45
1771.65
65
2559.05
85
3346.45
6
236.22
26
1023.60
46
1811.02
66
2598.42
86
3385.82
7
275.59
27
1063.00
47
1850.39
67
2637.79
87
3425.19
8
314.96
28
1102.40
48
1889.76
68
2677.16
88
3464.56
9
354.33
29
1141.70
49
1929.13
69
2716.53
89
3503.93
10
393.70
30
1181.10
50
1968.50
70
2755.90
90
3543.30
11
433.07
31
1220.50
51
2007.87
71
2795.27
91
3582.67
12
472.44
32
1259.80
52
2047.24
72
2834.64
92
3622.04
13
511.81
33
1299.20
53
2086.61
73
2874.01
93
3661.41
14
515.18
34
1338.60
54
2125.98
74
2913.38
94
3700.78
15
590.55
35
1378.00
55
2165.35
75
2952.75
95
3740.15
16
629.92
36
1417.30
56
2204.72
76
2992.12
96
8779.52
17
669.29
37
1456.70
57
2244.09
77
3031.49
97
3818.89
18
708.66
38
1496.10
58
2283.46
78
3070.86
98
3858.26
19
748.03
89
1535.40
59
2322.83
79
3110.23
99
3897.63
20
787.40
40
1574.80
60
2362.20
80
3149.60
100
8937.00
54 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
General
Data
Areas and Circumferences of Circles
Diam-
Circum-
Area
Diam-
Circum-
Area
Diam-
Circum-
Area
eter
ference
eter
ference
eter
ference
A ■
.049087
.00019
1. \%
6.08684
2.9483
4. ii
15.5116
19.147
.098175
.00077
2.
6.28819
3.1416
5.
15.7080
19.685
&
.147262
.00173
A
6.47958
3.8410
IB
15.9048
20.129
I6
.196850
.00307
Vi
6.67588
3.5466
%
16.1007
20.629
.294524
.00690
A
6.87223
3.7583
16.2970
21.185
%
.892699
.01227
H
7.06868
3.9761
1/
16.4984
21.648
s
.490874
.01917
■Id
7.26498
4.3000
A
16.6897
22.166
3
.689049
.02761
^
7.46128
4.4301
H
16.8861
22.691
jb
.687223
.03758
IS
7.65763
4.6664
{.
17.0824
23.221
H
.785898
.04909
%
7.85398
4.9087
%
17.2788
23.758
I
.888578
.06213
A
8.05088
5.1572
1%
17.4751
24.801
.981748
.07670
H
8.24668
5.4119
n
17.6715
24.850
1.07992
.09281
ih
8.44808
5.6737
17.8678
25.406
a|
1.17810
.11045
%
8.68938
5.9396
X\
18.0642
25.967
is
1.27627
.12962
11
8.83578
6.2136
18.2605
26.585
/«
1.37445
.15083
9.03208
6.4918
%
18.4569
27.109
\\
1 .47262
.17257
U
9.22843
6.7771
\i
18.6533
27.688
1.57080
.19635
3.
9.42478
7.0686
6.
18.8496
28.274
1.66897
.22166
18
9.62113
7.3663
H
19.3428
29.465
9
1.76715
.24850
%
9.81748
7.6699
X
19.6350
80.680
18
1.86532
.37688
t-B
10.0138
7.9798
%
20.0277
31.919
If
1.96850
.30680
'A
10.2102
8.2958
y^
20.4204
83.188
2.06167
.33824
A
10.4065
8.6179
%
20.8131
34.472
w
2.15984
.87122
H
10.6029
8.9463
%
21.2058
35.786
11
2.25802
.40574
1^,
10.7992
9.2806
%
21.5984
37.122
Va
2.85619
.44179
%
10.9956
9.6211
7.
21.9911
38.485
2.45487
.47937
i°«
11.1919
9.9678
%
32.8838
39.871
11
2.55254
.51849
fi
11.8888
10.331
%
22.7765
41.282
91
2.65072
.55914
ii
11.5846
10.680
%
23.1692
42.718
Vi
2.74889
.60132
%
11.7810
11.045
%
23.5619
44.179
\
2.84707
.64504
u
11.9778
11.416
y»
23.9546
46.664
1
2.94524
.69029
%
12.1737
11.793
K
24.3473
47.178
1
8.04842
.78708
\%
13.3700
12.177
%
24.7400
48.707
3.14159
.78540
4.
13.5664
12.566
8.
25.1327
60.265
i'»
3.88794
.88664
iV
12.7627
12.962
%
35.5354
51.849
jl
3.53429
.99402
Vi
12.9691
13.364
Va
35.9181
53.456
A
3.78064
1.1075
A
18.1554
13.772
Ys
26.3108
55.088
I
8.92699
1.2372
%
13.8518
14.186
'A
26.7035
56.745
4.12884
1.3580
10
13.5481
14.607
%
27.0962
58.426
%
4.31969
1.4849
Ys
13.7445
15.033
Ya
27.4889
60.182
^
4.51604
1.6230
l(i
13.9408
15.466
y%
27.8816
61.862
k
4.71289
1.7671
%
14.1372
15.904
9.
38.3743
63.617
16
4.90874
1.9175
fs
14.8385
16.349
Vi
28.6670
65.397
i
5.10509
2.0739
H
14.5299
16.800
A
29.0597
67.201
5.80144
3.3365
h
14.7262
17.257
%
29.4524
69.029
5.49779
3.4053
i
14.9226
17.721
A
39.8451
70.882
5.69414
2.5802
ig
15.1189
18.190
Ya
30.2378
72.760
%
5.89049
3.7612
%
15.8158
18.665
30.6805
74.662
Decimals of an Inch and Millimeters for each I -64 Inch
^
„
^
^_
c
^^
„
u
^
^
B
fl
d
E-^
.5 S
.2
B
c
.s-g
•§ E
_o
c
d
1, £
.2
d
d
ErC
_o
-B
-t*
«5
^i
j3
H«"
j»
S5£
^E
i"
h"
H**
5i£
liE
-p
-B
l^
%%
e
0
Q
b
Q
P
(c
Q
0
b
fl
Q
bn
1
.015625
.3968
17
.265625
(5.7467
33
.515635
13.0966
49
.765625
19.4465
1
2
.03125
.7937
9
18
.28125
7.1436
17
34
.53125
13.4934
25
50
.78135
19.8433
3
.046875
1.1906
19
.296875
7.5404
35
.546875
13.8903
51
.796875
20.2402
2
4
.0625
1.5874
10
30
.3125
7.9373
t".
18
36
.5635
14.2872
lis
36
53
.8135
30.6371
\i
5
.078125
1.9843
31
.328125
8.3342
37
.578125
14.6841
53
.838125
21.0339
3
6
.09875
2.3813
11
33
.34375
8.7310
19
38
.59375
15!^
37
54
.84375
31.4308
7
.109875
2.7780
33
.859375
9.1279
39
.609375
55
.859375
31.8377
4
8
.125
3.1749
•/r
12
24
.375
9.5248
%
30
40
.635
15.8747
y,^
38
56
.875
22.2245
%
9
.140625
3.5718
25
.390625
9.9216
41
.640635
16.2715
57
.890625
23.6214
6
10
.15625
3.9686
13
26
.40625
10.3185
21
42
.65625
16.6684
29
58
.90625
33.0183
11
.171875
4.3655
27 .421875
10.7154
43
.671875
17.0653
59
.921875
33.4151
6
12
.1876
4.7624
T^J
14
28 .4375
11.1133
33
44
.6875
17.4621
TB
30
60
.9375
23.8120
Tm
13
.208125
5.1592
29 .458125
11.5091
45
.703135
17.8590
61
.953125
24.2089
7
14
.21875
5.5561
15
80
.46875
11.9060
33
46
.71875
18.2559
31
63
.96875
»1.6057
16
.284875
5.9580
81
.484375
12.3029
47
.734375
18.6527
63
.984375
25.0026
8
16
.25
6.8498
K
16
32
.5
12.6997
V2
24
48
.76
19.0496
Ya
33
64
1.
25.8996
1
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES
Fundamental Units General
Data
The electrical units are derived from the following mechanical units:
The centimeter, the unit of length.
The gramme, the unit of mass.
The second, the unit of time.
The centimeter equals .3937 of an inch, or one thousand-millionth part of a
quadrant of the earth.
The gramme is equal to 15.432 grains, the mass of a cubic centimeter of
water at 4° C.
The second is the time of one swing of the pendulum, making 86,464.09 swings
per day, or the 1-86400 part of a mean solar day.
Mensuration
Circumference of circle whose diameter is 1 = tt = 3. 14159265.
Circumference of any circle = diameter X '^•
Area of any circle = (radius)* X ^, or (diameter)* X 0.7854.
Surface of sphere = (diameter) * X ^r, or = circumference X diameter.
Volume of sphere = (diameter) » X 0.5286, or = surface X i diameter.
1 lb. per sq. inch
Area of an ellipse = long diameter X short diameter X 0.7854.
7r8 = 9.8696; Tri = 1.772454; J = 0.7854.
i/tt = 0.31831; log 77 = 0.4971499.
Basis of natural log f = 2.7183; log s = 0.43429.
Modulus of natural logarithm M = -, — - = 2.3036.
logf
144 lb. per sq. foot.
51.7116 mm. of mercury.
2.30665 feet of water.
0.072 ton (short) per sq. foot.
0.0680415 atmosphere.
One mile = 320 rods = 1760 yards = 5280 feet = 63,360 inches.
One fathom = 6 feet ; 1 knot = 6080 feet.
1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot.
231 cubic inches = 1 liquid gallon = 0.134 cubic foot.
1 pound avoirdupois = 7000 grains = 453.6 grammes.
The angle of which the arc is equal to the radius, a Radian — 57.2958°.
Physical Data
The equivalent of one B.t.u. of heat = 778 foot-pounds.
The equivalent of one calorie of heat = 426 kg-m., — 3.968 B.t.u.
One cubic foot of water weighs 62.355 pounds at 62° F.
One cubic foot of air weighs 0.0807 pound at 32° F. and one atmosphere.
One cubic foot of hydrogen weighs 0.00557 pound.
One foot-pound - 1.3562 X 10^ ergs.
One horse-power hour — 33,000 X 60 foot-pounds.
56 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
General One horse-power = 33,000 foot-pounds per min. =550 foot-pounds per second =
Data 746 watts = 2545 B.t.u. per hour.
Acceleration of gravity (g) = 33.2 feet per second.
= 980 mm. per second.
One atmosphere = 14.7 pounds per square inch.-
= 2116 pounds per square foot.
= 760 mm. of mercury.
Velocity of sound at 0° cent, in dry air = 332.4 metres per sec.
= 1091 feet per sec.
Velocity of light in vacuum = 299,853 km. per sec.
= 186,325 miles per sec.
Specific heat of air at constant pressure = 0.237.
A column of water 2.3 feet high corresponds to a pressure of 1 pound per
square inch.
Coefficient of expansion of gases = ^^^ = 0.00367.
Latent heat of water = 79.24.
Latent heat of steam = 535.9
Centigrade Degrees. To convert into the corresponding one in Fahrenheit
degrees, multiply by ^/^ and add 32. To convert it into the one in Reaumur
degrees multiply by */ ^. To convert it into the one on the Absolute scale, add 273.
Fahrenheit Degrees. To convert into the one in Centigrade degrees, subtract
32 and then multiply by ^/g, being careful about the signs when the reading is
below the melting point of ice. To convert it into the one in Reaumur degrees,
subtract 32 and multiply by ■*/,. To convert it into the one on the Absolute scale,
subtract 32, then multiply by ^/s and add 273; or multiply by 5, add 2297, and
divide by 9.
EJectrical Data
The ampere, I = unit of current = 0.1 cm.^ g. ^ sec. i.
The ohm = unit of resistance = 10. ^ cm. sec.^.
The volt, U = unit of e. m. f. = 10." cm.t g.'^ sec*
The henry, L = unit of inductance = 10. " cm.i sec*
The farad, C = unit of capacity = 10* cm. ^
i= unit of electric power = h. p. X 746.
= current X volts X power factor.
= foot pounds per sec. -i- 1.355.
Joules, W — work done — watts X seconds.
3412 B. t. u.
2,654,536 foot-pounds.
1 kw. hour — -J 3.53 pounds water evaporated at 212° F.
22.8 pounds water raised from 62° to 212° F.
0.235 pounds carbon oxidized at 100 per cent. eff.
Bare Wires and Cables
Page
Copper
Trolley Wire 58
Wire and Cables 64-65
Hemp Core Cables 65
Extra Flexible Cables 66
Specifications for H. D. Copper Wire . . 66
Rail Bonds 67-70
Iron or Steel
Telephone and Telegraph Wires . . . 7 1 -74
Specifications for galvanized Telephone
jmd Telegraph Wires 72
Bond Wire, extra galvanized .... 74
Steel Signal Wire, extra galvanized ... 75
Standard Steel Strand 75
Special Steel Strands 76
Galvanized Strand Clips 79
Resistance Wire 80
Armature Binding Wire 80
Armor Wire 81
Pole Steps 81
Silico-Magnetic-Core Steel 82
58
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Bare Conductors
We make copper wire for all purposes in any required shape or size ; copper
cables of all capacities and degrees of flexibility ; hard drawn or annealed, bare or
insulated. We also make galvanized iron and steel wire in all shapes and sizes,
bare or insulated, and for all purposes ; telephone and telegraph wires, armor wires,
strand and wire rope of all kinds.
Copper Trolley Wire
Since a trolley wire serves a double purpose, as conductor and as feeder to the
moving current collector, it must be of high conductivity, and strong and durable.
Copper can be readily drawn into any desired section and can be easily handled.
Trolley wire is generally made of hard drawn copper in three shapes, round,
grooved and figure 8. The latter form is not extensively used for two principal
reasons. Owing to its unsymmetrical section, it is difficult to handle and to place in
position. The non-uniformity in section, as made by different wire manufacturers,
has rendered it impossible to make a uniform style of mechanical clamping ear for
supporting the trolley. Though seldom called upon to make trolley wire larger
than 4/0 or smaller than 1/0 B. & S. gauge, we are prepared to make other sizes.
The various styles and sizes are shown dimensioned below:
Round
:^
Grooved
Figure 8
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
59
Dimensions of Hard Drawn Copper Trolley Wire
Section of
Trolley
Wire
Sue
B.&S.
Sectional
Area in
Cir. Mils.
Approximate Dimensions (See Figure, Page 58)
A
B
C D
E
F
G
R
Round
0
00
000
0000
105,600
188,200
168,100
211,600
.325
.365
.410
.460
.1625
.1825
.2045
.230
::
• •
Grooved
"American
Standard"
00
000
0000
188,200
168,100
211,600
.392
.430
.482
.196
.215
.241
1
20
22
25
78°
78«
78»
27»
27° •
27°
51°
51°
51°
015
015
015
Figure 8
00
000
0000
133,200
168,100
211,600
.480
.540
.600
.852
.400
.450
.108
.130
.150
196
222
250
Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper Trolley Wire
1. Conductivity, weight and strength.
Round, Grooved and Figure 8 Copper Trolley Wire
Size B. & S.
0
00
000
0000
Approximate Weight, Pounds
Per Mile
1685
2132
2690
Per 1,000 Feet
319
404
609
641
Electrical Conductivity
(Minimum)
Mile — ohm @ 68 degrees
Fahr. not to exceed S90.1
equals 98^ Matthiessen's
Standard
Round Trolley Wire
Size B. & S.
Tensile Strength, Pounds 1
Size B. & S.
Tensile Strength, Pounds
Actual
Per Square Inch
Actual
Per Square Inch
0
00
4522
5550
54600
52800
000
0000
6735
8140
51000
49000
The physical tests of all shapes shall be made in the same manner as those upon
round wire. The tensile strength of grooved wire shall be at least 95 per cent, of that
required for round wire of the same sectional area ; the elongation shall be the same
as that required for round wire of equal sectional area, given on page 67.
2. Sizes 1/0 and 2/0 approximately one mile on each reel; size 3/0 and 4/0
approximately one-half mile on each reel.
3. Round wire is to be cylindrical in form and of uniform size throughout.
All forms to be uniform in quality, free from scale, flaws, splits and other defects
inconsistent with the best commercial practice.
4. Round trolley wire may vary in diameter one per cent, either way. Shaped
trolley wire may vary in diameter four per cent, over or under in weight per unit
length from standard.
5. Wire to be shipped on firmly built reels suitable for proper handling and
for the efficient protection of the wire in transit.
Base and Advances on Trolley Wire
Round hard drawn copper
Grooved and figure 8
Base
J4 cent per pound advance over round
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Bare Wires
and Cables
Trolley Construction Notes
A mile of trolley wire strung in position is generally figured in calculations as
5350 feet, allowing 70 feet for sag and waste.
The trolley wire is usually suspended about 20 feet above the center of the
track or to one side. It may be supported either from steel strands spanning the
track between two side poles, from brackets extending out from the poles or from
catenary construction. The trolley wire is supported by trolley "ears" which
mechanically clamp the shaped wire, or which are soldered to the round wire.
The trolley ears are attached to the supports by means of insulated trolley hangers.
Overhead Construction, N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R.
The following extracts from the specifications adopted by a leading railway
company for overhead trolley construction are fairly representative of American
electric railway practice.
Poles, Pole Framing and Pole Setting
Poles shall be of commercially straight, round chestnut, and shall conform to
the dimensions shown in following table. Holes for the poles shall be excavated as
here tabulated:
Round Pole Data
Length
in Feet
Circumference Top
in Inches
Depth in Earth
in Feet
Circumference
5 Feet from Butt
in Inches
Depth in Rock
in Feet
30
22
6.0
36
5.0
35
22
6.0
88
5.5
40
22
6.5
44
5.5
45
22
6.5
47
6.0
50
22
7.0
50
6.5
55
22
7.5
53
6.5
60
22
8.0
56
7.0
65
22
8.5
58
7.0
70
22
9.0
58
7.0
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
C A B L E vS
Poles are to be delivered barked and with knots trimmed. Bare Wires
They shall be sound and free from butt rot or hollows in butts which would and Gtbles
impair strength above ground. They shall be free from unsound knots and shall
have no more than one crook, this crook to be in one way only. Contractor shall
point the tips, saw the butts off square, smooth all knots with draw knife, shave the
entire pole, if so directed by the engineer, and paint the tips and gains of each pole
with two coats of an approved metallic paint before installation.
»
Pole Setting
Poles shall be spaced 100 feet apart on tangents, and shall have a rake of 6
inches away from track at a height of 24 feet above top of track rail with bracket
construction. With span construction the rake shall be 12 inches at same height
above top of rail. Poles to have above rakes after taking final strain.
For longer poles and on side banks and fills, depths will be determined by inspect-
ing engineer. Face of pole shall be spaced at a minimum distance of 5 feet from
outside of rail head, and shall not exceed this measurement to appreciable extent
unless conditions so require.
The earth around poles shall be thoroughly tamped with suitable tampers.
When poles are set in concrete, the concrete shall consist of one part of an approved
brand of Portland cement, three parts clean sharp sand and five parts broken stone,
which will go through a 2-inch ring. Amount of concrete to be determined by
inspecting engineer, and concrete to be put on in layers of 6 inches and each layer
thoroughly tamped. Top of concrete filling to be above ground and sloped off
from pole with smooth finish so as to shed water.
Curve Construction
Pull-offs on curves shall be spaced according to following table:
The distance between poles on curves is dependent on weight of feed wire,
length of curve, and in towns, on local conditions. In general, the minimum
distance between poles shall be 50 feet. Up to 1910 feet radius, space poles from
50 to 90 feet. Above 1910 feet radius, space poles 100 feet apart.
¥
Span Construction
On single-track street railway lines use ^^-inch extra galvanized steel strand,
tensile strength not less than 3300 pounds ; on double-track street railway lines and
on electrified steam lines, use ^-inch extra galvanized steel strand, tensile strength
not less than 4700 pounds, and use |^-inch x 16-inch galvanized eye-bolts with
thread cut 5 inches. All spans to be installed with eye-bolts at same level and
allowance made for sag of 1 foot in 20 feet of span, with eye-bolts at full length.
62 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Bare Wires
and Cables
Side Pole Bracket Construction
RAKE r IN 24
LAG SCREWS 4xJ-
Span Constrnction
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 68
RR Af^a.
^^
CROSS ARM 8 X 4f X 3^
— CGE. BOLTS 4j'x.|-"
^ MACH. BOLTS 10 x^
GALV. IRON BRACES 30 x 1^x1^
LAG SCREWS 4 X i-"
TROLLEY WIRE
Bare Wires
and Cables
1
---j
-—I'e- — ^
V
^ .^
— 4'8"
--^
j
1
5t
*
X
X
Center Pole Construction
Recent Catenary Construction on N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R., near Glenbrook, Conn.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Bare Wires
and Cables
Bare Copper Wire and Cables
Made in all sizes, hard drawn or annealed, and for all purposes. For telephone
and telegraph, high voltage long distance transmission, and industrial purposes in
general. Full information concerning the properties of bare copper wire with
tabulated data is given in the foregoing section, pages 14 and 25. ,
Bare Copper Wire Advances
Advances per pound over and
above base prices for annealed and hard
drawn copper wire :
B. & S. Gauge
Advance per Pound
Number
Cents
0000 to 8
Base
9 and 10
Add %
11 and 13
Add J<
13 and 14
Add ^
15 and 16
Add ^
17 and 18
Addl
19 and 20
AddlJ<
21 and 22
Add 14^
23 and 24
Add2J^
For wire finer than 24 B. & S.
gauge, special prices on application.
Orders for copper wire will be
filled by standard B. & S. gauge un-
less otherwise specified.
Tinned Copper Wire Advances
Advances per pound over and above prices for corresponding sizes of annealed
bare copper wire.
B. & S. Gauge
Advance per Pound
B. & S. Gauge
Advance per Pound
Number
Cents
Number
Cents
0000 to 8
K
18 and 19
1J<
9 and 10
H
20
1§
11 and 12
A
21
m
13 and 14
1
22
2
15 and 16
1
28
2J^
17
1
24
3
Hard Drawn
Copper Tele
graph and Telephone Wire
Size B. & S. Gaug
e
British Imperial, or English Legal Standard Gauge
Diameter
Approximate
Diameter
Approximate
Number
in Decimal of
Weiglit per Mile
Number
in Decimal of
Weight per Mile
an Inch
in Pounds
an Inch
in Pounds
8
.1285
264
8
.160
409
9
.1144
209
9
.144
381
10
.1019
166
10
.128
262
12
.0808
1(M
12
.104
173
14
.0641
66
14
.080
102
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
C A H L E S
65
Cutting to Lengths
For lengths less than 20 feet, add a minimum of >^ cent per pound to the schedule ;
20 feet or over, add % cent per pound. For very short lengths of fine wire, such as
tag wire, the price increases rapidly as the length decreases.
Reels
Will be charged at prices quoted on page 50. When returned in good condition,
with slats, within six months from date of shipment, freight prepaid to the factory,
customers will receive credit for the full amount originally charged.
Bare Copper Cables, Annealed and Cleaned, or Hard Drawn
These extras apply both on concentric and rope laid conductors. See pages
29 and 34 for wiring tables, giving complete information about copper cables.
To determine the price of any bare stranded cable, add to the price for the wire
of which the strand is composed the extras as given below.
When the following sizes of wire, B. & S. gauge, are used :
Bare Wires
and Cables
Number
Advance per Pound
Cents
Number
Advance per Pound
Cents
8 or coarser
9 to 13 inclusive
14 to 16 inclusive
1
17 to 20 inclusive
21 to 24 inclusive
25 add smaller
2
5
Prices on request
Intermediate sizes of wire take extra applying to next smaller gauge.
For example, in determining prices of cables
500,000 circular mils, 61 wires concentric strand.
Each wire has 8196 circular mils and is approximately 12 B. & S. gauge.
Price bare wire, base size $15.00 per 100 pounds
Advance for size (12 B. & S. gauge) . .25, see page 64
Advance for stranding .75, see above
Freight
\
Hemp Core Cables
In order to reduce the skin ef-
fect in conductors carrying heavy
alternating currents of high fre-
quency, it is customary to use a
specially constructed cable having a
hemp center. This style of cable is
also required in many long distance
transmission lines in order to in-
crease the diameter enough to pre-
vent corona effects due to very high
potentials.
We are prepared to manufac-
ture this style of cable to any speci-
fications.
L
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Bare Wires ' Extra Flexible Cables
and Cables
We manufacture bare copper cables having a high degree of flexibility due
to their being made up of a large number of small wires. These cables are for
flexible connectors, for commutator brushes, third rail shoes and similar purposes.
They are made both concentric and rope lay and price is figured from same
schedule of advances.
Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper Wire
1. The material shall be copper of such quality and purity that when drawn
hard it shall have the properties and characteristics herein required.
2. These specifications cover hard drawn round wire and hard drawn cable or
strand as hereinafter described.
3. The wire in all shapes must be free from all surface imperfections not con-
sistent with the best commercial practice.
4. (a) Package sizes for round wire and for cable shall be agreed upon in the
placing of individual orders.
(i) The wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary handling and
shipping.
5. For the purpose of calculating weights, cross-sections, etc., the specific grav-
ity of copper shall be taken as 8-90.
6. All testing and inspecting shall be made at the place of manufacture, and
when the wire is found to meet specifications it shall then and there be accepted by
purchaser. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector representing the purchaser
all reasonable facilities to enable him to satisfy himself that the material conforms
to the requirements of these specifications.
Hard Drawn Round Wire
7. (a) Sizes shall be expressed as the diameter of the wire either in decimals
of an inch or in mils, or in the B. & S. gauge.
(6) Permissible variations from actual gauge diameter shall be as shown
in the table, page 24.
8. The wire shall be so drawn that its tensile strength and elongation shall be
at least equal to the value stated in the following table. Tensile tests shall be made
upon fair samples and the elongation shall be determined as the permanent increase
in length, due to the breaking of the wire in tension, measured between bench marks
placed upon the wire originally 10 inches apart. The fracture shall be between the
bench marks and not closer than 1 inch to either mark. If upon testing a sample
from any coil of wire, the results are found to be below the values stated in the table,
tests upon two additional samples shall be made, and the average of the three tests
shall determine acceptance or rejection of the coil.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
67
Properties of Hard Drawn Copper Wire
(Adopted by the A. S. T. M.)
Size
B. & S.
Diameter
Inches
Area
Circular
Mils
Tensile
Strength
Pounds
Per Cent.
Elongation
in
Size
B. & S.
Diameter
Inches
Area
Circular
Mils
Tensile
Strength
Pounds
Per Cent.
Elongation
in
per
S<j. Inch
10 Inches
per
Sp. Inch
10 Inches
0000
0.460
211,600
49,000
8.75
8
0.128
16,880
68,400
1.4
000
0.410
168.100
.51,000
8.20
9
0.114
12,996
64,200
1.8
00
0.365
133,200
52,800
2.70
10
0.102
10,404
• 64,800
1.2
0
0.325
105,600
64,500
2.4
11
0.091
8,281
65,400
1.1
1
0.289
83,520
56,000
2.1
12
0.081
6,561
66,700
1.0
2
0.258
66,560
57,500
2.0
18
0.072
6,184
66,000
0.9
3
0.229
52,440
58,500
1.9
14
0.064
4,096
66,200
0.9
4
0.204
41,620
59,500
1.8
15
0.057
3,249
66,400
0.8
5
0.182
88,120
60,500
1.7
16
0.051
2,601
66,600
0.8
6
0.162
26.240
61,500
1.6
17
0.045
2,025
66,800
0.7
7
0.144
20,740
62,500
1.5
18
0.040
1,600
67,000
0.7
For wire whose nominal diameter is between listed sizes, the requirements shall
be determined by interpolation from those included in the table.
9. Electrical conductivity shall be determined upon fair samples by resistance
measurements at a temperature of 20° C. (68° F.). The wire shall not exceed the
following limits:
For diameters 0.460 to 0.325 inch, 890.1 pounds per mile-ohm at 30° C, equal to
98 per cent. Matthiessen's standard.
For diameters 0.324 to 0.102 inch, 899.3 pounds per mile-ohm at 20° C, equal to
97.0 per cent. Matthiessen's standard.
For diameters 0.101 to 0.040 inch, 908.7 pounds per mile-ohm at 20° C, equal to
96.0 per cent. Matthiesson's standard.
Hard Drawn Copper Wire Strand
10. For the purpose of these speciiications, standard strand shall be that made
up of hard drawn wire laid concentrically about a hard drawn wire center. Cable
laid up about a hemp center or about a soft wire core is to be subject to special
specifications to be agreed upon in individual cases.
11. The wire entering into the construction of strand shall, before stranding,
meet all the requirements of round wire hereinbefore stated.
12. The tensile strength of standard strand shall be at least 90 per cent, of the
total strength required of the wires forming the strand.
13. Brazes, made in accordance with the best commercial practice, will be per-
mitted in wire entering into strand. The brazed joint shall have at least 95 per
cent, of the strength specified for the wire.
14. The lay of standard strand shall not be less than 12, nor more than 16
diameters of the strand.
Rail Bonds
The subject of rail bonds is properly included with that of other bare electrical
conductors. We are exceptionally well equipped to make rail bonds of any de-
sired type, capacity or length to meet any requirements. We manufacture all
standard types of terminal stud bonds from which any particular style of
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
COMPANY
Bare "Wires bond can be selected that will best serve for any given set of track conditions. Our
and Cables bonds are distinguished by accurate workmanship, superior grade of material and
simplicity of design, qualities which will insure lasting and economical service.
We make four styles of rail bonds : Crown rail bonds, with round wire conductors ;
Untied States rail bonds, with flat wire conductors; Twin Terminal bonds to be
attached to the heads of rails, and Soldered rail bonds. Only pure annealed copper of
high conductivity is used in any portion of these bonds. The solid terminals, after
being forged to shape from rolled copper rods, are heated and drop forged to the flexible
conductor portion, producing a union having all the merits of homogeneous copper.
There are two styles of stud terminals shown on the Crown and on the United
States bonds. One is a tubular terminal, and is applied by driving a long taper
punch through the hollow terminal, distending it radially, after which a short drift
pin is driven into the terminal, expanding it J^-inch more. The other style of
terminal has a solid stud and is installed with a compressor. When correctly
installed, either style will give equally good results. The stud portion of all
terminals is milled smooth and accurate to size, thus insuring a most efficient and
lasting contact.
The Twin Terminal bond is applied by hammer compression. This makes an
ideal bond in all respects for exposed T-rail joints.
We make two styles of Rati Bond Testers, each having special merits. The
A. S. & W. tester is suitable for very accurate measurements. The Crown is very
easily handled, less expensive and is used to indicate the presence of poor bonding.
The durability and efficiency of a bond installation will depend largely upon the
effectiveness of the tools used. Even the best workmen cannot do good work with
poor bonding tools. In developing our bonding tools no expense has been
spared nor time considered. First and foremost, the aim has been to produce
tools of the greatest effectiveness and perfect suitability for the service to which
they were to be put ; to make them as perfect in every detail as possible, and to
make them light, durable and reasonable in cost.
A new and revised rail bond catalogue describing our complete bonding equip-
ment will be sent on request.
Correspondence is solicited, and data and estimates will gladly be furnished.
Only a few of the bonds and tools which we make are shown below and on next page.
Crown Rail Bond, Type C P-03
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND C A H L E S 69
Bare Wires
and Cables
Crown Rail Bond, Type C P S
United States Rail Bond, Type U S 1
¥
Twin Terminal Rail Bond, Form B
Soldered Stud Rail Bond
Twin Terminal Bond Applied
L
70
AMERICAN
S T E E L
AND
COMPANY
Bare Wires
and Cables
Bonding Tools
We make and constantly keep in stock, special high grade tools for the correct
installation of each type of rail bond. For ease of handling and adjusting, rapidity
of action and general effectiveness, these bonding tools have no equal. We also
contract for the complete installation of any type of bond manufactured by us.
• - Single Spindle Drill, No. 21
This drill should always be used in connection with our Crown and United States
bonds. The machine grips the rail head rigidly and is fed automatically. In con-
sequence the hole is true to size and has a smooth wall. It is light and durable,
easily operated by one man and is driven forward by each stroke of the lever.
No. 61.
Screw Hydraulic Compressor
(Patented)
Four-Spindle Motor Drill
Used with Installation of Twin Terminal and
Soldered Stud Bonds
(Patented)
\
E L E C r RICA I,
W IRKS
A N I)
A 1! L IC S
Extra Galvanized W. & M. Telephone and Telegraph Wire
There are three standards of
extra galvanized telephone and
telegraph wire in general com-
mercial use:
^J>*j^i^ " Extra Best Best" (E.B.B.).
t^/p^ Madeby improved continuous pro-
cess and stands highest in con-
ductivity of any telegraph wire
with a weight per mile ohm of
from 4700 to 5000 pounds. Uniform
in quality, pure, tough and pliable.
It is largely used by telegraph
companies and in railway
telegraph service.
"Best Best" (B.B.) Superior
>ij. to theE.BB. in mechanical quali-
ties and equal in galvanizing, but
of somewhat lower electrical value.
Weight per mile ohm, 5600 to GuOO
pounds. This grade is used very largely by telephone companies.
"Steel "(or homogeneous metal). More expressly designed for short-line
telephone service, where a measure of conductivity can be exchanged for high
tensile strength in a light wire. Weight per mile-ohm, 6500 to 7000 pounds.
Around each bundle is securely riveted a metal seal stamped W. & M. E. B. B.,
K W. &M. B. B . or W. & M. Steel, as follows:
a3.AladeiJyj\f/lgfl
l^jmj^^^^rf^^m^
Kf^Lf^^'Jr^n^g^Ffif^Af^f^TFFfc^^/fPFr:!^
Seals for Telephone and Telegraph Coils of Wire
The arbitrary designation of these different qualities, as E. B. B., B. B., and
Steel, was adopted several years ago. The three grades are all made from the very
best materials by improved processes under the careful supervision of skilled and
experienced men.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
C O M P A N Y
Bare Wires While these three grades differ in physical characteristics, there is no difference
and Cables in the standard as regards galvanizing. All grades are galvanized to the highest
commercial standard — -a standard which is the result of more than half a century's
experience.
A complete description of the processes involved in the manufacture of W. & M.
Iron and Steel Telephone and Telegraph Wire is given on pages 39 to 44. Every
bundle of wire before shipment is tested physically and electrically to insure a
uniform product of high standard and the galvanizing is tested to determine
that the zinc coating is continuous, is elastic and of sufficient thickness and fully
up to the highest commercial standard. The latter test is a chemical, not merely a
visual, one. The life of a galvanized wire depends primarily upon the thickness and
grade of galvanizing and not upon the color of the galvanizing. No greater mistake
could be made than to buy telephone wire on what is properly termed "looks."
Under the corroding influences of smoke and air, the "looks" of the wire soon
fade and something other than this is required in order that efficient and economical
service and long life be rendered.
Machine for Testing Telegraph Wire
Specifications for Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wire
Testing Facilities. The manufacturer shall provide suitable facilities for
making the tests hereinafter specified.
Finish. The wire shall be cylindrical in form and free from scales, inequalities,
flaws, splints and other imperfections.
The finish of the wire shall be in accordance with the best commercial practice.
Each coil shall be warranted not to contain any weld, joint or splice in the rod
before drawn.
Galvanizing. The wire shall be well galvanized in accordance with the fol-
lowing specifications:
The galvanizing shall consist of a continuous coating of pure zinc of
practically uniform thickness, and so applied that it adheres firmly to the
surface of the wire. No. 13 B. W. G. and coarser sizes of wire shall be
capable of withstanding the following test :
Testing Solution. A standard solution shall be prepared by selecting
from commercial sulphate of copper crystals, those which are clean and
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
73
have a clear blue color, and dissolving them in lukewarm water. The
solution shall be allowed to stand for at least twelve hours with occasional
stirring. Some undissolved crystals should remain at the bottom of the
vessel at the end of this time. The solution shall be neutralized by the
addition of an excess of cupric oxide. The neutralized solution shall then be
filtered before using. (See note below. )
Method of Testing. Samples of wire previously cleaned with gasoline
or benzine shall be immersed, to a distance of at least four inches, in a glass
vessel containing not less than one pint of the standard solution and
allowed to remain for one minute. They shall then be removed, washed
in clear water and wiped dry with soft cotton cloth or waste. This process
shall be repeated three times, making four immersions in all.
Note. A saturated solution of sulphate of copper thus prepared should have a
specific gravity of 1.186 at a temperature of 65 degrees F. In case of No. 14 B. W. G. wire,
the fourth immersion shall be of one-half minute duration instead of one minute.
The temperature of the solution during the test shall not be above 68
degrees F. or below 62 degrees F.
Not more than seven samples of wire shall be immersed at one time,
and no solution shall be used for more than one set of four immersions.
If a bright copper deposit appears on the steel after the fourth immersion,
thus indicating that the wire is exposed, the galvanizing of the lot of wire
represented by the samples shall be considered faulty. Copper deposits on
zinc or within one inch of the cut end shall not be considered causes for
rejection.
Physical and Electrical Requirements. The galvanized wire shall conform to
the following physical requirements with respect to resistances, weights and
breaking strains.
Torsion. The wire shall be capable of withstanding at least fifteen (15) twists
in a length of six (6) inches.
In the case of wire less than 0.134 inch in diameter one-third (^) of the coils
may have two (2) pieces to a coil joined by the ordinary twist joint carefully soldered
and galvanized.
In the case of wire 0.134 inch in diameter and larger, each coil may consist of
two pieces only joined by the ordinary twist joint carefully soldered and galvanized.
Binding. Each coil of wire shall be securely bound in at least four places
with galvanized iron wire. A tag shall be attached to each coil, giving the size and
grade of wire in the coil.
Properties of Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wires
Based on Standard Specifications
Approximate
Approximate Breaking
Resistance per Mile ( Interna-
.Size
Diameter
Area
Weight in Pounds
Strain in Pounds
tional Ohms) at 68" F. or20<'C.
in Circular
Mils-rf*
I! W. G
Mils-dT
Per 1000
Per
Feet
Mile
Ex. B. B.
B. B.
Steel
Ex. B. B.
B. B.
Steel
0
340
115,600
313
1,655
4,138
4.634
4,965
2.84
3.38
3.93
1
300
90,000
244
1,289
3.223
3,609
3,867
3.65
4.34
5.04
2
284
80.656
218
1.155
2,888
3.234
8,465
4.07
4.85
5.63
8
259
67.081
182
960
2,400
2.688
2.880
4.90
5.83
6.77
4
238
56.644
153
811
2.028
2,271
2,43:^
5.80
6.91
8.01
5
220
48.400
131
693
1,732
1.940
2,079
6.78
8.08
9.38
0
203
41.209
112
590
1,475
1.652
1,770
7.97
9.49
11.02
7
180
32,400
87
463
1,158
1,296
1,389
10.15
12.10
14.04
8
165
27,225
74
390
975
1,092
1,170
12.05
14.36
16.71
9
148
21,904
60
314
785
879
942
14.97
17.84
20.70
10
134
17,956
49
258
645
722
774
18.22
21.71
25.29
11
120
14,400
39
206
515
577
618
22.82
27.19
31.55
12
109
11.881
32
170
425
476
510
27.65
32.94
38.23
13
95
9,025
25
129
310
847
372
37.90
45.16
52.41
14
88
6,889
19
99
247
277
297
47.48
56.56
65.66
15
72
5,184
14
74
185
207
222
63.52
75.68
87.84
16
65
4,225
11
61
152
171
188
77.05
91.80
106.55
74
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Baure Wires
and Cables
W. & M. Telephone Wire — Continued
Prices quoted on application
Sizes
Birming-
ham
Wire Gauge
Diameter
Decimals
of an Incli
0.238
0.203
0.165
0.148
Bdls.
per Mile
Weight
per
1000 Feet
in Pounds
158
112
74
60
Weight
per Mile
in
Pounds
811
590
890
314
Sizes
Diameter
Weight
Birming-
m
Bdls.
per
ham
Decimals
per Mile
1000 Feet
Wire Gauge
of an Inch
in Pounds
10
0.134
2
49
11
0.120
2
89
12
0.109
2
82
14
0.083
2
19
Weight
per Mile
in
Pounds
258
206
170
Data Concerning Telephone and Telegraph Poles
Diameter
Depth Pole
Diameter
Depth Pole
Length of
Six Inches
Diameter
Should be
Length of
Six Inches
Diameter
Should be
Pole, Feet
from Butt
Placed in
Pole, Feet
from Butt
Placed in
Inches
Inches
Ground, Feet
Inches
Inches
Ground, Feet
25
9 to 10
6 to 8
5
55
16 to 17
6 to 8
7%
30
9 to 11
6 to 8
514
60
16 to 18
6 to 8
7^
35
9 to 12
6 to 8
5V2
65
16 to 19
6 to 8
8
40
9 to 13
6 to 8
6
70
16 to 20
6 to 8
8
45
9 to 14
6 to 8
e'A
75
16 to 21
6 to 8
S'A
50
9 to 15
6 to 8
7
1
80
16 to 22
6 to 8
9
Sizes and Weights of White Cedar Poles
(Northwestern Cedarmen's Association specifications)
Description
Length ,^.'^'°P Weight
Feet Diameter i Pounds
Inehes
Length
Feet
Top
Diameter
Inches
Weight
Pounds
Length
Feet
Top
Diameter
Inches
Weight
Pounds
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
80
30
80
80
35
4
5
6
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
5
100
130
190
150
200
250
850
275
850
450
575
875
85
85
85
40
40
40.
46
45
45
50
50
50
6
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
8
1
450
600.
850
625
850
1,100
900
1,100
1,850
1,150
1,350
1,700
55
55
55
60
60
60
65
65
65
70
70
70
6
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
8
1,350
1,700
2,200
1,700
2,200
2,500
2,200
2,500
3,000
2,500
3,000
4,000
Extra Galvanized Bond Wire
Used for signal bonding on steam roads. Extra B. B. extra galvanized telephone
wire is nearly always used for this purpose. Cut and straightened to lengths at a small
extra charge. Usually 3 to 5 feet long, and of any gauge number desired.
E C r R 1 C A L
WIRES
A X IJ
CABLES
Extra Galvanized Steel Signal Wire
This wire is used as a connection from a lever or other pulling device to a
semaphore signal which is operated mechanically. The two sizes of Extra Galvan-
ized Signal Wire in common use are:
No. 8 B. W. gauge, with an approximate breaking strength of 2350 pounds.
No. 9 B. W. gauge, with an approximate breaking strength of 1900 pounds.
The wire is made especially to meet the important requirements of this service.
It is extra galvanized, and of a quality that possesses high strength and as low elong-
ation as is practicable without sacrificing toughness. The coils are 5 feet in diam-
eter, and approximately one-half mile in length without welds or joints.
Bare Wires
and Cables
Steel Strand for Guying Poles and for Span Wire
Galvanized or Extra Galvanized
Seven Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand
Standard Steel Strand
Galvanized or Extra Galvanized
Diameter
in
Inches
Approximate
Weight
per 1000 Feet
Pounds
Approximate
Strength
in Pounds
List Prices
per
lOOFeet
Diameter
in
Inches
Approximate
Weight
per 1000 Feet
Pounds
Approximate
Strength
in Pounds
List Prices
100 Feet
1
510
415
295
210
125
8500.
6500.
5000.
3800.
2800.
$4.50
3.75
2.76
2.25
1.75
1
2
95
75
55
32
20
1800.
1400.
900.
500.
400.
$1..50
1.25
1.15
1.00
.80
This strand is used chiefly for guying poles and smoke stacks, for supporting
trolley wire, and for operating railroad signals.
For overhead catenary construction suspending trolley wire, the special grades of
strand are considered preferable because they possess greater strength and toughness.
76 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Extra Galvanized Special Strands
'-0
Seven Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand
We manufacture three special grades of Extra Galvanized Strand which will
meet all requirements for durability, strength, toughness and light weight.
Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand.
Extra Galvanized High Strength (crucible steel) Strand.
Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength (plow steel) Strand.
Strands of all three grades are composed of seven wires each, and they have
a very heavy coating of galvanizing, which insures long life.
Elxtra Galvanized Siemens -
Extra
Galvanized High Strength
Extr
a Galvanized Extra High
Martin Str
and
Strand
Strength Strand
bo
si
h
^§1
^1
sl
h
iM
X-c
«t3
<U V
3£
C V
e a
«£§
p^8
oU
O &"
f-^
« S 0
&.-^
„u
U be"
6 c
« g o
n,X
oO
O W'-'
.2"
•P.S
.-So,
1 ■"
'^i
DM
P.S
Actual
Str
in P
'^l
P.S
l^.s
<
s
^w.s
H
19,000
14.35
50
10.0
y«
25,000
$6.25
55
6
5/r
42,500
18.75
60
4
'4
11,000
2.80
50
10.0
'A
18,000
3.95
55
6
y-,
27,000
5.50
60
4
i'b
9,000
2.30
50
10.0
15,000
3.45
55
6
V'«
22,500
4.60
60
4
H
6,800
1.80
50
10.0
%
11,500
2.70
55
6
3/8
17,250
3.55
60
4
4.860
1.85
50
10.0
A
8,100
2.10
55
6
A
12,100
2.70
60
4
4,380
1.10
50
10.0
■,**>
7,300
1.75
55
6
32
10,900
2.10
60
4
'A
3,060
1.00
50
10.0
'4
5,100
1.50
55
6
M
7,600
1.90
60
4
2,000
.85
50
10.0
T^«
8,800
1.30
55
6
T^B
4,900
1.60
60
4
Vs
900
.55
50
10.0
Vs
1,500
.80
55
6
%
2,250
1.05
60
4
Special
i»
6,000
1.35
When intermediate sizes or strengths are called for, if they are exactly midway
between two sizes provided for, the average price of the two sizes shall apply, other-
wise the price of the nearest size and strength shall apply.
The use of these special grades of Extra Galvanized Strand is constantly increas-
ing. We will consider briefly some of the principal uses to which they are par-
ticularly adapted.
Messenger Strand. The heavy encased telephone cables are not in themselves
sufficiently strong, without an unusual deflection, to safely withstand the strain
incident to stringing these cables between poles at considerable distances apart. It
is common practice now to stretch from pole to pole, with very little sag, y'%-inch
diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand ; or Extra Galvanized High
Strength Strand of ^ inch or -/^ inch diameter, and from this messenger strand
the heavy telephone cable is suspended by means of clips, wire, cord, or marline
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 77
at short intervals. The messenger strand, thus sustains most of the stress due to Bare Wires
weight of cable, wind or ice load. We have mentioned the sizes and qualities now and Cables
generally employed by the largest telephone companies. The Extra Galvanized
Extra High Strength Strand, while affording the greatest strength for its weight, is
naturally stiff and springy and not so easy to fasten. The so-called common gal-
vanized strand should never be used for messenger lines, as it does not possess the
requisite strength and uniform toughness of the special grades of steel.
Catenary Method of Supporting Trolley Wire. In the ordinary electric
railway overhead construction, the copper trolley wire dips and sags between the
supporting points, which are opposite poles, and from 100 to 125 feet apart. The
catenary method of carrying the trolley wire consists of one or more messenger
strands stretched over the center of the tracks. Every few feet along the mes-
senger strand are pendant hangers that clamp on the trolley wire and retain it in a
rigid, straight horizontal line, an especially desirable feature for the operation of
electric cars at high speed. The catenary construction also makes it possible to
space the poles at greater distances apart, but this necessarily causes great tension
on the messenger strand and poles. The common galvanized strand is not suitable
for this work. The selection of the best size and quality of strand depends upon
the length of span, the deflection of the messenger strand, and the weight of the
trolley wire. In general, however, for a single messenger strand carrying a 4/0
copper trolley wire, we would recommend the following :
For spans 125 to 150 feet, ^-inch or ^^g-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-
Martin Strand.
For longer spans up to 225 feet, ^-inch or ^'^-inch Extra Galvanized High
Strength Strand.
These two grades have been found the best for catenary work.
The messenger strand and trolley wire may be made to follow track curves by
increasing the number of poles at the curves, but this is obviated by attaching to
the hangers near the center of span what are known as "pull-off" strands. Our
X-inch or -j^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand is usually
employed for this purpose.
For reasons already explained, the poles should be well guyed, especially at the
curves, with ^-inch or y\-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand.
Lightning Protection for Transmission Lines. In erecting high-tension
current transmission lines on tall steel towers, it is customary to stretch between
the highest points of the towers a ^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-
Martin Strand, known as an "overhead ground wire." This strand is employed
almost invariably for such purposes.
Long Spans in High-tension Current Transmission Line. Long spans
cannot always be made with copper cables, because hard drawn copper has
a strength of only 65,000 pounds per square inch. Where it is necessary to
cross over rivers, lakes and bays with power transmission lines, the current may
be conducted through an extra galvanized strand of one of the three special
grades of steel above described, of such size and strength as will show a
safety factor of at least five. It is not necessary to suspend bare copper cables
beneath a steel messenger strand, as the steel strand itself will serve as the
conductor. An entire power transmission line of very high potential could be
economically constructed with Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand, the adop-
tion of which in place of copper cable would reduce the number of supporting
towers which are often the cause of energy loss and trouble.
78
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Bare Wires
and Cables
Steel Strand Used as Conductors on Long Distance Transmission Line
Properties of Special' Grades Elxtra Galvanized Special Strands
Diameter of
Strand, Inches
Number of
Wires in Strand
Strength
S. M. Strand
Tons
Strength
Crucible Strand
Tons
Strength
Plow Strand
Tons
Approximate
Weight per Foot
Pounds
m
%
%
61
61
37
37
87
19
19
19
55
45.5
38
33.5
25.5
19
14.3
10
91.5
76
63.5
54
43.7
33
23.7
16.5
121
100
85
72
60
45
85
23.5
4.75
8.95
3.80
2.62
2.25
1.70
1.25
.81
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
"Crosby" Wire Rope Clip
Light, durable and convenient. Easily applied. These are galvanized drop-
forged cUps that securely hold wire rope or strand.
List Prices
Bare Wires
and Cables
Inch
Price
Inch
Price
Inch
Price
Inch
Price
Inch
Price
Inch
Price
}i
1. 86
i\
$ .45
H
.65
IKs
$ .95
i%
$1.50
2
$7.50
A
.sa
Vl
.46
%
.75
15^
1.10
Wi
3.50
2«:
9.50
H
.40
Vs
.55
1
.85
m
1.26
1%
5.50
2K
11.50
" Crosby " Wire Rope Clip
Galvanized Three-bolt Strand Clamp
Three-bolt Strand Clamp
This is known as the standard A. T. & T. Co. hot galvanized rolled steel
strand clamp or guy clamp; made from open hearth bar steel. Will hold any size
of strand from X-inch to )^-inch diameter.
Prices on application. w
80
AMERICAN
S T E E T.
AND
COMPANY
Bare Wires
and Cables
Resistance Wire
In conductors used for transmission or distribution purposes, the specific
resistance has to be very low so as to avoid consumption of electric energy and a
consequent heavy voltage drop in the line. In some constant potential devices,
however, such as electric heaters and rheostats, it is desirable to have conductors of
very high specific resistance for the express purpose of transforming electrical energy
into heat.
We handle a high grade of nickel-steel resistance wire known to the trade as
Tico Resistance Wire, made for such purposes where a high specific and uniform
resistance is required. In addition to this standard resistance wire, we make many
grades and sizes of steel wire that can be used where close regulation is not an
essential feature.
Tico Resistance Wire
B. & S.
Gauge
Price
per
Pound
Diameter
in
Mils
Area
Circular
Mils
Area
Square
Inches
Weight
Pounds
lOOO^Feet
Feet per
Pound
Resistance
Ohms
Ohms per
Feet per
Pounds
per Foot
Pound
Ohm
per Ohm
4
$1.10
204.81
41743
.032784
110.5
9.05
.0124
.112
80.9
8.94
5
1.10
181.94
88102
.025999
87.7
11.40
.0156
.178
64.2
5.63
6
1.10
162.02
26350
.020618
69.54
14.4
.0197
.288
50.8
3.53
7
1.10
144.29
20820
.016351
55.14
18.1
.0248
.450
40.3
2.22
8
1.10
128.49
16510
.012967
43.73
22.9
.0313
.715
32.0
1.40
9
1.10
114.42
18092
.010283
34.68
28.8
.0394
1.14
25.4
.879
10
1.15
101.80
10384
.008155
27.50
36.4
.0497
1.81
20.1
.553
11
1.15
90.74
8284
.006467
21.81
45.8
.0627
2.88
16.0
.848
12
1.15
80.81
6580
.005129
17.70
57.8
.0791
4.57
12.6
.219
13
1.20
71.96
5179
.004067
18.72
72.9
.0997
7.29
10.0
.137
14
1.20
64.08
4107
.003225
10.88
92
.1257
11.6
7.95
.0865
15
1.20
57.07
3257
.002558
8.625
116
.1585
18.4
6.31
.0544
16
1.25
50.82
2583
.002029
6.842
146
.2000
29.2
5.00
.0342
17
1.25
45.26
2048
.001609
5.425
184
.252
46.5
3.97
.0215
18
1.80
40.30
1624
.001276
4.802
232
.318
73.9
3.15
.0135
19
1.80
35.89
1288
.001012
8.411
293
.401
117
2.49
.00851
20
1.80
31.96
1022
.0008023
2.707
369
.505
187
1.98
.00535
21
1.35
28.46
810.1
.0006363
2.146
466
.688
297
1.57
.00387
22
1.85
25.35
642.5
.0005046
1.702
588
.804
473
1.24
.00212
23
1.85
22.57
509.5
.0004002
1.850
741
1.014
751
.986
.00133
24
1.40
20.10
404.1
.0003173
1.070
934
1.278
1194
.782
.wmsr
Armature Binding Wire
We manufacture tinned steel Armature Binding Wire in large quantities. This
is made in four grades designated as A, B, CI and C3, which vary in tensile
strength.
Grade A. Used to bind armatures of small motors and dynamos.
Grade B. Commercial grade. Used on motors and dynamos of ordinary
commercial size and speed.
Grade C 1. Made of high grade piano wire and used where great strength
is required.
Grade C 2. Used when very high tensile strength is required, as on motors and
dynamos of unusual size and high speed.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
Tensile Strength of Tinned Steel Armature Binding Wire
Tensile Strength in
i'ounds. (Minimum)
B. & S.
Gauge
Diameter
in
Mils
"A"
Grade
" B " Grade
"CI" Grade
" C 2 " Grade
Actual
Per Sq. In.
Actual
Per Sq. In
Actual
Per Sq. In.
Actual
PerSq.In.
10
101.9
938
1681
1957
■]
2447
11
90.7
743
1292
1551
1938
12
80.8
590
1026
1231
1588
13
72.0
468
814
977
1221
14
64.1
871
645
774
968
15
57.1
294
512
615
768
16
50.8
233
405
486
608
17
45.3
185
822
387
484
18
40.3
147
1- 115,000
255
j- 200,000
806
)■ 240,000
883
)■ 800,000
19
85.9
116
202
248
304
30
32.0
92.5
161
193
241
21
28.5
73.4
128
153
191
22
25.3
57.8
101
121
151
23
22.6
46.1
80.2
96.3
120
24
20.1
86.5
63.5
76.2
95.2
25
17.9
28.9
50.8
60.4
75.5
26
15.9
22.8
39.7
47.7
59.6
Bare Wires
and Cables
Extra Galvanized Steel Armor Wire for Cables
Made of medium strength steel, extra galvanized, in any size or quantity speci-
fied. Used as a protection to the insulation of cables, or to the lead sheathing.
This wire is made to conform to the standard specifications of the United States
Signal Corps.
Pole Steps
Plain and Extra Galvanized
Button Head Pole Step
82
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Bare Wires
and Cables
Pole Steps — Continued
Prices Quoted on Application
Sizes
Approximate Weight per 100 Pole Steps
Sizes
Approximate Weight per 100 Pole Steps
Plain
Galvanized
Plain
Galvanized
8 X ^ inch
9 X ^ inch
10 xj^inch
1014 X ys inch
73 pounds
78 pounds
85 pounds
89 pounds
75 pounds
81 pounds
88 pounds
93 pounds
8% X 1% inch
9 X i®a inch
10^ X I's inch
9 X i^ inch
58 pounds
62 pounds
71 pounds
51 pounds
61 pounds
65 pounds
74 pounds
54 pounds
For the use of electric light, street railway and telephone companies.
The above are with our regular spike and button heads.
Lengths given are measurements over all.
Each step carefully threaded with screw thread.
Special shapes or lengths of heads made to order.
A keg of pole steps weighs about 200 pounds.
Silico-Magnetic-Core Steel
This special silicon steel is the best known material for all magnetic core purposes.
The permeability of this steel at densities of 12,000 lines per square centimeter or
under, is extremely high, thus making it possible to obtain a high magnetization
from any given number of ampere turns. Its hysteresis constant is low, and the
specific resistance is high — four to five times higher than that of other grades. These
properties result in a very low combined hysteresis and eddy current loss.
The material is non-ageing. If anything, it improves with age, so that the
efficiency of the material remains unimpaired with time of service. These properties
combine to make an excellent core material for all kinds of electro-magnets, induc-
tion coils, spark coils, and so on.
Drawn to any size, and supplied in any quantities required.
Prices quoted on application.
Magnet Wire
Page
Cotton-covered 85-87
Silk-covered 88
Asbestos and Cotton-covered 89
Rectangular Magnet Wire 89-90
Square Magnet Wire 90
Paper-covered ......... 91
Special Magnet Wire 91
Specifications 91
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
COMPANY
Magnet
Wire
Magnet Wire
All copper wire drawn for magnet purposes is thoroughly annealed by processes
which insure uniform and extreme softness, highest conductivity and ease of hand-
ling. Before the cover is applied all wire is carefully inspected for size and
uniformity of dimensions, and to see that it is free from scale and all surface im-
perfections.
