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CATALOGUE
OF THE
BIRDS
IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
VOLUME I.
LONDON":
FEINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1874.
6'^S'
CATALOGUE
OF THE
ACCIPITRES,
OR
DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY.
IN THE
^ MUs|7
<^
7^ COLLECTION
i^AL H\3i>
OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
nt
R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1874.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, rl/EET STREET.
PEEFACE.
This volume contains a complete account of all the species of
Diurnal Birds of Prey known at present, 377 in number, of which
only about twenty-five are desiderata in the Collection of the British
Museum. In the year 1848, when the Catalogue of Accipitres
prepared by the late Mr. George Robert Gray was published by
order of the Trustees, 198 species were contained in the Museum.
This Catalogue has been prepared by Mr. R. B. Sharpe, one
of the Senior Assistants in the Department of Zoology.
J. E. GRAY.
British Museum,
June 1, 1874,
INTRODUCTION.
The total number of species of Diurnal Birds of Prey at present
known amounts to 377. Of these, about 23 are doubtful or
problematical ; and of the remaining 354, 326 are represented in
the collection of the British Museum.
The total number of specimens enumerated in this volume amounts
to 2466. Of the numerous acquisitions by which the collection has
recently been enriched, the following are the most important : —
1. The complete collection of Mr. Wallace, which was secured last
year by the Trustees, and supplied a considerable number of desi-
derata, besides completing the series of many Moluccan species.
2. The coUection of Birds of Prey of John Gould, Esq., F.R.S.,
including the series of Falcons described and figured by him in the
' Birds of Great Britain.'
3. The entire collection of birds formed by Major J. Hayes Lloyd
in Kattiawar, and pi'esented by him to the Museum.
4. A large collection of South-Afiican birds, presented by John
llocke, Esq.
5. A series of many fine specimens of some of the rarer European
Birds of Prey, presented by Baron A. von Hiigel.
6. The collection of Eagles made by Dr. Strader in the district
of the Southern Ural and adjacent parts.
The list of desiderata has also been considerably decreased by
presents from the following gentlemen : — Professor Schlegel, Dr.
Westerman, Captain Shelley, Mr. W. "Wilson Saunders, Viscount
Walden, Messrs. Henry Ausell, A. Bouvier, Howard Saunders, W.
T. Blanford, J. H. Gurney, Captain Unwin, Professor Newton, and
the Rev. Chancellor Augustus Morgan.
yiii INTEODTTCTION.
The special thanks of the Author for valuable assistance and loan
of specimens are due to the Marquis of Huntly, Prof. Peters, Dr.
Otto Finsch, Dr. Cabanis, Prof. Barboza du Bocage, Dr. Dubois,
Count Salvadori, Messrs. Salvin and Godman, G. GiUett, H. E.
Dresser, Basil Brooke, and Canon Tristram.
It remains only to explain the affixes to the names of the persons
from whom the specimens were obtained. "[P.]" means "Pre-
sented by;" «[C.]" = "CoUected by;" »[E.]"=" Obtained by
exchange."
R. B. SHARPE.
British Museum,
June 1, 1874.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Suborder FALCONES.
Fain. VuLTURiD^.
Page
1 . Viiltur, Briss 2
1. monaclius, L 3
2. Gyps, Sav..., 4
1. fulvus, G7n 5
a. fulvus, Gm 5
^. hispaniolensis, Shm^ie 6
y. fulvescens, Hume. ... 7
2. himalayensis. Hume. ... 8
3. kolbi, i)aW.' 8
4. nieppelli, Brehm 9
6. indicus. Scop 10
6. pallescens, Hume 11
3. Pseudogyps, Skarpe 11
1. bengalensi.s, G7n 11
2. africanus, Salvad 12
4. Otogj'ps, Gray 13
1. auricularis, Daud. ... * 13
2. calvus, Scop 14
5. Lopbogyps, Sharpe 15
1. occipitalis, Buivh 15
6. Neopbron, Savign 16
1. percnopterus, L 17
2. ginginiauus, Lath 18
3. pileatus, Burch 18
4. monacbus, Temm 19
7. Sarcorbampbus, 2)M»jer«7. . 20
1. grypbus, L 20
2. sequatorialis, Sharpe. ... 21
8. Catbai-tes, III. 22
1. papa, Z 22
9. Catbaristes, V. 23
1. atratus, Bartr 24
10. (Enops, Sharpe 25
1. aura, L 25
2. pemigra, Sharpe 26
3. falklandica, Sharpe .... 27
4. urubitinga, Pek 28
5. califomiana, Shaw .... 28
Fam. Falconid^.
Subfaui. P0LYBORIN.S;.
11. Polyboru.s, V. f 1
1. tbarus, Mol. 31
2. cberiway, Jacq 33
12. Ibycter, V. 34
1. ater, V. 35
2. americanus, Bodd. .... 35
3. megalopterus, Meyeii . . 36
4. albigularis, Gould 37
5. carunculatus, Des Mxirs 38
6. australis, Gm 38
7. cbimacbima, V. 39
8. cbimango, V. 41
13. Cariama, Briss 42
1. cristata, L 42
2. bmmeisteri, HartL .... 43
14. Sei-pentarius, Ctiv 44
1. secretarius, Scop - 45
Subfam. Accipitrin.S!.
15. Polyboroides, Smith 47
1. radiatus, Scop 48
2. typicus, Smith 48
16. Circus, Lacep 50
1. cyaneus, L 52
2. budsonius, L 55
3. cinereus, V. 56
4. spilonotus, iawp 58
5. maiUardi, Verr 59
6. maurus, Temm 60
7. melanoleucus, Fmst. . . 61
8. maculosus, V. 62
9. assimilis, J. 4- S. 63
10. pygargus, L 64
11. macrurus, Gm 67
12. aerugiuosus, L 69
13. ranivorus, Daud 71
14. goiddi, Bp 72
15. raacroscelis, A. Newt. . . 73
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
17. Micrastur, Gray 74
1. semitorciuatiis, V 75
2. miraudoUei, Schl 76
3. ruficollis, V. 76
4. gilvicoUis, V. 78
5. guerilla, Cass 79
6. zonothorax, Cab 79
7. castanilius, Bp 80
18. Geranospizias, Kaup .... 80
1. Cffirulescens, V. 81
2. niger, Du Bus 82
19. Urotriorchis, Sharpe .... 83
1. macrurus, Hartl. 83
20. Erythrociiema, Shatpe. ... 84
1. uniciucta, Temm 85
21. Melierax, Gray 86
1. canorus, Bisl. 87
2. poliopterus, Cah 88
3. polyzonus, Rupp 88
4. gabar, Daud. 89
5. niger, B. Sf V. 91
6. inetabates, Heiigl 92
22. Astur, Lacep 92
1. palumbarius, L 95
2. hensti, Sch 97
3. atricapillus, Wih 97
4. tachiro, Daud. 99
a. tachiro, Daud. 99
/3. macroscelides, Hartl, 100
6. toussenelii, Verr 101
6. triuotatus, Bp 101
7. muelleri, Wall. 102
8. hiogaster, 3MI. Sf Schl. 104
9. sylvestris, Wall. 104
10. triyirgatus, Temm 105
11. griseiceps, Schl 106
12. brutus, Poll. 107
13. tibialis, Verr 108
14. badius, Gm 109
a. badius, Gm 109
^. poliopsis, Hume .... 110
y. brevipes, Severtz Ill
h. sphenunis, Biipj} 112
€. polyzonoides, Stnifk . . 113
15. soloensis, Lath 114
16. cuculoides, Temm 115
17. franciscae. Smith 116
18. poliocephalus. Gray. . . . 117
19. cinereus, V. 117
20. novse-bollandise, G'>«. . . 118
a. novse-hollandiae, Gm. 118
/3. leucosomus, Sharpe . . 119
21. haplochrous, Sclater . ... 119
22. albigidaris, Gray 120
23. poliogaster, Tetnm 120
24. pectoralis, Bp 121
Page
25. rufitorques, Peale 121
26. gTiseigularis, Gray .... 122
a. griaeogularis, Gray . . 122
j3. henicogi-ammus, Gray 124
27. torquatus, Temm 125
28. approximans, V. Sj- H.. . 126
29. cruentus, Gotdd 127
30. wallacii, Sliarpe 128
23. Nisoides,Po//(;« 129
1. nioreli, Pollen 129
24. Accipiter, Bi-iss 130
1. nisus, L 132
2. fuscus, 6-'m 135
3. cooperi, Bp 137
4. tiuus, Lath 139
5. minuUus, Daud 140
a. miauUus, Daud 140
j3. erytbropus, Hartl. . . 141
6. cirrhocepbalus, V. .... 141
7. madagascariensis, Vei-r. 143
8. collaris, Sclater 144
9. rubricoUis, Wall 144
10. erytbraucben. Gray .... 145
11. rbodogaster, Schl 145
12. sulaensis, Schl. 146
13. erytbrocnemis, Sclater. . 147
14. cbionogaster, Kaup .... 148
15. rufiventris. Smith 148
16. Tentralis, Sclater 149
17. bartlaubii, Verr 150
18. \-irgatu8, Temm 150
19. guttatus, V. 152
20. pileatus, Temm 153
21. bicolor, V. 154
22. cbilensis. Ph. fy L 155
23. melanoleucus, Smith . . 156
Subfam. Buteonin^.
25. Urospizias, Sharpe 159
1. radiatus, Lath 159
25*. Heterospizias, Sharpe . . 160
1. ineridionalis, Lath 160
26. Tacbytriorchis, Kaup .... 161
1. albicaudatus, V. 162
2. abbreviatus, Cah 163
27. Buteo, V. 164
1. melanoleucus, V. 168
2. galapagensis, Gotdd .... 170
3. poliosomus, Q. &c G 171
4. erj-tbronotus, King .... 172
5. jakal, Daud 173
6. augur, Riipp 175
7. auguralis, Salvad. 175
8. ferox, Gm 176
9. desertorum, Daud. .... 179
10. pluniipes, Hodgs 180
SYSTEMATIC INDKX.
Page
11. hemilasius, T. S,- S. 182
12. bracln-pt^rus, Pelz 183
13. obsoletus, Gm 184
14. vulgaris, Leach 180
IG. borealis, Gm 188
a. borealis, Gm 188
/}. montanus, A'utt 189
10. harlani, Audub 191
1". lineatus, Gm 191
18. latissinms, Wils 193
28. .\rcbibuteo, Brehm 19-5
1 . lagopus, Gm 196
2. sancti johannis, ^wi. .. 197
8. strophiatus, Hodgs 199
4. ferrugineus, Lkht 199
29. Buteola, Sharpe 201
1. brachyura, V. 201
80. Asturina, V. 202
1. nitida, Zn^A 203
2. plagiata, Schl 204
8. ruficauda, Sd. S; Sah. . . 205
4. pucherani, J. >§• E. Ven: 205
5. magnirostris, Gm 207
6. nattereri, Sd. S,- Sidv. . . 208
7. leucorrhoa, Q.Sf G 209
31. Busarellus, Lafr 210
1. nigricoUis, L<ith 211
82, Buteogallus, Less 212
1. sequinoctialis, Gin 212
33. Urubitinga, Lafr 212
1. zonura, Shaw 213
2. antliracina, Nitzsch .... 215
3. schistacea, Sundev 216
4. plumbea. Salvia 216
5. albicollis, Lath 216
0. ghiesbrechti, Du Bus . . 217
7. palliata, Peh 218
8. lacernulata, Temm 218
9. kaupi, Bp 219
10. melanops. Lath 220
1 1. semiplimibea, Lauir 220
12. prince ps, Sdater 220
84. Ilarpyhaliaetus, Lafr 221
1 . coronatus, V. 221
86. Morphnus, Cuv 222
1. guianensis, Daud 222
30. Thrasaetus, Grai/ 223
1 . harpyia, L 224
Subfam. Aquilin.*:.
37. Qvpaetus, Storr 228
Lbarbatu-s L 228
2. ossifragiu, Sav 230 j
88. Uroaetus, Kaup 231 I
1. audax, Lath 231
.39. Aquila, Bris.< 232
Page
1 . verreau.\i, Less 2$4
2. chrj'saetus, L 235
3. heliaca, Sav 238
4. adalberti, Brehm 239
5. mogilnik, Gm 240
0. rapa.x, Tcmm 242
7. rindhiana, Frankl. .... 243
8. wahlbergi, Sundev 245
9. maculata, Gm 246
a. macidata, Gm 246
/3. hastata, Less 248
y. clanga, Pall. 248
40. Xisaetu.s,' Hodgs 249
1. fasciatus, V. 250
2. spilogaster, Bp 252
8. pennatus, Gm 253
4. morpbuoides, Gould. . . . 254
41. Lopbotriorcbis, Sharpe . . 255
1. kieneri, Geoff r 255
2. isidorii, Des Murs .... 256
42. Neopus, Jerd. 256
1. malayensis, Temm 257
43. Spiziastur, Sharpe 258
1. melanoleucus, V. 258
44. Spizaetus, V. 259
1. mauduyti, Daud. 262
2. t3Tanuu8, 3Iax 264
3. b"ellic03us, Daud. 265
4. coronatus, L 266
5. nipalensis, Hodgs 267
6. ciiThatus, Gm 269
7. lanceolatus. Bp 270
8. alboniger, Bli/fh 271
9. limnaetus, Horsf. 272
10. gumeyi, Gray '. 273
11. afrieanus, Cans 259
12. andamanensis, Tytler . . 260
13. spbinx, Hume 261
14. philippeusis, Gurnet/ . . 261
45. Lopboaetii.i, Kaup 274
1. occipitalis, Daud. 274
46. \3tm'm\ilii,Finsch^-Hart!. 275
1. monograiuniica, Tonm. . 275
a. monogrammica.rwwwi. 275
/3. meridioualis, Hartl. . . 277
47. Ilerpetotberes, V. 277
1. cacbinnans, L 278
48. Dryotriorcbis, Shelley 278
1. spectabilis, Schl 279
49. Circaetus, V. 280
1. gallicus, Gm 280
2. cinereus, V. 282
3. beaudouinii, Verr. Sf Des
Murs 284
4. fasciolatus, Kaup 285
5. cinerascens. Miill 285
Sll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
50. SpUomis, G?w/ 287
1. cheela, Lath 287
a. cheela, Lath 287
jS. melanotis, Jerd 289
2. pallidus. Walden 290
3. bacha, i»flw/. 290
a. bacha, Daud 290
j3. elgini, Tytler 291
4. nifipectiis, Goidd 291
5. sulaensis, 8chl. 292
6. liolospilus, Vig 29.3
51. Butastui-, Kudgs, 294
1. teesa, Franiil 295
2. liventer, Temm 296
3. indicus, Gm 297
4. nifipennis, Sundev 299
52. Helo tarsus, Smith 299
1. ecaudatus, Daud 300
2. leuconotus, Itiipp 301
53. Haliaetus, Saviffn 301
1. albicillus, L 302
2. leucocephalus, L 304
3. pelagicus, Pall 306
4. leucogaster, Gm 307
0. leucon'phus, Pall 308
6. vocifer, Daud. 310
7. Yociteroiies, Des Murs . . 311
54. Gypohierax, liiipp 312
1. angolensis, Gm 312
55. HaUastur, Selby 312
1. Indus, JBodd 313
a. indus, Bodd. 313
^. intermedius, Gurney . 314
y. girrenera, V. 315
2. sphenurus, V. 316
56. Elanoides, V. 317
1. fm-catus, L 317
57. Nauclerus, Vig 318
1. riocouri, V. 318
58. Milvus, Savigny 319
1. ictinus, Sav 319
2. fegj^ptius, Gm 320
3. korsbun, Gm 322
4. aiRiiis, Goidd 323
5. palustris, Anders 325
6. melanotis, T. S,- S. 324
7. govinda, Sykes 325
59. Lophoictinia, Kaup 326
1. isura, Gould 326
60. Rostrbamus, Less 327
1. sociabilis, V. 327
2. tseniurus, Cab 328
3. leucopygus, Spix 328
61. Leptodon, Sundev 329
1. uncinatus, Temm 330
2. megarbyncbus, Dcsil/wrs 332
Page
3. vrilsoni, Cass 333
4. cayennensis, Gm 333
62. Gypoictinia, Kaup 335
1. melanosterna, Goidd . . 335
63. Elanus, Savign 336
1. cneruleus, Desf. 336
2. bypoleucus, Goidd .... 338
3. axillaris, Lath 338
4. leucurus, V 339
5. scriptus, Goidd 340
64. Gampsonyx, Vig 340
1. swainsoni, Vig 340
65. Henicopemis, Sharpe .... 341
1. lougicauda, Gam 341
66. Macbserbampbus, Westerm. 342
1. alcinus, Westerm 342
2. anderssoni, Gurney .... 343
67. Pernis, Cuv 343
1. apivorus, L 344
2. ptilonorbyncbus, Temm. 347
3. celebensis, Walden .... 349
Subfam. Falconing.
68. Baza, Hodgs 351
1. lopbotes, Temm 352
2. madagascariensis, Smith 353
3. cuculoides, Sw 354
4. yerreauxii, Lafr 354
5. magnirostris, Gray .... 356
6. erytbrotborax, Sharpe . . 357
7. sumatrensis, Lafr 357
8. subcristata, Gould .... 357
9. reinwardti, Miill. 8f Schl. 358
10. rufa, Schl 360
G9. Harpagus, Vig 360
1. diodon, Temm 361
2. bidentatus, Lath 362
3. fasciatus, Later 363
70. Ictinia, V. 364
1. plumbea, Gm 364
2. mississipiensis, Wils. . . 365
71. Microbierax, Sharpe .... 366
1. cserulesceus, L 366
2. fringillarius, Drap 367
3. nielanoleucus, Blyth .... 368
4. erytbi'ogenys, Vig 369
72. Poliobierax, Kaup 369
1. semitorquatus, Smith . . 370
2. insignis, Walden 370
73. Spiziapteryx, Kaup 371
1. circumcinctus, Kaup . . 371
74. Harpa, Bp 372
1. noTse zealandise, Gm. . . 372
a. novaB zealandise, Gm.. 372
^. australis, H.S^J..... 373
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XUl
1-- 1-. 1 Page
10. Falco, Cuv 374
1. communis, Gm 37(j
2. peivgi'inator, Suiidev. . . 382
3. minor, Uj) 383
4. cassini, Shurpe 384
5. melanogenj's, Gould 385
6. barbarus, L 386
7. bab3-lonicus, Gurney . . 387
8. feldegg^ii, Schl. 389
9. tanj'pterus, Schl 391
10. biarmicus, Temm 391
11. iuggur, J. E. Grmj 393
12. liypoleucus, Goulil .... 394
13. siibniger. Gray 394
14. subbuteo, L 39o
15. severus, llornf. 397
1(). religiosus, Sharpe 397
17. liumlatus, Lnth 398
18. cuvieri, Smith 400
19. fusco-cjcriilescens, V. . . 400
20. albigularis, Bai/d. 401
21. aurantius, Gm 402
22. cbicquera, I)au«!. 403
23. ruficollis, Sw 404
24. eleonoi-fe, Gene 404
25. concolor, Temm 405
2G. reguliis, Pall. 406
27. columbarius, Z 408
76. Hierofalco, Cuv 410
1. candicans, Gm 411
2. islandus, G?n 414
3. holbcelli, Sharpe 415
4. gj-rfalco, Z 416
5. saker, Gm 417
6. mexicanus, Schl. 420
„_ . Page
ii. Hieracidea, Gould 420
1. berigora, Vi(/. ^If. 421
2. orieiitalis, Schl. 422
78. Cercbnei.*, Bate 423
1. tinnuncula, Z 425
2. rupicola, Baud. 429
3. moluccensis, Jf. Sf J. . . 430
4. cencbroides, Viy. i^- H. . . 431
5. rupicoloides. Smith 432
6. alopex, Heuyl 432
7. newtoni, Gurney 433
8. punctata, Temm 434
9. gracilis, Less 435
10. naumanni, Fleisch .... 435
11. pekinensis, Sicinh 437
12. sparveria, L 437
13. dominicensis, Gm 439
14. cinnamomina, Sxo 439
15. isabelliua, Sw 441
16. leucopbrys, Ridyiv 442
17. sparverioides, Viy 443
18. vespertina, Z 443
19. amurensis, Radde 445
20. ardesiaca, V. 446
21. dickersoni, Sclater .... 447
22. zoniventris, Peters .... 447
Suborder PANDIOXES.
79. Pandion, Sav 448
1. haliaetus, Z 449
a. haliaetus, Z 449
/3. leucooephalus, Gould . 451
80. Polioaetus, Kaup 452
1. icbtbyaetus, Horsf. 452
2. humiiis, Midi ^- Schl. . . 454
X>^ CATALOGUE
r* 7
L-^ ' OF
BIRDS.
-♦-
Order I. ACCIPITRES.
Bill short, strong, stout at the base, the culmen
strongly curved, the direction of the tip perpendicular.
Feet strong, armed with powerful talons of an elon-
gated conical shape, curved, sharp, and rather smooth.
Talons capable of being bent under the feet, the inner
one stronger than the others and more curved.
Cf. Sundevall, Av. Tent. p. 102 (1873).
Synopsis of Suborders.
a. "With no facial disk ; plumage compact ; nostrils
generally not concealed by bristles.
a'. Outer toe not reversible FALCONES.
6'. Outer toe reversible PAKDIONES.
6. "With a facial disk ; plumage soft and fluffy ; nos-
trils usually hidden by stiff bristles STRIGES.
Suborder FALCONES.
Outer toe not reversible ; toes devoid of feathers ; eyes
placed laterally in the head ; cere, as a rule, not hidden by
bristles, generally soft and fleshy, but often horny.
Synopsis of Families.
a. Head naked, or clothed with down ; no true
feathers on crown of head Volturidffi, p. 2.
6. Head covered with feathers ; trite feathers
always present on croivn of head FalconidaB, p. 30.
VOL. 1. t 0 B
VTTLTFEID^.
Family VULTURIUiE.
Head and neck more or less bare, or only clothed with short
stubby down ; never any true feathers on crown of head.
a. Nostrils not perforated. . . . Snhfam. VIJLTVRINM, p. 2.
h. Nostrils witliout bonv septum, perforated.
&ihfam. SARCORHAMPHINJE, p. 20.
Subfam.I. VULTURIN^ (OLD-WORLD VULTURES).
Kei) to the Genera.
a. Nostrils rounded ' 1. Vultub, p. 2.
b. Nostrils perpendicular, rather oval in shape.
a". Tarsus shorter than middle toe*.
a"'. Fourteen tail-feathers 2. Gyps, p. 4.
h'". Twelve tail-feathers 3. Pseudogyps, p. 11.
b". Tarsus longer than middle toe.
c'". Head bare, with fleshy folds and a neck-
lappet 4. Otogyps, p. 13.
d'". Head covered with down, forming an
occipital ridge ; no neck -lappet. ... 5. Lophogyps, p. 15.
c. Nostrils horizontal 6. Neophron, p. 10.
1. VULTUR.
Vultur, Briss. Orn. i. p. 4.53 (17uO) V. monaclius.
^gypius, Sarigmj, Syd. Ois. cVEgijpte, p. 236 (1808) . . V. monachus.
Polypteryx, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) V. monachus.
Bill of J'ulfur monachus.
Bniiye. All countries bordering the Mediterranean ; eastwards to
India and China.
* The unwieldy scutellation of the foot in Vultures rendering it almost im-
possible to obtain precise measurements, the generic characters have been drawn
from the- skeleton
1. VUlItTB. g
1. Vultur monachus.
i^e Vautour noir, Bnss. torn. cit. p. 4.57 (1760)
l^e \ autoiir d'Arabie, 7i/-/*-«. to;«. cit. Suppl. p. 29 (1700)
lis : ^r- -/f'ri ^ "'e ^^"'- f "•^•- P- 1 (1840)1' i^;,. C'JL;,. i. jf ll
JPJ; S2^fi^^^t^J^a^^'^-^^^'p-^o9
Ai-abiau Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 8 (1781)
tinereous ^'ulture, Z«<^. Gen. Sijn. i. p. 14 (1781)
Black ^ ulture, Lath. Gen. Sijn. i. p. 10 ( ] 781 )
f p 7T"n«m ■• V"- ' P.l^' L- Jf^^ i ^'^^^- «• "^''^^^ ^-''^'-^•
V.P' ? ?r . (1810) ; 7>;hw. Ar««. </'0m. i. p. 4 (1820) • Nmrni Vfin
(182/ ) ; Brehm J or,. Deutschl. p. 8, pi. 2. fig. 1 (1831 ) • Gould B
P- ifj; ^'^«> -^^ o/'-E^'/A 1. p. 7 (18GG). ' '
Le Lhincou, Levai'll. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 12 (1799)
^ ultur chiucou, Baud Traite, ii. p. 12 (1800, ex Levaill.).
\ u tur vulgaris, Baud. torn. at. p. 17 (1800).
_\ ultur arrianus, Baud. torn. cit. p. 18 (1800)
a^of^'^.^«"f ?f'«- f P; 17 (1800); X/./,^. Verz. Doubl. p. 62
(l^.:;.J) Vieill. et Oudart, Gal. Ois i ti 4 nl 1 l^fi')K\ »^i
roff. Benlschl. p. 9 (1831). ^^ ' ^ ^ ^^^ ' ^'■'^^"''
^gypius niger, &i;(V/;.y, .S;y*-<. Ois. d'Eg,,pte, p. 237 (1809)
Gyps cinereus^^. Comp. List B. Eur.'^-N.km. p. 2 (1838) • Reus
4- Bias. Tf irb. Eur. p. 133 (1840) (.j-ooo;, jiej/s.
^gypius ciuereus, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Europ. p. 17 (1842)
Polypteryx anereus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) • Blulh
Ann. N. H. xui. p. 115 (1844). k-^o-±*; , /J/y//j,
Adult Entirely black, with chocolate -brown reflections • crop-
patch black ; head covered with thick velvety down, collectino to-
sTI's of ? ''''^'^' and forming there a conspicuous p'atch ; d7wn on
sides of face more bri«tly, especiaUy on the lores abov'e the eve
and on the cheeks the down is rather more silky, and produced in a
coiipleof elongated tufts ; aU the rest of the Ld and neck both
behind and laterally is bare, of a Hvid flesh-colour in lilV ch n
covered with bristly down, becoming scantier on the throa mi the
lower part of which is a small projecting tuft of feathei. bill black
feet yellowish ; iris dark brown*. Total length abou 42 inSieV
culmen 3-3, wing about 30, tarsus 4. '
B 2
VULTUEID-aS.
Venj old. Much paler than the foregoing, of a light brown colour ;
breast-feathors and those of the raff fulvescent at their tips, giving
a somewhat streaked appearance ; beak much mixed with yellowish,
the lower mandible especially*.
Hub. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. sk. Se-ville, Spain. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Specimen
figured iu Dresser's 'Birds of Europe.'
b. Ad. St. Xanthus. Sh- C. Fellowes [P.].
e. Ad. st. N.E. Afiica, Frankfort Museum.
d,e. Ad.st Nepal. B. 11. Hodgson, Esq.
/. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson,
ff. Ad. sk. Ningpo, China. R. Swinhoe,
h. Ad. et, Purchased.
auseum.
json, Esq. [P.]
fson, Esq. [P.J.
3, Esq. [C.].
2. GYPS.
Gyps, Samgny, Syst. Ois. d' Egyi^te, ^. 231 (1809)
Type.
G. fulvus.
Bill of Gypi fulvus.
Range. The whole of Africa, except the forest regions of the west
coast ; all the countries bordering the Mediterranean ; E. Europe as
high as 59° ; eastwards through Persia to India, and thence into
Siam and down the Malayan peninsula.
Key to the Species.
a. Height of bill along anterior margin of cere equal
to cere itself.
a'. Feathers of lower back and rump centred with
a pale shaft-stripe.
a". Under wing-coverts ashy or tawny rufous . . fulvus, p. 5,
b". Under wiug-coverts white.
a'". Largest ; under surface nearly white, the
shaft-streaks obsoletely indicated. . . . himalayensis, p. 8.
work: — Mr. J. H. Gurney, Prof. Newton, Messrs. Blanford, Jesse, Heuglin, Ayres,
Jerdon, Swinhoe, Dresser, Cassin, Cones, Andersson, and others, but perhaps more
especially to the recent works of Mr. A. O. Hume, where this very important
feature of ornithology is treated in the most complete manner possible.
* This stage, which was erroneously described as the young in Dresser's
' Birds of Europe,' is really the plumage of a yery old bird, as I am informed
by Major Irby, who has studied the living birds in their wild state.
Z. GTP9. O
b'". Smallest ; under surface entirely creamy
white kolbi, p. 8.
b'. Feathers of lower back and rump not paler-
centred, brown with broad fulvous tips .... ruepijclli, p. 9.
b. Cere exceeding in length the height of bill ; lower
back and rump whitish, with a faint margin of
pale brown on each feather indicus, p. 10.
After a lengthened study of the Griifon Vultures I have come to
the conclusion that there are only five distinguishable species.
O. indicus is at once separated by its unusually hare head and
thin bill ; but the remaining species are more difficult to define.
O. riieppelU when fully adult is unmistakable, hut when young
more nearly resembles the other Griffons. G. Icolhi is characterized
by its light and almost uniform coloration, and looks much more
distinct when seen alive side by side with the true G. ftdvus ; and
G. hhncdayensis is a large edition of G. kolbi, but is further remark-
able for its brown-coloured young. The true G. ftdvus (that is to
say, the bird best agreeing with Albin's plate on which Gmelin
founded his species) seems to be the Vulture from Eastern Europe,
extending westwards as far as Sardinia ; for the types of G. occiden-
talis, Schl., which I saw recently in the Leiden Museum, agree with
the Dalmatian specimens. In Spain and Algeria, however, the
Griffons are smaller and more rufous, and approach the Indian birds
which Mr. Hume has named G. fulvescens. Taking, therefore, the
three birds mentioned as subspecies of one well-marked form, we
can separate them as follows . —
a. Crop-patch dark brown.
a'. General colour pale ashy fulvus.
b'. General colour rufesceut fulvescens.
b. Crop-patch tawny, like rest of plumage hispauiolensi^.
Amidst the variations of plumage, however, it appears to me to be
difheult to draw an exact lino between these three subspecies.
1. Gyps fulvus.
The \'ulture, Alhiii, N. II. Birds, iii. p. 1, pi. 1 (1740).
Le Vuutour fauvo, Briss. Oni. i. p. 402 (1700).
Le Percuoptere, Buf. PI. Enl. i. pi. 420 (1770).
Le Gritibn, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 158, pi. v. (1770)
Le Vautour, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. pi. v. (1770, plate only).
Fulvous Vulture, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. 1, p. 17 (1781).
Vultur fulvu.s, Gin. S. N. i. p. 240 (1788, e.v Lath.) ; Temm. Man. i.
p. 7 (1820) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 1 (18.37) ; Schl. ti. Susein. Vog.
Eur. p. 12, pis. 3, 3rt (18.39) ; Naum. Voq. Dmtschl. xiii. Taf. 338
(ISCO) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 190 (1870) ; Finsch 4'- Hartl. Vbtj.
Odafr. p. 31 (1870).
Vultur percnopterus, Shaw ^- Nodder, Nat. 3Iisc. iv. pi. 141 (1793).
^'ldtur trencalos, Bechst. Naturr/. Deutscld. ii. p. 491 (1805).
Gyps vulgaris, Sav. Stjst. Ois. iVEgypte, p. 232 (1809).
Vultur leucocephalu.s, Meyer u. Wolf, Taschcnb. i. p. 7 (1810).
Vultur persicus, Ball. Zooyr. Rosso-As. i. p. 377 (1811).
Vultur vulgaris, Bonti. et'Vieill. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1170 (1823).
6 VTJLTURID^.
Vultur albicollis, Lindermayer, Isis, 1843, p. 320 {ex Brehm).
Gypa fulvus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. G (1844) ; Cuss. Cat. Vult. Phil.
'Mus. p. 2 (1849) ; Bp. I'onsp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.
p. 2, Taf. 1. fig. 3 (1858); Peh. Verh. z.-b. JFien, 18(32, p. 129;
Be Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 345 { 1805) ; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i.
p. 2 (18G9); Salvad. Faun, d'ltal. Ucc. p. 2 (1871); Neikon, ed.
Yan-eWs Brit. B. p. 1 (1871) ; Shelhn/, B. of Eqypt, p. 210 (1872) ;
Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 83 (1872).
Vultur fulvus occidentalis, Schl. liev. Grit. p. xii (1844) ; id. 3Iiis. P.-
B. Vult. p. 6 (18(>2).
Gyps occidentalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sardegn.
■p. 14 (1864); Degl. i>,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. p. 11 (18(37); Fritsch,
Vtig. Eur. p. 3 (1870).
Gyps albieoUis, Brehm, Kaum. i. Ileft iii. p. 23 (1851).
Vultur iegyptius, Licht. Nomencl. Ao. p. 1 (1854).
Vultur kolbii, Erhard, Kaum. 1858, p. 16.
Vultur fulvus orientalis, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Vult. p. 6 (1862).
Adult. Euff white ; upper parts ashy fulvous, the interscapulars
with obsolete whitish shaft-stripes, some of them darker brown,
giving a mottled appearance, others shaded with grey ; wing-coverts
a little paler than the back, shaded with ashy, greater series dark
brown at base, edged and broadly tipped with creamy white ; lower
back and rump dark brown, the feathers centred with fulvous ; upper
tail-coverts pale ochraceous buff; quills and tail black, with a slight
brownish shade, the outer secondaries broadly edged with ashy, the
inner ones tipped with ochraceous buff ; crop-patch brown ; under
surface of body pale creamy brown, with very narrow whitish shaft-
stripes ; cere bluish black ; biU yellowish white horn-colour ; feet
lead-colour ; iiis reddish orauge. Total length about 40 inches,
culmen 3-7, wing about 29, tail 12, tarsus (in skeleton) 4-4,
middle toe 4-9.
Hah. Eastern Europe, from below 59° N. lat. in the Ural as far
westward as Sardinia, sometimes ranging into the central portions ;
accidental in the British Islands ; (?) N.E. Africa.
a. Ad. sk. South Hungary. Baron A. von Hiigel [P.].
b. Ad. St. Dalmatia. Purchased.
r. Ad. St. Athens. _ C. W. L. Merfin, Esq. [P.].
d. Ad. St. [South Africa?] Pm-chased.
e. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
Subsp. a. Gyps Mspaniolensis, nob.
A'ultur fulvus, Naum. Fog. Deutschl. i. p. 102, Taf. 2 (1822) ; Wer7ier,
Atlas, liapaces, pi. 2 (1827); Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. p. 12, pi. 2
(1839) ; Dubois, Ois. d'Eur. pis. 2, 3 (1862).
Vultur chassefiente, Biipp. N. W. Vog. p. 47 (1835).
Vultur kolbii, Carst. Naum. ii. Heft i. p. 76 (1852).
? Vultur fidvus occidentalis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 1 (1869).
Adult. Above ashy fawn-colour, with a slight greyish shade near
the base of the feathers, the median wing-coverts paler and more
fulvescent towards the tips, greater series dark brown, shading into
ashy and thence into fulvous at the tips ; rump and upper tail-
GYPS.
coverts rufous fawn-colour, with whitish shaft-stripes ; quills and
tail black, the latter as well as the secondaries somewhat shaded
with brown ; ruff of lanceolate feathers, whitish, with fawn-coloured
margins ; crop-patch rufous fawn-colour, as also the rest of the
under surface, each feather plainly streaked down the centre with
whitish. Total length about 37 inches, culmen 3-.5, wing 27, tail
12-5, tarsus (in skin) about 4-3, middle toe about 4-8.
Hah. Spain and Northern Africa, ranging far into the interior ;
(?) N.E. Africa.
Ohs. The Griffon Vulture of X.E. Africa still requires identifica-
tion ; and I have not been able to examine specimens. The bird
procured by Major Denham in Central Africa, and still preserved in
the Museum, appears to me to belong to the rufous race of Algeria
and Spain ; on the other hand Mr. E. C. Taylor teUs me that he never
saw the slightest difference between the Gyps of Egypt and the
ordinary Griffon of the other countries of S.E. Europe ; but he col-
lected no specimens. If Dr. von Heuglm's identification be correct,
the bird from N.E. Africa may be the true G. fulvus ; or, again,
both races may occur there, the one coming from the north, the
other from the west. On this subject see Von Heuglin's recent re-
marks (Nachtr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 1).
Ad. sk. Southern Spain. K. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
a,
b. Ad. St. Europe. Pui-chased
c.
Ad. St. Central Africa. Major Denham [P.].
d. Sternum. Piu'chased.
Subsp. /3. Gyps ftilvescens.
Gyps fulvus, Jerclon, B. Lid. i. p. 8 (1862).
Gjqjs ftdvescens, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356; ul. Rough Notes, i. p. 1-5
(1869); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 158; Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 235;
Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 149.
Adult. Above rufous ashy, the iuterscapulary region rather darker
and browner, the wing-coverts paler and more decidedly washed
with ash-colour ; lower back and rump brown, with distinct central
streaks of fulvous white, the upper tail-coverts more clearly rufes-
cent ; quills brownish black, the primaries distinctly shaded with
ashy grey, the secondaries externally washed and tipped with rufous
ashy ; tail black, the feathers shaded with brown on their margins ;
head rather thickly clothed with yellowish-white down, a little more
scanty on the neck, round the hinder part of which is a thick ruff
of white feathers ; crop-patch dark brown ; rest of under surface
fulvous brown, with distinct whitish central stripes, the under wing-
coverts somewhat darker. Total length about 40 inches, culmen 3-7,
wing 30, tail 12-5, tarsus 5-2.
Young. Ruff composed of lanceolate feathers, brown, mesially
streaked with whitish ; plumage paler than in the adults, all the
feathers plainly streaked with fulvous, the under surface verj^ di-
stinctly striped.
Hab. Sindh, N.W. Provinces, and Himalayas in India.
8 VtJLTUEID^.
a. Juv. St. India. J. II. Reeves, Esq. [P.J.
. " q. fP.
P.
P.
P.
b, c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
d. Skeleton. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
€,f. Skulls. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
ff. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
2. Gyps liimalayeiisis.
Vultur iudicus, Tcmin. PL Cut. i. pi. 26 (1824) ; Grai/, Cat. Accipitr.
1844, p. 3.
Gyps indic-us, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 4G8.
Vuitui- fulvus iudicus, Schl. 3Lis. P.-B. Viilt. p. 7 (1862).
Otogyps fulvus, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 194.
Gvps himalayensis, Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 14 (1869) ; Jerdon, Ibis,
'1871, p. 235.
Gyps uivicola, Severtzow, Turkest. Jevotn. p. Ill, pi. vii. (1873).
Adult. General colour pale creamy -whitish, with a little browner
shade on the interscapulary region ; lower back white, shading into
pale creamy fawn-colour on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-
coverts a little paler and more creamy than the back, greater series
dark brown, externally washed with ashy and tipped with fulvous ;
quUls black, the secondaries brownish, the innermost inclining to ful-
vous towards the tip ; tail black, with a brownish shade ; ruff round
the neck whitish, the feathers rather filamentous ; under surface pale
creamy white, the flank-feathers and under tail-coverts washed with
pale fawn-colour, giving the appearance of very pale whitish streaks,
these, however, being nearly obsolete on the under surface ; crop-
patch whitish fawn-colour ; cere pale brown ; biU very pale horny
green, dusky at tip ; legs dingy greenish gTey or white. Total
length about 42 inches, cubnen 3-6; wing 31, tail 15, tarsus 4-8,
middle toe 5'4.
Toung. Totally different from the adult, and resembling that of
G. indicus or Fs. benrjaJensis. Entii-e plumage dark chocolate-brown,
with central streaks of paler brown, those on the ruff and under sur-
face being lighter, more fulvesceut, and consequently more distinct.
Hah. Himalayas from Cabool to Bootan ; Turkestan.
a. Juv. st. India. Zoological Society.
h. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, E'sq. [P.].
' e, d. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
3. Gyps kolbl. ( Plate I.)
Le Chasse-fiente, Levnill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 44, pi. 10 (1799).
Vultur kolbii, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 15 (1800, e.v Levaill.) ; Lath. Lid.
Orn. Suppl. ii. p. 1 (1801).
Vultm- fulvus. Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 11 (1830).
Vultur indicus, Cass. Cat. 'Vidt. Phil 3Ius. p. 2 (1849).
Gvps kolbii, Pp. Consp. i. p. 10(1850); Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862,
'p. 129; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Soiiza, Cat. Lisb. Mus.
p. 30 ( 1869) ; Gio-neii in Anderss. B. Dam. L. p. 5 (1871).
Gyps fulvus, Gtirneii, Ibis, 1859, pp. 235, 236 ; Layard, B. of S. Afr.
"p. 6 (1867) ; Gimieij, Ibis, 1868, p. 463; Ai/res, Ibis, 1869, p. 286;
Layard, Ibis. 1860, p. 68.
Vultur fulvus kolbei, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 7 (1862).
2. QTPg. 9
Adult. Down on head and neck more scanty than in 6. fulvus ;
upper parts pale fulvous, some of the interscapulars dark brown,
giving a mottled appearance, others shaded with grey ; wing-coverts
pale fulvous, shaded with ashy, greater series dark brown at base,
edged and broadly tipped with creamy buff ; lower back and rump
dark brown on the margins of the feathers, the centre fulvous ; upper
tail-coverts clear fulvous ; quills and tail black, with a slight brown-
ish shade, inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with ashy buff ;
crop-patch pale brown ; rest of under surface of body pale creamy
white, without any shaft-stripes ; cere livid ; bill horn-colour, j^aler
on the culmen ; legs and feet livid blue, with shades of dirty green ;
claws black ; iris light bi'own or reddish hazel. Total length about
36 inches, culmen 3'5, wing 2-7, tail 10, tarsus about 4-2, middle
toe 4-S.
Young. Head and neck with even less down on it than the adult :
upper surface a little more tawny, and more mottled with dark brown ;
under surface pale creamy white, with pale brownish margins to the
breast -feathers, scarcely, however, producing a striped appearance.
Hah. South Africa, to the Zambesi on the east, and to Damara
Land on the west coast, but more sparingly in the latter country.
a. Ad. st. Orange River, S. Africa. M. Verreaux [C.].
b. Juv. st. Cape of Good Hope. South-African Museum.
4. Gjrps nieppelli.
Vultiur kolbii, Cretzschm. Atlas EiipiJ. Vofj. p. 47, t. 32 (1826, nee
DaucL).
Gyps fulvus, Riipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 9 (1845).
Gvps vulgaris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1860) ; Hwsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B.
'Mm. E. I. C. p. 4 (1854) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 7 (1867, 7iec Sav.).
Vuliur riippellii, Brehm, Naum. 1852, Heft' 3, p. 44 (descr. oriq.);
Ilvmil. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 5 (18C9j ; Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ost-
afr. p. 33, note (1870).
Gyps niagnificus, MM. Beitr. Orn. Afr. t. 5 (1854) ; id. J.f. 0. 1854,
p. 386.
Gyps riippellii, Bonap. Rev. et Maq. de Zool. 1854, p. 530 ; Pelz. Verh.
z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 1-30; Brehm, Reis. Hubesch, p. 240 (180.3);
Antin. Cat. Ucc. p. 3 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ;
Blanf. Geol. S)- Zool. Abyss, p. 285 (1870) ; Gurney in Anderss. B.
Dam. L. p. 5 (1871).
Vultur fulvus riippelli, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 7 (1862).
Nearhj adult. Down on head golden yellow : ruff yellowish white ;
interscapular and scapular feathers dark brown, with a conspicuous
crescentic edgiug of fulvous w^hite ; wing-coverts creamy white, the
brown bases showing plainly on the median and greater series, the
latter conspicuously tipped with creamy white, as also are the inner
secondaries ; quiUs black, primaries washed with chocolate-brown ;
lower back and rump dark brown, narrowly edged with creamy
white, the upper tail-coverts more broadly; tail black, slightly
shaded with chocolate-brown ; crop-patch deep chocolate-brown ;
under surface dull creamy buff, some of the flank-feathers showing
the brown bases ; under wLng-coverts dark bro\\Ti, with cream-
10 TTTLTUKIDJi.
coloured tips ; bill deep orange, inclining to greenish horn-colour on
edge of upper and on the whole of lower mandible ; cere black ; feet
black ; iris nearly black. Total length about 4U inches, culmen 'SS,
wing 25-5, tail 11, tarsus about 4*7, middle too 5-3.
Hab. N.E. Africa generally; S. Africa, jS^atal on the east and
Ovampo Land on the west coast.
a. 2 St. Angollala, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Secretary of State for
India [P.].
b. J sk. Angollala, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Secretary of State for
India'rP.].
c. d sk. Angollala, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Hon. E. I. Co. [P.].
5. Gyps indicus.
Le Grand Vautom- des ludes, Sonn. Voi/. Ind. Or. ii. p. 183, pi. lOo
(1782).
Vultm- iudiciis. Scop. Del. Faun.ct Flor. In.-oibr. ii. p. 85 (1786, exSonn.).
Indian ^'ulture, Lath. Gen. Si/ii. Suppl. p. (3 (1787).
Vultur teniiiceps, Hodf/s. in J. E. Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Gyps tenuirostris, G. It. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 6, pi. 3 (1844, ex Hodgs.
Icon.^: id. Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 4; J. E. Gray, Cat. Mamm. i<>'
Birds Hodqs. p. 38 (1846) : Cass. Cat. Vvlt. Phil. Miis. p. 2 (1849);
Grail, Cat'. Mamm. ^-c. Hodqs. p. 16 (1863).
Gvps i'udicus, Bhith, Cat. B.' Mas. As. Soc. Benq. p. 33 (1849) ;
~Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. i. p. 4 (1854) ; StricJd.
Orti.' Si/n. p. 10 (1855) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 9 (1802) ; Grai/,
Cat. Mamm. S^-c. Hodqs. p. 16 (1863); Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B.
Norw. Mas. p. 74 (1864) : Gratj, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869).
Nearhj adult. Head bare, long and slender ; ruff dark brown, the
feathers niesially streaked with fulvous ; upper surface of body dark
brown, all the feathers streaked down the centre with fulvous, the
wing-coverts a little paler with more distinct streaks ; lower back
and rump creamy white, the feathers washed with brown on their
edges ; qiiills and tail black, the latter as well as the secondaries
slightly washed with brown ; crop-patch brown ; under surface
light brown, the feathers broadly streaked with creamy Avhite, the
thighs, abdomen, and under tail-coverts decidedly paler ; under
wing-coverts whitish, the small marginal ones dark brown with
creamy-white shaft-stripes ; bill dark horn-brown, yellowish on
culmen and towards the tip; feet dusky cinereous ; irides bro^^^l.
Total length about 536 inches, culmen 3-7o, wing 24, tail 11, tarsus
about 4-5, middle toe 5-5.
Young. Head with scattered white down ; upper surface, including
lower back and rump, with distinct fulvous edgings and more or
less distinct shaft-stripes ; entire under surface dark brown with
very broad cream-coloured median streaks to the feathers.
Cf. Hume, Kovgh No1es, i. p. 25.
Hah. Indian peninsula, Burmah, Siam, and Malayan peninsula.
fl, h. Juv. st. India.
c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of
G. teniiiceps and G. tenuirostris.
d. Ad. sk. India. Colonel Cobbe [C.].
3. PSEtTDOGYPS. II
I have not had an opportunity of examiniug the foUowinn-
species: — ""'"o
6. Gyps pallescens.
Gyps indicus, JIume, Ruuqh Notes, i. p. 21 (1869)
Cxjps pallescens, Rmne, Utr. F. i. p. 150 (1873).
" I have some reasons for believin- that the Subhimalavan Thiu-
Mled ^ ulture, which seems always to breed on trees (Hod-son's
(?.^e,Hac.^. as his drawings clearly prove), at aU times apparently
a darker bird, is distinct from our ' plains ' species, which always
breeds on clills, the adult of which is very pale. If this be so, then
It remains to make certain whether Scopoli's name of indicus really
apphes to our bird, which is apparently doubtful. If not, the bfrd
described by me wdl need a name, and may perhaps stand as G
pallescens, nobis." (Hume, I. c.) -^ i i ''o ^^
If the difference between these Thin-billed Vultures should turn
out to be of specific vahie, the bird here described by Mr Hume
must surely be the true Vrdiur indicus, as far as Sonnerat's descrip-
tion and figure will aUow us to determine, and the Himalayan bird
will stand as G. tenmrostris, Hodgs.
3. PSEUDOGYPS.
Pseudogyps, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). Type.
Ps. bengalensis.
Range. Indian peninsula and Malacca; i\.E. Africa, Senegal.
Key to the Sjiecies.
Black : crop-patch black i , ■ , ,
1. Pseudogyps bengalensis.
Bengal Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 19 pll (1781)
lilt ur bengalensis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 24.5 (1788) • J E Grau
Ill^nd. Zool. pi. 1.5. fig. 1 (1830); hd. 3/^. P^.'/'/ult ^8
Vultur leucocephalus, var. /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 3 (1790)
Le Changouu, Levadl. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 50, pi. 11( 17.J9) ^'
^ ultur changouu, Baud. Trade, ii. p. 14 (IbOO, ex LemiUX
Lhangoun \ ulture, Lath. Gen. S,/n. Suppl. ii. p. 1.3 (1801)
^ ultur indus. Less, in Belamj. Voij. Zool. p. 211 (1834)
Gyps bengalensis, G. R. Gnu,, Gm. of B. i. p. 6 (1844) • 0„,, Cm
Vl ■ 7^;' ^ '^-c ^' ^^^""'''^ "'^- ^- -'^"*- ^- I- ^o- i- P- 4 (1854) •
?: 2 (i8b^T '-^ '^' '• p- ^^ ^^^^-^' ^'"y' ^''«^^-^- «/^. i'
Pseudogyps bengalensis, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873).
12 VCLTTTRID^.
Adult. Head and neck bare, with a few dull brown bristles on
crown and nape ; ruft' white, rather scanty ; upper surface of body
black, the wing-coverts somewhat tinged with brown ; lower back
and rump white ; upper tail-coverts black, some of them white ex-
ternally ; quills and tail black, the secondaries externally washed
with greyish brown ; crop-patch black ; under surface of body
deep chocolate-brown, almost black, streaked with narrow shaft-
stripes of fulvous ; under Aviug-coverts white, those adjoining the
carpal margin black ; cere horny black ; upper mandible greyish
white, bluish grey at tip ; lower mandible dusky, inclining to duU
lead-colour at the base. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 3-1,
wing 23-5, tail 11, tarsus 4-2, middle toe 4-7.
Young. General colour above chocolate-brown, some of the
feathers slightly paler-mai-gined, especially on the wing-coverts ;
lower back, rump, ami upper tail-coverts rather paler, with fulvous
shaft-stripes ; wings and tail as in adult, but the grey shade on
secondaries more dingy ; head and neck covered with white stubby
down, more scanty on sides of face, which are for the most pai-t
bare ; croji-patch deep fulvous brown : ruff composed of lanceolate
feathers, white with fulvous-brown margins ; under surface of body
pale russet, with obsolete narrow whitish shaft-svripes, with here
and there a feather of darker brown showing ; under wing-coverts
darker brown, striped like the breast.
Hub. Indian peninsula, eastward to Assam and Burmah ; Ma-
layan peninsula to Penang.
a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
b, c, d. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
e. Ad. St. India. Dr. Eoyle [P.].
/. Ad. St. India.
g. Juv. st. India. South-African Museum.
/(. Skeleton. Zoological Societv.
K
2. Pseudogyps afiricanus.
Gyps bengaleusis, RUpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 9 (1845).
Vultur bengalensis, Brehm, J. f. O. 1855, p. 486 ; Hmgl. J. f. O.
1864, p. 241.
Tultur moschatus. Wilrtt. Naum. 1857, p. 4-32 (descr. nulla) ; Hmgl.
J.f. O. 18(37, p.' 290.
Gyps indicus, Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 97.
Gvps tenuirostris, Antin. Cat. Descr. Ucc. p. 5 (1865) ; id. J. f. O.
"1866, p. 116.
G^-ps africauus, Salvad. Not. Stor. R. Accad. Turin. 7 Mav, 1865,
p. 133; Heu(/l. J. f. 0. 1867, p. 199; Hume, Rough Xotei, i. p. 31
(1869) ; Jer'd. Ibis, 1871, p. 2.36.
Gyps moschatus, Sulrad. nt supra.
Yiiltur leuconotus africauus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 6 (1869);
id. Nachtr. p. iii.
Pseudogyps moschatus, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873).
Adult. General colour deep brown, some of the feathers on the
back and wing-coverts blackish brown ; lower back and rump pure
white ; upper tail-coverts brown, some inclining to blackish ; quiUs
4. oToeTPS. 13
and tail black, the secondaries with an external ashy-grey shade ;
ruff white, rather scanty ; crop-patch brown ; rest of under surface
pale brown with very narrow yellowish-white shaft-lines ; bill
horn-black, the culmen yellowish ; feet dusky plumbeous ; iris
umber-brown. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 3'2, wing
about 22, tail 9, tarsus about 4-5, middle toe 5.
Immature female. Fulvous brown, the secondaries lighter and
more ashy ; quills and tail blackish brown, the former externally
shaded with greyish ; lower back and rump white ; upper tail-
coverts brown, terminally washed with fulvous white ; crop-patch
brown ; rest of under surface brown, paler and more fulvescent in
centre of body, the feathers with pale fulvous-white central streaks,
very indistinct. Total length 34 inches, culmen 3-15, wing 24-5,
tail 11-5, tarsus 3-5.
Hab. North-eastern Afi'ica, from Khartoum southwards to
Abyssinia and upper White-Nile district ; Senegambia on the west
coast.
a. (S ad. St. Africa. Dr. Lidth de Jeude.
b. 2 jun. sk. Senegal (Marche). M. Bouvier [E.].
4. OTOGTPS.
Type.
Otogyps, Gray, List of Genera of B. 1841, p. 2 0. auricularis.
Hemigyps, Hoclgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) . . 0. calvus.
Bange. Southern and North-eastern Africa, apparently absent on
the west coast. India generally and Siam.
Key to the Sjjedes.
a. Larger : brown ; inner face of thighs feathered .... aurindai-is, p. 13.
h. Smaller : black ; inner face of thighs bare calvus, p. 14.
1. Otogyps auricularis *.
L'Oricou, Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr. i.p. 36, pi. 9 (1799).
Vidtur auricularis, I)aud. Traite, ii. p. 10 (1800, ex LevaiU.) ; Smith,
S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 13 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 22 (1831) ; £j}.
Consp. i. p. 10 (1850); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 126; Schl.
Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 9 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Bapt. B. p. 57 (1864) ;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 676 ; Anlin. Cat. Descr. L'cc. p. 6 (1865) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 8 (1869.)
Yultur auriculatus, Shaic, Gen. Zoo/, vii. p. 24, pi. 10(1809).
Vultur tracheliotus, Wolf, Abbild. naturg. Gegenst. pi. 5 (1816).
Vultur Ee^ypius, Temni. PI. Col. i. pi. 407 (1826, plate o?ily) ; Biipp.
N. Wirb. Vdg. p. 47 (1835).
"S'ultur imperialis, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 426 (1827).
Vultur nubicus, H. Smith in Griffith's An. Kingd. i. p. 164, pi. —
(1829) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 10 (1850).
Otosryps auriculari?, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 6 (1844) ; Cass.
Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus.
* The N.E -African bird bas not such large wattles, and is considered by
Bome to be a distinct species.
14 TtrLTURIDJE.
E. I. Co. i. p. 3 (1854); Sfrickl. Ont. Si/n. p. 8 (1855); Jaub. <§•
Barth. Mich. Oni. i. p. 21 (1859) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862,
p. 127; Brc'hm, Seise n. Habesch, p. 246 (1863); Lai/ard, B. S.
Afr. p. 5 (1867) ; Grat/, Huml-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol.
Sf Zool. of Abyss, p. 286 (1870) ; Gurnexj in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld.
p. 2 (18?2) ; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 210 (1872).
Adult. Above brown, a little paler on the margins of the feathers ;
quills and tail blackish : secondaries washed with chocolate-brown,
the inner ones paler, margined like the back ; crop-patch brown ;
under surface of body thickly clothed with white down, the feathers
lanceolate, brown with paler edgings ; under wing- and tail-coverts
brown, the latter somewhat more rounded in shape ; head and neck
entirely bare, with folds on the hinder neck ; above the eye and
on the throat a few hair-like bristles, and a few downy bristles
round the ear-oiifice ; on the lower part of neck some short downy
brown feathers, below which a ruff of brown plumes encircles the
hinder neck, the lateral ones somewhat elongated and pendent, but
not joining underneath ; cere lavender-grey ; bill deep yellow,
brownish near the base ; feet lavender-grey ; iris deep brown.
Total length 45 inches, culmen 5, wing 30, tail 14, tarsus 5-3, and
middle toe 4-9 in skeleton.
Young. Similar to the adult, but the margins to the feathers
rather paler and more distinct ; a little more down on the head, and
the down clothing the lower surface of the body inclining to fulvous.
Hah. Southern and Xorth-eastern Afiica into Egypt ; occasional
in Southern Europe.
a. Ad. sk. Egypt. J. Bm-ton, Esq. [P.].
6. Juv.st. Shoa (-ffflr77s). Hon. E. I. Company [P.].
c, d. Sk. Abyssinia {Harris) Secretaiy of State for India [P.].
e. Ad. St. Africa. Dr. Lidtli de Jeude.
f. Juv. st. South Africa. South-African Museum.
2. Otogyps calvus.
Vautour roval de Pondicherry, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Or. ii. p. 182, pi. 104
(1"82). "
Vultur calvus, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Lisi^br. ii. p. 85 (1/86, ex
Soim.) ; Schl. Mtis. P.-B. ^'ult. p. 8 (1862) ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien,
1862, p. 128 ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 56 (1864) ; Hume, Rough
Notes, i. p. 8 (1869).
Vultur pondicerianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 7 (1790); Daud. Ann. 3Ius.
i. p. 286, pi. XX. (1802) ; Temtn. PL Col. i. pi. 2 (1820) ; Gray, III.
Ind. Zool. i. pi. 15. fig. 2 (1830) ; Less. Traite, p. 23 (1831).
Otogyps calvus, G. R. Gray, Gen. ofB. i. p. 4 (1844) ; J. E. Gray, Cat.
Mamm. 8i B. Nep. Hodgs. p. 38 (1846) ; Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil.
Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. Beng. p. .32 (1849) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Horsf. % Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co.
i. p. 2 (1854) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. 'de Zool. 1854, p. 531 ; Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 8 (1855) ; Gordd, B. of Asia, pt. xii. (1800) ; Jerd. B. of Ind.
i. p. 7 (1862) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nep. Hodgs. p. 16 (1863).
Otog\-ps pondicerianus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 115 (1844).
Hem'igvps pondicerianus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Gyps calvus, Bhjth, Ibis, 1866, p. 233; Home, Ibis, 1871, p. 112.
5. LOPHOGtPS. 15
Adult. Glossy black, inclining to brown on lower back and rump,
some of the scapulars also washed with brown ; quills black with
white shafts, shading into brownish towards the tips ; the primaries
washed with grey near the base, the secondaries "whity brown,
blackish towards their tips ; tail black, shaded with brown, the
shafts brownish ; crop-patch black ; a conspicuous circlet of Avhite
down across the breast, and a patch just above the thigh -joint ;
under surface of body deep black ; inner face of thighs bare ; round
the neck a small rufl' of black plumes, somewhat impending on each
side of the breast, so as to overshadow the two bare patches which
are conspicuous on each side of the chest ; bill horn-black : feet dull
red : iris redcUsh brown. Total length about 31 inches, culmen 2-5,
wing 2-4-5, tail 11, tarsus 4-1, middle toe 3-8 (in skeleton).
►■ Young. Pale brown, without any indication of grey on any part
of the wings ; imder surface also pale brown, the white downy pec-
toral ruff not developed to any extent ; head covered with whitish
down above, becoming brown towards the nape and round the
ear-orifice ; neck-lappet almost as much developed as in the adults.
Hah. India generally, eastwards to Siam.
a. Ad. sk. India. Colonel Cobbe [C.].
b. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
d. Ad. st. Incha.
5. LOPHOGYFS.
Type.
Lophogyps, Bp, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 531 .... L. occipitalis.
Range, North-eastern Africa and Southern Africa ; probably the
whole of the eastern side of the continent ; on the western side only
occurring in Senegal.
1. Lophogyps occipitalis.
Abyssinian Vulture, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. i. p. 31 (1821).
Vultur occipitalis, Burch. Trav. ii. p. 329 (1824, descr. orig.) ; Temm.
PI. Col. i. pi. 13 (1824); Cretzschm. in Bilpp. At/, p. 35, t. 22
(1826); Smith, S. Afr. Q. Joimi. i. p. 15 (1829); Riipp. N. W.
Vog. p. 43 (1835) ; 'Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 5 (1844); Cass. Cat.
Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 11 (1850) ; Schl. Mtcs.
P.-B.Yvilt. p. 8 (1862); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. l2Q;Brehm,
Reis. Habesch,Y>. 243 (1863) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 65 (1864) ;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 5 (1867) ; Fimch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 33
(1870) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. of Dam. Ld. p. 4 (1872).
Vultur galericulatus, Less. Traite, p. 23 (1831) ; Pucher. Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1850, p. 208.
Vultur eulophus, Ehr. in Mus. Berol. ; Licht. Xomencl. Av. Mus.
Berol. p. 1 (1854).
Lophogyps occipitalis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 531.
Vultur chincou (jiec Daitd.), Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 7 (1855) ; Gray,
Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Sharpe, Lbis, 1870, pp. 422, 588.
Adult. Crown of head covered with dense white down, collecting
into a ridge on the occiput, more thinly distributed on the hinder
16 VULTURID^.
neck ; sides of face more or less bare, with thiu downy white hair
or white down on tlie sides of face and throat ; lower neck bare all
round ; ruff dark brown, not meeting underneath or impending on
the breast ; general plumage above and below blackish brown, the
lower back and rump much paler brown ; median and greater wing-
coverts margined more or less with whitish, more conspicuous on the
former ; quills and tail black, the latter glossed with brown, the
secondaries grej'ish brown on the outer webs, whitish on the inner
ones, the inner secondaries pure white, those adjoining the back of
the same colour as the latter ; crop-patch white ; abdomen, thighs,
and under taU-coverts pure white ; under wing-coverts brown, the
lower ones white at the tip ; bill blood-red, black at tip, blue at base ;
feet flesh-colour ; iris umber-brown. Total length 32 inches, cul-
men 3-55, wing 26-5, tail 12-2, tarsus 4-9, middle toe 4-4.
Toimg. Paler brown, with dark brown feathers everywhere ap-
pearing ; the down on the head, crop-patch, white wing-feathers,
and abdomen tinged here and there with brownish.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Imm. sk. Abyssinia. Frankfort Museum.
b. Ad. St. Kurrichaine, S. Afi-ica. M. Ven-eaux.
6. NEOPHRON. ^
Neophron, Savif/ni/,Si/st. Ois. d'Egijiyte, p. 238 (1808) N. percnopterus.
Percnopterus, Ra/inesqite, Analyse, p. 69 N. percnopterus.
Necrosyrtes, Gloger, Hanclb. Naturg. p. 236 (1842);. N. monachus.
Gypiscus, Sundev. Av. Tent. p."110"(1873) '. N. pileatus.
Bill of Neophron percnopterus.
Range. Occasionally in Northern Europe. Found in all the coun-
tries bordering the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and occurs also in
Southern Africa, extending to Persia and the countries fringing the
Persian Gulf to the peninsula of India, over the whole of which it
is distributed.
Key to the Species,
a. White ; fore part of chest bare.
a'. Larger; bill horn-brown; wings reaching to
tail percnopterus, p. 17.
b'. Smaller; bill yellow; wings not reaching to
tail ginginianus, p. 18.
b. Chocolate-brown ; a fur-like chest-patch.
6. NEOPHRON. 17
c'. Larger ; neck-hackles evenly encircling the
neck pUeatus, p. 18.
<J. Smaller ; neck-hackles somewhat ascending
towards the nape monachiis, p. 19.
1. Neopliron percnopterus.
Le Vautour brun, Briss. Om. i. p. -155 (1760) ; Buff. H. N. Ois. i.
p. 167 (1770).
Le Vautour d'Egypte, Briss. Orn. i. p. 457 (1760).
Le Vautour a teste blanche, Brus. Orn. i. p. 466 (17G0).
Vultur percnopterus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 123 (1766) ; Yarr. Hist. Brit.
B. i. p. 1 (1843).
Le Petit Vautour, Buf. H. N. Ok i. p. 164 (1770).
Vautoui- de Norwege, Btiff. PL Enl. i. pi. 429 (1770).
Vautour de Malthe, Buff. PI. Enl. i. p. 142, pi. 427 (1770).
Ash-coloured Vultm'e, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. 13 (1781).
Maltese Vulture, Lath. torn. cit. p. 15 (1781).
Egyptian Vulture, Lath. torn. cit,. p. 31 (1781).
Vultur fuscus, Bodcl. Tabl. PL EnL p. 25 (1783).
Vultur leucocephalus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 248 (1788).
Vultur fuscus, Gm. S. M. i. p. 248 (1788).
Rachamah, Bruce, Trav. v. App. p. 163, pi. (1790),
Vultur stercorarius, La Peyr. N. Schw. Ahh. iii. p.
Vultur percnopterus, var. y. capensis, Licht. Cat. Rer. Nat. Hamh.
p. 2 (1793).
L'Ouri-gourap, LevaiU. Ois. cCAfr. i. p. 62, pi. 14 (1799).
Vultur albus, Baud. Traiie, ii. p. 21 (1800).
Neophron percnopterus, Sav. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 239 (1809) ; VieiU. et
Oudart, Gal Ois. i. p. 7, pi. ii. (1825) ; Jard. ^ Selby, LIL Orn. i.
pi. 33 (c. 1835) ; Gould, B. of Eur. i. pi. 3 (1837); Gray, Gen. of
B. i. p. 3 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. VtdL Phil Mus. p. 3 (1849) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 11 (1850) ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 12 (1855) ; ScM. Mus.
P.-B. Vult. p. 5 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 133 ;
Gurnet/, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 53 (1864); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 3 (1867) ;
DegL 'Hf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 12 (1867); Heugl Ortt. N.O.-Afr.
i. p. 13 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol 8,- ZooL Abyss, p. 287 (1870) ; Einsch
u. Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 33 (1870) ; Netctmi, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i.
p. 6 (1871) ; Salmd. Faun. dLtal. Ucc. p. 3 (1871) ; Shelley, B. of
Egypt, p. 211 (1872); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. l'(1872).
Vultur meleagris, PalL Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 377 (1811).
Cathartes percnopterus, Tenun. Man. d' Orn. i. p. 8(1820); Naum,
V. D. i. p. 5, Taf. 1. tig. 1 (1822) ; Brehm, V. D. p. 5, Taf. 1. fig. 1
(1831).
Cathartes meleagrides, Tenun. PI. Col. i. genre Catharte(1824); Less.
Man. i. p. 74 (1828).
Percnopterus ffigyptiacus, Steph. Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826).
Neopliron segyptiacus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 16 (1829).
Cathartes europaeus, Brehm, Isis, 1840, p. 599.
Cathartes capensis, Brehm, nt suprd.
Adult. General plumage white, the neck-hackles, which extend
nearly to the occiput, somewhat tinged with rusty ; primaries black,
externally ashy white at the base ; secondaries dark brown, exter-
nally ashy white, shading into dark brown again towards the tips of
the feathers ; head bare, with a little scanty down on the throat and
VOL. I. c
18
TDLTURIDiE.
a few whitish feathers in front of the eye ; chest bare ; bill pale
horny brown ; feet and legs yellowish white ; irides red or reddish
length
25 inches, culmen 2-8, -wing 19-2, tail 10,
brown. Total
tarsus 3'5.
young. Blackish brown, the feathers tipped with folvous. As
the bird progresses in age the interscapulars and wing-coverts become
more or less of an ochre colour, thence changing into the white of
the adult.
JIc(b. The same as that of the genus, occurring probably in N.W.
India, but its eastern range undetermined.
a. Ad. st. Aries.
b, c. Juv. st. Aries.
d. Juv. sk. France.
e. f? ad. sk. Gennesareth.
/. Juv. St. Africf..
f/. Ad. st. Egj'pt.
>(. 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Jan. 20, 1868.
i. 2 imm. sk. Senafe, June 13, 1868.
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
Canon Tristram [C.].
5
St.
ad.
sk.
Angollala, Shoa.
AngoUaLa, Shoa.
/, 7)1. Skeleton.
n. Skeleton.
0. Skeleton.
;;. Sternum.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [CI
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
[Cf. Blanford, ;. c.l
Sir W. C. Hams [C.].
Sir W. C. Harris [C.].
[Cf. Horsf. & Moore, /.o.]
Purchased.
Zoological Society.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
2. Neophron ginginianus.
Vautoiu- de Gingi, Sonn. Voxj. Ind. Or. ii. p. 184 (1782).
Gingi Vulture, Lath. Gen. Spi, Siippl. p. 7 (1787) ; id. Gen. Hist. B.
i. p. 27, pi. 5 (1821).
Vultur ginginianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 7 (1790) ; Daud. Traiti, ii.
p. 20 (1800) ; Bmm. et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1169 (1823).
Neophron percnopterus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 115 (1844) ; Hor.tf.
6f 3Ioore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. i. p. 6 (1854) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. i.
p. 12 (1862) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 43 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 236.
Neophron ginginianus, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 233 ; TytJer, Ibis, 1866,
p. 194 ; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 4 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i.
p. 31 (1869).
Exactly similar to the foregoing, but smaller ; bill yellow ; wings
not reaching to the tail. Total length about 21 inches, culmen 2*9,
wing 15"5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-4.
Hah. Indian peninsula ; probably coexistent with N. percnopterus
in N.W. India.
Ad. St.
Imm. St.
India. Major-General T. Hardwicke [P.].
Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C]
3. Neophron pileatus.
Vultur pileatus, Burchell, Trav. ii. p. 195 (1824).
Neophron carunculatus. Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jotirn. i. p. 17 (1829).
Neophron pileatus. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 3 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. VuU.
Phil. Mm. p. 3 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 11 (1850) ; Schl. Mus. P.-
I
6. NEOPHRON. 19
B. Vult. p. 5 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 53 (1864, pt) j
Layard, B. S.Afr. p. 4 (1867) ; Ch-ay, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 4 (1869) ;
Finsch II. Harti. Vo(j. Odafr. p. 35 (1870J j Gurney in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 2 (1872).
Adult. Chocolate-brown ; quills and tail black ; crown of bead,
sides of face, throat, and fore neck bare, of a purple colour in Hfo ;
eyelashes and bristles on the lores black ; whole of hind neck up
to the occiput covered with thick fluffy down, of a whitish colour
tinged with brown; a patch ou the lower throat and the neck-
hackles dark brown ; crop-patch pale creamy brown, encircled on
the upper and lower margins by conspicuous patches of white down ;
inner face of thighs also covered with white down ; bill greenish
black towards the base, dark horn-colour near the tip ; feet greenish
blue, claws black ; iris dark brown. Total length about 26 inches,
culmen 2'7, wing 20, tail lO'S, tarsus about 3-7.
Young. Very similar to adult, but having the down on the hind
neck entirely dark brown and extending more on to the crown of
the head ; crop-patch and inner face of thighs dark brown, the white
down so conspicuous in the adults being absent ; head sparsely
sprinkled with black down, collecting towards the nape.
Hah. South Africa.
a. Ad. st. South Africa. South-African Museum.
b. Jiiv. st. South Africa. South-African Museum,
e. Pull. st. South Africa. South-African Museum.
4. Neophron monachus.
Cathartes monachus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 222 (1823); Haiti. J.f. O.
1855, p. 360.
Percnopterus monachus, Staph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826).
Percnopterus niger. Less. Traite, p. 29 (1831).
Neophron monachus, Jard. i^- Selhy, III. Orn. i., text to pi. 33 (c. 1835).
Necrosyrtes monachus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 236 (1842).
Neophron pileatus, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W. Afr. p. 14 (1852) ; Horsf.
4- Moore, Cat. B. Mns. H. I. Co. i. p. 8 (1854); Hartl. Orn. W. Afr.
pp. 1, 269 (1857) ; Peh. Verh.z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 133; ScJd. Mns.
P.-B. Vult. p. 5 (1862) ; Brehm, Reise n. Habesch, p. 234 (1863) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 15 (1869); Blanf Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss.
p. 287 (1870) ; Finsc/i, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 200 (1870).
Advlt. Similar to N. pileatus, but smaller, with a longer and
more attenuated bill ; the feathers of the neck ascending somewhat
towards the nape. Total length 24 inches, culmen 3, wing 18-5,
tail 10, tarsus about 3"3.
Young. Diifers from adult exactly as in H. pileatm.
Hah. North-eastern and Western Africa.
J. G. Children, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Baikie [C.].
Sir W. C. Harris [CI.
Sir W. C. Harris [C.].
W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.].
[Cy. Blanf. Z.c]
c 2
a.
Ad. St.
West Africa.
b.
Juv. sk.
River Niger.
c.
6 St.
Ankober.
d.
cJ juv. sk.
Efat, April 1842,
e.
$ sk.
Zoidla.
f. Skeleton.
20 VULTTJRID-E.
Subfamily II. SARCORHAMPHINiE (NEW- WORLD
VULTURES).
Key to the Genera.
a. Head with an erect fleshy caruncle; wings
more than twice length of tail, rounded,
the secondaries and primaries about
equal.
a'. Outer toe (.3-2) ahout equal to inner toe 7. Sabcorhamphus, p. 20.
6'. Outer toe (3-0) longer than inner toe
(2-5) 8. Cathabtes, p. 22.
b. Head naked, with no erect caruncle ; tail
more than half the length of wings,
which are pointed, the primaries always
exceeding the secondaries in length.
c'. Tail square ; distance between tips of
secondaries and tips of primaries less
than tarsus 9. Cathabistes, p. 23.
d'. Tail rounded ; distance between tips of
secondaries and tips of primaries more
than tarsus 10. CEnops, p. 25.
7. SARCORHAMPHTJS. ^
Sarcoramphus, Dumeril, Zool. Ami. p. 32 (1806) S. gryphus.
Gryphus, Bona^y. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 530 S. gryphus.
Range. The western coast of South America and the eastern
coast to 41° S. lat.
Key to the Species.
a. Larger; black, with grey on the wings; biU
with a white apex gryphm,y. 20,
b. Smaller ; aU brown ; bill brownish black .... cequatorialis, p. 21.
1. Sarcorhamphus gryphus*.
Le Condor, Sriss. Orn. i. p. 473 (1760).
Vultur gryphus, Linn. S. K i. p. 121 (1766) ; Iltimb. 4- Bonjyl. Obs.
Zool. p." 26, pi. viii. (1811).
Vultiu magellanicus, Shmv, Mus. Lever, i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1792).
Vultur condor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 2, pis. 2, 3, 4 (1809).
Gypagus grj ffus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxvi. p. 450 (1819).
Cathartes gTyphus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 133, 408, 494 (1823) ; Bonap.
Am. Orn.'iv. p. 1, pi. xxii. (1833) ; Nitzsch, Pteryl. p. 71 (1840);
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 1 (1862).
Gypagus condor, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 11 (1825).
* The Condor from Chili and the Straits of Magellan is always a much finer
bird, with more distinct and larger wattles. When we know more of these birds,
it may proye to be a distinct species, in which ca.se it must be called Sareorham-
phus inagellaniciis.
7. SAECOEHAMPHTTS. 21
Sarcoramphus gry]3liu9, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. C (1826) ; Darw.
Vmj. Beatjle, p. 1 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844) ; Cass.
Cat. Vult. Mm. Philad. p. 4 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ;
Biha, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, v. (2) p. 128 (1853) ; Strickl Orn. St/n.
p. 4 (1855) ; Cass. U. S. Asfr. Exp. p. 172 (1855) ; id. B. Calif.
p. 60 (1856); Btinn. Reis. La Plata, ii. p. 433 (1801); Gurney,
Cat. Rapt. B. None. Miis. p. 37 (1864).
Sarcoramphus condor, Less. Traite, p. 25 (1831) ; Tschudi Sf Cab. F.
P. Aves, p. 59 (184;j) ; Gay, Faun. Chil. Zool. i. p. 194, pi. 1 (1847).
Giyplius cuntur, Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 530.
Sarcoramphus papa, Ctmningham, Str. Magell. pp. 114, 303 (1871).
Adult male. Glossy black ; median and greater wing-coverts, as
well as the inner primaries and all the secondaries, externally mar-
gined with ashy white, the latter moi'e broadly, so that the whole
of the outer web and the greater part of the inner one is entirely
ashy white with a narrow black edging at the tip ; round the neck
a raff of soft white down ; head and neck all round as well as the
centre of the chest bare, the former sparsely covered with brownish
down of a tolerably stiff character ; head wattled, with a large
caruncle ; neck crinkled ; throat with a wattled appendage ; chest
vnih. a pendent wattle ; bill horn -brown at base, apical half ivory-
white ; feet black, slightlj' tinged vnih. grey ; iris pale brown. Total
length about 38 inches, culmen from anterior point of caruncle 2-7,
wing about 29, tail about 14, tarsus in skeleton 4-5, middle toe in
skeleton 5'5.
Adult female. Smaller than the male, with no caruncles on the
head or neck ; iris carbuncle-red.
Hah. S. America ; Chilian Andes, ranging on the east coast to the
Rio Negro (Darwin), and on the west coast to Ecuador {Orton).
a. cJ ad. St. S. America. J. Gould, Esq.
h. $ ad. St. S. America.
c. 2 ad. sk. S. America. G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. [P.].
d. Pull. St. Hatched in Zool. Gardens
{cf P. Z. S. 1846, p. 44).
e. Skeleton.
2. Sarcorhamphus aequatorialis.
Vultur griphiis, Eydoux 1^- Soideyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool. p. 75 ; Atlas,
Ois. pi. 2 (1841).
Sarcorhamphus giyphus, Orton, Ann, N. H. (4) viii. p. 185 (1871).
Smaller than S. grj/phus ; entirely brown in plumage ; bill blackish.
Hah. Ecuador; Quito (Or?o»0 ; ? Columbia ( Tr?/o^<).
The paper by Professor Orton (/. c.) gives additional weight to
the opinion that there is a second species of Condor. The specimen
figured by Eydoux and Souleyet seems to belong to the smaller spe-
cies, which is distinctly stated, in the paper above referred to, to be
not the young of -S. gryplms. A specimen was living in the spring
of 1873 in the Zoological Gardens at Amsterdam, apparently fully
adidt, with a perfectly formed erect wattle, but brown in colour all
over.
22 VULTUEID^.
8. CATHARTES. „
Type.
Cathartes, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av. p. 236 (1811) . . C. papa.
Gypagus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 21 (1816) C. papa.
Gj'parchus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 235 (1842) C. papa.
Range. S. America, from Brazil (a little below 20° S. lat.), north-
wards to Mexico ; Trinidad.
1. Cathartes papa*.
The King of the Vultures, Edic. N. H. Birds, i. p. 2 (1743).
Le Roi des Vautom-s, Briss. Oni. i. p. 470, pi. xxx^-i. (1760).
Vultur papa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 122 (1766) ; Daud. Traite, ii. p. 9, pi. 1
(1800).
L'Urubii, ou Roi des Vautours de Cayenne, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 428
(1770).
Le Roi des Yautoiu-s varie, Levadl. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 59, pi. 13 (1799).
Cathartes papa, Illiqer, Prodr. p. 236 (1811) ; Spi.v, Av. Bras. p. 1,
tab. 1 (1824) ; 3/a.r. Beitr. hi. p. 56 (1830) ; Xutt. Man. i. p. 39
(1840) ; Nitz.sch, Pten/l. p. 72 (1840) ; Schl. Mas. P.-B.\ult. p. 1
(1862).
Gypagus papa, Vieill. JV. Diet, xxxvi. p. 456 (1819) ; Vieill. et OudaH,
Gal. des Ois. i. p. 11, pi. 3 (1825).
Sarcorhamphus papa, Oray^ Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. Vtdt.
Phil. Mm. p. 4 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras.
ii. p. 28 (1855) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 61 (1855) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid.
p. 1 (1866) ; Coues, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1866, p. 49 ; Pek. Orn. Bras.
p. 1 (1871).
Gj'parchus papa, Sol. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 214 ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt.
B. Noriv. Mm. p. 35 (1864).
Adult male. Head and neck hare, the sides of the face, and espe-
cially the region of the ear, much crinkled ; in front of the nostril
an erect fleshy caruncle ; fore part of head covered -with greyish
black hairy bristles ; on each side of the lower mandible and under
the eye a profusion of black hair-Uke bristles running into a line
below the auricular region ; another broad line "of black bristles
running from the hinder part of each eye, uniting on the occiput,
and there separating on each side of the nuchal caruncle ; no distinct
niff; round the neck the feathers deep slaty grey, meeting on the
fore neck, inclining to black on the hind neck ; interscapulary re-
gion, scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts cream-colour, almost
amounting to pale fawn ; greater wing-coverts black, rather broadly
margined externally with ashy brown ; inner secondaries quite black,
with somewhat of a greenish tinge ; lower back and rump, upper
* Cathartes sacer.
Vultur sacra, Barfr. Trav. N. # S. Carol. SfC. p. 150 (1791).
Sarcoramphus sacer, Cass. B. Calif, p. 59 (1855).
This species, not met with Bince Bartram's time, still remains undiseoTered.
It is closely allied to C. papa, from which it appears to differ chiefly in its ichife
tail. No bird answering to Bartram's description has been found in the locality.
(6/. ,Ulen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. .313, 1871.)
9. CATHiRISTES.
23
tail-coverts, and entire tail black ; chest bare ; rest of the under
surface white, more or less tinged -sdth cream-colour ; biU yellowish
horn-colour, dark brown at base ; feet black, tinged with grey ; iris
pure white. Total length 27 inches, culmen from anterior edge of
caruncle 24, wing 19-5, taU 10, tarsus in skeleton 3-65, middle toe
in skeleton 3'8.
Young female. Black, with obsolete brownish margins to the
feathers, more distinct on the wing-coverts ; plumes round the neek
also black ; under surface of the body white ; upper neck bare aU
round, as also the centre of the throat ; no folds of skin on side of
face ; crown (except a bare patch on the hinder part) and sides of
the face, as well as a line running down the nape, covered with
bristly hair, greyish in colour, but black on the latter; over the
nostril a small single upright caruncle ; iris yellowish grey.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. d ad. sk.
b. (S ad. St.
c. 2 inuu- St.
d. Head.
e. Skeleton.
f. Skeleton.
>. Skiill.
ft. Sternum.
S. America.
Mexico.
British Guiana.
E. Amazon.
The Earl of Derby [P.].
Purchased. .
Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.
Purchased.
Zool. Society of London.
Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.].
9. CATHAEISTES.
Type.
Catharista, Vieill. Analyse, p. 21 (1816) C. atratus.
Cathartes, Gh-ai/, Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844, nee lUig.), et auct.
recent.
Coragyps, Bp. Rev. et Miig. de Zool. 1854, p. 530 C. atratus.
Wing of Ciitharistes atratus.
Range. The whole of South America as far as 40° S. lat., scarcely
so far on the western coast; the whole of Central America, extend-
ing through the southern and eastern United States nearly up to
the 40th parallel, but not seen on the Pacific coast.
24 VTTLTURID^.
1. Catharistes atratus *.
Vautour du Bresil, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 187 (1770).
Vultur atratus, Bartram, Trav. N. Sr S. Carol. 4-c. p. 289 (1791) ;
Wils. Am. Oni. ix. p. 104, pi. Ixxv. tig. 2 (1814).
Vultur aura, Daiid. TraiU, ii. p. 19 (1800, 7iec L.).
Iribii, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 19 (1802).
Vultur urubu, rieiU. Ois. (TArn. Sept. pi. 11 (1807).
Catharista urubu, Vieill. N. Did. xii. p. 401 (1817).
Catbartes fcteus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 6.3 (1823, ex Illiger, Mus.
Berol.) ; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. Abtb. i. p. .58 (1830) ; Grnij,
Gen. ofB. i. p. 4 (1844) ; Tschudi^- Cab. F. P. Vog. p. 15 (1845);
Cab. in Schomb. Reis. iii. p. 742 (1848) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wieti,
1862, p. 131 ; id. Reise Nov. Vog. p. 3 (1865) ; id. Orn. Bras. p. 1
(1867) ; Zeot. Ois. Trinid. p. 2 (1866).
Catbartes aura, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 2 (1824, nee L.).
Percnopterus urubu, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826).
Catbartes lu-ubu, Less. TraiU, p. 27 (1831) ; D'Orb. Vmj. Am. Mer
p. 31, pi. 1. figs. 1, 2 (1835) ; Gay, Faun. Chil. Zool. p. 200 (1847)
Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 32 (1855).
Catbartes atratus, Siv. ^ Rich. Faun. B.-A. Birds, p. 6 (1831) ; Aud.
B. Atn. fol. pi. cvi. et ed. 8vo, i. p. 17, pi. 3 (1839) ; Bp. Consp. i,
p. 9 (1850) : Bibra, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, v. p. 128 (1853) ; Cass.
U. S. Astr. F.rp. p. 173 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 2 (1865)
Cass. B. Calif, p. 58 (1855) ; id. V. S. Fxpl. Rvp. p. 85 (1858)
Scl. 8r Salv. ibis, 1859, p. 213 ; Cass. B. N. Am. p. 5 (1860) ; Schl.
Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 2 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 47 (1864)
Baird, Ibis, 1868, p. 274 ; Cunningh. Str. Magell. p. 248 (1871)
Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 318 (1871) ; Scl. i<f Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 123 (1873).
Vultur iota, Jar dine, ed. Wils. Am. Orti. iii. p. 236 (1832).
Catbartes iota, Nidt. Man. i. p. 47 (1840) ; Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus.
p. 4 (1849).
Catbartes brasiliensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Cass. U. S. E.Tpl.
Exp. p. 86 (1858).
Coragyps atratus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 530.
Coragyps brasiliensis, Bp. ut suprh.
Catbartes atratus brasiliensis, Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Vult. p. 3 (1862).
Catbarista atrata. Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 3 (18C9).
Adult. Black, with a slight brownish shade on the inner seconda-
ries ; the feathers of the neck ascending triangularly to the nape ;
shafts of primaries white above and below ; tail square, not per-
ceptibly paler below, shafts of feathers brown above, white below ;
head bare, with black bristly down, black with caruncles of the same
colour ; biU and feet bluish ; iris dark brown. Total length about
25 inches, culmen 2-85, wing 17*5, tail S'b-, tarsus about 3-35, middle
toe about 3"9.
Nestling. Covered with long woolly down of a dull tawny colour,
inclining to dusky fulvoiis on the centre of the back, neck, and
abdomen.
* I have not for the present separated C. brasiliensis as a Bpeeies, the only
difference being apparently its slightly smaller size {cf. Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll.
ii. p. 313). A ChUian specimen measures — total length about 25 inches, cul-
men 2'35, wing 16'3, tail 8, tarsus 3'1.
10. CEXOPS.
•SO
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
(/, h. Ad. St.
c. Pull. St.
d. c? ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Skeleton.
N. America.
Costa Rica.
Chili.
Buenos Ayres.
J. J. Audubou, Esq. [P.].
O. Salvin, Esq. [P.J.
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].
Purchased.
Zool. Society of London.
10. (ENOPS*.
Catharista et Cathartes. and. rvcmt.
Wing of Q^liiops aura.
Range. The whole of S. America and the Falkland Islands, Cen-
tral America and the whole of N. America as far as 49° N". lat., not
reaching quite as high on the eastern side ; Cuha and Jamaica, but
not in S. Domingo or Porto Rico.
Key to the Species.
a. Smaller ; wing not exceeding 25 inches in length.
a'. Shafts of primaries brown above.
«". Plumage black, wings washed with brown ;
head red aura, p. 25.
b". Plumage all black ; head yellow pernigra, p. 26.
c". Plumage black, wings washed externally
with ashy grey ; head pink falklandica, p. 27.
h'. Shafts of primaries white above and below ; head
orange uruhitinga, p. 28.
b. Larger; -sving 30-31 inches long californiana, p. 28.
1. (Enops auraf.
The Turkey Buzzard, Catesby, N. H. Carol, i. p. 6, pi. 6 (1731).
Vultur aura, Linn. S. K. i. p. 122 (1766) ; Vteill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 2
bis (1807) ; Wils. Am. Orn. ix. p. 96, pi. Lxxv. fig. 2 (1814).
Vultur iota, Molina, Saggio St. JV. Chili, p. 235 (1786).
* oli'os, vinnm ; (5>//, facies.
t What the Turkey Vulture of Trinidad (Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 2, 1866) may
be I do not know ; but it is not improbably the true (E. aura, which may range
VOL. I, D
2(;
VrLTURID-?:.
id et Oud. Gal. Ois.
Catharista nura, Vieill. Anahjsc, p. '2'2 (1816)
i. p. 16, pi. 4 (1825) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 3 (1869).
Cathartes aura, IlUq. Prodi: p. 236 ( 1811 ) ; Tiff. Zoo!. Jouni. ii. p. 284
(1826) ; Sw. ^- itich. F. Bor.-Am. p. 4 (1831) ; And. B. Am. fol.
pi. cli. et ed. 8vo, i. p. 15, pi. 2 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 4
(1844); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 9 (1847); Cass. Cat. Viilt. Fhil. Mm.
p. 5 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/ii. p. 1
(1855) ; Cas.s. B. Calif, p. 57 (1855) ; 3Iax. J. f. 0. 1856, p. 119;
Cass, in BairdS B. X. Am. p. 4 (1860); ScM. Mas. R-B. Viiit.
p. 3(1862); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 132; Gmiiey, Cat.
Rapt. B. Koriv. Mas. p. 42 (1864); Herr. Nut. Mex. i. p. 17
(1870) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 310 (1871).
Cathartes ruficoUis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 2 (1824).
Percnopterus aura, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826).
Cathartes urbicola. Des Mars, liev. et May. de Zool. 1853, p. 153.
Cathax'tes ricordi, Des Mars, at sitpra.
Cathartes septentrionalis, Wied, J.-f. O. 1856, p. 119.
Catharista burroviapa, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873, err.).
Adult. Black, with a bluish-purple gloss, the feathers more or
ess brown towards their edges ; quills dark brown, the secondaries
paler, shafts of primaries brown above, white underneath ; tail
brownish black ; under surface of the body a little darker than the
upper ; crop-patch bare ; head and neck bare, in life bright red ;
bill very pale yellow ; legs and feet pale yellowish white ; iris brown.
Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2-55, wing 21-7, tail 11-5,
tarsiis 2-9.
Hah. North America from about 49° K". lat. on the west coast,
and Xew Brunswick on the east ; southwards to Honduras ; S.
America ; Chili ; ? Brazil.
a, h. Ad. st.
c. Ad. St.
d. Ad. sk.
e. 5 juv. sk.
/. Sk.
g. Yar. st.
h, i. Juv. sk.
A:. cJ ad. sk.
/, m. 2 ad. sk.
n. Sternum of sp. g.
o. Skeleton.
p. Skeleton.
J. J. Audubon, Esq.
E. Doubledav, Esq. [P.].
Lord Odo Russell [P.].
N. America.
N. America.
N. America.
1 Salt-Spring Island,! ^^ ^yall [P.].
I \ ancouver island. ( j l j
West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]
Mountains.
Jamaica.
Mexico.
Santiago, Chili.
Andes of Chili.
P. H. Gosse, Esq. (C. bnrro-
viaiia, Sharpe, I. c. err.).
Purchased.
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].
P. H. Gosse, Esq.
Zoological Society.
Purchased.
2. QEnops pemigra*.
Cathartes aura, ? Tiled, Beitr. Katun/. Brasil. iii. Abth. 1, p. 64 ( 18.30);
nOrb. Voy. Am. Mer. Zool. p. 38, pi. 1. figs. 3, 4 (1835) ; Tschudi
^- Cab. F. P., Voy. p. 16 (1845) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 30 (1855) ;
into Venezuela and Guiana, in the same way tliat Polyborus cheriway does, being
replaced from Amazonia southwards as a resident by (E. pemigra.
* Excellent critical notes on the Turkey Vultures will be found from the pen
of Mr. J. A. Allen (Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 311 ), in which lie points out that
10. CEXOPS. 27
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 1 ( 18G7) ; Scl. ^- *«/i\ P. Z. S. 18(37, p. 988 ;
iid. NomencJ. Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873).
Cathartes iota, Cass. U. S. Expl. E.vp. p. 83, pi. 1 (18o8).
Cathartes urubitinga, Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 18(J7, p. 589.
Adult. Entirely black, with purplish reflections ; shafts of quills
and tail-feathers brown above, white below, the lower surface of
both ashy browu, much paler than the upper ; head yellow ; iris
u'liite. Total length 25 inches, culmcn 2-75, wing 19-75, tail 11,
tarsus 2-5.
Hab. Guiana, Amazonia, and Peru.
a. Ad. sk. North side of River Amazon. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b. Juv. sk. Arequipa, Peru, July 30, 1867. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.J.
3. CEnops falMandica. (Plate II. fig. 1.)
Cathartes aura, Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 149 ; Cimninqh. Ibis, 1868,
p. 494 ; Scl. S,- Salv. Ibis, 18C9, p. 284 ; Ctmninrjh. 'Str. of Magell.
p. .355 (1871).
Catharista falklandica, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873).
Adult. Black, with a blue gloss, some of the wing-coverts and
inner secondaries inclining to brownish ; median wing-coverts and
secondaries very distinctly shaded with whitish ashy ; quills brown,
slightly paler externally, shafts brown above, white beneath ; tail
brown, with a slight greenish gloss near the base, the under surface
paler and inclining to ashy white ; crop-patch bare ; under surface
of body black, with a slight greenish gloss ; head and neck bare,
pink in life ; no distinct ruff, but the feathers of the neck slightly
impending on the crop ; iris brown ; feet pink. Total length about
29 inches, culmen 3-1, wing about 19-2, tail lO'S, tarsus 2'6*.
Hah. Palkland Islands.
a. Ad. St. Berkeley Sound, F. I. Antarctic Expedition. Type of species.
b. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition.
Cassin described CEnops iota at one time as smaller, and at another as larger
than Q?. aura. The specimen figured by Cassin as ffi. iota (Molina) is the
small black species of Amazonia and Peru, here named ffi. jjernigra. He does
not mention that a Chilian specimen is figured; and as Turkey Vultures were
collected in many localities by tlie expedition, it is probable that the bird figured
was not from Chili. All the specimens I have seen from the latter country
seem identical with C. aura of N. America ; but D'Orbigny's coloured plate
illustrates a bird distinct from that species, and doubtless my Q^lnops pcrnigra.
The ordinary Vulture of Western Brazil still remains unidentified by me ; but
should it be the same as the Amazonian bird, the species may have to be called
CEnops ruficoUis (Spix). My birds' heads, however, are so distinctly yellow
that I cannot believe in their identity with Spis's species. They are also rather
smaller than the Turkey Vulture of N. America, and always of a deeper black
colour, as is shown by Cassin's excellent figiu'e (/. c). Mr. Allen, moreover,
states that the Brazilian bird is identical with tlie Chilian. I examined a bird
from Surinam in the Leiden Museum, and believe it to be identical with CE.
perniyra, and not with CE. aura. It measured 26 inches in length, and had the
wing 21. Another from Brazil (Jso. 5 of SchlegeFs Cat.) was 24'5 inches long,
and measured 20o in the wing.
* There can be little doubt that this species is quite distinct from CE. aura,
wliich it resembles much in plumage, but is distinguished bv the grey on the
D 2
28 VULTXIBIDJ!;.
4. (Enops urubitinga*. (Plate II. fig. 2.)
Yellow-necked CaiTion-Crow, Bony an, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 54.
Cathartes urubitinga, Pelz. SUz. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 7 (1861, ex
Naft. 3IS.); id. Verh. z.-b. irk-n, 1862, p. 133; ScJd. Mus. P.-B.
Vult. p. 4 (1862) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 225; Gurney, Cat. Rapt.
B. Koriu. 3Im. p. 46 (1864) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 1 (1871) ; Scl.
^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Ncotr. p. 123 (1873).
Cathartes aura. Scl. ^- Scdv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 753, et 1873, p. 301.
Catharista urubitinga, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 3 (1869).
Adult. Black, the feathers of the neck ascending to the nape tri-
angularly ; shafts to primaries above and below white ; head orange
in life. Total length about 25 inches, culmen 2-75, wing 19, tail
10, tarsus 2-7 1.
Hah. S. America, from Brazil northwards to Surinam and British
Guiana.
a. Ad. St. Surinam. Soc. " Natura Artis Magistra,"
Amsterdam [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Chyavetas, E. Peru. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].
5. (Enops calif orniana.
Vultur californianus, Sliaw &,■ Nodder, Nat. Misc. ix. p. 1, pi. 301
( 1797 ) ; Vieill. N. Did. xxxvi. p. 450 (1819)_.
Vultur columbianiis, Ord, in Gidhries Geogr. ii. p. 315 (1815).
Cathartes californianus, llanz. Elem. Orn. vii. p. 23 (1823) ; And. B.
wings. It is about the size of that species, tlio largest specimen of true ffi". aura
in the collection being one from North America, presented by Lord Odo Eussell,
and measvu-ing as follows — total length about 29 inches, wing 19-8, tail 11-3,
tarsus 27 ; with this the aboTe measurements should be compared.
* In the 'Annals' for February 1873, I was inclined to unite this species
with (Eiicrps hurroviana of Cassin, and suggested that a specimen in the national
collection from Jamaica might be that species ; but Mr. Elliot, who has described
and figured the type (/. c), and who thus knows the species, assures me that the
Jamaican bird can be nothing but ffi. mira. Dr. Sclater also tells me that he
examined the type specimen in Philadelphia, and believes that (E. hurroviana
is only a small (E. aura ; and Mr. Elliot does not give much credit to it as a
species. The latter gentleman makes no mention of the shafts of the quills in
his description ; and as this is (with the orange head) the character of (E. uru-
bitinga, it seems best to keep the two species separate until such time as a
comparison of actual specimens shall dissipate the uncertainty. Mr. Allen
(Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 312) also regards the species as based upon an " un-
usually small specimen " of (E. aura. The synonymy is as follows : —
QCnOPS BURROVIANl.
Cathartes hurrovknus, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. ii. p. 212 (1845) ; id. Cat. Vult.
Philad. Mus. p. 5 (1849) ; id. B. Calif, p. 59 (1855) ; id. U.S. Expl. Exp.
p. 84 (1858) ; id. in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 6 (I860) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 3 ; Scl. # Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 213 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 322 ; Elli4}t,
B. A'. Am. ii. pi. xxvi. (1866).
Catharista hurroviana, Gra^, Hand-l. B. i, p. 3 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ann. N. H.
(4) xi. p. 133 (1873).
t Measurements of a pair in the Leiden Museum : —
$ . Total length 22-5 inches, culm. 2-3, wing 20, tail 102, tarsus 2-45.
$ . Total length 22 inches, wing 20, tarsus 24.
10. (EN0P8, 29
Am. fol. iv. pi. 42G, et 8vo ed. i. p. 12, pi. 1 (1839) ; Grai/ 8)- Mitch.
Gen. of B. i. p. 4, pi. 2 (1844); Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 4
(1849) ; Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 9 (1850) ; A. S. Taylor, Zoul.
]8oo, p. 4632 ; Strickl. Om. Syri. p. 3 (1855) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 58
(1855); Schl. Hand/. Dierk. i. p. 170, Vog. pi. 1. fig. 8 (1857) ;
Cass. B. N. Am. i. p. 5 (1860) ; Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 278, pis. 8, 9 ; Schl.
Mus. Pays-Bus, Cultures, p. 2 (1862); Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B.
Norw. Mus. p. 39 (1864) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 366 ; Cooper, B.
Calif, ed. Baird, p. 496 (1870).
Cathai-tes vultm-inus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 31 (1824).
Sarcorhamphus californianus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 6 (1826) ;
Sw. S,- Rich. F. Bor.-Am. p. 1 (1831) ; Lic?if. Abh. Berlin Akad.
1838, tab. 1.
Catharista californiana, Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 3 (1809),
Adult. Entire head and neck bare, in life orange-yellow and red,
excepting a few bristles on the forehead, extending to the base of
the beak and in front of the eye ; general colour black, all the
feathers margined with brown, the rump less distinctly ; a few inter-
scapulary plumes shaded with ashy grey ; inner greater wing-coverts
and secondaries broadly margined externally with buffy white ; outer
secondaries shaded with grey ; quills and tail black ; round the neck
a ruff of lanceolate feathers ; a bare patch on the breast ; under sur-
face of body brownish black ; the breast-feathers lanceolate like
those of the ruff ; bill yellowish ; feet bluish black ; iris carmine.
Total length about 40 inches, culmen from anterior point of nostril
3-4, wing about 30, tail 15-5, tarsus 4-3, middle toe 5-3.
Young. Similar to adult, but the brown edgings to the upper
plumage a little paler and more conspicuous ; the grey shade on
secondaries very indistinct, and whitish wing-bar absent ; head and
neck sparsely covered with woolly brown down ; feathers of the ruff
and breast not so distinctly lanceolate ; bill entirely horn-brown,
inclining to whitish towards the tips ; iris hazel.
Hab. Western side of North America ; California and Oregon ;
seldom north of the river Columbia.
rt.Ad.sk. California. A. Menzies,Esq. [P.]. Type of the
species figured by Shaw and
Temminck.
i. Ad. St. Monterey, Cal.(7'ay/or). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [E.l.
c. Jut. St. Monterey, Cal. (T«)/^or). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [E.].
d. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
30 FALCONID^.
Family FALCONIDtE.
Crown of head alwa5's clothed with feathers, though the sides of
the face are often more or less bare.
a. Both outer and inner toe connected to middle
toe by basal interdigital membrane . . POLYBORINjE,^.&0.
h. Outer toe only connected to middle toe by in-
terdigital membrane.
a'. Tibia and tarsus to all intents equal in
length, the difference between them
not so great as length of hind claw. ACCIPITRIN^,^AQ.
b'. Tibia much longer than tarsus, always
exceeding it by more than length of
hind claw.
a". Hmder aspect of tarsus scaled BUTEONIN^, p. 158.
i". Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate.
a'". Commissiu;e of bill simply fes-
tooned AQUILINJE, p. 225.
b'". Commissure of bill distinctly
toothed ■. FALCONINjE, p. 350.
Subfamily III. POLYBORIN^.
All the toes connected near the base by interdigital membrane ;
sides of face for the most part bare.
The members of this subfamily are chiefly American, and are
rather Gallinaceous in their habits, thus approaching the Turkey
Vultures, with which they are closely associated by Professor Sun-
devall (Av. Tent. pp. 109-111). Several subgenera are included
within the genus Ihycter, but are treated here as of subordinate
rank in the face of the instability of the characters and the gradual
gradation of one form towards another. The same idea was once
entertained by Dr. Kaup (Arch. f. Naturg. vol. xvii. 1850, p. 41)
before he had " given up subgenera, and had raised all subgenera
established by him to the dignity of genera" (P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 169).
Key to the Genera.
a. Middle tail-feathers not elongated.
«'. Nostrils oval 11. Polyborus, p. 31.
b'. Nostrils round 12. Ibycteb, p. 34.
b. Middle tail-feathers extremely elongated ;
head with elongated plumes.
n'. Nostrils vertical ovals ; forehead with
erect crest 13. Oabiama, p. 42.
b'. Nostrils perpendicular ovals; forehead
not crested 14. Sehpentabius, p. 44.
1 1 . rOLTBOEUS. 31
11. POLYBORUS. „
Tvpe.
Polyborus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) P. tharus.
Caracara, Less. Traite, p. 34 (1831) P. tharus.
Bill of Poli/borus tharus.
Range. The whole of Southern and Central America, extending
into the southern provinces of North America.
Key to the Species.
a. Lower back and rump brown, barred with white .... tharm, p. 31.
b. Lower back and rump uniform dark brown cheritmy, p. 33.
1. Polyborus tharus *.
Le Busard du BresU, Briss. Orn. i. p. 40-5 (1700).
Falco tharus, Molina, Snrjc/io St. Nat. C7u7. p. 264(1782).
Falco plancus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 2.57 (1788).
Falco bvasiliensis, Gm. S. X. i. p. 262 (1788) ; Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 190
(1830).
Vultur cheriway, Lath. Incl. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790).
Vultur plancus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790).
Falco cheriwav, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 00 (1823).
Polyborus brasilieusis, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 320 (1824) ; Siuains. Zool.
Illustr. ser. 2, pi. 2 (1832) ; Bp. Consp. i. p^ 13 (1850) ; Peh. Verh.
s.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 137 ; Schl. Mas. P.-B. Polybori, p. 2 (1862, pt.) ;
Belz. Orn. Bras. ^.m?j{l8:\).
Polyborus vulgaris, Sjn.r, Av. Bras. i. p. 3, pi. 1 (1824) ; Vieill Gal.
Ois. i. p. 23, pi. 7 (1825) ; Less. Traite, p. 34 (1831) ; B'Orb. Voy.
Am. Mericl, Zool. p. 55 (1835); Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, xy. 77
(1845) ; Burtn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 41 (1856).
Circaetus brasiliensis, C'tiv. Peyne An.i. p. 328(1829).
Pandion caracara, G. R. Gray, hi Griff, ed. C'uv. An. Kinqd. vi.
p. 235 (1829).
* Brown's " Tawny Vulture " has been considered by some ornithologists to
be a Folyborus. The figure is not recognizable ; but if the locality, " Falkland
Islands," is correct, it is probably the young of Ibycfer aujitralis, as Polyborus
does not occ^ur there. The synonymy is as follows : —
Tawny Vulture, Brown. III. Zool. pi. 1 (1766).
Falco anibustus, Gm. S.N. i. p. 252 (1788, ex Brown).
Vultur ambustus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8(1790).
Gypaetus ambustus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 26 (1800).
Spizaetus ambustus, Bonn, ef Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1254 (1823).
Polyborus ambustus, Sfrirkl. Orn. Si/n. p. 19(1855).
32 FALCOXIB^.
Caracara vulgaris, Less. Traits, p. 34 ( 1831 ).
Aquila cheriway, Mej/en, Beiir. p. G6 (1834).
Polyboi-us thai-us, Stnckl. Oni. Si/n. p. 18 (1855) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt.
B. Norm. Mus. p. 17 (1864) ; Grai/, Hand-l. i. p. 17 (1864) ; Scl. 8f
Salt: Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873).
Nestling. Covered vdih. down of ca dull white colour, through which
the feathers which arc appearing arc of a sepia-brown colour, with
pale rufous margins.
Young. Crown of head dark brown, with dull rufous tips to some
of the feathers ; sides of face tawny buff, with slight indications of
black bristles on the lores, checks, and under the eye ; upper surface
of body light brown, the feathers streaked down the centre with
yellowish white, widening out towards the apex of the feather, the
rump-feathers irregularly streaked and barred with the same, the
stripes on the sides of the neck inclining to tawny ; primaries dark
brown. ; secondaries lighter brown, like the back, tipped with yel-
lowish white ; primaries whitish for two thirds of their length,
freckled and vermiculated with brown above, uniform yellowish white
underneath, the shafts whitish ; tail yellowish white, with about
fourteen conspicuous cross bands, and having a very broad sub-
terminal bar of brown, somewhat tinged with rufous ; ixnder sur-
face of body dusky brown, with distinct central streaks of yellowish
white to all the feathers, broader on the breast, and narrower on
the throat and flanks ; thighs and vent-feathers duU rufous brown,
with scarcely any indication of central stripes ; under tail-coverts
dull whitish ; under wing-coverts brown, the outer ones somewhat
washed with rufous. Total length 26 inches, culmen 2-1, wing
17-9, tail 11-3, tarsus 3-8.
Adult. Above blackish brown, the secondaries more inclining to
brown, with paler edges ; crown of head crested, blackish brown in
colour ; sides of face and neck all round huffy white, with more or
less distinct black bars ; entire back, including rump and upper
tail-coverts, dark brown, with narrow whitish cross bars ; tail buffy
white, with a very broad blackish-brown band at the tip, and more
or less distinct brown bars across the lower part of the tail, more
pronounced on outer feathers ; quills as described in young bird, but
the whitish colour not so extended on primaries ; throat pure buffy
white, like sides of face ; fore neck and breast white, with distinct
blackish cross bars ; under surface of body blackish brown, the
feathers of the lower breast with narrow whitish margins ; under
wing-coverts and thigh-feathers nearly uniform dark brown ; under
taU-coverts buffy white, with narrow brown cross bars ; bare
crop-patch yeUow ; cere and bare space round eye carmine-red,
tinged with yeUow ; bill dark horn -blue ; feet yellow ; iris brown.
Total length 22 inches, culmen 2-05, wing 15-5, tail 9-5, tar-
sus 3-8.
Hah. The whole of South America, from Tierra del Fuego and
Patagonia as far north as 20° S. lat. on the west, and the Amazon
on the eastern side.
11. poLYiiintus. [i'S
a. Juv. St. South America.
b. .Juv. St. South America. SirW. Burnett and AdmiralP'itzroy [P.]
c. Pull. St. South America. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy[P '
d. Juv.sk. .South America. SirW.Buruettand AdmiralFitzroyl P.
e. Ad. sk. Hermit Island. The Admiralty [P.].
/. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty IP.].
ff. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
h. Juv. sk. Island of Mexiaua. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
i. Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. JJr. Wucherer [C.].
k. Skeleton. Purchased.
/. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
2. Polyborus cheriway.
Falco cheriwa.y,Jacq. Beitr. p. 17, tab. 4 (1784).
Polyborus brasiliensis, Amlub. B. Am. fol. pi. lUl et ed. 8vo, i.
p. 21, pi. 4 (1839) ; Allen, Bull. Ilarv. Coll. ii. p. 337 (1871).
Polyborus cheriway. Cab. in Schonib. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 741 (1848).
Polyborus tharus, Cass. B. Calif, p. 113 (1855): id. in Batrd's B.N.
v4m. p. 45 (1860).
Polyborus auduboni, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 18G5, p. 2 ; Baird in
Cooper, B. Calif, i. p. 492 (1871) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1871, p. 357 ;
Scl. ^- Salv. Noniencl. Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873).'
Polyborus tharus, var. auduboni, Coues, Key, p. 220 (1872).
Adult female. Upper surface black, the lower back and rump in-
cluded ; the upper tail-coverts white with remains of a few narrow
blackish cross bars ; hind neck and interscapulary region crossed
with creamy buff bars, giving a very distinctly waved appearance ;
wings black, the greater coverts and outer margin of secondaries
somewhat shaded with brownish ; primaries white at base, freckled
and barred with dusky brown for the greater part of their extent, the
inner web whitish below, with faint indications of dusky cross bars ;
tail creamy buff, crossed with thirteen or fourteen cross bars of
dusky black, the terminal third entirely black, forming a very broad
band across the end of the feather ; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and
fore neck uniform creamy buff, the upper breast crossed with black
bars ; remainder of breast and thighs black ; the abdomen and under
tail- coverts creamy buff, a few bars of this colour extending up on
to the black of the lower breast ; under wing-covcrts black ; cere,
loral spaces, and cheeks bright red ; bill pale bluish, edged with
yeUow; feet yellow; iris dark brown. Total length 23 inches
culmen 2-25, wing 16-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-4.
Adult male. Similar to, but a little smaller than, the female
Total length 23 inches, wing 15-8, tail 9, tarsus 3-4.
Young. Above dark brown washed with paler brown, the lower
back and rump uniform with rest of back ; upper tail-coverts white,
very slightly mottled with brown ; tail marked as in adult, but the'
bars brown instead of black; feathers of interscapulary region
broadly margined and streaked along the shaft with buffj' white ;
wings brown, the innermost secondaries and a few of the greater
coverts tipped with huffy white, primaries white mottled with\rown
bars near the base ; sides of face, throat, fore nock, abdomen and
VOL. I. J.
34 FALCONIDJi.
under tail-coyerts creamy white ; rest of under surface brown, with
huffy white margins to the feathers ; the upper breast-feathers
broadly streaked with buffy white down the centre.
Hah. The extreme southern States of North America, adjoining
the Gulf of Mexico, and including California and Florida, thence
throughout Central America into Southern America, through Co-
lumbia to Ecuador on the west, and into Guiana on the east coast ;
Cuba, Trinidad.
a. Ad. St. British Guiana. Sir R. ScLomburffk [P.].
h. Ad. St. Island of Puna. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].
f. Juy. sk. ?
d. Ad. sk. Valencia, Venezuela. A, Goering, Esq. [C.].
12. IBYCTER*.
Tyiie.
Ibycter, VieHl. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) I. americanus.
Daptrius, Vieill. Anali/se, p. 22 (1816) I. ater.
Gymnops, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824) I. ater.
Milvago, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 12 (1824) I. chimachima.
PhalcobiBnus, Lafr. in UOrb. Did. iii. p. 161 (1843) I. megalopterus.
Senex, J. E. Gray in Jard. 4" Selby, III. Orn. n. s.
pi. 24 (18.39) I. australis.
Aetriorchis, Katip, Classif. Siiug. u. Vog. p. 124 (1844) I. australis.
Helotriorchis, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. pi. xcviii. (1850) I. australis.
Bill of Ibycter ater.
Range. The entire continent of South America with Tierra del
* Ibycter gymxocephalus.
Ibycter gymnocephalus, B' Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid. Zool. p. 50(1835) ;
Strickl. Orn. tiyn. p. 24 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 5 (1869).
H(0}. Coohabamba, Bolivia.
A species of which examples were only seen but never procured by D'Orbigny ;
so that no type is in existence.
Ibyctee fasciatus.
Gymnops fasciatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 10, pi. 4 (1824).
Circaetus fasciatus, Cuv. Beync An. i. p. 338 (1828).
Pandion fasciatus, Gray in Griffith ed. Cuv. Birds, i. p. 41 (1829).
Pandion strigilatus. Gray, torn. cit. p. 42 (1829).
Caracara fasciatus, Less. Traite, p. 35 (18.31).
Ibycter fasciatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 9 (1844); StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 23
(1855); Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 5(1869).
Hab. Jurua river, Brazil (Spix).
Unrecognized since Spis's time. If distinct, it must be closely allied to /. ater,
but has the base of the tail much more extensively white with broad blacli bar.s.
12. IBYCTER. 35
Fuego and the Falkland Islands, extending into Central America as
far north as Guatemala and Hondiu-as.
Key to the Species.
a. Thighs hlack ater, p. 35.
b. Thighs white.
a'. Tail black americanus, p. 35.
v. Tail tipped with white.
a". Throat and chest black megalopterus, p. 36.
h". Throat and chest white alhigidark, p. 37.
c". Throat and chest white, spotted with black . carunciilatus, p. 38.
c. Thighs bright tawny rufous australis, p. 38.
d. Thighs ochraceous butf.
c'. Under surface of body, including under wing-
coverts, ochraceous buff chimachima, p. 39.
d. Under surface of body brownish ochre, with dark
brown shaft-stripes ; under wing-coverts dark
rufous brown chimango, p. 41.
1. Ibycter ater.
Daptrius ater, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) ; Vig. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 336 (1824) ; Vieill. ^- Oud. Gal. Ois. pi. 5 (1825) ; Cab. in Schomb.
Reis. Guian. iii. p. 742 (1848).
Falco aterrimus, Temm. PI. Col i. pis. 37, 342 (1823).
Gymnops atenimus, Sjn.v, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824).
Cu'caetus aten-imus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1828).
Daptrius aterrimus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 75 (1828).
Ibycter ater, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 209 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 9,
pi. 5. fig. 1 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 23 (1855) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 135 ; Schl. Mus. P.-
B. Polybori, p. 7 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Bapt. B. None. Mus. p. 29
(1864) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl. 8,- Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873).
Milvago aten-imus, Burm. TJi. Bras. ii. p. 39 (1856).
Adult. Entirely black with greenish reflections, excepting a white
band across the base of the tail ; cere and sides of face bare and of
a red colour. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 1'45, wing 12-7,
tail 8, tarsus 2-05.
Hah. The whole of the Amazon district, reaching into Ecuador
on the west, into British Guiana on the north, and extending along
Eastern Brazil as far as 30° S. lat.
a. Ad. St.
S. America.
Mr. Leadbeater.
b. Ad. St.
S. America.
c. Ad. sk.
Para.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C],
d. Skeleton.
Purchased.
e. Sternum.
Zoological Society.
2. Ibycter americanus.
Aigle d'Amerique, Buff. PL Enl. i. pi. 417.
Red-throated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 97 (1781).
Falco americanus, Bodd. Tabl. PL EnL p. 25 (1783).
Falco aquilinus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 280 (1788).
e2
36 FALC0NID2E.
Falco formosus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 38 ("1790).
Falco nudicoUis, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 79 (1800).
Circaetus aquilinus, Cuv. Rvrpie An. i. p. 317 (1817).
Gymnops aquilinus, AS)j/.r, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824).
Ibycter aquilinus, Viq. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824); Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 9 (1844) ; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 742 (1848) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850).
Polyborus aquilinus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 88 (1828).
Ibvcter ameiicanus, Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1 (1849) ; Strickl. Orti.
'Syji. p. 22 (1855) ; Schl. Mvs. P.-B. Polvbori, p. 9 (1802) ; Pek.
Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 134 ; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ;
Gurney, Cat. liapt. B. Nuriv. Mus. p. 29 (1864) ; *S'e/. 8f Salv.
Nomencl. Ai\ Ncotr. p. 122 (1873).
Milvago nudicollis, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 37 (1856).
Ibycter formosus, I'elz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 134 ; id. Orn. Bras.
pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873).
Adult male. Black, with steel-green reflections and sometimes
slightly shaded with ashy grey ; ear-covorts decidedly shaded with
ashy grey ; entire abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ;
bare space before the eye and throat deep red; cere blue; man-
dibles yellow ; iris deep red. Total length 19-5 inches, culmen 1-6,
wing 13'6, tail 9-2, tarsus 2.
Female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24 inches,
wing 15-5, tarsus 2-3 *.
Hah. The whole of Amazonia, Ecuador, and Columbia, reaching
to the southward along eastern Brazil as far south as the Tropic of
Ca])ricorn, and ranging along the western coast of Central America
to Guatemala and Honduras.
a. (5 ad. st.
S. America.
Purchased.
b. $ ad. St.
S. America.
Purchased.
e. cj ad. sk.
Guayaquil.
G. Barclay, Esq. [P." .
d. S ad. sk.
Para.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C."'
e. § ad. sk.
Veragua.
M. E. Arce [G.].
3. Ibycter megalopterus.
Aquila megaloptera, Meyen, Beitr. p. 64, pi. 7 (1834).
Phalcobjenus montanus, If Orb. Toy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 51, pi. 2
(1835).
Milvago montanus, Dartv. Voy. Beayle, Birds, p. 13 (1841) ; Pelz.
Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 135.
Milvago megalopterus, Banvin, Voy. Bear/Ie, Birds, p. 13 (1841);
Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 30 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 21 (1855) ;
Grat/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 6 (1869) : Scl. &■ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.
p. 122 (1873).
Polvborus megalopterus. Cab. Sf Tschudi, Favn. Peruana, pp. 16, 78
(1845) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Polybori, p. 4 (1872).
Phalcobffinus megalopterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Gurnet/, Cat.
Rapt. B. Norw. Mus. p. 24 (1864).
* Von Pelzeln's I. formosus (ex Lath.) is surely nothing but the female of J.
americanus, witness sexed specimens in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and
Godman.
I
12. IBYCTER. 37
Ivago crassirostris, Pels. Sits. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 7 (18G1)- id
Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 136. '
Young. Above rufous browu, with distinct ochraceous-bufF tips
to most of the feathers of the upper surface, a little less distinct on
the wing-coverts ; head more decidedly rufous, with longitudinal
fulvous tips ; under surface of body uniform dull rufous brown, the
lower abdomen and thighs broadly mottled with pale fulvous, the
under tail-coverts almost entirely of the latter colour ; quills dark
brown, inclining to greyish on the outer margin of the primaries,
the primary coverts and primaries conspicuously white on the inner
web and less so on the outer, the latter margined and the former
spotted with brown ; upper tail-coverts very long, creamy white,
barred with brown on inner web ; tail dull rufous brown, dull ochre
on the inner web, inclining to white towards the tips of the feathers,
many of the feathers mottled with rufous brown near the base ;
under wing-coverts rufous brown, tipped with fulvous, the greater
ones dull ochre margined with brown. Total length 22 inches,
culmen 1-65, wing 15-1, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-05.
Adult. Head crested, the feathers of the crown recurved ; upper
surface glossy black, with greenish reflections ; primaries black ;
secondaries shaded with chocolate-brown ; all the quills tipped with
ashy white ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail black, white at base, and
broadly tipped with the same ; sides of face and neck and under-
parts as far as the lower breast black ; abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts white, the flanks somewhat mixed with black, which
extends some way from the breast ; under wing-coverts white, as
also the small plumes along the bend of the wing ; cere and lores
bare and yellow ; bill yellow, horn-blue at base of both mandibles ;
cere and bare space round eye bright orange ; feet orange-yellow ;
iris brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 14-6, tail 8-5,
tarsus 1-6.
Hah. Pacific side of the Andes in Chih, Bolivia, and Peru.
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
]\lr. P. Brydges [CI.
C. Crawley, Esq. [P.].
Zoological Society.
Zoological Society.
Henry \Miitely, Esq., Jun. [C.
Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. fP.'
Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. [P.
Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. "P.
4. Ibycter albigularis.
Polybonis albogularis, Gonld, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 9.
Milvago albogularis, Darioin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 13, pi. 1 (1841);
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 22 (1855); Scl. Ibis, 1861, p. 23; Gray,
Hand-l. i. p. 5 (1869); Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. At: Neotr. p. 122
(1873).
Not quite adult (type). Above brownish black, with several rufous-
a.
Ad. sk.
Cordillera of Chili.
b.
Juv. sk.
Chili.
c.
Juv. sk.
Chili.
d.
Ad. St.
Chili.
e.
Juv. st.
Chili.
/•
Juv. sk.
Arequipa, July 11, 1867
9-
Ad. sk.
Tinta, July 27, 1868.
h.
S ad. sk.
Tinta, June 28, 1869.
i.
S juv. sk.
Tinta, June 28, 1869.
k.
Skeleton.
38 FALCONIDJE.
brown feathers on the sides of the neck (the remains of young plu-
mage) ; feathers of crown slightly recurved ; all the qiiiUs tipped
with white ; iipper tail-coverts white ; tail brown, white at base and
at tip ; under surface of body entirely white, with one black plume
on the throat, and the sides of the body irregularly marked with
black, which occupies the most part of the inner and a great deal
of the outer web of the feathers ; under wing-coverts white ; pri-
maries white at immediate base, with broad black bars. Total
length 21 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 15'6, tail 9'3, tarsus 3"1.
Hah. Patagonia.
a. 5 st. Santa Cruz, Patagonia. C. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. Type of species.
5. Ibycter carunculatus.
Phalcobpenus carunculatus, Des Murs, Mev. et Mag. de Zonl. 1853,
p. 154: Giirney, Cat. Rapt. B. Norio. Mus. p. 25 (1864).
Milvago megalopterus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 555 (nee Meyoi).
Milvago carunculatus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 81 ; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 19,
pi. 1 ; Grai/, Hand-l. i. p. 5 (1869) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nometicl. Av.
Neotr. p. 122 (1873).
Adult. Above glossy black, the feathers of the head recui-ved ;
rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ; quills black ; both prima-
ries and secondaries broadly tipped with white ; tail black, with a
broad terminal band of white ; entire breast black, each feather
with a large tear-shaped drop of white along the centre ; under tail-
coverts, vent, and thighs pure white, as also are the under wing-
coverts and axiUaries ; bare skin of face and throat wrinkled and
deep orange -colour, as also the cere ; irides hazel. Total length
19-5 inches, culmen 2, wing 15"5, tail 8*8, tarsus 3*2.
Hah. Highlands of Ecuador and New Granada.
a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]
6. Ibycter australis.
Statenland Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 40 (1781).
Falco austi-alis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 259 (1788).
Morphnus novae zealandise. Cm. Reqne An. i. p. 318 (1817).
Falco novEe zealandite, Temm. Pi: Col. i. pis. 192, 224 (1823).
Polyborus nova; zealandiae, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824) ; Dar-
loin, Journ. T'oy. Adv. 4' Beagle, p. 66 (1839).
Circaetus novse zealandise, Ciiv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1829).
Circaetus antarcticus, Less. Traitc, p. 49 (1831).
Polyborus brasiliensis. King, Voy. Beagle, i. p. 532 (1839).
Senex australis, /. E. Gray in Jardine (^- Selhy, III. Orn. n. s. pi. 24
(1839) ; Gumey, Cat. Rapt. B. Nario. Mus. p. 20 (1864).
Milvago leucurus, Darwin, Vuy. Beagle, Birds, p. 15 (1841, ex Forst.^ ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 5 (1869).
Vultur plancus, Furst. Descr. Anim, p. 321 (1844).
Aeti'iorchis novse zealandise, Kaup, Classif. Sdugeth. u. Vog. p. 124
(1844).
Milvago australis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 30 ; StricM. Orn.
Syn. p. 21 (1855); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 150; Pek. Verh. z.-b.
iVien, 1862, p. 136; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 122
(1873).
12. IBTCTER. 39
ITjycter australis, Kaup, Arch.f. Katurg. xvi. p. 41 (1850).
Polyborus australis, Bp. Comp. i. p. 13 (1850) : Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Polybori, p. 3 (1862).
Aetriorchis australis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 11.
AduJt. Above black ; the nape and hind neck covered with lan-
ceolate streaks of white, as also a few of the outer upper tail-coverts ;
quiUs dark brown, very slightly tipped with whitish ; tail black,
broadly tipped with white ; under surface of body black, with very
distinct lanceolate whit« streaks on the throat and breast, reduced
to tiny white apical spots on the feathers of the abdomen ; inner
face of thighs and vent-feathers tawny; under tail-coverts black,
with whitish margins ; under wing-coverts black, the outer ones
externally tawny ; crop-patch lemon-yellow ; bill yellowish, bluish
horn-colour at base ; cere and feet of a bright lemon-yellow ; iris
dark brown. Total length 25 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 16-7, tail
11, tarsus 3'3o.