All magnet wire is insulated in special machines by skilled operators. We are
not only prepared to produce large quantities of the ordinary commercial sizes of
cotton-covered magnet wire, but we are also in a position to and do furnish large
amounts of fine and special work, both silk and cotton. The magnet wire is not
only inspected dtiring process, for knots, skips, smoothness and evenness of insula-
tion, but it is also given a final thorough inspection and test for continuity before
packing. A large supply of the common sizes of magnet wire is con-
stantly kept in stock in our various warehouses.
We cover magnet wire with single, double or triple cotton or silk,
with asbestos and cotton and with paper. We also are prepared
Magnet Wire Covering Machine
E L E C T R I C A L
W IRKS
AND
C A H L E S
^^^^^^^^1
>^^^^»IW^^^i^^l^^^™<WI»W»«^^^
™5|
hhr^
mmm
^^^^
Magnet
Wire
S. C. C. Magnet Wire
to make special kinds of magnet wire which may be specified. The effectiveness
of these materials for dielectric purposes depends very largely upon their quality and
their freedom from foreign or gritty substances. The covers are wound spirally
about the wire, successive layers being wound in opposite directions. Magnet yarn
is composed of a number of unit threads called "ends up," which are laid on par-
allel about the wire. The thickness and evenness of the cover will depend not only
upon the quality and size of the thread, but also upon its lay, and this is governed
by the relative speed of the spindles and the travel of the wire through the machine.
Cotton. While there are five or six species of cotton having commercial value,
the bulk of the product may be divided into two kinds, Upland and Sea Island
cotton. The former, which grows over a very wide range of tropical country, has
a comparatively coarse staple that seldom reaches 1^ inches in length. The Sea
Island species alone is used for magnet purposes, and furnishes the finest and most
valuable fibre grown. The staple in this is from 1^ inches to 2_J^ inches long, and
is of a very soft, hairy texture. It produces a soft and even yarn that makes an
ideal magnet covering.
Cotton yarn is ti umbered according to the number of hanks contained in a
pound of 7000 grains.
1^ yards ^ 1 thread or round of the cotton yarn.
120 yards = 80 threads =^ 1 skein, ley or lea.
840 yards ^ 560 threads nr 7 skeins = 1 hank.
The number of hanks in one pound is the number of the cotton yarn, or the
number of cotton yarn equals the number of yards that weigh 8.33 grains.
An Italian Train Silk composed of the finest selected fibres is used to cover all
of our silk magnet wire. The silk-worm forms a cocoon of two parallel filaments
of silk ; three to six cocoons are usually reeled off together, making a thread of raw
silk containing six to twelve filaments. One authority states that 500 yards of five
twin filaments weigh about 2.5 grains. The number of drachms (27.34 grains) that
1000 yards of this raw silk weighs is the number of the silk.
Full dimensions and all properties of copper used for magnet wire will be
found fully described on pages 14 and 26.
D. C. C. Magnet Wire
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Magnet
Wire
Round Cotton-covered Magnet Wire
Advances on Coarse Sizes
Single
Cotton Covered
Double Cotton Covered
Tiiple Cotton
Covered
Approxi-
Number
of
Size
B.&S.
List
Number
Advances
Over
Base per
100
Pounds
Approxi-
mate
Pounds
per 1000
Feet
List
Number
Advances
Over
Base per
100
Pounds
Approxi-
mate
Pounds
per 1000
Feet
List
Number
Advances
Over
Base per
100
Pounds
Quantity
on
Reels
Pounds
Reel
(See
Page
50)
0
5000
Base
321
5100
Base
322
6000
Base
150
321
1
5001
Base
254
5101
Base
256
6001
Base
150
818
2
5002
Base
202
5102
Base
203
6002
Base
150
818
3
5003
Base
160
5103
Base
161
6003
Base
150
813
4
5004
Base
127
5104
Base
128
6004
Base
150
318
5
5005
Base
101
5105
Base
101.5
6005
Base
150
313
6
5006
Base
80.1
5106
Base
80.6
6006
Base
150
813
7
5007
$0.25
63.6
5107
10.25
64.1
6007
$0.25
150
313
8
5008
.50
50.4
5108
.75
50.9
6008
.75
150
313
9
5009
.75
40.1
5109
1.25
40.4
6009
1.25
150
313
10
5010
1.00
31.9
5110
1.75
32.1
6010
2.00
150
313
11
5011
1.50
25.3
5111
2.25
25.5
6011
2.75
150
813
12
5012
2.00
20.1
5112
2.75
20.3
6012
3.50
150
318
13
5013
2.50
16
5113
3.50
16.2
6013
4.75
150
313
14
5014
3.00
12.7
5114
4.25
12.9
6014
6.00
150
313
15
5015
3.50
10.1
5115
5.00
10.8
6015
7.25
150
313
16
5016
4.00
7.99
5116
5.75
8.15
6016
8.50
50
888
17
5017
4.50
6.36
5117
6.75
6.51
6017
10.00
50
888
18
5018
5.25
5 05
5118
7.75
5.19
6018
11.50
50
888
19
5019
6.00
4.04
5119
8.75
4.15
6019
13.00
15
848
Fine Sizes Round Magnet Wire
List Price per Pound
Single
Cotton C
jvered
Double
Cotton Covered
Cov
;red
Approxi-
mate
Quantity
Size
Number
of
B.&S.
List
Appro X.
List
Approx.
List
on
Spool
List
Price
Pounds
List
Price
Pounds
List
Price
Spools
Number
per
per 1000
Number
per
per 1000
Number
per
Pounds
Pound
Feet
Pound
Feet
Pound
20
5020
$0.58
8.22
5120
$0.64
3.33
6020
$0.76
14
348
21
5021
.60
2.57
5121
.70
2.66
6021
.90
IS'A
843
23
5022
.62
2.03
5122
.74
2.12
6022
.98
18
343
23
5023
.65
1.63
5128
.78
1.70
6023
1.04
12
843
24
5024
.68
1.30
5124
.84
1.37
6024
1.16
11
848
25
5025
.73
1.04
5125
.92
1.11
6025
1.30
4M
347
26
5026
.80
.822
5126
1.00
.898
6026
1.40
4
347
27
5027
.86
.662
5127
1.10
.730
6027
1.58
4
347
28
5028
.92
.526
5128
1.20
.588
6028
1.76
4
347
29
5029
.98
.428
5129
1.30
.485
6029
1.94
4
847
30
5030
1.08
.337
5130
1.42
.383
6080
2.22
2
845
31
5031
1.19
.274
5131
1.54
.318
6031
2.38
2
345
32
5032
1.27
.222
5182
1.64
.264
6032
2.44
2
845
33
5033
1.44
.181
5183
1.88
.221
6083
2.76
2
845
84
5034
1.64
.148
5134
2.20
.186
6034
3.32
1^
845
35
5035
1.86
.122
5135
2.50
.147
6035
3.78
IK
845
36
5036
2.12
.101
5186
8.00
.126
6036
4.76
i%
845
87
5037
2.70
.080
5137
4.80
.109
6037
7.50
IK
345
38
5038
3.60
.066
5138
5.70
.0884
6038
9.90
1
345
89
5089
4.70
.056
5139
7.20
.0762
6039
12.20
1
845
40
5040
6.00
.048
5140
9.00
.0665
6040
15.00
1
345
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
87
Round Cotton-covered Magnet Wire
Coarse Sizes
Magnet
Wire
Single Cotton Covered
Double Cotton Covered
Size
Diameter
Allowable
Variation
Rated Area
Approximate Values
Approximate Values
B &S.
Inches
Either Wav
Mils.
Outside
Outside
in Per Cent.
Feet
Diameter
Feet
Inches
per Pound
Inches
per Pound
0
0.3249
}iotl
105,625
.338
8.1
.839
3.1
1
.2893
'A oil
88,694
.297
3.9
.803
3.9
2
.2576
%oil
66,858
.266
5.
.272
4.9
8
.2294
Kofi
52,624
.287
6.2
.243
6.2
4
.2043
Kofi
41,738
.212
7.8
.218
7.8
5
.1819
Kofi
33,088
.190
9.9
.196
9.9
6
.1620
Kofi
26,244
.170
12.5
.176
12.4
7
.1443
Kofi
20,822
.152
15.7
.158
15.6
8
.1285
1
16,512
.186
19.8
.142
19.6
9
.1144
1
13,087
.121
24.9
.125
24.7
10
.1019
1
10,384
.108
31.4
.113
81.1
11
.0907
1
8,226
.097
39.5
.102
39.1
12
.0808
15i
6,528
.087
49.6
.092
49.2
13
.0720
W*
5,184
.078
62.5
.083
61.7
14
.0641
IK
4,108
.070
78.6
.075
77.5
15
.0571
1^
3,260
.068
98.9
.068
97
16
.0508
IK
2,580
.056
125
.060
122
17
.0453
IK
2,052
.050
157
.054
153
. 18
.0403
IK
1,624
.045
198
.050
192
19
.0359
ly.
1,288
.041
248
.045
240
Siz
Single Cotton Covered
Double Cotton Covered
Size
Diameter
Allowable
Variation
Rated Area
Approximate Values
Approximate Values
B.&S.
Inches
Either Way
Mils.
Outside
Outside
in Per Cent.
Feet
Feet
Inches
per Pound
Inches
per Pound
20
0.0320
IK
1,024
0.0865
311
.0410
300
21
.0285
Wa,
812.2
.0330 389
.0375
876
22
.0253
IK
640.0
.0298 492
.0343
473
23
.0226
2
510.7
.0271 613
.0316
588
24
.0201
2
404.0
.0246
769
.0291
729
25
.0179
2
820.4
.0224
961
.0269
900
26
.0159
2
252.8
.0204
1217
.0249
1114
27
.0142
2
201.6
.0187
1510
.0232
1370
28
.0126
2
158.7
.0171
1900
.0216
1700
29
.0113
2
127.6
.0158
2336
.0203
2060
30
.0100
2K
100.0
.0140
2967
.0190
2611
31
.0089
3
79.74
.0129
3650
.0179
3144
32
.0080
3
63.20
.0120
4501
.0169
3788
33
.0071
3
50.13
.0111
5525
.0160
4520
34
.0063
3K
39.69
.0103
6756
.0153
5376
35
.0056
4
31.47
.0096
8197
.0141
6803
36
.0030
4K
25
.0090
9901
.0185
7937
37
.0045
5
19.80
.0084
12500
.0129
9174
38
.0040
6
15.68
.0085
15151
.0119
11310
39
.0085
7
12.46
.0075
17857
.0115
13120
40
.0031
8
9.860
.0071
20633
.0111
15087
88
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Magnet
Wire
Fine Sizes Silk-covered Round Magnet Wire
List Price per Pound
Single Silk
Double Silk
Triple
Silk
Number
of
Approx-
Approx-
Two
Size
imate
List
imate
List
List
Spool
(See
Page 50)
Covers
B. & S.
List
Quantity
Price
List *
Quantity
Price
List
Price
Silk and
Number
on
per
Number
on
per
Number
per
Cotton
Spools
Pound
Spools
Pound
Pound
Pounds
Pounds
20
5220
14
10.88
5820
13
$1.12
6120
$1.24
843
$0.94
21
5221
13K
.90
5821
12
1.15
6121
1.26
848
1.00
22
5222
18
.92
5822
11
1.22
6122
1.84
843
1.04
28
5223
12
.96
5328
10
1.28
6123
1.44
343
1.09
24
5224
11
1.02
5324
9
1.38
6124
1.62
848
1.18
25
5225
6
1.10
5825
5
1.48
6125
1.88
847
1.29
26
5226
6
1.20
5326
5
1.65
6126
2.10
847
1.40
27
5227
5
1.30
5827
4
1.85
6127
2.38
347
1.54
28
5228
i%
1.40
5328
4
2.00
6128
2.76
347
1.66
29
5229
4%
1.58
5829
4
2.22
6129
3.40
347
1.80
80
5230
Z]4
1.70
5830
2
2.56
6130
4.48
345
2.00
31
5231
2%
1.92
5331
2
3.08
6131
5.72
345
2.18
32
5282
2
2.16
5882
W^
3.40
6182
6.24
345
2.38
33
5233
2
2.46
5333
m
4.00
6138
7.52
845
2.68
34
6234
IK
2.90
5334
\%
4.60
6134
8.72
345
8.10
85
5235
i%
8.38
5335
w*
5.28
6135
9.24
345
8.52
86
5236
VA
3.93
5836
13<
5.98
6136
10.00
345
4.28
87
5237
W*
4.66
5387
1
7.37
6137
11.40
845
5.80
88
5238
IJ^
5.58
5338
1
8.43
6138
12.40
845
7.00
89
5239
1
6.76
5339
%
9.75
6139
14.60
845
8.70
40
5240
1
8.14
5340
X
11.58
6140
16.40
845
11.00
Properties of Fine Sizes Silk-covered Round Magnet Wire
Diameter
Inches
Area
Cir. Mils.
Single Silk
Double Silk
Size
B.& S.
Maximum
Outside
Approxi-
mate
Approxi-
mate
Maximum
Outside
Approxi-
mate
Approxi-
mate
Diameter
Feet per
Pounds per
Diameter
Feet per
Pounds per
Inches
Pound
1000 Feet
Inches
Pound
1000 Feet
20
.0820
1,024
.0340
816
3.160
.0360
318
8.190
21
.0285
812.2
.0305
898
2.510
.0325
398
2.543
22
.0258
640.0
.0273
502
1.990
.0293
492
2.013
23
.0226
510.7
.0246
682
1.581
.0266
623
1.604
24
.0201
404
.0221
796
1.257
.0241
781
1.280
25
.0179
320.4
.0199
1000
1.000
.0219
977
1.023
26
.0159
252.8
.0179
1258
.794
.0199
1233
.811
27
.0142
201.6
.0162
1569
.637
.0182
1531
.653
28
.0126
158.7
.0146
1996
.501
.0166
1934
.517
29
.0118
127.6
,0133
2463
.406
.0158
2380
.420
80
.0100
100.0
.0120
3125
.320
.0140
3008
.333
31
.0089
79.70
.0109
3906
.256
.0129
8731
.268
32
.0080
63.20
.0100
4878
.205
.0120
46,51
.215
38
.0071
50.13
.0091
6060
.165
.0111
5714
.175
84
.0063
89.69
.0088
7575
.132
.0103
7092
.141
85
.0056
31.47
.0076
9433
.106
.0096
8695
.115
86
.0050
25
.0070
11627
.086
.0090
10637
.094
87
.0045
19.80
.0065
14492
.069
.0085
12987
.077
38
.0040
15.68
.0060
17857
.056
.0080
15625
.064
89
.0085
12.46
.0055
22222
.045
.0075
18518
.054
40
.0031
9.860
.0051
27027
.037
.0071
28228
,045
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 8!t
Asbestos and Single Cotton-covered
Magnet
Wire
Round Asbestos and S. C. C. Magnet Wire
Order by List Numbers
Round
Round
Asbestos and
Asbestos and
Double
List
Approximate
Approxmiate
Approximate
Single Cotton
Cotton
Shipped
Size
B & S
Number
Pounds
Diameter
Quantitv
Covered
Covered
on
for Asbestos
per 1000
Over
on Reels
Advances
Advances
Reels
and Single
Feet
Insulation
Pounds
Over Base
Over Base
N umber
Cotton Cover
Inches
100 Pounds
per
100 Pounds
Special
0000
5440
.482
150
Base
Base
321
000
5430
.432
150
Base
Base
321
00
5420
.387
150
Base
Base
321
0
5100
325
.347
150
Base
Base
321
1
5401
258
.811
150
Base
Base
313
2
5402
205
.280
150
Base
Base
313
3
5«)3
163
.251
150
Base
Base
313
4
5404
130
.226
150
Base
Base
313
5
5405
103
.201
150
Base
Base
313
6
5106
82
.184
150
Base
Base
313
7
5407
66
.166
150
$0.25
$0.25
313
8
5408
52
.150
150
.75
.75
313
9
5409
42
.136
150
1.25
1.25
313
A very thin asbestos tape is first applied to the wire. This tape is strong and
flexible and uniform in texture. It serves as an excellent fire protection. Over
this asbestos is wound one or sometimes two covers of cotton. This magnet wire
is used largely for railway motor purposes.
For information regarding reels, see page 50.
Rectangular Magnet Wire
Double Cotton-covered
I
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Magnet
Wire
Rectangular Magnet Wire — Continued
Size
Advances per
Size
Advances per
Size
Advances per
Square Mils
100 Pounds
Square Mils
100 Pounds
Square Mils
100 Pounds
30,001 and over
Base
8,001 to 9,000
$4.75
2.501 to 3,000
$16.75
25,001 to 30,000
$0.25
7,001 to 8,000
5.75
2,001 to 2,500
21.75
30.001 to 25,000
.75
6,001 to 7,000
6.75
1,501 to 2,000
28.75
15,001 to 20,000
1.75
5,001 to 6,000
8.75
1,001 to 1,500
43.75
10,001 to 15,000
2.75
4,001 to 5,000
10.75
501 to 1,000
63.75
9,001 to 10,000
3.75
3,001 to 4,000
13.75
500 and under
88.75
To obtain size in square mils, when width and thickness are given, multiply the
dimensions in mils.
Example. 340 mils wide X 40 mils thicks 13,600 square mils. Circ. mils is
obtained by dividing square mils by 0.7854.
Square Magnet Wire
Square Magnet Wire D. C. C.
Order by List Numbers
Approximate
Square
Square
Size
B. & S.
List
Number
Approximate
Radius of
Corners
Inches
Diameter
Over
Insulation
Double
Cotton
Covered
Approximate
Quantity
on Reel
Pounds
Double
Cotton
Covered
Advances
Over Base per
100 Pounds
Triple
Cotton
Covered
Advances
Over Base per
100 Pounds
Shipped
on
Reel
Number
0000
5540
i'b
.481
150
Base
Base
321
000
5530
.431
150
Base
Base
321
00
5520
i'b
.386
150
Base
Base
321
0
5500
t\
.346
150
Base
Base
321
1
5501
l'«
.310
150
Base
Base
813
2
5502
^
.279
150
Base
Base
313
3
5503
A
.250
150
Base
Base
313
4
5504
B^
.225
150
Base
Base
313
5
5505
.200
150
Base
Base
313
6
5506
A
.180
150
fO.25
$0.25
313
7
5507
32
.163
150
.75
.75
313
8
5508
.146
150
1.25
1.25
313
9
5509
.02
.130
150
1.75
2.00
813
10
5510
.02
.117
150
2.25
2.75
313
11
5511
.02
.106
150
2.75
3.50
313
12
5512
.02
.096
150
4.00
5.25
313
13
5513
.02
.087
150
4.75
6.50
313
Each side measures the same as the diameter of round wire of corresponding
gauge number.
Copper 98 per cent, conductivity and annealed extremely soft. Used largely
in street railway motors. Full dimensions of reels given on page 50.
!•; L K c r K I C A L
WIRE S
AND
C A H r. E S
Paper-covered Magnet Wire
To reduce the amount of space taken up by the insulation of double cotton-
covered magnet wire, we have perfected machinery for covering wire with a very
thin paper insulation. The space required by this paper insulation is less than half
that required for a double cotton covering, thus allowing more ampere turns in a
given space. The paper remains in place when the wire is bent to a short radius
and does not readily carbonize.
Magnet
Wire
Paper-covered Magnet Wire
The very best grade of manila rope paper is used, containing no particles of
iron or wood pulp and no trace of alkali or acid. Cheap paper means low dielectric
strength and rapid deterioration due to the presence of chemicals in the paper.
This makes a very fine magnet cover, and paper covered magnet wire is used in
large quantities for various purposes.
Special Magnet Wire
We are well prepared to supply special magnet wire that may be required for
any unusual purpose. We mention here only a few of such types which we make.
Round duplex magnet wire in which both conductors either bare or insulated,
are laid parallel and covered with one, two or three coverings of silk or cotton.
Magnet wire also furnished with stranded conductor, if desired.
We supply tinned magnet wire in any shape.
We solicit your correspondence and shall be pleased to quote you on magnet
wire made to any of the above special requirements. Special attention given to the
manufacture of magnet wire to the customers' own specifications.
Specifications for Cotton-covered Magnet Wire
Annealing. All wire must be thoroughly and uniformly annealed, so as to show
the following characteristics on tensile test.
Physical Properties. The wire must be clean and free from all roughness,
cracks and laminations, due to making joints or other causes.
Diameter of Wire
UltimateTensile Strength gj ti„n ;„ jq Inches
.0179 inch and smaller
Not less than 25
Larger than .0179 inch and smaller than .0508 inch
jLiOS inch and larger
Not more than 88,000
Not more than 86,000
Not less than 80
Not less than 82
02 AMERICAN STEET. AND WIRE COMPANY
Magnet Conductivity. The conductivity of the copper used must not be less than 98
Wire per cent., 100 per cent, conductivity being based on copper having a resistance of
9.59 ohms per circular mil-foot at O*' C.
Insulation. The insulation w^rappings shall consist of a good quality of cotton
yarn. These wrappings must be firmly applied, and free from "skips," and must
form a smooth, continuous and uniform insulation at all points on the wire. Suc-
cessive layers to be wound in opposite directions.
Variation in Dimensions. Bare copper wire must not vary either way from the
diameter specified, in excess of the amounts tabulated on page 24.
Insulation. The insulated diameter of the wire must not be greater than that
given in the table for cotton-covered wire, page 87.
Joints. It is preferred that all wires be furnished in continuous lengths, free
from joints ; any necessary joints must be so made that the wire at these points is
identical in strength, softness and dimensions with the rest of the wire.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Annunciator
and Office
Wire
Annunciator Wire
This wire as its name implies, is used in primary battery circuits, for call bell
or annunciator wiring in hotels, ofifices or houses. Commercially pure, soft copper
wire varying in size from No. 14 B. & S. to No. 23 B. & S. is used. This is insulated
with two firm winds of cotton, applied in opposite directions and saturated with
our specially prepared paraffine wax compound. The outside wrap is made of any
color or combination of colors, the most common being bright and fast red or blue
with white. This wire is put up on spools weighing about seven pounds net.
Annunciator Wire
Order bv List Number
Size
B. & S.
List
Number
Advance
over Base
per
100 Pounds
Approximate
Length
in One Pound
Feet
Size
B. & S.
List
Number
Advance
over Base
100 Pounds
Approximate
Length
in One Pound
Feet
14
16
18
3114
3116
8118
$3.00
4.00
5.00
67
101
155
20
22
3120
3122
$6.00
8.00
221
311
B^WO-^y
" Black Core " or " Damp-proof " Annunciator Wire
Finished in colors as above, shipped on spools of about seven pounds net. This
wire is made with the inside wind saturated with our Weatherproof Compound.
This permits its use in damp places. The outside wind of cotton which is made in
colors is saturated with our special paraffine wax compound, and finished so as to
present a smooth and highly polished surface, that will not catch dust.
Order by List Number
Size
B. & S.
List
Number
Advance
over Base
100 Pounds
Approximate
Length
in One Pound
Feet
Size
B. & S.
List
Number
Advance
over Base
100 Pounds
Approximate
Lengtli
in One Pound
Feet
14
16
18
3214
3216
3218
$3.00
4.00
5.00
60
90
180
20
22
8220
3222
$6.00
8.00
200
280
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
Office Wire
Our standard grade of office wire consists of a copper conductor, in size varying
from 14 B. & S. to 20 B. & S., insulated with one wind and one braid of cotton both of
which are applied tight and even. These two cotton covers are thoroughly saturated
with our special paraffine wax compound. The outer braid is given a high polish
and is made in any color or combination of colors specified. The standard colors are
red and white or blue and white. This wire is put up in coils of about 20 pounds.
It is used largely by telephone and telegraph companies for inside wiring, extending
from the instruments to the junction where they connect with the outside wires and
cables as they enter a biiilding. The wire is also used as a high grade bell and
annunciator wire.
MMnMlilttlMr
^
Office Wire
Order by List Numbers
Size
B.&S.
List
Number
Advance
over Base
100 Pounds
Approximate
Length in
One Pound
Feet
1
Size List
B & S. Number
Advance
over Base
per
100 Pounds
Approximate
Length in
One Pound
Feet
14
16
3314
8316
$3.00
4.00
56
80
' 18 3818
20 3320
$5.00
6.00
115
154
"Black Core" or "Damp-proof" Office Wire
Black Core" Office Wire
Ofder by List Numbers
Size
B &S.
List
Number
Advance
over Base
100 Pounds
Approximate
Length in
One Pound
Feet
Size
B.&S.
List
Number
Advance
over Base
100 Pounds
Approximate
Length in
One Pound
Feet
14
16
8414
3416
$3.00
4.00
58
72
18
20
3418
3420
$5.00
6.00
98
135
Damp-proof office wire has two inside cotton winds applied in opposite
directions which are thoroughly impregnated with black weatherproof compound.
The outside braid is finished as described above for the regular office wire. This
wire is used where a higher grade of insulation is required. It is packed the same
as regular office wire.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Annunciator
and OfHce
Wire
Special Annunciator and Office Wire
We are prepared to furnish such special kinds of annunciator or office wire as
may be specified.
While we have mentioned standard sizes, we can furnish conductors of other
sizes, either solid or stranded. Untinned copper wire is used in our regular product,
but tinned wire will be furnished if required.
Annunciator and office wire can be shipped in special sized packages, ranging
from a half-pound to five pounds or over, as may be required, or in coils of specified
weights, in cartons, or wrapped in paper and packed in boxes or barrels.
Multiple Conductors
We can supply any of these insulated wires, two in parallel or twisted in pairs,
in three-conductor cables or in cables having any number of conductors. Same
can be covered with one or more braids or with tape and braid and finished in any
manner specified.
•I'TPsr, -^2
Annunciator Wire
Made in any color or combination of colors. Placed on spools containing
about seven pounds net
Reliance Weatherproof
and Slow Burning
Wires and Cables
Copper and Iron
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Reliance
Weather-
proof and
Slow Burn-
ing Wires
and Cables
Weatherproof Wires and Cables
There is a large demand for electrical wires and cables having a moderate degree
of insulation and which are less expensive than rubber insulated conductors. For
outdoor service our double and triple braid "Reliance" Weatherproof wire meets
these requirements in every particular, while for indoor purposes we offer a superior
grade of Slow Burning wire. We make wires and cables in strict accordance
Reliance Weatherproof Feeder Cables
stranded Copper Conductor— Triple Braid— Black Finish
with all the requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, the sizes vary-
ing from No. 20 B. & S. to the largest feeder cables used. Sizes 4/0 B. & S. and
smaller are usually made of solid wires, while larger sizes have stranded conductors.
Unless hard drawn copper be specified, wires of the purest grade of annealed
copper, uniform in softness and having a minimum conductivity of 98 per cent.
Matthiessen's standard will be used. All the wire used, whether copper or iron, is
uniform in section and free from surface imperfections. Complete information
regarding the dimensions and properties of bare copper wire will be found on pages
14 and 26, while iron wire will be found fully described on pages 71 to 74.
The insulating material on this class of wire, as will be more fully described
below, consists of two or three covers of closely braided fibrous yarn, thoroughly
saturated with weatherproof or slow-burning compounds. To combine the three
elements, the wire, the braided coverings and the saturating compound so as to
produce wires and cables perfectly uniform in weight throughout all portions, would
require many refinements which would make the cost prohibitive. In practice it is
reasonable and to the advantage of both consumer and manufacturer to allow a vari-
ation in weight of approximately 3 per cent, from the tabulated data of weights.
While the National Board of Fire Underwriters specify that the insulation of
this class of wire must consist of at least three braids, there are many conditions in
which a wire having a good quality of two-braid insulation can be used to advantage.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
Reliance Weatherproof Insulation.
The wires are first covered by two or three
closely and evenly woven braids of strong
fibrous material, after which they are placed
in a hot bath of weatherproof insulating
compound. They remain in this bath long
enough to completely and thoroughly satu-
rate the fibrous insulation. After thoroughly
drying, the wire then receives a dressing of
mineral wax, after which the surface is
thoroughly burnished and polished, reduc-
ing to a minimum trouble from sleet and
ice. The superior grade of compounds
used in our Reliance Weatherproof insula-
tion for wires and cables imparts a high
degree of dielectric strength, and overcomes
the destructive action of the elements.
This insulation is firm, durable and tough
and possesses great mechanical strength,
which enables it to withstand pressure and
mechanical abrasion. The compounds con-
tain no solvents which subsequently evap-
orate, leaving the compound to dry and fall
out, thus destroying the insulation. They
will withstand all ordinary climatic condi-
tions. This wire is for use outdoors where
moisture is certain and where fireproof
qualities are not necessary. Also where,
on account of small separation, bare wires
would be liable to swing into contact with
each other or with other low tension cables.
Reliance
Weather-
proof and
Slow Burn-
ing Wires
and Cables
Braiding Machine
Extracts from the National Board of Fire Underwriters' Rules (1909)
44. Weatherproof Wire.
a. The insulating covering shall consist of at least three braids, all of
which must be thoroughly saturated with a dense moisture-proof compound,
applied in such a manner as to drive any atmospheric moisture from the
cotton braiding, thereby securing a covering to a gjeat degree waterproof
and of high insulating power. This compound must retain its elasticity at
0 degrees Fahr. (minus 18 degrees Cent. ) and must not drip at 160 degrees
Fahr. (71 degrees Cent.). The thickness of insulation must not be less than
that given in the table page 100, and the outer surface must be thoroughly
slicked down.
100
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Reliance
Weather-
proof and
Slow Burn-
ing Wires
and Cables
£
O
e
I
to
1
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ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
101
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o a
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sgoo
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iN:D-fiNQinmg?'-iiNUmOMt-t-"QOXXOT95t-5
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a
a
0
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103
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Reliance
Weather-
proof and
Slow Burn-
ing Wires
and Cables
Data Concerning Solid Copper Weatherproof Coils
Approximate Weight
Approximate
Approx.
Approx.
Size
per Coil, Pounds
Outside
Diameter
Covering
How
B.&S.
Diameter
of Coil
of Coil
of Coil
Inches
of Coil
Shipped
3 Braids
3 Braids
Inches
Inches
0000
360
383
30 to 34
19
'^% 1
000
352
377
80 to 34
19
7J^
00
326
850
30 to 34
19
7J^
0
301
335
30 to 34
19
t%
1
394
316
30 to 34
19
■T'A
Paper
2
310
338
30 to 84
19
7%
and
Coils
8
805
330
80 to 84
19
7%
Burlap
4
317
344
30 to 34
19
7%
5
317
350
30 to 34
19
7%
6
830
180
30 to 34
19
6
8
171
195
30 to 34
19
6
10
50
50
18 to 30
12
5
13
40
40
18 to 30
12
5
Coils
14
40
40
18 to 20
12
5 \
Paper
Packed in
16
30
80
18 to 20
12
5
Barrels
18
30
30
18 to 20
12
5 J
Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire
^'e^fa^f'SKf^Bsr^e^giV^g^^
Double Braid
Order by List Numbers Prices Quoted on Application
List Numbers
Size
B W G
Approximate
Weights per Mile
Approximate
Length of Coil
B. B.
Extra B. B.
Pounds
Feet
Extra Galvanized
Extra Galvanized
4
3704
2804
860
1830
6
2706
2806
665
1760
8
3708
2808
470
3640
9
2709
2809
400
3640
10
2710
2810
850
2640
18
2712
2812
335
2640
14
8714
2814
145
8640
16
2716
3816
100
5280
18
2718
3818
65
5380
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 103
Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire
Reliance
Weather-
proof and
Slow Burn-
ing Wires
and Cables
Triple Braid
Order by List Numbers
List Numbers
Size
B. W. G.
Approximate
Weights per Mile
Approximate
Length of Coil
B. B.
Extra B. B.
Pounds
Feet
Extra Galvanized
Extra Galvanized
4
2904
8004
940
1320
6
2906
3006
740
1760
8
2908
3008
525
2640
9
2909
8009
450
2640
10
2910
8010
400
2640
12
2912
3012
260
2640
14
2914
3014
175
2640
16
2916
3016
125
5280
18
2918
3018
85
5280
Uses. For fire alarm, telephone, telegraph and burglar alarm construction,
where danger of short circuits with other wires or trees exists.
Data Concerning Weatherproof Iron Wire Coils
Size
B.W.G.
Approximate
Weight per Coil
Pounds
Approx.
Outside
Diameter
of Coil
Inches
Approx.
Diameter
of Eye of
Coil
Inches
Approximate
Thickness of Coil
Inches
Covering
of
Coil
How
Shipped
Approx.
Length
in a Coil
2 Braids
3 Braids
2 Braids
8 Braids
Feet
6
8
9
10
12
14
222
235
200
175
113
78
247
263
225
200
130
87
30 to 3i
30 to 34
30 to 34
30 to 34
30 to 34
22 to 34
19
19
19
19
19
12
6
6
6
6
6
5
7J^
Paper
and -j
Burlap
Loose
Coils
1760
2640
2640
2640
2640
2640
104
AMERICAN
STEEL
WIRE
COMPANY
Reliance
Weather-
proof and
Slow Bum
ing Wires
and Cable
Reliance Slow Burning Wires and Cables
This, as its name implies, has an insulation that will not carry flame. It is
especially useful in hot, dry places where ordinary insulations would perish, and
where wires are brought together, as on the back of a large switchboard or in a wire
tower, where the accumulation of rubber or weatherproof insulations would result
in an objectionably large mass of highly inflammable material.
This wire is made in strict accordance with the requirements of the National
Board of Fire Underwriters in all respects.
The insulation is somewhat similar to that on the old so-called "Underwriters"
wire. Each insulating braid is completely saturated with our white slow burning
compound, and the outside is thoroughly slicked down and given a hard, smooth,
white surface.
Solid Conductor — Triple Braid— White Finisii
National Electrical Code Standard
Order by List Numbers Prices Quoted on Application
Stranded
Solid
Shipped
" Standard
Advance
Approx. Weights |
Ad van
,g Approx. Weigh
ts Packages
on Reel
♦Size
List
Number
Over
Base
per 100
Pounds
^ist
mb
Over
Base
^■^ per 10
Pounc
Approx.
Number
Pounds
per
1000 Feet
I
Pounds Nu
per
Mile
Pounds P(
Is lOOO^Feet I
)un
per
klil
Amounts
ds peet
(See
Page 50)
2000000
2400A
$0.75
7540
39800
600
1750000
2401 A
.75
6700
35400
700
1500000
2402A
.75
5830
30800
850
1350000
2403A
.75
4940
26100
1000
1000000
2404A
.75
3980
21000
1320
324
900000
2406A
.75
,S640
19300
1320
324
800000
2408A
.75
3280
17300
1320
324
700000
2410A
.75
3920
15400
1320
333
600000
2412A
1.00
2460
13000
1320
333
500000
2414A
.75
2080
11000
1320
333
4.50000
2415A
.75
1900
10000
1320
333
400000
2416A
.75
1700
9000
1320
333
350000
2417A
1.00
1500
7900
2640
338
300000
2418A
.75
1310
6900
2640
883
250000
241 9 A
.75
1120
5900
2640
338
0000
2640
.75
960
5070 '
244(
) $0.5(
) 925
189(
3 2000
315
000
2630
1.00
785
4150
243
) .5(
) 760
103
3 2000
315
00
2620
.75
625
3300
142
) .5
) 600
m
3 3640
815
0
2600
.75
510
3700
J40(
) .5
) 495
261
3 3640
815
1
3601
.75
380
2000
240
I .5(
) 365
193
3 1000
803
2
2602
1.00
335
1770
240*
2 .5
) 820
im
3 1800
303
3
2603
1.00
280
1480
240
i M
3 270
142
5 1600
803
4
2604
1.50
230
1320
240
i .5(
3 220
116
3 3100
303
5
2605
1.50
195
lO-SO
240
5 .5<
3 190
100(
3 3500
322
6
2606
3.00
165
870
240(
3 .5(
3 160
84
5 3400
322
8
2608
2.50
105
555
240!
B .5(
3 100
53
3 40-60 lbs.
Coils
10
241
3 1.5(
3 80
42(
3 85-50 lbs.
Coils
12
241
2 3.5(
3 55
21X
3 25-50 lbs.
Coils
14
241
1 3.5(
3 40
21
3 35-40 lbs
Coils
16
241
5 4.5(
3 30
m
3 35-40 lbs.
Coils
18
241
S 5.5(
3 24
13
3 30-30 lbs.
Coils
*Size and number of wires in strand same as in weatherproof cables, page 101.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 105
A Specification for Three-braid Weatherproof Wires and Cables Reliance
Weather -
General Description. The finished product desired under these specifications ^^f ^^^
consists of copper, either annealed or hard drawn, covered with weatherproof Slow Burn-
braids hereinafter specified. ;„„ Wires
Conductors. Soft drawn copper shall be uniformly annealed and shall have a and Cables
conductivity of 98 per cent, or higher.
Hard drawn copper shall meet all physical and electrical requirements called
for in the specifications for hard drawn copper wire, as given on page 66.
The conductor shall be uniformly cylindrical in form, and free from scales,
inequalities, flaws, splints and other imperfections.
The finish of the conductors shall be in accordance with the best commercial
practice.
Covering. The conductor shall be covered with not less than three (3) closely
woven braids of cotton or other approved material. This braided covering shall
be thoroughly saturated with a permanent weatherproof compound, which shall
be applied in sufficient quantity to fill all interstices in the braided covering, and
shall have a continuous coating of compound over the braided covering.
The weatherproof compound shall be insoluble in water. The compound shall
not melt when the finished wire is subjected to a temperature of one hundred and
twenty-five (125) degrees Fahrenheit. The compound shall not crack when the wire
is subjected to a temperature of ten (10) degrees below zero Fahrenheit, the sample
being examined without bending.
The qualities of the compound used and the method of application shall be such
as not to injure the covering or the wire.
Stranded Copper Conductor— Triple Braid— White Finish
Special Weatherproof and Slow Burning Wires
Conductors for special purposes are often required to have a combined
insulation of black weatherproof and white slow burning coverings. The wires may
have a single coating of each kind, or they may have three coatings, two of slow
burning and one of weatherproof, or conversely, as may be specified. The several
braids are closely and evenly woven and of the proper thickness as required by the
National Board of Fire Underwriters.
106
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Reliance When the weatherproof covering is on the inside, the conductor is known gen-
Weather- erally as "White Finish Weatherproof," and when the flame-proof covering is on
proof and the inside it is called "Black Finish Slow Burning." The weatherproof and the
Slow Burn- slow burning compounds used to impregnate these braids are the same as used on
ing Wires our "Reliance" Weatherproof and Slow Burning wires. In all cases the outside
and Cables surfaces are finished smooth and hard, and the finished saturated braids present a
high degree of insulation and are strong, durable and elastic. The white finish
weatherproof wire only is approved by the National Electrical code.
We are also prepared to furnish any of these various kinds of weatherproof or
slow burning wires twisted into pairs, or formed into cables having any number of
conductors, the conductors so formed being encased in one or more finished braids
or with tape and braid as may be specified.
Lamp Cord Products
Lamp Cord
Reinforced Portable Cord
Cord for Portables . .
Automobile Lighting Cord
Canvasite Cord ....
American Special Brewery Cord
Electric Heater Cord ....
Page
108
no
111
111
113
113
114
108 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Lamp Cord
Products
Lamp Cord
Incandescent lamp cord is used in short lengths for exposed wiring in offices
and residences to connect the concealed wiring with drop lights, brackets and
portables. It is also used for bell and annunciator wiring, and for other purposes
where a short flexible connecting conductor having an ornamental insulation would
be desirable.
The conductor consists of a number of small untinned annealed copper wires,
each No. 30 B. & S. gauge, having a diameter of .01 inch, twisted into a cable of the
required carrying capacity. This conductor is then covered with a tight, close
wind of fine cotton, after which it.is insulated with seamless rubber and then covered
with an ornamental braid of silk or cotton. Two of these finished conductors are then
twisted about each other, or laid parallel and braided over all with silk or cotton,
thus forming the two branches of a circuit. Two grades of lamp cord are made.
Grade "A" Lamp Cord
Grade "A' made to latest National Electrical Code Standard which requires
that a solid vulcanized rubber insulation of at least J^ inch thickness be placed over
the cotton covering of each conductor. Tested and approved by the Wire Inspec-
tion Bureau.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
109
Grade "A" Lamp Cord
Order by List Numbers
Lamp Cord
Products
Number of Wires in
Equal in Capacity to
B. & §r
Cotton Covered
Silk Covered
Strand, each No. 30 B. & S.
List Number
List Number
104
10
4010
4110
65
12
4012
4112
41
14
4014
4114
26
16
4016
4116
16
18
4018
4118
10
20
4020
4120
6
22
4022
4122
All sizes put up in coils of 250 feet each. Sizes 16 and 18 having largest sale,
in packages containing 1000 feet and 3000 feet each, as desired.
A combination of green and yellow is the color usually furnished for outside
braid. Other colors to order.
See separate list for prices, page 112.
Grade "C" Lamp Cord
Grade "C" or "Commercial" Lamp Cord made in accordance with the older
requirements of the National Electrical Code has a seamless insulation of ^\ rubber
placed over a tight close wind of fine cotton. The conductors are composed of fine
copper wires, No. 30 B. & S. twisted together as in Grade "A," covered with a wind
of fine cotton, insulated with rubber, then covered with an ornamental braid of silk
or cotton. Two of these finished conductors are then twisted together into a
"twisted pair."
Order by List Number
Number of Wires in
Equal in
Cotton Covered
Silk Covered
Strand, each No. 80 B. & S.
Capacity to
B. & S.
List Number
List Number
104
10
4210
4310
65
12
4213
4312
41
14
4214
4314
26
16
4216
4316
16
18
4218
4318
10
30
4220
4320
6
22
4222
4322
All sizes put up in coils of 250 feet each. Sizes 16 and 18, the sizes having
largest sale, in packages containing 1000 feet and 3000 feet as desired.
A combination of green and yellow is the color usually furnished for outside
braid. Other colors to order.
The same cotton wound and rubber covered and braided conductors may be
laid parallel (instead of twisted) and braided over all, same colors of cotton or silk.
See separate list for prices, page 112.
110
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Lamp Cord
Products
Reinforced Portable Cord
National Electrical Code Wire
Grade "A"
Made with regular National Electric Code cotton covered lamp cord, over which
is placed a supplementary insulation of rubber, making the whole cylindrical.
This is covered with one strong braid of silk, dry hard glazed cotton or
black waxed cotton. The waxed cotton or "slicked" finish differs from the dry,
hard glazed in having the cotton braid thoroughly saturated with weatherproof
compound, waxed and polished. Serves as a reinforced or protected lamp cord.
Order by List Numbers
Size
B. &S.
Cotton Covered
Dry Finish
List Number
Silk Covered
List Number
Size
B. &S.
Cotton Covered
Dry Finish
List Number
Silk Covered
List Number
12
14
16
4612
4614
4616
4712
4714
4716
18
80
4618
4620
4718
4720
Grade "C"
Made with regular "commercial" cotton covered lamp cord, over which is
placed a supplementary insulation of vulcanized ^^ rubber, making the whole cylin-
drical. This is covered with one firm braid of silk, dry glazed or waxed cotton.
Order by List Numbers
Size
B. &S.
Cotton Covered
Dry Finish
List Number
Silk Covered
List Number
Size
B. & S.
Cotton Covered
Dry Finish
List Nunber
Silk Covered
List Number
13
.14
16
4612A
4614A
4616A
4712A
4714A
4716A
18
20
4618A
4620A
4718A
4720A
Black is the standard color for the outside braid, and will be furnished unless
otherwise specified. Special colors to order.
All sizes, both grades put up in coils of 500 feet each.
See separate list for prices, both grades, page 112.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
111
Cord for Portables
National Electrical Code Wire
Lamp Cord
Products
■JIIJLWiJI^HlljII '
Used for portable lamps, small portable motors, or any device which may be
carried about. The outer braid is made strong and durable. Made with regular Na-
tional Electrical Code cotton-covered Grade "A" twisted pair lamp cord, over which
is placed a supplementary insulation of vulcanized rubber -^ inch thick, making the
whole cylindrical. This is covered with a strong cotton braid thoroughly saturated
with weatherproof compound, then waxed and polished.
Order by List Numbers
Size B. & S.
List Number
Size B. & S.
List Number
12
14
16
4812
4814
4816
18
20
4818
4820
All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. This material also made with Grade
'* C " conductors upon request.
See separate list for prices, page 112.
Automobile Lighting Cord
A cord suitable for wiring to the side and rear lamps of automobiles can be
constructed as follows :
Two cotton-covered lamp cord conductors are laid parallel and covered with a
strong hard-glazed cotton or a heavy saturated weatherproof cotton braid over the
pair. Made of any size conductors specified. Prices quoted on application.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
COMPANY
Lamp Cord List Prices for Lamp Cord, Reinforced Portable Cord, and Cord for Portables
Grade "A" National Electrical Code Standard. Grade "C" Commercial (Old Code)
Lamp cord is put up in coils of about 350 feet. Sizes 16 and 18 Brown & Sharpe
put up in coils of 250 feet and packed in boxes as follows : No. 1 box, containing 4
coils, total 1,000 feet. No. 3 box, containing 12 coils, total 3,000 feet.
Cord for Portables takes price of cotton covered Reinforced Portable Cord.
Standard Schedule Bases in Dollars and Cents per 1000 Feet
ifl
12c.
13c.
14c.
di
Lamp
Reinforced
Lamp
Cord
Reinforced
Lamp
Cord
Reinforced
??
Cord
Cord
Cord
Cord
w
Silk
Cotton
Silk
Cotton
Silk
Cotton
Silk
Cotton
Silk
Cotton
Silk
Cotton
10
136.8
105.5
199.3
186.8
140.0
108.8
302.5
140.0
148.5
112.3
206.0
143.5
1?
91.5
69.0
154.0
104.0
93.8
71.8
156.8
106.3
95.8
73.3
158.3
108.3
14
66.3
45.0
117.5
76.3
67.3
46.0
118.5
77.3
68.8
47.5
120.0
78.8
16
48.0
30.5
91.8
61.8
48.8
81.3
92.5
62.5
49.5
32.0
98.3
63.8
18
40.5
24.3
79.3
51.8
41.0
34.8
79.8
52.3
41.5
25.3
80.3
53.8
?0
35.0
21.3
70.0
45.0
35.3
21.5
70.8
45.3
35.5
21.8
70.5
45.5
22
31.5
17.8
64.0
42.8
31.8
18.0
61.8
43.0
33.0
18.8
64.5
43.3
15c.
16c.
17c.
in
146.8
115.5
209.3
146.8
150.0
118.8
212.5
150.0
158.3
122.0
315.8
153.3
1?
98.0
75.5
160.5
110.5
100.0
77.5
162.5
112.5
102.0
79.5
164.5
114.5
14
70.0
48.8
121.3
80.0
71.3
.50.0
122.5
81.3
72.5
51.8
133.8
82.5
16
50.3
32.8
94.0
64.0
51.3
33.8
95.0
65.0
52.3
84.8
96.0
66.0
18
42.0
25.8
80.8
53.3
43.5
26.3
81.3
58.8
43.0
26.8
81.8
54.3
?0
35.8
23.0
70.8
45.8
86.3
23.5
71.3
46.3
86.8
23.0
71.8
46.8
22
33.3
18.5
64.8
43.5
82.5
18.8
65.0
43.8
32.8
19.0
65.3
44.0
18c.
19c.
20c.
in
156.5
125.3
219.0
156.5
160.0
128.8
222.5
160.0
163.3
132.0
225.8
163.8
1?
104.3
81.8
166.8
116.8
106.3
83.8
168.8
118.8
108.5
86.0
171.0
121.0
14
73.8
52.5
125.0
83.8
75.3
54.0
126.5
85.3
76.3
55.0
127.5
86.3
16
.53.0
35.5
96.8
66.8
53.8
36.3
97.5
67.5
54.5
37.0
98.3
68.3
18
43.5
27.3
82.3
54.8
44.0
37.8
82.8
55.3
44.5
38.3
83.3
55.8
?0
37.0
33.3
72.0
47.0
37.3
33.5
72.3
47.8
37.5
33.8
72.5
47.5
22
33.0
19.3
65.5
44.3
33.8
19.5
65.8
44.5
33.5
19.8
66.0
44.8
21c.
22c.
23c.
in
166.5
135.3
229.0
166.5
169.8
138.5
332.8
169.8
178.0
141.8
2.35.5
173.0
1?
110.5
88.0
173.0
123.0
112.5
90.0
175.0
125.0
114.8
93.3
177.3
127.3
14
77.8
5G.5
129.0
87.8
79.0
57.8
130.3
89.0
80.3
59.0
131.5
90.3
16
55.3
37.8
99.0
69.0
56.8
38.8
100.0
70.0
57.0
39.5
100.8
70.8
18
45.0
38.8
83.8
56.3
45.5
29.3
84.3
56.8
46.0
29.8
84.8
.57.3
70
38.0
34.3
73.0
48.0
38.5
34.8
78.5
48.5
38.8
35.0
78.8
48.8
22
33.5
19.8
66.0
44.8
33.8
30.0
66.3
45.0
84.0
30.3
66.5
45.3
24c.
25c.
26c.
in
176.5
145.3
239.0
176.5
179.8
148.5
242.3
179.8
183.0
151.8
245.5
183.0
p
116.8
94.3
179.3
139.3
119.0
96.5
181.5
181.5
121.0
98.5
183.5
133.5
14
81.8
60.5
133.0
91.8
83.8
61.5
184.0
92.8
84.8
63.0
135.5
94.8
16
57.8
40.3
101.5
71.5
58.5
41.0
102.8
72.3
59.8
41.8
103.0
78.0
18
46.5
30.3
85.3
57.8
47.0
30.8
85.8
58.3
47.5
31.3
86.3
58.8
?n
39.0
25.3
74.0
49.0
39.3
35.5
74.3
49.3
39.8
36.0
74.8
49.8
22
34.3
30.5
66.8
45.5
34.5
30.8
67.0
45.8
34.5
30.8
67.0
45.8
Discounts quoted on application
K L E C T R 1 C A L WIRES AND CABLES 113
Canvasite Cord
Lamp Cord
Products
Consists of the regular Code Grade "A" twisted cotton-covered lamp cord,
braided over all with one cotton braid saturated with weatherproof compound, then
waxed and polished.
Order by List Numbers
Equal to B. & S. G.
List Number
Equal to B. & S. G.
List Number
10
12
14
4850
4852
4854
16
18
20
4856
4858
4860
All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. See separate list for prices, page 114.
American (Special) Brewery Cord
Made from the regular Code Grade "A" twisted lamp cord over which is placed
a supplementary insulation of vulcanized rubber ^^ inch thick. It is then braided
over with two heavy cotton braids saturated with weatherproof compound, then
waxed and polished. Used for incandescent lighting in breweries and other damp
places.
Order by List Numbers
Size B. & S.
List Number
Size B. & S.
List Number
12
14
16
4912
4914
4916
18
20
4918
4920
All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. See separate list for prices, page 114
114
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Lamp Cord
Products
Electric Heater Cord
A flexible cord used for connecting to portable electric heating devices, such as
electric sad irons, hair curlers, toasters, etc. No. 31 B. & S. annealed copper wires
are braided into a conductor of the required size, cotton wound, rubber insulated
and covered with a substantial braid of asbestos, and this is sometimes covered with
an outside braid of hard glazed cotton. Two such finished conductors are then
twisted into a pair, then covered over all with one or two braids of hard glazed
cotton of desired colors. Made in any size or quantity required.
List Prices for American (Special) Brewery and Canvasite Cords
National Electrical Code Standard
Standard Schedule Bases in Dollars and Cents per 1000 Feet
Example: 82.8 Reads $82.80
American (Special) Brewery Cord
Size, B. & S.
12c.
13c.
14c.
15c.
16c.
10
12
14
150.5
114.4
88.9
154.0
116.9
85.0
157.9
119.1
86.7
161.5
121.6
88.0
165.0
123.8
89.5
16
18
20
68.0
57.0
49.5
68.8
57.5
49.8
69.6
58.1
50.1
70.4
58.6
50.4
71.5
59.2
50.9
Size, B. & S.
17c.
18c.
19c.
20c.
21c.
10
12
14
168.6
126.0
90.8
172.2
128.5
92.2
176.0
130.7
93.8
179.6
133.1
94.9
183.2
185.3
96.6
16
18
20
72.6
59.7
51.5
78.5
60.3
51.7
74.3
60.8
52.0
73.1
61.4
52.8
75.9
61.9
52.8
Size, B. & S.
22c.
23c.
24c.
25c.
26c.
10
12
14
186.8
137.5
97.9
190.8
140.0
99.8
194.2
142.2
101.0
197.8
144.7
102.1
201.8
146.9
103.7
16
18
20
77.0
62.5
53.4
77.9
63.0
53.7
78.7
63.6
53.9
79.5
64.1
54.2
80.8
64.7
54.8
Canvasite Cord
Size, B. & S.
12c.
13c.
14c.
15c.
16c.
10
12
14
101.0
80.0
64.3
102.5
81.0
64.8
104.3
82.3
65.5
105.8
83.8
66. U
107.5
84.3
66.8
16
18
20
54.8
47.8
39.0
55.3
47.3
39.3
55.5
47.8
39.3
56.0
48.0
39.5
56.3
48.3
39.8
Size, B. & S.
17c.
18c.
19c.
20c.
21c.
10
12
-14
109.8
85.3
67.6
110.8
86.5
68.0
112.5
87.5
68.5
114.3
88.5
69.5
115.8
89.5
70.0
- 16
18
20
56.8
48.5
89.8
57.8
48.8
40.0
57.5
49.0
40.0
58.0
49.3
40.8
58.3
49.5
40.5
Size, B. & S.
22c.
23c.
24c.
25c.
26c.
10
12
11
117.5
90.5
70.8
119.0
91.5
71.8
120.8
92.8
72.0
122.3
98.8
72.5
124.0
94.8
73.3
16
18
20
58.8
49.8
40.8
59.3
50.0
41.0
59.5
50.3
41.0
60.0
50.5
41.3
60.8
50.8
41.5
Rubber-covered Wires
and Cables
Page
Rubber Insulation 116
Application of Rubber Compound . . 118
Kinds of Insulation 119
Vulcanizing 119
Protection of Insulation 1 20
Electrical Tests 1 20
Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables . 1 24
Telephone Wires and Cables 128
Packing House Cord 131
Elevator Lighting Cables I 32
Brewery Cord 132
Border Light Cables 1 32
Deck Cables 132
Elevator Control Cables 1 32
Theatre or Stage Cables 1 33
Crown Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables . 1 33
Car Cables 1 38
Mining Machine Cables 1 39
High Grade 30 Per Cent. Rubber and Special
Insulated Wires and Cables 1 40
Signal Wires and Cables 143
Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables 145
116 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
^^^^'''- Rubber- covered Wires
covered
^. Rubber-covered wire as used for general purposes comprise three essential parts
J ^ , , — the conductor, the wall of rubber insulation, and some form of protection over the
and Cables ^
rubber, such as braid, tape and braid or sheathing. The conductor consists of uni-
formly soft annealed commercially pure copper wire. It may be used in the solid
form up to size 1/0 B. & S., or in special cases even to 4/0, or in the stranded form.
All conductors are thoroughly and evenly coated with tin to protect the copper
from making chemical union with any sulphur in the rubber insulation.
Rubber Insulation
There are various grades of crude rubber found in commerce. Rubber producing
trees and vines of one kind or another are found in all tropical countries. They
belong to widely differing botanical families, and the methods of extracting and
preparing the rubber differ also indifferent countries, hence there is much variation
in the qualities of the different crude rubbers, depending chiefly on the kind of
impurities, and probably in some degree to obscure differences in the chemical
composition of the pure rubber itself. The exact nature of such differences has not
yet been definitely explained because of the complexity of the problem.
■ • Crude Rubber
The different grades of crude rubber are known usually under the name of the
country or seaport whence they come. Thus we have the terms "Para",
" Ceylon," etc., as names of particular grades of rubber.
The first step in the preparation of rubber for insulation purposes is to free the
crude rubber from impurities, such as bark and sand. This is done by passing it
several times between corrugated steel rolls, revolving at different speeds and under
a constant stream of water. Thus the rubber is washed clean from such impurities
and is delivered in a sheet ready to be dried. There are few practical uses for
rubber in its raw condition, for in this state it is most susceptible to physical
change, due to external conditions. Crude rubber is affected very much by changes
in temperature, hardening with cold, and softening and losing its shape with heat.
In this uncured state it readily oxidizes and is particularly susceptible to the action
of certain solvents. To obtain the properties needed in the insulation of a wire, the
rubber must be compounded with other materials and then vulcanized.
Compounding consists of mixing the rubber with other substances, chiefly
powdered minerals, including a small percentage of sulphur. After the crude
rubber has been warmed to a plastic condition in the heated mixing rolls, which are
smooth and run at different speeds, the compounding ingredients are added to the
E L B C 'r R 1 C A L
WIRES
AND
C A H L E S
rubber and the whole is thoroughly kneaded together by the action of the mixing Rubber-
rolls, until the resulting compound is homogeneous in nature and of suitable covered
physical condition for the work that is expected of it. Another object of compound- Wires
ing is that of economy, the price of pure rubber being relatively high, and it and Cables
fortunately happens that for insulation purposes a compounded rubber is more suit-
able than the pure gum.
The composition of the compound and the manner in which it is mixed are
matters of prime importance. A practical experience of many years combined with
exhaustive tests and experiments have enabled us to develop insulating compounds
for various conditions that are unexcelled for serviceability and durability.
Calenders
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cable
Application of the Rubber Compound
A compounded rubber before vulcanizing is plastic, cohesive, but slightly elastic,
and can be shaped into any form desired. It is in this condition when applied to
the wire. Two different methods are commonly in use for applying the rubber
insulation to the wire. In one a machine similar in action to a lead press is used.
The rubber is forced by a revolving worm into a closed chamber at high pressure, at
the same time being heated by a steam jacket to a soft and plastic state. The wire
enters this same chamber through a nozzle of its own diameter, and leaves it from a
nozzle having the diameter of the intended insulation. The wire thus comes out
with a seamless coating of rubber, forced on at high pressure.
In the other method of application the rubber is sheeted on a calender having
heavy smooth rolls, and the sheets thus made are cut into narrow strips, the width
and thickness of which depend upon the size of the wire to be insulated and the
number of covers to be used. By this method the wire is passed between two or
more pairs of grooved
rolls running tangent
to each other. As the
wire enters each pair
of rolls, strips of rub-
ber enter at the same
time and the grooves
fold a uniform thick-
ness of rubber about
the wire, the edges
meeting in a contin-
uous seam. All sur-
plus rubber is cut off
by the rolls at the
seams. These seams
being made between
two pieces of the same
unvulcanized cohesive
stock under very great
pressure, become in-
visible in the finished
wire and can be de-
termined only by a
ridge along the insu-
lation. In the process
of vulcanizing, the
rubber at the seams
is kneaded together so that the insulation at this point is as dense and homogeneous
as at any other part of the insulation. This is the more generally approved method
of insulating wire, particularly high grade wires, and is the method employed for
many years by the leading wire manufacturers of the world.
A good rubber compound will last indefinitely submerged in pure or salt water,
but if the water contains sewage, acids, oils or other destructive agents, then the
rubber should be further protected with a lead sheath. If subjected to extremes in
temperature or to high temperature combined with wet and dry conditions, or if
likely to be injured by external agencies, rubber should be protected with sheathing.
Machine for Applying Rubber Insulation to Wires
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 119
Kinds of Rubber Insulation
We make three standard grades of rubber compound for rubber-covered conduc-
tors: Globe, or ordinary compound ; Crown, or intermediate compound ; and a
High Grade Thirty Per Cent. Compound. In addition, we insulate wire to any
specifications covering particular requirements such as 20 or 40 per cent, rubber
compounds.
Globe Rubber. This is regularly furnished on wires and cables for 600-volt
National Electrical Code requirements. It can however be used for potentials as high
as 2500 volts, if the service conditions be favorable to rubber, or if the conductor be
lead encased.
Crown Rubber. This rubber has better physical properties than the Globe, is
more durable, stronger and has a higher factor of safety. It is a high grade com-
pound for all National Electrical Code requirements and can be recommended for
service conditions in which the working pressure is 7000 volts or under.
High Grade Thirty Per Cent. Rubber Compound contains only the best grade
of pure Para rubber, and is used for high voltage circuits. This makes an unsur-
passed dielectric for all high voltages and for exacting service conditions ; it has great
strength and elasticity, high insulation qualities and long life.
All of these compounds make solid black rubber. We are prepared to furnish a
thin white core of rubber containing no sulphur for use next to the copper under
any of these compounds when so specified, but we do not recommend this, for years
of experience have demonstrated to us that this white core is not needed in connection
with our tin-coated wire and black rubber compounds. Every wire insulated with
any one of our standard compounds has a distinguishing tracer /,^r<?a^ embedded in
the rubber under the braid. With Globe and 30 Per Cent. Compound, this tracer
thread is white in color, while in Crown it is purple.
Vulcanizing
To vulcanize rubber compounds they are subjected to temperatures somewhat
above the melting point of sulphur, which temperatures are usually obtained by use of
steam under pressure. This operation causes the sulphur in the compound to unite
chemically with the rubber and other ingredients of the compound, with the result
that the rubber is no longer plastic, but becomes firm, elastic, strong, less susceptible
to heat and cold, to the action of the air and less readily affected at ordinary tem-
peratures by the usual solvents of unvulcanized rubber. Its mechanical properties
depend considerably on the time and temperature of vulcanization as well as on the
amount of sulphur used. As can be readily understood this is an operation that
requires a thorough practical knowledge and most constant attention in order that
the rubber insulation may have the physical properties that are required under service
conditions.
In producing high grade insulation, proper vulcanization is fully as important as
the selection of the rubber and ingredients. The process may be compared to that
of making bread, no matter how good the dough may be, it has to be baked just
right in order to secure good results.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cable
Protection of Insulation
Rubber insulation for most purposes has to be protected by a winding of tape,
or by a braid, or a tape and one or more braids, and it is advisable to place some pro-
tection on the rubber before vulcanizing the rubber so as to hold the plastic compound
in position and to prevent it swelling out of shape and becoming porous during the
vulcanizing process. The tape used consists of a good grade of cloth filled with a
high class rubber compound. The braiding consists of a strong cotton yarn, knitted
tightly and evenly about the insulation by a machine resembling a stocking machine.
The braid is then saturated with a black weatherproof compound, waxed and
polished, or it is thoroughly saturated in a white flame-proof compound, and polished,
as may be required. It is sometimes specified that the outer braid on wires or
cables be of asbestos braid to serve as a fire protection, and this may be saturated
either in black or white compound as desired. Or it may consist of a hard cotton
of any color or combination of colors.
Electrical and Chemical Laboratories
Our electrical testing department is equipped in the most up-to-date manner
for the fulfillment of any conditions likely to be incorporated in the different speci-
fications to which the various kinds of insulated wire and cables are manufactured,
as well as to meet the manufacturer's own requirements.
Chemical Laboratory
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
We have three high potential alternating current testing sets, the largest of
which has a capacity of 90 kilowatts and a maximum available pressure of 200,000
volts. These testing sets are in daily use, not only for purposes set forth by pur-
chasers' specifications and the National Electrical Code, but also for our own
assurance as to the high electrical quality of our productions.
The high potential tests are followed by tests for insulation resistance and,
when required, electrostatic capacity. These are made to prove the soundness of
the dielectric, after the application of high voltage. In order to make such tests.
the company uses the best apparatus procurable, and applies the most highly
scientific methods known. No length of insulated wire or cable is allowed to leave
the factory until after it has been found, by the foregoing tests, to be in perfect
electrical condition. Special apparatus is also available for the exact measurement
of the conductivity of any conductor whether bare or insulated.
Rubber-
covered
Wires
fid Cables
Immersion Tanks
The company's tanks, for immersion tests, are supplied by an artesian well,
from a depth of about 500 feet. The temperature of this water throughout the year
runs very close to 60 degrees Fahrenheit, which in itself is valuable, when it is con-
sidered that almost all specifications call for electrical tests at 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
We also have two thoroughly equipped chemical laboratories, one of which is
used exclusively for organic chemical research work in connection with insulating
materials for our electrical wires and cables.
These laboratories are operated by a corps of practical and highly skilled
attendants who have had years of training in their respective lines of investigation.
123
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
COMPANY
Rubber- The Wire Inspection Bureau of New York City inspects every coil of National
covered Electric Code wires made by us. All coils tested and passed by their inspectors
Wires carry the certificate of the Wire Inspection Bureau. After ten hours' immersion
and Cables in water, an alternating current of 1500 volts from a generator of 5 kilowatts
capacity is applied to the coil for five seconds. If the insulation successfully with-
stands this test, the coil is then electrified for one minute with a current of at
least 150 volts, and measured for insulation resistance in megohms per mile
according to the following table:
Capacity
Capacity
Size
Megohms
Size
Megohms
Circular
Mils
Megohms
Circular
Mils
Megohms
14
200
2 and 3
140
250,0001
800,000 (
115 t
650,000)
12
180
1
185
to \
105
10
160
0
130
850,0001
800,000 S
8 and 6
150
00
125
to \
110
850,000 )
Sand 4
145
000
0000
120
115
600,000 i
and >
larger \
100
Extracts from 1909 National Electrical Code Rules and Requirements
41. Rubber-covered wire.
a. Copper for conductors must be thoroughly tinned.
Insulation for Voltages, 0 to 600 Inclusive
b. Must be rubber or other approved substances, homogeneous in char-
acter, adhering to the conductor, and of a thickness not less than that given in
the following table :
Brown & Sharpe Gauge
Thickness, Inch
Circular Mils
Thickness, Inch
18 to 16
15 to 8
7 to 2
1 to 0000
250.000 to 500,000
500,000 to 1,000,000
Over 1,000,000
Measurements of insulating wall are to be made at the thinnest portion of the
dielectric.
c. The complete coverings must show an insulation resistance of at least
100 megohms per mile during thirty days' immersion in water at 70 degrees
Fahrenheit (21 degrees Centigrade).
(/. Each foot of the completed covering must show a dielectric strength
sufficient to resist throughout five minutes the application of an electro-motive
force proportionate to the thickness of insulation in accordance with the follow-
ing table :
Thickness in 64ths
of an Inch
Breakdown Test on 1 Foot
Volts, Alternating Current
Thickness in 64ths
of an Inch
Breakdown Test on 1 Foot
Volts, Alternating Current
1
2
8
4
6
«
3,000
6,000
9,000
11,000
13,000
15,000
7
8
10
12
14
16
16,500
18,000
21.000
23,500
26,000
28,000
H L K C T R I C A L
WIRES
AND
CABLES
138
The source of alternating electro-motive force shall be a transformer of at least
one kilowatt capacity. The application of the electro-motive force shall first be
made at 4,000 volts for five minutes and then the voltage increased by steps of not
over 3,000 volts, each held for five minutes until the rupture of the insulation occurs.
The tests for dielectric strength shall be made on a sample of wire which has been
immersed in water for seventy-two hours. One foot of the wire under test is to be
submerged in a conducting liquid held in a metal trough, one of the transformer
terminals being connected to the copper of the wire and the other to the metal of
the trough.
Insulation for Voltages, 601 to 3,500 Inclusive
e. The thickness of the insulating wall must not be less than that given in
the following table :
Brown & Sharpe Gauge
Thickness, Inch
Circular Mils
Thickness, Inch
14 to 1
0 to 0000
3 J Covered by
" 1 tape or braid
250,000 to 500,000
Over 500,000
i'j J Covered by
Yi I tape or braid
f. The requirements as to insulation and breakdown resistance for wires
for low potential systems shall apply, with the exception that an insulation
resistance of not less than 300 megohms per mile shall be required.
Insulation for Voltages Over 3,500
g. Wire for arc light circuits exceeding 3,500 volts potential must have an
insulating wall not less than three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness, and shall
withstand a breakdown test of at least 23,500 volts and have an insulation of at
least 500 megohms per mile.
The tests on this wire to be made under the same conditions as for low
potential wires.
Specifications for insulations for alternating currents exceeding 3,500 volts have been con-
sidered, but on account of the somewhat complex conditions in such work it has so far been
deemed inexpedient to specify general insulations for this use.
General
h. The rubber compound or other approved substance used as insulation
must be sufficiently elastic to permit all wires smaller than No. 7 B. & S. gauge
and larger than No. 11 B & S. gauge to be bent without injury to the insulation
around a cylinder twice the diameter of the insulated wire measured over the
outer covering. All wires No. 11 B. & S. gauge and smaller to be bent without
injury to the insulation around a cylinder equal to the diameter of the insulated
wire measured over the outer covering.
/. All of the above insulations must be protected by a substantial braided
covering properly saturated with a preservative compound. This covering
must be sufficiently strong to withstand all the abrasions likely to be met with
in practice, and must substantially conform to approved samples submitted by
the manufacturer.
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Rubber- Shipping of Rubber Insulated and Braided Wire
covered
Wires No. 6 and finer single conductor rubber insulated and braided are shipped in
and Cables 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, wrapped in paper, and packed in boxes or
barrels, unless otherwise specified. Larger sizes as a rule are shipped on reels, as
tabulated.
No. 10 and finer duplex parallel rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 500-
foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, and in other respects the same as the single con-
ductor.
No. 12 and finer twisted pair rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 500-
foot and 1,000-foot coils, and in other respects the same as the single conductor.
Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and
Cables
For Incandescent Lighting, Street Railway
Feeders, Power Transmission Lines and
Telegraph and Telephone Service
The conductivity of all copper used in the manu-
facture of Globe Wire is 98 per cent, or higher,
Matthiessen's standard. All wires are thoroughly
annealed, tinned and insulated to meet the require-
ments of the National Electrical Code Standard. An
excellent rubber-covered w^ire for low potential lines,
600 volts or less. All finished wire is inspected,
tested and stamped by the Wire Inspection Bureau.
White distinguishing tracer worsted thread placed
between braid and rubber.
K L K C T R I C A I.
WIRES
AND
CABLES
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126
AMERICAN
S T E E L
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Rubber -
covered
Wires
and Cables
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ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 127
Globe Duplex Wires and Cables
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
Tinned Copper Conductors, Insulated and Braided, Black Finish
Two insulated conductors are laid paralled with one braid over all
National Electrical Code Standard
For low potential, 0-600 volts
Order by List Numbers. Prices Quoted on Application.
Size
Thickness
of
Rubber
Inches
Approximate Diameters over
Single Braid
List Number
Shipped
B & S.
Solid
Inches
Strand
Inches
Solid
Strand
Reel
Number
0000
000
00
0
1
2
3
4
I
8
10
12
14
16
18
5-64
5-64
5-64
5-64
5-64
4-64
4-64
4-64
4-64
4-64
3-64
3-64
3-64
3-64
2-64
2-64
48-64 X 91-64
44-64x82-64
41-64 X 77-64
38-64 X 71-64
35-64x66-64
31-64x58-64
29-64x54-64
28-64 X 51-64
26-64x48-64
25-64x45-64
21-64x31-64
19-64 x 33-64
17-64 X 31-64
16-64 X 28-61
13-64x22-64
12-64 X 21-64
52-64x99-64
48-64x92-64
44-64x83-64
41-64 X 78-64
38-64x72-64
34-64x63-64
31-64x58-64
30-64x54-64
27-64x50-64
26-64x48-64
22-64 X 39-64
20-64 X 35-64
18-64 X 3a-64
17-64 X 29-64
14-64x23-64
1280C
1280B
1280A
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1288
1290
1292
1294
1296
1298
1300C
1300B
1300A
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1308
1310
1312
1314
1316
1020
1013
1013
1013
1002
1002
1002
325
335
335
1004
Coils
Coils
Coils
Coils
Coils
Specifications. Tinned annealed copper wires or strands of highest conductivity, each
conductor insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber and protected by saturated tape or
braid ; two finished conductors laid parallel, covered with a heavy cotton braid over all, saturated
in black weatherproof compound. Special finish for conduit work.
Sizes 14 B. & S. and larger, inspected and tested by the Wire Inspection Bureau.
The underwriters' rules permit the use of these wires in conduits, sizes No. 14
and larger. No. 8 and larger shipped on reels containing approximately 1,000-foot
lengths, No. 10 and smaller shipped in approximately 500- foot coils.
Regarding reels see page 50.
128 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
Globe Fixture Wire
Light Insulation
— ~T— TJlBil^Pl
Solid Tinned Copper Conductor, Rubber Insulation, Single Braid— Black Finish
Size
B. & S.
Thickness of
Rubber
Inches
Approximate
Diameter over
Braid
Inches
List Number
Standard Coils
Approximate
Quantities
Feet
12
14
16
18
19
20
1-64
1-64
1-64
1-64
1-64
1-64
9-64
8-64
6-64
5-64
5-64
5-64
1362
1364
1366
1868
1369
1370
500
500
1000
1000
1000
1000
Specifications. Solid tinned annealed copper wire of highest conductivity, insulated with ^.
inch vulcanized rubber, covered with single braid of cotton, saturated in black weatherproof
compound, and smoothly polished.
Used only in arms of fixtures not exceeding 24 inches in length, and to supply not more than
one 16 candle-power lamp.
For heavy insulation fixture wire, see page 125, list Nos. 312 to 318 inclusive.
Rubber-covered Copper Telephone Wire
While there are many sizes and kinds of conductors under this heading, the
following are considered standard by the larger telephone companies:
No. 14 B. & S. Twisted Pair "Outside Distributing 'Wire "
Each conductor hard drawn tinned copper wire, insulated to a diameter of g\
of an inch over rubber and covered with a cotton braid, saturated with black
weatherproof compound, wax finish, one conductor having a raised tracer to dis-
tinguish it from the other.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 129
No. 18 B. & S. Twisted Pair "Bridle Wire"
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
Each conductor soft drawn tinned copper wire, insulated to a diameter of /^ of
an inch over rubber and covered with a cotton braid, saturated with black weather-
proof compound, wax finish, one conductor having a raised tracer to distinguish it
from the other.
No. 19 B. & S. Single Conductor, Twisted Pair, and Triple Conductor "Inside" or
"Sub- station ' ' Wire
Conductors soft drawn tinned copper insulated to a diameter of -^^ of an inch
over rubber, covered with a single hard glazed cotton braid. Single conductors are
braided with plain colored cotton, while in the twisted pair one conductor contains a
differently colored tracer thread, and in triple conductor two of the three wires
contain different colors or different design of tracer threads, thus making no two of
the conductor braids alike. Sometimes a differently colored cotton braid is used,
one for each conductor, for purposes of distinction.
"Pot Head" Wires, Plain Telephone Conductors
Furnished in the smaller sizes, 18, 19, 20 or 22 B. & S. gauge, either single con-
ductor or twisted pair. Soft tinned copper conductors insulated to a diameter of
5^2 of an inch over rubber without any outer braid or protection. In case of twisted
pairs, one conductor is sometimes made of a differently colored rubber than the
other so as to discriminate between them.
130
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Rubber -
covered
Wires
and Cables
The following table includes the foregoing telephone wires and others not other-
wise described. Any of the sizes can be furnished in single or multiple conductors.
Telephone Wires, Twisted Pairs
Size
B. &S.
Finish
Over
Rubber
List Numbers
Approximate
No Test
100
Megohms
Over 100
Megohms
Weight per
1000 Feet
14
14
16
16
16
18
18
19
19
20 or 22
19
20 or 22
Braided
Braided
Braided
Braided
Braided
Braided
Braided
Braided
Braided
Braided
Plain
Plain
11-64
5-32
5-32
9-64
4-32
4-32
7-64
7-64
3-32
3-32
3-32
3-32
9141
9145
9165
9169
9164
9184
9187
9197
9193
(9120
(9122
9193 P
/9120P
19122P
9040
9045
9065
9069
9064
9084
9087
9097
9093
9020
9022
9093 P
9020 P
9022 P
9040A
9045A
9065A
9069A
9064A
9084A
9087A
9097A
9093A
9020A )
9022A}
9093 B
9020 B )
9022B \
75
68
72
55
40
35
32
30
28
26
20
24
Telephone Cables
These are made to include any number of single conductors or twisted pairs
of telephone wires either plain or braided, bunched together or laid up con-
centrically, with a tape or cotton braid or other fibrous covering over all. They
are frequently encased in a lead sheath, or armored. These cables vary greatly in
construction and are furnished to buyers' requirements and specifications.
Rubber -covered Iron Telephone Wire — Single Conductor
These conductors are generally No. 12 or No. 14 B. W. G. galvanized
iron wire insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, either single or
double cotton braid weatherproof saturated and wax polished.
Size
B. W. G.
Thickness
Rubber
Inches
Single Braid
Double Braid
List
Number
Approximate
Weight per 1000
Feet
List
Number
Approximate
Weight per 1000
Feet
12
14
5^4
#4
1512
1514
100
75
1512A
1514A
140
100
When furnished in twisted pairs, one conductor contains a raised tracer thread
to distinguish it from the other conductor.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
131
In addition to the above styles of telephone wire, we manufacture the following: Rubber -
Spider Wire
The accepted interpretation of this term is synonymous with Bridle wire,
except that it is used singly instead of in pairs. Braids and finish are the same.
covered
Wires
and Cables
Drop Wire
No. 14 B. & S. twisted pair, -^ inch over insulation, with black saturated
weatherproof braid, and raised marker in one conductor. Hard drawn copper.
This service involves the drop from the pole terminal to the house bracket.
No. 16 B. & S. insulated to ^\ inch is extensively used, but on account of the
severe service to which this type of wire is put, necessitating great resistance to
climatic conditions, No. 14 B. & S. is considered the standard, because of its in-
creased tensile strength.
Jumper Wire
This is often confused with Spider and Bridle wire in outside construction, but
by the more general acceptance of the term, it applies to the wire used for cross-
connecting service on the main distributing frame. It is usually a No. 20 or
No. 22 B. & S. wire insulated to 3'^ inch with flame-proof braids ; if twisted pair,
one is red and one white.
Packing House Cord
For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts
Order by List Number
Prices Quoted
on Application
Size
B. & S.
Thickness of
Rubber
Inches
List
Number
Approximate
Weight per
1000 Feet
Pounds
Size
B.&S.
Thickness of
Rubber
Inches
List
Number
Approximate
Weight per
lOOOJ-eet
Pounds
10 j 8-64
12 8-64
14 8-64
4950
4952
4954
142
107
84
16
18
20
2-«4
2-64
2-64
4956
4958
4960
52
41
33
Specifications. Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand, insulated
with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, covered with a cotton braid, saturated with
weatherproof compound. Two such finished conductors twisted into pairs, the interstices of
which are filled with jute laterals to make the whole cylindrical, and then braided overall with
two heavy cotton braids, saturated with a weatherproof compound, and given a wax polish finish.
Used for incandescent lighting in packing houses and similar places.
132
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Elevator Lighting Cable
Rubber-
covered
WTnis consists of two No. 14 B. & S. rubber insulated and braided conductors,
ires . '
H C bl twisted into a cable (with cushioned steel supporting strand if required) and
finished with three hard glazed or weatherproof saturated cotton braids.
Brewery Cord
For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts
Size
B. & S.
Thickness of
Rubber
Inches
List
Number
Approximate
Weight per
1000 Feet
Pounds
Size
B. &S.
Thickness of
Rubber
Inches
List
Number
Approximate
Weight per
1000 Feet
Pounds
10
12
14
3-64
3-64
3-64
4930
4932
4934
120
89
68
16
18
20
2-64
2-64
2-64
4936
4938
4940
39
30
23
Specifications. Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand, insulated with
code thickness of vulcanized rubber, covered with a cotton braid and saturated with weather-
proof compound, wax polish finish. Two such finished conductors are then twisted into pairs,
forming a flexible cord.
Border Light Cables
The construction of these cables corresponds exactly with that of Theater or
Stage cables (see next page), but consists of more than two conductors.
Deck Cables
Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand insulated with
code thickness of vulcanized rubber and covered with a cotton braid. Two such
conductors are then twisted into pairs (the interstices of which are filled with jute
laterals to make the whole cylindrical), over which is placed a supplementary layer
of vulcanized rubber 4^ inch thick, then braided over all with one cotton braid
saturated with weatherproof compound, wax polish finish.
Size B. & S
List Number
Size B. & S.
List Number
10
12
14
4960
4962
4964
16
18
4966
4968
Elevator Control Cable
This consists of any number of stranded copper conductors insulated with vul-
canized rubber, braided, all stranded into a cable and covered over all with three
strong cotton braids saturated with weatherproof compound, wax polish finish.
Steel supporting strands can be included if desired.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
188
Theater or Stage Cables
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
Consists of two extra flexible strands of tinned copper wires, each strand in-
sulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, protected with a cotton braid
saturated with weatherproof compound.
Two such finished conductors are then twisted into pairs, the interstices of
which are filled with jute laterals to make the whole cylindrical, and over which is
then placed two hea\'y cotton braids, saturated with a weatherproof compound,
wax polish finish.
Size, B. & S.
Number of
Wires in Strand
List Number
Size, B. & S.
Number of
Wires in Strand
List Number
1
2
3
4
6
259
210
151
13S
49
4971
4972
4973
4974
4976
8
10
12
14
49
31
21
14
4978
4980
4982
4984
Crown Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables
For Incandescent Lighting, Telegraph and Telephone Service,
Street Railway Feeders and Power Transmission
Lines. Recommended Specially for Office
Buildings and Municipal Wiring
A High Grade Rubber Insulation for
Electrical Code Standard
National
Crown wire has an insulation which has made a record
for long life and for high insulating qualities. The thickness of
rubber placed on all code wires and cables provides a wide
margin of safety and gives a high grade insulation for all voltages
up to 3500, and for circ light circuits of 7000 volts or less.
The conductors are made of tinned annealed copper, of
highest conductivity. Covered with code thickness of rubber,
protected with one or two closely woven strong and elastic
cotton braids, or with tape and breiid, saturated in a weather-
proof preservative compound and smoothly finished. Purple
distinguishing tracer thread embedded in rubber lengthwise of
ware and under bread.
134
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
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covered
Wires
and Cables
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WIRE
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Wires
and Cables
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CABLES
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138
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STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
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covered
Wires
and Cables
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ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
139
Mining Machine Cables
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
Tinned Copper— Duplex Parallel— Flexible Conductors
For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts
Size
Number and
Diameter of
Wires in
Strand, Inches
Thickness
of Rubber
Inches
Approximate
Dimensions of
3-Braid Finished
Cable, Inches
Approximate
Weight per
1000 Feet
3-Braid, Lbs.
List Number
for 3 Outer Braids
Shipped on
Reel
B. & S.
Crown
Insulation
Globe
Insulation
Number
2
3
4
5
6
8 -
9
10
49 X .0369
49 X. 0327
49 X .0292
49 X .026
49 X .023
49 X .0184
49 X .0163
49 X .0145
4-64
4-64
4-64
4-64
4-64
3-64
3-64
3-64
1.174 X .700
1.081 X .650
1.000 X .608
.930 X .565
.920 X. 545
.880 X .515
.696 X .420
.659 X .400
748
597
468
408
344
232
204
177
290
291
292
292A
293
294
294A
295
1342
1343
1344
1344A
1346
1348
1348 A
1350
1002
1002
335
335
335
1004
1004
1004
Specifications. Mining machine cables consist of two flexible strands of tinned annealed
copper of highest conductivity, each of which is insulated with code thickness of vulcanized
rubber and protected with a braid of cotton saturated with weatherproof compound. The two
finished cables are then placed side by side and covered with two or three strong cotton braids,
thoroughly saturated in weatherproof compound. This construction will withstand the most
severe abrasions. While this cable is commonly used in sizes from 2 to 10 B. & S., we are prepared
to make other sizes to specifications. Hard spun cotton cord braids will be substituted for the
regular cotton braid at a slightly advanced price, when same is required for extra hard usage.
As its name indicates, this cable is especially suited for mining purposes or for
any other portable service where the cable will receive rough handling.
Regarding reels, see page 50.
Duplex Concentric Stranded Mining Machine Cables
140
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Rubber-
covered
Wires
Duplex Concentric Stranded Mining Machine Cables — Continued
For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts
and Cables
Size
B. &S.
Number of Wires
Thickness of Rubber
List
Number
Maximun Out-
Inner
Conductor
Outer
Conductor
Inner
Conductor
Outer
Conductor
side Diameter
over One Braid
Inch
4
6
8
49
49
49
37
37
37
4-64
4-64
3-64
4-64
4-64
3-64
1354
1356
1358
.825
.760
.642
Specifications^ Grade "^." The inner conductor is made up of tinned annealed copper wires,
stranded into a flexible cable and insulated with code thickness of high grade vulcanized rubber.
This is taped or braided as required. Over this tape or braid is stranded the outer conductor,
consisting of a number of tinned annealed copper wires, equal in area to the central conductor.
These wires are insulated with code thickness of high grade vulcanized rubber and protected
with braid or with tape and braid of strong cotton thoroughly saturated in weatherproof compound.
Hard spun cotton cord braids will be substituted for the regular cotton braid at a slightly-
advanced price, when same is required for extra hard usage.
Grade "/?." Made the same as Grade "A" without the outside belt of rubber.
This concentric mining cable is sometimes used as a substitute for the duplex
parallel mining cables. It is not so flexible as the duplex parallel and it offers
greater difficulties in making connections to the terminal lugs. On the other hand,
under certain conditions, the cylindrical form of conductor has advantages over the
duplex parallel oval form.
High Grade 30 Per Cent, and Special Rubber
Insulated Wires and Cables
For Station Wiring, Arc Light and Signal
Service, Street Railroad Feeders and High
Voltage Power Transmission Lines
Rubber-covered vv^ires and cables made to the
most exacting specifications; in any size or finish and
for all services and voltages. Insulated with rubber
compounds containing only the highest grades of Para
rubber and other necessary preservative ingredients.
The exact composition of the rubber compound used
and the thickness of the rubber insulation will in every
case be determined by the working voltage and by the
nature of the service. The conductors will be furnished
solid, stranded or extra flexible as ordered, annealed
and heavily tinned.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 141
We Manufacture Wires and Cables to the Following Specifications for 30 Per Rubber-
Cent. Rubber Insulating Compound which have been Accepted covered
by the Leading American Elngineers Wires
The compound shall contain not less than 30 per cent, by weight of fine dry Para
rubber which has not previously been used in rubber compounds. The composi-
tion of the remaining 70 per cent, shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
Chemical
The vulcanized rubber compound shall contain not more than 6 per cent, by
weight of Acetone Extract. For this determination, the Acetone extraction shall
be carried on for five hours in a Soxhlet extractor, as improved by Dr. C. O. Weber.
Mechanical
The rubber insulation shall be homogeneous in character, shall be placed con-
centrically about the conductor, and shall have a tensile strength of not less than
800 pounds per square inch.
From any wire on which the wall of insulation does not exceed ^ inch, a
sample of vulcanized rubber compound not less than 4 inches in length shall be cut
with a sharp knife held tangent to the copper. Marks should be placed on the sam-
ple 3 inches apart. The sample shall be stretched until the marks are 6 inches
apart and then immediately released ; one minute after such release, the marks shall
not be over 2}i inches apart. The sample shall then be stretched until the marks
are 9 inches apart before breaking.
In case the wall of insulation exceeds ^ inch, the return required shall be 2)^
inches instead of 2^ inches, and the stretch before breaking shall be 8 inches instead
of 9 inches.
For the purpose of these tests, care must be used in cutting to obtain a proper
sample, and the manufacturer shall not be responsible for results obtained from
samples imperfectly cut.
These tests are made at a temperature not less than 50 degrees F.
For high tension service, it is recommended that the above mechanical require-
ments of the rubber be eliminated.
Electrical
Each and every length of conductor shall comply with the requirements given
in the following table. The tests shall be made at the works of the manufacturer
when the conductor is covered with vulcanized rubber and before the application
of other covering than tape or braid.
Tests shall be made after at least twelve hours' submersion in water and while still
immersed. The voltage specified shall be applied for five minutes. The insulation
test shall follow the voltage test, shall be made with a battery of not less than 100
nor more than 500 volts, and the reading shall be taken after one minute's electrifi-
cation. Where tests for acceptance are made by the purchaser on his own premises,
such tests shall be made within ten days of receipt of wire or cable by purchaser.
Inspection
The purchaser may send to the works of the manufacturer, a representative
who shall be afforded all necessary facilities to make the above specified electrical
and mechanical tests, and also to assure himself that the 30 per cent, of the rubber
above specified is actually put into the compound, but he shall not be privileged to
inquire what ingredients are used to make up the remaining 70 per cent, of the
compound.
and Cables
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
142 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Specifications — Continued
Voltage Test for Five Minutes
For Thirty Minutes' Test, Take 80 Per Cent, of These Figures
Thickness of Insulation in Inches
Size
A
2
6
^4
3
7¥
7
^5
A
^
T.%
A
iftr
1000000)
to V
550000 S
6000
8000
12000
16000
19000
22000
500000)
to [
250000)
5000
7000
9000
13000
16000
19000
22000
'f[
4000
6000
8000
10000
13000
16000
19000
22000
H
3000
5000
7000
9000
11000
14000
16000
18000
20000
to y
14 f
3000
4500
6000
7500
9000
10000
11000
12000
Megohms per Mile — 60 Degrees F.
One Minute Electrification
Thickness of Insulation in
Inches
Size
^
A
A
A
^\
A
6
A
A
8
1000000 C. M.
900000 C. M.
800000 C. M.
300
820
880
340
360
380
420
440
460
490
510
540
560
590
610
680
660
690
700000 C. M.
600000 C. M.
500000 C. M.
360
850
880
410
400
480
460
490
530
570
570
610
660
650
690
750
780
770
830
400000 C. M.
300000 C. M.
250000 C. M.
400
450
490
450
530
560
510
580
630
630
700
750
720
810
870
820
910
980
910
1010
1090
4/0 Strand
3/0 Strand
2/0 Strand
450
500
560
530
590
650
610
670
740
680
740
820
820
890
980
940
1020
1130
1060
1150
1260
1170
1270
1880
1/0 Strand
1 Solid
2 Solid
e
)86
600
750
820
710
870
950
800
970
1070
890
1080
1170
1060
1270
1880
1210
1440
1560
1350
1600
1720
1470
1740
1870
8 Solid
4 Solid
5 Solid
750
820
910
900
980
loro
1040
1180
1230
1160
1260
1370
1380
1380
1500
1490
1610
1740
1680
1800
1940
1850
1980
2180
2000
2140
2290
6 Solid
8 Solid
9 Solid
950
1040
990
1170
1280
1160
1370
1490
1330
1560
1680
1480
1730
1850
1610
1870
3000
1860
2140
2380
3070
3360
2530
2260
2570
2730
2430
2750
2910
10 Solid
12 Solid
14 Solid
1130
1840
1550
1390
1620
1860
1610
1860
2120
1810
2080
2360
1990
2370
2560
2150
2440
2740
3440
2750
3060
2680
8000
3320
2890
3320
8550
8000
3420
8750
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 143
Signal Wires and Cables
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
Solid Conductor, Insulated and Braided
Duplex Signal Wires, Insulated and Braided
^^
Armored Torpedo Cable
Wires and cables under this head are made to meet, in every respect, the rigid
specifications of the Railway Signal Association. They are insulated with 30 per
cent. Para rubber or a higher grade, as may be required by the leading railroads of
the country. These signal wires and cables may consist of single rubber-covered
conductors or of any number of such conductors stranded into a cable. While the
construction used by one railroad may differ in some minor respects from that re-
quired by another company, in the main, the following extracts from the Railway
Signal Association specifications fairly represent standard practice :
Conductors are of soft drawn copper of 98 per cent, conductivity or higher,
thoroughly annealed and well tinned, in sizes generally from No. 6 to No. 18 B. & S.
inclusive, though other sizes are made to order.
AMERICAN
STEEL
WIRE
COMPANY
Rubber- Specifications for Signal Wires and Cables— Continued
^. Rubber Insulation to consist of vulcanized rubber compound containing not
J ^ , . less than 30 per cent, of fine dry Para rubber carefully selected and prepared. The
conductors are insulated to the required thickness, depending on whether for aerial
or underground use, as per the following tables:
Wires for Aerial Cables
Wires for Underground Cables
Size
B. & S.
Diameter
Mils
Thickness of
Insulation, Inches
Size
B. &S.
Area
Cir. Mils
Thickness of
Insulation, Inches
6
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
162
129
114
102
80.8
64.1
50.8
40.3
5-64
5-64
5-64
1-16
1-16
1-16
3-64
3-64
6
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
26,250
16,509
13,090
10,380
6,580
4,107
2,583
1,624
3-32
3-32
5-64
5-64
5-64
5-64
1-16
1-16
Taping and Braiding
(a) The rubber insulation is protected with a layer of cotton tape thoroughly
filled with a rubber insulating compound, lapped one-half its width and so worked
on as to insure a smooth surface.
(b) The outer braid consists of one layer of closely woven cotton braiding at
least one thirty-second ( 1-32) of an inch thick, saturated with a black insulating
weatherproof compound which shall have no injurious effect upon the braid at a
temperature of 300 degrees Fahrenheit.
Electrical Tests of Rubber Insulation
The circular mils cross-section, the thickness of the rubber insulation (measured
at the thinnest point) , the minimum insulation resistance in megohms per mile and
the dielectric strength for the various sizes of wire conform to the following table :
Size B & S
Thickness of Insula-
Insulation Resistance
Test Voltage Alter-
tion, Inches
Megohms per mile
nating Current
6
26,250
3-32
1800
9,000
8
16,509
3-32
1600
9,000
9
13,090
5-64
1500
7,000
10
10,380
5-64
1600
7.000
12
6,530
5-64
1900
7,000
14
4,107
5-64
2100
7,000
16
2,583
1-16
4,000
18
1,624
1-16
4,000
Specifications for Multiple Conductor Aerial Signal Cables, Braided
Conductors furnished in cables must conform to the above table, without tape or
braided covering, except tracing wire, which may be taped or braided. The core of
the cable must be made up cylindrical in form, with one wire in each layer taped or
braided for tracer. Each layer of core must have a spiral lay, each consecutive
layer being spiraled in reverse direction from the preceding one. All interstices
between conductors in each layer to be filled with jute, each layer of cable to be
wrapped with one layer of over-lapping tape. Tape must be of closely woven
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 145
cotton, saturated with a permanent moisture-repelling compound which shall not Rubber-
act injuriously on the insulating compound, cotton tape or braid. Over the taped covered
core shall be wrapped a bedding of jute not less than 1-16 inch thick, saturated with Wires
tar, one layer of over-lapping tape laid on in reverse order to winding of jute, and a and Cables
closely woven braid saturated with a permanent weatherproofing compound which
is not soluble in water. Cables of more than three and less than seven conductors
must be made up with a jute or sisal center.
Underground Multiple Conductor Signal Cables, Braided
Conductors furnished in cables must conform to the table, page 145, each conductor
to be taped or braided, tracing wire to be marked in such a manner as to be readily
identified. The core of cable must be made up cylindrical in form, with one wire
in each layer marked for tracer ; each layer of core must have a spiral lay, each
consecutive layer being spiraled in reverse direction from the preceding one.
Cables of more than three and less than seven conductors must be made up with a
jute or sisal center, each layer of cable to be wrapped with one layer of over-lapping
tape. Tape must be of closely woven cotton, saturated with a permanent moisture-
repelling compound and which shall not act injuriously on the insulation compound,
cotton, tape or braid.
The taped core shall be covered with a closely woven braid saturated with a
permanent weatherproofing compound which is not soluble in water.
Lead Encased Signal Cables for Aerial Use
Cables to be constructed under specifications for aerial cables, except that the
outside wraps of jute and braid are omitted and the cable protected by a lead sheath
of not less than the thickness indicated below:
Diameter of Taped Cable
Thickness of Lead, Inches
1-16
Larger than §1 inch and not exceeding 1 1\ inches
Large, than Iji^ft inches and not exceeding 3 inches
&-64
3-32
1-8
Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables
We are prepared to manufacture automobile wires and cables for both primary
and secondary circuits to customers' specifications or samples. These wires are
made by the most approved methods and of carefully selected insulating materials.
They are designed not only to withstand the severe electrical stresses met with in
automobile service, but also the unusual physical conditions that are encountered,
such as heat, oil, etc. All of the materials entering into these wires, as well as the
finished wires themselves, are carefully tested in our laboratories so that we can
guarantee for our automobile wires and cables long life and efficient service.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Rubber-
covered
Wires
and Cables
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Lead Encased Wires
and Cables
Multiple Conductor Cables 148
Lead Sheaths 148-158
Rubber Insulated Lead Elncased Cables . . 150
Paper Insulated Lead Ejicased Cables . . . 155
Specifications for Paper Lead Cables . . 157
Varnished Cambric Cables 163
Submarine Cables 164
Installation of Underground Cables . . . 166
148
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
Electric Light and Power Cables, Lead Encased or Armored
We are extensive makers of lead encased or armored electric light and power
cables of all types, aerial, underground and submarine. We are thoroughly
equipped to make these to the most rigid specifications, in any quantity, size or
length, for any voltage, and finished for any service, single or multiple conductor
or concentric laid. Only the very best of materials, selected and prepared with
the greatest of care and skill, enter into the construction of these cables. When
left to us, we use that particular thickness and arrangement of insulating material,
and apply it in such manner as our extensive experience has shown to be best for
the purpose for which the cable is to be used.
We also contract for the complete installation of underground or submarine
cables, or superintend installations as may be required, having a large and well
equipped department for this class of work, as fully described on page 166.
Multiple Conductor Cables
In the construction of multiple conductor cables, insulated with rubber, paper
or varnished cambric, lateral fillers of jute are generally used to make the conduc-
tor solid and cylindrical in form, and to avoid open spaces between insulation and
sheath, through which static discharges could take place. The required thickness
of insulation can be placed about each separate conductor before it is laid up into
the core, or, as is more general, especially with paper and varnished cambric, a
portion of the required amount of insulation can be placed in the form of a belt
about the assembled conductors. This latter method makes a more even distribu-
tion of the insulating material.
When a three-conductor cable is used in a star-connected A. C. circuit with
grounded neutral, the thickness of insulation between conductors and ground need
be but 0.6 of that between conductors. Separately insulated pressure wires can be
incorporated in the core of any form of multiple or single conductor or concentric
cable, as may be required. These are used mostly in low tension distributing
systems to enable the station attendant to readily determine the voltage at outlying
points of the system.
Lead Sheaths
1
s
1
■ •..
p^g"-^^.-^^p.]
- - s^
1
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
149
In general, cables are sheathed with lead for the pvirpose of excluding moisture Lead En-
and for protection of the insulation against mechanical injury and other destructive cased Wires
agencies. The purest lead possible to obtain is used for sheathing. It is some- and Cables
times required to harden and strengthen the lead sheath by the addition of one,
two or three per cent, of tin. It is a question among engineers as to whether much
is gained by the addition of tin to the lead. The two metals do not alloy uniformly
and in consequence when much tin is used, hard or brittle sections may develop,
due to the segregation of one of the metals. The following thicknesses of lead are
generally used on our rubber and varnished cambric cables, unless otherwise speci-
fied. For paper cables, the sheath should be from one to two sixty-fourths thicker,
as specified on page 158.
Outside Diameter of Core
(or Inside Diameter of
Lead Pipe), Inches
Thickness of
Lead Sheath
Inches
Outside Diameter of Core
(or Inside Diameter of
Lead Pipe), Inches
Thickness of
Lead Sheath
Inches
Up to K
K to H
ystoiH
3\
VA to If^
1^ and larger
% to 8\
This company will not be responsible for the failure of any cable which may
be due to openings in the lead sheath caused by electrolysis or other means beyond
its control.
Elxtra Galvanized Steel Armor Wire for Cables
Armor wire is used as a mechanical protection either to the sheath, or as in ca^e
of rubber or varnished cambric cables, it is sometimes used to protect the insulation
without the sheath. In places where severe vibration would crystallize and break
the sheathing, it is customary to use armor wire as a substitute for the sheathing.
Heavily galvanized and pliable medium strength steel is used for armor wire.
The particular size of wire and the number of wires best to use, the length and
angle of lay, will in every case depend upon conditions of service and installation,
matters that are determined by experience. See page 81.
One, two or three layers of jute heavily saturated in petroleum compounds are
usually placed over the sheathing or the armor to lessen electrolytic action of stray
earth currents and to prevent corrosion from acids.
Inquiries
We make such a great variety of electric light and power cables, they are
made in so many different sizes and with so many different thicknesses of insula-
tion, and finished in so many different ways that it would be impracticable to
attempt to tabulate them all. Hence only a few of the more common sizes will be
listed. This class of our product is making an enviable record, and is well and
favorably known in all parts of the country.
We solicit inquiries containing full information.
In making inquiries for special cables please state:
(a) Quantity and size of conductor, and construction of the conductor, solid
or stranded.
{b) If it is to be a multiple conductor cable, gfive the number and arrangement
of conductors desired.
150 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Lead En- ( c) Kind of insulation, whether rubber, paper, or varnished cambric.
casedWires («^) Thickness of insulation about each conductor, and of supplementary
andGibles insulation.
(e) Finish of cable, whether braided, plain lead sheath, lead and jute, armor,
armor and jute, etc.
(/■) Kind of current to be transmitted, whether D. C. or A. C, and amount
of current.
(^) The normal working voltage of the circuit, and if three-conductor A. C,
whether connected in Y or a. Also full requirements regarding the test pressure.
(/i) Purpose for which the cable is intended, whether aerial, underground,
submarine, station wiring, arc light, etc.
( /) Number and location of pressure wires, if any.
Rubber Insulated, Lead-covered Cables
We make a specialty of heavy rubber cables, lead sheathed, armored, or lead-
encased and armored, for all services and voltages, and finished in any style. These
are made to meet the most exacting requirements, such as those specified for govern-
ment and for railway signal service, underground, submarine, or aerial. While
taped and braided rubber wires and cables are used for inside and submarine
service with entire satisfaction without any lead sheathing, experience has demon-
strated the advisability of enclosing the cable in a sheath whenever it is to be used
in conduits for underground work, or where it would be exposed to acids, gases,
extreme temperature changes, or other destructive agencies.
The composition and properties of our rubber insulations have already been
described on pages 116 to 122. Great care is taken in the preparation of our
rubber compounds, and in the selection of the rubber and the necessary
mineral ingredients. The rubber compound is applied to the conductor in layers
under great pressure, thus insuring the centralization of the conductor, and also
preventing the formation of air holes in the body of the dielectric. Any number
of conductors thus insulated can be stranded into a core or cable, the interstices
between the conductors usually being rounded out with jute fillers. In this condi-
tion, the cable is ready for the application of the tape and lead sheath, or as some-
times required, a supplementary belt of rubber insulation, and then the tape and
sheath or other protection as shown below.
All copper conductors are annealed thoroughly and heavily and evenly tinned,
and have a guaranteed conductivity of 98 per cent, or better.
Rubber insulated cables may be finished in any one of the following ways, as
may be specified :
Taped and leaded.
Taped, leaded and braided, weatherproof, soapstone or flame-
proof finish.
•r Taped, leaded and juted.
• Taped, leaded, juted and armored.
Taped, leaded, juted, armored and juted.
Taped, juted and armored.
Taped, juted, armored and juted.
A tracer thread is always laid underneath the tape.
Cables may be taped and braided instead of taped, and in each case one,
two or three reverse layers of jute can be used. Other combinations are sometimes
required which can be made as specified.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
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152 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
Crown Lead-covered Cables
Stranded Tinned Copper Conductor— Rubber Insulated— Taped and Lead Encased
Order by List Number
Prices quoted on
Application
size in
Number of
Wires in
Approx.
Diameter of
Thickness
Approx.
Thickness
List
Approx.
Diameter
Approx.
Weight per
Circular Mils
Stranded
Conductor
Stranded
Conductor
Inches
of Rubber
Inches
of Lead
Inches
Number
Over Lead
Inches
1000 Feet
Pounds
250,000
37
.575
3-32
3-32
801
63-64
2,236
800,000
37
.630
8-32
3-32
802
67-64
2,523
350,000
37
.681
3-32
3-32
803
70-64
2,773
400,000
37
.728
3-32
3-32
804
73-64
3,004
450,000
37
.772
3-32
3-32
805
76-64
3,212
500,000
61
.814
3-32
3-32
806
79-64
3,479
250,000
37
.575
5-32
3-32
1075
72-64
2,576
300,000
37
.630
5-32
3-32
1076
74-64
2,809
350,000
37
.681
5-32
a-32
1077
76-64
3,041
400,000
37
.728
5-32
3-32
1078
82-64
8.344
450,000
37
.772
5-S2
3-32
1079
84-64
3.568
500,000
61
.814
5-32
3-82
1080
86-64
3,819
500.000
61
.814
5 32
4-32
1081
91-64
4.483
600,000
61
.892
5-32
4-32
1083
96-64
4,983
750,000
61
.998
5-32
4-32
1085
102-64
5,696
1,000,000
61
1.152
5-32
4-32
1087
112-64
6,891
1,250,000
91
1.289
5-32
4-32
1089
120-64
7,940
1,500,000
91
1.413
5-32
4-82
1091
128-64
9,005
2,000,000
127
1.631
5-32
4-32
1093
142-64
11,091
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
153
Crown Lead Encased Cables
Order by List Number Prices Quoted on Application
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
Number
Approx.
Thickness
Approx.
Approx.
Approx.
Weight
1000 Feet
Approx.
Wires in
Stranded
of Rubber
Thickness
Diameter
List
Length on
MUs
Stranded
Conductor
Inches
of Lead
Over Lead
Number
a Reel
Conductor
Inches
Inches
Inches
Pounds
Feet
250,000
37
.575
4-32
3-32
66-64
1050
2379
1000
300.000
37
.630
4-32
3-32
70-ft4
1051
2711
1000
850.000
37
.681
4-32
3-32
74-«4
1052
2980
1000
400.000
37
.728
4-32
3-32
78-64
1053
3190
1000
450,000
37
.772
4-32
3-32
80-64
1054
3357
1000
500,000
6t
.814
4-32
8-32
83-64
1055
3668
1000
500 000
61
.814
4-32
4-82
87-64
1056
4317
1000
600.000
61
.892
4-32
3-32
87-64
1057
4078
1000
600.000
61
.892
4-32
4-32
91-64
1058
4755
1000
750.000
61
.998
4-82
8-82
94-64
1059
4745
1000
750,000
61
.998
4-32
4-82
98-64
1060
5470
1000
1.000.000
61
1.152
4-82
3-32
104-64
1061
5938
750
1.000.000
61
1.152
4-82
4-32
108-64
1062
6719
750
1.250.000
91
1.289
4-32
8-32
113-64
1063
6904
750
1,250.000
91
1.289
4-32
4-82
117-64
1064
7780
750
1,500,000
91
1.413
4-32
8-32
120-64
1065
8010
500
1.500,000
91
1.418
4-32
4-32
124-64
1066
8945
500
2.000,000
127
1.631
4-32
3-32
185-64
1067
9890
500
2,000,000
127
1.631
4-32
4-32
139-64
1068
10932
500
We are prepared to manufacture wires and cables of any style or to any
specification.
Four-conductor, Stranded, Rubber, Tape, Jute and Lead
AMERICAN
STEEL
WIRE
C O M P A N Y
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
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ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 155
Paper Insulated Lead Sheathed Cables
For many years past we have manufactured large quantities of paper cables,
single and multiple conductor. Our factory equipment is unexcelled for making
this class of material to the most exacting specifications.
In the construction of paper cables, for electric light and power purposes,
narrow and very thin strips of pure Manila paper are wound spirally about the
conductor in sufficient number of layers for the required dielectric strength. The
material which we use is the very best grade of Manila rope paper, uniform in
texture, containing no particles of mineral substances, wood pulp or low grade
materials, no pin holes and no trace of alkalies or residual chemicals. The selec-
tion of a high grade paper is most essential for permanence and for good dielectric
properties.
After the paper covering has been applied to the single conductor, or to the
core of conductors in the form of a belt, every trace of air and moisture is removed
from the cable by special processes, and while in this condition the core is thor-
oughly saturated and all interstices completely filled with hot insulating compounds.
The cable is then put through a hydraulic press and covered with a closely fitting
lead sheathing so as to exclude all air and moisture and to retain the insulating
compound. A tracer thread is placed lengthwise of all cables underneath the
sheath.
The dielectric value of paper not only depends upon the quality of the paper
and the manner of applying it to the conductor, but to a g^reat extent upon the com-
position of the insulating compound. Increasing the fluidity of the compound
within certain limits will improve the puncture test and increase the flexibility of
the cable, but will reduce the megohm test, and \nce versa. A dense thick com-
pound will result in a very stiff cable, but one having a higher insulation resistance.
The insulation of such a cable would be very liable to crack or break if bent at a
low temperature, and this would lead to bum-outs.
Paper cables are generally cheaper and have a lower electro-static capacity
than rubber or varnished cambric cables. The insulation is strong and uniform in
quality, and except when frozen solid, is quite flexible. Paper cables can be worked
safely at a higher temperature than can other kinds, and experience has demon-
strated that their useful life is practically determined by the integrity of the sheath-
ing. For this reason the thickness of the lead sheath should in general be greater
than for corresponding sizes of rubber or cambric cables, by one or two sixty-fourths
of an inch. See page 149. Paper is less liable than rubber to deterioration from
excessive electro-static strains. In short, the paper insulated cable when properly
constructed and sheathed can be recommended as one of the best for most
conditions.
156
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Lead En
cased Wf
and Cabl
(Actual Size)
Three-conductor Paper Insulated Lead Encased Cable
4/0 three-conductor, 37 wires each; diameter of each copper conductor, .53
inch ; thickness of paper over each conductor, ^\ inch ; thickness of supplementary
paper, -^ inch; thickness of lead, yi inch; diameter over lead, 2.281 inches.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
157
General Cable Specifications for Paper Insulated Lead-covered Cables for
Electric Light, Railway and Power Service
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
Rating of Cable
The rating of a cable shall be understood to be the highest E. W. P. (equiva-
lent working pressure) in volts corresponding to any of the specified conditions
of service or test. Such rating shall be determined from the following Rating
Table, all unlisted intermediates taking the next higher listed figure.
Working
Pressure
in Volts
Test at Factory in
Volts
Test After Installation by Manufacturer
in Volts
5 Minutes
30 Minutes
60 Minutes
5 Minutes
30 Minutes
60 Minutes
500
1000
1500
1250
2500
3750
1000
2000
3000
1000
1600
2400
1000
2000
3000
1000
1600
2400
1000
1300
1950
2000
2500
3000
5000
6250
7500
4000
5000
6000
3200
4000
4800
4000
5000
6000
3200
4000
4800
2600
3250
3900
4000
5000
6000
10000
12500
15000
8000
10000
12000
6400
8000
9600
8000
10000
12000
6400
8000
9600
5200
6500
7800
7000
8000
9000
17500
20000
22500
14000
16000
18000
11200
12800
14400
14000
16000
18000
11200
12800
14400
9100
10400
11700
10000
11000
12000
25000
27500
30000
20000
22000
24000
16000
17600
19200
20000
22000
24000
16000
17600
19200
18000
14300
15600
13000
14000
15000
32500
35000
37500
26000
28000
30000
20800
22400
24000
26000
28000
30000
20800
22400
2*000
16900
1830O
19500
16000
17000
18000
40000
42500
45000
32000
31000
36000
25600
27200
28800
32000
34000
36000
25600
27200
28800
20800
22100
23400
19000
20000
21000
47500
50000
52500
38000
40000
42000
30400
32000
33600
38000
40000
42000
30400
32000
33600
24700
26000
27300
22U00
23000
24000
55000
57500
60000
44000
46000
48000
35200
36800
38400
44000
46000
48000
35200
36800
38400
28600
29900
31200
25000
26000
27000
62500
65000
67500
50000
52000
54000
40000
41600
43200
50000
52000
54000
40000
41600
43200
38500
33800
35100
28000
29000
30000
70000
72500
75000
56000
58000
60000
44800
46400
48000
56000
58000
60000
44800
46400
48000
36400
37700
39000
Factors
2.5
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.3
For street railway service (nominal 500-volt D. C. ), the E. W. P. shall be 2500
volts for all cables to be operated with a maximum regular working voltage not
exceeding seven hundred and fifty (750) volts D. C. and a maximum momentary
pressure (thirty (30) seconds or less) not exceeding fifteen hundred (1500) volts D. C.
158
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Lead Eln-
cased Wires
and Cables
Conductors
Each conductor shall consist of soft drawn copper wires having at least ninety-
eight (98) per cent, conductivity based upon Matthiessen's standard (as printed in
the supplement to the "Transactions" A. I. E. E., October, 1903), concentrically
stranded together and having an aggregate cross-sectional area when measured at
right angle to the axes of the individual wires at least equal to that corresponding
to the specified size.
Insulation
The insulation shall consist of paper applied helically and evenly to the
conductor, and shall be capable of withstanding the test and service conditions
corresponding to the highest E. W. P. as determined from the Rating Table set
forth on page 157. In the case of cables consisting of more than one (1) conductor
(except concentric cables and figure eight (8) or flat form of duplex cables) the
separately insulated conductors shall be twisted together with a suitable lay, and
the interstices rounded out with jute before the belt insulation is applied. The
minimum insulation thickness or thicknesses shall in no case be less than ninety (90)
per cent, of the agreed average thickness or thicknesses. All of the insulation shall
be thoroughly saturated with an insulating compound.
Sheath
The sheath shall have an average thickness of approximately that indicated in
the tabulation next following, and the minimum thickness shall in no place be less
than ninety (90) per cent, of the required average thickness.
Diameter of Core in Mils
Corresponding Thickness
of Sheath in Inches
Diameter of Core in Mils
Corresponding Thickness
of Sheath in Inches
0- 299
800- 699
700-1249
5-«4
3-32
7-64
1250-1999
2000-2699
2700- over
1-8
9-64
5-32
The sheath shall consist of commercially pure lead for all cables having a core
diameter (i. e., internal diameter of the sheath) less than two inches (2000 mils) ; for
cables having a core diameter equal to two (2) inches or more, the sheath shall
consist of an alloy of lead and tin containing not less than ninety-eight (98) per cent,
of commercially pure lead and not less than one (1) per cent, of commercially pure tin.
Factory Tests
The manufacturer shall, when so stipulated in the order, notify the company in
writing when the cables are ready for test, so that proper tests may be made at the
works of the manufacturer by the duly accredited representative of the company.
Free access to the testing department shall be given to said representative at all
times while cables are being tested hereunder, and the requisite facilities and
apparatus for the tests described in these specifications shall be supplied by the
manufacturer without extra charge. In case the representative appointed by the
company to make factory tests is not wholly and permanently in the employ of the
company, said appointment shall be subject to the approval of the manufacturer.
Dielectric Strength: Each length of cable shall withstand a test at factory
of a voltage corresponding to the rating (highest E. W. P.) of the cable as detemined
from the Rating Table set forth on page 157. Unless otherwise specified by the
company at or prior to time of test, the latter shall be the listed five (5) minute
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
159
factory test set forth in said Rating Table. The conditions and conduct of test
shall conform to the recommendations of sections 227 to 259, both inclusive, of
the Standardization Rules of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, as
adopted June 21, 1907.
Insulation Resistance: The insulation resistance shall be determined on each
length of cable and shall not be less than fifty (50) megohms per mile when measured
at, or corrected to, 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This test shall be made subsequent to
the test for dielectric strength, at the end of one minute electrification.
Testing Apparatus and Methods: Any disagreement as to the accuracy of
testing apparatus or methods not specifically covered by this specification, shall be
referred to the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
Paper-insulated and Lead-covered Cables
Number and
Thickness of
Approx.
Thickness
Approx.