Youtu/. Above smoky brown, clearer on the wings ; head and
neck blackish, the sides of the latter rufous ochre, with brownish
margins to the feathers ; the feathers of the crown and nape with
narrow and indistinct fulvous tips ; quills brown, primaries clear
ochre at base ; upper tail-coverts and tail ochraceous brown, deeper
brown on the external margins ; under surface of body smoky brown,
with rufous-brown centres to the breast-feathers, not very distinct ;
bin horn-brown, yellowish at tip of lower mandible ; cere and feet
slate-colour. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 16-5,
tail 10-5, tarsus 3.
Hab. Falkland Islands.
«, h. Ad. st. S. America [?]. Pm-chased.
c. Juv. St. Straits of Magellan [?]. The Admiraltj' [P.].
d. Juv. sk. Berkeley Sound. The Admiralty "P.].
c. Ad. St. S. Salvador Bay, E. Falkland. Antarctic Expedition.
/. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition.
g. Juv. sk. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett and
7. Ibyctei* cMmachima.
Chimachima, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 50 (1802).
Polyborus chimachima, Vieill. N. Did. v. p. 259 (1816); D'Orh. Vmj.
Am. 3Ier. p. 63 (1835); Schl. Mils. P.-B. Polybori, p. 5 (1862).
Falco crotophagus, Mm: Beis. Bras. i. p. 297 (1820).
Falco degener, Lwht. Verz. Dotibl. p. 61 (1823).
Milvago ochrocephalus, Spi.r, Av. Bra^. i. p. 12, pi. 5 (1824) ; Burm.
Th. Bras. ii. p. 36 (1856).
Gj-mnops strigilatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 10, pi. 4 (1824).
Polyborus degener, Vig. Zool. Joiirn. i. p. 336 (1824).
Haiiaetus ochrocephala, Cuv. Rcgne An. i. p. 327 (1829).
Haliaetus chimachima, Less. Traite, p. 43 (1831).
Milvago chimachima, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 2 (1841); Cab. in Schomb.
Beis. Guian. iii. p. 741 (1848) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Strickl.
Orn. St/n. p. 20 (1855) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien. 1862. p. 137 ; Gm-ne>i,
Cat. Rapt. B. Xorw. Mus. p. 27 (1864) ; Grag, Iland-l. B. i. p.'o
40 FALCONIIiJ;.
(1869) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873).
Ibycter chimacliima, Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg. vol. xvi. p. 41 (1850).
Young. Above rather rufous brown, with distinct straw-coloured
margins to most of the feathers of the back ; the head minutely
spotted with straw-colour, and streaked more distinctly with the
same on the sides of the crown, especially over the eye, where a
distinct eyebrow is formed ; the hind neck more distinctly streaked
with straw-colour, the sides of the neck being entirely of the latter
colour, some of the feathers with brown margins ; feathers behind
the eye and ear-coverts uniform brown, the latter with somewhat of
a rufous tint ; fore part of cheeks and chin almost uniform yellowish
white ; rest of under surface deep straw-yellow or ochre, the feathers
margined with brown on the chest, causing a striped appearance ; the
flanks and thigh-feathers spotted on both webs or barred across with
brown ; the under tail-coverts uniform straw-yellow ; quills dark
brown ; primaries externally whitish at base, freckled with brown ;
all the quiUs white at base of inner web, shading into rufous, barred
with dark brown, the bars on the primaries narrower ; under wing-
coverts rufous-ochre, thickly barred with dark brown ; upper taU-
coverts pale buffy cream-colour, ■pith indistinct remains of brown
bars ; tail-feathers also cream-coloured, crossed with seven bars of
dark brown somewhat washed with rufous ; the tips whitish, pre-
ceded by a very broad subterminal band of dark brown. Total
length 16 inches, wing 11-2, tarsus 2-05.
The progress from the young to the adult stage seems to be effected
by a gradual change of the feather, the brown on the head, neck,
and under parts gradually disappearing, and the cream-coloured
centres widening out until they occupy the whole of the feather.
The brown bars on the lower part of the tail also diminish in extent
and grow narrower.
Adult. Above brown, Avith pale ashy brown margins to the
feathers of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts ; quills dark sepia-
brown ; secondaries of the same colour as the back, aU tipped with
whity brown ; primaries white at base of both webs ; head and
neck all round (excepting a little streak of brown behind the eye)
and entire underparts, including the under wing- and tail-coverts,
white ; upper tail-coverts and tail for two thirds of its length white,
the latter barred with brown, the middle feathers also somewhat
frecklfcd with brown ; the terminal third of the taU blackish brown,
forming a broad dark band slightly tipped with white ; feet pale
yellow ; bare space round eye tinged with rose-colour ; iris whitish.
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 10-5, tail 7'2, tarsus 2.
Hah. The whole of BrazU north of the Tropic of Capricorn, along
the frontiers of Paraguay, not south of 28° S. lat. All Amazonia,
extending through Columbia into Panama,
o. Ad. sk. S. America.
h. Juv. St. S. America.
c. Ad. St. Bahia. Sudburv Museum.
12. IBTCTER. 41
'/. 5 jii'^' sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
e. Ad.sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. JC.].
/. 5 juv. sk. BaiTa, Rio Negro. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.
g. Ad. sk. Bogota. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
A. Ad. sk. Bay of Panama. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.].
8. Ibycter chimango.
Chimango, Azara., Apunt. i. p. 47 (1802).
Polyborus chimango, Vieill. N. Diet. v. p. 260 (1816) ; Cah. 8r Tsch.
Faun. Peruaii. p. 79 (1845) ; B'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 60
(1835); ScM. Mm. P.-B. Polybori, p. 6 (1862).
Haliaetus chimango, Less. Traite, Py43 (1831).
Aquila pezopora, Meyen, Beitr. p. 62, pi. 6 (1834).
MHvago chimango, I)ano. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 14 (1841); Gray Sf
Mitch. Gen. B. i. pi. 5 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Strickl.
Orn. Si/n. p. 20 (1855) ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 136 ; Gurney,
Cat. Rapt. B. Nortv. Mus. p. 26 (1864) ; Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 5
(1869) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 392 (1871) ; Scl. Sf Salt: No^nencl. Av.
^ Neotr. p. 122 (1873).
Milvago pezoporus, Darioin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 13 (1841) ; Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 20 (1855).
Ibycter chimango, Katip, Arch. f. Naturg. xvi. p. 41 (1850).
Adult. Above rufous brown, with ashy-brown margins to the
feathers, not very distinctly indicated ; head and neck more de-
cidedlj' rufous, with longitudinal black centres to the feathers, giving
a somewhat striped appearance ; ^ving-coverts coloured like the
back ; primary coverts whitish, freckled minutely with greyish
brown, with three very indistinct narrow cross lines of brown ; quills
deep brown, with white shafts, and externally shaded with ashy
grey; secondaries coloured like back; primaries whitish at base,
externally freckled with greyish brown like the primary coverts ;
inner face of quills at base buff, more rufous towards the inner ones,
which are also slightly barred ; upper tail-coverts dull white ; tail
ashy grey, whitish at base, minutely freckled with greyish brown
and crossed with a broad subterminal band of dark brown, the tip
whity brown ; frontal feathers and a narrow superciliary line ter-
minating above the ear black ; sides of face and of neck brownish
ochre ; the cheeks slightly streaked with black ; under surface of
body brownish ochre, with distinct shaft-stripes of dark brown, and
the feathers inclining to whitish ashy at tip, causing a somewhat
mottled appearance ; thighs and under tail-coverts paler ochre, the
latter inclining to whitish ; under wing-coverts rufous brown, barred
with ochre, the greater ones entirely of the latter colour, with nar-
row brown cross bars ; cere dull pink ; feet bright yellow ; iris
hazel-brown. Total length 15-7 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 11-5,
tail 6:7, tarsus 2-55.
Young. Very similar to adult, but more rufous ; the feathers of
the upper surface tipped with whitish, and tlie under surface also
more distinctly mottled with the latter colour ; thighs deep rufous
ochre ; quUls much as in adult, but the base of primaries and the
primary coverts more coarselj* vermiculated and washed with rufous ;
tail creamy buff at base, shading into rufous at tip, all very coarsely
42 FALCONID^.
freckled with dark brown, except the extremities of the feathers,
which do not, however, show a very distinct band.
The tjT)e of Mr. Gould's M. hyperstictus is in the Museum, and is,
I believe, the very old bird of this species in bleached plumage. At
the same time it presents many differences from the bird which I
have considered to be the adult, viz. in the breadth and purity of the
white margins of the back-feathers, in the pure white primary coverts
which are not freckled, but show five narrow brown cross bars, and
especially in the total absence of any subterminal bar on the taU-
feathers. The latter are ochraceous buff, with narrow greyish brown
bars on the inner webs, broader and more vermiculated on the
outer; the two centre feathers entirely covered with ashy-brown
frecklings.
Hah. The southern portion of the South-American continent and
Tierra del Fuego, '-anging on the west coast as high as 20° S. lat. ;
but in the central portions not higher than the Tropic of Capricorn,
and only extending in Eastern Brazil to the districts north of E.io.
a. Ad. st. S. America.
b. Juv. sk. S. America. Antarctic Expedition [C.].
c. Ad. St. Maldonado. Chas. Darwin, Esq. [C.l
J. Ad. St. Port Desire. Chas. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. Type
of P. hyperstictus, Gould.
e. c? ad. sk. Chili. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
13. CARIAMA.
Cariama, Briss. Orn. v. p. 516 C. cristata.
Microdactylus, Geoffr. Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 370
(1809) C. cristata.
Dicholophus, Miffer, Prodr. Syst. p. 253 (1811) .... C. cristata.
Lophorhynchus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 59 (1816) C. cristata.
Sariama, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 103 (1857) C. cristata.
Chunga, Reich. Natiirg. Tauten, p. 159 (1860) C. burmeisteri.
Chunnia, Burm. La-Plata Reis. ii. p. 508 (1861) .... C. burmeisteri.
Cf. Sundev. Av. Tent. p. Ill ; Parker, Micr. Journ.
1872, p. 45.
Range. South America : campos of Brazil and western provinces
of Argentine Republic.
Key to tlie Species.
a. Larger; sandy brown; frontal plumes 3 inches in
length ; no superciUary streak ; tail tipped with
white cristata, p. 42.
I). Smaller ; ashy grey ; frontal plumes 1 inch in length ;
a distinct white superciliary streak ; tail tipped
with ashy grey burmeisteri,T^.43.
1. Cariama cristata.
Palamedea cristata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 232 (1766).
Le Cariama, Btiff. H. N. Ois. viii. p. 172 (1783).
Saria, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 101 (1805).
13. CARIAMA. 43
Microdactylus marcgravii, Geoffr. Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 370, pi. xxvi.
(1809).
Dicholophus cristatus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 253 (1811) ; Tetnm. PI. Col.
i. pi. 237 (1823) ; Max. Abbild. Nature/. Bras. Vog. pi. 4(c. 1825) ;
id. Beitr. iv. pt. 2, p. 570 (1833) ; Btirm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 401
(1856) ; Peh. Orii. Bras. pp. 299, 455 (1871).
Cariama saui'opliaga, Tieill. et Oiid. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 148, pi. cclix.
(1834).
Cariama cristata. Gray, Cat. Grallee, p. 73 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 23 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 141 (1873).
Sariama cristata, B^j. Consp. ii. p. 103 (1857).
Adult. Above sandy brown, minutely and indistinctly vermicu-
lated with fulvous ; wing-coverts paler and more ashy grey, some-
what tinged here and there with rufous, and vermiculated with
numerous cross lines of ashy brown ; quills dark brown, shaded
externally with ashy grey, the secondaries also washed with rufous
and vermiculated on the outer web with ashy brown, the inner web
tipped and crossed with four or five bars of butfy white, slightly
mottled with brown ; lower back and rump dull brown, the outer
upper tail-coverts ashy fulvous, vermiculated with brown ; tail
black, the two centre feathers browner, all the rest broadly tipped
with white, and having buffy white bases mottled with dark brown ;
head and neck ashy fulvous, numerously vermiculated with blackish
cross lines and tinged with rufous ; all the shaft-feathers whitish
along the shafts, causing a distinctly streaked appearance ; the head
ornamented with a tuft of erect plumes on the forehead, with a full
and pendent crest hanging down the hinder neck ; lores whitish ;
under surface of body sandy buff, the vermiculations small, and the
light central streaks down each feather very apparent on the throat
and breast ; the streaks much wider on the flanks and thighs,
spreading over nearly the whole feather, which has only a few brown
vermiculations on the margin ; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
uniform fulvous ; under wing-coverts ashy, with narrow brown ver-
miculations, the greater ones fulvous, with broad transverse bars of
brown ; bill cinnabar-red, paler in the young bird ; lores greyish
flesh-colour ; the bare orbit bluish ; iris dark yellow, paler in the old
bird. Total length 36 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 14*8, tail 13,
tarsus 7*5.
Ilab. Campos of Brazil and Northern Paraguay.
a. Ad. St. Brazil.
h A n ^t" Tiri 7il
c. Ad.' St.* " Deformed [cf. GUnther, Ann.N.H.(4)x. p. 67 (1872)].
d. Skeleton. Mr. Tyler [P.].
2. Cariama burmeisteri.
Dicholophus burmeisteri, Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 335; Sund. Av. Tent.
p. Ill (1873).
Chimga burmeisteri, Reich. Nuturg. Tauhen, p. 160 (1860) ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 666, pi. xxxvi. ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.
p. 141 (1873).
Chunnia burmeisteri, Bttrm. La-Plata Peis. ii. p. 508 (1861).
Cariama burmeisteri, Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 23 (1871).
44
FAICONID-i:.
Adult. General plumage ashy grey, a little browner on the back,
and everywhere minutely vermiculated with dusky brown, the lower
back and rump less plainly irrorated ; head with a frontal and
nuchal crest, but not nearly so much developed as in C. cristata ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow white ; head, neck, and breast greyer
than the rest of the body, the two former more coarsely vermicu-
lated ; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pure white ; under
wing-coverts greyish like breast, and vermiculated in the same way,
the lower ones barred alternately with black and white ; quills black,
externally shaded with ashy grey, the inner secondaries rather
browner, and vermiculated on the outer margin with brown, the inner
webs marked with seven or eight white bars, on which appear slight
remains of vermiculations ; upper tail-coverts and two centre tail-
feathers ashy grey, with minute vermiculations, the others more
coarsely mottled, and crossed towards the tip with two black bars,
the subterminal one the broadest ; bill black ; feet brown ; iris
reddish brown. Total length 31 inches ; culmen 2-25, wing 12-8,
tail 13-5, tarsus 5*8.
Hah. Provinces of Catamarca and Tucuman, in the Argentine
Eepublic.
a. Ad. st. Argentine Republic. Prof. Burmeister [P.].
b. Skeleton.
14. SERPENTAEIUS*.
Serpentarius, Cuv. Tahl. Elhn. cVHist. Nat. p. 254 Type.
(1798) S. secretarius.
Secretarius, Daucl. Traite, ii. p. 29 (1800) S. secretarius.
Gypogeranus, IlUger, Prodr. p. 234 (1811) S. secretarius.
Ophiotheres, Vieill. Analyse, p. 59 (1816) S. secretarius.
Foot of Serpentarius secretarius.
* By Strickland and others the generic name of Sagittarius has been used
from Vosmaer's ' Besch. Afrik. Eoofvogel ' (1769) ; but a referenoe to the work
shows that Vosmaer never used the word in a generic sense at all.
14. SEEPENTAEICS. 45
Bange. The whole of Southern Africa, from Benguela on the west
to the Zambesi on the east coast ; N.E. Africa, from below Khartoom
southwards to the Fpper White Nile, and through the whole of
Abyssinia ; W. Africa, Senegambia.
1. Serpentarius secretarius,
Sagittarius, Vosm. Besckr. Afrik. Roofv. p. 1 (1769).
Le Secretaire, Smin. Voy. N. Guin. pi. 50 (1776).
Le Message du Cap de IBonne-Esperance, Buff. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 721
(1783). ^ ' JJ V
Falco serpentarius, Miller, Various Suhj. N. H. pi. 18 a, b (1785) ;
Gm. S. N. i. p. 250 (1788).
Otis secretarius, Sco2}. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insuhr. ii. p. 93 (1786).
Yultur serpentarius, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790).
Vultiir secretarius, Shaiv, Vim. Phys. pi. 28 (1796).
Le Mangeur de Serpens, Lemill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 25 (1799) ; Sund.
Crit. om Levaill. p. 26 (1857).
Secretarius reptilivorus, Datul. Traite, ii. p. 29, pi. xi. (1806).
Serpentarius africanus, S/unv, Gen. Zuol. vii. p. 46, pi. 14 (1809).
Gypogeranus sei-pentarius, Illiyer, Prodr. p. 234 (1811) ; B^i. C'onsp.
i. p. 12 (1850) ; Hard. Orn. IV. Afr. p. 17 (1857) ; Heml. Orn.
A';0.-4/>-.i. p. 78(1869).
Ophiotheres cristatus, Vieill. N. Diet. xxx. p. 408 (1819) ; id. et Oud.
Gal. Ois. ii. p. 151, pi. 260 (1834).
Gypogeranus reptihvorus, Banz. Elem. Zool. iii. p. 50 (1823).
Gypogeranus africanus, Sieph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 4 (1826) ; Dubois,
Orti. Gal. pi. 55 (1839).
Serpentarius cristatus, Less. Traite, p. 16, pi. 3. fig. 2 (1831).
Gypogeranus capensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 104.
Gypogeranus pliilippensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 105.
Gypogeranus gambiensis, id. id supra.
Serpentarius reptilivorus, Gm;/, Ltrt Gen. B. p. 6 (1840) ; Verr.
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 348 ; Gttrtiey, Cat. Rapt. B. None. Alvs. p. 8
(1864) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 33 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 38
(.1869).
Serpentarius secretarius, Gray, Cat. Acciptr. Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1848).
Sagittarius secretarius, Strickl. Orn. Sy7i.. p. 144 (1855) ; Gvrney in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 34 (1872).
Serpentarius orientalis, Verr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 352.
Astur secretarius, ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Astures. p. 28 (1862).
Sagittarius serpentarius, Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 93 (1870).
Adult. General colour delicate ashy grey, the feathers of the throat
and sides of face with narrow central white shaft-streaks ; an elegant
tuft of long and slightly spatulate plumes springing from occiput
and nape, entirely black, or grey with a black tip ; quills entirely
black, as also the primary coverts ; lower back and rump black, the
feathers of the latter slightly barred with white ; upper tail-coverts
white ; two centre tail-feathers elongated, clear ashy grey tipped
with white, before which a black band, the remainder duller ashy
grey, inclining more or less to whitish on inner web, tipped with
white, and crossed with two bands of black, the subterminal one
much the broadest ; breast and under wing- coverts white, slightly
46 PALCONID^.
shaded with ashy ; thighs and abdomen black ; under tail-coverts
white ; cere yellow ; bare space round eye orange-yellow ; feet dull
flesh-colour ; iris hazel. Total length 50 inches, culmen 3, wing
25-5, tail 2'3, tarsus 13-5.
Young. Coloured like the adult, but duller ; head distinctly
crested ; upper wing- and upper and under tail-coverts marked with
subterminal spots of dusky brown ; the black thighs and abdomen
with cross lines of dusky brov.n ; iris grey.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Major-Gen. T. Hardwicke [P.]
b. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope.
c. d juv. St. S. Afi-ica. Sir A. Smith [CI
d. Ad. sk. Lake Ashangi, April 29, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C],
1868.
e. Skeleton.
/. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Subfamily IV. ACCIPITRIN^.
Outer toe connected to middle toe by an interdigital membrane ;
tibia and tarsus to aU intents equal in length, the diflerence between
them not so great as the length of hind claw.
Key to the Genera.
a. Lores entirely bare, as well as the sides of
the face and region of the mouth, ex-
tending above the eye and over the ear-
coverts 15. PoLYBOKOrDES,
b. Sides of face feathered, the lores always fiu-- p. 47.
nished with bristles.
«'. Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate.
a". Nostrils oval, with no bony excres-
cence 16. Cmcus, p. 50.
b". Nostrils round, with a bony excres-
cence 17. MiCBASTUB, p. 74.
b'. Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled.
c". Ridge of bill measured from margin of
cere greater than half length of
middle toe without claw.
c". Commissure slightly festooned.
c'"'. Outer toe veiy short, equal to
two thirds of length of inner toe
(without claw) ; thigh-feathers
close-set, having no overhang-
ing tuft of feathers 18. Gehanospizias,
d"". Outer toe longer than inner toe p. 80.
without claw; thighs with over-
hanging tuft of plumes ; tail
longer than winq 19. Frotbiorchis,
p. 83.
15. POLTBOKOIDES. 47
e"". Outer toe about equal to inner
toe witliout claw ; thig-hs with
overhanging tuft of featliers.
aa. NostrUs with bony tubercle
near upper margin.
aa . Feathering of tarsus extend-
ingfurtherdownthanlength
of middle toe (without
claw) ; tarsus scaled right
across, only the, hinder mar-
gin of outer aspect reticu-
late 20. Erythrocnema,
hh' , Feathering of tarsus not ex- p. 84.
tending so far dowu as
length of middle toe; tarsus
scaled in front, reticulate on
outer aspect 21. Melierax, p. 86.
hh. Nostrils oval, with no bony
tubercle 22. Astuh, p. 92.
d". Commissure perfectly straight .... 23. Isisoides, p. 129.
/". Eidge of bni, measured from anterior
margiji of cere, less than half middle
toe without claw 24. Accipiter, p. 130.
15. POLYBOROIDES. „^
Type.
Polyboroides, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 106 (1830) . . P. typicus.
Gymnogenys, Less. Traite, p. 64 (1831) P. radiatus.
Bill of Polyboroides typicus.
Baiige. Africa geuerally and Madagascar.
Key to the Species.
a. Silver-grey, thinly barred with black below
h. Dark grey, thickly barred with black below
radiatus, p. 48.
typicus, p. 48.
48 FALCOXID^.
1, Polyboroides radiatus.
L'Autour gris a ventre ray^ de Madagascar, Sonn. Voy. Ind. p. 181,
pi. 183 (1782).
Vultur radiatus, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insuhr. ii. p. 85 (1786).
Madagascar Falcon, Lath. Gen. Sj/n. Suppl. p. 32 (1787).
Faleo niadagascariensis, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 75 (1800).
Sparvius madagascariensis, t'ieill. N. Diet. x. p. 339 (1817).
Falco gymnogenys, Temni. PI. Col. i. pi. 307 (1820).
Nisus gymnogenys, Cuv. R>'gn. An. i. p. 334 (1829).
Gymnogenys madagascariensis, Less. Traite, p. 64 (1831).
Polyboroides radiatus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 5 (1840) ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 31, pi. 11. fig. 2 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Hartl. Faun.
Madag. p. 21 (1861) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 161 ; Grand. Rev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 321.
Gymnogenys radiatus, Kaup, Mus. Senek. iii. p. 260 (1845).
Circaetus radiatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 262.
Polyboroides madagascariensis, Roch k^- E. Ketct. Ibis, 1862, p. 269.
Nisus radiatus, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 100 (1873).
Adult male. Above silvery grey, -with a few indistinct whitish
edgings to the scapulars ; quills black, with a distinct white margin
at the tip, the basal portion of the inner web greyish white mottled
with black, occupying more than half of the inner secondaries, so
that the black forms a broad subterminal bar ; lower back and rump
ashy white, barred with black ; upper tail-coverts black, broadly
tipped and irregularly barred with white ; tail black, slightly mottled
with white at immediate base, tipped with white and crossed with a
broad white band across the middle ; thi'oat and chest silvery grey,
like back ; rest of under surface white, narrowly but regularly barred
across with black, the under wing- and tail-coverts uniform with breast;
cere and bare skin round eye flesh-colour ; feet yellow ; iris black *.
Total length 23-5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 15-5, tail 12, tarsus 3-5.
Adult female. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 16,
tail 12, tarsus 4-15, middle toe 1-6 {Mus. Lugd.}.
Hab. Madagascar.
«. c? ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.
2. Polyboroides typicus.
Polyboroides typicus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. J. i. p. 107 (1830) ; id. III.
Zool. S. Afr. pis. 81, 82 (1849) ; Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. pp. 2, 269
(1857); Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 30; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 102 ; Lnyard, B. S. Afr. p. 32 (1867) ; Gum. Ibis, 1868, p. 146 ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 194 ; Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 95(1870);
Boeage, Jorn. Lisb. 1873, p. 3.
Serpentarius typicus, Guer. et Lafr. in Ferret et Gal. Voy. Abyss. Zool.
ill. p. 181 (1847).
Gymnogenys melanostictus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 5 (1854).
Polyboroides radiatus, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 143 (1855) ; Gurney, Ibis,
1859, p. 153 ; id. Cat. Rapt. B. Korio. 3Ius. p. 12 (1804) ; Hem/l. Orn.
JV;0.-4/r. p.76(1869).
* These soft parts are taken from Grandidier, and if correctly given would
form a specific difference, as the African species has the bare part of the face
yellow. Mr. E. Newton, however, gives that of the Madagascar bird as yellow.
Cf. the accurate remarks in Mr. Gurney 's ' Catalogue' ((i. l,")).
15. POLTBOROIDES. 49
Gymnogenys malzacii, J. 8f E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 349,
pi. 13.
Nisus radiatus, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 54 (1862).
Gymnogenys africanus, Heugl. J. f. O. 18(;7, p. 292.
Young. General colonr brown, with rather paler margins to the
feathers, which are whitish at base ; quills blackish brown ; the
secondaries paler b^o^v^], like the back, the latter much mottled
with white near the base ; all the quills barred across with dark
brown ; tail brown, tipped with fulvous, and crossed with five bars
of darker brown ; head much crested, all the feathers fulvous at
their base and on their margins, brown in the centre, somewhat
tinged with rufous, especially on the sides of the crown and of the
neck ; forehead whitish, slightly streaked with dark brown ; a few
feathers under the eye and on fore jjart of cheeks black ; throat and
breast buify white, the feathers mesially streaked with dark brown
and washed with sandy rufous ; the lower breast sandy rufous, with
fulvous tips; the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred
with fulvous and sandy rufous, the latter with dark brown ; under
wing-coverts fulvous, mottled with rufous or rufous brown ; the
lower ones brown at tips, like under surface of wing.
Adult. Above dark grey, extending aU round the neck and occu-
pying the entire throat and chest ; rest of the under surface, inclu-
ding the under wing- and tail-coverts, crossed with rather broad
alternate bars of black and white ; primaries and their coverts
black, tipped with white, and inclining to ashy grey at base, more
especially on the inner web, which is also somewhat freckled with
brown ; secondaries grey, tipped with white, before which is a broad
black bar, sometimes represented by a spot of more or less extent
on the adjoining scapulars ; tail black, tipped with white, with a
distinct broad bar of dull white, mottled with black about a third
of its length from the tip, aud indications of a second bar about the
same distance from the base ; upper tail-coverts grey ; the lower ones
black, tipped with white, and crossed with other bars of white near
the base ; cere and bare skin round the eye light yellow ; feet bright
yellow; iris very dark brown. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-45,
wing 16-6, tail 11-5, tarsus 4.
Adult female. Slightly larger than the male. Total length 27-5
inches, wing 19, tail 12, tarsus 4*15.
Hah. "W. Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon ; S.W. Africa, Ben-
guela ; S. Africa, from the Cape Colony through Xatal to the Zam-
besi ; N.E. Africa, from Senaar into Abyssinia and along the "White
Nile nearly to the Equator.
a. $ ad. st; South Africa. S.-A£rican Museum. Type of species.
h. Juv. st. South Africa. S. -African ^Museum.
c. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir Henry Ellis [P.].
d. Ad. sk. South .Africa. John Rocke, Esq. [P.].
«,/. Ad. st. West Africa.
g. Ad. sk. Ashantee. John Gould, Esq.
h. Ad. sk. Fantee. Captain Shelley [P.].
t. Juv, sk. Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
VOL. I. F
50
TALCONID^.
16. CIRCUS.
Type.
Circus, Laci'p. M6m. de rinst. iii. p. 50l) (ISOfi) .... C. cj'aneus.
Pysravg-us, Koch, Si/st. Baier. Zool. p. 127 (181G) . . C. cyaneus.
Strigiceps, Bp. Scu/gio Disfr. Met. Aidm. Vertchr.
p. 37 (1831) C. cyaneus.
Glaucopteryx, Katip, Class. Sdug. n. Viiy. p. 113(1844) C. cineraeeus.
Spizacercus, Kaup, Mus. Senchenb. iii. p. 258 (1815) C. maculosus.
Spilocircus, Kmip, Isis, 1847, p. 89 C. assimilis.
Pterocircus, Kaup, Arch.f. Naturq. xvi. p. 32 (1850) 0. pvgargus.
Cf. Saunders, Ibis, 1873, p. 232.
Head of Circus cyaneus.
Range. The greater part of the Old and New Worlds, excepting the
following localities, from which no Harrier has yet been recorded : —
Russia and Siberia, north of 60° N. lat. ; Arctic America north of
the Tropic of Cancer ; Persia and Arabia ; East Africa ; West Africa
(except the Gambia and Accra district) ; S. Madagascar ; the south-
ern part of the Indo-Chinese subregion ; Indo-Malayan and Austro-
Malayan subregions (excepting Celebes); western and northern
Australia west of 140° E. long. ; Oceania (except Vanua Levu and
Viti Leru) ; S. America, Columbia, Amazonia, and north-eastern
Brazil.
Key to the Species.
Adults : —
a. Thighs uniform white.
a'. Middle tail-feathers plain ashy grey.
a". Throat and chest bluish ashy.
a". Upper tail-coverts white.
«"". Above pure bluish ashy, the
throat similar cyanem S , p. 52.
h"". Above greyish, the back brown-
ish ash-colour ; the throat
strongly mixed with the same
colour hudsonitis c? , p. 55.
b'". Upper tail-coverts white, banded
with ashy g-rey maerurus S , V- ^'^■
h". Throat and chest white, streaked vrith
black.
c". Primaries banded underneath .... spilonotus S , p. 58.
d'". Primaries imiform below maillardi, p. 59.
c". Throat and chest entirely black imlanoleuciis cJ $ , p. 61.
v. Middle tail-feathers barred macidosus c? , P- <^'2-
b. Thighs white, distinctly barred across with
orange rufous anereits S, P- ob.
16. CIRCUS. 51
c. Thiffhs white, with rufous streaka or spots.
a'. Throat and chest ashy ffrey }n/ffargm cJ, p. 64.
b'. Throat and breast streaked with browu.
a". Under wing-coverts and central tail-
feathers uniform gmddi ad., p. 72.
b". Under wing-coverts fulvous, more or
less streaked or spotted with brown ;
tail-feathers banded.
a". Fifth primary escalloped on outer
web.
n"". Tarsus 3*5 inches in length .... hudsonius § ad., p. 5.5.
b"". Tai-sus 3-1-3-15 inches j ^/^'^''"''^w. $ ad., p. r.8.
j cyaneus 5 ad., p. o2.
c"". Tarsus 4 inches gouldi 5 fid., p. 72.
b'". Outer margin of fifth primary entire.
cl'". Notch in second primary an inch
or more distant from tip of
coverts pygargiis 5 ad., p. 64.
e"". Notch in second primary nearly or
quite hidden by coverts macrurus 5 ad., p. 67.
cl. Thighs rufous, generally uniform or spotted
or margined with white,
n'. Tail uniform grey eeriiginosus cJ $ ad.,
b'. Tail distinctly banded. p. 69.
a". Under wing-coverts white, mesially
streaked with pale rufous ; breast
light brown, vrith white margins,
producing a streaked appearance .. ranivorm (} $ ad., p. 71.
b". Under wing-coverts and breast rufous,
numerously spotted with white,
giving a somewhat barred appear-
ance assimilis S $ ad., p. 6.3.
c". Under wing-coverts black, spotted with
white ; breast black, streaked with
white : macidosus J , p. 62.
e. Thighs black.
c'. Tail banded.
a". Upper tail-coverts white maurus, p. 60.
b". Upper tail-coverts black pi/gargus, var., p. 64.
d'. Tail uniform grey eeruguwsiis, var., p. 69.
Young : —
a. Outer web of fifth primary notched.
a'. Chest perfectly uniform, with no sti'eaks.
a". Chin or throat and centre of breast
creamy buff.
«'". Inner web of primaries uniform .... (erttginosus, p. 69.
b'". Inner web of primaries barred or
mottled with brown ranivorus, p. 71.
b". Chin and throat uniform with breast
and back govMi, p. 72.
h'. Chest light or dark, but always distinctly
streaked,
r". Outer tail-feather uniform below,
c'". Head whitish, with narrow black
streaks a>ruginostis, p. 69.
F 2
52 FALCONID^.
«'". Head uniform dark brown, with
slight fulvous strealjs qouUli, p. 72.
d". Outer tail-feather always distinctly
barred below.
e". Quills uniform below, light-coloured
at base of inner web, but not
barred.
e"". Upper tail-coverts white, with
narrow brown centres cyaneus, p. 52.
/"". Upper tail-coverts brown, tipped
with white assimilis, p. 63.
f". Quills ban-ed below.
ff"". Underwing-covertsbuff or tawny
with brown streaks.
aa. Interspaces of quills and tail-
feathers below white, the
black bars contrasting strongly maiirus, p. 60.
bh. Interspaces below fulvous, with
brown cross bars.
aa'. Breast uniform tawny hudsonius, p. 55.
bh'. Breast fulvous, with brown
streaks.
aa". Larger ; wing 13'5-15 . , cyaneus, p. 52.
hh". Smaller; wing 12'2 .... cmer«<.s, p. 56.
h' ' ' '. Under wing-coverts black .... mactdosus, p. 62.
b. Outer edge of fifth primary entire.
a'. Notch in second primary an inch or more
distant from the coverts pygargris, p. 64.
' b'. Notch in second primary nearly or quite
hidden by the coverts macrurus, p. 67.
1. Circus cyaneus.
The Blue Hawk, Edw. Glean, i. p. 33, pi. 225 (1758).
Le Faucon a collier ( $), Brias. Orn. i. p. 345 (1760).
Le Faucon de Montague cendrt?, Briss. Orn. i. p. 355 (1760).
Falco cyaneus, Linn. >S. N. i. p. 126 (1766, ex Edin.) ; Montaq. Trans.
Linn. Soc. ix. p. 182 (1808) ; Temm. Man. d^Orn. i. p. 72 (1820) ;
Wei-ner, Atlas, Bapaces, pi. 28 (1827) ; Schl. ^- Susetn. Viig. Eur.
Taf. 37 (1839) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Mir. iii. p. 107 (1840);
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 94 (1843).
Soubuse, Buff. PL Enl. i. pis. 443, 480 (1783).
Oiseau St. Martin, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 459 (1783).
Falco griseus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 275 (1788, e.r Lath.).
Circus gallinarius, Savign. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 264 (1810) ; Less. Traiti,
p. 84 (1831).
Accipiter variabilis. Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 364 (1811).
Circus variegatus, Vieill. JV. Diet. iv. p. 466 ( 1816).
Pygargus dispar, Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 127 (1816).
Circus segithus. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. Sfc. Brit. Mus. pp. 9, 10
(1816).
Falco strigiceps, Nilss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 21 (1817).
Falco pygargus, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 391, pi. 38. figs. 2, 39
(1822).
Circus cyaneus, -Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 549 ; Selby, Brit. B. i. p. 68, pi. x.
(1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 33 (1837) ; Macgill, Hist. Brit. B. iii.
p. 366 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32, pi. 11. fig. 1 (1845) ; Schl.
16. CIECU8. 53
Vog. Nederl. pis. 15-17 (1854) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 147 (1855) ;
Heivits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 47 (1856) ; Smul. tSv. Fogl. pi. xxviii.
figs. 1, 2 (i859) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Circi, p. 1 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind.
i. p. 95 (1862) ; Radde, Betsen ttii Sud. v. Ost-Sibir. Zool. ii. p. 119
(1863) ; Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 145 (1864) ; Goidd, B. Gt. Br.
pt. xii. (1867) ; Degl. 8,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 107 (1867) ; Heuql.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 104 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 37 (18G9);
Hume, Rouq'h Notes, ii, p. 293 (1870); Neu-t. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i.
p. 132(1871); Salmd. Faun. Ital. ?7ee. p.24 (1871); tSu-inh.P.Z.S.
1871, p. 342; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 182 (1872) ; Schl. Mus. F.-B.
Revue Accipitr. p. 39 (1873).
Circus pj'gargus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 41 (1826).
Circus cinereus, Brehtn, Vog. Deutschl. p. 94 (1831).
Buteo cyaneus, Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 89 (1835).
Strigiceps pygargus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Am. p. 5 (1838).
Strigiceps cyaneus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850) ; Fritsch, Viiq. Eur.
Taf. 9. fig: 6, Taf. 10. fig. 8 (1858) ; Loche, E.ipl. Alg. Ois. \. p. 90
(1867).
Strigiceps nigTipennis, Brehm, Natmi. 1855, p. 269.
Strigiceps pallens, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 269.
Strigiceps cinereus, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 269.
Young male. Distinguished from the adult female by the length of
the wing, which does not reach 14 inches in length. Brown, like the
latter, but always more rufous, especially underneath and about the
head and neck ; facial ruff clear fulvous, streaked with dark brown ;
feathers above, around, and below the eye pure white, forming a very
conspicuous facial patch ; under surface of body tawny rufous, with
dark brown streaks, narrower towards the abdomen ; upper tail-coverts
white, with mesial streaks of rufous brown ; tail tawny rufous, ful-
vous at tip, with four broad cross bands of black ; the interspaces
ashy on the two central feathers only.
Adult male. Above clear bluish ash-colour, paler and more silvery
grey on greater wing-coverts, which are also slightly margined with
whitish ; below clear bluish ashy as far as the lower breast ; the
rest of the under surface pure white, including the under wing-
coverts and axillary plumes ; frontal plumes and lores whitish, the
facial ruff also slightly mottled with white ; secondary quills silvery
grey with black shafts and an indistinct blackish subterminal band,
much more distinct below ; the primaries blackish both above and
below, white at base of inner web ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail
ashy grey, tipped with white ; the four centre feathers entirely uni-
form, with white shafts, the others more and more white on inner
web, and having more or less remains of ashy bars ; cere yellow ;
bill bluish black ; feet yellow ; claws black ; iris yellow. Total
length 22 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 13-6-13"8, tail 8-5-9-0; tar-
sus 2-9.
Adult feynale. Above brown; the feathers of the crown slightly
washed with rufous, with which colour the feathers are margined ;
the nape and hind neck pale tawny fulvous, broadly streaked with
dark brown ; scapulars and wing-coverts spotted with large oval
marks of pale tawny buff ; quills brown, tipped with whitish ; the
secondaries externally washed with ashy grey, barred with blackish
64
FALCONID.E.
brown, showing more plainly on under surface, which is ashy white,
washed with rufous on inner web ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail
greyish brown, tipped with whitish, crossed with five bands of darker
brown, the subterminal one much broader; the interspaces on the
outer feathers pale creamy buff, more or less shaded with ashy on
outer web ; frontal feathers and plumes above and below the eye
■whitish ; ear-coverts and cheeks rufous, streaked with dark brown ;
facial ruff buffy white, streaked with brown ; sides of neck and under
surface of body pale tawny buff, inclining to whitish on lower breast
and abdomen, broadly streaked with brown, rather more narrowly
on abdomen and thighs, where the streaks are washed with rufous ;
iinder wing-coverts coloured like the back ; flanks and axillaries
dark brown, spotted on both webs with rounded spots of creamy
buff; cere greenish yellow ; bill blackish ; feet yellow ; iris reddish
brown. Total length 21-5 inches, wing 15-0-15-6, tail 10-5-11-0,
tarsus 3'lo.
Obs. By the rufous bars on the tail a young female can be distin-
guished from an old bird. In both sexes the streaks on the breast
become narrower with age, though the females of English birds are
more broadly streaked below, and are darker than those from
Europe or India. The males are supposed to breed in the brown
plumage, and do not get the blue dress tiU the second autumn, when
it is assumed by a moult.
Hab. Throughout Europe and Siberia, extending a little above
the line of 60° N. lat., and ascending westwards from about 50°
E. long, northwards to the top of Norway. Found in all countries
bordering the Mediterranean, and extending in winter to N.E,
Africa, N. India, and China.
rt. 2 juv. St.
Cxreat Britain.
b. cJ ad. St.
Devonshire.
Colonel Montagu [P.l.
c, d. S juv. St.
Devonshire.
Colonel Montagu [P. J.
e. 2 ad. St.
Norfolk.
J. Scales, Esq. [P/j.
f,(/- 6 2 jiv. sk.
Thuringia.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
"P.
.
h. 2 ad. sk.-
R. Wolga.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
P.
.
i, k. S juv. st.
Archangel.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
■p.
.
I, m. 2 juv. St.
Archangel.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
■p.
n. tS ad. St.
Nepal.
B. FI. Hodgson, Esq.
'.1.
(;, p. S juv. sk.
Nepal.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. \
p'i-
q, r. 2 juv. sk.
Nepal.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [
p.".
.s. 2 ^d. sk.
China.
J. R. Reeves, Esq. fP.]-
— Webb, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
i. (5 juv. sk.
Shanghai.
u. 2 ad. sk.
Fokien.
V. S ad. sk.
Kultuk, May 18, 1871.
Dr. Dybowski [C.].
w. Skeleton.
Purchased.
X, y. Sternum.
s. Sternum.
J. Ray, Esq. [P.].
a'. Sternum.
Purchased.
h'. Sternum.
B. II. Hodgson, Esc
!■[
p.].
16. CIRCUS. 55
2. Circus hudsonius.
The Ring-tailed Hawk, Edwards, Birds, iii. pi. 107 (1750).
The Marsh Hawk, Edw. Glean, ii. pi. 2Ul. tig-. 1 (17U0).
L'Eperviei- tie la 13aye de Hudson, Urtss. Orn. iSuppl. p. 18 (1760,
ex Edw.).
Falco hudsouius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 128 (17G6, ex Edw.).
Falco fuligiuosus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 278 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi.
p. 07, pi. 51. fig. 2 (i«12).
Falco eiu-opogistus, Duud. Traite, ii. p. 110 (1800).
Circus europogistus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 8 (l807).
Circus hudsouius, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 0 (1807) ; Cass. B. Calif.
p. 108 (1855); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 150 (1855); Cass, in Baird,
B. N. Am. p. 38 (1800) ; Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 37 (1809) ; Cooper,
B. Calif, p. 490 (1871) ; Ross, B. Canad. p. 0 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 118 (1873).
Circus variegatus, Vieill. Ois. Am. iSept. p. 37 (1807).
Circus uliginosus, Vieill. torn. cit. p. 37 (1807).
Falco cyaneua, Audub. B. Am. pi. 366 (c. 1826) ; Bp. Am. Orn. ii.
pi. 2 (1828).
Circus cyaneus, Bp. Ami. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 33 (1828) ; Aiidtib. B. N.
Am. i. p. 105, pi. xxiv. (1839) ; Allen, Btdl. Ilarv. Coll. ii. p. 331
(1871).
Buteo cyaneus, var. americanus, Siv. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. p. 55,
pi. 29 (1831 ).
Strigiceps uliginosus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. H) N. Am. p. 5 (1838).
Strigiceps hudsonius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850).
Circus cyaneus hudsonicus, Schl. Mas. P.-B. Circi, p. 2 (1862) ; id.
Rente, p. 48 (1873).
Young. Above ashy brown with rufous margins to the feathers,
especially distinct on head and hind neck, causing a streaked ap-
pearance ; the wing-coverts conspicuously naargined, and marked on
both webs with large spots of tawny fulvous ; quills dark brown,
tipped with whitish, the primaries shaded externally with ashy grey
and barred on both webs with darker brown, more distinct below,
especially on the inner web, which is whitish washed with rufous
near the base ; upper tail-coverts pui'e white, with remains of nar-
row brown streaks on a few of the feathers ; middle tail-feathers
tawny fulvous tipped with whitish and crossed with four black bars,
except the central feathers, which are ashy grey with five blackish
cross bars, the subterminal one alwaj-s broadest ; sides of face, facial
ruff, throat, and chest deep tawny rufous with dark brown centres
to the feathers, especially broad and chstinct on the latter ; rest of
under surface rich tawny buff with minute mesial spots of rufous,
except on the flanks and sides of body, where they form cons^iicuous
mottlings ; axiUaries ashy brown with large spots of creamy bufi' on
both webs ; under wing-coverts tawny butf, with small dark-brown
spots and streaks.
Adult male. Above dull bluish grey, darker and inclining to
brownish on the head, back, and scapulars ; the nape somewhat
mottled with buflPy white ; upper tail-coverts white ; lores, eyebrow,
and feathers under the eye white, the ear-coverts and facial ruft'
ashy grey, the latter slightly tinged with brownish ; chin whilish ;
66 FALCONID^.
throat, Bides of neck, and breast dull ashy grey, the latter with a
slight shade of ashy brown on the lower i)art ; rest of under surface
■white with a few very small dart-shaped rufous specks ; under
wing-coverts white, the inner ones with narrow longitudinal shaft-
lines ; primaries dark brown, externally shaded with ashy grey, the
secondaries entirely ashy grey with a broad subterminal bar before
the tip, which is narrowly white ; inner lining of wing white ; tail
dull ashy grey, externally shaded with brownish, the central feathers
uniform, the outer ones with five or six blackish bars ; bill horn-
blue ; feet yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 14, tail 9, tarsus 3.
Adidt female. Above brown, somewhat mottled on scapulars and
wing-coverts with partially concealed spots of tawny buff, with
which the latter are also margined ; head streaked with rufous, the
hind neck with white ; lores and feathers under the eye whitish ;
the cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown very slightly streaked with
whitish ; facial ruff buffy white, streaked with dark brown ; quills
brown slightly tipped with whitish, barred with dark brown, show-
ing more plainly underneath, where the inner web is white, pri-
maries externally shaded with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts white
with a few streaks of rufous on the outermost : tail ashy grey with
five bars of dark brown, the interspaces inclining more or less to
rufous or rufous white on the outer feathers ; under surface of body
buffy white with broad streaks of brown on the breast, narrower
and more tinged with tawny rufous on lower breast, thighs, and
abdomen ; under tail-coverts with a few diamond-shaped spots of
pale rufous ; under wing-coverts coloured and streaked like the
breast. Total length 20 inches, wing 15, tail 10-5, tarsus 3-5.
Hab. The whole of N. America below the Tropic of Cancer to
Panama.
«. 2 ^^- St. Repulse Bay. John Rae, Esq. [P.].
b. <S iuv. sk. N. America. Dr. Ridgeway [P.].
c. 2 juv. sk. N. America. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].
d. e. cJ ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.J.
/, ff, h, i. Juv. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [G.l.
k, I. Juv. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
m. Juv. sk. Rio Sacramento, Cal. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].
3. Circus cinereus.
Cenicieuto, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 145 (1802) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 3
(1847).
Circus cinereus, Vieill. N. Did. iv. p. 454 (1816) ; D'Orb. Voy. Am
Mir. Zuol. p. 110 (18.35) ; Darw. Voij. Beagle, Birds, p. 30 (1841)
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845); Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 156 (1855)
Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 117 (1856) ; id. La PL JReis. ii. p. 439 (1861)
Abbutt, Ibis, 1861, p. 152; Sc/d. Mm. P.-B. Circi, p. 5 (1862)
Pclz. Orn. Bras. p. 399 (1871) ; Scl. <§■ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr
p. 118 (1873).
Circus campestris, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1213 (1823, ex
Azara).
Falco histrionicus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 93, pis. 15, 16 (1824).
16. CIRCUS. 57
Circus histrionicus, King, Zool. Joum. iii. p. 425 (1827).
Circus poliopterus, Cab. ^ Tsc/i. F. P. Aves, p. 113, Taf. 3 (1845) ;
Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Circi, p. 6 (1862).
Strigiceps histrionicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 3o (1850).
Spiziacircus histrionicus, Kaup, Coiitr. Oni. 1850, p. 59.
Young. Above dark brown, the head and neck streaked and the
wing-coverts broadly margined with tawny buflF, the scapulars and
greater coverts having concealed spots of the same; upper tail-
coverts white, some of them slightly washed with pale rufous near
the tip ; quills dark brown tipped with fulvous, the primaries ex-
ternally shaded with ashy grey, barred on both webs with darker
brown, more distinctly underneath, where the feathers are whitish
tinged with rufous on inner web ; tail pale tawny tipped with buif,
excepting the two centre feathers, which are ashy grey, the latter
with five, and the rest with four black bands, the subterminal one
being the broadest ; lores whitish ; cheeks and ear-coverts deep
rufous, slightly streaked with dark brown ; facial ruff fulvous with
narrow dark brown streaks ; rest of under surface pale tawny ful-
vous, inclining to creamy buff on abdomen, the chest broadly, the
rest of the body narrowly streaked with dark brown ; under wing-
coverts buff, streaked with deep rufous ; axillaries rufous brown,
with large spots of creamy buff on both webs.
Adult male. Entire upper surface, including the sides of the face
and of the neck as well as the throat and fore neck, bluish ash-
colour, the wing-coverts with obsolete white margins, and the fore
neck crossed with a few broad white bars ; primaries blackish, ex-
ternally washed with ashy grey ; the secondaries entirely ashy grey,
like the back, with naiTow white tips to the feathers, before which
runs a distinct subterminal bar of blackish brown ; upper tail-
coverts white ; tail ashy grey tipped with white, before which is a
broad subtenninal bar of dark ash-colour, all the feathers but the
two central ones shaded with brownish, and inclining to white on
the inner web, and marked with two or three Ul-defined blackish
bars washed with rufous on the outermost feather ; under surface
of body numerously crossed with distinct bars of orange tawny and
white ; under wing-coverts white, as also the inner lining of the
quills ; under surface of tail pure white, with faint indications of
bars on the inner web, the subterminal one alone being very
distinct. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 12-2, tail 8-25,
tarsus 2"8.
Adult female. Larger than male, and somewhat differently
coloured. Above brown, the feathers of the crown slightly streaked
with rufous, the hind neck with white, outer wing-coverts tipped
with white, the smallest with fulvous ; scapiilars, wing-coverts, and
quills ashy grey barred across with brown, the subterminal bar very
broad and distinct, showing more clearly on the primaries, which
are of a clearer ash-colour; upper tail-coverts white, with pale
reddish bars and subterminal spots ; centre tail-feathers ashy grey
tipped with whity brown> and having five blackish cross bands ; the
rest of the feathers huffy, more or less shaded with ashj', externally
5S FALCONID^.
■white, with four blackish cross bauds changing to rufous on outer-
most feathers ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face dull whitish, streaked
with dark brown ; facial ruff brown, strongly mottled with white ;
sides of neck and breast brown, tlie latter conspicuously oceUated
with white spots ; rest of uuder surface of body barred with orange-
tawny and white, the latter in the form of large spots on both webs.
Total length 20 inches, wing 14-25, tail 10, tarsus 3.
Hah. South America to about 25° S. lat. on the west, and about
32° S. lat. on the east coast.
a, b. S juT. sk.
Falkland Islands.
Antarctic Ex^
pedition.
c. ^ ad. St.
Falkland Islands.
Sir W. Burnett and
Admiral Fitzroy [P.]
d. c? ad. sk.
Straits of Magellan.
The Admiralty [P.].
e. $ ad. St.
ChiU.
Mr. Brydges
c.i.
/. c? jiiv. sk.
Chm.
Mr. Brydges
g, h. cJ $ ad. sk.
ChUi.
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.l.
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].
i. tS jiiv. sk.
CMH.
k. Skeleton.
Purchased.
4. Circus spilonotus.
Cu'cus spilonotus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 59 ; Strickl. Orn. Syti.
p. 157 (1855) ; Stomhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 21.3, pi. v., 1865, p. 230, et
1870, p. 87; Grai/, Hmul-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869); Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 342 ; Taczan. J.f. O. 1872, p. 349,
Adult male. Above blackish, the nape and hind neck streaked witli
white, the neck more broadly ; scapulars and wing-coverts tipped
and spotted with ashy white, the least wing-coverts along the edge
of the Aviug entirely white narrowly streaked with blackish ; upper
tail-coverts white, with remains of ashy-brown bars ; the feathers of
the lower rump blackish, spotted and barred on both webs with
white ; tail silvery ash-colour, whitish at the tips and on the inner
webs ; outer cubital coverts, primary coverts, and outer secondaries
silvery ashy tipped with white ; the innermost secondaries brown or
ashy grey barred with brown ; primaries blackish, more or less
washed with ashy grey, especially on the outer web ; the secondaries
white underneath, the primaries white at base of inner web ; sides
of face and ear-coverts blackish ; sides of neck and facial ruff blackish,
streaked with white ; under surface of body white, including the
under wing- and tail-coverts ; the throat and breast streaked lon-
gitudinally with black, the latter more narrowly ; legs rich chrome-
yeUow, ochreous on the tarsi. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-6,
wing 15-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8.
Adult female. Above brown slightly shaded with ashy, the dorsal
feathers obsoletely margined with dull rufous ; the crown and hind
neck tawny buff, paler on the neck, all the feathers raesially streaked
with brown ; the scapulars and wing-coverts margined and barred
with tawny or fulvous, the least wing-coverts more conspicuously
margined with rufous ; quills brown, narrowly tipped with whitish,
externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries less distinctlj-,
b.
S ad. sk.
Philippine Islands.
c.
J juv. sk.
Fokien, China.
d.
2 ad. sk.
Fokien, China.
t.
j" juv. sk.
Dauria, May 22, 1873.
16. ciECTJs, 69
and all barred across with darker brown ; under surface of wing
white, the dark bars showing very distinctly ; lower back and rump
brown, the feathers distinctly tipped with pale rufous ; upper tail-
coverts pure white ; tail ashy grey, tipped with fulvous and crossed
with five blackish bands, the subterminal one much the broadest,
the ashy grey interspaces inclining to or replaced by pale tawny on
the outer feathers ; lores as well as a distinct eyebrow and ear-
coverts huffy white ; sides of face and of neck, as well as the facial
ruff, rufous buff streaked with dark brown ; under surface of body
creamy buff, with central pointed marks of rufous brown to the
feathers, more distinct on the fore neck and under wing- and tail-
coverts ; flank-feathers and axiUaries rufous brown, with large
rounded spots of creamy buft' on both webs ; under wing-coverts
and thighs creamy buff, with irregular central streaks of rufous
brown occupying the major part of the greater under wing-coverts.
Total length 23 inches, wing 15%5, tail 11, tarsus 3-1.
Hab. Dauria southwards through Eastern China to the Malayan
peninsula and the Philippines.
a. (S ad. sk. PhiUppine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C],
Type of species.
Zoological Societv.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Dybowski [C.].
5. Circus maillardi.
Ch'cus melanoleucus, Hartl. Faun, Madag. p. 21 (1861).
Circus maillardi, Verr. in Maill. Vile de la Reun. ii. p. 12 (1863) ;
Scl. Ibis, 1863, p. 163, pi. 4, et 1864, p. 298; Schl. <5- Poll. Faun.
Madaq. Ois. p. 40 (1868) ; Gitmet/, Ibis, 1869, p. 450 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869) ; Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Eevtte Accipitr. p. 51
(1873).
Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, with pale rufous edges to
the feathers of the crown and wing-coverts ; nape and hind neck
rufous buff, streaked with dark brown ; sides of face and of neck,
as well as entire underparts, dark brown, with rufous margins to
the feathers, the chin paler and more fulvous and streaked with
dark brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts deep rufous, the latter
brown in the centre ; upper tail-coverts rufous, the outer ones more
inclining to fulvous, with dark brown centres ; tail chocolate-brown,
inclining to blackish towards the tip, which is rufous ochre ; quills
black, the secondaries tipped with ashy brown, lighter and more
ashy below, the primaries whitish at immediate base. Total length
20 inches, wing 13-9, tarsus 3-05. {Mus. Lugd.)
Adult. Above black, the nape and hind neck streaked with white ;
the least wing-coverts running along the bend of wing margined
with white, the outer median ones with grey ; the greater coverts
clear ashy grey, with a large subterminal black mark, giving the
appearance of an irregular bar ; primaries black ; secondaries ashy
grey, tipped with white, and subterminally marked with black, the
60 FALCONID^.
innermost uniform with the back ; the under surface of the wings
blackish, with a good deal of white on inner webs of the quills,
especially the median ones, but no bars ; rump blackish, with
white tips to the feathers ; upper taU-eoverts white ; tail silvery
ash-colour, with remains of a black subterminal band and a few-
spots of the same on the outer feathers, the under surface of the taU
whiter, especially on the inner webs ; sides of face and of neck
entirely black, the latter streaked with white ; lower sui-face of body
pure white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; the
throat and breast broadly streaked with black, diminishing to nar-
row shaft-lines on lower breast. Total length 20 inches, culmen
1-45, wing 14-1, tail 9-3, tarsus 3-35, middle toe 1-75 {Mus. Liufd.).
Hah. Reunion and Joanna Island.
«. Pull. sk. Reunion. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
6. Circus maurus.
Falco maiunis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 461 (1828).
Circus lalandii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 383 (1830).
Circus mam-US, Less. Traite, p. 87 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32
(1845); Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pi. oS (1841) ; Strichl. Oni.
Si/n. p. 153 (1855) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Luyard,
' B. S. Afr. p. 35 (1867) ; Gurney, in Amlerss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 33
(l'^^2).
Strigiceps maurus, Kaup, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 258 (1845).
Circus ater, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 80 (1848).
Strigiceps ater, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850).
Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, with broad margins of rufous
buff to the feathers ; the head deep brown, the hinder part with
broad rufous margins to the feathers; nape varied with white ; a
distinct eyebrow, and the sides of the face huffy white, the hinder
ear-coverts tinged with rufous and (as well as the cheeks) narrowly
lined with brown ; behind the ear a facial ruff of brown feathers ;
sides of neck and under surface of body deep ochraceous buff, the
breast-feathers marked at the base with dark brown, taking the
form of stripes on the flanks ; under wing-coverts coloured and
marked with brown like the breast ; axillaries dark brown, with
large spots of white on both webs ; primaries ashy grey, tipped with
fulvous, barred across with brown, more particularly on the inner
web, these bars plainer underneath where the inner web is white ;
the secondaries coloured like the back, the lower surface bro^vn,
with distinct bars of ashy grey; upper tail-coverts white, the lower
ones slightly marked with brown ; tail black, broadly tipped with
huffy white and crossed with four bars of ashy grey, the base of the
tail white.
Adult. General colour brownish black, decidedly browner below ;
the under wing- and taU-coverts blackish like rest of under surface ;
upper tail-coverts white, the lower ones subterminally spotted with
black ; primary coverts blackish, barred across with ashy grey ;
primaries externally ashy grey, brown at tips ; the longer primaries
brown, externally silvery grey ; the secondaries brownish black like
16. CIBCUS. 61
the back, very slightly shaded with grey externally ; inner webs of all
the quills below white, with a broad terminal band of brown on the
secondaries, which have also remains of other bars ; tail black, tipped
with duU white, and crossed with three bars of ashy grey, the im-
mediate base of the tail white, as also are all the cross bars under-
neath. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 13-5, tail 9-7,
tarsus 2-75.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 22 inches,
wing 15, tail 10 -.5, tarsus 3-1.
Ifab. South Africa.
a. Pull. sk. Cape Colony. J. Verreaiix [C.J.
b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. S. African Museum.
c. d. Juv. sk. Cape Colony. S. African Museum.
e. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
7. Circus melanoleucus.
Falco melanoleucus, Forst. Inclisch. Zool. p. 12, pi. 11 (1781).
Faucon a collier des Indes, Sonn. Voij. Ind. ii. p. 182 (1782).
Black-and- White Falcon, Penn. Ind. Zool. p. 33, pi. 2 (1790).
Tchoug, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 133, pi. 32 (1799) ; Stmd. Crit. om
Levaill. p. 27 (1857).
Circus melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. iv. p. 465 (1816) ;
Less. Traite, p. 87 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845) ; Strickl.
Om. Si/n. p. 154 (1855) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 98 (1862) ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Circi, p. 8 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 37 (1869) ; Huyne,
Rough Notes, ii. p. 307 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 34 ; Soldsw.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 414.
Stiigiceps melanoleucus, Kaup, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 258 (1845) ; Bp
Cotisp. i. p. 35 (1850).
Adult male. Upper parts glossy black, the rump and upper tail-
coverts white, the latter with two or three broad cross bars of black
or ashy grey, the former also shaded with grey ; wing-coverts silvery
grey, margined with white, with a broad "band of black feathers
extending from the bend of the wing parallel with its margin and
joining the median coverts, which are also black ; primaries black,
the primary coverts and secondaries silver)' grey, except the inner-
most, which are also black ; tail entirely silvery grey, tipped with
white, below and on the inner webs white ; sides of face and neck
throat, and chest glossy black ; rest of under surface, including the
under wing- and taU-coverts, pure white ; bill and cere black ; feet
yeUow ; iris yellow. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1, wing 14
tan 8"5, tarsus 3.
Adult female. Larger than the male, and washed on the back with
slaty grey. Total length 2 inches, wing 15-4, tail 10, tarsus 3-3.
Hah. Eastern Asia; eastern side of Indian peninsula and Burmah-
northwards to Mongolia, Amoor Land, and Northern China.
a. S ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P 1
h. 2 a<i- sk. Assam. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
c. J ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J.
d. cf ad. sk. India.
e. cJ ad. sk. River Ussouri. Purchased.
62 FALCONID^.
8, Circus inaculosus.
Alilargo, Azara, Apunt. p. 136 (1802) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 3
(1847).
Aquila maculosa, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 3 bis (1807).
Circus macropterus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 458 (1816) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 32 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Circi, p. 8 (1862) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 49 (1866) ; Pelz. Oni.
Bras. pp. 8, 399 (1871) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 118
(1873).
Cii-cus albicoUis, Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. iv. p. 456 (1816).
Circus leucophrys, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 464 (1816).
Morphuus maculosus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 319 (1817).
Salvador Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 276 (1821).
Falco palustris, Ternm. PI. Col. i. pi. 22 (1824) ; Max. Beitr. i. p. 224
(18.30).
Circus palustris, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 105 (1828).
Circus superciliosus, Less. Traite, p. 87, pi. 3. tig. 1 (1831) ; Burm.
Th. Bras. ii. p. 110 (1856).
Buteo macropterus, D'Orb.Voi/. Am. Mer. Zool. p. 112 (1835-41).
Harpyia maculosa, Sm. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837).
Circus megaspilus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 10 ; Dariv. Voy. Beagle,
Birds, p. 29 (1841) ; Gra%j, Gen. B. i. p. 32, pi. 11 (1845) ; Strickl.
Orn. Sgn. p. 156 (1855).
Spizocircus macropterus, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845).
Circus maculosa, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 155 (1855).
Young. Above brown, the feathers tipped with tawny rufous,
deeper and more distinct on the crown; nape varied with buff;
forehead, fore part of cheeks, and throat whitish ; ear-coverts dark
brown ; facial ruff fulvous, slightly streaked with dark brown ;
primary coverts brown, like the rest of the wing-coverts, and tipped
with tawny in the same manner ; quills ashy grey, barred vrith
blackish brown, all the feathers dark brown towards the tips, which
are narrowly margined with fulvous, inner secondaries uniform with
back ; upper tail-coverts wliite, barred with brown or rufous brown ;
tail ashy grey, with four black bands ; under surface of body dark
brown, the feathers narrowly margined with fulvous, producing a
streaked appearance ; the thighs and under taU-coverts deep chest-
nut, the latter spotted with buff.
Adult. Above black, with a slaty blue gloss ; a narrow frontal
band, extending backwards and forming an eyebrow, white, as also
the fore part of cheeks ; rest of sides of face black like head, the
facial ruff slightly spotted with white ; greater wing-coverts, primary
coverts, and quills bluish grey, banded with blackish brown, the
primaries sepia-brown towards the tips, with bands of darker brown ;
inner secondaries blackish, like back ; the under surface of the wing
ashy grey ; the inner web of the primaries tinged with rufous near
the base ; lower back and rump uniform blackish ; the upper tail-
coverts white, with more or less distinct remains of rufous-brown
cross bars ; tail ashy grey, tipped with whitish, and crossed with
six bars of black, the subterminal one broadest ; the inner webs of
the feathers white, the black bars on the outer rectrices washed more
or less distinctly with rufous ; chin whitish ; throat and fore neck
16. CIECTTS. 63
black, the ruff plainly varied with white ; under surface of body
white, the breast with a few narrow spots or streaks of black, the
flanks and axiUaries barred across with rufous brown ; the vent and
thighs almost destitute of marks, and the under tail-coverts with
only a few rufous bars ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
plentifully barred across with black ; biU black ; cere bluish ; feet
yeUow ; iris yellow. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 17,
tail 10, tarsus 3-2.
Hub. The eastern side of S. America, from the Straits of Magellan
to Venezuela, Trinidad, and British Guiana, though not yet absolutely
recorded from Amazonia or Northern Brazil.
a. Juv. sk. Maldonado. C. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. Type of C. megaspUtts.
b. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased.
c. Ad. st. S. America. Purchased.
d. Juv. st. Cayenne. Purchased.
9. Circus assimilis.
Circus assimilis, Jard. 4' Selbr/, III. Orn. ser. 1, pi. 51 (1826); Schl.
Mits. P.-B. Cii-ci, p. 9 (1862) ; id. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 29,
67, pi. 20. figs. 2, 3 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 19; Wald. Tr. Z. S.
viii. p. 38(1871).
Circus jardinii, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 141 ; id. Syn. B. Austr. part 3
(1838) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845) ; Goidd, B. Austr. i. pi. 27
(1848) ; Sturt. Exp. C. Austr. ii. App. p. 16 (1849) ; Strickl.
Orn. S7/n. p. 154 (1855) ; Gould, Handb. i. p. 60 (1865) ; Grarj,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 37 (1869) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 50
(18"3).
Spilocircus jardinii, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 102.
Strigiceps jardinii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850).
Young. Above ashy brown, the feathers broadly margined with
pale tawny buff ; the head and least wing-coverts deep rusty, with a
few central streaks of dark brown ; sides of face and of neck, as well
as facial ruff, similarly coloured, but with rather broader streaks of
brown ; primaries black, secondaries browner, with tawny buff tips ;
all the quills pale ashy below on inner web, washed with rufous and
mottled with ashy brown near base of primaries, barred with the
same colour on the secondaries, the primaries coppery brown under-
neath towards their tips ; upper tail-coverts white, washed with
rufous, and having dark brown centres ; tail sepia-brown, tipped with
tawny buff and crossed with six bands of black, the subterminal one
being the broadest ; under surface of body pale tawny buff, inclining
to white on abdomen and thighs, narrowly streaked with dark brown
on the breast ; the ujider wing-coverts coloured like the latter, but
with rather broader streaks, the lower ones barred with ashy brown
and pale tawny buff ; axillaries brown, margined and notched with
pale tawny.
Adult male. Above pale bluish slate-colour, the dorsal feathers,
scapulars, and wing-coverts with margins or terminal spots of white,
and having also large concealed white spots on the body of the
feather ; crown of head, cheeks, and ear-coverts, as well as the least
64 FALCONID^.
wing-coverts, bright brick-red ; facial ruff pale bluish grey ; quills
bluish grey, the primaries browner at tip and on inner web, the
secondaries barred with brown and tipped with white, the subter-
minal bar broadest ; lower surface of wing pale ash- colour, the bars
more distinct on inner web, which is washed with pale rufous on the
primaries ; iipper tail-coverts deep ashy brown, tipped and spotted
on both webs with white, sometimes forming bars across, the outer
ones barred with rufous and white ; tail bluish ashy, tipped with
white, and crossed with seven bands of black ; under surface of body
rufous, sprinkled all over with rounded white spots, the under wing-
coverts and axiUaries similarly coloured ; the breast less plentifully
spotted and incHning more or less to ashy grey, the spots on the
under tail-coverts larger and taking the form of bars, the thighs also
narrowly barred with white ; cere olive-yellow ; biU blue at base,
black on culmen and at tip ; legs yellow ; iris yellow. Total length
22 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 15-9, tail 10-8, tarsus 3'5.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 24-5 inches,
wing 18, tail 11-5, tarsus 4-2.
Ohs. Examples vary somewhat in colouring, especially in the size
and number of white spots below. The Cape-York bird {vide infra)
has more grey on the crown than the others, and the facial ruff be-
low the throat is spotted with white. The breast has less ashy grey
than usual ; and the white spots are of large size, and continued all
over the chest. The bars on the tail vary, probably with age, some
specimens not having more than six.
Hah. Eastern Australia, from New South Wales to Cape York ;
Celebes.
Purchased.
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
Lady Carington [P.].
Earl of Derby [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CI.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CJ.
10. Circus pygargus.
The Ring-tail, Albin, Birds, ii. pi. 5 (1738)*.
Falco pygargus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 148 (1766, ex Albin).
Falco cinerarias, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. p. 188 (1808).
Falco hyemalis, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 243 (1812) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i.
p. 100 (1843).
Circus cinerarius, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mam. ^c. Brit. Mus. p. 9 (1816) ;
* Albin',1 description of the hen Ring-tail is scarcely clear enough to indicate
the species ; but the description of the male and the figure clearly refer to Circus
cinerarius of Montagu. I am also unable to identify his " Cock Ring-tail or
Hen Harrier" (iii. pi. 3, 1740). This is possibly C. cyaneus, to which it has
always been referred.
a. Ad. sk.
Australia.
h. Ad.sk.
Australia.
c. Juv. sk.
Australia.
d. Juv. sk.
Woody Wallis's Island.
e. Ad. St.
Livei-pool Plains, N.S.W.
/. Ad.sk.
Cape York.
q. Juv. sk.
Cape York.
A. Ad.sk.
N.E. Austraha.
i. Ad. sk.
Celebes.
k. (S ad. sk.
Makassar.
in. CIRCUS. 65
Sfrickl. Oni. Syn. p. 152 (1855) ; Giirney inAnderss. B. Dam. Ld.
p. 33(1872).
Circus ater, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 459 (1816) ; Pucker. Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1850, p. 82.
Circus montagui, Vieill. N. Diet. xxxi. p. 411 (1819) ; id. et Oud. Gal.
Ois. i. pi. 13 (1825) ; Less. Traite, p. 84 (1831 ).
Faleo cineraceus, Temm. Man. i. p. 7G (1820) ; Narmi. Vog. Detdschl.
i. p. 402, pi. 40 (1822) ; Werner, Atlas, Eapaces, pi. 29 (1827) ;
Schl. iS- Susetn. Viig. Eur. Taf. 38, 38a (1839).
Circus ciueraseens, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 41 (1825) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 32 (1845) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pis. 18, 19 (1854) ; i'd. Mits.
P.-B. Circi, p. 3 (1862) ; Lnyard, B. S. Afr. p. 34 (1867) ; Ileiir/l.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i, p. 105 (1869) ; Schl. Miis. P.-B. Revue Accinfr.
p. 49 (1873).
Buteo cineraceus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 55 (1828).
Circus cineraceus, Cuv. Rcqne An. i. p. 338 (1829) ; Goidd, B. Eur.
i. pi. 35 (1837) ; Mncyill. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 378 (1840) : Hewits.
Eqqs Brit. B. i. p. 49, pi. xvi. fij?. 2 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 97
(1862) ; Newt. Ooth. WolJey. p. 148 (1864) ; Montess. Rev. et Mag.
1865, p. 369, pis. 25, 26 ; Smtdev. Sv. Fogl. p. 225, pi. Ixxii. figs. 2, 3
(1866) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. xii. (1867) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn.
Europ. i. p. 109 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 37 (1869) ; Hume,
Rough Notes, ii. p. 303 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss, p. 301
(1870) ; Neiut. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 138 (1871) ; Safcad. Faun.
Ital. Ucc. p. 26 (1871); Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 342; Holdsw.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 413; SJielleT/, B. Egypt, p. 184 (1872).
Circus pratorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 95 (1831).
Falco cinerascens, Barb. Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 121.
Strigiceps cineraceus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. •^ N. Am. p. 5 (1838) ;
id. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850) ; Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. i. p. 85
(1867).
Circus nipalensis, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Glaucopteryx cinerascens, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 58.
Strigiceps pratorum, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269.
Strigiceps elegans, id. torn. cit. p. 269.
Strigiceps cinerascens, Fritsck, Vog. Eur. tab. 9. fig. 7, tab. 10. fig. 3
(1858).
Yoking. Above brown, all the feathers narrowly margined with
pale tawny excepting the upper tail-coverts, which are very broadly
and conspicuously margined ; head and neck rich tawny, with brown
centres to the feathers, producing a mottled appearance ; lores, a
distinct eyebrow, and the fore part of the ear-coverts pure white,
the cheeks and hinder part of ear-coverts dark brown, the latter
washed with rufous ; quills entirely blackish brown, with narrow
white tips, the primaries externally shaded with ashy and barred
across with blackish — these bars more distinct underneath, where the
lining of the quills is ashy white, inclining to rufous near base of
inner web ; upper tail-coverts white, with narrow shaft-lines of dark
brown, the higher ones washed with tawny ; tail deep tawny, incli-
ning to buff at tip, and crossed with four or five blackish bands, the
central feathers uniform ashy brown with five distinct cross bands
of black ; throat whitish ; facial ruft' and entire under surface of
body clear tawny, with a few central streaks of reddish brown on the
upper breast, flanks, and upper wing-coverts.
VOL. I. G
66 FALCONID^.
Adiilt male. Above bluish grey, the wing-coverts a little darker
and slightly mottled, with a terminal spot of dark ash-colour ; pri-
mary coverts and secondaries silvery grey, narrowly tijiped with
white, and crossed with two bands of black, the lower one concealed
by the greater wing-coverts, but plain enough on under surface,
which is whitish ashy ; primaries black, the inner ones shaded with
grey towards tips and on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts white,
shading into ashy grey at the tips, which are subterminally deep ash-
colour, sometimes two bands of ashy grey on the feathers ; tail
cindery grey, the two central feathers uniform, the rest banded aci'oss
with five broad bars of ashy black, inclining gradually to and becoming
tawny rufous on the outer feathers, the interspaces on these being
white ; lores whitish ; facial rutf cindery grey like head ; throat and
entire breast pale bluish grey ; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under
wing- and tail-coverts white, with distinct longitudinal streaks of
rufous fawn ; the axillaries with large diamond-shaped cross mark-
ings of the same colour ; cere greenish yellow ; bill blackish ; feet
yellow ; iris yeUow. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 15,
tail 9-5, tarsus 2-3*.
Adult female. Above nearly uniform brown, with very sUght re-
mains of fulvous margins to the feathers, more distinct on the inner-
most wing-coverts ; head and hind neck streaked with pale rufous,
as also the facial ruff and sides of the neck ; ear-coverts nearly
uniform brown, feathers- under the eye whitish ; quills dark brown,
the primary coverts and primaries shaded with grey externally,
barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the quills
are fulvous white on inner web, the inner secondaries brown like the
back ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail brown, tipped with paler
brown, and crossed with five bands of darker brown, the interspaces
paler and more rufescent on outer rectrices, inclining to whitish on
inner web ; under surface of body buffy white, with rufous centres
to the feathers, giving a distinctly striped appearance ; cere dull
yellow ; bill black ; feet yellow ; iris hazel. Total length 1 9 inches,
wing 15-3, tail 8-7, tarsus 1-4.
Hah. Europe generally to the south of 60° N". lat. ; ranging in
winter through Palestine and along the Nile to Abyssinia and South
Africa ; aU over India and Ceylon, and to the river Yangtze in
China.
a. c5' ad. St. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. Type
of Falco cinei-arius.
Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.].
Wiltshire. Col. Montagu [P.].
Oxfordshire. Miss Moreland [P.].
Great Britain. Sir A. Molesworth [P.].
Europe. Purchased.
* Supposing that all the grey-plumaged bird8 are males, as is always stated,
the wing varies from 135 to 15'5, which is the length of the brown-plumaged
female. It seems to me by no means improbable that the old female may re-
semble the old male, though taking perhaps a longer time to gain the adult
plimiage.
b.
c? juv. st
c.
(J ad. St.
d.
(? ad. St.
e.
2 ad. St.
/•
(J ad. St.
16. CIRCUS.
67
ff-
S var. St.
h.
(S ad. sk.
t.
S juv. sk.
cf JUV. sk.
k.
I.
c5' juv. sk.
m
(S ad. sk.
11.
c? ad. sk.
0.
c? juv. sk.
P-
2 ad. sk.
(I-
S ad. St.
r.
Skeleton.
s.
Skeleton.
t.
Sternum.
u.
Sternum.
Europe.
Madras.
Nepal.
Ceylon.
Bogos Land.
Eikhullut, March 27, 1868.
Eikhullut, March 27, 1868.
Amba, Samhar, Aug. 18, 1868.
Cape of Good Hope.
Purchased.
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].
Herr Esler [C.].
W.T.Blanford,Esq.
W.T.BIauford.Esq.
W.T.Blanford,Esq.
Purchased.
Zoological Society.
J. Rae, Esq. [P.].
B.H.Hodgson,Esq.[P.].
11. Circus macrurus.
Accipiter macrourus, S. G. Gmel. N. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 4.39, pis. viii.
& IX. (1771).
Falco macrurus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 269 (1788).
Circus swainsonii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 384 (18.30) ; Ch-ay,
Gen. B. i. p. 32 (184-5) ; Smith, III. S. Afr. Zool. pis. 43, 44 (1849);
Bp. Consp. i. p. 3-5 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. St/n. p. 1-51 (185.5) ; Harfl.
Oni. W. Afr. p. 16 (1857) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Circi, p. 4 (1862) ;
Jercl B. Lid. i. p. 96 (1862); Degl. u. Gerle, Orn. Eur. i. p. Ill
(1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 34 (1867) ; Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
i. p. 105 (1869) ; Blanf! Geol. 4'r. Abyss, p. 301 (1870) ; Hume,
Rough Notes, ii. p. 298 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 25 (1871) ;
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 32 (1872).
Circus supercUiaris *, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 385 (18-30).
Circus cyaneus, Fratikl. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 115.
Circus albescens, Less. Traite, p. 85 (1831).
Circus pallidus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 18.32, p. 80; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. .34
(1837) ; Sund. Sv. Foql. p. 224, pi. Ixxii. f. 4 (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 37 (1869); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 208 (1870); Swinh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 342; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 183 (1872); Hume, Sir.
F. i. p. 160 (1873).
Circus dalmatinus, Bi'ipp. Mus. Senckenh. ii. p. 177, pi. 11 (1837).
Strigiceps pallidus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Am. p. 5 (1838).
Falco pallidus, Schl. tt. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 30 (1839) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. iv. p. 594 (1840).
Circus tequipar, Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 14 ; Cromm. Kederl. Tijds.
ii. p. 66 (1867).
Glaucopteryx pallidus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 58.
Strigiceps swainsoui, Bp. Rev. Crit. Ois. d'Eur. p. 133 (1850) ; Frifsch,
Vog. Eur. tab. 9. fig. 8, tab. 10. fig. 2 (1858) ; Loche, E.rpl. Sci.
Alger. Ois. i. p. 88 (1867).
Strigiceps desertorum, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269.
Adult male. Above pale bluish grey, the crown and interscapulary
region very slightly darker ; lores, a distinct eyebrow and sides of
face white, the ear-coverts slightly streaked with ashy ; under sur-
face of body white with a slight greyish shade on the facial ruff, on
* Printed supenih'aris, but doubtless a misprint for st/percil/an'a. a title justi-
fied by the type specimen.
u 2
68 FALCONIDJE.
the sides of the breast, and on the greater under wing-coverts ; quills
hlackish brown, primaries externally washed with ashy grey, the
secondaries entirely of the latter colour and tipped with white ; pri-
maries white at base of inner web, the rest of the ijuills entirely
white underneath, the secondaries with a nearly obsolete greyish
subterminal band ; upper tail-covei'ts white, barred across with ashy
grey ; middle tail-feathers uniform ashy grey, the rest white with
seven or eight bars of ashy groy, all tipped with white, under sur-
face of tail entirely white, the bars less distinct. Bill black ; feet
yellow; iris yellow. Total length 17'5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing
13-2, taU 8-8, tarsus 2-65.
Adult female. Above brown, the head and hind neck streaked
with tawny fulvous, with which most of the feathers of the upper
surface are margined and tipped, the small wing-coverts especially
broadly ; frontal feathers, a superciliary line as well as a spot below
the eye white ; cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown, very slightly
streaked with tawny ; facial ruff dark brown, plainly streaked with
creamy buff; wings nearly uniform sepia-brown, tipped with huffy
white, primaries externally shaded with ashy grey; primaries plainly,
secondaries obsoletely barred with darker brown, plainer underneath,
where the inner webs are creamy buff ; upper tail-coverts white,
barred across or diamond-spotted with dark brovra ; tail pale tawny,
crossed with four broad blackish bars, the interspaces inclining to
white on the outer feathers, the black bars replaced by rufous on
external rectrix, the two centre feathers ashy brown, with six
blackish brown cross bars, the subterminal one broadest ; under sur-
face of body creamy white, with broad longitudinal streaks of brown
on chest, becoming narrower and more rufous on lower breast and
abdomen ; under tail-coverts clearly rufescent ; under wing-coverts
creamy buff, with diamond-shaped spots and streaks of brown, the
lower series barred across with blackish ; axillarics brown, inclining to
rufous, with large oval spots of fulvous on both webs ; cere greenish
yellow ; bill horny black, gape dull greenish ; feet yellow ; iris dark
hazel. Total length 205 inches, wing 14-7, tail 10-5, tarsus 2-9.
Young. Brown, like the old female, but not so much variegated
above, with tawny margins to the feathers ; under surface entirely
pale fawn-colour, the facial ruff of this same colour, and therefore
contrasting in marked prominence with the dark brown cheeks and
ear-coverts, the flank-feathers and axillaries with indistinct brown
central streaks ; frontal feathers, superciliary streak, and spot imder
the eye whitish ; upper tail-coverts white, spotted with pale rufous ;
tail much as in old female, but the dark bars only five in number.
Hah. Europe genei'ally, as far north as 60° N. lat., and about 8°
E. long. : in winter in Africa, except the forest-region of the west
coast ; all India and Ceylon, Burmah, and to the river Yangtze in
China.
ft. S fid. sk. Athens. C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.].
h. S ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [C.].
c. c5" ad. sk. Mesopotamia. Euphrates Expedition [C.l.
d. $ ad. sk. liajkote, Kattiawar, Capt. J. Hayes Llovd [P.].
Nov. 10, 1871.
16. CIRCUS. 69
e. 2 iuv. sk. Rajkote, Kattiawar, Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].
Nov. 10, 1871.
f, (J. (5 ad. ?k. Punjaub. Major-Gen. Sir F. Hearsey [C.].
h.' S ad. sk. Deccan {Burgess). J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
i. S ad. sk. Behar. B. II. Hodgson, Esq.
k. J juv. sk. Behar. B. 11. Hodgson, Esq.
/. cS j'uv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
7)1. cJ ad. sk. ZouUa, Anneslev Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J.
Feb. 19, 1868.
M. $ ad. sk. Bissao. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
o. 5 ad. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresman, Esq.
p. cJ ad. sk. Cape Colony.
q. 2 juv. St. Cape Colony. Sii- A. Smith [C.]. Type of C.
supercUiaris.
12. Circus seruginosus.
The Moor-Biizzai-d, Alhin, Birds, i. pi. 3 (1731).
Le Busard de Marais, Briss. Oni. i. p. 401 (1760).
Le Busard roux, Brks. Orn. i. p. 404 (1760).
Falco ffiruginosus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 130 (1766) ; Buff. PI. Enl. i. p. 424
(1783).
La Hai-paye, Buff. PL Enl. i. pi. 4G0 (1783).
Falco rufus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 26o (1788, ex Buff.) ; Temm. Man. i. p. 69
(1820) ; Naum. Vdt/. Beutschl. i. p. 378, Taf. 37, 38. fig. 1 (1822) ;
Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, p. 27 (1827); Schl. u. Suse/n. Vog. Eur.
Taf. 36 (1839) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 90 (1840).
Falco arundinaceus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 23 (1802).
Circus ajru^-inosus, Saviqn. Si/st. Ois. Ecjypte, p. 90 ( 1809) ; Less. Traite,
p. 86 (1831); Macgifl. Brit. B. iii. p. 382 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 32 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850) ; fichl. Vug. Nederl.
pis. 20-22 (1854) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 146 (1855) ; Hewits. Ei/gs
Bnt. B. i. p. 44 (1856) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 9. fig. 5, tab. 10.
fio-s. &-7 (1858); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Circi, p. 11 (1862) ; Jerd. B.
Ind. i. p. 99 (1862); Netct. Ooth. Wolley. p. 143 (1864); Bettoni,
Vcc. Lomb. i. pis. 31, 31a (1865); Sundev. So. Fogl. p. 222,
pi. xxviii. figs. 4, 5 (1866) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. p. 82
(1867); Degl. i^- Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 105 (1867) ; Gould, B. Gt.
Br. pt. xiii. (1868); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869); Hetu/l. Orn.
N.O.-Afr.-p. 103 (1869); Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss. -p. SOI (1870);
Hume, 'Rough Aot-es, ii. p. 314 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 147;
Sakad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 24 (1871) ; Ketft. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i.
p. 127 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 181 (1872) ; Socage, Jorn.
Lisb. 1872, p. 1 ; Hume, Stray F. i. p. 160 (1873) ; ScU. Mus. P.-B.
Revue Accipitr. p. 50 (1873).
Circus rufus, Savign. Syst. Ois. E(/ypte, p. 91 (1809); Less. Traite,
p. 86 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 37 (1837).
Accipiter circus. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 362 (1811).
Pygargus rufus, Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. i. p. 119 (181(3).
Buteo feruginosus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 55 (1828).
Circus variegfitus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 81.
Circus arundinaceus, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 91 (1831).
Circus aquaticus, Brehm, Isis, 1832, p. 830.
Circus sykesii, Less. Compl. Buff. vii. p. 161 (1836).
Buteo rufus, Couch, Corn. Faun. p. 11 (1838).
Young. Nearly uniform chocolate-brown, the feathers of the upper
70
FALCONTDiE.
surface washed with rufous on their margins ; the upper tail-coverts
and under surface more decidedly rufous brown ; crown of head,
throat, and cheeks creamy buff, the feathers of the hinder neck,
wing-coverts, and centre of breast often showing margins of this
colour, giving a streaked appearance and indicating approaching
adolescence ; wings brown, the primaries much darker; tail uniform
brown, very slightly mottled with rufous.
Ohs. Both sexes appear to be alike when young, and to pass
through the same changes till the adult stage is reached. The latter
may be known by the bluish-grey wings and tail.
Adult male. Above dark brown, with slight remains of rufous
margins to the feathers of the upper surface, the least wing-coverts
huffy white with dark brown centres ; outer greater coverts, pri-
mary coverts, and secondaries bluish ashy, with very slight white
tips ; the innermost secondaries brown, more or less washed with
ashy grey ; primaries blackish brown, much paler at the tips, creamy
white at base of inner web, increasing in extent towards the secon-
daries, which are entirely light ashj^ below ; upper tail-coverts white,
somewhat washed with grey and tinged with rufous ; tail uniform
bluish ash-colour, paler and a little more fulvesceut beneath ; entire
head and neck creamy buff, streaked with dark brown, the inter-
scapulary region also slightly streaked ; facial ruff" indistinct, being
coloured like the rest of the head and neck ; sides of face and throat
white with narrow streaks of dark brown, the hinder margin of ear-
coverts nearly uniform brown ; under surface of body creamy buff,
the breast longitudinally streaked with brown ; the abdomen and
thighs more decidedly rufescent, but appearing partially streaked by
reason of the fulvous margins to the feathers : under wing-coverta
and axillaries uniform huffy white, the latter with a narrow longi-
tudinal shaft-line of brown ; cere greenish yellow ; bill blackish ;
feet yellow, claws black; iris bright yellow. Total length 22-5
inches, culmen 1'55, wing 1(5, tail 10, tarsus 3-4,
Adult femcde. Slightly larger than male. Total length 23 inches,
wing 17, tail 11, tarsus 3-8.
Rah. Europe generally, seldom north of 60° N. lat., rare in
Siberia, but occurring in China, Japan, and the Philippines in winter,
as well as the whole of India and N.E. Africa, occurring at that
season in S. Africa also.
a. 2 juv. st. Carmarthenshire. Col. Montagu [P.].
b. Juv. var. st. Norfolk. J. Scales, Esq. [P.].
c. (S juv. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [CI.
d. (S ad. St. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker | C.l.
e. 5 juv. St. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.J.
f. Ad. var. st. Great Britain. J. Gould, Esq.
'g. d" ad. St. Europe. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
h. cj juv. sk. Near Bremen. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
i. 2 ad. St. Athens. C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.].
j. (^ ad. sk. Gennesareth. Canon Tristram [C.l.
k. c? juv. sk. Gennesareth. Canon Tristram C.J.
/. S ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]
m, m', m". .liiv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq
P-J-
16. CIRCU8.
71
n
cT ad. sk.
0.
S juv. sk.
P-
cJ juv. sk.
I-
9 juv. sk.
r.
cj ad. sk.
s.
S juv. sk.
t.
Juv. sk.
u.
$ juv. St.
V.
Juv. sk.
w
X. Skeleton
y-
Sternuii).
z.
Sternum.
Behar.
Behar.
Moorshedabad.
Davjiling.
China.
China.
Formosa.
Philippine Islands.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.' .
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.'.
Colonel Cobbe tC.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P-J.
J. R. Reeves, Esq. \\\\
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.l.
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
Purchased.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
J. Rae, Esq. [P.J.
13. Circus ranivorus.
Le Grenouillavd, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 23 (1799) ; Sund. Crit. om
LemdU. p. 2.5 (18o7).
Falco ranivorus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 170 (1800).
Circus ranivorus, Cin\ Regne An. i. p. 358 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 86
(1831); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845); StricU. Om. Syn. p. 151
(1855) ; Grill, Zoul. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 242 ;
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Cirei, p. 11 (1862); Laxjard, B. S. Afr. p. 35
(1867) ; Bocaqe, Jorn. Lish. 1868, p. 47 ; Graij, Hnnd-l. B. i. p. 36
(1869) ; Fimdi u. Hartl. Voq. Ostafr. p. 97 (1870) ; Gicmeij in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 34 (1872). '
Circus levaillantii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 387 (1830).
Falco pygargus, Kaup, T/ticrr. ii. p. 254 (1836).
Pygargiis ranivorus, Kaup, Classif. 8'dug. u. Vdg. p. 113 (1844).
Young. Above brown, with a chocolate gloss, the feathers mar-
gined with dull rufous, verj' distinct on the least wing-coverts and
head ; quills dark brown, tipped with paler brown, the inner webs
lighter and mottled with rufous, especially near base ; rump dark
brown, the lower feathers tipped with rufous ; the upper tail-coverts
entirely rufous, tipped with fulvous ; tail ashy brown, tipped with
fulvous, crossed with six bars of dark brown, the interspaces on the
outer feathers* more or less inclining to rufous ; sides of face brown,
the feathers over and under the eye whitish ; facial ruff dark brown,
with very slight streaks of fulvous ; under surface of body chocolate-
brown, gradually inclining to deep nifous on the abdomen and thighs,
the under wing-coverts rather brighter rufous, the centre of the
breast slightly varied with fulvous streaks.
Adult male. Above brown, the feathers margined on both sides
with fulvous, those of the hind neck with white, causing a distinctly
streaked appearance ; upper wing-coverts orange-rufous, distinctly
spotted on both webs and tipped with white ; greater coverts brown,
tipped with white, the outermost externally shaded with ashy grey;
primary coverts and quills dull ashy grey, barred with blackish brown,
the subterminal bar being the broadest ; the secondaries browner,
tipped with white, the cross bars almost imperceptible above, but
plainer underneath ; the inner web for the most part white ; rump
ashy brown, the feathers tipped with orange-rufous; upper tail-
coverts clear orange-rufous, slightly shaded with brownish and tipped
with white; tail dull ashy grey, tipped with whitish and crossed
72 FALC0NIDJ3.
with eight bands of scpia-hrown ; the outer feathers for the most
part orange-rufous ; the ashy-grey bars distinct only towards the
tips, the basal bars mixed with or entirely obscured by rufous ; head
and sides of face brown, slightly washed with rufous and streaked
with darker brown ; frontal feathers and those round the eye whitish;
facial ruif rather distinct brown, streaked with pure white ; under
surface of body dull brown on the breast, shading into orange-rufous
on the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the feathers distinctly
margined with white, causing a streaked appearance ; under wing-
coverts white, with aiTOW-shaped central spots of clear orange-rufous ;
feet light yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 20-5 inches, culmen 1-35,
wing 15-], tail 9-5, tarsus 3-2.
AdiiU female. Tery similar to the male, but more distinctly
streaked on the abdomen and thighs, which are not so bright rufous
and have veiy broad white margins ; tail banded with brown and
dull rufous, with no ashy-grey shade. Total length 21-5 inches,
wing 15-6, tail 9-5, tarsus 3*2.
Hab. South Africa, below 10° S. lat.
a. Pull St. Blauw Berg, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux | CI
b. 2 iuv. sk. Latakoo. M. J. Yen-eaux [C.J.
c. d. Juv. sk. South Afi-ica. Sir A. Smith [C.].
e, f. c? 2 ad. St. South Afi-ica. S. African Museum.
<7. d ad. St. South Afiica. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
h. Ad. sk. South Africa. John Rocke, Esq. [P].
14, Circus gouldi.
Cu-cus assinulis, Gould, B. Atistr. i. pi. 2G (1848) ; StricM. Orn. Syn.
p. 1.5.5 (1855) ; Cass. U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 101 (1858) ; Gould,
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 58 (1865) ; Finsch u. Hartl. Faun. C'cmtr.
Polijn. Orn. p. 7 (1867) ; Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869) ; Hutton,
Ibis, 1870, p. 392 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Eeme Accipitr. p. 51 (1873).
Circus approximans. Peak, U. S. Expl. E.vp. p. 64 (1848).
Circus gouldi, Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 34 (1850) ; ul. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 491 ;
Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 215; Bidlcr, B. N. Zeal, part 1 (1872).
Circus wolfi, Gurney, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 823, pi. xliv.
Young. Above uniform sooty brown ; the nape and hind neck
streaked with rich fulvous ; the ujiper tail-coverts tawny rufous,
shaded mesially with brown ; wings brown, like back ; the primaries
blacker ; the secondaries narrowly margined with fulvous towards
the tips ; the inner web fulvous, washed with rufous near the base ;
under the eye a patch of fulvous feathers ; imder surface of body
chocolate-bro\vn, gradually becoming deep chestnut on abdomen,
thighs, and under tail-coverts ; taO. nearly uniform brown, tipped
with pale tawny buff ; the outer feathers more or less tawny rufous
near the base, mottled with brown, remains of obsolete dark brown
bars being apparent on the centre feathers ui certain lights.
Adult. Above earthy brown ; the nape and hind neck slightly
streaked with bufi"; most of the dorsal feathers with central markings
of darker brown ; quUls brown, shaded externally with ashy grey ;
the secondaries narrowly tipped with fulvous, all with more or less
10. ciKcus. 73
distinct remains of blackish, forming on some of the secondaries a
distinct subterminal spot ; upper tail-coverts white, on some of them
a slight spot of pale rufous ; tail ashy grey, tipped -with white ; the
central feathers entirely grey, the exterior ones gradually becoming
more and more tawnj- mfous near the base, with a few dark brown
mottlings ; frontal and superciliary feathers dull whitish, not very
distinct ; sides of face and of neck dull rufous brown, streaked with
dark brown ; facial ruff rufous buff, streaked with blackish, and
mottled with white ; under surface of body creamy white, with di-
stinct streaks of pale rufous brown along the centre of the feathers,
broader on the imder wing-coverts, and very narrow on the thighs
and under tail-coverts ; culmen pale greenish yellow ; bill dark
brown, bluish at base ; tarsi greenish white ; feet yellowish buff ;
iiis yellow. Total length 21-o inches, culmen 1-5, wing 16-25,
tail 9-8, tarsus 3-9.
Hub. Southern and Eastern Australia, as high as 20° X. lat. ; New
Zealand, New Caledonia*, and the Fiji Islands.
Sir D. Cooper, Bart. [P.].
Sir G. Grev [P.l.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Eai-1 of Derby [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P].
Antarctic Expedition.
Sir George Grey [P.].
Sir Everard Home, Bart.
Sir Everard Home, Bart.
Su' Everard Home, Bart.
Pm'chased.
a. Ad. st.
Australia.
b. Juv. St.
S. Australia.
c. Juv. sk.
S. Australia.
d. Juv. sk.
WaUis Island.
e. Ad. sk.
Reed Beds, S. Australia.
/. Juv. sk.
Reed Beds, S. Australia.
(/. 2 ^i- sk.
Banks's Peninsula, N. Z.
h, i. Juv. sk.
New Zealand.
/. Juv. sk.
New Zealand.
k, I, m. Juv. sk.
New Zealand.
M. Var. St.
New Zealand.
0. Ad. St.
New Zealand.
p. Juv. sk.
New Zealand.
I have not had an opportunity of examining the foUowing species : —
15. Circus inacrosceUs.
Circus macrosceles, A. Kewtmi, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 180 ; U. NeTct. His,
1863, p. 337 ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1869, p. 451 ; Gra>/, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 36 (1869).
Immature male. Of the general appearance of Circus cyaneus, but
of a much larger size. In colour exactly resembling examples of
Circus cyaneus of the same age, but having the central stripes to the
feathers of the belly longer, the tail-coverts broader, and the cross
bars of the wings more narrow and more brightly marked ; cere
yellow; bill hom-colour, black at tip; feet yellow, claws black;
iris yellow {Newton). Total length 22-75 inches, culmen 2, wing
a little over 15, tail 10, tarsus 4, middle toe with claw 2-75.
Hab. Madagascar.
Obs. Professor Schlcgel, in his lately pubhshed ' Revue ' (p. 50),
doubtfully refers this bird to C. assimilis of Australia. The latter is
the only species which approaches it in length of tarsus ; but at the
The Harrier from this locality, the true C. wolfi, may turn out to be distinct.
74 FALCON ID Ji.
same time it is a Marsh-Harrier, wliile Professor Newton allies his
species to the Hen-Harrier.
17. MICRASTUR.
Brachypterus, Less. Compl. Buff. vii. p. 113 (1836, Type.
nee Kiiffel) M. semitorquatus.
Cariiife.\,'im. Hev. Zool. 1842, p. 378 (nee Sun-
^^j, \ M. semitorquatus.
Micrastur, " Gray, List Gen. B. p. 6 (1841) M. semitorquatus.
Climacocercus, Cuh. in Tschudi, Faun. Peruan.
Voff. p. 98 (184-3) •^■_- • M. gilvicoUis.
Eh-^Tiehomegus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854,
p_ 537 M. semitorquatus.
Cf. Sel. i<f Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 364.
Bill of Micrastur.
Range. From Southern Mexico throughout the -n-hole of Columbia,
Amazonia, Guiana, and Brazil, extending into Bolivia and Peru on
the western side of the continent and to Kio on the eastern coast.
Key to the Sjjecies.
a. Larger : imdemeath entirely uniform, not
barred.
a'. With a white or creamy-buff collar round
hind neck semitorquatus, p. 75.
h'. With no collar mirandollei, p. 76.
b. Smaller : underneath barred in a most regu-
lar manner.
c'. Flanks white, barred with gi-eyish black,
c". Above uniform slate-colour, brown, or
blackish grey.
c'". Fore neck more or less tinged with
orange-rufous rvjicollis c? , p. 76.
d'". Fore neck barred with white and
black,
c"". Lower abdomen and vent white . . gilvicoUis S 2 ; V- ^^•
d"". Lower abdomen and vent di-
stinctly barred like rest cf un-
der surface guerilla J , p. 79.
d". Back rufous or rufous brown ; head ashy
grey or greyish black, in evident con-
trast.
e". Chest orange-rufous rvficollis $ , p. 76.
17. MICRASXUE. 75
/'". Chest white, barred with greyish
black.
e"". Head and sides of neck ashy grey . guerilla $ , p. 79.
/"'". Head and sides of neck orreyish
black, tlie latter slightly washed
with rufous zonotJiorai J , p. 79.
d'. Flanks uniform bright chestnut cadanilim, p. 80.
1. Micrastur ssmitorquatus.
Negriblanco, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 124 (1802j.
Faxado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 126 (1802).
Sparvius semitorquatus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. p. 322 (1817).
Falco leucomelas, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 62 (1823, ex Illiger, MS.).
Falco brachj-pterus, Temm. PL Col. i. pis. 116, 1-H (1824).
Astur brachypterus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 9 (1824\
Nisus brachypterus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 98 (1828); Schl. Mus.
P.-B. .\stures, p. 52 (1862).
Camifex naso, Less. Pev. Zool. 1842, p. 379.
Micrastur brachvpterus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 6 (1841) ; id. Gen.
B. i. p. -2^, pl.'lO. fig. 1 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (18.50); Pelz.
Peis. Xov. Foff. p. 12 (1865) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (1869) ;
Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 7, 398 (1871).
Falco percontator, Cabot, Bost. Jonrn. N. H. \\. p. 462 (1844).
Herpetotheres brachypterus, Kauji, Contr. Orn. 18-50, p. 71.
Rhyuchomegus brachypterus, Bp. Rev. et 3Iag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537.
Micrastur semitorquatus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 122 (1855) ; Scl. ^
Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 36-5.
Climacocercus semitorquatus, Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 407.
Young. Above dull chocolate-brown ; the crown and sides of face
uniform ; the ear-coverts slightly fulvescent near the base ; back
and wing-coverts barred and slightly tipped with pale tawny rufous ;
collar round neck rufous buff, mottled with dark brown ; quills
brown, like back, and barred with rufous in same manner ; upper
tail-coverts brown, barred across with ritfous white; tail brown,
naiTowly tipped with white and crossed with six bands of white
washed with rufous ; under surface of body white ; the throat un-
spotted ; the breast thickly barred -with brown strongly washed
with rufous, becoming broader and blacker on the iianks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts white, spotted and barred
•with dark brown Hke the breast.
Adult. Head and upper surface of body blackish, as well as a line
drawn down the side of the face along the hinder margin of the ear-
coverts ; sides of face, a collar round the hind neck, and entire under
parts pale ochreous fawn, including the under wing- and tail-coverts ;
the hind neck with a few blackish cross markings ; quills uniform
^mth back, the primaries a little browner externally, all barred with
white on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts blackish, barred and
tipped with white ; tail blackish, tipped with white and crossed with
three bands of white, not strictly conterminous on outer feathers.
Total length 20 inches, culmen l4, wing 10-4, tail 10-3, tarsus 3-25.
Obs. Very old birds appear to become quite white below and to
Lave a white collar.
76 FALCONID^.
Hah. Sparingly distributed througli central America from Southern
Mexico and Yucatan, throughout New Granada and the countries
south of the Orinoco, and all Brazil to Paraguay and Rio, not oc-
cuiTing in Western Amazonia.
a. Ad. st.
Bahia.
Sudbiu-y Museum.
h. Juv. st.
Bahia.
Sudbury Museum.
c. Juv. st.
Brazil.
Purchased.
d. Ad. st.
New Granada.
Piurchased.
e. Ad. st.
Mexico.
Purchased.
/. Juv. st.
S. America.
Zoological Society.
2. Micrastur mirandollei.
Astm- mirandoUei, Schl. Neckrl. Tijdschr. i. p. 131 (1863) ; id. Mus.
P.-B. Astures, p. 27 (1862).
Micrastur macrorhvnchus, Peh. Pets. Nov. Vog. p. 11 (1865, ex Natt.
MS.) ; id. Orn. Bras. p. 7 (1871).
Micrastm- mirandollei, Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 8665 Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 31 (1869).
Adult female (type of species). Above uniform clear slate-colour,
the fore part of the ear-coverts inclining to whitish at the base of
the plumes ; head darker slate-colour than the back ; quills brown,
barred above "with ashy brown and below with ashy white ; tail
black, tipped with ashy and crossed with three bands of ashy brown
above, whitish below, with an ill-defined line of white visible even
on upper sui-face ; entire under surface of body silky white, with a
very faint greyish lustre on the throat, and a few obsolete greyish
bars on the sides of the breast ; some of the flank-feathers with a
black shaft-stripe fading into white towards the tip ; under wing-
coverts white, the lower ones as well as the bases of the quills
broadly barred with black ; biU horn-black, yellow at base of both
mandibles ; feet yellowish. Total length 17"5 inches, culmen 1-25,
wing 9-8, tail 8-2, tarsus 2-9. {Mus. Lugd.)
Hah. Amazonia and Guiana.
3. Micrastur ruflcollis.
Spai-vius ruflcollis, Vii-iU. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 322 (1817) ;
Pucker. Pec. et May. de Zool. 1850, p. 91.
Falco leucauchen, Teuim. PI. Col. i. pi. 36 (182-3).
Falco xantliothorax, Teinm. PL Col. i. pi. 92 (1824) ; Spic, Av. Bras.
i. p. 19 (1824).
Astur xanthothorax, Vig. Zool. Joiirn. i. p. 338 (1824).
Nisus xanthothorax, Less. Man. d" Orn. i. p. 96 (1828) ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Astm-es, p. 50 (1862).
Astiu" leucauchen, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828).
Nisus leucauchen, Less. Traite, p. 60 (1831).
Micrastur xanthothorax, Grai/, Cat.Accipifr.-p. 69 (1848); Cass. ProcT
Phil. Ac. 1848, p. 88 ; Gray, Gen. B. 1. p. 28 (1849) ; B^y. Cvnsp. i.
p. 30 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 122 (1855); Gray, Iland-l. B.
i. p. 31 (1809) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 366.
Micrastur leucauchen, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 09; Cass. Pr.
Phil. Acad. 1848, p. 88; StricJil Orn. Syn. p. 123 (1855); Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (1869) ; Scl. ^^ S(dv. P. Z. S. 1809, p. 367.
17. MICRASTUR. 77
Ilerpetotheres xanthothorax, Kmip, Cuntr. Orn. 1850, p. 71.
Cliinacocerciis xanthothorax, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 85 (1855j.
Climacocercus riiMcollis, Cab.J.f. O. 1865, p. 40.
Micrastiir gilvicollis (ad.), Bek. 'Beis. Nov. Vog. p. 10 (1865, teste Scl.
4'-'S'rt/r.).
Nisus nificollis, Sckl. 3Ius. P.-B. R<;vue Accipitr. p. 98 (1873).
Younrj. Head uniform dull brown, a distinct eyebrow and sides
of face whitish ; the hinder margin of ear-coverts distinctly brown,
below which a circular line of whitish feathers forming an imperfect
ruff; sides of neck dull rufous brown, the nape much mottled with
white ; upper surface of body dull rufous brown, with numerous
spots and half bars of white or rufous white, more distinct on the
wing-coverts, and very large on the upper tail-coverts ; quilLs brown,
barred on both webs with dull rufous, inclining to white on inner-
most secondaries ; under surface of quills with broad white bars on
inner webs, tinged with rufous on the primaries ; tail black, tipped
with white and crossed with four irregular but distinct bars of
white; under siuface of body huffy white, crossed with numerous
wavy lines of brown, gradually disappearing towards the abdomen,
a little broader on upper breast, where they are tinged with rufous ;
under wing-coverts uniform white.
Adult male {M. leucauchen). Above dull slate-colour, the sides
of the face and neck also slaty grey, but a Httle paler than the
upper surface ; quills brown above, ashy brown below, barred with
white on inner web; upper tail-coverts slate-colour, like back;
tail blackish, tipped with bufiy white, and crossed with three
whitish bands, these shaded with ashy on the external feathers ;
under surface of body greyish white, the throat unbarred; but
all the rest, excepting the fore neck, which is duU orange-rufous,
with numerous bars of greyish black, becoming narrower on thighs
and abdomen. Total length 13 inches, wing 6-9, tail 6-8, tarsus
2-45.
_ Adult female. Head uniform greyish brown, with a slight olive
tinge on the forehead; rest of upper surface brownish rufous,
brighter and more orange-coloured on the back and sides of neck,
thence extending across the chest ; sides of face dull rufous, the
cheeks brownish, the ear-coverts whitish at base and washed with
grey along their upper margin ; an imperfect ruff of circular feathers
dull rufous also ; throat whitish, washed with rufous ; rest of imder
surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, white, numerously
barred with greyish black, the bars on the u])per breast broader
and tinged with rufous ; quills brown, with rufous shafts, and ex-
ternally washed with rufous, and broadly barred on the inner web
with white ; tail dark brown, washed with rufous near the base,
tipped with wliite and crossed with four narrow and not strictly
conterminous white bars. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 0-9,
wing 7-65, tail 7-4, tarsus 2-6.
Hah. Eastern South America ; Venezuela and Guiana ; Central
Brazil as far as Rio, between about 10° S. lat. and the Tropic of
Capricorn.
78^
«. 2 ad. sk.
5. Juv. St.
c. Ad. St.
d. x\d. st.
e. Ad. sk.
f. Juv. sk.
g. h. (J ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
FALCONID^.
S. America.
S. America.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
S. America.
Zoological Society.
Brazil.
Purchased.
Brazil.
K. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
Bahia.
Purchased.
Bahia.
Ur. Wucherer [C.].
Bahia.
Dr. Wucherer [C.].
i
4. Micrastur gilvicollis.
Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill. JV. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 323 (1817) ;
Pitcher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 91.
Nisus concentricus, Less. Traite, p. 60 (1831, ex Illigei; MS.) ; Schl
Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 51 (1862).
Climacocercus concentricus, Cah. in Tsch. Fmm. Peruan. Vog. p. 98
(1844) ; id. in Scliomb. Reis. Guian. p. 738 (1848) ; Burm. Th. Bras.
ii. p. 86 (1855).
Micrastur concentricus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 28 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 30 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 123 (1850) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
pp. 7, 399 (1871).
Herpetotheres concentricus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 71.
Climacocercus gilvicollis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1865, p. 407.
Micrastur gilvicoUis, Pek. Reis. Nov. Fog. p. 10 (1865) ; Scl ^ Salv.
P. Z. S. 1869, p. 368 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (1869) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. pp. 7, 399 (1871).
Adult female. Above blackish, with a very slight shade of brown
in some lights, the upper tail-coverts slightly spotted with white
near the base ; frontal feathers and cheeks whitish, the hinder
margin of ear-coverts blackish, behind this an imperfect ruff, the
feathers composing which have white bases ; quills a little browner
than the back, barred on inner web with white ; tail black, tipped
with white and crossed with four ii-regular white bars ; under sur-
face of body white, the throat unspotted, the remainder crossed with
numerous wavy lines of blackish brown, with a faint fulvous tinge
on upper breast, the bars gradually disappearing towards the abdo-
men and under tail-coverts, and very slightly indicated on under
wing-coverts. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 7"15, tail
7 "3, tarsus 2-45.
Adult male. Above dull ashy brown, clearer on the head and sides
of the face ; quills coloured like the back, a little browner externally,
and barred with white on the inner web ; tail blackish, very slightly
tipped with white, and crossed with four white bands (three on
central tail-feathers) ; under surface of body dull white, the throat
entirely of this colour, the breast minutely barred with wavy lines
of greyish black, the sides of the upper breast washed with ashy,
and the bars gradually decreasing on the abdomen, thighs, and under
wing- and tail-coverts. Total length 13-5 inches, wing 6-6, tail 6-5,
tarsus 1-2.
Hah. S. America, from New Granada and the countries south
of the Orinoco, throughout the whole of Amazonia to Peru, and
through Brazil to a little below 20° S. lat.
17. MICRASTTJR. 79
a
2 ad. sk. Capim River. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l
b. $ ad. sk. Para. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
c. c7 ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.
d. Juv. sk. Bogota. Purchased.
e. 5 ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased,
5. Micrastur guerilla.
Micrastur guerilla, Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1848, p. 87 ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 28 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850) ; Cass. Journ. Phil.
Acad. i. pi. xl. (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 123 (1855) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (18G9) ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 368.
Micrastur concentricus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 285.
Micrastur gilvicollis, Scl. 8f Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 218,
Micrastur xanthothorax, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 358.
Young. Head blackish ; back deep blackish brown, shaded with
chocolate, especially on wing-coverts, crossed with small and nearly
obsolete bars of duU rufous ; feathers of nape and sides of neck
white in their centres, forming a conspicuous niff ; sides of face
blackish brown ; cheeks white at base of feathers ; throat and fore
neck white ; rest of under surface buffy white, crossed with brown
bars, decreasing in extent towards thighs and abdomen, very minute
on under wing-coverts, and absent on under tail-coverts ; quiUs uni-
form with back and obsoletely barred with rufous in the same manner,
broadly barred with white on inner web below ; upper tail-coverts
uniform with back, the lower ones spotted with white ; tail blackish,
tipped with white, and crossed with five irregular bands of white.
Adult male. Above uniform blackish slate-colour, the sides of the
face uniform with the head, outermost greater wing-coverts washed
with brown ; primary coverts and quiUs dull brown, barred with
white on inner web, the primaries only near the base ; tail blackish,
tipped with buify white, and crossed with three irregular whitish
bands ; throat and cheeks pale grey ; rest of under surface duU.
white, thickly barred with greyish black, the bars very close-set on
the breast, and much wider apart on the abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts. Total length 14 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 6-95, tail
6-9, tarsus 2-4.
Adult female. Similar to male, but more broadly barred under-
neath ; the back chocolate-brown like the wings, the blackish-grey
head contrasting plainly. Total length 14 inches, wing 7"3, tail 7*25,
tarsus 2-5.
Hab. The whole of Central America, from Southern Mexico to
Panama, extending into Ecuador.
a. c? ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.
h. 2 *<!• sk. Jalapa. R. De Oca
C.l.
c. S j uv. sk. Jalapa. • R. De Oca [C.].
6. Micrastur zonothorax.
Climacocercus zonothorax, Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 40G.
Micrastur zonothorax, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. >S. 1869, p. 366; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (1869).
Adult (type of species). Above chocolate-brown, the head a Kttle
80 FALCONIDJE.
more ashy ; sides efface and of ueck and entire throat ashy brown ;
wings uniform with the back ; primaries a Httle darker brown, the
secondaries barred with white on the inner web, as also are the
primaries near the base ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown with white
cross bars ; tail blackish, narrowly tipped with white and crossed
with three narrow white bands ; entire under surface of body thickly
barred with black and white, including the under wing- and taH-
coverts. Total length 16 inches, culmen l-Oo, wing 7-1; tail 7*1,
tarsus 2-35. {Mus. Berol.)
Hab. New Granada and Venezuela.
7. Micrastur castanilius.
Accipiter castanilius, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 578 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 304 ; Scl. ^- Salv. E.v. Om. pi. xviii. (1867).
Micrastiu: eai?tanilius, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (18C9).
Nisus castanilius, Giebel, ''Hies. Om. p. 263 (1872).
Adult. Above slate-colour, the head lighter and more slaty blue,
the ear-coverts and cheeks uniform with the crown ; throat white,
shghtly varied with ashy cross bars ; centre of the body banded
alternately with white and bright chestnut, some of the bars of the
latter also margined with ashy grey ; entire sides of the body, in-
cluding the flanks and thighs, bright chestnut ; lower abdomen and
under wing- and tail-coverts white, with a few indistinct bars of
ashy; quills brown, barred above with darker brown, the under
surface white near the base, ashy towards the tips, against which the
cross bars show plainly ; taU brown, obscurely crossed with three
bands of blackish brown, tipped with white and largely spotted with
white on the inner web, forming two ill-defined bars, a little more
indistinct on the under surface, which is altogether Hghter ; bill
black ; feet yellow, claws horn-brown. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 6"1, tail 5"5, tarsus 2"1.
JIab. New Granada.
a. Ad. st. S. America. Purchased.
18. GERANOSPIZIAS.
Ischnosceles, StricJil. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 409 (1844, nee '^^■
Brirm.) G. caerulescens.
Geranospiza, Kaup, Ids, 1847, p. 183 G. cserulescens.
Geranopus, Kauji, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 65 G. caerulescens.
Geranospizias, Siindev. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873) G. cserulescens.
Range. Throughout Central America from Southern Mexico to
Panama, and in South America occurring in Ecuador, Guiana, and
Amazonia westwards to about 70° W. long., and throughout Southern
Brazil into Bolivia.
Key to the Species.
a. General colour slaty blue, with a few white cross
bars below cmndescens, p. 81.
b. Slaty black, almost entirely uniform niger, p. 82.
18. GEEANOSPIZIAS.
1. Geranospizias caerulescens.
81
X. p. 318(1817);
Aplomado, Azara, Apunf. i. p. 101 (1802).
Sparvius caerulescens, Vinll. X. Diet. d'Hist Nat
Piicher. Her. Zool. 1850, p. 90.
Falco hemidactylus, Teimn. PL Col. i. pi. .3 (1820) ; Max Beitv \\\
p. 97 (18.30). •
Falco gracilis, Temm. PL CoL i. pi. 91 (1824).
Astur hemidactylus, Viff. ZooL Joiini. i. p. .338 (1824).
Astur gracilis, i'if/. ZooL Journ. i. p. 338 (1824).
Nisus gi-acilis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 96 (1828) ; Bunn. Th Bras ii
p. 124 (18.55). "" '
Nisus hemidactylus, Less. Man. i. p. 96 (1828); BOrb Von Am
Mer. p. 86 (1835) ; SchL 31m. P.-B. Astures, p. 53 (1862)
Ischnosceles gracihs, StrkU.Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 409 (1844) -id Orn
Syn. p. 124 (185.5). ^ > •
Geranospiza gracilis Kaup, Lsis, 1847, p. 183 ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr.
1848, p 68 ; ul Gen. B. p. 28 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850)
Ischnosceles hemidactylus, HartL Lid. Azara, p. 2 ; Gray, Geti. B.
Geranopus gracilis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
Ischnosceles cajrulescens, StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 124 (1855)
Geranopus hemidactylus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 7, ,398 (1871).
Geranospizias hemidactylus, Sund. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873). '
Tibia and foot of G. carulescens.
Adult male (type of G. hemidactylus). Above slaty blue, the nape
slightly mottled with white, the upper tail-coverts also spotted with
white on the outer web ; sides of head and neck and entire under
surface bluish grey like the back, with slight remains of whitish cross
bars on the upper part of thighs and lower under tail-coverts, the
rest ot the latter white at base, shading into ochraceous, with au
VOL. I. „
82 FALCOSID^.
indistinct subterminal bar of blackish ; under wing-coverts slaty
blue, with irregular white cross markings ; quills black, the secon-
daries slatj' blue like the back, the first five primaries with a large
white spot on the inner web, becoming obsoleta on the fifth ; tail
ochraceous, crossed with two broad bands of black, and mottled on
outer web with greyish ; on the middle tail-feather the interspaces
white mottled with grey ; bill bluish, the culmen black ; legs and
feet red; iris red. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 9-7,
tail 8, tarsus 2-8. (il/«.s-. Liujd.)
Female (not quite adult, fig. in PL Col. 91). Similar to male but
barred with whitish on underparts ; sides of face and throat whitish,
streaked with slaty blue ; tail ochre, with three black bands, the
lower one imperfect, the middle feathers fresh moulted, and, as in
the old male, having the interspaces white, mottled with ashy grey.
Total length 20-5 inches, wing 12-9, tail lU-2, tarsus 3-8. (Mus. Lugd.)
Younrj. Upper surface pale bluish ash-colour, with remains of
white transverse barring on the crown, sides of face, and lower back ;
upper surface of wing crossed with numerous white transverse bars,
reduced to whitish vermiculations on the secondaries, which are also
rather broadly tipped with white ; quills black, with ashy grey cross
bars, slightly mottled with white on inner web ; lower surface of
quills black, primaries barred and secondaries vermiciilated with
white on inner web ; tail ochraceous fawn, tipped with ashy white
and crossed with two broad bands of black, the centre feathers
having remains of a third and basal band, the median band not
continuous on the two outer feathers ; throat whitish, mottled with
ashy grey ; rest of under surface ashy grey, transversely banded
with white, the bars very broad on the flanks and narrower on the
thighs.
Hab. The same as that of the genus as regards South America only.
a. c? ad. St. Island of Pima. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].
h. Vix ad. st. Buenos Ayres. Purchased.
c. 2 juv. St. Bolivia. Mr. Brydges [C.].
d. (5' JUV. St. S.America. Purchased.
2. Geranospizias niger.
Ischnosceles niger, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bru.v. xiv. p. 102 (1847) ;
id. Esq. Orn. pi. 16 (1848) ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 125 (18oo).
Geranospiza nigra, Gray, Gen. B. p. 28 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30
(1850).
Ichnoscelis aterrimus, Licht. Kotnenci Av. p. 4 (1854).
Geranospiza gracilis, 6'cl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 284.
Geranospiza cferulescens, Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 218.
Adidt. Everywhere slaty black, the remains of narrow white bars
visible only on the under wing-coverts and thigh-feathers ; the under
tail-coverts buff at the base and tips ; quills slaty black, the white
bar on the lower surface so conspicuous in the young stage reduced
to a large spot of white on the seven outer primaries, diminishing
gradually in size towards the innermost of these ; tail buff', crossed
with two broad bands of black, the buft-coloured median bar shaded
19. UR0TRI0RCHI9. 83
with brown on the outer feathers ; cere black ; bill black, with a
yellow spot on lower mandible ; legs blood-orange ; iris bunit-
sienna, the outer portion lighter-coloured. Total length 19 inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 12-3, tail 9-8, tarsus 3-6.
Hab. Central America, from Southern Mexico to Panama.
a. Ad. st. Mexico. Purchased.
19. UROTRIORCHIS*.
Range. "Western Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon.
1. Urotriorchis macrurus.
Astur macrurus, Hartl. J.f. O. 18oo, p. 353 (ex Tenim. MS. in Mus.
Lugd.) ; Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 11 (1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 100 ;
ScM. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 2o (1862); id. Ned. Tijdschr. ii.
p. 155 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibi^,
1870, p! 58, pi. iii. ; Schl. Bevue Accipitr. p. 66 (1873).
Micraatur macrurus, C'a.ss. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 33 ; Du Chaillu,
Eq. Afr. p. 472 (1861).
Young (type of species). General colour clear sepia-brown, the
nape, hind neck, and bases of scapulars varied with white, and the
upper taU-coverts barred and broadly tipped with white ; ear-
coverts brown, tinged, as well as the eyebrows, with rufous ; cheeks
slightly streaked with white ; quUls brown, barred with darker
brown, and narrowly tipped with ochraceous white, the secondaries
sHghtly margined and tinged with pale ochre on inner web, the
bars plainer on under surface of wing, where the quUls are white
at base, ashy white at tip ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and
crossed with five bands of dark sepia-brown, each bar rufescent and
whitish on lower margin ; under surface of body white, the throat
and chest with dark brown streaks, becoming oval spots on the
breast and bars on the flanks and thighs ; under mng- and tail-
coverts white, with a large subterminal spot of black. Total length
23-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-4, tail 14-2, tarsus 3-4, middle
toe 1-9. {ill's. Lugd.)
Adult female. Above slaty grey, much clearer on the head and
upper back ; upper taU-coverts white ; tail very long, blackish tipped
with white, and marked with four spots of white besides, scarcely
amounting to incontinuous bars ; quills dark brown above, imper-
ceptibly banded with blackish, the under surface paler and more ashy
white, against which the bars show more strongly ; sides of face and
of neck as well as the throat clear slaty grey, the chin whitish ; rest
of under surface deep vinous chestnut, the under tail-coverts white ;
bUl leaden black ; feet orange-yellow, claws black ; iris orange.
Total length 24 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 12-1, tail 14, tarsus 3-1.
Adidt male. Above blue-gre}% Hghter on the head and nape ;
upper tail-coverts pure white, forming a conspicuous patch ; qinlls
externally deep brownish grey, with broad obscure black bands ;
• ovpa, ccttda, Tpi6pxj)s, avi$ accipUrina.
h2
84
FALCONID.E.
beneath a little paler grey, pure white at base, banded with brownish
grey, these bands being very narrow at the base of the qnill, and
gradually getting broader towards the tip of the feather ; tail very
long and graduated, black above, paler blackish grey beneath, all
the feathers irregularly banded and broadly tipped with white, the
bauds at the base of the middle feather slightly narrower ; throat
whitish ; rest of under surface of body, with the under wing-coverts,
dull leaden grey ; vent and under tail-coverts white ; feathers of
leg dull grey ; bill black ; feet yellow, claws black. Total length
24 inches, culnien 1-4, wing 12, tail 13, tarsus 3, middle toe 1-8,
hind toe 1.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. $ ad. sk. Denkera {Ussher). Capt. G. E. Shelley [P.].
20. ERYTHROCNEMA*.
Urubitinga, auct. recent, (ex Less. err.).
Craxirex, £p. et auct. Amer. jmssim (two Gould).
Bill and tarsus of Erythrocnema unicincta.
Range. South America, from Chili on the western coast and the
neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres on the eastern, throughout the
entire continent and Central America into Texas, California, and
Arizona in North America.
* kpv9pb<s. ri(fus ; Kvi)fJt], tibia.
It is probably owing to the difBeulty of consulting Lesson's portion of the
' Complements de Biiffon ' that this bird lias always been referred to a supposed
genus Urubitinga of that author. On looking at vol. vii. (p. 64) it will be seen
that he speaks of " Les Urubitinga," but by no means intends the word in a
generic sense. Craxirex of Gould is founded on the Buzzard of the Galapagos,
which is one of the large-billed Bvteones of the B. erythronotus group {vide
infra). Although by most American authors placed along with the Tolyhori,
the type of this new genus appears to me closer to Astur, and to replace
Melierax in the New World.
20. ERrXHHOCJs-EJIA. 85
1 . Erythrocnema unicincta.
Gavilan mixto otscuro y canela, Azara, Aptint. i. p. 94(1802);
Hartl. Iml Azara, p. 2 (1847).
Fiilco uuiciuc'tus, Teimn. I'l. Col. i. pi. 813(1824).
Morplmus iiniciHctu'i, ie.s.s. Man. i. p. 90 (1828).