Size
Diam. of Wires
Paper Insulation
Outside
of Lead
List
Weight per
B. & S.
in Strand
Inches
Inches
Diameter
Inches
Inches
Number
1000 Feet
Pounds
0000
37 X .0756
3-32
.937
7-64
1800
2161
000
37 X .0673
3-32
.879
7-64
1801
1919
00
37 X .0599
3-32
.796
3-32
1802
1518
0
19 X .0746
3-32
.7.50
3-32
1803
1357
1
19 X .0663
3-32
.708
3-32
1804
1221
2
19 X .0592
3-32
.641
5-64
1805
947
3
19 X .0526
3-32
.608
5-64
1806
858
4
7 X .0772
3-32
.577
5-64
1807
783
5
7 X. 0687
3-32
.551
5-64
1808
722
6
7 X .0612
3-32
.498
1-16
1809
547
8
7 X. 0485
3-32
.460
1-16
1810
472
4
Solid
3-32
.550
5-64
1811
742
5
Solid
3-32
.527
5-64
1812
685
6
Solid
3-32
.476
1-16
1813
518
8
Solid
3-32
.443
1-16
1814
451
0000
37 X. 0756
4-32
1.081
1-8
1820
2553
000
37 X. 0673
4-32
.941
7-64
1821
2061
00
37 X. 0599
4-32
.890
7-64
1822
1851
0
19 X .0746
4-32
.812
3-32
1823
1678
1
19 X .0663
4-32
.771
3-32
1824
1342
2
19 X .0592
4-32
.733
3-32
1825
1222
3
19 X .0526
4-32
.702
3-32
1826
1123
4
7 X. 0772
4-32
.639
5-64
1827
882
.5
7 X. 0637
4-32
.614
5-64
1528
819
6
7 X .0612
4-32
.591
5-64
1829
769
8
7 X. 0486
4-82
.558
5-64
1830
681
4
Solid
4-32
.612
5-64
1831
839
5
Solid
4-32
.590
5-64
1832
781
6
Solid
4-32
.570
5-64
1833
733
8
Solid
4-32
.536
5-64
1834
656
Shipped on reels containing approximately 1000-foot lengths.
160
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
Paper Insulated and Lead Encased Cables
Order by List Number Prices Quoted on Application
Number and
Thickness
Approximate
Approximate
Size
Diam. of
of Paper
Outside
Thickness
List
Weight
B. & S.
Wires in
Insulation
Diameter
of Lead
Number
per
Strand
Inches
Inches
Inches
1000 Feet
Inches
Pounds
0000
37 X .0756
5-32
1.093
1-8
1840
2,717
000
37 X .0673
5-32
1.035
1-8
1841
3,454
00
37 X .0599
5-32
.952
7-64
1842
1,995
0
19 X .0746
5-32
.906
7-64
1843
1,819
1
19 X .0663
5-32
.864
7-64
1844
1,668
3
19 X .0592
5-33
.798
3-33
1845
1,344
3
19 X .0526
5-32
.765
3 33
1846
1,242
4
7 X .0772
5-32
.733
3-33
1847
1.159
5
7x .0687
5-32
.708
3-83
1848
1,090
6
7 X .0612
5-33
.654
5-64
1849
869
8
7x .0485
5-82
.616
5-64
1850
780
4
Solid
5-32
.706
3-32
1851
1,108
5
Solid
5-82
.652
5 64
1852
882
6
Solid
5-32
.632
5-64
1853
831
8
Solid
5-32
.599
5-64
1854
754
0000
87 X .0756
6-82
1.156
1-8
1860
2,882
000
37 X .0673
6-32
1.098
1-8
1861
3,619
00
37 X .0599
6-32
1.046
1-8
1862
3,390
0
19 X .0746
6-32
.968
7-64
1863
1,980
1
19 X .0663
6-82
.927
7-64
1864
1.808
2
19 X .0592
6-32
.891
7-64
1865
1,677
3
19 X .0526
6-82
.858
7-64
1866
1,566
4
7 X .0772
6-32
.796
3-32
1867
1,279
5
7x .0687
6-32
.770
3-33
1868
1,308
6
7x .0612
6-32
.748
3-33
1869
1,148
8
7x .0485
6-32
.710
3-32
1870
1.047
4
Solid
6-32
.768
3-32
1871
1,226
5
Solid
6-32
.746
3-32
1873
1,160
6
Solid
6-32
.736
3-32
1873
1.104
8
Solid
6-82
.691
3-33
1874
1.017
Shipped on reels containing approximately 1000-foot lengths.
We are prepared to manufacture wires and cables of any style or to any
specification. See page 50 for prices of reels.
Duplex Lead Encased Paper Cable
p: Iv E C T R I C A r.
\V 1 K !•: s
A N D
C A H L E S
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ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 163
Varnished Cambric Cables
Lead En-
caised Wires
and Cables
•■W»pj»»puiWIW^i
A single-conductor varnished cambric cable is made by winding tapes of
thin varnished cotton or muslin cloth spirally about the conductor in a sufficient
number of smooth, tightly drawn layers to make the required thickness of dielectric.
The cotton fabric is saturated with several applications of special non-hardening
insulating varnish. The dielectric strength of this material is very high, as a single
thickness of cotton well treated with our special varnish will withstand a stress
of from eight to twelve thousand volts for five seconds, depending upon the number
of coats of varnish with which the cloth has been treated. The varnish prevents
the tape from unwrapping when the cable is cut, and permits the adjoining layers
of varnished cambric to slide upon each other, thus insuring a concentric condition
when the cable is bent. This compound of varnish prevents capillary absorption of
moisture between the layers of tape, seals any possible skips in films and precludes
air spaces.
In multiple-conductor cables, it is usual to place a portion of the required thick-
ness of insulation in the form of a belt about the core of conductors, as in the case
with paper cables. (See page 155.)
This class of cables is in general more flexible than paper cables, more imper-
vious to moisture, reasonable in cost, and can be used in dry places such as for
station wiring without lead sheathing. When no sheathing is required the cable is
protected by a cotton braid, or with an asbestos braid for fire protection. These
braids are saturated in weatherproof compounds or in slow-burning compounds,
as may be required.
We make these cables in any quantity, of any size or type and for any voltage
or service condition, to the most rigid specifications.
Inquiries containing full information as to working conditions are solicited and
prices will be quoted on application. •
164 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Lead En-
cased Wires
and Cables
Submarine Cables
Two-conductor Submarine Cable, Lead Encased, Jute Sewed and Armored
Multiple Conductor Rubber Insulated Signal Cable
We manufacture and install large quantities of submarine cables of every class,
for street railways, telegraph and telephone companies and electric light and power
plants. These are used for crossing rivers, bays, ponds or lakes. We are well
prepared for furnishing this class of material to the most exacting specifications.
Full information as to the purpose for which the cable is to be used, location, depth
of water and working conditions should accompany requests for prices. Inquiries
solicited.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
165
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Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Installation of Underground Cables
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In this article no attempt will be made to indicate all the details of cable laying,
but rather to outline very briefly the general method of installing underground
cables and to emphasize the importance of some parts of the work in connection
therewith. As stated elsewhere, this company will furnish, install and gtoarantee
its underground cables for almost any class of service. Rubber covered telephone
or telegraph cables, electric light and power cables, single or multiple conductors
insulated with rubber, paper or varnished cambric, made to carry current for any
service at any pressure within practical working limits.
We maintain a fully equipped cable department, supervised by experienced and
able engineers and manned by competent cable workmen, which has for many
years and with marked success attended to all matters pertaining to underground
and submarine cable installations. Through this department, we are at all times
prepared to install cables, to make estimates or to advise customers regarding
specifications, costs of installations and so on, or to furnish competent supervisors
for installations made by the customer himself.
Unloading Reels
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 167
Handling Lead Cables
Cables are shipped from the factory on well constructed wooden reels of suit-
able size to accommodate one or more lengths of cable. As explained on page 50,
credit will be allowed for empty reels when they are returned to our factory in
good condition.
When coiling a cable on a reel, the first end, usually termed the test end, is put
through a slanting smooth hole in the side of the reel, so as to have both ends of the
cable accessible for testing before shipment. After testing, both ends are capped
or sealed, thus protecting the cable insulation from moisture. Each reel is given
the most rigid inspection before leaving the factory, and the test end protruding
through the side of the reel from 12 to 18 inches is boxed over. The reel itself is
lagged from flange to flange with heavy wooden slats nailed to the flanges and
finally secured with heavy wires encircling the slats so as to thoroughly protect the
cable from injury in transit or while standing on the street.
Transporting such reels of cable from the railroad to the manhole is intrusted
only to experienced truckmen, and if a low wagon is not available and a high wagon
must be used, the reels of cable are carefully lowered from the wagon by means of
a windlass and skids and are not allowed to drop to the ground. To avoid the
loosening of the cable, the reels are rolled in the direction pointed by the arrow
painted on the side of the reel.
The reel of cable is then placed at the manhole over the duct into which the
cable is to be drawn, in such a way that the cable will unwind from the top of the
reel. It is next mounted on screw jacks and not until then are the slats removed,
care being taken that no nails come into contact with the cable or are left in the
flanges to do damage.
The utmost care is always taken not to bend the cable sharply, not to break
through, cut, abrade, kink or dent the lead sheath, and above all not to allow the
'slightest trace of moisture to enter the ends of the cable after the seals have been
broken. A failure to observe these points may lead to the ruination of the cable.
The useful life of an underground cable is determined by that of the insulation,
which in turn usually depends upon the integrity of the lead sheath.
The Conduit System
When cables were first put under ground a trench was dug to a safe distance
below the street surface, into which the cable was laid. It was then covered with
sand and the trench filled in. Later, this method was improved by first placing in
these trenches long rectangular boxes or troughs made of yellow pine thoroughly
creosoted with dead oil or tar. The cable was laid into this box and was entirely
surrounded with hot pitch or other bituminous compound. A wood cover was then
placed on the trough, after which the trench would be filled in. Such solid systems
are still extensively used in foreign countries and to some extent here in private
rights of way, and are considered quite safe under certain conditions. However,
in this case, when a cable becomes defective, the whole trench has to be dug up in
order to replace or repair such defects.
This led to the adoption of what is known as the flexible duct or drawing-iii
system, which is built under the pavement of streets in thickly settled portions
of a city, in a manner that will permit of drawing in the wires and cables at any
time after the completion of the subway. This system also allows extensions or
rearrangements of cables as may be deemed advisable from time to time. At the
168
A M E R I C'A N
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
present time there is a large number of different kinds of conduits. They are
made of Bituminized Fibre, Iron and Cement, Terra-Cotta, and so on, each type
of which has some redeeming quality of its own.
Any type of conduit for lead encased cables should possess the following
qualities. It should afford a thorough mechanical protection to the enclosed cable,
securing it from accident during street excavations. It should be absolutely proof
against fire, acid, gas, water and electrolysis, thus protecting the cable, and main-
taining it for a long period of time. The conduit should also have sufficient
mechanical strength to resist the ordinary destructive influences to which street
structures are exposed. The bore of the ducts should be smooth, straight, and in
perfect alignment. The latter, however, does not always receive sufficient atten-
tion by contractors,
A few years ago a three-inch diameter duct was considered sufficiently large,
but for feeder cables called for to-day, which are often over three inches in
diameter, nothing less than a three and one-half-inch bore should be used, and if
very long sections of cables are to be installed, the bore should be even larger.
After a conduit contractor has finished building the underground duct system,
and before he leaves it, the system should not be accepted until after it has been
tested by drawing through each duct a test mandrel about twenty-four inches in
length and one-quarter of an inch less in diameter than the bore of the duct.
Manholes
Manholes are usually built at street intersections or turns in the conduit line
to afford a place for jointing the cables. The distance between these manholes
depends upon local conditions. It is safe to say that this limiting distance where
large cables are to be installed should be 500 feet, for in pulling larger lengths
the cable sheath is subjected to a severe strain, and this should be avoided. Man-
holes, especially for high tension cables, should, whenever possible, be built
spacious, be well drained, well ventilated, and they should be kept clean and
dry. Their design should be such as to afford the best opportunity for bending
the cable ends projecting from the ducts to a position on the wall where they are
to be racked and jointed. On the following two pages are shown in outline a typical
two-way and a four-way manhole as recommended by the Committee on Power
Distribution of the Railway Engineering Association. This construction should
be followed whenever possible.
Ample facilities should be provided in each manhole, either by shelves or
adjustable racks for supporting the cables in place. Many cables are ruined on
account of insufficient and inadequate fittings. Some attention should also be
given to locating the lower and the top ducts in a manhole, so as to enable the
cables to be drawn in without damaging them. The manhole cover should be over
the center of the manhole, making it easy to set a rigging when installing cables,
and making it more difficult for careless workmen to use the cables as steps in
entering or leaving the manhole, which practice will soon ruin any cable.
When possible, a good ground should be provided in each manhole for the pur-
pose of bonding cables, when it becomes necessary to do this in order to protect the
cables against stray currents which might destroy the lead sheath and finally the
insulation by electrolysis.
Choice of Ducts
Before drawing any cables into a new conduit system, it is often a question to
decide which of the ducts shall first be used. Workmen when about to install
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
169
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Installation
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Cables
170
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
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ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 171
I
Arrangement of Cables in Manhole Appliances Used in Connection with
Installation of Cables
Typical Manhole Racks for Cables
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Installation cables may have been told to use any one of the ducts, and naturally they draw
of Under- into those which are most convenient, without any consideration for other cables
ground that may be installed later. There are cases where the manhole is completely
Cables blocked by the first few cables installed. But there is another important reason
why the ducts to be used for power cables should be very carefully selected, as will
be seen from the following.
We are often requested by customers to stipulate the amperage and to guarantee
a cable for such current carrying capacity. It is not possible to foretell the exact
current carrying capacity of a cable without previously knowing all the controlling
factors which would influence the temperature rises in such a cable. Some of the
most important factors are the natural temperature of ducts and manholes, amount
of moisture present, condition and kind of soil surrounding the conduit, and
exact location of the cable in the duct with respect to other cables which have
previously been installed. All of these greatly influence both the radiation or dissi-
pation of heat generated in each conductor or cable, and the current carrying
capacity of the conductor.
Usually, the coolest and best heat radiating ducts are those located at the lower
corners of the system, next are those nearest to the outside of the system, and lastly
the middle and top ducts which not only take up heat from the lower cables, but
> must dissipate heat through adjoining ducts. Attention to these points when
planning a new system may prove very profitable in the end.
Regarding the selection of cables, it should be borne in mind that those
insulated with rubber compound dissipate heat more readily than those insulated
with paper or other fibrous material, other conditions being equal. On the other
hand it has been found that a cable insulated with an oil saturated paper will stand
its load for a longer period of time at a high temperature than one insulated with
rubber compound, without showing signs of deterioration, that is, if not too much
resinous material has been used in making up the paper insulation. High tension
cables insulated with varnished cambric should not be operated continuously at
higher temperatures than rubber insulated cables, preferably not above 145 degrees
Fahrenheit, whereas paper cables may be operated for short periods at about 160
degrees Fahrenheit. It should also be borne in mind that under similar conditions
a single conductor cable dissipates the heat faster than two or more conductors
enclosed in a single sheath.
To economize in space, as many as six cables are at times drawn into one duct.
This may be an advantage, but it also has its disadvantages, for the reason that if
one cable should burn out there is every possibility of burning up the remaining
cables, and all six would be out of commission and would have to be replaced.
But, nevertheless, the two wires of the same circuit should always be brought as
near together as possible, so as to reduce the passage of magnetic flux between
them, whether this flux proceed from themselves or from other wires.
It has been recommended by the committee of railway engineers on power
distribution that all cables passing through iron pipes be covered with a weather-
proof braid. As explained on page 20, no single conductor carrying an alternating
current should be placed in an iron duct. To minimize the loss due to self-induc-
tion, the two, three or four legs of a single-phase, three-phase or quarter-phase
alternating circuit should, whenever possible, be made up into one multiple-con-
ductor cable having a common lead sheath. Pressure wires may be included
whenever required.
ELECTRIC A h
WIRES
AND
CABLES
173
Drawing Cables into Ducts
After having decided upon the duct into which the cable is to be drawn, prep-
arations are made to wire the duct and to thoroughly clean and free it from any
obstructions which might injure the cable when being drawn in. To accomplish
this, a snake wire or a rodding stick, of which there are several types, one of
which is shown below, is worked through the duct. These rodding sticks are one
inch in diameter and from three to five feet in length and have on each end a
coupling for jointing the rods into one continuous length as they are pushed into
the duct.
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Rodding Sticks and Snake Wire
A workman pushes one of these rods into the duct, couples a second onto the
first rod and again pushes it ahead and so continues the operation until the first rod
put into the duct extends through to the next manhole. Then to the end of the last
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Installation rod a No. 10 or No. 12 B. W. gauge galvanized wire of sufficient length is attached
ot Under- and this is drawn through the duct with the rods. This operation is continued from
ground manhole to manhole until all the ducts have been wired.
Cables If the sections of ducts are of short lengths, rods may not be necessary, and
a snake wire alone may be used. This latter is also better adapted to wiring ducts
with curves, but it cannot be used in very long lengths, owing to the friction
encountered.
By means of the galvanized wire, a suitable rope to which is attached scrapers,
gauges and brushes or swabs, is next drawn through the duct, so as to make sure
that all is clear for the cable. These gauges should be about three-eighths of an inch
larger than the cables to be installed.
The sealed ends of the cable are examined to see that they are perfect, and then
a wire pulling grip of some form (see below) is drawn over the cable end.
To the end of this grip is next fastened the end of a steel or manila pulling
rope, which in the meantime has been drawn through the duct ready for pulling.
Proper cable protectors are placed
in the mouth of the duct. These
protectors are iisually made of
leather and are so placed in the
end of the duct that the cable will
not be damaged. The cable should
now reach from the top of the reel
to the mouth of the duct by a grace-
ful curve, without touching at any
intermediate point, as shown on
next page. The pulling can be done
by capstan, winch, motor truck,
horses or, if it is a small cable, by
hand. When guiding the cable
into the duct, a small amount of
common grease should be spread
on to the cable so as to allow it to
slide more easily and lessen the
strain on the cable. Enough ex-
tra cable should be drawn into the
manhole to provide for racking
around the manhole and making
the joints. At times a long length
of cable has to be drawn, and for
this reason a rigging as illustrated
is used. This has large sheaves
that will not damage the cable.
Many times cables are injured by
pulling them over sheaves which
are too small for the cable. During the installation no cable should be bent sharper
than a radius equal to ten diameters of the cable.
If it is not intended to join the cables as soon as they are drawn in, the caps or
seals should be examined to see that they are safe before leaving the work. The
cable should be protected at the edge of the duct and it should not be left hanging
loosely or lying on the bottom of the manhole, but should be placed on the racks
provided for it.
Appliances Used During Installation of
Underground Cables
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 175
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Unreeling Cable into Duct
Pulling in Cable with Capstan
..Il'»'^^
Copper Couplings
176 AMERICAN S T E E I> AND WIRE COMPANY
Installation ^^ ^^® cables have paper insulation, they should never be installed at a temper-
of Under- ature below 40 degrees Fahrenheit without tirst warming them up by charcoal fires
ground ^^ other means, so as to make them more flexible and avoid any possibility of crack-
Cables i"S the insulation. Also when cables are being racked around the manhole they
should be thoroughly warmed if the temperature is low.
Before jointing, cut the ends back far enough to be positive that there is no
moisture present. A test for moisture should be made if there is any reason to
suspect its presence.
The Jointing of Cables
It is generally admitted that the greater part of trouble which occurs on high
tension cables is due to poorly made joints, or to the presence of moisture or cracks
in the insulation near the joints. With good material and careful and competent
workmen, the insulation of the joint can be made as reliable and as durable as that
on any other part of the cable. The construction of a joint is therefore of prime
consideration, and unless the purchaser has at his command experienced and
thoroughly reliable cable workmen, he would do well to contract with the manufac-
turer, who has every facility for doing this class of work, for the complete installa-
tion of the cable.
In the making of a perfect joint,
(a) High grade insulating materials are carefully chosen to suit the special
conditions.
(d) The work is done by reliable and experienced cable men under the super-
vision of an expert who critically inspects all work.
(c) Every trace of moisture is excluded from the joint and adjacent parts of
the cable.
(d) The cable should never be bent to a radius of less than eight times its
diameter for rubber or cambric insulation, or ten diameters for paper insulation.
The latter as already explained should in extreme cold weather be warm before
being bent at all.
(e) The layers of insulating tape are drawn tight to exclude air and are
made to overlap each other.
(/) The lead sleeve is properly proportioned, well wiped on and entirely filled
with compound previously heated to the correct temperature. Two holes are
made in the top of the finished lead sleeve, one near each end as shown on next
page, to permit of filling with the compound. As the compound settles, the sleeves
have to be refilled from time to time until they are entirely full, then the holes
through the sleeve are sealed.
The length of a joint should be in proportion to the size of the conductor,
avoiding short joints where it is possible and the insulation on a joint should be at
* least 20 per cent, thicker than that on the cable itself. Before drawing the lead
sleeve over the newly made joint, the new insulation should be well dried out
to remove all trace of moisture taken up from the hands of the workmen or elsewhere.
The various steps in the making of a 3-conductor high tension cable joint are
fully illustrated on the next page. Sections of a straight-way joint, also of three
and four-way branch joints of suitable design, are shown on pages 177 and 178. The
Y-shape or parallel branch joint are more easily made, take up less space and are
stronger than the right angle joint.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 177
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Showing the Various Steps in the Making of a Three-conductor, Paper Insulated
Lead-covered Cable Joint
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
COMPANY
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Jointing Materials
One of the most important features to be considered in making a joint as
already mentioned, is in the choice of correct jointing materials. These should in
all cases be of the very best quality.
We keep on hand at all times a large supply of all high grade insulating
materials used in jointing the various styles of cables listed in this catalogue. Rub-
ber tapes of various kinds and sizes, pure rubber and rubber compounds. All sizes
of treated paper and varnished cambric tapes, high grade compounds which we
have developed during the past few years and which are giving perfect results.
We can furnish on short notice, lead sleeves of any style or dimensions, and all
special tools and appliances ordinarily used in cable installations, many of which
are illustrated herein.
Our copper jointing sleeves are made from pure copper. They are made in the
most suitable lengths for regular underground joints, tinned and well finished.
Each is provided with an opening along its entire length so as to permit of the
solder flowing freely throughout the joint when made, thus insuring a good soldered
union. Both ends of the sleeve are beveled off, and sharp edges which would have
a tendency to cause a puncture through the insulation after the joint has been
finished are removed.
Specials, such as Y or T sleeves, are made up on short notice when customers'
requirements are known.
Standard Dimensions of Copper Sleeves for Jointing Cables
Outside
Outside
Thickness
Length of
Weight per
List
Size of
Diameter of
Diameter of
of Copper
Inches
Sleeve
100 Sleeves
Number
Conductor
Conductor
Sleeve
Inches
Pounds
Inches
Inches
2000 S
2,000,000
1.6303
2.168
.268
6.00
280
1750 S
1,750,000
1.5246
2.027
.251
5.65
242
1500 S
1,500,000
1.4124
1.879
.283
5.30
200
1250 S
1,250,(100
1.2892
1.715
.212
4.90
150
1000 S
1,000,000
1.1520
1.532
.190
4.45
110
900 S
900,000
1.0935
1.454
.180
4.25
88
800S
800,000
1.0305
1.360
.170
4.05
76
750 S
750,000
.9981
1.327
.162
3.95
67
700 S
700,000
.9639
1.282
.159
3.80
62
600S
600,000
.8928
1.187
.147
3.60
52
500S
500,000
.8134
1.082
.134
8.35
45
400S
400,000
.7280
.968
.120
2.10
86
800S
300,000
.6321
.841
.104
2.75
23
250S
250,000
.5754
.766
.095
2.60
16
254 S
0000
.5276
.702
.087
2.45
14
258S
000
.4700
.625
.078
2.25
10
851 S
00
.4180
.556
.068
2.10
7
•250S
0
.8730
.496
.062
1.95
4
265S
1
.8315
.441
.055
1.80
256 S
2
.2919
.388
.048
1.70
257 S
8
.2601
.347
.048
1.60
258 S
4
.2316
.308
.038
1.50
259 S
5
.2061
.275
.034
1.40
260S
6
.1836
.244
.030
1.25
261 S
7
.1635
.218
.027
1.25
262 S
8
.1455
.194
.024
1.25
268S
9
.1305
.172
.022
1.25
264 S
10
.1155
.154
.020
1.25
RLKCTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES ITO
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Making Underground Cable Joints in Stormy Weather
Testing Instrument
End Bell for Three-conductor Cable
180 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
LEAD SLEEVE
COMPOUND
JOINT INSULATION
OPENING FOR COMPOUND
Straight-way Single Conductor Cable Joint
Single Conductor Y-shape Branch Joint
Single Conductor Right Angle Branch Joint
Two Parallel Conductor Branch Joint
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 181
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Two Right Angle Conductor Branch Joint
Straight-way Three-conductor Cable Joint
Three-conductor Right Angle Branch Joint
Insulated Single Conductor Cable Connection to a Bare Cable
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY
Installation
of Under-
ground
Cables
Apparatus for Making High Potential Tests
An Abridged Dictionary
of
Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases
In compiling this Dictionary we have quoted chiefly
from Houston's " Dictionary of Electrical Terms,
Words and Phrases," by courtesy of The McGraw-
Hill Book Company, of New York-
184
AMERICAN
S T E E L
WIRE
C O M P A N Y
Electrical Dictionary
a. A symbol for acceleration.
A.C. A contraction for alternating-current.
Absolute Temperature. That temperature which
is reckoned from the absolute zero, -273" C ,
or —459° F.
Acceleration. A change of motion. The time-
rate of change of velocity.
Accumulator. A word sometimes applied to a
current accumulator. A Leyden jar or con-
denser. A secondary or storage battery.
Acheson Effect. The change in the electromotive
force of the secondary of a transformer due to
changes of temperature in its core.
Aclinic Line. A line connecting places on the
earth's surface which have no magnetic inclina-
tion. The magnetic equator of the earth.
Acoutemeter, Electric. An apparatus for electri-
cally testing the delicacy of hearing.
Actino-electricity. Electricity produced in crys-
talline substances by the action of radiant
energy.
Active Component of Exciting Current. The active
current in an alternating current circuit as dis-
tinguished from the wattless current. In an
alternating-current circuit the component of
current which is in phase with the E.M.F. and
the effective and apparent conductance.
Active Current. A working component of a cur-
rent in an alternating-current circuit as dis-
tinguished from a wattless com.ponent of cur-
rent. The component of an alternating-cur-
rent that is in phase with the impressed electro-
motive force.
Active Loop. A single loop in a circuit that is
traversed by an electric current.
Activity. Power. Rate-of-doing work. The work
done per second, in uniform working.
Activity, Unit of. A rate of working that will per-
form one unit of work per second. In C.G.S.
units, the activity of one erg per second. This
unit is very small. The watt is taken as the
practical unit of power and is equal to ten mil-
lion ergs per second. Seven hundred and forty-
six watts equals one horse-power.
Acylic Machine. Sometimes called unipolar. A
continuous current generator in which the
voltage generated in the active conductors
maintains the same direction with respect to
those conductors.
Adapter. A screw-nozzle fitted to an incandescent
electric lamp and provided with a screw-thread
to enable it to be readily placed on a gas bracket,
or chandelier, in the place of an ordinary gas
burner. A device which permits incandescent
electric lamps of one manufacture to be readily
placed in the socket of a lamp of another
manufacture.
Adhesive Tape. A tape covered with insulating
material and possessing adhesive properties,
employed for covering bared conductors, at
joints, or other similar places.
Adjuster for Lamp Pendant. Any device for ad-
justing or altering the height or position of a
pendant lamp.
Admittance. The reciprocal of the impedance in
an alternating-current circuit. The apparent
conductance of an alternating-current circuit or
conductor.
Advanced Quadrature. In an alternating-current
circuit the condition of being 90° in phase ahead
of some particular E.M.F. , flux, or current.
Aerial Conductor. An overhead conductor.
Aero=ferric=circuit Transformer. An open-circuit
transformer.
Ageina: of Electric Incandescent Lamp. A grad-
ual decrease in the efficiency of an electric in-
candescent lamp due either to the age coating
of its chamber, or to the deterioration of its fila-
ment.
Ageing or Transformer Core. Increase in the hys-
teretic coefficient in the iron of a transformer
core during the first few months of its commer-
cial operation, from its continued magnetic re-
versals at comparatively high temperature.
Agone. A line connecting places on the earth's sur-
face where the magnetic needle points to the true
geographical north. The line of no declination.
Air=condenser. A condenser in which air is the
dielectric.
Air-core Transformer. A transformer which is
destitute of a core other than that of air.
Air=gap. In a magnetic circuit, any gap or open-
ing containing air only.
Air-path. The path a disruptive discharge takes
through the air.
Air-reluctance. The reluctance of that portion
of a magnetic circuit which consists of air.
Air-space. The space that exists between the
surface of an armature and the polar surface
within which it rotates. The space between
opposed surfaces of a comb lightning-arrester.
Alarm, Electric. Any automatic electric device
by which attention is called to the occurrence of
certain events, such as the opening of a window,
the stepping of a person on a mat, the rise or
fall of temperature beyond a certain predeter-
mined point, etc., by the closing or opening of
an electric circuit. A device for calling a person
to a telegraphic or telephonic instrurnent. _
Alive. A name sometimes given to a live wire or
circuit. An active wire or circuit.
Alternating. Periodically changing in direction.
Alternating Continuous-current Commutating
Machine. A secondary generator for trans-
forming from alternating to continuous cur-
rents by the aid of a commutator.
Alternating-current Dynamo-electric Machine.
A dynamo-electric machine producing alternat-
ing currents in its external circuit.
Alternating-current Phase-meter. An instru-
ment used to determine the phase difference
between two alternating currents.
Alternating-current Potentiometer. A potentio-
meter suitable for measuring the difference of
pressure in an alternating-current circuit.
Alternating-current Power. The product of the
effective alternating-current strength, the ef-
fective pressure under which that current is
suppHed, and the power factor. "With sinu-
soidal electromotive forces and cuirents, the
product of the effective current strength, the
effective pressure under which that current is
supplied, and the cosine of the phase-differ-
ence between the two.
Alternating-current Rotary Transformer. A
rotary transformer for transforming alternating
into continuous-currents, or vice- versa.
Alternating Currents. Currents which flow alter-
nately in opposite directions. Currents whose
directions are periodically reversed and which,
when plotted, consist of half-waves of equal
area in successively opposite directions from,
the zero fine. An alternating current equals the
electromotive force divided by the impedance,
A2 -^ v\2
\/~
Ki + (l.io 1 Y
This expression represents Ohm's law for alter-
nating currents. Itmay be solved by complex
quantities or vectorilly.
/. = \/ K'^ + X2, Impedance of circuit.
A' = Ohmic resistance of circuit.
X = Reactance of circuit in ohms.
L = Coefficient of self induction in henrvs.
ELECTRICAL
W I R i:
AND
CABLES
180
J = Capacity of the circuit in farads.
« =2 wy, angular velocity, where
/ =the number of cycles per second or fre-
quency.
For a circuit consisting of two parallel copper
wires each of a radius r, and having an inter-
axial distance '/ between them, the total
length of the entire circuit being / feet, the co-
efficient of self induction in henrys will be
30.S / (.5 + 4-6 Log — j,
L =
and fo/ iron wire when the current density is
low the self induction in henrys will be
/ {^75 + 4.6 Log'^ j
The radius r, and the distance ^, must be ex-
pressed in similar units of length. The drop in
voltage for an alternating-current circuit =
/ ^ /i^ -t .I''
(See Current, Electric.)
Alternation. A change in direction. A change or
reversal in the direction of an electromotive
force or current. A single vibration or oscilla-
tion as distinguished from a complete cycle or
double vibration.
Alternation, Periodicity of. The number of alter-
nations per second produced by a generator.
When any particular periodicity or frequency
is spoken of, as, for example, 250 alternations
per second, 125 complete periods or cycles per
second are meant.
Commercially the word alternations is used
for half-periods or double-frequencies. A dy-
namo with 250 alternations per second has 125
periods per second.
Alternator, or Alternatlng^Current Generator.
One which produces alternating currents, either
single-phase or polyphase.
Alternator, Compensated. An alternating-current
dynamo-electric machine for sustaining a uni-
form voltage at some point of its circuit under
varying loads, in which the field magnets are
excited partly by rectified or commuted cur-
rents taken from separate armature coils, and
partly by currents furnished by the commuted
current from a small transformer, whose pri-
mary coil is placed in the main circuit.
Alternator, Compound. An alternating current
dynamo-electric machine whose field magnets
are compound-wound.
The current from the machine is commonly
run through a series transformer whose sec-
ondary winding is connected with the field
magnets through a commutator.
/Alternator, Three-phase. An alternating-current
dynamo capable of producing three-phase cur-
rents. Usually these three separate currents
are 120° in phase with respect to each other,
their algebraic sum at any instance being zero.
Aluminum. A soft, ductile, weak, malleable
metal of white color approaching silver, but
with a bluish cast. Does not readily oxidize.
Melts at a low temperature. Cannot readily be
welded, or brazed or soldered. Very electro-
positive, and is eaten away in presence of salts
and other metals. Atomic weight 27.1. Specific
gravity 2.6 to 2.7. The lightest of all useful
metals next to magnesium. Exoands greatly
with increasing temnerature. For equal con-
ductivitv. aluminum has about twice the size,
but one-half the wei<jht of copoer. Tenacity
about one-third that of wrought-iron. (See
paqe 14.)
Amalgam. A combining of a metal with mercury.
Tin is very commoniy used for this purpose,
American Twist Joint. A joint between two con-
ducting wires in which each end is twisted
around the other.
American Wire Gauge. The name generally given
to the Brown and Sharpe wire gauge, in which
the largest wire, No. 0000, has a diameter of
.46", the wire No. 36 .005", and all other
diameters are in geometrical progression. (See
page 21.)
Ammeter. A form of galvanometer in which the
value of the current is measured directly in
amperes. (See Galvanometer.)
An ampere-meter or ammeter is ''. commercial
form of galvanometer in which the deflections
of a magnetic needle are calibrated or valued in
amperes. As a rule the coils of wire in an am-
meter are of lower resistance than in a volt-
meter. The magnetic needle is deflected from
its zero position by the field produced by the
current whose strength in amperes is to be
measured. This needle is held in the zero posi-
tion by the action of a magnetic field, either of
a permanent or an electromagnet, by the ac-
tion of a spring, or by a weight under the influ-
ence of gravity. There thus exist a variety of
ammeters, viz.: permanent-magnet ammeters,
electromagnetic ammeters, spring ammeters
and gravity ammeters.
Amperage. The number of amperes passing in a
circuit in a given time.
Ampere. The practical unit of electric current.
A rate of flow of electricity transmitting one
coulomb per second. The current of electricity
which would pass through a circuit whose re-
sistance is one ohm, under an electromotive
force of one volt. A current of such a strength
as will deposit i . 1 1 8 milligrammes of silver per
second from a specifically prepared solution of
silver nitrate. (See International Ampere.)
Ampere-hour. A unit of electrical quantity equal
to the quantity of electricity conveyed by one
ampere flowing for one hour. A quantity ojE
electricity equal to 3600 coulombs.
Ampere-hour Meter. An instrument giving the
total time integral of the amperes.
Ampere-meter. An ammeter.
Ampere-second. A unit of electric quantity equal
to the quantity of electricity conveyed by one
ampere flowing for one second. A coulomb.
Ampere-turn. A unit of magneto-motive force
equal to that produced by one ampere flowing
around a single turn of wire.
Ampere-volt. A word sometimes used for volt-
ampere or watt.
Amplitude of Vibration or Wave. The extent of
the excursion of a simply vibrating particle on
either side of its vibrating point or point of rest.
Anchor Log. A log partially buried in the ground
and serving as an anchor for a telegraphic pole.
Anchor Strain-ear. In an overhead trolley sys-
tem a trolley ear or insulator employed for anch-
oring the trolley wire, or maintaining it taut,
so as to ensure good and continuous contact
with the trolley wheel.
Anchored Filament. An incandescent lamp fila-
ment supported as its centre to prevent injury
to it by excessive vibration.
Angle of Declination. The angle which measures
the deviation of the magnetic needle to the east
or west of the true geographical north. The
angle of variation of a magnetic needle.
Angle of Dip. The angle which a magnetic needle,
free to move in both a vertical and horizontal
plane, makes with the horizontal line passing
through its point of support. The angle of in-
clination of a magnetic needle.
Angle of Inclination. The angle of dip.
Angle of Lag of Current. An angle whose tangent
is equal to the ratio of the inductive to the ohmic
resistance in a circuit; whose cosine is equal to
the ohmic resistance divided by the impedance
of a circuit; and whose cosine is the latio of the
real to the apparent power in an alternating-
current circuit.
186
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Electrical Angle of Lead. The forward angular deviation
. from the normal position which must be given
Dictionary to the collecting brushes on the commutator of
a continuous-current generator in order to ob-
tain quiet commutation.
Angular Velocity. The velocity of a point moving
relatively to a centre of rotation or to some se
lected point, and usually measured in degrees
per second, or in radians per second. In a sin-
usoidal current circuit the product of 6.2832
and the frequency of the current.
Anion. The electro-negative ion or radical of a
molecule.
Annunciator Drop. An annunciator signal whose
dropping indicates the closing or opening of the
circuit of a particular electromagnet connected
therewith.
Annunciator Wire. A class of insulated wire pre-
pared for use in annunciator circuits(see page 94) .
Anode. The conductor or plate of a decompo-
sition cell connected with the positive terminal
of a battery or other electric source. The ter-
minal of an electric source out of which the cur-
rent flows into the electrolyte of a decomposing
cell or voltameter. In an electrolytic cell, bath,
or receptive device, the terminal at which the
current enters, as distinguished from the
cathode, at which the current leaves.
Anodic Currents. In a polarized voltaic couple
immersed in acidulated water, the electric cur-
rents produced by the agitation of the plate
connected with the anode.
Anomalous Magnet. A magnet possessing more
than two free poles.
Antenna. A vertical wire supported by a mast
and grounded at its lower end through a spark
gap. Used as an oscillator in sending wireless
messages.
Anti-induction Telephone Cable. A telephone
cable in which the conductors are so arranged
as to neutralize the effects of induction pro-
duced by neighboring circuits. A telephone
cable in which the effects of electrostatic in-
duction from neighboring circuits is avoided
by a metallic covering or sheathing that is
grounded at suitable intervals.
Aperiodic Galvanometer. A galvanometer whose
needle comes to rest without any oscillation.
A dead-beat galvanometer.
Apparent Conductor-resistance. The impedance
of a conductor which forms part of an alternat-
ing current containing both resistance and re-
actance.
Apparent Efficiency. The efficiency of a genera-
tor, motor, or other apparatus in an alternating-
current circuit which equals the ratio of net
power output to volt-ampere input.
Apparent Electromotive Force. The E.M.F. ap-
parently acting in a circuit as measured by the
drop of pressure due to the resistance of the cir-
cuit and the current strength passing through it.
Apparent Power. In an alternating-current cir-
cuit, the apparent watts, or the product ob-
tained by multiplying the volts by the am-
peres, as read directly from a voltmeter and
ammeter.
Apparent Reluctance. The reluctance of a mag-
netic circuit, or portion thereof, under the in-
fluence of a complex of such superposed mag-
netic fluxes as may practically be developed, as
distinguished from its reluctance under a single
t magnetizing force.
Apparent Resistance. The impedance in an alter-
nating-current circuit or portion thereof.
Apparent Watts. The apparent power in an al-
ternating-current circuit as distinguished from
the real power.
Arc. A voltaic arc. A portion of a circle or
other plane conic section.
Arc-lamp, Electric. The arc lamp is an electrical
apparatus in which an electric arc is struck and
maintained between two or more electrodes, giv-
ing a brilliant illumination, the color and in-
tensity of which depends upon the composition
and diameter of the electrodes, the kind of cur-
rent supplied and the watts consumed.
Arc-lamp, Enclosed. An arc lamp in which the
arc and exposed carbons are completely en-
closed in a small inner globe which is nearly air-
tight. Used in both alternating and direct cur-
rent circuits.
Arc-lamp, Flaming. See Flaming Arc Lamp.
Arc-lamp Compensator. A reactive or chocking
coil, placed in the circuit of a lamp for the pur-
pose of automatically regulating the amount cf
current passing through the lamp.
Arc-light Regulator. A device, generally auto-
matic, for maintaining the carbons of an arc-
lamp a constant distance apart during the opera-
tion of the lamp.
Arc, Voltaic. The brilliant light which appears
between the electrodes or terminals, generally
of carbon, of a sufficiently powerful source of
electricity, when separated a short distance
from each other.
The source of light of the electric arc lamp.
It is called the voltaic arc because it was first
obtained by the use of the battery invented by
Volta. The term arc was given to it from the
shape of the luminous bow or arc formed be-
tween the carbons.
To form the voltaic arc the carbon electrodes
are first placed in contact and then gradually
separated. A brilliant arc of flame is formed
between them, which consists mainly of volat-
ilized carbon. The electrodes are consumed,
first, by actual combination with the oxygen
of the air; and, second, by volatilization under
the combined influence of the electric current
and the intense heat.
As a result of the formation of the arc, a crater
is formed at the end of the positive cartaon, and
appears to mark the point out of which the
greater part of the current flows.
The crater is due to the greater volatilization of
the electrode at this point than elsewhere. It
marks the position of highest temperature of
the electrodes, and is the main source of the
light of the arc. When, therefore, the voltaic
arc is employed for the purpose of illumination
with vertically opposed carbons, the positive
carbon should be made the upper carbon, so
that the focus of greatest intensity of the light
may be favorably situated for illumination of
the space below the lamo. When, however,
it is desired to illumine the side of a building
above an arc lamp, the lower carbon should be
made positive.
The positive carbon is consumed about twice as
rapidly as the negative, both because the nega-
tive oxygen attacks the points of the positive
carbon, and because the positive carbon suffers
the most rapid volatilization.
Armature. A mass of iron or other magnetizable
material placed on or near the poles of a mag-
net. The armature of a dynamo-electric
machine.
Armature Bars. Heavy copper bars of rectan-
gular or trapezoidal cross-section or of imbri-
cated rectangular strips, or of rectangular bars
of compressed stranded wire, or of special forg-
ings, employed on large drum armatures in
place of the ordinary wire windings. Heavy
conductors employed for armature windings.
Armature Binding Wires. Coils of wire bound on
the outside of the armature wires for the pur-
pose of preventing their separating from the
armature core by centrifugal force. (See page
So.)
Armature Bore. The space between the pole-
pieces of a dynamo or motor provided for the
rotation of the armature.
Armature Core-discs. The thin discs of sheet-
iron that form, when assembled, the laminated
core of the armature of a dynamo or motor.
Armature Core of Dvnamo. The mass of lam-
inated iron on which the armature coils or con-
ductors of a dynamo or motor are placed.
ELECTRICAL
W IRES
AND
CABLES
187
Armature Inductors. The bars, strips or coils
placed on the dynamo armature core, in which
electromotive forces are induced by rotation.
Armature of Dynamo. Coils of insulated wire
together with the iron core on or around which
such coils are wound. That part of a dynamo
in which useful differences of potential or use-
ful currents are generated. Generally that
part of a dynamo which is revolved between
the pole-pieces of the field magnets. That mem-
ber of a dynamo in which the magnetic flux is
caused to successively fill and empty the coils
and thereby generate E.M.F.'s.
Armature Reaction. The reactive magnetic in-
fluence produced by the current in the arma-
ture of a dynamo or motor, on the magnetic
circuit of the machine.
Armature Slots. Slots provided in an armature
core for the reception of the armature coils.
Armature Spider. A metal frame-work keyed to
the armature shaft, and provided with radial
arms for firmly holding the armature core.
Armature Stamping. Stampings of soft sheet iron
intended for the core discs of a laminated arma-
ture core.
Armature Teeth. The armature core projections
between armature slots.
Armature Varnish. An insulating varnish some-
times applied to armature windings for the pur-
pose of increasing their powers of resisting
moisture and friction.
Armor of Cable. The protecting sheathing or
metallic covering of a submarine or other elec-
tric cable. (See page 149.)
Arrester Plate of Lightning Protector. The
ground-connected plate of a comb lightning-
arrester.
Artificial Cable. A circuit containing associated
resistance and capacity, and employed in a
system of duplex submarine telegraphy corres-
ponding to the artificial line in duplex aerial
line telegraphy.
Asbestos. A hydrous silicate of magnesia, i. e.,
silicate of magnesia combined with water. A
fire-proofing material sometimes used by itself
or in connection with other material for insu-
lating purposes.
Astatic. Devoid of magnetic directive power.
Astatic Couple. Two magnets of equal strength
so placed one above the other in a vertical plane
as completely to neutralize each other's effects.
Astatic Galvanometer. A galvanometer provided
with an astatic needle or circuit.
Astatic Needle. A compound magnetic needle of
great sensibility, possessing little or no directive
power. An astatic needle consisting of two
separate needles rigidly connected and placed
parallel one directly over the other with oppo-
site poles opposed.
.Asynchronism. Devoid of synchronism.
Asynchronous Alternating-Current Motor. A
motor whose speed is not synchronous with that
of its driving generator, both machines having
the same number of poles.
Atonic Interrupter. This is a mechanical form of
interrupter that can be adjusted to operate at
any frequency within very wide limits. It is
actuated by a magnetic core.
Attachment Plug. A plug provided for insertion
in a screw socket or spring jack, for the ready
connection of a lamp or other receptive device
to a circuit.
Attraction, Electro-.Magnetic. The mutual at-
traction of the unlike poles of electro-magnets.
' Attraction, Electrostatic. The mutual attraction
exerted between unlike electric charges, or
bodies possessing unlike electric charges.
Auto Balancer. An auto transformer for equaliz-
ing the load or voltage when a three, or more,
wire circmt is derived from a two-wire circuit.
.Auto-exciting. Self-exciting.
.Autographic Telegraphy. Facsimile telegraphy.
A writing telegraph.
.Automatic Repeater. A telegraphic repeater
which is automatically operated, in contradis-
tinction to a manual repeater which is operated
or controlled by hand.
Automatic Circuit-breaker. A device for auto-
matically opening a circuit when the current
passing through it is excessive.
Automatic Contact-breaker. A device for causing
an electric current to rapidly make and break
its own circuit.
Automatic Electric Bell. A trembUng or vibrat-
ing bell. An automatic electric alarm-bell.
Automatic Switch. A switch which is automat-
ically opened or closed on the occurrence of
certain predetermined events. In double-cur-
rent telegraphy an electro-magnetic switch
which enables the distant station to stop the
sending operator at the home station.
Auto-starter. A self-starting mechanism. A
self-starting ink-writer. A self-starting motor.
Auto-transformer. A one-coil transformer con-
sisting of a choking coil connected across a pair
of alternating-current mains, and so arranged
that a current or pressure differing from that
supplied by the mains can be obtained from it
by tapping the coil at different points. Called
also a compensator. A transformer in which a
part of the primary winding is used as the sec-
ondary winding, or conversely.
Average Efficiency of Motor. The efficiency of an
electric motor based on its average or mean
load. The ratio of all the work that a motor
delivers in a given time to the electric energy
it has absorbed in that time.
Axes of Co-ordinates. A vertical and a horizontal
line, usually intersecting each other at right
angles, and called respectively the axes of ordi-
nates and abscissas, from which the ordinates
and abscissas are measured.
Axis of Abscissae or Abscissas. The horizontal
line in the axes of co-ordinates.
Axis of Magnetic Needle. A straight line drawn
through a magnetic needle, and joining its poles.
Axis of Ordinates. The vertical line in the axes
of co-ordinates.
Azimuth and Range Telegraph. On a war-ship a
combined telegraph to the guns of the azimuth
and range of a target.
Sg A symbol for magnetic flux-density, usually
expressed in C.G.S. units per normal square
centimetre.
B.A. Ohm. The British Association ohm. The
resistance of a column of mercury one square
millimeter in area of normal cross-section, and
104.9 centimetres in length, at the temperature
of zero centigrade.
B.A. Unit. The British Association unit of re-
sistance or ohm.
B. & S. G. A contraction for Brown and
Sharpe's wire gauge.
B.T.U. A contraction for British thermal unit.
A contraction for Board of Trade unit.
B.W.G. A contraction for Birmingham wire
gauge.
Back Ampere-turns. Ampere-turns on a dynamo
armature which tend to oppose the flux pro-
duced by the field magnets.
Back Electromotive Force. A term sometimes
used for counter-electromotive force.
Back Induction. An induction opposed to the
field and tending to weaken or neutralize it.
Back Pitch. The backward pitch of the armature
windings.
Back-turns of Armature. Those turns on an
armature whose current tends to demagnetize
the field. The back ampere-turns.
Balanced Circuit. A telephonic, telegraphic or
other circuit which has been so erected and ad-
justed as to be free from mutual inductive dis-
turbances from neighboring circuits.
AMERICAN
S T E E I.
WIRE
COMPANY
Electrical Balanced Load. A load which is symmetrically
. divided between two or more generating units.
Dictionary as in the three-wire, five-wire multiple, or poly-
phase systems of distribution.
Balanced Resistance. A resistance so placed in
a bridge or balance as to be balanced by the
remaining resistances in the bridge.
Balancing Coil of Armature. An auxiliary field-
winding in series with an armature, and having
its magnetomotive force equal and opposite to
that of the armature current, so that their total
magnetic effect upon the field is zero, and the
field flux remains unchanged at all loads.
Balancing Relay. A differentially wound lelay.
Ballistic Galvanometer. A galvanometer de-
si<3;ned to measure the total quantity of elec-
tricity in a discharge lasting for a brief interval,
as, for example, the current caused by the dis-
charge of a condenser. A galvanometer, in
which the movable part is as little damped as
possible, suitable for measuring electric charges
or discharges, and usually adjusted to have a
long period of vibration or slow swing.
Bank of Lamps. A group of electric lamps col-
lected together in a common structure, usually
for the purpose of obtaining a load.
Bar Armature. An armature whose conductors
are formed of bars.
Barretter. A special and very sensitive form of
thermal detector of Marconi signals. Used as
a receiver for wireless messages. It consists of
a fine platinum wire about .00006" in diameter
and a few hundredths of an inch long, connected
in series with a small source of E.M.F. and a
telephone receiver. Designed by Professor
R. A. Fessenden.
Barrow-reel. A reel supported on a barrow for
convenience in paying out an overhead con-
ductor during its installation.
Battery. A name frequently used for an electric-
tjattery.
Battery, Dry. A number of separate dry vcltaic
cells combined so as to act as a single source.
Battery, Closed=circuit. A voltaic battery which
may be kept constantly on close-circuit without
serious polarization.
The gravity battery is a closed circuit bat-
tery. As employed for use on most telegraph
lines, it is maintained on a closed circuit.
When an operator wishes to use the line he
opens his switch, thus breaking the circuits and
calling his correspondent. Such batteries
should not polarize.
Battery, Electric. A general name applied to the
combination, as a single source of a number of
separate electric sources.
Battery, Galvanic. Two or more separate voltaic
cells so arranged as to form a single source.
Battery Gauge. A form of portable galvanom-
eter suitable for ordinary battery testing work.
Battery Jar. A jar provided for holding the
electrolyte of each of the separate cells of a
primary or secondary battery.
Battery, Open-circuit. A voltaic battery which is
normally on open-circuit, and which is used
continuously only forcomparatively small dura-
tions of time in closed-circuit.
Battery Pole-changer. A form of transmitter em-
ployed in duplex telegraphy for readily revers-
ing the direction of the main battery so as to
send signals to the line.
Battery, Secondary. The combination of a num-
ber of separate secondary or storage cells, so as
to form a single electric source.
Battery Solution. The exciting liquid or electro-
lyte of a primary or secondary cell.
Battery, Storage. A number of separate storage
cells connected so as to form a single electric
source.
Battle Circuit. A circuit on a warship, connected
with the conning tower and provided for use
during action.
Beaded Cable. A form of cable employed for
high-tension transmission, provided with a
sheathing of strung porcelain beads.
Beg-ohms. One billion ohms, or one thousand
megohms.
Belt Circuit. A series lighting circuit extending
in the form of a wide loop, belt, or circle, as
opposed to a circuit formed of two closely as-
sociated parallel wires.
Belt, Electric. A belt suitably shaped so as to be
capable of being worn on the body, consisting
either of imaginary or real voltaic or thermo-
electric couples, and employed for its alleged
therapeutic effects.
Bicro. A prefix for one-billionth, one thousand
millionth, or 10'.
Bifilar Suspension. Suspension by means of par-
allel vertical wires or fibres as distinguished
from suspension by a single wire or fibre.
Bifilar Winding. The method of winding em-
ployed in resistance coils to obviate the effects
of self-induction, in which the wire, instead of
being wound in one continuous length, is
doubled on its3lf before winding.
Bight of Cable. A single loop or bend of cable.
Bimetallic Wire. A compoimd telephone or
telegraph wire consisting of a steel core and a
copper envelope, suitable for long-span over-
head-construction.
Binding Post. A metallic binding screw, rigidly
fixed to some apparatus or support, and em-
ployed for conveniently making firm electric
connections.
Binding Wire. Coils of wire, wound on the out-
side of the armature coils and at right angles
thereto, to prevent the loosening of the arma-
ture coils during rotation by centrifugal force.
(See page 80.)
Bioscopy, Electric. The determination of the
presence of life or death by the passage of elec-
tricity through th3 nerves or muscles.
Bipolar. Having two poles.
Bipolar Armature. An armature suitable for use
in a bipolar field.
Bipolar Armature-winding. Any armature wind-
ing suitable for use in a bipolar field.
Bipolar Dynamo-electric Machine. A dynamo-
electric machine with a bipolar field.
Bird Cage, Electr;;. A bird-cage-shaped wire
screen employed by Hertz in his investiga-
tions of the propagation of electro-magnetic
waves for screening the spark micrometer.
Birmingham Wire Gauge. An English wire
gauge. (See page 22.)
Black Lead. Plumba<^o or rraphite.
Blasting, Electric. The electric ignition of pow-
der or other explosive material in a blast.
Bleaching, Electri •. A bleaching process in which
the bleaching agents are liberated as required
by electrolytic decomposition.
Block Rate. Method of charging for electric ser-
vice at different successive rates per kilowatt-
hour consumed, each successive rate applying
only to a corresponding successive block or
quantity of the total current purchased during
the period covered; as an example, during each
month 10 kilowatt-hours or less at 15 cents per
kilowatt-hour. The next 10 kilowatt-hours
over the first are charged for at 1 2 cents per
kilowatt-hour. All current in excess of the
foregoing 20 kilowatt-hours is charged for at
10 cents per kilowatt-hour.
Blow. To melt or fuse a safety fuse.
Blowing a Fuse. The fusion or volatilization of
a fuse wire or safety strip by the current passing
through it.
Blowing Point of Fuse. The current strength at
which a fuse blows or melts.
Board of Trade Unit. A unit of electric supply,
or the energy contained in a current of 1,000
amperes flowing for one hour under a pressure
of one volt. A kilowatt-hour.
Bobbin, Electric. A ceil of insulated wire suitable
for the passage of an electric current for any
purpose, as, for example, energizing an electro-
magnet.
Bolt. A lightning discharge.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
189
Bond, Electric Rail. See Rail Bond, Electric.
(See page 67.)
Booster. A dynamo, inserted in series in a
special feeder or group of feeders in a distribu-
tion system, for the purpose of raising the pres-
sure of that feeder or group of feeders above
that of the rest of the system.
Bore, Armature. The space provided between
the pole pieces of a dynamo or motor for the
rotation of the armature.
Boucherizing. A process for preserving wooden
telegraph poles, or railroad sleepers, by inject-
ing a solution of copper sulphate into the
pores of the wood.
Bound Charge. The condition of a charge on a
conductor placed near another conductor, but
separated from it by a medium through which
electrostatic induction can take place.
Bracket-arm. An arm supported by a bracket
for carrying a line insulator.
Brake, Prony. A mechanical device for measur-
ing the power of a driving shaft.
Braided Wire. A wire covered with a braiding of
insulating material.
Branch Block. A porcelain block provided with
suitable grooves in which the terminals or con-
ductors are placed for connecting a pair of
branch wires to the mains.
Branch Circuits. Additional circuits provided at
points of a circuit where the current branches
or divides, part of the current flowing through
the branch, and the remainder flowing through
the original circuit. A shunt circuit.
Branch Conductor. A conductor placed in a
branch or shunt circuit. A smaller or sub-
conductor tapping a main.
Branch Cut-out. A safety fuse or cutout, in-
serted between a pair of branch wires and the
mains supplying them.
Brass. An alloy of copper and zinc.
Break-down Switch. A panel switch employed
in small three-wire systems, for connecting the
positive and negative bus-bars so as to con-
vert the system into a two-wire system, and
thus, in case of a break-down, to permit the
system to be supplied with current from a
single dynamo.
Break, Mercury. A form of circuit breaker oper-
ated by the removal of a conductor from the
mercury surface.
Mercury breaks assume a variety of forms.
One end of the circuit is connected with the
mercury, and the other with the conductor.
Breaking Down of Insulation. The failure of an
insulating material, as evidence by the disrup-
tive passage of an electric discharge through it.
Breast Plate. The breast support for the micro-
phone transmitter of a central telephone sta-
tion operator.
Bridge Arms. The arms of an electric bridge or
balance.
Bridge Duplex. The bridge method of duplex
telegraphy, as distinguished from the differen-
tial method.
Bridge, Electric. A device whereby an unknown
electric resistance is readily measured. A de-
vice for measuring an unknown resistance by
comparison with two fixed resistances and an
adjustable resistance.
Bridge-wire. The wire in a Wheatstone's Bridge
in which the galvanometer is inserted.
Bridging Coils. In telephony, coils which are
connected across a telephone circuit, as dis-
tinguished from coils placed in series in the
circuit.
Bridging Relay. In telephony or telegraphy a
relay which is connected in shunt across a cir-
cuit instead of in series.
Britannia Joint. A telegraphic or telephonic
joint in which the ends of the wires are laid
side-by-side bound together, and subsequently
soldered.
Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin.
Brush-and-Spray Discharge. A streaming form of
high-potential discharge possessing the appear-
ance of a spray of silvery white sparks, or of a Rlectrical
branch of thin silvery sheets around a powerful
brush, obtained by increasing the frequency of Dictionary
the alternations.
Brush Discharge. The faintly luminous dis-
charge which takes place from a positive
charged pointed conductor.
Brush Rocker. In a dynamo or motor any device
for shifting the position of the brushes on the
commutator cylinder.
Brushes of Dynamo-electric Machines. Strips
of metal bundles of wire or wire gauze, slit
plates of metal, or plates of carbon, that bear on
the commutator cylinder of a dynamo, and
carry off the current generated.
Bucking. A term employed in the operation of
street-railway passenger cars for a sudden
stopping of the car as if by a collision, due to
opposition between two motors.
Bug. A term employed in quadruplex telegraphy
to designate any fault in the operation of the
apparatus. Generally, a fault in the operation of
any electric apparatus. A particular fault or
difficulty in quadruplex telegraphy consisting
of an interference between the A and B-sides.
" Building-up " of Dynamo. The action whereby
a dynamo-electric machine rapidly reaches its
ma.ximum E.M.F. after starting.
" Built-up " Magnet. A composite permanent
magnet.
Bulb, Lamp. The chamber or globe in which the
filament of an incandescent electric lamp is
placed.
The chamber or globe of a lamp must be of
such construction as to enable the high vacuum
necessary to the operation of the lamp to be
maintained.
Bunched Cable. A cable containing more than a
single wire or conductor.
Burglar-alarm, Electric. An electric device for
automatically announcing the opening of a
door, window, or safe, or the passage of a per-
son through a hallway, or on a stairway.
Burglar-alarm Matting. A matting provided
with a number of invisible contacts connected
with an alarm bell, whose circuits are closed
by treading on the matting.
Burn-out. The destruction of an armature, or
any part of an electric apparatus, by the pas-
sage of an excessive current due to short-cir-
cuit or other cause.
Burner, Electric. A gas-burner that is capable of
being electrically lighted.
Bus. A word generally used instead of omnibus.
Heavy copper bar conductors usually attached
to switch-boards, etc.
Bus-bars. Heavy bars of conducting metal con-
nected directly to the poles of one or more
dynamo-electric machines, and, therefore, re-
ceiving the entire current produced by the
machines.
Busy Test. A simple test whereby a telephone
operator at a multiple switchboard can readily
tell whether any wire or circuit connected with
the switchboard is or is not in use at any mo-
ment of time.
Butt Joint. An end-to-end joint. A joint ef-
fected in wires by placing the wires end on end
subsequently soldering or welding them.
Buzzer, Electric. A call, not as loud as that of an
electric bell, employing a humming sound by
the use of a sufficiently rapid automatic con-
tact-breaker. A telephone receiver for Morse
circuits employing a vibrating contact key.
C.
C. A contraction for Centigrade.
C. A symbol used for capacity. Farad.
The defining equation is C=--,
The same symbol is often used for current.
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
COMPANY
Electrical C.E.M.F. A contraction for counter electro-
_ . . motive force.
Uictionary c.c. A contraction for cubic centimetre, the
C.G.S. unit of volume.
cm. An abbreviation for centimetre, the C.G.S.
unit of length.
C.P. A contraction for candle-power.
CR. Activity. The 1-R activity, which see.
C'^R. Loss. The loss of energy in a conductor due
to the ohmic resistance and the current strength.
(Seepage 19.)
C.Q.S. Units. The centimetre-gramme-second
units.
Cable. An electric cable. A message trans-
mitted by means of an electric cable.
Cable Box. A box provided for the reception and
protection of a cable head.
Cable Casing. The metallic sheathing of a cable.
Cable Clip. A term sometimes used for cable
hanger.
Cable Core. The insulated conducting wires of
an electric cable. The electrically essential
portion of a cable as distinguished from its
sheath or protection.
Cable Currents. Various currents that exist in a
submarine cable and interfere with the testing,
consisting of earth currents, electrostatic
charge and discharge currents, and polarization
currents due to a fault or break. A current
flowing through a cable in the absence of any
impressed E.M.F. The current which tends to
flow in a broken cable from the exposed copper
conductor at the fracture to the iron sheathing
through the apparatus at the station.
Cable Drum. In cable machinery, a drum on
which cable is wound for coiling, shipping, lay-
ing, or turning over. A drum or reel on which
cable is wound for transport.
Cable, Duplex. A conductor consisting of two
separate cables placed parallel to each other.
The duplex cable is used especially in the al-
ternating current system.
Cable, Electric. A combination of an extended
length of a single insulated electric conductor,
or of two or more separate insulated electric
conductors, covered externally with a metallic
sheathing or armor.
Cable Fault. Any failure in the proper working
of a cable due either to a total or partial frac-
ture of the cable or to a heavy electric leakage.
Cablegram. A telegraph message received by
cable
Cable Qrip. The grip provided for holding the
end of an underground cable while it is being
drawn into a duct. In a cable road the grip by
means of which a car is driven by the moving
cable.
Cable Head. A rectangular board provided with
binding posts and fuse wires for the purpose of
receiving the wires of overhead lines where they
enter a cable.
Cable House. A hut provided for securing and
protecting the end of a submarine cable when
it is landed.
Cable Lead. A lead formed of a cable of several
stranded conductors, as distinguished from a
lead containing a single conductor.
Cable Rack. A rack placed at the back of a mul-
tiple telephone switchboard for supporting the
cabled switchboard conductors and providing
ready access to the same.
Cable, Submarine. A cable designed for use under
» water. (See page 164.)
Cable Telegraph. A general term including all
the apparatus employed in cable telegraphy
Cable Terminal. A water-tight covering pro-
vided at the free end of a telephone cable to
prevent injury to the cable's insulation by the
moisture of the air.
Cable Transformer. An alternating-current trans-
former in which the primary and secondary
conductors have the form of a cable overlaid by
an iron sheath or magnetic circuit.
Cable Vault. A vault provided in a building
where cables enter from underground conduits.
and where the cables are opened and connected
to fusible plugs or :;afety catches.
Cable, Underground. An electric cable placed
underground. See index.
Cable Well. A cable tank.
Cage Lightning-Protector. A term sometimes
employed for a lightning protector, consisting
of wires in the form of a cage surrounding the
body to be protected.
Calculagraph. A machine employed in long-
distance telephony for registering the time
during which the use of a line by a subscriber
continues.
Calling Plug. That plug of a pair of plugs, at a
central telephone switchboard, which is inserted
in the jack of the subscriber wanted and through
which that subscriber is called up.
Call Signal. In telegraphy, the signal or group
of signals indicating the particular station
called.
Call Wire. A speaking wire. A wire connecting
two telephone exchanges, for the purpose of
transmitting instructions, as distinguished
from a wire employed for establishing com-
munication between subscribers. A wire
employed for calling the attention of a cen-
tral-station operator by a subscriber, as dis-
tinguished from the wires through which he
communicates with other subscribers.
Calorie. A heat unit. The quantity of heat re-
quired to raise i gramme of water 1° centigrade.
Calorimeter, Electric. An instrument for measur-
ing the heat developed in a given time in any
conductor, by an electric current.
Candle. A unit of photometric intensity. The
photometric intensity which would be produced
by a standard candle burning at the rate of two
grains per minute.
Candle-foot. A unit of illumination equal to that
normally produced by a standard British can-
dle, at a distance of one foot, and sometimes
called a lux.
Candle-Lumen. The total flux of light from a
source is equal to its mean spherical intensity
multiplied by 47r. The unit of flux is called
the lumen. A lumen is the - — th part of the
4.T
total flux of light emitted by a source having a
mean spherical intensity of one candle-power.
A hefner-lumen is 0.90 lumen.
Candle=power. The intensity of light emitted by
a luminous body estimated in standard candles.
The photometric intensity of one standard
candle. The hefner = 0.9 this unit.
Caoutchouc. A resinous substance possessing
high powers of electric insulating, obtained
from the milky juice of certain tropical trees.
India rubber.
Cap Wire. An overhead wire carried on the
summit of a pole, as distinguished from an over-
head wire carried on a cross-arm.
Capability, Electric, of a Dynamo. The ratio of
the square of the E.M.F to the brushes, divided
by the internal resistance of the machine.
Capacity Circuit. A circuit containing capacity
but no inductance.
Capacity Current of Cable. The current in a
cable due to its capacity. The charging or dis-
charging current in a cable.
Capacity, Electrostatic. The quantity of elec-
tricity which must be imparted to a given body
or conductor as a charge, in order to raise its
potential a certain amount. (See Potential,
Electric)
The electrostatic capacity of a conductor is
not unlike the capacity of a vessel filled with a
liquid or gas. A certain quantity of liquid will
fill a given vessel to a level dependent on the
size or capacity of the vessel. In the same
manner a given quantity of electricity will pro-
duce, in a conductor or condenser, a certain
difference of electric level, or difference of po-
tential, dependent on the electrical capacity of
the conductor or condenser.
E I> K C T K I C A L
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In the same manner, the smaller the ca-
pacity of a conductor, the smaller is the charge
required to raise it to a given potential, or the
higher the potential a given charge will raise it.
The capacity C , of a conductor or condenser, is
therefore directly proportional to the charge Q,
and inversely proportional to the potential E ; or ,
C = g
From which we obtain Q=CE.
The quantity of electricity required to charge
a conductor or condenser to a given potential
is equal to the capacity of the conductor or con-
denser multiplied by the potential through
which it is raised.
Capacity, Electrostatic, Unit of. Such a capacity
of a conductor or condenser that an electro-
motive force of one volt will charge it with a
quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb.
The farad. (See Farad.)
Capacity Factor. Ratio of the station output in
kilowatt-hours to the maximum capacity of the
station in kilowatts.
Capacity Load. The apparent load or current of
a high-tension generator due to the capacity of
the distributing conductors as distinguished
from the load or current usefully distributed.
Capacity of Cable. The quantity of electricity
required to raise a given length of cable to a
given potential, divided by the potential. In
a multiple cable, the amount of charge at unit
potential which any single conductor will take
up, the rest of the conductors being grounded.
The ability of a conducting wire or cable to per-
mit a certain quantity of electricity to be passed
into it before acquiring a certain potential.
Capacity of Line. The ability of a line to act as a
condenser, and, therefore, like it, to possess
capacity.
Capacity Pressure. In a condenser connected
with a source of alternating currents, a pressure
in phase with the condenser current. A pres-
sure due to a capacity. The pressure at the
terminals of a condenser.
Capacity Reactance. The reactance of a con-
denser due to it? capacity. The condensance.
Capacity, Specific Inductive. See Specific In-
ductive Capacity.
Capillary Electrometer. An electrometer in which
difference of potential is measured by the move-
ments of a drop of sulphuric acid in a tube filled
with mercury.
Car-brake, Electric. A car-brake that is operated
by the electric current produced by the motor
acting as a generator when the current is turned
off and the car is rapidly moving.
Car Controller. A device placed at each end of
the platform of a trolley car, under the control
of the motorman for starting, stopping, re-
versing or changing the velocity of a trolley
car. A series-parallel car-controller.
Car-heater, Electric. An electric heater consist-
ing essentially of suitably supported coils of
insulated wire traversed by an electric current.
Carbon. An elementarv substance which occurs
naturally in three distinct allotropic forms,
graphite, charcoal and the diamond.
Carbon Arc. A voltaic arc formed between car-
bon electrodes.
Carbon Holder. A device employed in an arc
lamp for supporting the lower or negative
carbon.
Carbon Rheostat. An adjustable resistance
formed of carbon plates or powder whose re-
sistance can be varied by pressure.
Carcel. A French photometric standard of light.
The light emitted by a lamp of definite dimen-
sions burning 42 grammes of Colza oil in an
hour, with a flame 40 millimetres in height
Cardew Voltmeter. A voltmeter whose indica-
tions are obtained by the expansion of a long
fine wire by the passage through it of the cur-
rent to be measured.
Carrying Capacity. The maximum current
strength that any conductor can safely trans-
mit. (See page 18.)
Cascade Connection. A term sometimes em-
ployed for series connection.
Casings. Grooves or panelled channels for carry-
ing wires in a house.
Catenary Curve. The curve described by the sag-
ging of a wire, under its own weight, when
stretched between two points of support.
Catenary Trolley Construction. A trolley wire
that is suspended at frequent intervals from a
messenger wire. (See page 77.)
Cathode. The conductor or plate of an electro-
decomposition cell connected with the negative
terminal of a battery or other electric source.
The terminal of an electric source into which
the current flows from the electrolyte of a de-
composition cell or voltameter. The electrode
of a bath, tube, body, or device by which the
current leaves the same. The negative elec-
trode.
Cathode Rays. Radiation emitted from the
cathode or negative electrode of a Crookes or
X-ray tube.
Cautery, Electric. The application to the human
body of variously shaped platinum wires,
heated to incandescence by the electric current,
for removing diseased growths, or for stopping
hemorrhages.
Ceiling Board. An arc-light hanger board.
Cell, Electrolytic. A cell or vessel containing an
electrolyte, in which electrolysis is carried on.
An electrolytic cell is called a voltameter
when the value of the current passing is deduced
from the weight of the metal deposited.
Cell, Voltaic. (See Voltaic Cell.)
Cell of Primary or Secondary Battery. A battery
jar of a primary or secondary battery contain-
ing a single couple and its electrolyte.
Centigramme. The hundredth of a gramme; or,
0.1543 grain avoirdupois.
Centimeter. The hundredth of a metre; or,
0.3937 inch.
Centimeter-Qramme=Second System. A system
based on the centimeter as the unit length, the
gramme as the unit of mass, and the second at
the unit of time.
Center of Distribution. In a system of incandes-
cent distribution any point at which the supply
current is branched or radially disturbed to
mains, to submains, or to translating devices.
Change-over Switch. A switch provided in a cen-
tral station for transferring a working circuit
from one dynamo to another, or from one bat-
tery of dynamos to another.
Characteristic Curve. A diagram in which a curve
is employed to represent the relation of certain
varying values. A curve indicating the charac-
teristic properties of a dynamo-electric machine
under various phases of operation. A curve
indicating the electromotive force of a genera-
tor, as a variable dependent on the excitation .
Charge Current on Telegraphic Line. The current
produced by the initial rush of electricity into a
telegraph line on the closing of the circuit.
Charge Bound. The condition of an electric
charge on a conductor placed near another con-
ductor, but separated from it by a medium
through which electrostatic induction can take
place.
Charge, Electric. The quantity of electricity that
exists on the surface of an insulated electrified
conductor.
Charging Current. The current employed in
charging a storage battery or accumulator.
Chatterton's Compound. An insulating com-
pound for cementing together the alternate
coatings of gutta-percha employed on a cable
conductor, or for filling up the space between
the stranded conductors.
Electrical
Dictionary
192
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Electrical Chemical Battery. A name sometimes given to a
_ . . voltaic telegraph battery as distinguished from
Dictionary a dynamo.
Chemical Equivalent. The quotient obtained by
dividing the atomic weight of an elementary
substance by its atomicity. The ratio be-
tween the quantity of an element and the quan-
tity of hydrogen it is capable of replacing. The
quantity of an elementary substance that is
capable of combining with or replacing one
atom of hydrogen.
Choke Coil. A reactance used in connection with
lightning arresters and placed in series with the
line to be protected.
Choking Coil. A coil of wire so wound on a core
of iron as to possess high self-induction when
used on alternating-current circuits. (See Re-
actance Coils.)
Chronograph, Electric. An electric apparatus
for automatically measuring and registering
small intervals of time.
Circuit Breaker. Any device for opening or
breaking a circuit.
Circuit, Electric. The path in which electricity
circulates or passes from a given point, around
or through a conducting path, back again to its
starting point.
All simple circuits consist of the following
parts, viz:
(i) Of an electric source which may be a
voltaic battery, a thermopile, a dynamo-elec-
tric machine, or any other means for producing
electricity.
(2) Of leads or conductors for carrying the
electricity out from the source, through what-
ever apparatus is placed in the line, and back
again to the source.
(3) Various electro-receptive devices, such
as electro-magnets, electrolytic baths, electric
motors, electric heaters, etc., through which
passes the current by which they are actuated
or operated.
Circuit Indicator. A rough form of galvanometer
employed to indicate the presence and direction
of a current in a circuit, and, in some cases, to
roughly indicate its strength.
Circuit, Multiple. A compound circuit in which a
number of separate sources or separate electro-
receptive devices, or both, have all their posi-
tive poles connected to a single positive lead or
conductor, and all their negative poles to a
single negative lead or conductor.
Circuit, JVlultiple=Arc. A term often used for
multiple circuit.
Circuit, Open. A broken circuit. A circuit, the
conducting continuity of which is broken.
Circuit, Parallel. A name sometimes applied to
circuits connected in multiple. (See Circuit,
Multiple)
Circuit, Series. A compound circuit in which the
separate sources, or the separate electro-recep
five devices, or both, are so placed that the
current produced in each, or passed through
each, passes successively through the entire
circuit from the first to the last.
Circuit, Short. A shunt or by-path of compara-
tively small resistance around the poles of an
electric source, or around any portion of a cir-
cuit, by which so much of the current passes
through the new path, as virtually to cut out
the part of the circuit around which it is
placed, and so prevent it from receiving an
* appreciable current.
Circuit, Shunt. A branch or additional circuit
provided at any part of a circuit, through which
the current branches or divides, part flowing
through the original circuit, and part through
_ the new branch.
Circular Mil. A unit of area employed in measur-
ing the cross-section of wires, equal, approxi-
mately, to 0.7854 square mils. The area of a
circle one mil in diameter. (See page 21.)
Circular Millage. The areas of cross-sections of
wires or conductors expressed in circular mils.
Clearance. The gap space betv/een the surface
of a rotating armature and the opposed polar
surface of the field magnets of a dynamo or
motor.
Clearing=out Drops. Electro-magnetic drop-
shutters placed in a telephone exchange in cir-
cuit with a pair of communicating subscribers,
so that the falling of the shutter when they
"ring off" indicates that the conversation is
ended. Ring-off drops.
Clearing Signal. A ring-off signal. A signal in a
telephone exchange to indicate that a telephonic
conversation has ended.
Cleat, Electric. A suitable shaped piece of wood,
porcelain, hard-rubber or other non-conducting
material used for fastening and supporting
electric conductors to ceilings and walls.
Clock Meter. An electric meter in which clock-
work is employed.
Clockwise Motion. A rotary motion whose direc-
tion is the same as that of the hands of a clock,
viewed from the face.
Closed=circuit Transformer. A term sometimes
employed for closed iron-circuit transformer.
Closed=circuit Voltmeter. A voltmeter intended
to be in permanent connection with the pressure
it is designed to measure.
Closed^coil Winding. Any winding by which the
armature coils are connected in closed circuit
during the operation of the machine.
Closed Magnetic Circuit. A magnetic circuit
which lies wholly in iron or other substance of
high magnetic permeability.
Closet System of Parallel Distribution. A system of
parallel distribution and house wiring in which
the various receptive devices are collected in
groups each of which is supplied with a separate
and independent supply circuit back to the
service; as distinguished from a tree system.
Coefficient of Expansion. The fractional in-
crease in the length of a bar or rod, when heated
from 32 to 33 degrees Fahr., or from o to i de-
gree Cent.
Coefficient of Hysteresis. The work expended
hysteretically in a cubic-centimetre of iron, or
other magnetic substance, in a single cycle of
unit magnetic flux density. The coefficient
which multiplied by the volume of iron, the
frequency of alternation, and the i-6th power
of the maximum flux density gives the hyster-
etic activity.
Coefficient of Inductance. A constant quantity
such that, when multiplied by the current
strength passing through any coil or circuit, will
numerically represent the flux linkage with that
coil or circuit due to that current. A term
sometimes used for coefficient of self-induction.
The ratio of the C.E.M.F. of self-induction in a
coil or circuit to the time-rate-of-change of the
inducing current.
Coefficient of Induction. A term sometimes used
for coefficient of magnetic induction.
Coefficient of Mutual Inductance. The ratio of
the electromotive force induced in a circuit to
the rate-of-change of the inducing current in a
magnetically associated circuit. The ratio of
the total flux-linkage with a circuit proceeding
from an associated inducing circuit, to the
strength of current flowing in the latter.
Coefficient of Self-induction. Self-inductance.
The ratio in anv circuit of the flux induced by
and linked with a current, to the strength of
that current. The ratio in any circuit of the
E.M.F. of self-induction to the rate-of-change
of the current.
Coherer. A detector of electro-magnetic waves
consisting of conducting particles forming a
semi-conducting bridge between two electrodes
Coil, Electric. A convolution of insulated wire
through which an electric current may be
passed. A number of turns of wire, or a spool
of wire, through which an electric current may
he passed.
ELECTRICAL
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198
Coil, Induction. An apparatus consisting of two
parallel coils of insulated wire employed for
the production of currents by mutual induction.
A rapidly interrupted battery current, sent
through a coil of wire called the primary coil,
induces alternating currents in a coil of wire
called the secondary coil.
As heretofore made, the primary coil con-
sists of a few turns of a thick wire, and the
secondary coil of many turns, often thousands,
of fine wire. Such coils are generally called
Ruhmkorff coils, from the name of a celebrated
manufacturer of them.
Cold Light. Luminous radiation unaccompanied
by obscure radiation. Radiation confined
within the limits of the visible spectrum. The
light of a fire-fly or glow-worm.
Collation. The repetition of a message or im-
portant parts of the same by an operator at a
telegraph station who has received it over the
line, to the transmitting operator at the send-
ing station.
Collecting Rings for Alternators. Metallic rings
connected with the terminals of the armature
coils of an alternator on which brushes rest to
carry off the alternating currents.
Collector, Electric. Devices employed for col-
lecting electricity from a moving electric
source.
Collector of Alternators. The collecting rings.
Comb Lightning-arrester. A form of lightning-
arrester in which the line wires are connected to
two metallic plates provided with serrations
like the teeth of a comb, and placed near to an-
other ground-connected plate, which may or
may not be furnished with similar serrations.
" Come Along." A small portable vise capable
of ready attachment to an aerial telegraph or
telephone cable, and used in connection with a
line dynamometer to pull up the wire to its
proper tension.
Commercial Efficiency. The useful or available
energy produced by any machine or apparatus
divided by the total energy it absorbs.
Common Return. A return conductor common to
several circuits.
Commutating Machine. A rotary transformer.
Commutation. The act of commuting or causing
a number of electromotive forces or currents
to take one and the same direction.
Commutation, Diameter of. In a dynamo-elec-
tric machine a diameter on the commutator
cylinder on one side of which the difference of
potential, produced by the movement of the
coils through the magnetic field, tend to pro-
duce a current in a direction opposite to those
on the other side.
That diameter on the commutator cylinder
of an open-circuited armature that joins the
points of contact of the collecting brushes.
Commutator. Any device for changing in one
portion of a circuit the directions of electro-
motive forces or currents in another portion.
A device for changing alternating into con-
tinuous currents, or vice versa.
Commutator Bar. One of the insulated segments
of a commutator.
Commutator Coils. Coils wound around an
armature core for the purpose of preventing
sparking, connected at one of their ends to the
main windings at points between the coil sec-
tions, and at the other end, to the commutator
segments.
Commutator Segments. The insulated bars of a
commutator.
Compensated Alternator. A separately excited
alternator, which automatically compensates
for the drop in voltage in its armature, or in its
armature or the line, by sending around its
field a rectified portion of the main current, or
of the current derived from a series transformer
in the main circuit.
Compensated Galvanometer. A differential gal-
vanometer for indicating pressure at a distant
point of a continuous-current circuit, having
one coil in shunt and the other in series with
said circuit.
Compensated Resistance-coil. A resistance-coil
so arranged as to be compensated for the effect
of temperature upon its resistance.
Compensated Voltmeter. A central-station volt-
meter connected to the bus-bars in such a
manner that its indications are automatically
corrected for the drop of pressure in some
particular feeder or group of feeders, so that its
readings correspond to the pressure supplied to
the mains.
Compensated Wattmeter. A wattmeter so wound
as to be compensated for the effect of reactance
in its shunt circuit.
Compensating Line. An artificial line employed
in duplex telegraphy.
Compensating Pole. A small bar electro-magnet,
or electro-magnetic coil, placed perpendicu-
larly between the pole-pieces of a dynamo to
compensate for the cross magnetization of the
armature currents.
Compensator. An auto-transformer.
Compensator Potential Regulator. Sometimes
called Contact Regulators. An apparatus in
which a number of turns of one of the coils are
adjustable.
Complete Wave. Two successive alternations,
of a double alternation of a periodically-alter-
nating quantity. A cycle.
Complex Quantities. Any quantity made up of
two parts, one of which is measured along an axis
of reference, and the other in a direction at
right angles to such axis, these axes being
sometimes described as the real and imaginary
axes respectively.
Components of impedance. The energy com-
ponent or effective resistance and the wattless
component or effective reactance.
Composite Excitation. Any excitation of the
field magnets of a dynamo in which more than
a single winding is employed, such as a shunt
and a series winding.
Composite Field. The field of a compositely-
excited dynamo.
Composite Wire. A wire provided with a steel
core and an external copper sheath, possessing
sufficient tensile strength to enable it to be
used in long spans without excessive sagging.
A bimetallic wire.
Compound. An asphaltic composition employed
in the sheathing of submarine cables. A term
often applied to insulating materials.
Compound Alternator. A compound-wound al-
ternator.
Compound Magnet. A number of single magnets
placed parallel, side by side, and with their
similar poles adjacent.
Compound Winding. A method of winding dy-
namos or motors in which both shunt and
series coils are placed on the field magnets.
Concentric Cable. A cable provided with both a
leading and return conductor insulated from
each other, and forming respectively the central
core or conductor, and the enclosing tubular
conductor. A cable having concentric con-
ductors. (See Index.)
Concentric Conductors. Cylindrical coaxial con-
ductors insulated from each other.
Concentric Mains. Mains employing concentric
cables.
Condensance. Capacity reactance.
Condenser. A device for increasing the capacity
of an insulated conductor by bringing it near
another earth-connected conductor but sep-
arated therefrom by any medium that will
permit electrostatic induction to take place
through its mass. Any variety of electrostatic
Electrical
Dictionary
accumulator.
Condenser Capacity.
Condenser Circuit.
denser is inserted.
Condenser Pressure.
at the terminals of a condenser.
The capacity of a condenser.
Any circuit in which a con-
The difference of potential
194
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Electrical Conduct. To pass electricity through conducting
. substances. To carry, or to possess the power
Dictionary of carrying an electric current.
Conductance. A word sometimes used in place
of conducting power. The reciprocal of resist-
ance. In a continuous-current circuit the
ratio of the current strength to the E.M.F.
In an alternating-current circuit the quantity
whose square added to the square of the suscep-
tance is equal to the square of the admittance.
Conductance, Electric. Conducting power for
electricity.
Conduction, Electric. The so-called flow or pas-
sage of electricity through a metallic or other
similar substance. The ability of a substance
to determine the direction in which electric
energy shall be transmitted through the ether
surrounding it. The ability of a substance to
determine the direction in which a current of
electricity shall pass from one point to another.
Conduction, Electrolytic. A term sometimes em-
ployed to indicate the passage of electricity
through an electrolyte.
Conductive. Possessing the power of conducting.
Conductivity, Electric. The reciprocal of electric
resistivity. The conductance of a substance
referred to unit dimensions.
Conductivity Resistance. The resistance offered
by a substance to electric conduction or to the
passage of electricity through its mass.
Conductor. Any substance which will permit
the so-called passage of an electric current.
A substance which possesses the ability of de-
termining the direction in which electric energy
shall pass through the ether in the dielectric
surrounding it.
Conduit, Electric. An underground space, either
single or provided with a number of separate
spaces called ducts, employed for the reception
of electric wires or cables.
Conduit Trolley-system. A single or double-
trolley-system in which the trolley "wire or wires
are placed in an underground slotted conduit,
the trolley wheel being replaced by a plow or
sled pushed or drawn through the slot.
Connecting Jack. A jack for introducing a loop
into a telephone circuit.
Connecting Sleeve. A metallic sleeve employed
as a connector for readily joining the ends of
two or more wires.
Connection in Cascade. A term sometimes em-
ployed for connection in series.
Connection, Multiple. Such a connection of a
number of separate electric sources, or electro-
receptive devices, or circuits, that all the posi-
tive terminals are connected to one main or
positive conductor, and all the negative termi-
nals are conducted to one main or negative
conductor.
Connection, Series. The connection of a number
of separate electric sources, or electro-receptive
devices, or circuits, so that the current passes
successively from the first to the last in the cir-
cuit.
Consequent Pole. A magnet pole formed by two
free north or two free south poles placed to-
gether. A magnet pole developed at some
point of a magnet other than its extremities.
Consonance. A phase agreement between two
simple-periodic waves or vibrations. The re-
inforcement of sound waves, or their increase in
intensity, by means of vibrating bodies that are
not in resonance with, or are tuned to vibrate
' in unison with, the sounding body. Forced
unison.
Consonance, Electric. In an alternating-current
circuit the co-phasing of the impressed E.M.F.
with the primary current, due to the influence of
capacity in an inductively associated secondary
circuit. A circuit in which the capacity and
the inductance are equal and opposite in effect.
Constant. Of an electrical instrument is that
quantity which used as a factor with indications
of instruments gives results in the desired unit.
Of a watt-hour meter is 3600 x watt-hours
passing through the circuit during one revolu-
tion of the meter disc.
Constant Current. — A direct current or one that
always flows in the same direction. A current
whose strength is unvarying.
Constant-current Transformer. A transformer
which is intended to raise or reduce a current
strength in a given constant ratio. A trans-
former designed to maintain a constant strength
of current in its secondary circuit, despite
changes of load.
Constant-potential Circuit. A circuit whose po-
tential is maintained approximately constant.
A multiple-arc or parallel-connected circuit.
Constant-potential Dynamo. A dynamo that fur-
nishes an approximately constant difference of
potential or electromotive force despite changes
in its resistance or load. A shunt or compound-
wound dynamo.
Contact Breaker. A device for breaking or open-
ing an electric circuit.
Contact Regulator. See Compensator Potential
Regulator.
Contact Resistance. Resistance produced at the
contact of two or more surfaces.
Contact Rings of Alternator. The collector rings
of an alternator.
Contact Screw. A screw the end of which is
provided with a platinum or other contact,
employed to close the circuit of any electric
device in whose circuit it is placed.
Contacts. Conducting pieces or plates intro-
duced into electric circuits at points where it is
desired to open and close the circuit. A var-
iety of fault occasioned in any circuit by the
accidental contact of any part of the circuit
with a conducting body. A metallic cross or
faulty connection between two telegraphic or
telephonic circuits.
Continuous-alternating Transformer. A secon-
dary generator for transforming continuous into
alternating currents. A dynamometer, mo-
tor-dynamo, or rotary transformer.
Continuous Current. An electric current which
flows in one and the same direction. A steady
or non-pulsating direct current.
Continuous-current Generator. Any generator
capable of furnishing continuous currents.
Continuous-current Transformer. A dynamo or
motor-dynamo. A transformer from one con-
tinuous pressure and current to another.
Controller. The magnet employed in a system
of automatic constant-current regulation,
whose coils are traversed by the main current,
employed automatically to throw a regulator
magnet into or out of the main circuit on
changes of the current passing. Any electric
mechanism for controlling a circuit or system.
An electric switching mechanism for controlling
the speed of a motor or motors. A street-
railway car controller.
Controller Switch. The switch operating the
switch cylinder of a street-car controller. Any
switch employed in connection with a street-
car controller.
Controlling Magnet. Any magnet which con-
trols some particular action, as, for example,
the attraction of a needle in a galvanometer.
A name sometimes given to the controller in
an automatic system of current regulation.
Convection Currents. Currents produced by the
bodily carrying forward of static charges in
convection streams.
Convective Discharge. The discharge which oc-
curs from the points of a highly charged con-
ductor, through the electrostatic repulsion of
similarly charged air particles, which thus
carry off minute charges.
Converter. A dynamo-electric machine having
one armature and one field for converting alter-
nating current to direct current, or direct cur-
rent to alternating current. The term to be
preceded by the words "alternating current-
direct current" (A.C.-D.C.) or " direct current"
(D.C.).
ELECTRICAL
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195
Converted Currents. Electric currents whose
strengths have been increased or decreased by
means of a transformer.
Co-periodic. Possessing the same periodicity.
Co-phase. Coincidence in phase of co-periodic
motions. Such a phase relation between two
periodic but non-co-periodic quantities as tends
to increase the amplitude of the motion.
Copper, Cu. At. wt. 63.2, Sp. gr. 8.81 to 8.95.
Fuses at about 1930° F. Distinguished from
all other metals by its reddish color. Very
ductile and malleable and its tenacity is next
to iron. Tensile strength 20,000 to 30,000
lbs. per square inch. Heat conductivity
73.6% of that of silver and superior to that of
other metals. Electric conductivity equal to
that of gold and silver. Expansion by heat
from 32° to 212° F. 0.0051 of its volume.
(Kent) (See Index.)
Copper Loss. The total loss of energy produced
by the passage of a current through the copper
wire of a dynamo, motor, or conducting system
generally.
Copper Tape. Rectangular straps or bars of
copper employed for armature windings.
Copper Voltameter. A voltameter whose indica-
tions are dependent on the electrolysis of a so-
lution of a copper salt.
Cord, Electric. A flexible, insulated electric
conductor, generally containing two parallel
wires.
Core, Lamination of. Structural subdivisions of
the cores of magnets, armatures, and pole-
pieces of dynamo-electric machines, electric
motors, or similar apparatus, in order to pre-
vent heating and subsequent loss of energy
from the production of local, eddy or Foucault
currents.
These laminations are obtained by forming
the cores of sheets, rods, plates, or wires of iron
insulated from one another. (See Silico-Mag-
netic Core Steel.)
Core Losses. The hysteresis and the Foucault or
eddy-current losses of the core of a dynamo,
motor or transformer.
Core of Cable. The insulated wires employed for
the transmission of the current through a con-
ducting cable. The electric conductor and in-
sulator as distinguished from the mechanical
serving and sheathing of a cable.
Corona. The name given to a brush discharge
surrounding aerial conductors which carry
high potential current. The discharge is red
violet in color, gives a hissing sound and is
probably intermittent in character.
Corona, Electrostatic. A luminous effect pro-
duced on the surface of a thin sheet of mica, or
other similar insulating material, when placed
between two electrodes between which dis-
charges of comparatively high difference of
potential are passing.
Corrective Motor. A synchronous motor running
either idle or under load, whose field charge may
be varied so as to modify the power-factor of the
circuit to which it is connected or through such
modification to also influence the voltage of the
circuit (this term is proposed instead of the
term "rotating condenser").
Corrosion, Electrolytic. A term frequently em-
ployed for the corrosion of water or gas pipes
or other masses of metal buried in the earth by
electrolytic action.
Cosine. One of the trigonometrical functions.
The ratio of the base to the hypothenuse of a
right-angled triangle in which the hypothenuse
is the radius vector, and the angle between the
base and hypothenuse the angle whose cosine
is considered.
Coulomb. The practical unit of electric quantity.
Such a quantity of electricity as would pass in
one second through a circuit conveying one
ampere.
The quantity of electricity contained in a
condenser of one farad capacity, when subjected
to the E.M.F. of one volt. (See International
Coulomb.)
Coulomb Meter. A meter for measuring in cou-
lombs, the quantity of electricity which passes
through any circuit.
Coulomb-volt. A word sometimes employed for
the volt-coulomb or joule.
Counter-electromotive Force. An opposed or re-
verse electromotive force which tends to setup
a current in the opposite direction to that ac-
tually produced by a source. In an electric
motor, an electromotive force produced by the
rotation of the armature and opposed to that
produced by the driving current.
Counter-electromotive Force of Induction. The
counter electromotive force of self or mutual
induction.
Couple. In mechanics, two equal and parallel,
but oppositely directed forces, not acting in the
same line, and tending to produce rotation.
The two elements in a voltaic cell or thermo-
electric cell.
Couple, Thermo-electric. Two dissimilar metals
which, when connected at their ends only, so
as to form a completed electric circuit, will pro-
duce a difference of potential, and hence an
electric current, when one of the ends is heated
more than the other.
Couple, Voltaic. Two materials, usually two dis-
similar metals, capable of acting as an electric
source when dipped in an electrolyte, or ca-
pable of producing a difference of electric po-
tential by mere contact.
Cradle Dynamometer. A dynamometer in which
the dynamo to be tested is supported in a
cradle, and the mechanical energy it receives or
transmits is measured by the torque developed
by the cradle about its axis.
Critical Current. The current strength at which
a certain critical result is reached.
Critical-speed of Compound-wound Dynamo. The
speed at which both the series and shunt coils
of a dynamo give the same difference of poten-
tial when the full load is on the machine, as the
shunt coil would have if used alone on open-
circuit. The speed at which a dynamo com-
mences to build up its excitation.
Crookes' Effect. The effect produced in high-
vacuum tubes due to the characteristic motions
possessed by heated or electrified molecules
when in the ultra-gaseous or radiant state.
Crookes' Tubes. Glass tubes containing high
vacua, provided with platinum leading-in wires
terminating in suitably shaped metallic sur-
faces, employed in demonstrating the peculiar-
ities of the radiant or ultragaseous condition of
matter. A name frequently given to X-ray
tubes.
Cross. See Cross, Electric.
Cross Arm. A horizontal beam attached to a
pole for the support of the insulators of tele-
graph, electric light, or other electric wires.
A telegraphic arm.
Cross Bonding. In an electric railway the bond-
ing between the ground feeder and the track
for the purpose of ensuring a good conducting
return circuit.
Cross-connection of Armature Windings. Arma-
ture windings in which the wires are intercon-
nected at the corresponding segments of the
commutator.
Cross Current. Current passing between the
armatures of alternating current generators,
or motors, operated in parallel, and due to dif-
ferences in the phase or magnitude of the
E.M.F.'s in the machines.
Cross, Electric. A connection, generally me-
tallic, accidentally established between two
conducting lines. A defect in a telegraph, tele-
phone, or other circuit, caused by two wires
coming into contact by crossing each other.
Electrical
Dictionary
AMERICAN
STEEL
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WIRE
COMPANY
Electrical Cross Induction. An induction produced by the
_^. . armature current whose magnetization is at
Uicbonary right-angles to that produced by the field.
Cross magnetization.
Cross iWagnetization. A magnetization set up by
the currents circulating in the armature turns,
which is at right-angles to the magnetization
set up by the field flux.
Cross-talk. Cross-fire conversation over one
telephone circuit which is heard in neighboring
telephone circuit. Interference between neigh-
boring telephone circuits.
Crow-foot Zinc. A crow-foot-shaped zinc em-
ployed in the gravity voltaic cell.
Crucible Steel. (See Index.)
Current Commuter. Any device that causes
alternating currents to flow in one and the same
direction. A commutator;.
Current Density. The current strength which
passes in any part of a circuit, divided by the
area of cross-section of that part of the circuit.
The ratio of the current strength through any
surface of section of active conductor to the
area of that surface, assumed perpendicular to
the current.
Current Distribution. The spreading or ramifica-
tion of electric currents through a conducting
mass or network.
Currents, Eddy. See Eddy Currents.
Current, Electric. The quantity of electricity
per-second which passes through any con-
ductor or circuit , when the flow is uniform. The
rate at which a quantity of electricity flows or
passes through a circuit. The ratio, expressed
in terms of electric quantity per-second, exist-
ing between the electromotive force causing a
current and the resistance which opposes it.
The unit of current, or the ampere, is equal
to one coulomb per second. (See Ampere,
and Coulomb.)
The word current must not be confounded
with the mere act of flowing; electric current
signifies rate of flow, and always supposes an
electromotive force to produce the current,
and a resistance to oppose it.
The electric current is assumed to flow out from
the positive terminal of a source, through the
circuit and back into the source at the negative
terminal. It is assumed to flow into the positive
terminal of an electro receptive device such as
a lamp, motor, or storage battery, and out of
its negative terminal; or, in other words, the
positive pole of the source is always connected
to the positive terminal of the electro-receptive
device.
The current that flows or passes in any circuit
is, in the case of a constant current, equal to the
electromotive force, or difference of potential,
divided by the resistance, as:
C =
(See Law of Ohm.)
The flow of an electric current may vary in any
manner whatsoever.
A current which continues flowing in the
same direction no matter how its strength may
vary, is called a continuous current, or some-
times a direct current. If the strength of such
a current is constant, it is called an unvarying
current; if its strength is not constant, it is a
varying continuous current. A regular varying
continuous current is called a pulsatory cur-
rent. A current which alternately flows in
opposite directions, no matter how its strength
may vary, is called an alternating current.
This may be periodic or non-periodic.
Current, Electric, Method of Propagation of.
Through a Circuit. When an electric current
is propagated through a wire or other con-
ductor, it is not sent or pushed through the
conductor, like a fluid through a pipe or
other conductor, but is, so to speak, handed
on from particle to particle.
The following taken from the "Electrical
World," March 3, 1910, represents the latest
hypothesis concerning these phenomena:
" In the normal unelectrified state all the
copper molecules are substantially neutral.
When an electric potential difference, or voltage,
is applied to the ends of the copper wire, the
negative electrons at the positive pole jump out
of the adjacent molecules, leaving them posi-
tively electrified. These, in their turn, at-
tract more negative electrons out of the next
layer of neutrals beyond and so on, back to the
negative pole, until there is a complete bucket
brigade, formed by the molecules, the buckets
being the negative electrons and the firemen
being the nearly stationary molecules, which
pass negative electricity all along the line."
Current, Faradic. In electro-therapeutics, the
current produced by an induction coil, or by a
magneto-electric machine. A rapidly alternat-
ing current, as distinguished from a uniform
voltaic current.
Current, Foucault. A name sometimes applied to
eddy currents, especially in armature cores.
Current, Periodic. A simple periodic current.
Current, Polyphase. Currents differing in phase
from one another and, therefore, requiring
separate circuits for use.
Current Retarder. A term sometimes employed
for rheostat.
Current Reverser. A switch or other apparatus
designed to reverse the direction of a current.
A current changer.
Current, Rotating. A term applied to the cur-
rent which results by combining a number of
alternating currents whose phases are dis-
placed with respect to one another.
Current Rush. The impulsive rush of current
that occurs when a transformer is first switched
on, or connected with, an alternating-current
circuit.
Current, Simple Periodic. Currents, the flow of
which is variable, both in strength and dura-
tion, and in which the flow of electricity, passing
any section of the conductor, may be repre-
sented by a simple periodic curve.
Current Strength. In a direct-current circuit the
quotient of the total electromotive force di-
vided by the total resistance. The time-rate-
of-flow in a circuit expressed in amperes, or
coulombs per second. In an alternating cur-
rent the quotient of the total electromotive
force divided by the impedance. (See Alter-
nating Currents.)
Current Transformation. The act of changing the
strength of a current by changes effected in its
electromotive force. The act of changing a
direct into an alternating current, or the re-
verse, or a Uniphase-alternating current into a
multiphase-alternating current.
Current Transformer. A device for changing in
one circuit the strength of current which flows
in another.
Current Turns. The product of the number of
turns in a coil by the current flowing through
them. A word sometimes used for ampere-
turns.
Current, Undulatory. Currents the strength and
direction of whose flow gradually change.
Cut-out. A device for removing an electro-
receptive device or loop from the circuit of an
electric source. A safety fuse.
Cut-out Block. A block containing a fuse wire
or safety catch.
Cut-out Cabinet. Any enclosed space provided
in a building for the reception of cut-outs or
fuses.
Cut-out Switch. A short-circuiting switch by
means of which an arc-light is cut out from its
feeding circuit.
Cycle. A succession of events which periodically
recur, reckoning from any stage of the disturb-
ance to the moment at which that stage next
occurs. A complete recurrence of any periodic
change.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
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Cycle of Alternations. The cycle of a periodically-
alternating electromotive force, current or flux.
d. A symbol for diameter.
D.C. A contraction for direct current.
D.P. Cut-out. A contraction for double-pole
cut-out.
D.P. Switch. A contraction for double-pole
switch.
Damped Magnetic Needle. A magnetic needle so
placed as to come quickly to rest after it has
been set in motion.
Damper. A metallic cylinder so arranged as to
partially or completely surround the iron core
of an induction coil for the purpose of varying
the intensity of the currents produced in the
secondary. A dash-pot, or similar apparatus,
provided for preventing the too sudden move-
ments of a lever or other part of a moving de-
vice. Any device employed for damping a
magnetic needle.
Damping Magnet. Any magnet employed for the
purpose of checking the motions of a moving
body or magnet.
Damping Suspension. A suspension which is
rendered dead-beat, or aperiodic, by the appli-
cation of any retarding force or damping mech-
anism.
Daniell's Voltaic Cell. A zinc-copper couple
whose elements are immersed respectively in
electrolytes of dilute sulphuric acid and a satu-
rated solution of copper sulphate.
d'Arsonval Galvanometer. The class of galva-
nometers in which the needle or mirror is at-
tached to and actuated by a small coil which is
suspended by means of a fine wire between the
poles of a permanent magnet. The axis of the
coil is normally at right angles with the lines of
the field. Current is lead into the coil by
means of the small suspension wire and leaves
the coil by a flexible wire usually in the form
of a helical spring attached underneath the coil.
Dead-beat Galvanometer. An aperiodic galva-
nometer, or one whose needle comes quickly to
rest instead of repeatedly swinging to-and-fro.
A heavily damped galvanometer.
Dead-ended Conductor or Wire. A conductor or
wire whose end is deliberately left open or in-
sulated as, for example, by being wound around
an insulator.
Dead Ground or Grounding. Such a grounding
as will ensure a ground of negligible resistance.
Dead Man. A support for raising a pole and sup-
porting it in place while securing it in the
ground.
Deci-ampere. One-tenth of an ampere.
Deflecting Magnet. The permanent magnet of a
magnetometer, employed for deflecting a small
magnetic needle suspended at a definite dis-
tance, in order to compare its influence with
that of the earth's horizontal magnetic force.
The compensating magnet of a galvanometer.
Deka-ampere. Ten amperes.
Delta Connection. The connection of circuits
employed in a delta triphase-system.
Delta Current. The current between adjacent
wires or terminals of a triphase-system. The
ring current.
Delta Triphase-system. A triphase-system in
which the terminal connections resemble the
Greek letter delta, or triangle.
Demagnetizing Current. The current which
serves to remove the magnetization of some
magnetic device.
Demand. Demand is a load specified, contracted
for or used, expressed in terms of power as K.-
W. or P.
Demand Factor. Unless otherwise specified, de-
mand factor shall be the maximum connected
kilowatts of capacity divided into the actual
kilowatts of demand, and expressed in terms of
per cent.
Demand Rate. The price, or part of the price, of
power charged for the demand as designated
for the price paid for the kilowatt-hour con-
sumption.
Density. Mass of unit volume, compactness.
Density, Electric. The quantity of free elec-
tricity on any unit of area of surface of a
charged body.
Density of Current. The quantity of current that
passes per-unit-of-area of cross-section in any
part of a circuit.
Density of Field. The quantity of magnetic flux
that passes through any field per-unit-of-area
of cross-section.
Depolarize. To deprive of polarization.
Detector Galvanometer. Any rough form of gal-
vanometer or galvanoscope employed for de-
tecting the presence of electric currents.
Detector, Ground. See Ground Detector.
Developed Winding. A winding of a dynamo-
electric machine developed or expanded upon a
drawing of plane.
Dial Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy in
which the messages are received by the move-
ments of a needle over a dial plate.
Diamagnetic. The property possessed by sub-
stances like bismuth, phosphorus, antimony,
zinc and others, of being apparently repelled
when placed between the poles of powerful
magnets.
Diameter of Commutation. The diameter of the
commutator cylinder of a dynamo at which the
brushes are applied. That diameter on the
commutator cylinder of an open-circuit arma-
ture, which joins the points of contact of the
collecting brushes.
Dielectric. Any substance which permits electro-
static induction to take place through its mass.
The substance which separates the opposite
coatings of a condenser is called the dielectric.
All dielectrics are non-conductors.
All non-conductors or insulators are dielec-
trics, but their dielectric power is not exactly
proportional to their non-conducting power.
Substances difi'er greatly in the degree or
extent to which they permit induction to take
place through or across them. Thus, a certain
amount of inductive action takes place between
the insulated metal plates of a condenser
across the layer or air between them.
A dielectric may be regarded as pervious to
rapidly reversed periodic currents, but opaque
to continuous currents. There is, however,
some conduction of continuous currents.
Dielectric Capacity. A term employed in the
same sense as specific inductive capacity.
Dielectric Hysteresis. A variety of molecular
friction, analogous to magnetic hysteresis pro-
duced in a dielectric under charges of electro-
static stress. That property of a dielectric by
virtue of which energy is consumed in reversals
of electrification. (See page 20.)
Dielectric Resistance. The resistance which a
dielectric offers to mechanical strains produced
by electrification. The resistance of a dielec-
tric to displacement currents.
Dielectric Strain. The strained condition of the
glass or other dielectric of a condenser produced
by the charging of the condenser. The de-
formation of a dielectric under the influence of
an electro-magnetic stress.
Difference of Electric Potential. That quantita-
tive property in space whereby work is done
when an electric charge is moved therein. The
electric work done on a unit charge in an excur-
sion between two points.
Differential Coils. Coils that are differentially
wound, or that act differentially.
Differential Galvanometer. A galvanometer con-
taining two coils, so wound as to tend to de-
flect its needle in opposite directions.
Differential Rate. A rate consisting of two op-
posed factors; one tending to give a high rate
and the other tending to give a low rate.
Electrical
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198
AMERICAN
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WIRE
COMPANY
Electrical Differential Relay. A telegraphic relay contain-
. ing two differentially wound coils of wire on its
Dictionary magnet core.
Differential Speed. In an induction machine, the
angular velocity of the field relatively to the
rotor.
Differential Voltmeter. A voltmeter consisting
of two separate decomposition cells, one placed
in a circuit of known resistance, and the other
in a circuit whose resistance is to be determined.
, Differential Winding. Such a double winding of
magnet coils that the two poles produced
thereby are opposed to each other.
Dimmer. A choking coil employed in an alter-
nating-current system of distribution for regu-
lating the current strength passing through in-
candescent lamps.
Dip. The inclination of a magnetic needle.
Diphase-alternating Currents. Two separate al-
ternating electric currents whose phase differ-
ence is a quarter of a cycle. Two-phase cur-
rents. Quarter-phase currents.
Diptiase Alternator. An alternator that pro-
duces diphase E.M.F.'s.
Diphase Circuit. A circuit, consisting either of
three or four separate wires, employed for the
transmission of diphase currents.
Diphase Generator. A generator capable of pro-
ducing diphase E.M.F.'s. A diphase alternator.
Diphase-triphase Transformer. A transformer
for converting diphase into triphase currents.
Dipolar. Possessing two poles. Bipolar.
Dipping. An electro-metallurgical process where-
by a thin coating or deposit of metal is obtained
on the surface of another metal by dipping it in
a solution of a readily decomposable metallic
salt. Cleansing surfaces for electro-plating by
immersing them in various acid liquors.
Dipping Magnetic-needle. A magnetic needle
suspended so as to be free to move in a vertical
plane only, and employed to determine the
angle of dip or magnetic inclination. An in-
clination compass.
Direct-current. A current whose direction is con-
stant, as distinguished from an alternating
current. A unidirectional current.
Direct-current Converter. Converts from a direct
current to a direct current of different voltage.
Direct-current Generator. Any dynamo-electric
machine capable of furnishing direct currents,
that may or may not be continuous.
Direct-current Transformer. A transformer in-
tended to vary the strength of continuous cur-
rents. A direct-current secondary-generator.
1 Direct Excitation. The excitation of a muscle,
resulting from the placing of an electrode di-
rectly on the muscle itself. The excitation of
a dynamo-electric machine by a separate source
of direct currents, as distinguished from its
excitation by commuted currents taken from
its own armature.
Disc Armature. The armature of a dynamo-elec-
tric machine whose windings consist of flat coils
supported on the surface of a disc. An arma-
ture having the form of a disc.
Discharge. The equalization of the difference of
potential between the terminals of a condenser
or source, on their connection by a conductor.
The removal of a charge from a conductor by
connecting the conductor to the earth or to an-
other conductor. The removal of a charge
from an insulated conductor by means of a
f stream of electrified air particles.
Discharge Key. A key employed to pass the dis-
charge from a condenser or cable through a
galvanometer.
Disconnector. A key or other device for opening
or breaking an electric circuit or for removing
an electro-receptive device therefrom.
Discriminating Rate. A rate which does not give
the same price to two or more customers, when
all other conditions are equal.
Dispersion Factor. The factor applied to light
intensity after dispersion, which gives the in-
tensity if the dispersion agent were removed.
Displacement Current. The rate-of-change of
electric displacement. An electric current
produced in a dielectric by electric displace-
ment, as opposed to a conduction current.
Disruptive Discharge. A sudden and more or less
complete discharge that takes place across an
intervening non-conductor or dielectric.
Disruptive Strength of Dielectric. The strain a
dielectric is capable of bearing without suffer-
ing disruption, or without permitting a dis-
ruptive discharge to pass through it.
Dissipation of Energy. The expenditure or loss
of available energy.
Distributed Capacity. The capacity of a circuit
considered as distributed over its entire length,
so that the circuit may be considered as shunted
by an infinite number of infinitely small con-
densers, placed infinitely near together, as dis-
tinguished from localized capacity, in which the
capacity is distributed in discrete aggregations.
Distributed Inductance. Inductance distributed
through the entire length of a circuit or portion
thereof, as distinguished from inductance inter-
posed in a circuit in bulk at some one or more
points.
Distributing Mains. The mains employed in a
feeder system of parallel distribution.
Distributing Station. A station from which
electricity is distributed. A central station.
Distributing Center. In an electrical distribution
system a center or sub-center of distribution.
A ramifying point.
Diurnal Currents. Earth currents through tele-
graph circuits of normal strength and execut-
ing diurnal cycles.
Diversity Factor. A diversity factor is used
to express the relation between the simulta-
neous demand of all individual customers and
the sum of the maximum demand made by
these customers; the sum of the maximum de-
mand of the customers, no matter at what
time they occurred, divided into the simultan-
eous greatest maximum demand when ex-
pressed in per cent will give the diversity factor.
Double Alternation. A complete cycle or double
vibration. A complete to-and-fro movement.
Double-break Switch. A double-pole switch. A
switch which breaks a circuit in two places as
distinguished from a switch which breaks a cir-
cuit at a single point only.
Double-current Generator. One which produces
both direct and alternating currents.
Double-current Working. A method of tele-
graphic working or transmission by means of
double currents.
Double-filament Lamp. An incandescent lamp,
frequently employed for the side-light of a ship,
and provided with two carbon filaments so ar-
ranged that should one break, the other will
continue burning. A twin-filament lamp.
An incandescent lamp having two filaments con-
nected in series, and therefore, requiring twice
the electric pressure of an ordinary lamp.
Double-loop. In telegraphy, any pair of asso-
ciated loops. A pair of loops connecting a pair
of branch offices with a central office.
Double-pole Switch. A switch which simulta-
neously breaks the circuit of both positive and
negative leads.
Double-throw Switch. A switch capable of being
thrown into either of two contacts or pairs of
contacts. A switch which has three positions.
A throw-over switch.
Double-transmission. The simultaneous sending
of two messages over a single wire in opposite
directions. Duplex or contraplex telegraphy.
Double-trolley. Two separate trolleys placed on
the same car, and moving over two separate
trolley wires which form a metallic circuit, in
any double-overhead system.
Draw Vise. A device employed in stringing over-
head wires. A portable vise for holding and
drawing up an overhead wire.
ELECTRICAL
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199
Drop. A word frequently used for drop of poten-
tial, pressure, or electromotive force. The fall
of potential which takes place in an active con-
ductor by reason of its resistance.
Drop of Magnetic Potential. A fall of magnetic
potential.
Drop of Potential. The fall of potential, equal in
any part of a circuit to the product of the cur-
rent strength and the resistance of that part of
the circuit.
Drop of Voltage. The drop or difference of po-
tential of any part of a circuit.
Drum Armature. A dynamo armature whose
coils are wound longitudinally over the surface
of a cylinder or drum.
Dry Battery. A number of separate dry voltaic
cells, connected so as to act as a single source.
A dry pile.
Dry Cell. A dry voltaic cell.
Dry Voltaic Cell. A misnomer for a voltaic cell in
which the fluid electrolyte is held in suspension
by sawdust, gelatine, or other suitable material.
A sealed voltaic cell, which can, therefore, be
inverted without danger of spilling liquid.
Duct. A space left in an underground conduit
for a sparate wire or cable.
Duplex Cable. A cable containing two separate
conductors placed parallel to each other.
Duplex Circuit. A circuit arranged for duplex
transmission. A metallic circuit.
Duplex Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy where-
by two messages can be simultaneously trans-
mitted in opposite directions over a single wire.
Duplex Transmission. The sending of two tele-
graphic or telephonic messages simultaneously
in opposite directions over the same wire.
Duplex Wire. An insulated conductor containing
two separate parallel wires.
Dust Telephone=transmitter. A form of micro-
phone transmitter in which finely granulated
carbon or carbon dust is contained within a suit-
ably shaped box, connected with the terminals
of the transmitter. A granular telephone
transmitter.
Dynamic Electricity. A term sometimes em-
ployed for current electricity, in contradistinc-
tion to static electricity.
Dynamo. A dynamo-electric machine or gen-
erator.
Dynamo Battery. The combination of several
separate dynamos to act as a single electric
source.