Astur uuiciiictus, Cuv. JReqne An. i. p. 332 (1829) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 27 (1849) ; StrkM. Orn. Sijn. p. 221 (1855).
Nisus unicinctus, Lem. Trnite, p. Ul (18.j1).
Falco harrisii, Aud. li. N. Am. pi. .392 (1831) : id. Orn. Bioqr. v.
p. 30(1849).
13uteo harrisii, Bp. Cumj). List B. Etir. 8f X. Am. p. 3 (1838);
Auduh. Si/n. B. X. Am. p. 5 (1839).
Buteo unicinctus, Grai/, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 18; id. Hand-l. i.
p. 7 (1869). .
Polyborus tteniurus, T»chiuU, Arch. f. Natiirg. 1844, p. 263 ; id. Faun.
Peruan. pi. 1 (1844).
Hypomoiiihnus unicinctus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 221 ; Cab.
^- Tschiidi, Faun. Peruan. pp. 17, 85"(1844).
Spizag-erauus unicinctus, Eaup, JIus. Senck. iii. p. 260 (1845); Scl.
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 288.
Craxirex unicinctus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. dc Zool. 1854, p. 537.
Asturina unicincta. Burin. TIi. Bras. ii. p. 82 (1855) ; id. Bei.i. La
Plafa-St. ii. p. 436 (1801) ; ScM. Mas. P.-B. Asturinfe, p. 2 (1862).
Urubitinga unicincta, Scl P. Z. S. 1858, p. 150 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
pp. 2, 394 (1871).
Craxirex harrisii, Cones, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1806, p. 49; Cooper, B.
Calif, ed. Baird, p. 493 (1870).
Buteo unicinctus, var. harrisii, Cones, Key N. A. Birds, p. 215
(1872).
Young. Brown mth rufous margins to the feathers, especially on
the head, forming a distinct eyebrow ; lores and feathers below the
eye whitish ; sides of face and neck behind, as well as on the sides,
rufous ochre, with brown centres to the feathers ; wing-coverts
plainly margined with rufous, the greater aud median series largely
varied with rufous ochre spots aud half bars ; primaries brown, ex-
ternally shaded with grey, the secondaries paler with rufescent tips,
aU barred with darker brown, plainer towards tips of inuer webs on
under surface, which is creamy shading into ashy white ; upper
tail-coverts ochraceous white, with a few small spots of brown ; tail
brown, rufescent on the inner web, tipped broadly with pale rufous
shading into butfy white, and crossed with sixteen or seventeen
bands of darker brown ; under surface of body rich ochre, the
throat sparsely streaked with dark brown, the breast with large
oval drops, inclining to arrow-shaped marks on the flanks aud nearly
absent on the vent aud under tail-coverts; thighs very narrowly
crossed with zigzag bars of dark brown.
Adult. Above dusky black, deeper on head; lores whitish; sides
of face black, slightly streaked with white ; under surface of body
dusky black ; thighs bright rufous ; vent and under tail-coverts
white ; under wing-coverts rufous, slightly barred with black ;
upper wing-coverts dusky brown with rufous margins, especially on
the least wing-coverts, which are rufous with brown centres ; pri-
86
FALCONID^.
manes black, externally shaded with ashy grey; the secondaries
browner, like the back, and tipped with whitish, the inner web of
the quills white with brown mottlings ; upper tail-coverts conspi-
cuously creamy white ; tail blackish brown, with a tolerably broad
terminal band of white, the lower surface of tail somewhat paler,
whitish near the base. Total length 23 inches, culmen 1'8, wing
14-6, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8.
Mab. From the southernmost States of North America throughout
Central and South America to Chili.
a. Ad. st.
b. c? ad. sk.
c. 5 juv. sk.
d. Juv. st.
e. Ad. st.
/. 2 juv. sk.
Chili.
Santiago, Chili.
Santiago, Chili.
Valparaiso,
Buenos Ayres.
Bahia.
Mr. Bridges [C.].
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].
Sir W. Burnett and Admiral
Fitzroy [P.].
Purchased.
Dr. Wucherer [C.].
21. MELIERAX.
Melierax, Gray, List Gen. B. i. p. 5 (1840)
Type.
M. canorua.
Tarsus of Melierax polyzonus.
Jiange. Over the whole of Africa, including the N. -African coast
near Tangier, excepting the west coast between Senegambia and
Angola.
Key to the Species.
a. Chest asliy grey ; abdomen white, barred with greyish
black.
a'. Middle tail-feathers not baiTed.
a". Upper tail-coverts pure white.
a'". Secondaries externally white canorus, p. 87.
21. MELIERAX. 87-
b'". Secondaries ashy grey, tipped with white . . poUopterus, p. 88.
b". Upper tail-coverts white, barred with slaty
grev polyzonas p. 88.
U. Middle tail-feathers barred (jahar, p. 89.
6. Under sui-face entirely black '".'/^''j P- 91-
1. Melierax canoms.
Falco canorus, Rislach, in Thioih. Diss. Ac. iii. p. '2i'>i (1799).
Le Faucon chanteur, Levaill. Ois. cVAfr. i. p. 117,- pi. 27 (179'Jj;
Sundev. Crit. p. 26 (1857).
Falco miisicus, Daad. Traite, ii. p. 1 16 (1800 ).
Chanting Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 40 (1802).
Nisus musicus, Uuv. Regne, An. i. p. -321 (1817).
Sparvius musicus, Vieill. N. Diet. (THist. Xat. x. p. 3 38 (1817).
lerax musicus, Cranch, App. Tackey E.ip. Congo, p. 407 (1818j.
Accipiter musicus, Vig. Zoul. Joitrn. i. p. 3-38 (1824).
Nisus canorus, Less. Traite, p. 62 (1831).
Astur musicus, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 215 (1837) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Astures, p. 20 (18()2).
Melierax musicus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. o (1840) ; Bp. Comp. i.
• p. 34 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 142 (18-55); Grill, Zool.
Anteckn. p. 49 (1858) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 31 (1867) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869) ; Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 26 (1872).
Melierax cantans, Katip, Isis, 1847, p. 192.
Melierax canorus, Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 92 (1870),
Nestling. Covered with dusky down, the head ornamented with
extraordinarily long and erect filamentous down.
Young. Above brown, the feathers very faintly edged with paler
brown, the median and greater wing-coverts paler brown than the
back ; quiUs dark brown, whitish at the base and for a considerable
extent, slightly freckled with brown on the white interspaces, and
indistinctly barred with dark brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail
white, mottled with brown ; tail brown, tipped with paler and in-
distinctly barred across with blackish brown, under surface paler
and more ashy white, the dark bars contrasting more plainly ;
hinder part and sides of neck as well as the throat slightly varied
with white, giving somewhat of a striped appearance ; chest pale
brown, mottled with dark brown centres to the feathers ; rest of
under surface dull rufous, barred indistinctly with greyish brown
and mottled with white, the spots being more distinct and ocellated
on the flanks ; under wing-coverts pale rufous, varied with white,
the lower ones barred across with ashy grey ; iiis dark brown.
Adult. Above bluish ash-colour, darker on the head and sides of
the face ; the wing-coverts rather lighter, the greater ones whitish,
more or less freckled or vermiculuted with ashy grey ; primaries
black, inclining to ashy grey on the outer web ; the secondaries
white, more or less minutely freckled with ashy grey ; the inner
secondaries entirely grey, some of them washed with brown ; upper
tail-coverts and base of tail white, the latter somewhat freckled
with ashy grey ; taU greyish black above with a conspicuous white
tip, the outer feather almost entirely white with remains of blackish
bars, more especially on the outer web, the next feather white with
88 FALCONIDJS.
broad black bars, the Avhite decreasing in extent towards the centre
feathers ; lores rufous, feathers in trout of the eye black ; throat
and breast entirely bluish ash-colour; rest of the under surface
•white, thickly crossed ^Yith narrow wavy bars of greyish black ;
Tinder wing- and tail-coverts almost entirely white, with only a few
irreguLif wavy cross lines on the lower ones ; cere bright brick-red ;
bill horn -colour, bright red at base ; legs and feet vermilion -red ;
iris dark reddish brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-55,
wing 14'8, tail 11, tarsus 4-4.
Hah. South Africa, below 15° S. lat.
a. Juv. sk. South Africa. Su- A. Smith [C.].
b. Juv. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
c. Juv. st. South Africa. M. J. Yerreaux [C.].
d. Ad. St. Cape Colony. Purchased.
e. Pull. St. Karee River. M. J. Verreaux [C.].
f. Ad. sk. Damara Land. Sir J. Alexander [C.l.
g. Juv.sk. Damara Land. Sir J. Alexander [C. J.
2. Melierax poliopterus.
Melierax poliopterus, Cab. in Deckeii's Heis. iii., Voi/. p. 40 (1869) ;
Finsch n. Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 92 (1870).
Adult (type of species). Above dark slate-colour ; hind neck, sides
of face, entire throat and chest, and the whole of the wings light
ashy grey ; secondaries tipped with white ; primaries black, extern-
ally shaded with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts white, the exterior
basal ones narrowly barred with blackish ; tail black, greyish at
base of tail and tipped with white ; lower surface of tail whitish ;
rest of under surface of body white, with narrow greyish black bars,
the axiUaries similar ; lower under tail-coverts pure white ; under
wing-coverts white, with greyish black bars, somewhat narrower
than on the breast. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1"6, wing 12-8,
tail 9-2, tarsus 3-75. {Mm. Berol.)
Hah. Umba River, E. Africa.
3. Melierax polyzonus.
Astur musicus, Vig. Ajyp. I)enh. Trav. p. 195 (1826).
Falco polyzonus, Riipp. N. Wirh. p. 36, pi. 15 (1835).
Astur polyzonus, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1844, p. 31 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B.
Astures, p. 21 (1862); Hmgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 6 (1869).
Melierax polyzonus, Hiipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 12 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 34 (1850) ; StricJcl. Oni. Sgn. p. 143 ( 1855) ; Speke, Ibis, 1860,
p. 244; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii.
p. 208 (1870) ; id. u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 90 (1870j ; Blanf.
Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss, p. 291 (1870) ; Gurtiey in Anderss. B. Dam.
idp. 27 (1872).
Nisus polyzonus, Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 179 (1847).
Melierax musicus, Horsf. 4" Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 40
(1854) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 12 (1857).
Young. Above pale earthy brown ; the hind neck somewhat
mottled' and streaked with whitish; ear-coverts a little darker
21. MELIEKAX.
89
brown; wing-coverts paler brown, with fulvous edgings to the
feathers ; quills brown the primaries with a slight grej-ish shade
externally the secondaries paler and tipped with fulvous ; the
under surface of quills M-hite for the greater part of their length,
wi h zigzag bars of blackish, more pronounced below than above;
tail brown above, banded with blackish brown ; the feathers whitish
on the inner web, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers,
where it forms broad white bands ; the under surface of the tail
creamy white with broad bands of brown; throat white, streaked
wi h P'^le rufous: chest clouded Avith pale rufous, slightly mottled
with whitish, the shafts of the feathers indicated by a dark brown
hne; rest of under surface whitish, crossed with numerous bars of
pale rufous, narrower on the under wing- and taU-coverts
Adult male Ahoy^ light bluish slate-colour, the sides ojf the face
and region of t^e eye a httle darker ; lesser ^-ing-coverts coloured
like the back, the greater ones rather lighter and slightly freckled
externally mth white ; primaries blackish, externdly shaded with
ashy grey; he secondaries pale greyish, freckled with white; the
inner secondaries entirely grey, like the back, none of the quills
barred; upper tail-coverts white, crossed with numerous bars of
slaty grey ; tail blackish, wliite at the immediate base and at the
tips the three outermost feathers plainly crossed with four white
bands the next more indistinctly, and the middle ones not at all
barred ; under surface of tail whitish, the bands very distinct ; lores
^YnnM.l ; '":t^ 'i''^ '"'^^ ^''^■' '''^ °f tbe body white,
minutely barred with ashy grey, scarcely less thickly on the unde^
tail-coverts, but much fewer on the under wing-covirts, which are
therefore purer white; cere vermiHon ; bill horn -black, vermilion
at base ; feet vermihon : ins pale umber-brown. Total length '^0-5
inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-5, tail 9, tarsus 3-5.
_ Adidt female A Httle larger than the male. Total length 21
inches, wing 13-4. "
Vj.£?' ^ ^-^^ '^"^^' ^^tending right across the continent to
benegambia ; once in Damara Land.
h ;M' "h «l Ju''*"' ^'^°'^^^- Governor RendaU [CI.
i'ldist'-^'- it-sinia. SirW.C.H.ai™ty.
{: Alt iSnt ^^- ^- ^^'pp^^ tc].
; I k f\^. ^ ^'^ f'^^; ^- Galton, Esq. {YX
•/'Ju;i BogosLand. Herr Esle'r [C?].^ ''•
I. Juv. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler "C 1
m. S ad sk. Amba, Samhar, W. T. Blanford; Esq. [C.l
Aug. 18, 1868. ' >i L -J-
"•^^^'^°""- W.T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
4- Melierax gabar.
vlSn^'''^: ^''■^"'\^t ^^f'- '■ P- 136' pi- 33 (1'99).
90 FALCONID^.
Sparv-ius gabar, Vieill. N. Diet. cTHist. Nat. x. p. 323 (1817).
Nisus gabar, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 321(1817); Less. Traite, p. GO
(1831); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 48 (1862); Heugl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 73 (1869); Finseh u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 86
(1870); Finseh, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 207 (1870).
Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 4.36; SheHei/, B. Egypt, p. 186 (1872).
Accipiter erytbrorhvnchus, Sivaim. B. W. Afr. i. p. 121, et Classif.
B. ii. p. 215 (18.3/-).
Micronisus gabar, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 5 (1840) ; Kaup, Classif.
Sciug. u. Vog. p. 119 (1844), et Cmtr. Orn. 18.50, p. 66 ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 33 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. 1854, p. 5,38 ; Giill, Zool. An-
teckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 101 ; Scl. Ibis, 1864,
p. 306 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869).
Astur gabar, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. v (1844) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 13 (1857).
Micronisus niloticus, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1850,
p. 132.
Melierax gabar, Haiti. Ahhandl. Geb. Naturic. Hamh. 1852, p. 15 ;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 30 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 145, et
1869, p. 288; Anderss. B. Dam. Ld., ed. Gurney, p. 28 (1872).
Accipiter sphenurus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1853, p. 215 (Juv.).
Micronisus gabarinus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Astur micronisus, Beaum. Natim. 1856, p. 267.
Micronisus gabar, var. nilotica, Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 74.
Melierax niloticus, Gurney, Ibis, 18!;9, p. 289.
Nisus niloticus, Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 292 (1870).
Adult male. Above ashy grey, a little darker on the sides of tha
face, inclining to blackish round the eye ; wing-coverts and secon-
daries ashy grey like the back, the latter plainly tipped with white ;
the primaries brown, externally shaded with ashy grey, the inner
ones tipped with white ; all the quills barred with blackish, these
bars being more distinct on the under surface of the wing, which is
ashy white, shading into pure white at the base ; rump blackish ;
upper tail-coverts white, forming a broad bar across the root of the
tail ; tail white at the immediate base, and tipped with the same
colour, otherwise alternately banded with ashy brown and black, the
black bars being four in number ; the outer feathers paler, and the
ashy cross bars more or less whitish ; sides of face and neck, as well
as the whole throat and chest, ashy grey ; rest of the under surface
white, transversely banded with ashy grey, the bars becoming thinner
and more linear on the lower flanks and thigh-feathers ; under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, banded with ashy grey
like the breast ; cere reddish orange ; bill dusky horn-colour, reddish
at base ; feet bright reddish orange ; iris brilliant purple *. Total
length 11'5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 7-1, tail 5-9, tarsus 1-9.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length
13-6 inches, wing 8-3, tarsus 2-1.
» According to Andersson. Von Heuglin gives it as scarlet.
I
21. MELIEKAX. 91
Young. Brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers of the upper
surface ; quills and tail tipped with white, otherwise like the adult ;
crown of the head and neck much mottled with rufous ; the nape
slightly streaked with white ; the ear-coverts rufous, slightly streaked
with brown ; throat and chest rufous, with very distinct streaks of
dark brown down the centre of the feathers ; rest of the under sur-
face rufous white, narrowly banded with dark brown ; the under
taU-coverts buffy white, slightly marked with rufous ; the under
wing-coverts white, washed with rufous and mottled with brown ;
cere, base of bill, feet, and iris yellow.
Hub* Africa generally, except the west coast, from Sierra Leone
to Angola. Said to occur sometimes in Southern Europe.
a. (S juv. St. Latakoo, S. Africa. M. J. Ven-eaux [C.l.
b. 2 ad. St. Elephant River, S. M. J. Verreaux [C.].
Africa.
c. 5 juv- st- Sunday River, S. M. J. Verreaux [C.].
iVfrica.
d. Juv. St. South Africa. S. -African Museum.
e. (? ad. St. South Africa. Zoological Society.
/. 2 ^d. sk. South Africa.
g, h. (S ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Dr. Livingstone [C.l.
V. $ ad. sk. Fifth Cataract of the F. Galton, Esq. [C.].
Nile.
j. 2 i^^' sk. Kordofan, Aug. 20, Consul Petherick [CI.
1848.
k. 2 f^d. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [C],
I. 2 juv- s^- Bogos Land. Hen- Esler [C.J.
m. c? ad. sk. Ailat, Samhar, W, T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l.
June 29, 1868.
n. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
5. Melierax niger.
Sparvius niger, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1269 (182.3) ; Vieill.
et Oud. Gal. des Ois. i. pi. 22 (182-5).
Nisus niger, Cuv. Rigne Anim. i. p. 334 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 59
(1831); HeiKil. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 74(1869); Blanf. Geol. 8f
Zool. Abyss, p. 293 (1870) ; Finsch n. HaHl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 89
(1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 207 (1870).
Accipiter niger, Gould, Sgn. B. Aiistr. part 3 (1838) ; Gray, Cat.
Accipt'tr. p. 37 (1844); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 113 (18-55).
Falco carbonarius, Licht. Verz. Vog. Kaffernl. p. 11 (1842).
Circus maurus, JRiipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 12 (1845, err.).
Accipiter carbonarius, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Strickl.
P. Z. S. 1850, p. 215.
Micronisus niger, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1854, p. 538 ; Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 74 ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 306 ;
Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869).
Astur niger, KaHl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 14 (1857).
Micronisus miltopus, Heugl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 429.
Melierax niger, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 31 (1867) ; Anderss. B. Dam.
Ld., ed. Gurney, p. 29 (1872).
* After careful comparison, I am not able to separate the northern and southern
specimens of this bird specifically.
92 FALCONID^.
Adult male. Entirely black, the tail crossed with three, sometimes
four, dusky irregular bars, brown a])ove, whitish beneath ; quills
blackish brown, white beneath, with blackish cross bars more distinct
below ; cere cinnabar-red ; bill black, the base cinuabar-red, as
also the feet ; iris scarlet. Total length 11-3 inches, culmcn 0-75,
wing 7'1, tail 5-4, tarsus l'7o.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total
length 13 inches, wing 8-1, tarsus 2-15.
Hab. The same as that of M. gabar.
a. Ad. st. South Africa.
b. Ad. st. South Africa.
c. Ad. sk. South Africa. South- African ]Museuni.
d. Ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson [C.].
c. S ad. sk. Kokai, Lebka, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
July 13, 1868.
/. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C].
I have not had an opportunity of examining the following spe-
cies : —
6. Melierax metabates.
Melierax metabates, Heuyl. Ibis, 1861, p. 72.
Astm- metabates, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 63 (1869) ; Grai/, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 36 (1869).
Allied to M. polyzonus, but a little less, and differs in its more
robust feet and bill, the former being yellow ; the colour of the back
darker ; shoulder-feathers coloured like the back ; the outer webs
of the first tail-feather banded six or seven times ; the tips of the
lateral tail-feathers much more narrowly white ; the moustachial
region, as well as the region of the eye and the ear-coverts, uniform
with the crown ; cere and iris pale yellow. Total length of male
scarcely 15 inches ; bill from front 1-25, from gape 1-3, height of biU
8-5 (? 1-5) ; wing 12 ; tail 7'5, middle toe and claw 2-4, hind toe
and claw 1-7 ; tarsus 3-2 (French) inches. {Von Heuc/lin.)
Hab. White Nile.
This seems to me a very doubtful species, the characters brought
forward by Dr. von Heughn appearing to me to be characteristic of
an old bird of M. 2>oli/zonus. The difference in the proportions of
the two birds may ultimately turn out to be of importance ; but I
see no clearly distinguishing character at present.
22. ASTUR. ™
Type.
Astur, Lacep. Mem. de Vlnst. iii. p. 505 (1801) .... A. palumbarius.
Daedalion, Saii. Descr. Egypte, p. 267 (1809) A. palumbarius.
Sparvius, Vieill. Analyse,^. 24 (1816) A. palumbarius.
Tachyspiza, Kaup, Class. Sdug. u. Vdy. p. 116
(1844) A. soloensis.
Lophospiza, id. torn. cit. p. 118 (1844) A. trivu'gatus.
Leucospiza, id. torn. cit. p. 119 (1844) A. novae hoUandiae.
Scelospiza, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 173 A. franciscae.
22. ASTUR.
93
Head and foot of A. palumbarms.
Range. The whole of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia ; Oceania
as far as the Fiji Islands ; all North America and the Brazilian sub-
region of South America.
Key to the Species.
a. With a conspicuous line of white skirting the crown
from above the hinder ear-coverts.
a'. Underparts distinctly barred with greyish brown.
a". Larger : tarsus much shorter in proportion
( ^ =30, 5 =3-4) ^jrt^MJHfianMS, 95.
h". Smaller : tarsus much longer in proportion
( cJ =3-15, 2 =3-7) he^isti, p. 97.
h'. Underparts merely freckled with ashy, not barred atricapiUus, p. 97.
b. Sides of crown uniform with crown itself.
c'. No red nape-band.
c". Centre tail-feathers with large white spots on
inner web.
a'". Underneath banded tachiro, p. 99.
a. Bars narrow ; head slaty brown . . tachiro,
p. 99.
/3. Bars broad; head bluish slaty; sides of body
uniform rufous. . . . macroscelides, p. 100.
h'". Underneath unifonn.
fl*. Thighs clear vinous toussenelUi, p. 101.
6'. Thighs white trinvtatns, p. 101.
d". Central tail-feathers ashy grey or ashy brown,
with no white spots on inner web.
c'". Axillaries and under sm-face rich vinous red,
inclining to chestnut.
c*. Larger: inner web of quills barred tnnelleri, p. 102.
(f*. Smaller: innerweb of quills nearly uniform htof/aster, ^i. 104.
d'". Axillaries pale salmon-rufous si/lvesiris, p. 104.
e'". Axillaries pure white, huffy white, or white
narrowly barred with rufous, greyish, or
black,
e*. Thighs white, barred with black; occipital
crest distinct.
94
FALCONID>E.
a'. Uniform greyish above, chest rufous trivirgatus, p. 105.
6'. Above brown, head only gi-ey ; chest white,
with blackish stripes griseiceps, p. 106.
/'. Thighs rufous buff, with narrow rufous bars.
c'. Breast transversely barred brutus, p. 107.
d^. Breast uniform in centre, above uniform
blackish tibialis, p. 108.
jr*. Thighs uniform white, or at most only slightly
banned with rufous.
e\ Breast barred hadius, p. 109.
a". Much the largest ; wing nearly 9 inches
in length in ^ a. brevipes, p. 111.
¥'. Smaller : wing in J not exceeding 8"5
inches in either sex.
a?. Delicate salmon-rufous below.
a". Larger (especially in J ) ; dark bluish
gi-ey above ; upper breast always
barred /3. baduis, p. 109.
6". Smaller and much clearer bluish grey.
a". Upper breast becoming uniform
with age. . . .y. spheiiurus, p. 112.
6". Lower surface of body broadly
ban-ed with vinous red . . 8. poli-
opsis, p. 110.
v. Dull rufous underneath, never so clear
as in the other species . . e. polyzo-
noides, p. 113.
/'. Breast entirely uniform (with a few faint
irregular bars in A, cinereus).
c^. Lower breast and upper abdomen rufescent.
c^. Lower surface of body and thighs vinous
chestnut ; under wing-coverts whitish,
with a distinct tinge of buff soloensis, p. 114.
cT. Lower surface of body pale rufous
mixed with ashy ; thighs white,
slightly mottled with greyish ; under
wing-coverts pure white cucidoides, p. 115.
d'^. Lower breast and abdomen pure white.
e". Ear-coverts ashy grey, or white washed
with ashy grey.
c*. Tail ashy grey,
c'. Sides of chest entirely uniform.
a*. Upper surface entirely uniform, franciscee, p. 116.
6*. Mantle and head delicate bluish
grey, paler than back poliocephalus,
d?. Sides of chest with a few irregular p. 117.
wavy lines cinereus, p. 117.
d". Tail uniform white novce hollandi<B,
e^. Larger : wing in S 10'4 inches, in p. 118.
2 12-6 . . . .a. twvcehollandi(P, p. 118.
/". Smaller : wing in S 7 '8 inches,
/3. leucosonius, p. 119.
f. Ear-coverts jet-black, like rest of head. [119.
c'. Throat and chest black haplochrous, p.
f^. Throat and chest white albigularis,^. 120.
/'". Axillaries pure ashy grey, like the rest of the
breast and thighs poliogaster,Tp. 120.
22. ASTUR. 95
d. With a distinct red band round the hind neck.
e". Ear-coverts rufous like hind neck pectoralis,^. 121.
f". Ear-coverts gvej.
(/'". Underneath pale vinous, with scarcely
any indication of cross bands.
h*. Under wing-coverts uniform white . . n/Jitorques, -p. 121.
i*. Under wing-coverts vinous, with
scarcely any remains of cross bars, grifeigularis, p. 122.
<?'. Larger: wing not exceeding 10-5
inches . . a. griseigidaris, p. 122.
A\ Smaller : wing not exceeding 9-75
inches. ./3. henicogrammus,^. 124.
h'". Underneath white, with pale vinous
cross bars torquatus, p. 125.
e'. Sides of neck rufous, forming an indistinct
and interrupted nape-band.
g". Thighs barred with white and rufous.
i'". Underneath brown,with white cross bars approxhnam, p. 126.
k'". Underneath white, with pale rufous
cross bars cruentus, p. 127.
h". Thighs uniform vinous salmon- colom- .. ?ra//aew, p. 128,
1. Astur palumbarius.
The Goshawk, Alhin, N. H. Birds, ii. p. 8, pi. 8 (1734) ; Sahin Sf
Brodr. Falconry, p. 103, pis. xviii. xix. (1855).
L'Autour, Briss. Orn. i. p. 317 (1760); Buff. PL Enl. i. pi. 418
(1770) ; *W(/. <5- Verst. Traite Feme. pis. x. & xi. (1844).
Le Gros Busard, Briss. Orn. i. p. 398 (1760).
Le Busard varie, Briss. Orn. i. p. 400 ( 1760).
Ealco palumbarius, Linn. H. K. i. p. 130 (1760) ; Daml. Traite, pis.
1, 2 (1800); Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 55 (1820); Naian. Fog.
Beutschl. i. p. 249, pis. 17, 18 (1822); Werner, Atlas, Rapaces,
pi. 21 (1827) ; ScJil. u. Susetn. Vdg. Fur. Taf. 28 (1839-45) ; Yarr.
Brit. B. i. p. 57 (1843).
L'Autour sors, Btff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 461 (1770).
Falco margmatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 26 (1790).
Falco albescens, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 25 (1783).
Falco dubius, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. pi. 26(1787) ; Sundev. Crit. p. 6 (1858)
Falco gaUinarius, Gni. S. N. i. p. 266 (1788).
Falco naevius, <??«. S. N. i. p. 266 (1788).
Falco incertus. Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 32 (1790).
Dsedalion palumbarius, Savigny, Hist. Nat. Ois. d'Emwte, n 267
(1808) ; Less. Traite, p. 65 (1831). ^'
Accipiter astur. Pall. Zoogr. Posso-As. i. p. 367 (1811).
Sparvius palumbarius, Vieill. iV. Diet. (THist. Nat. x. p. 331 (1817) •
Rou.r, Orn. Prov. i. p. 05, pi. 15 (1825).
Astur palumbarius, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 320 (1817) ; Gould, B
Eur. i. pi. 17 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27, pi. 10. tig. 1 (1849);
Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 66 ; KJcerb. Orn. Dan. Aft. iv. fio- 5
(1851) ; Horsf. 8r Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. L Co. i. p". 41 (1854) ;
Schl. Yog. Nederl. pis. 11, 12 (1854-58) ; Bp. Rev. et Maq. de Zool.
1854, p. 538; StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 116 (1855) ; Hexcits'. Eqgs Br.
B. i. p. 34, pi. xi. (1856) ; Fritsch, Yog. Fur. tab. i. (1858); Schl.
Dierk. Nederl. Yog. pi. 1. figs. 9, 10, 10« (1861) ; id. Mus. P.-B
Astures, p. 16 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 45 (1862) ; Newt. Ooth
Wolhy. p. 73 (1864) ; Loche, Ea.pl. Alger, p. 70 (1867) ; Degl. S,-
96 FALCONID^.
Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 96 (1867) ; Homey. J.f. O. 1868, p. 253 ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 59 (18G9) ; Su'ndev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxvii.
figs." 2, 3 (1869) ; 'Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 112 (1869) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. part xv. (1869) ;
Salvad. Faun. Ital. tlcc. p. 14 (1871) ; Neiot. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i.
p. 83 (1871) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 243 ; Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341 ;
Finsch,Nactr.Heur/L\). xxiv (1871); Slwlki/, B. ^r/y^;<,p.l85(1872).
Buteo palumbarius, Flem. Brit. An. i. p. 54 (1828j.
Astur gallinamm, Brehm, T'oV/. Deutschl. p. 83 (1831).
Accipiter palumbarius, Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 340 (1840).
Astur indicus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Astur brachyrbynclius, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269.
Astur paradoxus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269.
Young. Above brown, the scapulars and wing -coverts largely-
marked at their bases with white, all the feathers of the upper
siirface broadly margined with ochraceous buff; head and neck
rufous ochre, the nape inclining to whitish, the crown broadly
streaked with dark brown, the hind neck largely marked with
spade-shaped spots of the same colour ; forehead, eyebrow, and
sides of the face whitish, narrowly streaked with dark brown ;
under surface of body ochraceous buff, inclining to white on the
throat and under taU-coverts, the entire under surface streaked
with dark brown, narrowly on the throat, thighs, and under tail-
coverts, more broadly on the chest and breast, developing into large
oval or spade-shaped spots on the flanks ; under wing-coverts
ochraceous birff, spotted or streaked with dark brown, the axillaries
barred with the same colour ; quills pale brown, barred with darker
brown, and externally freckled or spotted as well as broadly tipped
with ochraceous buff; tail light brown, crossed with five distinct
bands of darker brown and broadly tipped with white, the pale
brown interspaces miniitely freckled with darker brown and shading
into white on either margin, forming a wliite edging to the dark
brown cross bands ; feet yellowish brown, claws black ; cere, bill,
and iris as in adults.
Adult male. Above ashy brown ; the quills brown, barred with
darker brown, the lower surface of the wing ashy grey, inclining to
white near the base, with dark brown cross bars becoming obsolete
on the inner quills ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed
with four * broad bands of dark brown, the lower one concealed by
the upper taU-coverts, the lowest of which are tipped with whitish ;
crown of head, ear-coverts, and sides of neck blackish, the hinder
neck slightly mottled with white ; lores, cheeks, and a line above
the ear-coverts white, streaked with blackish ; under surface white,
the black shaft-streaks distinctly indicated on the throat and breast,
all the lower parts thickly crossed with ashy brown bars, a little
less distinct on the thighs, the under tail- coverts entirely white ;
cere yellow ; bill bluish horn-colour ; iris orange. Total length 19-5
inches, culmen 1'5, wing 12-2, tail 9, tarsus 3.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length
23 inches, wing 14, tarsus 3"4.
* A specimen in the collection has the bands quite obsolete.
22. ASTrR. 97
Hah. Europe generally and Siberia to Kamtschatka, apparently
reaching beyond 00° N. lat. only in Scandinavia, extending in M'inter
to Algeria, Palestine, Egyj)t, the Himalayas, and Northern China.
a,b. (S 2 ad. st. Europe. Purchased.
c. cS <id. St. Europe.
d. J ad. St. Europe.
e. S juv. St. Great Britain.
f,g. S ? ad. St. Norfolk.
h. c? juv. sk. Upsala, April 3, 1872. Purchased.
t,k,l,m. c? 2 .iiiv.st. Archangel. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
n, 0. PiUl. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.
p. d ad. sk. Thuriiigia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. .
g,r. c? 2 ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]
s,t. S 2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P.
"• 2 juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 'P.
V. 2 .lu^- St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. fP.
to. 2 JUV. sk. Corea. • ^ , >i l
a-. Sternum. Pm-chased.
y. Sternum. Purchased.
s, rt'. Skull. Dr. Giinther.
2. Astur hensti.
Astur hensti, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 62 (1873).
Adult female (Type of species). Above sepia-brown, the head and
neck,^ as well as the interscapulary region, blackish slate-colour,
with indications of whitish mottling over the eye and on the sides
of the hinder 'crown ; nape varied with white ; ear-coverts blackish,
like the crown ; cheeks whitish, freckled with black ; under surface
of body white, everywhere thickly and broadly barred with slaty
black, especially on the thighs, but the bars less distinct and less
numerous on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axilla-
ries exactly like the breast ; quills sepia-brown like the back, with
indistinct bars of darker brown, a little plainer, but very irregular
underneath, where the interspaces are greyish white; tail sepia^
brown, slightly tipped witli white and crossed with six irregular
and not conterminous bands of blackish brown, a little plainer and
paler brown underneath, where the colour is ashy white ; bill
blackish horn-colour, the tooth on the upper and the base of the
under mandible yellowish. Total length 23 inches, culmen 1-25,
wing 13, tail 11-3, tarsus 3-7, middle toe (without claw) 2-35.
{Mus. Lufjd.)
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 19
inches, wing 11-1, tarsus S-IS. {Mus. Lugd.)
Hah. Madagascar.
3. Astur atricapillus.
Falco atricapillus, IVils. Am. Orn. vi. pi. o2. fig. .3 (1812).
Sparvius atricapillus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. 3feth. iii. p. 1274 (1823).
Ilierofalco atricapillus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 323 (1829)
Falco regalis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 495 (1830).
Astur atricapillus. Bp. Oss. R. A. Cuv. p. 33 (1830) : Jard. &• Selbu
VOL. I. / . jf,
98 ■ FALCONID-l^.
111. Orn. iii. pi. cxxi. (p. 1835); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849);
Kemp, Contr. Orn, 1850, p. 66: Up. Consp. i. p. 31 (1850); Ccm.
B. Calif, p. 93 (1855) ; StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 118 (1855) ; Cass, in
Bair(l,'B. N. Am. p. 15 (1800); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 17
(1862) ; Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed
Baird, p. 407 (1870) ; Neiot. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 87 (1871).
Astur palumbarius (ncc Linn.), Sw. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds,
p. 39, pi. xxvi. (1831) ; Audub. B. Am. i. p. 95, pi. xxii. (1839).
Diedalioii pictimi, Less. Traite, p. 67 (1831) ; Pucker. Rev. et Maq.
de Zool. 1850, p. 211.
Falco palumbarius, Aud. B. N. Am. fol. pi. 141, et Orn. Biogr. ii.
p. 241 (1834).
Young. Above dark brown, the feathers edged and tipped with
rufous ; the head streaked with rufous, the nape mottled with
white ; the eyebrow aud cheeks ochraceous buff, with narrow streaks
of dark brown ; quilla brown, barred with darker brown, the secon-
daries slightly tipped with whitish ; the under surface ashy white,
yellowish at base, with dark brown bars, dissolving into freckles on
the inner quills ; tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed
with four bands of dark brown, the basal one concealed and nearly
obsolete ; under surface of body deep rufous ochre, narrowly streaked
on the throat, and more broadly on the chest, with blackish brown,
inclining to large heart-shaped spots on the flanks ; under wing-
coverts coloirred like the breast ; the axillaries barred with dark
brown.
Adult. Above bluish ash-colour, the black shaft-stripes distinctly
indicated, the lower upper tail-coverts tipped with white ; quills
brown, barred with darker brown, the secondaries washed with
bluish ash- colour ; tail brown, shaded with the same ashy colour as
the back, crossed with four more or less obsolete bands of darker
brown, and tipped with white ; crown of head and ear-coverts jet-
black, the nape somewhat varied with white ; lores whitish ; a line
from behind the eye above the ear-coverts white, narrowly streaked
with blackish ; cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface greyish
white, freckled and vermiculated with ashy brown, taking the form
of irregular and ill-defined bars on the flanks, abdomen, and thighs,
the black shaft-stripes very distinct on the chest ; under tail-coverts
white ; tinder wing-coverts white, barred and freckled with ashy
brown ; cere yellow ; bill bluish black ; legs yellow ; iris yellow.
Total length 20-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-9, tail 9-5, tarsus 2-9.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24
inches, wing 13-9, tarsus 3'1.
Hah. The whole of North America, rarer in the Southern States ;
of accidental occurrence in Europe.
a. 2 juv. st. N. America.
h. 2 ad. St. N. America. J. Gould, Esq.
c. 2 fid. sk, N. America. Mr. J. Ivrider.
d. 2 jw^- sk. Repulse Bay. John Rae, Esq. [P.].
e. 2 Jiiv- 8^- British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.^
f. c? juv. sk. West side of Rocky Mormtains. .T. K. Lord, Esq. [P.'
y. (^ ad. st, N.W. America. Purchased.
22. A9TT7R. 99
4. Astur tachiro.
Le Tachiro, Levaill. Ois. (fAfr. i. pi. 24 (1799).
Falco tachiro, Baud. Traite, li. p. 90 (1800) ; Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 377,
420 (1827).
Buteo tachiro, Vig. Zool. Juurn. i. p. 340 (1824).
Nisus tachiro, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 98 (1828); Kaup, Contr. Orn.
1850, p. 64 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 638 ; Schl. 3Ius.
r.-B. Asturea, p. 46 (1862); Finscli «. Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 78
(1870) ; Blanf. Geol. S,- Zool. Abyss, p. 291 (1870) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B.
Beviie Accijntr. p. 96 (1873).
Nisus polYzonus, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831) ; Pucker. Rev. et Mag.
de ZooLlSoO, p. 209.
Falco unduliveuter, Riipp. Neue Wirh. p. 40, Taf. 18. fig. 1 (1835).
Accipiter tachiro. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 36 ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 114
(1855) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 241 ; Sol. Ibis, 1864, p. 306 ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 28 (1867) ; Gumey in Atiderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 29
(1872).
Nisus uuduliventer, Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 12 (1845) ; Schl. N. T. D.
iii. p. 359 (1866) ; Iletigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 67 (1869).
Accipiter polyzonus, Des Mnrs, Icon. Orn. pi. Ixi. (1848).
Micronisus tachiro. Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858),
Accipiter unduliventris, Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 75.
Accipiter polyzonoides, Anderss. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 4 {lapm).
Micronisus zonarius, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 40.
Young female. Above brown, with distinct edgings of pale rufous
to the feathers ; the crown, nape, and sides of neck mottled with
white, the two latter more distinctly washed with rufous ; the
scapulars and secondaries also with concealed spots of white ; quills
and tail light brown, margined with pale rufous and barred with
darker brown, bars four in number on the tail-feathers, which are
tipped with buify white ; the under surface of both wings and tail
paler and more ashy grey in colour, the bars showing more distinctly ;
sides of face whitish, slightly streaked with brown, the upper mar-
gin of the ear- coverts entirely of the latter colour ; under surface
of body creamy white, the throat with a distinct central streak of
dark brown and a faint moustachial line on each side, the chest
streaked with broad brown spots of an oval shape, becoming rather
more barred on the flanks and thighs, much smaller on the latter,
the under tail-coverts scarcely marked at all ; under wing-coverts
creamy buff, vnth only a few scattered brown markings ; cere dark
green ; bill black, blue at base ; feet yellow ; iris dark greenish
brown. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 8-4, tarsus 2-6.
Adult female. Above dark brown, inclining to slate-colour on the
head and sides of face, the nape slightly mottled with white ; quills
brown, barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where
the lower surface of the quills is greyish white ; tail brown, tipped
with white and crossed with tlu'ee broad bars of dark brown, the
light-brown interspaces shading into Avhite on the inner web, form-
ing a conspicuous spot even on the two centre feathers ; sides of
face and neck uniform with the head ; under surface of body whitish,
crossed with numerous broad bars of pale rufous, each bar having
i2
100
t'ALCONIDJi.
another contermiuous one of dusky brown ; the flanks and thighs
bright rust-red, the former with slight remains of wliite cross bars ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts buflfy white, with a
few indistinct rufous cross markings, the axilhiries entirely rufous ;
sides of the upper chest inclining to uniform ashy brown ; cere olive-
green ; bill black, bluish at base ; legs dingy chrome ; iris orange.
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 8-5, tail 7"5, tarsus 2-65.
Adult male. Similar to the old female, but a little smaller. Total
length 13'o inches, wing 8-5, tarsus 2-55.
Jiab. Southern and North-eastern Africa,
a. (5' ad. sk. South Africa. S.-Airican Museum.
b. $ juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.l.
c. Pull. St. South Africa. M. J. Verreaux [C.
d. Juv. St. South Africa. M. J. Verreaux [C.
e. Juv. St. Shupanga, Zambesi. Dr. J. Kirk [C.].
/. $ ad. St. Shoa. Sir W. C. Harris [0.].
ff. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
5. Subsp. a. Astur macroscelides. (Plate III.)
Astur macrosceUdes, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, pp. 354, 360 {ex Temm.
3IS.); id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 12 (1857).
Accipiter zonarius, Ilar'tl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857, ex Temm. 3IS.) ;
Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869) ; 'Sharpe, Ihis, 1870, p. 59.
Nisus zonarius, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 47 (1862).
Nisus unduli venter (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 96
(1873).
Achilt male (type of A. zonarius). Above bluish slate-colour, clearer
on the head and hind neck ; ear-coverts bluish like the head, the
cheeks a little lighter and more ashy ; wing-coverts darker than the
back ; quills bro-wn, barred with blackish, the secondaries uniform
with the back, the bars plainer underneath, the quiUs gTeyish white
at base ; tail black, tipped with dull white, and crossed with three
bars of ashy brown by no means distinct, the corresponding bars
below ash}' white ; middle tail-feathers with three large spots of
white on the inner web ; throat white, slightly mottled with bluish
ash-colour ; remainder of under surface white, crossed with numerous
broad bars of clear rufous, decreasing in number towards the abdo-
men, the under tail-coverts pure white ; sides of breast, flanks, and
thighs uniform clear rufous ; under wing-coverts pure white, with
slight marks of brown on lower series. Total length 14 inches,
culmen 1, wing 7'9, tail 6'7, tarsus 2-5, middle toe l-l. (Mus.
Lugd.)
Adult female. Similar to, but larger than, adult male. Total
length 17 inches, wing 8-8, tail 8-3, tarsus 2-95, middle toe 1'3.
{Mus. Lugd.)
Young (type of species). Above brown, with slight rufous edgings
to the wing-coverts ; head and nape slightly varied with white, as
also a tolerably distinct eyebrow ; ear-coverts uniform dark brown ;
cheeks white, streaked with brown, the throat white, with a central
streak of blackish brown ; remainder of under surface white, the
lOJ
centre of the body and under tail-coverts unspotted, the breast with
large ovate blackish drops, the sides of the body broadly barred
with the same colour ; under wing-coverts iiniform white, with a
few large spots of blackish brown on the lower ones ; (juills brown
barred with darker brown, more distinctly below, where the feathers'
are white at the base of the inner web, shading into greyish to-
wards the tips ; tail brown above, tipped with ashy, greyish ash-
colour below, crossed with five bars of blackish brown, some of the
brown interspaces paler on the centre tail-feathers, but not exhi-
biting white spots, which seem peculiar to the adult. (Mus. Liuid )
Hah. Giold Coast to Gaboon.
a,h. S 9- ad. sk. River Danger, Gaboon. H. T. .\nsell, Esq. fP 1
c. S juv. sk. Rirer Ogowe, Gaboon M. Bouvier [E.].
{Marche et de C'o7n-
piegne).
Obs. Professor Schlcgel, in his late ' Eevue ' (?. c), separates A
unduhventer homA.tachiro, uniting to the former the West-African
A. zonanus (vel maeroscelides). I cannot separate the North-east-
Afriean bird from the true A. tachiro ; but those from the Gold
Coast are alwa3's much brighter blue above and more uniform
rufous on the sides of the body, while those from Gaboon form a
still more intensified race.
6. Astur toussenelii. (Plate VI. fig. 1.)
Nisus toussenelii, Terr. Bev. et Mag. 1854, p. 538 ; /. S,- E. Verr J
f. O. 1855, p. 101 ; Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857) ; id. J. f. O.
18(31, p. 101.
Accipiter toussenellii, StricJcl. Orn. Si/)i. p. 116 (1855); Cass Pr
Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 31 ; Buchaillu, Eg. Afr. p. 472 ( l861) ; Grav
Hand-l B. i. p. 32 (1869). -^ ■> r \ >^ y,
Adxdt. Above blackish slate-colour, the head and neck clear slaty
blue, paler on the sides of the face ; throat white, the lower part
washed slightly with vinous ; rest of under surface, including the
thighs, deep vinous salmon-colour, with slight remains of whitish
cross bars on the breast ; the lower abdomen, vent, inner face of
thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts white ; quills slaty black
above, white at base of inner web, shading into ashy white towards
the tips of the feathers, crossed with a few blackish bars ; tail black,
tipped with white, greyish below, crossed with two bands of white',
which also appear irregularly on the upper surface of the middle'
feathers, where they occur on both webs. Total length 15 inches,
culmen 1, wing 8, tail 7, tarsus 2-5.
Hah. Gaboon.
a. Ad. St. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. Type of the species.
7. Astur trinotatus.
Accipiter trinotatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850, ex Temm. MS. in Mm
Lugd.); Strickl Orn. Sgn. ^t. 115 (1855); jrall. Ibis, 1868 n 8-
Oral/, Ha>id-l. B.i.ix M {]8m). >f ^
102 FALCONIDJE.
Astur trinotatus, Bp. Rev. et Muy. de Zool. 1850, p. 490.
Spajrius triuotatiis, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Nisus ti-iuotatus, Schl. Miis. P.-B. Astures, p. 45 (1862) ; id. Vog.
Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 27, 65, pi. 19. figs. 1-3 (1866) ; id. Revue
Accipitr. p. 90 (1873).
Ers'tlirospiza trinotata, Kaiip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 172 ; Walden, Tr. Z.
k viii. p. 33 (1872).
Young. Above bright ferruginous red, the head and hind neck
streaked with blackish, the vrings entirely nifous, the shafts of the
quills above black, and the primaries barred with black on the inner
web near the base ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter
largely spotted with white, as in the adult, the two outer feathers
more or less bright red, barred with black, which is overspreading
the whole feather, showing that the change of colour in the tail is
gradually assumed without a moult ; sides of the face rufous brown,
streaked with black, the lores buff; under surface of body buSy
white, the throat narrowly, the breast more broadly streaked with
dark brown, somewhat tinged with rufous ; the abdomen, thighs,
and under tail-coverts rich buff, unstriped ; under wing-coverts
yellowish buff, also extending over the base of the quills.
Another young specimen in Mr. Wallace's collection has the throat
and breast thickly streaked with black, which also extends over the
head, and gives a mottled appearance to the interscapulary region.
This bird also shows the gradual spreading of the black on the red
tail, a most anomalous change of plumage, as the tail-feathers are
generally changed by a direct moult in the Bii-ds of Prey.
Adidt male. Above blackish slate-coloiu', inclining to clear bluish
grey on the head and neck, and to pale cinereous on the sides of
the face ; throat white, washed with greyish ; remainder of under
surface clear vinous salmon-colour, the lower abdomen, thighs, and
under wing- and tail-coverts pure white ; quills slaty black, white
at base of inner web, with some bars of blackish on the under
surface ; tail slaty black, slightly tipped with white, and crossed
underneath with two bars of white, this being confined to the inner
web ; cere above the nostrils and bill black; orbits orange-yeUow; feet
deep orange-yeUow ; iris chrome-yeUow. Total length 11'5 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 6-3, tail 5-5, tarsus 2.
Female. Similar to the male, but shghtly larger. Total length
12 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 6-7, tail 5-8, tarsus 2.
Hah. Celebes.
a, b. S 2 'id- sk. Menado, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
c. c? juv. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 'C.
d. Ad. st. Menado, N. Celebes. A. E. Wallace, Esq. C.
e. 5 juv. st. Menado, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. "C.
f. cJ juv. sk. Makassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
ff, h. (S 2 ad. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq.
8. Astur muelleri.
Accipiter muellei-i, Wall. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 475; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 9;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869).
22. ASTUR. 103
Nisus cruentus, Schl. Voy. Nederl. Ind. ValJic. pi. 14. tig. 1 (1866).
Accipiter griseogularis (pt.), Kai/p, P. Z. S. 18(57, p. 175.
Nisus miilleri, Giebel, Orn. T/ies. p. 2G4 (1872).
Nisus rufitorques (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Aevipitr. p. 80 (1873).
Yomuf. Above brown, with, pale rufous margins to the feathers,
the nape and crown slaty brown, a great deal mottled with white ;
the scapulars also conspicuously white at their base ; sides of face
and neck, as also a distinct eyebrow, white, with distinct streaks of
greyish brown ; under surface of body creamy white, the throat with
a narrow median line of greyish brown, the chest with larger and
more oval drops, the breast with heart-shaped spots and bars, the
abdomen with dart-shaped bars : thighs barred across with pale
rufous ; quills and tail above brown, with faintly indicated bars of
darker brown, the under surface paler and more ashy, inclining to
pale rufous towards the base of the inner web, the cross bars more
distinctly indicated. Total length 18-5 inches, wing 10, tail 8-5,
tarsus 2-4, middle toe (without claw) 1-4.
Adult female. Above deep slaty grey more or less washed with
ashy grey, the nape slightly mottled with white ; quills uniform
with the back above, pale ashy below, white at the base, slightly
washed with pale rufous and baiTed across with darker ash-colour ;
tail deep slate-colour, with eight or nine blackish bars on the inner
webs, very indistinct above and scarcely plainer on the under sur-
face, which is ashy white, the bars entirely absent on the outer
feather ; sides of the head and of the neck slaty grey like the head ;
throat slaty grey, much mottled with white and washed with rufous ;
rest of the under surface rich vinous chestnut, -with a few whitish
cross bars here and there, doubtless remains of immaturity ; under
wing- and tail-coverts coloured like the breast, but the white cross
bars a little more distinct ; cere bright yellow ; bill black, bluish at
base ; feet bright yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-4,
wing 10-1, tail 9-3, tarsus 2*8.
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length
13-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 8-85, tail 7-G, tai'sus 27, middle
toe 1-2.
Hub. Gilolo and Morty Island.
a. $ ad. sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Type of species.
b. 2 juv. sk Morty Island. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
c. cJ ad. sk. Weda, Gilolo. Leiden Museum [P.].
Obs. Mr. Wallace was quite right, in m}^ opinion, to separate this
bird, which is a large edition of A. hior/aster. It is, however, not
strictly allied to that bird as regards its wings, which are distinctly
barred on the under surface. Independently of its uniform appear-
ance above, and the want of the rufous nape-band, it can always be
told from A. f/riseof/ularis by its much shorter middle toe, which
measures only 1-3-1 -4 inch without the claw against 1-65-1 '7 inch
in the other species (females measured).
104 FALCONIDJE.
9. Astur hiogaster.
Falco hiogaster, Miill. 8,- 8chl. Naturl. Gesch. p. 110 (1839-1844) ;
Bp. Rev. et Mmj. de Zool. IHoO, p. 490.
Accipiter hiogaster, Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Ilomhr. <y Jacq. Voy.
Pole Sud. Zool. p. 48, pi. 2. fig. 1 (1853) ; Strickl. Oni. Sijn. p. 112
(1855) ; W(dl. Ibis, 1868, p. 8; Grm/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869).
Sparvius hiogaster, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Astui- hiogaster, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343.
Nisus hiogaster, Sclil. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 43 (1862) ; id. Vog.
Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 27, 65, pi. 19 (18C6) ; id. Revue Accipitr.
p. 89 (1873).
Erythrospiza hiogaster, Kanp, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 173.
Erythrospiza hiogastra, Waldeti, Tr, Z. S. yiii. p. 34 (1872).
Young. Above brownish slate-colour, the feathers of the nape
white at the base and slightly tinged with rufous, the wing-coverts
and secondaries margined with rufous ; quills and tail dark brown,
paler at the tips, crossed with numerous bands of blackish, the
inner webs of both pale rufous at the base, and having the under
surface lighter, with the cross bars more plainly developed than on
the upper surface ; sides of the face deep slaty, like the head ; entire
under surface white, with a few spots and bars of brown on the
lower breast, flanks, and thighs ; the under wing-coverts pale fawn,
spotted with brown, a few rufous feathers appearing on the chest.
Total length 14 inches, wing 8-5, tarsus 2-25.
Adult female. Above deep bluish slate-colour, the wings and tail
a little duUer ; primaries ashy underneath, pale rufous near the
base ; sides of the face and of the neck bluish slate-colour, like the
rest of the head ; entire under surface deep cinnamon rufous ; the
throat entirely uniform with the breast, as also are the under wing-
and tail-coverts ; cere, orbits, and feet orange, claws black ; bUl
black, orange at base of under mandible ; iris deep orange-yellow.
Total length 15-8 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 2-5, tail 7, tarsus 2-25.
Adult male. Similar to the old female, but smaller. Total length
12'o inches, wing 7'7, tarsus 2-1.
Hah. Ceram and Amboina.
_C.].
P.l.
P.".
[C.].
1(J. Astur sylvestris.
Accipiter sylvestiis, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 484, 487 ; id. Ibis, 1868,
p. 10; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869).
Nisus torquatus, Schl. Voe/. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 17. fig. 3 (1866).
Uraspiza torquata (pt.), Kaup, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 170.
Adult male (type of species). Above pale ashy grey, the crown
delicate bluish grey, the hinder neck slightly washed with salmon-
colour on the sides, not forming by any means a distinct nape-band ;
a.
2 ad. St.
Amboina.
Leiden Museum
[P-
b.
cf" juv. st.
Amboina.
Leiden Museum
P.
c.
2 ad. sk.
Amboina.
A. E. WaUace, Esq.
d.
cJ ad. sk.
Amboina.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e.
2 juv. sk.
Amboina.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
/■
Juv. sk.
Ceram.
A. E. Wallace, E
;sq
22. AsruE. 105
sides of the face grey like the head, but paler ; throat greyish white,
washed with pale salmon- colour ; underneath delicate salmon-colour,
uniform on the breast, sides of the body and Hanks exhibiting remains
of whitish bars on lower breast ; under tail-coverts pure white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries very pale salmon-colour, the lower
coverts whitish ; quills and tail-feathers uniform slaty grey above,
the inner webs white at the base, some of them exhibiting faint re-
mains of grejdsh cross bars ; bill black ; feet and cere yellow. Total
length 12 inches, culmen 1, wing T'-l, tail 5*8, tarsus 1-9.
Ad idt female. Similar to the male, but lai-gcr. Total length
14 inches, wing S'l, tail 6*7, tarsus 2-1.
Hab. Floras.
a, b. S ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Type of species.
c. $ ad. sk.
Flores.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.
d. cJ juv. sk.
Flores.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
'G.
e. Ad. st.
Flores.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
"C.
11. Astur trivirgatus.
Falco trivirgatus, Tmnm. PL Col. i. pi. 303 (1824).
Nisus trivirgatus. Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 98 (1828).
Astm- trivirgatus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 332 (1829) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 27 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 31 (1850) ; StricM. Om. Syn.
p. 221 (1855); Jerd. B. Ltd. i. p. 47 (18G2) ; Sold. Mus. P.-B.
Astures, p. 22 (1862) ; id. Fug. Nedcrl. Lid Valkv. pp. 18, 57,
pi. 10 (1866) ; Wall. Lbls, 18G8, p. 6 ; Gray, Iland-l. i. p. 30 (1869) ;
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 410 ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 65 (1873).
Daedalion trivirgatum, Less. Traite, p. 66 (1831).
Spizaetus rufitiuctus, M-CIell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 153.
Astm- palumbarius, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 85 (1839).
Astur eristatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 371 (1843).
Astm- iudicus, Jlodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) ; Gray, Cat.
Accipitr. 1844, p! 33.
Lophospizia trivirgatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65 ; Gray, Cat.
Hodgs. Coll. 1863, p. 19; Hiwie, Rough Notes, i. p. 116 (1869);
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341.
Young. Above brown, with a fully developed occipital crest, upper
tail-coverts banded with darker brown and tipped with white ;
quills and tail much as in the adult, the latter with five cross bands
of darker brown ; under surface of body white, the throat with the
three characteristic streaks like the adirlt, the breast broadly streaked
with pale rufous, inclining to dark brown in the centre of the chest,
the lower breast and abdomen barred with pale rufous, the bars
narrower and darker on the thighs ; under tail-coverts white, with
a few narrow nearly obsolete cross bars ; under wing-coverts buff,
spotted and barred with dark brown.
Adult male. Above slaty grey, the upper tail-coverts blackish
and tipped with white ; head and neck clearer slaty grey, including
a conspicuous occipital crest, the sides of the neck somewhat tinged
with rufous ; quills browner than the back, primaries \vith rufescent
shafts, barred above with dark brown, much plainer underneath.
1U6
FALCOXIDJJ.
where the quills are white at the base of the inner web ; tail ashy
brown, paler at tip, crossed with four bands of dark brown ; throat
white, with a distinct black moustachial streak on each side and a
broad median line ; chest clear tawny I'ufous ; rest of under sur-
face white, broadly banded with pale rufous, each bar of this colour
having a conterminous brown bar, the thighs thickly barred with
ashy brown without any rufous tinge ; under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts white, spotted with brown or rufous brown, and
the axillaries similarly barred ; cere orange-yellow ; bill black, lead-
colour at base ; cheeks and orbits orange ; feet yellow ; ii'is orange-
yeUow. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 7-8, tail 6-3,
tarsus 2*2.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but much larger. Total
length 18 inches, wing 9*7, tarsus 2-7.
Rab. The hilly parts of India and Ceylon, not extending into the
North-west Provinces. Sumatra, Java, Southern Borneo, Philippine
Islands, and Formosa ; probably occurring in suitable localities
throughout the Indo-Chinese region, but not yet known further
eastward than Assam.
Obs. The specimens from Nepal are much larger, and may prove
to be a distinct race, in which case they will bear the name of Astur
indicus. Professor Schlegel has already drawn attention to this
large form (' Astures,' p. 22, note), which he calls A. triinrgatus
indicus. The Museum specimens are, unfortunately, not sexed, so
that the exact comparison of the sexes cannot at present be insti-
tuted. They measure in the wing 10'6 inches. The Ceylonese
bird appears to agree with the Malayan form; and Mr. Swinhoe
says the same of the Formosan examples.
a.
2 ad. sk.
E. Java.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C]
b.
cj juv. sk.
Mount Ophir,
Malacca.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
'C
c.
(S juv. st.
Borneo.
Rajah Brooke [P.].
d.
cJ juv. st.
Borneo.
e.
(5 ad. st.
Ceylon.
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C
f.
cJ ad. st.
Pm-chased.
9-
Skeleton.
Purchased.
a. Juv. sk.
h, c, d. Ad. juv. st.
e. Sternum.
Large race (A. indicus).
Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
""'""' Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson,
12. Astur griseiceps.
Astur griseiceps, Schl. 3Iiis. P.-B. Astm-es, p. 23 (1862) ; Wall. Ibis,
1864, p. 184, pi. 5 ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 19, 58,
pi. 11. figs. 1, 2 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 18G8, p. 6; Grat/, Mand-l. B.
i. p. 30 (1869) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 67 (1873).
Lophospiza griseiceps, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 178 ; Walden, Tr. Z. S.
viii. p. 33 (1872).
Yomig. Above brown, the feathers with a purplish gloss and
slightly tipped with fulvous, the bases to the wing-coverts and sea-
22. ABTUR. 107
pulars conspicuously white, the head and hiud neck also washed
with rufous and much varied with white ; quills dark brown, the
secondaries paler, banded with blackish brown, a little more distinct
on the under surface, where the feathers are white at their base,
shading into ashy brown towards the tips ; tail brown, barred with
darker brown, tipped with whitish, the bars on the outer tail-
feathers obsolete ; under surface of tail whitish ashy, the cross bars
very distinct, except on the outer feathers ; sides of face rufous
brown, darkest on upper margin of ear-coverts ; under surface of
body creamy white, the throat with a broad line of black down the
centre and another running along the lower margin of each cheek,
but not so distinct as the central one, the breast sparsely marked
with oval spots of pale rufous, brown in the centre ; the thighs
scantily marked with tiny spots of brown ; under wing- and taU-
coverts white, the former with a wash of pale fawn.
Mature. Above brown, the head and a shght occipital crest of the
same colour, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white ; quills brown,
banded with darker brown, the under surface whitish ashy, the
bands showiag more distinctly ; tail pale brown above, whitish grey
beneath, tipped with whitish, crossed with four bands of blackish
brown ; under surface of body white, with two moustachial and one
central streak of blackish, as in the young bird, the breast streaked
with broad oval drops of pale rufous, collecting on the sides of the
breast and giving a clouded appearance to this part; the flanks
and thighs barred with dull rufous brown ; the imder wing- and
tail-coverts white, the former tinged with pale fawn.
Achdt. General plumage brown, like the foregoing, but having
the whole head slaty grey ; the bars on the wings and tail not so
broad or distinct, the basal one of the latter nearly obsolete ; the
gular and moustachial streaks slaty black; rest of under surface
white, marked with broad streaks of brown, the thighs rather nar-
rowly but distinctly barred with blackish; cere and orbits lead-
colour, tinged with yeUow ; biU black, lead-colour at base ; feet
lemon yellow ; iris golden orange. Total length 15-5 ijiches, cul-
men 1'2, wing 8*1, taU 6'8, tarsus 2-25.
Hub. Celebes.
a, b. S 9- ju'^' sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq.
c. 5 ad. sk. Tondano, Celebes. A. R. WaUace, Esq.
d. 5 ad St. Menado, Celebes. A. E. Wallace, Esq.
e. Juv. St. Menado, Celebes. A. R. WaUace, Esq.
/. (S ad. sk. Makassar, A. R. WaUace, Esq.
13. Astur brutus.
C.]
c.
Nisus brutus, Poll. Nederl Tijdschr. iii. p. 80 (1866) ; Schl. S,- Poll.
Faun. Madaff. Ois. p. 38, pi. 12. fig. 2 (1868) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Revue Accipitr. p. 95 (1873).
Micronisus brutus, Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869).
Accipiter brutus, Gm-ney, Ibis, 1869, p. 448.
Adult male. Above brownish ash-colour, the nape varied with
lOS FALCONIB.U.
white, the head tinged with dull vinous rufous, more distinct on the
eyebrow, and occupying the whole of the sides of the face and neck ;
wing-coverts a little darker than the back ; quills brown, barred
with darker brown, the secondaries uniform with the back, the bars
more distinct on the underside of the quills, where the inner web
is ochraceous buff; tail-feathers brown, slightly rnfescent on their
margins, crossed with six bands of dark brown, the subterminal
one rather broader ; under surface of body white, slightly tinged
with rufous, and having a narrow line of dark brown down the
centre of the throat ; remainder of under surface white, thickly
barred with rufous, the bars becoming narrower on the flanks ;
thighs pale rufous buff, with narrow rufous bars ; under tail-coverts
white ; iinder wing-coverts pale rufous buff, the axillaries whitish
with remains of rufous cross bars. Total length 10-7 inches, cul-
men 0-75, mng 5-6, tail 4-8, tarsus 185. (Mus. Lugd.)
Adult female. Similar to the male, but having a more distinct
rufous shade on the hind neck. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-45,
tail 5-7, tarsus 1-9. {Mus. Lugd.)
Hah. Mayotte.
Ohs. This species may easily be confounded with the young of A.
francesae in barred plumage ; but the male of the latter, when it
approaches the present species, has the remains of rufous edgings
above, showing that it is a young bird. The full-grown female of
A. francescce, when it has a bared under surface and no remains of
rufous margins above, can be distinguished from A. brutus by its
grey cheeks and by the absence of any rufous shade on the neck,
A. brutus may almost always be told by its rufescent thighs.
14. Astur tibialis.
Astur tibialis, Verr. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 100; Grmj, Hmid-l. B. i. p. 29
(1869).
Accipiter hartlaubi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 613 {lapsu).
Adult (?). Above dark blackish brown, with narrow and almost
obsolete rufous edgings to the feathers ; quills blackish brown, with
the same obsolete rufous edgings ; under surfece of wing much
lighter and inclining to pale rufous, with very distinct black cross
bars and tips to the feathers ; tail very dark brown, barred across
with blackish brown and pale rufous, the outer feathers quite plain,
and all the tail-feathers tipped with pale rufous ; throat white ; rest
of under surface of body rust-colour, lighter and more inclining to
white down the centre of the body, the flanks very distinctly marked
with diamond- shaped spots of blackish brown ; legs deep rust-
colour, with indistinct black transverse bars ; under wing-coverts
pale rust-colour, with a few blackish spots on the lower feathers
and axillary plumes ; bill black, yellowish at gape and at base of
lower mandible ; legs deep yellow, claws black. Total length
13-7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 7-5, tail 7-4, tarsus 2-3. (Mus. G. E.
Shelley.)
Hob. W. Africa, from Senegambia to Cameroons.
22. ASTUR. 109
Ob.t. There can be no doubt that Mr. Gurney and I were wrong
in determining the bird here described to be the young of A. hart-
lauhi. Although bearing great resemblance in immature plumage,
I have since determined that A. hartlauhi is a true Sparrow-Hawk ;
and Mr. Stevenson, who kindly measured the type in the Norwich
Museum for me, has convinced me that it is also a member of the
genus Aecipiter, whereas the bird in question is a veritable Goshawk,
and agrees sufficiently well with A. tibudis to warrant its being
referred to that species.
15. Astur badius.
This species includes five races or subspecies, which, although
recognizable to the experienced eye, yet present so many closely
allied characters, that no certain distinction can be drawn between
them.
Subsp. a. Astur badius.
The Brown Hawk, Broton, III. Zool. p. 6, pi. 3 (1776).
Falco badius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 280 (1788, ex Srown); Baud. Traite,
ii. p. 86 (1800).
Falco browuii, Shntc, Gen. Zoul. vii. pt. 1, p. 169 (1809).
Sparvius badius, Vieill. N. Bid. (THist. Mat. x. p. 318 (1817).
Falco dussumiei-i, Tcmm. PI. Col. i. pis. 308, 330 (1824).
Nisus dussumieri, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 99 (1828) ; id. Traite, p. 59
(1831) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 638.
Astur dussumieri, Ciiv. Regne An. i. p. 332 (1829) ; Blyth, Ann. N.
H. xii. p. 91 (1843) ; id. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 308 (1843).
Aecipiter dukhunensis, St/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 79, et J. A. S. B. iii.
p. 419 (1834) ; Jerd. 3Iad,\ Journ. x. p. 83 (18-39).
Aecipiter badius, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 33 (1844) ; Grag, Gen
B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Strickl. Orn. Sgn. p. 106 (1855) : Sharpe, Ibis,
1870, p. 424.
Aecipiter scutarius, Hodgs. in Grag's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Aecipiter fringillaroides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Astur badius, Kaiip, Isis, 1847, p. 190.
Astur bifasciatus, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 70, pi. 20 (1848) ; Hartl.
Arch. f. Naturg. 1852, p. 96.
Micronisus badius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B.
xix. p. 332 (1850) ; Kaiip, Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 66 ; Jerd. B. Ind.
i. p. 48 (1862); Blgth, Ibis, 1863, p. 16; Bear. P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 394; Hume, Roxi/h Notes, i. p. 117 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B.
1. p. 35 (1869) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 411.
Nisus badius, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538 ; ScJil. Mus.
P.-B. Astures, p. 48 (1862) ; id. Nederl Tidschr. iii. p. 359 (1866) ;
id. Revue Accipitr. p. 92 (1873).
Young. Above ashy brown, all the feathers edged with pale
rufous, the head and neck more plainly washed with this colour,
and mottled with white ; lores and a distinct e}'ebrow whitish, the
latter streaked with dark brown ; ear-coverts pale brown, tinged
with rufous and narrowly streaked with darker brown ; under sur-
face of body white, the under tail-coverts unstreaked, the throat
with a broad central lino of dark brown, the breast streaked with
110
FALCONID^.
longitudinal drops of pale mfous, taking the form of bars on the
sides of the body and flanks, but especially on the thighs, which are
plainly barred ; under wing- coverts buff, the upper ones streaked
and the lower ones barred with dark brown ; quills brown, barred
with darker brown, the secondaries tipped with buff; the tail ashy
brown, with five or six dark brown bands, nine on the outermost
feather ; the under surface of both quUls and tail-feathers buffy
white, the bands showing more distinctly ; cere yeUow ; bill bluish,
dusky at tip ; feet yellow ; iris pale yellow.
Adult. Above bluish grey, the nape mottled with white, con-
cealed spots of which are also on the scapulars and secondaries ; the
latter bluish grey like the back, the primaries dusky black, barred
with deeper black, these bars showing more plainly on the under
surface, which is greyish white, tinged with buff near the base of
the inner webs ; tail ashy grey, tipped with white, crossed with six
blackish bars, more numerous but less distinct on the outermost
feather, and altogether obsolete on the two centre ones ; sides of
face ashy grey like the head, but paler ; throat white, with an in-
distinct dusky streak down the centre ; rest of the under surface
deep salmon-rufoiis, with narrow cross bars of white, the lower
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts entirely white ; under wing-
coverts buffy white, with a few indistinct marks of brown on the
lower ones ; cere bright yellow ; feet dark buffy j'^ellow ; iris deep
orange. Total length 13-4 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7*9, tail 6-3,
tarsus 2.
Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 14-5
inches, wing 8*3, tarsus 2-15.
Hah. The whole of the Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending
westwards into Scinde and Afghanistan.
a. (S ad. sk.
India.
b,c. cJ 5 ad. sk.
India.
d. iS ad. St.
India.
e. (J juv. sk.
Dec can (Burgess)
/. (J juv. St.
Behar.
g, h. 5 ad. sk.
Behar.
i. $ juv. sk.
Behar.
k, I, m. (S 5 juv. st.
Nepal.
n,o. c? 5 juv. sk.
Nepal.
p. 2 ad. sk.
Nepal.
q. Pull. sk.
Nepal.
r. Ad. sk.
Darjiling.
s,t. c? $ juv. sk.
Kattiawar.
M. $ ad. St.
Madras.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Major-Gen. Hard wicke [P.
Maior-Gen. Hardwicke [P.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Capt. Hayes Lloyd, [P.],
Sir W. ElUot [P.].
Subsp. /3. Astur poliopsis.
Micronisus hadius, Sd. Ibis, 1864, p. 246 ; Sivitih. Ibis, 1870, p. 84 ;
id. P. Z. .S'. 1871, p. 411.
Accipiter poliopsis, Hume, Stray Feathers, 1874.
Adult. Very similar to A. hadius, which it replaces to the east-
ward of Bengal. Much paler blue above and below, banded with
a
22. ASTUR. Ill
broader and brighter vinous bands than its near ally. Total length
11 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7*3, tail 6-1, tarsus 1-95.
Hah. liurmah, Tenasserim, Siam, and Camboja ; Formosa, Hainan.
Ad. St. Tenasserim. J. D. C. Packman, Esq. [P.].
h. S nd. sk. Camboja. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
c. S inim. sk. Bangkok {Conrad). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Subsp. y. Astur brevlpes.
Astm- brevipes, Serertz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. 3Ioscou, xxxiii. p. 234,
tab. i.-iii. (1850).
Accipiter sphenm-us, Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. -390 {nee Hiijjp.).
Accipiter gui-neyi, liree, B. Eur. iv. p. 185 (18G.3).
Accipiter brevipes, Tristram, Ibis, 1805, p. 260 ; Schliiter, Zool. Gart.
1869, p. .374 ; Elwes ^ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 75 ; Sharpe 8) Dresser,
B. Eur. pt. ix. (1871).
Micronisus Drevipes, Newt. Ibis, 1865, p. 342 ; Dresser, P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 103.
Micronisus badius, De Filippi, Viayg. Pers. p. 345 (1865).
Accipiter badius, Alteon, Rev. et Maq. de Zool. 1807, p. 1.
Falco badius, Kriqyer, J.f. O. 1869,'p. 26.
Young. Above ashy brown, the feathers margined with rufous,
especially distinct on the head, the scapulars with concealed white
spots, and the nape mottled with white ; a distinct superciliary line
and the sides of the face white, streaked with greyish brown ; throat
white, with a distinct black streak down the centre ; rest of under
surface of body white, with broad tear-shaped spots of rafous brown
on the breast, represented by oval spots of the same colour on the
flanks and by bars on the lower breast ; flanks bufiy white, with
numerous spear-shaped markings of pale rufous, less plentiful on
the abdomen, and diminishing in number on the under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries huffy white, the former spotted
and the latter barred with rufous brown ; quills dark brown, the
secondaries shaded with ashy and tipped with rufous, all the quills
ban-cd with darker brown on the inner web, more distinct under-
neath, where the interspaces are pale rufous ; tail ashy brown above,
whitish ashy below, tipped with rufous buff and crossed with five
blackish bars ; iris blackish brown.
Adult male. Above blackish slate-colour on the back, the head
and lower back paler and more slaty grey, the scapulars with con-
cealed white spots ; wings uniform with the back, the wing-coverts
and secondaries washed with slaty grey, the primaries blackish
brown ; inner surface of wing greyish, wlu'te near the base of inner
webs, which have also a few dark bars more or less obsolete ; tail
slaty grey, paler at the tip, crossed with five bars of dark brown,
obsolete on the two middle and outer feathers, the under surface of
the tail paler and more ashy, with the cross bars more distinct ;
sides of face and neck pale ashy ; throat whitish ; breast white,
thickly crossed with bars of delicate salmon-colour, collecting on the
upper breast, which has a unifonn appearance, gradually becoming
less distinct on the abdomen and thighs and under wing-coverts ;
112 faxconidj:.
under tail-coverts white ; bill li.oni-blue ; feet yellow ; iris deep
yellow. Total length 13'5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 9*1, tail 7,
tarsus 2-1.
Adult female. Altogether duller in colour, but larger than ^the
male, the transverse barring on the under surface much broader
and not of such a bright vinous tint. Total length 16-2 inches,
wing 9-8, tail 7, tarsus 2*1.
Hab. Central Russia, Tnrkey, Asia Minor, Greece, and Persia,
extending into Syria in winter.
a. 2 ^d. sk. Timok River, SerAaa Baron A. von Hiigel [P.] (cf.
(Hodcli). Schliiter, Zool. Gart. I. c).
b. 2 jiiv. sk SmjTua, Aug. 1858 J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.].
( Gonzenhnch ) .
c. S juv. St. Damascus.
Subsp. S. Astur sphenurus.
Falco spheniu'us, Riipp. Keue Wirh. p. 42 (1835).
Accipiter brachydactylus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 118 (1837); Strickl.
Orn. S)jn. p. 114 (1855).
Nisus sphenm'us, Riipp. St/st. Ueheis. pp. 6, 11, pi. 2 (1845) ; JBp. Rev.
et Mag. de Zool. 1854, "p. 538 ; Blanf. Geol. 4- Zool. Abyss, p. 294
(1870).
Astur rueppellii, Kaiip, Isis, 1847, p. 189.
Micronisus rueppellii, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 66.
Accipiter sphenurus, Graif, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 32 (1850) ; StricJd. Orn. Si/n. p. 113 (1855) ; miif/l. Ibis, 1861,
p. 74.
Melierax sphenurus, Hartl. Abhandl. Geh. naturw. Hamb. 1852, p. 15,
Nisus hvbris, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 4 (1854, ex Ehr. MS.).
Astur brachydactylus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 14 (1857).
Accipiter polioparejus, Heugl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 428.
Micronisus guttatus, Hetujl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 430.
Micronisus badius, Heugl. Peterm. Mittk. 1861, p. 20.
Micronisus sphenurus, Hctu/l. Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 20 ; Bi-ehm,
Reise n. Habesch, p. 207 (1863) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869).
Nisus badius; Heuql. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 70 (1869) ; Finsch, Tr. Z.
S. vii. p. 205 (1871).
Nisus brachydactylus, Giebel, Orn. Thes. p. 263 (1872).
Young. Above ashy brown, with rufous margins to the feathers,
especially distinct on the head and nape, the latter mottled with
white ; an indistinct superciliary streak white, streaked with dark
brown ; ear-coverts rufous brown, streaked with greyish brown ;
throat white, with a broad central streak of greyish brown, and a
few streaks of the same on the lower throat ; rest of under surface
white, with distinct oval drops of rufous brown on the chest, some-
what inclining to bars on the sides of the body ; thighs barred on
the upper and spotted on the lower part with pale rufous brown ;
abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts buffy
white, with broad spots and bars of brown ; quills dark brown, the
secondaries shaded with ashy grey, all plainly crossed with blackish
bars, more distinct underneath, where the quills are bnflf-coloured
near the base of the inner web ; tail ashy grey, with a whitish tip.
22. ASTUR. 113
crossed with seven distinct blackish bars, more distinct on the
under surface, which is whitish, and more numerous on the outer
feather ; iris yellow.
Adult ni'ile. Clear bluish ashy above, with concealed white mark-
ings on the scapulars and inner secondaries, the sides of the face
paler ashy grey ; throat white, with scarcely any indication of a
central streak ; under surface of body dull salmon-rufous, barred
with white, the bars gradually diminishing on the thighs ; under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts buffy white, with faint
iadications of dusky cross bars ; the axillaries plainly barred with
dull salmon -rufous like the chest; secondaries uniform with the
back, primaries blackish externally, shaded with ashy, otherwise
barred Kke the young bird ; tail bluish ashy above, tipped with
white, the cross bars about six in number, but nearly obsolete on
the central and outer tail-feathers, being more numerous but re-
duced to narrow lines on the latter ; cere yellow ; bill black ; feet
dark yellow ; iris orange, deepening to scarlet with age. Total
length 11-5 inches, culmen 09, wing 7, tail 5-7, tarsus 1"85.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 12-3
inches, wing 7-6.
Very old birds lose the barred character of the upper part of the
breast, it becoming gradually merged by the disappearance of the
whitish cross bars, lea\'ing this part uniform.
Hah. N.E. Africa and Senegambia.
a. Ad. St. River Gambia. Purchased.
b. S ad. St. West Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]
c. S ad. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith "
d. 2 juv. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith
P.
P.
c:i.
:c.].
") /• d" 2 ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler
g,h. c? 2 juv. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler
i. 2 juv. sk. .A.nseba vallev. W. T. Blanford^ Esq. [C.].
./. d' ad. sk. Mohaber, Lebka vallev, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l.
July 8, 1868.
/.-. c? juv. sk. Mohaber, Lebka vallev, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [CI.
July 8, 1868.
Subsp. e. Astur polyzonoides.
Accipiter polvzonoides. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 11 (1849) ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 29 (18G7) ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, p. 144; A>/res, Ibis,
1869, p. 289 ; Gump;/ in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld., p. 38 (1872).
Nisus polyzonoides, Bp. Rev. et Mar/, de Zool. 18o4, p. 538.
Micronisus polyzonoides, Sd. Ibis, 1864, p. 30l5 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 3-5 ; Socage, Joni. Acad. Lisb. 1870, p. 338.
Nisus badius, Finsch ^- Hartl. Tog. Osfafr. p. 81 (1870).
Adult. Above clear ashy grey, the concealed base of the scapulars
white, with which the nape also is mottled ; sides of the face ashy
grey like the head, but a little paler ; wing-coverts rather darker
than the back, and of a deeper slate-colour ; quiUs brown, paler on
the outer web. the secondaries ashy grey like the back, all the quills
barred with blackish on the inner web. more plainly on the under
surface, which is for the most part white ; tail ashy brown, whitish
VOL. I. 5
114 FALCONID^.
at tip, crossed with five bars of darker brown, nearly obsolete
towards the base of the centre feathers, but very distinct on the
under surface, which is whitish ; under surface of body whitish,
the throat indistinctly, but all the rest of the body plainly, crossed
with numerous bars of very pale rufous, narrower on the abdomen
and thighs ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts similar
to the breast ; bill blackish, base of upper mandible yellow, of lower
one bluish black ; feet yellow ; iris bright orange. Total length
13 inches, culmeu 0-8, wing 7-65, tail 6-1, tarsus 1-8.
Uab. South Africa.
a. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. Type of species.
b. Juv. St. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.].
16. Astur soloensis. (Plate IV, fig. 1.)
Falco soloensis, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 209 (1821).
Dtedalion soloensis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 137 (1822).
Falco nisus (small \m:),'Ecrffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 278 (1822).
Accipiter soloensis, Vif/. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Grat/, Gen. B.
i. p. 29 (1849) ; Str'ickl. Oni. Syn. p. 107 (1855) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.
1802, p. 315 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 186.3, p. 207.
Astur soloensis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828).
Nisus cuculoides, Less. Man. iVOrn. i. p. 97 (1828) ; id. Traits, p. 61
(1831).
Nisus minutus, Less. Traite, p. 60 (1831) ; Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 210.
Tacliyspiza soloensis, Kaup, Classif. Stiug. u. Voe/. p. 117 (1844) ; id.
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 63; Bp. Rev. et Mag. d'e Zool. 1854, p. 538;
I\:atip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 172 ; Walden, tr. Z. S. viii. pp. 34, 110
(1872).
Micronisus soloensis, Gray, Cut. Accipitr. B. M. p. 75 (1848) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. L Co. i.
p. 38 (1854) ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 344 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 261 ; Peh. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 12 (1865) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868,
p. 12; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. .342.
Micronisus badius, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 359.
Accipiter virgatus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 264.
Nisus soloensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astm-es, p. 44 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis,
1863, p. 16 ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 28, m, pi. 19. figs.
4-6 (1866) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 97 (1873).
Youny. Above brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers, a little
broader on the upper tail-coverts, the sides of the neck washed with
rufous, the nape mottled with white ; crown blackish, an ill-defined
eyebrow and fore part of the cheeks white, narrowly lined with
blackish brown ; the ear-coverts brown, slightly washed with dull
rufous ; throat buffy white, with a moustachial line on each, and a
median streak of brown ; rest of under surface buffy white, the
chest broadly streaked and the breast and flanks barred with pale
rufous ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts clear buff,
the lowest ones spotted with blackish ; quills dark brown, slightly
tipped with whitish, very indistinctly barred above with darker
brown, underneath buffy white at the base of the inner web, in-
22. .vsruit. 115
distinctly barred with dark browu, visible only on the inner webs ;
tail ashy brown, whitish at tip, crossed wth five bars of darker
brown, the under surface whitish ashy, the cross bars more distinct,
except on the outer web, where they are almost obsolete.
Adult. The adult plumage appears to be gained by a gradual
mersion of the rufous stripes on the breast. Above light bluish
grey, some of the feathers margined with darker grey ; sides of face
and neck grey like the head, but a little more dingy ; under surface
of the body pale huffy vinous, the throat, flanks, and thighs, as well
as the under wing- and tail-coverts, white, with a slight greyish
shade on the sides of the breast ; quills black externally, shaded
with ashy grey, under surface white at base of inner web, but
having no distinct bars above or below ; tail dull bluish grey above,
ashy white beneath, with four or five indistinct cross bauds of dai'k
brown, a little plainer underneath, but these not strictly continuous ;
cere yellow ; gape and orbits yellowish ; bill black, lead-colour at
base ; feet yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 11-8 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 7'9, tail 5-4, tarsus 1'9.
065. A specimen from the Philippines, nearly adult in every re-
spect, is much deeper slate-colour above, and far more ruddy and
vinous below, than the one described.
Rab. China, from Pekin southwards throughout the Malayan
peninsula and the archipelago generally to New Guinea.
rt. <? ad. sk. Java. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
b. (? juv. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
c. 2 i^^^- sk- Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 0.
d. S JUV. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 'G.
e. (J ad. sk. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
/. Imm. St. Java. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
g. Ad. St. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.].
'h. Ad. St.
i. (S ad. sk. Pescadores, April 18G6. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
k, I. 5 ad. sk. Amoy, April 20, 1867. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.J.
m. Skeleton. Purchased,
17. Astur cuculoides. (Plate lY. fig. 2.)
Falco cuculoides, Temm. PI. Col i. pis. 110, 129 (1823),
Nisus cuculoides, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 97 (1828^ ; id. Trade, p. 61
(1831).
Adidt. Above light slaty grey, the margins to the feathers rather
darker, the ear-coverts and sides of neck a little paler than the
upper surface ; lores slightly whitish ; under surface of body very
pale vinous, somewhat tinged with ashy on sides of breast and
throat, the latter being otherwise whitish ; lower flanks, abdomen,
under taU-coverts, and thighs white, the latter indistinctly dusted
with ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white ; upper
wing-coverts slaty grey like back ; quiUs blackish, shaded above
with slaty grey, lower surface of primaries black, all the quills
white at base of inner web, more extended on the secondaries, which
are ashy grey towards the tips ; tail deep slatv grey, nearly uniform
k2
1 16 FALCONin^.
above, greyish ash- colour below, inclining to white near base of
feathers aiul crossed with five bauds of darker brown, the siibter-
minal one broadest ; cere yellow ; biU horn-brown ; feet yellow,
claws black ; iris dark brown. Total length 12-2 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 8, tail 5, tarsus 2.
Hah. North China, southwards to the Moluccas.
a. Ad. St. North China. — Fortuue, Esq. [C.].
h. Ad. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
18. Astur franciscse.
Accipiter francesii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Joiim. ii. p. 280 (1834) ; Gray,
Cat. Accipitr. p. «6 (1844); id. Gen B. i. p. 29 (1849); Hartl.
Ann. N. H. (2) ii. p. 387 (1848) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 115 (1855) ;
Hartl. Faun. Mwlaq. p. 20 (1861) ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 298, pi. vii. ;
Grand. Rev. et Mac/, de Zool. 1867, p. 321 ; Sclil. S( Poll. Faun.
Mada</. Ois. p. 36 (1868) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 868.
Nisus francesii, Kaiqy, Isis, 1847, p. 173 ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 420 ;
id. Mas. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 94 (1873).
Micronisus francesii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 35 (1869j.
Scelospiza francesii, Kaup, Cmitr. Orn. 1850, p. 63.
Scelospiza franciscse, Bp. Rev. et 31ag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Nisus madagascariensis, Hartl. Faun. Madaq. p. 20 (1861); Roch iSf
E. Neivt. Ibis, 1862, p. 268 ; E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 337.
Micronisus madagascariensis, A. Netut. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 833.
Accipiter franciscae, Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 447.
Young. Above brown, the nape and hind neck strongly mottled
with white, of which the bases are composed ; quiUs brown, some-
what shaded with rufous externally, and barred across with darker
brown ; tail brown, more or less washed with rufous and crossed
with eight bars of darker browu ; underneath dull white, trans-
versely banded with broad vinous-brown bars, less distinct on the
throat, cheeks, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts ochra-
ceous, barred with brown.
Adult male. Above clear slate-colour, a little paler on the sides of
the neck ; lores and sides of face white ; the ear-coverts a little
shaded with dusky; under surface of body, including the under
wing- and tail-coverts entirely white ; wings a little darker slate-
colour than the back, the secondaries washed with paler grey with
concealed white bases ; primaries blackish brown, barred with black
on the inner web, more distinctly on the lower face of the wing,
which is white near the base ; tail ashy brown, with seven bars of
darker brown on the inner web, becoming obsolete on the outer-
most and two centre rectrices, more distinct on the under surface
of the feathers, which are pale greyish ; bill bluish black ; feet yel-
low ; iris yellow. Total length 11-3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 6-2,
tail 5-5, tarsus 2.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 13 inches,
wing 6-85, tail 6-4, tarsus 2-05.
Hab. Madagascar and Joanna Island.
22. ASTCJK. 117
a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smitli [C.]. Type of
species.
b, c, d. 5 juv. sk. N.E. Madagascar. Heer D. C. Van Dam [C.].
e. Juv. sk. S.E. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].
f. Ad. st. ?
(/. Juv. st. Madagascar.
h. J ad. sk. Mouvoundava, S.W. Ma- Heer D. C. Van Dam [C.].
dagasear.
*. 5juv.sk. Mouroundava, S.W. Ma- Heer D. C. Van Dam [C.].
dagasciir.
/ (S ad. sk. Joanna Island. Bartle Frere, Esq. [r.].
19. Astur poliocephalus.
Accipiter polioceplialus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 170 ; id. Cat. B. N.
Guin. p. 16 (1859) ; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1800, p. 322, pi. x. ; Kemp, P. Z. S.
1837, p. 177 ; Wall. Ibis, 1808, p. 12 : Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34
(1869). ^
Nisiis poliocephalus, ScM. Nederl. Tijdsch. iii. p. 328 (1866) ; id. 3Ius.
P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 88 (1873).
Young. Above pale brown, the head and neck washed with ru-
fous, all the feathers margined with pale rufous ; quills brown, pale
rufous underneath, half barred across with brown near the base ;
tail brown, crossed with numerous bars of darker brown, about
eleven in number, the outer feathers washed with rufous near the
base ; sides of face and neck pale rufous, the ear-coverts slightly
shaded with brown ; under surface of body buffy white, irregularly
streaked or barred with pale rufous; thighs and under wing-coverts
clear pale rufous ; under taU-coverts white, only slightly washed
with rufous.
Adult female (type of species). Entire head, neck, and intersca-
pulary region delicate ashy grey ; rest of the upper surface bluish
slate-colour, the quills and tail a little darker, the quills white at
the base of the inner web, indistinctly barred half across with black-
ish ; outer tail-feathers a little inclining to brownish, whitish ashy
underneath, crossed both above and below with distinct blackish
bars ; sides of face very pale ashy grey ; entire under surface of body
white, including the under wing- and tail-coverts ; cere, orbits, and
feet orange-red ; iris deep olive-brown. Total length 15 inches,
culmen 1-3, wing 8-4, tail OS, tarsus 2-55.
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length
12-8 inches, wing 7*8, tail 6-3, tarsus 2-35, middle toe 1-05. {Mus.
Lugd.)
Hub. New Guinea and the Aru Islands.
a. 2 ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
b. Ad. sk. Salwatti. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
c. (S juv. St. Dorey. A. R.Wallace, Esq.
20. Astui' cinereus.
Type of species.
Sparvius cinereus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 3.38 (1817).
Astur rayi. Vie/. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 180 (1827) ; Bp. Con,
p. 31 (1850) ; Gra,/, Haud-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869).
Astur novae hollandiae, Gould. B. Austr. i. pi. 14 (1848).
7>. 1.
118 FALCONID^E.
Leucospizia rayi, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 67 ; Gould, Handh. B.
Austr. i. p. 38 (I860).
Adult male. Above brownish ash-colour, the feathers with con-
cealed spots of white near the base, the head clearer and more slaty
grey ; lores, sides of the face, and neck pale ashy, varied with whitish ;
under surface white, numerously but indistinctly barred with didl
ashy, these bars gradually decreasing in size on the beUy and dis-
appearing entirely on the abdomen, thighs, and under wing- and
tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back, the quills dark brown,
secondaries externally shaded with ashy grey, the innermost pale
brownish ash-colour, white at the base and on the inner web, which
is barred with brownish, the quiUs barred with dark brown, more
plainly underneath, where the feathers are white at the base ; tail
pale brown, whitish underneath, numerously but indistinctly barred
with darker brown ; cere yellowish orange ; bill black ; feet yellow,
claws black ; iris yeUow. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 10-25, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-7.
Adult female. Larger than the male. A specimen in the collec-
tion has the wing-coverts and tail tipped with whitish, and the bars
on the breast, which are a little more distinct than in the preceding
specimen, are mixed with brown, evidently the signs of immaturity.
Total length 20 inches, wing 12-25, tarsus 2-95.
A younger bird does not exhibit the whitish margins to the wing-
coverts, but has the markings on the chest more elongate, these, as
well as the other pectoral markings, being very broad and distinct
and brownish in colour ; iris brown.
Hab. New South "Wales and South Australia, extending along the
entire eastern side of the continent to Cape York.
Type of
a.
cJ innn. sk.
Australia.
Liimean Society [P.]
A. rayi.
b.
cJ ad. St.
New Holland.
Lady Carington [P.].
c.
2 ad. sk.
N.E. Australia.
Purchased.
d,
e. cT ? ad. sk.
Cape York.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
21. Astur novse hoUandise.
New-HoUand "White Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 40 (1781).
Falco novie hollandiie, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 264 (1788, ex Lath.).
Falco albus, l]lnte, Voy. N. S. W. pi. 35 (1790).
Fan- Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 54 (1801).
Falco clarus. Lath. Lnd. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xiii (1801).
Sparvius niveus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 338 (1817).
Astur novas hollandise, Viff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 3-38 (1824); Gov.ld,
Synops. B. Amt. pt. 3 (1888) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Bp.
Cmisp. i. p. 31 (1850) ; StrieM. Orn. Syn. p. 118 (1855) ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Astures, p. 20 (1862) ; Gray, ^Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ;
Schl. Revue Accipif.r. p. 63 (1873).
Astur albus, Jard. 4' Selby, HI. Orn. i. p. 1, pi. 1 (c. 1830).
Dffidalion candidum, Less. Traite, p. 66, pi. 12. fig. 1 (1831).
Falco leucaetus, Forster, Descr. An. p. 70 (1844).
Leucospizia novas bollandife, Kaup, Classif. Siivy. v. Vdg. p. 119
(1844) ; id. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 67 ; Gould, Handh. B. Avstr. i.
p. 38 (1865).
a.
5 ad. St.
b.
(S juv. St.
c.
cJ ad. sk.
d.
$ ad. sk.
e.
? ad. sk.
22. ASTTTR. 119
Young. Above brown, most of tbe leathers white for their basal
half and pale brown at tips ; cheeks pure white and sides of neck
white, only slightly mottled with pale brown ; quills brown, with
pale rufous brown shafts, the primaries white at the base of the
inner web, the inner secondaries white above' for the greater part
of the feather ; tail pale brown, narrowly but indistinctly barred
with darker brown, the shafts pale rufous brown, changing to pure
white, a shade of which is also spreading on the feathers near the
shaft of some of the tail-feathers, upper surface of tail dull whitish,
the cross bars obsolete ; under surface pure white. Total length
16'5 inches, wing 10, tarsus 2-75.
Adult male. Everywhere pure white ; cere orange-yellow ; gape
bright yellow ; bill black ; legs bright yeUow ; iris pale carmine.
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 10*4, tail 8, tarsus 2-75.
Adult femak'. Pure white like the male, but a little larger. Total
length 20 inches, wing 12-61, tarsus 3-2.
ffab. Tasmania, New South "Wales, and South Australia.
Van Diemen's Land. Dr. Macbraire [P.].
Red Wallis Island. Earl of Derby [P.].
Australia. Major-Gen. Hardwicke fP.].
Australia. Sir D. Cooper, Bart. [P.].
Australia. Sir Everard Home, Bart. [P.].
Snbsp. a. Astur leucosomus.
Astur novee bollandife, Schl. Vog. Ned. Ind. pp. 19, 58, pi. 11. fig. 3
(1866, nee Gm.).
Adidt male. Similar to A. novce hollandice and uniformly white
like that species, but very much smaller ; cere yellow ; bill black-
feet citron-yellow ; iris orange-yellow. Total length 12-3 inches,
culmen 1-1, wing 7-8, taQ 5-9, tarsus 2-25, middle toe 1-2. (Mm.
Lugd.)
Hah. New Guinea and adjacent islands.
22. Astur haplochrous.
Accipiter haplochrous, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 275, pi. viii. ; Verr. et
Des Murs, Rev. et May. de Zool. 1860, p. 385 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 34 (18G9).
Nisus haplochrous, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B.
Revue Accipitr. p. 91 (1873).
Young. Above brown, the feathers margined with rufous ochre,
the hind neck, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts tinged with ochra-
ceous buff ; the crown slightly streaked with rufous, with a broad
whitish eyebrow, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; sides of the
face and neck ochraceous birff, streaked with dark brown, tinged with
rufous on the ear-coverts ; under surface of the body clear ochra-
ceous buff, the throat streaked with dark brown, forming a line down
the centre, the breast marked with oval spots of dark browu, taking
the form of arrow-shaped or linear bars on the sides of the body
120 FALCONID^.
and flanks, becoming fewer in number on the abdomen and under
tail-coverts ; thighs pale fawn, with dart-shaped bars of dark brown ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries also pale fawn, the former spotted,
the latter barred, with dark brown ; quills and tail brown, slightly
tipped with whitish, numerously barred with dark brown, more
conspicuously underneath, where the inner webs are of a pale fawn-
colour.
Adult. Above deep blackish slate-colour, including the sides of
the head, neck, throat, and breast ; rest of the under surface white,
including the under wing- and tail-coverts ; inner face of the wing
and tail white, numerously barred with blackish, only seen above
indistinctly on the inner web ; bill black ; feet and iris yellow.
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 9-7, tail 7-6, tarsus 2-75.
Hah. New Caledonia.
a. 5 ad. New Caledonia. Purchased.
h. is ad. New Caledonia. Purchased.
c. (S juv. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased.
23. Astur albigularis.
Accipiter albogularis, Grai/, Ami. N. H. (i) v. p. 327 (1870) ; id. in
Brenchley, Cruise of the ' Curaqoa^ p. 354, pi. 1 (1873).
Adult. Above black, including the lores and sides of the face and
of the neck ; quills and tail black, whitish at the base of the inner
web, shading into ashy grey towards the tips, the latter barred with
blackish on the median rectrices ; under surface entirely white,
shaded with greyish (apparently remains of vermiculations) on the
sides of the upper breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries white.
Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 10, tail 8, tarsus 2'65.
Hab. Solomon Islands.
a. Ad. St. Rechei-che Bay, San Chris- Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.].
toval Island, Type of species.
24. Astur poliogaster.
Falco poliogaster, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 264 (1824, ez Natterer,
MS.).
Astur poliogaster, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; G7-ay, Oen. B.
i. p. 27 (1849) ; Strickl. Om. Syn. p. 121 (1865).
Nisus poliogaster, Less. Traite, p. (V2 (1831); Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Astures, p. 43 (1862) ; id. Revue Acciptr. p. 96 (1873).
Asturina poliogastra, Kauji, Isis, 1847, p. 198, et Cotitr. Om. 1850,
p. 67 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850).
Cooperastui- poliogaster, Bp. Pev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Accipiter poliogaster. Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 33 (1869) ; Pelz. Om. Bras.
p. 8 (1871).
Adult male (type of species). Above dark leaden grey, the ear-
coverts and sides of the neck uniform with the crown, which is
slightly darker than the back, as also are the wing-coverts ; upper
tail-coverts tipped with clear ashy grey ; quills brown, with rufous
22. ASTUR. 121
brown shafts ; the secondaries leaden grey like the back, the quills
barred with darker brown, these bars showing more plainly under-
neath, where the lower surface of the wings is ashy white, inclining
to pure white near the base of inner web ; tail black, tipped with
whitish, and crossed with three narrow bars of clear ashy grey, a
Kttle nifescent near the shafts ; entire under surface, including the
under tail-coverts, pale grey, the throat and under wing-coverts
whiter, the shafts darker, showing a hair-like stripe. Total length
17 inches, culraen 0-85, wing 9-8, tail 7-8, tarsus 2-15, middle toe
1-4. (Mus. Lucjd.)
Hah. Brazil.
25. Astur pectoralis.
Astur pectoralis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 490 ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Astures, p. 18 (1862) ; 'Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871);
Schl. Reme Accipitr. p. G3 (1873).
Gooperastur pectoraUs, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Accipiter pectoralis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869) ; Scl. 8f Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p.lSO (1873).
Female, not quite adult. Above brown, vsdth tips of rather paler
brown to the feathers of the middle back, scapulars, and secondaries ;
the greater part of the wing-coverts, the interscapular region, and
the lower back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts black, with white tips ;
crown of head crested, pure black ; ear-coverts and sides of neck rich
rufous, forming a broad collar round the back of the latter ; feathers
below the eye and a faintly indicated moustachial streak black ;
throat white, a central streak and a few feathers on the lower part
black ; fore neck and chest rufous like the hind neck, the centre
varied with black and white ; rest of under surface white, with very
broad and distinct bars of jet-black on the flanks and thighs, smaller
and less distinct in the centre of the body ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white like the breast, and similarly barred with black ;
quills brown, barred above with darker brown, the under surface
ashy white, with a few greyish black cross bars ; tail ashy brown,
with four broad black bars, equally distinct on the under surface,
which is ashy white ; bill horu-brown, yellowish at base ; feet yellow.
Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 11, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-4.
{Mus. Lugd.)
Hah. Brazil.
26. Astur rufitorques.
Epervier Oceanian, $ , Hombr. df Jacq. Voy. Pole Sml, Atlas, pi. 2.
fig. 2 (1842-53).
Astur rufitorques, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 68, pi. 19 (1848) ; Hartl.
Ibis, 1864, p. 232.
Accipiter rufitorques, Hombr. ^- Jacq. Voy. Pole Slid, Zool. iii. p. 49
(1853) ; Cass. U. S. Eapl. Exp. p. 90, pi. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1858) ; Gray,
B. Trop. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 2 (1859); id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 34
(1869).
122 FALCONID^.
Astiu" crueiitus, Fiiisch u. Ilurtl. Fcuuie Central-Polyn. Oni. p. 3
(1807).
Nisus rufitorques, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 81 (1873)*.
Young. Above clear brown, with indications of pale rufous margins
to the wing-coverts and scapulars ; the hinder neck clearly rufescent,
mottled with brown, and slightly varied with white ; head inclining
to ashy grey ; throat dull white ; rest of under surface white, with
oval drops of pale rufous, taking the form of bars on the sides of
breast and flanks ; the thighs and under tail-coverts uniform pale
rufous, shghtly mottled with remains of brown markings ; quiUs and
tail dull brown, with more or less distinct bars of darker brown,
plainer on the inner webs ; the under surface of both paler and
more ashy, washed with pale rufous near the base of the inner
webs.
The above short description of the young bird refers to a specimen
in the Museum which is beginning to show signs of adolescence, as
may be seen by the ashy grey on the head and the presence of two
fresh feathers on the back, which are also grey. The markings on
the breast-feathers are altering in shape and turning to bars,
while at the same time the stage of plumage is becoming perfected
by the shooting of new feathers, as is usual in this section of the
genus.
Adult male. Above delicate bluish grey or dove-colour, the wings
and tail uniform with the back, the primaries only a little darker and
more blackish ; the under surface of both quills and tail pale ashy,
almost white ; hinder part of neck delicate vinous ; sides of face ashy
grey like the head, but a little paler ; throat white ; rest of under
surface very pale vinous, lighter towards the abdomen and thighs and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts white. Total length 13-5
inches, culmen 0-85, wing 8-1, tail 6-1, tarsus 2'2.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger and more slate-
coloured ; the neck-collar and the iinder surface deeper vinous. Total
length 16-5 inches, wing 9-6, tail 7*1, tarsus 2-6.
Hab. Fiji Islands.
a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. Island of Matuku. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [C.]. Voyage
of the 'Herald.'
c. (S iuv. St. Viti Levu. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [C.]. Voyage
of the 'Herald.'
d. tS ad. St. Fiji Islands.
e. 5 ad. St. Rewa. Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.].
27. Astur griseigularis.
Astur griseogularis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343.
Nisus cruentus, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Astures, p. 40 (1862) ; id. Vog.
Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pi. 14. figs. 3, 4, pi. 15. figs. 1-3, pi. 16. figs. 1,
2 (1866).
* Although Professor Schlegel recognizes this species by its name in the place
quoted, he adds as synonyms three species which are in this work treated as
distinct. These are Nos. 8, 27, and 28 of the present genus.
22. A8TUR. 123
Accipiter griseo^ularis, If 'all. P. Z. S. 186-5, p. 474 ; id. Ibis, 1868,
p. 9; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869).
Erytlirospiza griseogularis, Kanp, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 174.
Nisiis griseigularis, Giebcl, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872).
Young male. Above dark browu with rufous edgings to the feathers,
the head blacker, the nape and hind neck much mottled with white,
and the bases to the interscapular feathers, as well as the scapulars
and secondaries, conspicuously white ; quills and tail brown, paler
at the tips, with numerous bars of darker brown, about twelve or
thirteen in number on the latter, the bars much paler on the under
surface of both, which is whitish ashy, washed with pale rufous near
the base ; sides of face and a distinct eyebrow white, streaked with
blackish brown, the ear-coverts clouded with ashy brown ; under
surface of body whitish, with a streak of sepia-brown down the
centre of the throat, the chest marked with oval drops of sepia-brown,
the breast barred with brown, slightly tinged with rufous ; thighs
whitish, broadly barred with pale rufous ; under tail-covcrts white,
sparingly barred with dark brown ; under wing-coverts fulvous, with
dark brown cross bars, somewhat tinged with rufous. Total length
18 inches, tail 8-8, tarsus 2'75.
Adult female. Above ashy grey, the head much lighter, especially
the sides of the face and throat, which are pale bluish grey ; sides
and hinder part of the neck, including the interscapiilary region,
light vinous chestnut ; wings blackish slate-colour, uniform pale
ashy underneath, without any bars ; tail ashy brown, clearer brown
on the inner web, with very faint indications of darker brown bars,
underneath uniform pale ashy, without cross bars ; under surface of
body clear vinous red, the chest uniform, the rest of the body with
faint indications of whitish cross bars ; under wing-coverts imiform
with the breast ; cere yellowish ; bill black, lead-colour at base ; feet
olive or ochre-yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-6, wing
10-5, tail 9, tarsus 2-85.
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length
17 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 9-9, tail 8-25, tarsus 2-5.
Ohs. The beautiful series of this species brought home by Mr.
"Wallace enables us to see how the different changes from the young
plumage to the old are brought about. In the first stage the young
bird resembles other Goshawks, being streaked on the chest, barred
on the breast ; but in its changes it closelj- follows the example of the
small Micronisi, of which this group of Hawks seem to be distant
relations. Both above and below the plumage is changed partially
by a moult and partially by an absolute change of feather. Many
new plumes appear on the breast, showing that the next dress will
be of a vinous red colour with whitish cross bars. At the same time
it appears that, after the manner of Sparrowhawks and Goshawks,
some of the oval drops on the chest break up into bars, which are
darker and not of so clear a rufous colour as the fresh-moulted feathers.
"While these changes take place below, a slight shade of vinous
begins to appear on the hind neck, which, however, never shows very
clearly till the bird is quite old : and as this character increases in
124 FAlCONIDiE.
intensity with age, Mr. Wallace's Accipiter mueJleri, being fuUy
adult, could not possibly be a specimen of A. grlselgularis which has
" lost the nape-band," as Professor Kaup suggests.
Hah. Batchian, Gilolo, and Ternate.
a. $ ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Type of species.
H
1 1-
h. 2juT.sk. Batchian. A. R.Wallace, Esq.
c. Imm. st. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
d,e. 2 juv. sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
/. Juv. "sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
g. Imm. st. GUolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
h. S ad. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
i. (S juv. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
Subsp. a. Astur henicogrammus.
Astur henicogrammus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343.
Accipiter equatorialis, Wall P. Z. S. 1865, p. 474 ; uL Ibis, 1868,
p. 10; Grai/, Hand-I. B. i. p. 34 (1869).
Nisus cruentus, Schl. Tog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 14. fig. 2 (1806).
Erythrospiza griseogularis (pt.), Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 175.
Nisus equatoriaUs, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 262 (1872).
Younq (type of ^. henicor/rammus). Above brown ; all the feathers
ban-ed and tipped with rufous, white at their bases and sometimes
barred across the middle with white ; the hinder part of the head
strongly inclining to slaty grey ; head dark brown, the feathers
having white bases and being sHghtly washed with rufous ; forehead,
a broad eyebrow, and sides of the face white, the latter strongly
streaked with dark brown ; entire wings and tail ashy brown,
banded with rufous like the back ; throat white, streaked down the
centre and spotted on the lower parts with dark brown ; rest of
under surface white, ban-ed on the chest with dusky brown tinged
with rufous, on the breast and abdomen with clear rufous ; under
wing-coverts ochraceous buff, spotted with dark brown tinged with
rufous. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 8-6, tail 7'8,
tarsus 2-6.
Adidt. Above ashy, neck a little paler ; the wing-coverts darker
and more slaty ; the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey,
the secondaries entirely of the latter colour; the underside of
the quills clear whitish ash-colour, deepening into ashy brown
towards the tips of the feathers ; tail ashy grey, browner on the
inner webs, where there are remains of obsolete bars, the under
surface clear ashy ; back of the neck and upper part of interscapu-
lary region pale vinous salmon-colour ; sides of face and throat pale
ashy grey, with a slight salmon tinge on the latter : rest of under
surface, including the under ■\^•ing-coverts and axillaries, uniform
vinous salmon-colour ; cere, eyelids, and feet orange-yellow ; biLl
black ; iris golden orange-yellow. Total length 14-5 inches, cul-
men 1-2, wing 8-1, tail 6-8, tarsus 2-1.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total
length 16-5 inches, Aving 9-1, tail 7-35, tarsus 2-35.
Hah. Molucca Islands.
22. ASTTJR.
125
a.
sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.
r, d. S ? ad. sk.
e. 5 ad. St.
c? imm. sk.
2 juv. sk.
h. Ad. St.
E. Gilolo.
Gilolo.
Morty Island.
Batchian.
Waigiou.
Waipiou.
Salwatti.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Type of species.
A. R". Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Type of A. eqriaturialk.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
Obs. This race or subspecies very closely resembles A. griseigu-
laris, but is much smaller. The young bird is quite different, re-
calling rather that of A. trinotatus.
28. Astur torquatus.
Falco torquatus, Temni. PL Col. i. pi. 43 (1823).
Urospizia torquatus, Kaup, Contr. Oni. 1850, p. 64 ; Up. Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Nisus torquatus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astui-es, p. 40 (1862); id. Vog.
Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 25, 63, pi. 17. figs. 1, 2, 4 (1866) ; id. Remie
Accipitr. p. 91 (1873).
Accipiter cruentus. Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 22.
Uraspiza torquata, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176.
Accipiter torquatus, IVall. Ibis, 1868, p. 11 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 34 (1809).
Adult. Above greyish brown ; the head and wing-eoverts clearer
slate-colour ; nape mottled with white ; hinder part of neck brick-
red, shading even over the interscapulaiy region and sr-apulars ;
quills dark brown, shaded externally witli slaty grey, the secondaries
more conspicuously ; the under surface of the quills paler, whitish
near the base, shading into clearer ashy towards the tips, with
several indistinct bars of dark brown on the inner web ; tail ashy
brown, slightly rufescent above, with twelve or thirteen cross bands
of darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the colour is pale
ashy, tinged with light rufous near the base ; the outermost feather
almost unifbi-m ashy, the bars obsolete ; sides of face ashy grey, a
little clearer than the crown ; throat whitish, freckled with remains
of greyish cross bars ; under surface of body white, distinctly barred
with clear pale rufous, the bars decreasing in width towards the
abdomen ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
white, the inner ones narrowly baiTed with pale rufous ; cere
greenish yellow ; bill lead-colour ; feet orange-yellow ; iris orange-
yellow. "^Total length 17 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 10-4, tail 8-2,
tarsus 2"65.
Hob. Timor.
a. S ad. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.
c, d, e. 2 juv. sk.
/. 2 ad. St
g. S juv. St.
East Timor.
East Timor.
East Timor.
East Timor.
East Timor.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. fC.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
126 FALCONID^.
29. Astur approximans *.
Falco raiiatus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 123 (1823, nee Lath.).
Astur radiatus, Vif/ora ^- Ilorsf. Tr. Linn. Sue. xv. p. 181 (1827).
Astur lasciatus, iicl. torn. cit. p. 181 (1827).
Astur approximans, iid. torn. cit. p. 181 (1827) ; Gould, Syn. B.
Austr. pt. 3 (1838) ; id B. Anstr. i. pi. 17 (1848) ; Stitrt, Exp.
Cent): Austr. App. p. 15 (1819) ; Peh. Sitz. Akad. Wien, Ixi. p. 62
(1861) ; Gould, Handh. B. Azistr. i. p. 41 (1865).
Accipiter approximans, .Strickl. Ann. N. If. xi. p. 335 (1843) ; Grai/,
Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Striekl. Orn.
Syn. p. Ill (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869).
Urospiza approximans, Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Nisus approximans, ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 42 (1862) ; id. Mevue
Accipitr. p. 79 (1873).
Tonne/. Above brown, the feathers edged with pale n;fous ; fore-
head, eyebrow, and sides of face white, streaked with dark browu ;
the nape much mixed with white ; quills and tail brown, with
whitish tips, barred with numerous narrow bands of darker brown,
thirteen or fourteen in number on the latter, the under sui'face of
both glossy white ; the bars more indistinct near the base, which is
shaded with pale rufous ; under surface of body white, with an ill-
defined streak of dark brown down the throat ; the chest streaked
with broad oval drops of pale rufous ; the breast and flanks broadly
barred with the same colour, especially on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts buffy white, with pale rufous
cross bars ; cere, gape, and base of bill bluish lead-colour, the latter
blackish at tip ; feet gamboge-yellow ; iris beautiful yellow.
Adult female. Above duU ashy brown ; the hinder part of the
neck didl vinous red ; quiUs uniform brown above, with a slight
shade of ashy on the secondaries ; the inner webs slightly paler,
with obsolete remains of darker brown bars ; the under surface of
the quills ashy grey, with a pale rufous shade near the base, in-
clining to dark brown towards the tips, with notches of the same
colour ; tail ashy brown above, glistening white beneath, with in-
distinct remains of darker bars, about fourteen in number, on the
inner webs ; sides of face dark ashy brown, like the head ; throat
dull white, mottled with transverse remains of ashy bars ; remainder
of under surface dull rufous, barred with numerous narrow lines
of whitish, each bar having a conterminous bar of ashy above and
below ; under wing-coverts dull rufous, more broadly barred with
fulvous ; cere greenish yellow ; bill dusky, olive-green at base,
as also the gape ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris bright yellowish
orange. Total length 2U inches, culmen 1-3, wing 12-25, tail 10,
tarsus 3-2.
* Under the title of A. approximans Mr. E. P. Ramsay makes remarks on a
Goshawk from Port Denison, which lie was inclined to separate from the present
species. I am not aware that any further description has been published {cf.
Ibis, 1866, p. 326).
yo
ASTrR.
127
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length
15 inches, wing- 10-2, tail 8-5, tarsus 3"15.
Obs. The male of Astur approximans may always be told from
the female of Accipiter cirrhocephalus by its long tail, which mea-
sures 8 to 8"5 in the former, whereas the length of the latter never
exceeds 7'2 or 7'3 inches. Along with this character will be found
the slender middle toe of the Accipitcr.
Uah. Eastern Australia, from Van Liemen's Land and New
South Wales to a little above 20° S. lat. ; New Caledonia ; Norfolk
Island.
a.
5 juv. st.
Australia.
b.
$ ad. St.
Australia.
Linnean Society [P-].
c.
5 juv. sk.
Australia.
Linnean Society [P.J.
Type of species.
d,
e. c? 5 juv. sk.
Australia.
Linnean Society [P.].
Tvpes of A. fasciatus.
f.
2 ad. sk.
Australia.
Lady Carington [P.].
S-
cJ juv. sk.
Australia.
A. Cimning lam, Esq. [P.]
h.
$ juv. sk.
Australia.
Sir D. Cooper, Bart. [P.].
i.
$ juv. sk.
c5' JUV. sk.
Van Diemen's Land.
J. Gould, Esq.
j-
New South Wales.
J. Goidd, Esq.
k.
tS ad. sk.
S. AustraUa.
Sir George Grev [P.].
I.
S juv. sk.
" The Depot, lat. 29°
40'."
Port Curtis.
Capt. Sturt [P.].
m
$ juv. sk.
Voyage of the ' Rattle
snake.'
n,
0. c? ad. juv. sk.
Gould's Island.
J. B. Jukes, Esq.
[P.^
.
P-
S juv. sk.
N. Australia.
J. R. Elsey, Esq.
y-:
.
30. Astur cruentus.
Astur cruentus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 113 ; id. B. Amir. i. pi. 18
(1848) ; /(/. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 4.3 (1865).
Accipiter cruentus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2>'6
(18o0).
Urospizia cruentus, Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65.
Urospiza cruenta, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176.
Adult. Above ashy grey, with a bluish shade, especially distinct
on the crown, sides of face, and wing-coverts ; nape somewhat varied
with white ; sides of neck duU vinous, forming an imperfect collar
round hind neck ; quills ashy grey, the primaries blacker, externally
washed with ashy, all numerously barred with darker brown on
inner webs ; the lower surface ashy whitish, with a pale salmon-
srirfous tinge on inner web ; the bars by no means distinct near
base ; tail ashy grey above, with a slight bluish shade, slightly
tipped with ashy white, and crossed with fifteen or sixteen dusky
bars, almost obsolete on the two central feathers; throat duU white,
mottled all over with ashy brown bars ; rest of under surface dull
white, crossed with numerous bars of very pale vinous, inclining to
grey on the lower under wing-coverts ; cere dull yellow ; bill blue at
base, black at tip ; feet pale yellow, claws black ; iris bright yellow.
128 FALCONID-E.
Total length 21-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 12-5, tail 11, tarsus 3-4.
{Mus. Cantabr.)
Hab. Western Australia.
31. Asturwallacii*. (Plate V.)
Astur approximans, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 12 (nee Vig. S) Horsf.).
Adult male (Lombock). Above ashy brown, the head more de-
cidedly greyish ; sides of the face ashy grey, paler than the crown ;
sides of the neck deep vinous salmon-colour, forming an ill-defined
collar round the back of the neck ; throat pale rufous, mottled with
indistinct white and ashy grey cross bars ; rest of under surface
rich vinous salmon -colour, with indistinct remains of white cross
bars on the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; thighs uni-
form vinous salmon-colour ; under wing-coverts coloured and faintly
barred like the breast, the axiUaries uniform vinous ; quills ashy
brown, more or less shaded with grey, indistinctly crossed with
numerous bars of darker brown, a little more distinct on the under
surface, which is pale rufous at base of inner webs, shading into
ashy grey at the tips ; tail-feathers uniform ashy brown above, with
remains of thirteen or fourteen bars of darker brown, plainer under-
neath, where the feathers are ashy white ; bill dusky, tip black ;
feet yellowish ; iris brown. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-15,
wing 10-55, tail 8-6, tarsus 2-55.
Tounrj female (Bouru). Above brown, the wing- and tail-coverts
with clear rufous margins ; the nape mottled with white, the hind
neck with rufous ochre ; eyebrow and sides of face and throat
white, thickly streaked with dark brown ; rest of under surface
white, the breast obscured with numerous large spade-shaped mark-
* ASTUE, sp.
Mr. Wallace's collection has a young bird from Lombock, which I cannot
identify. From its rufous coloration it seems to belong to the A. trinotatus
group.
Young. Above rufous, the feathers creamy white at their bases, barred and
centred with ashy brown ; nape slightly streaked with creamy buff; sides of
face and neck entirely rufous, streaked with ashy brown, with faint indications
of a buff eyebrow ; wing-coverts ashy brown, witli broad rufous margins ; quills
ashy brown, narrowly margined and tipped with rufous, barred with darker
brown, more plainly seen on the under surface, which is pale rufous at base of
inner web, ashy grey towards the tips ; tail ashy brown, tipped with pale brown,
washed externally with rufous, crossed with ten narrow bars of darker brown
more distinct on the under surface, the feathers being pale rufous at base of
inner web ; under surface of body creamy buff; the throat with a broad central
line of greyish brown, the entire breast streaked with longitudinal markings of
brown, the under tail-coverts whitish with rufous-brown spots ; thighs pale
fawn-colour, spotted and barred with clear rufous ; under wing-coverts huffy
fawn-colour, streaked with rufous brovra ; cere pale yellow ; bill black ; feet
pale yellow; iris olive. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1, wing 8-9, tail 7-3.
tarsus 1-35.
This may be the young of Astur wallacii ; but the bird from Bouru is wliat I
consider to be really the young of that species.
23. NI30IDE8. 129
ings of dark brown, the lower breast barred with rufous brown, the
bars becoming wider apart on the abdomen and under tail-coverts,
and more distinctly rufous on the thighs ; quills brown, numerously-
barred with darker brown on the inner webs, becoming obsolete on
the bases of the latter, which are pale rufous underneath ; tail brown,
crossed with about eighteen bars of darker brown, the under surface
lighter and ashy white in colour. Total length 18-5 inches, cul-
men 1-15, wing 10-4, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-7.
The young bird described has been considered to belong to A.
torquatus by Mr. Wallace ; but its fades certainly refers it to a
species allied to A. approxlmans, as does also the sequence of change
in its progress towards maturity, of which evidences are beginning
to appear in the Bouru specimen. I think that there can be little
doubt of its being the young of A. wallacii.
Hab. Lombock, Bouru.
a.
S ad. sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C
:1:
b. 5 juv. sk. Bouru. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C
23. NISOILES.
Type.
Nisuoides, Pollen, Btill. Soc. Sc. Beim. 1866, p. 62 N. moreli
Bill of Nisoides ttwreli (after Schlegel).
Range. Madagascar.
1. Nisoides moreli.
Nisuoides moreli, Pollen, Bull. Soc. Sc. Reiin. 1866, p. 62.
Nisoides moreli, Neivton, Zool. Bee. iii. p. 73 (1867).
Accipiter moreli. Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 320 ; Gurtxey,
Ibis, 1870, p. 448.
Nisus morelii, Schl. 4" Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 39, pi. 12. iig. 3
(1868) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 9.5 (1873).
Micronisus moreli. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869).
Young male. Above rather light brown, with remains of rufous
edges on the upper surface, more distinct on the head and least
wing-coverts ; nape much varied with white ; ear-coverts rufous
brown ; an indistinct eyebrow and cheeks buflfy white, streaked
with brown ; quills and tail much as in the adult bird, but rather
paler; underneath buify white, with broad blackish markings in
the centre of the throat, causing very distinct streaks, the remainder
of the under surface barred with dark brown with a rufous tingo ;
the bars smaller and more like spots on the chest ; wing 5-95.
Adult male (type of species). Above slaty black, the nape
VOL. I. I,
130 FALCONlUiE.
mottled ■with white, as also the base of the scapulars ; upper taU-
covcrts slightly tipped with white ; ear-coverts slaty black like
head ; cheeks, lores, and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, slightly
tinged with rufous and streaked with black ; quills and tail dark
brown, barred with blackish brown, plainer below, where the under
surface is ashy white, rufescent at the base of the inner webs ; the
tail ashy brown at tip, and crossed with about eight bands, the sub-
terminal one broader : under surface of body white, the throat and
chest washed with rufoxis ochre, the throat mesially streaked with
narrow black lines, the entire breast barred with rufous brown,
narrower on the thighs, and almost disappearing on the under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts riifous ochre, barred with blackish ;
bill black ; feet yeUow, nails black ; iris pure white. Total length
11'5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 6, tail 5"3, tarsus 2, middle toe 0"98.
(Mus. Luf/d.)
Hah, AYest coast of Madagascar.
24. ACCIPITER.
Type.
Accipiter, Bnss. Orn. i. p. 310 (1760) A. nisus.
Nisus, Cuv. Legons Anat. Comp. i. tabl. ois. (1799) A. nisus.
lerax, Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. ^c. Brit. 3Lus. p. 10
(1816) A. nisus.
Hieraspiza, Kanp, Class. Saug. u. Vog. p. 116 (1844) .... A. virgatus.
Cooperastui", Bp. Jtev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538 .... A. nisus.
Teraspiza, Kajip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171 A. virgatus.
Bill and foot of Accipiter nisus.
Range. The four quarters of the globe, excepting Oceania, west
of Australia, and New Guinea.
Key to the Species.
a. Thighs banded.
a'. No collar round neck.
o". Bars on tail not exceeding five.
24. ACCIPITEK. 131
((!". No white spots on centre tail-fea-
thers; upper tail-coverts some-
times slightly margined at tip
with white.
«"". Cheeks and ear-coverts rufous, or
ashy white tinged with rufous,
rtfl. The rufous bars underneath nar-
nower than the intervening
white spaces nisus, p. 132.
bb. The rufous bai's broader than
the white interspaces.
aa'. Smaller; wing in c? 7"15
inches, in $ 8'25 fuscus, p. 1.35.
bb'. Larger ; wing in c? 9'3
inches, in g 10-3 cooperi, p. 187.
b"". Ear-coverts greyish, like rest of
crown; wing not exceeding
6"6 inches tinus, p. 139.
b'"' Centi-e tail-feathers with conspicuous
white spots; upper tail-coverts
white minullus, p. 140.
a. Larger ; darker ; more broadly
baiTed below, a. eiytkrojnis, ■p. 141.
/3. Smaller; more grey; bars below
narrower. (3. minullus, p. 140.
b". Bars on tail about 14 in number cirrhocephaliis, p. 141.
c". Tail quite uniform 7naclagascariensis, p. 143.
h'. White collar round neck coUaris, p. 144.
b. Thighs uniform.
a'. Rufous coUar round neck.
fi". Larger ; imderneath grey rubricolUs, p. 144.
6". Smaller ; underneath vinous erythrauchen, p. 145.
b'. No rufous collar.
c". Thighs grey.
c'". Ear-coverts and sides of neck grey . . rJiodogader , p. 145.
d" . Ear-coverts and sides of neck rufous sulaensis, p. 146.
d'. Thighs rufous or ochi-aceous.
e'". Ear-coverts and breast white.
/"". Thighs rufous erythroenemis, p. 147.
(/'". Thighs ochraceous ckkmogaster, p. 148.
f". Ear-coverts and breast rufous.
h"". Larger; wing in c? 8"2 inches;
in 2 9'4 i-^rfiventris, p. 148.
i'". Smaller; wing in c? 7, in $ 8. . ventralis, p. 149.
g'". Ear-coverts ^rey.
A"". Large white spots on centre tail-
feathers hartlaiibi, p. loO.
I"". No white spots on centre tail-
feathers.
m. Breast rufous.
m'. Smaller ; under wing-coverts
buff; wing in c? 0-6 inches,
in 5 7"4 virgatus, p. 150.
n'. Larger; under wing-coverts
rufous, like breast ; wing in
(S 8-5 inches, J 10'5 guttatus, p. 1.52.
n. Breast cinereous.
l2
132 PALCONID*.
0. Breast imiform grey.
o'. Under -wing-coverts deep
rufous pileatus, p. 153.
p'. Under wing-coverts white . . 6«co/or, p. 154.
p. Breast spotted with white. . . . chilensis, p. 155.
e". Thighs black melanoleucus, p. 156.
1. Accipiter nisus*.
The Span-ow-Hawk, Albi'n, Nat. Hist. B. i. pi. 5 (1731).
L'Epei-vier, Briss. Om. i. p. 310 (1760) ; Buff. PI. Enl. i. pis. 412,
467 (1788).
L'Epervier tachet^, Briss. Om. i. p. 314 (1760).
Le petit Epervier, Briss. Om. i. p. 315, pi. 30. fig. 1 (1760).
Falco nisus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 1-30 (1766) ; Naum. Vog. Detdschl. i.
p. 258, Taf. 19, 20 (1822) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 62 (1843) ; Schl. u.
Susetn. Voff. Eur. Taf. 29 (1839).
Falco minutus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 131 (1766, e.v Briss.).
Falco nisus major, BeJcke?; Teutsche Om. Heft iii. pis. 1, 2 (c. 1800).
Falco nisus minor, Bekker, Teutsche Om. Heft iii. pis. 3, 4, 5
(c. 1800).
Dfedalion fringillarius, Savign. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 270 ( 1808).
Accipiter nisus, PaU. Zooqr. Posso-As. i. p. 370 (1811) ; G)-ai/, Gen.
B. i. p. 29, pi. 10. fig. 4 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl.
Om. Si/n. p. 104 (1855) ; Semts. Ec/ffs Brit. B. i. p. 35 (1856) ;
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 4. figs. 3, 4, 5 (1858) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 51
(1862) ; Kewt. Ooth. WoUey. p. 79 (1864) ; Gould, B. Gt.Br. pt. v.
(1865) ; Brodr. Falc. Jrti'.'pl. ii. (1865) ; DeqI. et Gerhe, Orn.Eitr.
i. p. 99 (1867) ; Loch^, Expl. Sci. Ah/er. i. p. 72 (1867) ; Bettoyii,
Ucc. Lomh. ii. tav. 58 (18r9) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 31 (1869) ;
Hume, Pough Notes, i. p. 124 (1869) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i.
p. 88 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Pal. Ucc. p. 15 (1871) ; Sioinh. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 341 ; Sharpe ^- Dresser, B. Eur. pt. ix. (1871) ; SJ)eUey,
B. Egt/pt, p. 185 (1872) ; Hnne, Strai/ F. i. p. 124 (1873).
Jerax fringillarius. Leach, 8i/st. Cat. Mamm. Sj-c. Brit. Mm. p. 10
(1816).
Sparvius nisus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 319 (1817).
Accipiter frinsillarius, Vig. Zool. Joiim. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gotdd, B.
Eur. i. pi. 18 (1837).
Buteo nisus, Flem. Brit. An. i. p. 55 (1828).
Nisus communis, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831).
Nisus elegans, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 86 (1831).
* The present species will be found fully treated of in-Part ix. of Sharpe and
Dresser's ' Birds of Europe.' There I was inclined to consider Mr. Hume's
Accipiter melanoschistus a good species ; but a fiu*ther experience of Acx>ipi-
trine birds induces me to think that it may be only a dark race of the ordinary
Sparrow- Hawk. I say this under reserve, as I have not yet seen a specimen
labelled by Mr. Hume himself and only judge by examples in the British Mu-
seum andLord Walden's collection. At present, also, I believe Hodgson's A.
suhtypicus to be only a common Sparrow-Hawk. Should Mr. Hume's bird be
distinct, the synonymy will be as follows : —
Accipiter melanoschistus.
Accipiter meJanoschistus, Htime, Ibis, 1869, p. 356 ; id. Rough Notes, i.
p. 128 (1869) ; Sharpe 4' Dresser, B. Eur. pt. ix. (A. nisus), p. 16 (1871).
Isisua melanoschistus, Giebel, Thes. Om. p. 263 (1872).
24, ACCIPITER. 133
Nisus fringillarum, Brehni, torn. cit. p. 87 (1831).
Nisus peregriuus, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 88 (1831).
Falco nisosimilis, Tickell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 571 (1833).
Astur nisus, Keys. 8; Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 140 (1840) ; Bailly, Orn.
Sav. i. p. 75 (1853) ; Dubois, Ois. Bely. pis. l5, 16 ( 1854) ; Schl.
Voy. Nederl. pis. 13, 14 (1854) ; Sundev. Sv. Foyl. p. 220, pi. xxviii.
fig. 1 (1860).
Accipiter nisosimilis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 311 (1843) ; Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 105 (1855).
Accipiter subtvpicus, Hodqs. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Astm- major, Deyl Orn. Eur. i. p. 86 (1849).
Nisus fringillarius, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64 ; ScJd. Mus. P.-B.
Astures, p. 28 (1862); Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 65 (1869);
Schl. Remte Accipitr. p. 68 (18/'3).
Nisus major, Jaub., Mots. Eur. Orn. p. 29 (1851).
Nisus intercedens, Brehm, Naiim. 1855, p. 269.
Nestling. Clothed -with white down ; the feathers of the back deep
sepia-brown, with rufous margins ; breast fulvous fawn, the chest
longitudinally streaked with brown, inclining to arrow-head mark-
ings on the abdomen and to bars on the flanks.
Young. Above sepia-brown, all the feathers plainly margined with
rufous, more especially on the crown ; occiput and nape mottled with
white ; a distinct eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts white, streaked
with blackish, the hinder margin of the latter brown, washed with
rufous ; quills brown, inclining to ashy brown externally, the secon-
daries narrowly margined and tipped with I'ufous; all the quills
barred across with darker brown, more distinct on the lower surface,
which is whitish ; tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with whitish, and
crossed with five bars of dark brown ; under surface of body white,
the throat narrowly streaked with black, the breast barred with
rufous brown, or marked with spade-shaped spots of brown tinged
with rufous, the flanks and thighs distinctly barred with dark
brown ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts buflFy white,
numerously spotted or half-barred with dark brown ; cere yellow ;
bill horn-coloui", the lower mandible yellowish at base ; feet yellow ;
iiis yellow.
Adult male. Above bluish slate-colour, the black shafts distinct on
some of the rump-feathers ; wings bluish slaty, the primaries browner
and barred with darker brown, more distinct below, where the inner
webs of the quills are ashj' white somewhat tinged with rufous ; tail
also bluish slaty, but a little browner than the back, slightly tipped
with whitish and crossed ^vith four bars of darker brown ; nape
slightly mottled with white ; forehead and eyebrow slightly washed
with rufous ; lores whitish ; cheeks and ear-coverts bright rufous,
the upper margin of the latter slaty like the sides of the neck ; throat
whitish, washed with rufous ; rest of under surface white, the breast
narrowly barred across with bright rufous, some of the bars tinged
with brown, becoming narrower towards the abdomen and thighs,
which are nearly entii'ely white ; flanks bright rufous ; under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-covei'ts and axillaries white, the former
spotted, the latter barred with brown ; cere yellow ; bill dark
134
FAICONIDJ;.
horn-blue, base of lower mandible yeUowish ; feet yellow ; iris
orange. Total length 13 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 8-15, tail 6-3,
tarsus 2'3.
Adult female. Larger than the male, and paler grey above ; below
barred with brown, more or less tinged with rufous in young ex-
amples, but becoming slaty grey in old specimens, which also have a
rufous tuft on the flanks. Total length 15-5 inches, wing 9-5, tail 7,
tarsus 2"5.
Hah. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending
in winter into Algeria, N.E. Africa, the Indian peninsula, and
China.
England.
a. <S ad. st.
h. c? ad. st.
c. 5 ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk.
e. PuU. sk.
/. $ juv. sk.
g. S .iuv. sk.
h. Juv. sk.
England.
England, Nov. 24, 1873.
Stonyhurst, Lancashire.
Hethersett, Norfolk.
Hethersett, Norfolk.
Norwich, Norfolk.
Lowestoft, Suffolk.
i. S ad. sk.
u,v. (S juv. sk.
%v. 5 juv. St.
X. Pull.sk.
tj,z. $juv. sk.
«'. S ad. sk.
6', c. S juv. St.
d'. 5 alb. St.
e'. S ad. St.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
(-/'. 6 juv. sk.
A. D. Bartlett, Esq.
[P.].
A. Cooper, Esq.,
E.A. [P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
[P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
[P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
[P.].
J. Edmund Hart-
ing, Esq. [P.].
J. Edmimd Hart-
ing, Esq. [P.].
J. Edmund Hart-
ing, Esq. [P.].
Mr. J. Clark [C.].
Mr. J. Baker [CI.
Mr. J. Baker [C.].
J. Edmund Hart-
ing, Esq. [P.T
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
[P.].
Captain Shelley
[P.].
Col. Montagu [P.].
Rev. A. Morgan
[P.].
Rev. A. Morgan
[P.].
Rev. A. Morgan
[P.].
Wermland, July 8, 1871. Purchased.
Skgne, S. Sweden, Oct. 14, 1869. Purchased.
Skane, S. Sweden, Oct. IG, 1869. Purchased.
Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Germany. Dr. Kaup [P.].
Kiel. M. F. Boie [P.].
Belgium. Brussels Museum
[P.].
Tangiers. J. Edmimd Hart-
ing, Esq. [P.J.
i, A-. c? 2 juv. St. Saffi-on Walden, Essex.
I. Pull. St. Cambridgeshire.
m. 2 imm. st. Cambridgeshire.
n. 2 ad. sk. Uckfield, Sussex.
o, p. S 2 Ju'T- sk. Cookham. Berks.
q. S ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov. 11, 1873.
r, s. c? 2 ad. st.
Wiltshire.
Pembrokeshhe.
Monmouthshhe.
Monmouthshire.
/''. $ juv. sk.
i'. 5 juv.sk.
h'. 2 juv.sk.
v. (S ad. sk.
in', c? ad. sk.
n' o'. 2 ad. sk.
;/. c? ad. sk.
q',r'. ? juv. St.
.<', t'. (S ad. sk.
»',v'. c? 2juv.sk.
«•', .r'. Skeleton.
//', s'. Sternum.
", i. 2 ^i^ <^^- sk.
24. ACCIPIXEK.
Algeria.
Kii'jath Jearim.
Jericlio.
Xauthus.
Bagdad.
Scinde (Dr. Guiihl).
Nepal.
Nepal.
Nepal
i:i5
R. B. Sbai-pe, Esq.
[P.]. ■
W. B. D. TurntuU,
Esq. [P.].
Canon Tristram
, [0.].
Canon Tristram
[C.J.
SirC.FeUowes[P.].
K.LoftuSjEsq.LP.J.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
B. H.Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Subsp. a. A. melanoschistus.
Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
2. Accipiter fuscus *.
American Brown Hawk, Lafh. Gen. Sijn. i. p. 98 (1781).
Dubious Falcon, Penn. Arctic Zoul. p. 21.3 (1785).
Falco fuscus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 280 (1788) ; Audub. B. Am. pi. 374, el
Orn. Bioqr. iv. p. 522 (1838).
Falco duhius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 281 (1788).
Accipiter striatus, Vieill. Ols. Am. Sept. pi. 14 (1807) ; Stricld. Orn.
Sijn. p. 109 (18oo).
Falco vieillotinus, Shcm; Gen. Zuol vii. p. 204 (1809).
Falco velox, Tf7/s. A^n. Orn. v. p. 116, pi. 45. fig. 1 (1812).
Falco penusylvanicus, Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 1, pi. 46. fig. 1 (1812).
Sparvius striatus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. .328 (1817).
Accipiter ardesiaceus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. JMeth. iii. p. 1274 (1823).
Accipiter velox, Vic/. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824).
Accipiter pennsylvanicus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Sicains.
Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 44 (1831).
Astm- pennsylvanicus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 92 (1828).
Nisus striatus, Chiv. JRegne An. i. p. 334 (1829).
Nisus pennsylvanicus, Cui\ M. A. i. p. 334 (1829).
Astui- velox, Jameson, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 68 (1831).
Nisus malliui, Less. Traitc, p. 58 (1831).
* AcciprrER fringilloides.
Accipiter fringilloides, Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 434 (1828) ; Scl. S- Salv
Xomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873).
Nisus fringilloides, D' Orhigny, in Banwn de la Sagra, H. N. Cuba Ois
p. 18 (1839).
Hab- Cub.a.
Supposed by nearly all ornitliologists to be the same as A. fuscus : and in this
opinion I am inclined to agree.
VA6 FALCOXIDiE.
Ac.ipiter fuscus, Sp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Am. p. 5 (1838) ;
Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Cass.
B. Calif. ^- Texas, p. 95 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Stpi. p. 108 (1855) ;
Cass, m BainVs B. N. Am. p. 18 (1860) ; Gray^Hand-l. B. i. p. 32
(1869) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii.p. 319 (1871) ; Cooper, B. Calif.
ed. Baird, p. 466 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. A. Birds, p. 212 (1872) ;
Adams, liatnbles, p. 297 (1873) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr,
p. 120 (1873).
Astur fuscus, Dekay, Zool. N. York, Orn. p. 17, pi. 2. fig. 2 (1844).
Nisus fuscus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Astiires, p. 30 (1862) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 69 (1873).
Young male. Above brown, with distinct rufons edgings to the
feathers, the nape, bases of the scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
varied with white ; quills brown, with narrow fulvous margins and
lips, barred with darker brown, more distinct below ; tail brown,
shaded with ashy above, tipped with white, and crossed with four
blackish bands ; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face white, streaked
with dark brown, especially the ear-coverts, which are nearly en-
tirely brown on their hinder margin ; throat bufFy white, with
narrow blackish streaks ; rest of under surface white, the breast
streaked with pale rufous, the abdomen and flanks numerously
marked with spade-shaped spots or bars of the same colour, the
thighs very broadly barred with brighter rufous, nearly uniform at
base ; under tail-coverts white, with spade-shaped spots of very pale
rufous ; under wing-coverts buff, narrowly streaked or spotted with
dark brown ; cere yellow ; bill dark bluish horn-colour ; tarsi
yellow.
Adult nude. Above slaty blue, the head and wing-coverts rather
darker, shaft-stripes black and tolerably distinct ; tail- coverts very
narrowly tipped with white, as also the secondaries, which are slatj'
blue like the back ; primaries brown, all the quills barred with
darker brown, more distinct below, where the inner webs are ashy
white ; tail slaty blue, narrowly, tipped with white, and crossed with
four blackish bauds, the subterminal one broadest ; lores, frontal
feathers, and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, with narrow black
streaks ; sides of face white, streaked with blackish, the^ar-coverts
and sides of neck inclining to bright rufous ; throat white, with
narrow blackish shaft-lines ; under surface of body white, broadly
barred with pale rufous, diminishing inextent towards the abdomen,
but very distinct on the thighs ; under wing-coverts bufiy white,
with small spots of black, becoming larger on the lower series ; cere
greenish yellow ; bill black ; feet greenish yeUow ; iris brilliant
yellow. Total length 11-3 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 7"15, tail 6,
tarsus 2.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so bright rufous un-
derneath. Total length 14 inches, wing 8-25, tail 6-6, tarsus 2-15.
Hah, The whole of North America, extending in winter into Cen-
tral America, to Guatemala and Veragua.
a. cf iuv. st. Quebec. 1). W. Mitchell, Esq.
[P.].
24. ACci?rrER. 137
b. 5juv.6t. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq.
c, d. cS juv. sk. N. America. R. B. Sharpe. Esq.
[P.].
5 juv. sk. N. America. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e.
[P.].
/. (S juv. sk. N.W. America.
//. (S ]uv. sk. N. America.
h, i. (5'juv. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq.
j\f^- c5"juv. sk. Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq.
I. 2 juv. sk. Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq.
m. 2 juv. sk. California. Purchased.
n, 0. c? 2 ad. sk. Jalapa. R. de Oca [C.].
3. Accipiter cooperi*.
Falco cooperi, ^ja. Am. Orn. i. pi. 10. fig. 1 (1828).
Falco stanleyi, Aud. B. Am. pis. 30, 141, et Orn. Bioqr. i. p. 186
(1831).
Accipiter mexicanus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 45 (1831) ;
Cuss. B. Calif, p. 96 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 109 (1855) ;
Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 17 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33
(1869) ; Cooim-, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 465 (1871).
Astur cooperi, Bp. Cump. List B. Etir, ^ N. Am. p. 5 (1838) ; Jard.
ed. Wils. Am. Orn. p. 085 (1840).
Accipiter cooperi. Gray, Cat. Acci^ntr. p. 38 (1848) ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 29 (1849) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 96 (1855) ; id. in Baird's B. N.
Am. p. 16 (1860) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 321 (1871) ;
Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 464 (1871) ; Cmtes, Key N. A. Birds,
p. 212 (1872) ; Adams, Bambles, p. 297 (1873) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Ko-
mencl. Av. Neotr. p. 129 ( 1873).
Cooperastur stanleyi, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 638.
Nisus cooperi, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Bevue Accipitr. p. 73 (1873).
Young male. Deep brovra above with a chocolate gloss, aU the
feathers of the upper surface broadly edged with rufous ; head and
hind neck rufous, the feathers mesially streaked with black, the
occiput, nape, and scapulars slightly varied with white at the bases
of the feathers ; sides of face rufous, with narrow lines of black ;
quills ashy brown, the secondaries with pale rufous tips, all barred
across with blackish brown, showing more plainly underneath, where
the under surface is ashy white ; tail clear brownish ash-colour,
broadly tipped with white and crossed with four broad black bars ;
* A. GUNDLACHII.
Accipiter cooperi, Lemheye, Aves Cuba, p. 17 (1850).
Accipiter pileatus, Lemheye, I. c. p. 125 (1850).
Astur pileatus, Cab. n. Gundl. J. f. 0. 1854, Extrab. p. Ixxxii.
Accipiter gundlachii, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 252 (1862); Scl. i|-
Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 170 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869) ; Gundl.
^./. 0.1871, p. 367.
Hab. Cuba.
I have never seen this species, which will probably prove on examination to
be identical with tlie small, richly coloured form of A. cooperi, called bj Swain-
Bon A. /nf.Ttcanu.'f.
138 FALCONID^.
upper tail-coverts inclining to ashy, broadly tipped with rufous, the
lower ones with white, with which also many of them are spotted ;
under surface of body dull rufous, inclining to white on the throat,
belly, and under tail-coverts ; the throat narrowly streaked with
black, the breast more broadly, and the flanks and thighs with large
bars or spade-shaped spots ; under tail-coverts white, with longitu-
dinal black streaks ; under wing-coverts I'ufous, with black streaks
widening out into bars on the lower series.
Ols. The " brown-aud-white " dress, as the next plumage may
be called, is the one in which the young A. cooperi generally ap-
pears in museums. It is apparently gained without a moult from
the first stage by the rufous margins on the upper surface becoming
paler, and the white bases to the feathers becoming so extended that
the hind head and neck as weU as the side face become streaked
with white. The dark centres to the feathers of the nape have a
tendency to narrow ; so that this part also has a very streaked ap-
pearance. On the breast the streaks become narrower by degi-ees,
those on the sides of the body being still a little the broadest, the
bars on the flanks dissolving and leaving these parts more or less
distinctly streaked. Under tail-coverts pure white ; throat generaUy
streaked with black, but this character is so variable that sometimes
the throat is quite white, with only a few hair-like lines. These
are probably birds which have been hatched out earlier, and in
whom the characteristic development of a streaked plumage has
more chance of being perfected. The adult j)lumage must be gained
by a moult.
Adult male. Above bluish slate-colour, the head darker and the
wing-eoverts also a shade deeper grey than the back, the shaft-
stripes distinct on upper sirrface ; lores and eyebrow whitish ; cheeks
ashy with a slight rufous tlage, and narrowly lined with black ; quills
brown, externally shaded with slaty, the secondaries grey like the
back, all barred with darker brown, more distinct below, where the
under surface is whitish ashy ; upper tail -coverts tipped with white ;
taU bluish slate-colour, with a broad white tip and crossed with
three bars of greyish black ; the lower surface greyish white ; throat
white, streaked with narrow blackish shaft-lines and tinged with
rufous on lower part ; rest of under siu'face clear rufous, spotted on
both webs or else barred with white, the upper breast more or less
uniform rufous ; under wing-coverts rufous white, the upper ones
streaked, the lower ones spotted with rufous ; under tail-coverts
white. Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 9-3, tail 7*9,
tarsus 2-7, middle toe 1-5.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 17'5
inches, wing 10-3, tail 8-8, tarsus 3.
Hah. Middle and southern States of North America, southwards
to Guatemala and Costa Rica.
«. $ iuv. St. Quebec. D. W. MitcheU, Esq. [P.].
h. S luv. St. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P. J.
r. 5 juv. St. West side of Rocky Mouu- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
tains.
24. ACCIPITEK. 139
d. 2 juv. sk. N. America. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
e. cj juy. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
4. Accipiter tinus.
Falco tinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 50 (1790).
Sparvius subniger, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 319 (1817) ; Piichet: Rev,
Zool. 1850, p. 92.
Spai-Tius minutus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 328 (1817); Piwher. Hev.
Zoul. 1850, p. 93.
Nisus malfini, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831) ; Puclier. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 209.
Accipiter tinus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 72 ; id. Gen. B. p. 29,
pi. 10 (1849) ; B2). Comp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33
(1869) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 8, 399 (1871) ; Scl. S^- Salv. Komencl.
At: Keotr. p. 120 (1873).
Hieraspizia tinus, Kanp, Confr. Orn. 1850, p. G3.
leraspiza tinus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
leraspiza fontanieri, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Accipiter superciliosus, Striekl. Orn. Si/n. p. 115 (1855).
Nisus tinus, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 70 (1855); Sold. Mus. P.-B.
Astures, p. 33 (1862) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 77 (1873).
Teraspiza tinus, Kaiip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171.
Young. Above dull cinnamon-rufous, the head blackish, leaving
only a rufous eyebrow, and the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
slightly mottled with black centres to some of the feathers ; sides of
face and throat pale rufous, the latter inclining to whitish ; under
surface cinnamon-buff, with indications of brown cross bars, the
thighs and under tail-coverts deeper-coloured and more uniform ;
under wing-coverts uniform cinnamon-buff ; wings cinnamon like
rest of back, primaries externally dusk\' brown as also at tip and
barred with the same on the inner web ; tail cinnamon, with six
black bars, two concealed by the upper taU-coverts.
Immature. Above brown, the feathers margined with rufous, the
head blackish ; sides of face greyish white, streaked with dark brown ;
throat white ; sides of neck and rest of under siu-face white, thickly
barred with pale rufous, these bars becoming narrower towards the
lower abdomen ; quills and tail much as in the adult, the secondaries
margined with rufous, the tail marked with white at the base and
crossed with five bands of dark brown.
Adult male. Above slaty-grey, the head darker, sides of the face
and neck a little paler grey, throat piu'e white ; rest of under sur-
face white, very minutely banded with greyish brown, almost
amounting to mere transvermiculations, the thighs barred like the
breast ; under wing- and tail-coverts white, the transverse markings
almost obsolete ; wing-coverts and quills a little browner than the
back, the secondaries with concealed spots of white ; the primaries
barred with dark brown, plainer underneath, where the quills are
white at the base of the inner web ; tail ashy brown, lighter at the ,
tip and crossed with four bars of darker brown, more distinct under-
neath where the interspaces are creamy white, but obsolete on the
outermost feather. Total length 8-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 5-4,
tail 3-9, tarsus 1-6.
140 FALCONID^.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 10-5
inches, wing 6-6, tail 4-8, tarsus 1'8.
Hab. From Guatemala and Veragua southwards throiighout
Guiana and Brazil.
a. c? ad. St. South America. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
b. (S ad. St. South America. Pm-chased.
5. Accipiter minullus.
Le Minule, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 140, pi. 34 (1799).
Falco minullus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 88 (1800).
Sparvius minullus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 326 (1817).
Nisus minullus, Cuv. Rhgne An. i. p. 321 (1817) ; Grill, Zool. An-
teckn. p. 48 (1858) ; JTartl J.f. 0. 1861, p. 101 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B.
Astures, p. 34 (l862) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 69 (1869);
Finsch Sj- Hartl. Vog. Ostqfr. p. 85 (1870).
Accipiter minullus, Vig. Zool. Jotirn. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Smith, S. Afr.
Q. Joiirn. i. p. 226 (1830) ; Gray, Gen. 2?. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Cansp. i .
p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Sgn. p. 113 ( 1855); Gurney, Ibis, 1859,
p. 242 ; Seugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 75 ; Scl. Ibis, 1804, p. 306 ; Gurney,
Ibis, 1868, p. 144; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869); Sharpe,
F. Z. S. 1871, p. 134 ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 31
(1872).
Hieraspiza minulla, Kawp, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 63,
Nisus satrapa, Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 4 (1854).
Nisus binotatus, Lieht. Nomencl. p. 4 (1854),
Accipiter polyzonoides, Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. XTiii. p. 318,
tab. iii. (1867, nee Smith).
Teraspiza minulla, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171.
Young. Above brown, with pale rufous edgings to the feathers,
the crown blackish ; wings browner than in the adult, the secon-
daries tipped with pale rufous barred with darker brown, more di-
stinct underneath, where the interspaces are rufous ochre ; tail
brown, whitish at tip, crossed with four bands of darker brown, the
interspaces light brown somewhat varied with whitish ; the under
surface of the tail rufous buff, with distinct cross bands more nume-
rous on the outer feather ; under surface of body huffy white, covered
with oval spots of dark brown, widening into bands on the flanks,
thighs, and under taU-coverts ; under wing-coverts deep ochre,
streaked and barred with dark brown ; the nape varied with white
and the upper tail-coverts white at base, as in adult ; iris yellow.
Adult male. Above deep slaty black, the hind neck slightly mot-
tled with white ; sides of face and neck uniform with the crown ; the
upper tail-coverts white at base, the lower ones also conspicuously
tipped with white ; tail blackish brown, tipped with white, with two
faintly indicated bands of paler brown, the line of these cross bands
being indicated by two large spots of white on the inner web ; under
surface of tail paler brown, barred distinctly and tipped with white,
the outermost feather entirely ashy white, ^vith eight or nine bars of
dark brown ; under surface of body white, the sides bright chest-
nut, the lower throat and under tail-coverts indistinctly but the
breast plainly though narrowly barred with rufous, most of the bars
24. ACCIPITEK. 141
having a conterminous line of dark brown ; under wing-coverts deep
ochre, streaked or barred with dark brown. Total length 9-7 inches
culmen 0-7, wing 5-8, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-7.
Adult fetnale. fiimilar to the male, hut larger. Total length 11-5
inches, wing 6-6, tarsus 1-75.
Hab. South Africa generally, extending to Mozambique on the
east, and to Angola on the west coast.
a. d juv. sk. Swarte Kop, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux [C 1
/>. 2 JUV- St. South Africa. M. J. VeiTeaux fC.i
c d ad sk. South Africa. S.-Afiican Museum,
f/. $adst South Africa. S.-African Museum. "
e,f- 6 2 ad. St. Natal. J. H. Gurney, Esq. rP.l.
//. d JUV. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
(T. Atmore).
h. d juv. sk. Galungo, Loanda, Aug. 1-5, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.l.
1869,
Subsp. o. Accipiter erythi-opus.
Nisus erythropus, ITarfl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 354 (ar Temm. MS. in
Mus. Lugd.) ; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 16 (1857) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Astures, p. 35 (1869). "
Accipiter erythropus, Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869).
Adult yncde (type of species). Above blackish brown, with con-
cealed white bases to the feathers of the occiput, hind neck, and
scapulars ; upper tail-coverts very broadly and conspicuously white ;
ear-coverts and cheeks blackish brown, very little lighter than the
upper surface ; entire throat, vent, and imder tail-coverts pure white ;
remainder of under surface white, barred across with blackish brown^
inclining to rafous on the sides of the chest and thighs; flanks bright
rufous; under \ving-coverts (jchraceous buff, with a few blackish
markings on the _ lower series; quills brown, barred with darker
brown, more distinct underneath, where the inner web is for the
most part ochraceous buff; tail brown, crossed with five bars of
blackish brown ; the inner web largely notched with white, spots of
which are apparent even on the two centre feathers ; cere and legs
red ; bill horn-black. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 6,
tail 4-5, tarsus 1-8, middle toe 1-05. {Mus. Lugd.)
Hab. West Africa, Gold Coast.
6. Accipiter cirrhocephalus.
New Holland SpaiTow-Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 51 (1801).
Falco nisus, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xi (1801).
Sparvius cii-rhocephalus, Vteill. JV. I>ict. x. p. 329 (1817).
Accipiter torquatus, Vig. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 182(1827)- Gould
Syn. B. Anstr. pt. 3 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. i. pi. 19 (1848) ; Bp
Consp. 1. p. .33 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 45 (1865).
Nisus australis, Less. Traite, p. 61 (1831).
Urospiza torquata, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 181.
Accipiter cin-hocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29(1849).
Accipiter melanops, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. Ill (1855).
Nisus cirrhocephalus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 38 (1862).
Urospiza cirrhocephala, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176.
] 42 falconid.t;.
Young. Brown above, with rufous edgings to tlie feathers ; the
nape and hind neck mottled with white, and strongly washed with
rufous ; sides of the face dusky brown ; the fore part of the cheeks
and an indistinct frontal line whitish, streaked with dark brown ;
quills and tail brown, tipped with pale rufous, numerously barred
with darker brown, more distinct on the tail, which is slightly
shaded with ashy ; the under surface of the wing and taU whitish
ashy, shaded with rufous near the base, the cross bars being particu-
larly distinct ; under surface of body white, the throat narrowly
streaked with dark brown ; the chest marked with broad oval streaks
of pale rufous brown ; the breast and flanks barred with the same
colour ; the cross bars on the under wing- and taU-coverts less
numerous, and of a darker brown ; the flanks very broadly barred
with pale rufous.
Obs. The present species foUows the rule of most other Sparrow-
Hawks in the changes of plumage characteristic of the progress to
maturity, the longitudinal spots gradually dissolving and widening
out into bars, as I have shown to be the case in the common A.
v.isus (cf. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 418).
Adult male. Above bluish ash-colour ; the head and wing-coverts
rather darker ; the back of the neck bright vinous red ; nape slightly
mottled with white, and the scapulars and secondaries with con-
cealed white spots ; quills brown, externally shaded with ash-colour ;
the secondaries entirely ashy grey, like the back ; all the quills very
numerously banded with dark ashy brown, more distinct underneath,
where the interspaces are whitish ; tail-feathers brown, strongly
shaded with bluish ashy on the upper surface, which is almost
entirely uniform ; the under surface paler and more whitish ashy,
with very numerous bars of dark brown on the inner web ; throat
buffy white, with remains of ashy transverse markings ; rest of
under surface broadly barred with vinous red and ashy white ; the
ashy shade on the cross bars more distinct on the flanks ; the thighs
very thickly barred, but the abdomen and under tail-coverts less
numerously than the breast ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries
coloured like the breast ; cere and gape yellowish green ; bUl black,
lead-coloured at base ; feet yellow, slightly tinged with green ; iris
yellow. Total length 12-3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 8-3, tail 6-4,
tarsus 2'25.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length
14-5 inches, wing 10, tarsus 2-6.
Hah. The whole of Australia.
a. 5 fid. sk. Australia. Purchased.
h, c, d. 5 ad. juv. st. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].
c. S ad. st. S. Australia. C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq. [P.l.
/. 2 juv. St. Adelaide, S. Aus- C. D. E. Fortmim, Esq. [P.J.
tralia.
g. PuU. sk. Port Lincoln, S. J. Gould, Esq.
Australia.
h, i. S ad. juv. sk. Interior of Aus- Captain Sturt [P.].
tralia.
24. ACCIPITER. 143
./, k. 2 jiiv. sk. " The Depot, lat. Captain Stiu-t fP.!
29° 40'."
/. $ jiiv. sk. " First Creek, lat. Captain Sturt TP. 1.
30° 50', Dec.
1844."
m. d' ad. sk. "The Depot, Vic- J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].
toria River,Oct.
1855."
n. S ad. sk. Queensland. Purchased.
o. Skeleton. Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.'
7. Accipiter madagascariensis.
Accipiter madagascariensis, Verr. S. Afr. Q. Journ. ii. p. 282 (1834) ;
Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 35 (1844) ; £p. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) •
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 114 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869).
Nisus madagascariensis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64.
Accipiter lantzii, Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1806, p. 353, pi 18 •
Grand, op. cit. 1867, p. 320.
Nisus lantzii, Schl 8,- Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 35, pi. 13 (1868) ;
ScJd. Mils. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 72 (1873),
Young female. Above brown, with distinct ochraceous margins
to feathers of upper surface, inclining to rufous on the least wing-
coverts ; crown brown in centre, with rufous margins to the feathers ;
the superciliary line and the hind neck ochre, with a rufous tinge
and with brown centres to the feathers, causing a slightly streaked
appearance ; the nape mottled with white ; quills brown, barred
with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the inner web
is whitish ashy at base ; secondaries brown, like the back, with
four distinct external bars, tipped with ochraceous buff and nar-
rowly margined with the same externally ; tail ashy brown, tipped
with whitish and crossed with six bars of darker brown, plainer on
under surface, which is ashy white ; ear-coverts rufescent ; cheeks
white, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; throat white, with a
few streaks of dark brown down the centre ; remainder of under
surface white, with broad oval drops of pale rufous brown on the
breast, rounder on the abdomen and thighs, and developing into
bars on the flanks ; under taU-coverts white, with a few irregular
brown spots ; under M'ing-coverts ochraceous white, with brown
spots like breast. Total length 13-8 inches, wing 8-7, tail 7-3 ;
tarsus 2-35 ; middle toe 1-65. (3hts. Lwjd.)
Adult female. Above blackish brown, slightly washed with slate-
colour, the latter shade more distinct on the head and hind neck,
especially the latter ; car-coverts greyish black ; the lower margins,
as well as the cheeks, whitish, narrowly streaked with black ; quills
and tail perfectly uniform blackish brown above, with bars of whitish
ash-colour underneath, not very distinct, but plainer towards the base;
under surface of body white, thickly barred with greyish black ; the
under wing-coverts uniform with the breast ; a few narrow streaks
of greyish black on the throat ; under tail-coverts pure white ; tarsi
greenish yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 15 inches, culmen 0-95,
wing 8-8, tail 7-5, tarsus 2-4, middle toe 1 -7. {Mns^. Ltigd.)
1 44 FALCONID^.
Adult male (type of species). Similar to the female, but smaller.
Total length 11-5 inches, wing 7-15, tail 5-7, tarsus 2-1.
Hab. Madagascar.
a. J ad. sk. Madagascar. South- African Museum. Type of species.
8. Accipiter coUaris.
Micronisus coUaris, Kaup, MS. in Mus. Brit., uncU
Accipiter collaiis, Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 148, pi. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l. B, i.
p. 33 (1869) ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873).
Nisus collaris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872).
Immature. Above sooty brown ; the head blackish ; the sides of
the face and an ill-defined half-collar round the neck white, barred
with dark brown ; quiUs brown, barred with darker brown, more
distinct underneath, where the interspaces are whitish ; tail ashy
brown, crossed with five bars of dark brown, the under surface paler
and whitish ashy, the brown bars more distinct than above, except
on the outer web, where they are nearly obsolete ; throat white ;
rest of under surface white, broadly barred with brown somewhat
tinged with pale rufous, narrower on the under tail-coverts ; the
thighs almost uniform brown, with slight remains of whitish cross
bars. Total length 11"5 inches, culmen 1, wing 7'1, tail 5-2,
tarsus 2.
Hab. New Granada.
a. Ad. st. Bogota. Purchased. Type of species.
9. Accipiter rubricollis.
Nisus cirrhocephalus ceramensis, Schl. Mus, P.-B. Astures, p. 39
(1862).
Accipiter rubricolUs, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 19, 21, pi. iv. ; id. Ibis,
1868, p. 7 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. I p. 34 (1869).
Nisus erythrauchen (pt.), Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 22, 60,
pi. 13. fig. 2 (1866) ; id. Rev. Accipitr. p. 78 (187.3).
Uraspiza erjrthrauchen (pt.), Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 177.
Nisus rubricollis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 264 (1872).
Young. Crown and sides of head blackish brown ; an indistinct
eyebrow and the cheeks white, streaked with brown ; upper surface
of body brown, with rufous margins to the feathers ; the hinder
neck mixed with white and washed with vinous red ; quills brown,
numerously barred with darker brown ; inner web rufescent from
the base upwards, and the outer web spotted with rufous, so as to
give the appearance of five bars across the wing ; tail ashy brown,
the tip lighter, crossed with ten bars of darker brovni, the lighter
brown interspaces shaded with rufous near the base ; under surface
of body creamy buff' ; the throat with a central streak of greyish
brown ; the breast longitudinally streaked with pale brown, more
narrowly on the lower breast, abdomen, and thighs ; under wiug-
24. ACCIPITEE. 145
coverts rufous buif, streaked with dark brown, incliuiug to bars on
the lower series and axillaries.
Adult female (type of species). Above blackish slate-colour, with
a distinct shade of clearer ashy grey on the head and back ; hinder
part of neck and upper interscapulary region rich vinous chestnut ;
sides of face clear ashy grey, a little lighter than the crown ; entire
under surface pale ashy grey, whitish on the throat and abdomen ;
the sides of the neck rich vinous chestnut, shading slightly on the
sides of the upper breast ; under wing-coverts ochraceous, tinged
with ashy grey, more plainly on the axillaries ; quills and tail above
black washed with slaty, numerously barred with blackish and
washed with pale rufous at base of inner webs ; the bands on the
tail-feathers ten or eleven in number, obsolete on the outermost ;
cere yellow ; bill black, lead-colour at base ; feet yellow ; iris golden
yeUow. Total length 14-7 inches, culmeu O*?, wing 8"o, tail 6-8,
tarsus 2*4.
Hab. Morty Island ; Bouru.
a. 2 ad. sk. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Tvpe of species.
b. 2 juv. sk. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
c. Juv. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.].
10. Accipiter erytlirauchen.
Accipiter erythrauchen. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 344 ; Wall. Ibis,
1868, p. 7 ; Ch-aij, Haml-l. B. 1. p. 34 (1869).
Nisus erythrauchen, Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 22, 60, pi. 13.
figs. 1, 3, 4 (1866) ; id. Rev. Accipitr. p. 78 (1873).
Uraspiza erythrauchen, Kmip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 177.
Adult male (type of species). Above uniform blackish slate-colour ;
the hinder part of the neck rich vinous chestnut ; sides of face and
entire throat pale grey, the latter even lighter than the ear-coverts ;
quills and tail blackish slate-colour, a little browner on the inner web,
where are remains of more or less distinct blackish cross bars ; the
under surface of both paler and more ashy, washed with rufous at
the base of inner webs ; under surface of body uniform clear -sinous,
shading off much paler on the thighs ; lower abdomen and under
taU-coverts white ; under wing-coverts vinous, with indistinct grey-
ish mottlings. Total length 11 inches, culmen O'So, wing 6'7, t.ail
5*4, tarsus 2'1.
Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 13-9
inches, wing 8-2, tail G-2. tarsus 2-25. {Mus. Lugd.)
Hah. GUolo, Batchian.
a. S ad. sk. E. Gilolo. A. E. Wallace,^ Esq. [C.].
Tvpe of species.
11. Accipiter rhodogaster.
Nisus virgatus rhodogaster, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astiu-es, p. 32 (1862).
Accipiter rhodogaster, Gurimj, Ibis, 1803, p. 450 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868,
p. 7 ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 33 (1809).
VOL. I. M
146 FALCONID^.
Nisus rhodogaster, ScM. Voq. Nederl. Ltd., Valkv. pp. 21, GO, pi. 12.
figs. 5, G (18GG) ; id. Reme Accipitr. p. 76 (1873).
Teraspiza rhodogaster, Kmip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171.
Teraspiza rliodogastra, Walden, Tr. Z. S. V\i\. pp. 33, 109, pi. xi.
(1872).
Young. Bright chestnut-red, the hind neck mottled Tvith white,
all the feathers of the upper surface subterminally spotted with
black, especially on the head, which gains therefrom a blackish
appearance ; sides of face whitish, streaked with black ; under
surface creamy white, the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
unstriped, the throat bordered on each side with a moustachial line
of black, with another central streak down the centre ; the breast
washed with rufous and broadly streaked with black ; under wing-
coverts rufous buff, minutely spotted with black ; secondaries rufous
like the back, barred with black, somewhat overspreading the rufous
interspaces ; primaries bro'mi, tipped and spotted externally with
rufous and crossed with bands of darker brown, the lower surface of
quills rufous buff on inner web, with the bars of dark brown more
conspicuous ; tail rufous, crossed with four bands of dark brown.
Adult. Above deep bluish gre)', a little clearer on the head and
hind neck, the sides of the face and of the neck very pale bluish
grey ; throat whitish, shaded with grey ; rest of under surface clear
vinous red, not very deep, the lower abdomen and under tail-
coverts whitish, the thighs and rinder wing-coverts white, shaded
Avith ashy grey, the latter also slightly mottled with blackish spots ;
wing-coverts and quills blackish slate-colour, the primaries a little
more brown, the under surface white at base, shading into ashy at
tip, with dark brown cross bars, more indistinct on the secondaries ;
tail blackish slate-colour above, whitish ashy below, with four or
five cross bars of dark brown on all except the outermost feather,
where they are nearly obsolete, the bars almost invisible on the
upper surface ; cere dusky yellow ; bill black ; feet yeUow ; iris
bright chrome-yellow. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0"8, wing
6-5, tail o'l, tarsus 2'1.
Hah. Celebes.
a. S ad. sk. Macassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
b. (S juv. sk. Maca-ssar. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.
c. (S ad. St. Celebes ( Von Rosenberg). Leiden Museum [P.].
12. Accipiter sulaensis.
Nisus sulaensis, Schl. Voq. Nederl. Ind., J'alkv. pp. 2G, 64, pi. 16.
figs. 3, 4 (1866).
Uraspiza sulaensis, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176.
Accipiter sulaensis, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. lO ; Gray, Hmid-l. B. i. p. 34
(1869).
Nisus rhodogaster (pt.), ScM. Revue Accipitr. p. 76 (1873).
Adult female (type of species). Above dark slaty grey, clearer
grey on the head and hind neck, the wing-coverts rather darker
than the back ; primaries dark brown, with numerous bars of
24. ACCIPITER. 147
blackish brown, showing more distinctly underneath, where the
bases to the quills are white ; secondaries grey, like the back ; tail-
slaty grey, the cross bars almost obsolete, the under surface ashy
white, outer taU-feathers browner, the bars absent on the outer-
most ; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck and breast vinous red,
gradually shading off into greyish on the flanks and thighs ; throat
and under taU-coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts white, the lower
ones with small blackish spots, the outer ones washed with greyish.
Total length 13 inches, culmen 1, wing 6-9, tail 5-8, tarsus 2-15,
middle toe (without claw) 1-3. (Mus. Lugd.)
Hab. Sula Islands.
13. Accipiter erythrocnemis.
Falconisus, Max. Beitr. Orn. Bras. iii. Abth. 1, p. Ill (1830).
Accipiter ervthrocnemis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. Brit. Mm. p. 70 (1848) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. .32 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syti. p. IIG (1855) ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1855, p. 134, et 1860, p. 70, et 1866, p. 303 ; Scl. ^- Salv.
Ex. Orn. pi. xvii. { 1867 ) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869) ; Scl.
^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 120 (1873).
Nisus friugillarius, subsp. erythrocnemius, Kaup, Wiegm. Arch. Bd. i.
p. 34 (1850).
Nisus erythrocnemius, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64 ; Schl. Mun.
P.-B. Bevue Accipitr. p. 70 ( 1873).
Nisus Striatus, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 71 (1856).
YoiDUf. Above brown, the head darker, all the feathers of the
wing-coverts and scapulars edged with pale rufous ; cheeks whitish,
tinged with rufous on the ear-coverts, the upper margins of which
are brown ; under surface of body white, barred across with pale
rufous, the shaft-lines distinctly indicated, and the rufous bars con-
terminously barred with dusky ; sides of body and thigh-feathers
pale rufous ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-covei'ts buiiy
white, with small bars of dusky brown, the axillaries pale rufous,
obscurely barred with dusky brown ; quills brown, barred wdth
darker brown, shafts rufescent, secondaries slightly tipped with
whitish ; tail ashy brown, paler at the tip, crossed with five bands
of darker brown.
Adult (type of species). Above light slaty grey, the ear-coverts
coloured like the head ; cheeks white, narrowly streaked with dark
brown ; under surface of body white, with a few remains of dark
shaft-lines and dusky bars on the chest and sides of the body;
thighs bright chestnut ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts also white, the lower ones barred with ashy brown ; quills
brown, secondaries washed with slaty grey, primaries barred Avith
blackish brown, more distinctly on the under surface of the wing,
where the interspaces are white or whitish ashy ; tail brown, slightly
tipped with whitish and crossed with four bars of ashy brown, the
corresponding bars being whitish ashy on the lower surface ; bill
blackish horn-colour, yellowish at base of lower mandible ; legs
yellow; claws horn-brown; iris yellow. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 0'75, wing 6-7, tail 5"7, tarsus 2.
148 FALCONID.K.
Ilah. Brazil and Bolivia. *
a. c? ad. St. Brazil [?]. Purchased*.
b. 5 juv. St. Brazil. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
c. (S juv. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
d. § juv. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.].
e. (S juv. St, Bolivia. Rlr. Brydges [C.].
14. Accipiter chionogaster.
Nisus chionogaster, Kaiip, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 41.
Accipiter chionogaster, Bp. Rev. ct Maq. de Zoul. 1854, p. 5.38 ; Scl.
8f Salv. Ex. Orn. pi. xiv. (1867) ; Gray, Handr-l. B. i. p. 32 (1809) ;
Scl. 8f Salr. A'omencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873).
Accipiter erj'throcnemius, Scl. Sf Scdv. Ibis, 1859, p. 218 ; Salv. Ibis,
1861, p. 140.
Adult. Above dark brown, the liead blackish, the nape somewhat
mottled with white, concealed spots of which mark the scapulars
and inner secondaries ; quills brown, barred with darker brown, the
secondaries very slightly tipped with whitish, the shafts rufous
brown, under surface of wing whitish, inclining to greyish white
towards the tips, the dark brown bars very broad and distinct
underneath ; tail pale brown, inclining to whitish at the tips, crossed
with four bars of darker brown ; lores whitish ; sides of the face
white, with narrow lines of brown on the cheeks, the upper margin
of the ear-coverts and the sides of the neck dark brown ; under
surface of body white, with narrow shaft-streaks of dark brown ;
the thighs pale ochre, unstripcd ; under tail-coverts entirely white ;
under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with fulvous, with narrow
brown shaft-streaks. Total length 11'5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing
7"3, tail 5-9, tarsus 2.
Hah. From Guatemala to Venezuela.
p. Ad. st. Caracas. Purchased.
h. Ad. sk. Guatemala. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.].
15. Accipiter rufiventris.
Accipiter rufiventris, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 231 (April 1830) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; id. Rev.
et Mar/, de Zool. 1854, p. 538 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 29 (1867) ;
Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.
Ld. p. 32 (1872).
Falco exilis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 496 (May 1830).
Falco perspicillaris, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 41, pi. 18. fig. 2 (1835).
Dtedahon perspicillaris, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 11 (1845).
Accipiter exilis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 107 (1855) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1869,
p. 242.
Nisus rufiventris. Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Hetiql. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. p. 66 (1869) ; Schl. Miis. P.-B. Revue Accipiir. p. 69
(1873)."
Accipiter perspicillaris, Heuyl. Ibis, 1861, p. 75.
Nisus fringillarius rufiventris, Scld. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 30 (1862).
* Said to have been from Jamaica, collected by Gosse, but the register pro-
bably erroneous.
I
a.
5 ad. sk.
Cape Colony.
b.
(S ad. St.
South Africa.
c.
cJ imm. St.
Cat River, S.
Africa,
d.
(5 ad. sk.
Shoa.
e.
c? ad. St.
Shoa.
24. ACCIPITER. 149
Adult male. Above deep slate-colour, the scapulars with concealed
white spots, and the nape also mottled with white ; quills ashy
brown, barred with darker brown, plainer underneath, where the
interspaces are white or ashy white, the secondaries shaded with
slate-colour above and tipped witli liglit ashy ; tail ashy brown,
tipped with white and crossed with four bands of dark brown ; sides
of face tawny rufous, excepting a shade of slaty grey on the upper
margin of the ear-coverts ; throat white ; rest of under surface
imiform tawny rufous, under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts tawny buff, the axiUaries slightly tipped with whitish ; cere
and orbits yellow ; bill black, bluish at base ; feet yeUow ; iris fiery
yellow. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 8-2, tail 6-3,
tarsus 2-05.
Adult female. A little larger than the male, but similar in colour.
Total length 14 inches, wing 9-4, tarsus 2-25.
Jdab. Southern and North-eastern Africa.
Sir A. Smith [C.l.
M. J. Verreaux [C.l.
M. J. Verreaux [Cl.
Sir W. C. Harris [C.].
Sir W. C. Hams |C.1.
16. Accipiter ventralis.
Accipiter erythrocnemius ?, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 1.34.
Accipiter ventralis, <S'e/. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 303 ; Scl. 4'- Salv. Rv. Om.
p. L>5, pi. xiii. (1867); Grai/, Iland-l. £. i. p. 32 (1869;; Scl. ^
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p.*120 (1873).
Accipiter nigriplumbeus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1869, p. 270.
Young. Above dark brown, the nape washed and all the feathers
of the upper surface edged with rufous ; sides of face rufous,
streaked with dark brown ; under surface bufty white, narrowly
lined on the throat with dark brown, the chest streaked with brown,
somewhat tinged with rufous on some of the feathers, on the lower
breast and abdomen widening out into bars, the under tail-coverts
white, narrowly lined with brown down the shaft ; thighs blight
chestnut ; under wing-coverts white, washed with ochre, and plenti-
fully spotted or barred with blackish ; quills dark brown, with bars
of still darker brown, almost invisible above, but plainer under-
neath, Avhero the interspaces arc ashy white; tail blackish brown,
tiiJi^ed with whitish and crossed with four bands of ashy grey ; bill
blackish horn-colour, yellowish at the base of the lower mandible ;
feet yellow, claws black ; iris yellow.
Adult male. Deep slaty grey, including the sides of the face and
ear-covcrts ; the entire under surface bright chestnut, the cheeks
also washed with this colour, a few whitish cross bars remaining
on the lower abdomen ; under wing-coverts rufous, the lower ones
somewhat inclining to ashy white, barred across with blackish ;
quills black, the secondaries slaty grey like the back, the under
surface ashy grey, white near the base, crossed with broad blackish
bands ; tail black, tipped with whitish and barred across with four
150
FALCONID^.
a.
d" ad. St.
b.
(S juv. sk.
V.
(S juv. St.
<L
cJ ad. sk.
e.
2 ad. St.
bauds of brownish ashy ; bill blackish horn-colotir, yellowish at base
of lower mandible; feet yellow, nails horn-brown. Total length
10-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7, tail 6, tarsus 2.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 13'5
inches, wing 8, tail 7'5, tarsus 2-2.
Mab. Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador.
Bogota. Pm'chased.
Bogota. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Concordia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. TC.l.
New Granada. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
Cosnipata, Nov. 16, 1871. Henry Whitely, Esq. [P.].
17. Accipiter hartlaubii. (Plate VI. fig. 2.)
Nisus hartlaubii, Verr. in Hartl Oni. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857) ; HarU.
t. c. p. 262 (1857) ; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 101.
Accipiter hartlaubii, Cass. Pr. Philacl. Acad. 1859, p. 32 ; Duchaillu,
Eq. Afr. p. 472 (1861) ; Giai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 32 (186!)) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 613.
Adult male. Above deep slaty black, the head and wing-coverts
darker and almost jet-black, the ear-coverts decidedly inclining to
greyish ; quiUs black, greyish white underneath at base of inner
web, where there are remains of a few blackish bars ; lower upper
tail-coverts white, forming a band across the root of tail ; tail black,
the outer feathers brownish, underneath greyish black, with two
bars of white on the inner web, appearing even on the centre feathers
in the form of two rounded spots of white ; throat white, inclining
to ashy grey on the fore neck ; remainder of under surface vinous
chestnut, the thighs included ; vent and under tail-coverts white,
slightly varied with obsolete greyish black bars, more distinct on the
lower taU-coverts. Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 6-5,
tail 4-4, tarsus 1*7, middle toe 1-05. (Mus. Brux.)
Hob. Gaboon.
a. (S ad. sk. River Ogowe, Gaboon (MarcJie M. E. Bouvier [E.].
.etde Compieffne).
18. Accipiter virgatus.
Falco vhgatus, Temin. PL Col. i. pi. 109 (1823, ex Reinw. MS.).
Accipiter virgatus, Vig. Zuol. Jonrn. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 29 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 22 (1849) ; id. J.
A. S. B. xix. p. 331 (1850) ; B]^. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Horsf. 8;
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 37 (1854) ; Moore, P. Z. S.
1854, p. 260; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 106 (1855); Jerd. B. Ind. i.
p. 52 (1862) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 207 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 15 ;
Gurnei), t. c. p. 366, et 1865, p. 236 ; Swinh. t. c. p. 108 ; Bear.
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 395 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 6 ; Hume, Bough Notes,
i. p. 132 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis,
1871, p. 243 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 411.
Nisus virgatus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 97 (1828) ; Bp. Bev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 5-38; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 32 (1862);
id. Vog. Nederl. Lul, Valkv. pp. 20, 59, pi. 12. figs. 1-4 (1866) ; id.
Revue Accipitr. p. 74 (1873).
24. ACCIPITEK. 151
Accipiter dussiimieri (iiec Temm.), Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 79;
Hodffs. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 308 (1843).
Nisus manillensis, Meyen, Beitr. p. 094, Taf. ix. (1834) *.
Accipiter besra, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 84 (1839) ; id. III. Ind. Orn,
pi. 4 (1847).
Accipiter fringillarius, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 84 (1839).
Accipiter minutus, Blijth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 882 (1842).
Accipiter affinis, Hodqs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Accipiter nisoides, Blyth, J. A.^S. B. xvi. p. 727 (1847); id. Cat. B.
3Ius. A. S. B. p. 22 (1849) ; id. Ibis, I860, p. 28, et 1866, p. 240,
et 1870, p. 158.
Hieraspiza virgatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 03.
Astur gularis, Tenim. ^- Schl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 5, pi. 2 (1850).
Accipiter gularis, Bp. Rev. et Muij. de Zool. 1854, p. 538 ; Gurney,
Ibis, 1865, p. 547 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 342.
Micronisus badius, Sxuinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 359, et 1861, p. 263.
Micronisus, sp., Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 25.
Micronisus gularis, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 212.
Accipiter stevensoni, Gurnei/, Ibis, 1863, p. 447, pi. xi. ; Sivinh.
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 261, et 1870, p. 600, et 1871, p. 341 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 32 (1869).
Accipiter gularis, Sicinh. Bits, 1863, p. 89.
Micronisus virgatus, Swinh. Ibis, 1806, p. 403.
Teraspiza virgata, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171.
Yoimg. Above brown, the feathers margined with rufous or
rufous ochi'e, the crown blackish brown, the nape mixed with
white and the scapulars and upper tail-coverts with concealed white
spots ; over the eye a streak of white narrowly lined with dark
brown ; sides of the face and neck white, streaked with dark brown,
the latter washed with rufous ; ear-coverts pale brown, darker on
their hinder margin ; under sui'face of body white, the throat with
a distinct line of blackish down the centre, the chest streaked with
dark brown in the centre and with pale rixfous on the sides, the
breast and abdomen marked with heart-shaped spots of pale rufous,
developing into bars on the thighs ; under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts huffy white, the lesser ones streaked, the greater ones
spotted with dark brown ; quills brown, the secondaries margined
with rufous ochre, barred with darker brown, more distinct under-
neath, where the feathers are huffy white, shading into ashy brown
at the tips ; tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with
four bands of darker brown, the under surface ashy white, all the
bars very plain, the outer tail-feather having seven.
Obs. Ey the gradual spreading of the streaks until they assume
the form of bands, the next plumage is very different from the
young stage just described, especially as the light rufous streaks on
the side of the chest merge entirety, and present a thoroughly uni-
form appearance, as do also the sides of the face and neck. From
this stage the under surface gradually becomes uniform bright
rufous without any change of feather, the whi*e interspaces on the
breast gradually disappearing. This seems to be the usual mode of
* I have examined the Ivpe in the Berlin Musenni.
152
TAiCONIDiE.
procedure in the female; but the male would appear to gain his
adult dress without the intervening varied stage just noticed.
Judging from a specimen collected in Eastern Timor by Mr. Wallace,
the plumage no sooner widens out from stripes to bars than they at
once merge, and the bird becomes rufous underneath very rapidly.
Adult male. Above deep blackish slate-colour, the nape slightly
mottled with white, the crown and wiug-coverts a little darker ;
([uills dark brown, shaded with slate-colour, without any bars above,
the uuder surface paler and more ashy, iuchning to pale rufous near
the base of inner web, with blackish cross bars ; tail ashy grey above,
whitish ashy beneath, paler at tip, and crossed with three bars of
slaty black; car-coverls and sides of neck slaty grey, the latter
washed with rufous ; fore part of cheeks and throat buffy white,
with a few indistinct^ blackish shaft-lines here and there ; rest of
under surface bright viuous chestnut, much paler on the thighs;
abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts rich
ochre, the lower ones and the axiUaries irregularly barred with
brownish ; cere yellow ; bill black, lead-colour at base ; feet pale
orange-yeUow ; iris yellow. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-75,
wing 6-6, tail 5-1, tarsus 1-9.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length
13 inches, Aving 7"4, tarsus 2-2.
Hah. Eastern Asia, from Northern China and Japan, throughout
the Indian peninsula and the Indo-Malayan subregion *.
Etawah, N.W. India. Purchased.
Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.j.
Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
Nepal.
Malacca.
Java.
E. Timor.
Philippine Islands.
Philippine Islands.
Cochin China.
OS' coast of Cochin China,
Nov. 11, 1871 (Conrad).
OS the Natima Islands^
Nov. 14, 1871 (Conrad).
China.
Fokien, China.
Chefoo, China, May 1873.
Japan.
a.
c? ad. sk.
I.
2 imm. st.
c.
2 juv. St.
d.
2 juv. sk.
e.
j ad. sk.
f.
6 .juv. sk.
(I-
cJ imm. sk.
h.
2 ad. St.
i.
(^ juv. St.
j-
cJ ad. sk.
k.
2 juv. sk.
I
cJ juv. sk.
m
. c? ad. St.
n.
2 juv. sk.
0,
p,q. c? ad.sk.
r.
c? juv. St.
s.
Sternum.
B.' H. Hodgson,' Esq. [p!].
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [Cj.
Hon. E. India Co. [P.J.
A. R. Wallace, Esq
Hugh Cuming, Esq,
Hugh Cuming, Esq,
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Pm-chased.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
Leiden Museum [P.]-
Pm-chased.
19. Accipiter guttatus.
Esparvero pardo y goteado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 113 (1802).
Sparvius gvAXaius^ieill. N. Diet. x. p. 325 (]817).
Accipiter guttatus, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 110 (1855) ; Scl. Sr Salv. JSx:
* A larger series of specimens mav ultimately prove the distinctness of Mr.
G urney"s Accipiter stevensoni.
24. ACCIPITEK. 153
Om. pp. 169, 170, pi. Ixxv. (]8G9); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33
(1869) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873).
• Male (near!)/ adult). Above slaty grey, the head blackish, the
nape varied with white ; wings dull brown, the quills barred with
darker brown, the interspaces ashy white below, so that the cross
bars are more distinct, inner secondaries slaty grey like back ; tail
ashy brown, narrowly tipped with white, and crossed with four
bars of darker brown, lower surface ashy white, the bars more
distinct except on outermost feather, where nearly obsolete ; throat
white, tinged with rufous, the feathers narrowly centred with black
shaft-lines ; rest of under surface pale fawn-rufous, the thighs a
little deepeir-coloured, the breast mottled with wliite spots and half-
bars ; the sides of the face and of the neck clear slaty grey, the sides
of the upper breast washed with the same colour; under tail-coverts
white, with a few subterminal rufous spots ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries entirely pale fawn-rufous, like breast. Total length
15-2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 8-5, tail 6-8, tarsus 2-4.
Adult female. Similar to the male but larger. Total length
18 inches, wing 10-5, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-65.
Hab. Paraguay and Bolivia.
(', h. (S ? ad. St. Boli-i-ia. Mr. Brydges [P.]. Specimens fig-ured
in ' Exotic Oi-nithology.
20. Accipiter pileatus.
Falco pileatus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 205 (1824) ; Max. Beitr. iii.
p. 107 (1830). \ )■•
Accipiter pileatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B.
1. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl Orn. Si/n.
p. 109 (1855) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 170 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 33 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. i. pp. 8, 399 (1871) ; Scl. &■
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873).
Nisus pileatus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 98 (1828) ; Burm. Th. Bras.
ii. p. 73 (1855) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astm-es, p. 36 (1862) ; id. Revue
Acclpifr. p. 70 (1873).
Cooperastur pileatus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Falco beskij, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 4 (1854).
Yomyj female. Above brown, much darker on head and wing-
coverts, aU the feathers margined with rufous buff, more distinct on
thc_ fore part of crown ; scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and secon-
daries much varied with white, taking the form of bars on many of
the latter, which are also tipped with white or fulvous; quills
brown, barred with darker brown, showing more distinctly below,
where the interspaces are ashy white ; tail brown, tipped with huffy
white, aud crossed with four broad bands of dark brown, the inter-
spaces creamy white below ; a tolerably distinct eyebrow and sides
of face bufiy white, narrowly streaked with blackish ; sides of neck
and hinder part of same huffy white, with broad brown longitudinal
centres, causing a streaked appearance, and forming a collar round
the hinder neck : under surface of body huffy white, with a few
irregular blackish spots on upper breast, the sides of the latter and
Brazil,
Purchased.
Brazil.
Zoological Society.
Brazil.
Purchased.
Brazil.
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]
Brazil [?].
Zoological Society *.
154 FALCONID^.
the thighs largely spotted and barred with blackish brown, as also
the axillaries ; the under wing-coverts fulvous, with dark brown
streaks.
Adult female. Above dusky slate-colour, the head blackish ; sides
of face and under surface of body clear slaty blue, with distinct
blackish shaft-stripes, the throat paler and more whitish ; thighs
bright tawny rufous, with which the feathers on the side of the
vent are also tinged ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
tawny rufous, rather duller than the thighs ; upper wing-coverts a
little darker than the back, but the secondaries uniform with the
latter ; primaries brown externally, shaded with ashy and barred
with blackish, showing more distinctly below, where the interspaces
are ashy white ; tail ashy grey, slightly tipped with whitish and
crossed with five distinct bands of black, the subterminal one much
the broadest, the interspaces white below. Total length 17'5 inches,
culmen 1-2, wing 10-4, tail 8-7, tarsus 2-65.
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller, and having only
four bands on the tail.
Hab. Brazil.
a, b. c? $ ad. st.
c. 2 j^"^- St.
d. 2 juv. sk.
e. 5 juv. sk.
/. (S ad. st.
21. Accipiter bicolor.
Sparvius bicolor, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 325 (1817) ; Puchet: Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 92.
Nisus variatus, Less. Traite, p. 61 (1831) ; Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850,
pp. 6, 210.
Accipiter sexfasciatus, 8w. An. in Menag. p. 282 (1837).
Nisus sexfasciatus, Cah. in Schotnb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 736 (1848).
Micrastur dynastes, Verr. in Bp. Notes Orn. p. 4 (1854).
Rhynchomegas dynastes, jB/j. Notes Orn. p. 4 (1854).
Cooperastur bicolor. Pp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Astur sexfasciatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 4 (1854).
Accipiter bicolor, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 110 (1855) ; Scl. (§• Salv. Ex.
Orn. pp. 137, 170, pi. Ixix. (1868) ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 33
(1869) ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873).
Accipiter pileatus (%j«?«), Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 389 ; Salv. Ibis, 1861,
p. 355 ; Zatvr. An. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 289 (1862), ix. p. 134 (1864).
Accipiter erythrocnemis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 96 (lapsu).
Nisus bicolor, Giebel, Thes. Oni. p. 263 (1872).
Young. Above dark brown, the head black, the feathers mar-
gined with rufous, especially the upper tail-coverts, which have
also indications of white bars ; quiUs very deep brown, with pale
rufous tips, barred across with blackish brown, very distinct under-
neath, where the intei-spaces are ashy white ; tail ashy brown,
tipped and mottled near the shafts with white, and crossed with
* Marked as from the Straits of Magellan (Capt. King), but clearly in error.
24. AcciPiTJ-R. 155
four or five bars of black ; over the eye an indistinct line of deep
fulvous, streaked with blackish ; sides of face and under surface
rich fawn-colour, entirely uniform, the throat whitish, and the
upper inarg:in of ear-coverts brown ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries fawn-coloured, like the breast ; round the hind neck a collar
of rufous fawn.
Adult male. Above deep slate-colour, the head blackish, the wing-
coverts a little darker than the back ; quills brown externally,
shaded with slaty grey, and barred with darker brown, more distinct
below, where the interspaces are ashy white, the innermost secon-
daries slaty grey, like the back ; tail ashy brown, shaded with slaty
grey and crossed with four black bars, the subterminal one ex-
tremely broad ; sides of face, sides of neck, and under surface of
body clear slaty blue, the thighs bright tawny rufous ; under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, the outer margin rufous
along the carpal bend, the axillaries ashy grey. Total length
13'5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 9'75, tail 7"3, tarsus 2-25.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller, the tail crossed
with five bands, one concealed. Total length IT'o inches, wing
10, tail 8"6, tarsus 3.
Hah. Southern Mexico, throughout Central America to Ecuador,
New Granada, and Guiana iu South America.
a, h. (^ 2 ad. st.
Columbia.
Purchased.
c, d. S 2 juv. St.
New Granada.
Purchased of M. Verreaux.
e. (S ad. sk.
New Granada. ^
Purchased.
/. c? jiiv. St.
Cayenne.
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
</. 2 juv. sk.
British Guiana.
Zoological Society.
h. (S 2 juv. sk.
Veragua.
air. E. Arce [C.].
22. Accipiter chilensis.
Accipiter chilensis, Pkilijjjn u. Landh. Arch. f. Xaturg. 1864, p. 43 ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 329; Scl. ^- Salv. Ex. Orn. pp. 73, 170,
pi. xxxvii. (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869); Scl. Sf Salv.
Noinencl. At: Neotr. p. 120 (1873)^
Accipiter cooperi, Pelz. Heine Nov. Vog. p. 13 (1865).
Nisus chilensis, Giebel, Orn. Thes. p. 263 (1872).
Young. Above brown, with distinct rufous margins, the head
blackish and the margins very distinct, the nape white, the hind
neck fulvous, the feathers broadly streaked down the centre with
brown ; quiUs brown, barred with darker brown, the secondaries tipped
and spotted with white, the latter markings concealed, the interspaces
ashy white below ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed
with six blackish bars, showing more distinctly on the under surface,
which is ashy white ; ear-coverts whitish, streaked with brown, the
hinder margin of the latter entirely brown ; under surface of body
creamy buff, with broad oval streaks of dark brown, more distinct on
the flanks ; thighs rufous, barred and spotted with dark brown ;
under wing-coverts rufous buff, the axillaries whitish, barred with
rufous brown.
Adult female. Above dull brownish slate-colour, deeper and more
156 FALCONID^.
blackish on the head, paler and clearer slaty grey on the sides of
face and neck and hinder neck ; quills brown, barred with darker
brown, showing very distinctly underneath, where the interspaces
are ashy white; tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with white and
crossed with six black bars, the basal one concealed and indistinct,
the under surface of tail ashy white, the cross bars very distinct ;
throat whitish, streaked and mottled with ashy brown spots ; rest
of under surface ashy grey with large white spots forming bars on
some of the feathers, these spots mostly margined conterminously
with brownish ; the breast more or less shaded with rufous, the ab-
domen distinctly banded ; thighs rich tawny rufous ; under tail-
coverts pure white ; under wing-coverts rufous, mottled with brown
spots ; the axillaries rufous, barred with white, with brown margins
like the breast-feathers. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-2, wing
9-9, tail 8-2, tarsus 3-9.
Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 15-8 inches,
wing 8-5, tail 7"8, tarsus 2-5.
Hah. Chili.
a. 2 ad. St. Straits of Magellan (King). Zoological Society.
h. S jwv. sk. Straits of Magellan {King). The Admiralty.
c. $ juv. sk. Chili. The Admiralty.
J. $ad. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C".
e. S juv. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.I.
f, 9- 6 2 \^'^- ^^- Santiago, Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.
Vt.cJad.sk. Santiago, Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.
23. Accipiter melanoleucus.
Accipiter melanoleucus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 229 (1830).
Astur smithii, Kaup, Ms, 1847, p. 196; id. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 66.
Astur melanoleucus. Smith, 111. S. Afr. Zool. pi. 18(1849); Grag,
Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 31 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn.
Sgn. p. 121 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 11, 269 (1857) ; Schl.
3Ius. P.-B. Astures, p. 15 (1862) ; Lciyard, B. S. Afr. p. 27 (1867);
Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 60 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 29
(1869).
Astur apoxypterus, Liclit. Noniencl. p. 4 (1854).
Astur hypoxauthus, Licht. t. c. p. 4 (1854).
Astur teniminckii, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 353 (ex Pel, MS.).
Nisus verreauxii, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Astm-es, p. 37 (1862).
Astur verreauxii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869).
Nisus melanoleucus, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 74 (1873).
Yoimq. Above brown, with narrow fulvous edgings to the feathers,
the scapulars and wing-coverts showing large marks of white near
their bases ; head and neck fulvous washed with rufous and longi-
tudinally streaked with dark brown ; greater wing- and upper tail-
coverts broadly tipped with whitish buif or pale rufous ; quills dark
brown, the secondaries tipped with fulvous, indistinctly barred with
blackish brown above, under surface fulvous, barred with dark
browii, the fulvous interspaces sometimes extending to the outer
web of the first primaries ; tail brown, tipped with fulvous and
crossed with five broad bands of darker brown, the subterminal one
24. ACCIPITEE. 157
almost obsolete, the others having a narrow marginal line of bufFy
white ; under surface of body fulvous, washed with rusty red on the
breast, and more especially on the under wing-coverts and thighs ;
throat paler fulvous, the black shaft-lines forming a narrow streak
down the centre, otherwise unspotted ; the breast broadly streaked
with central brown markings to the feathers, much narrower and
more linear on the lower breast, and disappearing on the abdomen
and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts nifous, with a few
narrow shaft-lines of black, the axillaries a little more distinctly
marked with black ; cere yellowish green ; bQl black, dusky bluish
at tip ; feet pale yellow ; iris light dusky brown.
Mature. Above blackish brown, the hind neck slightly varied with
white ; quills brown, with rufous brown shafts, the primaries indi-
stinctly banded with darker brown above, under surface of wing
paler, white at base of inner web, freckled on the inner and barred
on the outer with ashy brown ; tail brown, slightly tipped with
whitish and crossed with five broad but indistinct bands of darker
brown ; under surface of body white, the sides of breast, flanks, and
thigh-feathers blackish brown, very slightly varied with white ;
under wing- and tail-coverts white, one of the former marked with
brown. Total length 18-2 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 11, tail 8-5,
tarsus 2-8.
Adult. Everywhere deep black; the quills browner, indistinctly
barred with blackish above, the under surface paler, ashy brown at
tips, buffy white at base, the black cross bands distinctly indicated ;
upper tail-coverts and base of tail somewhat mottled with white ;
tail brown, with five distinct cross bands of blackish, under surface
ashy white, the bars rather distinctly indicated ; under surface of
body black, most of the feathers with concealed white bases or spots
on them ; cere yellow, with greenish tinge ; bill rich brown, base of
lower mandible yellow ; feet greenish yellow ; iris yeEow. Total
length 21 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 13*7, tail 10, tarsus 3*25.
Hah. South Africa. W. Africa : Gold Coast, Gaboon, and Niger
districts. N.E. Africa : Abyssinia. Very rarely in last-mentioned
localities.
a, h. $ juv. sk. S. Africa. South- African Museum.
c. 2 ad'. St. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].
Type of species.
(I. (S ad. st. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [C.l.
e, $ ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [C .
/. 2 ju^' sk. River Danger, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
158 FALCONID^.
Subfamily V. BUTEONIN^.
Outer toe only connected to middle toe by interdigital membrane ;
tibia much longer than tarsus, exceeding it by more than the length
of hind claw *.
Key to the genera f.
a. Distance between tips of piimaries and tips of
secondaries equal to or greater than the
length of tarsus.
«'. Ridge of bill (without cere) less than half
the length of middle toe (without claw). . 25. UROSPiziAS,p.l59.
b'. Ridge of bill gi-eater than half length of
middle toe.
a". Tail about equal to twice the tarsus ;
wings reaching up to or beyond the tail.
a'". Nostrils round, with large tubercular
process 25*. Heterospizias,
b'". Nostrils oval, with no tubercular pro- p. IGO.
cess 26. Tachytriohchis,
b". Tail longer than twice tarsus ; wings not p. 161.
reaching to tip of tad.
c'". Nostrils long ovals, with no tubercle.
c*. Tarsus bare 27. Bcteo, p. 164.
d*. Tarsus feathered to the toes 28. ARCHnJt'XEO,
d'". Nostrils round, with distinct central p. 195.
tubercle 29. Buteola, p. 201.
e'". Nostrils oval, with indistinct and con-
cealed tubercle at base of upper margin 30. Asturina, p. 202.
b. Distance between tips of primaries and se-
condaries less than length of tarsus.
c'. No perceptible crest.
* I have clone my utmost to secure the exact relative dimensions of these two
bones ; but the scantiness of osteologieal material renders positive identification
in many cases impossible. At any rate the probability that some genera placed
by me among the Buteonince may some day be found to belong to the ji^ccipitrinae
only proves the truth of Professor Sundevall's remark that the two subfamilies,
are hardly separable (Av. Tent. p. 107).
t One genus remains still unknown to me, Onychotes of Eidgway (Pr. Phil.
Acad. 1870, p. 142) :—
" Nostril nearly circular, with a conspicuous (not central) tubercle. Tarsus
very long and slender ; toes moderate ; claws very long, strong, and sharp, but
only sUghtly curved. Tibial feathers short, close, not reaching below the joint.
Wing very short, much rounded and very concave beneath; 4th quill longest,
1st shorter than 9th. Tail moderate, rounded."
Type O. grueheri, Eidgway, /. c.
Hah. CaHfomia [?].
Mr. Eidgway has privately communicated to me the following additional
details in answer to my inquiries : — " The posterior face of the tarsus has a row
of transverse scutellae, as in Buteo. The tarsus is longer than the distance from
the ends of the secondaries to the tip of the primaries. The tips of the pri-
maries reach to about the middle of the tail, which, however, is comparatively
short; they fall short of the end of the tail by about the length of the tarsus.
The nostrils are nearly round ; they are not overhimg by any perceptible mem-
brane, though the upper part of the nasal aperture is filled by the tumid skin of
the cere, much as in Buteo &c. The soles of the feet are as in Buteo. The
distance from ends of secondaries to tips of primaries is 2-,")0 inches. Length
of tarsus 2-70 inches, middle toe r45, hind toe 080."
From a comparison of these details with the above table it will be seen that
Onychotes is closely allied to. if not identical with, Urubitinga.
25. UE09PIZIAS. 159
c". Sole of foot covered witli rugose and
thorny spicules (like an Osprey) 31. Busarellus,
d". Soles of feet ordinary, smooth. p. 210.
c'". Wing falling short of tail by less than
hind toe (without claw) 32. Buteogalltts,
d'". Distance between tips of wing and tail p. 212.
greater than hind toe 33. Ububitinga,
d'. A crest from four to five inches long. p. 212.
e". Distance between summit of nostril and
culmen less than length of nostril itself.
«'". Tan short, not three times as long as
tarsus 34. Harpyhaliaeti's,
/'". Tail very long,'more than four times as p. 221.
long as tarsus 35. Mobphnus, p. 222.
f". Distance between summit of nostril and
culmen greater than length of nostril itself 3G. Thrasaetus,
p. 223.
25. TJROSPIZIAS. „,
Type.
Urospiza, Kaup, Mus. Senckenh. iii. p. 259 (1845) U. radiatus.
Range. Eastern and Central Australia, from N". S. Wales to Port
Essington, excepting the Cape York peninsula, in which direction
only known from lat. 40°.
1. Urospizias radiatus.
Eadiated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 53. pi. 121 (1801).
Falco radiatus, LafJi. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. 12 (1801).
Sparvius radiatus, JleilL iV. Diet. x. p. 340 (1817).
Haliaetus calevi, Vif/. 4' Horsf. Tram. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 186 (1827).
Nisus radiatus, Less. 3Ia». d'Orii. p. 97 (1828).
Astur radiatus, Grai/, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 189 (1843) ; Gould, B. Austr.
i. pi. 16 (1848) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 31
(1850); Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 119 (1855); Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures,
p. 15 (1862) ; Gould, 'Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 441 (1865) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869).
Accipiter radiatus, Gould, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 335 (1843).
Urospiza radiata, Kaup, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 259 (1845).
Astur testaceus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 367, et Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 66.
Urospizia tricolor, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538.
Adult mule. Above bright rufous, the feathers of the head and
neck mesially streaked with black ; all the feathers of the upper
surface black in the centre, rufous on the margins ; the upper tail-
coverts almost entirely rufous ; quills dark brown, externally shaded
with ashy brown, the secondaries washed with rufous before their
tips, which are white, shafts of primaries whitish, under surface of
wing ashy white near the base, with irregular mottling of dark
brown, as if the remains of bars ; tail clear greyish ash-colour,
tipped with pale rufous and washed with bright rufous near the
base, all the feathers irregularly barred with dark brown, the sub-
terminal band being the most distinct ; under surface of tail whitish,
washed with rufous near the base of the inner webs, the cross bars
very indistinctly indicated ; under surface of body bright rufous, the
throat and fore part of cheeks paler and more ochraceous, aU the
160 PALOONID^.
feathers narrowly but distinctly streaked with black, obsolete on the
thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts rufous, streaked
with black, those on the edge of the wing more broadly marked.
Total length 20 inches, cidmen 1-4, wing 14-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3.
Adidt female. Similar to the male and a very little larger. Total
length 20 inches, wing 14-S, tarsus 3.
Hub. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. sk, Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. Type of
H. caleyi.
b. Ad. St. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers, K.N. [P.].
c. Ad. St. Bourke, River Darling. John Gould, Esq.
d. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
25*. HETEEOSPIZIAS*.
Urubitinga, mtet. aliq.
Spizigeranus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869, nee Kaup).
Nostril of H. meridionalis, showing tubercular process.
Range. The northern and central portions of the South American
continent from Columbia and Guiana southwards to 20° S. lat.,
ranging on the east coast to the provinces of Eio and Paraguay.
1. Heterospizias meridionalis.
Rufous-headed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Srjn. Suppl. p. .33 (1787).
Falco meridionalis. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 36 (1790).
Gavilan de estero Acanelada, Azara, Aptint. i. p. 72 (1802) ; Ilartl.
hid. Azara, p. 1 (1847).
Circus rufulus, VieUl. N. Diet. iv. p. 466 (1816).
Falco rutilans, LicM. Verz. DouU. p. 60 (1823) ; Temm. PI. Col. i.
pi. 25 (1824).
Aquila buzon, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 6 (1824).
Circus rutilans, Stepli. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 43 (1820).
Buteo rutilans, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 104 (1828).
Hypomoi-phnus rutilans, Cab. Arch. f. Natiirg. 1844, p. 264 ; id. 8f
Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. pp. 17, 84 (1844).
Rupornis meridionalis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 68.
Astur rufulus, Strickl. Orn. Spi. p. 422 (1855).
Asturina rutilans, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 80 (1856).
Buteogallus meridionalis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 288.
Buteo meridionalis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 17 (1862) ; Gray,
Hatid-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Reme Accipitr. p. 110
(1873).
Urubitinga meridionalis, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 589, et 1869,
* erepos, alter ; (TTri^ias, accipiter.
26. TACHTTRIORCHIS. 161
p. 252; Wijatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 382; Pek. Oni. Bras. pp. 7, 394
(1871); Scl. i^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873).
Young. Dusky black above, the tail with two or three white bars
uear base in addition to the median and terminal bands ; crown
blackish, the feathers obscurely notched and barred with rufous ;
hind neck and underparts pale rufous, thickly barred with dusky
black ; least wing-coverts bright rufous, centred and barred with
blackish, rest of the wing-coverts dusky black like the back, mottled
with pale rufous near tips ; quiUs much as in adult, but having re-
mains of black bars across the rufous basal portion.
The progress to the adult plumage appears to proceed by a gradual
change of feather, the bars on the lower surface narrowing and
gradually becoming obsolete. The dusky black on the dorsal feathers
becomes much broken into zigzag bars ; and the rufous spreads to-
wards the shaft of the feather, but is once more confined to the
margin when the slaty grey shade of the adult plumage commences
to occupy the centre of the feather.
Adult. Head rufous, the lores whitish, ear-coverts and sides of
face light ashy grey ; back and scapulars pale slaty grey, all the
feathers margined with rufous ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts blackish, the latter glossed with purple and tipped with
white ; least wing-coverts bright rufous, the remainder pale slaty
with broad riifous tips, the median ones also margined with rufous ;
quiUs rufous, primaries black towards tip, secondaries with a broad
subterminal band of purplish brown, the innermost entirely of the
latter colour; tail purplish black, mottled and washed with rufous
near the base, broadly tipped with white and banded across the
middle with a distinct white bar ; under surface of body riifous, the
entire breast covered with obsolete remains of narrow blackish bars ;
thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts uniform bright rufous.
Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 16-5, tail S-3, tarsus 4-15.
Adult female. Larger than male. Total length 24 inches, wing
18-3, tail 10, tarsus 4-8.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. Juv. St. S. America. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
b, c. Ad. st. S. America.
d. (S ad. at. Merida. Purchased.
e. Ad. sk. Mexico. Mr. llartweg.
/. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
2G. TACHYTRIORCHIS.
Tachytriorchis, Knup, Classif. Siiug. u. Vm/. p. 123 Tjpo.
(1844) ; .' T. albicaudatns.
llancje. Eastern and Central Brazil from tlie Tropic of Capricorn
northwards to Guiana and Columbia, along the western coast of
Central America into the south-western boundary of the United
States.
VOL. I. N
162 FALCONIBJE.
Nostril of T. albicaudatus, with no tubercular process.
Key to the Species.
a. Underneath white ; throat Hack ; tail white, with
black band albicaudatus, p. 102.
h. Underneath entirely black ; tail black, banded with
grey abbreviatns, p. 163.
1. TachjrtriorcMs albicaudatus.
Aquila coliblanca, Azara, Apiod. i. p. GO (1802).
Buteo albicaudatus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 477 (1816) ; Pucker. Ren.
ct Mag. 1850, p. 87 ; StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 35 (1855).
Spizaetus leucurus, Vieill. N. Diet, xxxii. p. 59 (1819).
Falco pterocles, remm. PI. Col. i. pis. 56, 139 (1823).
Buteo pterocles, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 103 (1828) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 12 (1849) ; Cah. in Schumb. Reis. Giiian. iii. p. 739 (1848) ;
Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 49 (1855) ; Sc/d. Mas. P.-B. Buteones, p. 13
(18G2) ; Grai/, Hancl-l. B. i. p. 8 (1809) ; Pels. Orn. Bras. pp. 3,
390 (1871) ; 'Sel. i^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p, 119 (1873); &cM.
Mas. P.-B. Revue, Accipitr. p. 110 (1873).
Buteo albicauda. Less. Traite, p. 81, pi. 15. fig. 2 (1831) ; Pticher. Rev.
et May. de Zool. 1850, p. 214.
Tacbytriorchis pterocles, Kaup, Classif. Sauq. n. Voq. p. 123 (1844) ;
ul.'Confr. Orn. 1850, p. 75; Bp. Consp. i." p. 17 (1850).
Buteo tricolor, TIart.l. Lid. Azara, p. 1 (1847, nee D'Orb,).
Buteo leucurus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 100.
Youncf. General plumage black, the bases to the feathers white,
the small wing-coverts margined, and the scapulars with concealed
rufous spots, indicative of the approaching rufous of the adult;
greater wing-coverts indistinctly margined with paler brown ; quills
blackish brown, shaded externally with ashy grey, and barred with
blackish, the secondaries browner, barred with blackish, all the bars
showing more plainly below on the inner web, which is more or less
Avhite from the base upwards ; upper tail-coverts brown, white at
base, the outer ones white, tipped with brown ; tail bluish grey,
crossed with 16 or 17 blackish bands, somewhat indistinctly: head
black, lores conspicuously white, an indistinct eyebrow, sides of
neck and hinder part of the latter streaked with fulvous or bu%
white ; throat black ; under surface of body fulvous, more or less
varied Avith black on each feather, taking the form of bars on the
flanks and thighs and almost disappearing on the under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts white, mottled with black, like the breast ; axil-
laries black, tipped and spotted with white.
A'lnlt mule. Above slaty grey, darker on the head, the small sca-
pulars and some of the least wing-coverts ferruginous ; lower back.
2G. TACHTTRIORCniS. 1 f;3
rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white, the uppermost feathers of
tlie former slightly tinged with ferruginous ; tail silvery grey, the
centre feathers white, crossed with eight or nine slaty bars, tipped
with white or ashy white, before which is a broad subterminal band
of black ; sides of face and throat deep slaty grey ; rest of under
surface white, including the under wing- and tail-coverts, the axil-
lanes numerously barred with slaty black, sometimes tinged with
rufous, the flanks barred in the same manner, but less distinctly
and more narrowly ; upper wing-coverts slaty black, darker than
the back, with indications of blackish bars on the greater coverts ;
quills black, inclining to ashy grey near the base, with blackish
cross bars, inner web whitish ashy at base, the cross bars broader
and more distinct. Total length 21 inches, ciilmen 1-5, wing 17,
tail 7, tarsus 3-4.
Female {tjouncj). Total length 22 inches, wing 18-5, tail 5-5,
tarsus 3-7.
Hub. Eastern and Central Brazil, Guiana, and Columbia, ranging
into Central America as far as Southern Mexico.
a, h. ^ ad. st. South America.
c. $j_un. St. South America. Zoological Society.
(1. ? juv. St. South America. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
e. <? JUV. St. Cai-acas. Mr. Dyson [C.].
/. 3 ad. sk. Concordia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [CI.
<J. ? JUV. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
2, Tachytriorchis abbreviatus.
Buteo albonotatus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 17 (desa: mtlki) :
td. Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Strickl. Orn. 8ij7i. p. 31 (1855); Scl.iif
Salt,. m.s, 1859, p. 217 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869).
Buteo abbre\ iatus, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 739 (1848) •
Scl. :^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. JVeotr. p. 118 (1873). '
Tachytriorchis albonotatus, Kaim, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 75; Bv
Comj). i. p. 17 (1850). ' ^ ' ^'
Buteo zonocercus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 130 ; id. Tr. Z. S ly vt 263
pi. 59 (1858); Scl. 4'- Salt: Ibis, 1859, p. 217; Cones, Br. Phil
Acad. 1866, p. 46 ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 9 (1866) ; Blliot, B N
Am. u. pi. xxxiii. (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869) ; Coaper
B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 479 (1870); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 217
(18/2).
Buteo cabauisii, S<.'hl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 11 (1802).
Astur cabanisii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869).
Adiat. Entirely black, the nape varied with white bases to the
feathers ; lores white ; quills black, secondaries a little browner ;
tail black, sHghtly tipped with ashy white, and banded across the
middle with ashy grey, white on the inner web, with remains of a
second narrower grey band below the broad median one; cere
yellow; bill black, whitish at base; feet yellow; iris reddish
brown. Total length 22 inches, ciilmeu 1-55, wing 16-25, tail 8-5
tarsus 2*9. '
Nearly adult (type of B. albonotatus). Black, the lores conspi-
cuously white, nearly all the feathers with concealed white spots, a
n 2
164
FALCONIDJE.
little more conspicuous on the throat and breast: primaries deep
black, externally shaded with ashy, secondaries a little browner, the
inner web barred with white ; tail ashy brown, more decidedly ashy
towards the base, the feathers tipped with white on the inner ^veh,
and crossed with seven or eight black bars, not including the sub-
terminal band, which is very broad ; the under surface of both the
wings and tail white, the black bands very distinct. Total length
21-5 uiches, culmen 1-6, wing 16-6, tail 9-8, tarsus 3.
Sab. From Ai'izona and California southwards along the western
coast of Central America to Guiana and Trinidad.
a. Ad.
b. Ad.
St.
St.
Mexico.
Mexico.
John Taylor, Esq. [P.]. Type of B. albonotatus.
27. BUTEO. Type.
Buteo, Qiv. Le^. Atiat. Com2}. i. tabl. ois. (1800) . . B. vulgaris.
Craxirex, Gould, in Dariv. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 22
(1841) B. galapagensis.
Geranoaetus, Kmij), Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 122
(1844) B. melanoleucus.
Butaquila, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. 3Iisc. p. 81 (1844) B. ferox.
PcecUoptemis, Kaiip, Isis, 1847, p. 329 B. latissimus.
Heteroaetus, Eaup, Cantr. Orn. 1850, p. 74 B. melanoleucus.
Nostril and foot of Buteo ohsoktus.
Range. The whole of the New "World, likewise the entire Old
World, excepting the Indo-Malayan subrcgion, and the whole of
Australasia and Oceania, in all of which it is absent.
27. B0TEO. 165
Key to the Species.
I. Tail genm-ally uniform, ivith no complete hars across the feathers, except
the subtenninal one, which is often absent altogether.
A. Tail rufoms or ashy rufous.
a. Head and ear-coverts black.
a'. Underparts uuiform black, or white with black throat.
augur ad., p. 175.
h'. Underparts black, the centre of the breast more or less rufous.
jackal ad., p. 173.
b. Head and ear-coverts rufous or rufous buff, often varied with brown
streaks, more rarely whitish (in B. ferox).
c'. Cheeks whitish or rufous white, streaked with dark brown or rufous.
a". Much larger ; wing in S about 177 inches, in 2 18-4.
ferox ad., 176.
b". Smaller ; wing not exceeding 15 inches cksertoitim ad., p. 179.
(V. Cheeks black inontanus vix ad., p. 189.
c. Head and ear-coverts smoky brown.
e. Breast whitish.
c". Thighs white borealis ad., p. 188.
d". Thighs rufescent montanm ad., p. 189.
f. Breast and thighs more or less inclining to brown.
montanus ad., p. 189.
g'. Breast and underparts generally smoky brown, tinged with rufous, or
rufous streaked and barred with blackish montanus ad., p. 189
(calurus).
B. Tail brown.
d. Under surface imiform smoky black am^mj- juv.(var. melanot.),
p. 175.
e. Under surface white, varied with brown streaks.
plumipes iny. {japonicus),
p. 180.
C. Tail ashy grey mottled ivith black, with a subterminal bar oftlie
latter colour.
f. Much larger (length 28 inches) ; below ochre, streaked with black.
melanohucm juv., p. 168.
g. Much smaller (length 23 inches); below uniform black.
harlani ad., p. 191.
D. Tail black, tipped with white melanoleucus ad., p. 168.
II. Tail brotcn of some shade or other, varying from light brown to sooty,
greyish, or blackish brown, often nearly black, but always with some
distinct transverse bars * ; bars on tail were*- exceeding 13, generally
less than 11.
h. Smaller wing-coverts brown or black, never more than slightly margined
with rufous or fulvous.
* B. ferox and B. plumijies have often nearly uniform ashy brown tails, with
very few remains of bars ; but the indications of the latter can generaUy be
traced by holding the tail towards one away from the light.
16G FALCONIDiE.
/('. Under surface uniform.
e" . With 12 bars on penultimate tail-feather (viewed from below).
galapagensis ad., p. 170.
/". Bars on penultimate tail-feather always less than 12.
a'". General colour sooty black ; tail distinctly barred ; subterminal
band distinct ohsoletns ad., 184.
b'". General colour smoky brown ; tail with indistinct cross
bands, subterminal one imperceptible.
jdnmipes ad., p. 180.
{. Under surface particoloured.
>/". Thig'hs imiform.
C". Thighs white or buffy white, vmspotted.
«*. Upper tail-coverts barred or spotted with white ; tail whitish
at base.
rt\ Bare part of tarsus (measured on imier side) greater than
middle toe without claw,
rt". Upper breast white, with a few spots only.
a'. Throat brown, with narrow white streaks.
vulgaris juv., p. 18G.
b''. Throat quite white, vmiform o6so/e<«<s juv., p. 184.
c'. Throat white, with central streak of brown.
Uneahis'^wY., p. 191.
¥. Upper breast uniform rufous brown.
obsoletm vix ad. (insig-
natus), p. 184.
&'. Bare part of tarsus on inner side less than middle toe
(without claw) plumipes juv. ( ^jajm-
tiicHs), p. 180.
i'. Upper tail-coverts ashy brown like tail, with rufous tips.
augm- '^xiv., p. 175.
d'". Thighs uniform brown externally, sometimes with remains
of slight rufescent margins.
c*. General colour sooty black or sooty brown ; not more than
9 bars on tail to be distinguished,
c'. Much larger (length 28 inches).
c". Throat sooty brown, uniform, fei-ox ad. (fiiliginosus,
Hume), p. 176.
fZ". Throat white, streaked with brown.
Jietnilasius, p. 182.
(P. Smaller ; length not more than 22 inches.
e". No rufous on tail, except a slight tinge on apical band.
obsoJetus ad., p. 184.
/". Upper tail-coverts and tail washed with rufous.
desertnrum ad., p. 179.
d^. General colour clear brown ; bars on tail from 10 to 13.
e^. Bars equidi«tant on tail, which is not washed with rufous ;
upper tail-coverts not washed vsdth rufous.
g^. Under tail-coverts white, with a few longitudinal
streaksor spots of lightbrown. r?</^am ad., p. 186.
/*". Under tail-coverts white, with broad bars or arrow-head
spots of dark brown ohsoletns ad., p. 184.
/■'. Bars on tail not equidistant throughout, the subterminal
one broader ; tail washed with rufous.
i". Bare part of tarsus on inner side greater than middle
toe without claw.
it'. Upper tail-coverts not spotted vdth rufous.
27. BUTEO. 107
«'. Breast aud thighs tawny rufous.
desertorum ad., 179.
b"*. Breast and thighs rufous brown.
mdyaris ad., p. 186.
b''. Upper tail-coverts spotted with rufous.
desertorum ad., p. 179.
k^. Bare part of tarsus on inner side less than middle toe
without claw ; thighs and breast bright tawny rufous.
plumipcs ad. {japonicm),
p. 180.
h". Thighs particoloured.
e'". Thighs white, mottled with brown, or with rufous spots or bars,
e*. Subtermiual bar on tail broader than outer toe (with claw) ;
bars on tail not more than six in number.
latissimus ad., p. 193.
/*. Subterminal bar decidedly less than outer toe.
/". Outer upper tail-coverts not barred across, but sometimes
notched or mottled with white near the base.
c'. Primaries barred alternately for whole extent below.
hrachyjderus, p. 183.
(P. Primaries white at base, uniform brown for apical half,
c". Bare part of tarsus on inner side greater than middle
toe without claw .... ohsoletus juv., p. 184.
tP. Bare part of tarsus on inner side less than middle
toe phimipcs juv. {japonicus,)
p. 180.
m'''. Outer upper tail-coverts distinctly ban-ed across with
white or rufous.
e'. Throat white in centre, not streaked with brown.
«■*. Tail distinctly barred.
a". Bars on tail not more than 7 in number.
(attssivius j\rv., p. 193.
b^. Bars on tail more than 7.
aa. Tail sepia-brown, barred across with blackish
brown, below whitish.
montanus juv. (vaniis),
p. 189.
bh. Tail ashy rufous, with brown cross bars, below
rufescent horeaUs]\xv., p. 188.
/*. Tail nearly entu-ely rufous, the bars very indistinct.
borc(dis ad., p. 188.
p. Throat white, streaked with brown.
g^. Tail rufous, with narrow and indistinct blackish bars.
borealis ad., montanns ad.
(calunts), p. 189.
/i". Tail sepia, more or less tinged with rufous, always
regularly barred with dark brown,
c". Bars on tail G or 7 . . latissimtis juv., p. 193.
<f . Bars on tail more than 7.
borealis juv., p. 188.
/'". Thighs rufous, or brown mottled with rufous, more rarely
with whitish.
g'^. Throat whitish, or white streaked with brown.
i^. Inner web of first primary white with no bars.
e^. Under tail-coverts clear rufous, or slightly barred
with brierhter rufous.
168
FALCONID^.
cc. Upper tail-coverts ashy brown like back, with
margins of pale greyish brown.
Jackal jnv., p. 173,
del. Upper tail-coverts rufous.
desei-tornm ad., p. 179.
f\ Under tail-coverts whitish or buff.
ee. Ear-coverts whitish like the head.
fcrox ad., p. 176.
ff. Ear-coverts whitish, head brown.
aa'. Centre of chest white, streaked with brown.
vtilgaris ad., 186.
bV. Chest uniform white.
desertorum j m\ .{capensis ),
p. 179.
". Inner web of first primary white, with slight remains
of bars.
(/^. Ear-coverts and sides of face like head.
(jg. Upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with white.
montaniis (calunis) ad.,
p. 189.
lih. Upper tail-coverts not tipped with white, but
barred witli ochraeeous buff.
?ia)-lani juv., p. 191.
/»". Ear-coverts whitish, head brown ; upper tail-
coverts uniform, not tipped with white.
plumipes juv. {japo-
nicus), p. 180.
hP. Throat uniform brown or rufous brown.
i". liiifous brown underneath, mottled with darker
brown and rufous . . montanus (calunis) ad.,
p. 189.
j". Underneath pale rufous, jackal ad., p. 173.
»'. Smaller wing-coverts conspicuously margined with rufous, forming a
slioulder-patch ; quills distinctly spotted with white externally ; tail
with from four to six alternate bars of black and pure white.
lineatus ad., p. 191.
III. Tail bluish grey, with from fourteen to seventeen distinct
cross bars on middle feather.
erythronotus, p. 172; poliosomus, p. 171 ; galapagensis j\iy.,-p. 170.
IV. Tail white, all the feathers narroioly barred across tvith blackish
and crossed loith a broad subterminal bar of the same.
a. Under surface of body white.
a'. Back slaty blue erythronotus S > P> 172.
0'. Back rufous erythrmiotus 5 , p. 172.
^. Under surface of body leaden grey poliosomus, p. 171.
1. Buteo melanoleucus *.
Aquila obscura y blanca, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 61 (1802).
* " Why it should be called a ' Sea-Eagle' I do not know '' (W. B. Lee, Ibis,
1873, p. 13f)). Cf. also Sundevall, Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873).
27. nuTEo. 169
Aquila parda, Azara, torn. cit. p. G5 (1802).
Spizaetus melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Diet, xxxii. p. 57 (1819).
Spizaetus fuscescens, VieiU. torn. cit. p. 55 (1819).
Falco aguia, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 302 (1824).
Haliaetus aguia, Cuv, Eigne An. i. p. 327 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 42
(1831).
Haliaetus melaiioleucua, D'Orh. Sf Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 3 (1838) ; D'Orb.
Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 76 (1847) ; Bunn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 54
(1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 17 (1869).
.Geranoaetus aguia, Kaup, Classif. Sang. u. Vogel, p. 122 (1844) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 15 (1860).
Buteo aguia, Cab. u. Tscfmdi, Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, p. 2M,et Faun.
Peruan. p. 89 (1844) ; Smuleo. Av. Te?it. p. 107 (1873).
Pontoaetus melanoleucus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845).
Cuncuma melanoleucus. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 25.
Heteroaetus aguia, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 74.
Geranoaetus melanoleucus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 55 (1855) ; Burm.
Eeise La PI. St. ii. p. 425 (1861) ; Peh. Reisc Nov. Vog. p. 7
(1865) ; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 49, 397 (1871) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 119 (187-3).
Asturina melanoleuca, Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 5 (1862) ; id.
Revue Accipitr. p. 102 (1873).
Young male. Above dusky brown, the wing-coverts black, these as
weU as the scapulars slightly mottled with rufous, the upper tail-
coverts also barred and mottled with the same ; crown of the head
and nape ochraecous buff, longitudinally streaked with black, the
interscapulary feathers black in the centre, with broad rufous mar-
gins ; quills black, the secondaries browner and tipped with fulvous,
aU quills mottled with ashy grey on both webs above and below, the
primaries near the base, the secondaries for the greater part of their
extent, and varied with white below on the inner web ; tail ashy
grey, mottled with black, more indistinctly towards the apex, which
is entirely black ; sides of face and throat whitish, the latter as well
as the cheeks streaked with black ; breast bright ochre, with a few
streaks and spots of black ; rest of under surface, including under
wing- and tail-coverts, blackish, mottled and barred with ochre or
rufous ochre ; the axillaries more distinctly mottled with rufous.
Total length 26 inches, vdng 19-8, tail 11-5, tarsus 4-2.
Obs. The black of the underparts appears to spread over the en-
tire breast, where it remains, while the rufous and ochraceous
colouring of the young disappears by degrees ; the mottlings on the
abdomen break up into regular narrow bars.
Adult male. Above black, including the quills, which are externally
shaded with ashy grey; least and median coverts ashy grey, the
inner ones inclining to silvery grey, all finely and irregularly crossed
with black bars, becoming broader on the median coverts and disap-
pearing on the greater coverts, which are entirely black ; upper tail-
coverts and tail black, tipped with white ; lores whitish ; sides of
face and throat whitish ash-colour, with narrow blackish streaks,
more distinct on the ear-coverts ; chest black, with sometimes a few
white tips to the feathers (the remains of immaturity) ; rest of under
170 FALCONIDiE.
surface, including the under wing- and tail-coverts, ashy white,
crossed with numerous bars of ashj' black. Total length 28 inches,
culmen 2-5, tail 10, tarsus 4-15.
Adidt femaJe. Larger than the male. Total length 31 inches,
wing 23-7, tail 11-5, tarsus 4-15.
Hah. Chili and Patagonia, ranging north into Southern Brazil,
and thence to Columbia.
a. c? ad. St. S. America. Purchased.
h. 5 ad. st. Eastern Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral
Fitzroy [P.].
c. 5 ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia. W. H. Hudson, Esq. [C.].
d. jjuv.sk. Qh.\l\ {Reed). W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.
[P.].
c. Juv. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.].
/'. Skeleton. Zoological Society,
2. Buteo galapagensis.
Polyborus galapagoensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 9.
Craxirex galapagoensis, Gould, in Danv. Zool. Beagle, Birds, p. 23
(1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850).
Buteo galopagoensis. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 18 ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 12 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869).
Buteo leucops, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 36.
Pcecilopterms infulatus, Kaup, Cmitr. Orn. 1850, p. 76.
Buteo galapageusis, Bund. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 125, 127 ; Scl. ^ Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873).
Young. Above dark brown, the feathers margined with rufous,
the nape much mixed with white, and the lores very conspicu-
ously white, the wing-coverts and scapulars with broad rufous or
rnfous-buif bars and margins ; quiUs black, externally shaded with
ashy grey, the secondaries browner, tipped with rufous buff, all
barred with dark brown, these bars conspicuous below on inner
web of secondaries, but absent on primaries, which have the inner
web pure white with a few ashy grey mottlings ; upper tail-coverts
rufous, broadly banded with black ; the outer ones creamy white,
with rufous cross markings ; tail ashy grey, tipped with whity
brown, and crossed with about seventeen blackish bars, the subter-
minal one being a little broader ; eyebrow and sides of face deep
ochre, streaked with black ; cheeks and throat blackish ; under sur-
face of body ochraceous buff, streaked with black, the breast with
rufous brown, broader on the sides of tlie body ; the belly with tri-
angular spots of rufous brown, narrower and paler rufous on thighs
and under tail-coverts ; under wing- coverts spotted and streaked
with nrfous brown. Total length 21 inches, wing 14-5, tail 9-25,
tarsus 3'35.
Adult male (type of species). Everywhere sooty black, with a
brownish shade, especially distinct on the wing-coverts ; quiUs
black, the secondaries browner and tipped with buffy white, the pri-
maries externally shaded with ashy, all barred with blackish brown.
27. BUTEO. 171
more distinctly below, where the interspaces are dull ashy white ;
tail greyish brown, tipped with fulvous, and crossed with thirteen
blackish bars, the subterminal one slightly the broadest; under
surface of body sooty black, with a clearer shade of brown, more
distinct on under wing-coverts, which are also tinged with rufous.
Total length 20-5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 15-15, tail 9-2,
tarsus 2-85.
Female (young), Eather larger than the male. Total length
23-5 inches, wing 17-3, tail 11, tarsus 3-35.
Hah. Galapagos Islands.
a. S ad. sk. Galapagos Islands (Darwm). Zoological Society. Type
of species.
b. $ juv. St. Galapagos Islands (^Darwin). Zoological Society.
c. 2 juv. sk, Galapagos Islands. Sir W. Burnett and Ad-
miralFitzroy[P.]. Type
of B. leucops.
3. Buteo poliosomus,
Falco polyosoma, Quoy et Gaim. Foy. de V Uran. Ois. p. 92, nl. 14
(1824). ^ ' ^
Astur polyosoma, Cuv. Regne A71. i. p. 332 (1829).
Buteo poliosoma, Less. Traite, p. 82 (^1831) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 219
(1855) ; Sd. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 384 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 151 ; Scl.
Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873).
Adult. Bluish slate-colour above and below, a little clearer about
the head and throat ; lores whitish ; upper and under tail-coverts
white, with slaty grey cross bars and mottlings of the same colour ;
tail whit^ crossed with about nine narrow bands of slaty grey, and
a very broad subterminal band of slaty black ; primaries black, ex-
ternally shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries entirely slaty grey
like the back, tipped with white ; primaries white at base of inner
web, with remains of dusky slate-coloured bars. Total length 22
inches, culmen 1-4, wing 15-25, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-4.
Female (? in changinr/ pluvrnge). AH over blackish slate-colour,
excepting the hinder neck, the entire mantle and upper scapidars,
the centre of the breast, extending on to the chest and centre of the
abdomen, all these rufous portions of the body more or less obscured
with slate-colour ; quills black, silvery grey near the base, barred
with black ; inner face of quills ashy white, with a few dusky cross
bars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy, the former
slightly washed with rufous ; tail ashy white, -nith about nine
narrow bars and a broad subterminal band of slate-colour, less
distinct below. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 15,
tail 9, tarsus 3-5.
Hab. Falkland Islands, Chili, and Tierra del Fuego.
fl. S ad. st. Port Famine, S. Patagonia {King). Zoological Society.
h. Ad. St. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition.
c. Ad. St, Chili. Mr. Biydges [C.j.
172 F.\LC0NIDJ2.
4. Buteo erythronotus*.
Haliaetus erythronotus, Kiny, Zoo/. Joiirn. iii. p. 424 (1827).
Aquila braccata, Mcyen, Beitr. p. 05 (1834).
Buteo varius, Gould, P. Z. S. 18-'37, p. 10 ; Danv. Voy. Bem/le, Birds,
p. 20 (1841) ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. Orn. p. 92, pi". 3. fig." 1 (1858) ;
Scl. P. Z. S: 1800, p. 384.
Buteo tricolor, D'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 6 (1838); D'Ch-b. Voy.
Am. Mcrid. pp. 09, 100, pi. 30 (c. 1840).
Buteo unicolor, UOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 7 (18.38).
Buteo erythronotus, Danoin, Voy. Beayle, Birds, p. 26 (1841 ) ;
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 34 (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 384, et Ibis,
1860, p. 25, pi. 1. fig. 3; Abbott, Ibis, 1801, p. 151 ; Scl. ^ Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873).
Hypomorphnus leucurus, Lafr. Rev, Zool. 1849, p. 388.
Poecilopternis erythronotus, Kattp, Contr. Orti. 1850, p. 76 ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 17 (1850).
Buteo bracchatus, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1802, p. 142.
Buteo polyosoma, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones,p. 12 (1862) ; id. Revue
Accijntr. p. 109 (1873),
Buteo albicaudatus, Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 186.
Young. Above dark brown, the interscapulary feathers margined
■with dark rufous, the margins ou the rest of the back and wing-
coverts rufous buff or pale rufous ; the scapulars, rump, and upper
tail-coverts also barred with the latter colours ; head dark brown,
the nape buffy white, with narrow brown streaks ; sides of head
behind the eye, ear-coverts, and sides of neck ochraceous buff, nar-
rowly streaked with dark brown ; lores and a narrow frontal line
white ; cheeks dark brown, forming a distinct moustache ; under
surface of body ochraceous buff, the throat thickly streaked with dark
brown, the breast largely spotted and narrowly streaked with the
same ; abdomen paler fulvous, irregularly barred and spotted with
rufous brown, the thighs and under tail-coverts triangularly barred
with pale rufous ; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, with rufous
brown sx)ots, the greater ones white barred with ashy brown ; pri-
mary coverts and primaries ashy brown, with a clear shade of grey
externally, and crossed with narrow bars of dark brown ; secondaries
browner than the primaries, tipped with buff, and more numerously
barred; tail ashy grey above, ashy white below, whity brown at
tip, and crossed with fifteen or sixteen bars of ashy brown, disap-
pearing towards the base of the feathers.
Advlt male. Above clear slaty blue ; quUls black, externally
* The following has been thought to be the young of this species ; but from
the plate published it seems to me to be nearer to B. horealis.
Buteo cooperi.
Buteo cooperi, Casi. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1856, p. 263, and in Baird, B. N. Am.
p. 31, pi. 16 (1860) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 472 (1871) ; Coues, Key N.
Am. B. p. 216 (1872).
Ilab. Santa Clara County, California.
Only one specimen known.
27. BUTEO.
173
shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ;
tail white, tipped with greyish white, crossed with ten or eleven
narrow bars of grey, and subterminaUy banded with slaty black ;
upper tail-coverts white, with a few indications of narrow slaty bars ;
lores white ; cheeks white, narrowly lined with slaty grey ; entii-e
under surface of body wliite, including the under wing-coverts ; many
of the feathers on the sides of breast and flanks internally slaty
grey and externally barred with the same colour. Total length
21 inches, culmen 1"55, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3-3.
Adult female. Similar to the male below, but larger, and distin-
guished by its bright brick-red back and scapulars, traces of which
coloration extend over the upper wing- and tail-coverts, as well as
the secondaries, which have evident blackish cross bars. Total
length 25 inches, wing 1S*5, tail 10, tarsus 3-7.
Hab. Falkland Islands ; from Patagonia (as high as 40° S. lat.
on east coast) along the western coast of South America into Peru.
a. c? ad. St.
East Falkland.
Antarctic Expedition.
b. ^ var. st.
Port Louis, Falkland Isl.
Antarctic Expedition.
c. $ juv. st.
Berkeley Sound, E. Falk-
land.
Falkland Islands.
Antarctic Expedition.
d. 2 ad. sk.
The Admu-alty
'P-]
.
e. $ juv. sk.
Falkland Islands.
The Admiralty
'P.'
.
f. c? ad. st.
Straits of Magellan.
The Admiralty
T.'
,
(/. 2 juv. St.
Straits of Magellan.
The Admiralty
"P."
•
h. 2 Juv. sk.
Falkland Islands.
J. Gould, Esq.
i. 2 JUV. sk.
Falkland Islands.
J. Macgillivray, Esq.
k. c? juv. sk.
Falkland Islands.
Capt. Kellett and Lieut.
Wood [P.].
/. 2 ad. St.
Falkland Islands.
Sir W. Burnett and Ad-
miral Fitzroy [P.].
m. 2 juv. St.
Santa Cruz, S. Patagonia
Zoological Society. Type
(Dartvin).
of jB. varms.
n. S juv. sk.
Island of Masafuera.
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].
o. ,5 juv. sk.
Cosnipata, Peru, July
1871.
Ccachuapata, Peru, Oct.
H. Whitely, Esq., Juu.
[P.].
H. ^V^litely, Esq., Juu.
f). 2 ad. sk.
14, 1871.
[P.]. _
(/, r. cJ 2 ^ar. sk.
Ccachuapata, Peru, Oct.
H. \Miitelv, Esq., Juu.
U, 1871.
[P.]. "
.<!. S ad. sk.
Straits of Magellan.
E. C. Reed, Esq. [C
E. C. Reed, Esq. [G.\
t. 2 juv. sk.
Straits of Magellan.
•
5. Buteojakal.
Le Rounoir, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 73, pi. 16 (1799).
Falco jakal, Daud. Traitc, ii. p. 161 (1800, ex Levaill.)
Buteo jakal, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. II (1849) ; Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 76; Up. Consp. i. p. 19
(1850); StricH. Orn. Si/n. p. 33 (1855); Schl. Mits. I'.-B. Bu-
teones, p. 14 (1862) ; Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 8 (1867) ; Gurmy in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 31 (1872).
Buteo jacal, Grill, Zool. Antechn. p. 49 (1858).
1 74 FALCONID^.
Nesilinc/. Covered with white down, the shooting feathers ashy
brown, washed with rufous.
Young, in change. Ashy brown above, the feathers paler and more
whity brown on their margins, the scapulars, as well as many
feathers of the head, neck, and interscapulary region, externally in-
clining to bright fawn ; feathers of hind neck dark brown, some of
the doi'sal feathers black ; quills black, externally shaded with ashy,
the secondaries paler brown, all white at base of inner web, the
secondaries barred towards the tip with ashy brown ; tail ashy
brown, washed on outer web with rufous, and crossed with eleven
or twelve bars of blackish brown, disappearing towards base ; sides
of face and throat rather dusky brown, inclining to blackish ; rest of
under surface bright fawn, the flanks and thighs slightly washed with
greyish ashy ; under wing-coverts rufous fawn, the lower ones dark
brown ; on breast a few white feathers, more or less mixed with
black, are appearing.
The adult plumage is apparently gained by a moult, which, how-
ever, does not immediately complete the full dress, as the fresh
feathers on the under surface have a good deal of rufous on them,
and then rapidly change to black. The brown cross bars on the tail
disappear by degrees, foreshowing the uniformity of the new tail,
which, when put on by a moult, is clear chestnut, excepting a sub-
terminal patch of black, scarcely to be called a bar. The uniform
character of the thighs with the rest of the under surface, and their
rapid change to black, along with the breast-feathers, is a character
unlike B. vulgaris and B. desertoruin.
Adult male. Everywhere sooty black ; tail chestnut-red, with a
black subterminal baud ; centre of chest whitish or rufous white,
more or less mottled with black, being the remains of immaturity,
as also are the white edgings to the feathers of the abdomen and
thighs, and rufous on the under tail-coverts ; quills black, primaries
externally ashy grey, secondaries whitish, both conspicuously barred
with black ; under surface of wing white, the secondaries barred
with blackish on the inner web, and crossed with a broad black"
subterminal band ; primaries black at tip ; lores whitish ; cere
yellow ; bill black, whitish at base ; feet yellow ; iris ochraceous
grey. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-85, wing 17, tail 8,
tarsus 3"3.
Adult female. A little larger than tho male. Total length
23 inches, wing 18, tail 9, tarsus 0-7.
Ilab. South /\irica, below 24° S. lat.
a, b. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
c. 2 ad. st. Knysna. M. J. Verreaux [C."
d. 5 juv. St. Van Staden River. M. J. Verreaux [C] .
e. 2 juv. St. Constance, S. Africa. M. .1. Verreaux [C.
/. Pull. st. Swarte Land, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux [C.
<7, h. Skeletons. Pm'chased.
BUTEO. 175
G. Buteo augur*.
Buteo augur, Riipp. Netie Wirh. Vog. p. .38, Taf. 16 (18.35) ; Gray,
Gen. ^. i. p. 11 ( 1840) ; Kaup, Coiitr. Orn. 1850, p. 76; Bp. Consp.
-- . p. 7 (1869), „..,,,.. .^.. .. ^. „- ^.„„..,,
i^»Mc/(, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 202 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. Sc Zool. Abyss.
p. 297 (1870) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 57 (1870).
Buteo hydrophilus, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 39,' Taf. 17 (1835).
Young. Above uniform dark brown, the nape streaked with white ;
sides and hinder part of neck streaked with rufovLS buff; lores whitish ;
sides of face and under surface of body creamy buff, much marked
with brown on the throat and cheeks, forming a distinct moustachial
indication on the latter ; sides of breast and abdomen, as well as
under wing-coverts, distinctly marked with dark brown ; thighs uni-
form ochraceous buff ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, tipped with
rufous ; tail ashy brown, with a whity bro^\^l tip, and crossed with
twelve or thirteen bands of darker brown ; • quUls ashy brown,
externally ashy near the base, and barred with dark brown, the
inner web of quills white, the tips black both above and below,
secondaries with more or less distinct bars of dark brown below ;
iris umber-brown.
Adult male. Above black, pure white below and on sides of neck ;
cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat black, the latter somewhat streaked
with white, the flanks slightly marked with black ; upper tail-coverts
rufous with black tips ; tail bright tawny, -with a blackish patch
towards the tip of outer web ; (juills black at tip, ashy grey near
the base, the secondaries paler and more silvery grey, all crossed with
* Buteo auguralis.
Buteo augur, Brehm, Naiim. 1855, p. 6; id. Bcise Hahesch, p. 248
(1863).
Buteo desertorum, Antin. Cat. Dcscr. Ucc. p. 12 (1865).
Buteo auguralis, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. 8c. Nat. viii. p. 377 (1865);
Soitza, Cat. Mks. Lisb. p. 37 (1869) ; Socage, Jorn. Liab. ii. p. 337
(1869), Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 313 (1870) ; Salvad. Atti B. Accad.
Tor. 1870, p. 726; Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 494.
Buteo delalandi, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. i. p. 131 (1867).
Buteo anceps, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Jfr. p. 93 (1869).
I have not yet seen this species, and, therefore, have not been able to pla<'e it
in my synoptic table. Full descriptions are given by Count Salvador! and Prof.
Barboza du Bocage; and the following remarks by Dr. Otto Pinsch will give a
good idea of its relations to B. augvr : —
'•In any case this species, althougli allied to B. augur, is well distinguished,
not only by its inferior size, but also by the very different coloration. The crop
and breast are dark red-brown, the remaining underparts white, with conspicuous
dark cordiform spots ; under tail-coverts and thighs luiiform wliite ; the greater
portion of the inner web of the secondaries is white, with five or six narrow, in-
complete, dark cross bands, whereas in B. augur there are from nine to eleven
complete dark cross bands."
176 FALCONIDJE.
black bars ; under wing-coverts white, as also the inner web of the
quills ; cere and feet yellow ; iris yellowish brown.
In the foregoing stage, which does not occur in the allied Biiteo
jalal, the under tail- coverts always incline more or less to rufous,
which sometimes extends halfway up these coverts. Although,
through the progress to maturity, the plumages are so different, yet
in the fully adult black dress it is almost impossible to distinguish
the present bird from B.jacal; and the only difference that I can
see is, that in the latter species the silvery grey on the wing
is lighter, while the tail is darker and more decided chestnut. The
black markings on the latter never reach quite to the end, but are
always subterminal, and form a more or less perfect band.
Old male. Black, the base of the quills externally ashy grey with
black bars ; the tail rufous, with black markings near the tip.
Total length 20 inches, culmen 1'55, wing 16-3, tail 7'5, tarsus
3-6.
Old female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length
24-5 inches, wing 18-75, tail 9, tarsus 3'6.
Hah. North-eastern Africa ; the highlands of Abyssinia and ad-
jacent countries.
a. Ad. st. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.l.
b. 2 juv. st. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.J.
c. Ad. St. Shoa. Hon. East-India Co. [P.].
d. 9 ad. st. Ankober, Dec. 1841 (^ams). Secretarv of State for India
[P.]. '
e,f. (f $ sk. Ankober, Dec. 1841 (^Harris). Secretary of State for India
[P.].
(J. Ad. sk. Adigi-at, Tigi'6. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
'h. Ad. sk. Wombarat Pass. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C ^
i. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P,
7. Buteo ferox.
t
Falco ferox, S. G. Gmelin, K. Comm. Ac. Petrop. xv. p. 442, t. x.
(1769).
Falco rufiuus, Cretzschm. in Eupp. Atlas, p. 40, t. 27 (1826).
Buteo canesceus, Hoch/s. Benq. Sport. Mag. 1836, p. 180; Bp. Congp.
i. p. 18 (1850) ; Jird. B. of Ind. i. p. 88 (1862) ; Bli/th, Ibis, 1863,
p. 20.
Buteo longipes, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 75 (1839).
Butaquila leucocephala, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Buteo leucocephalus, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 37.
Buteo aquilinus, Hodgs. J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 176 (1845) ; Jerd. B. Lid.
i. p. 90 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 20; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 339;
Hume ^- Hendei-s. Lahore to Yark. p. 175 (1850).
Buteo rufinus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850).
Buteo leuciu-us, J. Fr. Kanm. Naumannia, 1853, p. 256, t. 3, 4 {nee
Lafr.).
Butaetus leucunis, Naum. 8,- Moesckl. Naum. 1853,-p. 290.
Buteo ferox, Thicn. J. f. O. 1853, p. 108 ; Schl. Mas. P.-B. Buteones,
p. 9 (1862) ; Gray, 'Hund-l. B. i. p. 6 (1869) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 89 (1869) ; Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 274 (1870) ; Jerd.
Ibis, 1871, p. 338: Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 12 (1871); Shelley,
27. BTTTEO. 177
B. of Egypt, p. 201, pi. ix. (1872) ; Hume, Stray F. p. 159 (1873) ;
Schl. Mils. P.-B. Remie Accipitr. p. 107 (1873).
Buteo exiniius, Brehm, Naumaiima, 1855, p. 4.
Buteo pectoralis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 35 (1855).
Limnosalius africanus, IFiirt. Naiim. 1857, p. 432.
Buteo ferox, var. obscura, PeJz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 147.
Buteo fuliginosus, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356.
Young. Above rufous, tbe feathers centred with brown, forming
narrowly longitudinal streaks on the head and hind neck, which are
paler and more fulvous than the rest of the back ; small wing-coverts
tawny rufous, with narrow brown central streaks, the rest of the
wing-coverts pale brown, margined and barred on the outer web
with pale rufous, the inner web whitish ; primaries dark brown,
shaded with ashy grey on the outer web, which is indistinctly
barred with dark brown, and washed with rufous near the base ;
secondaries rather paler brown, tipped with bufly white and barred
on the inner web with dark brown like the primaries, the inner
lining of the quLUs pure white, the secondaries only showing re-
mains of bars on inner web ; lower back and rump darker brown
than the upper part, notched and margined with rufous ; upper tail-
coverts huffy white on outer web, rufous on inner, with dark brown
shaft-stripes and remains of brownish bars ; tail ashy brown, tipped
with fulvous and shaded with ashy grey, inclining to rufous near
the tip, aU the feathers whitish at base and on the inner web, and
having more or less distinct remains of brown cross bars ; sides of
face and underparts creamy buff, streaked with dark brown, those
on the cheeks a little broader and showing a tolerably defined mous-
tachial line; the lower flank-feathers more largely marked with
rufous brown, which occupies the greater part of the feather ; thighs
strongly tinged with rufous, the brown central streaks a little
broader and more pronounced ; under wing-coverts creamy buff,
narrowly streaked with rufous brown, the outer ones entirely brown
on the outer edges.
The bird above described is manifestly quite young, from the pale
and narrowly streaked character of the underparts ; it was killed
by Messrs. Dickson and Ross on the 3rd of August 1843. The
under surface in this species darkens with age until the old bird
arrives at the uniform sooty brown plumage, in which it is very rare
in collections. The red tail cannot be regarded as a sign of actual
immaturity ; for the birds breed in this stage, and even then they
seem to put on a rufous taU shaded with silvery grey before abso-
lutely attaining the grey tail banded with dark brown which cha-
racterizes the last stage of this species. It would appear, therefore,
that the different changes are very gradual, and occupy a long time.
Adult male in hreeding-plumage (Volga, May 1870). Above brown,
all the feathers broadly margined with tawTiy rufous, except on the
lower back and rump, where the feathers are uniform brown ; entire
head and neck tawny, with narrow brown streaks down the centres
of the feathers, more distinct on the nape ; sides of head and ear-
coverts whitish, with narrow rufous shaft-lines ; entire under sur-
VOL. I. 0
178 FALCONID-ffi.
face rich tawny, deepening into chestnut on the abdomen and thighs,
the throat and chest narrowly shafted with dark brown, a little
broader on the breast and decidedly more distinct on the thighs,
where the centres to the feathers are also brown ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries rich tawny, the outer median ones externally and the
greater coverts brown ; upper wing-coverts brown, edged vrith ru-
fous like back, the least ones more broadly ; quills dark brown, the
primaries externally shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries a
little paler, especially the inner ones, which are light brown like
the back, the primaries pure white for greater part of inner web,
secondaries mottled and broadly barred with brown ; upper tail-
coverts brown, the external ones bright tawny; tail pale rufous,
with white shafts, and inclining to whitish towards base of centre
feathers, the two outer ones externally shaded with ashy grey, and
marked near the end with an irregular spot of brown ; cere yel-
lowish green ; orbital ridge dusky greenish ; bill brownish plum-
beous, yellow at gape, tip black ; feet dingy or pale lemon-yellow ;
iris brownish yellow. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1-9, wing
17-7, tan 10-5, tarsus 3-75.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but slightly larger. Total
length 26 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 18-4, tail 10-5, tarsus 3-5*.