Dynamo-electric Machine. A machine for the
conversion of mechanical energy into electric
energy, by means of electro-dynamic induction.
A dynamo.
Dynamo Regulator. A name given to a form of
rheostat employed in the regulation of a dy-
namo.
Dynamo Terminals. The main terminals of a
dynamo.
Dynamometer. A general name given to a va-
riety of apparatus for measuring power.
Dynamotor. A particular type of rotary
transformer. A motor-generator, in which a
generator and a motor armature are rotated
through a common magnetic field. A trans-
forming device.
Dyne. The C.G.S. unit of force. The force which
in one second can impart a velocity of one centi-
metre-per-second to a mass of one gramme.
E.
E. or e. A symbol for electromotive force.
E.H.P. A contraction for electrical horse-power.
E.M.F. A contraction for electromotive force.
E.M.F. of Self-induction. The E.M.F. generated in
a loop of wire during the filling or emptying of
that loop by magnetic flux from its own current.
Ear. A metal piece supported by an insulator
to which the trolley wire is fastened. A trolley
ear.
Earth. A fault in a telegraphic or other line Electrical
caused by the accidental contact of the line j- .
with the ground or earth, or with some other Dictionary
ground-connected conductor. That part of the
earth or ground which forms a part of an elec-
tric circuit.
Earth Circuit. A circuit in which the ground or
earth forms part of the conducting path.
Earth Currents. Electric currents flowing through
the earth, caused by the difference of potential
of its different parts.
Earth Plates. Plates of metal, buried in the
earth or in water, connected to the terminals
of earth wires.
Earth Return. That portion of a grounded cir-
cuit in which the earth forms its conducting
path.
Earth's Field. The magnetic field produced in
any place by the earth's flux.
Earth's Flux. The magnetic flux produced by
the earth by virtue of its magnetized condition.
Easement. A permit obtained from the owner
of a property for the erection of poles or attach-
ments for telephone, telegraph, or other aerial
lines.
Ebonite. A hard, tough, black substance, com-
posed of India rubber and sulphur, possessing
both high powers of insulation and high spe-
cific inductive capacity. Vulcanite.
Economic Coefficient. The ratio between the net
electric power, or the output of a dynamo, and
the gross electric power, or power actually con-
verted in the dynamo.
Economizer. An apparatus placed between a
boiler furnace and a smoke stack to utilize a
portion of the heat of the flue gases that would
otherwise be lost. It is made up of a series of
tubes over which the gases have to pass and
through which the boiler feed water flows. A
portion of the waste heat of the flue gases thus
passes into the water and raises its temperature.
Eddy Currents. Useless currents produced in the
pole-pieces, armature, and field-magnet cores
of dynamos or motors, or in metallic masses
generally, either by their motion through mag-
netic flux, or by variations in the strength of
electric currents flowing near them.
Effective Ampere-turns. The resultant magnet-
izing force in a magnetic circuit. The square
root of the mean square of the ampere-turns
in a periodically-varying magnetizing force.
Effective Current=strength. The strength of an
alternating or sinusoidal-electric current, de-
termined by its heating effect; or, in other
words, the thermally effective current strength.
That value of the current strength of a sinu-
soidal or alternating current which is equal to
the square root of the mean square of the in-
stantaneous values of the current during one or
more cycles. The square root of the time
average of the square of the current.
Effective Demand. The demand taken at the
time of the system's greatest maximum.
Effective Electromotive Force. The difference
between the direct and the counter-electro-
motive force. The square root of the time
average of the square of the E.M.F. The vir-
tual E.M.F.
Effective Load-factor. The meaning suggested is
the main load of a part of a system determined
by the load at the time of the system's maxi-
mum. This value would be infinity if the ser-
vice were off at the time of the system's maxi-
mum as in the case of non-peak service. The
term " effective demand" is suggested as a sub-
stitute.
Effective Reactance. In an alternating-current
circuit, the ratio of the wattless component of
an electromotive force to the total current.
Apparent reactance.
Effective Resistance. In an alternating-current
circuit, the ratio between the energy component
of an electromotive force and the total current.
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Electrical Efficiency. The efficiency of an apparatus is the
. ratio of its output to its input. The output
Dictionary and input may be in terms of watt-hours,
watts, volt-amperes, amperes, or any other
quantity of interest, thus respectively defining
energy efficiency, power efficiency, apparent-
power efficiency, current efficiency, etc. Unless
otherwise specified, however, the term efficien-
cy is ordinarily assumed to refer to power
efficiency.
When the input and output are expressed in
terms of the same unit, the efficiency is a
numerical ratio, otherwise it is a physical
dimensional quantity.
Elastic Limit. This may be defined as that point
at which the deformation ceases to be propor-
tional to the stresses, or, the point at which the
rate of stretch or other deformations begin to
increase. It is also defined as the point at
which the first permanent set becomes visible.
Elasticity, Electric. The quotient arising from
dividing the electric strain by the electric
stress.
Electric. Of or pertaining to electricity.
Electric Current. See Current, Electric.
Electrical. An orthography for electric.
Electrically Retarded. Decreased speed of tele-
graphic signalling by means of electrostatic in-
duction.
Electricity. The name given to the unknown
cause of electric phenomena. (See Current,
Electric.)
Electrification. The production of an electric
charge.
Electro=chemical. Of or pertaining to electro-
chemistry.
Electro-chemical Series. A list of chemical ele-
ments so arranged that each will displace from
its compounds any elements lower in the list
than itself.
Electro-chemistry. That branch of electric
science which treats of electric combinations
and decompositions effected by the electric
current. The science which treats of the re-
lation between the laws of electricity and chem-
istry.
Electro-deposition. The deposit, usually of a
metallic substance, by means of electrolysis.
Electrolytic deposition.
Electro-dynamic Force. A mechanical force ex-
erted on the substance of a wire or conductor
due to the dissymmetrical distribution of mag-
netic flux in its neighborhood.
Electro-dynamic Machinery. Any apparatus de-
signed for the production, transference, utiliza-
tion, or measurement of energy by the medium
of electricity.
Electro-dynamic Potential. An electric potential
produced by electro-dynamic induction.
Electro-dynamics. That branch of electric
science which treats of the action of electric
currents on one another, on themselves, or on
magnets.
Electro-magnet. A magnet produced by the
passage of an electric current through a circuit
of insulated wire. A magnetizing coil sur-
rounding a soft iron core, that is capable of be-
ing magnetized and demagnetized instantly on
the closing and opening of the circuit.
Electro-magnetic Field. The field produced
either by an electro-magnet or by an electric
current.
Electro-magnetic Flux. Magnetic flux produced
* by means of an electro-magnet or by an electric
current.
Electro-magnetic Induction. A variety of elec-
tro-dynamic induction in which electric cur-
rents are produced by the motion either of
electro-magnets, or electro-magnetic solenoids.
Electro-magnetic Separator. A device for sepa-
rating iron ore from the dross in finely-pulver-
ized, low-grade iron' ores. A device for mag-
netically removing particles of iron from brass
filings or other non- magnetic material, and
thus freeing such material from impurities.
Electro-magnetic Strain. The effect produced by
an electro-magnetic stress.
Electro-magnetic Stress. The force or pressure in
an electro-magnetic field which produces a
strain or deformation in a piece of glass or other
substances placed therein.
Electro-magnetic Telegraph. A general term
embracing the apparatus employed in a system
of electro-magnetic telegraphy.
Electro-magnetic Units. A system of C.G.S. units
employed in electro-magnetic measurements.
Units based on the attraction and repulsions
capable of being exerted between two unit
magnetic poles at unit distance apart, or be-
tween a unit magnetic pole and a unit electric
current.
Electro-magnetic Voltmeter. A form of volt-
meter in which the difference of potential is
measured by the movements of a magnetic
needle in the field of an electro-magnet.
Electro-magnetism. Magnetism produced by
means of electric currents.
Electro-metallurgy. That branch of electric
science which relates to the electric reduction
or treatment of metals. Electro-metallurgical
processes effected by the agency of electricity.
Electro-plating or electro-typing.
Electro-negative. In such a state as regards
electricity as to be repelled by bodies negatively
electrified, and attracted by those positively
electrified. The ions or radicals which appear
at the anode or positive electrode of a decom-
position cell.
Electro-negative Ions. The negative ions, or
groups of atoms or radicals, which appear at
the anode or positive terminal of a decompo-
sition cell. The anions.
Electro-plating. The process of covering any
conducting surface with a metal, by the aid of
an electric current.
Electro-positive. In such a state, as regards an
electric charge, as to be attracted by a body
negatively electrified, and repelled by a body
positively electrified. The ions or radicals
which appear at the cathode or negative elec-
trode of a decomposition cell.
Electro-positive Ions. The cathions or groups of
atoms or radicals which appear at the cathode
of a decomposition cell.
Electro-pyrometer. An apparatus for the deter-
mination of temperature by the measurement
of the electric resistance of a platinum wire
exposed to the temperature which is to be
measured.
Electro-refining. Various processes for the elec-
tric refining of metals.
Electro-smelting. The separation or reduction
of metallic substances from their ores, by means
of the heat developed by electric currents.
Electro-technics. The science which treats of the
technical applications of electricity and the
general principles involved therein.
Electro-therapeutics. The application of elec-
tricity to the human body for the curing of
disease or the improvement of health. Elec-
tro-therapy.
Electro-thermic. Of or pertaining to the genera-
tion of heat by means of electricity.
Electro-type. To produce a fac-simile by electro-
lytically depositing metals. in a mould.
Electrode. Either of the terminals of an electric
source. Either of the terminals of an electric
source that are placed in a solution in which
electrolysis is taking place. Either of the
electro-therapeutic terminals of an electric
source.
Electrograph. A curve produced by a recording
electrometer. A word sometimes used for
radiograph.
Electrolier. A chandelier for holding electric
lamias, as distinguished fro.n a chandelier for
holding gas burners.
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Electrolysis. Chemical decomposition effected by
means of an electric current. The decompo-
sition of the molecule of an electrolyte into its
ions or radicals. Electrolytic decomposition.
Electrolysis of Salts. The electrolytic decompo-
sition of a salt into its constituent ions or rad-
icals.
Electrolyte. Any compound liquid which is sep-
arable into its constituent ions or radicals by
the passage of electricity through it. The ex-
citing liquid in a voltaic cell.
Electrolytic. Of or pertaining to electrolysis.
Electrolytic Bath. An electrolytic cell.
Electrolytic Cell. A cell or vessel containing an
electrolyte in which electrolysis is carried on.
A plating cell or vat.
Electrolytic Corrosion. The corrosion by electro-
lytic action of water-pipes, gas-pipes or other
masses of metal, buried in moist earth.
Electrolytic Decomposition. The separation of a
molecule into its constituent ions or radicals
by the action of an electric current.
Electrolytic Heating. A method of electric heat-
ing consisting in plunging the metal to be
heated beneath the surface of a conducting
Uquid, while held in a metal clamp that is con-
nected to the negative pole of a continuous-
current source, while the positive pole of such
source is connected to the metal lining of the
vessel containing the conducting liquid.
Electrolyze. To separate or decompose by means
of electricity.
Electrometer. An apparatus for measuring dif-
ferences of electric potential.
Electromotive Force. The force which starts or
tends to start electricity in motion. The max-
imum or total generated difference of potential
which exists in a circuit.
Electromotive Force of Induction. The electro-
motive force developed by any inductive
action.
Electron. A word formerly used for amber.
The electric atoms whose projection from the
cathode of a high-vacuum tube is supposed to
constitute the cathode rays or streamings. An
alloy of gold and silver.
Electrophonis. A simple form of electrostatic
induction apparatus.
Electroscope. An apparatus for showing the
presence of an electric charge, or determining
its character, whether positive or negative, but
not for measuring its amount or value.
Electrostatic Capacity. The quantity of elec-
tricity which must be imparted to a given con-
ductor as a charge, in order to raise its poten-
tial to unity, all neighboring conductors being
at zero potential.
Electrostatic Corona. A luminous effect pro-
duced on the surface of a thin sheet of mica, or
other insulating material, when placed between
two electrodes, subjected to a comparatively
high difference of potential.
Electrostatic Discharge. A term sometimes em-
ployed for a disruptive discharge.
Electrostatic Field. The region of electrostatic
influence surrounding a charged body. A
region traversed by electrostatic flux.
Electrostatic Force. The force which produces
the attractions or repulsions of charged bodies.
Electrostatic Induction. The induction of an
electric charge produced in a conductor
brought into an electrostatic field.
Electrostatic Lines of Force. Lines of force pro-
duced in the neighborhood of a charged body,
by the presence of the charge. Lines extending
in the direction in which the force of electro-
static attraction or repulsion acts.
Electrostatic Potential. The power of doing elec-
tric work possessed by a unit quantity of posi-
tive electricity residing on the surface of an
insulated body. That property in space by
virtue of which work is done when an electric
charge is moved therein.
Electrostatic Units. Units based on the attrac-
tions or repulsions of two unit charges of elec-
tricity at unit distance apart.
Emergency Cable. A small, comparatively in-
expensive and easily handled cable, employed
in the case of breaks in a pole line due to floods,
railroad wrecks, etc., for opening up communi-
cation during repairs of the break.
Emergency Switch. An accessory switch placed
on a car controller for reversing the motion of
a car when necessary.
Empanelled Wires. Wires placed inside mould-
ings, or behind panels.
Enamelled Rheostat. A rheostat whose coils con-
sist of wires imbedded in' a mass of enamel, in
close juxtaposition to a mass of iron or other
heat-conducting material.
Enamelled Wire. Wire having a very thin
insulation of enamel.
Enclosed Arc-lamp. An arc-lamp whose carbons
are enclosed by a closely fitting globe, so as to
maintain an atmosphere around the arc prac-
tically devoid of oxygen, thus diminishing the
rate of consumption of the carbons.
Endoscopic Lamp. A lamp provided for the
examination of a bodily cavity through its
natural outlet.
End-to-end Joint. A term frequently employed
in place of butt-joint.
End Windings. End connections. Conductors
for connecting up bar windings at the end of an
armature.
Energy. The power of doing work.
Energy Component of Current. In an alternating-
current circuit the component of current which
is in phase with the impressed E.M.F. In an
alternating-current circuit, the product of the
E.M.F. and the effective conductance.
Energy Component of E.M.F. In an alternating-
current circuit the component of E.M.F. which
is in phase with the current. In an alternating-
current circuit, the product of the current and
the effective resistance.
Energy, Electric. The power which electricity
possesses of doing work.
Energy Resistance. In an alternating-current
circuit, the energy component of impedance.
Entrefer. The gap of non-magnetic material
through which the field flux has to pass at the
surface of the armature of a dynamo-electric
machine, composed either of an air-gap or of
air and copper. The width of the non-mag-
netic gap, as distinguished from the width of
the clearance or simple air-gap of a smooth
cored armature.
Equalizer. An equalizing bar. A term em-
ployed for an equalizer wire. A device for
equalizing electric pressure over a system.
Equalizer Feeder. A feeder whose sole or prin-
cipal purpose is to equalize the pressure be-
tween the ends of two or more other feeders, as
distinguished from supplying current to feeding
points.
Equalizing Current. The current passing through
an equalizing bar between two dynamos.
Equalizing Dynamo. A dynamo employed in
systems of three or five-wire distribution to
supply one pair of mains which may be unduly
loaded so as to equalize the pressure.
Equalizing Wires. Two wires or conductors one
of which is employed for connecting the posi-
tive brushes and the other for connecting the
negative brushes of compound-wound dyna-
mos, when connected in parallel. Wires con-
necting corresponding segments in a multi-
polar armature winding.
Equipotential. Of or pertaining to an equality
of potential.
Equivalent Conductivity. The molecular conduc-
tivity of a solution divided by the valency.
Equivalent Resistance. A single resistance which
may replace a number of resistances in a circuit
without alternating the current traversing it.
Such a resistance in a simple-harmonic-current
circuit as would permit energy to be absorbed,
Electrical
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Electrical
Dictioneiry
with the same efEective current strength, at the
same rate as an actual resistance in a complex-
harmonic-current circuit. The effective re-
sistance of an alternating-current system or
conductor.
Erg. The C.G.S. unit of work, or the work done
when unit C.G.S. force is overcome through
unit C.G.S. distance. The work accomplished
when a body is moved through a distance of one
centimetre with the force of one dyne. A dyne-
centimetre.
Excitation. The production of electrification by
any means. The production of magnetism by
any means. The energizing of any electro or
magneto-receptive device. The production of
the magnetic field in a dynamo or motor. The
stimulation of a muscle or nerve fibre.
Exciter Dynamo. A dynamo used for the sepa-
rate excitation of another dynamo.
Expansion, Electric. The increase in volurne
produced in a body by giving it an electric
charge.
Expansion Joint. A joint suitable for tubes or
pipes exposed to considerable changes of tem-
perature, in which a sliding joint is provided to
safely permit a change in length on expansion
or contraction.
Exploring Needle. A form of exploring probe.
A magnetic needle employed in exploring a
magnetic field.
External Characteristic of Dynamo. A curve
showing the E.M.F. at the terminals of a dy-
namo under varying currents, as distinguished
from an internal characteristic showing the
internal E.M.F.
External Magnetic Field. That portion of a mag-
netic field which lies outside the body of a
magnet.
Extra Currents. Currents produced in a circuit
by self-induction.
Extra^polar. Lying beyond or outside the poles.
g A symbol for magnetomotive force.
Fac-simile Telegraphy. A system whereby a fac-
simile or copy of a chart, diagram, picture or
signature, is telegraphically transmitted from
one station to another. Pan-telegraphy.
Fahrenheit Thermometric Scale. The thermo-
metric scale in which the length of the ther-
mometer tube, between the melting point of ice
and the boiling point of water, is divided into
1 80 equal parts or degrees.
Fall of Potential. The drop of potential.
False Resistance. A resistance arising from a
counter electromotive force, and not directly
from the dimensions of the circuit, or from its
specific resistance.
Farad. The practical unit of electric capacity.
Such a capacity of a conductor or condenser
that one coulomb of electricity is required to
produce therein a difference of potential of one
volt. (See International Farad.)
Faradic Current. In electro- therapeutics, a cur-
rent produced by an induction coil, or magneto-
electric rnachine. A rapidly alternating cur-
rent, as distinguished from a direct current.
Faradic Machine. Any machine for producing
faradic currents.
Fatigue of Iron or Steel, Magnetic. The change
of rnagnetic hysteresis loss with time of service.
Ageing of magnetic material.
Feed. To supply with an electric current. To
move or regulate one of both of the carbon
electrodes in an arc-lamt).
Feeder. An electric circuit, used to supplv power
to a station or service, as distinguished from cir-
cuits confined to a single station or used for
other purposes than supplying power.
Feeder Distribution. A feeder-and-main system
of distribution.
Feeding Point. A point of connection between a
feeder and the mains. A feeding center.
Ferranti Effect. An increase in the electromotive
force or difference of potential of mains or
conductors carrying alternating currents, which
exists towards the end of the same furthest
from the terminals that are connected with the
source. A negative drop in pressure.
Fibre Suspension. Suspension of a needle or
other system by a fibre of unspun silk, quartz
or other suitable material.
Fibre, Quartz. A fibre suitable for suspending
galvanometer needles, etc., made of quartz.
The quartz fibre is obtained by fusing quartz
and drawing out the fused material as a fine
thread, in a manner similar to the production
of glass fibres. Quartz fibres possess marked
advantage over silk fibres, in that they are 5.4
stronger for equal diameters, and especially, in
that they return to the zero point, after very
considerable deflections.
Field. A term sometimes used for a magnetic
field. A term sometimes used for an electro-
static field.
Field, Electrostatic. The region of electrostatic
influence surrounding a charged body.
Field, Magnetic. The region of magnetic influ-
ence surrounding the poles of a magnet.
A space or region traversed by lines of mag-
netic force.
A place where a magnetic needle, if free to
move, will take up a definite position, under
the influence of the lines of magnetic force.
Field Magnets. The magnets which produce
the magnetic field or flux in which the armature
of a dynamo or motor rotates.
Field of Force. The space traversed by electro-
static or magnetic flux. An electrostatic or
magnetic field.
Fish Plate. In a system of electric railroads, the
plate connecting contiguous rails by bolts.
Fishing of Wires. The process of drawing a wire
into its place in a building through floors, walls,
or ceilings by placing a wire in a hole at one end
engaging it by a hook from the other, so as to
draw it through.
Fittings. The sockets, holders, arms, etc., re-
quired for holding and supporting incandescent
electric lamps. Incandescent light fixtures.
Fixture, Electric. Fittings for electric Ught. A
support or electrolier for one or more incan-
descent lamps rigidly fastened to a wall or
ceiling. Any electric apparatus forming part
of a permanent installation.
Fixture, Wire. A class of insulated wire suitable
for use in electric fixtures. (See page 128.)
Flaming Arc Lamp. A recent type of arc lamp in
which the two carbons or electrodes meet at a
very oblique angle and the arc formed between
them is arched downward. The electrodes used
are composed of or charged with substances
that give off at the temperature of the arc
strongly illuminous vapors which serve as a
source of light. The arc is formed in a shallow
cup-like recess which becomes coated with the
white calcium oxide fumes and serves as a very
fair reflector. The electrodes carry the vapor-
producing substance in various ways, usually in
a relatively soft core, the arc is long, and is the
chief, almost the sole source of light. This is said
to be one of the much efficient sources of fight.
Flaming of Carbon Arc. An irregular burning of
a voltaic arc, which occurs when the carbons
are too far apart, and the current strength
somewhat exceeds the normal.
Flashing. Subjecting carbons to the flashing
process.
Flashing of Dynamo=electric Machine. A name
given to long flashing sparks at the comrnu-
tator of a dynamo, due to the short-circuiting
of the external circuit at the commutator.
Flat Rate. Method of charging for electric ser-
vice only a fixed sum per month, or per annum,
for a specified service, as supplying a certain
number of outlets, or up to a certain maximum
demand without reference to the quantity of
electricity actually consumed.
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Flats, Those parts of commutator segments, the
surfaces of which, through wear or otherwise,
have become lower than the other portions.
Flexible Cable. A stranded cable, or one which
can be readily flexed or bent.
Flexible Lamp-cord. See Lamp Cord. (See
Index.)
Flow, Electric. Electric current.
Flush Plate. A plate on which flush push-buttons
are mounted.
Flux. Magnetic or electric flux. A surface in-
tegral of a vector quantity.
Flux Density. The quantity of magnetic flux
per unit of area of normal cross-section.
Flux, Electric. Electrostatic flux.
Flux, Intensity. The density of a flux. The sur-
face density of a vector quantity at a point.
Flux, Magnetic. The number of lines of mag-
netic force that pass or flow through a mag-
netic circuit. The total number of lines of
magnetic force in any magnetic field.
Flux of Magnetism. The flow of magnetic induc-
tion. The surface integral of magnetic induc-
tion through a given surface.
Focusing Arc-lamp. An arc-lamp designed for
use in connection with a reflector or lens, whose
mechanism feeds both carbons, and so permits
the arc to be maintained at the focus of the
reflector or lens.
Foot-candle. A unit of illumination equal to the
normal illumination produced by a standard
candle at the distance of one foot.
Foot-pound. A unit of work. The amount of
work required to raise one pound vertically
through a distance of a foot.
Foot-pound-per-second. A unit of activity. A
rate-of-doing work equal to the expenditure of
one foot-pound per second.
Force, Electric. The force exerted between
electrostatic charges.
Force, Electromotive. See Electromotive Force.
Form Factor of Alternating-current. A factor
equal to the square root of the mean square
divided by the true mean value of the alter-
nating electro-motive force or current.
Formers. The forms employed in obtaining
formed armature or other windings.
Forward Lead of Dynamo Brushes. A displace-
ment of the brushes on the commutator of a
dynamo in the direction of rotation of the arma-
ture.
Foucault Currents. A name sometimes applied to
eddy currents, especially when in armature
cores. Useless currents developed in a con-
ducting mass, through which varying mag-
netic flux is moving.
Fountain, Electric. A fountain operated by elec-
tric motors, provided with a variety of jets
that are electrically illumined by different
colored lights.
Four-point Switch. A switch whose circuit can
be completed through four points, either singly
or simultaneously. A four-pole switch.
Four-wire System. A system similar to its gen-
eral arrangement to the three- wire system, in
which three dynamos are connected to four
wires or conductors.
Fractional Electrolysis. Successive electrolysis
of different substances by gradually raising the
E.M.F.
Free Charge. The condition of an electric charge
on a conductor isolated from other conductors.
Free Magnet Pole. A pole in a piece of iron or
other paramagnetic substance which acts as if
it existed as one magnetic pole only.
French Standard Candle. The bougie-decimale
or the twentieth part of a Violle.
Frequency of Alternation. The number of cycles
or periods executed by an alternating current
in unit time. The periodicity. The two
standard frequencies are now 25 and 60.
Frequency Changer. A piece of apparatus for
changing from one frequency to another, con-
sisting of a motor driving either an ordinary
alternating-current generator or a machine
constructed like an induction motor In the Electrical
former case the term is to be preceded by the _^.
words "motor generator," and in the latter Dictionary
case by the word "induction."
Frequency Converter. A machine for converting
from an alternating-current system of one fre-
quency to an alternating-current system of
another frequency.
Frequency Setter. In an alternating-current cir-
cuit having induction machines, an alternator
which supplies them with a definite frequency.
Frictional Electricity. The electricity developed
by friction.
Frog. A metallic guide placed on one side of a
single track, where a car has to be driven from
one track to another, so as to guide the car in
the required direction. A grooved piece of
metal, serving as a guide, at the intersection of
two rails in a track-crossing. A trolley frog.
FulUload Efficiency of Motor. The efficiency of a
motor when operating at full load.
Fundamental Frequency. The nominal or lowest
frequency of a complex harmonic electro-
motive force, flu.x or current.
Fundamental Units. The units of length, time,
and mass, to which all other quantities can be
referred. Units of length, time and mass, as
distinguished from their derivations, or derived
units.
Furnace, Electric. A furnace in which electrically
generated heat is employed for effecting diffi-
cult fusions, for the extraction of metals from
their ores, or for other metallurgical opera-
tions.
Fuse Block. A block containing a safety fuse or
fuses.
Fuse Box. A box containing a safety fuse. A
box containing fuse wires.
Fuse, Electric. A conductor designed to melt or
fuse at a certain value of current and time and
by so doing to rupture the circuit.
Fuse Links. Strips or plates of fusible metal in
the form of links employed for safety fuses.
Fusing Current. — A term sometimes applied to
the current which causes a fuse to blow or melt.
a.
g. An abbreviation or symbol for the gravitation
constant, or the force with which the earth acts
upon unit mass at any locality. An abbrevia-
tion proposed for gramme, the unit of mass in
physical investigations.
Qains. The spaces cut in the faces of telegraph
poles for the support and placing of the cross
arms.
Galvanic Battery. An unadvisable term some-
times used in place of voltaic battery.
Galvanizing. Covering iron with an adherent
coating of zinc by dipping it in a bath of molten
metal. Subjecting a nerve or muscle to the
action of galvanism. (See Index.)
Galvanometer. An apparatus for measuring the
strength of an electric current by the deflection
of a magnetic needle. A current measurer.
The galvanometer depends for its operation
on the fact that a conductor, through which an
electric current is flowing, will deflect a mag-
netic needle placed near it. This deflection is
due to the magnetic field caused by the cm
rent.
The needle is deflected by the current from
a position of rest, either in the earth's magnetic
field or in a field obtained from a permanent or
an electro-magnet. In the first case, when in
use to measure a current, the plane of the galva-
nometer coils must coincide with the planes of
the magnetic meridian. In the other case, the
instrument may be used in any position in
which the needle is free to move.
Galvanometers assume a variety of forms
according either to the purposes for which they
are employed, or to the manner in which their
deflections are valued.
204
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Electrical Qalvanometer Constant. The constant of cali-
ph. . bration of the galvanometer scale. The numer-
Uictionary jq^I factor connecting a current passing through
a galvanometer with the deflection produced by
such current. The value of one division of the
galvanometer scale in terms of resistance or
current strength.
Galvanometer Shunt. A shunt placed around a
sensitive galvanometer in order to protect it
from the effects of a strong current, or for re-
ducing its sensibility.
Qalvanoscope. A galvanometer intended to show
the existence of a current rather than to meas-
ure its strength. A crude or simple form of
galvanometer.
Qap Space. The air-gap or entrefer.
Gassing. The evolution of gas from the plates of
a secondary or storage battery.
Gauss. The name proposed in 1894 by the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers for
the C.G.S. unit of magnetic flux density. A
unit of intensity of magnetic flux, equal to one
C.G.S. unit of magnetic flux per-square-centi-
metre of area of normal cross-section. A name
proposed for the C.G.S. unit of magnetic po-
tential or magnetomotive force by the British
Association in 1895.
Geissler Tubes. Glass tubes, provided with plat-
inum electrodes passed through and fused into
the glass, containing the residual atmospheres
of gases at a comparatively low vacuum, either
with or without fluorescent liquids, or solids, or
both, employed to obtain various luminous
effects on the passage of electric discharges.
Gem Lamp. An incandescent lamp using a car-
bon filament, which has a positive temperature
coefficient or resistance.
Generator. A dynamo-electric rnachine. One
which transforms mechanical into electrical
power.
German=silver Alloy. An alloy, employed for the
wires of resistance coils, usually consisting of
fifty parts of copper, twenty-five of zinc and
twenty-five of nickel.
Gilbert. A name proposed for the C.G.S. unit of
magnetomotive force. A unit of magnetomo-
tive force equal to that produced by x-sVbb of
one ampere-turn.
Globe Strain=insulators. Insulators provided for
the support of the strain wires in an overhead
trolley system.
Glow-lamp, Electric. A lamp whose light is pro-
duced by glow illumination. A term some-
times used for incandescent lamps.
Goose-neck Pull=off. An insulator, with a sup-
port shaped like a goose neck, employed on
curves to hold the trolley wire in position, and
provided with a single point for the attachment
of the strain wire.
Gradient, Electric. The rapidity of increase or
decrease of the strength of an electromotive
force or current. The vector space-rate of
descent of electric potential at any point.
Gramme. A unit of mass equal to 15.43235
grains. The mass of a cubic centimetre of
water at the temperature of its maximum
density.
Gramme Armature-winding. The winding orig-
inally employed by Gramme on the armature
of his dynamo-electric machine.
Gramme-calorie. The amount of heat required
to raise a gramme of water one degree Centi-
grade. The gramme-degree-Centigrade.
* Gramme-ring Transformer. A transformer whose
primary and secondary coils are placed on a
closed iron ring. A transformer resembling a
Gramme-'ing armature.
Graphite. A variety of soft carbon suitable for
writing on paper or on similar surfaces.
Graphite is used for rendering surfaces to be
electro-plated, electrically conducting, and also
for the brushes of dynamos and motors. For
the latter purpose it possesses the additional
advantage of decreasing the friction by means
of its marked lubricating properties.
Gravity Ammeter. A form of ammeter in which
the magnetic needle is moved against the
force of gravity by the magnetic influence of the
current it is measuring.
Gravity Voltmeter. A form of voltmeter in which
the potential difference is measured by the
movement of a magnetic needle against the pull
of a weight.
Grid. A lead plate provided with perforations or
other irregularities of surface, and employed
in storage cells for the support of the active
material. The support provided for the active
material on the plate of a secondary or storage
cell.
Ground. A general term for the earth when em-
ployed as a return conductor.
Ground Circuit. A circuit in which the ground
forms part of the path through which the
current passes.
Ground Detector. In a system of incandescent
lamp distribution, a device placed in a central
station for indicating, by the brightness of a
lamp, the existence of a ground on the system.
An instrument for detecting or measuring
grounds or leaks.
Ground-return. A general term used to indicate
the use of the ground or earth for part of an
electric circuit. The earth or ground which
forms part of the return path of an electric
circuit.
Ground Wire. The wire or conductor leading to
or connected with the ground or earth in a
grounded circuit.
Grounding. A word sometimes employed in
electro-metallurgy for the preparatory process
of burnishing. Connecting a circuit to earth
or ground.
Grove's Voltaic Cell. A zinc-platinum couple
immersed respectively in electrolytes of sul-
phuric and nitric acid.
Guard Wire. A wire hung above any active
conductor, such as a trolley wire in order to
prevent it from coming into electric contact
with falling wires.
Gutta-percha. A resinous gum obtained from a
tropical tree, and valuable electrically for its
high insulating powers and for its indestructi-
bility when employed in sub-marine cables.
Guy. A rod, chain, rope, or wire employed for
supporting or stiffening any structure such as a
telegraph pole.
Guy Wire. A wire employed as a guy.
H.
H. A contraction for the henry or practical unit
of self induction.
3C A contraction for the magnetizing force that
exists at any point, or, generally for the inten-
sity of magnetic force.
H. A symbol for field intensity.
" H.B." Curves. Curves indicating the relations
between magnetizing force and magnetic flux
density in a magnetic substance. A term some-
times employed for magnetization curves.
H.P. A contraction for horse-power.
Hall Effect. A transverse electromotive force
produced by a magnetic field in substances
undergoing electric displacement.
Hanger Board. A form of board provided for
the ready replacement or removal of an arc-lamp
from a circuit.
Hard-drawn Copper Wire. Copper wire that is
hardened by being drawn three or four times
without annealing. Copper wire not annealed
after leaving the die. (See Index.)
Harmonic Currents. Periodically alternating
currents varying harmonically. Currents which
are harmonic functions of time. Sinusoidal
currents.
Head of Liquid. The vertical distance from the
level of a liquid in a containing vessel to the
center of gravity of an orifice placed therein.
Difference of liquid elevation or level.
ELECTRICAL
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205
Heat. A form of energy. A mode of motion.
A vibratory motion impressed on the molecules
of matter by the action of any form of energy.
A wave motion impressed on the universal
ether by the action of some form of energy.
Heat Unit. The quantity of heat required to
raise a unit mass of water through one degree
of the thermometric scale. The calorie.
There are a number of different heat units.
The most important are:
The British Heat Unit, or Thermal Unit, or
the amount of heat required to raise i pound of
water i degree Fahr. This unit represents an
amount of work equal to 772 foot pounds.
The Greater Calorie, or the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1,000
grammes of water i degree C.
The Smaller Calorie, or the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one gramme
of water i degree C.
The Joule, or the quantity of heat developed
in one second by the passage of a current of one
ampere through a resistance of one ohm.
I joule equals .0002407 large calories.
I joule equals .2407 small calories.
I foot-pound equals 1.356 joules.
Hefner. See Candle-Lumen.
Hekto. A prefix for one hundred.
Helicon Lamp. An incandescent lamp having a
carbon filament treated with a volatile silicon
compound instead of the usual hydro-carbon
gases.
Henry. The practical unit of self-induction. An
earth-quadrant, or 10' centimetres. (See
International Henry.)
Hertzian Waves. Electro-magnetic waves given
off by an electro-magnet whose intensity is
undergoing rapid periodic variations, or by a
current whose strength is undergoing rapid
periodic variations. Electro-magnetic waves
given off from a circuit through which an oscil-
latory discharge is passing.
Hewitt's Mercury Arc Lamp. In this form of
lamp there is an arc formed between mercury
electrodes or metallic terminal and mercury
electrode in a long exhausted tube, the arc
being usually struck by tilting the tube so that
the current follows the trickling mercury. Once
thus formed the mercury vapor maintains a
very steady and powerful glow under the elec-
tric discharge which it permits.
Hijfh Frequency. A frequency so high that
Ohm's Law does not apply even approximately.
HiKh-potential Current. A term loosely applied
for a current produced by high electromotive
forces.
Hi(;h-potential Insulator. An insulator suitable
for use on high-potential circuits.
High-tension Circuit. A circuit employed in con-
nection with high electric pressures.
HIttorf Tubes. Various forms of high- vacuum
tubes employed by Hittorf in his researches in
electrical discharges through high vacua.
Holophane. A form of glass globe or enclosing
chamber for a source of light, which has its
external surface cast into lenticular ridges for
the more general diffusion of the emerging light.
Holtz Influence Machine. A particular form of
electrostatic influence machine.
Homopolar Dynamo. A dynamo whose conduc-
tor moves continuously past poles of one po-
larity only. A commutatorless dynamo. A
so-called unipolar dynamo.
Horizontal Candle Power. The intensity of light
emitted by any source in a horizontal direction.
The luminous intensity of a source taken in a
horizontal direction, as measured in units of
luminous intensity.
Horizontal Component. That portion of a force
which acts in a horizontal direction.
Horizontal Intensity of Light. The intensity of a
light measured in a horizontal direction.
Horse-power. A commercial unit of power, ac-
tivity, or rate-of-doing-work. A rate-of-doing-
work. A rate-of-doing-work equal to 33,000
pounds raised one foot-per-minute, or 550 Electrical
pounds raised one foot-per-second. A rate-of- _ . .
doing-work equal to 4,562 kilograms raised LJictionary
one metre per minute.
Horse-power, Electric. Such a rate-of-doing
electrical work as is equal to 746 watts, or 746
volt-coulombs per second.
Horse-power-hour. A unit of work equal to the
work done by one horse-power acting for an
hour. 1,980,000 foot-pounds.
Horseshoe Magnet. A magnetized bar of steel or
hardened iron, bent in the form of a horse-shoe,
or letter U.
Hot-wire Voltmeter. A voltmeter whose indica-
tions are based on the increase in the length
of a metallic wire placed in the circuit of the
electromotive force that is to be measured.
House Mains. The conductors connecting the
service wires with the street mains, in a sys-
tem of multiple incandescent lamp distribution.
Hummer, Electric. A word sometimes employed
for an electric buzzer.
Hunting of Parallel-connected Alternators. A
periodic increase and decrease in the speed of
alternators, when running under certain con-
ditions in parallel connections as motors or
dynamos. Imperfect synchronous running.
Hydro-electric System. An electric system with
generator driven by water-power.
Hysteresis. A lagging behind of magnetization
relatively to magnetizing force. Apparent
molecular friction due to magnetic change of
stress. A retardization of the magnetizing
or demagnetizing effects as regards the causes
which produce them. That quality of a para-
magnetic substance by virtue of which energy
is dissipated on the reversal of its magnetiza-
tion.
Hysteresis Coefficient. The hysteretic coefficient.
The energy dissipated in a cubic centimetre of
magnetic material by a single cyclic reversal
of unit magnetic density.
Hysteretic Cycle. A cycle of complete magnetiza-
tion and reversal.
Hysteretic Lag. The lag in the magnetization of
a transformer due to hysteresis.
I.
I. A symbol for strength of current.
£. A symbol for inductance.
I.H.P. A contraction for indicated horse-power.
I.^'R. Activity. The activity expended in a circuit,
equal to the square of the current strength in
amperes by the resistance in ohms. The C^R
activity.
I.^R. Loss. The loss of power in any circuit equal
to the square of the current in amperes by the
resistance in ohms. The CR. loss.
Idle Coil. Any coil through which for the time
no current is passing. Any coil which is not
passing through a magnetic field or generating
an E.M.F.
Idle Current of Alternating-current Dynamo. The
wattless current of an alternating-current cir-
cuit, as distinguished from the active or work-
ing current.
Impedance. Generally, opposition to current
flow. The sum of the ohmic resistance, and
the spurious resistance of a circuit, measured
in ohms. In a simple-harmonic current circuit
the square root of the sum of the squares of the
resistance and reactance. The apparent re-
sistance of a circuit containing both resistance
and reactance. (See Alternating Currents.)
Impedance Circuit. A circuit containing im-
pedance.
Impedance Coils. A term sometimes applied to
choking coils, reactance coils, or economy
coil.
Impedance Rush. The rush of current produced
on closing an inductive circuit. An impulsive
current rush.
206
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Electrical Impressed Electromotive Force. The electromo-
tive force brought to act in any circuit to pro-
Dictionary duce a current therein. In an alternating-
current circuit, the impressed electromotive
force due to an impressed source, in contradis-
tinction to the effective electromotive force, or
that which is active in producing current, or the
electromotive forces due to, or opposed to, self
or mutual induction. An applied E.M.F. as
distinguished from a resultant, active or watt-
less E.M.F.
Impulsive Inductance. The apparent inductance
of a conductor or circuit when subjected to an
impulsive discharge.
Incandescence, Electric. The shining or glowing
of a substance, generally a solid, by means of
heat of electric origin.
Incandescent Filament. The incandescing con-
ductor of an incandescent electric lamp,
whether of small or of comparatively large
cross-section, though generally of the former.
Incandescent Electric Lamp. An electric lamp
whose light is produced by the electric incan-
descence of a strip or filament of some refrac-
tory substance, almost invariably carbon.
India Rubber. A resinous substance obtained
from the milky juices of a tropical tree. Caout-
chouc. (See Index, Rubber.)
Indicator, Electric. A general term applied to
various devices operated by the deflection of a
magnetic needle, or the ringing of a bell, or by
both, for indicating at some distant point, the
condition of an electric circuit, the strength of
current passing through any circuit, the head of
water or other hquid, the pressure on a boiler,
the temperature, the speed of an engine or
lines of shafting, the working of a machine, or
other similar events or occurrences. A term
sometimes used in place of annunciator. Any
electric or magnetic signalling apparatus.
Induced. Set up or caused by induction. Not
produced by metallic communication.
Induced Current. A current produced by electro-
dynamic induction.
Induced Electromotive Forces. — E.M.F.'s set up
by electro-dynamic induction.
Induced M.M.F. Any magnetomotive force pro-
duced by induction. The aligned or structural
magnetomotive force as distinguished from the
prime magnetomotive force.
Inductance. The capacity for induction pos-
sessed by an active circuit on itself, or on neigh-
boring circuits. Self-induction. That pr9p-
erty, in virtue of which a finite electrornotive
force impressed on a circuit does not imme-
diately generate the full current due to the
resistance of the circuit, and which, when the
electromotive force is withdrawn, requires a
finite time for the current strength to fall to its
zero value. A property, by virtue of which
the passage of an electric current is necessarily
accompanied by the absorption of electric
energy in producing a magnetic field. A con-
stant quantity in a circuit at rest, and devoid of
iron, depending only upon its geometrical ar-
rangement, and usually expressed in henrys, or
in centimetres.
Inductance Coil. An impedance, reactance, or
choking coil. A coil placed in a circuit, for the
purpose of preventing an impulsive current-
rush in that circuit, by means of the counter-
f electromotive force developed in the coil on
being magnetized.
Inductanceless Circuit. A circuit practically de-
void of inductance. A circuit whose magnetic
field is neghgible, such, for example, as an
ordinary incandescent lamp, or a double- wound
resistance coil.
Induction. The influence exerted by a charged
body or by a magnetic field, on neighboring
bodies without apparent communication. The
influence produced through a dielectric by the
action of electrostatic or magnetic flux
Induction Coil. An apparatus consisting of two
associated coils of insulated wire employed for
the production of currents by mutual induction.
Induction Generator. A machine similar to the
induction motor, but driven as an alternating-
current generator.
Induction, Magnetic. The production of mag-
netism in a magnetizable substance by bringing
it into a magnetic field.
Induction, Mutual. Induction produced by two
neighboring circuits on each other by the
mutual interaction of their magnetic fields.
Induction Screen. A plate of metal placed be-
tween two adjacent electrified bodies, or mag-
netic coils, for the purpose of preventing or
modifying the inductive action they exert on
one another. A conducting screen wholly or
partially opaque to inductive action.
Induction, Self. Induction produced in a circuit
at the moment of starting or stopping the cur-
rents therein by the induction of the current
on itself.
Induction Starter. A device used in starting in-
duction motors, converters, etc., when they are
started by voltage control, consisting of an
auto-transformer in connection with a suitable
switching device.
Inductive Circuit. Any circuit in which induction
occurs.
Inductive Disturbance. Any disturbance in the
operation of a telephone or telegraph line
produced by induction.
Inductive Reactance. Reactance due to self in-
duction as distinguished from reactance due
to a condenser.
Inductive Resistance. A resistance possessing
self-induction. The reactance of a circuit.
Inductor Alternator. An alternating-current gen-
erator in whose armature windings the field
magnetic flux pulsates but never reverses.
Influence, Electric. Electrostatic induction.
Influence Machine. A name sometimes used for
an electrostatic-induction machine.
In=put. The power absorbed by any machine in
causing it to perform a certain amount of
work.
Inside Wiring. In a system of incandescent
lighting, the conductors that lead to the interior
of a house or other building to be lighted.
Any conductors placed inside a building.
Installation. A general term embracing the en-
tire plant and accessories required to perform
any specified work. The act of placing, ar-
ranging or erecting a plant or apparatus.
Instantaneous Peak. The highest value reached
by the quantity under consideration as mea-
sured by some device which indicated high
actual value of the quantity at every moment.
Insulate. To so cover or protect a body as to
prevent electricity from being conducted to or
removed from it.
Insulated Wires. Wires provided with insulating
coverings or coatings. (See Index.)
Insulating Joint. A joint in an insulating ma-
terial or covering in which the continuity of the
insulating material is ensured.
Insulating Tape. A ribbon of flexible material
impregnated with rubber, or other similar
material, and generally containing some ad-
hesive substance, employed for insulating
wires or electric conductors at joints, or other
exposed places.
Insulating Varnish. An electric varnish formed
of any good insulating material.
Insulation Resistance. The resistance existing
between a conductor and the earth or between
two conductors in a circuit through insulating
materials lying between them. A term applied
to the resistance of the insulating material of a
covered wire or conductor to an impressed
voltage tending to produce a leakage of current.
The resistance of any insulation.
ELECTRICAL
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AND
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207
Insulator, Electric. A body or substance which
offers such resistance to the passage of electric
current that it is used to prevent the passage of
current. Any device employed for insulating
a wire or other body.
Insulator Pin. The bolt by which an insulator
is attached to a bracket, polearm, or support.
Intake of Machine. The activity required to
operate a machine.
Intensified Arc Lamp. A term used for an arc
lamp, with one of the carbons of small diameter
to give a large current density per unit of arc,
on which the arc plays to thereby intensify the
light.
Intensity of Field. The strength or density of a
magnetic field as measured by the quantity of
magnetic flux that passes through it per-unit-
of-area of normal cross-section.
Intensity of Magnetic Flux. The quantity of
magnetic flux per-unit-of-area of normal
cross-section. The density of magnetic flux.
Interior Conduit. A conduit provided inside the
walls of a house, or in other convenient spaces
within a house, for the reception of the house
wires. A conduit in the walls or floors of a
building, provided for accommodating electric
conductors.
Intermittent Current. A current that does not
flow continuously, but which flows and ceases
to flow at intervals, so that electricity is prac-
tically alternately present and absent from the
circuit.
Internal Characteristic of Dynamo. A curve
showing the E.M.F. generated in a dynamo
under varying excitation, as distinguished
from the external characteristic showing the
E.M.F. at terminals.
Internal Circuit. That part of a circuit which is
included within the electric source.
Internal Poles of Dynamo. The inwardly pro-
jecting field poles of a dynamo. Magnetic
field-poles internal to an armature.
International .Ampere. The value of the ampere
as adopted by the International Congress of
1893, at Chicago. The value of an ampere
equal to the one-tenth of a unit of current in
the C.G.S. system of electro-magnetic units,
and represented with sufficient accuracy for
practical purposes, by the unvarying current,
which, when passed through a solution of ni-
trate of silver in water, in accordance with cer-
tain specifications, deposits silver at the rate of
0.001118 of a gramme-per-second.
International Coulomb. The value of the cou-
lomb as adopted by the International Electrical
Congress of 1 893 , at Chicago. The quantity of
electricity equal to that transferred through a
circuit by a current of one International am-
pere in one second.
International Farad. The value of the farad as
adopted by the International Electrical Congress
of 1 893 , at Chicago. The capacity of a conductor
charged to a potential of one International volt
by one International coulomb of electricity.
International Henry. The value of the henry as
adopted by the International Electrical Con-
gress of 1893, at Chicago. The value of the
induction in a circuit, when the electromotive
force induced in the circuit is one International
volt, and the inducing current varies at the
rate of one ampere per second.
International Joule. The value of the joule as
adopted by the International Electrical Con-
gress of 1893. at Chicago. A value equal to 10'
units of work of the C.G.S. system and repre-
sented with sufficient accuracy for practical
purposes by the energy expended in one second
by one ampere in one International ohm.
International Morse Code. A term sometimes
employed for the International telegraphic
alphabet, as distinguished from the American
Morse Code.
International Ohm. The value of the ohm as
adopted by the International Electrical Con-
gtress of 1893, at Chicago. A value of the ohm
equal to lo* units of resistance of the C.G.S.
system of electro-magnetic units, and repre-
sented by the resistance offered to an unvary-
ing electric current by a column of mercury
at the temperature of melting ice, 14.4521
grammes in mass, of a constant cross-sectional
area, and of the length of 106.3 centimetres.
International Volt. The value of the volt as
adopted by the International Electrical Con-
gress of 1893, at Chicago. Such an electro-
motive force that steadily applied to a conductor
whose resistance is one International ohm will
produce a current of one International ampere,
and which is represented with sufficient accu-
racy for practical use by |JgJ of the electromo-
tive force between the pol6s or electrodes of the
voltaic cell known as Clark's cell, at a tempera-
ture of 15° Cent, when prepared in accordance
with certain specifications.
International Watt. The value of the watt as
adopted by the International Electrical Con-
gress of 1893 at Chicago. A value equal to 10^
units of activity in the C.G.S. system, and
equal to the work done at the rate of one joule-
per-second.
Interrupter. Any device for interrupting or
breaking a circuit.
Ions. The groups of atoms or radicals into which
a molecule is separated by electrolytic decom-
position.
Ionic Conductivities. Specific conductivities of
'ons, so selected that their sums give molecular
conductivities for any combination of ions.
Iron-armored Conduit. ^ conduit provided with
an exterior iron casing or covering. A conduit
in which each duct has an iron casing or cover-
ing.
lron=clad. Protected or covered with iron.
lron=clad Armature. The armature of a dynamo
or motor, whose insulated coils are entirely or
nearly surrounded by the iron of the armature
core. An armature in which the conductors
are buried in slots, grooves, or tunnels below
the surface of the armature core.
Iron=core. The mass of iron on which are placed
the magnetizing coils of an electro-magnet or
solenoid.
Iron=core=loss. The hysteretic and Foucault
losses due to the presence of an iron core.
Irreciprocal Conduction. Conduction in which
the magnitude of the current is altered when its
direction is reversed. The electric conduction
in an assymmetrical resistance.
Isotropic Dielectric. A dielectric possessing the
same powers of inductive capacity in all direc-
tions
J.
Jack Panel. The panel of a telephone switch-
board provided for the support of the jacks.
Jack Switch. A switch operated by means of a
spring jack.
Jacobi's Law. The maximum activity is per-
formed by an electric motor when its counter-
electromotive force is equal to one-half of the
impressed electromotive force.
Joint Reluctance. The combined reluctance of
a number of parallel-connected reluctances.
Joint Resistance. The combined resistance of a
number of parallel-connected resistances.
Joule. A volt-coulomb or unit of electric energy
or work. The amount of electric work re-
quired to raise the potential of one coulomb of
electricity one volt. Ten million ergs. (See
International Joule.)
Joule Effect. The heating effect produced by the
passage of an electric current through a con-
ductor, arising from its resistance only.
Joule's Equivalent. The mechanical equivalent
of heat.
Joule's Law. The heating power of a current is
proportional to the product of the square of its
strength and the resistance of the circuit
through which it passes
Electrical
IDictionaiy
208 AMERICAN STEEL
AND WIRE COMPANY
Electrical Jumper. A temporary shunt or short circuit put
D. . around a source, lamp or receptive device on a
icnonaiy series-connected circuit, to enable it to be
readily removed or repaired.
Jump Spark. A disruptive spark obtained be-
tween two opposed conducting surfaces, as dis-
tinguished from a spark obtained by or fol-
lowing a wiping contact.
Junction Box. A moisture-proof box provided
in a system of underground conductors to re-
ceive the terminals of the feeders, and in which
connection is made between the feeders and the
mains, and through which the current is dis-
tributed to the individual consumers.
K.
K.W. A contraction for kilowatt.
kg. An abbreviation for kilogramme, a practical
unit of mass.
kgm. An abbreviation for kilogramme- metre, a
practical unit of the moment of a couple or of
work.
Kaolin. A variety of white clay sometimes em-
ployed for insulating purposes.
Kick of Coil. The discharge from an electro-
magnetic coil.
Kicking Coil. A choking coil.
Kilo. A prefix for one thousand times.
Kilo-volt. One thousand volts.
Kilo-watt. One thousand watts.
Kilo-watt-hour. The amount of work equal to
that performed by an activity of one kilowatt
maintained steadily for one hour. An amount
of work equal to 3,600,000 joules.
Knife-switch. A switch which is opened or
closed by the motion of a knife contact between
parallel contact plates. A knife-edge switch
or knife switch.
L. A symbol for coefRcient of inductance.
L,l A contraction for length.
Lag. Falling behind. To fall behind.
Lagging Current. A periodic current lagging
behind the impressed electromotive force which
produces it.
Laminated Core. An iron core that has been sub-
divided in planes parallel to its magnetic flux-
paths, in order to avoid the injurious produc-
tion of Foucault or eddy currents.
Lamination. The sub-division of an iron core into
laminae.
Lamp, Arc, Electric. See Arc Lamp, Electric.
Lamp Bulb. The chamber or globe in which the
filament of an incandescent lamp is placed.
Lamp Circuit. A circuit containing an electric
lamp or lamps.
Lamp Cord. A flexible cord containing two sep-
arately insulated wires suitable for use in con-
nection with an incandescent lamp. (See
Index.)
Lamp Dimmer. A reactive coil, employed on an
alternating circuit for the purpose of varying
the intensity of incandescent lights connected
with such circuit.
Lamp Efficiency. Commonly, but illogically the
watts consumed by a lamp per candle-power
delivered. More nearly correctly the recipro-
cal of this; or the number of candles obtained
from an incandescent lamp per watt supplied
to it.
Lamp Filament. The filament of an incandescent
lamp.
Lamp-hour. Such a service of electric current
as is required to maintain one electric lamp
during one hour. Such a quantity of electricity,
or of electric energy as will maintain one
standard lamp in normal operation for one
hour.
Lap Joint. The joint effected by over-lapping
short portions near the ends of the things to be
joined, and securing them to each other while in
that position. A joint between the ends of
two conducting wires in which the two ends
after being laid together, side by side, are lapped
firmly together by a piece of separate wire.
Lap Winding. A winding for a drum armature in
which the successive conducting loops are ar-
ranged on the surface of the armature over-
lapping one another.
Law of Ohm. The law of non-varying current
strength in a circuit not subject to variation.
Ohm's law. The strength of a continuous cur-
rent is directly proportional to the difference
of potential or electromotive force in the circuit
and inversely proportional to the resistance of
the circuit, i. e., is equal to the quotient arising
from dividing the electromotive force by the
resistance.
Ohm's law is expressed algebraically thus:
I = |;orE
IR;orR = J
If the electromotive force is given in volts, and
the resistance in ohms, the formula will give
the current strength directly in amperes.
The current in amperes is equal to the elec-
tromotive force in volts divided by the resist-
ance in ohms.
The electromotive force in volts is equal to
the product of the current in amperes and the
resistance in ohms.
The resistance in ohms is equal to the electro-
motive force in volts divided by the current in
amperes.
The quantity of electricity in coulombs is
equal to the current in amperes multiplied by
the time in seconds.
Lay. The helical disposition of wires in a strand
or sheath, in which each wire makes a com-
plete revolution about the axis.
Lead. A very malleable and ductile metal of low
tenacity and high specific gravity. Tensile
strength 1600 to 2400 per square inch. Elas-
ticity very low, and the metal flows under a
very slight strain. Lead dissolves to some
extent in pure water, but water containing
carbonates or sulphates forms over it a film of
insoluble salt which prevents further action.
Atomic weight 206.9. Specific gravity 11.07
to 11.44. Melts at about 625 F.°; softens and
becomes pasty at 617° F. (Kent).
Lead-encased Cable. A cable provided with a
sheathing or coating of lead on its external
surface. (See Index.)
Lead of Current. An advance in the phase of an
alternating current beyond that of the electro-
motive force producing the current.
Lead of Motor Brushes. The angular displace-
ment from the normal position in the direction
contrary to that of the rotation of the arma-
ture, which it is necessary to give the brushes
on an electric motor, when its load is increased,
in order to obtain freedom from sparking.
Lead Sheathing. The coating of lead placed on
the outside of a lead-covered cable.
Lead Sleeve. A lead tube provided for making a
joint in a lead-covered cable.
Leading Current. An alternating-current wave
or component, in advance of the electromotive
force producing it.
Leading-in Wires. The wires that pass from an
aerial circuit into a house or building. The
wires or conductors which lead the current
through an incandescent electric lamp; i. e.,
into and out of a lamp. Wires leading a cir-
cuit into a house, room, box or apparatus.
Leads. In a system of parallel distribution, the
conductors connected to the positive and nega-
tive terminals of a source. Conductors which
lead the current to or from any source, circuit
or device. In electric testing the insulating
conductors leading the testing current to the
circuit or conductor tested.
ELECTRICAL
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AND
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209
Leak. Any loss or escape by leaking.
Leakage Current of Primary. The magnetizing
current which flows into the primary circuit of a
a transformer when the secondary circuit is
open. A current employed in magnetizing
only, as distinguished from a current usefully
transformed.
Leakage Factor. In a dynamo-electric machine,
the ratio of the total flux which passes through
the field-magnet cores of a dynamo or motor,
to the total useful flux passing from them
through the armatures.
Leakage Reactance. That portion of the react-
ance of any induction apparatus which is due to
stray flux.
Left-handed Winding. The winding of a solenoid
or helix in a counter-clockwise direction.
Leg of Circuit. A branch of a bifurcated or di-
■ vided circuit. A loop or offset in a series circuit
Legal Ohm. See International Ohm, and Ohm.