From this stage the bird gradually becomes more sooty, and in
the last rufous plumage closely resembles B. desertorum, especially
as the tail becomes ashy brown, tipped with rufous and slightly
washed with the same, and crossed with nine or ten bands of darker
brown, more conspicuous on inner web, which is for the most part
whitish. Capt. Shelley shot a specimen in this stage along with
red-tailed birds in Egypt.
Very old (type of B. aquilinv.s, figured, PI. VIII.), Everywhere
dusky brown, the head and neck streaked with whitish, with which
also the centre of the breast is varied, the throat and chest slightly
washed with rufous, all these characters being the remains of the
previous plumage ; tail ashy brown with white shafts, crossed with
about nine bars of dark brown as above noted, these bars not
always conterminous. Total length 27 inches, wing 18-3, tail 11,
tarsus 3-5.
Bab. N.E. Africa to South-eastern Europe ; Persia, Scinde, N.W.
India and Himalayas.
a. c? ad. sk. Fayoom, Egypt. Capt. G. E. Shelley [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Plain of Gennesaret. Canon Tristram.
c. Juv. sk. Erzeroom,Ang.3,1839 J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
(Dickson and Jioss).
d. Ad. sk. Teheran, Persia. C. Darwin, Esq. [P.].
e,f. -^ 2 ^d. st. Eiver Volga. Purchased.
/'. Ad. sk. Southern Ural. _ [Dr. Strader [C.].
ff, h. Ad. st. Himalaya Mountains. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
V. Ad. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l
J,k,l,77i,)i,n'.Ad.8k. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],
* Desfiribed from a pair of breeding birds shot in the Volga district in May
1870 and now in Mr. Howard Saunders's collection.
27. BtTTEO. 179
o. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Type of £. aquilinus,
p, q. Ad. sk. India {Dr. Jerdon). J. Gould, Esq. fP.J.
r. Ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J.
«. Ad. sk. Mussoorie Hills. Major Godwin- Austen.
t. Skeleton. Purchased.
8. Buteo desertorum.
Le Rougri, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 77, pi. 17 (1799).
Falco desertorum, Dmid. Traiti, ii. p. 164 (1800).
Buteo desertorum, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. iv. p. 478 (1816) ;
aurnmj, Ibis, 1862, p. 361; Sckl. Mtis. P.-B. Buteones, p. 5 (1862);
Deffl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 65 (1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 9 (1867); Heuc/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 90 (1869); Grai/, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 6 (1869)"; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 268 (1870); Jerd.
Ibis, 1871, p. 3.38; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 201 (1872) ; Anderss.
B. Dam. Ld. p. 12 (1872) ; Shelley and Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 292 ;
Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 106 (1873).
Buteo rufiventer, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 27 (1847).
Buteo cirtensis, Levaill., Jun., Expl. Sci. de VAlgerie, pi. 3 (1850).
Buteo capensis, Temm. i^ Schl. Faun. Jap.,Aves, p. 16 (1850) ; Crray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869).
Buteo tachardus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 2 (1857).
Buteo vulpinus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 3 (1854).
Buteo minor, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 5 (1856).
Buteo vulgaris, var. capensis, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 144.
Buteo vulgaris, Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 87 (1862).
Buteo delalandi, Des Micrs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1863, p. 52.
Falco tachardus, Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 97 (1866).
Buteo cirtensis, Locke, E.vpl. Sci. Alger, i. p. 44 (1867).
Buteo rufinus, Taczan. J.f. O. 1870, p. 37.
Buteo ferox, Heugl. torn. cit. p. 384.
Immature. Above diill brown, the new feathers on the back and
neck being deep sepia-brown with rufous edges; the upper tail-
coverts also mottled with rufous near the base ; crown paler brown ;
lores whitish ; sides of face and of neck tawny rufous, with narrow
black centres ; under surface of body pure white ; the throat nar-
rowly lined with rufous ; the breast thickly spotted with rufous
brown, becoming duUer brown on the belly and flanks, which are
more sparingly marked ; the thighs merely spotted here and there ;
under wing-coverts white, with a few narrow streaks of dark brown ;
quills brown, barred with darker brown, the inner lining white for
the greater part of their extent ; the primaries externally pale ashy
near the base ; tail duU rufous, the extreme base white, all the
feathers mottled with dark brown, collecting near the end of the
tail, which is usually uniform dark brown. Total length 20 inches,
culmen 1-35, wing 13-5, tail 7-6, tarsus 2-9, bare part of same in
front to root of middle toe 1-5.
Adult. Above brown, the feathers conspicuously margined with ru-
fous, except on the lower back and rump ; the head and neck entirely
tawny rufous, the feathers narrowly streaked down the centre with
dark brown ; sides of face whitish, washed with rufous and narrowly
shafted with dark brown ; under surface of body tawny rufous, some
o2
180 FALCONID^.
of the feathers of the lower breast tipped with creamy buff, the
under taU-eoverts inclining to this colour, as also the middle of the
breast ; the throat and chest narrowly streaked with dark brown ;
the thighs and flanks more uniform rufous, somewhat shaded with
ashy brown ; under wing-coverts creamy buff, with rufous central
streaks, the outermost and greater series inclining to ashy brown ;
upper wing-coverts dark brown, margined with rufous like the back ;
primaries black, externally shaded with ashy grey; the secondaries
lighter bro^\ni, tipped with whit}- brown ; the under surface of quills
white at base of inner web, shading into ashy white gradually to-
wards the tips ; upper tail-coverts rufous at tip and on outer web ;
tail rufous, yellowish at tip, with an indistinctl)' indicated subter-
minal bar of brown ; shafts white, all the feathers shading off into
brown on their outer margin, the external feather shaded with clear
ashy grey : cere lemon-yellow ; bill dark lead-colour, lighter near
throat and cere ; feet lemon-yellow ; iris light hazel or yellowish.
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 13-4, tail 7'8, tarsus 3.
Like the other Buzzards of the Old World, this species gradually
gets darker with age, and the tail appears to alter to an almost
uniform smoky brown, tipped with fulvous and washed with rufous,
with indications of bars more or less distinct. The few examples
examined from Northern Africa appear larger than others from India
and Africa proper, and approach more nearly certain stages of Buteo
ferox. The birds described are South- African examples, as being
the typical birds.
Eah. The whole of Africa above and below the Sahara, South-
eastern Europe, and the entire Indian peninsula.
Zoological Society. fC/lSclater,
List. Vertebr. p. 211, sp. o.]
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Sir A. Smith [C.;.
Purchased.
Purchased.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Jerdon.
Purchased.
Dr. Strader [C.].
(Plate VII. fig. 1.)
Circu.s phimipes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Buteo plumipes, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 37 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11
(1849) ; Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 77 ; Bp. Cotisp. Av. i. p. 19
(1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 38 (1855); Jerd. B. Ltd. i. p. 91
(18G2); Bli/th, Ibis, 1863, p. 21, et 1866, p. 245; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 7 ('1869) ; mmie, Rovgh Notes, ii. p. 285 (1870) ; Jerd.
Ibis, 1871, p. 340 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1872, p. 87.
Archibuteo plumipes, Bli/th, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 338 (1850).
Falco buteo japonicus, Temm. ^- SehL Faun. Jap. p. 16(1850).
Buteo vulgaris japonicus, iid. id suprA, pis. vi. & vi. B.
Buteo japonicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850); Schl. Mus. P.-5. Bute-
ones, p. 7 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 314 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 6 ( 1869) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 87 ; Jerd. Ibi^, 1871, p. 337 ;
j^cld. Revue Aceipitr. p. 106 (1873).
a.
Ad. St.
South Africa
{E. L. Layard)
b.
Ad. sk.
South Africa.
c.
Ad. sk.
South Africa.
d.
$ juv. St.
Gaboon.
■e.
Ad. sk.
Etawah.
/■
Ad. .sk.
Nepaul.
9-
Ad. St.
Madras.
Ji.
Ad. sk.
Morocco.
i,
k, I. Ad. sk.
Southern Ural.
9.
Buteo plumipes.
27. BurEo. 181
Buteo vulgaris, Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 20.
Buteo asiaticus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 339.
Young. Above pale brown ; scapulars and feathers of the hind
neck washed with rufous on their outer margins, the whole of the
upper plumage much varied with white bases to the feathers and
also on the inner web, especially on the upper tail-coverts ; head and
hind neck distinctly streaked with white ; lores, a distinct eyebrow,
and ear-coverts white, the latter rufescent on their upper margin;
the cheeks plainly streaked with brown, forming a distinct mous-
tache ; under surface of body white, with a few narrow streaks of
brown on the throat and sides of chest, becoming broader on the
lower flanks ; thighs and under tail-coverts entirely white ; under
wing-coverts yellowish white, streaked with dark brown ; primaries
dark brown, shaded externally with ashy near the base ; secondaries
paler brown, like the back, and tipped with whitish ; the inner
face of the quills white for two thirds of their length ; tail-feathers
pale brown, darker towards the tips, which are whitish ; the bases of
the feathers white, mottled with brown, this coloration extending up
the inner web ; all the rectrices with indistinct cross bars of darker
brown. Total length 21 inches, wing 14-8, tail 9, tarsus 2-8, bare
part of tarsus in front to base of middle toe 0-95, on side to sole of
tarsus 0-55.
Adidi. Above dark purplish brown, the feathers rufescent 'on their
margins ; sides of face and neck rufous, streaked with dark brown
down the centre of the feather ; lores whitish ; sides of face also
rufous ; the upper margin of ear-coverts dark brown, and the cheeks
blackish, forming a strongly pronounced moustache ; under surface of
the body rufous, plainly streaked with blackish on the chin, and less
distinctly on the throat ; chest almost uniform rufous, varied only by
a black shaft-stripe and a few fulvous spots on some of the feathers;
the feathers of the lower breast entirely fulvous white, irregularly
barred with rufous brown ; the lower flanks uniform dull brown,
slightly washed with rufous ; thighs clearer rufous, with fulvous
margins to the feathers ; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-
coverts creamy buff, varied with indistinct remains of rufous bars ;
under wing- coverts uniform smokj- brown, the inner ones nifous at
tip ; the axiEaries and smaU coverls round the carpal joint ochra-
ceous buff, varied with rufous in the centre ; upper wing-coverts
dark brown, like the back, the greater coverts varied with pale
rufous on their inner webs; primaries blackish, secondaries paler
brown, with whitish tips, inner face of quills white for greater
part of their length, the secondaries irregularly mottled or barred
with brown ; tail brown, tipped with whitish, before which is an
indistinctly indicated band of purplish brown ; the tail washed with
rufous, and crossed with only three or four distinguishable bars of
darker brown, those near the base dissolved into brown mottlings.
Total length 21-5 inches, culmen 1-35, -wing 15-7, tail 9, tarsus 3,
bare part of same in fi-ont to root of middle toe 1-2, on side to sole'
of foot 1'65.
Very old (type of species, figured in Plate YII.). Everywhere dull
182 FALCONID/E.
smoky brown ; the wing-coverts and scapulars lighter ; primaries
dark brown, inclining to purplish brown towards the tips ; the inner
web buffy white, barred with brown ; shafts whitish ; secondaries
paler brown like the back ; tail uniform smoky brown, with whitish
shafts and pale whity brown tips, showing under certain lights ob-
solete remains of light cross bars, which are still distinctly indicated
on the inner web and under surface of the tail, which is ashy white ;
lores whitish ; sides of face and cf neck, as well as the entire under
surface of the body, including the under wing- and tail-coverts,
uniform smoky brown, somewhat washed with rufous on the sides
of the face and throat. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-25, wing
15-4, tail 9, tarsus 3, bare part of tarsus in front 1-1 to the root of
middle toe, on the side to sole of foot 1.
Notwithstanding the opinion of MacgiUivray and others that
Buzzards get whiter as they grow older, my belief is that the con-
trary is the case, though it must be remembered that MacgiUivray's
observations were made on British specimens, which are certainly
darker than continental birds, and apparently so from the nest.
With regard to the present species I am nearly convinced that Buteo
plumipes of Hodgson is nothing more than the fully mature bird of
B. japonicus. In the ' Fauna Japonica ' the quite young bird,
answering to the same stage of B. vulgaris, is figured (pi. vi. u) ;
and on pi. vi. is an illustration of an older bird, showing the passage
from the young stage to that which I have described as the adult.
In this plumage it closely resembles B. desertorum, and may be
doing duty for that species in some Indian collections. In the spe-
cimen described by me the fuliginous colouring of the back, flanks,
and under wing-coverts shows the first approach to that uniform
coloration which is supposed to be the characteristic of Buteo
plumipes.
Hah. From Nepaul and Sikhim eastwards through China to
Japan.
a. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Type of species.
b, c. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
d. Juv. St. Fokien, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.l.
e, f, g. Juv. sk. Fokien, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.T.
A,"». Ad. sk. Fokien, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J.
j. Juv. St. Japan. Dr. Lidth de Jeude.
k. Juv. st. Japan. Purchased.
10. Buteo hemilasius.
Buteo hemilasius, Temm. Sr Schl. Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 18, pi. vii.
(1850) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 3 (1862).
Buteo asiaticus, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 244 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii.
p. 283 (1870).
Archibuteo hemilasius, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 10 (1869).
Archibuteo aquUinus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 339.
Buteo asiaticus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 107 (1873).
Toung female (type of species, in rather bleached plumage).
Whity brown, darker on the lower back and least wing-coverta, the
27. BUTEo. 183
latter slightly margined with rufous; greater wing-coverts brown,
tipped with whity brown ; upper tail-coverts tipped with white and
a little barred with pale brown near the edges ; head white, the
centre of the crown dark brown, the feathers of the head and hind
neck margined with rufous ; sides of face white, the cheeks streaked
with brown, as also the upper margin of the ear-coverts ; under
surface of body white, the centre of the breast entirely so ; lower
throat and breast longitudinally marked with pale brown, somewhat
margined with rufous on the feathers of the latter ; abdomen clouded
with ashy brown, the thighs entirely of the latter colour, a few of the
longer feathers spotted and tipped with white ; under tail-coverts
white ; under wing-coverts dark brown, washed with rufous and
ochre, the carpal ones for the most part white; quills brown,
secondaries light brown like the back, and inclining to whitish ashy
along the terminal margin, the primaries externally shaded with
greyish ; all the quills white at base and for the greater part of the
inner web, irregularly barred with dark brown, more plainly on the
inner web ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed with 11
or 12 bars of dark brown, disappearing near the base, where all the
feathers are white, which encroaches on the middle feathers ; the
inner webs of aU the feathers for the most part white. Total
length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 19, tail 11, tarsus 3-55. {Mus.
Liigd.)
Hah. Eastern Siberia, Northern China, and Japan.
a. 2 ad. sk. Dauria, April 18, 1873. Dr. Dybowski [CI.
b. Juv. sk. Shanghai. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [C. j.
The types originally described were two in number ; but more re-
cently Prof. Schlegel (Revue, I. c.) has referred the male to Buteo
plumipes, and in this he is apparently right. I subjoin the descrip-
tion I made of this supposed male of B. Tiemilasius in the Leiden
Museum : —
Male. Altogether darker brown, apparently not so bleached ; the
eyebrow white and also the ear-coverts, causing the brown cheeks to
stand out in bolder reUef and appear like a broad moustachial streak ;
under surface of body white, the chest and entire thighs and under
tail-coverts white, the throat narrowly and distinctly barred with
dark brown, the streaks on the breast paler brown and less defined ;
flanks entirely brown ; tail uniform brown, paler at the tip, with
remains of darker brown cross bars ; the under surface white,
as also the base of the tail above, but not spreading on to the
centre as in the female. Total length 20-5 inches, wing 10, tail 10,
tarsus 2-9.
B. hemilasius may be regarded as a gigantic edition of B. plumipes.
11. Buteo brachypterus.
Buteo brachypterus, Peh. in Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 1 (1861) ; id.
Verh. z.-b.' Wien, 1862, p. 145 ; Roch 8f E. Ketct. Ibis, 1862, p. 267,
pi. viii. ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 420 ; Schl. ^- Poll. Faun. Madag.
Ois. p. 44 (1868); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 6 (1869); Gurney,
184 FALCONID^.
Ibis, 1869, p. 449; Schl Mus. P.-B., Reme Acdpitr. p. 108
(1873).
Buteo desertorum, Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 319.
Adult. Above pale brown, the feathers on the head and intersca-
pulary region darker, the crown and nape more or less streaked with
white ; lores whitish ; sides of face and of neck pale rufous, narrowly
streaked with darker brown, the ear-co verts whitish ; throat and
breast white, the former narrowly, the latter very broadly streaked
with pale brown, especially on the sides of the breast ; belly and
thighs uniform pale brown, the feathers slightly tipped with whitish
and whitish also at base, especially on the lower abdomen and under
tail-coverts, which are entirely wliitish with large subterminal spots
of pale brown ; under wing-coverts whitish, largely marked with
rufous brown ; upper wing-coverts pale brown like back, the outer-
most slightly darker, the innermost greater coverts, as well as the
scapulars, varied with white markings on the inner web ; quills
brown, tipped with whitish, the secondaries more broadly, all barred
with darker brown, less distinctly on the primaries, which are rather
darker brown than the secondaries ; the inner web of the quills
white for two thirds of their length ; tail pale brown, tipped with
whitish, and crossed with six or seven rather broad bands of
darker brown ; cere yellowish ; bill horn-colour ; feet yellow ; iris
brown. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 11-8, tail 7-7,
tarsus 2-75.
Younger. Very little different from the adult, but rather more
streaked on the head with white ; the lower parts of the body not
so uniform, especially on the abdomen, which is much mottled with
white. Total length 17'5 inches, wing ] 2*2.
Hah. Madagascar.
a. (S st. Madagascar. F. Pollen and D. C. Van Dam [0.].
b. c? sk. N.E.Madagascar, 1869. D. C. Van Dam
c. $ ad.8k, Mouroundara, S.W. D. C. Van Dam
Madagascar.
:c.].
C.].
ivpi.
12. Buteo obsoletus.
Buzzard Falcon, Perm. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 207 (1785).
Plain Falcon, Perm. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 208 (1785).
Falco obsoletus, Gm. S. K i. p. 268 (1788, ex Penn.X
Falco buteo, Aiidub. B. N. Am. fol. pi. cccLxxii. (1831) ; id. Orn.
Biogr. iv. p. 508 (1838).
Buteo vulgaris, Sw, &■ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Atn. Birds, p. 47, pi. 27
(1831). _
Buteo swainsoni, Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Am. p. 3 (1838) ; id,
Consp. Av. i. p. 19 (1860) ; Cass. B. Calif. ^ Texas, p. 98 (1855) ;
id. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 280; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 30 (1855) ;
Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 19, pi. xiii. (1860) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.
Wien, 1862, p. 150 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Cooper, B.
Calif, ed. Baird, p. 476 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 217
(1872) ; Scl. &r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873).
Buteo bairdii. Hoy, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1853, p. 461 ; Cassin, op. cit. 1855,
p. 279; id. B. Calif. 8f Texas, pp. 99, 257, pi. 41 (1855) ; Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 37 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869).
27. BUTEO. 185
Buteo oxypterus, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 282 ; SUickl. Orn.
Sy7i. p. 38 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 23, pi. 15. fig. 2
(1860) ; Gra>/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed.
Baird, p. 480 (1871) ; Coues, Key to N. Am. B. p. 218 (1872).
Buteo insignatus, Cass. B. Calif, l^ Texas, p. 102, pi. 31 (1855) ;
6trickl. Orn. Syn. p. 38 (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 285 ; Cass, in
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 23 (I860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869) ;
Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 474 (1871).
Buteola insignata, Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 956 (1856).
Buteo fuliginosus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 356, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 267,
pi. Ixii. (1858); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. pi. 15. fig. 1 (1860);
Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 401 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869).
Buteo harlani, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii. p. 115 (1862).
Toung. Above dull brown, interscapulary region a little darker ;
lores whitish ; ear-coverts whitish, narrowly streaked with dark
brown, the upper margin nearly uniform brown, as also are the cheeks,
eyebrow, sides of neck, and hinder part of the latter, streaked with
white ; quills brown, inclining to blackish brown at tip ; primaries
slightly shaded externally with ashy, and barred with darker brown ;
primaries white for greater part of inner web below, secondaries
barred with dark brown; upper tail- coverts slightly tipped with
fulvous, and having concealed spots of white at base ; tail inclining
to ashy brown, whity brown at extreme tip, and crossed with nine
or ten bauds of darker brown ; under surface of body white, nar-
rowly streaked on the throat and more broadly on the breast with
dark brown, inclining to spots on lower chest and to distinct
bars on the under tail-coverts, the markings larger on sides
of breast, flanks, and thighs, producing a nearly uniform appearance ;
under wing-coverts brown, with a few white margins and bars.
Adult female. Nearly uniform sooty brown, the wing-coverts and
scapulars paler on their margins ; lores whitish ; throat slightly
streaked with white ; fore neck and centre of breast sHghtly mottled
with fulvous or white spots and bars, the remains of previous
plumage ; under taU-coverts buffy white, barred across with dark
brown ; tail brown, conspicuously tipped with rufous white, and
crossed with seven or eight bars of darker brown, the subterminal
one being the broadest ; cere yellowish ; bill bluish black ; feet yel-
lowish ; iris light brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-4, wing
15-9, tan 9-3, tarsus 3-15.
Fully adult (B. fuliginosus'). Everywhere sooty black, with a few
more or less concealed whitish bars on the upper and under taU-
coverts ; inner lining of wing white ; tail ashy brown, crossed
with nine bars of black, the terminal one being the broadest.
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 13-5, tail 7-5, tarsus 2-55.
Hah. The whole of North America, ranging in winter as far south
as Patagonia.
a, b. Ad. st. North America. Purchased.
c. Ad. st. Mexico. M. A. Boucard [C.].
d. Ad. sk. California. Mr. Hardv [C.].
e. Ad. sk. Patagonia Purchased..
/, g. Juv. sk. Patagonia Purchased.
186 FALCONID^.
13. Buteo vulgaris.
The Puttock or Buzzard, Albin, N. II. Birds, i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1738).
La Base, £riss. Om. i. p. 406 (1760) ; Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 419
(1770).
Falco buteo, Linn. S. N. i. p. 127 (1760, ex Albin) ; Nawnx. Vog.
Deutschl. i. Taf. 32, 33 (1822) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 76 (1843).
'i Aquila glaucopis, 3Ierrem, Beitr. ii. p. 22, Taf. 7 (1786).
Falco o-laucopis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 255 (1788).
? Falco versicolor, Gm. S. N. i. p. 272 (1788).
Falco albus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 155 (1800).
Accipiter buteo. Pall. Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. i. p. 362 (1811).
Buteo vulgaris, Leach, Syst. Cat. Manmi. ^- B. Brit. Mus. p. 10
(1816) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 46 (1820) ; Gould,B. Eur. pi. 14
(1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849) ; Kaup, Coiitr. Om. 1850,
p. 77 ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pis. 35, 36 (1854) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 27 (1855) ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 18G2, p. 144 ; Jerd. B. hid.
1. p. 87 (1862) ; fichl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 3 (1862) ; Goidd,
B. Gt. Br. pt. iv. (1863); Nc%ct. Ooth. Wolley. p. 1.38 (1864);
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxviii. fig. 4 (1869) ; Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
p. 91 (1869) ; Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 261 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun.
Ital. Ucc. p. 11 (1871) ; Neivt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 109 (1871) ;
Shelley, B. of Egypt, p.200(1872); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p.l05 (1873).
Buteo fasciatus, Vieill. Fatme Fron^. p. 17, pi. 8. lig. 1 (c. 1820).
Buteo mutans, Vieill. Faun. Frang. p. 18, pi. 8. fig. 2 (c. 1820).
Falco mutans, Savi, Nuoi: Giorn. Pisa, xxii. p. 64 (1822).
Falco fasciatus, Savi, Nuav. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. p. 66 (1822) ; Rou.v,
Orn. Pror. pis. 20,21,22 (1825); Savi, Orn. Tosc.ui. p. 195 (1831).
Falco pojana, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. p. 68 (1822) ; id. Orn.
Tosc. iii. p. 197 (1831).
Buteo communis, Less. Traite, p. 78 (1831).
Buteo septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 42 (1831).
Buteo medius, Brehm, V. D. p. 43 (1831).
Buteo murum, Brehm, V. D. p. 44 (1831).
Buteo fuscus, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 183 (1840).
Falco albidus, De Selys, Faun. Belg. p. 55 (1842, wee Gm.).
Falco variegatus, De Selys, F. B. p. 54 (1842, nee Gm.).
Buteo cinereus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Loche, Expl. Alger. Ois.
p. 41 (1867).
Buteo variabilis, Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 127 (1853).
Buteo major, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268.
Buteo minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268.
Buteo vulgaris, var. obscura, Pels. Verh. z.-h. Wien, 1862, p. 144.
Buteo vulgaris, var. etrusca, Pelz. torn. cit. p. 144.
Buteo minor, Pelz. torn. cit. p. 144 {nee Heugl.).
Nestling. Covered with white down ; the sprouting feathers dark
brown with rufous margins.
Young from, the nest. Above sooty brown, most of the feathers with
plain rufous margins and mottled with rufous on both webs, having
also one or two rounded white spots concealed near the base ; head
and hind neck dark brown, the feathers margined with pale ochre,
producing a streaked appearance ; sides of face light brown, streaked
with darker brown ; chin white ; cheeks and throat white, with small
streaks of dark brown ; breast sooty brown, occupying the centre of
the feathers, which are ochre at base and near the tip ; centre of the
27. BUTEo. 187
belly ochre, slightly spotted with sooty brown, the under tail-coverts
narrowly streaked with the latter colour ; flanks sooty brown, mar-
gined with ochre and mottled at base with white spots ; thighs sooty
brown, with broad ochraceous margins ; quills, as far as developed,
blackish brown, the secondaries more chocolate, barred with blackish
brown on the inner web, very distinctly on the secondaries, where
the interspaces arc ashy white ; tail brown, tipped with pale rufous,
and barred with blackish brown.
Young ifullij f/rown). Answering almost precisely to the foregoing
description ; quills dark brown, secondaries with ashy white tips,
white for the greater part of the inner web, the primaries inclining
above to ashy brown on the basal half, with three cross bars of dark
brown ; tail ashy brown, with pale rufous tips, crossed with ten bars
of darker brown, the basal ones less strongly defined and merged
together, the interspaces strongly shaded with rufous, and mottled
with dark brown vermiculations.
Adult male. Above ashy brown, the scapulars and wing-coverts
rather paler and inclining to whitish on their margins ; the nape
slightly streaked with white, as also the forehead and sides of the
face, more especially the hind part of the cheeks ; under surface of
body yellowish white, the flanks and thighs more or less uniform
brown, mottled with white spots near the base of the feathers, and
slightly margined with rufous, the throat very narrowly streaked
with brown, the breast more broadly, but the marks here of unequal
width and more or less narrowing or breaking up, the abdomen again
narrowly streaked ; under tail-coverts buflfy white, with a few sub-
terminal spots of brown ; primaries dark brown, externally shaded
with ashy grey, and crossed with bars of darker brown, less distinct
on the secondaries, which are paler brown like the back ; all the
quills white for two thirds of the inner web ; tail ashy brown, slightly
rufescent towards the tip, and crossed with twelve or thirteen bands
of darker brown ; cere yellow ; bill bluish black, darker towards
tip ; feet yellow ; iris yellowish brown. Total length 22 inches,
culmen 1-45, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3-1.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather clearer brown and
a little more rufescent, especially on the chest and thighs, which are
more uniform than in the male described. Total length 23 inches,
wing 16-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-1.
Hab. Europe generally, but replaced in N. Africa and in Eastern
Europe, from the Volga districts and Southern Ural, by B. deser-
torum.
a. Ad. St.
Great Britain.
b. Ad. St.
Wales.
c. Ad. St.
Monmouthshire.
Rev. A. Morgan [P.].
d. c? ad. st.
Devonshire.
G. Leach, Esq. [P.].
e. Pull. St.
Devonshire.
G. Leach, Esq. [P.; .
f. 2 ad. St.
Devonshire.
ff. c? ad. sk.
Hickling, Norfolk.
Baron A. von Hiigel [C],
h. Juv. sk.
Europe.
M. Baillon.
i. Ad. St.
Europe.
M. Baillon.
188
FALCONID-E.
k. PuU. St.
Purchased.
/. Ad. St.
Archangel.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.;
m. Juv. sk.
Belgium, June 15, 1872.
Brussels Museum [P.].
», 0. Ad. sk.
Thuringia.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.'
p. Ad. sk.
Thuringia, autumn of 1873.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
^P.'
q-x. Juv. sk.
Thuringia.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
■p."
y. S juv. sk.
Thuringia, autumn of 1872.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
■p."
z,a',b'. 5 juv.sk.
Thuringia, autumn of 1872
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
■p.'
and 1873.
c'. (S ad. sk.
Turkey in Europe (liobson).
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. Ad. sk.
Asia Minor (liobson).
e'. Ad. sk.
Plain of Acre.
Canon Tristram [C.].
/'. Skeleton.
Zoological Society.
g'. Skeleton.
Purchased.
A',t-. Skulls.
Dr. Giinther.
k'. SkuUs.
W. YarreU, Esq. [P.].
V~q'. Sterna.
Purchased.
14. Buteo borealis.
American Buzzard, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. 49 (1781).
Red-tailed Buzzard, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 205 (1785).
Leveriau Falcon, Penn. torn. cit. p. 206 (1785).
Falco horealis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 266 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 75,
pi. 62. fig. 1 (1812) ; Audub. B. Am. pi. 51, et Orn. Biogr. i. p. 265
(1831).
Falco leverianus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 266 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi.
p. 78, pi. 52. fig. 2 (1812).
Accipiter ruficaudus, Vieill. Ois. Arn. Sept. pi. 14 bis (1807),
Buteo ferruginicaudus, Vieill. tom. cit. pi. 6 (1807).
Buteo americanus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 477 (1816).
Buteo borealis, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 478 (1816) ; Less. Traits, p. 79
(1831) ; Sw. 8^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 50 (1831) ; Gosse,
B. Jam. p. 11, pi. 2 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 19 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 97 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 29 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 25 (1860) ;
Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii. p. 108 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.
Xrjen, 1862, p. 148; 6'cM 3/ms. P.-5. Buteones, p. 8 (1862) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 323 (1871) ;
Coues, Key N. Ain. B. p. 216 (1872) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, p. 366 ;
Schl. Bevue AccipUr. p. 107 (1873) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 118 (1873).
Buteo leverianus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824).
Astui borealis, Cuv. R'egn. An. i. p. 332 (1829).
Astur leverianus, Cuv. tom. cit. p. 332 (1829).
Buteo ventralis, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 10 ; Dartcin, Zool. Beagle,
Birds, p. 27 (1841) ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 18 ; Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 31 (1855) ; Cass. U. S. Expl. E.rp. p. 94, pi. iii. fig. 2 (1858).
Pcecilopternis borealis, Kaup, Ms, 1847, p. 332.
Young. Above brown, the head and hind neck streaked with
white ; lores whitish, as also sides of face, streaked with brown, the
cheeks' uniform dark brown; the greater wing-coverts and upper
tail-coverts tipped and irregularly barred with white ; quills
brown, rather darker towards the tips and barred with dark brown,
secondaries broadly tipped with white, the inner webs white, the
27. BUTKo. 189
secondaries barred with brownish ; tail brown, slightly washed with
rufous, tipped with whitish and crossed with nine bars of darker
brown ; under surface of body pure white, the chest entirely so, the
throat narrowly streaked with dark brown, a little broader on the
breast, and inclining to arrow-shaped spots on the flanks and
abdomen ; under tuil-coverts pure white ; thighs white, with small
transverse spots of pale rufous ; under wing-coverts white, with a
few spots of dark brown.
Male. Uniform brown, the greater coverts lighter and varied with
whitish spots and bars ; upper tail-coverts huffy white, with rufous
brown cross bars ; tail uniform tawny rufous, tipped with buffy
white, and crossed mth a subterminal band of blackish brown ; sides
of face uniform brown like the head ; under surface of body whitish,
the breast streaked and the abdomen mottled with bars of dark
brown ; cere and gape greenish yellow ; bill bluish black ; feet
yellow ; iris pale amber. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1'55,
wing 15-4, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-6.
Adult female. Larger than male. Total length 25 inches, wing
]7"5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8.
Hub. Eastern States of North America, extending to Cuba, Jamaica,
and the "West Indies.
a. Ad. sk.
N. America.
* Admiral Back [P.'
.
b. Ad. sk.
N. America.
♦ Sir John Franklin'[P.].
c. Juv. St.
Quebec.
D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
d, e. Ad. sk.
Delaware, U. S.
E. Doubleday, Esq.
P."
/, g. Juv. St.
Delaware, U. S.
E. Doubleday, Esq.
"P.'
.
h. Juv. sk.
Delaware, U. S.
E. Doubledav, Esq.
yi
,
f. Juv. St.
S. Nevis, W. I.
W. Cottle, Esq. [P.;
.
k. Juv. sk.
Jamaica.
Purchased.
Subsp. a. Buteo montanust.
Buteo montanus, N'ldt. Man. i. p. 112 (1833) ; Cass, in Baird's B,
N. Am. p. 26 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Cooper,
B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 469 (1871).
Buteo calurus, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 18.55, p. 281 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 38 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 22, pi. 14 (1860) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. I p. 7 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 471
(1871).
Young (with tufts of down still adhering to tips of tail-feathers).
Above dark brown, the head and nape streaked with deep rufous
ochre, with which also the dorsal feathers are slightly, and the
scapulars and wing-coverts conspicuously margined ; small coverts
terminally spotted and the greater series plainly half-barred with
white ; feathers of lower back and rump margined with rufous ;
upper tail-coverts broadly barred with brown and white, the latter
often tinged with rufous on inner web ; tail sepia-brown, plainly
tipped with white and crossed with nine bars of darker brown ;
* Collected during the Northern Land Expedition.
+ Another subspecies not seen by me is Buteo leucasanus, Ridgway, in Coues's
Key, p. 216 (1872). Hab. Cape S. Lucas.
190 FALCONIDJ!.
quills brown, primaries black at tip, slightly tipped with whitish,
barred with darker and more purplish brown, lower surface of quills
white, secondaries barred with brown ; eyebrow and sides of face
rufous, streaked with brown ; cheeks nearly uniform dark brown ;
lores white ; under surface of body yellowish buff, the throat slightly,
the breast more broadly streaked with brown, belly and flanks con-
spicuously marked with large trefoil spots of dark brown ; flanks
barred with pale rufous brown ; under tail-coverts almost entirely
white ; under wing-coverts white, the small ones largely, the greater
ones more minutely, spotted with dark brown.
Adult female. Above dark brown, a little lighter on the scapulars
and wing- coverts, which are varied slightly with fulvous brown tips
and mottlings ; upper tail-coverts and tail clear tawny, slightly
mottled and barred with rufous, remains of ten bars being distin-
guishable on the latter ; lores whitish ; head and neck all round,
including throat and under surface of body, smoky brown, the neck
slightly and the chest very plainly inclining to rufous, of which
there are a few remains of bars on the thighs ; under tail-coverts
rufous, barred with smoky brown ; under surface of tail creamy
rufous, with scarcely any indications of bars ; under wing- coverts
uniform smoky brown, the lower ones whitish, with brown bars.
Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 17, taU 9-2, tarsus 3-8.
Adult male. Exactly similar to the female, but smaller. Total
length 21-5 inches, wing 16-1, tail 9, tarsus 3-6.
Hah. Western North America, throughout Central America, and
ranging in winter to the southernmost parts of the South American
continent.
a. Juv. St. Sumass Prairie, B. C. J. K. Lord, Esq. fC.].
h. § ad. St. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
Mountains.
'^}^-6 2 j*!"^- sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Mountains.
e. Juv. sk. California. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].
/. Ad. St. San Francisco, Cal. Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.].
g. cS ad. st. Mexico. Purchased.
h. 2 ad. St. Mexico. M. A. Boucard [C.].
i. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Zoological Society.
k. (S juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
I. S ad. sk. Mexico. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
m. Juv. sk. San Jos^, Costa Rica. H. Van Patten [C.].
n. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased.
o. Ad. sk. Panama. Purchased.
p. Juv. St. Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. C. Darwin, Esq. [C.J. Type
of B. ventralis.
The case of the Peregrines appears to repeat itself here in the
Red-tailed Buzzards of America, inasmuch as the western birds are
different, being much larger, more powerful, and darker-plumaged
than the eastern or ordinary specimens of B. borealis. The Museum
contains a fine series ; and if the whole of the plumages of B. bo-
realis are represented (which is perhaps doubtful), the western bird
must be specifically separated, or must at least rank as a subspecies.
27. BDTEO. 191
15. Buteo harlani.
Falco harlani, Aud. B. Am. i. pi. Ixxxvi. ; id. Om. Biogr. p. 441 (1830)
Buteo harlani, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Am. p. 3 (1838) ; Grau
Cat. Aecipitr.lQU, p. 13; Cass. B. Calif, p. 101 (1855): Strickl.
Orn.S,,n p. 31 (1855) ; Scl P. Z. S. 1857, p. 211 ; Cooper, B. Calif.
ed. Batrd, p. 473 (1871) ; Corns, Key to N. Am. B. p. 216 (1872),
Adult (type of species). Uuiform deep brown with a chocolate
gloss, the scapulars and wing-coverts with concealed ashy brown
bands and tips, the former as well as the feathers of the head and
hind neck much varied with white at the base; quiUs brown
externally ashy grey, ineUning to silvery grey on outer web of
pnmanes, all barred across with darker brown, the inner webs
white below, the cross bars distinct towards the tips, but reduced
tofreckhngs towards the base, the primaries uniform brown for
apical half; upper tail-coverts brown, mottled and barred with
rufous on the central and with white on the outer ones ; tail ashy
grey above, washed with rufous, tipped with rufous white or ashy
white, before which a broad subtermiual bar of black, all the rest
ot the feathers mottled and freckled with black, the under surface
of the tail white, with a few blackish freckUngs ; sides of head and
under surface of body sooty brown, the cheeks blackish, and the
generahty of the feathers varied with white bases; under taU-
coverts brown, washed with rufous or with white, with which they
are also barred and tipped. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen (imper-
fect, about) 1-7, wing 15-3, tail 10, tarsus 3-4.
Young. Deep brown, some of the feathers of the head and inter-
scapulary region slightly margined with ochraceous buff, the upper
tail-coverts barred on outer and spotted on inner web with the same
colour ; the median coverts notched on the inner web with whitish
buff ; pnmanes blackish, the secondaries deep brown, barred with
blackish brown, the bars showing very distinctly below, where the
inner webs are whitish ; taU brown, tinged with pale rufous, tipped
with whity brown and crossed with twelve bars of deeper brown •
sides of face and of neck deep brown, the feathers margined with
ochraceous, causing a distinctly streaked appearance, the cheeks
blackish ; under surface of body deep brown, broadly streaked with
ochraceous, which forms broad margins or spots on the feathers,
the thighs rufescent, with broad bars of dark brown ; under tail-
coverts barred across with dark brown and pale fulvous • under
wing-coverts dark brown, the feathers barred, spotted, or margined
with rufous ochre.
Hah. Southern United States to Guatemala.
a. Ad. sk. Louisiania. J. J. Audubon, Esq. TP.]. Tvne of sneciM
6. Imm.8k. Western Mexico. Purchased. "^I L-^-J. lypeoi species.
16. Buteo lineatas.
Barred-breasted Buzzard, Lath. Geti. Syn. i. p. 5Q (1781)
Ked-shouldered Falcon, Perm. Arctic Zool. p. 206 (1785)
Winter Falcon, Penn. torn. cit. p. 207 (17a5)
192 FALCONIDJE.
Falco lineatus, G/n. S. N. i. p. 268 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 86,
pi, 53. fig. 3 (1812) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 296 (1831).
Falco hyemalis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 274 (1788) ; Wik. Am. Orn. iv.
p. 73, pi. 35 (1811); And. B. Am. i. pis. 56, 71, et Orn. Biogr. i.
p. 364 (1831).
Circus hyemalis, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 7 (1807).
Buteo fuscus, Vieill. torn. cit. pi. 5 (1807).
Nisus hiemalis, Ciiv. B^gne An. i. p. 334 (1829).
Astur fuscus, Bp. Oss. Regno An. Cuv. p. 37 (1830).
Buteo hiemalis, Less. Traite, p. 81 (1831).
Astur hiemalis, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Om. ii. p. 72, pi. 35. fig. 1 (1832).
Buteo lineatus, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 290 (1832) ; Gray,
Gen. B. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif.
p. 99 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 31 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B.
N. Am. p. 28 (1860) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 150 ; 8chl.
Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 20 (1862); Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7
(1869) ; Allen, Bull Harv. Coll. ii. p. 329 (1871) ; Coues, Keg N.
Am. B. p. 217 (1872) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119
(1873) ; ScM. Revue Accipitr. p. 108 (1873).
Poecilopternis lineatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 3.30.
Buteo elegans, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 281 ; Strickl. Orn. Sgn.
p. 38 (1855); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 28 (1860); Grag,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Coo2)er, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 477
(1871).
Young. Above broMTi, the head, nape, and sides of neck much
streaked with white ; the dorsal and scapular feathers with white
bases to the feathers, more or less concealed and margined with
ochraceoiis buff, more inclining to rufous on the small wing-coverts;
greater and median coverts brown, margined and barred vdth
white, forming a distinct pattern ; quills brown, tipped with white,
primaries white or rufous, white along basal half of outer web, the
secondaries less conspicuously so, aU barred with darker brown,
inner web white, the bars distinct on secondaries, but obsolete on
primaries ; upper tail-coverts white, with spots of brown, the sub-
terminal one large and rounded ; tail pale tawny rufous near the
base, ashy brown towards the tip, which is white, and crossed with
eight or nine bars of darker brown of greater or less distinctness ;
lores, eyebrow, and sides of face white ; cheeks dark brown, forming
a distinct stripe ; sides of neck brown, streaked with white ; under
surface of body white, the throat narrowly streaked with brown
down the centre, the breast with larger spade-shaped spots of
brown, inclining to oval drops on flanks, and gradually vanishing
on thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts buffy white,
with a few longitudinal streaks of brown.
Adult. Above broAvn, with rufous buff margins to the feathers,
producing a somewhat streaked appearance, especially on the head
and neck, where the margins are much paler ; lores and frontal
feathers white ; ear-coverts whitish, narrowly streaked with brown ;
cheeks dark brown, with slight rufescent streaks ; least wing-
coverts tawny rufous, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch, the
feathers dark brown in the centre ; rest of wing-coverts ashy brown,
externally spotted with white, forming a chequered pattern on the
27. BUTEo. 193
outer aspect of \nng ; quills also ashy brown, marked externally
with white in the same manner, the primaries slightly margined
with rufous on outer web, secondaries paler and obsoletely barred
across with light brown, tipped, but not so distinctly spotted, with
white ; under surface of wing whitish, barred across with pale
brown, the subterminal bar broadest ; feathers of back rufescent,
wath brown tips ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark
brown, the latter tipped and barred with white ; tail black, tipped
narrowly with white, and crossed with five narrow bands of white,
two of them concealed ; under surface of body pale rufous, with
faint whitish cross bars ; throat browner, streaked with dull white,
the breast-feathers also distinctly marked with central stripes of
dark brown ; thighs buff, with rufo'is cross bars ; under tail-
coverts white, with slight remains of rufous barring ; under wing-
coverts rufous buff, streaked with darker rufous or brown, the axil-
laries barred across with darker rufoun ; lower under wing-coverts
whitish, barred with ashy brown ; cere yellow ; bill bluish black ;
feet yellow ; claws black; iris bright amber. Total length 21 inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 13-2, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-1.
Hab. North America, to which it is confined, wintering in Texas
and the southernmost States.
a. Juv. St. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].
e. Juv. St. San Francisco, Cal. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.].
d. Ad. st. N. America. , J. Gould, Esq.
e. Juv. sk. California. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].
f. 5 juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
ff. c? ad. sk. W. Mexico. Purchased.
h. 2 jnv. sk. W. Mexico. Purchased.
Skeleton.
17. Buteo latissimus.
Falco pennsylvanicus, Wi/s. Am. Orn. vi. p. 92, pi. 54. fig. 1 (1812,
nee V. pi. 46. fig. 1) ; Aud. B. Am. i. pi. 91, et Orn. Biogr. i. p. 461
(18.31).
Falco latissimus, Wils. ut supra (in later published copies).
Falco wilsoni, Bp. Journ. Ac. Sc. N. Y. (teste Strickland).
Sparvius platypterus, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1273 (1823).
Astur pennsylvanicus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 3.32 (1829).
Buteo pennsylvanicus, Bp. Oss. Beg. An. Cuv. p. 35 (1830) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 12 ( 1849) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 100 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn.
Si/n. p. 32 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. .30 (1860) ; Schl.
Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 20 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (I8',;9);
Allen, Bull. Kan. Coll. ii. p. 330 (1871) ; Gimdl. J. f. O. 1871,
p. 266 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 396 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B.
p. 217 (1872); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 109 (1873); Scl. <^- Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 119 (1873).
Astur latissimus, Jard. ed. Wik. Am. Orn. ii. p. 294 (1832).
Pcecilopternis vsilsoni, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 330.
Buteo wilsoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850).
Younrj. Above brown ; the feathers of the back somewhat washed
VOL. I. P
1 1)4 FALCONID^E.
with rufous on their margins ; head and nape streaked with white,
the latter more plainly ; lores whitish ; sides of face white, the
ear-coverts streaked with dark brown ; cheeks entirely brown,
forming a distinct facial stripe ; under surface of body white ;
throat with a mesial streak of dark brown, breast broadly streaked
with the same, the mai-kings on the flanks and thighs more oval in
shape and tinged with rufous ; under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts white, with a few longitudinal spots of dark browTi ;
upper wing-coverts like back ; quills brown, indistinctly barred
with dark brown, obsolete on outer web of primaries ; inner web of
quills white, with dark brown bars on secondaries ; upper tail-coverts
spotted on both webs and tipped with white; tail light brown, crossed
with five or six bands of darker brown.
As in most other Buzzards, the change from young to adult plu-
mage is characterized by a darker and more uniform plumage be-
neath. This is acquired by a direct change of feather, the brown
centres to the feathers widening out and occupying the greater part
of the feather ; and then, by the inroad of the white spots, a mottled
appearance is produced on the breast and a barred plumage on the
abdomen, where the white extends across the feathers.
Adult female. Above brown ; the nape mottled with huffy white ;
the wings rather lighter than the back, the tips to the secondaries
whitish, but otherwise coloured as in the young ; outer upper tail-
coverts tipped with white ; tail brown, tipped with brownish white,
and crossed with two bands only of the same colour ; lores whitish ;
sides of face rufous brown, streaked with blackish brown ; the cheeks
blackish ; throat buff, streaked with blackish brown ; breast rufous
brown, mottled with white spots of irregular shape on both webs
of the feathers, taking the form of regular bars on the belly and
flanks, which are barred with rufous and white, the thighs more
narrowly and the under tail-coverts very sparingly ; under wing-
coverts buff, with small rufous markings; cere and gape yellow;
bill black, bluish at base ; feet dirty orange-yellow ; iris bright
amber. Total length 16 inches, culm en 1-3, wing 11-4, tail 7,
tarsus 2-6.
Adult male. Similar to the female, but not quite so rufous, and
smaller in size. Total length 15 inches, wing 10-7, tail 6-8, tar-
sus 2-35.
Hab. Eastern North America and the Antilles, ranging south
through the whole of Central America into Columbia and Upper
Amazonia.
a. c? iuv. St. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
b. 6 ad. St. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. tP.].
c. S ad. sk. Poland, Ohio. Professor Kirtland [P.].
d. $ ad. sk. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.].
e. d ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].
Amazons, Jan. 1, 1868.
f. 5 ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].
Amazons, Dec. 30, 1867.
g. (S juv. sk. Panama. Purchased.
28. ARCHIBTTTEO.
195
2S. ARCHIBUTEO.
Type.
Arcbibuteo, Brehm, Im, 1828, p. 12G9 A. lao-opus.
Triorchis, Kaup, Natilii. Syst. p. 84 (1829) . " ' " A.' la^opus.'
Butaetes, Less. Traits, p. 83 (1831) A. lagopus'
Lagopus, Frascr, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 37 '. ". a". ferriigineus.
Hemiaetus, Hodffs. in Grm/s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) A. strophiatus
Tarsus of Archibideo lagopus, with feathering parted to show scales.
Range. The whole of North America and Mexico. All the
northern and central portions of Europe, as well as northern Asia
generally, not entering the Indian peninsula.
Keij to the Species.
a. Flanks and thighs brown.
a'. Crown of head, throat, and chest white or
buffy white, streaked with brown lagopiis, p. 196.
v. Similar to above, but much darker, and
having a greater extent of black on lower
, surface sanctijohminis, p. 107.
c. Lrown of head, throat, and chest uniform
, „, brown sfrophiatus, p. 199.
b. Flanks white; thighs bright chestnut fawn-
'"olour ferru;/!„rus, p. Ki9.
p2
1 9G FALCOXIDJE.
1. Archibuteo lagopus.
Le Faucon a teste blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 325 {17G0).
Falco lagopus, G»i. S. N. i. p. 260 (1788, ex Briinn.) ; Naum. Fog.
Deittschl. i. p. 359, Taf. 34 (1822) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur, Taf. 34
(1839).
Falco sclavonicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 26 (1790).
La Buse gantee, Lemill. Ois. (TAfr. i. p. 79, pi. 18 (1799).
Buteo pennatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 156 (1800).
Falco phiinipes, Drnul. Traite, ii. p. 163 (1800, ex Levaill.).
Buteo lagopus, Leach, Syst. Cat. 3Iamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p. 10 (1816) ;
Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 15 (18:38) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 193 (1840);
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 87 (1843) ; Bailh/, Orn. Sav. i. p. 133 (1853) ;
Schl. Vog. Nederl. pis. 33, 34 (1854) ; Midd. Sibir. Beis. p. 126
(1853);"^cA/. 3Ius. P.-B. Buteones.p. 1 (1862); Snndev. Sv. Fogl.
p. 227, pi. xxvii. fig. 5 (1869); Neivt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 117
(1871); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 105 (1873).
Archibuteo planiceps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 40 (1831).
Archibuteo alticeps, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 41 (1831).
Butaetes buteo. Less. Traite, p. 82 (1831).
Butaetes lagopus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Am. p. 3 (1838).
Archibuteo lagopus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1841); id. Gen. B. i.
p. 12, pi. 5. fig. 1 (1849) ; StricM. Orn. Si/n. p. 38 (1855) ; Fritsch,
Vo(/. Eur. p. 20, Taf. 5. fig. 9 (1858) ; Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 121
(1864) ; Deql. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 64 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 9 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Uce. p. 10 (1871). '
AduU female. Entire head and neck white, streaked with dark
brown, more especially on the checks and sides of neck ; upper sur-
face of body deep brown ; the scapulars and least wing-coverts with
conspicuous white bases, and most of the feathers margined with
fawn-colour, producing a somewhat streaked appearance ; quills
brown, the primaries externally ashy grey, and inclining to blackish
brown towards the tip, the secondaries browner, and tipped nar-
rowly with whitish, all the quills white for greater extent of inner
web ; upper tail-coverts pure white, with a distinct subterminal bar
of blackish brown ; tail white for two thirds of its length, shading
off into ashy brown tinged with rufous, with a broad subterminal
band of black before a whitish tip ; under surface of body white ;
the throat washed with buff like the sides of the neck and narrowly
streaked with dark brown, these streaks broader but more irregular
in shape on the breast ; belly and flanks entirely dark brown, except
in the centre of the abdomen, which is mottled with fulvous; thighs
and tarsal feathers fulvous white, with numerous spots of brown ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, streaked more
or less with dark brown, the lower series white at base, ashy brown
towards tip ; cere yellow ; bill dark horn-colour ; feet yellow ; claws
dark horn-colour; ii'is hazel. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1*45,
wing 18'7, tail 10, tarsus 3-1.
Adult male. A little smaller than the female. Total length
22-5 inches, wing IT'l, tail 10, tarsus 2-8.
Young. Differing very little from the adult bird, from which it
may be distinguished by its browner colour, especially on the under
parts, by the more streaked appearance of the breast, and by the
28. ARCHIBCTEO. 197
greater extent of brown on the tail, which occupies the terminal
half, and does not exhibit a perceptible subterminal band.
Hah. The northern and central portions of Europe and Siberia,
becoming rarer in the central parts, and of accidental occurrence in
Southern Europe, occasionally visiting South Africa.
a. Ad. St. Great Britain.
b. Juv. St. Norfolk.
c. $ juv. St. Kent. Dr. Latham [P.].
d. e. c? 2 ad. St. Epping Forest. II. Doubledav, Esq. [P.].
/. 2 ad. St. Europe. Purchased.
".'/) /'■ 6 2 ad. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
i. (3 ad. sk. Thui-ingia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
k. Juv. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [C.].
I. Juv. sk. Sarepta. Dr. Strader [C. .
m. Juv. St. Port Natal. Sir A. Smith [C.
n. Juv. sk. Port Natal. Sir A. Smith 'C
Sternum. W. Yarrell, Esq.
[P.].
2. Archibuteo sancti johannis.
S. John's Falcon, LatJt. Gen. Sipi. i. p. 77 (1781) ; Penn. Arctic Zuol.
Birds, p. 200, pi. ix. fig. 2 (1785;).
Placentia Falcon, Lat?i. Gen. St/n. i. p. 76 (1781).
Falco saucti johannis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 273 (1788).
Falco spadiceus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 273 (1788).
Buteo spadiceus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 34 (1807).
Falco lagopus, Wils. Am. Orn. iv. pi. 33. fig. 1 (1811) ; Attdub. B.
Am. pis. 166, 422, et Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 377 (1831).
Falco niger, Wils. Am. Orn. v. pi. 53. figs. 1, 2 (1812).
Buteo ater, rieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 482 (1816).
Buteo niger, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 47 (1826).
Buteo sancti johannis, Cui: Regne An. i. p. 323 (1817) ; Jard. ed.
Wik. Am. Orn. ii. pp. 287, 288 (1832) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones,
p. 3 (1862).
Buteo lagopus, Sw, 8j- Rich, Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 52 (1831).
Butaetes sancti johannis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. ^ N. Am. p. 3
(1838).
Archibuteo sancti johannis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 18 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. ^- Texas, p. 103 (1855) ; 8trickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 40 (1855) ; Cass', in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 32 (1860) ;
Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 10 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird,
p. 485 (1870).
Archibuteo lagopus, Cass. B. Calif. ^- Texas, p. 104 (1855) ; id. in
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 32 (1860) ; Ball i^ Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i.
p. 272 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif p. 483 (1870).
Archibuteo niger, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 18G2, p. 15-3.
Archibuteo lagopus, var. sancti -johannis. Cozies, Key to N. Am. B.
p. 218(1872).
Young. Above brown ; the feathers of the back, scapulars, and
wing-coverts margined with oehraceous buff or fawn-colour, most
of the feathers with conspicuous white bases ; the lower back and
rump uniform ashy brown ; the outer upper tail-coverts white, tinged
with fulvous, and subterminally spotted with dark brown ; quills
brown, the secondaries lighter, and tipped with whitish, the inner
198 FALCONID^.
web white for the greater part, blackish towards the tip ; tail white
at base, shading into ashy grey, and becoming brown before the
immediate tip, which is dull white ; on the inner webs of some of
the feathers are some brown spots and bars ; head and neck ochra-
ceous buff, narrowly streaked with brown, forming on the sides of
the face a tolerably defined malar stripe ; under surface of body
ochraceous buff, streaked broadly with brown on the breast, and
more narrowly on the thighs, which are of a deeper ochre ; the under
taU-coverts buffy white; flanks and abdomen uniform blackish brown ;
under wing-coverts ochraceous, with brown or rufous-brown streaks,
the lower series entirely dark brown.
Aihdt. Above blackish brown, with slight rufous margins to the
interscapulary feathers and wing-coverts ; the scapulars barred with
fulvous or buffy fawn-colour ; lower back and rump blackish brown,
the upper tail-coverts white, tinged with deep ochre, and barred
more or less completely with black ; tail white at base and at tip,
uniform brown for rest of extent, washed with rufous or greyish,
and becoming subtermiually blackish brown ; quills much as in
preceding plumage, but more distinctly shaded with grey externally,
and more plainly barred with brown on the inner web ; head, neck,
and sides of face whitish, with broad dark brown centres to the
feathers, which are thus distinctly streaked, the cheeks more plainly,
thus forming a well-defined malar stripe ; under surface of body
ochraceous buflf; the throat streaked with brown, becoming much
broader on the breast ; the thighs widely banded with dark brown ;
centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts uniform ochraceous ; flanks
and abdomen deep blackish brown, estendii:g a good way up the
breast ; under wing-coverts black, varied with fulvous margins and
spots, broader on the innermost feathers and axillaries ; cere yellow ;
bill blackish ; feet yeUow ; iris yellow. Total length 22 inches,
culmen 1*5, wing 16'4, tail 9-5, tarsus 2*8.
Variety. General colour above and below sooty black, with con-
spicuous white lores and frontal feathers, many of the feathers
slightly shaded with rufous on their margins ; nape and hind neck
whitish ; scapulars and wing-coverts with more or less concealed
spots of white or pale ashy brown ; quiUs blackish, barred with
lighter brown, externally shaded with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts
and tail blackish, tipped with ashy white, the latter crossed with
four or five bands of ashy brown, inclining to whity brown on
inner web. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 17, tail 10,
tarsus 2-8.
Hah. Confined to North America.
a. cJ var. sk. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Labrador. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Sumass Prairie, British J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
Columbia.
il, e,f. Juv. sk. Sumass Prairie, British .7. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
Columbia.
28. ABCHIBUTEO. 199
3. Archibuteo strophiatus. (Plate VII. fig. 2.)
Hemiaetos strophiatus, Hodgs. in Graxfs Zool. 3Itsc. p. 81 (1844).
Archibuteo strophiatus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Sf B. Nepal Hodgs. p. 39
(1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ;
• Kavp, Contr. Oni. 1850, p. 75 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 340.
Archibuteo hemiptilopus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 1 (1846) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind.
i. p. 94 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 20; Gray,Hand-l. B.i. p. 10
(1869) ; Hutne, Bough Notes, ii. p. 232 (1870) ; id. Stray F. i.
p. 315 (1873).
Ai'chibuteo cryptogenys, Hodgs. Culc. Juitrn. N. H. viii. p. 94, pi. 5,
fig. 1 (1847).
Archibuteo aquilinus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 41 (1855).
Archibuteo asiaticus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 10 (1869).
Archibuteo leucoptera, Hume, Stray F. i. p. 318 (1873).
^lult (type of species). Above brown, rather darker on the inter-
scapulary region, scapulars and •nnng-coverts margined with paler
brown ; head lighter brown than the back, the hind neck streaked with
white ; lores whitish ; an indistinct blackish eyebrow ; sides of face
and neck brown, the ear-coverts varied with fulvous on upper
margin ; entire under surface of body brown, including the tarsal
feathers, -^'hich extend to the root of the toes ; chin slightly varied
with white, and across the breast a broad irregular band of white,
many of the breast-feathers slightly shading oif into paler brown on
their margins ; quills dark brown, primaries with a slight greyish
shade externally, secondaries tipped with buffy white, the innermost
paler brown like the back ; primaries white at base of inner web,
extending a little higher up on the secondaries, which are, however,
mottled with brown; tail brown above, ashy white beneath, the shafts
white and the tips bufiy white, the feathei's crossed with traces of
sevQn or eight bars of dark brown, the subterminal one very broad,
aU the others more or less dissolved. Total length 27 inches, culmen
1-9, wing 19-4, tail 11, tarsus 3-6.
Hah. Nepal and Thibet.
a. Ad. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of species
and specimen figured.
4. Archibuteo ferrugiaeiis.
Falco ferruginous, Licht. Abhandl. K. Akad. Berlin, 1838, p. 428.
Lagopus ferrugineus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 37.
Archibuteo regalis. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 19 ; id. and Mitch.
Gen. B. pi. 6 (1849).
Archibuteo ferrugineus. Gray, Gen. B. p. 12 (1849) ; Cass. B. Calif.
8,- Tex. pp. 104, 159, pi. xxvi. (1855) ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 40
(1855); Cass, in BaircFs B. N. Am. p. 34(1860) ; Grai/, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 10 (18C9) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 482 (1870) ;
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 218 (1872).
Buteo californicus. Hutching, Calif. Mag., March 1857 (teste
Cassin).
200 FALCONID^.
You7i(/. Above brown, the feathers of the nape, back, and sca-
pulars white at base, and more or less broadly margined with pale
fawn-colour ; wings much as in the adult, but without any very •
broad rufous margins above ; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with
rufous, the outer ones pure white, with a broad subterminal spot of
black ; tail ashy brown, shaded with clearer grey, and tipped with
whity brown, before which is a slight indication of a dark browu
subterminal bar, irregular spots ot the same being on most of the
feathers, all of which have the basal part white ; lores whitish, with
narrow brown streaks ; head brown, with pale fulvous margins to
the feathers, giving a streaked appearance ; sides of face and of neck
pure white, streaked with dark browu, more uniform and tinged
with rufous on the upper margin of the ear-coverts ; under surface
of body pure white, with a few streaks of brown on the side of the
breast, represented on the flanks by large arrow-shaped spots, much
smaller on the thighs ; tarsal feathers dark brown, varied with
white ; under wing- and tail-coverts white, the latter streaked with
brown.
Adult. Above bright chestnut-fawn, with centres of dark brown
to the feathers, giving a streaked appearance, the greater wing-
coverts brown, broadly but irregularly margined with pale rufous ;
head, neck, and interscapulary region white, numerously streaked
with dark brown centres to the feathers, broader on the latter, so
that it appears nearly uniform brown ; ear-coverts blackish ; cheeks
and sides of neck white, with distinct streaks of black ; quiUs deep
brown, the primaries externally shaded with silvery grey, less distinct
on the secondaries, which are obscurely barred with darker brown
and tipped with whitish ; lower surface of primaries white for greater
extent of inner web, blackish towards tip, the secondaries ashy
white beneath, with remains of cross bars ; upper tail-coverts bright
fawn, irregularly marked down the centre with dark brown, and
more or less white near the base ; tail pale fawn-colour, shaded with
light ashy grey, and mottled with brown towards the base, which is
white, as also the inner webs and tips of the feathers ; under
surface of body pure white, with faiut fawn-coloured streaks on
the chest, the flanks more or less distinctly barred with rufous
brown ; thighs bright chestnut-fawn, barred across with dark
brown, the tarsal feathers rufous brown ; under wing-coverts
white, vrith a few indications of fawn-coloured spots and streaks ;
cere yellow ; bill blackish horn-colour ; feet yeUow ; iris brown.
Total length 26 inches, culmen 1-9, wing. 18-35, tail 10-7,
tarsus 4-5.
Hab. The south-western States of North America to Mexico.
a. Ad. St. Real del Monte, Mexico. John Philippe, Esq. [P.]
b. Juv. St. Mexico. Zoological Society.
e. Ad. sk. Mexico.
d. .Juv. St. California. Purchased.
29. BUTEOLA. 201
29. BUTEOLA.
Type.
Buteola, Bp. C. It. xli. p. 651 (1855) B. bracliyura.
Bill of Buteola brachyura.
Range. From Yeragua, in Central America, through Guiana, into
Amazonia and Peru.
1. Buteola brachyura.
Buteo brachyui-us, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 477 (1816) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 12 (1849) ; Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 86 ; Bp. torn.
cit. p. 481 ; Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. '215.
Falco albifrons, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 187 (1830).
Buteo melanoleucus, Less. Traite, p. 82 (1831).
Astur poliogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 66 (1848).
Asturina albifrons, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 200 : Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 31
(1850).
Astur poliogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 66 (184S).
Asturina brachyui-a, Bp. Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 489 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 42 (1855).
Asturina diadema, Kaup, Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 489.
Buteola brachyura, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855) ; Scl. ^ Sah. P. Z. S.
1869, p. 130; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 118 (1873).
Buteo albifrons, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 10 (1862) ; id. Revue
Accipitr. p. 109 (1873).
Buteo minutus, Pek. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 14 (1862) ; id. Verh.
z.-h.Wien, 1862, p. 141 ; id. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 16 (1865) ; id.
Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 396 (1871).
Astur brachyura. Gray, Hand-l. i. p. .30 (1869).
Buteola minuta, Giehel, Orn. Thes. i. p. 517 (1872).
Adult. Entire upper surface, including the sides of the face and
of the neck, slaty black ; a conspicuous loral spot and entire under
surface white, sUghtly shaded with dark brown on the sides of the
breast ; quills blackish brown, the secondaries a little clearer brown
tipped with duU white, the quills white at the base of inner web, the
primaries freckled and the secondaries indistinctly barred with
blackish brown ; upper tail-coverts shaded with ashy bro'mi near
the tips, the outermost with concealed white bars ; tail ashy brown,
tipped with duU white, crossed with four bars of blackish brown, the
under surface paler and inclining to greyish white, causing the
black cross bands to appear more distinct ; under wing-coverts
white. Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 11*3, tail 6-3,
tarsus 2-25.
202 FALCONID^.
Young. Very similar to the adult, but browuer above, the feathers
being margined with fulvous ; the crown and sides of face streaked
with pale ochre ; the under surface, especially the under wing-
coverts, washed with ochre.
Black variety. All over sooty black, excepting a few streaks of
white on the forehead, ear-coverts, and throat ; the bases of all the
breast-feathers white ; quills black, the secondaries a little browner,
and decidedly paler brown at tips ; tail brown, tipped with paler
brown, and crossed with eight blackish bands, these being browner
underneath but very plain, as the interspaces are ashy white ; lower
under wing-coverts barred with white, the bases of the quills white
on the inner web for a great extent. Total length 16 inches,
culmen 1-25, wing 12, tail 6-6, tarsus 2-2, middle toe 1-4. (Mus.
Lugd.)
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased.
b, c. Ad. sk. Brazil.
d. Ad. st. S. America. Piu-chased.
30. ASTUSINA.
Type.
Asturina, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) A. nitida.
Eupornis, Kaitp, Classif. Siiiig. u. Vog. p. 120 (1844) . . A. magnirostris.
Asturisca, Sundev. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873).
C£ Sclater <§■ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 129.
Bill of Asturina j)uch€ranL
Range. From South-eastern Brazil, Paraguay, BoHvia, and Peru,
throughout Amazonia, Guiana, and Columbia, Central America, into
the south-eastern States of N. America.
Key to the Species.
a. Thighs banded.
«'. Thighs white, banded with blackish or ashy
grey.
a". Above ashy grey, with transverse whitish
bands nitida, p. 203.
b". Above uniform dark ashy grey plagiata, p. 204.
V . Thighs buff, banded with rufous,
c". Bands on tail rufous.
«'". Head and throat ashy grey ; base of pri-
maries deep ferruginous rvjicauda, p. 205.
h". Head and throat dark brown ; base of
primaries buff' puchcrani, p. 205.
30. ASTURIITA. 203
d". Bands on tail ashy.
c'". Chest ashy grey ; bands on breast and
thighs white, with rufous or pale ashy
bars magnirostris, p. 207.
d'". Chest rufous ; bands on breast buff, barred
with rufous nattereri, p. 208.
6. Thighs uniform, not banded ; plumage black above
and below leucorrhoa, p. 209,
1 . AstTirina nitida.
Plumbeous Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 37 (1787).
Falco nitidus, Zaf?i. Ind. Orn. i. "p. 41 (1790) : Teinm. PL Col. i. pis.
87, 294 (1824).
Azulejo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 167 (1802).
Asturina cinerea, Vieill. Analyse, p. 68 (1816) ; id. et Oud. Gal. Ois.
i. pi. 20 (1825).
Astur nitidus, Vir/. Zool. Jonrn. i. p. 338 (1824) ; HOrb. Voy. Am.
Merkl. Ois. p. 95 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Burm. Th.
Bras.'n. p. 68 (1856) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 46 (1866): Gray, Hand-l.
^.i. p. 30 (1869).
Cymindas cinerea, Less. Man. i. p. 91 (1828).
Astur striolatus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 332 (1829).
Falco striolatus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 209 (1830).
Dsedalion nitidus, Less. Traite, p. 65 (1831).
Asturina nitida, Cah. in Scliomh. JReis. Guiun. iii. p. 737 (1848) • Bp
Cmsp. i. p. 30 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 42 (1855) ; Schl. 3fus.
P.-B. Asturinffi, p. 1 (1862) ; Scl. <$■ iialv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 130 :
Pefz. Orn. Bras. pp. .3, 395 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Sak-. Nomencl. p. 118
(1873). ^
Asturisca nitida, Sundev. Tent. p. 107 (1873).
Adult. Above ashy grey, everywhere barred with dull white, the
head and neck much lighter, secondaries broadly tipped with white ;
primaries dark brown, inclining to ashy grey on the outer web, barred
with blackish ; under surface of quills white at the base and on the
inner web, barred with dusky black ; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts uniform deep ashy, inclining to blackish, the latter
broadly tipped with white ; tail ashy black above, tipped with
whitish, and crossed with a broad whitish bar about a third of its
length from the tip ; the under surface paler, and crossed with a
second lower bar of white ; forehead, sides of face, and throat duU
whitish ; rest of under surface transversely barred with ashy grey
and white, more narrowly on the thigh-feathers ; under wing- and
tail-coverts white, the former with a few bars of ashy grey. Total
length 16-3 inches, culmon 1-3, wing 9-8, tail 6-8, tarsus 2-6.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length
18 inches, wing 10-5, tarsus 2-8.
Toimg. Above brown, most of the feathers margined and washed
near the base with rufous ; crown of head buffy white, broadly
streaked with dark brown ; forehead, as well as a distinct eyebrow,
sides of the face, and throat buffy white, unspotted, except as regards
a few marks of dark brown on the latter ; rest of under surface
buffy white, scantUy marked with large spots of dark brown at the
204 FALCONIDJS.
tips of the feathers; thighs, under wing-, and tail-coverts clear
creamy buff; quills creamy buff at base, shading into rufous and
brown at the tips of the feathers ; all the quills barred with blackish
brown, showing more plainly underneath, the secondaries entirely
brown, barred only on the inner web ; tail alternately barred with
buffy white and blackish brown, the bars of the latter colour being
five 'in number ; all the outer feathers, especially the ones having the
fulvous bars, more or less shaded with ashy brown.
Hah. From S.E. Brazil, throughout Amazonia, Guiana, and Co-
lumbia, into Panama.
a. Juv. sk. S. America.
b. <S ad. sk. Bahia. Sudbury Museum.
c. ? juv. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.].
d. S ad. sk. North side of River Amazon. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.
e. 9 juv. sk. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.].
/. Ad. sk. Demarara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
y. c? ad. St. South America. Dr. Lidth de Jeude.
h. S juv. St. South America. Dr. Lidth de Jeude.
i. Skeleton. Zoological Society,
2. Asturina plagiata.
Buteo plagiatus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 3 (1854).
Asturina nitida {nee Lath.'), Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 35 (18G0) ;
Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 48G (1870).
Asturina plagiata, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Asturinaj, p. 1 (1862) ; Scl. ^
Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 131, et Ex. Orn. p. 179, pi. xc. (1869);
Fimch, Ahhandl. Ver. Bremen, 1870, p. 325 ; Corns, Key N. Am. B.
p. 218 (1870) ; Scl. <^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 118 (1873).
Astur plagiatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869).
Adult. Above clear ashy grey, not crossed with whitish bars, the
head and neck a little lighter, with rather distinct dusky shaft-stripes,
the lores whitish ; primaries blackish, externally shaded with ashy
grey, the secondaries more decidedly ashy grey like the back, tipped
with white ; all the quills indistinctly barred with blackish, a little
plainer on the under surface of the wing, which is for the most part
white ; lower upper tail-coverts white for their apical half, the outer
ones also nearly all white, forming a bar across the base of the tail ;
tail blackish, tipped with white, and crossed with a distinct band of
whitish across the middle of the tail, with remains of a lower one
visible near the base of the tail ; chin whitish, with narrow dusky
shaft-lines ; chest ashy grey, with dusky shaft-Hnes, varied with
more or less distinct bars of white, the lower breast, abdomen, and
thighs banded with white and dull ashy grey, narrower on the
latter ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, with a
few cross markings of ashy grey ; cere and _ feet yellow. Total
length 17-5 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 11-1, tail 7-3, tarsus 2-85.
Young. Above brown, the feathers edged with pale rufous, and
mottled with white at the base and on the sides of the dorsal
feathers ; crown and sides of the face and neck whitish, broadly
mottled and streaked with dark brown ; quills dark brown, the pri-
c.
30. ASTtTEINA. 205
maries blackish, with no perceptible bars on the upper surface, ex-
cept a dark purplish brown subterminal shade on the secondaries ;
the inner face of the wing huffy white, with a few indistinct bars on
the inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, barred and
tipped with white ; tail brown, tipped with white, before which a
subterminal indistinct bar of purplish brown, the bars on the other
feathers principally on the inner webs, and nowhere very distinct ;
under surface of body creamy white, with longitudinal or rounded
spots of pale rufous, especially distinct on the thighs, less distinct on
the under wing-coverts, and nearly obsolete on the under tail-
coverts.
Hah. From Costa Rica and Guatemala northwards to Arizona and
Illinois.
a. Juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
b. Ad. St. Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
c. Ad. st. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.
d. Juv. St. Mexico. Purchased.
e. Skeleton.
3. Asturina ruficauda.
Asturiua raag-uirostris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 285 (nee Gm.); Scl. &■
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 217.
Astm-ina ruficauda, Scl. <§• Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 133, et Ex. Orn.
pi. Ixxxviii. (1869), et Nomencl. p. 118 (1873).
Adult. Above dull ashy grey, a little clearer on the head and
sides of the face, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white, and
barred with black and pale rufous or buff; wing-coverts slightly
darker and more brown than the back ; quills deep chestnut, in-
clining gradually to dark brown at the tips, barred with blackish,
the bars paler and broader on the secondaries, the outermost of
which are ashy brown externally, the inner ones uniform ashy, like
the back ; inner face of the wing rufous, the primaries barred and
tipped with dark brown, the bars becoming obsolete towards the
inner quills ; tail rufous, tipped with ashy, and banded across with
four broad bars of blackish brown ; throat and chest dull ashy grey,
the former somewhat varied with white, the latter with rufous ;
rest of under surface pale rufous, banded alternately with that
colour and white, with a few bars of ashy on the breast ; under
tail-coverts huffy white, with a few obsolete bars of rufous ; thighs
barred with fulvous and pale rufous ; under wing-coverts buff,
slightly spotted and barred with pale rufous, the axillaries plainlj'
barred with buff and pale rufous.
Hah. Central America, from S. Mexico to Panama.
a. Ad. sk. Chiriqui. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P
I. Ad. sk. Pearl Island, Bay of Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P,
Panama.
e. Ad. sk. Ilio Negro, Brazil. Purchased.
4. Astui'ina pucherani.
Esparvero indayt^, Azara, Apitnt. \. p. 131 (1802).
20() FALC0NTD,?5.
Astiu- magnirostris, D'Oib. Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 91(1847) ; Hartl.
Ind. Azara, p. 2 (1847).
Falco gularis, Licht. in Mus. Berol., unde
Eupornis gularis, Licht. No7>iencl. p. 3 (1854, descr. nidla).
Asturina pucherani, J. 8,- E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 350 ;
Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 133, et Ex. Orn. pi. Lxxxix. (1869),
et Nomencl. p. 118 (1873).
Asturina gularis, Sehl. litis. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 4 (1862).
Astur pucherani, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869).
Adult. Above brown, some of the wing-coverts margined with
pale rufous, probably the remains of immaturity, the outermost
upper tail-coverts fulvous, barred with rufous ; primary coverts
rufous, mottled and banded near the base, and broadly tipped with
dark brown ; quills deep chestnut, barred and tipped with dark
brown, the secondarie.^ externally brown, the innermost uniform
brown, like the back, inclining to dark brown near their tips ;
inner surface of wing creamy rufous, inclining to chestnut towards
the tips of the feathers, the primaries externally creamy rufous
near the base, forming rather a conspicuous mark on the wing, the
two outermost primaries for the most part brown, rufous only near
the base, and distinctly barred with dark brown ; tail pale rufous,
crossed with five bands of dark brown, the two basal ones indistinct,
and not strictly continuous ; head and neck all round a little darker
brown than the back, blackish on the cheeks and above the eye ;
lores white, the throat also streaked with white ; rest of the under
surface buffy white, very narrowly and indistinctly barred with
pale rufous, almost obsolete on the chest ; under tail-coverts uni-
form bufiy white ; under wing-coverts pale rufous. Total length
18 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 10-9, tail 8-2, tarsus 2-65.
Young. Above brown, the feathers edged with fulvous, the upper
tail-coverts buff, broadly ban-ed with brown ; wings much as in the
adult, but paler rufous, especially the exterior patch on the pri-
maries, which is light buff, barred with blackish ; tail with five
bands of dark brown, as in the adult, but all broad and clearly de-
fined, the basal bar very distinct, the interspaces cinereous, the
lower ones approaching to rufous ; the crown, and especially the
hind neck streaked with light buff; a distinct eyebrow and the
sides of the face also buff, narrowly streaked with dark brown ;
upper margin of ear-coverts entirely dark brown ; under surface of
body buffy white, the throat very narrowly, the chest very broadly
streaked with pale brown, the latter with a slight wash of rufous ;
lower breast crossed with bars of pale rufous, those in the centre of
the body heart-shaped, the thighs buff, thickly barred with rufous ;
under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white, sparsely marked with
brown bars, the former also sUghtly washed with pale rufous.
Hah. S.E. Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia.
a. Juv. sk. South America. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.],
h. Juv. St. South America. Purchased.
c. Ad. St. Bolivia. Mr. Biydges [C.].
30. ASTTTBINA. 207
5. Asturina magnirostris.
L'Eperviei- a gTos bee de Cayenne, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 464.
Great-billed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Srjn. p. 103 (1781).
Falco niag-uirostris, Gm. S. N. i. p. 282 (1788).
Astur niagnirostiis, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gray, Gen.
li. i. p. 27 (1849) : Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 120 (1855) : Gray,
Ilancl-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869).
Falco insectivorus (pt.), Sjnx, Av. Bras. i. p. 17, t. 8fl! (1824).
Nisus magnirostris, Less. Man. i. p. 96 (1828).
Rupornis magnirostris, Katip, Classif. Sduy. u. Vdy. p. 120 (1844) ;
Cab. in Schomb. Bcis. Guian. iii. p. 737 (1848).
Asturina magnirostris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 261 ; Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S.
1869, p. 131; iid. Nomencl. p. 118 (1873).
Astur macrorhynchus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871).
Young. Above blackish brown, the head and hind neck streaked
with white, the scapulars also with large concealed white spots of
the same ; upper tail-coverts ochraceous, with arrow-shaped bars of
brown ; scapulars dark brown, like the back, with somewhat paler
margins.
Adult male. Above pale ashy grey, the ujiper tail-coverts alter-
nately banded with black and white, the greater wing-coverts a
little darker ash-colour than the back ; primary coverts and quills
rufous at the base, ashy brown at the tips, the outer secondaries
externally ashy grey, the inner ones entirely of this colour, like the
back, the primaries narrowly and irregularly barred with blackish,
broader but less distinct on the secondaries, the inner face of the
wing pale rufous, the bars nearly obsolete ; tail ashy grey, with
three broad cross bands of black ; sides of face, throat, and chest
ashy grey, like the back, the chin a little inclining to whitish ; rest
of under surface white, with broad bands of pale rufous on the
breast, becoming very narrow and inclining to ashy grey on the
abdomen, flanks, and thigh-feathers ; under wing- and tail-coverts
white, with a few indistinct ashy bars, almost obsolete except on
the lower under wing-coverts. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-3,
wing 8-7, tail 6-2, tarsus 2-5.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length
15 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8-9, tail 6"5, tarsus 2-5.
Hob. Columbia, Guiana, and Amazonia.
W. Wilson Saunders, Esq .
[P.].
T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.].
T. K. Salmon, Esq. "CI.
Mr. Dyson [C.].
A. Goering, Esq. [C.J.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
M. Claussen [P.].
Roval Geographical So-
ciety [P.].
Sir R. Schomburgk [P.]
a. ad. sk.
Santa Marta.
h. 2 ad. sk.
Antioquia, New Granada
c. 5 *''^- sk.
Concordia, New Granada
d. $ ad. sk.
Caracas.
d. (S ad. sk.
Venezuela.
e. (S ad. sk.
I. of Mexiana.
/. Ad. sic.
Brazil.
f/. $ ad. St.
British Guiana.
h. (S ad. st.
British Guiana.
i. Ad. sk.
Demarara.
k. (S ad. St.
S. America.
/. 2 ad. sk.
S. America.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.T.
IX W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.
D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.'
208 FALC0NID.5:.
6. Asturina nattereri.
Falco magnirostris (pt.), Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 18 (1824).
Falco magnirostris, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 86 (1824) ; Max. Beitr. iii.
p. 102 (1830).
Nisus magnirostris, Cah. ^ Tsch. Faun. Peruan. p. 104 (1844-46) ;
Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 76 (1856).
Astur magnirostris, Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1869-71).
Asturina nattereri, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 132 ; iid. Hx. Orn.
pi. Ixxxvii. (1869) J iid. Nomencl. p. 118 (1873).
Adult. Above ashy brown, the head much clearer and inclining
to ashy grey ; quills deep chestnut, inclining to brown at the tips,
the exterior primaries brown on the outer web, the secondaries ex-
ternally ashy brown, the innermost entirely of that colour, like the
back, all the quills marked with narrow black bars, a little broader
but more indistinct on the secondaries, the inner face of the wing
pale creamy rufous, with slight indications of blackish bars ; lower
upper taU-coverts buffy white, tinged mth ochre, and barred with
dark brown ; tail clear ashy brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed
with three bands of blackish ; throat ashy grey, slightly varied with
whitish ; chest pale rufous, the shafts distinctly indicated by narrow
central black lines ; rest of the under surface fulvous, barred with
pale rufous, decreasing in number and distinctness on the abdomen
and under wing- and tail-coverts ; the thighs fulvous, very thickly
banded with pale rufous. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1*3,
wing 9-2, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-4.
Young. Above brown, some of the wing-coverts margined with
fulvous or pale rufous ; forehead, crown of head, and hind neck, as
well as the interscapulary region, varied with creamy white; a
tolerably distinct eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts creamy white,
streaked with brown ; quills brown, barred with blackish, the
secondaries tipped with dull white, the inner webs creamy buff at
the base, slightly washed with rufous, the cross bars showing very
plainly on the light ground ; upper tail-coverts creamy buif, barred
with brown ; tail ashy brown, inclining to creamy buff at the base,
especially on the inner web, crossed with five bars of dark brown,
and tipped with dull white ; under surface buffy white, the throat
narrowly, the chest broadly streaked with dark brown, the streaks
on the latter widening out towards the tip of the feather ; the lower
breast and flanks spotted and barred with heart- or arrow-shaped
spots of pale rufous, each spot enclosed in a narrow border of brown ;
vent and under tail-coverts buffy white, unspotted ; thighs buff,
thickly banded with pale rufous ; under wing-coverts buff, with
numerous pale rufous cross markings, the axillaries plainly barred
-with rufous, the lower coverts spotted with blackish.
Ohs. The next stage is very similar, being a little more uniform
dark brown above, with few rufous edgings to the feathers : the
markings on the breast are more rufous, and the bars on the inner
face of the wing narrow, while a clearer shade of rufous is also
here apparent ; the throat streaked with ashy brown. The progress
30. ASTUBINA. 209
towards maturity is marked by the gradual widening of the lon-
gitudinal spots on the chest, with which a shade of ashy brown gra-
dually mingles and overspreads the whole of the throat and chest ;
the rufous bars on the belly and thighs gradually become narrower,
and the bars on the wing disappear by degrees, leaving the inner
surface of the wing more or less uniformly rufous towards the base
of the quills.
Hah. S.E. Brazil and Peru,
J. J. Audubon, Esq.
J. J. Audubon, Esq.
Dr. Wucherer [C.].
Lord Stuart de Rothsay [P.].
a.
Ad. sk.
South America.
b.
Juv. sk.
South America.
">
d. Juv. sk.
Bahia.
e.
Ad. sk.
Brazil.
/.
2 ad. sk.
Brazil.
ff-
Juv. sk.
Brazil.
h.
Juv. sk.
Cosnipata, Peru,
June 2, 1871.
i.
cJ ad. St.
Cosnipata, Peru,
June 2, 1871.
k.
Ad. St.
Cosnipata, Peru,
June 2, 1871.
Mr. Claussen
Mr. Claussen
H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
7. Asturina leucorrhoa.
Falco leucorrhous, Quay et Gaim. Voy. rfe I'Uran. p. 91, pi. 13
(1824).
Astur leucorrhous, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 271 (1827) ; Gray, Geix.
B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 120 (1855) ; Felz. Om.
£ras. pp. 7, 398 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869).
Dsedalion leucorrhous. Less. Traite, p. 66 (1831).
Nisua leucorrhous, Cab. fy Tsch. Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, p. 265; iid.
Faun. Peruan., Vdg. pp. 18, 103 (1844).
Asturina leucorrhoa, £p. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850) ; Srhl. Mtis. P.-B.
Asturina3, p. 5 (1862); Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 134 ;'j iid.
Nomencl. p. 118 (1873).
Adult. Uniform black, the lower upper taU- coverts white, form-
ing a bar across the base of tail ; tail black, white at immediate
base, and crossed above by a single bar of ashy brown about one
third of the length of the tail from the tip, which also inclines to
ashy, the under surface of tail crossed with two distinct white bands ;
under surfece of body black, like the upper, the tibial plumes rufous ;
under tail-coverts huffy white ; under wing-coverts creamy buff, the
axillaries and lower coverts slightly spotted with black ; inner sur-
face of wing black, the primaries barred with white near the base,
the secondaries with ashy grey. Total length 14-5 inches, cuhnen 1,
wing 8-5, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-3.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total
length 15 inches, culmen I'l, wing 9, tail 6-7, tarsus 2-3.
Youncf. Above dark brown, much mottled with rufous, the sca-
pulars and wing-coverts notched or barred as well as edged with
the latter colour ; quills pale creamy buff at base, shading into
rufous towards the tip, which is dark brown, the secondaries ex-
ternally dark brown, rufous on the inner web and at the tip, the
VOL. I. «
210
FAtCONIDiE.
innermost entirely brown, like the back, all tbe quills barred above
with blackish, broader but more indistinct on the secondaries ; lower
upper tail-coverts creamy buff, as is also the taU at the base ; tail-
feathers alternately barred with black and creamy white, tipped
with the latter colour, with an ashy shade overspreading the whitish
bars ; head and neck creamy buff, the latter slightly washed with
rufous ; the crown and nape streaked with dark brown centres to
the feathers, the forehead and a broad eyebrow uniformly creamy
buff, as are also the sides of the face, except the upper margin of
the ear-coverts, which is brown; under surface of the body rich
creamy buff, all the feathers of the breast and abdomen broadly
streaked down the centre with dark brown ; throat, under wing-
and tail-coverts unspotted.
Obs. A specimen in the collection shows the progress towards
maturity, in the disappearance of the rufous mottling on the upper
surfaces, whUe a uniform black shade is spreading over the bird
both above and below ; the thighs rufous ; on the tail two ashy
brown bands, the basal one, however, becoming obsolete.
Hab. Brazil, Peru, and Columbia.
a. Juv. sk. Trinidad.
b. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.
c. Ad. st. Brazil.
d. 5juv. st. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.].
31. BUSARELLUS,
Busarellus, Lafr. m D' Orb. Bid. tTHist. Nat. ii. pp. 785, Type.
786 (1842) B. nigrieollis.
lelithyoborus, Kmip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 76 B. nigrieollis.
Hind toe of Busarellus iiigricolUs, to show spicules.
Range. Brazil, Amazonia, and Guiana.
r?l. BirSARELLTTS. 2] 1
1. Bnsarellus nigricollis.
Busard roux de Cayenne, Maud. Enc. Meth. p. 543 (1784).
Black-necked Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 30 (1787).
Falco nigricollis, Lath. Iiul. Om. i. p. 3-5 (1790).
Le Buserai, Lecaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 84, pi. 20 (1799) ; Simdev. Crit.
om Levuill. p. 2o (1858).
Falco busavellus, Daud, Traite, ii. p. 168 (1800, ex LevailL).
Buzzaret, Lath. Geii. fSpi. Suppl. ii. p. 32 (1801).
Cabeza blanca, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 78 (1802).
Falco melanobronchos, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 167 (1809).
Circus leucocephalus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 465 (1816).
Buteo nigricollis, TleiU. K Diet. iv. p. 473 (1810) ; G?-ay, Gen. B. i.
p. 15 (1845) ; ruchei: Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 85 ; Burm. Th.
Bras. ii. p. 47 (1856) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 17 (1862) ;
Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 9 (1869).
Circus busarellus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1212 (182.3).
Buteo busarellus, Vi(/. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 15 (1845).
Aquila niilvoides, Spi.v, Av. Bras. i. pi. If? (1824).
Moi-plmus milvoides, Ciiv. Reyne An. i. p. 330 (1829).
Haliaetus milvoides. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 12 ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 17(1845).
MorpLnus nigricollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849).
Buteogallus busarellus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 17 (1850).
Ichthyoborus nigi'icollis, Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 76 ; Pelz. Om.
Bras. pp. 3, 394 ( 1871).
Buteogallus nigricollis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 43 (1855) ; Scl. S^ Salv.
Nomencl. p. 119 (1873).
Adult male. Above bright diestnut, with narrow black shaft-
stripes to the feathers of the back and wing-coverts ; greater coverts
blackish on the inner web, the outermost of this series, as well as
the primary coverts, entirely black ; quills black above and below ;
secondaries browner, and tipped with fulvous, and more or less
chestnut at base of inner web ; the innermost bright chestnut, like
back, shafted with black and more or less inclining to blackish on
both webs ; upper tail-coverts bright chestnut ; tail chestnut at
base, black for apical half, narrowly tipped with whitish, the chest-
nut base crossed with three or four bands of black ; head and neck
aU round creamy buff, narrowly streaked with black on the crown ;
lower part of throat black, forming a conspicuous patch ; rest of
under surface uniform bright chestnut, except on fore neck, which
inclines to fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut, a
little darker than the breast. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-85,
wing 15, tail 7'5, tarsus 3-35.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total
length 22-5 inches, wing 18-1, tail 8, tarsus 3-8.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. $ ad. St. Brazil. Major-Gen. T. Hardwicke [P.].
b. Ad. St. Brazil. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
c. S ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C],
(/. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
(i2
212 FALCONID^.
32. BUTEOGALLUS. ^
Type.
Buteogallus, Less. Traite, p. 83 (1831) B. sequinoctialia.
Range. Guiana and Columbia.
1. Buteogallus aequinoctialis.
Falco jequinoctialis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 265 (1788).
Le Buson, Levmll Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 86, pi. 21 (1799) ; Siaulev. Grit.
01)1 Levaill. p. 25 (1858).
Falco buson, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 168 (1800).
Buteo buson, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824).
Buteogallus cathartoides, Less. Traite, p. 83 (1831).
Buteogallus buson, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 2 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 17 (1850).
Daptrius buson, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 14 (1844).
Morphnus buson, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15 (1845).
Buteo ffiquinoctialis, Grai/, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 37; Strickl. Om.
Syn. p. 42 (1855) ; Schl. Mies. P.-B. Buteones, p. 18 (1862) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869).
Morphnus {equinoctialis. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849).
Hypomorphnus fequinoctialis, Sundev. Crit. om. Levaill. p. 25 (1858).
Buteogallus aequinoctialis, Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873).
Adult. Above black, with rufous margins to the dorsal feathers
and wing-coverts ; head entirely black, as also the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts, the latter with narrow white tips ; quills
bright chestnut ; primaries externally slaty black ; secondaries with
a broad band of black across the tips, the innermost brown, with
paler tips ; tail black, plainly tipped with white, and barred across
the middle with another indistinct band of white, plainer on the
inner webs ; throat dusky black ; rest of under surface bright rufous,
numerously crossed with black bars, narrower on thighs, and reduced
to vermiculations on under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts rufous,
ban-ed with black like the breast, some of the outer ones largely
marked with black ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill yellow at base,
horn-brown towards tip ; feet yeUow. Total length 19 inches, cul-
men 1-7, wing 13-25, tail 7'5, tarsus 3-5.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. st. British Guiana. "Royal Geographical Society [P.].
b, c. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
33. URUBITINGA. „
Type.
Urubitinga, Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 132 Typo nullo !
Urubitinga, Lnfr. in D'Orb. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ii.
p. 786 (1842, ex Less.) U. zonura.
Hypomorphnus, Cab. Wiegin. Arch. 1844, p. 263 . . U. zonura.
Spizigeranus, Kaup, Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 120
(1844) U. zonura.
Leucoptemis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 210 U. melanops.
Pseudastur, Bli/f/i, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. Beng.
p. 24 (1849) " U. lacemulata.
33. UHUfllTINGA. ^i3
Eamie. South America, from Peru, Southeru Brazil, Paraguay, and
Bolivia, northwards throughout the whole continent, and ranging
into Central America as far north as Mexico.
Key to the Species.
a. Breast black. ^
rt'. Upper taiUcoverts white zonura, p. 2hi.
h'. Upper tail-coverts black, with a very narrow
white terminal edging anthracma, p. 21&.
b. Breast slaty grey, like back. _
c'. Under wing-coverts slaty snhistncea, P- ^^o-
d. Under wing-coverts white plumbea, p. 21b.
c. Breast white.
e'. Upper tail-coverts pure white.
a". Tail black, with white tip albtcollis, p. 21b.
b". Tail white, with black subterminal band . ghiesbrechti, p. 217.
/'. Upper tail-coverts black or slaty grey, with
white spots or bars.
c". Tail pure white, black at base palliata, p. 218.
d''. Tail with a black terminal or subterminal
I'aid.
a'". Primaries not banded underneath lacermdata, p. .iio.
b'". Primaries banded underneath.
a"". Ear-coverts white.
aa. Tail with one median white band
only ; head blackish kaupi, p. 219.
bb. Tail with two bands of white;
head white, streaked with black . melanops, p. 220.
b"". Ear-coverts slaty grey, Hke the head semiplumbea, p. 220.
d. Breast white, everywhere barred with slaty
black princeps, p. 220.
1. Uruhitinga zonura.
L'Aigle du Br^sil, Briss. Orn. i. p. 445 (1760).
Brasilian Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 41 (1781).
Falco urubitinga, Gm. S. N. i. p. 265 (1788) ; Temm. PL Col. i.
pi. 55 (1825).
Gavilan mixto choiTeado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 88 (1802) ; Hartl. Ind.
Azara, p. 2 (1847).
Gavilan mixto pintado, Azara, t. c. p. 92 (1802) ; Hartl. t. c. p. 2
(1847).
Gavilan mixto negro, Azara, t. c. p. 96 (1802) ; Harti. t. c. p. J
(1847).
Falco zonurus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 62 (1809).
Pandion fulvus, Vieill. N. Diet. iii. p. 163 (1816).
Spizaetus niger, Vieill. op. cit. xxxii. p. 57 (1819).
Spizaetus ater, Vieill. torn. cit. p. 58 (1819).
Aquila urubitinga, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 1 b (1824).
Aquila picta, Spix, torn. cit. pi. 1 c (1824).
Morphnus urubitinga, Cuv. Migne An. i. p. 330 (1829) ; UOrb. Voy.
Am. Merid., Ois. p. 84 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15, pi. 7. fig. 6
(1845).
Karpyia urubitinga, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837).
Hypomorphnus urubitinga, Cab. iSj- Tschtidi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1844,
214 FALCONID^.
p. 263; iid. Faun. Periuin. pp. 10, 84 (1844) ; Cab. in Schomb. Seis.
Guian. iii. p. 740 (1848) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 42 (1856),
Falco longipes, lUiger, in Mus. Berol., undb
Urubitinga longipes, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (18o0).
Morplinus brasiliensis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 24 (1855).
Urubitinga zoniira, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 129 ; Sel. ^ Salv. Nommcl.
p. 119 (1873).
Asturina urubitinga, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astiirinse, p. 6 (1862) ; id. Revue,
p. 103 (1873).
Buteo urubitinga, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 9 (1869).
Urubitinga brasiliensis, Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 393 (1871).
Young. Above brown ; the dorsal feathers more or less margined
and barred with rufous ; the head streaked with deep ochre, of which
colour there is also a distinct eyebrow ; sides of face and under sur-
face of body deep ochre ; the upper margin of ear-coverts dark brown,
and the sides of neck streaked with the same colour ; the breast
sparingly spotted with dark brown, the spots diminishing in num-
ber towards the abdomen, and changing to bars on the thighs and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts deep ochre, with blackish
spots ; upper wing-coverts a little browner than the back and much
mottled, with rufous margins to the greater series ; primaries black,
secondaries browner, barred with black, showing more plainly on
the inner web, which is ochraceous in the primaries, rufous ia the
secondaries ; upper tail-coverts ochraceous white, the middle ones
blackish at base and along shaft ; tail ashy brown, tipped with
whity brown, crossed with eight or nine bars of darker brown, the
subterminal one being the broadest.
Ohs. The bars on the tail dissolve into irregular mottlings, and are
never quite conterminous on each side of the shaft. At the same
time as the bird's plumage begins to get black by the gradual ex-
tension of the dark centres to the feathers, a new tail is assumed by
a moult, the apical half of which is black, the basal half ashy brown,
with numerous black mottlings (as in the preceding tail), but with
the white of the adult plumage already appearing in a greater or less
degree ; the base of the tail is black at first, but this gradually dis-
appears with age.
Adult male. Entirely black ; upper tail-coverts for the most part
white, especially the external ones ; tail white at base (generally
with remains of black) and at tip, with a broad black band across
the lower half. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen 2-25, wing 15-3,
tail 9, tarsus 4*45.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 25
inches, wing 15*9, tail 10, tarsus 4-8.
Hah. Brazil, through Amazonia and Guiana, into Central America
to Costa Hica.
a. Ad. St. S. America. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.] *.
b. Ad. st. S. America. Zoological Society.
c. Juv. St. S. America. Purchased.
* Said to be from the " West Indies" {cf. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1818, p. 21).
33. URTJBiriNGA. 216
d, e. Jiiv. sk. S. America. Purchased.
/. Ad. St. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.l.
g. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
h. Juv. St. Caj-eune. Purchased.
i. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
k. Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Mr. van Patten [C.J.
I, Skeleton. Zoological Society.
2. Urubitinga anthracina.
Falco anthracinus, Licht. in Mus. Berol., undh Nitzsch, Pteryl. p. 83
(1840) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 240.
Morphnus mexicauus, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Bruj:. xiv. pt. 2. p. 102
(1847) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 240.
Urubitinga anthracina, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 241 ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1858, p. 129 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 216 ; Felz. Orn. Bras. p. 394
(1871) ; Scl. (§• Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873).
Urubitinga mexicanus, Bi). Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 488.
Morphnus urubitinga, Lemheye, Aves de Cuba, pi. 3. fig. 3 (1850).
Hj^omorphnus anthracinus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 1 (1854).
Hypomorphnus gundlachii, Cab. J.f 0. 1854, Extrah. p. Ixxx; Fimch,
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 654 ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1871, p. 365.
Morphnus anthracinus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 25 (1855).
Asturina anthracina, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Asturinae, p. 8 (1862).
Astur unicinctus, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 44 (1866). •
Buteo anthracinus, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 9 (1869).
Young, Above chocolate-brcwn, black on the head and intersca-
pular region, which are both streaked with ochraceous buff, forming
an eyebrow ; the wing-coverts irregularly marked with rufous,
especially on the greater series ; primaries black ; secondaries brown,
like the back, all barred with blackish, more plainly on inner web,
which is buff in the primaries, rufous in the secondaries ; upper tail-
coverts black, washed with rufous, and barred with white or bufiy
white ; tail white at base, gradually inclining to brownish towards
tip, which is white, the basal half with indications of six more or
less complete black bands, and the apical half with two bands, the
subterminal one broader and more brown in colour ; sides of face
and of neck ochraceous buff, strongly streaked with black ; the upper
margin of ear-coverts and cheeks entirely black; lores buff; under
surface of body ochraceous buff, streaked with black, very minutely
on throat and largely on sides of breast and flanks, the latter being
almost uniform brownish black ; thighs, abdomen, and under taU-
coverts barred across with black, less numerously on the latter ; under
wing-coverts ochraceous buff, with large heart-shaped spots of black.
Ohs. The change from the young to the aiult dress being effected
by a gradual spreading of the black centres to the feathers till all
the ochre or buff coloration is absorbed, remains of this are seen in
many adult birds, particularly on the sides of the face and under
the wings.
Adult male. Entirely black ; nape slightly varied with buff-
coloured bases to the feathers ; upper and under taU-coverts narrowly
tipped with white ; quUls black above and below ; tail black, nar-
216 FAMONIDiE.
rowly tipped ■ndth white, and crossed with a broad white band in
the centre of the tail, rather irregular on its upper outline. Total
length 23*5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3'9.
Hah. Cuba and Central America, southwards from S. Mexico ;
doubtfully in Trinidad and Brazil.
a. Ad. st. Central America.
b, c. Ad. St. Mexico.
d. Juv. st. Mexico. Capt. Kellett and Lieut.
Wood [P.].
€. Ad. sk. Central America. Capt. Kellett and Lieut.
Wood [P.].
/. Juv. st. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
3. Urubitinga schistacea.
Asturina schistacea, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Fork, 1849, p. 132 ;
ScM. Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 8 (1862).
Hypomoi-phnus ardesiacus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 1 (1854).
Urubitinga schistacea, Scl. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 261, pi. 58 (1858) ; Feb.
Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 394 (1871).
Buteo schistaceus, Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869).
Leucopternis schistacea, Salv. Ibts,1872, p. 243; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl.
p. 119 (1873).
Adult female. Everywhere uniform bluish slate-colour, a little
darker on the head and sides of face ; tail black, narrowly tipped
with white, and crossed with a distinct white band across the
middle. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 11-9, tail 7'8,
tarsus 3-2.
Hah. Amazonia and Columbia.
a. 2 ad. st. LTpper Ucayali River. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.l.
h. (S ad. sk. Upper Ucayali River. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.J.
4. Urubitinga plumbea.
Leucopternis plumbea, Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 240, pi. viii. ; Scl. ^
Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873).
Adult (type of species). Everywhere leaden grey ; wing-coverts
and quills black, the latter whitish at base of inner web ; upper
tail-coverts and tail black, the latter with a single bar of white some-
what shaded with ashy across the middle ; tibial plumes indistinctly
barred with white ; under wing-coverts white ; cere, orbits, and feet
orange : bill and claws black. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1-5,
wing 9'8, tail 6'7, tarsus 2'5. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.)
Hah. Ecuador and Panama.
u. Ad. sk. Panama. Purchased.
5. Urubitinga albicollis.
White-necked Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 30 (1787).
Falco albicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 36 (1790).
33. URTJBITINGA. 217
Falco picatus, Shau\ Ge?i. Zool vii. pt. 1. p. 167 (1809).
Buteo melanotus, VieiU. Nuuv. Did. iv. p. 472 (181G) ; Pucher. Rev.
et Maq. 1850, p. 84.
Falco precilonotus, Temm. Tl. Col. i. pi. 9 (1824).
Buteo pcecilonotus, Vigors, Zool Journ. i. p. 340 (1824) ; Gi-ay, Gen.
B. i. p. 12 (1849); Leot. Oi.i. TrinicJ. p. 7 (18GG).
Leucoptemis albicoUis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 210; Sp. Comp. i. p. 19
(1250) ; Feh. Verh. z.-b. fVien, 1862, p. 140; .SW. S,- Salv. Ex. Orn.
p. 122 (1868) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 555 ; Pels. Orn. Bras.
pp. 3, 395 (1871) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 242 ; Scl. 8,- Salv. Nomencl.
p. 119 (1873). ^ ^ .
Buteo albicollis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 38; id. Gen. B.\.
p. 12 (1849); StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 37 (1855); E. C. Taylor, Ibis,
1864, p. 180 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869).
Leucoptemis pcecilonotus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 481.
Tachytriorchis albicollis, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855V
Astuiina albicollis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. xlsturinse, p. 9 (1862),
Ad^dt. Above slaty black, the interscapulary feathers much varied
■with white bases and margins, sometimes also barred with white on
the outer web ; wing-coverts like the back, but less distinctly varied
with white; quUls slaty black, the secondaries a little browner,
broadly tipped with white, some of the outer ones indistinctly barred
with darker brown ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pure
white, the latter with a broad subterminal band of black ; head
white, streaked with black ; sides of face, neck all round, and entire
under surface white. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 14,
tail 9, tarsus 3-25.
Hab. Amazonia, Gtiiana, Venezuela, and Trinidad.
a Ad sk. S. America. Purchased.
b. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased.
6. Urubitinga ghiesbrechti.
Buteo ghiesbrechti, Du Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 1 (1845); Stnckl. Orn.
Syn. \ 36 (1855); Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 227; Scl. 8r Salv. Ibis,
1859, p. 217 ; Lawr. Afin. Lye. K. T. vii. p. 289 (1861) ; Salv.
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 158 ; Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869).
Leucoptemis ghiesbrechti, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481 ; Scl. Sf Salv.
Ex. Orn. p. 121 (1868) ; Salv. P. Z. S 1870, p. 215 ; id. Ibis, 1872,
p. 242 ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873).
Tachvtriorchis ghiesbrechti, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855).
Asturina ghiesbrechtii, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 11 (1862),
Adult. Snowy white above and below ; a slight shade of greyish
on upper margin of ear-coverts ; tail with a broad subterminal band
of black ; small wing-coverts white, like back, only a few of the
outermost irregularly marked with black on their external webs ;
greater coverts black, white at base and at tip ; primary coverts and
primaries black, scarcely tipped at all with white ; secondaries also
black, with very broad white tips, the innermost ones for the most
part white, irregularly marked in the middle with black, in the form
of more or less broken bars ; under wing-coverts and inner lining
218 FAlCOIflD^.
of wing white, the primaries iuclining to greyish, and barred with
bhick on inner web ; bill lead-colour ; feet yellow, nails black. Total
length 23"5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 14-8, tail 8"5, tarsus 3-65.
Hah. From Southern Mexico to Panama.
a. Ad. st, Mexico. Purchased.
7. Urubitinga palliata.
Falco palliatus, Natterer, MS., undh
Leucopternis palliata, Pelz. Sitz. Aknd. Wien, xHv. p. 11 (1861) ; id.
Verh. z.-h. Wicn, 1802, p. 141; Scl. 8,- Salv. Ex. Oru. p. 97,
pi. xlix. (1868) ; Pelz. Om. Bras. p. 3 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl.
p. 119 (1873).
Buteo polionotus, Gray, Cat. Acci'pitr. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 17 (deser.
7mlla) ; Strickl, Orn. Syn. p. 37 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8
(1869).
Leucopternis polionota, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 212 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 19
(1850).
Asturina melanonota, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturinae, p. 10 (1862, nee
Vieill.) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 103 (1873).
Adult. Above blackish slate-colour, the feathers of the back and
scapulars white at base, tipped with white, and irregularly spotted or
barred with the same, most of the latter spots being concealed, the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts much barred and broadly
tipped with white ; head and neck aU round, as weU as the under
surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white ; upper
wing-coverts blackish slate-colour, with a few white spots and tips
to the feathers ; quills black, externally shaded with slaty grey, the
secondaries broadly tipped with white ; inner web white at base,
with indistinct blackish bars ; tail black at base, white for terminal
half ; " cere pale yellow ; feet pale orange-yellow, claws black ; iris
not very dark brown " {Natterer). Total length 21 inches, culmen
1*7, wing 15-5, tail 9, tarsus 3-8.
Hah. Southern Brazil.
a. Ad. st. South America. Purchased.
b. Ad. st. South America. Sir A. Smith.
Types of B. jjolimiotus.
8. Urubitinga lacemulata.
Falco lacernulatus, Tenun. PL Col. i. pi. 437 (1827).
Buteo laceruulatus, Cuv. P. A. i. p. 337 ( 1829) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 34 (1855).
Falco skotopterus, Max. Beitr. iii. pt. 1. p. 204 (1830).
Leucopternis scotoptera, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 21 1; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.
Wien, 1862, p. 141, et Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 395 (1871); Salv. Ibis,
1872, p. 242; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873).
Buteo scotopterus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 38 ;
Burm. Til. Bras. ii. p. 51 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 8 (1869),
Leucopternis lacermilata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850).
Asturina scotoptera, Schl. 3It(s. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 11 (1862).
33. URUBITINGA. 219
Adult. Head and neck all round pure white, the latter with a
delicate shade of greyish ; rest of upper surface dark slate-colour,
with a few more or less concealed spots and bars of white on the
inner web of the feathers, more distinct on the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts, the latter strongly barred across with white,
and mottled with the same on the outer web ; primaries blackish,
the primary coverts and secondaries dark slaty, with almost imper-
ceptible white tips ; tail slaty black at base, white for apical half,
with a distinct subterminal black band ; the under surface of tail
white, the black basal part indicated by greyish bars on inner web,
but the subterminal band very distinct ; entire under surface of
body, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white ; inner
web of quills white at base, the secondaries with greyish bars.
Total length 20 inches, culraen 1-6, wing 12-4, tail 7-6, tarsus 3-2.
Young. Differs from the adult in having the feathers of the head
and neck mesially streaked with slaty black, the wing-coverts tipped
with white, and the white spots on the inner webs of dorsal feathers
more conspicuous.
Hab. Southern Brazil.
a, b. Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C],
e. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased.
d. Ad. st. Bogota. Purehased.
9. UruMtinga kaupi.
Leucoptemis kaupi, £p. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 481,
Leucopternis kuhlii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850, lapsti).
Buteo kaupi, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 37 (1855).
Leucoptemis superciliaris, Peh. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 10 (1861) ;
id. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 140; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 589;
iid. Ex. Orn. p. 75, pi. xxxviii. (1867), et p. 122 (1868) ; Pelz. Orn.
£ras. pp. 3, 395 (1871); Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 242; Scl. ^ Salv.
Nomencl. p. 119 (1873).
Asturina superciliaris, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 12 (1862),
Buteo kuhlii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869).
Adult. Above slaty black ; over the eye a broad white stripe ;
nape and hind neck streaked with white, with which the feathers
are narrowly margined ; lores and feathers round the eye, above the
ear-coverts, black ; feathers of interscapulary region with concealed
white bases ; quills dark brown, crossed with blackish bars, more
distinct on inner web, which is ashy grey underneath, iuclining to
white near the base ; tail black, tipped with ashy brown, with a
band of white across the middle, the outer feather varied with white
at the base of inner web ; sides of face and of neck white, narrowly
streaked with black ; under surface white, with a few narrow streaks
of black on the sides of chest ; under wing-coverts white. Total
length 15-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 8'7, tail 6'2, tarsus 2-4.
Hab. Brazil, in the vicinity of Para.
n, b. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased.
220 FALCONID-E.
10. Urubitinga melanops.
Streamed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. i. p. 34 (1787).
Falco melauops, Lath, Ind. Oni. i. p. 37 (1790); Temm. PI. Col. i.
pi. lOo (1824).
Dajdaliou melauops, Vigors., Zool. Jotirn. i. p. 338 (1824),
Astur melanops, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828).
Leucoptemis melanops, Kaitp, Isis, 1847, p. 210 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 19
(1850) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 140 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Ex. Orn.
p. 122 (1868) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 39-5 (1871) ; Salv. Ibis, 1872,
p. 242 ; Scl. 4- Salv. A^otnencl. p. 119 (1873).
Buteo melanops, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849); Strickl. Orn. Syti.
p. 36 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869).
Asturina melanops, ScU. Mus. P.-B. Asturinae, p. 10 (1862).
Adult. Entire head and neck white, with narrow black shaft-
lines ; lores, feathers round the eye above the ear-coverts black ;
rest of the upper surface black, oceUated with white spots to the
feathers, less distinct on the -wing- coverts, which are somewhat
tipped with white ; tail black, tipped with whity brown, and broadly
banded with white at about a third of its length from tip. Total
length 16-8 inches, ciUmen 1-4, wing 9-1, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-65.
Hah. Amazonia and Guiana.
a. Ad. St. S. America. Pm'chased.
b. Ad. st. Brazil. Purchased,
11, Urubitinga semiplTunbea.
Leucoptemis semiplumbea, Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 288 (1861) ;
Scl. :^- Salv. Ex. Orn. pi. Ixi. (1868) ; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 243 ; Scl.
Sr Salv. Xojnend. p. 119 (1873).
Buteo semiplumbeus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869),
Adult female. Above dark slaty grey, the wing-coverts rather
blacker ; qiulls black, the secondaries more slaty below, white at
base, ashy grey towards tip, the inner web more or less distinctly
barred with greyish black ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the
latter with a single band of white across the middle ; sides of face
and of neck ashy grey, like the head ; entire under surface of body,
including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white, with a few
black shaft-stripes on sides of throat and breast ; cere and orbits
orange-yellow ; bill black ; feet orange, claws black. Total length
15 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8*2, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-4, {Mus. Salvin
and Godman.')
Hah. Panama and Costa Rica,
12. Urubitinga princeps.
Leucoptemis princeps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 429, pi. xxiv. ; Set. 8f
Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 122 (1868); Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 243; Scl. ^
Salv. Nome7icl. p. 119 (1873).
Buteo princeps, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869).
Adult female (type of species). Above slaty black, with a marginal
shade of ashy grey to the feathers, those of the nape white at base, the
34. HARPYHAMAETITS. 221
inner secondaries varied with white spots on the inner web ; entire
sides of face, throat, and fore neck slaty black like the back ; rest of
under surface of body white, plentifully barred across with black, a
little more narrowly on the thighs and under wing-coverts ; quills
slaty black, the secondaries indistinctly banded with grey, the lower
surface of quills paler grey, the inner web barred or mottled with
white near the base ; tail greenish black, with a single band of
white across the middle ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill likewise pale
yellow, black near base, and lead-coloured towards the tip ; feet
yellow, claws black. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 15-2,
tail 9, tarsus 3-8. {Mus.JSaJvin and Goclman.)
AduU male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 22
inches, culmen 2, wing 14-9, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-7. {Mus. Sahin and
Godman.)
Hah. Costa Rica.
34. HARPYHALIAETUS* ^
Type.
Harpyhaliaetus, Lafr. Mcv. Zool. 1842, p. 173 . . H. coronatus.
Urubitomis, Verr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 145 H. coronatus, var. [?]
5=H. solitarius.
Bill of Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (reduced).
Range. South America, from ChUi and X. Patagonia as far north
as Veragua in Central America.
1. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus.
Aquila coronada, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 56 (1802) ; Hartl. hid. Azara,
p. 1 (1847).
Hai-pvia coronata, Vieill. N. Diet. xiv. p. 237 (1817).
Falco" coronatus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 234 (1823).
Circaetus coronatus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1829) ; Less. Trait6,
p. 48 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. p. 16 (1845) ; D'Orb. Vat/. Am. Merid.,
Ois. p. 75 (1847) ; Grat/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1809) ; Peh. Orn.
Bras. pp. 4, 397 (1871).
* In uniting Urubitomis to Harpyhaliaetus, I must state my inability to find
any generic distinction between them. At present I beliere that there is only
one species, but admit the possibility of two distinct kinds being differentiated,
the grey bird {H. coronatus) having a more southern distribution than the black
one {H. solitarius).
222 FALCONIDiE.
Ilarpvhaliaetus coronatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 173; Scl 8f Salv.
Nmnencl. p. 119 (1873).
Circaetus solitarius, Cab. ^- Tsch. Arch.f. Natiirg. 1844, p. 264 ; Tsch.
Faun. Peruan., Vikj. p. 94, Taf. 2 (1844).
Astiirina azaroe, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 209.
Thrasaetus coronata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850).
Urubitoniis solitaria, Verr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 14; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 214 ; Scl. cS- Salv. Nomcncl. p. 119 (1873).
Astui-ina coronata, Schl. Mus. P.-B, Asturinaj, p. 12 (1862).
Adult. Above ashy brown, with a chocolate gloss, and having a
distinct shade of greyish on the least wing-coverts and interscapulary
feathers ; a long occipital crest, the feathers of which are darker
than the crown ; a broad streak behind the eye huffy white, with
narrow dark centres to the feathers ; sides of face and of neck
whitish, with ashy brown centres to the feathers ; the upper margin
of the ear- coverts entirely ashy brown ; under surface of body clear
ashy brown, with whity brown margins to the thigh-feathers and
under tail-coverts, broader on the latter ; thighs blackish, deepening
in colour towards the tarsal joint ; under wing-coverts clear ashy,
much varied with white streaks and margins to the feathers ; quiUs
blackish, the primaries externally shaded with grey near the base,
the secondaries ashy grey, mottled with black and narrowly tipped
with whitish, before which is a broad subterminal band of black,
the inner secondaries like the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts
deep ashy brown, the latter broadly tipped with white ; tail black,
narrowly tipped with white, and crossed with a broad median band
of white, with remains of a second band nearer the base of the outer
feathers ; beak bluish horn-colour, clear yellow at base ; feet deep
yeUow ; iris reddish brown. Total length 33 inches, culmen 3,
wing 22-2, tail 13-5, tarsus 5-1.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased.
b. Jiiv. st. S. America. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
c. Var. st. Chili. Purchased.
35. MORPHNUS.
Type.
Morphnus, Cuv, Seffne An. i. p. 318 (1817) M. giiianensis.
Range. Amazonia and Guiana, ranging into Panama.
1. Morphnus guianensis.
Petit Aigle de la Guiane, 3Iaud. Enc. Meth. p. 1257 (1784).
Falco giiianensis, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 78 (1800, ex Maudtiyt).
Falco sonnini, Shaio, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 67 (1809).
Falco delicatus, Shaw, torn. cit. p. 68 (1809).
Morphnus guianensis, Cuv. Rbgne An. i. p. 318 (1817) ; Gray, Gen,
B. i. p. 15 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 24 (1855) ; Btinn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 6(5 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 16 (1869) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 4, 397 (1871) ; Scl. S,- Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). -
Spizaetus variegatus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1257 (1823).
Morphnus sonnini, Steph. Gen. Zool. .xiii. p. 18 (1825).
36. THEASAETTJS.
223
Morphnus cristatus, Less. Traits, p. 51, t. 11. fig. 2 (1831).
Ilarpyia fiuianensis, Szvains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837).
Tbrasaetus guianensis, Kaup^ Mus. Senckenh. iii. p. 260 (1845).
Astur guianensis, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Astures, p. 25 (1862).
Adult female. Above black, somewhat shaded with brown on the
margins of the feathers, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white,
the outermost also barred, especially near the base, which is entirely
white ; upper wing-coverts black, with ashy white margins, pro-
ducing a barred appearance, the greater series ashy brown, barred
with black and mottled with darker brown on the interspaces ;
quills black, somewhat mottled with ashy brown, externally and
narrowly tipped with whity brown, the secondaries more distinctly ;
tail black, tipped with whity brown and crossed with three bands
of ashy brown, mottled with darker brown, the base of the tail
somewhat varied with whitish ; head and neck greyish brown, with
more or less distinct hoary margins to the feathers, plainer on the
ear-coverts ; head with a long crest, the feathers of which are
brown, more or less white at base, with a distinct subterminal spot
of black ; chest ashy brown, clearer than the head, and having faint
hoary margins to the feathers ; rest of under surface of body white,
with pale rufous cross bars, darker and browner on the thighs, and
gradually disappearing on the under tail-coverts ; under vsdng-
coverts white ; inner lining of quills ashy white, mottled with
brown and crossed with broad blackish bands. Total length 3G
inches, culmen 2-4, wing 19-3, tail 17, tarsus 4-6.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [C.].
h. 2 ad. St. Peruvian Andes. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.J.
c. Ad. sk. Upper Amazon. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
d. Skeleton. Purchased.
86. THRASAETUS.
Type.
Hai-pyia, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) > T. harpyia.
Thrasaetus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 108 T. harpyia.
Nothrophrontes, Gloger, Handh. Naturq. p. 219 (1842) T. harpyia.
Bill of Thrasaetus harpyia (reduced).
224 FALCONIDiE,
Range, South America from Bolivia and Paraguay, northwards
through the whole of Amazonia and Columbia to Mexico.
■^o"-
1. Thrasaetus harpyia.
L'Aigle hupe du Bresil, Briss. Orn. i. p. 446 (1760).
Vultur hai-pyia, Linn. S. K. i. p. 121 (1766).
Caracca Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. 81 (1781).
Crested Falcon, Dillon, Trav. Spain, p. 80, pi. 3 (1782).
Vultur corouatus, Jacquin, Beitr. p. 15 (1784).
Grand Aigle de la Guiana, Maud. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1250 (1784).
Falco jacquini, Gm. S. N. i. p. 251 (178S).
Falco harpyia, Gm. S. X. i. p. 251 (1788).
Falco cristatus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 260 (1788).
Falco destructor, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 60 (1800) ; Temm. PL Col. i.
pi. 14(1824).
Gypaetus harpyia, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 27 (1800).
Gypaetus coronatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 28 (1800).
L'Ouira ouassou, Sonn. ed. Buff. H. N. xxxviii. p. 47, pi. 7. fig. 1
(1806).
Falco imperialis, Shaic, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 52, pi. 15 (1809).
Falco regalis, Shatv, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 56 (1h09).
Falco caracca, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 64 (1809).
Falco calquin, Molin. St. Chili, p. 220 (1810).
Harpyia destructor, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. .317 (1817) ; D'Orb. Voi/.
Am. Merid., Ois. p. 81 (1847) ; Barm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 59 (1850).
Harpyia maxima, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1249 (1823).
Harpyia imperialis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 17 (1826).
Harpyia ferox, Less. Traite, p. 50 (1831).
Thrasaetus harpyia. Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 108 ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 15 (1845) ; 'Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 29 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Spi. p. 26
(1855) ; Gra)/, Hand-l. i. p. 16 (1869) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Aeo<r. p. 120(1873).
Nothrophrontes destructor, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 219 (1842).
Morphnus harpyia. Cab. ^- Tsch. Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 265 ; Pels.
Orn. Bras. p. 4 (1871 ).
Morphnus destructor, Licht. Nomencl. p. 2 (1854).
Astur hai-pyia, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 25 (1862).
Young. Upper surface black, the lower back and rump crossed
with distinct ashy grey bars, the median and greater wing-coverts
mottled with ashy brown, taking the form of bars on the latter ;
head and neck all round ashy grey, blacker on the crown, the long
crest-feathers very plainly blackish towards their tips ; scapulars
and quills brown, externally shaded with grey and mottled with
black, forming a distinct subterminal band on the scapulars and
secondaries, which are tipped with whity brown ; lower surface of
■wing ashy white, the black bands very distinct below, except near
bases of inner webs, which are mottled only with black ; tail-
feathers ashy brown, inclining near base to bluish ash-colour, tipped
with whitish and crossed with five broad bands of black, the
subterminal one much the broadest ; throat ashy grey like head,
remainder of under surface of body white, with a broad band of
glossy black feathers across the chest, the thighs barred with black ;
under wing-coverts and feathers round the bend of the wing white,
AftuiLixji. 225
most of them subterminally black, causing a more or less distinctly
mottled appearance.
Adult. General colour of upper surface ashy grey, the head and
neck all round, as well as the entire under surface of the body,
white, excepting the long crest-feathers and an indistinct chest-
band, which incline to ashy grey ; wing-coverts and scapulars gene-
rally darker ashy, slightly mottled with black, the median coverts
inclining to whity brown ; quiUs blackish, externally shaded and
mottled with greyish, the secondaries more decidedly of the latter
colour with black mottlings ; tail-feathers ashy brown, externally
shaded with ^rey, and crossed with six imperfect bands of black,
with which the interspaces are plentifully mottled ; biU black ;
feet yellow ; iris brown. Total length 38 inches, culmen 3-1,
wing 22-3, tail 16, tarsus 4*8.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. st. South America, Zoological Society.
b, c. Imm. St. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [C.].
d, e,f. Skeletons. Zoological Society.
Subfamily VI. AQUILINtE.
Outer toe only connected to middle toe by membrane ; tibia much
longer than tarsus, exceeding it by more than length of hind claw ;
tarsus more than half the length of the tibia, and reticulate on
hinder aspect ; bill festooned but not toothed.
Key to the Genera.
a. Nostrils hidden by stiff bristles ; chin with a>
long tuft of black bristly hairs 37. Gypaetus, p. 228.
b. Nostrils visible ; no chin-tuft.
a'. Tarsi clothed with feathers all round to
base of toes.
a". Tail strongly graduated, wedge-shaped
when closed, the middle feathers ex-
ceeding the outer ones by more than
length of tai-sus 38. Uboaetus, p. 231.
6". Tail nearly squai'e or only moderately
rounded, the difference in length of
middle and outer tail-feathers inappre-
ciable and less than length of tarsus.
a'". Distance between tips of primaries
and tips of secondaries greater than
length of tarsus.
a*. Claws cm-ved and powerful, the
outer toe with its claw exceeding
in length the circumference of
inner claw.
VOL. I. R
'22^5 F^ixcoKii)^.
a*. No elongated crest ; ridge of bill
(■without cere) greater than
inner toe (without claw) mea-
sui'ed from extremity of tarsal
feathers 39. Aquila, p. 232.
b^. No elongated occipital crest ; in-
ner toe measured as above equal
to cii-ciuuference of culmen . . 40. Nisaetus, p. 249.
c*. Crest long and Tredge-shaped,
longer than outer toe and claw;
circumference of culmen deci-
dedly less than length of inner
toe 41. Lopho'teioechis,
b^. Claws nearly straight ; the circum- p. 255.
ference of inner claw exceeding
the length of outer toe even with
its claw included 42. Neopus, p. 256.
c*. Claws rounded and powerful ; the
circumference of inner claw about
equal to the length of outer toe
and claw 43. Spiziastub, p. 258.
b'". Distance between tips of primaries
and tips of secondaries less than
length of tarsus.
d^. Crest-feathers sometimes fidly de-
veloped, sometimes absent ; wings
short, falling short of tail by more
than length of crest 44. Spizaetus, p. 259.
e*. Crest-feathers extremely long and
pendent, far exceeding in length
the distance by which the wings
fall short of the tail 45. Lophoaetus, p. 274.
//. Tarsi bare on lower portion.
c". Bare part of tarsus equal to or longer
than middle toe without claw.
c'". Nostrils with osseous margin.
/^. Nostrils circular.
(P. Tarsi ti-ansversely plated in front. 46. Astueinula, p. 275.
e'. Tarsi reticulate in front 47. IIeepetotheres,
(/■'. Nostrils perpendicular ovals. p. 277.
/°. Crest-feathers lanceolate in shape,
about equal in length to middle
toe with claw.
a^. Wing short, less than once and
a half the length of tail .... 48. Deyoteiohchis,
¥. Wing long, more than once and p. 278.
a half the length of tail .... 49. Ciecaetus, p. 280.
ff^. Crest-feathers rounded, longer
than middle toe with claw. . 50. Spu-oenis, p. 287.
d". Nostrils oval, with a superior mem-
brane 51. Butastur, p. 294,
d". Bare part of tarsus less than middle toe
without claw.
e'". Nostrils more or less perpendicular
ovals, with bony margin all round.
/('. Eyebrow feathered.
h''. Crest-feathers rounded ; vriug ex-
ceeding tip of tail by more than
length of tarsus 52. Helotarsus, p. 299.
t'. Crest-feathers lanceolate ; wings
reaching nearly or quite to tip
of tail 53. HAiiAETUS, p. 301.
t*. Eyebrow bare 54. Gypohierax,
/■'". Nostrils circular, with bony margin p. 312.
all round 55. Haliastxjb, p. 312.
g'". Nosti-ils oblique, generally closed in
with a superior membrane, so as to
render the nasal opening almost
linear in character.
k^. Tail forked, outer tail-feather long-
est.
k"". Distance between tips of pri-
maries and tips of secondaries
equal to fork of tail,
c^. Wing extremely long, exceed-
ing length of tail by more
than twice the length of tar-
sus 56. Elanoides, p. 317.
d^. Wing very long, but not ex-
ceeding length of tail by twice
length of tarsus 57. Nauclertts, p. 318.
P' Distance between tips of prima-
ries and tips of secondaries
gi-eater than difference between
longest and shortest tail-fea-
ther (i. e. fork of tail).
e^. Distance from angle of mouth
to anterior margin of nostril
greater than distance from
latter point to tip of beak . . 58. MiLvrs, p. 319.
f^. Distances as aboTe measm-ed
equal 59. Lophoictinia,
y^. Distance from angle of mouth p. 326.
to nostril less than distance
from latter point to tip of beak 60. Rostheamus,
/'. Tail rounded, outer feather shorter p. 327.
than middle one.
«i*. Ridge of bill (without cere) great-
er than half of middle toe (with-
out claw).
A*. Loral space bare 61. Leptodon, p. 329.
t*. Loral space feathered.
a'. Wings reaching right to end
of tail.
a^. Bare part of tarsus in front
gTeater than half of mid-
dle toe (without claw) . . 62. GYPOICTI^^A,
h^. Bare part of tarsus in front p. 335.
less than middle toe
(without claw) 63. Elanus, p. 336.
b'. Wings falling short of tail
by at lea«t as much as, or
b2
228
FALCONID^.
even more than, length of
tarsus.
f*. Tail not four times length
of tarsus 64. Gampsonyx, p. 340.
cP. Tail very long, more than
five times length of tarsus 6o. Henicopernis,
'. Ridge of bill (without cere) less p. 341.
than half of middle toe (with-
out claw).
A-*. Bill weak and slightly keeled ;
loral plumes produced above
half the nostril 66. Macheirhamphus,
/^. Bill stout; loral plumes not p. 342.
produced beyond posterior
margin of nostril 67. Pernis, p. 343.
37. GYPAETUS. ^ype.
Gypaetus, Slo7-r, A/penreise, p. 69 (1784) G. barbatus.
Gyptus, Dinner. Zool. Anal. p. 34 (1806) G. barbatus.
Piiene, Savign. Syst. Ois d'Egypte., p. 242 (1809) G. ossifragus.
Mange. The monntains of countries bordering the Mediterranean,
and extending through Central Asia and the Himalaya Mountains to
Northern China. Africa : in Egypt and K.E. Africa, and in S.
Africa.
Key to the Species.
a. Tarsus feathered to the toes ; cheeks marked with
black barbatm, p. 228.
b. Tarsus bare towards the lower part ; cheeks white . ossifi-agm, p. 230.
1. Gypaetus barbatus.
The Bearded Vulture, Edw. K. H. Birds, iii. pi. 106 (1750).
Le Vautour dore, Briss. Orn. i. p. 458 (1760).
Le Vautour des Alpes, Brus. Orn. i. p. 464 (1700).
Vultur barbatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 123 (17G6).
Falco magnus, Gm. Beis. Sibir. iii. pi. 38 (1774).
Gypaetus grandis, Storr, Aljiem-eise, p. 69 (1784).
Gypaetus barbatus, Storr, Alpeni-eise, p. 69 (1784) ; Naum. Vog.
'Deiitsckl. i. Taf. 4, 5 (1822) ; Werner, Atl. Eapaces, pi. 5 (1827) ;
Govld, B. Eur. i. pi. 4 (1837) ; Schl. u. Siisem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 5, 6,
(1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 2, pi. 1 (1844) ; Bp. Crnisp. i. p. 11
(1850) : Midd. Sibir. Beis., Vog. p. 124 (1851) ; Strickl Orn. Syn.
p. 15 (1855) : Fritsch, Viig. Eur. tab. 1. figs. 6, 7 (1858) ; Schl.
3Im. P. -^. Vultures, p. 10 (1862); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien. 1862,
p. 125 ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 13 (1862) ; Badde, Beis. Sibir. Vog.
p. 79 (1863) ; Keui. Ooth. WoUey. p. 8 (1864) ; Gimiei/, Cat. Bapt.
B. Nona. Mus. p. 81 (1864) ; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 12 (1866) ; Degl.
et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 16 (1867) ; Loche, E.ipl. Ah/er. i. p. 14
(1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 1 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i.
p. 35 (1869) ; Salcad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 4 (1871) : Swinh. P. Z. S.
37. GVPAETUS. 229
1871, p. .337; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xv. (1872); Hume, Str. F. i.
p. 1.51 (1873) ; id. S,- Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 170 (1873).
Vultur barbarus, Gm. S. X. i. p. ^oO (1788).
Falcn barbatus, Gm. S. 'N. i. p. 2-52 (1788).
Gypaetus aureus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 2-5 (1800, ex Briss.).
Gypaetus alpinus, iJdiid. t. c. p. 2-5, pi. 10 (1800).
Gypaetus castaneus, Daud. t. c. p. 20 (1800).
Vultur leucocephalus, Mei/cr in Mei/er u. Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch.
Vogelk. i. p. 9, Taf. 3 (1810).
Vultur melanocephalus, Meyer, t. c. p. 10, Taf. 1 (1810) ; Wolf, Ab-
bi/d. 7»erkiu. Geqenst. pi. 1.5 (181()).
Phene ossifraga, Vicill. et Oud. Gal. Ois. pi. 8 (1825).
Gypaetus bemalacbauus, Hutton, J. A. S. B. vii. p. 22 (1838).
Gypaetus subalpiuus, Brehm, Isis, 1810, p. 771.
Gypaetus altaicus, Gebler, Bull. Soc. Acnd. St. Petersb. vi. p. 292 (1840).
Gypaetus barbatus occidentalis, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xiii (1844).
Gypaetus occidentalis, Bp. Coa<sp. i. p. 11 (18.50) ; Salvad. Cat. Ucc.
Sard. p. 16 (1864) ; Lilford, Ibis, 186-5, p. 169.
Gypaetus meridionalis, Brehm, Naum. 18.55, p. 267.
Gypaetus orientalis, Bli/th, Ibis, 1863, p. 2.5 (lapsu).
Young. Head and nape all round including the throat blackish
brown, -with a tawny feather appearing here and there ; rest of the
plumage light brown, varied with an occasional dark brown feather
appearing, some of the dorsal plumes creamy white, as also are
several of the wing-coverts ; quills and tail paler than in the adults ;
the inner secondaries shaded with ashy; bill dull horn-colour; feet
dull lead-colour, claws black ; iris hazel-brown.
Adult. Above black, on the rump a few brown feathers, some of
the scapulars washed with ochre-brown, shafts of all the back-
feathers white, more or less tinged vrith tawny buff, especially on
the wing-coverts, where they somewhat dilate towards the apex ;
quiUs brown, externally washed with ashy, the secondaries with
ochre-brown, the shafts of aU white, those of the primaries some-
what yellowish ; tail brown, shafts white, some of the outer feathers
more ashy; head white, the elongated lanceolate nape-feathers
tinged with bright tawny ; crown of the head and sides of the face
white ; bristles over the nostrils and a broad line on each side of the
crown black ; a few black feathers on the ceral portion of the beak,
and along the crown of the head, being a little more distinct on the
occiput ; under the eye a tinge of tawny ; on the cheeks a few black
feathers forming a black line below the ear ; on the chin a tuft of
long black bristles ; entire under surface of the body rich tawny,
with a few whitish feathers showing here and there ; under wing-
coverts dark brown, with pale tawny shaft-streaks dilated sUghtly
at the apes ; some of the feathers on the sides of the breast and the
axiUaries broadly margined with blackish brown ; bill bluish horn-
colour, the tip darker ; feet lead-colour, claws horn -brown ; iris pale
orange, sclerotic membrane blood-red. Total length about 41 inches,
culmen 3' 7, wing 29'5, tail 20, tarsus 4 (in skeleton 3-4).
Nestling. Covered with dense smoky brown down, the feathers,
where they are appearing, being dark chocolate-brown, with a pur-
b. 2 ad. sk.
(Iraiiada.
c. Juv. sk.
Athens.
d. Juv. St.
Himalaya Mountains
e, f. Ad. sk.
Nepal. "
(/. Juv. .sk.
Nepal.
h. Ad. St.
China.
.-. Skull.
A. Skull.
230 FALCoxrn^.
plish gloss, the back and breast-feathers clearl}' tipped with whitish,
and some of the wing- coverts also washed with whitish towards the
tips.
Obs. A nestling procured by Mr. A. B. Brooke in Sardinia, covered
with i/ellovjish down is figured in part xv. of Dresser's ' Birds of
Europe' (cf. Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 143).
Hah. The mountains of Southern Europe and N.E. Africa, ex-
tending eastwards from Asia Minor and Palestine through Central
Asia to the Himalayas and N'orthern China.
a. Pull. sk. Gaitanes, S. Spain. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. [Spec. fig.
in Dresser, B. Eiu-. pi. 3.]
Howard Saunders, Esq. [P.].
C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Giinther.
Hon. E. I. Co.
2. Gypaetiis ossifragns.
Nisser or Golden Eagle, Bruce, Trav. Abyss, v. App. pi. 31 (1790).
Phene ossifraga, Savign. Syst. Ois. (TEgypte, p. 245 (1809).
Gypaetiis barbatus, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 105 (1830) ; Des
Murs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. Ois. p. 43 (18j5) ; Heugl. J.f. O.
1862, p. 295; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 141 (1873,
Gypaetus meridionalis, Keys. 1^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxviii (1840) ;
Btipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 9, pi. 1 (1845) ; Strickl. Oni. Syn. p. 17
(1855); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 2 (1867); Blanf. Geol. 8) Zool. Abyss.
p. 298 (1870); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 200 (1870).
Gypaetus nudipes, Brehm, Isis, 1847, p. 772 ; Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 10
"(18.50); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 125; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 1 (1869) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 209 (1872).
Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis, Sehl. Mim. P.-B. Vultures, p. 10
(1862); Hevgl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 17 (1869).
Similar to G. barbatus, but wanting the black markings on the
cheeks, which are entirely white, and having the lower part of the
tarsus not feathered. Total length about 38 inches, culmen 3-8,
wing about 29, tail about 18"5, tarsus 4.
Young. Besides the difference in the feathering of the tarsus, the
young bird differs from that of G. barbatits in having the cheeks
browner and not so intermixed with black.
Hub. Mountainous parts of Egypt, N.E. Africa, and Southern
Africa.
a. 2 ad. St. Ankober, Dec. 1841. Sir W. C. Harris [C.
b. c? juv. St. Ankober, Dec. 1841. Sir W. C. Harris [C.
c. Juv. sk. Angollala, Shoa, Oct. 1841. Sir W. C. Hams fC'
d. Juv. sk. Angollala, Shoa. Sir W. C. Hams [C'
38. ITROAETXJS. 231
e. Juv. St. Abyssinia. Sir W. C. Han-is [C.].
/. 2 juv. sk. Senafe, March 11, 1868, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
38. UEOAETUS.
Type.
Uroaetus, Kaup, Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 121 (1844) U. audax.
Range. Australia and Van Diemen's Land.
1. Uroaetus audax.
Bold Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 10 (1801).
Vultur audax. Lath. Ltd. Oni. Suppl. p. 2 (1801 ).
Mountain Eagrle, Collim, N. S. W. p. .526, pi. 31 (1804).
Aquila albirostris, VieilL X. Diet. i. p. 229 (1810) : Pu<;her. Rev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 81.
Falco fucosiis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. .32 (1824).
Aquila fucosa, Viq. Zool. Jouni. i. p. 337 (1824) ; Gould, Stjn. B.
Austr. pt. iii. (1838) ; id. B. Audi: i. pi. 1 (1848).
Aquila audax, Gray, Ann. X. H. xi. p. 189 (1842) ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 14 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 14 (1850) ; Strickl. Om. Syn. p. 62
(1855) ; Schl. 3Lis. P.-B. Aquihe, p. lO (1862) ;• Goidd. Handb.
B. Austr. i. p. 8 (1865) ; Digghs, Orn. Austr. pt. xviii. (1868) :
^ Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 11 (1869).
Uroaetus fucosus, Kaup, Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 121 (1844).
Aquila cuneicaudata, Brehm, tsis, 1845, p. 356.
Adult male. General colour black above and below, the wing-
coverts and scapulars slightly varied with a few pale brown margins
to the feathers, apparently disappearing with age ; head black, with
white bases to the feathers, causing a slightly streaked appearance ;
nape and hind neck bright tawny chestnut, the feathers mesiaUy
streaked with black ; quills black, the primaries slightly inclining
to pale brown at base, the secondaries also faintly mottled with
brown ; all the quills whitish at base of inner web, mottled with
brown ; upper tall-coverts paler brown, somewhat shaded with ashy,
and inclining to dark brown in the centre of the feather, mottled
with white near the base ; tail black, whitish at base of inner web,
with a few mottlings of the same extending up the inner web of the
feathers ; under surface of body black, the under tail-coverts paler
brown ; cere and orbits yellowish white ; bill yellowish horn-colour,
passing into black at tip ; feet light yeUow ; iris hazel. Total
length 38 inches, culmen 3, wing 24-2, tail 17-5, tarsus 4-8.
Young. Above bright rufous fawn, the crown inclining to dark
brown, the neck-feathers mesiaUy streaked and tipped with fulvous,
the scapulars darker brown, with distinct central streaks ; least
wing-coverts dark brown, with whity brown margins, the median
coverts bright rufous fawn ; greater coverts dark brown, indistinctly
barred with ashy brown ; quills blackish, the secondaries indistinctly
barred with chocolate-brown, the innermost pale brown, mottled
with darker brown, the primaries externally shaded with ashy near
232
FAICONID^.
the base, and the outer secondaries slightly shaded with ashy on the
external interspaces, the lower surface of the quiUs brown, mottled
with ashy brown and white near base of inner web ; tail black, with
dull fawn-coloured tip and indistinct niottlings and bars of brown,
more distinct on inner web ; cheeks and throat blackish ; rest of
under surface brown, the centre of the chest and under tail-coverts
bright fawn, the breast mesially streaked and tipped with pale fawn,
less strongly marked on the abdomen and flanks ; under wing-coverts
brown, slightly tipped with rufous, the plumes on the bend of the
wing entirely of the latter colour ; axUlaries ashy brown, with pale
rufous tips.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. S ad. St. Australia.
b. Jut. st. S. Australia.
c. Juv. sk. Australia.
d. e. c? ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land.
f. (J ad. sk. Van Diemen"s Land.
g. cj ad. sk. Van Diemen's Laud.
h. Juv. sk. Interior of Australia
(the Depot, lat. 29° 40').
Lady Carington [P.].
Sir G. Grev [P.].
W. Marten Smith, Esq. [P.].
The Admiralty
The Admiralty
J. Gould, Esq.
Captain Sturt [P.].
[?:}.
39. AaUILA.
Type.
Aquila, Biiss. Orn. i. p. 419 (1760) A. chrysaetus.
Pteroaetus, XflfMp, Classif. Sang. u. Vog. p. 120 (1844) A. verreauxii.
Head and foot of Aquila chrysaehis.
Range. The whole of Europe, Africa, and Asia, but not ex-
tending to the Malayan or Australian regions ; N. America, as far
as Mexico.
39. AQuiLA. 233
Key to the Sijecies.
a. Lower back and rump pure white verreauxi ad., p. 234.
b. Lower back and rump fulvous or dark brown.
u. With white scapular feathers.
a". Base of tail ashy grey, with black bands,
a'". Carpal plumes blackish, like rest of
wing-coverts heliaca ad., p. 2.38.
b'". Carpal plumes white, like scapulars . . adalherti ad., p. 239.
b" . Base of tail white chrysaetus juv. (bcaihe-
b'. Scapidars brown, either pale or dark, uniform lemyi), p. 235.
with rest of upper surface,
c". Under surface of body uniform.
c"'. Basal half of tail uniform white chrysaetus]viw., p. 235.
il". Tail brown at base.
«'. Tail uniform below.
a^. Under surface of body blackish or
deep chocolate-brown.
«^. Larger: wing, c? 21'4 inches,
2 20'o clanga ad., p. 248.
¥. Smaller : wing, c? 19 inches,
2 19-75 macidata ad., p. 246.
V, Under surface of body pale fawn-
colour or ashy brown,
e". Larger : wing, S 25-25 inches, $
26-2 verreauxi juv., p. 234.
d^. Smaller : wing, c? 23 inches,
2 24-0 adalberti]vi\'., p. 239.
e^. Smallest : wing, S 20 inches,
2 22-2.
«'. L'nderneath fawn-colour .... rapax ad., p. 242.
b'. LTiiderneath ashy brown .... rapax juv. (albicans),
6*. Tail more or less distinctly barred p. 242.
below.
c\ Much lai'ger : wing 22 to 27 inches
in length,
y*. Primary coverts entirely uniform chrysaetus ad., p. 235.
g^. Primary coverts with a pale ful-
vous tip, nearly an inch broad, mogilnik vixad.,p. 240.
eT. Smaller: wing not exceeding 22
inches in length ; primary coverts
narrowly paler at tip.
c'. L^nderneath tawny vindhiana ad., p. 243.
fF. Underneath ashy brown .... i-?«<//«V(«(rjuv., p. 243.
e'. Underneath dark brown.
«'. Small wing-coverts tipped
with white spots; nostrils
rounded hastata ad., p. 248.
5". Small wing-coverts unifoi-m,
or with narrow white mar-
gins ; nosti'ils oval tcahlhergii ad., p. 245.
f. Underneath white, with a few
brown bars tcahlber gii jny., p. 245.
f/". Under surface of body parti- coloured.
e". Tail with bars underneath,
e*. Tail barred to the ba.se.
234 FALCONID^l.
e^ Tliighs uniform dark brown chrysaetus ad., p. 23-5.
f'\ Thighs uniform fulvous heliaca^VLV., p. 238.
g^. Thighs light fulvous, with brown
margins, streaked or mottled with
dark brown, like rest of under
surface heliaca juv., p. 238.
li". Thighs deep tawny, or light ashy
fulvous, with brown shaft-stripes. rrt/)a.r juv., p. 242.
*\ Thighs white, with a few brown
bars wahlbergi iav., p. 245.
(/'. Tail uniform at base maculata juv., p. 246.
/■'". Tail not barred below.
e*. Cheeks tawny or pale fulvous.
k'. Entire under surface^streaked .... heliaca ^\xy., p. 238.
I'. Under surface uniform, only the
chest streaked.
h^. Chest light fawn, a few feathers
margined with brown adalbe)iij\rv., p. 239.
f^. Chest blackish, with central
streaks of tawny brown rapax, p. 242.
/ '. Cheeks dark brown or blackish.
»i\ Chest uniform dark brown.
k^. Larger: wing, cJ 20 inches, $
22-3 rapax, p. 242.
f'. Smaller : wing, c? 19-20 inches,
5 21-22 vindhiana, p. 243,
m". Chest dark brown, the feathers
mesially streaked with paler
brown.
wj". Wing-coverts with large oval
tips of white.
g^. Larger: wing in c? 20'8 inches,
in $ 21-4 clanyajnx., p. 248.
K'. Smaller: wing in J 19 inches,
in 5 19'7o maculata juv., p. 246.
n". Wing-coverts not spotted with
white rapax, p. 242.
1. Aquila verreauxi*.
Aquila verreauxi, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 105, pi. 38 (1830) ; id. in
Belang. Voy. Zool. p. 216 (1834) ; Bes Murs, in Lef. Voy. Abyss.
Zool. p. 49, pi. iv. (c. 1848); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 63 (1855);
Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 11 (1867).
* It 13 impossible to adopt the name of vulfvrina for this species, as Daudin
founded this title on Levaillant's " Caffre," which, in the exercise of charity, we
may imagine to have been intended for the Black Eagle of South Africa ; but
inasmuch as he omits all mention of the characteristic white back, and describes
its habits most erroneously, we cannot allow his name to take precedence over
Lesson's description, which is most exact. The following synonymy applies to
Levaillant's species :—
Le Caffre, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 28, pi. 6 (1799).
Falco vulturinus, Daud. Traife, ii. p. 53 (1800, ex Levaill.).
Gypaetus caffer, Hanz. Elem. Zool. iii. p. 45.
Haliaetus vulturinus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824).
39. AQuiLA. 235
Aquila vulturina, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 112 (1830, nee Daud.) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. KJ (1845) ; id. Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 12 ; Bj).
Comp. i. p. 14 (1850) ; Strickl. Or?i. Syti. p. (>3 (1855) ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Aquilfe, p. 9 (1862) ; Heiujl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 49 (1869) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 11 (1869); Guniey, Anderss. B. Dam. Ld.
p. 5 (1872).
Aquila nigra, Jaines, 3fein. Wern. Soc. vii. p. 48.3 (1835).
Pteroaetus verreaiixii, Kaup, Classif. Hduy. u. Voy. p. 120 (1844).
Pteroaetus vulturina, Kaup, Contr. Orti. 1850, p. 09.
Aquila leucoprymna, Lichf. Nomencl. p. 397 (1854).
Young male. General colour clear fawn-colour both above and
below, paler and more fulvescent on the sides of face, throat, thighs,
and under tail-coverts ; some of the scapular feathers with margins
of dark brown, appearing slightly streaked ; least wing-coverts uni-
form fawn-colour, the median series pale brown at base with fawn-
coloured tips, the greater and primary coverts, as well as secondaries,
blackish brown, broadly tipped with fawn-colour ; the primaries
entirely blackish ; lower surface of wing ashy brown, inclining to deep
brown towards tips of primaries ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts uniform pale fawn-colour ; tail brown, tipped with huffy
fawn-colour ; under wing-coverts uniform fawn like the breast, the
lower series ashy brown like the wing-Uning. Total length 36 inches,
wing 25'2.5, tail 15, tarsus 4-6.
Adult female. Entirely black both above and below ; back and
rump white, as also some of the scapulars, the whole of which are
white at their bases ; upper taU-coverts also pure white, excepting
the lowest ones, which are black ; tail entirely black, with faint in-
dications of five or six brown bars on the basal half; quills blackish,
the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey, and conspicuously
mottled with pale brown near the base, the primary coverts similarly
marked, the secondaries also with slight indications of pale brown
bars on inner web ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill leaden horn-colour ;
feet yeUow ; iris pale umber-brown. Total length 37 inches, culmen
3-2, wing 26-2, tail 13-5, tarsus 4-2.
Hab. South Africa and N.E. Africa.
Sir A. Smith f 0.1.
[P.].
a.
Ad. St.
South Africa.
Sir A. Smith [0.].
b.
Ad. St.
South Africa.
Messrs. Smith & Co,
c.
Juv. St.
South Africa.
Purchased.
2. Aquila chrysaetus.
White-tailed Eagle, Edwards, N. II. Birds, pi. 1 (1743).
L'Aigle, Briss. Orn. i. p. 419 (1760).
L'Aigle Wane, Briss. t. c. p. 424 (1760, var.).
L'Aigle dore, Briss. t. c. p. 431 (1760).
L'Aigle noir, Briss. t. c. p. 4."34 (1760).
L'Aigle commun, Buff. PI. Enl. 409.
Le Grand Aigle, Buff. PI. Enl 410.
Falco chrysaetus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 125 (1766) ; I err. Brit. B. i. p. 7
(1841); Kaum. J'oV/. J5«/fef/i/. xiii. Taf 339 (18(30).
Falco fulvus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 125 (1766) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vii. pi. 55.
iig. 1 (1813) ; Naum. V. B. i. p. 208, Taf. 8, 9 (1822) ; Werner,
236 FALCONiu^i;.
Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 15 (1827) : Schl. n. Susetn. Vog. Eur. Taf. 10,
17 (1839).
Black-backed Eagle, Brotm, El. Zool. pi. 2 (1776).
Falco melanaetus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 254 (1788).
Falco canadensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 256 (1788).
Falco albus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 257 (1788, r«r.).
Falco uiger, Gtn. S. N. i. p. 259 (1788, ex Broion).
Falco CYgneus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 14 (1790, vat:).
Falco melanonotus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 16(1790, ex Brown).
Falco aquila, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 47 (1800).
Aqiiila fulva, Sav. Descr. Ois. dEqypte, p. 251 (1809) ; Meyer, in
Wolf II. 3Iey. Taschenb. devtsch. foe/elk. i. p. 14 (1810) ; Schl. Vog.
Nederl. pls.'23, 24, 25 (1854) ; id. Slus. P.-B. Aquilte, p. 1 (1862) ;
Degl. et Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 20 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger.
Ois. p. 19 (1867) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 43 (1869) ; Shelley,
B. Egypt, p. 205 (1872).
Aquila nobilis, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 338 (1811).
Aquila regalis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. i. p. 10 (1815).
Aquila clirysaetus, Dwnont, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 339 (1816) ; Sw. Sf
Bich. Faun. B.-Am., Birds, p. 12 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 6
(1837) ; Audub. B. Am. i. p. 50, pi. xii. (1839) ; Macgill. Brit. B.
iii. p. 204 (1840) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 13, pi. 7. fig. 1 "(1845) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 13 ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 109 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 55 (1855) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. vii. figs. 1-3 ( 1858) ; Stindev.
Si\ Fogl. pi. XXX. fig. 1 (c. 1800) ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 55 (1862) ;
Gould', B. Gt. Br. pt. 3 (1863) ; Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1863, p. 153 ;
Badde, Beis. Sibir. Vog. p. 83 (1863) ; Xeivt. Oath. Wolley. p. 8
(1864); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 10 (1809) ; Hume, Bough Notes,
i. p. 139 (1869); Neict. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 11 (1871) ; Sieinh.
P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 338; Sahad. Faun. Pal. Ucc. p. 5 (1871);
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 219 (1872) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 157
(1873).
Aquila regia, Less. Traite, p. 36, pi. 8. fig. 1 (1831).
Aquila daplianea, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Falco imperialis, Crespon, Faun. Merid. i. p. 131 (1844).
Aquila barthelemyi, Jaub. Eev. Zool. 1852, p. 545 ; id. et Barth. Lap.
Bich. Orn. p. 34, pi. 2 (1859) ; Miirie, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 80.
Aquila fuscicapilla, Brehm, Natmi. 1855, p. 267.
Aquila canadensis, Cass, in BairfFs B. N. Am. p. 41 (1800) ; Ball 8)-
Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 272 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif. edBaird,
p. 449 (1870).
Nestling. Clothed -with pure white down, the feathers visible being
of a glossy chocolate- (almost bronzy) brown, the quills and tail-
feathers blackish, the latter with huffy white tips ; feathers of the
head and neck rufous brown.
Young. Above brown, all the feathers with broad white bases,
showing conspicuously on the disarrangement of the feathers ; lores
whitish ; crown of head and ear-coverts black, the latter slightly
streaked with rufous ; hind head and neck tawny rufous, the bases
to the feathers smoky brown ; entire under surface of body light
brown, the feathers with broad white bases, the throat blackish, the
thighs and under tail-coverts tawny rufous ; quills blackish, the
secondaries browner, especially the innermost ; under surface of wing
blackish, the inner primaries white for more than half of inner web ;
39. AQuiLA. 237
upper tail-coverts black, washed with rufous on outer web, the bases
white ; tail ashy white at base, gradually mottled with bro^vn, the
terminal third black, forming a very broad band. (Specimen in
change from first to second plumage.)
Adult male. Above blackish brown, with slightly paler margins to
the interscapulary feathers and wing-coverts ; greater wing-coverts
and scapulars with ashy white bases, mottled with brown ; quills
blackish, the secondaries ashy grey, mottled with brown, the terminal
third of the feather blackish, the lower surface of the wing ashy
brown, with slight paler brown mottlings on the inner secondaries ;
tail blackish at tip, browner towards the base, with an iiTegular grey
band across the middle of the tail, the basal portion more or less
mottled with ashy grey ; the lower surface of the tail as dark as the
upper, the single grey bar distinctly indicated ; crown of head brown ;
nape and hind neck rich tawny, the feathers lanceolate in shape,
with brown bases, appearing as if streaked ; lores whitish ; sides of
face light tawny, paler than neck ; cheeks and entire under sm-face
of body blackish, the feathers mostly brown at base, the leg-feathers
and under wing-coverts pale brown ; under wing-coverts blackish ;
cere yellow ; bill bluish horn-colour, darker at tip ; feet yellow,
claws black ; iris hazel. Total length 32 inches, culmen 2-6, wing
24-5, tail 13, tarsus 3*7.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 35-5 inches,
wing 27-5. tail 14, tarsus 3-8.
Hab. The whole of Europe and JSTorthern Asia, extending into
India and North China; N. America, as far south as Mexico *.
a, b. Pull. St. Orkneys, Mr. Bullock.
c. Juv. St. Orknevs. Mr. Bullock.
^/(p. c? 2ad. St. Orkneys. Mr. Bullock.
f. Pull. St. Europe. Pm-chased.
V/. Ad. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
A. 2 iuv. sk. Skgne, S. Sweden, Mr. Meves [C.].
Nov. 5, 1872.
i. Juv. St. Tunis. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].
k. 2 ad. sk. Huzara, N. Punjab. Capt. Lnwm [P.].
I. Juv. St. Huzara, N. Punjab. Capt. Unwin [P.].
7)1. Juv. sk. India.
n Ad. sk. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
o. d ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
p. Ad. st. N. America. Zoological Society.
q. Juv. St. N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. [P.].
r. Juv. st. N. America. Purchased.
* I cannot separate A. canadensis, the old birds of which appear to be indi-
stinc'ui^hable. The young ones from America wear a peculiarly light plumage
on the head and neck, and are of large size, though in this respect they are
equalled by Himalayan specimens. Capt. Unwin's female bird, from Huzara,
measures :— total length 40 inches, wing 27-9, tail 15, tarsus 4. These measure-
ments, which are from the skin, somewhat surpass those of the bu-d wnen mea-
sured in the flesh. A North- American specimen measures :— total length
41 inches, wing 2G-25, tail 16-5, tarsus 4-1.
238 PALCONID.E.
s. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson. Bernard II. Eoss, Esq. [P.].
t. Skeleton. Zoological Society [A. bar-
t/ielcmyi^.
3. Aquila heliaca.
Aqitila heliaca, Sav'u/n. Descr. Eyi/pte, p. 459, pi. 12 (1809) ; Vieill.
et Ond. Gal. Ois. pi. 9 (1825) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 5 (1837) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 1:3 (1845^ ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Fritsch, Vog.
Eur. tab. 8. figs. 1-3 (1858) ; Jauh. et Barth. Lap. JRich. (h-n. p. 35
(1859).
Aquila chrysaetos. Lets. Ann. Wetter, ii. p. 170 (1810, nee i.).
Falco imperialis, Bechst. Taschenh. Vm/. Deutschl. iii. p. 553 (1812) ;
Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 201, Taf. 0, 7 (1822), et xiii. Taf. 340
(1860) ; Werner, Afl. Rapaces, pi. 14 (1827) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog.
Eur. Taf. 14, 15 ri8.39) ; Bree, B. Em: i. p. 58 (18GG).
Aquila imperialis, Vuv. Iter/ne An. i. p. 325 (1829) ; Gray, III. Ind.
Zool. ii. pi. 28 (1833) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 57 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh.
z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 155 ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 24 (1867) ;
Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 10 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 142
(1869); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 201 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Hal.
Ucc. p. 6 (1871 ) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1871 , p. 37 ; Anders, t. c. p. 686 ;
id. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 620 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 205 (1872) ; Hume,
Stray F. i. p. 157 (1873).
Aquila crassipes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. 3Iisc. p. 81 (1844) ; Brooks,
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 503 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 620.
Aquila mogilnik, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 57 (1855) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Aquilse, p. 3 (1862); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 44 (1869);
Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xix. (1873).
AquUa riparia, Wiirt. MS. ; Heugl. Naum. 1857, p. 432.
AquUa bifasciata, Saund. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 37 ; Swinh. t. c. p. 338,
Younr/. Above rather light brown, the back-feathers mostly shaded
down the middle with ashj- and on the margins with purplish ; all
the feathers of the upper surface pointed with buffy fawn-colour,
giving a spotted character to the plumage ; head and neck tawny
buff, the feathers with clear brown bases, which show through more
or less, and impart a streaked appearance ; the plumes of the hind
neck long and lanceolate, brown, like back, with tawny streaks down
the centre ; wing-coverts brown, pointed with fulvous like the back :
the greater and median coverts with broad whitish buff terminal
spots, widening up the shafts of the feathers ; quills blackish, the
secondaries rather browner, and broadly tipped with whitish buff ;
feathers of hinder back and rump tawny fulvous, with dark brown
lateral margins, spreading more over the ijlumes of the latter part ;
upper tail-coverts buffy white, in strong contrast to tail ; tail uniform
brown, tipped with buffy white ; under surface light tawny fulvous,
nearly uniform on the throat, abdomen, thighs, leg-feathers, and
under tail-coverts ; the whole of the breast-feathers laterally mar-
gined with brown, producing a distinctly streaked appearance ; under
wing-coverts rufous fawn-colour, streaked with brown, the lower
series ashy brown, like the inner lining of the wing ; bill and feet
as in adult.
Ohs. The change from the striped under surface to the adult seems
39. AQTTILA. 239
to be effected mostly by a gradual change in the coloration of the
feather, by means of the spreading of the brown colour. At present
I have seen no specimen in actual moult ; yet it is very probable that
a partial moult occurs, and that the new feathers, which are parti-
coloured, gradually get entirely black. The Museum contains an
example, in full progress towards the black dress, kiUed in the
month of April, probably in the second year of the bird's age.
Adult male. Blackish brown above, much lighter brown on the
upper part of the back and on the upper tail-coverts, which are
mottled with white near the base, and broadly tipped with the same ;
many of the scapulars pure white, forming a conspicuous patch,
which, however, is confined to the scapulars themselves ; the least
wing-coverts slightly mottled with brown, but not with white, near
the carpal bend ; rest of wing-coverts blackish brown, uniform with
interscapulary region ; quills blackish, the primaries externally
shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries browner, the innermost
slightly tipped with buffy white ; the lower surface of wing ashy
brown, the primaries mottled with whitish at base of inner web ; taU
ashy grey for a little more than the basal two thirds, shaded with
silvery grey, and mottled with blackish brown, forming indistinct and
broken bars on some of the feathers, the terminal third blackish
brown, with a narrow tip of fulvous ; head and neck light fulvous,
with fawn-coloured bases to some of the nape-feathers ; feathers of
hind neck dark fawn-brown, with light buff tips and dark brown
centres ; forehead and anterior part of crown blackish, as well as
the feathers over the eye ; sides of face and of neck light fulvous like
the crown, the feathers under the eyes inclining to brown ; cheeks
and entire underparts blackish, the under tail-coverts tawny buff,
with dark-brown shaft-lines and whitish tips to the feathers ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, like the breast ; cere pale
yellow ; bill bluish, darker at tip ; feet pale yellow ; iris brownish
yellow. Total length 31 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 22-6, taU 11-3,
tarsus 3-9.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length
32 inches, wing 23-75, tail 11-5, tarsus 3-85.
Hah. South-eastern Europe, eastwards throughout Northern India
to China. Yery rarely ranging into Central Europe.
n. S ad. sk.
Ober Kovil,
Lower
Baron A. von H
iiffel rP.l
Hungary {Hodek).
b. 2 ad. St.
S. Europe.
Dr. Kaup,
c. Juv. sk.
S. Europe.
Dr. Kaup.
d. (S v. ad. sk.
S. Ural.
Dr. Strader
rc.-
e. $ juv. sk.
/, g. J uv. st.
S. Ural.
Dr. Strader
rc.=
Nepal.
B. H. Hodgson," Esq.
P.]
h. Juv. sk.
Nepal.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
■p.'
t. Juv. sk.
Behar.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
■P.i
k. Sternum.
B. H. Hodgs
5on,
Esq.
■p."
4. Aquila adalberti.
Aquila adalberti major, Brehm, Ber. J'ers, deutsch. Orn. Ges. 1860,
p. 5o.
240 FALCONID^.
Aquila adalberti minor, Brehm, I. c. (1860).
Aquila heliaca, Socage, Instruc. prat. Prod. Zool. p. 76 (1862) ; Lil~
ford, Ibis, 1865, p. 171.
Aquila imperialis, Saunders, Ibis, 1870, p. 61.
Aquila leucolena, Dresser, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 864.
Aquila adalberti. Dresser, B. Eur. part xviii. (1873).
Adult female. Crown of head black, the eyebrow, sides of face,
hinder part and sides of neck sandy brown, inclining to tawny
brown on the bases of some of the feathers ; general colour of upper
surface black, the feathers of the upper interscapulary region mar-
gined with dark brown, a few with whity brown ; wings blackish,
some of the innermost secondaries brown, and marbled with whity
brown on the outer web, the wing-coverts also a little browner than
the back, all those running right along the edge of the wing from
the carpus thus forming a continuous shoulder-patch; some of the
iipper scapulars pure white, continuous Avith the white shoulder ;
quills black, primaries externally brownish, the secondaries rather
browner ; lower surface of the wing ashy brown, the outer prima-
ries slightly marbled with whitish near the base ; upper tail-coverts
slightly tipped with buffy whitish ; basal two thirds of tail ashy
grey, more or less mottled with brown, the terminal third blackish
brown, with a narrow whity brown tip, the lower surface of the
tail much paler than the upper, the basal part ashy white, strongly
mottled with brown ; entire under surface of body blackish, the
chest-feathers slightly inclining to brown, those on the lower tarsus
whity brown ; under tail-coverts fulvescent at base ; cere and gape
waxy yeUow ; biU bluish horn-colour ; feet yellow ; iris light
brownish grey. Total length 32 inches, culmen 2-9, wing 23-1,
tail 12-75, tarsus 3-9.
Young female. General colour light fawn-colour, the head, sca-
pulars, some of the dorsal feathers, and the greater wing-eoverts in-
clining to bright tawny ; upper tail-coverts pale fulvous, lighter
than the rest of the back ; outer greater coverts ashy brown, with
broad whitish margins ; primary coverts dark brown, tipped with
pale brown; quills black, the secondaries browner, externally
shaded with ashy grey, and terminally margined with buffy white,
the innermost inclining to pale brown, like the back ; tail uniform
brown, tipped with fulvous, the centre feathers shaded with ashy ;
under surface of body rich fawn, rather paler on the abdomen,
thighs, and leg-feathers. Total length 34 inches, wing 24-5, tail
13-5, tarsus 4.
Hah. Spain and N.W. Africa.
a. 9 ad. sk. Seville {Ruiz). Purchased.
b. $ juv. sk. SevUle {Ruiz). Purchased.
c. Juv. st. S. Europe. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
5. Aquila mogilnik.
Aquila mogilnik, Gm. N. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 445, pi. xi. b (1770).
Ptussian Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 43 (1781).
Falco mogilnik, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 259 (1788).
39. AQUILA. 241
Aqiiila bifasciata, J. E. Gray, in Gray ^- Ilardiv. HI. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 1 7
(1832) ; G. i?. Grai/, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 14 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 58 (1855); Anders. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 621; Brooks, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 145.
Aquila mpalensis, Hodgs. Asiat. Res. xviii. pt. 2, p. 13, pi. 1 (1833).
Aquila orientalis, Cab. J. f. O. 1854, p. 369.
Aquila mog-iluik bifasciata, Schl. Mtts. P.-B. Aquilse, p. 3 (1862).
Aquila clanga, Pe/z. Verh. z.-h. Wien, 1862, p. 156; Nevt. Goth.
Wolky. p. 43 (1864).
Aquila imperialis, Radde, JReis. Sibir. p. 81 (1863).
Aquila amurensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 338.
Adult male. Upper surface pale brown, the head rather darker,
as well as some of the scapulars and the inner secondaries ; lesser
and median wing-coverts pale brown, like back, some of the latter
slightly tipped with fulvous, the greater ones dark brown, rather
more cUstinctly tipped with fulvous ; primary coverts and quills
deep brown, slightly tipped with huffy fawn-colour, some of the
fresh-moulted primaries clear ashy grey, with broad fawn-coloured
tips, lower surface of wing blackish, the base of inner web slightly
mottled with greyish near the base ; lower back and rump pale
brown, the upper tail-coverts white ; tail brown, with pale fulvous
tip, and having indistinct ashy bars ; lores whitish ; rest of under
surface of body pale brown, the under wing-coverts very shghtly
darker, the lowest series quite white ; cere, gape, and base of lower
mandible deep yellow ; bill horn-black ; feet deep yellow ; iris dark
brown. Total length 30 inches, culmen 3, wing 22, tail ll'T,
tarsus 4.
Adult female. Total length 30 inches, wing 23-2, tail 11-5,
tarsiis 4.
Young male. Above ashy brown, shaded with glossy pui-plish
brown on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts ; median and greater
coverts blackish, shaded with ashy grey, and broadly tipped with
bright ochraceous fawn-colour, paling into fulvous on the extreme
tip, forming a triple band across the wing ; primary coverts and
quills blackish, broadly tipped with fawn-colour, like the wing-
coverts, both webs distinctly though irregularly barred with silvery
grey, these bars showing very distinctly on the secondaries under-
neath ; the primaries black below, grepsh on the inner web, thickly
mottled with bi'ownish ; lower back and rump ashy brown, like the
head, the lower feathers of the latter part more or less marked with
fawn-colour ; the upper tail-coverts entirely fawn-colour, paling into
fulvous on their tips ; tail dark brown, with a broad terminal band
of fawn-colour, mottled conspiciiouslj' with ashy grey on the outer
feathers, and taking the form of imperfect bars on the middle ones,
sometimes eight or nine being distinguishable ; sides of face and of
neck, as well as entire under surface of body, ashy brown, paler on
tarsal feathers ; under tail-coverts pale huffy fawn, some of the
under wing-covei-ts also marked with a terminal triangular spot of
the same colour ; bill (in dried specimen) black, jollow at gape and
base of lower mandible ; cere greenish ; feet yellow, claws black.
VOL. I. s
242
FALC0NIDJ3.
Hah. South-eastern Europe, N.W. India, and the Himalayas,
extending into Eastern Siberia.
a. c? jiiv. sk. Sarepta, Sept. 1872. Baron A. von Iliigel.
b, c. J ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [C.].
(/. e. 2 ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [C.J.
f. Juv. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
<■/, h. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson. Esq.
». Ad. St. India. Purchased.
m.
6. Aquila rapax.
Falco rapax, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 465 (1828).
Aquila senegala, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 326 (1829) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 13 (1845); Pucker. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850," pp. 4, 208;
Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 3 (1857) ; Layard, B. of S. Afr. p. 10
(1867).
Aquila naevioides, Cuv. B'eqne An. i. p. 326 (1829) ; Gray, Gm. B.
i. p. 13 (1845) ; Pucker. 'Rev. et Mug. de Zool. 1850, p. 5 ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 14; Strickl. Orn. Sgn. p. 59 (1855); Pelz. Verk. z.-b.
Wien, 1862, p. 158 : Sckl. 3Itts. P.-B. Aquilae, p. 3 (1862); Lilford,
Ibis, 1865, p. 172, pi. 5 ; Locke, E.rpl. 'Sci. Alger, i. p. 25 (1867) ;
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 30 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 10
(1869); Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 687; SkeJley, B. Egypt, p. 205
(1872) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 6 (1872).
Aquila choka, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 114 (1830).
Aquila rapax, ie,«. Traite, p. 37 (1831); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.
p. 45 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. S,- Zool. Abyss, p. 295 (1870) ; Finsck,
Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 201 (1870) ; id. u. Hartl. Voq. Osfafr. p. 44 (1870).
Aquila vulturina, Benn. Gard. Z. S. ii. p. 288 (1831).
Aquila albicans, Riipp. N. Wirb. p. 34, pi. 13 (1835).
Falco belisarius, Levaill. Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. pi. 2 (1850).
Aquila raptor, A. Brehm, Nnttm. 1855, pp. 13, 267.
Aquila variegata, C. L. Brekm, Naum. t. c. p. 267.
Aquila substriata, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 6 (1856).
Aquila isabellina, Heugl. t. c. p. 6 (1856).
Aquila lestris, L. Brekm, Ber. Orn. Vers. Stidtg. 1860, p. 55.
Young. Above light tawny, rather paler and more ashy on the
lesser wing-coverts and scapulars ; the median coverts ashy brown
at base, with tawny ends ; greater and primary coverts, as well as
secondaries, chocolate-brown, with tawny tips to the feathers, which
are subterminally shaded with ashy ; primaries blackish, shaded
near the base with clear ashy, the under surface of the wing uni-
form ashy brown, the primaries gradually chocolate-brown towards
tips, the secondaries tipped with fulvous ; lower back and rump
tawny, the upper tail-coverts paler and more fulvous ; tail uniform
brown, shaded with ashy, and broadly tipped with fulvous ; entire
under surface of body light tawny, paler on the throat, legs, and
under tail-coverts, the breast-feathers having a slight ashy shade ;
under wing-coverts also paler, the lower series ashy brown, like the
wing-lining ; cere and gape yellow ; bill dark horn-colour, livid at
base, the under mandible yellow ; iris pale yellow, freckled with
brown, with a narrow exterior edging of dark brown. Total length
28 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 20, tail 10-5, tarsus 3-4.
39. AQUILA.
243
Adult female. General colour above deep brown, some of the
feathers with paler brown centres, the wing-coverts tipped with
paler brown, forming a conspicuous spot on, some of the feathers ;
primaries blackish, their coverts as well as the secondaries chocolate-
brown, tipped with fulvous, some of the outer secondaries shading
subterminally into ashy grey, under surface of wing ashy brown,
shading into darker brown towards tips of primaries, the inner webs
slightly mottled with grej'ish ; lower back paler and more fulvous
brown, the rump darker, the upper tail-coverts whity brown ; tail
almost uniform brown, with fulvous tips, some of the feathers with
very slight mottliugs of grey ; hind neck and sides of face streaked
with pale fulvous ; entire under surface of body dark brown, the
breast terminally streaked with fulvous, more broadly on the
abdomen, the thighs fulvous brown, with darker brown margins, as
also the under tail-coverts, some of which are faintly margined with
brown ; under wing-coverts fulvous brown, darker on the edges, the
lower series ashy brown, like the inner lining of wing ; iris brown.
Total length 31 inches, wing 22-2, tail 12, tarsus 3-7.
Hab. Africa generally, being found in Algeria and N.W. Africa,
extending rarely into Southern Spain. N.W. India.
Senegal.
Abyssinia.
Shoa.
Aukober, Dec. 1841.
Angollala, Shoa.
Bogos Land.
Amba, Samhar.
Senaf^, March 9, 1868.
Snewberg, S. Africa.
South Africa.
a.
Juv. St.
b.
Juv. St.
"-,
d. Imm. St.
e.
9 ad. sk.
f. S imm. sk
<7.
h. Juv. sk.
».
2 ad. sk.
h.
c? ad. sk.
I.
Ad. St.
m
. Imm. St.
n.
Skeleton.
0.
Sternum.
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
Frankfort Museum.
Sir W. C. Harris
Sir W. C. Han-is
Sir W. C. Harris
HerrEsler [C.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq
W. T. Blanford, Esq,
Purchased.
South-African Museum.
Zoological Society.
A\". T. Blanford, i>q. [P.].
7. Aquila vindhiana *,
Aquila vindhiana, Fraidlm, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 114: Stiipfcl. Oru. Sy».
p. 59 (18o5).
Aquila punctata, Gray, in Gray ^- Hnrdu-. III. Lid. Zool. i. pi. IG
(1832).
Aquila fusca, id. op. cit. ii. pi. 26 (1833).
* It is doubtful whether A. vindhiana should be considered more than a
small race of A. rapa,r, the adult plumages being very similar, but the young
apparently different. This, however, depends on the question whether we
really know the young bird of A, lindhiana in Europe. Mr. W. E. Brooks has
written voluminous papers on the Eagle question, and has made some interest-
ing identifications, one of the last of them being the existence of three species of
the A. -rapa-T group, which he distinguishes as A. fidvescens, Gray, A. vindhiana,
Frankl., and A. n<Bvioides, Cuv. The characters of these three exist in their
rounded or vertical nostril and their plain or barred tail. On the strength of
these points I cannot at present follow Mr. Brooks in distinguishing A. fill-
vescens from A. vindhiana. as I have seen specimens of the latter with an un-
barred tail and yet possessing a vertical nostril, while I have also seen A. rapax
from Africa with the same characters. \_Cf. Brooks Ibis, 1874, p. 84.]
s2
244 FALCONIDiE.
Aquila fulvescens, id. op. cit. ii. pi. 29 (1833) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 60
(1862) ; Gray, Hmid-l. B. i. p. 10 (1869) ; Hume, Moiajh Nutes, i.
p. 173 (1869) ; id. Str. F. i. p. 158 (1873).
Aquila naevia, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 114 (1844).
Young. Above glossy purplish brown ■with distinct fulvous tips
to the feathers, broader on lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ; head and neck all round, as well as entire uuderparts
greyish mouse-colour, with distinct points to all the feathers of the
head and neck, particularly thick on the latter, absent on the under
surface, excepting a few faint remains on the tips of the abdominal
and lower throat-feathers ; lores and chin whitish, with narrow
blackish shaft-lines, the latter also apparent on the cheeks and ear-
coverts, which are mouse-grey, like the breast ; tarsal feathers and
under tail-coverts more fulvescent ; under wing-coverts mouse-grej%
with pale fulvous tips ; upper wing-coverts ashy brown , with a very
slight purplish gloss, but not so dark as the back, nor so grey as
the head, though tipped like the latter with fulvous ; greater and
primary coverts, as well as secondaries, deep brown, with tolerably
broad whitish ends ; primaries black, slightly shaded vdih. brown
near the base ; lower surface of wing ashy brown, blackish towards
tips of primaries, the inner webs of all slightly mottled with greyish ;
tail purplish brown, tipped with huffy white, all the feathers shaded
with ashy grey, taking the form of indistinct bars on the centre
feathers, on which remains of eleven or twelve can be counted.
Total length 28 inches, wing 20-75, tail 11, tarsus 3-2.
Adult female. General colour fulvous brown, most of the feathers
with lighter margins, especially on the least wing-coverts ; the
median coverts darker bro'mi, but not so glossy as the back, with
fulvous margins ; greater and primary coverts, as well as secon-
daries, tipped with fulvous ; primaries blackish, externally shaded
■with ashy grey, forming distinct bands on both webs, these bands
more vermiculated on the lower surface, the inner webs of the quills
being ashy brown, shading into deep brown towards the tips of the
primaries ; tail dark brown, tipped with fulvous, the feathers shaded
with ashy grey, forming eight or nine distinct bars on centre
feathers ; head and neck rather paler than the back, the feathers of
the latter part margined with fulvous, giving a very mealy appear-
ance, sides of face also light fulvous ; imder surface of body pale
fulvous brown, lighter on the throat, leg-feathers, and under tail-
coverts, many of the breast-feathers mottled with ashy brown near
the base ; under wing-coverts rather lighter than the breast, many
of the feathers whity brown on their margins and near the base,
the lower series ashy brown, like the inner lining of the wing ; cere
and gape deep yeUow ; feet yellow ; ii-is hazel-brown. Total length
27 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 21-75, tail 11-5, tarsus 3-3.
Adult male. Total length 28 inches, wing 20-5, tail 11, tarsus 3-4.
Hah. India.
a. Juv. St. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
h. tS ad. sk. India. Dr. Bums [P.].
c, d. Imm. sk. Kattiawar. Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].
39. AftuiLA. 245
e. Imin. sk. Western Ghats. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J.
f. Juv. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
}/. Ad. St. Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P.].
h, i. cJ 2 juv. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l
k. 2 juv. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.]-
/. c? ad. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.J.
8. Aquila wahlbergi.
Aquila walilbergii, Sundev.(Efi\ K. Akad. Stockh. IS-dO, p. 109; Finsch
tt. Hard. Viig. Ostafr. p. 51 (1870) ; Sulvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 7
(1871).
Aquila brehmii, Miill. Kaum. 1851, p. 24*.
Aquila dssmursi, Verr. in Hartl. Orn. IV.-A/r. p. 4 (1857) ; Gurney,
Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 366, pi. 77 (1862).
Head of Aquila wahlbergi.
Adult female. Above brown, the feathers with distinct paler
brown margins ; head with a distinct occipital crest ; wiug-coverts
uniform with back, the margins whity brown ; primaries blackish,
secondaries browner, the innermost uniform with back and mar-
gined in the same manner ; tail nearly uniform dark brown, tipped
with whitish, and obsoletely barred with lighter brown on the inner
web ; sides of head fulvous brown, forming a sort of eyebrow, the
sides of the neck of the same colour ; ear-coverts and cheeks uni-
form dark brown ; under surface whity brown, much mixed with
dark brown on the throat, chest, and entire breast ; under taU-coverts
nearly uniform whity brown ; under wing-coverts dark brown, the
outermost whity brown ; inner lining of wing nearly uniform ashy
brown, rather lighter near the base, inclining to whitish at the base
of the inner web of first primary. Total length 26 inches, culmen 2,
wing 18, tail 10, tarsus 3.
Young male. Above brown, with paler margins to the feathers,
very broad on the interscapulary region ; crown of the head rather
paler brown, slightly varied with whitish bases to the feathers ; from
the occiput a long pendent crest of dark brown feathers ; sides of
head, forming an eyebrow, sides of face and of neck, as well as
entire under surface of body, white, the ear-coverts slightly mottled
* This species should be united to A. wahlbergii, according to Drs. Finsch
and Hartlaub : but Dr. von Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 48) says that he has
examined Von Midler's type and it is a young A. pennata. Heuglin, however,
apparently does not know A. desinursi.
246 FALCONID^.
with brown, and a few remains of brown bars on the flanks and
under tail-coverts, a little more distinct on the latter ; under wing-
coverts white, with a few brown bars, principally on the outer edge
of the wing ; quiUs black, the secondaries browner, with whitish
apical margins, the under surface ashy brown, paler towards the
base and inclining to white near base of outer primaries ; tail
blackish, iuchuing to light brown at tip and obsoletely barred with
brown on the inner webs of the feathers. Total length 23-5 inches,
wing 16, tail 9-5, tarsus 3.
Hah. The whole of Africa ; said to have occurred once in Italy.
a. tS ad. St. Bissao. M. Verreaux.
b. (S juv. St. Bissao. M. Verreaux.
9. Aquila maculata*.
L'Aigle tachetd, Briss. Orn. i. p. 42o (1760).
Eough-footed Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syii. i. p. 37 (1781).
Spotted Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 38 (1781).
? Falco nsevius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 258 (1788) ; Naum. Viig. Deutschl. i.
p. 217, pi. 10, 11. figs. 1, 2 (1822); Wernei; Atlas, Eapaces, pi. 16
(1827) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 20, 21 (1839).
Falco maculatus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 258 (1788).
Aquila melanaetus, Savign. Syst. Ois. (TEgypte, p. 253, pi. 1, 2. fig. 1
(1809).
Aquila nsevia, Meyer, in Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i.
p. 19 (1810) ; GovM, B. Eur. i. pi. 8 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 13 (1845) ; B2h Consp. i. p. 14 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 58
(1855) ; Fritsch, Voq. Eur. tab. 6. fig. 3, tab. 8. fig. 4 (1858) ;
Jaub. et BaHh. Lap. Mich. Orn. p. 37 (1859) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B.
Aquilffi, p. 6 (1862); Pels. Virh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 157; Nexvt.
Ooth. Wolley. p. 44 (1864) ; Wolf, Zool. Sk. pi. xxxi. (1865) ; Loche,
Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. i. p. 28 (1867) ; Begl. et Ge)-be, Orn. Eur. i.
p. 26 (1867) ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. i. p. 11 (1869) ; Heiigl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 47 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. xvii. (1870) ; Newt. ed.
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 20 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 6 (1871);
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 206 (1872).
AqnUa planga, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1190 (1823).
Aquila bifasciata, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 25 (1831, ex Hornsch., nee
Graxj).
Aquila pomarina, Brehm, Vog. Deidschl. p. 27 (1831).
Aquila nsevia, var. pallida, Licht. J. f. O. 1853, p. 69, pi. iv.
Aquila fusca, Brehn, Naum. 1855, p. 268.
Aquila subnsevia, Brehm, ut supra.
Aquila fidviventris, Brehm, ut supra.
Aquila maculata, Dresser, Ann. N. U. 1874, xiii. p. 373.
Adult male. Above pale brown, some of the feathers on the back
and scapulars darker brown, the latter particularly so ; wing-coverts
with plain whity brown margins, very distinct on the least series,
obsolete on the greater ones, which are darker brown : quills black-
ish, externally shaded with ashy on the primaries, the secondaries
browner, with pale fulvescent apical margins ; lower back and rump
* There is so much difference of opinion as to which is the true F. neemus of
Gmelin, that it is best to adopt the title of A. maculata for the species.
89. AtiuiLA. 247
pale brown, some of the feathers with a terminal triangular spot of
buff, the lower upper tail-coverts entirely buffy white ; tail almost
uniform brown, slightly inclining to ashy grey on the middle of the
centre feathers, the inner webs somewhat inclining to bronzy brown,
the tips fulvescent, the outer feathers dimly barred on inner web
with blackish brown ; the lower surface of both quills and tail ashy
brown, the latter indistinctly mottled; head and neck light brown,
the hinder neck pale straw-colour, a few tips of the same colour
being visible on the upper interscapulary plumes ; cheeks and entire
under surface of bodj'^ pale brown, lighter and more fulvescent on
the under tail-coverts, a few of the chest-feathers rather darker
brown, with fulvous brown centres ; under wing-coverts brown,
rather darker than breast, a few with irregular whitish tips, the
lowest series darker and more ashy brown, uniform with the wing-
lining ; cere yellow ; bill bluish hom-colour, lighter near base ; feet
yellow ; iris hazel. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing
19, tail 9'25, tarsus 3"45. {Dantzig, mus. H. E. Dresser.)
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 26 inches,
wing 19-7o, tail 10, tarsus 3-0. (Bnmswicl; miis. H. E. D.)
Yomig male. Above brown, paler on the head, the feathers of the
crown tipped wdth fulvous, the plumes of the hind neck with a
longitudinal fulvous streak towards the tip, giving a distinctly
lanceolate appearance, the nape-feathers entirely ochraceous buff,
forming a patch ; wing-coverts brown like bade, the outer median
and greater series longitudinally streaked with white, forming a
larger and more rounded spot on the greater and primary coverts ;
quills blackish, shaded externally with brown, the innermost secon-
daries much paler brown, with a large oval spot of white at the tip,
as on the coverts, the outer secondaries slightly tipped with whity
brown, inner lining of wings uniform ashy brown, the secondaries
paler, with slight remains of ashy whitish cross bars on inner web ;
scapulars with a terminal whitish shaft-streak, larger on the lowest
ones but less distinct, because over-shaded Avith brown ; upper tail-
coverts pale brown, whitish on outer webs, which are more or less
mottled with brownish ; tail perfectly uniform dark brown, tipped
with whitish, but having no traces of barring above, and only the
faintest appearance of ashy bars towards the tips of the feathers
below ; sides of face and throat pale buffy brown ; rest of under
surface of body from the lower throat pale brown, with whitish
centres to the feathers, larger and forming a cluster down the mid-
dle of the breast, which preserves a lighter appearance, the stripes
on the lower throat and flanks more linear and deeper ochraceous,
whitish and forming a triangular apical spot on the thigh-feathers ;
tarsal feathers pale brown ; under tail-coverts buffy white ; under
wing-coverts pale brown, with a few whitish shaft-streaks on the
outermost small coverts, the lower series ashy brown, like the lining
of the wings, the outer ones slightly whitish at tips and bases, the
first primaries very faintly mottled with whitish at base. Total
length 25 inches, wing 18-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-4.
Hab. Central Europe, extending into Northern Germany and
248 FALCONID^.
Poland, going southward in winter to Egypt and Africa. Of rarer
occurrence in the southern and western countries of Europe.
a. Juv. St. Xanthus. Sir C. Fellows [P.].
Subsp. a. Aquila hastata.
Morphnus hastatus, Less. Voy. Belanq. p. 217 (1834),
Limnaetus unicolor, Blyth, J. .4. S. B. xii. p. 128 (1843).
Limnaetus hastatus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 114 (1844).
Spizaetus punctatus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 164 (1844).
Spizaetus hastatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 72 (1855).
Aquila hastata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 7 (184G) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i.
p. 62 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 11 (1809); Hume, Rough Notes,
1. p. 180; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 622.
Aquila neevia, Brouks, Str. F. i. p. 293 (1873).
Of this species, to unite which with A. ncevia I cannot quite agree
with Mr. Brooks, I subjoin the measurements of a pair sexed by
that gentleman and sent to Mr. H. E. Dresser: —
Adult cJ . Total length 23 inches, culmen 2-3, wing 19*15, tail
9-5, tarsus 3"9.
Adult 2 • Total length 24-5, wing 19-5, tail 10, tarsus 3-9.
Although, as Mr. Brooks says, some examples are difficult, if not
impossible, to tell from A. navia of Europe, I must coincide with
Messrs. Gurney and Dresser that the young are not quite the same ;
and I have never seen any adult European birds with the small white
spots on the least wing-coverts, which frequently occiir in A. hastata.
This character appears to me to be probably a sign of the adult
plumage, and may perhaps present a character of importance in
distinguishing A. hastata from A. ncevia.
Hah. Indian peninsula.
a. Ad. St. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq,
h. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq
c, d, e. J ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P,
f. 2 juv. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
g. (S ad. sk. P
h. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Subsp. b. Aquila clanga.
Aquila clanga. Pall. Zoogr. Basso- Asiat. i. p. 351 (1811) ; ScM. Vog.
Nederl. pi. 26 (1854) ; Brehm, Namn. 1855, p. 267; Degl. et Gerbe,
Orn. Em: p. 28 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 28 (1869).
Aquila vittata, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. Tp. 81 (1844).
Aquila fusco-ater, Wodzicki, Namn. 1851, p. 10.
Aquila unicolor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 267.
Aquila naevia, Schrenck., Beis. Amurl. Vog. p. 220 (1859); Linderm.
Vog. Griech. p. 26 (1860) : Jei-d. B. Ind. i. p. 59 (1862) ; Radde,
Beis. Sibir. Vog. p. 85 (1863) ; Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 162 (18G9) ;
Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 686; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 158 (1873).
Falco clanga, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. Taf. 342, 346 (1860).
Adult female. Similar to A. ncevia, but a very much larger and
more powerful bird, and apparently never becoming so light brown
39. AdViLA. 249
in plumage. Total length 29 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 21'4, tail
11-8, tarsus 4-2.
Adult male. Rather smaller than the female. Total length 26-5
inches, wing 20-5, tail 10-5, tarsus 3-9.
Young male. Above brilliant purplish brown, the head and neck
rather duller, with lanceolate apical streaks of dingy buff on the
nape and hind neck ; wing-coverts purplish brown like back, with
a few duU white longitudinal streaks on the median coverts, much
larger and forming distinct oval spots on the primary and greater
coverts, also very distinct and forming longitudinal oval spots at the
tips of the scapulars ; quills blackish, the secondaries rather browner,
with obsolete blackish bars, and distinctly spotted with the same
oval markings as the scapulars ; lower back and rump with distinct
triangular spots of ochraceous buff, the upper tail-coverts almost
uniform buffy white ; tail-feathers blackish, shading towards the end
into brown, and tipped with whity brown, crossed with three or four
blackish-brown bars near the tips ; under surface of body blackish,
the chin browner, the breast streaked with pale brown down the
centre of the feathers, rather more ochraceous on the abdomen and
leg-feathers; under tail-coverts ochraceous buff; under wing. coverts
uniform blackish, the axillaries rather browner ; the lower series of
under wing-coverts ashy brown, like inner lining of wing, and con-
spicuously white at base like the primaries. Total length 26 inches,
wing 20, tail 10, tarsus 3-9. {^Alhania, mus. H. E. Dresser.)
Hah. South-eastern Europe, very rarely extending into Poland
and Germany ; ranging eastwards into Siberia and India.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
Dr. Strader [0.1.
Dr. Strader [0.].
K. Loftus, Esq. [P.l.
K. Loftus, Esq. "P. J.
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
40. NISAETUS.
Type.
Nisaetus, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 227 (1836) N. fasciatus.
Eutolmaetus, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845) N. fasciatus.
Butaetus, Blyth {I. c.) nee Less N. pennatus.
Hieraetus, Kmtp, Mies. Senckenh. iii. p. 260 (1845) N. pennatus.
Tolmaetus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 5 (1846) N. fasciatus.
Pseudaetus, Bp. Cat. Ois. Eur. Parzud. p. 1 (1856) N. fasciatus.
Aquilastur, Brehm, Ber. Orn. Veis. Stuttg. 1860, p. 53 ... . N. fasciatus.
Range. The whole of Africa; countries bordering the Mediter-
ranean ; the whole of India and Ceylon ; Australia.
Key to the Species.
a. Breast pure white, streaked with black.
a. Primaries banded below : greater series of
under wing-coverts blackish fasciatus ad., p. 250.
a. Ad. sk.
Southern Russia.
h, c. $ ad. sk.
Southern Ural.
d. c? ad. sk.
Southern Ural.
e,f. Ad. St.
Bagdad.
g. Juv. st.
Bagdad.
/(. $ ad. sk.
Madras.
i. $ ad. sk.
Nepaul.
k. 2 ad. sk.
Darjiling.
250 FALCONID^.
b'. Primaries not banded below : greater under
wing-coverts white, like wing-lining. . . . spUogaster ad., p. 252.
h. Breast bufty white or light rufous, streaked
with blackish bro^mi.
c. Primai-ies banded below.
a". Larger : wing in cj about 19'6 inches, in
5 21 fasciatus j uv., p. 250.
h". Smaller : wing 15 inches morphnoides ad., p. 254.
(C. Primaries imiform below.
c". Wing in S 17"(3, in 5 l^'^ inches spih/jaster ]uv., p. 252.
d". Wing in c? 13-7 inches, in $ 16'5 pennatus ad., p. 253.
c. Breast clove-brown, with narrow black streaks pennatus juv., p. 253.
1. Nisaetus fasciatus.
Aquila fasciata, Vieill. Mem. Linn. Soc. Paris, p. 152 (1822) ; Strickl.
Om. Syn. p. 61 (,1855) ; Degl. et Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 33 (1867) ;
Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 8 (1871).
Falco bonellii, Temrn. PI. Col. i. pi. 288 (1824) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. i.
p. 24 (1827) ; Marm. Mem. Accad. P. Torino, xxxvii. p. 110, pi. i.
(1840).
Aquila intermedia, Boitard, Ois. d'Eur. p. (1825).
Aquila bonellii, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 83 (1828) ; Oould, B. Eur. i.
pi. 7 (1837) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 18 (1839) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i.'p. 14 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 3 (1857) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. Taf. 6. figs. 4, 5 (1858) ; Jaub. et
Barth. Lap. Rich. Orn. p. 10, pi. 4 (1859) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilee,
p. 9(1862); Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 12 (1869); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 49 (1869) ; Shelley, B. Egijpt, p. ^06 (1872).
Nisaetus grandia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 230 (1836) ; Jerd. III. Ind.
Orn. pi. 1 (1847),
Nisaetus niveus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. pp. 69, 234 (1839).
Spizaetus grandis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 301 (1843).
Aquila nipalensis, Hodgs. ew Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Aquila rubriventer, Hodgs. t. c. p. 81 (1844).
Eutolmaetus bonellii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845), et xix.
p. 335 (1850) ; Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 189 (1869).
Tolmaetus bonellii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 5 (1846).
Nisaetus strenuus, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 1 (1847).
Aquila wiedii, Brehm, Naum. 1855, pp. 25, 268.
Pseudaetus bonellii, Bp. Cat. Ois. Eur. Parzud. p. 1 (1856) ; Loche,
Expl. Alger. Ois. i. p. 29 (1867) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 158 (1873).
Aquilastur bonellii, Brehm, Ber. Orn. Vers. Stuttg. 1860, p. 53.
Aquilastur wiedii, Brehm, ut supra.
Nisaetus bonellii, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 67 (1862) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 411.
Nestling. Above umber-browu, with whitish margins to the small
wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts, broader on the latter, these
being slightly mottled with paler brown ; greater wing-coverts and
secondaries purplish brown, the latter terminally margined with
buffy white, the primaries blackish both above and below, the
secondaries whitish below, with dark brown bars ; tail greyish
brown, broadly tipped with huffy white, with two distinct cross
bands of dark brown, the subterminal one broader ; head and neck
brown, with rufous margins, the ear-coverts more rufous ; underneath
40. NISAETUS. 251
rich fawn-colour, paler ou the tarsal feathers and under wing-coverts,
the breast-feathers mesially streaked with blackish shaft-stripes.
Young. The nestling described is so advanced in plumage as to
show nearly all the characteristics of the fiilly grown young bird.
Some points, however, are not fully developed, and require a short
description of the second stage. General colour brown, with black
shaft-stripes and faint fulvous-brown margins to the feathers, the
head and neck fawn-colour like the underparts, with distinct blackish
shaft-stripes, as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; quills
dark brown, broadly tipped with huffy white, and mottled with ashy
grey externally towards the tips, crossed with distinct bars of darker
brown, the innermost secondaries uniform brown like the back ; tail
ashy brown, mottled Avith rufous and shaded with the same towards
the tips, with indications of dark brown spots near the shafts of the
centre feathers, inclining to bars on the inner webs of the others,
but with no appearance of a sub terminal band.
Adult female. Above deep brown, the feathers white at base,
some of them paler-margined, the eyebrow and sides of neck
streaked with white ; sides of face white, the cheeks distinctly
streaked with brown, the ear-coverts more narrowly, the hinder
margin of the latter inclining to rufous ; under surface of body
white, with distinct blackish brown shaft-stripes of unequal breadth,
the flanks irregularly barred and marked with arrow-head markings
of dark brown ; leg-feathers more or less pale brown, varied with
dark brown, and irregularly spotted with white ; under wing-coverts
white, streaked with black, the lower ones entirely black, with white
tips ; axillaries white, barred and streaked with blackish, the re-
mains apparently of a uniform blackish feather ; quills deep brown,
much mottled with white on inner web ; tail ashy brown, more or
less inclining to grey, with five or six indistinct bars of brown near
the base, and a broad subterminal band of dark brown, the tips of
the feathers fulvous ; cere and gape dingy yellow, bluish about
nostrils ; bill horn-black, bluish grey at base ; feet whitish brown,
tinged with yellow, claws black ; iris yeUow. Total length 26 inches,
culmen 2*5, wing 21, tail 11-5, tarsus 4.
Adult male. Rather smaller than the female. Total length 29
inches, wing 19*6, tail 11, tarsus 3*5.
Ilab. All the countries of Southern Europe, on both sides of the
Mediterranean ; the entire Indian peninsula.
u. Juv. sk. Italy. Purchased.
b. Juv. st. Tangier. E. Warren, Esq. [P.].
c, d. PuU. St. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.l.
e. 2 ad. sk. Timis. li. Fraser, Esq. [C.J.
/. 2 ad. St. Tunis. Sir T. Reade [P!].
ff. Ad. St. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
h. Juv. St. India. Purchased.
{. Juv. sk. India. Purchased.
/. c? imm. sk. Rajkote, Kattiawar, Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd fP.l.
Jan. 1, 1871.
k. Juv. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.].
/. Juv. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
252
FALCONID^.
>n,M, o. Juv. sk.
p, q. Ad. sk.
;•, s. Imm. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
«. Juv. sk.
V. Skeleton.
w. Skeleton.
x,y. Sterna.
Nepal.
Nepal.
Nepal.
Assam.
India.
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Prince Frederick of Schleswig-
Holstein [P.].
Zoological Society.
L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
2. Nisaetus spilogaster.
487 {ex Du
s. P.-B. As-
Heugl. Orn.
13 (1869) ;
Join. Lisb.
Spizaetus spilogaster, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool, 1850, p
Bm, MS.) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 73 (1855) ; Schl. Mu
tures, p. 12 (1862) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 14 (1867) ;
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 57 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p.
Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 48 (1870) ; Bocage.
1873, p. 3 ; Schl. Berne Accipitr. p. 59 (1873).
Spizaetus zonurus, Mull. Naum. 1850, p. 27 ; id. Beitr. Orn. Afr.
Taf. 1 (18.5.3).
Aquila bonellii, Brehtn, J. f. O. 18-53, p. 204 ; Heiigl. J. f. 0. 1861,
p. 193 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 11 (1867).
Spizaetus leucostigma, Jleugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 7 (1856).
Spizaetus ayresii, Gurney, /6js,1862,p. 149, pi. 4; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 356.
Aquila fasciata, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 138.
Pseudaetus spilogaster, Gurney, in Anderss. p. 7 (1872).
Young. Above brown, with slight spots and mottlings of white
at the base of the scapulars and upper tail-coverts ; head also dark
brown, the hinder neck and sides of the face dull tawny rufous,
with black strealvs, more distinct on the latter, and forming a kind
of irregular moustache ; under surface of body uniform tawny
rufous, a little paler on the feathers of the throat ; under tail-
coverts and outermost under wiug-covei-ts, chin, and chest with a
few lanceolate elongated black streaks ; the lower under wing-
coverts with large spots of black ; quills dark brown, the secondaries
paler brown, tipped and irregularly marked on both webs with
white, the inner webs white at base, shading off into ashy white
before the tips, which are dark brown, the dark brown cross bars
showing more plainly ; tail-feathers ashy grey above, tipped with
white, ashy white below, and crossed with seven blackish bands not
weU defined, and often merging into each other ; cere greenish yel-
low ; biU ash-colour, black at tip ; feet greenish yellow ; iris light
yellow. Total length 24-5 inches, wing 17'6, tail 11-3, tarsus 4.
Adult female. Above brownish black, the head streaked, and the
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts conspicuously varied with large
spots of white ; primaries externally ashy, and blackish brown at
tips, the secondaries mottled with brown or ashy and dark brown
at tips ; upper tail-coverts brown, largely banded and tipped with
white ; tail ashy grey, with a broad dark band at tip, the remainder
of the feathers mottled with remains of brown bars ; cheeks white,
slightly streaked with black ; under surface of body pure white,
with black streaks on the breast and irregular large spots on the
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts black, some feathers mar-
40. NisAETtrs. 253
gined with white ; cere bright j-ellow ; bill bluish, the base of the
lower mandible yellow ; feet bright yellow, talons horn-black ; iris
bright yellow. Total length 26"5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 18*3, tail
11-4, tarsus 3-9.
Adult male. Very similar to the female, but with the white spots
on the upper surfiice less distinct, and the streaks on the lower sur-
face more distinct.
Hab. North-eastern Africa, extending along the eastern coast and
over the whole of South Africa as far as Benguela on the western
coast.
a,b. 2juv.sk. Bogos Land, Herr Esler [0.].
c. (S ad. St. Abyssinia. Purchased.
3. Nisaetus pennatus.
Le Faucon patu, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 22, pi. 1 (1760).
Falco pennatus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 272 (1788) ; Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 38
(1824); 7re;-«e?-, ^</as, Rapaces, pi. 17 (1827) ; S'chl.i/. Suse7n. Vlig.
Eur. Taf. 22 (1839) ; Naum. Vbg. Dmtschl. xiii. Taf. 343 (1868).
Aquila pennata, Viq. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337 (1824) ; Gould, B. Etir. i.
pi. 9 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; Bp. Camp. i. p. 14
(18-jO) ; Strickl. Orn. Stjn. p. GO (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 4
(1857); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 5. figs. 3, 4, 5 (1858) ; jaiib. et
Barth. Eich. Orn. p."36, pi. 3 (1859) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 63 (1862) ;
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilai, p. 87 (1862) ; Dresser, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 377 ;
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 36 (1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 10
(1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 12 (1869); Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
p. 47 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 7 (1871) : Holdsw. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 411; SJielley, B. Eqijpt, p. 207 (1872) ; Eruper, J. f. O.
1872, p. 69 ; Holtz, i. c. p. 286 ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 116 (1873).
Aquila minuta, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 29, pi. 2. fig. 2 (1831) ;
Goebel,J.f. O. 1872, p. 454.
Spizaetus milvoides, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 75 (1839).
Butaetus pennatus, Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845).
Hieraetus pennatus, Kaup, Mus. Se7ickenb. iii. p. 260 (1845) ; Blytli,
J. A. S. B. XV. p. 7 (1845) ; Loche, Eipl. Alger, i. p. 132 (1867) :
Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 182 (1869) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.
Ld. p. 7 (1872).
Aquila brehniii. Mull. Natan. 1852, p. 24 ; Brehm, op. cit. 1853,
p. 268.
Aquila longicaudata, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 6 (1856).
Nestling. Entirely covered with white down, the head very much
crested.
Adult female. Above brown, the scapulars with a purplish shade,
some of the highest plumes of the latter pure white, forming a
shoulder-patch, the lowest broadly bordered with huffy white, as
also are all the wing-coverts ; lesser and median coverts slightly
shaded with pale fawn-colour, the greater ones purplish brown, with
a broad edging of buffy white ; quills blackish, secondaries purplish
brown, terminally margined with buffy white, the innermost very pale
whity brown ; lower surface of quills dark brown, inclining to ashy
white near base of inner web, the secondaries indistinctly barred
with duU whitish ; lower back and rump dark purplish brown, the
254 FAlCONIDiK. "
upper tail-coverts dull fawn -brown, .shading into bufiy white on their
margins and tips ; tail dull sepia-brown, slightly shaded with ashy,
and tipped Avith dull white, crossed witli four or five indistinct bars
of darker brown, the feathers inclining to dark brown towards the
tips, but not forming a distinct subterminal band ; head and neck
fawn-colour, with lanceolate central streaks of dark brown, the
cheeks streaked distinctly with blacldsh ; frontal plumes whitish ;
under surface of body bufiy white, the throat and chest inclining to
dull fawn-colour, the throat broadly streaked with black down the
centre, the chest also streaked with dark brown, becoming narrower
on the breast, and disappearing on the abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts white, scarcely streaked with dark
brown shaft-lines, the greater ones with large blackish spots ; cere
and gape bright wax-yellow ; bill bluish black, pale blue at base ;
feet pale wax-yellow ; iris pale brown. Total length 24 inches, cul-
men 1-7, wing 16-5, tail 10, tarsus 2-8.
Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 19 inches,
wing 13-7, tail 8, tarsus 2-4.
Yoioig. Differs from the adult in the colour of its under surface,
which is entirely duU brown, with distinct black shaft-lines, the
thighs and under tail-coverts a little more sandy, the tarsal feathers
bufiy white ; upper surface purplish brown, the scapulars and wing-
coverts lighter than the back and broadly edged with whitish, the
upper tail-coverts almost entirely whitish ; uppermost scapulars
white, forming a larger patch than in the adult ; head dull fawn,
not so rufous as in the old bird, distinctly streaked with black, the
cheeks and throat strongly inclining to dark brown ; quills and tail
much as in the adult.
Hah. Southern and North-eastern Africa, all the countries bor-
dering the Mediterranean, South-eastern Europe, entire Indian
peninsula and Ceylon.
J. Gould, Esq.
Purchased.
Purchased.
W. B. D. Tumbull, Esq. [P.].
South- African Museum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Zoological Society.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
4. Nisaetus morphnoides.
Aquila moi-phnoides, Gmild, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 161 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 14 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 2 (1848) ; Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 14
(1850) ; Strtckl. Orn. Syn. p. 62 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 12
(1869).
Butaetus morphnoides, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 546 (1845).
Hieraetus cristatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 4 (1846).
Hieraetus morphnoides, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 243 ; Go7tld, Handb. B.
Austr. i. p. 11 (1865).
AiMt. Face, crown of the head, and throat blackish brown, tinged
a. Pull. St.
Europe.
b. S .juv. st.
c. (S ad. St.
d. $ juv. St.
e. 2 ad. sk.
Europe.
Spain.
South Africa.
/. 2 juv. St.
g. 2 ad. st.
h. Skeleton.
Nepal.
t. Sternum.
41. LOPHOTRIORCHIS. 256
with rufous, giving it a striated appearance, aud bounded in front
above the nostrils with whitish ; feathers at the back of the head,
which are lengthened into a short occipital crest, back and sides of
the neck, all the under surface, thighs, and under tail-coverts rufous,
all but the thighs and under tail-coverts with a stripe of black down
the centre of each feather ; back, rump, and wings brown, the centre
of the wing lighter ; primaries brownish black, becoming darker at
the tip, and barred throughout with greyish butf, which is conspi-
cuous on the under surface, but scarcely perceptible on the upper,
except at the base of the inner webs ; under surface of the wing
mottled with reddish brown and black ; tail mottled greyish brown,
crossed by seven or eight distinct bars of blackish brown, the tips
being lighter ; cere and bill lead-colour, passing into black at the
tip ; eye reddish hazel, surrounded by a blackish brown eyelash ;
feet lead-coloui'. Total length 21 1 inches; bill 1|; wing 15; tail
9| ; tarsiis 2|. (Gould.)
Hah. S. Australia.
a. Ad. sk. Queensland. M. A. Bouvier [E.].
41. LOPHOTRIORCHIS*.
Spizaetus et Limnaetus (pt.), aud.
Head of Lophotriorchis kieneri.
Range. Columbian subregion in South America; Indo-Malayan
subregion in Asia.
Key to the Species.
a. Smaller; wing 14'1 inches; chest white, with black
streaks hieneri, p. 255.
b. Larger; wing 20-2 inches; chest rufous, with black
streaks isidorii, p. 2.56.
1. Lophotriorchis kieneri.
Astur kieneri, Geoffroy St.-Hil. Hev. Zool. 1845, pi. 35 (1835).
Spizaetus albogularis, Tick. J. A. S. B. xi. p. 456 (1842).
Limnaetus kieneri, Stricld. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. .3.3 (1844); Jerd. B.
Ind. i. p. 74 (1862).
Spizaetus kieneri, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 29
(1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 71 (1855) ; ScM. Mus. P.-B. Astures,
p. 11 (1862) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 14; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 216
* X(5*os. crista, rpiopxv^- ^'^s accipitrina.
256
FALCOXID^.
(1869); Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 213 (1869); Hnme, Str. F. i. p. 311
(1873) ; Schi. Revue Accipitr. p. 58 (1873).
Nisaetus kieneri, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. p. 5 (1847).
Adult. Above black, with an occipital crest 2-4 inches in length ;
ear-coverts somcvrhat mixed with whitish ; cheeks, throat, and
breast pure white, with a few narrow black shaft-lines on the side
of the latter ; rcstfof under surface, inchiding under wing- and tail-
coverts, tawnj"^ rufous, streaked with black shaft-stripes, rather
broader on the flanks, where they are more merged ; wings black,
some of the feathers externally brownish, the inner lining of quiUs
whitish ashy, with a few blackish bars on the inner web of the
primaries, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white ; tail black,
very slightly tipped with whity brown, and with indications of
brown cross bands under certain lights, the lower surface of the tail
ashy white, with a subterminal brown bar ; cere yellow ; bill leaden
blue ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris brown. Total length 21 inches,
culmen 1-5, wing 14-1, tail 8-3, tarsus 2-9.
Hah. The Indian peninsula, Malacca, and Borneo.
a. Ad. St. India. Purchased.
h, 5 ad. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
2. Lophotriorchis isidorii.
Falco isidorei, Des Mtirs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 176*.
Aquila isidori, Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. 1 (1845).
Circaetus isidori, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849).
Spizaetus isidoii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 72
(1855); Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 12 (1869) ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. p. 120
(1873).
Adnlt. Above glossy black, the head ornamented with a crest
3-3 inches long ; quills also black, the primaries ashy grey at base,
with a broad black tip ; tail ashy grey for two thirds of its length,
the remaining third being black, with a slight ashy brown tip ; sides
of face and throat black ; rest of under surface tawny rufous, with
central black streaks of irregular width to some of the feathers ;
flanks and external thigh-feathers black ; under wing-coverts ru-
fous, with black stripes like the breast. Total length 26-5 inches,
culmen 2-5, wing 20-2, tail 13, tarsus 4-6.
Hah. Columbia.
a. Ad. sk. Bogota (Chesterton). W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.].
42. NEOPUS.
Heteropus, Hodys. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 127 (1843, nee Dmn. Type.
et Bihr. 1839) H. malayensis.
Neopus, Hodys. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) H. malayensis.
Onychaetus, Kanp, Classif. Smty. u. Voy. p. 120 (1844). H. malayensis.
Ictinaetus, Jerd. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 114 (1844) H. malayensis.
Range. The entire Indian peninsula in suitable localities, Cejdon,
Burmah, extending down the Malayan peninsula to Java, Sumatra,
Celebes, and Ternate.
42. NEOPus. 257
Foot of Neopus malayensis (reduced).
1. Neopus malayensis.
Falco malayensis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 117 (1824, e.r Reinw. MS.).
Aquila malayensis, Viff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337 (1824) ; Ch-ay, Gen. B.
1. p. 14 (1845) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 14 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. pp.60
220 (1855); Schl. Mus. P.-B. AqiiiL-e, p. 11 (1862); id. Fog. Ne-
derl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 8, 49, pi. 3. figs. 1, 2 (1866) ; Gray, Handel.
i. p. 11 (1869); Schl. Remie Accipitr. p. 117 (1873).
Aquila malayana, Less. Traite, p. 39 (1831).
Aquila pemigra, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 227 (1836).
Heteropus perniger, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 127 (1843).
Nisaetus ovivorus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 157 (1844).
Ictinaetus perniger, Blyth, Ann. N, II. xiii. p. 114 (1844).
Neopus perniger, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Ictinaetus malayensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 7 (1846).
Neopus malayensis, Horsf. 4'' Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 381
(1854); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 65 (1862) ; Beav. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 396,
pi. xxxiv. ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p.l3 ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p.l87 ( 1869) ;
Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 34 (1872) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 411.
Young. Above brown, all the wing-coverts and the secondaries
with bufFy white spots at their tips, minute on the former, larger on
the latter and also distinct on the feathers of the lower back ; upper
tail-coverts very broadly tipped with white ; primaries black, slightly
mottled with white at the base of the inner web, less distinct on the
secondaries ; tail-feathers black, the centre ones browner, all crossed
with indistinct bands of ashy brown, rather inclining to whitish on
the inner web of the outer feathers ; head slightly crested, brown,
with ochre-coloured margins to the feathers, reduced to narrow
lines on the forehead ; sides of crown, cheeks, and throat huffy
ochre, a few feathers below the eye and some narrow streaks on the
throat blackish ; rest of the under surface of body rich buify ochre,
with margins of dark brown to the feathers, giving a strongly
striped appearance, the margins less distinct on the abdomen, thighs,
and flanks, which are less striped in consequence ; vent and feathers
on the tarsus uniform buify ochre, the under tail-coverts with brown
shaft-stripes and mottled with brown on the outer web ; under
wing-coverts ochre, uniform with the breast, the lower ones mottled,
and the axiUaries margined ^sith dark brown. Total length 27*5
inches, culmen 1-7, wing 21-2, tail 12, tarsus 3-1. {Mns. Lugd.)
VOL, I. T
258
FALCONIDiE.
The adult phimage of Neopus seems to be gained by a partial
moult on the upper surface, while the brown edgings to the crown
and feathers of the under surface gradually occupy the whole of the
feathers and produce a uniform appearance.
Adult female. All over black, the quills mottled with white near the
base ; tail-feathers more or less distinctlj' barred with ashy above, ap-
pearing as if mottled with white underneath ; cere and gape deep yel-
low; bill greenish horny, black at tip; feet deep yellow ; iris dark brown.
Total length 29-5 inches, culmcn 205, wing 22-7, tail 12-8, tarsus 3-4.
Ifab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. sk. India. Prince Frederick of Schleswig-
Holstein [P.].
b, c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
d. Ad. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
e. Ad. st. Ceylon. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
/. Imm. sk. Malayan archipelago. Leiden Museum [P.].
43. SPIZIASTUR*.
Spizastnr, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1841) . . . .
Type.
S. melanoleucus.
.^#.^^
Foot of Spiziastur melanoleucus.
Range. From Guatemala in Central America southwards to Brazil.
1. Spiziastur melanoleucus.
Buteo melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 482 (1816) ; id. et Oud.
Gal. Ois. pi. 14 (1825).
Falco atricapillus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 79 (1823).
Morphnus atricapillus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 325 (1824).
* This genus is often ascribed to Lesson, who, however, only used the name
"Les Spisiastures" for a group of Hawks in the same way that he used " Les
Gymnogenes" (Compl. Buff, vii. p. 92, 1837).
44. SPIZAETUS.
259
Astur atricapillus, Less. Man. (TOm. i. p. 93 (1828).
Spizastur atricapillus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1841) : Kaup, Mus.
Senck. iii. p. 259 (1845).
Spizaetua atricapillus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 14 (1845) ; Burm. Th. Bras,
p. 05, note (1856) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 4 (1871).
Spizaetus melanoleucus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 28 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn,
p. 73 (1855); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 14 (1862); Gray, Hand-l.
1. p. 12 (1869); Scl. >^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 120 (1873).
Adult male. Above blackish, deeper on the interscapulary region
and wing-covertf? ; quills dark brown, slightly tipped with fulvous,
and barred across with blackish brown, the primaries externally
shaded with greyish, the innermost secondaries paler than the back ;
upper tail-coverts paler brown, with indistinct margins of whity
brown ; tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with fulvous, and crossed
with four blackish bands, the subterminal one decidedly broader ;
head, neck, and entire under surface of body pure white, with the
exception of a few black markings on the nape and occipital crest ;
under wing- and tail-coverts white ; inner lining of quills white,
the primaries blackish towards the tip, the secondaries inclining to
ashy white, with more or less distinct cross bars of dark brown.
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 1.5, tail 9-1, tarsus 2-9.
Female. A little larger than the male. Total length 24 inches,
wing 164, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-2. The specimen in the Museum is
apparently a little younger than the male, at least as regards the
tail, which has six black cross bands of nearly equal breadth.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. 2 ad. St. South America.
b. S ad. st. South America. Purchased.
44. SPIZAETUS*.
Type.
Spizaetus, VieiU. Anali/se, p. 24 (1816) S. mauduyti.
Plumipeda, Flem. Phil Zool. ii. p. 234 (18221 S. mauduyti.
Limnaetus, Vigors, Mem. Raffl. p. 649 (1830) S. caligatus.
Pternura, Kaup, Mus. Setichenb. iii. p. 259 (1845) S. tyrannus.
Head of Spizaetus mauduyti (reduced).
■* The following species have not been examined by me : —
Spizaetus africanus.
Limnaetus africanus, Cctss. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1865, p. 4.
Spizaetus africanus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869).
" General form very strong ; bill rgher short, fully curved ; edge of \ipppi-
... n
!}(;(» FAI-CONID^.
Range. The whole of Central and 8onthern America, excepting the
extreme south of the latter continent ; the whole of Africa ; entire
Indian peninsula and Cej-lon ; all the Indo-Malayan subregion and
Celebes ; Formosa ; Japan.
mandible lobed ; wing moderate, fourth and fifth quills longest and nearly
equal ; tail rather long ; tarsi thick and densely feathered to the toes, the bases
of which are also feathered ; toes and claws very strong ; entire upper parts
brownish black ; plumage of the back and neck behind white at base ; rump and
upper tail-coverts with concealed large spots of white ; quills brownish black on
their outer surface, with a few transverse bands of a darker shade of the same
colour, and with a large space on their inner webs white ; under surface of quills
white, with about vhree transverse bands of black; entire underparts white;
flanks, under tail-coverts, and tibial plumes externally with large spots of
brownish black, and narrowly tipped with white, on its under surface ashy white,
with a few transverse bands of black ; under wing-cuverts white, with large spots
of black ; tarsi white ; cere and toes yellow ; bill dark bluish brown ; axillary
feathers brownish black, the black spots on the imder wing-coverts unitedly form
a large space of that colour on the under surface of the wings. Total length
about 22 inches, wing 14, tail 9^, tarsus 2| ; bill from corner of mouth to tip of
upper mandible H inch. {Cassin, I.e.)
Hub. Ogobai river, Gaboon.
My belief is that, could specimens be compared, this supposed species would
very probably 1 urn out to be the crested Aquila uuhlbcrgii in the plumage figuretl
by Mr, Gurn(y i^Tr Z. S. iv. pi. 77. fig. 2).
Spizaetus andamanensis.
Spizaetus andamanensis, Tytler, Pr. A. S. B. 1865, p. 112; Beav. Piin,
1867, p. 315 ; Hume, Eovgh Notes, i. p. 203 (1869) ; Ball, Str. F. i. p. 52
(1873).
Adult male. Head with the traces of a crest, and of a light brown colour,
striped with dark brown ; each feather is, for the basal three fourths, white, and
one fourth from the tip light brown, with a longitudinal dark brown stripe in
the centre, which gives an appearance of light brown to the head ; but on the
feathers being in the slightest ruflled the head assumes an albescent appearance.
Back, wings, and tail brown ; but, from the greater portion of the base of each
feather being white or light brown, the upper surface of the bird assumes a
mottled appearance of brown and white, the brown being darkest in the centre
of the back, quill-feathers, and tail. The greatest portion of the inner web of
the quill-feathers is white, which gives a white appearance to the under surface
of the wing, which is most stril'.ing when the bird is flying. The primaries are
dark towards their points ; but all the wing-feathers are more or less conspicu-
ously banded with four or five dark brown bars. This is also the case with the
feathers of the tail. All the under surface is white, streaked with longitudinal
brown marks on the breast, flanks, and centre of abdomen. Some of the under
wing-coverts have three or four dark brown bands ; and immediately under the
bend the feathers of the wing are streaked with rufous; this is also the case with
the thighs and some of the lower tail-coverts and white feathers of the densely
feathered tarsus. The toes are yellowish, with black claws ; cere greenish slaty ;
bill dark blackish slaty ; irides dark reddish brown. The two outermost lateral
tail-feathers, when ob.served from beneath, have a very albescent appearance,
with dark dots near the tips, and traces of spots of the same colour going to-
wards the base. Total length 24 inches, bill along curve from edge of cere
1-37, wing 1375, tail 10-15, tarsus 3-65. {TytJer, in Hume's' Bovgh Notes,'
I.e.)
Adult female. Total length 25-25 inches, wing 14-25, tail 10-25, tarsus 3-6.
( Ti/flcr.)
Hall. Andaman Islands.
44. Sl'lZAETUS. 261
Key to the Species.
a. (Jhest uniform.
"'. Chest chocolate-brown or blackish.
a". Tail banded across.
a'". .Smaller : breast uuiform black ti/ranntis ad., p. 264.
b'". Larger : breast -white, with a few black
spots here and there bellieosus ad., p. 2(jj.
b". Tail perfectly uniform, or with a few ir-
regular and indistinct remains of bands.
c". Larger ; wing in cf li>7 inches, in J
21 yurneyi ad., p. 273.
d". Smaller : wing not exceeding 16"5
inches , linmaetus ad., p. 272.
//. Chest white.
c". Lower flanks ban-ed.
e'". Smaller : wing 1.3-lG inches, crest 3
inches long, tarsal feathers barred
across mauduyti'^ny., p. 262.
/'". Larger : wing 19-22 inches ; tarsal
plumes pure white, or with a few scat-
tered spots of black coronaitis juv., p. 266.
d". Lower flanks pure white.
(/'". Larger : tarsal feathei's produced to
between inner and middle toes, and
faintly barred with fulvous nipalensis]\\v.,^. 267.
Spizaetus sphinx.
Spizaetus sphynx, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 323 (1873).
A smgle skin of a Sjii^aefiis is in the Museum, with no history attached, which
1 feel inclined to refer to S. sjihinx of Hume. It agrees exactly in description, but
is larger, being perhaps a female. I can hardly believe, liowever, that the bird
can be separated from S. cirrhatits ; but perhaps I have not got Mr. Hume's
actual species before me. The broad subterminal bar and preceding interspace
occur in young Madras specimens, and in one immature bird from Jsepal.
Spizaetus philippinensis.
Spizaetus philippensis, Gtirney, in Gould's B. Asia, pt. xv. (1863) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869). '
The general colour of the ujiper surface in this species is a dark umber-brown ;
but the base of the feathers of the crest is white, and the margins of the other
occipital feathers are of a light yellowish brown. Some of the scapulars and
other alar feathers (especially the latter) are slightly tipped with the same ; the
tail, which is of a somewhat lighter brown than the back, is tipped with a very
narrow edging of white, and is also crossed by seven blackish brown bars, the
upper one, however, being somewhat indistinct, and the two lower being sepa-
rated by an interval which is twice the breadth of the spaces between the other
bars. The throat has a broad blackish band running Aovm the centre, with two
similar and nearly parallel bands proceeding from the corners of the mouth, tlie
three bands all merging in a cluster of dark-brown lanceolate marks upon the
upper portion of the breast, the intervals between these markings, and abo the
whole sternal and abdominal regions, being tinged with a yellowish rufous ; the
under tail-coverts are barred with brown and white, the former bars being much
broader than the latter ; and the thighs and toes are marked throughout their
length witli narrow, equidistant, transverse bars of the same colour. Total
length 25 inches, crest 24, wing from carpal joint 14|, tail 1 IJ, tarsus 3 j, middle
toe and claw 3.
262 FALCONID^.
//". Smaller : tarsal plumes pure white,
and not extending beyond joints of
toes Kmnaetus juv., p. 272.
b. Chest particoloured.
c'. Penultimate interspace of tail broader than
subterminal band.
e". Abdomen ban-ed across.
»'"'. Under wing-coverts whitish, spotted
with black, like chest albonigei- ad., p. 271.
k'". Under wing-coverts buflfy white, un-
spotted alhoniger juv., p. 271.
V". Under wing-coverts thickly barred with
black, like breast ; chest rufous lanceolatus ad., p. 270.
f". Abdomen and entire breast broadly
streaked with brownish black cirrhattts imm., p. 269.
g". Abdomen uniform brown cirrhatus ad., p. 269.
h". Abdomen white, faintly mottled with
rufous, not barred or streaked ; tarsal
plumes thickly barred with black lanceolatus juv., p. 270.
d'. Subterminal band of tail greater than or
equal to penultimate interspace.
i". Ear-coverts and sides of neck uniform, not
streaked or mottled.
m'". Upper tail-coverts uniform with tail,
and barred with black in the same
manner. [p. 262.
a^. Thighs white, barred with black. . . . mauduyti ad. et juv.,
6*. Thighs black, barred with white .... tyrannus vix ad.,
n'". Upper tail- coverts dark brown, tipped p. 264.
and barred with white.
c^. Bands on tail 3 coronatus ad., p. 266.
<?*. Bands on taU 10 bellicostts ]uy., p. 265.
k". Ear-coverts and sides of neck fulvous,
streaked with brown.
o". Tail-bands 5, counting the concealed
basal one ; under surface rufescent or [p. 267.
brown, with faint white bars nipalensis ad. et imm.,
p"'. Tail-bands 7 cirrhatus juv., p. 269.
q"'. Tail-bands 8, very narrow limnaetm juv., p. 272.
r'". Tail-bands 6.
e*. Abdomen bufiy white, with faint
rufous bars nipalensis juv., p. 267.
/*. Underneath black, barred with white, tyranmis juY., -p. 204.
s'". Tail nearly imifomi, the bands very in-
distinct ; upper tail-coverts brown, the
tips whitish gurneyi juv., p. 273.
1. Spizaetus mauduyti.
L'Aigle hupe de Bresil, Briss. Orn. i. p. 446 (1760).
Grand Autour de la Cayenne, Maitd. Enc. Meth. p. 500 (1784).
Aigle moyen de Guiane, id. t. c. p. 475 (1784).
L'Autour huppe, Levaill. Ois. i. p. 114, pi. 26 (1799).
Falco mauduyti, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 73 (1800, ex Matid.).
Falco ornatus, Dattd. Traite, ii. p. 77 (1800, ex Levaill.) ; Max. Beitr.
iii. p. 78 (1820).
44. spizAETUS. i!63
Esparvero calzado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 106 (1802) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara,
p. 2 (1847).
Falco superbus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 04 (1809).
Aquila urutaurana, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 358 (1810).
Morphnus ornatus, Cuv. Rkpie An. i. p. 319 (1817).
Plumipeda superba, Flcm. Phil Zool. ii. p. 234 (1822).
Spizaetus ornatus, Vieill. N. Did. xxxii. p. 00 (1819) ; id. et Oud.
Gal. Ois. pi. 21 (1825) ; Gray, Gen. B. p. 14, pi. 7. fig. 2 (1845) ;
Bt). Comp. Ai\ i. p. 28 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. (J/ (1855) ;
p. 12 (1869); ,
pp. 4, 397 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. p. 20 (1873) ; Schl. Revue
Accipitr. p. 52 (1873).
Harpyia ornata, Spix, Av. Bras. p. 8 (1824).
Morphnus uiauduyti, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 18 (1826).
Adult male. Above black, with an occipital crest 3 inches long ;
aU the feathers brown at the base, the scapulars aud inner secondaries
brown, barred with blackish; quills brown, slightly tipped with
whity brown, and barred across with blackish, the secondaries less
distinctly ; lower surface of the wing ashy white, with distinct
blackish bars on the primaries, almost obsolete on the secondaries ;
tail brown, crossed with five blackish bands of equal breadth ; ear-
coverts, sides of neck, and hind part of latter bright tawny rufous,
with a distinct broad moustachial streak of black drawn from below
the eye ; throat pure white, unspotted ; rest of under surface white,
the sides of the chest bright tawny rufous, with a few central streaks
of black in the middle ; lower breast and abdomen thickly banded
with deep black, more closely on the thighs and tarsal feathers, and
more widely on the under taU-coverts ; under wing-coverts white,
largely spotted with black. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1-9,
wing 13-4, tail 10-8, tarsus 3-5.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 28-5 inches,
wing 16-2, tail 13, tarsus 3-6. The specimen in the Museum,
though not quite so full-plumaged as the male, has the centre tail-
feathers fuUy moulted, showing that, when adult, the species has
only four broad bands of black.
Young. Much browner than the adult, the interscapulary region
and wing-coverts slightly darker ; quills much as in the adult, as
also the tail, excepting that the latter has six blackish cross bauds ;
head and neck all round bufify white, with a slight wash of fawn-
colour here and there ; an occipital crest as long as in adult ; rest of
under surface of body white, with a few oval spots of black in the
centre ; the sides of the body broadly banded with black, the tarsal
feathers more narrowly but more thickly banded ; under tail-coverts
entirely white ; under wing-coverts white, with large and distinct
spots of black.
Hah. Central America, and South America as far as Paraguay.
a. (S ad. St. Brazil.
b. Juv. sk. Brazil.
c. c? ad. St. Panama. O. Salvin, Esq.
264 FALCONID-E.
d. Juv. St. Coban, Guatemala. Capt. Kellett and Lieut.
Wood [P.].
e. Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.].
/. Skeleton. Zoologieal Society.
2. Spizaetus tyrauuus.
Falco tyrannus, 3Iax. Reis. Bras. i. p. 360 (1820) ; Temm. PI. Col.
i. pi. 73 (1823).
Harpyia bracchata, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 3 (1824).
Aquila tjTannus, Less. Man. (TOrn. i. p. 84 (1828).
Astur tyrannus, Less. Man. (TCh-n. i. p. 92 (1828).
Morphnus tyrannus, Cuv. Begyie An. i. p. 3-31 (1829).
Ptemura tj'rannus, Kaup, Mits. Se^ichenb. iii. p. 259 (1845).
Spizaetus tyrannus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; BjJ. Consp. i.
p. 29 (1850); Stnckl. Orn. Si/n. p. 69 (1855) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii.
p. 62 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 12 (1869) ; Peh. Orn. Bras.
pp. 4, 397 (1871) ; Scl. (|- Salv. Nomencl. p. 120 (1873) ; Schl. Revue
Acdpitr. p. 59 (1873).
Spizaetus bracchatus, Des Murs, R. Z. 1847, p. 323 ; Lafr. R. Z. 1848,
p. 134 ; Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 68 (1855) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 12
(1866).
Spizaetus spixii, Des Murs, R. Z. 1847, p. 325.
Adult. Black above and below, the ■wing-coverts a little browner,
the leg-feathers, as well as the under wing- and tail-coverts, slightly
varied with a few bars or spots of white, more distinctly inclining to
bars on the latter ; quills deep brown, externally shaded with ashy
grey, and broadly banded with black ; the lower surface of the wing
blackish brown, with three irregular bands of ashy white ; upper
tail-coverts black, with a narrow tip and a few indistinct spots of
white ; tail black, crossed with four bands of ashy brown, the basal
one very narrow and indistinct. Total length 29 inches, culmen 1*9,
wing 18-6, tail 15-5, tarsus 3-5.
Adult female. Total length 26 inches, wing 16, tail 13, tarsus 3*6.
Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, blackish on the interscapu-
lary region, the wing-coverts with small apical spots or margins of
white, the median and greater series indistinctly barred with ashy
brown ; quills deep brown, tipped with whitish, and broadly
banded with black, the interspaces externally shaded with greyish,
with which the primaries are outwardly washed ; lower back and
rump blackish brown, with concealed bars of white, more distinct on
the upper tail- coverts, which are also broadly tipped with white ; tail
chocolate-brown, shaded with ashy grey, tipped with whity brown,
and crossed with six broad blackish bands ; head white, with broad
black tips to the feathers, especially distinct on the nape ; sides of
the face blackish, streaked with white, the sides of the neck pale
brown, with large subterminal black spots ; cheeks and throat pure
white, "\vith a few narrow black lines on the former ; chest white,
with a few broad streaks of black in the centre, the sides of the
breast brown, varied with broad mesial streaks of black ; rest of
under surface of body black, thickly spotted with white, inclining to
bars on the flanks and leg-feathers ; under wing-coverts black.
44. SPIZAETDS. 265
barred and spotted with white like the breast ; quills and tail below
regularly barred with black and ashy white.
Hab. From Guatemala, in Central America, southwards to Brazil.
a. Juv. St. South America. Purchased.
b. Ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.
c. Juv. St. Choctum, Vera Paz, 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
Guatemala.
d. 2 imm. sk. Capim river. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.].
e. 2 ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
3. Spizaetus bellicosus.
Le Griffard, Levaill. Ois. cVAfr. i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1799) ; Sunclev. Krit.
07n Levaill. p. 23 (1858).
Falco bellicosus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 38 (1800, ex Levaill.^.
Falco armiger, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 57 (1809).
Aquila bellicosa, Dnmmit, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 347 (1816) ; Grai/, Gen.
B. i. p. 34 (184.5) ; Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pi. 42 (1849) ;
Strickl. Oni. Sijn. p. 61 (1855).
Aquila armiger, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 315 (1817).
Eutolmaetus bellicosus, Blyth,J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845).
Tolmaetus bellicosus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 5 (1846).
Spizaetus bellicosus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 147 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 28
(1850) ; HaHl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 5 (1857); Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures,
p. 57 (1862); Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 13 (1867); Heugl. Orn.
N. O.-Afr. i. p. 59 (18G9) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 13 (1869) ; Schl.
Revue Accipitr. p. 59 (1873).
Pseudaetus bellicosus, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 8 (1872).
Young female. General colour pale brown, M-ith white margins to
the feathers of the upper surface, very distinct on the wing-coverts ;
feathers of the head and neck white, with a large terminal spot of
pale brown ; greater and primary wing-coverts and quills ashy
brown, broadly tipped with whitish, and barred across with darker
brown ; these bars distinct underneath, where the quills are ashy
grey from the base upwards towards the tips, which are blackish
brown ; upper taU-coverts pale brown, with darker brown bars ;
tail ashy brown, with bufiy white tips, and crossed with eleven
bands of darker brown ; under surface of body entirely huffy white,
with a few spots of dark brown on the chest and under wino--
coverts.
Adult female. Above dark sepia-brown, with faint edgings of paler
brown to the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts, the greater series of
which, as well as the scapulars, are indistinctly barred with ashy
brown ; quiUs dark brown, tipped with buffy white, and crossed with
blackish brown, the subterminal baud broader on the secondaries
the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey ; upper taU-coverts
brown, with faint bands of darker brown, and tipped %vith fulvous ;
tail dark brown, tipped with buffy white, and crossed with six bands
of ashy grey, the basal one often indistinct ; head dark brown, with
narrow whity brown margins, all the feathers white at base, showing
more conspicuously on the neck, where the margins to the feathers
are broader ; sides of face and throat white, with a few brown
streaks on the ear-coverts ; fore neck and chest uniform dark brown ;
266 FALCONID^.
rest of under surface white, with sparsely distributed sjiots of dark
brown, larger and more cordiform on the flanks, and smaller on the
leg-feathers ; under wing-coverts white, spotted and mesial!}' streaked
with dark brown, the greater ones entirely brown, shaded -with ashy,
and tipped with buffy white ; cere bluish ; bill black, bluish at
gape ; feet pale yellow, claws black ; iris dull yellowish *. Total
length 38 inches, culmen 3, wing 27'5, tail 14, tarsus 5-2.
Hab, South Africa.
a. 5 ad. st. South Africa. S. -African Museum.
b. $ juv. sk. Snewberg, South Africa. Purchased.
c. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
4. Spizaetus coronatus.
Crowned Eagle, Edwards, Gleanings, pi. 224 (1758).
Aigle hupe d'Afrique, Briss. Oni. i. p. 448 (1760).
Falco coronatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 124 (1766).
Le Blanchard, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 12, pi. 3 (1799) ; Sundev. Krit.
om Lev. p. 23 (1858).
Falco albescens, L)mid. Traite, ii. p. 45 (1800, ex Levaill.).
Aquila albescens, Diimmit, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 361 (1816).
Morphnus albescens, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 331 (1829).
Harpyia albescens, Siv. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837).
Spizaetus albescens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845); StricM. Orn. Syn.
p. 68 (1855).
Aquila coronata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; Smith, III. Zool. S.
Afr. pis. 40, 41 (1847).
Spizaetus coronatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 28 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. St/n.
p. 68 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 5 (1857) : Schl. Mus. P.'-B.
Astures, p. 3 (1862) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 12 (1869) ; id. Ibis,
1869, p. 362 ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 387 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 13 (1869).
Young male. Above brown, with indistinct bands of darker brown,
the subterminal spot often strongly pronounced ; all the feathers of
the upper surface broadly margined with white, small bands of which
colour appear on the outer web of the upper tail-coverts ; tail brown,
tipped with white, externally shaded with ashy grey on the inter-
spaces ; the lower surface of the wing white, mottled with ashy
grey and barred with blackish on inner web of secondaries ; the
primaries ashy grey towards their tips, and distinctly banded with
blackish brown ; tail black, tipped with whitish, and crossed with
three distinct bands of ashy grey, inclining to brown on inner web ;
head and neck white, with a slight tinge of fawn on the hinder part
of the latter ; under surface of body entirely white, with a few
distinct broad bars of dark brown on the sides of the vent ; the
outer aspect of the thighs largely spotted with dark brown ; under
wing-coverts white, the greater ones with a broad subterminal bar
of black. Total length 32 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 19-1, tail 13-6,
tarsus 3-8.
Adult female. Above black, with a brownish shade on the greater
wing-coverts and scapulars near their bases ; quills pale brown,
* These soft parts taken from a living bird in the Antwerp Gardens. An-
other one, not apparently different in plumage, had a brighter yellow iris.
44. spizAETUs. 267
slightly tipped with whitish, externally shaded with clear ashy grey,
inclining to whitish near outer base of primaries ; all the quills with
a broad subterminal band of greenish black, most of the quills ex-
hibiting remains of a second dark brown bar near the base ; inner-
most secondaries with three distinct bands of dark brown ; upper
tail-coverts greenish black, tipped and spotted with white ; tail
black, tipped with pale brown and crossed with two broad bands of
ashy grey, with remains of a third basal one on the outermost fea-
thers ; crown and occipital crest blackish brown, with faint indica-
tions of pale brown tips to the feathers ; sides of face and of neck
earthy brown ; the cheeks and throat blackish brown ; under surface
of body yellowish buff, broadly banded with black, these bands being
so thick on the chest as to render it almost entirely black, the buff
being confined to the base of the feathers ; under tail-coverts barred
-nath black and white ; thighs black, thickly spotted and barred with
dull white ; under wing-coverts deep chestnut, slightly streaked
down the centre with black, the median ones broadly tipped with
black, the lower ones uniform blackish, with white tips and bases to
the feathers ; bill horn-colour, yellow at base and gape ; feet pale
yellow ; iris j^ellow. Total length 39 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 22-2,
tail 16, tarsus 4-1.
Uab. South and West Africa.
a. S juv. St. South Africa. S.-African Museum.
b. $ ad. St. South Africa. S.-African Museum.
6 juv. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].
c
5. Spizaetus nipalensis.
Nisaetus nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 229, pi. 7 (1836).
Nisaetus pulcher, Hoch/s. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 361 (1837).
Nisaetus pallidus, Hodgs. I. s. c. (1837).
Spizaetus grandis, G)-ag, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 8.
Spizaetus pulcher. Gray, t. c. p. 8 (1844).
Spizaetus nipalensis, Grm/, t. c. p. 8 (1844) ; Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xix.
p. 333 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 69 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 13 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 210 (1869) ; Sivinh. P.
Z. .S. 1871, p. 339.
Spizaetus cirrhatus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 16.
Spizaetus orientalis, Tetmn. &• Schl. F. J. Aves, pi. 3 ( 1850) ; Bp. Cottsv.
i. p. 29 (1850). ^
Limnaetus nipalensis, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 73 (1862) ; Hoklsw. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 411.
Nestling. Clothed with white down ; the feathers deep brown,
broadly margined with ochraceous buff, especially on the head, which
is much crested ; the feathers of the crown deep ochraceous, with a
broad blackish subterminal band ; underneath huffy white, all the
feathers distinctly streaked with rufous brown.
Younc/. Above brown, the feathers lighter at the base and whitish
on the margins ; the median and greater wing-coverts whity brown,
broadly tipped with white and darker brown in the centre of the
feathers ; quills deep purplish brown, broadly tipped with whitish,
268 FALCONID^.
banded with dark brown, plainer on the inner web, especially under-
neath, where the inner web is ashy white ; rump dai'k brown, tipped
with whitish ; the long upper tail-coverts whity brown, faintly
barred and tipped with white ; taU pale brown, tipped with white
and crossed with six bauds of darker brown of rather unequal
breadth, the subterminal one the broadest ; head and neck aU
round white, with broad dark centres to most of the feathers, caus-
ing a spotted appearance ; an occipital crest 3-9 inches long, the
feathers black, margined and tipped with white ; the ear-coverts and
cheeks narrowly streaked with black ; under surface of body white,
with a few streaks of dark brown on the chest, rather broader on
the sides of the body; the lower flanks and thighs pale brownish,
with faint bars of white ; under wing-coverts white, the lower ones
with subterminal spots of dark brown ; cere hoary black ; bill black ;
feet dirty yellowish white ; iris yellow. Total length 30 inches,
wing 18-8, taU 12-6, tarsus 3-9.
Adult male. Above very dark brown, the feathers slightly mar-
gined with paler brown ; the wing-coverts and secondaries rather
lighter, excepting just before the tips, which are dark brown, the
latter also regidarly barred across with this latter colour, these bars
much more distinct below, where the lower surface of the quills is
whitish grey ; upper tail-coverts somewhat lighter brown than the
back, narrowly tipped and more broadly barred with dull whitish ;
tail pale brown, somewhat washed -with ashy, tipped with whity
brown and crossed with four broad bands of blackish brown, the
subterminal one broader than the penultimate interspace ; head
blackish, the feathers slightly margined with fulvous brown, causing
a streaked appearance, which is much more distinct on the hind
neck ; an occipital crest 2-8 inches long, blackish, with narrow whity-
brown tips ; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish brown ; throat white,
with a broad streak of black down the centre ; chest fawn-brown,
with broad black centres to the feathers, giving a distinctly striped
aspect ; the rest of the under surface bro'\\Ti, largely spotted on the
breast with white, changing into distinct bars on the flanks and
thighs, which are darker brown ; the tarsal feathers and under taU-
coverts rather paler brown, barred with white ; under wrng-coverts
fawn-brown like the chest, spotted with dark brown ; the lower
series white, barred with dark brown. Total length 28 inches,
culmen 1-9, wing 18-5, tail 13, tarsus 3-9.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 32 inches,
wing 20, tail 13, tarsus 4-2.
Hab. The Himalayas, hills of Southern India, and Ceylon.
a. S ad. sk. India. Major-General Hardwicke [P.].
b. 5 ad. St. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
c. $ ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. e, f. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
ff. Jiiv. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
//, i. Ad. sk. Nepaid. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
k, I. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
m. Pull. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
n. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
44. sPizAETis. 269
6. Spizaetus cirrhatns,
Le Faucon hup5 des Indes, Briss. Orn. i. p. 3G0 (1760, ex Willuh.).
Ceylonese Crested Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 80 (1781).
FaJco cirrhatns, Gm. S. N. i. p. 274 (1788, ej: Briss.).
Falco cevlanensis, Gvi. S. N. i. p. 275 (1788, ex Lath.).
Falco cristatellus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 282 (1824).
Astur cristatellus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828).
Morphnus cristatellus, Less. Traite, p. 52 (1831).
Spizaetus cristateUus, Jartf. Sf Selby, Lll. Orn. ii. pi. 66 (P1832);
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845).
Nisaet'us cristatellus, EUiot, 3Iadr. Joiirn. x. p. 234 (1839) ; Jerd.
III. Lid. Orn. p. 0 (1847).
Nisaetus cirrhatus, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845).
Limnaetus cirrhatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849) ; Kaiip,
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 61.
Spizaetus ciiThatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n.
p. 69 (1855) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869) ; Hume, Boia/h
Notes, i. p. 206 (1869) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 52 (1873, js^.). '
Limnaetus cristatellus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 71 (1862) ; Hvldsio. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 411.
Young female. Above dark brown, with paler margins and bases
to the feathers ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts de-
cidedly paler tlian the back ; the median and greater coverts paler
brown than the smallest ones, much varied with white bases and
margins to the feathers ; quills brown, barred across with dark
brown ; the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey, the secon-
daries tipped with huffy white ; all the bars veiy distinct below,
the inner lining of the wing being white shading into ashy grey
towards the tips of the feathers ; tail pale brown, baiTed across
with five bands of dark brown, the subterminal one equal to or
narrower than the penultimate interspace ; head and neck duU fawn-
colour, with blackish centres to the feathers, much broader on the
hind neck, narrow and hair-like on the sides of face and ear-coverts ;
the cheeks again more broadly streaked, forming an irregular mous-
tache ; an occipital crest 4-1 inches long, black, with huffy white
tips and margins ; under surface of body entirely white, the lower
throat and chest longitudinally streaked with blackish brown ; the
breast with a few streaks of pale nifous brown, widening into broad
spots on the abdomen ; sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts pale fawn-brown ; the axillaries a little brighter, and
slightly mottled with white ; under wing- coverts white, with
distinct blackish spots, largest on the lower series ; iris dun-brown.
Total length 29 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 17'4, tail 13, tai-sus 4-3.
Adult male. Above brown, with faint margins of paler brown on
the dorsal feathers ; the neck and interscapulary region varied with
pale almost whity brown bases to the feathers, which are streaked
with dark brown along the shaft : the head darker brown, with much
broader dark brown centres ; an occipital crest of pure black feathers
3-8 inches in length, the long plumes not tipped with white, but
whitish at immediate base : wing-coverts dark brown, with faint
margins of pale brown, the greater series decidedly lighter ; quills
270 FALC0NID.1;.
rich brown, barred .across with blackish brown; the secondaries
tipped with buffy white, the innermost rather paler brown than the
back, all the bars showing- plainly below, where the inner lining of
the wing is white at base, shading into ashy white towards the tip ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform brown, a little
paler than the back ; taU light brown, with three bauds of dark
brown, then an interspace of 1'7 inch, and finally a broad subter-
minal band 1-5 inch in exteut ; sides of face and of neck light brown,
with central streaks of black ; throat white, with a broad black
central streak, and bordered on each side with a distinct moustachial
streak ; under surface of body brown, slightly inclining to rufous on
the chest, to the feathers of which the white bases impart a some-
what streaked ajjpearance ; the thighs decidedly paler brown ; under
wing-coverts rufous brown, with dark shaft-stripes, the outermost
blackish brown, with pale fulvous margins ; the lower series white,
centred or barred with blackish brown ; cere pale yellow ; feet yel-
low ; iris yellow. Total length 26-5 inches, culmen (broken) about
1-75, wing 16, tail 11, tarsus 3-9.
Adult female. Very similar to the foregoing, but not so uniform
below ; tail with four bands, the penultimate interspace broader
than the subterminal band ; the crest 3-7 inches long, black in
colour, but showing very slight traces of pale margins of brown, the
smallest plumes very distinctly bordered with buffy white. Total
length 32 inches, wing 17'8, tail 12*75, tarsus 4-1.
Hah. Central and Southern India and Ceylon.
Hon. East-India Co. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
E. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
m. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
7. Spizaetus lanceolatus.
Spizaetus lanceolatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (18-50) ; Wall. Ibis, 18G8,
p. 13 ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869).
Spizaetus fasciolatus, Temm. ^- Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 8 (1850).
Spizaetus cirrhatus, Schl. Vo(/. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 7. figs. 2, 3
(1866) ; id. Rev. Accipitr. p. 52 (1873, pt).
Limnaetus lanceolatus, Wald. Tr. Z. >S. viii. p. 34 (1872),
Adult female. Above deep sepia-brown, the head blackish ; nape
and hind neck pale rufous-brown, with median centres of dark
brown ; wings brown, the lesser wing-coverts a little blacker ; pri-
maries also rather darker brown, barred with blackish brown, more
distinctly below, where the inner lining of the wing is ashy whitish,
the bars nearly or quite obsolete on the secondaries, all the qiiills
very narrowly margined with white at the tips ; upper tail- coverts
a. Ad. st.
India.
b. Ad. sk.
India.
e. Juv. St.
India.
d, e. Juv. sk.
Nepaul.
/. Ad. St.
Behar.
Sf. 2 juv. sk.
Western Ghats
h, i. (S 5 ^^- ^^^
Madras.
j, k. Juv. sk.
Madras.
I. Juv. sk.
Ceylon.
44. SPIZAETUS. 271
and tail deep sepia, narrowly tipped with white, the latter with
two distinct-whity brown bands and indications of a third one
nearer the base ; an indistinct eyebrow and sides of the face dull
rufous, with blackish streaks down the centre of each feather ;
throat white, with a broad median and lateral (malar) streak of
black ; breast pale rufous, the fore neck strongly marked with broad
black centres to the feathers ; rest of under surface dull white,
thickly banded with broad bars of dark sepia-brown, narrower on
the flanks and thighs ; under wing-coverts white, barred with dark
brown, like the abdomen ; bill black ; feet pale lemon-yellow ; iris
yellow. Total length 25-5 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 14-8, tail 10-8,
tarsus 3 •25.
Young male. Brown, like the adult, the white bases to the feathers
showing conspicuously ; quills and tail much as in adult, the latter
with more bars on the outer feathers ; head and neck white, the
feathers more or less washed with rufous, with small dark streaks
down the feathers, much broader on the hind neck ; under surface
of body buffy white, the breast strongly rufescent, the chest with
broad central streaks of black, the breast varied with white bars ;
thighs and under tail-coverts white, thickly barred with dark brown,
the latter more broadly ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
more or less distinctly barred with blackish brown. Total length
25 inches, wing 13-8, tail 10-8, tarsus 3-2,
Hah. Celebes.
a.
Juv. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq.
b. 5 ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
c. (S ad. St. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
]:
8. Spizaetus alboniger.
Nisaetus alboniger, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 173 (1845).
Spizaetus borneonensis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 16.
Spizaetus alboniger, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 335 (1850) ; Strickl.
Oni. Syn. p. 71 (1855) ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xv. (1863) ; Wall.
Ibis, 1868, p. 215 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869).
Spizaetus nanus, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 14, pi. 1.
Adult. Above black, with an occipital crest 2-75 inches in length,
the latter tipped with white ; quiUs dark brown, narrowly tipped
with whitish, crossed with bands of black, the subterminal one very
broad ; tail ashy brown, with two bands of black, one basal, the
other subterminal ; lores whitish, the sides of the face black, Kke
the crown ; a broad moustachial streak of black ; under surface of
body white, the breast plainly marked with large drops of black,
the beUy and thighs thickly banded with black, the abdomen and
under tail-coverts a little more broadly ; under wing-coverts white,
sparingly barred with black. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen 1-4,
wing 13, tail 9*5, tarsus 3-3.