Lenz's Law. In all cases of induction the direc-
tion of the induced current is such as to oppose
the motion which produces it.
Leyden-jar. A condenser in the form of a jar, in
which the metallic coatings are placed opposite
each other respectively on the outside and in-
side of the jar.
Light. That particular form of radiant energy
by means of which objects are rendered visible.
The flow or flux of light emitted from a lumi-
nous source.
Lightning Arrester. A device by means of which
the apparatus placed in any electric circuit is
protected from the destructive effects of a flash
or discharge of lightning.
Lightning Bolt. A lightning flash or discharge.
Lightning Rod. A rod, strap, wire or stranded
cable, of good conducting material, placed on
the outside of a house or other structure, in
order to protect it from the effects of a light-
ning discharge.
Line Circuit. The wires or other conductors in
the main line of a telegraphic or other circuit.
A transmission circuit for electric energy.
Line Drop. In a telephone switchboard, an
electro-magnetic drop connected to a line.
Lines of Force. Lines of magnetization.
Lines of Magnetization. A term sometimes ap-
plied for lines of magnetic induction. A term
sometimes applied to those portions of the lines
of magnetic force which lie within the magnet-
ized substance.
Linear Capacity. The quotient of the capacity
of a line or conductor by its length.
Link-fuse. A link-shaped leaden plate, provided
with suitable ends for connection with the
copper fuse-wire terminals.
Listening Cam. In a telephone system a metallic
cam or lever-key by means of which an oper-
ator readily places her telephone in circuit with
a subscriber.
Live Wire. A wire through which current is pass-
ing. A wire connected with an electric pres-
sure or source.
Load. The work thrown on any machine.
Load-factor. The fraction expressed in per cent,
obtained by dividing the average load over any
given period of time by the highest average load
for any one miniite during the same period of
time.
Load-factor Rate. A rate based on load-factor.
Local Currents. A term sometimes used for eddy
currents.
Lock, Electric. A lock that is automatically re-
leased by the aid of a distant push-button.
Locomotive, Electric. A locomotor whose mo-
tive power is electricity. An electrically
driven locomotive engine.
Lodestone. A name given to a piece of naturally
magnetized iron ore.
Log, Electric. An electric device for measuring the
speed of, or the distance traversed by, a vessel.
Logarithm. The exponent, or the power to which
it is necessary to raise a fixed number called
the base, in order to produce a given number.
Long-distance Transmission. Transmission of
electric energy over fairly considerable dis-
tances.
Loop Test. A localization test for a fault in a
loop of two telegraphic wires, or in a complete
metallic circuit.
Low-potential System. In the National Electric
Code a system having a pressure less than 550
and more than 10 volts.
Low-pressure Circuit. A circuit designed for use
in connection with low electric power.
Low Tension. A relative term used to designate
a winding or conductor of less voltage than that
with which it is related or compared.
Luminous Efficiency. The ratio which the
luminous radiation emitted by a source bears
to the total radiant energy emitted by such
source in a given time.
Luminous Radiation. Radiation capable of af-
fecting the eye.
M.
m. A symbol for strength of magnetic pole.
m. An abbreviation for metre, a practical unit
of length.
M,m. An abbreviation for mass.
yU. A symbol for magnetic permeability or induc-
tivity.
mm. A contraction for millimetre.
M.M.F. A contraction for magnetomotive force.
Machine Telegraphy. Automatic or high-speed
telegraphy.
Magnet. Any body producting magnetic flux.
A body possessing the power of attracting the
unlike pole of another magnet, or of repelling
the like pole, or of inducing magnetism in mag-
netizable bodies.
Magnet Coil. A coil of insulated wire surround-
ing the core of an electro-magnet, through which
the magnetizing current is passed.
Magnet Cores. Bars or cylinders of iron on which
the magnetizing coils of wire are placed.
Magnetic Air-gap. Any gap in an aero-ferric
magnetic circuit filled with air. •
Magnetic Attraction. The mutual attraction
exerted between unlike magnetic poles.
Magnetic Axis. The line along which a magnetic
needle, free to move, but which has come to
rest in a magnetic field, can be turned without
changing the direction in which it comes to
rest. The line connecting the poles ot a bar
magnet or needle.
Magnetic Circuit. The path through which mag-
netic flux passes.
Magnetic Clutch. A form of clutch in which
magnetic attraction is substituted for ordinary
mechanical force, to obtain the friction re-
quired in the clutch. A clutch operated
electro-magnetically.
Magnetic Couple. The couple which turns or
tends to turn a magnetic needle, placed in the
earth's field, into the plane of the magnetic
meridian.
Magnetic Density. The strength of magnetism as
measured by the amount of magnetic flux
which passes through unit area of normal cress-
section. Intensity of magnetic induction.
Magnetic Dip. The deviation of a freely sus-
pended magnetic needle from a true horizontal
position. The magnetic inclination.
Magnetic Fatigue. An increase in the hysteretic
coefficient of iron due to an assumed fatigue
after many cyclic reversals.
Magnetic Field. The region of magnetic influ-
ence surrounding the poles of a magnet. The
space or region traversed by magnetic flux in
which a magnet needle, free to move, will as-
sume a definite position.
Magnetic Flux. The streamings that issue from
and return to the poles of a magnet. The total
number of lines of magnetic force in any mag-
netic field. The magnetic flow that passes
through any magnetic circuit.
Electrical
Dictionary
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Electrical Mastnetic Flux=paths. Paths taken by magnetic
. flux in any magnetic circuit.
Dictionary JHagnetic Force. The force which causes the at-
tractions and repulsions of magnetic poles.
Magnetic Hysteresis. See Hysteresis.
Magnetic Induction. In air, the density of mag-
netic force; in iron or other magnetic material
the sum of the prime flux, or magnetic force,
and the magnetic flux thereby produced in the
iron. Total magnetic flux-density. The pro-
duction of magnetism in a magnetizable sub-
stance on its being brought into magnetic flux.
Magnetic Intensity. Magnetic flux-density. The
quantity of magnetic flux per-unit-of-area of
normal cross-section. Magnetic induction.
Magnetic Leakage. A useless dispersion of mag-
netic flux of a dynamo or motor by its failure to
pass through tlie armature. Any useless dis-
persion of magnetic flux by its failure to pass
through a magneto-receptive device placed in
the magnetic circuit.
Magnetic Needle. A magnetized steel needle or
thin straight strip or rod. A straight bar of
magnetized steel, supported at or above its
centre of gravity, and free to move in a hori-
zontal plane only, in a vertical plane only, or
in both.
Magnetic Permeability. Conductivity for mag-
netic flux. The ratio between the magnetic
induction produced in a magnetic substance,
and the magnetizing force producing such mag-
netic induction.
Magnetic Poles. Those parts of a magnetic
source from or at which the flux emerges or
enters.
Magnetic Reactance. In an alternating-current
circuit the reactance of a coil as distinguished
from the reactance of a condenser.
Magnetic Reluctance. The resistance offered by
a medium to the passage through it of magnetic
flux.
Magnetic Saturation. The maximum magnet-
ization which can be imparted to a magnetic
substance. The condition of iron, or other mag-
netic substance, when its intensity of mag-
netization is so great that it fails to be further
magnetized by any magnetizing force, however
great.
Magnetic Solenoid. A spiral coil of wire, which
acts like a magnet when an electric current is
sent through it.
Magnetic Traction. Tractive or supporting
power exerted by a magnet. Hauling or car-
rying effected magnetically.
Magnetic Units. Units based on the force ex-
erted between magnet poles. Units employed in
dealing with magnets and magnetic phenomena.
The magnetic system of C.G.S. electromagnetic
units, as distinguished from the electrostatic
system.
Magnetism. That property or condition of mat-
ter which accompanies the production of mag-
netic flux. Magnetic flux or streamings.
That branch of science which treats of the
nature and properties of magnets and of mag-
netic flux.
Magnetizing Force. The vector space-rate of
descent of magnetic potential. The prime flux-
density impressed upon a body, and which may
induce magnetism in the same. The force at
any point with which a unit magnetic pole
would be acted on. The impressed flux-
^ density of a field as distinguished from the
total flux-density.
Magneto. A magneto-generator. A small mag-
neto-electric dynamo machine.
Magneto Call-bell. A call-bell operated by a
magneto-electric machine.
Magneto-electric Dynamo. A dynamo-electric
machine whose field magnets are formed of
permanent magnets.
Magnetometer. An apparatus for the measure-
ment of magnetic force. Any apparatus for
measuring the elements of the earth's magnetic
force.
Magneto-motive Force. The force which pro-
duces magnetic flux. The force that moves or
tends to move magnetic flux.
Magnet Wire. Insulated wire suitable for wind-
ing magnets and usually cotton-covered. (See
Index.)
Mains. In a parallel system of distribution the
parallel conductors carrying the main current,
and to which translating devices are connected.
In a system of parallel distribution, the prin-
cipal conductors which extend from the risers,
or service wires, along the corridors or pas-
sages along the floor to be lighted.
Make=and=break. The operation of alternately
completing and opening a circuit.
Man=hole of Conduit. An opening communicat-
ing from the surface of the road bed with an
underground conduit, of sufficient size to ad-
mit a man.
Man-power. A unit of power equal to the one-
tenth of a horse-power, or about 75 watts.
Marconi Rays. Electro-magnetic waves em-
ployed in the Marconi system of wireless tel-
egraphy.
Marconi Waves. Electromagnetic waves em-
ployed in the Marconi system of wireless tel-
egraphy.
Mariner's Compass. A compass mounted in
such a manner as to be serviceable on board
ship. A name often applied to an azimuth
compass.
Mass. Quantity of matter contained in a body.
Matt. A word employed in electro-plating to
designate the appearance presented by an
electro-plating of silver in which the deposit is
interlaced and closely massed together. A
fused mass of impure copper employed as the
raw material in electrolytic refinement.
Maximum Demand. The maximum demand may
be stated in kilowatts, horse-power, i6-cp
equivalents, or any other term specified, but
preferably should be stated in terms which leave
no opportunity for error, and wherever possible
should be stated in kilowatts. Unless specified,
it should always mean absolutely the greatest
actual maximum demand. If the greatest
actual maximum demand is not intended, but
it is intended to express the greatest maximum
demand for a given day or a given minute, then
, it should be so stated.
Maximum Instantaneous Demand. The highest
load reached as measured by indicating or re-
cording instruments at any moment.
Maximum Simultaneous Demand. A maximum
simultaneous demand should be used to express
the greatest absolute aggregate sum of certain
individual demands, such as:
(a) Customers,
ih) Classes of customers,
(c) Classes of current,
and all rules made to define maximum demand
shall apply to simultaneous maximum demand.
Mean Current. The time average of a current
strength. In an alternating-current circuit,
the time average of a current strength without
regard to sign or direction.
Mean Electromotive Force. The average electro-
motive force. In an alternating-current cir-
cuit the time average of the E.M.F. without
regard to sign or direction.
Mean Horizontal Intensity of Light. The average
intensity of light in a horizontal plane contain-
ing the source.
Mean Spherical Candle=power. An average candle-
power numerically equal to the total quantity
of light emitted by a point source divided by
12,566. The average candle-power of a source
taken at all points of the surface of a sphere.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. The amount of
mechanical energy converted into heat that
would be required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of water one degree of the thermo-
metric scale. The quantity of energy mechan-
ically equivalent to one heat unit.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
211
Meg or Mega. A prefix for one million times.
MeKohm. One million ohms.
Mercurial Contact. An electric contact effected
through the medium of mercury.
Mercury Break. A form of circuit breaker oper-
ated by the removal of a conductor from a
mercurial surface.
Mercury Cup. A cup partly filled with mercury
employed as a mercurial contact.
Mercury Tube. A sealed glass tube containing
mercury arranged to emit fluorescent light
when agitated. A resistance formed of a
thread of mercury contained in a tube.
Messenger Rope. In cable-work a rope drive for
operating a drum or winch at a distance. A
rope supporting guide sheaves.
Metallic Arc. An arc formed between metallic
electrodes.
Metallic Circuit. A circuit which is metallic
throughout, in contradistinction to an earth-
return circuit.
Metallic Contact. A contact of a metallic con-
ductor obtained by bringing it into firm con-
nection with another metallic conductor.
Contact between metal and metal.
Metallic Cross. A fault due to the actual contact
between two or more wires or conductors, so
that the current from one line passes to another.
Metallic Resistance. A term sometimes applied
to the resistance of wires or conductors, in
contradistinction to the resistance of insulating
materials.
Meter, Electric. An apparatus for measuring
commercially the quantity of electricity that
passes in a given time through a consumption
circuit.
Meter-motor. A small motor employed in oper-
ating an electric meter. A meter comprising a
small motor.
Metre. A unit of length equal, approximately, to
one ten-millionth part of a quadrant of a me-
ridian of the earth taken through Paris; or, ap-
pro.ximately, to 39.37 inches.
Metric Horse-power. A unit of power in which
the rate-of-doing-work is equal to 75 kil-
gramme-metres per second.
Mho. The unit of conductance. Such a con-
ductance as is equal to the reciprocal of one
ohm. A unit of electric conductance of the
value of 10-* absolute units.
Mica. A refractory, mineral substance employed
as an insulator. A double silicate of alumina
or magnesia and potash or soda.
Micanite. A variety of insulating material made
from and built up of small mica sheets bound
together by some insulating cement.
Micro. A prefix for the one-millionth.
Microfarad. One-millionth of a farad.
Micrometer Wire-gauge. A sensitive form of
wire gauge, usually constructed with a fine
thread screw, having a graduated head for
close measurements of wire diameters. (See
page 21.)
Microhm. The millionth of an ohm.
Mil. A unit of length used in measuring the
diameter of wires equal to the one-thousandth
of an inch.
Mil-foot. A resistance standard consisting of a
foot of wire, or other conducting material, one
mil in diameter. A standard of comparison of
resistivity or conductivity of wires. (See page
Milli-ammeter. A milli-ampere meter.
Milli-ampere. The thousandth of an ampere.
Milli-henry. A thousandth part of a henry.
Milli-volt. The thousandth of a volt.
Minus Charge. A negative charge.
Mirror Galvanometer. A galvanometer whose
readings are obtained by the movements of a
spot of light reflected from a mirror attached
to the needle or its suspension system.
Modulus of Elasticity. The ratio of the simple
stress required to produce a small elongation or
compression in a rod of unit area of normal
cross-section, to the proportionate change of
length produced. Young's modulus.
Moisture-proof Insulation. Water-proof insula-
tion. A tToe of insulation which is not
strictly water-proof, but which is capable of
being immersed for a short time without suffer-
ing serious loss of insulation.
Momentary Peak. The highest average load
carried during any fifteen seconds of a specified
period.
Monocylic System. A system of alternating-
current distribution suitable for electric light-
ing with the additional capability of operating
triphase induction motors. A system for the
distribution of alternating currents employing
three wires, between two of which an ordinary
Uniphase pressure is maintained, while between
either of them and the third, there is a diphased
pressure.
Moonlight Schedule. A schedule of burning
hours for lamps which are not lighted when the
moon shines.
Morse Recorder. An apparatus for automatic-
ally recording the dots and dashes of the
Morse telegraphic dispatch, on a fillet of paper
drawn under an indenting or marking point on a
striking lever connected with the armature of
an electro- magnet, as distinguished from a Morse
inker.
Morse System of Telegraphy. A system of teleg-
raphy in which makes and breaks, occurring at
intervals corresponding to the dots and dashes
of the Morse alphabet, are received by an
electro-magnetic sounder, or other receiver.
Motor Converter. A combination of an in-
duction motor with a synchronous converter,
the secondary of the former feeding the arma-
ture of the latter with current at some fre-
quency other than the impressed frequency;
i. e., it is a synchronous converter concatenated
with an induction motor.
Motor=-dynamo. An electrically driven motor,
rigidly connected to the armature of a dynamo,
and employed for transforming or changing the
pressure of a direct-current circuit. The com-
bination, in a continuous current generator of
a motor and a dynamo, in separate structures,
mechanically connected to form a single ma-
chine or structure.
Motor, Electric. A device for transforming elec-
tric power into mechanical power.
Motor-generator. A motor coupled to a gen-
erator. A motor-dynamo. A transforming
device.
Motorman. The man who operates a trolley car.
Motor Starting-rheostat. An adjustable rheostat
provided for preventing an abnormal rush of
current through g^ hunt-wound motor, on the
starting of the same.
Motor Torque. The rotary effort developed by an
electric motor.
Mouth-pieces. Circular openings into air cham-
bers, placed over the diaphragms of telephones,
phonographs, gramophones, or graphophones,
to permit the ready application of the mouth in
speaking, so as to set the diaphragm in vibra-
tion.
Multi-conductor Cable. A cable provided with a
plurality of conducting circuits.
Multiphase Apparatus. A general term for multi-
phase alternators, motors, or other receptive
apparatus, suitable for use on multiphase cir-
cuits.
Multiple-arc Circuit. A term often used for mul-
tiple circuit.
Multiple Circuit. A circuit in which a number of
separate sources or separate receptive devices,
or both, have all their positive poles connected
to a single positive lead or conductor, and all
their negative poles connected to a single nega-
tive lead or conductor.
Multiple-parallel Circuit. A term sometimes
employed for a multiple of parallel circuits.
Electrical
Dictionaiy
212
AMERICAN
STEEL
WIRE
C O M P A N Y
Electrical Multiple=series Circuit. A circuit in which a num-
D. . ber of separate sources, or receptive devices, or
ictionary both, are connected in a number of separate
groups in series, and these separate groups
subsequently connected in multiple.
Multiple Telegraphy. A system for the simul-
taneous telegraphic transmission over the same
wire of more than a single message in the same
direction.
Multiple Telephony. The simultaneous trans-
mission over the same wire of a number of
separate telephonic despatches, in the same
direction.
Multiple Windings. Independent windings sym-
metrically disposed upon the same armature,
insulated from each other, but brought to
different segments of the commutator.
Multiplex Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy
for the simultaneous transmission in opposite
directions of more than two separate messages
over a single wire from each end. A term
sometimes used for multiple telephony or simul-
taneous transmission of more than one message
in the same direction over a single wire.
Multipolar Armature. An armature suitable for
use in a multipolar field.
Multipolar Dynamo. A dynamo provided with a
multipolar field.
Mutual Induction. Induction produced on each
other by two neighboring circuits through the
mutual inter-connection of their magnetic
fluxes. Induction produced in neighboring
charged conductors by the inter-connection of
their electrostatic fluxes.
N.
N. A symbol for the whole number of lines of
magnetic flux or induction in any magnetic
circuit.
n. A symbol employed for frequency. A con-
traction for a number.
Needle. A word frequently used for a magnetic
needle.
Negative Charge. According to the double-fluid
hypothesis, a charge of negative electricity.
According to the single-fluid hypothesis, any
deficit of an assumed electric fluid. An elec-
tric charge of the same character as that pro-
duced on silk when rubbed by glass.
Negative Conductor. The conductor connected
to the negative terminal of an electric source.
Negative Currents. In telegraphy, a term ap-
plied to the currents sent over a line from the
negative pole of the battery.
Negative Electricity. One of the phases of elec-
tric excitement. The kind of electric charge
produced on resin when rubbed with cotton.
Negative Electromotive Force. Such an E.M.F.
as is produced at the free pole of a battery or
1- other source whose positive pole is grounded.
Negative Electrode. The electrode connected
with the negative terminal of a source.
Negative Feeders. The feeders connecting the
negative mains with the negative poles of the
generators.
Negative Potential. A potential such as deter-
mines a tendency of electricity to flow towards
it from the earth or from any point of positive
potential. Generally, the lower potential or
lower level. That property of a point in space
» by virtue of which electric work is done by the
movement of a small positive charge to that
point from an infinite distance.
Negative Rays. The molecular streams given off
at the negative electrode or cathode of an in-
duction tube, on the passage of electric dis-
charges through the tube.
Negative Terminal. The terminal of a voltaic
cell connected with the positive plate or ele-
ment. The terminal of a source connected
with the negative pole. The terminal of a
translating device connected with the negative
pole of the source.
Nernst Lamp. A form of incandescent light in
which a substance called the glower is the
source of light. When cold the glower is a
non-conductor and it must be artificially heated
to bring it into action.
Neutral Conductor. The neutral wire in a three-
wire system.
Neutral Feeder. In a three- wire system, a feeder
connected with the neutral bus-bar.
Neutral-line of Dynamo Armature. A line passing
through the armature, symmetrically disposed
as regards its entering and emerging flux. A
line of zero polarity.
Neutral Point. A term sometimes employed in
electro-therapeutics for indifferent point.
Neutral Wire. In a three-wire system of electric
distribution the wire connected to the neutral
dynamo-terminal. The balance wire of a
three-wire system.
Nigger. A term sometimes employed for a fault
in any electric apparatus or system.
Non=arcing Fuse. A fuse wire formed of non-
arcing metal, which, therefore, blows without
the formation of a voltaic arc.
Non=conductor. Any substance whose conduc-
tivity is low, or whose electric resistance is
great.
Non=ferric. Devoid of iron.
Non-inductive Resistance. A resistance devoid
of self-induction.
Non=peak Rate. See " Off-peak Rate."
Non=reactive Circuit. A circuit which possesses
neither inductance nor capacity, and, therefore,
has ohmic resistance only.
Normal Current. The current strength at which
a system or apparatus is designed to be oper-
ated.
North Magnetic Pole. That pole of a magnetic
needle which points approximately to the
earth's geographical north.
0.
O. An abbreviation for ohm, the practical unit
of resistance.
O.K. A telegraphic signal of acquiescence mean-
ing "all right" and said to be a perversion of
the initial letters of the phrase "all correct."
o). A symbol sometimes employed for angular
velocity.
Oersted. The name used for the C.G.S. unit of
magnetic reluctance. The reluctance offered
to the passage of magnetic flux by a cubic cen-
timetre of air when measured between parallel
faces.
Off=peak Rate. A rate conditioned on the non-
use of service during specified hours of central-
station peak-load.
Ohm. The practical unit of electric resistance.
Such a resistance as would limit the flow of
electricity under an electromotive force of one
volt, to a current of one ampere, or one-cou-
lomb-per-second. (See International Ohm.)
Ohmic. Of or pertaining to the ohm. Having
the nature of an electric resistance.
Ohmic Drop. The drop in pressure due to the
ohmic resistance.
Ohmic Resistance. The true resistance of a con-
ductor due to its dimensions and conductivity,
as distinguished from the spurious resistance
produced by counter-electromotive force. A
resistance such as would be measurable in ohms
by the usual methods of continuous-current
measurement.
Ohm's Law. See Law of Ohm.
Oil Insulator. A fluid insulator containing oil.
Oil Transformer. A transformer immersed in oil
in order to ensure and maintain high insulation.
An oij-insulated transformer.
Omnibus Bars. Heavy bars of copper connected
directly to the poles of a dynamo in a central
station, and, therefore, receiving their entire
current. Main conducts common to two or
more dynamos in an electrical generating plant.
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Open Circuit. A broken circuit, or a circuit
whose cjndncliriR continuity is broken.
Open-circuit Transformer. A transformer whose
magnetic circuit is partly completed through
air. An aero-ferric-circuit transformer.
Open-coil Armature. An armature, some of
whose coils are on open-circuit during a portion
of the rotation of the armature.
Open Wiring. Wiring that has been purposely
left exposed to view. Wiring supported on
cleats or insulators as distinguished from chan-
nelled, panelled, or covered wiring.
Opening a Circuit. Breaking a circuit.
Operating Time-factor. The ratio of the number
of hours of operation to the number of hours in
the interval considered. This can best be fixed
by an example: There are 8760 hours in the
year. If a given shop operates ten hours a day,
for 300 days in a year, it may be said to have an
operating factor of 34.1 1 per cent.
Operating Time Load-factor. The load-factor
considered only during the time of operation.
This can also best be defined by example, and
would be used to express the load-factor for the
running time of a shop. That is, if a shop
operates ten hours a day and 300 days in a year,
the divisor would be 3000 hours, or such other
number of hours, as represented the time of
running instead of the usual divisor of 8760
hours in the year.
Ordinate. In graphics, a distance taken on a
line called the axis of ordinates.
Oscillating Current. An oscillatory current. A
periodically alternating current and of dimin-
ishing amplitude.
Oscillator, Electric. A device for producing
electric currents of a constant period, inde-
pendently of variations in its driving force.
Oscillatory Current. A current which oscillates
or performs periodic vibrations usually of
diminishing amplitude.
Oscillograph. An instrument for recording rapid
variations of an electrical current or pressure,
usually consisting of a combination of a suitable
form of galvanometer with a photographic
recording apparatus. A cathode-ray tube in
which the cathode rays are deflected by the
application of a magnetic field.
Osmose, Electric. The unequal difference of dif-
fusion between two liquids placed on opposite
sides of a diaphragm, produced by the passage
of an electric current through the diaphragm.
Outboard Bearing. A journal bearing projecting
beyond the base frame of a machine for giving
adequate support to a long or heavy shaft.
A separate journal bearing supported outside
the frame of a machine.
Outlet. A place where branch wires come out in
a wall or ceiling for connection to a switch,
lamp or other device. In a system of incan-
descent-lamp distribution the place in the
building where the fixtures or lamps are at-
tached.
Output of Dynamo-electric Machine. The elec-
tric power of the current developed by a dy-
namo-electric generator or transformer, at its
delivery terminals expressed in volt-amperes,
watts, or kilowatts. The available mechanical
power developed by a motor, or the power de-
livered at its pulley or shaft.
Overhead Conductor. An aerial conductor.
Overload Switch. A switch designed to automat-
ically open a circuit upon the occurrence of an
overload.
Overtone Currents. Electric currents of har-
monic frequencies accompanying a funda-
mental periodic current.
P. A symbol for power.
4> A symbol for quantity of magnetic flux.
P.O. or p.d. A contraction frequently employed
for potential difference.
Page Effect. Faint sounds produced when a
piece of iron is rapidly magnetized and de-
magnetized.
Paper Cable. A paper-insulated cable. A cable
in which paper is the solid insulator employed.
(See Index.)
Paper Insulation. Insvilation obtained by paper.
Paraffine. A solid hydro-carbon possessing high
insulating powers.
Parallel Circuit. A term sometimes used for
multiple circuit.
Parallel-working of Dynamo-electric Machines.
The working of two or more dynamos in paral-
lel.
Paramagnet. A magnet produced by iron or
other magnetic substance. A ferromagnet.
Paramagnetic. Possessing the properties ordi-
narily recognized as magnetic. Possessing the
power of concentrating lines of magnetic force.
Ferromagnetic.
Party Line. A telephone circuit which serves for
more than one customer.
Paying-out. The operation of passing submarine
cable out of the ship while laying it.
Peak. The highest average load carried during
one minute of any specified period.
Peak-load. The highest average load carried dur-
ing one hour of any specified period.
Note: In the case of momentary peak load-
factor, peak-loads, the terms may be preceded
by the qualifying terms " hourly," " daily,"
" monthly," " yearly," etc.
Peltier Effect. The heating effect produced by
the passage of an electric current across a
thermo-electric junction, or surface of contact
between two different metals, as distinguished
from a Joulean effect or heat due to resistance
merely.
Pendant Cord. A flexible conductor provided
for conveying the current to a pendant lamp
or rush.
Pendant Socket. An attachment provided with a
chain or chains for turning on or off a lamp not
readily accessible.
Pendulum, Electric. A pendulum so arranged
that its to-and-fro motions send electric im-
pulses over a line, either by making or breaking
contacts. An electric tuning fork whose to-
and-fro movements are maintained by electric
impulses.
Percentage Conductivity of Wire. The conduc-
tivity of a wire in terms of the conductivity of
pure copper. The conductivity of a particular
copper wire compared with the conductivity
of a standard wire of the same dimensions.
The conductivity of a wire referred to Matthies-
sen's standard of conductivity for copper.
Period. The interval of time between two suc-
cessive passages of a vibration through a given
point of its path taken in the same direction.
The time occupied in performing a complete
cycle.
Periodic Alternating Electromotive Force. An
electromotive force whose direction periodi-
cally varies.
Periodic Current. A current whose strength and
direction periodically vary. A simple har-
monic or sinusoidal current. A periodically
alternating current.
Periodicity. The number of periods executed per
second by a periodically alternating quantity.
The number of cycles executed in unit time by
an alternating current. The frequency of an
alternating current.
Peripheral Speed. The speed of a point on the
circumference of a rotating cylinder or wheel.
Permanent Magnet. A name sometimes given
to a magnet composed of hardened steel, whose
magnetic retentivity is high.
Permeability Bridge. A device for measuring the
magnetic permeability of a medium, operating
on the principle of a Wheatstone bridge.
Permittance. Electrostatic capacity. The capa-
bility of a condenser or dielectric to hold a
charge.
Electrical
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Electrical Personal Equation. A constant observational
error peculiar to an observer, and depending
Dictionary upon his psychological condition.
Petticoat Insulator. An insulator provided with
a petticoat, or deep internal groove, around its
lower extremity, or stalk. A line- wire vertical
insulator provided with an insulating inverted
cup having a form resembling a petticoat. An
ordinary telegraph or telephone single-cup
insulator.
Phantom Circuit. Any of the additional circuits
established on a telegraphic line by means of
any variety of multiplex telegraphy. An
imaginary circuit virtually created by multi-
plexing a telegraph circuit.
Phase. The fractional part of a period, which has
elapsed since a vibrating body last passed
through the extreme point of its path in the
positive direction.
Phase Angle. The angle of phase, in a simple-
harmonic motion, or the angular distance
through which the corresponding circularly
moving point has passed from the point of last
maximum positive elongation.
Phase Indicator. A device for indicating when
the pressure of an alternator is in phase and
synchronism with the pressure of the circuit
with which it is to be connected. A term
sometimes employed for a synchronizer.
Phone. A contraction frequently employed for
telephone. A message sent by telephone.
Phone. To send a message by telephone.
Photometer. An apparatus for measuring the
intensity of the light emitted by any luminous
source.
Pile. A word frequently used for voltaic or
thermo-electric pile, though more frequently
for the former. A voltaic or thermo-electric
battery.
Pilot Brush. A small accessory brush placed on
the commutator cylinder for the purpose of
determining the variations in the electromotive
force produced in various segments.
Pilot Lamp. A lamp connected across the ter-
minals of a dynamo to show roughly the pres-
sure which it is producing. A lamp placed in a
central station, generally on the dynamo itself,
to indicate the difference of potential at the
dynamo terminals by means of the intensity
of the emitted light.
Pilot Wires. The wires leading directly to the
generating station from different parts of the
mains, in order to determine the difference of
potential at such parts. Wires provided for
connection to a pilot lamp, or other device for
indicating the maintenance of normal pressure.
Pins. Wooden pegs for supporting pole line in-
sulators.
Pitch. The frequency of an electrically produced
tone. The distance between successive cor-
responding conductors on a dynamo armature.
In an armature winding divided into coils or
segments, the number of coils through which
advance must be made in making end con-
nections between the coils.
Pitch Line. A circle drawn around the external
surface of an armature through the middle of
the length of the inductors placed thereon.
Pitch of Windings. In alternators, usually the
distance measured along the pitch line be-
tween the centers of a pair of successive poles
of opposite sign; or, in some alternators, half
* this distance. In a continuous-current arma-
ture, the pitch.
Pith-ball Electroscope. An electroscope whose
indications are obtained by the attractions or
repulsions of pith balls.
Plane Vector. A quantity which possesses not
only magnitude but also direction in a single
plane.
Planimeter. An instrument for automatically
integrating the areas of plane curves, around
the contour of which a fiducial point on the
instrument is carried.
Platinum. A heavy, refractory and not readily
oxydizable metal of a tin-white color.
Plow Steel. See Index.
Plug Resistances. A number of separate resist-
ances that can be introduced into a circuit by
unplugging. The resistances of the ordinary
resistance box.
Plug Switch. A switch operated by the insertion
of a metallic plug between two insulated
metallic segments connected to a circuit, and
separated by air-spaces for the reception of the
plug key.
Plumbago. An allotropic modification of carbon.
Plunger Switch. A switch, the operating lever
cylinder of which passes through a bushing in a
switchboard, so as to make and break contacts
at the back of the switchboard.
Polarity. The possession of poles, or of opposite
properties, at opposite ends. The condition of
electric or magnetic differentiation between
properties of electric or magnetic flux depending
on and inherent in the direction of such flux.
Polarization of Dielectric. A molecular strain
produced in the dielectric of a Leyden jar, or
other condenser, by the attraction of the elec-
tric charges on its opposite faces, or by electro-
static stress. A term sometimes employed for
electric displacement.
Pole Changer. A switch for reversing the direc-
tion of a current. A reverser. A generator of
alternating currents at a telephone exchange,
consisting of an electro-magnetically driven
pendulum which periodically reverses a call
battery.
Pole Quys. A guy employed for stiffening a pole.
Pole Steps. Steps permanently fastened to a
wooden or iron pole to facilitate climbing.
(See page 8i.)
Polyphase. Possessing more than a single phase.
Polyphase Alternator. An alternator capable of
supplying polyphase currents.
Polyphase Armature. An armature so wound
as either to produce polyphase currents, or to
be operated by such currents.
Polyphase Circuits. The circuits employed in
polyphase-current distribution. _
Polyphase Currents. Currents differing in phase
from one another by a definite amount, and
suitable for the operation of polyphase motors
or similar apparatus.
Polyphase Generator. A generator which produces
currents differing symmetrically in phase.
Polyphase Motor. A motor operated by means of
polyphase currents.
Polyphase Transformer. A transformer suitable
for use in connection with polyphase circuits.
Polyphase Transmission. Transmission of power
by means of polyphase currents.
Polyphaser. A term sometimes employed for a
polyphase alternator, or generator. A multi-
phaser.
Pony Insulators. A name given to a particular
type of glass telegraph insulator.
Porcelain. A variety of instlfting substance,
made from kaolin.
Portable Conductors. Plsxible cords contaming
insulated wires suitable for use with porta-
ble lamps, motors, or other devices.
Positive Charge. According to the double-fluid
hypothesis, a charge of positive electricity.
According to the single-fluid hypothesis, any
excess of an assumed electric fluid. _A charge
of electricity having a positive potential.
Positive Currents. A term employed in teleg-
raphy for currents sent over a line from the
positive pole of a battery.
Positive Electricity. One of the phases of electric
excitement. That kind of electric charge pro-
duced on cotton when rubbed against resin.
ELECTRICAL
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215
Positive Lead. In a system of parallel distribu-
tion, a lead connected with the positive gen-
erator-terminal, or with the positive bus-bars.
Positive Pole. That pole of an electric source out
of which the current is assumed to flow.
Positive Wire. The wire connected with the
positive pole of a source.
Potential, Electric. The power of doing electric
work. Electric level.
Potential Energy. Stored energy. Potency or
capability of doing work. Energy possessing
the power or potency of doing work but not
actually performing such work.
Potential Indicator. An apparatus for indicating
potential difference.
Potential of Conductors. The relation existing
between the quantity of electricity in a con-
ductor and its capacity. That property of a
conductor whereby electric work is done when
an electric charge is moved towards it.
Power. Rate-of-doing-work, expressible in watts,
joules-per-second, foot pounds-per-hour, etc.
Activity.
Power Circuits. Circuits employed for the elec-
tric transmission of power.
Power Factor. The ratio of the true watts to
the apparent volt-amperes in an alternating-
current conductor, circuit, or device. It equals
the cosine of the angle of lag of the alternating
current.
Power-factor Indicator. A device to indicate the
power-factor of an electric current.
Power-house. A house provided with the plant
necessary for the production of the electric
power required in a system of electric distribu-
tion.
Practical Units. Definitely related multiples or
sulD-multiples of the absolute or centimetre-
gramme-second units.
Prepayment Meter. A device whereby a certain
electric service is given by means of an electric
penny-in-the-slot apparatus.
Pressure Equalizer. An automatic device em-
ployed in connection w-ith a storage battery to
maintain a uniform pressure at its terminals
under different loads. A regulating device
employed in a system of electric distribution
for maintaining the pressure uniform.
Pressure Indicator. Any device for indicating
the electric pressure in a circuit.
Pressure Wires. Small insulated copper con-
ductors, employed in a system of underground
street mains, extending from points of junction
between the feeders and the mains to the cen-
tral station, to indicate in the central station
the pressure supplied to the mains.
Primary. That winding of an induction motor or
of a transformer which directly receives power.
The term is to be preceded, in the case of trans-
formers, by the words "high voltage" or "low
voltage," in the case of induction motors by
"rotating" or "stationary."
Primary Battery. The combination of a number
of separate primary cells to form a single elec-
tric source.
Primary Cell. A term sometimes employed for
a voltaic cell.
Primary Coil of Transformer. That coil of an in-
duction coil or transformer on which the pri-
mary electromotive force is impressed. The coil
which receives energy prior to transformation.
Primary Currents. Currents flowing in a pri-
mary circuit, as distinguished from currents
flowing in a secondary circuit.
Primary Electromotive Force. The electromotive
force applied to the primary coil of a transformer.
Primary Winding is that winding of an induction
motor or of a transformer which receives power
from an external source.
Prime Magneto«motive Force. The magneto-
motive force due to the magnetizing current in
a ferric circuit.
Prony Brake. A mechanical device for measuring
the power of a driving shaft by the application
of a brake to the periphery of a wheel firmly
keyed on the shaft.
Proportionate Arms. The two resistances or
arms of an electric bridge, whose relative or
proportionate resistances only are required to
be known, in order to determine in connection
with a know^n resistance, the value of an un-
known resistance placed in the remaining arm
of the bridge.
Pull-off. An insulator employed on curves to
hold the trolley wire in proper position. A
steel wire attached to a trolley wire through an
insulator, and employed to pull the trolley
wire into position over a curve in the track.
Pulsating Current. A current equivalent to the
superposition of an alternating current upon
a continuous current.
Pulse, Electric. An electric oscillation. A
momentary flow of electricity through a con-
ductor which gradually varies from zero value
to the maximum, and then to zero value again,
like a pulse or vibration in an elastic medium.
Pumping of Alternating-current Dynamo. A
pulsation in the motion of a synchronously
running alternating-current generator or mo-
tor, due to imperfect synchronism.
Push Button. A device for closing an electric
circuit by the movement of a button.
Push Contact. A name sometimes applied to a
push button.
Pyrometer, Electric. A device for determining
the temperature of a body by the measure-
ment of the electric resistance of a platinum
wire exposed to the heat to be measured.
Q or q. A symbol for electric quantity.
Quadrant Electrometer. An electrometer in
which an electrostatic charge is measured by
the attractive and repulsive force exerted by
four plates or quadrants on a light nesdle of
aluminum suspended between them.
Quadrature. A term applied to express the fact
that one simple-harmonic quantity lags 90°
behind another.
Quadruplex. Of or pertaining to quadruplex
telegraphy.
Quadruplex Telegraphy. A system tor the simul-
taneous transmission of four messages over a
single wire, two in one direction and two in the
opposite direction.
Quadruplex Telephony. The simultaneous trans-
mission of four telephonic messages, two in
one direction and the remaining two in the
opposite direction.
Quantity, Electric. The amount of electricity
present in any current or charge.
Quantity Increment Rate. See " Block Rate."
Quarter Phase. A term implying the supplying
of power through two circuits. The vector
angle of this voltage is 90 degrees. This term is
recommended instead of the term " two-phase."
Quarter-phase System. A two-phase system of
alternating-current distribution employing two
currents dephased by a quarter period.
Quartze Fibre. (See Fibre, Quartz.)
Quick-break Switch. A switch by means of
which a circuit may be rapidly broken.
R. A contraction for ohmic resistance.
r. A symbol for radius.
R.M.S. A term sometimes used for the square
root of the mean square of the current. The
effective current.
R.P.M. An abbreviation for revolutions per
minute.
Radip.n. A unit angle. An angle whose circular
arc is equal in length to its radius; or, approxi-
mately 57° 1 7' 45".
Radian-per Second. A unit of angular velocity
of a rotating body.
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Electrical Radiation, Electric. The transference of electric
^ energy by means of electro-magnetic waves
Dictionary set up in the surrounding ether. That prop-
erty of a rapidly oscillating or alternating-cur-
rent circuit by virtue of which energy is ex-
pended by the circuit in the form of electro-
magnetic waves.
Radius of Gyration. In a rotating body, a radial
distance from the center of rotation at which,
if the entire mass of the body were collected, its
moment of inertia would remain the same.
Rail-bond, Electric. Any device whereby the
ends of contiguous rails are placed in good
electrical contact with one another, so that the
resistance of the rails, employed as a portion
of the return circuit, may be as small as pos-
sible.
Railway Return Circuit. A term frequently em-
ployed for the ground return of a trolley sys-
tem. The return circuit, generally a grounded
circuit, employed in trolley systems.
Rate-of-doing-work. Activity. Power.
Ratio of Transformation. The ratio between the
electromotive force produced at the secondary
terminals of an induction coil or transformer,
and the electromotive. force impressed on the
primary terminals.
Reactance. The inductance of a coil or circuit
multiplied by the angular velocity of the sinu-
soidal current passing through it. A quantity
whose square added to the square of the resist-
ance gives the square of the impedance, in a
simple-harmonic current circuit.
Reactance Coil. A coil for producing difference
of phase or for eliminating current. A magnet-
izing coil surrounded by a conducting coverin,^
or sheathing which opposes the passage of
rapidly alternating currents less when directly
over the magnetizing coil than when a short
distance from it. A choking coil or reactor.
Reactance Factor. The ratio of the reactance
of a coil, or circuit, to its ohmic resistance.
Reactive Circuit. A circuit containing either
inductance or capacity alone, or both induct-
ance and capacity.
Reactive Drop. The drop in a circuit or conduc-
tor due to its reactance, as distinguished from
the drop due to its ohmic resistance.
Reactive Electromotive Force. In an alternating-
current circuit, that component of the electro-
motive force that is in quadrature with the
current and is employed in balancing the
C.E.M.F. of inductance.
Reactive Factor. The ratio of the wattless volt-
amperes to the total volt-amperes.
Receiver. A name given to a receiving instru-
ment of a gramophone, graphophone, tele-
phone or telegraph instrument.
Recording Ammeter, Recording Voltmeter, Re-
cording Wattmeter. Instruments which record
upon a time-chart a continuous record of the
value of quantities they measure.
Recording Drum. A cylindrical drum covered
by a sheet or strip of paper on which a chrono-
graphic or other record is made.
Recording Wattmeter. A recording form of
wattmeter.
Rectified. Commuted, or caused to take one and
the same direction.
Rectilinear Current. A current flowing through
a straight or rectilinear portion of a circuit.
Reed Interrupter. A form of automatic make-
and-break contact, operated by the vibrations
of a reed.
Re-entrant Armature-windings. Armature wind-
ings, which, when followed in either direction,
lead back to the starting point.
Reflecting Galvanometer. A term sometimes ap-
plied to a mirror galvanometer.
Regenerative Arc Lamp. A flaming enclosing arc
lamp in which the products of combustion are
circulating and brought rapidly in contact with
the arc. The objects accomplished thereby are:
I. — To conserve the heat;
2. — To condense and deposit the solid prod-
ucts of combustion where they will
not obstruct the light, and
3. — To exclude the oxygen and utilize rapidly
the chemicals in the circulating gases.
Regulation. The regulation of a machine or
apparatus in regard to some characteristic
quantity, such as current or terminal voltage,
is the ratio of the deviation of that quantity
from its normal value at rated-load to the nor-
mal rated-load value. Sometimes called in-
herent regulation.
Relative Inductivity. The ratio of the inductiv-
ity of a medium to the inductivity of vacuum.
Relay. In telegraphy, an electro-magnet pro-
vided with contact points placed on a delicately
supported armature, the movements of which
open or close a local receiver circuit.
Relay Magnet. A term sometimes given to a
relay. The permanent magnet of a polarized
relay. The electro-magnet of a relay.
Reluctance. A term applied to magnetic resist-
ance. In a magnetic circuit the ratio of the
M.M.F. to the total magnetic flux.
Reluctivity. The specific magnetic resistance of
a medium.
Repeating Relay. A relay employed in a re-
peater. The relay in a telegraph circuit which
repeats the signals into another circuit.
Repulsion Motor. An electric motor deriving its
power from the repulsion between electric
charges. An alternating-current motor de-
riving its power from the repulsion between
electric currents. An alternating-current mo-
tor in which the armature is provided with
temporarily short-circuited windings by means
of a commutator and brushes.
Residual Charge. The charge remaining in a
Leyden jar after it has been disruptively
discharged
Residual Magnetism. The magnetism remaining
in a core of an electromagnet on the opening
of the magnetizing circuit. The small amount
of magnetism retained by soft iron when re-
moved from any magnetic flux.
Resin. A general term applied to a variety of
dried juices of vegetable origin.
Resinous Electricity. A term formerly employed
in place of negative electricity.
Resistance. A word sometimes used for electric
resistance. Obstruction to flow.
Resistance Box. A term employed for a box
containing graduated resistance coils.
Resistance Coil. A coil of wire, strip, or con-
ductor, possessing electric resistance. A coil of
wire, of known electric resistance, employed
for measuring an unknown electric resistance.
Resistance, Electric. The ratio between the
electromotive force of a circuit and the current
that passes therein. The reciprocal of electric
conductance. (See page 79.)
Resistivity. The specific resistance of a substance
referred to the resistance of a cube of unit
volume. Specific resistance, or the inverse of
specific conductivity.
Resonance. In a simple-harmonic current, cir-
cuit or branch, containing both inductance and
capacity, the neutralization or annulment of
inductance-reactance by capacity-reactance,
whereby the impedance of the circuit or
branch is reduced to the ohmic resistance.
In an alternating-current circuit, or branch,
containing localized inductance and capacity,
the re-enforcement of condenser pressure, in-
ductance pressure, or current strength, due to
the mutual neutralization or opposition of in-
ductance and capacity-reactances. In an al-
ternating-current circuit, or branch, the at-
tunement of a circuit, containing a condenser
to the same natural undamped frequency of
oscillation as the frequency of impressed
E.M.F. whereby the circuit responds to this
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
frequency more than to any other. In an al-
ternating-current circuit, or branch, the an-
nulment of inductance-reactance by capacity-
reactance, whereby the impedance of the cir-
cuit or branch is not only reduced to its ohmio
resistance, but its current is in phase with its
impressed E.M.F.
Resonant Capacity. The capacity of a resonant
circuit, or such a capacity as will render an
alternating-current circuit resonant.
Resonant Circuit. A circuit whose dimensions
are such as to bring it into resonance with a
neighboring circuit. A circuit containing dis-
tributed inductance and capacity, in which
resonant effects are thereby produced.
Resonant Inductance. The inductance of a
resonant circuit, or the inductance which will
render it resonant.
Resultant Magnetic Field. A single magnetic
field produced by two or more co-existing
magnetic fields.
Return Circuit. That part of a circuit by which
an electric current returns to the source.
Return Current. In telegraphy the electro-static
discharge from a cable or underground wire.
Reverse Currents. A name sometimes applied to
alternating currents. A name sometimes ap-
plied to double current.
Reverse-current Relay. A relay used on a direct-
current circuit, which operates when the cur-
rent flows in the direction opposite to the nor-
mal direction.
Reverse-power Relay. A relay which operates
when the power in the circuit flows in the direc-
tion opposite to the normal direction.
Reversing Switch. A switch employed in re-
versing a circuit or current.
Rheostat. An adjustable resistance.
Ribbon Conductor. A flat, ribbon-shaped con-
ductor.
Right-handed Rotation. A direction of rotation
which is the same as that of the hands of a
watch, when one looks directly at the face of
the watch. Negative rotation.
Ring Armature. An armature provided with a
ring-shaped core.
Ring Core. A ring-armature core.
Ring-off. A term employed for a signal sent by
a telephone correspondent when the conver-
sation is finished.
Ring Windings. Windings suitable for use in a
ring-wound armature.
Ringing Key. In a telephone switch-board, a
key employed to ring up a subscriber.
Risers. Supply wires which lead the current
from the service wires to the different floors of
a building. The supply wires which rise to the
various floors, as distinguished from floor
mains, submarine, or branches, which run along
each floor.
Rocker Arm. An arm on which the brushes of a
dynamo or motor are mounted for the purpose
of shifting their position on the commutator.
Redding a Conduit. The process of introducing
a drawing-in wire through the ducts of an un-
derground conduit by pushing a number of
short sections of jointed rods through such
ducts.
Roentgen Effects. The peculiar effects produced
by Roentgen or X-rays.
Roentgen Rays. A peculiar radiation emitted in
the neighborhood of that portion of a high
vacuum tube on which the cathode rays fall.
Roentgen Tube. Any high-vacuum tube capable
of producing Roentgen rays.
Rosette. An ornamental plate provided with
service wires and placed in a wall or ceiling for
the ready attachment of an electric lamp or
electrolier. A word sometimes used in place
of ceiling rose.
Rotary, Converter. A secondary generator for
transforming alternating into continuous cur-
rents or vice- versa, consisting of an alternating-
current machine whose armature winding is
connected with a commutator; or of a contin-
uous-current machine, whose armature is Electrical
tapped at symmetrical points and connected to _^ .
collector rings; so that, when the armature Dictionary
runs it is an alternator on one side and a direct
current machine on the other. A rotary trans-
former.
Rotary Current. A name appUed to any system
of polyphase currents which are capalale of pro-
ducing a rotary field. A rotating-current dis-
tribution.
Rotary Electric Field.
field.
Rotary-field Motor. A
motor.
Rotary-magnetic Field.
A rotary electro-static
rotary^field induction-
A ■ field produced by a
rotary current. A magnetic field in which a
set of magnet poles is produced, whose suc-
cessive positions are such that a rotation of the
field is effected.
Rotary Phase Converter. A machine which con-
verts from an alternating-current system of one
or more phases to an alternating-current sys-
tem of a different number of phases, but of the
same frequency.
Rotary Transformer. A term generally employed
for the combination of a motor and generator
in one machine having a single armature-wind-
ing traversed both by alternating and con-
tinuous currents. A secondary generator for
transforming from alternating to continuous
currents or vice-versa. A rotary converter.
Rotor. The rotating member, whether primary
or secondary, of any alternating - current
machine.
Rubber Tape. A form of adhesive, insulatin^s
tape made of rubber.
Ruhmkorff Coil. An early form of induction coil
or step-up transformer. An induction coil
having an iron-wire core, and a fine wire second-
ary coil of many turns for the production of
powerful induced E.M.F.'s usually excited
from a battery or continuous current source
through a suitable current breaker.
S. A contraction for second.
S.P. Cut-out. A contraction for single-pole cut-
out.
S.W.Q. A contraction for Stubb's wire gauge.
Saddle Bracket. A bracket holding an insulator
and fastened to the top of a telegraph or tele-
phone pole.
Safety Cut-out. A safety fuse.
Safety Fuse. A wire, bar, plate or strip of readily
fusible metal, capable of conducting, without
fusing, the current ordinarily employed on the
circuit, but which fuses and thus automatically
breaks the circuit on the passage of an abnor-
mally strong current.
Safety Lamp, Electric. An incandescent lamp,
provided with thoroughly insulated leads,
employed in mines or other similar places
where the explosive effects of readily ignited
substances are to be feared. A portable elec-
tric incandescent lamp and battery for use in
mines where explosive gases may be found.
Sag of Conductor or Line Wire. The dip of an
aerial wire or conductor, between two adjacent
supports, due to its weight.
Saturating Flux. The fiux required to produce
magnetic saturation in any circuit.
Saturation Factor. This is the ratio of a small
percentage increase in field excitation to the
corresponding percentage increase in the volt-
age thereby produced.
Scratch Brush. A brush made of wires, or stiff
bristles, employed for cleansing the surfaces of
metallic objects before subjecting them to the
electro-plating process.
Screen, Electric. A closed conductor placed
over a body in order to protect or screen it
from the effects of external electrostatic field.
218
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Electrical Secohmmeter. An apparatus for measuring the
p.. ■ self -inductance, the mutual inductance, or
Uictionary ^j^g capacity of conductors.
Secondary Ampere=turns. Ampere-turns in the
secondary of a transformer or induction coil.
Secondary. That portion of an induction motor
or of a transformer which receives power by in-
duction. The term is to be preceded by the
same words as in the case of " primary."
Secondary Battery. A word frequently used for
storage battery.
Secondary Coil of Transformer. The coil of a
transformer into which energy is transferred
from the primary line and primary coil. The
secondary winding of a transformer or induc-
tion coil. The coil in the external circuit of
which there is no directly impressed E.M.F.
Secondary Currents. The currents produced in
the secondary of a transformer. The currents
produced by secondary batteries. Currents in
any secondary circuit.
Secondary Electromotive Forces. A name some-
times given to the electromotive forces pro-
duced by a secondary cell or battery.
Secondary Resistance. The resistance of a sec-
ondary coil or circuit.
Secondary Winding is that winding of an induc-
tion motor or of a transformer which receives
power from the primary by induction.
Note: The terms "High-tension winding"
and Low-tension winding" are suitable for dis-
tinguishing between the windings of a trans-
former where the relations of the apparatus to
the source of power are not involved.
Section Circuit=breaker. A magnetic circuit-
breaker controlling a trolley-wire section.
Section insulator. An insulator in a trolley-wire
system, which electrically disconnects one
trolley section from another.
Section Switch. In a system of railway or power-
distribution, a switch controlling and supply-
ing a section.
See-sawing. A term employed to characterize
the condition of two parallel-connected alter-
nators when they do not synchronize properly.
SelNexcitation. An excitation of the field mag-
nets of a generator obtained by leading a por-
tion or all of its own current through its field
coils, as distinguished from separate excitation.
Self=induced Current. A current induced in a
circuit on the opening or closing of the circuit,
by changes in its own strength.
Self-induction. Induction produced in a circuit
by the induction of the current on itself at the
moment of starting or stopping the current
therein.
Self-induction Coil. A coil of wire possessing
self-induction. A choking coil.
Sensitive Discharge. A thin, thread-like dis-
charge that occurs between the terminals of a
high-frequency induction coil.
Sensitive Tube. A coherer.
Separate Excitation. The excitation of the field
magnets produced by a source external to the
machine.
Series Circuit. A circuit in which the separate
sources or separate electro-receptive devices,
or both, are so placed that the current pro-
duced in it or passed through it passes succes-
sively through the entire circuit from the first
to the last.
4 Series Distribution. A distribution of electric
energy in which the receptive devices are placed
one after another in succession upon a single
conductor, extending throughout the entire
circuit from pole to pole.
Series Dynamo. A dynamo having series wind-
ing.
Series Motor. A motor suitable for use in a series
circuit. A series-wound motor.
Series-multiple Car-controller. A controller pro-
vided for starting and stopping a double
motor car, for varying its speed, or the torque
of its motors, by connecting the motors either
in series or in parallel with or without resist-
ances.
Series-multiple Circuit. A compound circuit in
which a number of separate sources, or sepa-
rate electro-receptive devices, or both, are con-
nected in a number of separate groups in multi-
ple arc, and these separate groups subsequently
connected in series.
Series-multiple Connection. Such a connection
of a number of separate electro-receptive de-
vices that the devices are placed in multiple
groups or circuits and these separate groups
afterwards connected with one another in
series.
Series-parallel Controller. A series-multiple car-
controller.
Series Winding A winding of a dynamo electric
machine in which a single set of magnetizing
coils are placed on the field-magnet cores and
connected in series with the armature and the
external circuit.
Series-wound Field. The field of a dynamo in
which the armature current passes through the
magnetizing coil.
Service Conductors. Service wires.
Service Wires. The wires which lead into a
building and which are connected to the supply
mains or supply circuits. The wires through
which service is given to a consumer. Delivery
wires.
Sextipolar Field. A field produced by six magnet
poles.
Sheathing Wires. The metallic wires which form
the armor of a submarine cable.
Shed of Insulator. A petticoat or inverted cone
of a telegraph insulator.
Shell Transformer. A transformer whose primary
and secondary coils are laid on each other,
and the iron core is then wound through and
over them, so as to completely enclose them.
A form of iron-clad transformer.
Shellac. A resinous substance obtained from
the roots and branches of certain tropical
plants, which possesses high insulating powers,
and high specific inductive capacity.
Short Circuit. A shunt or by-path of negligible
or comparatively small resistance, placed
around any part of an electric circuit through
which so much of the current passes as to vir-
tually cut out the parts of the circuit to which
it acts as a shunt. An accidental direct con-
nection between the mains or main terminals of
a dynamo or system producing a heavy over-
load of current. To accidentally produce a
short circuit.
Short-circuited Conductor. A conductor which
has a short-circuit established past it.
Short-circuiting Plug. A plug which when in-
serted in its receptacle short circuits the device
connected therewith.
Short-shunt Compound-winding. A compound
winding of a dynamo-electric machine in which
the shunt coil is connected directly, or through
resistance, with the armature brushes, as dis-
tinguished from a long-shunt compound-
winding.
Shunt. An additional, or by-path established
for the passage of an electric current or dis-
charge.
Shunt-circuit. A derived circuit. A branch or
additional circuit, provided in any part of a
circuit, through which the current branches or
divides, part flowing in the original circuit and
part through the new branch or shunt. A cir-
cuit for diverting or shunting a portion of the
current.
Shunt Dynamo. A shunt-wound dynamo-elec-
tric machine.
Shunt for Ammeter. A shunt coil connection in
multiple with the coils of an ammeter for the
purpose of changing the value of the readings.
A reducteur.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
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219
Shunt Ratio. The ratio existing between a shunt
and the circuit it shunts. The ratio existing
between the total current strength and the
current strength in the branch to which the
shunt is appUed.
Shunt Turns of Dynamo. The ampere turns in
the shunt circuit of a shunt-wound or com-
pound-wound dynamo.
Shunt Winding. A term sometimes employed
for the shunt field coils on a shunt-wound dy-
namo or motor.
Shunt-wound Dynamo Electric Machine. A dy-
namo electric machine whose field-magnet coils
are placed in shunt with the armature circuit,
so that only a portion of the current generated
passes through the field magnet coils, but all
the difference of potential of the armature acts
at the terminals of the field circuit.
Shuttle Armature. A variety of drum armature
in which a single coil of wire is wound in an
H-shaped groove formed in a bobbin-shaped
core. The old form of Siemens' armature.
Side-pole Trolley-line Construction. A method
for the suspension of aerial trolley lines in
which the trolley and feed wires are suspended
from poles placed on one side of the street or
road. (See page 62.)
Siemens-Martin Steel. See Index.
Signal Arm. A semaphore arm.
Silico-magnetic Core Steel. (See page 52)
Silver Voltameter. A voltameter in which the
quantity of electricity passing is determined
by the weight of silver deposited.
Simple Alternating - currents. Sinusoidal - alter-
nating currents. Simple-harmonic currents.
Simple-harmonic Electromotive Forces. Electro-
motive forces which vary in such a manner as to
produce simple-harmonic currents; or, electro-
motive forces whose variations can be correctly
represented by a simple-harmonic curve.
Simple-periodic Motion. Simple-harmonic mo-
tion.
Simultaneous Demand. The sum of the demands
of a number of services occurring at the same
time.
Simultaneous Demand Factor. The ratio of the
simultaneous demand divided by the connected
load.
Simultaneous Maximum Demand. See "Maxi-
mum Simultaneous Demand."
Sine Law. A law of magnitude defined by the
sines of angles. A magnitude which follows
the sines of successive angles.
Single-Phase. Uniphase. Monophase. Pertain-
ing to ordinary alternating currents in a simple
alternating-current system as distinguished
from multiphase currents.
Single-phase .Alternating Current. A uniphase
alternating current.
Single-phase Alternator. An alternator capable
of producing simple or single-phase currents.
Single-phase Induction Motor. An induction
motor intended to be operated on a single-
phase alternating-current circuit.
Single-phase Winding. A single-phase armature
winding.
Single-pole Cut-out. A cut-out by means of
which the circuit is broken or cut in one of the
two leads only.
Single-pole Switch. A switch which opens or
closes a circuit at one of its leads only.
Single-throw Switch. A switch having but two
positions, one for opening, and the other for
closing the circuit it controls, as distinguished
from a double-throw switch.
Sinusoidal Alternating Electromotive Forces.
Alternating electromotive forces whose varia-
tions in strength are correctly represented by a
sinusoidal curve. Simple-harmonic E.M.F.'s.
Sinusoidal Curve. A curve of sines. A sinusoid.
A curve which to rectangular co-ordinates has
an ordinate at each point proportionate to the
sine of an angle proportionate to the abscissa.
Skin Currents. A term applied to rapidly alter-
nating currents which are limited to the surface
of a conductor.
Skin Effect. The tendency of rapidly alternating
currents to avoid the central portions of solid
conductors and flow, for the greater part,
through the superficial portions. (See page
19.)
Sleeve Joint. A junction of the ends of conduct-
ing wires obtained by passing them through
tubes, and subsequently twisting and soldering.
Slide Bridge. A bridge whose proportionate
arms arc formed of a single thin wire, of uni-
form diameter and of comparatively high re-
sistance, of some material whose temperature
coefficient is low.
Sliding Contact. A contact connected with one
part of a circuit that closes or completes that
circuit by 'jeing slid over a conductor connected
with another part of such circuit.
Slip of Induction Motor. The proportional differ-
ence between the speed of the rotary magnetic
field which drives the motor and the speed of
the rotor.
Slip of Rotor. The proportional difference be-
tween the speed of a rotary magnetic field and
the speed of a rotor.
Slotted Armature. An armature provided with
slots or grooves for the reception of the wires.
An iron-clad armature.
Smooth-core Armature. An armature which
presents a continuously smooth cylindrical sur-
face before the armature coils are wound on it.
A surface-wound armature as distinguished
from an iron-clad armature.
Snap Switch. A switch in which the transfer of
the contact points from one position to another
is accomplished by a quick motion obtained by
the operation of a spring.
Socket. In a telephone switchboard a jack or
receptacle for a plug. The barrel of a jack, as
distinguished from the contact of the jack
placed behind the barrel.
Soft-drawn Copper Wire. Copper wire that is
softened by annealing after being drawn.
Solder Ear. An ear or hanger in a trolley system
to which the trolley is secured by solder.
Soldering Flux. Any chemical suitable for use
in connection with solder to cleanse the sur-
faces of the articles to be soldered.
Solenoid. A cylindrical coil of wire whose con-
volutions are circular. An electro-magnetic
helix.
South Magnetic Pole. That pole of a magnetic
needle which points approximately to the
earth's geographical south.
Span Wires. Wires tightly stretched across a
street from pole to pole, for the purpose of sup-
porting trolley wires.
Spark Arrester. A device for preventing an arc
lamp from scattering sparks or particles of
incandescent carbon.
Spark Coil. A coil of insulated wire connected
with the main circuit in a system of electric
gas lighting, whose extra spark produced on
breaking the circuit is employed for electrically
igniting gas jets.
Spark, Electric. A term sometimes applied to a
disruptive discharge. The phenomena pro-
duced by a disruptive discharge in the air-
space or gap through which the discharge
passes.
Spark Gap. The air-space or gap through which
a disruptive discharge passes. A gap forming
part of a circuit between two opposing con-
ductors and filled with air or other dielectric,
across which a spark passes when a certain
difference of potential has been reached.
Sparking of Dynamo-electric Machine. An ir-
regular and injurious operation of a dynamo
attended with sparks at its collecting brushes.
Specific Capacity. Specific inductive capacity.
220
AMERICAN
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COMPANY
Electrical Specific Conductivity. The particular conduc-
_^. . tivity of a substance for electricity. The spe-
Uictionaty cific or particular resistance of a given length
and area of cross-section of a substance, as
compared with the same length and area of
cross-section of some standard substance.
Conductivity with reference to Matthiessen's
standard conductivity.
Specific Dielectric Capacity. A term sometimes
employed in place of specific inductive ca-
pacity.
Specific Energy. Volumetric energy. Energy
per unit of volume.
Specific Inductive Capacity. The ability of a
dielectric to permit induction to take place
through its mass as compared with the ability
possessed by a vacuous space of the same di-
mensions, under precisely the same conditions.
The relative power of bodies for transmitting
electrostatic stresses and strains, analogous to
permeability in metals. The ratio of the ca-
pacity of a condenser whose coatings are sep-
arated by a dielectric of a given substance, to
the capacity of a similar condenser, whose
plates are separated by a vacuum.
Specific Magnetic Reluctance. A term some-
times used for specific magnetic resistance.
Specific Resistance. The particular resistance a
substance offers to the passage of electricity
through it, compared with the resistance of
some standard substance. In absolute meas-
urements, the resistance in absolute units be-
tween opposed faces of a centimetre cube of a
given substance. In the practical system, the
above resistance in ohms. Resistivity, ex-
pressed in electro-magnetic absolute units as
square-centimetres per second. (See page 14.)
Spelter. A name sometimes given to commercial
zinc. (See Zinc.)
Spherical Candle-power. The total flux of fight
emitted by a luminous source divided by
12.566. The candle-power of a point-source,
which emits with uniform intensity in all direc-
tions, as much light as does an actual lamp.
The average candle-power of a luminous source
taken in all directions, or considered over the
entire surface of an enveloping sphere.
Spider. A radial bracket or support for support-
ing an armature or machine on a revolving
shaft.
Splice Bar. A fish plate employed for connecting
together the ends of a rail.
Splicing Ear. A trolley ear for uniting the ends
of a trolley wire. A splicing suspension ear.
Splicing Sleeve. A tube of conducting material
employed for covering a splice in a conducting
wire.
Split Phase. A difference produced between the
phases of two or more alternating current into
which a Uniphase alternating current has di-
vided.
Spring Ammeter. A form of ammeter in which a
magnetic core or needle is moved against the
action of a spring by the field of the current it
is measuring.
Spring Contact. A contact which either opems or
closes under the action of a spring. A spring-
supported contact, connected with one part of
a circuit, that completes the circuit on being
moved so as to touch another contact con-
nected with the other part of the circuit. A
circuit-closing or circuit-opening device nor-
mally maintained in one position and condition
by the action of a spring.
Spurious Resistance. A false or apparent resist-
ance arising from the development of a coun-
ter-electromotive force.
Square Mil. A unit of area employed in measur-
ing the areas of cross-section of wires, equal to
.000001 square inch. A unit of area equal to
1.2732 circular mils.
Standard Ohm. A length of wire having a re-
sistance of the value of one ohm, employed in
standardizing resistance coils (See Inter-
national Ohm.)
Standard Resistance. A known resistance used
for comparison with, or determination of, an
unknown resistance.
Star Grouping of Polyphase Circuits. A method
of grouping a triphase circuit consisting of
making a common junction at one point and
branching them star-wise.
Star Triphase-winding. A connection of three
triphase windings in which all three are con-
nected together at a common point or junction
point, and the three free ends connected to the
terminals.
Starting Box for Electric Motor. A resistance
provided for starting an electric motor.
Starting Current of Motor. The current travers-
ing the coils of a motor at its moment of start-
ing.
Starting Resistance. A resistance employed in
the starting box for an electric motor.
Starting Rheostat. Coils of wire mounted in a
suitable manner, and so connected as to be
successively placed in the circuit of a motor
while it is being started.
Starting Torque of Motor. The torque required
in starting a motor. The torque developed by a
motor in starting.
Static Discharge. A name sometimes given to a
disruptive discharge.
Static Electricity. A term applied to electricity
produced by friction.
Static Voltmeter. A voltmeter operating by
electrostatic action, as opposed to a voltmeter
operating electro-magnetically. A voltmeter
in which the moving system is displaced by
electrostatic forces. A voltmeter of the
electroscope or electrometer type.
Station Indicator. A name sometimes given to a
station voltmeter. Any indicator situated at
a central station.
Station Load. The total load existing on a cen-
tral station at any time.
Stationary Motor. A motor that is fixed in place
in contradistinction to a locomotor.
Stator. The stationary member, whether pri-
mary or secondary, of any alternating-current
machine.
Stay Rod. A rod of iron or steel, used to stay or
support a telegraph or telephone pole.
Steady Current. A current whose strength does
not vary from time to time.
Step=down Converter. A stepdown transformer.
Step-down Transformer. A transformer in which
a small current of comparatively great differ-
ence of potential is converted into a large cur-
rent of comparatively small difference of po-
tential. An inverted Ruhmkorff induction
coil.
Step Rate. Method of charging for electric ser-
vice at definite successive rates per kilowatt-
hour consumed. Each rate applying to the en-
tire quantity purchased during the period
covered. As, for example, during each month
ten kilowatt-hours or less at 15 cents per kilo-
watt hour. If over ten kilowatt-hours and less
than 20 kilowatt-hours are used all are charged
for at 1 2 cents per kilowatt-hour. If 20 or more
kilowatt-hours are registered during the month,
all are charged for at 10 cents per kilowatt-hour.
Step-up Transformer. A transformer in which a
large current of comparatively small difference
of potential is converted into a small current of
comparatively great difference of potential.
Storage Battery. A number of separate storage
cells connected so as to form a single electric
source.
Storage Cell. Two relatively inert plates of
metals or metallic compounds immersed in an
electrolyte incapable of acting on them until
after an electric current has been passed
through the liquid from one plate to the other
and has thus changed their chemical relations.
One of the cells required to form a secondary
battery. A term sometimes given to the jar
containing a single cell.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
Straight-line Trolley Hanger. A trolley-hanger
employed on a straight trolley line, suitably
supported by a span wire so as to have a ver-
tical strain only.
Strain. Any change of size or shape, any de-
formation.
Strain Insulator. An insulator used for the dou-
ble purpose of taking the mechanical strain at a
bend or at the end of a conductor, and also in-
sulating the same electrically.
Stranded Conductor. A conductor formed of a
number of smaller interlaced or twisted con-
ductors, either for the purpose of reducing self-
induction, or eddy currents, or for increasing
its flexibility.
Strap Copper. Copper conductors formed of bars
or straps, employed in connection with a bar-
armature winding.
Stray Currents. A term sometimes used for eddy
currents.
Stray Field. Leakage magnetic flux. That por-
tion of a magnetic field which does not pass
through an armature or other magneto-recep-
tive device.
Strength of Current. A general term for the
magnitude of the current in a circuit. Am-
perage.
Stress. Any action between two bodies that
causes a strain, or deformation.
Striking an Arc. Separating the carbon electrodes
for the formation of an arc between them.
Sub-mains. Conductors which branch off from
the mains. Mains which are themselves
branches of mains.
Sub-marine Cable. A cable designed for use
under water, generally under the ocean.
Sub-station. An auxiliary station.
Subway, Electric. An accessible underground
way or passage provided for the reception of
electric-light wires or cables.
Supply Mains. A term sometimes applied to the
mains in a system of incandescent hght or
power distribution.
Surface Density. The quantity of electricity-
per-unit-of-area at any point on a charged sur-
face.
Surging Discharge. A discharge accompanied by
electric surgings. An oscillatory discharge.
Surgings, Electric. Electric oscillations set up in
a conductor that is undergoing rapid discharg-
ing, or in neighboring conductors that are being
rapidly charged and discharged. Electric os-
cillations, direct or induced.
Switch. Any device for readily opening or closing
an electric circuit. In telephony, a name
sometimes given to a switchboard.
Switch Blade. A conducting strip or knife-blade
of a switch.
Switch-board. A board, slab or frame of insu-
lating material, upon which are supported con-
ducting bars, pieces, frames or masses, with or
without switches and instruments, for the
ready establishment of electrical connections
between circuits connected therewith.
Symmetrical Alternating Current. Any alternat-
ing current whose successive semi-periods,
waves, or alternations passes opposite but
equal values, or correspond in all respects save
in direction.
Synchronism. Unison of frequencies in alternat-
ing-current systems or apparatus. Generally,
the co-periodicity and co-phase of two periodi-
cally recurring events. The coincidence in
cyclic recurrence of two or more periodic vari-
ables, without regard to amplitude.
Synchronous Compensator. A synchronous
machine, running either idle or under load,
whose full excitation may be varied so as to
modify the power-factor of the circuit, or
through such modification, to influence the
voltage of the circuit.
Synchronism Indicator. A phase indicator. A
device for indicating the phase relation or the
condition of synchronism between two or more
periodic quantities.
Synchronous Converter. A machine which con-
verts from an alternating to a direct current, or
vice versa, commonly called a rotary con-
verter.
Synchronous Generator. A generator of alter-
nating currents, operating or capable of operat-
ing in synchronism with another generator.
Synchronoscope. A synchronizing device which,
in addition to indicating synchronism, shows
whether the machine is synchronized fast or
slow.
T,t. A symbol employed for time.
Tachometer. An apparatus for indicating at any
moment on a dial the number of revolutions
per minute of a shaft or machine with which it
is connected. A speed indicator.
Tangent Galvanometer. An instrument in which
the deflecting coil consists of a coil of wire
within which is placed a needle, supported at
the center of the coil, and very short by com-
parison with the diameter of the coil.
Tap. A conductor attached as a shunt to a
larger conductor. A derived circuit for carry-
ing off a share of the main current. A wire
taken from the junction between the short and
long sections of a quadruplex battery.
Taping. Covering a wire or a joint with an insu-
lating tape. A covering of tape applied to a
cable sheathing.
Tapping a Circuit. Introducing a loop or branch
in a telegraphic or telephonic circuit, for the
purpose of intercepting the messages sent over
the circuit.
Taps. A general term employed, in a system of
incandescent lamp distribution for branches or
sub-branches that are carried from the mains
into the rooms of a building or to the fixtures in
the halls.
Teaser, Electric. A coil of fine wire placed on the
field magnets of a dynamo in a shunt across the
main circuit, in addition to the field magnet
series coil. A series coil placed on a field mag-
net, in addition to a regular shunt field, for the
purpose of preliminary excitation.
Tel-autograph. A telegraphic system for the
fac-simile reproduction of writing at a distance.
Telegraph. A general name for the instrument or
combination of instruments employed for con-
veying a communication or despatch to a dis-
tance by means other than that of the unas-
sisted voice. A general term for any appar-
atus employed in telegraphy.
Telegraph, Electric. A general term for any
apparatus employed in electric telegraphy.
Telegraph Loop. A pair of wires extending from
a telegraphic station to a branch office.
Telegraphic Cable. A cable designed to establish
telegraphic communication between different
points.
Telegraphic Ground-circuit. An earth circuit
used in any system of telegraphy.
Telegraph Interrupter. A device for making and
breaking a circuit at a definite rate. A tele-
graphic key, or other analogous device.
Telegraphic Key. The key employed for sending
over the line successive makes-and-breaks cor-
responding to the dots and dashes of the Morse
alphabet, or to the deflections of the needle in a
needle telegraph.
Telegraphic Repeater. Any telegraphic device
whereby the relay, sounder or registering ap-
paratus is caused to repeat into another circuit
the signals received. An apparatus for rrain-
taining telegraphic communication between
two circuits not in conductive connection.
Telegraphone. An instrument whereby the in-
dentations on the cylinder of a graphophone
can be reproduced upon another cylinder at
the same time that the vocal sounds repie-
sented by the indentations are being rendered
audible.
223 AMERICAN STEEL
AND WIRE COMPANY
Electrical Telegraphy. Any system by means of which a
. communication or despatch is transmitted to a
Dictionary distance, by means other than that of the un-
assisted voice.
Telephone. To communicate by means of a
telephone.
Telephone. An instrument for the electric trans-
mission of articulate speech.
Telephone Cable. A cable, either aerial or sub-
terranean, suitable for the transmission of tele-
phonic despatches. Generally a cable whose
conductors are twisted in pairs, for the purpose
of avoiding the disturbance produced by cross-
talk.
Telephone CaII=wire. A wire employed in certain
telephone systems, by the subscriber, for the
purpose of calling the central ofRce. A special
calling wire in a telephone system.
Telephone Exchange. A central office provided
with circuits, switches and other devices, by
means of which any one of a number of sub-
scribers, connected either directly or indirectly
with the exchange, may be placed in communi-
cation with any other subscriber, or with some
other exchange.
Telephone Head-gear. Any apparatus placed on
the head for readily attaching a telephone re-
ceiver to the ear of the operator.
Telephone Indicator. An indicator employed on
a telephone circuit to indicate the number of
the correspondent calling. A telephone drop
annunciator.
Telephone Meter. An apparatus employed on
telephone circuits for registering the number of
connections between subscribers and the time
or duration of the same. A calculagraph.
Telephone Set. — A general term for the apparatus
employed by a telephone subscriber at his office.
Telephonic. Of or pertaining to a telephone.
Temperature. State of matter in respect to heat.
Temperature Coefficient. A coefficient of varia-
tion in a quantity, per degree of change in
temperature. The coefficient by which a
change of temperature must be multiplied in
order to arrive at the change in a quantity due
to the change of temperature.
Tension, Electric. A term loosely applied to sig-
nify indifferently surface density, electro-
motive force, electromotive intensity, dielectric
stress, or difference of potential.
Terminal Board. A small switchboard situated
on a dynamo.
Terminal Insulator. An insulator at the terminus
of a line. A telegraph line insulator provided
with two grooves for the reception of two ends
which may be kept insulated from each other.
Terminal Voltage. The terminal electromotive
force.
Terminals. A name differently applied to the
poles or to the electrodes of a voltaic battery.
Terrestrial Magnetism. A name applied to the
magnetism of the earth.
Tesla Coil. A form of oil-insulated induction coil
or transformer.
Test Wires. The wires in a multiple telephone
J switch-board, by which the busy test is made.
Any wires or circuits used in making a test.
Wires to be tested or undergoing a test.
Testing Jacks. In a multiple telephone switch-
board, or distributing board, special jacks
sometimes inserted in any circuit for testing
such circuits.
Testing Switch. In a quadruplex telegraphic
system, a switch for throwing the line from the
sending battery to ground through a suitable
resistance, for the purpose of enabling the dis-
tant station to obtain a balance.
Theater Dimmer. A dimmer employed in thea-
ters for varying the intensity of the illumina-
tion. A rheostat or choking coil employed in a
theater-lighting circuit.
Thermal Activity. The activity possessed by a
body, arising from its heat energy. The rate
of doing thermal work.
Thermo=electric Battery. A combination, as a
single thermo-electric source, of a number of
separate thermo-electric cells or couples.
Thermo-electric Cell. A name applied to a
thermo-electric couple.
Thermo-electric Couple. Any two dissimilar
metals which, when connected at their ends
only, so as to form a complete electric circuit,
will produce an electric current when one end is
more highly heated than the other.
Thermo-electric Current. A current produced
by a thermo-electromotive force.
Thermo-electric Junction. A junction of a
thermo-electric couple.
Thermo-electric Pile. A thermo-electric battery.
Thermo-electricity. The electromotive force de-
veloped by a thermo-electric cell or battery.
Electricity produced by differences of tem-
perature at the junction of dissimilar metals.
Thermometer. Any apparatus for measuring
temperature.
Thermometer, Electric. A device for determining
the effects of an electric discharge by the move-
ments of a liquid column due to the expansion
of a confined mass of air through which the dis-
charge is passed.
Thermo-pile. A thermo-electric battery.
Thermostat. An instrument for automatically
maintaining a given temperature by closing an
electric circuit through the expansion of a
solid or liquid.
Thomson Effect. The production of an electro-
motive force in unequally heated homogeneous
conducting substances. The increase or de-
crease in the difference of temperature in an
unequally heated conductor, produced by the
passage of an electric current through the con-
ductor.
Three-phase Armature. An armature possessing
a three-phase winding.
Three-phase Circuit. Any circuit suitable for the
transmission of three-phase currents.
Three-phase Currents. Three alternating-cur-
rents differing in phase from one another by
one-third of a cycle.
Three-phase Generator. Any generator capable
of producing three-phase currents.
Three-phaser. A three-phase generator.
Three-phase Meter. A meter suitable for opera-
tion on a three-phase system, for recording the
energy delivered on all three branches.
Three-phase Motor. Any motor suitable for
operation by three-phase currents.
Three-phase Transformer. Three separate trans-
formers employed for the transformation of
triphase currents.
Three-phase Transmission. Transmission by
means of three-phase currents.
Three-way Switch. A three-point switch.
Three-wire Circuit. A circuit employed in a
three-wire system. A three-wire diaphase
system. A three-wire triphase system.
Three-wire Mains. The mains eniployed in a
three-wire system of distribution.
Three-wire System. A system of electric distri-
bution for lamps or other multiple-connected
translating devices, in which three conductors
are employed in connection with two dynamos
connected in series, the central or neutral con-
ductor being connected to the junction of the
dynamos, and the two other conductors to the
remaining free terminal of each.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
Three-wire Transmission. Transmission by the
three-wire system. Transmission by means
of the three-wire diphase or three-wire triphase
systems.
Throw-over Switch. A switch for readily and
rapidly changing a circuit from one source to
another or one system to another. A switch
which is throw^n over from one set of contacts
to another, by movement about an axis.
Tie-wire. Binding wire of an insulator. Wire
which binds an overhead wire to the groove of
its insulator.
Time-constant of Circuit- The time in which a
current will fall in a circuit when the E.M.F.
is suddenly removed, in a ratio whose Naperian
logarithm is unity. The ratio of the inductance
of a circuit to its resistance.
Time Cut-out. An automatic cut-out arranged
so as to permit a translating device to operate
for a certain time, after which it is cut out of
the circuit.
Time Switch. A switch arranged to open or close
a circuit at a certain time or after the lapse of a
certain time. An automatic switch in which
a predetermined time is required either to in-
sert a resistance into or remove it from a circuit.
Torque. The moment of a force applied to a
dynamo or other machine which causes its
rotation. The mechanical rotary or turning
force which acts on the armature of a dynamo-
electric machine, or motor, and causes it to
rotate. The ratio of the mechanical activity
of a motor, at its belt or pulley, to the angular
velocity.
Torsion Galvanometer. A galvanometer in which
the strength of a deflecting current is measured
by the torsion exerted on the suspension
system.
Tractive Effort. The torque in pounds developed
at the rim of the wheels divided by total train
weight in tons. This term is usually expressed
in pounds per ton of train weight and includes
train resistance losses.
Transformer. A stationary piece of apparatus for
transforming, by electro-magnetic induction,
power from one circuit to another, or for chang-
ing, through such transformation, the values of
the electromotive force.
Transformer-Balancer. An auto-transformer
for dividing a voltage in constant proportions,
and usually into two equal portions.
Transformer Stampings. Sheet steel stampings
of such shape as is suitable for building up the
laminated core of a transformer.
Transmission Circuit, Electric. The circuit em-
ployed to receive the apparatus necessary in
any transfer of electric energy from the gen-
erators to the receptive devices. In alternating-
current constant-potential transmission cir-
cuits the following average voltages are in gen-
eral use. 6,600, 11, 000, 22,000,33,000,44,000,
66,000, 88,000, 110,000.
Transmission, Electric. The transference of
energy from one point to another by means of
electric currents.
Transmission Line. A transmission circuit.
Transmitter, Electric. A general name applied
to the various electric apparatus employed in
telegraphy or telephony to transmit or send
electric impulses over a line wire or conductor.
Any electric-transmitting instrument, as dis-
tinguished from a receiving instrument.
TransposinK. In a system of telephonic com-
munication, a device for avoiding the bad effects
of mutual induction, by alternately crossing
equal lengths of consecutive sections of the line.
TravellinK of Arc. An unsteadiness produced in
the light of a carbon arc occasioned by the
shifting of the position of the arc between the
electrodes.
Triphase. A word frequently employed for
three-phase
Triphase-current A three-phase current
Triple Petticoat Insulator. An aerial Hne insula-
tor provided with a triple petticoat.
Triple-pole Switch. A switch consisting of a
combination of three separate switches for
opening or closing three circuits at the same
instant A switch employed to open or close
three contacts. A switch employed to open or
close triphase circuits.
Trolley. A rofling contact-wheel that moves
over a trolley line and carries off the current
required to drive the motor cars.
Trolley Ear. A metal piece supported by an in-
sulator, to which the trolley wire is fastened.
Trolley Hanger. A device for supporting and
properly insulating a trolley wire.
Trolley Insulator. A name sometimes applied to
a trolley ear.
Trolley Switch. A switch placed on a track for
the purpose of changing the car from one track
to another. An overhead switch provided at a
turn of a trolley load for guiding the trolley
to another line when the frogs on the track
beneath have thrown the wheels of the car into
another track.
Trolley Wire. The bare overhead wire employed
in a trolley system for supplying the driving
current to the car motors through the inter-
vention of the trolley mechanism. (See Index.)
True Watt. The activity in an alternating-
current circuit, as given by the reading of a
correctly calibrated wattmeter connected with
such circuit.
Trunk-line Wires. Through wires extended be-
tween two distant stations, provided with re-
ceiving and transmitting instruments at their
ends only. In telephony, main line wires con-
necting two terminal offices for connection to
sub-offices or subscribers. A main line wire
connecting two important terminals for re-
ceiving telephone traffic.
Turbo-generator. A steam turbine coupled to an
electrical generator.
Twin Conductors. Two parallel conductors, laid
side-by-side, and covered by a simple coating
of braid.
Twin-wire Circuit. A circuit formed of twin con-
ductors.
Twisted Pair Cable. A cable containing one,
several, or many twisted pairs of conductors,
suitable for metallic circuits.
Twisted Pairs of Conductors. An assemblage of
twisted pairs of conductors, for metallic cir-
cuits.
Twisted Wires. A term sometimes employed for
transposed aerial telephone wires.
Two-circuit Armature-winding. An armature
winding which provides only two circuits
through an armature between the commu-
tator brushes, no matter how great may be the
number of poles.
Two-circuit Dynamo. A dynamo provided with
a two-circuit armature winding.
Two-phase Armature. A diphase armature.
Two-point Switch. A switch by means of which
a circuit can be completed through two different
contact points.
Two-way Switch. A switch provided with two
contacts connected with two separate and dis-
tinct circuits.
Two-wire Mains. A name for the mains em-
ployed in the ordinary system of multiple dis-
tribution, as distinguished from a three-wire
main, or that used in a three-wire system.
Electrical
Dictionaiy
234 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMpXNY
Electrical U.
Dictionary underground Cable. A cable suitable for being
placed underground.
Underground-cable Terminal. The place where a
cable emerges from the ground. A cross-con-
necting or distributing board placed where an
underground cable enters or leaves the ground,
in order to facilitate the making and changing
of the connections.
Underground Conductor. An electric conductor
placed underground, either by actual burial or
by passing it through underground conduits or
subways.
Underground Electric Conduit. See Conduit,
Electric.
Uni-directed Currents. Currents that have been
caused to take the same direction by means of a
commutator.
Uniform Potential. A potential whose value does
not vary from point to point. A constant po-
tential.
Uniphase. Single phase.
Unipolar. Possessing a single pole.
Unipolar Armature. A dynamo-electric machine
armature whose polarity is not reversed during
its rotation in the field of the machine.
Unipolar Magnet. A term proposed for a magnet
in the shape of a long bar, one pole of which lies
in the axis of rotation, the axis being placed
near to the other pole which is balanced by a
counterpoise.
Universal Switch. A pin switchboard composed
of horizontal and vertical metallic bars capable
of inter-connection by means of pins.
Unvarying Current. A current whose strength
does not vary from time to time. A current of
constant strength and direction.
Upper Harmonics of Current. The higher fre-
quencies of a simple-periodic or alternating
current.
V.
V. A contraction for volt.
V. A contraction sometimes used for velocity.
Vacuum Tubes. Glass tubes in which the air or
other gas has been partially removed, and
through which electric discharges are passed
for the production of luminous effects. A name
sometimes applied to Crookes, Roentgen, or
other high-vacuum tubes.
Variable Resistance. A resistance, the value of
which can be readily varied or changed. An
adjustable resistance.
Vector. A direct quantity. A quantity pos-
sessing both direction and magnitude.
Vector Diagram. A diagram representing the
relations of vector quantities.
Vector Quantity. A quantity possessing both
d'nection and magnitude.
Vector Sum. The geometrical sum of two or
more vector quantities.
Ventilated Armature-windings. Armature wind-
ings provided with means for cooling by forcing
currents of air over them.
Vernier Wire=gauge. A micrometer wire-gauge.
Virtual Amperes. Amperes measured in an al-
ternating-current as the square root of the
mean square of the current, and determined by
an ammeter calibrated by constant currents.
Effective amperes.
Virtual Counter Electromotive Force. Effective
C.E.M.F. in an alternating-current circuit.
Virtual Current. The virtual amperes.
Virtual Resistance. The apparent resistance of a
circuit.
Volt. The practical unit of electromotive force.
Such an electromotive force as is induced in a
conductor which cuts lines of magnetic flux
at the rate of 100,000,000 per second. Such
an electromotive force as would cause a current
of one ampere to flow against a resistance of one
ohm. Such an electromotive force as would
charge a condenser of the capacity of one farad
with a quantity of electricity equal to one
coulomb. 10^ absolute electro-magnetic units
of electromotive force. (See International
Volt.)
Volt-ampere. The watt.
Voltage. The value of the electromotive force or
difference of potential of any part of a circuit,
expressed in volts.
Voltaic Arc. See Arc, Voltaic.
Voltaic Battery. The combination as a single
source of a number of separate voltaic cells.
Voltaic Cell. The combination of two metals,
or of a metal and a metalloid which, when
dipped into a liquid or liquids called electro-
lytes, and connected by a conductor, will pro-
duce a current of electricity. A voltaic couple
and its accompanying electrolytes.
Voltaic Couple. Any two materials, generally
dissimilar metals, which are capable of acting
as an electric source when dipped into an
electrolyte.
Voltaic Electricity. The difference of potential
produced by a voltaic cell or battery.
Voltaic Elements. Two metals or substances
which form a voltaic couple.
Voltaic Pile. A word sometimes used for voltaic
battery.
Voltameter. An electrolytic cell employed for
measuring the quantity of electric current
passing through it, by the amount of chemical
decomposition affected in a given time.
Voltmeter. Any instrument employed for meas-
uring differences of potential.
A volt meter may be constructed on the
principle of a galvanometer, in which case it
differs from an ammeter, or ampere meter,
which measures the current, principally in that
the resistance of its coils is greater, and that
in an ampere meter the coils are placed as a
shunt to the circuit.
In the ordinary operation of a voltmeter,
the action of the current in passing through a
coil of insulated wire is to produce a magnetic
field, which causes the deflection of a magnetic
needle. Since the resistance of the voltmeter
is constant, the current passing, and hence the
deflection of the needle, will vary with the
value of the voltage. The magnetic field pro-
duced by the current deflects the magnetic
needle against the action of another field,
which may be either the earth's field, or an
artificial field produced by a permanent or an
electro-magnet. Or, it may deflect it against
the action of a spring, or against the force of
gravity acting on a weight. There thus arise
varieties of voltmeters, such as permanent-
magnet voltmeters, spring voltmeters, and
gravity voltmeters.
Voltmeter Compensator. A device used in con-
nection with a voltmeter to reduce its reading
by the amount of the line drop, and thus cause it
to indicate the voltage delivered at the end or
at any other predetermined point of the line.
Vulcanite. A variety of vulcanized rubber,
possessing high powers of insulation and spe-
cific inductive capacity. Ebonite.
Vulcanized Fibre. A variety of insulating ma-
terial suitable for purposes requiring the highest
insulation.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
225
W.
W. A contraction for watt.
W.P. A contraction for waterproof, or weather-
proof.
w.h. An abbreviation for watt-hour, a practical
unit of electric energy.
Wall Bracket. An insulator bracket attached to
a wall. .A more or less ornamental support
for one or more incandescent lamps attached
to the wall of a room, hall or corridor.
Wall Socket. A socket placed in a wall and pro-
vided with openings for the insertion of a wall
plug with which the ends of a flexible twin-lead
are connected.
Water-proof Wire. Wire covered by a water-
proof material.
Water Rheostat. A rheostat whose resistance is
obtained by means of a mass of water between
the electrodes.
Watt. A unit of electric power. A volt-ampere.
The power developed when 44.25 foot-pounds
of work are done in a minute, or 0.7375 foot-
pound of work is done in a second. (See Inter-
national Watt.)
Watt-hour. A unit of electric work. A term
employed to indicate the expenditure of an
electric power of one watt for an hour.
Watt-hour Meter. An instrument for registering
total watt-hours.
Wattless Component Indicator. A device for
measuring the product of voltage of a circuit,
and the component of current at 90 degrees
with the voltage. This product is the heating
effect in excess of the heating that would be
given by a circuit of the same voltage and
power at 100 per cent load-factor. The device
is a wattmeter with coils connected to measure
volts times current at 90 degrees from the volt-
age phase.
Wattless Component of Current. In an alter-
nating-current circuit, that component of the
current which is in quadrature with the im-
pressed E.M.F. and which, therefore, takes
from or gives no energy to the circuit. In an
alternating-current circuit the product of the
E.M.F. and the effective susceptance.
Wattless Component of Electromotive Force. In
an alternating-current circuit, that component
of the E.M.F. which is in quadrature with the
current strength, and, therefore, does no work
on the current. In an alternating-current
circuit the product of the current and the effec-
tive reactance.
Wattless Current. — That component of an alter-
nating electric current which is in quadrature
with the pressure and which, therefore, does no
work. The idle current. In an alternating-
current cii'cuit the product of the effective sus-
ceptance and the E.M.F.
Wattless E.M.F. The wattless component of
E.M.F. in an alternating-current circuit. The
reactive E.M.F., as distinguished from the
active E.M.F. of an alternating-current cir-
cuit. In an alternating-current circuit, the
product of the E.M.F. and the effective or
apparent conductance.
Wattmeter. An instrument for measuring the
power in any circuit.
Wave, Electric. An electric periodic disturbance
in an elastic medium.
Wave Winding. Undulatory winding. Contin-
uous winding. A winding which, when de-
veloped, has the form of a wave.
Weather-proof Insulation. A trade-name for a
character of insulation consisting of one or
more layers of braided material soaked in an
insulating compound. (See Inde.x.)
Weathei -proof Wire. A wire provided with
weather-proof insulation. (See Inde.x.)
Weber. The practical unit of magnetic flux.
A unit of magnetic flux having the value of one
absolute unit or line. A term proposed by
Clauius and Siemens, but not adopted, for a
magnetic pole of unit strength.
Weber Turns. Flux linkages in C.G.S. units of
flux and the turns through which they pass.
Weight-per-mile-ohm. A standard of conduc-
tivity of wires. The weight per mile of a wire,
multiplied by its resistance per mile at a given
temperature. (Seepage 15.)
Weldinjt, Electric. Effecting the weldine union of
metals by means of heat of electric origin.
Welding Transformer. A low voltage step-
down transformer employed in electric welding.
Wheafstone's Electric Bridge. A Wheatstone's
electric balance.
Windings. A general name applied to the coils
placed on an armature of a dynamo or motor,
or on the core of an electro-magnet.
Wire. A conductor that forms part of a circuit.
A telegram.
Wire Core. A form of laminated core obtained
by the use of a number of iron wires.
Wire Splice. A splice effected between two
pieces of wire.
Wireless Telegraphy. A general term for any
form of telegraphic communication which can
be effected without wire circuits. Induction
telegraphy. Conduction telegraphy through
the medium of the earth.
Wiring. Placing or installing the wires required
in any circuit. Collectively, the wires or
electric conductors employed in any circuit of
electric distribution.
Work. The product of force by the distance
through which it acts.
Work, Electric. The joule. A volt-coulomb, or
the work done by the passage of one conduct
through one volt.
Working Current. In an alternating-current cir-
cuit, a name sometimes given to an active cur-
rent, or that component of the current which is
in phase with the pressure. Any current in a
circuit which does work. A current operating
a translating device.
Working Speed of Cable. A term employed for
the number of signals that can be sent over a
cable in a given time.
X-ray Tube. A name sometimes given to a
Roentgen ray tube.
X-rays. A name frequently given to X- radiation.
The invisible rays emitted by an electrically
excited Crookes tube, and which are capable
of penetrating many substances opaque to
light, and of producing actinic or fluorescent
effects. The unknown rays emitted by an
X-ray tube from some point generally opposite
the cathode, which receives cathode-ray bom-
bardment.
Y.
Y-connected Three-phase Armature. A triphase
armature having three circuits connected to a
common point. A star-connected triphase
armature.
Y-connector. A connector resembling the letter
Y in shape for joining a conductor to two
branch wires.
Y-current. The current between any wire of a
triphase system and the neutral point.
236
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Electrical
Dictionary
Zeeman Effect. The broadening of the lines in
the spectrum of a heated substance when
placed in the flux of a powerful magnetic field.
Zero Method. Any method employed in elec-
trical measurement, in which the value of the
electromotive force, the resistance, current or
other similar quantities, are determined by
balancing against such quantities equal values
of the same units, and ascertaining the equahty
not by the deflection of a needle of a galva-
nometer or electrometer, but by the absence of
such deflections. A null method.
Zero Potential. An arbitrary potential-level
from which electric levels are measured. The
earth's potential.
ZincZn. At. wt. 65. Sp. gr. 7.14. Melts at 780° F
Volatilizes and burns in the air when melted,
with bluish- white fumes of zinc oxide. It is
ductile and malleable but to a much less extent
than copper, and its tenacity, about 5000 to
6000 lbs. per square inch, is about one- tenth
that of wrought iron. It is practically non-
corrosive in the atmosphere, a thin film of
carbonate of zinc forming upon it. Cubical
expansion between 32 and 212 F., 0.0088.
Specific heat .096. Electric conductivity 29,
heat conductivity 36, silver being 100. Its
principal uses are for coating iron surfaces,
called " galvanizing," and for making brass and
other alloys. (Kent.)
Zinc Currents. A term sometimes used for nega-
tive currents.
Zinc Plating. Electro-plating with zinc Gal-
vanizing.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 227
PRODUCTS OF THE AMERICAN STEEL AND
WIRE COMPANY
WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, round, flat, square, triangular, and odd-
shaped. Music wire. Mattress, broom, weaving and market wires in all finishes.
Special wires adapted to all purposes.
WIRE HOOPS, for use on lime barrels, sugar, salt, produce, apple, cracker, cement
and flour barrels and other slack cooperage.
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES of all kinds, bare and insulated.
W. & M. TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE WIRE. Pole steps.
RAIL BONDS, for electric railroads. We make a very complete line, also tools for
installing bonds.
AMERICAN WIRE ROPE, heavy cables and hawsers. Elevator, tramway,
dredging and derrick ropes, ships, rigging, extra flexible rope, sash cord and
clothes lines.
BALE TIES for baling hay, straw, flax and all kinds of fibrous materials; also for
bundling lumber, mouldings, staves and heading.
NAILS, STAPLES, SPIKES AND TACKS of all kinds. Standard wire nails in
all sizes and shapes. Miscellaneous fine nails. Wire brads. Tacks in count
and weight packages. Dowel pins. Railroad spikes.
BARBED WIRE, both two and four point; Glidden, Baker Perfect, EUwood,
Waukegan, Lyman and Iowa brands.
WOVEN WIRE FENCING. "American," "EUwood" and "Royal" fences.
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT for buildings, bridges, sewers, water mains,
columns, walls, stacks, power plants and other concrete work requiring steel
reinforcement.
SPRINGS. Clock, motor, car, furniture, agricultural and all kinds of fine and
heavy springs.
SULPHATE OF IRON, for water purification; for the eradication of farm weeds;
for fertilizing ; for chemicals, disinfectant, dyeing, purification of gas ; for plate
glass polishing, and for wood preservative.
POULTRY NETTING, galvanized before weaving. All meshes and sizes.
WIRE RODS of open hearth and bessemer steel.
HORSESHOES, "Juniata" brand, iron and steel, in all sizes and patterns. Also
toe calks.
SHAFTING, COLD DRAWN STEEL, free cutting screw steel, pump rods.
Roller bearing rods, rounds, squares, hexagons, flats and special shapes.
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
229
Ind
ex
Page
Advances on Annunciator Wire . 94
Bare Copper Cables 65
Magnet Wire 86
Office Wire 95
Weatherproof Wires and Cables 100-101
Alternating Current Heating Effects
Aluminum, Physical Properties of
American Special Brewery Cord
American Steel and Wire Gauge
Annunciator WUre ....
Annunciator Wire, Black Core
Annunciator Wire, Damp-proof
.\nnunciator Wire, Special
.Asbestos and S. C. C. Magnet W
Armature Binding Wire
Armor W' ire for Cables
Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables
Automobile Lighting Cord
Bare Wire and Cables .
Bare Copper Wire and Cables
Bare Copper Wire .Advances
Binding Wire, Armature
Birmingham Wire Gauge .
Black Core Annunciator Wire
Black Core Office Wire
Black Finish, Slow Burning Wires
Bond Wire, Extra Galvanized
Bonds, Rail
Braiding Machine ....
Braiding for Rubber Insulation
Braiding for Weatherproof Wires
Brewery Cord
Brewery Cord, American Special
Bridle Wire, Telephone
Brown & Sharpe Gauge
Border Light Cables
Bunched Strand .
Cable Joints .
Cables
Bare Copper Adva
Bare Wire and
Border Light
Car
Concentric
Deck . . .
. 19
. 14
. 113
. 22
94,96
. 94
. 94
96
. 89
80-81
81, 149
145
111
58-82
64
64
80-81
22
94
95
106
74
67-70
120
99
132
113
129
21-22
132
27
176, 180-181
27-35
65
58-82
. 132
. 138
. 32
. 132
Page
Duplex Concentric Mining Machine
139-140
Elevator Control 132
Elevator Lighting 132
Extra Flexible 66
Hemp Core . . " . . . . 65-67
Joining of ... . 176-177, 180-181
Mining Machine 139-140
Submarine 164
Theater or Stage 133
Varnished Cambric 163
Calories 16
Cambric Cables, Varnished . . . 163
Canvasite Cord 113
Car Cables 138
Carrying Capacities of Conductors 16-18
Catenary Construction .... 60-63
Catenary Wire 77
Chemical Laboratories . ' . . 120-121
Circles, Properties of ... . 54-56
Circular Mils 21
Clamp, Three-bolt Strand .... 79
Clamp, Crosby Wire Rope ... 79
Coils, Dimensions of ... . 48-49
Coils, Stringing Wire from . . 46-47
Coils of Wire 45-49
Coils, Weatherproof Wires and Cables 102
Conduit Systems 167
Cord, American Special Brewery . . 113
Automobile Lighting . . . . Ill
Brewery 132
Canvasite 113
Electric Heater 114
Lamp 108-109
Packing House 131
Reinforced Portable 110
Cord for Portables Ill
Compound Strand 32-35
Concentric Cables 32
Conductance and Resistance ... 12
Conductivity 12-18
Conductors, List of 12
Contents 8
Control Cable, Elevator .... 132
Conversion Tables 52-56
Copper 12, 14, 35
Copper Couplings 175
230
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE
COMPANY
Index Page
Copper, Impurities in 39
Copper, Telephone and Telegraph
Wire . . ' 64
Copper, Physical Properties of . . 14
Copper Wire Advances .... 65
Cotton-covered Magnet Wire . 85-87
Cotton-covered Special Magnet Wire 91
Cotton Yam 85
Couplings, Copper 175
Crosby Wire Rope Clip .... 79
Crown Duplex Wires and Cables . . 137
Crown Feeder Cables ..... 136
Crown Fireproof Cables .... 138
Crown Flexible Cables 136
Crown Lead-covered Sables . . 150-154
Crown Rubber-insulated Wires and
Cables 133-140
Crude Rubber 116
Cutting Wire to Lengths .... 65
Damp-proof Annunciator Wire . . 94
Damp-proof Office Wire .... 95
Data, Tabulated 52-56
Data, General 12-56
Deck Cables 132
Diameters, Rubber-covered Wires and
Cables 146
Dictionary, Electrical 183
Dielectric 20
Dielectric Hysteresis 20
Dimensions of Coils, Standard . 48-49
Drawing Cables into Ducts . . . 173
Drawing Wire 42-43
Drop Wire, Telephone 131
Duplex Concentric Mining Machine
Cables 139-140
Duplex Wires and Cables, Crown . 137
Duplex Wires and Cables, Globe . 127
Electric Heater Cord 114
P21ectrical Dictionary 183
Electrical Laboratories .... 120-121
Elevator Control Cable 132
■ Elevator Lighting Cable .... 132
Elongation of Copper Wire . 43-44, 67
Extra High Strength Steel Strand 76-78
Facilities 9
Feeder Cables, Crown 136
Feeder Cables, Globe 126
Fireproof Cables, Crown
Fixture Wire, Globe
Flexible Cables, Crown
Flexible Cables, Extra .
Flexible Cables, Globe .
Foucoult or Eddy Current Loss
Page
138
128
136
66
126
20
Galvanizing Wire 44, 72
Galvanized Bond Wire, Extra ... 74
Galvanized Steel Signal Wire ... 75
Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph
Wire 71
Gauges, Wire 21-22
General Data ..... 12-56
Globe Duplex Wires and Cables . . 127
Globe Feeder Cables 126
Globe Fixture Wire 128
Globe Flexible Cables 126
Globe Insulated Telephone Wire . 128-131
Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and
Cables 124-133
Grade A, Lamp Cord .... 108-109
Grade C, Lamp Cord . . . . . 109
Handling Lead Cables 167
Heater Cord, Electric 114
Heating Effects, Alternating Current . 19
Heating of Conductors .... 16, 19
Hemp Cord Cables .... 65-67
High Strength Steel Strand . . 76, 78
High Strength Steel Strand, Extra 76, 78
Hysteresis, Dielectric 20
12 R Loss 19
Ignition Wires and Cables, Automobile 145
Inquiries Concerning Cables . . 149-150
Inside Telephone Wire .... 129
Installation of Underground Cables 166-181
Insulation, Rubber 116-119
Insulation, Weatherproof .... 99
International Ohm 13
Iron, Physical Properties of . . . 14
Iron and Steel 39-42
Iron and Steel Telephone and Tele-
graph Wire 71-74
Iron Wire, Weatherproof . . . 102-103
Jointing of Cables 176-177
Jointing Materials 178
Joints in Galvanized Telephone and
Telegraph Wire 73
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
Joints in Hard Drawn Copper
Joints in Magnet Wire .
Joints of Lead Cables .
Jumper Wire, Telephone .
Page
. 67
. 92
180-181
. 131
Laboratories, Electrical and Chemi-
cal 120-121
Lagging for Reels 50
Lamp Cord 108-109
Lamp Cord Products .... 108-114
Lamp Cord, Grade C 109
Lamp Cord, Grade A . . . . 108-109
Lay or Pitch of Strand .... 28-29
Lead-covered Cables, Crown . . 150, 154
Lead-covered Cables, Inquiries Con-
cerning 149-150
Lead-covered Cable, Rubber Insu-
lated 150, 154
Lead Encased Wires and Cables . 148, 166
Lead Sheaths 148
Lead Sheathed Cables, Paper Insu-
lated 155-162
Lengths, Cutting W^ire to ... . 65
Lightning Protection for Transmission
Lines 77
List of Products 227
Magnet Wire 84-91
Magnet Wire, Asbestos and S . C . C . 89
Magnet Wire, Cotton-covered . 85-87
Magnet W^ire, Paper-covered ... 91
Magnet Wire, Rectangular . . . 89-90
Magnet Wire, Silk Covered ... 88
Magnet Wire, Special C. C . . . 91
Magnet Wire, Square 90
Magnetic-core Steel, Silico ... 82
Manholes 168-170
Manufacture of Wire .... 35-44
Messenger Strand 76
Metric Tables 52-53
Micrometer Screw 21
Mil-foot Ohms per 15, 17
Mils 21
Mils, Circular 21
Mining Machine Cables . . . 139-140
National Electric Code Rules for Rub-
ber-covered Wire 122
National Electric Code Rules for
Weatherproof Wire .... 99
Non Conductors, List of
Office Wire ....
Office Wire, Black Core
Office Wire, Damp-proof
Office Wire, Special .
Ohm, International .
Ohms per Mil-foot .
Orders, Regarding .
Page Index
12
95
95
95
96
13
14-15, 17
10
Outside Distributing Telephone Wire 128
Packing and Shipping .... 44-51
Packing House Cord 131
Paper-covered Magnet Wire ... 91
Paper- insulated Lead Sheathed
Cables 155, 162
Paper-insulated Lead-covered Cables,
Specifications for .... 157, 159
Physical Data 55-56
Physical Properties of Conductors . 14
Pitch or Lay of Strand .... 28-29
Pole Data, Telephone and Telegraph . 74
Pole Steps 81-82
Portable Cord, Reinforced .... 110
Portables, Cord for Ill
Pot Head Telephone Wire ... 129
Pounds per Mile-ohm of Copper . 15, 19
Products, Lamp Cord .... 108-114
Products, List of 227
Protection of Insulation .... 120
Racks for Cables
Rail Bonds ....
Rail Bond Tools
Rectangular Magnet Wire
. 171
. 67
. 70
89-90
Reels 49-50, 65
Reels, Lagging 50
Regarding Orders 10
Reinforced Portable Cord . . 110
Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire 102-103
Reliance Weatherproof W^ires and
Cables 98-105
Resistance 13
Resistance, per Mil-foot of Copper 15, 17
Resistance, of Copper Strand ... 32
Resistance, Resistivity .... 13-15
Resistance, Specific 14
Resistance Wire 80
Rodding Sticks 173
Rope Strand 32, 35
232 AMERICAN STEEL
AND WIRE COMPANY
Index I'age
Rubber Compound 116, 119
Rubber-covered Iron Telephone Wire 130
Rubber-covered Wires and Cables 116-145
Rubber, Crude 116
Rubber Insulation 116-119
Rubber- insulated I>ead-covered
Cables 150-154
Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables,
Crown 133-140
Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables,
Diameters and Weights . . . 146
Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables,
Globe 124-133
Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables,
Thirty Per Cent 140-145
Rubber Tape 120
Sales Offices 4
Seals for Galvanized Telephone and
Telegraph Coils 71
Semaphore Wire 75
Shipping of Rubber-covered Wire . 124
Shipping of Weatherproof Wires and
Cables 44, 102-108
Siemens Martin Steel Strand . . 76, 78
Signal Wires and Cables . . . 143-145
Signal Wire, Extra Galvanized Steel . 75
Signal Wires and Cables, Specifica-
tions for 144-145
Silico-Magnetic-Core Steel .... 82
Silk Thread 85
Silk-covered Magnet Wire .... 88
Skin Effect 19-20
Slow Burning Wires and Cables . . 104
. Slow Burning Wires, Black Finish . 106
Snake Wire 173
Special Magnet Wire, Cotton-covered 91
Special Weatherproof and Slow Burn-
ing Wires 105-106
Specifications for Cotton- covered Mag-
net Wire 91-92
Galvanized Telephone and Tele-
graph Wire 72
Hard Drawn Copper Wire ... 66
Paper Insulated Lead-covered
Cables 157-159
Signal Wires and Cables . . 144-145
Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated
Wires and Cables . . . . 141
Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 105
Page
Spider Wire, Telephone .... 181
Square Magnet Wire 90
Stage Cables, Theater or ... . 188
Steel Armor Wire for Cables ... 81
Steel, Physical Properties of Siemens
Martin 14
Steel, Iron and '. 39-42
Steel and Iron Telephone and Tele-
graph Wire 71-74
Steel Strand, Extra High Strength 76-78
High Strength 76-78
Siemens Martin 76-78
Special Extra Galvanized ... 76
Standard 75
Strand 37-35
Clamp, Three-bolt 79
Compound 32
Concentric 27
Extra High Strength Steel . . 76-78
High Strength Steel .... 76-78
Messenger 76
Resistance of Copper .... 82
Rope 32-35
Siemens Martin Steel . . . 76-78
Special Extra Galvanized . . 76-78
Standard Steel 75
Tables 30-81
Stringing Wire from Coils .... 46
Submarine Cables 164
Sub-station Telephone Wire . . . 129
Tables, Wiring 24-81
Telegraph and Telephone Wire, Cop-
per, Hard Drawn 64
Iron and Steel " 71-74
Telephone Cables 130
Telephone and Telegraph Pole Data . 74
Telephone and Telegraph Wire, Extra
Galvanized W. & M. . . . 71-74
Telephone and Telegraph Wire, Prop-
erties of . . . . . . . 73-74
Telephone Rubber-covered Iron Cables 130
Telephone Wire, Copper, Bridle . . 129
Drop 131
Globe Insulated 128
Inside 129
Jumper 181
Outside Distributing 128
Pot Head 129
Spider 181
ELECTRICAL
WIRES
AND
CABLES
233
Page
Telephone Wire — Continued
Sub-station 129
Temperature Coefficients . 14-15
Temperature Effects on Resistance 15-18
Tensile Strength of Steel .... 14
Tensile Strength of Copper Wire . 14, 26
Three-bolt Strand Clamp .... 79
Tico Resistance Wire 80
Tinned Copper Wire Advances . 64
Tinning and Galvanizing Wire 44
Theater and Stage Cables .... 133
Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated
Wires and Cables .... 140-145
Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated
Wire Specifications .... 141
Transmission Lines, Lightning Protec-
tion for 77
Transmission Lines, Long Span . 77
Trolley Wire, Catenary Method of Sup-
porting 77
Construction Notes .... 60-63
Copper 58-63
Dimensions of 59
Pole Data 60-63
Specifications for 59
Underground Cables, Installation of 166-181
Page Index
Varnished Cambric Cables . . . 163
Vulcanizing Rubber 119
Weatherjiroof Coils of Wire . . . 102
Insulation 99
Iron Wire 1U2-103
Weatherproof and Slow Burning Wire,
Special 105-106
Weatherproof White Finish Wires . 106
Weatherproof Wires and Cables, Re-
liance 98-105
Weight of Copper Wire ... 14, 26
Weight per Mile-ohm .... 14, 19
Weights, Rubber-covered Wires and
Cables 146
White Finish Wires, Weatherproof . 106
Wire, Bare, and Cables . . . 58-82
Wire Drawing 42-43
Wire Gauges 21-22
Wire, Manufacture of ... . 35-44
Wire Rope 75-78
Wire Rope Clip, Crosby .... 79
Wires and Cables, Lead Encased . 148-166
Wires and Cables, Signal . . . 143-145
Wiring Formula; 22-23
Wiring Tables 24-31
Index to EJeclric Lighting Material
Crown Rubber - covered Wires and Rubber- insulated, Lead Encased
Cables 134-138 Cables 150-154
Globe Rubber - covered Wires and Slow Burning Wires and Cables . 104-105
Cables 125-133 Submarine Cables 164
Lamp Cord 108-110 Varnished Cambric Cables .... 163
Paper - insulated, Lead Encased Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 98-103
Cables 156-162
Index to Electric Railway Material
xVrmature Binding Wire .... 80
Bare Copper Wires and Cables . 64-65
Car Cables 138
Crown Rubber-insulated Wires and
Cables 133-138
Globe Rubber-insulated Wires and
Cables 125-127
Lamp Cord 108-110
Magnet Wire 85-91
Paper-insulated, Lead Encased Cables
150-154
Pole Steps 81
Rail Bonds 67-70
Resistance Wire 80
Rubber-insulated, Lead Encased Ca-
bles 150-154
Slow^ Burning Wires and Cables 104-105
Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper 66
234
AMERICAN
STEEL
AND
WIRE COMPANY
Index Page Page
Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated
Wire 71-74 Wires and Cables .... 140-143
Steel Strand 75-76 Trolley Wire 58-63
Strand Clips, Galvanized .... 79 Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 98-103
Submarine Cables 164
Index to Telephone and Telegraph Material
Bare Copper Telephone and Telegraph
Wire 64
Bare Galvanized Telephone and Tele-
graph Wire 71-74
Globe Insulated Telephone and Tele-
graph Wires and Cables . . 138-131
Bridle Wire ........ 129
Drop Wire 131
Inside Wire 129
Jumper Wire 131
Outside Distributing Wire . . . 128
Pot Head Wire 129
Spider Wire 131
Sub- station 129
Telegraph Cables 130
Pole Steps 81
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