Young. Above pale brown, the back, scapulars, and small wiug-
covorts darker, the greater coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
tipped with white ; head and neck fawn-brown, the nuchal feathers
rather darker in the centre; an occipital crest (1*95 inch long)
272 VALCOyiDM.
black, with broad white tips to the feathers; sides of face pale
fawu-colour ; under surface of body buflPj' white, with a tinge of
fawn-colour on the breast, a little deeper on the thighs, some of the
flank-feathers brownish; under wing-coverts buffy white; quills
brown, the primaries blackish, indistinctly barred with darker
broAvn, not very plain below, where the inner lining of the wing is
glossy white ; tail brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed with three
bands of bUckish brown, the subterminal one much the broadest.
Total length 19-5 inches, wing 11-2, tail 9, tarsus 3.
Hab. Malacca and Eorneo.
u. Juv. St. Borneo. J. Low, Esq. [C.]. Type of S.
borneonensis.
h. Juv. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type
of S. 7ianus.
c. Ad. St. Sunda Islands. Purchased.
9. Spizaetus linmaetus.
Falco Umnaetus, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 138 (1822) ; id. Zool.
Ees. Java, pi. 36 (1824) ; Temm. PI Col. i. pi. 134 (1824).
Falco caligatus, Eajl. Tr. Litm. Soc. xiii. p. 278 (1822).
Falco niveus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 127 (1823).
Moi-phnus limnaetus, Viff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 325 (1824).
Morphnus niveus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 19 (1825),
Astur niveus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828).
Astur limnaetus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828).
Limnaetus caligatus, Vig. Metn. Raffl. p. 649 (1830).
Limnaetus horsfieldii, Vig. Mem. Raffl. p. 649 (18.30).
Spizaetus niveus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xii. p. 91 (1843).
Limnaetus niveus, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 33 (1844) ; Jerd. B.
Lid. i. p. 71 (1862).
Limnaetus xmicolor, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 114 (1844).
Spizaetus caligatus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 8 ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 14 (1845) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 70 (1855) ; Schl. Mns. P.-B.
Astures, p. 6 (1862, pt.) ; id. Fog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 14, 53,
pis. 6, 7. figs. 1, 8 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 13; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 13 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 198 (1869).
Spizaetus limnaetus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845); Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 71 (1855).
Nisaetus caligatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845).
Spizaetus nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 1179 (1847).
Nisaetus niveus, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. p. 5 (1847).
Spizaetus cirratus (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Reitie Accipitr. p. 52
(1873).
Nestliru/. Covered with snow-white down, the crown of the head
inclining to fawn-colour, the sprouting feathers blackish brown, the
greater wing- coverts tipped with white ; the few breast-feathers
visible white, with broad blackish cross bars.
Young (type of species). Above clear brown, with faint terminal
margins of fulvous brown, the buff-coloured bases showing very con-
spicuously on all the upper parts, but especially distinct on the
wing-coverts, which are also broadly margined with buffy white ;
quills deep brown, the secondaries lighter and more purplish brown,
44. spizAETUs. 273
broadly tipped with buffy white, and indistinctly barred with darker
brown, plainer on the inner web, especially underneath, whore it is
ashy white on the primaries and greyish on the secondaries ; lower
back and rump pale brown, the upper tail-coverts brownish buff ;
tail brown, tipped with bufiy white and crossed with six equidistant
bands of darker brown ; head and neck whitish buff, the sides of the
latter washed with sandy rufous, and mottled with dark brown in
the centres of the feathers; under surface of body buffy white,
washed with ptile fawn-colour on the sides of the body and thighs,
with a few indistinct spots of the same on the chest ; under wing-
coverts white, spotted with dark brown, the spots larger on the greater
series ; iris brownish. Total length 24 inches, wing 15-5, taU (not
fully grown) 9-5, tarsus 3-7.
Another young bird, collected by Mr. Wallace, is rather larger in
general bulk than the foregoing example, though having the wing
of the same length. It is purer white below, with a shade of dark
brown on the lower flanks, and a few distinct oval spots of brown
on the breast. The centre tail-feather has seven bands of dark
brown.
Adult. Above and below deep chocolate-brown, inclining to
blackish on the head and back, the quills and tail blackish, the
shafts of the latter brownish, the inner webs of the quills clear
ashy ; tail-feathers below ashy M'hite, bromiish towards the tips,
the penultimate ones with remains of irregular cross markings ; cere
yellowish ; feet pale yellow ; iris bright yellow. Total length 25
inches, culmen 1-7, wing 16, tail 11, tarsus 4-1.
Bed). Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca, reaching northwards into
the Eastern Himalayahs and Lower Bengal.
a. Pull. St. Sumatra. Purchased.
h. Juv. sk. Sumatra. Sir S. Raffles [C.]. Type of S. calii/atm.
c. Ad. sk. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J
(I. Ad. St. Java. Purchased.
s. Juv. sk. Java. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
/. Juv. sk. Penang. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
e.
/
(/. Skeleton
10. Spizaetus gxirnejri.
Aquila gurneyi, Grca/, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 342, pi. 169 ; Wall. Ibis,
18(i8, p. 13; Gra;/, Ilaml-l. B. i. p. 11 (1869):
Spizaetus gurueyi, HM. Miis. F.-B. Astures, p. 14 (1862) ; id. Von
Nederl. 1ml. pp. 17, 50, pi. 9 (1866) ; Beb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1872,
p. 425 ; Svhl. Bevue Accipitr. p. 60 (1873).
Adult female. All over blackish brown, the head, sides of face,
and throat purer black, the greater wing-coverts and inner secon-
daries a httle Hghter brown ; primaries blackish, externally shaded
with ashy grey near the base ; tail blackish, shaded on the outer
web with ashy grey, very distinct at the base of the centre feathers,
which have indications of six or seven not continuous grey bars •
under surface of both wings and tail more brown than the upper',
the shafts white, and the inner webs whitish ashv for the greater
VOL. I. ' p
274 FALCONID^.
part of their extent from the base upwards. Total length 30 inches,
culmen 2-35, wing 21, tail 13-5, tarsus 3-6. (Mus. Lufjd.)
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length
24 iiK-hes, wing 19-7, tail 13-7, tarsus 3-1.
Young female (type of species). Above light brown, the intersca-
pulary region darker, and having dull rufous tips to the feathers ;
wing-coverts and scapulars pale fulvous at the tips, some of the least
ones margined with dull rufous ; some of the median and all the
greater wing-coverts blackish brown, with broad, irregular bars of
ashy grey; quills blackish brown, narrowlj' tipped with fulvous,
and irregularly mottled and shaded with silvery grey, the inner-
most secondaries dark brown, with grey shading only near the base ;
lower surface of wing greyish, the primaries gradually blackish
towards tips, and ii-regularly mottled on the inner web, the secon-
daries with distinct dark brown cross bands ; lower back and rump
pale brown, the upper tail-coverts broadly margined with fulvous ;
tail dark brown, with indications of five or six blackish brown
bands, the interspaces more or less inclining to silvery grey, very
distinct on the centre feathers ; head and neck all round diiU tawny
rufous, the feathers of the crown and nape slightly tipped with
fulvous ; under surface of body dull fawn-colour, deeper and more
tawny on the breast, and inclining to fulvous on the abdomen and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts deep fawn-colour, like the
breast ; cere and bill bluish white, the tip of the latter darker ; feet
white ; iris yellowish olive.
Hah. Batchian, GUolo, Ternate, Aru Islands, Waigiou, New
Guinea.
a. 5 imm. sk. Waigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Tvpe of species.
b. 2juv.sk. G\\o\<j {VoH Rosenberg), Leiden Museum [P.].
45. LOPHOAETUS. „
Type.
Morphiuis, Kunp, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 259 (1845) . . L. occipitalis.
Lophoaetus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 165 L. occipitalis.
Head of Lophoaetus occipitalis (reduced).
Range. The whole of Africa.
1. Lophoaetus occipitalis.
Black Eagle, Bruce, Truv. Abyss, v. App. p. 159, pi. 82 (17rO).
Le Huppaid, Lcvaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 8, pi. 2 (1799) : Sunuci: Ertt.
om Lvvaill. p. 50 (1858).
46. A8TURixrLA. 275
Falco occipitalis, Baml. Traite, ii. p. 40 (1800).
Falco senegalensis, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 41 (1800).
Morphnus occipitalis, Vig. Zool. Jotct-n. i. pp. 323, 337 (1825) ; Less.
Traite, p. 54, pi. 13. fig. 1 (1831).
Harpyia occipitalis, Sicaivs. C/assif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837).
Spizaetus occipitalis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 ( 1845) ; Bp. Consp. p. 28
(1850) ; Horsf. S,- 3Ioore, Cat. B. Mtts. E. I. Co. i. p. 35 (1854) ;
Strickl. Oni. Si/n. p. 72 (1855) ; Harfl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 5 (1857) ;
id. Orn. Madaq. p. 10 (1861) ; 8chl. Mas. P.-B.' Astures, p. 25
(1862) ; ,SW. Ibis, 1804, p. 303 ; Kirl; t. c. p. 315 ; Lai/ard, B. S.
Afr. p. 13 (1867) ; Schl. S,- Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois. p." 35 (1868) ;
Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869); Hettr/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 57
(1869) ; Lai/ard, Ibis, 1869, p. 71 ; Gurney, t. c. p. 147 ; Finsch %■
Hartl. Fog.' Ostafr. p. 50 (1870).
Lophoaetus occipitalis, Kaitp, Isis, 1847, p. 165.
Adult female. Always chocolate-brown, with some of the fea-
thers on the back and wing-coverts inclining to paler brown ; head
rather darker, blackish, with a black occipital crest 4-2 inches
long ; bases of the crest-feathers and a few spots on the outer upper
tail-coverts white ; tail dark brown, the immediate base white, the
basal band white, the others more or less whity brown ; quills dark
brown, white at base, banded with paler brown above, whitish
below, the secondaries more indistinctly, the inner ones quite uniform
with the rest of the back ; under wing-coverts for the most part
white, the inner ones and the tips of the greater ones brown ; axil-
Inrics brown ; legs white, more or less washed with brownish ; fore-
head whitish ; bill bluish, black at tip ; cere pale yellow ; feet light
yellow, claws black. Total length 21'5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing
1.5-9, tail 8-5, tarsus 3" 7.
Adult male. Kather smaller than the female. Total length
21 inches, wing 15-1, tail 8"5, tarsus 4.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. John Rocke, Esq. [P.].
b. j" ad. sk. Lower Shire valley. Dr. Kirk [C.].
c. Ad. St. Port Natal. Purchased.
d. Ad. St. Snewberg, S. Africa. Prnx-hasod.
e. (S ad. sk. Ogowe River, Gaboon M. A. Bouvier [E.].
(^Marche et de Com-
jiiegne).
f, g, h. Skeletons. Purchased.
46. ASTUEINULA.
lype.
Kaupifalco, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 555. A. niouograuiinica.
^sturinula, Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 59
(1870) A. monogramiuica.
lianrje. The whole of Africa, except the southern portion.
1 . Astiirinula mouogrammica.
Falco monogramniicus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 314 (1824).
Astiir monogrammicus. Less. Man. i. p. 93 (1828) ; Swains. B. IV.
u 2
276
FALCONID^.
Afr. i. pi. 4 (1837) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 121 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn.
W.-Afr. p. 18 (1857) ; Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Astures, p. 24 (1802) ;
Ilem/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 64 (1869); Schl. Jtevue Accipitr. t^. Q7
(1873).
Nisiis monogrammiciis, Less. Traite, p. 57 (18.31).
Accipiter monogrammicus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849).
Melierax luonogTammicus, Jfartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1852).
Micronisus monogi'ammicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l.
i. p. 36 (1869).
Kaupifaleo inonogTammicus, Bjy. Rev. et Mag. tie Zool. 1854, p. 535.
Leg of Astur inula monogremimka.
Adult. Above dark slaty grey, the head and sides of the face
lighter, the wing-coverts also a little paler grey, the edge of the wing
white, with which colour the outermost of the upper primary coverts
is edged ; quills blackish, all tipped, and the outermost edged, with
white, the secondaries ashy grey like the back and more broadly
tipped ; all the quills white at the base of the inner web, extending
in notches for some distance up the feather ; lower back and rump
blackish ; the upper tail-coverts and immediate base of tail white,
forming a broad band ; tail blackish, broadly tipped with white, and
having one conspicuous white baud across the centre ; lores and
feathers in front of the eye whitish ; throat white, with a very broad
streak of black down the centre ; fore neck, sides of neck, and chest
ashy grey ; rest of under surface, including the flanks and axillaries,
thickly barred with white and ashy brown ; under wing- and tail-
coverts white ; cere, orbits, and base of lower mandible bright
cinnabar-red ; biU dark leaden horn-colour ; feet vermilion ; iris
umber-brown. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 8-9,
tail 5-8, tarsus 1-95.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length
13-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 9-5, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-1.
Sab. Western and North-eastern Africa, as far south as Zan-
zibar in Eastern Africa.
47. HERPET0THERE3.
277
a. Ad. St.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Skeleton.
River Gambia.
River Gambia.
Senegal.
Senegal.
Mombas ( Wakefield).
Governor Rendall [P.].
Governor Rendall fP.J.
EarlofDerbv[P.].
Rev. D. F. Morgan [P.],
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Zoological Society.
Subsp. a. Asturinula meridionalis.
Micronisus monogrammicus, var. meridionalis, Hartl. P. Z. S. 18G0,
p. 109.
Micronisus monogrammicus, Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, pp. 132, 331.
Melierax monogrammicus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 150.
Asturinula monogrammica, Fmsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 60 (1870,
pt.\.
Kaupifalco monogrammicus, Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 26
(1872).
Very similar to M. monogrammicus, but having the bands on the
lower parts much broader and darker, especially on the thigh-
feathers, the white band on the tail much narrower, and the throat-
stripe indistinct. Total length 13-8 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 8-8,
tail 5-9, tarsus 1"95.
Hab. From Angola to Damara Land on the west coast, and Zam-
besi on the east coast of Africa.
a. Ad. sk. Ambriz. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. Type of species.
47. HERPETOTHERES*.
Type.
Herpetotheres, Vieill. N. Diet, xviii. p. 317 (1817) .... H. cachinnans.
Cachinna, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 236 (1822) H. cacliinnans.
Macagua, Less. Traite, p. 68 (1831) H. cachinnans.
Foot of Herpetotheres cachinnans.
Range. From Bolivia and Paraguay northwards throughout the
whole country to Southern Mexico.
* Mr. G. E. Gray (Hand-l. i. p. 31) adds Physeta of Vieillot (Analyse, p. 24,
1816), founded on the Falco sufflator of Linnieus (S. N. p. 127), a species often
referred to H. cachinnans, but not sufficiently recognizable to allow of any cer-
tainty in the determination.
2 / b FALCONID^.
1. Herpetotheres cachinnans.
Falco cacliiiinaus, Linn. S. X. i. p. 128 (1706).
Macagiia, Azara, Apimt. i. p. 81 (1802); Ilartl. Lid. Azar. p. 2
(1847).
Astur cachinnans, Cur. Ehpie An. i. p. 320 (1817) ; Spix, Av. Bran.
i. p. 8, tab. iii. a ( iSiU) ; 'Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 2(3 (1802) ; id.
Recuc Acciptr. p. U8 (1873).
Heroetotheres cachiunaus, Vieill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xviii. p. 317
(1817) ; id. et Oiid. Gal. Ois. i. p. 47, pi. 19 (182-5) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 30 (1850) ; StricM. Oni. Si/n. p. 75 (1855) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii.
p. 90 (1855) ; Grai/, Hand-L B. i. p. 31 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras.
pp. 7, 398 (1871 ) ;■ Scl. S,- Sah. Xomencl. p. 122 (1873).
Cachiuna cachinnans, F/em. Phil. ZdoI. ii. p. 236 (1822).
Dfedalion cachinnans, Vi</. Zuul. Juiirn. i. p. 338 (1824).
Macagua cachinnans, Less. Traite, p. (SS (1831).
Cachinna hei-petotheres, Grati, Gen. B. i. p. 15, pi. 7. fig. 4 (1845).
Circaetus cachinnans, Kaup, Mas. Senckcnh. iii. p. 200 (1845).
Adult. Brown above, with faint indications of paler edgings to the
feathers, the lower upper tail-coverts creamy buff ; head crested, the
crown huffy white, forming a cap, with narrow brown shaft-streaks
to the feathers ; feathers all round the eye, hinder cheeks, ear-coverts,
and a broad nuchal band black ; a small spot under the eye, fore
part of cheeks, sides of neck, and a collar round the same, as well
as the entire underparts, huffy white ; wing-coverts brown like the
back ; quills brown, creamy buff at the base, gradually shading into
rufous, and barred with black, the inner primaries externally creamy
buff at the base, forming a conspicuous patch on the wing ; tail
alternately banded with dark brown and creamy buff, the outer
feather almost entirely creamy buff, with very narrow cross bars ;
cere orange ; bUl black ; feet orange ; iris hazel. Total length
18 inches, culmeu 1-35, wing 11-2, tail 9-3, tarsus 2-4.
Young. Very similar to the adult,, but having plainer margins to
the feathers of the upper surface ; the under sui-face, especially the
under wing-coverts and axillaries, strongly shaded with ochre ;
the rufous on the quills extending further down towards the tip
of the feathers ; the bands on the tail more strongly tinged with
ochre.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Jan. st. British Guiana. Royal Geographical Society [P.].
b. Ad. st. Honduras.
c. Jiiv. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
d. Ad. sk. I. of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
e. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
f. Skeleton. . L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].
48. DRyOTiHORCHIS.
Type.
Ih-votiiiirchis, Shelley, Ibis, 1874, p. 90 1). .=!pectaLilis.
Ixinujc. (jold Coast, probably reaching to Gaboon.
4S. DRTOTRIOKCTIIS. 27ii
Bill of Bryotriorchis spectdbilis.
1. LryotriorcMs spectabilis*.
Astur spectabilis, ScJil Xvderl Tijdschr. i. p. 13, pi. 6 (18G4) ; Gray,
Haml-1. B. i. p. 29 (1869).
Diyotriorchis spectabilis, iShelleij, Ibis, 1874, p. 91.
Adult. Above dark browu on tbe bead and interscapulary region ,
which are shaded with ashy grey, the feathers of the nape and hind
neck with conspicuous white bases, as also the scapulars ; wing-
coverts brown, the least ones with narrow white edgings ; greater
coverts and quills brown, barred with darker brown, the inner \veb
of the quills white from the base upwards, the bars showing very
plainly below ; upper tail-covcrts dark brown, tipped with white,
before which the feathers are subterminally darker brown ; tail
brown, barred across with six blackish bands, narrowly tipped -ndth
white; sides of face and of neck pale asliy brown, with a distinct
moustachial stripe of black ; under surface of body white, the throat
and chest washed with buify fawn-colour, the former with a broad
central streak of black ; breast and beUy with distinct black spots on
the tip of each feather, the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
with small spots of rufous ; axillaries, flanks, and thighs broadly
barred with blackish, the latter more regularly ; under wing-coverts
bufiy white, distinctly spotted with black. Total length 22-5 inches,
culmen 1-9, wing 11-9, tail 10-4, tarsus 2-45. {Mus. G. E.
ShelJey.)
Younger (type of species). General colour brown, the dorsal
feathers darker brown, the least wing-coverts and the upper tail-
coverts with small buffy white spots at the tips of the feathers ; bases
of the feathers of the crown, hind neck, scapulars, greater wing-
coverts, and rump white, causing a slightly streaked appearance on
the head and neck ; throat white, with a central black streak and a
narrow moustachial line on each side ; rest of under surface white,
tinged with rufous on the chest and flanks wherever there are black
bars ; chest conspicuously spotted with black, the flanks broadly
barred with brown, the abdomen less distinctly spotted with black.
* This is Terv probably tbe bird referred to by Cassin (Pr. Phil. Acad. 1865,
p. 2) as Spihrjiis barfia, from Gaboon.
280
FALCOSrO^.
the spots smaller ou ihc under tail-coverts and thighs, the latter
more strongly tinged with rufous ; under wing-coverts white, sparsely
spotted with black, the axillaries broadly barred ; quills and tail
brown, with widely separated bars of black, five in number on the
latter, more distinct below, the under surface being white, shading
into whitish ashy towards the tip ; cere yellow ; bill horn-brown,
yellow at base ; feet yellow, claws blackish. Total length 21-5 inches,
culmen 1-8, wing 12-15, tail 9-7, tarsus 2-9. (Mms. Liigd.).
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
49. CIRCAETUS.
Circaetus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 23 (181G) ....
Type.
C. gallic tia.
Head of Circacins gaUicus (reduced).
Range. The whole of Africa, Southern and Central Europe, the
Indian peninsula, Timor, and Flores.
Key to the Species.
a. Chest white, streaked with brown gaUicus ad., p. 280.
b. Chest uniform brown or greyish.
a'. Abdomen quite white citieretcs ad., p. 282.
b'. Abdomen white, barred across with
brown.
a". Larger ; four bands on tail bcatidoutmi ad., p. 284.
b". SmaUer; three bands ou tail fasciolatus ad., p. 285.
c'. Abdomen greyish brown, with a few
white bands on thighs cmerascens ad., p. 285.
<F. Abdomen earthy brown.
c". Tail black, with three or four narrow
brown cross bands cinereus imm., p. 282.
d". Tail black, with a broad central
band of whity brown, as broad as
the subterminal black band cinerascc7is imm., p. 285.
c. Chest orange tawny cinereus juv., p. 282.
1. Circaetus gallicus.
Le Jean-le-Blanc, Uriss. Oin. i. p. 44.T (1770); Buff. Fl. Enl. i.
pi. 413.
49. CIRCAETUS. 281
Falco gallicus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 295 (1788).
Aquila leucamphomma, Beklcer, Teutsche Orn. Ileft 9 (1804).
Falco leucopsis, Bechst. Katun/. Deutschl. ii. p. ij't'2 (1805) ; Norchn.
in Demid. Toy. iii. p. 95 (1840).
Aquila biacbydaetvla, Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 21 (1810);
Bailhj, Oni. Sav. i. p. 108 (1853).
Accipiter bypoleucus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 354 (1811).
Falco bvachvdactvlus, Temm. Man. p. 15 (1815) ; Kanm. Viig.
Deutschl. '{. p. 236, pi. 15 (1822); Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf.35a
(1839).
Circaetus gallicus, Vmll. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vii. p. 137 (1817) ;
Goidd, B. Eur. i. pi. 13 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. IG, pi. 7. fig. 7
(1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. IG (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 45 (1855);
Sarfl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 6 (1857) ; Fritsch, Voq. Eur. tab. G. fig. G
(1859) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 23 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.
Wie)i, 1862, p. 169 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 76 (1862) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl.
Ind. Valkv. pp. 35, 70, pi. 24. fig. 1 (1866); Deql. et Gerbe, Orn.
Euro}), i. p. 50 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1869) ; Hume,
Rough Notes, i. p. 217 ( 1869) ; Heur/l. Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 82 (1869);
Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 10 (1871) ; Shelleij, B. Egypt, p. 202
{\&i-2); Schl. Revue Accipitr.'^.\l-2{IS72,).
Circaetus bracbydactylus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824),
Circaetus leucopsis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 36 (1831).
Circaetus anguium, Brchm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 37 (1831).
Circaetus bj'poleucus, Keyserl. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. 29, 137 (1840);
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 16 (1845) ; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268.
Aquila gallica, De Selys, Faune Beige, p. 53 (1844).
Circaetus meridionalis, A. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, Extrah. p. xvii.
Circaetus orientalis, Brehm, Naiim. 1855, p. 268.
Young from the nest. Above earthy brown ; all the feathers white
at base, very consi)icuous on nape and hind neck ; scapulars and
wing-feathers edged with pale brown, producing a somewhat varie-
gated appearance ; quiUs blackish, with pale brown tips ; the secon-
daries chocolate-brown, externally margined with pale brown ;
tail chocolate-brown, with conspicuous white tip ; under surface
pale earthy brown with somewhat of a rufous tinge ; feathers of the
lower breast and abdomen white with terminal spots of brown and
irregular bars of the same colour; under wing-coverts similarly
coloured.
Full-groiun young hircl. Like the preceding in most respects ; quills
and tail, not developed in the nestling, coloured as foUows : — prima-
ries blackish, secondaries dark brown, except some of the inner ones
which are pale earthy brown like the back ; inner lining of quills
white, shading into ashy white, the tips and inner margin deep
brown ; the secondaries subterminally pale brown when seen from
below ; tail brown, with narrow whity-brown tip, crossed with four
bands of darker brown, not very distinct on lower surface, which is
whitish.
Adult male. Above dark brown with a purplish gloss ; the wing-
coverts rather paler, especially «n their margins ; head rather more
ashy brown ; the forehead and lores whitish, with narrow hair-like
lines of black, a streak of which overhangs the eyebrow : sides of
face whitish on the anterior part, which is furnished with black hair-
282 palcoi^idj:.
like bristles ; the hinder part of the ear-coverts and cheeks brown,
like the sides of the neck ; under surface of body white, the throat
narrowly streaked with brown with a distinct central shaft-stripe of
black ; the flanks barred with brown at wide intervals, these bars
disappearing on the thighs and under tail-coverts, which are almost
entirely white ; under wing-coverts and asillaries white, with irre-
gularly defined spots or bars of brown ; quills black, the secondaries
browner, especially the inner oucs, which are pale brown like the
greater wing-coverts, the outer ones glossed with purplish and nar-
rowly tipped with white ; inner lining of quills white, excepting the
tips and the inner margin of primaries, which are deep brown ;
secondaries barred with dark brown, the subterrainal band very
broad; some of the upper tail-coverts notched externally and tipped
with white ; tail brown, plaii Jy tipped with white and crossed with
three bars of blackish brown ; cere whitish, tinged in places with
bluish grey ; biU pale greyish blue at base, blackish horny at tip ;
feet pale earthy greyish iDrown ; iris bright orange-yellow. Total
length 26 inches, culmen 2"1.5, wing 19-65, tail 11*5, tarsus 3'7.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 31
inches, wing 21-3, tail 12-5, tarsus 4.
Hah. All the countries bordering the Mediterranean, extending
into south-eastern and, more rarely, into Central Europe. The whole
of the Indian peninsula, Timor, Flores.
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
Purchased.
L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].
Hen- Esler [C.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
J. R. Eeeves, Esq. [P.].
Captain J. Haves Llovd [P.].
Dr. Jerdon [P^].
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "
a.
c? ad. sk.
Montpellier.
h.
2 ad. St.
Italv.
c.
Pull. St.
Tunis.
d.
Juv. sk.
Bogos Land.
e.
cJ ad. sk.
Moimt Carmel.
f.
2 ad. St.
India.
il-
2 ad. sk.
Kattiawar.
h.
Ad. sk.
Madi-as.
i.
Ad. sk.
Behar.
k.
Ad. sk.
Nepal.
I.
Skeleton.
:p-j-
2. Circaetus ciaeretis.
Circaetus cinereus, Vieill. N. Diet, xxiii. p. 445 (1818) ; id. et Oud.
Gal. Oh. pi. 12 (182o) ; Less. Traite, p. 48 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 16 (1845) ; Biy. Comp. i. p. 16 (1850) ; Sold. Mus. P.-B. Bu-
teones, p. 25 (1862) ; Bocaqe, Jurn. Lisb. ii. p. .39 (1868) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1869) ; ' Heuf/l. Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 85 (1869) ;
Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 54 (1870).
Circaetus pectoralis, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jouni. i. p. 109 (1830) ; Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 47 (1855) ; Gto-ney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 10
(1872).
Circaetus thoracicus, Less. Traite, p. 48 (1831) ; G-ray, Gen. B. i.
p. 16 (1845).
Falco funereus, Run). N. W. Voy. p. 35, pi. 14 (1835).
Falco thoracicus. Cur. ; Pticher. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1850, p. 0.
Circaetus thoracicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 16 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
pp. 6, 269 (1857) ; Grill, Zool. Antechi. p. 60 (1858) ; Verr. et Des
Murs, Urn, 1862, p. 209; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 15 (1867) ; Gray,
49. CIRCAETtJS. 283
Hmid-l. B. i. p. 14 (1869); Hemjl. Om. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 84
(looU).
Circaetus funereus, Antm. Cat. Ucc. p. 11 (180-3; ; Hartmann, J. f. O
loub, p. 12.3. "^
Yonncj. Above brown ; the feathers of the head and upper surface
broadly margined with light tawny or pale fulvous ; quills blackish
the secondaries browner, all broadly margined and tipped with pale
tawny, inner webs white below; the secondaries ashy grey towards
their tips ; tail brown, tipped with fulvous and crossed with three
indistinct bands of ashy grey ; head and neck tawny, with narrow
central shaft-stnpes of dark brown, much broader on hind neck •
lores whitish ; over the eye a narrow Une of black feathers • ear-
coverts a little browner than the head, washed with tawny and nar-
rowly streaked with darker brown ; under surface of body lio-ht
orange tawny ; the throat whitish and streaked with narrow sliaft-
hnes of dark brown extending on to the chest, but absent on breast
and abdomen, which are much varied ^^-ith white bases and bars to
the leathers; the under tail-coverts white, with broad bars of
ta^viiy.
Mcdure. Dark brown above and below; the feathers of the upper
surface margined with paler brown : lores whitish ; a narrow m^ar
and superciliary streak of black feathers ; quiUs blackish, the secon-
daries browner, with narrow tips of whity brown ; the inner web of
the quills ashy white with mottlings of pure white ; tail ashy bro^vn
tipped with whitish and crossed with four blackish bands, the two
basal ones often merged and indistinct; feathers of the lower sur-
face brown hke the upper, but most of the feathers with scarcely
concealed white bases, showing more distinctly on the abdomen and
tlanks; under wmg-coverts much varied with white, especially
on the outer margin, where the feathers are white spotted with
brown.
Adult. Above brownish black, some of the A^-ing-coverts and sca-
pulars with narrow whitish margins ; quills blackish, the secondaries
tipped with white and broadly barred across with ashy grey, with
which also the primaries are washed externally; greater wino--
coverts also barred with ashy grey like the secondaries; outer upper
tail-coverts narrowly tipped and broadly barred on external web •
only with white ; tail ashy brown tipped with whitish and crossed
with four distinct blackish bands : lores whitish, as also the feathers
at base of lower mandible ; over the eye a disrinct narrow Hne of
black feathers ; throat blackish, slightly streaked with white • chest
uniform brownish black ; rest of under surface of bodv, including
the under wmg- and tail-coverts, pure white ; cere and 'gape olive-
yellow ; bill blackish: iris fulvescent. Total length 29 inches
culraen 2-1.5, wing 21, taU 11, tarsus 3-85.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 30
inches, wing 22-5, tail 12-5, tarsus 3-95.
Hah. The whole of Africa, excepting the forest-region on the west
coast.
284 FALCONID^.
o. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Earl of Derby [P.].
b. 5 ad. St. Cape of Good Hope, Baron Ijaug-ier de Chartrouse.
c. Juv. sk. Cape of Good Hope. S. -African Museum.
(I. (^ ad. St. Suewberg, S. Africa. Purchased.
e, f. Juv. St. Port Natal. Purchased.
n. Skeleton. Purchased.
3. Circaetus beaudouinii.
Circaetus fasciatus, Heur/l. Si/st. Uehers. p. 7 (1856, descr. nulla) ; id.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 86 (1869).
Cii'caetus beaudouinii, Verr. et Des Murs, Ibis, 1862, p. 212 ; Schl.
Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 25 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 14
(1869).
Circaetus thoracicus (lapsti), Souza, Cat. Accipitr. Lisb. Mus. p. 37
(1869) ; Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1871, p. .3.
Circaetus gallicus (pt.), Schl, Revue Accipitr. p. 112 (1873).
Young. Above brown, with paler margins to the feathers ; the
lesser and median wing-coverts rather lighter than the back ; qnills
blackish, the secondaries glossy brown, the innermost much paler
brown, like the wing-coverts ; the lower surface of the wing white
for the greater part of the inner web ; the secondaries whitish ashy
underneath, with indistinct brownish bands ; tail nearly uniform
brown, darker on the outer web ; the tips of the feathers whity
brown, the lower surface whitish, with indications of three or four
dusky brown cross bands ; head pale brown, with narrow blackish
shaft-lines, the feathers more or less whitish near the base, produ-
cing a streaked appearance ; lores, feathers round the eye, and sides
of face white, with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; over the eye a nar-
row black Une, forming an eyebrow ; cheeks and entire throat fulvous
brown, narrowly streaked with black along the shafts of the feathers ;
rest of under surface fulvous brown, the bases of the feathers on
the abdomen white, causing a slightly barred appearance ; under
taQ-coverts white, with broad fulvous-brown bars ; under wing-
coverts nearly uniform fulvous brovra, showing the white bases to
the feathers very slightly ; the lower series white, with an indistinct
subterminal spot of pale brown.
Adult female. Above ashy brown with somewhat of a purplish
gloss ; the wing-coverts lighter than the back, some of the greater
coverts narrowly margined with whitish, some of the outer upper
tail-coverts broadly tipped and barred on the outer web with white ;
quiUs blackish, externally shaded with ashy grey ; the secondaries
tipped with whitish and barred with ashy grey and dark brown ;
the lower surface of the wing white, shading into ashy brown to-
wards the tips, the secondaries with distinct bars of darker brown ;
tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with four distinct
bands of blackish brown : sides of head ashy brown ; the lores and
feathers round the eye whitish, with a narrow superciliary Une of
black feathers ; throat pale ashy brown, with white bases to the
feathers, causing a slightly varied appearance ; chest uniform ashy
49. ciRCAETxrs. 285
brown ; rest of under surface white, regularly crossed with narrow
bands of ashy brown, less distinct on the thighs and under wing-
coverts ; under wing-coverts white, the axillaries barred with ashy
brown like the breast ; cere and base of bill yellow ; bill blackish
towards tip ; feet yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 32 inches, cul-
men 1*9, wing 20-5, tail 11, tarsus 3-65.
Hob. Senegambia and North-eastern Africa.
^o*-
"C.
0.
de Chartrouse.
a. 2 ad. sk. Bissao. M. Beaudouin
h. 5 juv. St. Bissao. M. Beaudouin
c. Juv. sk. Senegal. Baron Laugier
4. Circaetus fasciolatus.
(Jircaetus fasciolatus, Graii, Cat. Accipitr. p. 18 (1848); StricM. Oni.
Syn. p. 48 (1855) ; Giirney, Ibis, 1861, p. 130, et 18(52, p. 35, pi. 3 ;
Verr. et I)es Mum, Ibis, 1862, p. 211 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 14
(18G9).
Spilornis fasciolatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 72.
Circaetus gaUicus (pt.), Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 112 (1873).
Adult (type of species). Above blackish, with paler margins to
the feathers of the upper surface, inclining to white on the greater
wing-coverts, scapulars, rump, and upper taU-coverts ; quills black-
ish, tipped with white, the primaries externally shaded with ashy
grey ; the secondaries browner, barred across with blackish brown,
the subtcrminal band being much the broadest ; the inner web of
the quills white or ashy white, the cross bars very distinct below ;
tail pale ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed with four
broad black bands, the ashy brown interspaces tinged slightly with
whity brown ; head and neck ashy brown, a little darker on the
crown, with a narrow hne of black over the eye ; throat and chest
fulvous brown, with more or less concealed spots of white ; rest of
under surface white, broadly ban-ed across with rather darker brown
deepest on the flanks ; the under tail-coverts quite white, as also
the under wing-coverts, the latter of which have a few markings of
pale brown ; axillaries white, regularly barred across with pale
brown ; cere yellow ; bill bluish, black towards tip ; feet yellow ;
iris yellow. Total length 25 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 14*6, tail
10-5, tarsus 3-4.
Hah. Natal.
a. Ad. st. Port Natal. Purchased. Type of species.
5. Circaetus cinerascens.
Circaetus cinerascens, Midi. Nauni. 1851, Ileft iv. p. 27 ; id. Beitr.
Vdq. Afr. Lief. ii. pi. 6 (1853) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 48 (1855) ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 149.
Circaetus zonurus, Pr. v. JJ'iirt. MS. ; Ueuql. Syst. Uebers. p. 8 (1856),
et Ibis, 1800, p. 410, pi. XV. ; Verr. et Des Murs, Ibis, 1802, p. 209 ;
Scl. Ibis, 1804, p. 304 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1809) ; Souza,
Cat. Accipitr. Lish. Mus. p. ^5 (1809); Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
p. 86, Taf. 3 (1869) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 113 (1873).
Circaetus melauotis, Verr. in Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 7 (18i>7).
286 F.U.CoXIDiE.
Tonne/. Above brown, witli margins of paler brown, especially
the ■wing-coverts ; quills pale brown, the outer web blackish, and
also the tips of the feathers, especially the secondaries ; the prima-
ries externally lighter brown near the base with bars of darker
brown, remains of which are on the inner webs, tolerably distinct
on the lower surface of the secondaries, the inner webs of all quills
below being whitish ; tail whity brown, darker brown on the mar-
jrins of all the feathers, which are white at immediate base and
crossed with two black bars, one very broad and subterminal, the
other narrower and crossing the tail just below the upper tail-
coverts ; head and neck all round whitish, the crown darker brown,
with which the other feathers are also narrowlj' streaked : ear-
coverts ashy grey, darker on the hinder margin ; under surface of
body white, the feathers washed with pale brown, more plainly on
the lower breast ; the thighs and vent-feathers entirely pale brown,
slightly varied with a few white margins ; under wing-coverts nearly
entirely white, a few of the feathers slightly spotted with brown ;
cere and feet pale ochre-yellow ; iris pale ochre.
Mature. Above brown ; the feathers mostly shaded with ashy
grey and faintly margined with paler brown ; quills brown, the
primaries externally shaded with ashy grey ; the secondaries tipped
WT-th whitish and barred across with black and ashy grey, the sub-
terminal band much the broadest ; the inner web of the quills
whitish, with distinct though somewhat irregular remains of bars ;
tail whitish, shaded externally and tipped with pale brown, crossed
with three blackish bands, one very indistinct at the base of the
taO, another crossing it at about the extremity of the upper tail-
coverts, and the third very broad and subterminal ; head and neck
all round a little more ashy brown than the back, the crown slightly
darker, the lores and feathers under the eye whitish ; entire under
surface of body ashy brown, some of the feathers shaded with grey ;
the thighs and lower abdomen somewhat barred with white ; the
under tail-coverts almost entirely white, with brown cross bands ;
under wing-coverts pure white.
Adult female. Differs from the foregoing in being much more
distinctly shaded with gi-ey both above and below, and having more
distinct whitish bands on the abdomen, showing also on the breast ;
cere and orbits orange-yellow ; bill leaden blue, yellow at base and
blackish at tip ; feet orange-yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 27-5
inches, culmcn 2, wing lG-1, tail 9-8, tarsus 3-4.
Male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 2G inches,
wing 15, tail 9-5, tarsus 3.
a. 5 ad. St. Bissao. M. Beaudouin [0.1.
b. 2 j^^- s*- Bissao. M. Beaudouin [Cj.
c. (S juv. sk. Bissao. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
(1, e. 5 ad. St. Biver Shire. Dr. Livingstone [C.j.
;'', ff- d 2 f>d. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Dickerson [P.].
h. 2 ad. sk. Piio Dando, Angola, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
Jan. 28, 1809.
50. spiLORNis. 287
50. SPILORNIS.
Type.
Iljematornis, Vigors, P. Z. S. L"SoO-31, p. 170 (wee Sk.), S. cheela.
Spilornis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1840) S. bacba.
Opboaetus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 159 (1844) .... S. melanotis.
Range. Indian peninsula, with the Andaman Islands and Ceylon,
extending throughout the Indo-Malayan suhregion and islands to
Celebes, the Sula group, aud the Philippines, reaching to Southern
China and Formosa.
Key to the Species.
a. Chest uniform.
a'. Chest bro\\Ti.
a". Pale brown above aud below, the spots more
or less obscurelj^ indicated.
a'". Very large and robust ; wing varying fi'om
15 to 20-5 inches cheela, p. 287.
h'". Verv much smaller and slighter; wing not
exceeding 14'o inches palUdus, p. 290.
b''. General colour darlc browu ; the spots shown
in bold relief bacha, p. 290.
b'. Chest rufous.
c". Chest deep rufous; belly spotted with white. . riijipectiis, p. 291.
d". Chest pale rufous ; belly narrowly banded with
rufous and broadly with white sulaenfis, p. 292.
b. Chest and back spotted with white hohspilus, p. 293,
1. Spilornis cheela.
Cheela Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Svppl. p. 33 (1787).
Falco cheela, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 14 (1790).
Falco albidus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 19 (1824, e.f Cuv.).
Cymindis albidus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 324 (1824).
Buteo albidus, Cuv. Ltlyne An. i. p. 337 (1829).
Htematornis undulatus. Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 171 ; Gould,
Cent. Himal. B. pi. 1 (1832).
Circaetus nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Research, xviii. pt. 2, p. 17, pi. 2
(1833).
Ilaliaetus bacha, Meyen, Beitr. p. 68 (1834).
Spilornis undulata, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 10.
Circaetus undulatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 16 (1845).
Haematornis cheela, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 179 (1845) ; Horsf. ^■
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. L Co. i. p. 50 (lt<o4).
Circaetus cheela, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 18 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Buteones, p. 25 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1869).
Spilornis cheela, Bp. Consp. i. p. 17 (1850) ; StricJil. Orn. >Syn. p. 17
(1855, pt.) ; Jerd. B. Lnd. i. p. 77 (1862) ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1863, p. 12,
et 1866, p. 243 ; Hume, R. N. i. p. 222 (1869) ; Sicinh. P. Z. S.
1^71, p. 340.
Spilornis orientalis, Giirney, Ibis, 186G, p. 243 (lapsu).
Spilornis hoya, Sicinh. Ibis, 18G0, pp. S04, 399 ; Gumcy, t. c. p. 421.
Nestling. Covered with white down, but already the sprouting
feathers forming a crest ; the plumage as far as developed blackish
288 FALCONIDJJ.
brown, with pale fulvous margins on the upper surface ; the breast-
feathers tawny brown, already showing small white spots.
Young. Above brown, with large spots of dark brown near the
end of each feather, which is slightly tipped with fulvous ; the bases
to the feathers white ; the upper tail-coverts tipped and barred on
the outer web with the same ; wing-coverts blackish brown, the
least ones apically margined with white ; the greater series whity
brown, more or less entirely white on inner web, mesially streaked
with dark brown, widening into a spatulate apical spot ; quills dark
brown tipped with white, the secondaries more broadly, barred across
with blackish brown, very distinct underneath, where the inner webs
are for the most part white ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and
crossed with three broad bands of darker brown, with indications of
ii-regular whitish lines on the interspaces ; head and neck all round
white, with a narrow shaft-stripe and diamond-shaped apical spot
of dark brown ; the ear-coverts and cheeks nearly uniform brown ;
under surface of body white, with broad streaks of brown on the
breast, becoming very narrow and linear on the flanks ; the thighs
narrowly barred with brown ; under wing-coverts white, with large
oval spots of rufous brown on the innermost, and having bars of
brown on the lower series.
Mature female. Head much crested, jet-black, with conspicuous
white bases to the feathers, those of the nape tipped with dull ochra-
ceous ; rest of upper surface of body purplish brown, paler on the
interscapulary region ; the wing-coverts blacker, with remains of
white tips, which are less distinct on the scapulars, but very broad
on the upper tail-coverts ; quills brown, tipped with white and
mottled slightly on the outer web, but more on the inner, with the
same ; all the quiUs dark brown at base, and having a broad subter-
minal band of blackish brown, the primaries showing a second dark
brown band near the base ; the inner web of the quills below whitish,
showing the bands very distinctly ; tail black, narrowly tipped with
whitish and crossed with a very broad median band of pale whity
brown ; sides of face and chin blackish with a distinct greyish shade,
the latter showing slight tips of fulvous to the feathers ; rest of
under surface pale ochreous brown, with distinct but irregular trans-
verse lines of dark brown, the rest of the under surface with large
sjjots of white, rather oblong in shape, and mostly margined above
and below with black, changing to bars on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light rufous, with
very distinct oval spots of white. Total length 30 inches, culmen
2-25, wing 20-5, tail 13, tarsus 4-5.
Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 28 inches,
wing 18-5, tail 12, tarsus 4-15. The adult bird differs from the
foregoing in having the chest perfectly uniform brown, with no
trace of cross barrings on the imder surface : the breast and lower
parts very largely and distinctly spotted with white ; cere, loral
skin, and gape bright yellow ; bill slaty plumbeous at base, bluish
black at tip and on culmen ; feet pale dingy yellow ; iris intense
yellow.
50. 8PILOKNI8. 289
Hah. Himalaya Mountains eastwards to China and Formosa.
a. Juv. sk. India. Major-General Hardwicke [P.].
b. c? ad. St. Himalayas.
c. $ ad. St. Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. e. Pull. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
/, g. <S ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
h, i. $ ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
hr-n. 5 ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
o, p. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
q. $ ad. sk. Assam. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
r. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
s. Stemimi. E,. Swinlioe, Esq. [0.].
t. Skull. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],
Subsp. a. Spilornis melanotis.
Circaetus undulatus, Jerd. Madr. Joui-n. x. p. 70 (1839).
Buteo melanotis, Jerd. Madr. Joiirn. xiii. p. 165 (1844).
Hsematornis spilogaster, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 351 (1852) j Layard,
Ann. N. H. xii. p. 100 (1853).
Circaetus cheela, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. p. 17 (1852).
Haematornis cheela. Beat). Ibis, 1867, p. 314.
Spilornis rutherfordi, Swi?ih. Ibis, 1870, p. 85; id, P. Z. S, 1871,
p. 340; JFald. Ibis, 1873, p. 298.
Spilornis spilogaster, Blanf. J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 270.
Spilornis bacha, Holdmc. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 412.
Circaetus rutherfordi, Giebel, Om. Thes. p. 702 (1872).
Spilornis da\'isoni, Himie, Str. F. i. pp. 305, 422 (1873).
Similar in all respects to 8. cheela, but very much smaller, appear-
ing to be a southern representative of that bird. A specimen from
Hainan, one of the types of S. nitherfordi, measures : — total length
27 inches, wing 17'8, tail 11, tarsus 3-8. The colour is rather
duller brown than in other Indian examples. With the above di-
mensions may be compared a bird from Murshedabad : — total length
25 inches, wing 16-8, tail 10-8, tarsus 3-65. Mr. Hume gives the
following measurements of his new Andaman species, S. davisoni
(?) : — total length 24 inches, wing 15 inches; and I believe that
a gradual gradation may be found. The uniform chest, which some
naturalists think a distinguishing character, exists in fully adult
birds of S. cheela from the Himalayas. It is possible that S. pal-
lidus may some day be united as a further diminutive race of the
southern form ; but its extremely small size and pale coloration induce
me at present to keep it distinct.
Hah. Central and Southern India, Andaman Islands, and Cey-
lon, extending eastwards through the Indo-Chinese countries to
Hainan.
a. Juv. St. Madras. Pr. Jerdon
b. Juv. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon
c. Ad. sk. Murshedabad. Colonel Cobbe [C
d. Ad. .st, Hainan. R. Swinhoe, Esq,
VOL. I. X
11.
■ [C.J.
290 falconidjj:.
2. Spilornis pallidus. (Plate IX.)
Spiloruis cheela, IVnll. Ibis, 1868, p. 15.
Spilornis pallidus, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 363.
Adult male. Above pale brown, with iudistinct margins of fulvous
brown to the feathers, the scapulars slightly spotted with white at
the tip ; the upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with white ; upper
wing-coverts blacker, with two distinct white spots at the tip of each
feather : quills ashy brown, broadly tipped with buffy white, with
two broad bands of blackish brown, one subterminal and the other
near the base ; the lower surface of the wing ashy whitish, the bands
very distinct below ; taU dark brown, tipped with buffy white and
crossed with a broad median band of pale whity brown shaded with
ashy ; head much crested, jet-black with white bases to the feathers ;
the nape-feathers with slight rufous tips ; sides of the face and throat
clear bluish grey ; sides of the neck and chest uniform pale brown ;
rest of under surface of body pale brown with distinct roundfed spots
of white, taking rather the form of bars on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; the under wing- coverts paler and more rufescent, with
numerous spots and bars of white. Total length 21 inches, culmcn
1-8, Aving 14, tail 8-8, tarsus 3-25.
Young female. Pale brown above with lighter margins ; the fea-
tliers of crown white, with a black terminal spot ; the body below
pale brown ; the throat and chest vemiiculated with cross lines of
dark brown, with a few white spots on the abdomen, turning to bars
on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; tail brown at base, with two
broad black bands, the basal one with slight indications of a whitish
band immediately preceding the lower of the two, and a broad sub-
terminal whity brown band. Total length 24-5 inches, wing 14-3,
tail 9-4, tarsus 3.
Hah. Borneo.
a.
S ad. sk. Borneo. Rajah Brooke [P.].
h. 5 imm. sk. Sarawak. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
3. Spilornis bacha.
Le Bacha, Lemill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 69, pi. 15 (1799) ; Smidev. Krit.
om Lemill. p. 25 (1858).
Falco bacha, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 43 (1800, ex Levaill.).
Falco bido, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 137 (1822).
Cyniindis bacha, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 324 (1824).
Buteo bacha, Vigors, Mem. Raffl. p. 650 (1830).
HEeniatomis bacha. Vigors, P. Z. >S. 1830-31, p. 170; Horsf. S,- Moore,
Cat. B. Mus. E. L Co. i. p. 49 (1854).
Spilornis bacha. Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 3 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 16
( 1850) : Blgth, Ibis, 1863, p. 12 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 15 ; Hmne,
Bough Notes, i. p. 230 (1869).
Circaetus bacha, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 16 (1845) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Bu-
teones, p. 20 (1862) ; id. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 36, 71, pi. 22.
figs. 1-3 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1869).
Hfematornis bido, Bhjth. Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 19 (1849).
Circaetus bascha, Schl. Mas. P.-B. Bcvue Aceipitr. p. 113 (1873).
50. spiioENis. 291
Adult male. Head largely crested, jet-black with white bases to
the feathers ; upper surface of body brown, the wing-coverts with a
few minute spots of white on the margins of the feathers ; quills
black, the primary coverts and secondaries narrowly tipped with
white, the primaries somewhat shaded with ashy grey externally
and crossed with two brown bands, one broad and very distinct, the
other basal and nearly obsolete, these bars less distinct above on the
secondaries, but rather plainer below ; upper tail-coverts and tail
blackish brown, slightly tipped with whitish, the latter crossed with
a broad median band of pale ashy brown, with indications of a
second basal one only visible below ; sides of head and throat
blackish, the cheeks somewhat shaded with ashy grey ; remainder
of under surface of body brown, the chest uniform, the breast with
distinct oval spots of white on both webs, more numerous on the
thighs and inclining to bars on the flanks and under tail-covcrts ;
under wing-coverts paler brown, thickly varied with oval spots of
white, larger and further apart on the axillaries and greater coverts ;
cere yeUow ; bill black, horn-coloured at tip ; feet orange-yellow ;
iris yellow. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 16, tail
10, tarsus 3'4.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length
26 inches, wing 16-5, tail 10-5, tarsus 3-75.
Hah. Java, Sumatra, and Malacca.
a, b. S 2 ad. sk. E. Java. A. R. ^Yallace, Esq. [P.
c. 2 ad. sk. E. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.
d. S juv. st. Java. Pm-chased.
e. 5 ad. St. Java. Hon. East-India Co. [P.],
/. Skeleton. Purchased.
Subsp. a. Spilornis elgini.
Haematomis spilogaster, Blyth, Ibis, 18GG, p. 343.
Haematornis elgiui, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxii. p. 87 (1863) : Blyth,
Ibis, 1803, p. 118; Beav. Ibis, 1867, p. 314.
Spilornis bacha, Gumei/, Ibis, 1867, p. 466; Hume, Rough Notes, i,
p. 230 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 335 ; Ball, Str. F. i. p. 52 (1873) :
Hume, t. c. p. .306 (1873).
Spilornis elgini, Beav. Ibis, 1867, p. 314; Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 299.
Differs in no respect from S. bacha of Java, excepting that it is
very much blacker, and the white spots are therefore very distinct
indeed. Total length 22-5 inches, wing 15-6, tail 10-2, tarsus 3-6,
(J/ws. Walden.)
a. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
4. SpUornis rufipectus.
Spilornis rufipectus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 222; id. B. of Asia,
part xii. (1860); JT'all. Ibis, 1868, p. 16; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii.
p. 35 (1871).
Circaetus bacha celebensjs, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 27 (1862).
Circaetus rufipectus, Schl. Vog. Kederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 37, 72, pi. 23.
figs. 1-3 (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Revue Accipitr. p. 114 (1873).
x2
292 FALCOXIDJS.
Adult male. Head crested, black ; upper surface of body purplish
brown, the upper tail-coverts sKghtly tipped with white ; quills
brown, tipped with white, with a broad subterminal band of purplish
brown, the secondaries also margined externally with purplish brown,
the primaries banded with dark brown below, secondaries brown,
more thickly spotted with white towards the base of the inner web ;
tail brown, tipped with white and crossed with three bands of
purplish brown, the two basal ones being indistinct and almost
merged together, the subterminal one nearly black, and the inter-
space before it inclining to whity brown; hinder neck brown,
darker in the centre of the feathers, which are tipped with rufous,
as are also some of the under feathers of the crest ; sides of face and
throat bluish ash-colour, the latter inclining to blackish, especially
on the lower margin ; chest uniform dull rufous ; rest of under
surface rufous brown, with large spots and bars of white on each
web, producing a barred appearance ; thighs white, numerously
barred with ashy brown, the under tail-coverts also, but less niune-
rously, barred ; under wing-coverts rufous brown, marked like the
belly with white spots, the small coverts on the edge of the wing
for the most part white ; cere yellow ; bill black ; feet yellow ; iris
yellow. Total length 17-6 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 13-3, tail 9-5,
tarsus 3'1, middle toe 1"5.
Hab. Celebes.
a. Ad. sk. Macassar, Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. Type of species.
b, c. Ad. St. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.^ .
d. 2 ad. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.^ .
e. $ juv. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
5. Spiloruis sulaensis.
Circaetus sulaensis, Schl Voq. Kederl. Ind. pp. 38, 72, pi. 23. figs. 4-6
(1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869).
Spilornis sulaensis, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 16.
Circaetus ruilpectus sulaensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Bevtte Accipitr. p. 114
(1873).
Young. Above brown, with rufous margins to the feathers, the
bases of which are fulvous, causing a slightly mottled appearance ;
head, much crested, and hind neck creamy buff, with dark brown
longitudinal centres to the feathers ; ear-coverts blackish ; cheeks
and under surface of the body creamy buff, inclining to white on
the abdomen ; under tail-coverts entirely white, the breast distinctly
streaked with dark brown, the lower parts with narrower and more
rufous streaks, widening out into dart-shaped spots on the flanks ;
quills brown, barred with darker brown, the inner web white at
base, the secondaries tipped with white and barred plainly on the
inner web, which is rufous white ; upper tail-coverts brown, broadly
tipped with white ; tail brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with
four bars of darker brown, after which a whity brown interspace,
and then a broad subterminal band of black, the under surface of
the tail ashy white, purer white towards the base of the inner web,
50. spiLORNre. 293
with indistinct remains of bars. Total length about 19 inches,
wing 13'7, tarsus 3-05. (Mtis. Lufjd.)
Adult male (type of species). Above brown, the wing-coverts and
feathers of the middle back darker and more pui-plish brown, the
upper tail-coverts barred and tipped with white ; crown of head
black, the nape a little varied, and the under crest-feathers slightly
tipped with rufous ; hind neck rufous, the feathers dark broAvn in
the centre ; sides of face and throat ashy grey, with a whitish malar
stripe on each side ; chest very pale tawny, the lower parts rufous
brown, broadly barred across with white, the bars sometimes not
complete ; thighs white, barred with brown ; under tail-coverts
white, with a few remains of brown bars ; quills brown, barred with
darker purplish brown, the secondaries paler and tipped with white,
aU the quills white for the greater part of the inner web, the bars
more distinctly indicated ; tail pale ashy brown above, tipped with.
white, and crossed with three basal bars of dark brown, and a sub-
terminal band much broader and darker, the under surface of the
tail ashy white, the bars not very distinctly indicated. Total length
17 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 12-2, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-9, middle toe
1-4. (Mus. Lngd.)
Adidt female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total
length 18 inches, wing 12-1, tail 8-9, tarsus 2-95. {Mus. Ltugd.)
Hab. Sula Islands.
a. Ad. st. Sula Islands. Purchased.
h. (S ad. sk, Sula Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [G.].
6. Spilornis holospilus.
Buteo holospilus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 96.
Hsematornis holospilus, Vigors, t. c. p. 170 ; Horsf. S^ Moore, Cat. B.
Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 50 (1854).
Spilornis holospilus, Graif, Cut. Accipitr. p. 10 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 17 (1850) ; Strickl. 'Orii. Si/n. p. 45 (1855) ; Bli/fh, Ibis, 1866,
p. 243; IVall. Ibis, 1868, p. 16.
Circaetus holospilus, Grag $ Mitch. Gen. of B. i. p. 16, pi. 7 (1845) ;
Schl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 28 (1862) • Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 14
(1869); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 114 (1873).
Adidt. Above pale brown with a purplish gloss, and irregularly
spotted or margined with white at the tip ; hind neck and intersca-
pulary region lighter than the rest of the back, the feathers tipped
with pale rufous, and ocellated with large rounded spots of white ;
head much crested, ashy black, the feathers slightly margined with
rufous and spotted with white ; sides of face and throat ashy grey,
the latter varied with oval markings of whitish ; under surface of
body very light tawny, ocellated all over with spots or half ])ars of
white, the latter more distinct on the under tail-coverts, the thighs
and under wing-coverts a little darker and more thickly spotted
with white ; wing-coverts dark brown, minutely spotted with white ;
primaries brown, whitish on inner web, black at tip, and crossed with
a bar of black about the middle of the feather ; secondaries pale
brown like the back, with white tips and faint indications of obso-
294 FALCONID^.
lete whitish bars on the feathers ; upper tail-coverts brown, darker
before the tips, which are white, and having remains of rounded
white spots concealed or obscured by the brown colour of the
feathers ; tail pale brown, narrowly tipped with whity brown, and
crossed with two broad bands of blackish brown, one subterminal
and the other about the middle of the taU, a band of light brown
before the lower black band, and a broad band of whity brown be-
tween the two black bands ; bill leaden black, yellow at base of both
mandibles. Total length 25 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 14-o, tail 10,
tarsus 3'55.
Young. Above brown, the feathers tipped with pale rufous, the
white bases very conspicuous, especially on the wing-coverts, which
appear lighter than the back ; head, which is largely crested, and
hind neck rufous, the feathers buffy white at the base, with a chest-
nut-brown subterminal spot ; ear-coverts and sides of face uniform
dark brown ; throat white ; rest of iindor surface of body fulvous
washed with rufous, more especially on the breast-feathers, which
have dark brown shafts ; under wiag-coverts fulvous, washed with
tawny rufous ; primaries dark brown, secondaries rather lighter like
the back, and tipped with buffy white, all the quills white at base
of inner web, and barred with darker brown, showing more plainly
underneath, as the interspaces are whitish ashy ; tail brown, washed
with rufous near the base, and slightly tipped with fulvous, crossed
with four or five bars of dark brown, the basal ones indistinct and
more or less dissolved into mottlings.
Hah. Philippine Islands.
a. Ad. sk. Manilla. J. Gould, Esq.
b. Juv. sk. Cataguan. H. Cuming, Esq. [P.].
c. Juv. St. Mindanao.
d. Ad. st, Philippine Islands. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
51. BUTASTUR. r^^^
Butastur, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 311 (1843) B. teesa.
Poliornis, Eaup, Classif. Siiiiff. n. Vog. p. 122 (1844) B. teesa.
Bill of Butastur teesa.
Range. From North China and Japan throughout Indo-Chinese
countries and Malayan subregion to New Guinea ; Indian peninsida ;
N.E. Africa.
5] . nrxASTUR. • nyo
Ket) to the Species.
a. Tail rufous, with indistinct cross bauds of dark brown.
a'. Primary coverts brown, like the quills teesa, p. 295.
h'. Primary coverts rufous, like the quills liventer, p. 290.
b. Tail ashy brown, with dark brown cross bands.
c'. Tail-coverts not tipped with white ; primary co-
verts rufous riijipenms, p. 299.
cl'. Tail-coverts tipped with pure white; primary
coverts blackish indicus, p. 297.
1. Butastur teesa.
Zuggun Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 190 (1821).
Circus teesa, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 11-5 (descr. orig.).
Astur hvder, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 79.
Buteo teesa. Gray ^- Hardw. 111. Ltd. Zool ii. pi. 30 (1833) ; Jerd.
Madr. Journ. x. p. 77 (1839) ; .Schl. Mm. P.-JB. Buteonea, p. 22
(1862).
Butastur teesa, Hodys. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 311 (1843).
Poliomis teesa, Kmip, Classif. Sdiuj. u. Viig. p. 122 (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849) ; :^lyth, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 21 (1849) ;
Bp. Consp. I p. 18 (1850) ; Sfrickl. Orn. Syn. p. 125 ( 1855) ; Jerd.
B. Lid. i. p. 92 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869) ; Hume,
Rough Notes, ii. p. 286 (1870) ; id. Stray F. p. 159 (1873).
Adult female. Above pale rufous brown, darker and more de-
cided brown on the head and hind neck, the nape-feathers for the
most part white and conspicuously showing ; all the feathers of
upper surface with more or less distinct black shaft-stripes, and
many of them mottled with ashy fulvous on their margins ; wing-
coverts like the back, excepting the median series, which are lighter
and much varied with whitish or rufous buff; primary coverts
blackish, externally shaded with ashy ; quills pale brown, rufescent
near shafts, the primaries externally ashy grey, barred and broadly
tipped with dark brown, the secondaries pale brown like the back,
the innermost also slightly mottled with whitish ; inner lining of
wing pure white, the secondaries inclining to greyish, with indica-
tions of obsolete greyish cross bars ; upper tail-coverts pale rufous,
the lower ones with indications of greyish black cross bars ; tail
pale rufous, tipped with buffy white, and crossed with six or seven
indistinct bars of greyish black, the subterminal one darker and
broader ; sides of face rufous brown ; throat yelloAvish white, bor-
dered on each side with a moustachial line of black, and having a
broad stripe of the same down the centre ; breast pale rufous brown,
somewhat varied with yellowish white spots, more or less distinct on
both sides of the feather ; rest of under surface buify white, barred
with pale rufous, loss distinct on the thighs and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts white, the median ones streaked and subtermi-
nally spotted with rufous brown ; cere, gape, and base of lower
mandible bright orange ; the tip of the bill black, the intermediate
part fleshy ; feet dingy orange-yellow ; iris pale yellowish white,
eyelid orange-yellow. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing
12-2, tail 7-8, tarsus 2-55.
a. Ad. St.
Gangoutra, Himalayas.
b. Pull. St.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
Nepaul.
Nepaul.
Bebar.
/. 2 ad. sk.
(/. (S ad. sk.
Kattiawar, Nov. 2, 1871.
Badrachellam, south of
h. Skeleton.
Godavery. .
296 • FALCOKIB^.
Adult male. Similar to the adult female, but smaller. Total
length 16 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 11'7, tail 6-9, tarsus 2-5.
Youmj. Above ashy brown, the feathers tipped with whitish, more
distinctly on the wing-coverts, the greater series of which have very
broad whitish spots and tips, contrasting strongly with the back ;
quills and tai^•■much as in the adult, but the latter not so rufous ;
head and hind neck ochraceous buff, the nape whitish, with narrow
central lines of blackish brown ; sides of face and throat whitish,
with faint indications of the moustachial line and throat-streak ;
breast buffy white, with numerous mesial streaks of dark brown ;
thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts white.
Hah. Plains of India, extending eastwards to Assam, and west-
wards to Scinde.
rangoutra, Himalayas.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.'
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.j.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
2. Butastur liventer.
Falco liveuter, Tmnm. PL Col. i. pi. 438 (1827).
Buteo liventer, Ctiv. Regtie An. i. p. 337 (1829) ; Temm. 8f Schl. F.
J. Ares, p. 21 (1850) ; Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Buteones, p. 21 (1862) ;
id. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 32, 69, pi. 21. fig. 1 (1866); id.
Revue Accipitr. p. Ill (1873).
Buteo pallidus, Less. Traite, p. 82 (1831).
Astur liventer, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 34 (1844).
Poliornis liventer, Kaup, Classif. Saug. u. Viig. p. 122 (1844) ; Grarj,
Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849) ; Bp\ Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Strickl. Om.
Syn. p. 126 (1855) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 19 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 16 (1869); Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 37 (1872); mime, Stray
F. i. p. 319 (1873).
Adult female (type of species). Above brownish ashy, clear ashy
on the head, hind neck, and wing-coverts, especially the greater
series, the shaft-stripes somewhat distinctly indicated ; ear-coverts
pale ashy ; upper tail-coverts also ashy, but strongly tinged with
rufous ; quills rufous, externally ashy grey, brown at their tips and
barred with dark brown, these bars disappearing towards the base
of the inner web, which is white ; secondaries ashy brown like the
back, more or less inclining to rufous on outer web ; throat whitish,
somewhat mottled with ashy grey ; rest of under surface clear ash-
colour, with blackish shaft-stripes clearly indicated, and remains of
a few whitish bars on the flanks ; thighs and under wing- and tail-
coverts pure white ; tail rufous, distinctly margined and tipped with
ashy grey, and crossed with six blackish bars, the subterminal one
being a little broader ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill yellow, the tip
black; feet yellow; iris pale yellow. Total length 17 inches, cul-
men 1-45, wing 11'8, tail 7, tarsus 2-65, middle toe 1-4.
51. BUTASTUR. 297
Young. Much darker above and below than the adult, the feathers
of the upper surface brown with rufous margins ; forehead whitish,
as also a tolerably distinct eyebrow ; crown of head and neck brown,
with rufous margins, giving a distinctly streaked appearance ; nape
mixed with white ; ear-coverts ashy brown ; throat white, with a
central blackish stripe, and bordered on each side with a blackish
moustachial line ; under surface of body ashy brown, mottled with
pale rufous spots on both webs of the breast-feathers, the abdomen
barred more or less distinctly with creamy buff; thighs and under
tail-coverts pure white ; wings and tail much as in the adult ; cere
and orbits yellow ; bUl yellow, black at tip ; feet yellow ; " iris pale
lead-colour, not yellow " (A. R. W.). Total length 16-2 inches,
culmen 1-3, wing 11-2, tail 6-6, tarsus 2-5.
Another young bird in the Leiden Museum did not differ so much
from the adult as the one just described. It was much browner on
the head, had a white eyebrow and the nape also varied with white ;
it had likewise remains of white on the wing-coverts.
Hah. From Burmah and Siam to Celebes, occurring in Java and
Timor.
a.
S ad. st. Malay archipelago. Leiden Museiun [P.].
b. cJ juv. sk. Macassar. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
3. Butastur indicus.
Javan Hawk, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Siippl. p. 32* (1787).
Falco indicus, Gm. S. JV. i. p. 264 (1788, ex Lath.).
Falco javanicus, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 163 (1821).
Falco poliogenys, Te^nm. PL Col. i. pi. 325 (1825).
Astur poliogenys, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 34.
Buteo fasciatus, A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 146 (1844).
Astur barbatus, Eyton, Ann. N. H. xvi. p. 228 (1845),
Buteo pygmpeus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 177 (1845) ; id. Cat. B,
3Lus. A. S. B. p. 29 (1849).
Polioruis indicus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 68 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn,
p. 125 (1855) ; Wdlden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 37 (1872).
Poliornis pyrrhogenys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849).
Poliomis poliogenys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 18 (1850) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 19 ; Gra^j, Hand-l. B. i. p. 16
(1869) ; S^cinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341.
Buteo pyiThogenys, Temm. S,- Schl. F. J. Aves, p. 21, pi. 7b (1850).
Buteo poliogenj's, Schl. 3Ins. P.-B. Buteones, p. 22 (1862) ; id. Vog.
Nederl. Ind. pp. 33, 70, pi. 21. figs. 2,3 (1866) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866,
p. 247; Schl. Pence Accijntr. p. Ill (1873).
Poliornis barbatus, G7-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869).
Adult. Above brown, inclining to ashy on the head and upper
back, and to rufous on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts,
the latter of which are plainly barred and broadly tipped with pure
white ; forehead white ; sides of face clear ashy grey ; sides of neck
ashy brown, uniform with the interscapulary region ; wing-coverts
rufous brown, mottled with clearer rufous ; primary coverts rufous,
externally mottled and broadly tipped with black ; quUls rufous,
narrowly tipped with buffy white, primaries brown externally and
298 FALCONIDiE.
towards their tips, also barred with dark brown on their inner webs,
the secondaries ashy brown, inclining gradually to whity brown at
their tips, washed with rufous and barred with dark brown, the
lower surface of the wing creamy white on the inner webs of the
quills, somewhat washed with rufous ; tail ashy brown, whity brown
at tip and crossed with three or four broad bars of blackish brown,
the lower surface ashy white, the bars showing more plainly, except
on the outermost feather, where they are obsolete ; throat white,
with a mesial line of ashy brown, as well as two not very distinct
moustachial streaks ; upper breast ashy brown, washed with rufous,
the lower breast and abdomen barred with white and rufous brown,
the latter bars decreasing towards the vent and thighs, and totally
absent on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts with slight
cross markings of pale rufous ; biU leaden black, yellow at base ;
cere and feet yellow ; iris yellow*. Total length 18*5 inches, culmen
1-3, wing 13-1, tail 79, tarsus 2-4.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 18-5 inches,
wing 13-6, tail 8-4, tarsus 2-45.
Young. Considerably different from the adult. Above dark brown,
the wing-coverts washed with rufous and tipped with dull white,
the greater ones with rufous or rufous white spots on both webs,
giving a mottled appearance to these parts ; forehead and eyebrow
creamy white ; crown and hind neck brown, the feathers margined
with creamy white, giving a striped appearance, the latter also
slightly washed with rufous ; sides of face ashy brown, streaked with
darker brown, the fore part of cheeks white ; under surface of body
creamy buff, the throat with a central blackish streak on the lower
part ; centre of chest streaked with dark brown, the breast with pale
chestnut, becoming spade-shaped spots on the flanks, but narrowing
to small streaks on the thighs, and disappearing altogether on the
under tail-coverts, which are creamy buff; under wing-coverts
creamy buff, with a few rufous-brown marks on the lower series, and
bars of the same on the axillaries ; upper tail-coverts brown, white
at the base and at the tips, and having the outer margin also white ;
tail ashy brown, tipped with pale rufous brown and crossed with
. five bars of darker brown, the subterminal one broader ; quills dark
brown, the secondaries paler, the base of the inner web white, with
remains of ashy bars on the inner secondaries ; cere and feet yeUow ;
bill black ; iris yellow f.
Hab. Eastern Asia, from Japan southwards along the coast of
China to Formosa, thence found in Tenasserim and Malacca, through
the Malayan islands as far as New Guinea.
a. c? ad. st. Japan. Purchased.
b. c? ad. sk. Fokien, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
c. 5 jnv. sk. Philippine Islands. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
d. 2 jnv. St. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
* For a full description of the soft parts of this species, cf. Swinhoe, Ibis,
1867, p. 412.
t From a living bird in the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam.
52. HELOTARSrS. 299
c. Juv. st. Philippine Islands. Iluofli Guniing, Esq. [C].
f. <S ad. st. Malacca. Andrew Charlton, Esq. [P.]. Type
of A. harbatus.
g. S jiiv. st. Borneo.
h. Juv. sk. Menado, Celebes. J. Gould, Esq.
i. Skeleton. Dr. Meyer [C.].
4. Butastur ruiipennis.
Poliornis rufipennis, S%md. Gifv. Vet. Akcul. Forh. Stockh. 1850, p. 131 ;
Pelz. Verh. z.-h. Wien, 18G2, p. 151 ; Ilcuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 95
(18(;9) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 16 (18G9).
Buteo rufipennis, Strirkl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 214, pi. xxii. ; id. Oni. Syn.
p. 36 (1855); 8chl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 25 (1802); id. Reme
Accipitr. p. Ill (1873).
Poliornis percnopsis, Du Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 29 (1850).
Circus mulleri, Heiigl. Nuum. 185], pt. 3, p. 36, pi. 1.
Adult. Above cinereous brown, with distinct black shaft-stripes,
the feathers margined with rufous, more distinct on the hind neck ;
the head and neck rather darker than the rest of the upper surface ;
lores whitish, cheeks inclining to blackish cinereous, the ear-coverts
distinctly washed with ashy grey ; primary coverts rufous ; quills
rufous, tipped with whitish, before which is a broad subterminal bar
of blackish brown, secondaries more plainly tipped with whitish and
washed with cinereous brown, the innermost ones entirely of the
latter colour, and agreeing with the back, the lower surface of the
quills much paler, the feathers white for the greater part of the inner
web ; tail entirely cinereous brown, tipped with whitish and crossed
on all but the centre feathers with three or four blackish bands more
or less distinct, the under surface whitish, the bands a little more
distinct ; throat creamy buff ; rest of under surface pale rufous, with
narrow central shaft-streaks, a little broader on the sides of the body,
and gradually disappearing towards the abdomen, till they become
absent on the thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts, the latter of which
are whitish at base ; under wing-coverts entirely white ; cere and
lores bright yellow ; terminal half of bill dusky black, orange-yellow
at base; feet yellow ; iris bright yeUow. Total length 16-5 inches,
culmen 1-15, wing 12-3, tail 7-5, tarsus 2-5.
Young. Differs from the adult in being much lighter in colour ;
head and neck dark brown, washed with rufous and streaked Avith
whitish, forming a rather distinct eyebrow ; underparts pale rufous
buff, the throat and abdomen whitish, with a few streaks of black
down the centre of the breast-feathers.
Hah. North-eastern Africa.
a. Ad. sk.
Kordofan.
Consul Petherick [C]
b. Ad. St.
N.E. Africa.
J. H. Gurney, Esq.
c. Juv. St.
N.E. Africa.
52. HELOTARSUS. ^ype.
Helotaraus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 110 (1830) . . H. ecaudatus.
Terathopius, Less. Traits, p. 47 (1831) H. ecaudatus.
300
FALCONID^.
Head of Helotarsus ecaiidatus (reduced).
Range. The whole of Africa, below the Sahara.
1. Helotarsus ecaudatus.
Le Bateleur, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 31, pis. 7, 8 (1799) ; Stmd^v.
Krit. om Levaill. p. 24 (1858).
Falco ecaudatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 54 (1800, ex LevaiU.').
Aquila ecaudata, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 356 (1816).
Circaetus ecaudatus, Cuv. Hegne An. i. p. 328 (1829) ; Schl. Miis.
P.-B. Buteones, p. 28 (1862) ; id. Revue Accipkr. p. 115 (1873).
Helotarsus typus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 110 (1830).
Terathropius ecaudatus, Less. Traite, p. 47 (1831).
Helotarsus ecaudatus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1840), et Gen. B. i.
p. 18, pi. 7. fig. 11 (184-5) ; Des Mtirs in Lefebv. Voy. Abyss.
Ois. p. 66, pi. 11 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 716 (1850) ; Strickl. Om.
Syn. p. 76 (1855) ; Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. p. 7 (1857) ; Grill, Zool.
Anteckn. p. 51 (1858) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-h.'Wien, 1863 p. 594 ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 18 (1867) ; Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 17 (1869) : Heugl.
Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 80 (1869) ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 337 (1869) ;
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 202 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss.
p. 296 (1870) ; Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 51 (1870) ; Gurney
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 10 (1872).
Helotarsus brachjoirus, Brehm, J.f. O. 1858, p. 491.
Falco brevicaudatus, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1863, p. 594 (ex Natt.
MS.).
Helotarsus ecaudatus, var. fasciatus, Heugl. Orn, N.O.-Afr. i. p. 81
(1869).
Nestlitxg. Covered with dense white down, the feathers, which
are visible, being blackish brown, with very broad rufous margins,
the head and neck almost entirely rufous, with dull brown bases to
the feathers.
Adult male. Head (very much crested) and neck all round, as well
as the entire parts, glossy black ; hind neck and back rich maroon,
the lower back rather paler than the interscapulary region ; scapu-
lars black ; wing-coverts bronzy brown, the greater coverts rather
darker and blackish at base ; quills blackish, externally shaded with
grey, the secondaries ashy grey, with black tips, the innermost black,
like the scapulars ; tail deep maroon, as also the under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts white ; inner lining of wing grey, the secondaries
white underneath ; axUlaries black ; cere and orbits coral-red ; bill
black ; feet coral-red ; iris brown. Total length 21 inches, cul-
men 2-5, wing 21*2, tail 4-5, tarsus 3'2.
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 25 inches,
wing 21-5, tail 5, tarsus 3-2.
53. HALIAETUS.
301
Younff. Above dark brown, with dull fawn-coloured margins to
the feathers, the interscapulary region and greater wing-coverts
blacker, as also are the centres to the other wing-coverts ; head
and neck lighter than the back, washed with sandy colour, the sides
of the face entirely sandy rufous ; quills black, the secondaries ex-
ternally washed with bronzy brown, and slightly tipped with rufous,
the lower surface of the quUls ashy grey, inclining to blackish at
the tips of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts rather lighter brown
than the back, with margins of paler brown ; tail black, shaded
with bronzy brown, and tipped with rufous, under surface ashy;
under surface of body brown, with light edgings to the feathers,
inclining to rufous on the breast, and to whity brown on the abdo-
men, the throat light brown ; thighs blackish, as also the under
wing-coverts, the latter slightly margined with rufous.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Pm-chased.
Consul Petherick [C.l.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Zoological Society.
a. Pull. St.
Snewberg, S. Africa.
b. Juv. St.
S. Africa.
c. Ad. St.
S. Africa.
d. 2 ad. sk.
Kordofan.
e. c? ad. sk.
Bedjuk, Anseba valley,
f. Skeleton.
2. Helotarsus leuconotus.
Helotarsus leuconotus, Hiijyp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 10 (1845, ex Wiirt.
MS.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 18 (1869).
Exactly similar to H. ecanclatiis, of which it is perhaps the fuUy
adult bird, but having the back creamy fulvous. Total length
22 inches, culmen 2*4, tail 4-2, tarsus 3-1.
Hab. North-eastern and Southern Africa.
a. Ad. st.
b. Skeleton.
South Africa.
53. HALIAETUS.
Purchased.
Zoological Society.
Haliaetus, Saviffn. Syst. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 254 (1809) H.
Cuncuma, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. \\. p. 367 (1837) H.
Pontoaetus, Kaiip, Classif. Sdug. u. Vdg. p. 122 (1844) H.
Thalassoaetus, Kaup, t. c. p. 123 H.
Pontoaetus, Kaup, Mtts. Senck. iii. p. 261 (1845) .... H.
Blagi-us, Blytk, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 30 (1849) . . H.
Type.
albicillus.
leucoryphus.
leucogaster.
pelagicus.
leucogaster.
leucogaster.
Head of Haliaetus albicillus (reduced).
302 FALCONTD-E.
Range. The whole of Europe, Africa, Asia, ludo- and Austro-
Malasia, Australia, Oceania, N. America.
Key to the Species.
a. Tail pure white.
a'. Belly brown.
a". Wing-- coverts pure white pelafficus ad., p. 306.
h". "\Ving--coverts brownish.
a'". Head and neck dark brown, imi-
forni with back pelagicus inim., p. 306.
h'". Head and neck ashy brown, lighter
than back alUcillus ad., p. 302.
c'". Head and neck pure white.
o*. Under wing-coTerts dark brown leucocephalm ad., p. 304.
b\ Under wing-coYerts chestnut . . vociferoides ad., p. 311.
b'. Belly chestnut voctfer ad., p. 310.
b. Tail black, with broad terminal band of
•nrhite leucogaster ad., p. 307.
c. Tail white, with broad terminal band of
black,
c'. Wing-coverts uniform with rest of back ;
breast uniform leucoryphii^i ad., p. 308.
cT. Wing-coverts broadly margined with
chestnut ; breast white, slightly
streaked with blackish vocifer juv., p. 310.
d. TaU variegated, mottled and vermiculated
with brown and white.
e. Bill leaden blue
c". Wing not exceeding 24 inches leucogaster ]\x\., p. 307.
d". Wmg 24-26 mches {jeiccocephalus juv., p. 304.
/'. Bill yellow, culmen horn-brown.
e". Head and back uniform leucoryphns vix ad., p. 308.
/". Head lighter than back albidlhis juv., p. 302.
e. Tail perfectly uniform Iei(coryphus juv., p. 308.
1. Haliaetus alhicillus.
The Golden Eagle, Alhin, N. H. Birds, ii. pi. 1 (1738).
L'Aigle a queue blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 427 (1760).
Le Petit Aigle a queue blanche, Briss. t. c. p. 429 (1760).
Le Grand Aigle du mer, Briss. t. c. p. 437 (1760) ; Buff. PL Enl. i.
pis. 112, 415.
Vultur albiciUa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 123 (1766).
Falco ossifragus, Litin. S. N. i. p. 124 (1766).
Falco albiciUa, Gm. S. N. i. p. 253 (1788) ; Naum. Vog. Beutschl. i.
p. 224, pis. 12, 13, 14 (1822) ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 19
(1827) ; Kittl Kupf. Voq. pi. 2. fig. 2 (1832) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog.
Eur. Taf 25, 26 (c. 1839) ; Nordm. in Demid. Vog. p. 98 (1840) ;
Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 18 (1841).
Falco melanaetus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 254 (1788).
Falco albicaudus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 258 (1788).^
Falco hinnularius, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 15 (1790).
Falco pygargus, Daud. Trnite, ii. p. 62 (1800, ex Briss.).
Haliaetus nisus, Savign. Dcscr. Egypte, Ois. p. 253 (1809) ; Lens.
Traiie, p. 40, pi. 8. fig. 2 (1831).
53. HALIAETCS. 303
Aquila leucocephala, Meyer in Wolf u. Meij. Taschenh. deutsch. Voyelk,
p. U;, pi. 4 (1810).
Aquila albicilla, Pall. Zooqr, Sosso-As. i. p. 345 (1811) ; Mzdd. Sibir.
lieis. Zool. p. 12-5 (185i).
Haliaetus albicilla, Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. 8,-c. Brit. Miis. p. 9
(1816) ; CtuK Regne An. i. p. 315 (1817) ; Goidd, B. Eur. pi. 10
(1837); Macqill. Brit. B. iii. p. 221 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 17, pi. 7. tig. 8 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850) ; ScM. Vog.
Nederl. pis. 28, 29 (1854) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. Ill (1855); Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 48 (1855) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 7. fiprs. 4, 5 (1858) ;
Cass, in Baird's B. K. Am. p. 43 ( 1860) ; Sclire7ik, Bcis. Amurl.
p. 223 (1800) ; f^undev. Sv. Foc/l. pi. xxx. fig-s. 2, 3 (c. 1860) ; Schl.
Mtts. P.-B. Aquilffi, p. 11 (1862) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. 3 (1863) ;
* Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1863, p. 587 ; Radde, Reis. Sibir. Vog. p. 95
(1863) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 252 ; Xeict. Ooth. IVollei/. p. 346
(1864) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 731 ; Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i.
p. 39 (1867) ; Heuql. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 51 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 16 (1869); Salcad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 9 (1871); Smnh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 339 ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 25 (1871) ;
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 204 (1872) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 159 (1873) ;
Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 117 (1873).
Fak o albicilla borealis, Faber, Isis, 1827, p. 56.
Plaliaetus groenlandicus, Brehm, Nautn, 1855, p. 267.
Haliaetus borealis, Brehm, I. c.
Haliaetus islandicus, Brehm, I. c.
Haliaetus orientalis, Brelim, I. c.
Haliaetus cinereus, Brehm, I. c.
Haliaetus funereiis, Brehm, I. c.
Haliaetus pelagicus, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 252 (1870, lapsu).
Haliaetus Tarooksi, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 438.
Nestling. Covered with brownish white dowu, the shooting
feathers chocolate-brown in colour, those on the back with paler
brown margins.
Yoimrj. Head and neck all round blackish brown, the long
feathers of the latter slightly tipped with fulvous brown, less di-
stinct on the crown ; the bases of the plumes of the hind neck
fulvous brown, with terminal marks of dark brown ; the whole of
the back, scapulars, and median wing-coverts bright fulvous brown,
with large brown markings of darker brown towards the tips,
causing a very greatly mottled appearance on the upper surface ;
least and greater wing-coverts dark brown, the latter slightly mottled
with whity brown, the inner secondaries also varied in the same
manner, the quills otherwise much as in the adult ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts light brown, the long plumes of the
latter mottled with whity brown ; tail whity brown, the middle
feathers more decidedly whitish, all irregularly mottled with greyish
broAvn, the margins of the feathers being broadly of this colour ;
throat dark Ijrown, the bases of the feathers conspicuously white ;
sides of the face nearly uniform dark brown, the ear-coverts faintly
streaked with ashy brown ; rest of under surface mottled like the
back, the bases of the feathers being fulvous brown, marked down
the centre and at the tip with dark brown ; the under tail-coverts
and thighs rather more uniform, and the under wing-coverts entirely
304 FALCONID^S.
dark brown ; cere yellowish brown ; bill black ; feet yellow ; iris
brown.
Adult female. Above brown, more or less tinged with sandy on
the neck and wing-coverts, many of the feathers margined with
pale brown or ashy grey, with an occasional whity brown feather
interspersed; head and sides of face decidedly shaded with ashy
grey, the ear-coverts browner ; median and greater wing-coverts
glossy brown, with whity-brown margins ; quiUs black, with brown
shafts, the primaries externally shaded with ashy, the secondaries
glossy brown like the back, shading into darker brown towards
their tips ; lower back and rump dark brown ; the long upper tail-
coverts white, slightly varied at the base and at the tip with brown ;
tail pure white ; under surface of body brown, the throat and chest
whity brown, with dark brown central streaks, some of the feathers
shaded with ashy; under wing-coverts and inner lining of wing
dark brown, the latter inclining to ashy ; cere and biU yeUow ; feet
yellow, claws black ; iris straw -yellow. Total length 38 inches,
culmen 3-8, wing 26-3, tail 13-5, tarsus 4-6.
Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 33-5 inches,
wing 24-5, tail 11, tarsus 4-1.
Hab. Greenland, Iceland, Faero Islands, the whole of Europe and
Northern Asia, occurring in Kamtschatka, the Aleutian Islands, and
Japan, and extending into China as far as Amoy. It is also found
in Scinde and N.W. India.
a. Pull. st. Orkneys. Mr. Bullock.
b. Ad. St. Shropshire. Mr. BuUock.
c. Juv. sk. Shropshire. Mr. BuUock.
d. Ad. at. Kent. Colonel Montagu [P.]
e. Vix ad. st. Greenland. Dr. Wm. Dnrrant [P.].
/. Ad. st. Greenland.
ff, h, i. Juv. st. Greenland. Governor Holboll [C.].
k, I. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
m,n,o. Sterna. Purchased.
2. Haliaetus leucocephalus.
The Bald Eagle, Catesh. N. H. Carol, i. pi. 1 (1731).
L'Aigle a teste blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 422 (1760) ; Bttf. PI. Mil.
i. pi. 411.
Falco leucocephala, Linn. S. AT. i. p. 124 (1766) ; Wils. Am. Orn. iv.
p. 89, pi. 36 (1811) ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 26 (1827); Aud.
B. Am. pi. 31, id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 160 (1831) ; Schl. u. Siisem.
Vog. Eur. Taf. 27 (1839) ; Naum. Vog. DeutscM. xiii. Taf. 344, 345
(1860).
Falco pygargus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 62 (1800).
AquUa leucocephala, Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. pi. Ill (1807).
Hahaetus leucocephalus, Saviqn. Descr. d'Egypte, Ois. p. 257 (1809) ;
Siv. ^ Rich. F. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 15 (1831) ; Gmdd, B. Eur. i.
pi. 11 (1837) ; Aicd. B. N. Am. i. p. 59, pi. 14 (1839) ; Grag, Gen.
B. i. p. 17 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif.
p. Ill (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Sgn. p. 50 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B.
N. Am. p. 43 (1860) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilse, p. 12 (1862) ;
Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 186.3, p. 588 ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i.
53. HALIAETUS. 305
p. 42 (1867) ; Ch-ay, Hancl-l. B. i. p. 10 (1869) ; Dall. 8f Bonn.
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 273 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird,
p. 451 (1870); Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 33:3 ( 1872) ; Coiocs, Key
N. A. Birds, p. 219 (1872); Finsch, Ahhandl. Brem. iii. p. 22
(1872) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 117 (1873).
Falco ossifragus, Wils. Am. Orn. vii. pi. 55. fig-. 2 (1813).
Aquila pj^gargus, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 318 (1816).
Falco washingtouianiis, Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 67 (1822).
Falco washiugtonii * Audt/b. May. N. H. i. p. 115 (1829); id. B.
Am. pi. 11, et Orn. Bioyr. i. p. 58 (1831).
Haliaetus washingtonii, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 92 (1832)
Aud. B. Am. i. p. 53, pi. 13 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17 (1845)
Cass. B. Calif, p. 110 (1855); StricklOrn. Syn. p. 51 (1855)
Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 42 (1860).
Pandion washingtonii, Haym. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1856, p. 286.
Adult female. Above rich dark brown, almost black, the dorsal
feathers rather lighter towards their tips, the whole of the wing-
coverts conspicuously paler-margined, so that they appear much
lighter brown than the back ; quills blackish, the secondaries
browner, with slight whity-brown terminal margins, inner lining
of wing ashy black, with pale mottlings near base of inner web ;
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pure white ; head and
neck aU round white ; rest of under surface of body brown, many
of the feathers darker brown, the leg-feathers and all the under
wing-coverts and axiUaries dark brown ; under tail-coverts pure
white ; cere, bill, and feet yeUow ; iris yellow. Total length 38
inches, culmen 3-75, wing 26, tail 13-5, tarsus 4*4.
Adult male. Rather smaller than the female. Total length 36
inches, wing 24-1, tail 12-5, tarsus 4-3.
Young. Above light brown, the feathers whitish at base, and black-
ish towards their tips, the scapulars slightly shaded with greyish
and mottled with brown ; wing-coverts rather darker brown, with
small whity-brown tips, the greater coverts largely mottled with
white near the base, especially on the inner web ; quills blackish,
with whity-brown terminal margins, the tips of the innermost
secondaries whitish vermiculated with dark brown, inner lining of
wings ashy black, the secondaries whitish on inner web, mottled
with black ; lower back and rump lighter brown than the back, the
bases of the feathers whity brown, the upper tail-coverts darker;
tail dull white, more or less black on both webs, increasing towards
the outer feathers, all the centres of the feathers variously mottled
with black ; lores whitish ; head and neck black, the feathers long
and lanceolate, with indistinct brown points ; throat white, streaked
with brown ; rest of under surface pale brown, the breast and thighs
blackish brown, streaked with lighter brown down the centres of
the feathers ; the under tail-coverts whitish, mottled on either web
with dark brown ; under wing-coverts blackish, more or less con-
spicuously white at the base ; bill brownish black ; irides brown.
* " Immature H. leucoccphalu.<< average larger than the adults. The famous
' Bird of Washington ' is a case in point.'' — Coites, I. c.
VOL. I. T
806 FALCONID^.
Hah. The whole of North America, as far south as Florida, Cali-
fornia, and Mexico.
a. cS ad. St.
N. America.
Earl of Derby [P
1.
b. 2 ad. St.
N. America.
Hudson's Bay Co. [P.'
Hudson's Bay Co. [P.;
c. 2 juv. st.
N. America.
d. (S juv. St.
N. America.
Purchased.
e,f. Juv. sk.
Orcas Island.
Dr. LyaU [P.].
g, h. Ad. sk.
British Columbia.
J. K. Lord, Esq.
[CI.
'ct
('. Juv. sk.
British Columbia.
J. K. Lord, Esq.
k, 1, 7)1. Skeletons.
Zoological Society.
71, 0. Skulls.
3. Haliaetus pelagicus.
Aquila pelagica, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- As. i. p. 343, pi. 18 (1811); Kittl.
Kupf. Voff. p. 3, pi. 2. fig. 1 (1832) ; Midd. Sibir. Reiae, Zool. p. 125
(1851).
Falco leucopterus, Te7nm. PI. Col. i. pi. 489 (1824).
Falco imperator, Kittl. Kupf. Voij. p. 3 (1832).
Thalassaetus pelagicus, Kaup, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 261 (1845).
Haliaetus pelagicus, Gray, Ge7i. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849) ; Temm. 8f
Schl. F. J. Aves, p. 11, pi. 4 (1850) ; Rp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850) ;
Cass. R. Calif, pp. 31, 110, pi. 6 (1855); Strickl. Om. Syti. p. 51
(1855) ; Scht'enk, Reis. A7nnrl. Zool. p. 222 (1859) ; Cass, in Raird,
R. N. A. p. 42 (1860) ; Schl. Mus. P.-R. Aquilse, p. 14 (1862) ;
Elliot, R. N. A771. part 6 (1867) ; HoiJiey. J. f. O. 1868, p. 248 ;
Gray, Hatid-l. i. p. 17 (1869) ; Srvitih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 339 ; Coues,
Key N. A. Rirds, p. 220 (1872).
Adnlt. General colour brown, the feathers of the back imper-
ceptibly whitish at the tips, with ashy streaks on the whole head,
neck, and under surface ; forehead and a few feathers near the gape
white ; quills blackish, the secondaries, as well as the greater wing-
coverts, brown like the back, with paler brown edges ; the fol-
lowing parts white — lesser and median wing-coverts, forming a
large patch, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, the entire thighs and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts brown, those along the carpal
joint white, the long vent-feathers brown, like the rest of the under
surface ; cere, orbits, and bill bright yellow ; feet deep yellow, with
horn-brown nails. Total length 41 inches, culmen 4:5, wing 24-4,
tail 15*1, tarsus 4*9, middle toe 3-1. (Mus. Litgd.)
Yoimcf. Similar to the adult, but not so rich brown, the streaks
on the head and underparts more distinct down the centre of the
feathers ; scapulars white at the base, becoming mottled with brown
towards the middle of the feathers ; the small and median wing-
coverts brown like the back, the greater coverts and inner secondaries
white at the base and along the inner web, as also the feathers of
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter especially
being brown towards the tips ; tail white, with brown mottling
towards the tip, and especially on the exterior web of the outer
feather ; thighs brown, very slightly mottled with white, as also
the vent-feathers, which show rather more white. Total length
53. HALIAETUS. 307
about 38 inches, culmen 4-C5, wing 27"1, tail 15, tarsus 4-9, middle
toe 2-85.
Eab. N.E. Siberia and N. China, Japan, Kamtschatka. " Still to
be detected in North America " ( Coues).
a. Juv. St. Kamtschatka.
b. Skeleton. Purchased.
4. Haliaetus leucogaster.
White-bellied Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 33 (1781).
Falco leucogaster, Gm. S. N. i. p. 257 (1788, e.v Lath.) ; Temm. PI.
Col. i. pi. 49 (1823).
Le Blagre, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 5 (1797) ; Sund. Krit. om Levaill.
p. 23 (1858).
Falco blagrus, Datid. Traite, ii. p. 70 (1800, ex Levaill.).
Haliaetus blagi-us, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 310 (1817); Smith, S.-Afr.
Q. Joum. i. p. 108 (1830) ; Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 15 (1850).
Falco dimidiatus, Rciffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii.p. 277 (1822).
Pandion blagrus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1200 (1823).
Haliaetus leucogaster, Vig. Zool. Joum. i. p. 336 (1824) ; Gould, Syn.
B. Austr. pt. 3, pi. 37. fig. 1 (1838) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 53 (1855) ;
Schl. Mies. P.-B. Aquilffi, p. 14 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 85 (1862) ;
Schl. Vog. Nederl. Lid. Valko. pp. 9, 50, pi. 4. figs. 1, 2 (1866) ;
Finsch u. Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 1 (1867) ; Gray, Hand I. B.
i. p. 17 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 259 (1869) ; Schl. Mm.
P.-B. Revue Accipifr. p. 117 '( 1873).
Haliaetus dimidiatus, Vii/. Mem. Raffi. p. 648 (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 17 (1845) ; StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 54 (1855).
Haliaetus sphenurus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, pp. 97, 138 ; id. Syn. B.
Austr. pt. 3, pi. 37. fig. 2 (1838).
Ichthyaetus cultrunguis, Blyth,J. A. S.B. xi. p. 110 (1842).
Ichthyaetus leucogaster. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 13 ; Gotdd, B.
Austr. i. pi. 3 (1848) ; Biggies, Orn. Austr. pt. 5 (1866).
Pontoaetus leucogaster, Gi-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845); Pelz. Verh. z.-h.
TFiw, 1863,p.591.
Pontoaetus blagrus. Gray, Ge)i. B. i. p. 18 (1845).
Cuncuma leucogaster, Grat/, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 24; Wall. Ibis,
1868, p. 15 ; Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 35 (1872).
Blagrus leucogaster, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 30 (1849) ; id.
J. A. S. B. xix. p. 341 (1850) ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 22 ; Swinh. Ibis,
1870, p. 80.
Ichthyaetus blagrus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 116 (1849).
Polioaetus leucogaster, Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 13 (1863).
Adult. Head and neck all round, as well as entire underparts,
including the under tail- and wing-coverts, white, some of the
outermost of the latter shaded with grey, the greater series ashy
grey with white bases ; upper surface of body ashy grey, slightly
shaded with brownish, the upper feathers of the interseapulary region
and scapulars narrowly margined with white ; primaries blackish,
externaUj' shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries uniform, slightly
tipped with white, the lower surface of the wing ashy grey, inclining
to blackish towards the tips of the feathers ; tail black, the terminal
third white, forming a conspicuoiis band; cere, lores, and orbital
t2
308 FALCONlDJi.
ridge bluish lead-colour, slightly tinged with green ; feet yellowish
white ; iris olive-brown. Total length 28 inches, culmen 2-6, wing
22-3, tail 9-5, tarsus 4.
Adult female. Slightly larger than the male. Total length
28 inches, wing 23-2, tail 11, tarsus 4-2-
Youncf. Above brown, the feathers margined with paler brown,
with dull whitish shaft-stripes, widening out towards the tips of the
feathers ; lower back and rump rather darker than the rest of the
back, with distinct white streaks ; quills deep brown, the secondaries
paler brown like the back and tipped with bufty white, all the quills
more or less distinctly barred with darker brown, especially towards
the tip of inner web, which is whitish underneath for the greater
part of its length ; tail dark brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed
with three iU-defined bars of paler brown, much mottled with darker
brown, and shaded with whitish ; head and neck dark brown,
distinctly streaked with buffy white, less broadly on the sides of the
face ; throat sandy buff, with paler central streaks to the feathers ;
rest of under surface rufescent brown, with distinct b\iffy white
shaft-streaks, widening out towards the apex of the feathers, the
abdominal plumes and under tail-coverts for the most part white,
irregularly mottled with reddish brown.
Hah. The whole of India and Ceylon, throughout the entire
Malay archipelago and Australia, ranging into Western Polynesia,
where it has been said to occur in the Friendly Islands.
Lady Carington [P-l-
Lady Carington [P-]-
Capt. Chambers, R.N. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Julius Brencliley, Esq- [P.].
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.^
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.;
Purchased.
Purchased.
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
M. Jules Verreaux [C.].
Zoological Society.
Capt. Stanley [P.*]
With regard to the last specimen (m) I may state that I have also
seen two adult specimens, both of which I was assured came direct
from the Cape ; but of this fact I could not satisfy myself perfectly.
Mr. Cassin has recorded this species under the name of H. hlagrus (Pr.
Phil. Acad. 1865, p. 4) from Gaboon ; so that it seems probable that
this or an allied Sea-Eagle remains to be discovered in Africa.
5. Haliaetus leucoryphus.
Aquila leucorypha, Pall. Heis. Iltiss. Meichs, i. p. 4o4 (1771).
White-crowned Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 42 (1781).
Falco leucoryphus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 259 (1788) ; Sc/d. u. Susem. Vog.
iV.Taf. 27fl (1839).
a. 2 ad. sk.
New Holland.
b. Juv. sk.
New Holland.
c. Juv. sk.
Port Essington.
d. .Tuv. sk.
Tasmania.
e. Juv. sk.
Ysabel, Solomon Islands
f. Juv. sk.
Aru Islands.
g. Ad. sk.
Morty Island.
h. Juv. sk.
Malacca.
i. tS ad. sk.
Luzon.
j. Juv. St.
Luzon.
k. Juv. St.
Philippine Islands.
I, Ad. sk.
Madras.
m- Ad, sk,
Cape o£ Good Hope.
n. Skeleton.
0. Skull.
5y. HALIAETUS. 309
Falco fulTiventer, Vieill. N. Diet, xxviii. p. 283 (1819) ; Pucker. Rev.
et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 81.
Falco macei, Te7mn. PL Col. i. pis. 8, 223 (1824).
Haliaetus macei, Vig. Zool. Juuni. i. p. 336 (1824) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i.
p. 17 (1845) ; Bp. Co7isp. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 52
(1855) ; Gray, Hancl-l B. i. p. 17 (1869) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 159
(1873).
Aquila macei, Less. Man. crOrn. i. p. 84 (1828).
Haliaetus imicolor, Gray S,- Harchv. III. Ind. Zool. pi. 19 (1832) ; Jerd.
Ibis, 1871, p. 236.
Haliaetus albipes, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 228 (1836).
Cuncuma albipes, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 367 (1837).
Haliaetus leucorj-phus. Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxx (1840) ;
Strickl. Orn. Syn.-p. 52 (1855) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 8. figs. 5, 6
(1858) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilaj, p. 590 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.
Wien, 1863, p. 589 ; Degl. 4'- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 45 (1867) ; Gray,
Hand-l. i. p. 17 (1869); Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 242 (1870);
Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 336 ; Hume Sf Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 173
(1873).
Ichtliyaetus leucoryphus, Bhjth, Ann. N. H. xiv. p. 37 (1844).
Haliaetus lanceatus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 8l (1844).
Pontoaetus macei, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 280.
Cuncuma macei, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 23.
Pontoaetus leuconphus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 2 (1849).
Aquila deserticola, Eversm. Bxdl. Sac. Imp. Mosc. xxv. p. 545, tab. 8
(1852).
Haliaetus fulviTenter, Je»-</. J5. Lid. i. p. 82 (1862).
Advlt male. Above dark brown, with a slight purplish gloss, some
of the greater coverts slightly margined with paler brown ; quills
blackish, the secondaries rather browner, like the scapularies, the
lower surface of the quills brown, inclining to bluish ash-colour on
the inner web of the primaries, some of the secondaries mottled with
white near the base of the inner web ; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts purplish brown, some of the outermost of the latter
whitish at base ; tail white, blackish at base, and having a broad
terminal band of black ; head, hind neck, and interscapulary region
sandy brown, darker brown on the head, and more tawny on the
hind neck, the feathers of which are streaked with fulvous ; sides of
face and throat buify white, the latter with narrow whitish streaks
down the centre of the feather ; rest of under sm'face of body dull
fulvous brown, lighter on the chest, where the feathers are paler-
centred, and deeper brown on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish brown, slightly
mottled with white, especially near the base of the median lower
coverts ; cere pale bluish green ; nostrils, gape, and base of lower
mandible bluish ; upper mandible greenish horn-colour, dusky at tip ;
feet greyish white ; iris pale brownish 3'ellow. Total length 30 inches,
culmen 2-6, wing 22-2, tail 12-2, tarsus 3-6.
Adult female. Bather larger than the male. Total length 33 inches,
wing 24-4, tail 11-7, tarsus 4-3.
Young. Above dark brown, the feathers of the back deeper towards
their bases, the wing-coverts lighter than the back, the median series
310 FALCONID^.
and the upper tail-coverts plainly margined with whity brown ;
greater coverts dark brown, with whity-brown tips ; quills blackish,
externally shaded with ashy, the innermost secondaries dark brown
like the back, lower surftice of quills ashy brown, some of the inner-
most primaries inclining to whitish on inner web ; tail dark bro-wTi,
shaded with ashy above and below ; head, neck, and underparts
fulvous brown, deeper on the head, and varied with white bases to
the abdominal plumes and under tail-coverts, the head and neck
rather darker than the underparts, and streaked with sandy brown,
the chest and breast-feathers with broad whity-brown margins and
tips ; under wing-coverts dull brown, margined with paler brown,
the median series streaked with whity brown, the greater ones ashy
white at the base, and mottled along the shaft towards the tip, which
is also white ; feet clear pale lemon-yellow.
Hah. From the Caspian eastwards to India and Burmah.
fl. Ad. St. India. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P,].
h. Pull. sk. India. Pvu-chased.
c. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.^
d. Juv. St. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. P.
e. Ad. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. P.
/. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.^
g. Juv. St.*
h,i. Sternum, B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
6. Haliaetus vocifer.
Le Vocifer, Lei-ciUl Ok. (TAfr. i. p. 17,pl. 4 (1799).
Falco vocifer, Baud. Traitejn. p. 6.5 (1800, ex Levaill.).
Aquila vocifera, Dion. Diet. Sc. Nat. i.p. 35.5 (1816).
Haliaetus vocifer, Ciiv. Hegne An. i. p. .316 (1817) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 16 (1845) ; Des 3Iurs, Iconoqr. Orn. pi. 8 (1845) ; Bj). Cmsp. i.
p. 15 (1850) ; StricM. Orn. Spi.-p. 51 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 8 (1857) ; ScM. Miis. P.-B. Aquila;, p. 16 (1862) ; Zayard, B. S.
Afr. p. 17 (1867) ; Hmigl. Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p. 53 (1869) ; Gray,
Hand-l i. p. 53 (1869) ; 'Finsch n. HaHl Fog. Ostafr. p. 38 (1870) ;
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 9 (1872).
Pontoaetus vocifer, Kavp, Classif. Sdtig. u. Vog. p. 122 (1844).
Cuncuma vocifer. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 25.
Haliaetus damans, C. Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, p. 199.
Pandion vocifer, vai'. orientalis, Ilevgl. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 8.
Adult female. Entire head and neck, including the interscapular
region above and the entire breast below, pure white ; tail also en-
tirely white ; remainder of lower parts, including the thighs, sides
of body, under wing-coverts, and axillaries, deep chestnut ; rest of
upper surface blackish brown, the primaries quite black, greyish on
their under surface ; least wing-coverts entirely rufous, and those
along the carpal bend margined with rufous ; cere and orbits very
pale yellow ; bill bluish, pale yellow at base ; feet yellow ; iris
* Marked by Mr. 6. R. Gray as the true H. hucoryphus (Pall.), but without
any register or trace of its origin.
53. HALIAETUS. 311
clear hazel. Total length 25 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 20-5, taU 9-3,
tarsus 4.
Adidt male. Similar to, but smaller than the female. Total length
22 inches, wing 19-2, tarsus 3"6.
Young. Differs from the adult principally in being more dingily-
coloured and in not showing the contrast of colours as in the latter ;
thus the whole of the head, neck, and breast are more or less brown
iu the young, though generally giving indications of approaching
whiteness, especially about the ears and lower breast, the crown
being the last to change ; least wing-coverts blackish, with rufous
margins, the rest dark brown, but the greater ones for the most part
white, causing a large patch across the wing ; lower parts of the
belly brown, more or less varied with white, the thighs incliniug to
rufous ; tail ashy white, brown at the tip, and more or less brown
on the rest of the feather ; gape whitish yeUow ; orbits and cere
dusky ; bill dusky bluish ; iris darker hazel than in the adult.
Eab. The whole of Africa.
a.
Ad. sk.
Port Natal.
Piu-chased.
b.
d juv. St.
Buftalo River, S. Africa.
M. Jules Verreaux [C.l,
c.
5 juv. St.
S. Africa.
M. Jules Verreaux [C.
d.
(S ad. St.
S. Afiica.
Purchased.
e.
J ad. st.
Fifth Cataract of the Nile.
F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
/■
Skeleton.
Zoological Society.
7. Haliaetus vociferoides.
Hahaetus vociferoides, JDes 3Ii(rs, R. Z. 184^5, p. 175* ; id. Iconogr.
Orn. pi. 7 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 52 (1855); Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 16 (1861); Schl. P. Z. S.
1866, p. 420 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 17 (1869).
Haliaetus vociferator, Sch. S,- Poll. F. M. Ois. p. 42, pi. 15 (1868) ;
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 118 (1873).
Nearly adidt. Above dark brown, the wing-coverts with rufous
edgings and spots ; head paler brown, a little varied with ashj'
white, and incKuiug to blackish above the ear-coverts, the latter
quite white, the sides of the neck and hind neck streaked with
white ; throat pale rufous, slightly varied with white, and streaked
with dark brown ; rest of under surface brown, the upper breast
streaked longitudinally with rufous ; lower under tail-coverts and
taU white; quills dark brown, the primaries blackish, the secon-
daries slightly tipped with white, the lower surface of the wings
ashy grey ; under wing-coverts dark brown, inclining to rufous at
tip ; biU black ; feet greyish ; iris salmon-colour. Total length
24 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 20-4, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*8, middle toe
2-45. (Mus. Lugd.)
Another specimen in the Leiden Museum is apparently younger,
and has the head and hind neck streaked with rufous, the whole of
the sides of the face and throat rufous, and the breast again plainly
streaked, many of the wing-coverts and feathers of the lower belly
and thighs tipped with fulvous ; ear-coverts ashy grey ; cere and
lores greyish ; bill black ; feet greyish ; iris brown.
Hnh. Madagascar.
312 I'ALCONID^.
54. GYPOHIERAX.
Type.
Gypohierax, Riipp. Neite Wirb. p. 46 (18.35) G. angolensis.
Racama, J. E. Gray in G. R. Grmfs List of Genera,
p. 1 (1840) G. angolensis.
Range. West Africa, from Senegambia to Angola. East Africa,
Island of Pemba, near Zanzibar.
1. Gypohierax angolensis.
Angola Vulture, Penn. Tour in Wales, i. p. 307, pi. 16 (1778).
Falco angolensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 252 (1788, ex Penn.).
Vultur angolensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 7 (1790) ; Shaw, Mus. Lever.
p. 153, pi. 37 (1792).
Gypaetus angolensis, Dand. Traite, ii. p. 27 (1800).
Polyborus hypoleucus, Benn. P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 13; id. Gard. Zool.
Soc. ii. p. 303 (1831).
Gypohierax angolensis, Riipp. N. W. p. 46 (1835, note) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 7, pi. 4 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 14 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 1, 246 (1857) ; Pelz.
Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1861, p. 134; Wolf, Zool. Sk. pi. 38 (1861);
Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Norw. Mus. p. 80 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 4 (1869) ; Shari^e, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 146 ; Fifisch tc. Hartl.
Yog. Ostafr. p. 37 (1870) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 106.
Eacama angolensis, J. E. Gray in G. R. Gray's List Gen. B. p. 1 (1840).
Vultur hypoleucus, Jard. S,- Selby, 111. Orn. ser. 2, pi. 13 (c. 1840).
Haliaetus angolensis, Schl. Naiim. 1852, p. 24; id. Mus. P.-B,
Aquilce, p. 18 (1862) ; id. Revue Accipifr. p. 119 (1873).
Adult male. General colour white ; scapulars black, except
the very highest, which are mottled with white ; quills black,
the primaries for the most part white, excepting the tips, which
are black, and the outer web, which is more or less mottled
with black, the inner web less so ; tail black, with a very broad
white tip, forming a terminal band ; aU the rest of the body white ;
head slightly crested ; cere grey ; bare skin of face flesh-colour ;
feet rosy flesh-colour ; iris light yellow. Total length 23 inches,
culmen 2-5, wing 17"2, tail 8-8, tarsus 3-35.
Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 24-5
inches, culmen 2-7, wing 17, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-5. {Mus. Lugd.)
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. 5 ad. sk. Kattenbella, Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [0.].
b. Ad. sk. River Congo. J. Cranch, Esq. [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Gaboon. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
d. Ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [P.].
e. (S ad. st. Fernando Po. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].
f. Ad. St. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
" Juv. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
ff
55. HALIASTUR.
Type.
Haliastur, Selby, Cat. Gen. S,- Suby. Typ. p. 3 (1840) .... H. Indus.
Dentiger, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) .... H. indus.
Ictinoaetus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 73 H. indus.
Milvaquila, Burm. Vers. Zool. Mm. Halle, p. 24 (1850). . H. indus.
55. HALIASTUR. 313
Bill oiMaliastur Indus.
Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon ; Indo- and Austro-Malayan
subregions ; Australia and New Caledonia.
Key to the Species.
a. Tail maroon, with broad whitish tip ; head and
'°Rf T^'*vf fl'V- V »«^«*, P- 313.
a . iilack shalt-stnpes on head and neck very
distinct, a. indm, p. 313.
b'. Black shaft-stripes narrow and indistinct.
/3. intennedius, p. 314.
c'. No black shaft-stripes, y. rjirrenera, p. 31-5.
6. Tail unifoi-m ashy brown ; head and neck sandy-
coloured, with fulvous streaks sphenurm, p. 316.
1. Haliastur Indus.
L'Aigle de Pondichery, Briss. Om. i. p. 450, pi. xxxv. (1760).
Agile des Grandes Indes, Huff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 416 (1770)
Falco Indus, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. 25 (1783).
Falco pondicerianus, Gm. S. K. i. p. 265 (1788).
Habaetus pondicerianus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 316 (1817)
Hahaetus garuda. Less. Traite, p.' 44 (1831).
Milvus pondicerianus, Jerd. Madr. Joinn. x p 72 (1839)
Haliastur pondecerianus, Selby, Cat. Gmi. ^- Subg. Types 'v. 3 (1840)
Dentiger pondicerianus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc.r,. 81 (1844)
Milvus.'' rotundicauda, Hodgs. id supra, p. 81 (1844)
Haliastur Indus f^yGS-^- P^18 (1845); Blyk, Cat. B. Mu..
A. ^. H. p. .Jl (1849); .Strickl. Om. Si/n. p. 73 (18o5)- Jerd ff
Ind. 1 p 101 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. i i.^p. 18 (Sj ; S»f "
Rmigh Notes n. p. 316 (1870); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872 p 414-
Hume, Str. F. p. 160 (1873). ' P" '
Ictiuaetus Indus, Eaup, Arch. f. Naturg. xvi. p. 39 (1850)
Haliastur ponticerianus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850).
Ictinoaetus pondicei-ianus, Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p 73
""t^^ii'o a87^"^- '^•■^- '"'1^^^"' p- '' ^''''^'' ''■ ^-
Adult. Head and neck aU round, throat, and entire breast white
with very distinct black shaft-stripes ; rest of the plumage maroon
chestnut, paler on the secondaries and tail, especially on the latter
where it fades off into fulvous white at the tip, the black shaft-
stnpes everj'where distinct ; primaries black, outer secondaries also
brownish at tip, the inner lining of the wing pale creamy rufous
314 FAICONTD^.
the primaries black below, rufescent only at base of inner web ;
under wing-coverts deep maroon, with black shaft-stripes, except
the greater series, which are pale rufous shaded with ashy ; cere
and bill blackish brown ; feet light greenish yellow ; iris brown.
Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 14-7, tail 8-1, tarsus 2-1.
Young. Above deep brown, the interscapulary feathers inclining
to dull maroon towards their tips, the rest of the feathers of the
upper surface tipped with rufous, and most of them externally
shaded with ashy grey ; head and neck pale rufous, with huffy-
white centres and tips to the feathers^ giving a streaked appearance,
as in a young Milvus ; forehead, lores, and sides of face white, with
narrow black shaft-lines to the feathers ; the ear-coverts slightly
washed with brown, their hinder margin distinctly brown ; chin
whitish ; rest of under surface pale rufous brown, the shaft-stripes
distinct, all the feathers with central streaks of buffy white, the
chest-feathers darker, and washed with brown on both margins,
thighs and under tail-coverts inclining to maroon ; under wing-
coverts and axUlaries clear brown, tipped with rufous or maroon,
and centred with black shaft-streaks.
Hah. India and Ceylon, on sea-coasts and in vicinity of lakes,
extending westwards into Upper Sindh, and eastwards to Burmah.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
As this species extends eastwards a variation takes place in the
coloration of the head, neck, and breast, by reason of the marked
attenuation of the black shaft-stripes to the feathers of these parts.
The Javan bird has been separated as a species ; but so gradual are
the changes in this respect, and so thoroughly coincident with a
change of locality, that I cannot allow full specific rank to either of
the two subspecies mentioned below. For the sake of convenience,
however, I keep their synonymy distinct. The Indian birds have
the shaft-stripes strongly pronounced; but the birds from Siam, the
Philippines, Malacca, Java, and Borneo have very narrow black
shaft-lines, which diminish in intensity in the Timor specimens, are
less distinct in Celebean examples (c/. Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilce,
p. 20), and almost absent in those from Bouru. In all other islands
of the Malayan archipelago they are entirely wanting, and the
birds have white heads and breasts, as in the true JI. girrenera of
Australia. The latter are a little smaller, and have the young
generally rather lighter in colour than in the typical H. indus.
Subsp. a. Haliastur intermedius.
Haliaetos pondicerianus, Horn/. Tr. Linn. Sue. .\iii. p. 136 (1822) j
Meyen, Beitr. p. 69 (1834).
Falco pondicerianus, Rqffl. Tr. L. S. xiii. p. 278 (1822).
Haliastiu: intermedius, Gtirney, Ibis, 1865, p. 28.
a. Ad. sk.
Meerut.
6. Juv. sk.
Balacherry, Kattiawar,
Oct. 14, 1871.
c. Juv. st.
d. Skeleton.
Nepaul.
e. Skeleton.
OO. HALIASTUK. 3J5
Haliastiir indus, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 28 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 16.
Hahaetus indus, Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 4. &s 4 ri866
nee fig. 3). ° (,-iu"v,
^duU Similar to H. indus, but having the Black shaft-stripes on
the head, hmd neck, and breast narrower and less distinct- bill
pa e lead-colour, tip yellowish ; cere and feet pale yellow ; iris dull
yellow.
coI^T*^" ^™^^'" *"" ^^''^ ""^ ^' '"^'^' ^"* ^ ^"^^ ™°'"® ^^^^J' "^
if«6. Siam, Malay peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Timor, Plores, PhiHn-
pines, Eorneo, Banka. ^
Far. Celebes, Bouru.
a 2 ad sk. E. Java, 1861. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l
r t; \; t'''^''- H''^- East-India Company [P.].
^; T?,l' t AfT- H''^- East-India ComJany[ P.j.
d. Juv. sk. Malacca. a. R. Wallace, Esq. (C.{ ^
e. Juv. St. Phihppine Islands. ' ^ '" -■
/. <S ad. sk E Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
f' S J '7- ?*■ ^^^'^''i^sar, Celebes. A. E. Wallace Esq. I C 1.
h. 2 ad sk. Boui-u. A. E. WaUace Esq. [C." .
'■ Skeleton. Zoological Society.^ ^ ^
Subsp. /3. Haliastur girrenera.
Ealco ponticerianus, Shaiv ^- Nodd Nat. Misc. x. pi. .389 (1799).
Uhite-headed Rufous Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 218 (18'?r/
Hahaetus girrenera, Vieill. S,- Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. x. (1825)"
Hahastiu' leucostemus, Gm/, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845); Goidd, B.
^R^lw (1?^°); ^«5f. ■^««^^6. i. p. 17(1865); Wall. Ibis,
pt. 1/ (18/0); Hcdden, fr. Z. S. viii. p. 35 (1872)
Ictinoaetus leucostemus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p 73
(1866)' '"'^'''' ^'^^'^' ^'''^' ^^'^"''' ^"'^- ^'"^^"- P-"^^' P^- *• fin- 3
Adult male Head and neck all round, occupying the interseapu-
lary region above and the entire breast below, snowy wliite; the
rest of the body bright maroon, the tail broadly whitish at tip - pri-
maries blackish brown, rufous at base of both webs, and inclining to
whitish at immediate base of inner web ; cere pale yellow ; orbits
smoke-grey; bill pale yellow, bluish at base, Hght horn-colour at
tip ; tarsi cream-yeUow. Total length 20 inches, cuhnen 1-45, wing
14-2, tad / -8, tarsus 2-1. ^
^^[«?< /«»«?''. SimUar to adult male, but a little larger. Total
length 21 inches, wing 15-3, tarsus 2-1.
Young. Above duU maroon-brown, the dorsal feathers tipped, and
the interscapulary ones mesially streaked with fulvous : head and
neck creamy white, the feathers brown at base and on their ed»es
causing a somewhat striped appearance on the latter part; sides of
iace ashy brown ; throat creamy white; breast-feathers pale rufous
316 FALCONIDJi.
brown, mesially streaked with creamy white ; lower abdomen, thighs,
and under tail-coverts creamy white, with pale rufous margins, a
little brighter than on the breast ; primaries purplish black, secon-
daries rufous, tipped with whitish, and shaded along each side of the
shaft with more or less distinct purplish brown, especially the inner-
most, which ai'e almost entirely of the latter colour ; tail-feathers
rufous, tipped with whitish, shaded in the centre with brown,
which colour overspreads the apical portion of the outermost.
Hah. Northern and eastern parts of Australia, New Guinea, Am-
boina, Batchian, Temate, Morty Island, Celebes, Louisiade archipelago.
a. Ad. St. Austi-alia. Lady Carrington [P.].
6. Ad. St. Port Essiug-ton. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].
c. 2 ad. st. Louisiade archipelago. Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.'
d. $ ad. sk. Dorey. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C."
e. S ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
/, Ad. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
g. 2 juv. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. C.
h. cJ ad. st. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
t. 2 juv. sk. Amboyna. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
J, Ad. sk. Amboyna. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P].
2. Haliastur sphenurus.
Cinereous Eagle, var., Lath. Gen. Syn. Stippl. p. 18 (1801).
Milvus sphenurus, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xx. p. 564 (1818) ; id,
et Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. xv. (1825).
Haliaetus canorus, Vir/. iS,- Jlorsf. Tr. Linn. S. xv. p. 187 (1826); Gmdd,
Syn. B. Atistr. pt. "iii.^ pi. 3."fig. 2 (1838).
Haliastur sphenurus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr.
i. pi. 5 (e. 1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 74 (1855) ; Ve>-r. et Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 385 ;
Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 20 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 18
(1869).
Ictinoaetiis canorus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 73.
HaUaetus sphenurus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilffi. p. 21 (1862) ; id.
Revue Accipitr. p. 123 (1873).
Adult. Above ashy brown, darker and more chocolate-brown on
the scapulars and wing-coverts ; head washed with rufous ; feathers
of the hind neck fulvous in the centre, producing a streaked appear-
ance ; sides of face and throat fulvous ; breast dull ochraceous, the
bases of the feathers whitish, as also a streak towards the tip of the
feathers, which beiug bordered with brown on the breast causes the
feathers of this part to appear much striped ; the flanks narrowly
black-shafted ; imder tail-coverts and thighs whitish, with dark
brown shafts ; under wing-coverts ochi'aceous, like breast, barred
and streaked with dark brown ; primary coverts and primaries
brownish black, the latter rufous white at base of inner web ;
greater coverts and secondaries deep sepia-brown ; tail greyish
brown, paler and more ashy at tips and towards the base of the
outer feathers ; the inner web mottled with greyish brown, the re-
mains of obsolete bars ; cere and bill greyish ; feet pale bluish white ;
iris bright hazel. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 16-6,
tail 10-5, tarsus 2-35.
56. ELANOIDES. 317
Young. Similar to the adult, but much paler, the wing-coverts
tipped with fulvous, and the head streaked with rufous or rufous
buff; under surface of body fulvous white, with faint indications of
dark brown streaks and margins to the feathers of the breast.
Ifab. The whole of Australia and New Caledonia.
«. Vix ad. St. S. Australia. Sh- George Grey [P.!
b. Ad. St. S. Australia. Sir George Grey rRl.
c. Ad. St. Port Essington. Dr. Sibbald rP.].
Ad. sk Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. fP.l.
e 2 «<i- sk. Perth, W. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [0.1
f. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. MitcheU [P.l.
ff. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.].
Type of H. canwtcs.
56. ELANOIDES.
Elanoides, Vieill. N.Bict. (THist. Nat. xxiv. p. 101 (1818). . E. imlltas.
Range. Central and southern States of N. America, southwards to
Columbia and Brazil. Accidental in Europe.
1. Elanoides furcatus.
The Swallow-tailed Hawk, Cateshj, N. H. Carol, i. p. 4, pi 4 (1731)
Le Milau de la Caroline, Brm. Orn. i. p. 418 (1760)
Falco furcatus Lum. S. N. i. p. 129 (1766) ; Shaw ^ Nodd. Nat.
Misc. pi. 204 (l/9o) ; Baud. Traile, ii. p. 1-52 (1800) ; Wils. Am
t'p'q^- I ?' iPion^ ^°'- ^-^ (1^^2) 5 '^^^'^- ''■ '^««^'«- Vog. Eur.
laf. 32. fig. 1 (1839). ^
Cola-tixera, Amru, Apmit. i. p. 169 (1802).
Milvus furcatus, rieill. Ow. A7n. Sept. p. 38, pi. 10 (1807)
Elanoides yetapa, Bomi. et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1205 (1823)
Elanoides furcatus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ni. p. 190.5 (1823) •
SMI. 0,-n.Spi. p. 141 (1855) ; Scl. ^- Salt: Ibis, 1859, p. 220 j
Oiven Ihs, 1860, p. 240; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 5 (1862) •
Scl. 8f Salv. Xo7nencl. p. 121 (1873).
Elanus fui-catus, Vig. Zool. Jwrn. i. p. 340 (1824).
Nauclerus furcatus, Vig. Zool. Joiirn. ii. p. 387 (1825) ; Gotdd B
-^"lo'vfion^ ^^^^J^ ' ^'''^- ^- ^'"- f°l- Pl- ^2, et ed. 8vo, i. p.' 78!
(1844) ; G>rig Gen. B I p. 25, pi. 9. fig. 9 (1845) ; Hartllnd.
Azara, p. 5i (1847) ; Cab. in Schmnb. Bets. Guian. iii. p. 735 (1848)-
Bfy. Consp.y p 21 (1850); Eanp, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 57; Burm.
Th. Bras. II. p. 110 (1856) ; Cass, in Baird's B. K Am. p. 36 (1860);
f T^l'si*'?' ^^f'J- p'5 ; ^^ot. Ois. Trinid. p. 30 (1866) ; Gundi.
J.J. O. 1871, p. 370; Aewt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. p. 103(1871)- Pel-
Orn. Bras. p. 6 (1871).
Falco yetapa. Max. Beitr. Orn. Bras. iii. Abth. i. p. 141 (1830)
Nauclerus forficatus, Ridgxvay, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870, p. 144.
Adult. Head and neck all round, as well as the hinder part of
back and rump and entire under surface, pure white ; rest of the
body blackish, with varying shades according to the light ; the wings
shaded externally with ashy grey, glossed with purple or bronzy
green, the latter especially distinct on the two outer tail-feathers'-
318 FALCOXIDiE.
the interscapulary region and lesser wiug-coverts deep velvety brown ;
upper tail-coverts white at their bases, shaded with grey and glossed
with greenish ; under wing-coverts and bases of inner secondaries
white ; bill dark horn-blue ; feet light milk-blue ; iiis rich dark
reddish brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 16-25,
tail to tip of outer rectrix 13-1, tarsus 1-4.
Uab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. st. S. America. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
b, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Eothsay [P.].
d. Skeleton. Pm'chased.
57. NAUCLERUS. ^^p^
Nauclerus, Vigors, Zool. Jmirn. ii. p. 386 (1825) N. riocouri.
Clielictinia, Less. 1843 (teste Gray, uhi ?).
Chelidopteryx, Kaup, Mm. Senckenh. iii. p. 258 (1845) N. riocouri.
Cypselopteryx, Kaup, 1851 {teste Gray, ubi ?).
Range. Western and Xorth-eastern Africa.
1. Nauclerus riocouri.
Elanoides riocouri, Vieill. et Oud. Gal. Oi's. i. p. 43, pi. 16 (c. 1823) ;
BoiD). et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1206 (1823) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 142 (1855) ; Schl. Hamlb. Dierk. i. p. 107, pi. 1. fig. 5 (1857) ;
id. 3Ius. P.-B. Milvi, p. 5 (1862) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 102
(1871).
Falco riocoui-i, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 85 (1824).
Elanus riocoui-i, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824).
Nauclerus riocomi," Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 386 (1825) ; Less. Traite,
p. 73 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. S. i. p. 25 (1845) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 22
(1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 11 (1857).
Nauclerus africanus, 8u). Classif. B. ii. p. 210 (1837).
Chelidopteryx riocourii, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845) ; id.
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 57.
MUvus riocouri, Giebel, Orn. Thes. p. 86 (1874).
Adult. Above cinereous, interscapulary region and scapulars
slightly darker ; quills ashy grey, paler beneath, the feathers inclin-
ing to white at the base, especially on the inner web of secondaries,
which are white at their tips externaUy also ; tail-feathers externally
ashy grey, brownish on the inner web, the greater portion of which
from the base upwards is white ; forehead and indistinct eyebrow
whitish; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck, and entire underparts
pure white ; the under wing-coverts with a broad patch of black
running down their whole extent parallel with the exterior margin ;
bill greenish dusky; feet yellow; iris red. Total length 14-5 inches,
culmen 0-65, wing 9-95, tail 7-8, tarsus 1-2.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. St. W. Africa. Captain Sabine [P.].
b. Ad. sk, W. Africa. Captain Sabine [P.l.
c. Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal. M. A. Bouvier [P.J.
58. MiLvus. 3]^9
58. MILVUS.
Miljus, Cm: Lrq. Anat. Comp. i. tabl. Ois. (1800) .... M. reSis
ilydi'oictmia, Kaup, Clusdf. Saug. u. Vdg. p. 115 (1844) M. migi-ans.
' y-y
-mm^'^m
wr
Head of Milvus regalis.
Range. The whole of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Key to the Species.
a. Tail rufous ; general colour rufous ictinus, p. 319
b. Tail browu, with blackish bars; general colour
brown.
i'.^^ «^^^.p.320.
a". No perceptible patch of white at base of pri-
maries.
a'". Larger ; head and thi-oat white with black
, stripes ; wing over 17 inches korschun, p. 322,
0'. Smaller; wmg under 16 laches; head and
throat brownish qffinis, p. 323.
6". A perceptible patch of white at base of pri-
maries.
c'". Larger, with the white on the under face of
quills more extended ; rufous brown, the
Tent and under tail-coverts clear rufous. . melanotis, p. 324.
d". Smaller, the white on inner face of quills
less apparent; brownish in colour, the
vent and imder tail-coverts fulvous govinda, p. .325.
1. Milvus ictinus.
The Kite or Glead, Albin, X. H. Birds, i. pi. 4 (17.38).
Le Milan royal. Briss. Orn. i. p. 414, pi. 33 (1760).
Falco milvus, Linn. S. iV. i. p. 120 (1766) ; Naum. Fog. DetitscM. i.
p. 3^33, Taf. 31. fig. 1 (1822) : Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 23 ( 1 827) ;
Schl.u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf 30. fig. 1 (1^39) ; Yarr. Brit. B.i.
p. 6b (184'3).
Le Milan, Buff. PI. Erd. i. pi. 422 (1770).
? Milvus castaneus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 148 (1800).
Milvus ictinus, Savign. Sg.st. Ois. d'Eiiypte, p. 259 (1809) ; Xexot.
Ooth. WoUeij. p. 112 (1864) ; id. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 92 (1871)
Accipiter milvus. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- As. i. p. 356 (1811).
320 FALCONID^.
Milvus regalis, Roitx, Orn. P)-ov. i. p. 44, pis. 26, 27 (1825) ; MacgiU.
Brit. B. iii. p. 265 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; Schl. Vog. JSfederl. Ind. pi. 31 (1854); Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 132 (1855) ; Sundei: Sv. Foql. p. 235, pi. xxix. fig. 4
(1858) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. Taf. 6. fig. 7 (1858) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Milvi, p. 1 (1862); i)egl. et Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 64(1867); Loche,
Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. i. p. 76 (1867) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. xiii.
(1868); Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 26 (1869) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.
p. 97 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Hal. Ucc. p. 13 (1871); Shelley, B.
Egypt, p. 195 (1872) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 126 (1873).
Milvus ruber, Brehm, Vog. Deutscht. p. 50 (1831).
Milvus vulgaris, Selhy, Br. B. i. p. 74, pi. 5 (1833) ; Goidd, B. Eur.
i. pi. 28 (1837).
Adult. Above brown, the centres of the feathers darker with
rufous edgings, gradually shading into buff on the extreme margin ;
the wing-coverts decidedly paler-edged ; primary coverts and pri-
maries black, white at the base of the inner web ; the secondaries
paler brown, with rufescent margins ; lower back and rump dark
brown ; the upper tail-coverts rufous, washed with brown ; tail
rufous with fulvous tips, the centre feathers paler; the outer feathers
dark brown on the outer web, especially towards the tip ; the inner
web partially barred with dark brown ; head, sides of the face, and
throat whitish streaked with dark brown, more narrowly on the two
latter ; chest pale rufous, the feathers margined with fulvous and
broadly streaked down the centre with brown ; rest of under surface
bright rufous, with longitudinal central streaks of dark brown, very
narrow on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; lower wing-coverts
and axillaries dark brown, margined with deep rufous, the lowest
ones greyish ; cere yellow ; bill horn-eolour ; feet yellow ; iris yel-
low. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 20-4, tail 15, tar-
sus 2-2.
Hah. Europe generally, breeding in Southern Scandinavia as far
as 61° N. lat. Rarer in Eastern Europe.
a. Ad. st.
Great Britain.
b. S ad. st.
Caermarthenshire.
Colonel Montagu [P.].
<•. Ad. st.
France.
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
d. S juv. sk.
Thuringia.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
e. Sternum.
J. Ray, Esq. [P.].
/. Sternum.
]Mr. Yarrell.
g. Sternum.
h. SkuU.
Mr. Yan-ell.
i. Skull.
Wiirtemberg.
Dr. Giinther.
2. Milvus SBgyptius.
Arabian Kite, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 61 (1781).
Falco aegyptius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 261 (1788, ex Forsk.) ; Bree, B. Eur.
i. p. 105 (1866).
Falco forskahli, Gm. S. N. i. p. 261 (1788, ex Forsk.).
Le Parasite, Levaill, Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 88, pi. 22 (1799).
Falco parasitus, Baud. Traiie, ii. p. 150 (1800, ex Levaill.).
Falco parasiticus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. v (1801) ; Schl. u. Susetn.
Vog. Eur. Taf. 31 (1839;.
58. MiLTus. 321
Milvus aetolius, Savign. Syst. Ois. (TEtpjpte, p. 260, pi. 3. fig. 1
(1809).
Milvus parasiticus, Less. Traite, p. 71, pi. 14. fig. 1 (1831) ; Bp. Comp.
i. p. 21 (1850); IfartL Oni. W.-Afr. p. 10 (1857); Frltsch, Vog.
Eur. tab. 10. fig. 1 (1858); Har'tl. Faun. Madag. p. 19 (1861);
Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 25 (1867).
Milvus ?eg3^tius, Grai/, Cat. Accipitr. p. 44 (1848) ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Milvi, p. 3 (1802) ; Newt. Ooth. Wollei/. p. 118 (1864) ;
Loche, Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 77 (1867) ; Schl. lif Poll. Faun.
Madaq., Ois. p. 44 (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 27 (1869); Blanf.
Geol. 4- Zool. Abgss. p. 300 (1870) ; Shelleg, B. Eggpt, p. 196 (1872).
Milvus leucorhynchus, L. Brehm, Kcnim. 1855, p. 268.
Milvus forskahii, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 134 (1855); Heuf/l. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 98 (1869) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 203 (1870) ; id. u.
Harl.l. Vijg. Ostafr. p. 63 (1870) ; Gumey, in Anderss. B. Dam.
Ld. p. 22 (1872). _
Hydroictinia parasitica, A. Brehm, Illustr. Tliierl. iii. p. 493 (1866).
Adult. Above brown, the feathers very faintly paler-edged, the
wing-coverts much lighter, the greater ones especially, with distinct
blackish shaft-stripes ; primaries brownish black, the secondaries
paler brown, barred with dark brown on the inner web ; under
surface of wing pale brown, whitish near the base of the quills,
barred with dark brown ; tail brown, almost rufous brown, narrowly
tipped with fulvous, with seven or eight more or less distinct cross
bands of black ; head and neck clear brown, very sUghtly inclining
to rufous, with dark brown shaft-stripes ; forehead, sides of the
face, and throat greyish white, with narrow blackish shaft-streaks ;
under stirface rufous brown, with narrow blackish shaft-stripes ;
the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts clearer rufous,
narrower and almost obsolete on the abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts rtifous, with black shaft-stripes,
some of the median ones shaded with blackish, the lower ones
greyish, with blackish cross bars ; cere and bill bright yellow ; feet
yellow ; iris umber-brown. Total length 22'5 inches, culmen 1-8,
wing 17'9, tail 11, tarsus 2-15,
Young. Above glossy chocolate-brown, all the feathers tipped
with ochre and streaked down the centre with black, the wing-
coverts more broadly tipped ; crown rufous, shading into buff at
the tips of the feathers, which are plainly streaked with black ;
under surface brown, the feathers very broadly ochre down the
centre, shading into whitish on the abdomen ; bill black.
Hah. The whole of Africa and Madagascar, extending into South-
eastern Europe, Greece, and Dalmatia.
o,6. Ad. St. Egypt. W. B. D. Tumbull, Esq. [P.].
0, (?. Juv. sk. Egypt. Capt. SheUev [P.].
e. Ad. St. Shoa. Hon. E. I. Co. [P.].
f. S ad. sk. Ankober, Feb. 1842. Sir W. C. Harris fC.].
'g. Ad. sk. AngollaUah, Oct. 1842. Sir W. C. Harris [C.].
h. 2 vix ad. sk. Senaf^, Feb. 25, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
/. d fid. sk. Lake Ashangi, April 3, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l.
1868.
k. Ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [P.].
VOL. I. Z
322 FALCONID^.
/. Ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby.
m. Ad. St. South Aii-ica. South- African Museum.
n. Ad. sk. Madagascar. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
3. Milvus korschun.
Le Milan noir, Bnss. Orn. i. p. 413 (1760) ; Btiff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 472.
Accipiter korschun, Gm. N. Comm. Petrt^}. xv. p. 444 (1771).
Austrian Kite, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 62 (1781).
Russian Kite, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 63 (1781).
Falco migrans, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 28 (1783).
Falco austriacus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 262 (1788).
Falco ater, Gm. S. N. i. p. 262 (1788) ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces,
pi. 24 (1827) ; Schl. tf. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 30. fig. 2 (1839) ;
Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 101 (1866).
Milvus russicus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 148 (1800).
Milvus castaneus, Eaud. t. c. p. 148 (1800).
Milvus austriacus, Daud. t. c. p. 149 (1800).
Milvus ater, Baud. t. c. p. 149 (1800) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 236
(1858) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 25 (1867).
Falco fusco-ater, Mei/er, in Mey. u. Wolf. Taschenb. deutschl. Vogdk.
i. p. 27 (1810) ; Naum. Vog. Detitschl. i. Taf. 31. fig. 2 (1822).
Accipiter regalis, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 356 (1811).
Milvus fuscus, Brehm, Vog. Deutsch. p. 53 (1831).
Milvus niger, Bp. Com}). List B. Eur. 8f N. Am. p. 4 (1838) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. (1850) ; Fritsch, Vog.
Eur. tab. 9. fig. 2 (1858) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 77
(1867) ; L)e(/l et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 65 (1867) ; Salvad. Faun.
Ital. Ucc. p." 13 (1871).
Hydroictinia ater, Kaup, Classif. Sciug. tt. Vog. p. 115 (1844).
Milvus ffitolius, Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 32 (1854) ; id. Mus. P.-B.
Milvi, p. 2 (1862) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 98 (1869).
Milvus migrans, Strtckl. Orn. Syn. p. 133 (1855) ; Newt. Ooth. Wolley.
p. 116 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 26 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. 6f
Zool. Ahyss. p. 300 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 203 (1870) ;
id. It. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 61 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 341 ; NeiDt. ed. Yarr. i. p. 97 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 197
(1872) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 126 (1873),
Adult. Above dark brown, the median wing-coverts paler and
more fulvous brown, with blackish shaft-stripes ; quills dark brown,
the secondaries rather lighter and paler on the inner web ; under
surface of the wing ashy brown, paler at base ; tail dark brown,
inclining to rufous brown at the tip, barred with very indistinct
bands of dark brown, scarcely visible ; head and throat all round
whitish, the ear-coverts washed with brown, all the feathers nar-
rowly but distinctly streaked with dark brown ; rest of under
surface rufous brown, inclining to clear rufous on the abdomen, the
breast broadly streaked with dark brown, the abdomen, flanks, and
under tail-coverts more narrowly ; under wing-coverts dull brown,
washed with rufous and streaked with dark brown, the lower ones
ashy brown ; cere and gape orange ; bill black, yellowish at base ;
feet yellow, claws black ; iris pale greyish yellow, surrounded by a
black line. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 18-1, tail 11,
tarsus 2-2.
68. MiLvus. 323
Hah. The whole of Africa and Madagascar ; Southern and "Western
Europe ; accidental in England, rarer in Germany, but occurring in
Southern Scandinavia ; South-eastern Europe, probably extending
into Central Asia as far as Afghanistan.
a. Ad. St. Sweden. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse.
h. Ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [C.].
c, d. (S ad. st. Plain of Gennesaret. Canon Tristram [C.l.
e. (S ad. sk. Senaf^, May 28, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
/. d jiiv. sk. Zoidla, Jan. 9, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. I C.l,
ff. d ad. sk. AngoUallah. Sir W. C. Hands [C,].
h. Juv. sk. Senegal. M. L, Laglaize [C.l.
J, A. Ad. sk. Mayo, Cape- Verde Islands. M. A. Bouvier [C],
/. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
m, n. Sterna. ^
4. Milvus affinis.
Milvus affinis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 140; id. Syn. B. Austr.
pt. iii. (1838); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845); Gould, B. Austr.
1. pi. 21 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; ScM. Mus. P.-B.
Milvi, p. 3 (1862) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 49 (1865) ; Schl.
Voff. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 30, Q7, pi. 20. fig. 1 (1860) ; Diggl.
Orn. Austr. pt. 1 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 13 ; Gray, Haud-l.
B. i. p. 27 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 343; Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii.
p. 36 ^1871).
Adult. Above blackish brown, the median wing-coverts much
paler, with distinct black shaft-stripes ; primaries blackish, the
secondaries paler brown, especially on the inner web ; under surface
of the wing pale brown, inclining to ashy near the base ; tail dark
brown, more ashy underneath, with remains of dark bars on the
centre feathers; head a little paler brown, slightly washed with
rufous, and distinctly streaked with blackish ; lores and ear-coverts
shaded with blackish ; chin whitish, with distinct black shaft-
stripes ; under surface of body dull rufous brown, inclining to dusky
on the chest and flanks, all the feathers distinctly but narrowly
streaked along the shaft with black ; under wing-coverts rufous
brown, the least ones more decidedly rufous, with distinct blackish
shaft-stripes, the lower ones ashy like the inner surface of the
quills ; cere yellow ; bill blackish ; feet yellow ; iris brown. Total
length 20 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 16-5, tail 10-7, tarsus 2-05.
Young. Brown, all the feathers tipped with rufous ; head and
neck pale rufous, margined with brown ; the black shaft-stripes
everywhere very distinct ; under surface distinctly striped, all the
feathers pale n^ous down the centre, margined on both sides with
brown, with a narrow black shaft-stripe ; sides of the face rufous
brown, feathers over the eye and upper margin of ear-coverts
blackish.
Hab. Australia and Malaisia, ranging as far north as Chusan ;
probably occurring in India.
a, b. Ad. St. Australia. Lady Carington [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Cape York. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. Juv. St. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
z2
324 FALCONID^.
e. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
/, (J. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.].
\ i. Ad. sk. Interior of S. Australia. Capt. Sturt [C.].
h. Juv. sk. Interior of S. Australia. Capt. Sturt [0.].
I. 2 juv. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. R.Wallace, Esq. [C.
m. $ ad. sk. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
5. Milvus melanotis.
Milvus melanotis, Tetmn. et Sold. Faun. Jop. Aves, p. 14, pis. 5, 5b
(P 1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845) ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 1872,
p. 153.
Milvus niger, var. melanotis, Schrenk, Rets. Annirl, Vog. p. 234
(1860).
Milvus niger, Radcle, Reis. Sibir., Tog. p. 135, Taf. 1. fig. 1 (1863);
Homeij. J.f. O. 1868, p. 252.
Milvus major, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 326 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871,
p. 342 ; Himie, Sir. F. i. p. 160 (1873).
Milvus govinda, Swmh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue
Accipitr. p. 126 (1873).
Adult male. Above dark chocolate-brown, with a slight purplish
reflection, the head and neck inclining to rufous, and distinctly
streaked down the centre with black ; the wing-coverts a little paler
brown, especially the median ones, the lesser series strongly washed
with rufous, all with distinct black shaft-stripes ; greater coverts
and quills dark brown, the secondaries paler brown, the primaries
blackish, all the quills very distinctly white at the base of the inner
web, which is sometimes slightly mottled with brown ; tail rather
pale brown, darker on the outer web of the external feathers, the
centre feathers with a slight rufous tinge, and distinctly barred
with darker brown, these bars distinct on the inner web only of the
other feathers ; under surface of the tail whitish or brownish ashy,
the bars more or less distinct ; lores, forehead, and cheeks white,
with narrow little black shaft-lines ; ear-coverts dark brown,
shading into black on their upper margin ; throat white, tinged
with rufous on the lower part, with distinct shaft-lines of dark
brown ; rest of under surface deep rufous ' brown, shading into
clear rufous on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; chest a little
darker, with broad central black streaks, on each side of which
the feather is a little clearer rufous, giving rather a distinct striped
appearance ; under wing- coverts dark brown, washed with rufous,
the lower ones ashy brown, notched or barred with white on the
inner web ; cere pale greenish yellow ; bill horn-black ; feet dull
yellow, toes mingled dingy greenish and yellow ; iris reddish
brown. Total length 25'5 inches, culmen 2, wing 21, tail 13-2,
tarsus 2-5.
Young. Dark brown, the scapulars and inner secondaries shading
into ochraceous brown and buff at their tips ; the head, neck, and
wing-coverts thickly tipped with white ; tail not very distinctly
barred above or below ; throat dull ochre ; breast very dark brown,
with very broad central streaks of cream-colour, slightly washed
with rufous, the abdomen and under tail- coverts ochraceous buif ;
58. MILVTTS. 325
cere greyish white ; bill black ; feet bluish -white ; iris reddish
brown *.
Hab. Japan and China to Formosa ; Indian peninsula.
a. Juv. st. Japan. Piu'chased.
b. Juv. sk. Formosa. Purchased.
c. Ad. sk. Fokien, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. Ad. sk. Amoy. R. Swiahoe, Esq. fC.l
€. Juv. sk. Chefoo, Sept. 6, 1873. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
f. Juv. sk. ShanghaL J. Webb, Esq.
</. Ad. sk. Gangoutra, Himalaya Mts.
h. Ad, St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
i. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
k. Juv. St. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
L $ ad. sk. Godavery valley. ■ W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
6. Milvas govinda t.
Mjlvus govinda, Sykcs, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 81 ; JBp. Consp. i. p. 21
(1850) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 2 (1862) ; Jercl. B. Incl. i.
p. 104 (18G2) ; Grca/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 26 (1869) ; Hume, Rough
Notes, ii. p. 320 (1870) ; Hoklsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 414 ; Blanf. J.
A. S. B. 1872, p. 43 ; Hume Sf Hendsrs. Lahore to Yark. p. 176
(1873) ; Ball, Sir. F. i. p. 63 (1873).
Milvus cheela. Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 71 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B.
p. 24 (1845).
mivus ater, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 31 (1849),
Adult male. Above brown, the head and neck slightly rufescent,
and very distinctly striped down the centre of each feather with
black ; scapulars and wing-coverts edged with buff, the latter with
distinct black shaft-stripes, the median coverts rather paler brown ;
greater coverts and quills dark chocolate-brown, the inner seconda-
ries paler, the primaries darker and more inclining to blackish
brown, all the quills indistinctly white near the base, mottled with
"brown, the white only conspicuous on the primaries ; tail-feathers
brown, especially on the external web of the outermost, all tipped
with bufty white, and rather distinctly barred with blackish ; the
under surface whitish on the inner web, more or less mottled and
barred with brown ; sides of the face whitish, with narrow brown
shaft-streaks, the ear-coverts entirely brown on their upper margin ;
throat whitish, with brown shaft-stripes ; rest of under surface dull
rufous brown, inclining to buff on the vent and under tail-coverts,
all the breast-feathers paler and more fulvescent along each side of
the shaft, which is dark brown, producing a somewhat striped
appearance ; under wing-coverts rufous brown, with dark brown
centres to the feathers, the lower ones more ashy brown ; cere and
gape yellow ; bill black or blackish horny ; feet wax-yellow ; iris
yellowish brown. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 19-2,
tail 13, tarsus 2-3.
Young. Brown like the adult, but mUch more mottled, all the
* Soft parte from two Japanese birds living in the Rotterdam Q-ardens.
t Mr. A. Anderson has described a new species {Milvus palustris) from N.W,
India. The paper arrived too late to allow of its insertion here, but it will bo
noticed in the ' Addenda.'
326
FALCONID^.
feathers of the upper surface broadly tipped with whitish ; the
under surface deep rufous brown, all the feathers broadly streaked
down the centre with cream-colour ; the tail less distinctly barred
above than the adult, but much more plainly and numerously under-
neath ; cere greenish grey ; feet very pale greenish grey ; iris brown.
Hah. Indian peninsula and the Himalayas,
a. Juv. St. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
h. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
d. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
e. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
59. LOPHOICTINIA.
Lophoictinia, Kemp, Isis, 1847, p. 117
Type.
L. isura.
Range. Australia.
Head of Lophoictinia isura.
1. Lophoictinia isura.
Milvus isurus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 140; id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. iii.
(18.38) ; Gray, Gm. B. i. p. 24 (1845) ; Goidd, B. Austr. i. pi. 22
(1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; ScM. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 4
(1862) ; Gmdd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 51 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 27 (1869).
Lophoictinia isura, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 117.
Milvus pacificus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 135 (1855).
Adult. Above blackish brown, the median and greater coverts
paler brown, slightly washed with rufous, dark brown in the centre
of the feathers ; primary coverts dark brown, banded with blackish ;
primaries dark brown, externally shaded with grey, the secondaries
rather paler, all the feathers banded with black, the subterminal
band very broad ; lower surface of the wing ashy grey, white at the
base of quills, distinctly banded with blackish ; tail dark brown,
shaded with ashy above and slightly tipped with whitish, banded
with black, the subterminal bar broadest ; head distinctly crested,
dark rufous, streaked with black down the centre of the feathers ;
forehead, lores, fore part of cheeks, and throat whitish, with narrow
blackish shaft-stripes ; ear-coverts grey ; under siirface of the body
rufous, the sides of the neck slightly shaded with grey, the chest
thickly marked with broad black centres to the feathers, diminishing
60. ROSTHEAMUS.
327
to narrow black shaft-stripes on the lower breast and abdomen, the
flanks indistinctly barred near the base with brown ; under tail-
coverts fulvous, washed with rufous; under wing-coverts rufous,
with black shaft-stripes, the lower ones greyish ; cere and base of
biU greyish white, the tips of the latter blackish; feet greyish
white; ins pale yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-4, wing
18-1, tail 10-3, tarsus 1-9.
Young. Paler than the adult, the rufous colour nowhere so rich,
and the black chest-markings almost wanting ; no grey on cheeks or
sides of neck.
Hab. Australia.
a. Ad. St.
b. Juv. st.
Swan River, Australia.
Australia.
Purchased.
Zoological Society.
60. ROSTHRAMUS.
Type.
Rosthramus, Less. Traite, p. 55 (1831) R. sociabilis.
Hamirostrum, Sundev. av. Tent. p. 108 (1873) R. sociabihs.
Bill and foot of Eosthramus leueopygus.
Range. Florida, Antilles, Guiana, Amazonia to Brazil and Peru.
Key to the Species.
, Upper tail-coverts grey, like back.
?,'• ^^^ S^^J' "^^^ ^ ^^oad black band at tip sociabilis, p. 327.
6. Tail grey, with white base, and three white
bands across it tceniurm p. 328
Upper and under tail-coverts white ' leucopygus, p. 328,
1. Rosthrainus sociabilis.
Gavilan del estero sociabile, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 84 (1802) • Haril
Ind. Azara, p. 2 (1847). tf \ j ,
Herpetotberes sociabilis, VieiU. N. Bict. xviii. p. 318 {ex Azara).
Falco hamatus, IlUger, in Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 61, 231 (1823) • Max
Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 182 (18-30).
Buteo hamatus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1223 (1823).
Cymindis hamatus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 337 (1824).
328 ' FALCONIDJE.
Rostliramua niger, Less. Traite, p. 66 (1831).
EostLramus ham.atus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 25 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 20 (1850) ; Cub. in Schomb. Eeis. Ginan. iii. p. 73G (1848).
Rosthramus sociabilis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 136 (1855) ; Scl. 8f Sain.
Nomencl. p. 121 (] 873).
Ibycter sociabilis, 8chl. Mas. P.-B. Polybori, p. 7 (1862) ; id. Revue,
p. 138 (1873).
Adult. Entirely bluish slate-colour, the head, neck, and uuder-
parts rather inclining to leaden grey ; secondaries as well as pri-
maries and their coverts blackish, with a very slight gloss of greenish;
tail grey, Avith a broad terminal band of black ; cere, lores, angle of
mouth, and bare part of lower mandible intense orange-yellow ; iris
blood-red. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 11-7, tail
5-5, tarsus 2, middle toe 1-35. (J/hs. Lugd.)
Young male. Very similar to that of R. leueopygus, and having
the base of tail-feathers and upper tail-coverts whitish, and the tips
of the tail ashy brown. It is smaller, however, than that species :
wing 12-5 inches, tail 6-8, tarsus 1-8. {Mus. Liigd.)
A young female in the Leiden Museum had the wing 12, tail 6-1,
tarsus 1'9.
Hah. Eastern Brazil northwards to Guiana.
2. Rosthramus taeniurus.
Rosthramus tajuim-us. Cab. J. f. O. 1854, p. Ixxx ; Scl. S,- Salv.
Nomencl. p. 121 (1873).
Similar to R. sociabilis, having a dark rump, with a white base
to the tail and three bands across the latter, two basal and one
median. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-85, wing 11'6, tail 6*6,
tarsus 1-95. {3£us. Bcrol.)
Hab. Para.
I regret that when in BerHn I did not more fully describe the
type, from which, however, the measurements are taken. I fancied
at the time that it was not distinct from one of the other two
species ; but I have not been able to reconcile it with either of them.
The species of Rosthramus are not well known, and their characters
and geographical distribution still require working out with a good
series.
3. Rosthramus leueopygus.
Cymindis leueopygus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 7, pi. 2 (1824).
Rosthramus sociabilis, UOrb. Voi/. Amer. 3Ierid., Ois. p. 73 (1847) ;
Cass. B. Calif. 8f Texas, p. 107 (1855) ; id. in Baird, B. N. Am.
p. 38 (1860) ;■ Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 27 (1869) ; Coues, Key N. Am.
B. p. 211 (1872) ; Maynard, B. Florida, pi. 1 (1872).
Rosthramus hamatus, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 46 (1856) ; id. La Plata
Reise, ii. p. 435 (1861) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 31 (1866) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871).
Ibycter leueopygus, ScM. 3Ius. P.-B. Polybori, p. 8 (1862) ; id. Revue,
p. 138 (1873).
Rosthramus leueopygus, Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. p. 121 (1873).
Adult. Entirely slaty black, with a slight brownish shade on the
wings and scapulars ; upper and under tail-coverts and base of tail
01. LEPTODON.
329
white ; rest of tail black, tipped with white, before which a siibter-
miual bar of asliy brown ; cere aud orbits bright yellow ; bill entirely
black ; feet deep yellow, claws black. Total length 18 inches, cul-
men V5, wing 14-1, tail 8, tarsus 1-95.
Young. Above dark brown, the wing-coverts margined and ex-
ternally spotted with rufous ; forehead, eyebrow, and cheeks whitish,
narrowly streaked with dark brown ; crown slightly varied with
rufous ; hinder part of ear-coverts and sides of neck dark brown,
the latter feathers margined with white, and looking as if streaked ;
quills dark brown, barred with black, the secoudaries tipped with
pale rufous, inner surface of quills white at the base, with more or
less irregidar bars of dark brown ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and
base of tail white; rest of tail dark brown, paler aud more ashy
underneath, tipped with pale bfown ; under surface of body whitish,
the throat narrowly, the breast very broadly streaked with dark
brown, the sides of chest and flanks entirely brown, scarcely at all
varied with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown,
margined and barred with rufous.
06s. On comparing adults of R. leucopygus with R. sociabilis in
the Leiden Museum, I noted that the former is a much larger and
blacker bird, and is further distinguished by having the base of tail
and the terminal band on the same, as well as the upper and under
tail-coverts, white. Young birds measured as follows : — J (no. 1
of Schlegel's Cat.), wing 13"6 inches, tail 7*9, tarsus 1-85 ; 2 (^o. 2
of Cat.), wing 14, tail 8, tarsus 1-9.
JIab. Florida and Antilles ; Guiana ; Columbia ; Amazonia and
Brazil.
a. Juv. St.
b. Juv. sk.
c. Juv. St.
d. Ad. St.
e. Juv. sk.
/. Juv. sk.
g. Ad. St.
British Guiana.
Demerara.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Pebas, Aug.
Venezuela.
S. America.
i, 1872.
Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Purchased.
J. HauxweU, Esq. [C.].
Purchased.
Pm'chased.
61. LEPTODON.
Cymindis, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 319 (1817, nee Latr. Type.
180G) C. cayennensis.
Leptodon, Simdev. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1835, p. 1 14 C. cayennensis.
Odontriorchis, Kaup, Classif. Sciug. u. Vog. p. 124. . C. cayennensis.
Kegerhinus, Kmip, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 262 (1845) . . C. imcinatus.
Ilead of Lepiodon uvcivatus.
330 FALCONID^.
Bmige. From Central America throughout Guiana and Columbia
to Southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
Key to tJie Species.
a. Chest uniform.
a'. Chest blackish brown.
a". Larger; culmen 2-5 inches megarhynchus var., p. 332.
b". Smaller; culmen 1-55-1 -65 inch . . undnatus var., p. 330.
h'. Chest uniform blue uncinatus ad., p. 330.
c'. Chest pure or buffy white, or white
washed with gi-eyish.
c". Hinder neck blue-gi'ey, like head . . cayennensis ad., p. 333.
d". Hinder neck pm'e white.
a'". Forehead brown, like the crown tmctnatus ]u\., p. 330.
b'". Forehead white, crown of head
brown cayennensis imm., p. 333.
6. Chest particoloured.
d'. Under surface white, longitudinally
streaked with dark brown cayennensis juv., p. 333.
e'. Under surface white, transversely
crossed with in-egular narrow bars
of brown.
e''. BiU black uncinatus juv., p. 330.
/". Bill yellowish wilsoni jxiy., p. 333.
/'. Under surface chestnut, with white or
fulvous cross bars uncinatus imm., p. 330.
g'. Under surface white, with blue-grey
cross bands.
g". Bill yellowish wikoni ad., p. 333.
h". Bill black.
c'". Larger; culmen 2'5 inches .... megarhynchus ad., p. 332.
d". Smaller; cidmen 1-55-1-65 inch uncinatus ad., p. 330.
h'. Under surface blue, with a few narrow
white cross bars.
i". Larger; bill longer (Dii^e SMjurw) .. megarhynchus &A..,^.Z'3I2.
k". Smaller ; bill shorter {vide suprA) . uncinatus ad., p. 330.
1. Leptodonunciiiatus.
Falco uncinatus, Tem7n. PL Col. 103, 104, 105 (1824, ex Illig.).
Falco vitticaudus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 178 (1830).
Cymindis uncinatus, Less. Man. d' Orn. i. p. 91 (1828) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 25, pi. 9. fig. 7 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; Burm.
Til. Bras. ii. p. 108 (1856) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 36 (1866) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 136 (1869) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 5, 398 (1871) ;
Schl. Revue, p. 136 (1873) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 419 ; Scl. ^
Salv. Nomencl. p. 122 (1873).
Cymindis cucidoides, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 209 (1837).
Regerhinus uncinatus, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 262 (l845) ; Cab.
in Schoynb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 736 (1848).
Rosthramus uncinatiis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 136 (1855).
Cymindis pucherani, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 40 (1866); Gray, Hand-l,
B. i. p. 25 (1869) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 557.
Cymindis boliviensis, Bur^n. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 635 ; Gray, Hatid-l, B,
i. p. 28 (1869).
Cymmdis ^vitticaudus, Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871).
61. LEPTODON. 331
Toimg. Above brown, the dorsal feathers and -wdng-coverts mar-
gined with pale rufous, the upper tail-coverts broadly barred and
tipped with buff; quills dark brown, with rufous-buff tips, the pri-
maries barred with dark brown above, the secondaries more or less
distinctly barred with rufous or rufous buff; the under surface of
the wing ashy brown, barred with darker brown, the bases of the
feathers creamy buff, washed with rufous near the tips ; tail ashy
brown, tipped with whitish, barred across with dark brown bars,
the interspaces on the inner web creamy buff, more or less mottled
with brown above, at the base barred above and below with creamy
buff, like the upper taU-coverts ; crown of the head dark brown,
with no pale margins ; sides of the face and a collar round the neck
white, slightly spotted with pale brown, the ear-coverts inclining to
bluish grey ; under surface of body white, the throat indistinctly
spotted, and the breast narrowly barred with pale brown, the bars
almost linear on the under tail-coverts, those on the thigh-feathers
broader and more rufous; under wing-coverts and axiUaries white,
barred with pale rufous. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-65,
wing 10-4, tail 8-6, tarsus 1-45.
Another specimen, still quite young, agrees with the foregoing in
the coloration of the wings and tail, but has the edgings to the
feathers of the upper surface very much broader, and a broad white
tip to the tail ; the sides of the face and collar round the neck are
creamy white, without any brown spots ; the under surface of the
body is also more free from spots, with here and there a feather ap-
pearing broadly barred with tawny rufous, indicative of the next
change in the plumage.
Mature. Altogether different from the preceding stage. Above
leaden brown, the head more slaty, the sides of the face and chin
clear slaty blue ; round the neck a rufous collar ; quills brown, with
narrow apical margins of pale rufous or bufiy white, the outer secon-
daries rufous for nearly their whole extent, the under surface of the
wing greyish, creamy white near the base, all the quills barred
above and below with blackish brown ; tail ashy grey, crossed by
two very broad bars of black, tipped with creamy white, before
which an indistinct subterminal line of ashy grey is visible, some of
the outer upper tail-coverts and base of tail slightly mottled with
whitish ; under surface of body tawny rufous, crossed with broad
bars of ochraceous buff, the under wing-coverts similarly marked,
the lower ones ochraceous buff, with greyish black cross bars.
The next change seems to be in the imder surface, where the
ochre-coloured bars become quite white, and whitish bars appear on
the grey throat. From this stage (to judge by our specimens) it
changes by a partial moult, and by a gradual change of feather at
the same time ; for the bars on the breast lose by degrees their rufous
tint and become grey, while the back also becomes slaty grey instead
of brown ; the nuchal collar gradually disappears. This gradual
development seems to be satisfactorily traced, with the exception of
the taU, which, instead of agreeing with that of the rufous or
" mature " stage, has four rather narrow black bars, like the young
332
FALCONIBJi;.
specimen first described. Tliis can only be accounted for by the
fact that Hawks have really no fixed laws of change in plumage,
and that it is impossible for any one to define exactly the regular
sequence of the variations. Jfo two birds are exactly alike ; for one
has the head more advanced, another the tail, and vice versa. Thus
the bird last noticed as donning his grey dress is veiy far advanced
as regards his body-plumage, but has not moulted his tail, whereas
those in the rufous dress are not so forward in their body-plumage,
but have already the tail of the adult (one being in the act of
moulting).
Adult female. Slaty blue above and below; no trace of a nuchal
collar ; under surface narrowly but irregularly barred with white,
the under tail-coverts clear buff; under wing-coverts grey, thickly
barred with buffy white ; quills blackish, shaded with slaty grey
above, the secondaries entirely of this colour, the under surface
greyish white, with black bars and tips, less conspicuous on the
upper surface ; tail alternately crossed with two bands of black
above, with a broad intermediate band of ashy grey between, nar-
rowty tipped with ashy grey, barred with ochraceous buff and black
below, the bars very broad. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-6,
wing ll'T, tail 7*5, tarsus 1-4.
AdiiU male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 16
inches, culmen 1-55, wing 11, tail 7"5, tarsus 1-4.
Hab. Central America, Guiana, Amazonia, BrazU, and Bolivia.
a. c? ad. St. S. America. Dr. Gray [P.].
b. Juv. St. S. America. Dr. Gray [P.].
c. Var. St. S. America. Purchased.
d. e. Juv. sk. S. America.
f. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.
g. Imm. st. S. America. Dr. Lidth de Jeude.
h. Ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
i. Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.j.
k. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
I. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased.
m. Skeleton. Venezuela. Pm-chased.
2. Leptodon megarhynchus.
Regerhinus megarh-s-nchus, Des Murs, in Casteln. Voy. Zool., Ois. p. 9,
pi. 1 (1855).
Cymindis megarhynchus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 28 (1869) ; Scl. &■
Sah: Komend. p. 122 (1873).
Nearly adidt. Above slaty blue, clearer on the head and darker on
the back ; wing-coverts brown, margined with deep ochre (evidently
remains of young plumage) ; quills brown, shaded externally with
ashy, the secondaries clearer brown with rufous-white tips ; under
surface of wings white at base, greyish white for the apical half, all
the quills barred above and below with dark brown ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish brown, the latter barred near
the base and tipped with white ; tail alternately banded with black
and ashy brown, and tipped with white, the black bauds being much
the broadest, and between them and the ashy brown bands a faint
61. LEPTODON. 333
indication of a Avhite line ; throat slat}' blue, like the sides of the
face ; rest of the under surface slaty blue, banded narrowly with
white ; under wing- and tail-coverts white, with only a few nearly
obsolete indications of narrow brownish cross bars ; bill dark horn-
black, yellowish on under mandible ; feet deep yellow, nails black.
Total length 19 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 12-3, tail 9-2, tarsus 1'6.
Hah. Peru and Bolivia.
(J. Ad. St. Peru. Prof. Macdonald [P.].
3. Leptodon wilsoni.
Cymindis wilsonii. Cass. Journ. Ac. Phihtd. 4to, i. p. 21, pi. 7 (1847) ;
Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 21 (1850) : Gra;/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 28 (1809) ; Scl.
Sf Sah\ Xomencl. p. 122 (1873).
Regerliiuus wilsonii, Kaup, Arch. f. Naiurij. 1850, p. 40 j Gundl. J.
f. O. 1872, p. OCiO.
Regerhinus uuciaatus, Cah. J. f. O. 1854, p. Ixxx.
Male. Body above entirely dark brown, paler on the head ; be-
neath white, every feather from the chin to the under tail-coverts
crossed by several bars of bright rufous, and these colours extending
upwards into a collar around the neck ; 4th, 5th, and Gth primaries
longest and nearly equal, external webs nearly black, internal webs
of outer primaries white at base, and for nearly half their length, re-
maining part reddish inclining to chestnut, every primary (on its
inner web) having two irregularly shaped black marks, and tipped
with black. Tail of the same colour as the back, but paler, white
at base, and crossed by about four broad bars, which are nearly
black, the second bar from the tip accompanied by a narrow, rather
indistinct bar of rufous ; tip of tail narrowly edged with white.
BiU very large, larger than that of any other species of this genus,
yellowish white, inclining to bluish horn-colour at base. Total
length 17 inches. (Cassin, I. c.)
Female. Body above entirely light bluish ash-colour, paler on the
head, beneath barred with the same, the bars ha%-ing a ferruginous
tinge. (Cassin, I. c.)
Hub. Cuba.
4. Leptodon cayennensis.
Cavenne Osprey, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 47 (1781).
Petit Autour de Cavenue, Buf. BL Enl. i. pi. 473.
Falco cavemiensis, G;«. S. N. i. p. 263 (1788); Temm. PI. Col. i.
pi. 270 (1824).
Falco palliatus, Max. in Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 204 (1823) ; id. Beitr.
Xaturg. Bras. iii. p. 148 (1830).
Cymindis cavennensis, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 319 (1817); Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 25"'(1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 20 (1850) ; StricM. Orn. Syn.
p. 128 (1855); Bunn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 107 (1856); Sc/d. Mm. P.-B.
Pernes, p. 9 (18G2) ; Leaf. Ois. Trinid. p. 34 (1866); Gray, Hand-l.
i. p. 27 (18G9) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 5, 398 (187l) ; Scl. ^- Salv.
Nomencl.^. 122 (1873) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 136 (1873).
Asturiua cyanopns, Bonn, ct Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1261 (1823).
Astur cavennensis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 8 c (1824).
Buteo palliatus, Less. Man. d'Om. i. p. 103 (1828).
334 TALCOyjDM.
Buteo cayennensis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 103 (1828).
Cvmindis buteonides, Less. Traite, p. 55 (1831).
Odontriorchis cayennensis, Kmip, Classif. Siiug. u. Vog. p. 124 (1844);
Cab. in Schomb. Heis. Guian. iii. p. 736 (1848).
Young. Above brown, all the feathers margined with pale rufous
brown, the sides of the face and neck much paler and slightly in-
clining to rufous, the nape mixed with white ; quills brown, banded
■with black, the bars on the secondaries narrower and nearly obso-
lete, these latter tipped with pale rufous ; under surface of wing
greyish, barred with brown ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, banded
with pale rufous, the lateral ones white at the base, and banded
also with white ; tail pale brown, tipped with whity brown, crossed
by four black bars, one basal and very narrow ; under surface of
body white, streaked with long shaft-stripes of dark brown, larger
on the sides of the breast, and forming a broad mesial streak down
the throat, as well as a clearly defined moustachial streak along the
lower cheek-Une ; under wing-coverts white, shghtly washed with
rufous, especially on the outer margin.
Intermediate stage. This is very different from the young plumage,
and seems to be attained by a partial, if not complete, moult.
Upper surface dark brown, a few of the wing-coverts and the inner
secondaries margined with pale buff or rufous, the latter more
broadly ; entire head and neck all round as well as the whole of the
underparts pure white (in the specimen described a few brown
feathers remaining on the crown and behind the eye) ; quills and
tail-feathers as in the youug.
From this stage the fully adult dress is gained by a partial moult ;
but the grey shade on the head and neck appears to be the result of
a change in the feather itself.
Adult female. Above glossy black, with a very slight greenish
shade in some lights ; quills slaty grey, conspicuously banded with
black, the under surface of wing paler, white at base, ashy towards
the apical half, broadly banded with black ; upper taU-coverts black,
barred with ashy grey ; tail black, with three bands of ashy grey,
and narrowly tipped with the same ; head slaty grey, a little lighter
on the sides of the face ; entire imder surface white ; under wing-
coverts black, the lower ones ashy grey, those on the lower part of
the bend of the wing white ; bill hom-black ; feet yeUow, claws
hom-browu. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen l-o, wing 14-5, tail
10-5, tarsus 1-8.
Adidt male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length
18 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 13, tail 9, tarsus 1-6.
Hab. Central America ; Guiana ; Amazonia ; Brazil.
a. 2 ad. st. South America. Purchased.
b. (S ad. st. South America. Purchased.
c. d. Juv. St. South America. Purchased.
e. Ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
/. Juv. st. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.j.
g. Juv. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
h. Juv. st. West Indies [?].
i. Juv. sk. Honduras. G. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
62. GTPOICTINIA, 335
62. GYPOICTINIA. rj,^^^
Gypoictinia, Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. Gl G. melanosterna.
Tarsus of G. 7nelanosterna, from a sketch by Dr. Dubois.
Range. Southern and Western Australia.
1. Gypoictinia melanosterna.
Buteo melanostemon, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 162; id. B. of Austr.
i. pi. 20 (1848) ; Grm/, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 34 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Diggles, Orn. Austr.
pt. 21 (1870).
Gypoictinia melanostemon, Kaup, Co?itr. Orn. 1850, p. 61 ; Bp, Consp.
i. p. 19 (1850) ; Goidd, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 47 (1865).
Gypoictinia leucosternon, Kaup, Arch.f. Naturg. 1850, p. 33.
Male. Above blackish, browner on the scapulars, lower back, and
rump, the latter parts washed with rufous, some of the feathers
lighter-edged ; smaller wing-coverts ashy grey, each feather blackish
in the centre, the rest of the wing-coverts black, the inner ones
washed with rufous ; quills black, the secondaries ashy grey towards
their tips, primaries externally ashy white at base, the outer ones
shaded with grey ; primaries underneath white at base, black towards
the tip, the secondaries gTcyish below ; upper tail-coverts black,
outer ones washed with rafous ; tail ashy grey above, paler below,
and inclining to white near the base ; head crested, the fore part of
crown black, the hinder part and the nape, as well as the sides of
the neck, tawny rufous, some of the feathers black in the centre,
producing a striped appearance ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire
under surface black, some of the flanks and abdominal feathers in-
clining to ashy ; thighs and under tad-coverts rufous, with black
shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts blackish, the small ones varied with
white, and some washed with rufous. Total length 24 inches, cul-
men 2*45, wing 19, tail 8'5, tarsus 2-65, middle toe 1-95. (^Mus.
Lugd.)
336
FAICONID^.
63. ELANUS.
Elanusj Sav. Si/st. Ois. cVEyypte, p. 274 (1809;
Type.
E. cseruleus.
Leg of Elanus carideus, to show extent of tarsal feathering.
Range. The whole of Africa, including the countries bordering the
African side of the Mediterranean ; Indian peninsula ; ludo-Malayan
islands, Celebes, and Australia ; Southern States of I^orth America
and the whole of Central and Southern America.
b.
Key to the Species.
Axillavies white.
a! . Under wing-coTerts pure white, with no black
patch.
a". Inner lining of wing entirely dark gi'ey .... ceendeiis, p. 336.
h". Inner webs of quills white towaixis base .... hypoleucus, p. 338.
b'. Under -n-ing-coverts with a distinct patch of
black near outer margin of ^"iug.
c". Black patch on under wing-coverts veiy large,
the greater series dark ashy grey, like the
wing-lining axillaris, p. 338.
d". Black patch on under wing-coverts less and
confined to a small patch on the outermost
greater coverts ; the rest of this series white,
shghtly tinged with grey leuctinis, p. 339.
Axillaries and a broad bar across the under wing-
coverts black scripttis, p. 340.
1. Elanus caenileus.
La petite Buse criarde, Sonn. Voi/. Ind. ii. p. 184 (1782).
Falco cseruleus, Desf. Mem. Acad. Ii. dcs Sciences, 1787, p. 503, pi. 15.
Criard Falcon, Lafh. Gen. S;/n. Suppl. i. p. 38 (1787).
Falco vociferus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 46 (1790).
Le Blac, Levaill. Ois. d'Jfr. i. p. 147, pis. 36, 37 (1799) ; Snndev.
Ki'it. om Levaill. p. 27 (1858).
Falco melanoptei-us, Daitd. Traite, ii. p. 152 (1800) ; ScM. u. Stiscm.
Viiff. Em: Taf. 32 (1839) ; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 108 (1866).
Falco clamosus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 200 (1809).
Elanus cfesius, Savign. Syst. Ois. d'Eyyvte, p. 274 (1809).
63. ELANUS, 337
Elanus melanopterus, Leach, Zool. Misc. p. 5, pi. 122 (1817) ; Oould,
B. Eur. i. pi. 31 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 26 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 22 (18.50); HaHl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 11 (1857); Frit^ch, Viig.
Eur. tab. 9. fig. 4 (1858) ; Schl. Mas. P.-B. MHvi, p. 6 (1862) ; Jerd.
B. Lid. i. p. 112 (1862) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 26 (1867) ; Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 100 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 570;
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 28 (1869) ; Sutne, Bough Xofes, ii. p. 21
(1870) ; Finsch u. HaHl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 65 (1870) ; Hume, Sir. F.
i. pp. 21, 163 (1873) ; Schl ^Revue Accipitr. p. 180 (1873).
Elanoides csesius, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. 3Ieth. iii. p. 1206 (1823).
Buteo vociferus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1220 (1823).
Elanus minor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 22 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 28
(1869).
Elanus caenileus, Strickl. Oni. Syn. p. 137 (1855) ; Loche, Expl. Sci.
Alger., Ois. i. p. 80 (1867) ; Begl. et Gerbe, Oi~n. Eur. i. p. 68 (1867);
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 198 (1872) ; Gumey, in Anderss. B. Dain. Ld.
p. 20 (1872).
Adult. Above ashy grey, lighter on the head ; forehead and a
rather distinct eyebrow, lores, and sides of face white, the ear-coverts
washed with ashy grey ; feathers round the eye and eyelashes black ;
lesser and median wing-coverts and a little patch on the outer edge
of the wing black, greater coverts ashy grey ; primary coverts and
quills ashy grey above and below, the latter white at the base, shafts
black, smaller quiUs paler and inner secondaries darker, like the
back ; tail ashy white, the two centre feathers more ashy grey ;
under surface of body pure white, including the under wing-coverts
and axillaries ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; bill black ; iris car-
mine. Total length 13'2 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 10'6, tail
5-6, tarsus 1-4.
Young. Ashy brown, with broad buffy white tips to the feathers ;
tail also ashy brown, whiter on the inner web ; wing-coverts black,
as in adult, with indistinct buffy white tips ; forehead and eyebrow
white, with narrow rufous-brown streaks ; sides of face and under
parts silky white, the sides of the breast washed with rufous, narrow
streaks of which also appear down the centre of the breast and on
the flanks ; iris light brown.
Hah. The whole of Africa, including the northern countries bor-
dering the Mediterranean ; South-eastern Europe : Indian peninsula ,
and Ceylon.
a, h. Ad. St. Egypt. W. B. D. Tumbull, Esq. [P.].
c. Ad. St. Egypt. John Bowring, Esq. [P.].
d. Ad. sk. Egypt. Capt. Shelley [P.].
e. Juv. sk. R. Gambia. Governor RendalT [P.].
/. Ad. sk. R. Gambia. Purchased.
g. Ad. sk. Accra. Capt. Shelley [P.].
^, Ad. sk. River Quanza. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
h. Ad. St. Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.].
t. (S ad. sk. Transvaal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
k. Ad. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresman, Esq.LP.J.
/. Ad. sk. Natal. Purchased.
m. S pull. St. Elephant River. M. Verreaux [C.l.
n. Pull. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C._
o. Ad. St. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P'].
VOL. I. 2 a
338 TkhcosivM.
p. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
q, r. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgsou, Esq. [P.].
s. Skeleton. Purchased.
t. Skeleton. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
M. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
2. Elauus hypoleucus.
Falco melanopterus, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 137 (1822).
Elanus hypoleucus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 127 ; id. B. Asia, pt. xii.
(1860) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 17 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 28 (1869) ;
JVald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 36 (1872) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Mevue Accipitr.
p. 130 (1873).
Elanus intermedins, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 7 (1862) ; id. Vog.
Nedei-l. Ind. pp. 31, 68, pi. 24. figs. 2, 3 (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. i.
p. 28 (1869).
Female, not quite adult (type of species). Above ashy grey, the
scapulars and quills plainly tipped with white, and washed with
rusty brown, especially on the interscapulary region ; crown white,
the hinder part inclining to ashy grey, plainly streaked with rusty
brown ; wing ashy grey, the primaries darker, all the quills, as well
as the coverts, tipped with white, the lesser and median coverts
black, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; tail white, shaded
with ashy towards the tip, the two centre feathers entirely ashy
grey ; under surface of body entirely white, including the under
wing-coverts ; under surface of quills deep ashy grey towards the
tip, whitish at base ; cere yellow ; bill black ; feet yellow ; iris
red. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 12, tail 6*2,
tarsus 1-5.
Hah. Philippine Islands, Java, Borneo, Celebes.
a. $ vix ad. sk. Makassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type
of species.
b. Ad. sk. Java. J. Inskipp, Esq.
c. Ad. sk. Java. Hon. E.-India Co. [P.].
d. Ad. sk. Philippines. W. B. Pryer, Esq. [P.].
e. Skeleton. Purchased.
3. Elanus axillaris.
Axillary Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Snppl. ii. p. 43 (1801).
Falco axillaris. Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. i. p. ix (1801).
Circus axillaris, Vieill. N. Diet. dHist. Nat. iv. p. 453 (1816).
Elanus melanopterus, Vig. Sf Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 185
(1827).
Elanus notatus, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 141 ; id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. 4
(1838).
Elanus axillaris. Gray, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 189 (1843) ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 26, pi. 9. fig. 5 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 23 (1848); Bp.
Consp. 1. p. 22 (1850) ; StricH. Orn. Syti. p. 139 (1855) ; Schl. Mtis.
P.-B. Milvi, p. 8 (1862) ; Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 53 (1865) ;
LUggl. Orn. Austr. pt. iii. (1866); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 28
(1869).
Adult. Above light silvery grey, the tail whitish ashy, and the
03. ELANUS. 339
wing-coverts black, as in the other species ; quills grey, much
darker, almost blackish below ; fore part of the head, eyebrow, sides
of the face, and entire underparts pure white ; feathers round the
eye black, especially in front of it ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries pure white, excepting the outer lower coverts, which are
black, the lowest shading into greyish black ; cere pale yellow ; bill
black ; feet pale yellow ; iris reddish orange. Total length 13 inches,
culmen 1, wing 11-5, tail 6-2, tarsus 1*45.
Young. Similar to the adult, but more ashy brown, and having
the feathers of the back, as well as the quills and tail, tipped with
white ; fore part of head and a broad eyebrow white, with narrow
dusky brown shaft-streaks ; under surface white, streaked with
rufous brown, the sides of the breast rather rufescent.
Hah. Australia.
a. Ad. St. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].
h. Juv. St. Australia. Lady Carington [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Austi-alia. Lady Carington "P.J.
d. Ad. sk. Port Albany. Purchased.
e. Ad. sk. Interior of Austi-alia. Purchased.
/. Juv. sk. Queensland. Purchased.
g. Ad. sk. Moreton Bay. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
4. Elanus leucurus.
Alcon bianco, Azara, Ajnint. i. p. 165 (1802) ; Hartl. Lid. Azara,^. 3
(1848).
Milvus leucurus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Sist. Nat. xx. p. 563(1818); J)' Orb.
Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois. p. 98 (1847).
Elanoides leucurus, Bonn, et Jleill. Ene. Meth. iii. p. 1205 (1823).
Falco melanopterus, Bp. Journ. Philad. Acad. v. p. 28 (1825).
Falco dispar, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 319 (1825) ; Bp. Am. Om. ii. p. 18,
pi. ] 1. lisr. 1 (1828) ; Audub. B. Am. pis. 351, 352, et Om. Biogr.'w.
p. 367 (1838).
Milvus dispar, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 99 (1828).
Elanus dispar, Cuv. Rigne An. i. p. .334 (1829).
Elanus leucurus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Am. p. 4 (1838) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 26 (1845; ; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 735
(1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 22 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. 8,- Texas, p. 106
(1855) ; Strickl. Om. Sijn. p. 138 (1855); Bimn. th. Bras. ii. p. 112
(1856) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 36 (18C0) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B.
Milvi, p. 8 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 28 (1869) ; Pelz. Om. Bras.
pp. 6, 398 (1871) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 489 (1872) ; Coues,
Key N. Am. B. p. 211 (1872) ; 8cl. ii, Salv. Nomencl. p. 120 (1873) ;
Schl. Revue Acmpitr. p. 130 (1873).
Adult. Above pale bluish grey, the head lighter, silvery grey, the
forehead, eyebrow, sides of the face, and underparts pure white ;
least and median wing-coverts black, but not forming so large a black
shoulder as in the other species ; a little patch on the outside of the
wing black ; rest of the wing-coverts and inner secondaries pale
bluish grey like the back ; primaries brown, greyish externally ; tail
pure white, the two centre feathers ashy grey ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries entirely white, excepting the lowest, which slightly
incline to ashy grey ; a small patch of black on the outer feathers of
2 A 2
340 FALCOjriD^.
the greater under wing-coverts ; bill black ; feet orange : iris
orange-red. Total length 14"5 inches, culmen 1, wing 11-95, tail 7,
tarsus 1*4.
Young. As in the other species, mixed with brown above, the
quills and tail-feathers tipped with white ; under surface streaked
with pale rufous.
Hab. Southern States of North America, throughout the whole of
Central and Southern America, as far as Chili.
a. Ad. sk.
Demerara.
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]
b. Ad. sk.
Bahia.
Dr. Wucherer [C.].
c. Ad. St.
Bahia.
Sudbury Museum.
d. Ad. St.
Chili.
Purchased.
e. J imm. sk.
Chili.
E. C. Eeed, Esq. [C.].
f. Ad. sk.
California.
Mr. Hardy [C.].
ff. Skeleton.
Purchased.
5. Elanus scriptus.
Elanus scriptus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 80 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 26
(1845j; Gotdd, B. Aiistr. i. pi. 24 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 2(3
(1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 55 (1865); Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 28 (1809).
Adult. Above delicate ashy white, fore part of head, sides of face,
carpal bend of wing, and entire underparts white ; feathers in front
of the eye and a narrow ring surrounding it black ; greater and
median coverts and a patch on the outside of the wing black, greater
coverts greyish ash ; quiUs brown, washed externally with grey, the
under surface whiter, especially of the secondaries, which are also
ashy white above like the rest of the back ; tail ashy white, paler on
the inner web ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, except the
lower ones, which are greyish white, and those round the bend of
the wing, which are pure white ; cere yellow ; bill black ; feet yel-
low ; iris orange. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 11-5,
tail 6-5, tarsus 1-5.
Hah. Australia.
a. Ad. st. Port Albany. Purchased.
b. Ad. sk. Champion Bay, W. Australia. Purchased.
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Interior of Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.].
64. GAMPSONYX.
Type.
Gampsonyx, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 69 (1825) G. swainsoni.
Chondrohierax, Less.
Range. Trinidad, Guiana, and Brazil.
1. Gampsonjrx swainsoni.
Gamponyx swainsoni, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 69 (1825) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 26, pi. 9. fig. 4 (1845) ; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p. 735 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; Strickl. Or7i. Syn. p. 137
(1855) ; Burnt. Th. Bras. ii. p. 114 (1856) ; Leot. Ois. Tr'inid. p. 41
()5. HENICOPEKNIS. 341
(18G6) ; Gray, Ha/id-l. B. i. p. 28 (1809) ; Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. G,
398 (1871) ; Scl. ^- JSalv. Nomend. p. 121 (1873).
Nertus rufifrons, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314.
Falco rufifrons, Max: Beitr. Om. Bras. iii. p. 123 (1830).
Elanus torquatus, Less. Traite, p. 72 (1831) ; Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1850, p. 14.
Chondrohierax rufifrons, Less.
Elanus swainsoni, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Milvi, p. 9 (1862).
Adult. Above leaden grey, the quills blackish, the secondaries
broadly tipped with white ; tail above leaden black, underneath
much paler, inclining to white on the inner web ; forehead and sides
of the face safFron-yeUow ; sides of the neck and a collar encircling
the latter white, below which is a more or less conspicuous inter-
scapulary patch of vinous red ; under surface of the body entirely
white, with a small patch of leaden black on each side of the upper
breast ; the thighs very pale rufous, as also the inner under wing-
coverts ; all the rest of the wing-coverts and the inner face of the
quills white ; bill horn-black ; feet yellow, nails black. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 5-8, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-15.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length
10*6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-2.
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
a. Ad. St. Brazil. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Brazil.
c. Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wueherer [C.].
d. Ad. sk. Guayaquil. Capt. Kellett and Lieut.
Wood [P.].
e. Ad, sk. Trinidad. Purchased.
65. HENICOPEENIS.
Type.
Henicopernis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 153 H. longicauda.
Range. New Guinea, Aru Islands, Waigiou, Mysol.
1. Henicopernis longicauda.
Falco longicaudus, Garnot, Voy. Coq. i. p. 588, pi. 10 (1826).
Dsedalion longicauda. Less. Traite, p. 67 (1831).
Astur longicaudus, Gray, Gm. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Strickl. Om. Syn.
p. 120 (1855).
Henicopernis longicauda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 153: Wall. Ibis,
1868, p. 17.
Pernis longicauda, Schl. Nederl. Tijdschr. iii. p. 327 (1866) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 26 (1869 ) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 132
(1873).
Adult female. Above ashy brown, the feathers aU broadly barred
with black, excepting the lower back and rump, which is more uni-
form ; the head and hind neck much varied with white, and longi-
tudinally marked with blackish brown, the sides of the face more
narrowly streaked ; quills and tail ashy brown, paler at tips, and
iJ42 FALC0K1D.E.
crossed -with broad bars of black, five in number on the latter, very
distinct on the under surface of both, where the interspaces are ashy-
white ; under surface of body creamy white, with broad longitudinal
streaks of dark brown on the throat and breast, narrowing towards
the lower breast, and absent on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts coloured exactly like the breast, the greater ones ashy
white, strongly barred with blackish ; cere bluish white ; bill nearly
white, tip blackish ; feet pale lemon-yellow or white ; iris orange-
yellow. Total length 22 inches, culmen ISo, wing 14-4, tail 11-5,
tarsus 2-05, middle toe 1-4.
Adult male. Very little smaller than the female. Total length
19-5 inches, wing 13-8, tail 11-3, tarsus 1-9.
Hub. The same as that of the genus.
a. d" ad. sk. Waigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
66. MACH^EHAMPHUS. „
Machjeramphus, Westerm. Bijd. tot d. Ihei'h. i. p. 29,
pi. 12 (1848) M. aleinus.
Striugon\-x, Chimey, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 618 M. anderssoni.
n.
Bill of Machcerhamphiis anderssoni.
Range. Malacca ; S.W. Africa, Damara Land ; Madagascar.
Kei/ to the Species.
Abdomen brown ; crest very long alcimis, p. 342.
h. Abdomen white ; crest smaller anderssoni, p. 343.
1. Machserhamphus aleinus.
Machserhamphus aleinus, Westerm. Bijd. tot d. Dierk. i. p. 29, pi. 12
(1848) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. 1854, p. 535 : Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 135
(1855) ; Schl. Handl. Dierk. i. p. 1(38, pi. 1. fig. 6 (1857) ; id. Mus.
P.-B. Femes, p. 7 (1862) ; Sha?-pe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 502.
Adult (type of species). Everywhere black, with a chocolate-
brown shade ; an ill-defined spot above and below the eye white ;
quills and tail also black, the shafts dull white underneath ; throat
67. PKRNis. 343
and centre of chest white, the chin and a broad streak down the
throat, as well as the sides of the latter and a few spots on the
lower part, black. Total length 18-5 inches, occipital crest 2-65,
culmen 1-35, wing 14-2, tail 7-8, tarsus 2-5. (Mus. Lugd.)
Hab. Malacca.
2. Machserhamphus anderssoni.
Stringonyx anderssoni, Gurnerj, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 618.
Machferhamphus alcinus {nee Westerm.), BaHlett, P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 324 ; Gurnet/, Tr. Z. S. \i. pi. 29 (1869) ; Grai/, Hayid-l. B. i.
p. 26 (18G9).
Machferhamphus anderssoni, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 501 ; Gurney
in Anderss. B. Damara Ld. p. 23 (1872).
Adult. Upper surface chocolate-brown, the head very much
crested, the nape and some of the feathers of the upper parts some-
what varied with white, where the bases to the feathers show
through ; above and below the eye a broad white line ; lores
inclining to white behind the nostril ; cheeks slightly mottled with
whitish ; below the gape a line of dark brown feathers, forming a
kind of moustache ; quills dark brown, banded with white below,
some of the inner secondaries with concealed white bars on the upper
surface ; tail chocolate-brown, narrowly tipped with whitish, with
bars of paler brown on the upper surface, white on the inner web of
outer tail-feathers and under surface of all ; throat and chest white,
with a faintly indicated streak of dark brown on the throat, and
many streaks of dark brown on the breast, the lower part of which,
as weU as the flanks and thigh-feathers, are entirely brown, slightly
mottled with white ; lower part of abdomen and under tail-coverts
white, the latter tipped with brown ; under wing-coverts brown,
crossed and tipped with white ; bill and gape bluish lead-colour,
black at tip of the former ; tarsi and toes bluish white ; iris bright
lemon-yellow. Total length 16 '8 inches, culmen 1, wing 13*9, tail
7-3, tarsus 2-4.
Hah. Damara Land in S.W. Afi-ica, and Madagascar.
rt. c? ad. St. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.]. Cf.
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. {I. c).
b. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Lormier [0.].
67. PERNIS*. ^
Type.
Pernis, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 322 (1817) P. apivorus.
Pterochalinus, Gloger, Handh. Katurg. p. 215 P. apivorus.
Range. Europe and Northern Asia, extending to Japan and
North China ; the whole of India, with Ceylon ; Java and Sumatra ;
the whole of Africa, with Madagascar.
* I have not been able to identify or describe Pernis brachyptertu of Blyth
from Mergui, quoted by Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-1. i. p. 26).
344 FALCONID^.
Bill of Pertiis apivorus.
Key to the Species.
a. Chest white, with blackish brown streaks
or spots.
a'. Axillai-ies white, barred with brown ;
outer under wing-coverts brown,
forming a large patch apivorus ad., p. 344.
b'. Axillaries white, tinged or faintly
barred with rufous buff ptilonorhyHchus imm., p. 347.
h. Chest brown, varj-ing from light or dark
fulvous to blackish or rufous brown.
e'. Under wing-coverts transversely barred
with black and white, like the ab-
domen cekbensts ad., p. 349.
d. Under wing-coverts not transversely
barred.
a". Larger, and having a crest from
]/4 to 3-7 inches long ptilonorhynchus ju.\., p. 347.
b". Rather smaller ; no distinct crest. . apivurus juv., p. 344.
c. Chest black apivorus var., p. 344.
1. Pemis apivorus.
Honey Buzzard, Albin, N. 11. Birds, i. pi. 2 (1738).
La Bondree, Briss. Orn. i. p. 410 (1760) ; Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 420.
Falco apivorus, ium. >S'. N. i. p. 130 (1766) ; Naum. Vog. Devtschl.
i. p. 367, Taf. 35, 36 (1822) ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 26 (1827) ;
Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Ew: Taf. 36 (1839) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 85
(1841).
Le Tachard, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 19 (1799); Sundev. Krit. om
Levaill. p. 25 (1858).
Falco poliorhynchus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenh. i. p. 19 (1802).
Accipiter lacertarius. Pall. Zoogr. Jiosso-Asiat. i. p. 359 (1811).
Buteo apivorus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'JIist. Aat. iv. p. 479 (1816).
Aquila variabilis, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 115 (1816).
Pemis apivorus, C'tiv. Eegne An. i. p. 322 (1817) ; Gould, B. Eur.
i pi. 16 (1837) ; Macglll. Brit. B. iii. p. 254 (1840) ; Oray, Gen.
B. i. p. 24, pi. 9. fig. 3 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 20 (1850) ; Schl.
Voq. Nederl. Ind. pis. 37, 38, 39 (1854) ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 129
(1855) ; Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 10 (1857) : Fritsch, Vog. Eur.
tab. 5. figs. 6, 7 (1858); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Femes, p. 1 (1862);
. Newt. Ooth. Wolky. p. 118 (1864); Govid, B. Gr. Brit. pt. x.
(1866) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 237, pi. xxix. figs. 2, 3 (1867) ;
67. PEBNis. 345
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 24 (1867) ; Deyl. et Gerbe, Om. Eur. i.
p. 61 (1867) ; Loche, Erpl. Set. Algir., Ois. i. p. 46 (1867) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 25 (1869); Heiiyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 97
(1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 12 (1871) ; Ketot. ed. Yarr.
Brit. B. i. p. 121 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 199 (1872).
Buteo tachardiis, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 224 (182-3);
Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 361 ; Sold. Faun. Madag. p. x (1866).
Pernis communis, Less. Traite, p. 7-5 (1831).
Pemis apium, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 46 (1831).'
Pernis vesparuni, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 47 (1831).
Pernis platyura, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268.
Pemis tachardus. Gray, Haud-l. B. i. p. 26 (1869).
Young * (just out of the nest, the sides of the head still pen-
feathered). Above chocolate-brown, sKghtly more rufous on the
hind neck, and much paler on the greater wing-coverts ; shafts of
all the feathers of upper surface blackish, and distinctly indicated ;
crown of head rather dark brown, the feathers over the eye and the
sides of face inclining to pale tawny rufous, and rather scaly in ap-
pearance ; under surface of body duU rufous brown, with very di-
stinct black shaft-stripes, the under tail-coverts paler and more
fulvous at base, as are also some of the breast-feathers ; under wing-
coverts brown, the outermost slightly washed with rufous ; upper
wing-coverts with distinct rufous margins ; upper tail-coverts pale
brown, slightly washed with rufous buff, especially near the base ;
quills blackish brown, secondaries paler and more chocolate, and
tipped with whitish ; under surface of quills brownish, white at
base of inner web ; tail ashy bi'own, broadly tipped with bufiy
white, with two distinct chocolate-brown bars, one across the middle
of the tail and one subterminal, and indications of about six or seven
more cross bars, but all of them very indistinct and more or less
faintly characterized and separated by very narrow interspaces of
ashy brown ; iris hazel. {Mus. Lugd. No. 10 of Schlegel's Cat.)
Ohs. No. 9 of the Leiden Museum catalogue is also a young bird
of the year, and is very Kite-like in appearance, by reason of the
buff points to the feathers of the head and hind neck ; feathers
round the eye and over the ear-coverts black ; general colour of
upper surface brown, as in the foregoing example, but the greater
wing-coverts more ashy brown, and tipped with whitish ; secon-
daries also tipped with white, and marked largely on the inner web ;
otherwise the wings and tail as in the foregoing ; under surface also as
in No. 10, but a little darker on the chest, where the shaft-stppes
are broader ; forehead and chin whitish.
Ohs. A young female from Syria is a little more advanced than
the last, and has lost almost all trace of the buff points to the head-
feathers, excepting a few remains on the hind neck ; the forehead
is white, but the absence of buff over the ej'c does away with the
apparent eyebrow of the preceding bird ; under surface a little
* The series of Honey-Buzzards in the national collection not being quite
perfect, I have compiled the description of the species from the more complete
one in the Leiden Moseum.
346 FALCONID-E.
paler than the foregoing, and the throat whitish, the feathers
slightly rufescent towards their tips, and having hair-Kke black
shafts, widening slightly towards the ends, and a little more distinct
on the malar line ; wings and tail much as in the foregoing example,
but the wing-coverts not distinctly tipped with white, and the bars
on tail almost entirely absent.
06s. Two specimens, not quite adult, from the Gold Coast, give
an idea of the changes which take place while the young bird is
away in its winter quarters. They are a little older than the Syrian
bird, but have not such a uniform tail, showing, probably, that
whereas the latter has remains of the cross mottling only on the
under surface of the tail, these African birds have still considerable
remains on the upper surface, and yet as regards other points they
are further advanced in plumage *. In general these birds resemble
the foregoing plumage, but are a little more uniform above, and
show scarcely any rufescent margins to the wing-coverts, the secon-
daries also being less distinctly tipped. The white forehead is less
plain in one bird than in the other ; but both have the paler throat
and narrow shaft-lines of the preceding plumage. The chief differ-
ence lies in the fact that they show that the next important change
of the young bird is on the lower parts, which become broadly
barred with white.
The Syrian bird shows no trace of bars, but is uniform under-
neath ; the bases of the feathers, however, are whitish, and slight
mottlings of white are apparent for some part of their extent. The
passage from this dress to the fully adult plumage next to be de-
scribed is apparently gained by a partial moult as well as by a
gradual change of colour, the latter progressing, certainly as regards
the under surface, until the under surface becomes white with
remains of the brown bars. The tail is changed by the time the
grey face appears.
Adult male. Above brown, the feathers slightly paler on their
margins, with a distinct black shaft-stripe, the nape-feathers con-
spicuously white at the base ; greater coverts and quills much darker
at tip, externally shaded with greyish, and having two basal bars of
dark brown, more conspicuous below, where the feathers are whitish,
with some slight greyish freeklings on the inner web, much more
pronounced on the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts rather paler
brown than the back, with obsolete white tips, and rather broad
bars,of white near the base ; tail pale brown, narrowly tipped with
whitish, with which also the immediate base is mottled, the feathers
crossed with three bands — one subbasal and rather pale brown, one
median, and another subterminal, both the latter dark brown ; head
* This either shows that the present species does not follow the exact sequence
of change of plumage in the case of each individual (cf. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 416"), or else the more uniform tail of the Syrian bird is owing to the in-
herent melanism of the species. Certainly the melanism of many specimens
which I have seen affected young birds as well as old ; and it is by no means a
sign of age in Kites. Witness the specimen of Lep'fodon uncinatus in the Mu-
seum, which still retains signs of immaturity, but is uniformly fuliginous.
67. PERNI8.
347
greyish all over, this colour extending somewhat on to the sides of
the neck ; under surface of body white, narrowly streaked with
brown, widening out into a spade-shaped spot on the sides of the
breast ; the flanks and abdomen also slightly spotted with brown ;
under Aving-eoverts brown, all the outermost entirely so, the inner
ones and axillaries white, with a few brown spots or bars, the lower
series white, broadly barred across with blackish ; cere grey ; bill
black ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris straw-coloured. Total length
25-5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 17'2, tail 11, tarsus 2.
Hah. Europe generally, migrating to Africa and Madagascar in
winter.
a. Ad. st.
h. Var. melan. st.
c. 2 St.
d. 2 St.
e. cj St.
f. S ad. sk.
^g. Pull. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
h. Juv. st.
/. Skeleton.
m. Sternum.
n. Skull.
o. Skull.
Europe.
Purchased.
Europe.
J. Gould, Esq.
Yorkshire.
Cornwall.
Great Britain.
Thuringia, Aug. 1873.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
"Westphalia.
Baron A. von Hiigel
P
Halle, A. S. Prussia.
Baron A. von Hiigel
■P
Galicia.
Baron A. von Hiigel
'P
Madagascar.
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Purchased.
Dr. Giinther.
W. Yarrell, Esq.
2. Pernis ptilonorhynchus.
Falco ptilorhynchus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 44 (1823).
Peruis ptilonorhvnchus, Ste^jh. Gen. Zool. xiii. pi. 35 (1826) ; Holdsw.
P. Z. S. 1872,'p. 414.
Pernis cristata, Cuv. Eiyne An. i. p. 335 (1829) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 24 (1845) ; £p. Consp. Av. i. p. 20 (1850) ; Strukl. Orn. Si/n.
p. 131 (1855); Jenl B. Ind. i. p. 108 (1862); Wall. Ibis, 1868,
p. 17 ; Gray, JZand-l. B. i. p. 26 (1869) ; Hume, Boiiyh Notes,
li. p. 330 (1870) ; Scfi!. 3Lis. P.-B. Bevue Accipitr. p. 132 (1873).
Pernis torquata, Less. Traite, p. 76 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24
(1845) ; Des Miirs, Iconogr. Orn. pi. 13 (1845) ; Pucker. Bev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 212.
Pernis ruficollis, Less. I. c. p. 77 (1831) ; Gray, I. c. p. 24 (1845) :
Des Murs, I. c. pi. 14 (1845) ; Pucker. I. c. p. 212.
Pernis albigidaris. Less. I. c. p. 77 (1831) ; Gray, I. c. p. 24 (1845) ;
Pucker. I. c. p. 212.
Pernis macidosa, Less, in Belaiig. Voy. Ind. p. 223 (1834).
Pernis ellioti, James. Tr. Wem. Soc. vii. p. 493 (1836).
Pernis bharatensis, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Pernis apivorus, Temm. ^- Sckl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 24 (1850) ;
Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341.
Toung. Above brown, the feathers white at base and darker
brown at tips, the white bases showing very conspicuously on the
head and hind neck, the feathers of which are bordered and tipped
with fulvous, and have distinct subterminal spots of black ; feathers
348 FALCOXID-E.
on forehead and sides of face scaly, the lorea greyish, the cheeks
with narrow black shaft-lines, widening towards the tip ; entire
under surface of body white, with distinct longitudinal shaft-lines
of blackish brown, broader on lower throat and sides of the latter,
and thus forming an irregular streak on these parts ; under wing-
coverts pure white, the outermost greater coverts greyish brown
towards their tips ; upper wing-coverts brown, like the back, the
lesser ones margined with fulvous, the median and greater series
tipped with white and barred with darker brown ; quills dark
brown, the secondaries paler and more broadly tipped with whity
brown than the primaries ; all the quills barred with darker brown,
the inner secondaries with conterminous narrow bars of white, the
interspaces ashy white below, showing the cross bars in strong
relief; upper tail-coverts brown, with distinct white bars of un-
equal width ; tail brown, the base white, broken up into several
bars, the tail crossed with five broad bands of darker brown, all the
interspaces much mottled with brown, the penultimate one broader
than the others ; feet dingy yellowish white ; iris brownish yellow.
Intermediate stage. Entire head and neck aU round, as well as
the whole of the under surface, tawny brown, with distinct black
shaft-streaks, the breast-feathers white at base, those of the ab-
domen and under and upper tail-coverts with broad terminal margins
of whitish ; feathers round the eye and lores slightly greyish, and
the hinder cheeks marked with black, forming an ill-defined lateral
throat-stripe; an occipital crest 1-5 inch long; general colour of
back and wing-coverts purplish brown, deeper than the head, all
the feathers margined with paler brown ; primaries dark brown,
with blackish brown cross bands, plainer and more numerous on the
secondaries, which are paler brown, the under surface of the mug
whitish on inner web, the bars much broken up and irregular ; tail
ashy brown, tipped with whity brown, and crossed with three distinct
bars of blackish brown, all the interspaces likewise mottled with
bars of pale brown and dull whity brown.
Obs. Great variation exists in the tone of this intervening stage,
the colour varying from tawny to fulvous brown, while the extent
of black stripes on the throat is also a very variable character.
Adult. General colour above and below rich chocolate-brown,
with indistinct black shaft-stripes, the crown and sides of head, as
well as the throat, ashy grey, the lower throat blackish ; quills and
tail much as in foregoing description, but the interspaces of each
more or less shaded with ashy, and the mottlings on the latter very
much reduced ; cere black, greenish at nostrils and towards com-
missure ; gape and greater portion of lower mandible pale blue, rest
of bill black, with a small dingy greenish patch on each side of
lower mandible towards base ; feet beeswax-yellow ; iris brilliant
yellow. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 16-5, tail 11-5,
tarsus 2-1.
Hah. Indian peninsula, Ceylon, Burmah, Malay peninsula, Java,
Sumatra, Banka.
67. PEitxis.
'M
a. Juv. sk.
India.
b. Juv. 8t.
Himalaya Mountains.
Purchased.
c. Ad. sk.
Darjiling.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
d. Juv. sk.
Deccan.
J. Gould, Esq.
[^•:
,
e. Ad. sk.
Deccan.
J. Gould, Esq.
p.^
.
/. Juv. sk.
Madras.
Dr. Jerdon [P."
,
ff. Juv. sk.
Madras.
Sir W. Elliot (P.I.
h. Ad. sk.
Madras.
Sir W. Elliot [P.].
«. Ad. St.
Behar.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
■p
A. Juv. St.
Nepaul.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
P
/, OT. Ad. st.
Nepaul.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P
n, 0. Ad. sk.
Nepaul.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
P
p, y. Juv. sk.
Nepaul.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
■p
r. Skeleton.
Zoological Society.
Obs. The young of P. ptilonorhynchus, if they happen to be crestless,
are indistinguishable in plumage from the immature of P. apivorus ;
and I have seen young birds from India which I could not separate
from European examples. A natural inference is that these may not
be P.ptihnorhynchus but P. aj^ivorus, the young of which may migrate
to India in the winter. The difficulty in distinguishing young birds
is most appreciable when the Eastern specimens are without a crest,
this latter character being most strongly developed in birds from
Java. Examples from the latter locality in the Leiden Museum
appeared to be inseparable from Indian birds, but had enormous
crests. My notes on the specimens in the above museum are as
follows : — " A young bird (No. 6 of Schlegel's catalogue) is in tawny
plumage, like a bird from Bengal, but entirely wants the crest, and
is rather paler and more fulvous ; the tail is ashy brown, with four-
teen or fifteen bars of darker^ brown to be distinguished. Another
fine bird from Java is changing from the tawny plumage to that of
the adult with the grey face. It has a regular line running down
the cheeks and encircling the throat, which has also a broad central
streak ; the under surface has white cross bars, commencing in the
usual way; a black crest 3*7 inches long; tail only just shooting;
wing 17-8."
3. Pernis celebensis.
Pernis eristatus, ScM. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 26. fig. 4 (1866).
Pernis eristatus, var. celebensis, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 17.
Pernis ptilorhyneha, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 36 (1872).
Pernis celebensis, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. Ill (1872).
Adult. Above chocolate-brown, the head blackish, the feathers
of the hind neck margined with rufous, gi\ing a striped appearance ;
lores and feathers round the eye grey ; throat white, with distinct
black shaft-stripes ; a moustachial streak, as weU as a central streak
down the throat, black ; chest clear tawny rufous, with broad cen-
tral streaks of black ; rest of under surface white, each feather with
four or five broad bars of blackish brown, very distinct on the tarsal
plumes ; under wing- coverts white, with a few streaks of black and
remains of rufous bars, the feathers round the carpal joint barred
350 TALCONID^.
with black like the breast ; quills dark brown, with indistinct bars
of deeper brown, more distinct underneath, the secondaries paler
and tipped with whitish ; tail brown, with five bars of darker brown
and remains of other bars on the interspaces, the tip whitish. Total
length 21-5 inches, culmen Vo, wing 14-7, tail 10-5, tarsus 2, middle
toe 1-75. (Mus. Lugd.)
Hob. Celebes.
a. Ad. sk, Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Subfamily VII. FALCONING.
Outer toe only connected to middle toe by interdigital membrane ;
tibia much longer than tarsus, but the latter not contained twice in
the former ; hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate ; bill distinctly toothed.
Key to the genera.
a. Nostrils oblique or linear ovals, with distinct over-
hanging membrane.
a'. Bill with two distinct teeth ; wings not reach-
ing to tail.
a". A distinct occipital crest; no tubercle in
nostril 08. Baza, p. 351.
b". No occipital crest ; a distinct central tubercle
to nostril G9. Habpagus,
h'. Bill with only one tooth ; wing reaching to tip p. 360.
of tail 70. IcTiNiA, p. 364.
h. Nostrils perpendicular ovals, with no overhanging
membrane or central tubercle,
c'. Bare part of tarsus in front less than outer toe. 71. Micbohierax,
d'. Bare part of tarsus greater than outer toe and p. 366.
claw 72. POLIOHIERAX,
e. Nostrils round, vsdth distinct central tubercle. p. 369.
e'. Outer toe (without claw) longer than inner toe
(without claw),
c". Distance between tips of primaries and tips
of secondaries less than half length of tail.
c'". Middle toe very short ; the culmen (with-
out cere) not contained twice in middle
toe (without claw) 73. Spiziapteryx,
d". Middle toe very long, more than twice p. 371.
length of culmen, as above measured . . 74. Habpa, p. 372.
d". Distance between tips of primaries and tips
of secondaries more than half length of tail 75. Falco, p. 374.
f. Outer and inner toes (measured without claws)
about equal in length.
e". Distance between tips of primaries and tips
of secondaries about equal to or less than
half the length of tail.
G8. BAZA. 351
e'". Tarsus finely reticulate in front, not nearly
twice the length of middle toe ' 76. Hieeofalco,
/"'. Tarsus transversely plated near base of p. 410.
toes, more than twice the length of the
middle toe without claw 77. Hiehacidea,
/". Distance between tips of primaries and tip p. A'lO.
of secondaries greater than half the length
of tail 78. Cehchneis,
p. 423.
68. BAZA. „
Type.
Lophotes, Less. Traite, p. 96 (1831, nee Giorna) B. lophotes.
Baza, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 777 (1836) B. lophotes.
Avicida, Sw. B. W. Afr. i. p. 104 (1837) B. cuculoides.
Lepidogenys, J. E. Gray, 1839, teste G. E. Gray, List
Gen. B. p. 4 (1840)* B, lophotes.
Hytiopus, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 27 (1841) B. lophotes,
Lophastur, Bli/tJi, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 464 (1842) B. reinwardti.
Head of Baza lophotes.
Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending throughout the
Malayan peninsula and islands, as well as the Moluccas, to North
Australia. Africa ; on the west coast and in Natal.
Key to the species.
a. Tail black, unhanded ; chest with a crescentic band
of white lophotes, p. 352.
b. Tail brown or ashy grey, barred with darker brown
or black.
«'. Thighs and under tail-coverts pure white or buff,
banded with rufous.
a". Throat streaked with hrown ; chest white. .. . madagascariensis,
b". Throat and chest uniform grey. p. 353.
a"'. Under wing-coverts uniform rufous ; above
brownish ash-colour cuculoides, p. 354.
b'" . Under wing-coverts barred with rufous and
white ; above slaty grey verremt.ri, p. 364.
c". Throat white or buff, washed as well as the
chest more or less with rufous,
c'". With a distinct throat-stripe. [p. 356.
a*. Chest grey magnirostris,
* This generic uame must have been in existence before this date, as Gould
quotes it in 1837 ; but I cannot find where it was published.
352 FALCONID^.
b*. Chest rufou3 erijthrothorax,
p. 357.
d!". No throat-stripe ; crest 2'3 inches long. . , . snmatrensis,
b'. Thighs and under tail-coverts more or less uniform p. 357.
■ deep rufous, unhanded.
d". Breast buify white, with rufous brown cross
bands snbcristata,
p. 357.
e''. Breast whitish, with grey cross bands reinwardti,
p. 358.
/". Breast chestnut, with fulvous cross bands . . 7-iifa, p. 359.
1. Baza lophotes.
Cohy Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 165, pi. x. (1821); Pears. J. A.
S. B. X. p. 631 (1841).
Falco lophotes, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 10 (1823).
Buteo cristatus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1220 (1823); Pucher.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 84; Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 418.
Falco lathami, J. E. Gray in Griffith's An. King. i. p. 30 (1829,
descr. orig.) ; Tickell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 569 (1833, descr. orig.).
Lophotes indicus, Less. Traite, p. 96 (1831).
Baza syama, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 777 (1836).
Lepidogenys lathami, J. E. Gray, 1839, teste G. R. Gray, List Gen.
B. p. 4 (1840).
Baza lophotes, Grai/, List Gen. B. p. 4 (1840) ; id. Gen. of B. fol. 1,
p. 23 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 17 (1849j ; id. J. A.
S. B. xix. p. 325 (1850) ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co.
i. p. 62 (1854); StrieU. Orn. Hi/n. p. 126 (1855); Jerd. B. Lid. i.
p. Ill (1862) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 4 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis,
1863, p. 11; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 19; Grat/, Hand-l. 5. i. p. 25
(1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 337 (1870) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 415,
Hytiopus syama, Hodgs. J. A. >S. B. x. p. 27 (1841).
Hytiopus lophotes, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 312 (1843) ; id. Ann. N.
H. xii. p. 93 (1843) ; Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Pernis lophotes, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 77.
Aviceda lophotes, Bp. Consp. Ai\ i. p. 20 (1850).
Baza indicus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 535.
Adult. Above glossy greenish black, with a very long occipital
crest ; quills black, greyish underneath, the secondaries for the most
part white, especially on the outer web, marked with chestnut at the
base and towards the tip, which is greenish black ; on the inner
secondaries the chestnut predominates, the white being more on the
inner web, but the amount of these chestnut and white markings is
very variable and sometimes extends to the scapulars ; tail greenish
black above, ashy grey beneath ; entire sides of the face and neck
as well as the throat black like the upper surface, but a little tinged
with brown ; fore neck and chest white, forming a very broad band ;
below the latter an indistinct line of greenish black feathers, below
which comes another broad band of chestnut, covering the upper
breast ; lower breast creamy white, banded with chestnut, the bars
being broader on the upper part and narrower on the lower part
I
68. BAZA. 353
and flanks ; thighs, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts greenish
black ; under wing-coverts greenish black, the lower ones ashy grey
like the inner face of the wing ; bill and feet plumbeous ; iris dark
brown. Total length 13-9 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 9-85, tail 5-7,
tarsus 1'3.
A younger specimen has not such a full crest, the sides of the
face and throat mixed with ashy brown, the chestnut shades on
the body not so deep or so vinous as in the old birds, both the
chestnut band on the upper breast and the bars on the lower breast
also much more scantily developed ; the black feathers of the ab-
domen and under tail-coverts slightly margined with dull ochre ;
feet fleshy grey.
Hah. Indian peninsula, Ceylon, and Malacca.
a. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.
h. Juv. at. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 'P.l.
c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [Pj.
d. Ad. st. Malacca. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
e. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
2. Baza madagascariensis.
Pemis madagascariensis, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Joum. ii. p. 285 (1835).
Avicida verreauxii, Hartl. Orn. Madag. p. 19 (1861).
Baza madagascariensis, Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 420 ; Schl. ^ Poll. Faun.
Madag., Ois. p. 45. pi. 16 (1868) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 450 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 25 (1869).
Aviceda madagascariensis, Grand. Eev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 319.
Adult male. Brown, the feathers paler brown on their edges, the
interscapulary region and least wing-coverts darker and more sepia-
brown ; the scapulars and dorsal feathers with conspicuous white
bases when disarranged ; head dark brown, slightly tinged with ru-
fous, the feathers margined with rufous, this, as well as the white
bases to the feathers, giving a strongly streaked appearance to this
part ; crest dark brown, like the head ; sides of face brown, nar-
rowly streaked with white, especially on the fore part of the cheeks ;
throat ashy brown, slightly streaked with white, and having an in-
dication of a median and a moustachial stripe of black on each side ;
rest of under surface white, the chest entirely so in the centre, as
also the thighs, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; the sides of
the body and upper breast spotted somewhat longitudinally with
rufous brown ; lower flanks almost uniform rufous brown ; under
wing-coverts dull rufous, with narrow white margins ; primaries
ashy brown, the secondaries brown like the back, tipped with
whitish, all the quills distinctly banded with darker brown, plainer
underneath against the white under surface ; upper tail-coverts
white, with broad brown tips ; tail ashy grey, tipped with white
and crossed with three bars of dark brown, the base of all the
feathers white ; biU black, yellow at base of lower mandible ;
feet whitish yellow; iris yellowish brown. Total length 17 inches,
culmen 1-15, wing 12-5, tail 8, tarsus 1-4, middle toe I'D. (M%is.
Lugd.)
VOL. I. 2 b
354 FALCONID^.
Adult female. Rather larger than the male. Total length 18 inches,
culmen 1-2, wing 13, tail 9, tarsus 1-5.
Young- male. Very similar to adult, but rather paler brown in
colour ; quills and tail pale brown, very plainly banded with dark
brown, the latter crossed with six bars ; eyebrow and sides of face
whitish, the ear-coverts washed mth pale rufous ; throat white,
with a distinct central streak of black down the centre, as well as a
moustachial streak on each side ; under surface as in adult, but the
white chest a little varied with brown markings. Young birds vary
much, one bird in the Leiden Museum having brown thigh-feathers.
Hah. Madagascar.
a. $ imm. st. Nossi-be (Pollen ^- Van Dam). Leiden Museum [P.],
3. Baza cuculoides. (Plate XL fig. 2.)
Avicida cuculoides, Steams. B. W. Afr. i. p. 104, pi. 1 (1837) ; Gray,
Gen. of B. i. p. 23 (1845) ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Fork.
Stockh. 1850, p. 110 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de 'Zool. 1854, p. 535 ; Strickl.
Orn. Sy7i. p. 128 (1855); Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 10 (1857); Cass.
Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 32 ; Du Chaillu, Eq. Afr. p. 472 (1861) ;
HaHl.J.f.0.im\,'^.m.
Pernis cuculoides, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 77.
Baza cuculoides, Schl. Mus. P.-B. MUvi, p. (3 (1862) ; Gray, Handrl.
B. i. p. 25 (1869).
Adult (type of species). Above ashy brown, with a cindery grey
shade on the interscapulary region, the head and crest darker, and
more inclining to slaty black ; quills brown, very narrowly tipped
with whitish, the under surface ashy white, pure white near base of
inner web, which is barred with dark brown, the subterminal bar
being very broad ; upper tail- coverts brown, tipped and broadly
barred with white ; tail-feathers clear ashy grey, tipped with white
and crossed with four bars of black, the basal one hidden by the
taU-coverts, the subterminal one very broad : under surface of tail
ashy white, pure white at base of inner web, bars more distinct on
all except outer feather, where nearly obsolete ; sides of face deep
ashy grey ; entire throat, fore neck, and chest pale ash-colour ; rest
of under surface white, with cross bars of pale tawny rufous, gra-
dually decreasing in size towards the abdomen and thighs ; under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts uniform tawny rufous, paler
on the lower series. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1'2, wing 11*6,
tail 8, tarsus 1"2. (Mus. Cantabr.)
Hah. West Africa.
a. Vix ad. sk. W. Africa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Marche et de Com- M. Bouvier fE.].
piegne).
4. Baza verreauxi.
Avicida verreauxi, Lafr. Reu. Zool. 1846, p. 130; Gray, Gen. B. i.
pi. ix. fig. 2 (1840) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1864, p. 356 ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 24 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 143.
68. BAZA. 355
Avicida buteoides, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 132*.
Hji;iopus cafer, Sundev. (Efv. K. Teiensk. Forh. Stockh. 1850, p. 110.
Avicida cuculoides, Ourmy, Ibis, 1859, p. 240.
Avicida cater, Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 420.
Baza verreauxii, Gray, Handl. B. i. p. 25 (1869).
Adult male. Above dark ashy grey, somewhat shaded with brown,
crown and occipital crest dark ashy ; quills brown, tipped with
whitish, externally shaded with ashy grey ; under surface of wing
white for the basal, and shading into greyish white for the apical
half ; primaries crossed by a few bars of brown above and below,
more indistinct on the inner ones, the secondaries with a broad sub-
terminal bar of dark brown ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey at base,
brown at tip, appearing slightly banded ; tail slaty grey above, con-
spicuously tipped with white, crossed by four bars of black, the sub-
terminal one very broad, imder surface whitish, the basal bars more
indistinct and represented on the outer feathers by a black patch on
the outer web, extending a little across to the inner one ; sides of
the face, throat, and chest clear grey ; breast pure white, banded
with pale rufous brown, a little broader on the sides of the body,
and gradually decreasing in size towards the flanks and under tail-
coverts, the latter of which are entirely white ; under wing-coverts
barred very thickly A,vith pale rufous and fulvous ; cere and orbits
light yellow ; bill black, bluish at base of under mandible ; feet
yeUow ; iris lemon-yellow. Total length 1 7 inches, culmen 1 -05,
wing 12-7, tail 7-9, tarsus 1-4.
Adult female. A little browner than the male, and not so clear
grey ; bars on the breast broader and more rufous, being equally
distinct on the flanks. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-15, ning
12-6, tail 7-9, tarsus 1-45.
Young. Brown above, the feathers narrowly margined -with ful-
vous, much broader on the secondaries ; quills and tail pale brown,
banded with blackish brown, the latter tipped with fulvous, espe-
cially on the outer rectrix ; sides of head and neck rufous brown,
with dark brown centres to the feathers, giving rather a streaked
appearance ; under surface of body whitish, streaked on the throat
and banded on the breast with pale rufous, the inner face of the
thighs also rufous ; on the breast and flanks some feathers with dark
brown oval spots, less distiuct on the under tail-coverts ; crest less
developed than in the adult and dark brown in colour ; iris very
light brown.
Hab. Natal.
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
* The type of this species is said to have come from Zanzibar ; it has not been
met with by Dr. Kirk or any subsequent observer, and is omitted in the great
work on the birds of Eastern Africa by Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub. I have,
however, little doubt that, if the locality should prove to be correct, the bird
from Zanzibar will be identical with that of South Africa.
2b2
a. Ad. at.
Natal.
h. Juv. St.
Natal.
c. Ad. St.
Natal.
356 PALCONIB^.
5. Baza magnirostris. (Plate X. fig. 1.)
Baza magnirostris, Gray, Cat. Aecipitr. Brit. Mus. p. 19 (1844) ;
Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 127 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 25
(1869).
Aviceda magnirostiis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 20 (1850), et Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1854, p. 53o.
Pemis madagascariensis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 77.
Nearly adult. Crown of the head and long occipital crest black ;
feathers over the eye, as well as the sides and back of the neck,
tawny rufous, the latter spotted with black ; the sides of the face
greyish, washed with rufous ; upper surface of body brown, with a
gloss of purplish brown, some of the feathers also shaded with
greenish in certain lights ; quills brown, tipped with whitish, barred
with purplish brown, the secondaries very much paler brown, against
which the bands of darker brown contrast strongly, especially the
subterminal one, which has a distinct purplish gloss ; under surface
of quills greyish white, with dark brown bands, pure white near the
base ; tail browu, tipped with whity brown, and crossed by three
bands of dark purplish brown, the subterminal one being very broad,
and glossed with greenish ; under surface of tail greyish white, like
that of the wings, the subterminal band distinctly marked, the basal
ones very faintly, excepting on the outermost feathers, which have a
patch of dark brown on the outer web, extending on to the inner one
also ; under surface of the body whitish, broadly streaked on the sides
of the throat and the chest, banded on the breast, and spotted on the
under tail-coverts with pale rufous, darker and more inclining to
rufous brown on the flanks and sides of the body and axillary
plumes ; down the centre of the throat, extending to the fore neck,
a broad black streak ; under wing-coverts bufiy white, spotted with
pale rufous, the lower ones barred with this colour ; biU horn-black,
browner on lower mandible ; feet yellow. Total length 17'5 inches,
culmen 1-5, wing 12-3, tail 8-1, tarsus 1-5.
Another specimen in the national collection differs from the fore-
going in not having so stout a bill, in the sides of the face being
more conspicuously grey, this shade also extending over the throat
and breast, the former of which is narrowly streaked with greyish
down the centre ; the crown of the head is blackish, the feathers
of the forehead being edged with rufous ; the sides and hind part
of the neck similarly marked, producing a striped appearance ;
occipital crest black, with a narrow white tip to one or two of the
feathers ; the bands on the breast very broad and pale rufous.
Total length 15-3 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 11-5, tail 7'5, tarsus
1-5, This would apparently be the adult male, and the other
perhaps a female not quite adult.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
a. S ad. st. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. Type
of species.
b. $ juv. St. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C]
68. BAZA. 357
6. Baza erythrothorax. (Plate X. fig. 2.)
Baza magnirostris, Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 28. figs. 4, 5
(1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 18.
Baza erythrothorax, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 62-5 (June).
Baza celebensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. lc»5 (1873, July).
This species difiers from the true B. macpiirostris of the Philip-
pines in its much larger size, dark brown colour, black head, and
dark cinereous ear-coverts, in wanting the grey on the chest, and in
the dark rufous brown of the under surface. This latter colour is
especially distinct on the chest, the sides of the body and flanks
having a few white cross bars. Total length IT'S iuches, culmen
1-25, wing 11-5, tail 8, tarsus 1-65,
Mr. Wallace (/. c.) gives the follo^dng note on the soft parts : —
" Bill lead-colour, black above ; feet white ; iris yellow."
Hah. Celebes.
a.
Ad. sk.
Celebes.
J. Gould, Esq. Tj-pe of species,
b.
Juv. sk.
Celebes.
J. Gould, Esq.
c.
$ ad. sk.
Macassar.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
d.
Ad. sk.
Sula Islands.
7. Baza sumatrensis. (Plate XI. fig. 1.)
Avicida sumatrensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 210.
Baza sumatrensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 2 (1849) ; Wall. Ibis,
1868, p. 18; Gray, Hatid-l. B. i. p. 25 (1869).
Young female. Head and hind neck creamy buff, washed with
tawny rufous, the feathers on hinder part of crown dark brown in
the centre ; occipital crest very long, black, with cream-coloured
tip ; back brown, with fulvous edgings, the scapulars and seconda-
ries further margined with white ; quills ashy brown, barred with
darker brown, the tail similarly coloured, narrowly tipped with
white, the feathers washed externally with rufous near the base ;
the bars on the tail four in number, one being concealed, the under
surface of both wings and tail paler and more ashy white ; entire
sides of face, throat, and underparts creamy buflP, washed with pale
tawny rufous, the breast and sides of body broadly barred with the
latter colour ; under wing-coverts creamy buff ; bill black, pale at
base beneath ; feet yeUowith white ; iris yellow. Total length
20-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-75, tail 9-6, tarsus 1-6.
Hah. Sumatra.
a. 5 vix ad- sk. Sumatra, A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
8. Baza suhcristata.
Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 140; id. Syn. B.
Aiistr. part iii. (1838) ; id. B. Austr. fol. i. pi. 25 (1848) f Pelz.
Reis. Xovara, Viir/. p. 8 (1865).
Baza suhcristata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 23 (1845) ; StricH. Oni. Si/n
p. 127 (1855) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 4 (1862) ; GouM, Handb.
358 FALCONIB^.
B. Austr. i. p. 56 (1865) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 392 ; Gray,
Hand-/. B. i. p. 25 (1869).
Avicida subcristata, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 127 ; Bp. Cotisp. i.
p. 20 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1864, p. 535.
Pernis subcristatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343, et Contr. Orn. 1850,
p. 77.
Adult. Head and neck ashy grey, with a small occipital crest of
black feathers ; rest of upper surface brown, the wing- coverts and
interscapulary region greyish black ; quills dark brown, shaded
externally with ashy grey, broadly barred with black above and
with greyish white underneath, inner secondaries browner like the
back ; tail ashy brown, with four broad black bars, the subterminal
one being especially broad, under surface greyish white as in the
wing, with broad corresponding bars of black ; forehead, lores, and
sides of the face clearer cinereous than the head, as also the throat
and chest, the latter of which is washed with rufous ; breast banded
alternately with huffy white and chestnut-brown ; thighs and under
wing- and tail-coverts huffy rufous ; bill bluish horn-colour ; feet
yellowish. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1"2, wing 13-5, tail 9,
tarsus 1-45.
Young. Above paler brown than in the adult, with narrow mar-
gins of ochraceous buff to the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts,
becoming broader and more white on the inner secondaries ; crown
dark brown, as also the occipital crest, the white bases to the
feathers rather conspicuous ; forehead and sides of the face dusky
cinereous, the former inclining to whitish ; throat whitish ; fore
neck and chest buff, with a rufous tinge, which extends on to the
sides and hinder part of the neck ; breast huffy white, barred with
rufous brown, much more narrowly than in the old bird ; thighs
and under wing- and tail-coverts rich buff, the former crossed near
the base with a few narrow bars of rufous brown.
There is some confusion about the Buteo cristaius of Vieillot.
Pucheran, in his excellent review on the types of this naturalist
(Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 84), says that the species so called in the
' Encyclopedic ' is Baza lophotes ; and in that he is doubtless right.
He also mentions that the bird is not mentioned in the ' Nouveau
Dictionnaire ; ' but, as Strickland points out, there is a Buteo cristatus
from New Holland described in this work (vol. iv. p. 481), and he
refers Vieillot's bird to Baza subcristata, of which it would be an
older title. 1 cannot trace any likeness to this species, and conse-
quently omit it from my list of synonyms.
Hab. N. Australia.
a. Ad. St. Australia. Purchased.
b. Juv. st. Australia. Purchased.
9. Baza reinwardti.
Lophotes reinwardti, Midi. Sf Schl. Nuturl. Versch. Av. p. 35, tab. 5
(18.39-44).
Lophaster leraoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. pt. 1, p. 464 (1842), et xv.
p. 4 (1846).
G8. BAZA.
359
Baza reinwardti, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 23 (1845) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 127 (1855) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. IVIilvi, p. 5 (1862) ; Wall. P. Z. S.
1863, p. 21 ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1863, p. 11 ; Schl. Vog. Nederl Ind. Valkv.
pp. 40, 77, pi. 27. figs. 1-3 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 18; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 25 (1869) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 133 (1873).
Pernis jerdoni. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845).
Avicida reinwardti, Lafr. Bev. Zool, 1846, p. 128 ; Bp. Rev, et Mag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 535.
Baza jerdoni. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 2 (1849).
Baza stenozona. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 169, et 1859, p. 153 ; Scl.
Ibis, 1860, p. 322.
Adult. Head and neok all round, including the interscapulary
region above and the chest below, clear slaty grey, the occipital
crest black, contrasting strongly ; scapulars and inner secondaries
chocolate-brown ; lower part of back brownish, washed with dark
slaty, the rump and upper tail- coverts being entirely of the latter
colour ; wing-coverts ashy grey, the least ones blackish, shaded
with green ; quiUs and tail ashy grey above, slightly tipped with
whitish, barred with black, the subterminal bars on secondaries and
tail-feathers clearly shaded with greenish, under surface ashy white,
barred with black, the basal ones indistinct, and not carried right
across the feather ; breast huffy white, with greyish black cross
bars, not continued on to the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts, which are unbarred and of a clear orange-buff; under
wing-coverts also orange-buff, the lower ones slightly marked with
greyish black ; cere lead-colour ; bill black, lead-colour at base ;
feet bluish white ; iris yellow. Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1*2,
wing 12-1, tail 7-2, tarsus 1-3.
Young. Browner than the adult, the upper surface being entirely
brown, with pale fulvous edgings to the feathers ; quills and tail
brown, banded with darker brown ; cheeks greyish ; throat bufiy
white, with a narrow central streak of greyish black ; chest clouded
with brown ; rest of under surface bulfy white, barred with blackish,
more narrowly than in the adult ; the thighs and tinder wing- and
taU-coveiis clear yellowish buff.
Hab. New Guinea and islands of Austro-Malayan subregion.
a. 2 juv- sk.
Aru Islands.
b. cJ ad. sk.
Amboyna.
c. Ad. sk.
Ambojna.
d. c? ad. sk.
Bouru.
e. Juv. sk.
New Guinea.
/. c? juv. sk.
New Guinea.
g. ^ ad. sk.
Dorey.
h. c? ad. sk.
E. Timor.
t. cJ juv. sk.
E. Timor.
j. (S ad. sk.
Timor Coupong
A-. Ad. sk.
E. Ceram.
/. Ad.sk.
Ceram.
rn. Ad. sk.
Ceram.
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.].
of B. stenozona.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C." .
A. R.Wallace, Esq. I C. .
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.
Type
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. WaUace, Esq.
A. R.Wallace, Esq.
A. R. WaUace, Esq.
A. R. WaUace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
360
FALCONIDJi:.
10. Saza mfa.
Baza reinwardtii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343.
Baza rufa, Schl. Tog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 41, 78, pi. 27. fig. 4,
pi. 28. figs. 1-3 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 8 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 25 (1869).
Adult. Head all round, neck, and throat clear slaty grey, lighter
on the forehead, darker on the hind head and crest, which incKne
to blackish ; interscapulary region and ■wing-coverts deep slaty
black, Tvith a slight greenish gloss ; scapulars and some of the inner
secondaries deep chocolate-brown ; upper tail-coverts brownish, the
lower ones slaty black ; quills deep slaty brown above, pale whitish
slaty below, banded on both surfaces with black ; tail clearer slaty
grey, with three bands of black, the subterminal one exceedingly
broad and occupying nearly a quarter of the tail, under surface
whitish, the bands faintly indicated and reduced on the outer
feathers to a black patch on the outer web just extending on to
the inner one ; chest rufous, slightly washed with greyish ; rest of
under surface bright rufous, almost chestnut, with faintly indicated
cross bars of fulvous, some of the intermediate chestnut bars having
also a blackish shade ; thighs and under tail-coverts deep rufous,
unbarred ; under wing-coverts chestnut, the axillai'ies paler and
barred with dusky black ; cere lead-colour ; bill black, lead- colour
at base ; feet bluish white ; iris yellow. Total length 17 inches,
culmen 1*2, wing 12-3, tail 7'8, tarsus 1'55.
Hah. Batchian, Gilolo, Ternate, Tidore, Morty.
a. Ad. st. Gilolo. Purchased.
h, c. S ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.
d. 5juv.sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
69. HARPAGUS. rj^
Harpagus, Vigors, Zool. Jmirn. i. p. 338 (1824) H. diodon.
Bidens, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 15 (1824) H. bidentatus.
Diodon, Less. Traite, p. 95 (1831) H. bidentatus.
Diplodon, Nitzsch, Pteryl p. 93 (1840) H. bidentatus.
Bill and foot of Harpagus diodo7i.
Range. Central America ; Guiana ; Amazonia ; Brazil ; Peru.
69. HARPAGrs. 361
Key to the Species.
a. Adult with rufous axillaries and under wing-coverts.
Younff white below, breast streaked with black ;
thighs rufous in adult and young diodon, p. 361.
6. Adult with white or cream-coloured axiUaries.
a'. Entirely chestnut underneath or greyish, with the
lower breast and abdomen barred with white and
ashy grey bidentatus, p. 362.
h'. Broadly' banded imdemeath with chestnut and
white fasciatus, p. 363.
1. Harpagus diodon.
Falco diodon, Tenim. PL Col. i. pi. 198 (1824) ; Max. Beitr. Om.
Bras. iii. Abth. i. p. 138 (1830) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 102 (1856) ;
Schl. Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 34 (1862) ; id. Remie Accipitr. p. 47
(1873).
Bidens femoralis, Sjn'x, Av. Bras. i. p. 15, pi. 8 (1824).
Harpagus diodon, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1825) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 28 (1850) ; Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 53 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 537 ; StricU. Om. Sgn. p. 102 (1855) ; Pelz. Om.
Bras. p. 5 (1871); Scl. ^ Salv. Nomenel. p. 122 (1873).
Adult. Above slaty grey, the head a little darker ; quills dark
brown, broadly barred with white on the inner web, the inner
secondaries slaty grey, both these and the scapulars marked with
concealed spots of white ; tail dark brown, tipped slightly with
greyish white, with bars of greyish white, much narrower than the
alternate brown bands ; sides of face slaty grey, a little lighter than
the head ; throat and under tail- coverts white, the former with a
faint indication of a blackish median line ; rest of under surface
pale grey, the thighs bright ferruginous ; under wing-coverts fer-
ruginous, the lower ones white, barred with blackish ; bill blackish
brown, lower mandible yellowish ; feet yellow, claws horn-brown.
Total length 12-2 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 8*1, tail 6, tarsus 1*55.
Young. Brown above, all the feathers edged with pale ochre ;
secondaries and tail-feathers tipped with white ; nape and sides of
neck also mottled with brown and white ; fore part of cheeks white,
streaked with brown, the rest of the side of the face browTi, like the
head, slightly varied with streaks of lighter brown ; under surface
of body white, with a narrow streak of brown down the centre of
the throat, aU the breast-feathers marked down the centre with
pear-shaped drops of dark brown, becoming narrower and more
linear on the abdomen ; thighs pale ferruginous ; under wing-
coverts pale buflp, slightly spotted with black on the lower ones, the
axillaries pale ferruginous, with indications of whitish cross bars.
Hab. Brazil.
a.
(J ad. sk.
Brazil.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq
[P.]
b.
$ ad. sk.
Bahia.
Dr. Wucherer [C.
c.
c? juv. sk.
Bahia.
Dr. Wucherer [C
,
d.
Ad. St.
South America.
Purchased.
e.
Juv. St.
South America.
Purchased.
362 FALCONID^.
2. Harpagus bidentatus.
Notched Falcon, Lath. Gm. Syn. Supjil. p. 34 (1787).
Falco bidentatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 38 (1790) ; Baud. Traite, ii.
p. 118 (1800) ; Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 38, 228 (1823) ; Max. Beitr.
Orn. Bras. iii. Abth. i. p. 132 (1830) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 35
(1862).
Bidens rufiventer, Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 14, pi. 6 (1824).
Bidens albiventer, Sjnx, Av. Bras. i. p. 14, pi. 7 (1824),
Harpagus bidentatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1825) ; Gray, Gen.
of B. i. p. 22 (1844) ; Cah. %■ Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., Vog. pp. 18,
107 (1845) ; Katip, Contr. Or7i. 1850, p. 54 ; Bp. Consp. p. 28
(1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 101 (1855) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 100 (1856) ; Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 317 (1861) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 369, et
1866, p. 198 ; Leot. Ois. Trmid. p. 28 (1866) ; Scl. 4'- Salv. P. Z. S.
1867, pp. 753, 979 ; Fimch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 556 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
p. 5 (1871) ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. p. 122 (1873).
Diodon brasiliensis. Less. Traite, p. 96 (1831).
Diodon bidentatus, HOrb. Voy. Am. Merid., Ois. p. 122 (1835-44).
Harpagus rufipes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 213 (1837).
Young. Above brown, with very narrow pale rufous edgings to
the feathers ; upper surface more or less mottled with white, where
the concealed bases to the feathers show through, especially on the
nape ; quills and tail brown, tipped with white, barred with paler
brown above, and with whitish beneath ; sides of the face brown,
except the fore part of the cheeks, which are white, with brown
streaks ; under surface of body white, the throat with a conspicuous
mesial black streak, the throat and chest narrowly streaked with
dark brown, flanks with a few indistinct arrow-head brown mark-
ings ; under wing-coverts buffy white ; biU horn-brown, yellowish
on lower mandible and along ridge of upper; feet deep yellow,
claws black.
From this stage the bii'd moults into the following plumage of
the full-grown bird.
Adult male. Above clear slaty blue ; taU brown, tipped and
crossed with three narrow bands of greyish white or pale brown ;
under surface of body rich chestnut ; throat white, with a broad
mesial line of slaty black ; under tail- and wing-coverts, as well as
axUlary plumes, creamy white ; bill slaty black, yellowish on the
under mandible ; feet yellow, claws black. Total length 12-3 inches,
culmen 0*9, wing 8, tail 6-2, tarsus 1-45.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male but larger, and having
the abdomen and thighs barred obscurely with whitish. Total
length 15 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 9*1, tail 6-7, tarsus 1-6.
From the above dress the bird changes again gradually, not by a
moult apparently, into the fully mature plumage as follows; —
Above slaty black, with a tinge of clearer slaty grey on the sides of
the face ; quills blackish, barred with white underneath ; taU black,
narrowly tipped with white, with only two cross bands visible on
the tail itself, whitish below, tinged with pale brown above ; throat
white, with the usual black streak ; chest greyish, the lower chest,
69. HAEPAGU8. 363
abdomen, and thighs banded with grey and white ; under wing-
and tail-coverts white.
Hab, Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and Columbia.
a. (3" ad. sk. Chyavetas, Peruvian Amazons. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].
h. 2 juv. sk. Chamicuros. E. Bartlett, Esq. fc.1.
c. 2 ad. sk. Upper Ucayali. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].
d. Ad. St. Rio Javari. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C.].
e. Juv. sk. Trinidad.
/. c? ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.
g. Juv. sk. S. America. Purchased.
h. Ad. sk. Demerara. E,. B. Sharpe, Esq.
i. Juv. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq,
k. Ad. st. Brazil. Zoological Society.
/. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.
m.
3. Harpagus fasciatus.
Harpagus fasciatus, Later. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1868, p. 429 ; Salv. Ibis,
1870, p. 115; Scl. ^ Salv. Notnencl. p. 122 (1873).
Adult. Above brown, with concealed spots of white on the sca-
pulars, the nape also slightly mottled with white ; crown and sides
of face slaty grey ; lores and a small spot of down under the eye
whitish ; throat white, with a broad line of blackish slate-colour
down the centre ; entire under surface, including the flanks, chest-
nut, broadly banded with white, with a more or less distinct slaty
bar conterminous with the white bands, the cross bars on the chest
not so distinct, giving a more uniform chestnut appearance to this
part ; under tail-coverts buffy white ; under wing-coverts clear buff,
with a few indistinct cross markings of brown ; quills brown, barred
with darker brown, the bars obsolete on the secondaries, the under
surface of the wing creamy white at base, inclining to ashy white
at tip, the cross bars showing very plainly ; tail dark brown, slightly
paler at tip, and crossed with three narrow bars of ashy brown
shading into white on the inner web ; the under surface of the tail
paler, the cross bars broader and whiter ; bUl horn-blue, yellowish
at base of lower mandible ; feet orange, claws black. Total length
13'7 inches, culmen 1, wing 8-8, tail 5-3, tarsus 1-75. (Mus. Salvin
6( Godman.)
Young. Above brown, the nape mottled with white tinged with
ochre, all the feathers of the upper surface margined with dull ful-
vous ; the crown and sides of face streaked with rufous, especially
above the eye ; quills and tail much as in the adult, tlae whitish
bars on the latter a little more distinct ; under surface of body yel-
lowish white, streaked on the throat and breast, and barred on the
belly, flanks, and thighs with brown ; under tail-coverts bufiy white ;
under wing-coverts clear ochre, only the lowest ones barred with
brown. {Mus. S. 6( G.)
Hah. From Guatemala to Panama.
3G4 FALCONIDJ!.
70. ICTINIA. ^yp^
Ictinia, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) I. plumbea.
Nertus, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 314 I. plumbea.
Pcecilopteryx, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845). . I. plumbea.
Bill of Ictinia plumbea.
Range. Southern States of North America; Central America;
Columbia ; Guiana ; Amazonia ; Brazil.
Key to the Species.
a. Secondaries leaden black, like rest of upper
surface plumbea, p. 364.
b. Secondaries silvery grey, in strong contrast to
rest of upper surface mississipiensis, p. 365.
1. Ictinia plumbea.
Spotted-tailed Hobby, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 106 (1781).
Falco plumbeus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 283 (1788) ; Temm. PI. Col. i.
pi. 180 (1823) ; Spiix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 86 (1824) ; Max. Beitr.
Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 126 (1830).
Alcon azulezo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 167 (1802) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara,
p. 3 (1847).
Milvus cenchris, Vieill. Ois. d'Amer. Sept. p. 38, pi. 10 bis (1807).
Ictinia plumbea, Vieill. N. Diet. xvi. p. 76 (1817) ; D'Orb. Voy. Am.
Mer., Ois. p. 101 (1835) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 26, pi. 9. fig. 1
(1845); Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., Voy. p. 112 (1845); Cab. in
Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 735 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 22
(1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 140 ' (1855) ; Burtn. Th. Bras. ii.
p. 104 (1856) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Milvi, p. 10 (1862) ; Leot. Ois.
Trinid. p. 142 (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 27 (1869) ; Pelz.
Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 122 (1873).
Nertus plumbeus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314.
Buteo plumbeus, Cuv. Rhjne An. i. p. 337 (1829).
Pcecilopteryx plumbea, Kaup, 3Ius. Senckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845).
Adult. Above leaden black, the tail included, the latter with
three bars of white (one concealed by the under tail-coverts) on the
under surface ; wing-coverts leaden black, a little darker than the
back ; primaries rufous, leaden grey along the outer margin and at
the tip ; head paler and more slaty grey, the ear-coverts a little
darker ; feathers round the eye blackish ; entire under surface slaty
grey, the throat paler, and the under wing-coverts and axillaries
darker. Total length 14 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 12-6, tail 6,
tarsus 1-5.
70. icTiNiA. 365
Young. Above slaty black, tbe feathers of the back very narrowly
margined with whitish, the secondaries a little more broadly, the
head and neck streaked with white ; quills black, tipped with white,
the former more or less rufous on the base of the inner web ; imder
surface whitish, the throat thickly, the breast broadly streaked with
slaty black ; thighs deep slate-colour, barred with white ; under
tail-coverts whitish, with large subterminal spots of greyish black ;
under wing-coverts slaty black, faintly barred and tipped with
white ; tail black, tipped with white and spotted with the same on
the inner web, forming three bars (one concealed by the under tail-
coverts) underneath, not very distinct.
Hab. From Mexico throughout Central America to Brazil.
a. c? ad. sk. S. America. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
6. Ad; sk. Para. _ A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
c. c? .juv. sk. Concordia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.].
d. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased.
e. Skeleton. Purchased.
2. Ictiuia mississipieusis.
Falco mississipieusis, Wils. Am. Om. iii. p. 80, pi. 25. fig. 1 (1811).
Falco ophiophagus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Sist. Nat. xi. p. 103 (1817).
Ictinia ophiophaga, Vieill. et Oud. Gal. Ois. p. 44, pi. 17 (1825).
Nertus mississipieusis, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314.
Milvus mississipieusis, Cuv. R'egne An. i. p. 335 (1829).
Falco plumbeus, Audub. B. Am. pi. 117, et Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 108
(18.34).
Ictinia plumbea, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Am. p. 4 (J838).
Ictiuia mississipieusis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 26 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 22 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. ^ Texas, p. 106 (1855) ; Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 140 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 37 (1860) ;
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 10 (1862) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 327;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 28 (1869) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 211
Adult. Above leaden black, the tail uniform with the back, but
totally unbarred with white ; primaries black, with deep chestnut
near the base, concealed by the feathers overlapping ; the secondaries
ashy grey, inclining to whitish, except the innermost, which are
uniform with the back ; entire head and neck all round clear grey,
a patch in front of the eyes black ; under surface clear grey, the
throat and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts greyish,
paler on the inner, darker on the outer margin of the wing ; bill
black ; feet orange-red ; iris deep lake-red. Total length 13-5 inches,
culmen 0-95, wing 11-8, tail 6, tarsus 1-55.
Hah. Southern States of North America, ranging through Central
America as far south as Guatemala.
366 FALCONID^.
71. MICROHIERAX *
Hierax, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 339 (1824, nee Type.
Leach, 1816) H. fringillarius.
Foot of Microhierax ecsrulescens.
Range. Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burmah ; Malayan penin-
sula ; Java ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Philippines.
Key to the Species.
a. Hiud neck white ccerulescens, p. 366.
h. Hind neck like rest of hack.
a!. Abdomen rufous fringillarius, p. 367.
h'. Abdomen white.
a". Thighs white melanoleuetis, p. 368.
b". Thighs black erythrogenys, p. 369.
1. Microhierax cserulescens.
The little Black-and-Orange-coloured Hawk, Edw. Nat. Hist. B. iii.
p. 108, pi. 108 (1750) t. •
Le Faucon de Bengale, Briss. Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 20 (1760, ex Edw.).
Falco cserulescens, Linn. S. N. i. p. 126 (1766, ex Edw.).
Harpagus cserulescens, Siv. Classif. B. ii. p. 213 (1837).
Hierax bengalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. pt. ii. p. 789 (1842) ; Gray,
Cat. Mamm. 8r B. Nepal, Hodgs. p. 45 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 28
(1850).
Hierax eutolmus y. bengalensis, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. 81
(1844).
Hierax cserulescens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 102 (1855).
Hierax eutolmus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Miis.
As. Soc. Beng. p. 17 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. B. xix. p. 324 (1850) ;
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 103 (1855) ; Jerd. B. of India, i. p. 42 (1862) ;
* fiiKpbs, parvus, tepoS, accipiter.
f The absence of the white nuchal collar in Edwards's plate and description
alone prevents us from fully recognizing the bird here referred to that title. This
discrepancy may have been caused by the state of the sppcimen, which is stated
to have come out of spirits. No other member of the genus suits the descrip-
tion ; but, with the above allowance being made, it coincides admirably with
the species afterwards described as Hierax eutolmus.
71. MICROHIERAX. 367
Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 11, and 18GG, p. 239 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 24
(1869); Huvie, Bough Notes, i. p. Ill (1869); Blanf. Ibis, 1870,
p. 464.
Falco crerulescens bengalensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 33 (1862).
Adult. Above dull greenish black, the greenish tinge scarcely
perceptible ; forehead white, as well as a broad eyebi-ow running
down the sides of the neck, and joining the hind neck, which is also
white, and forms a broad coUar ; feathers round the eye and ear-
coverts black ; quills black, notched or broadly barred with white
on the inner web, one or two of the primaries also spotted with
white near the base of the outer web, the secondaries greenish black
Uke the wing-coverts and rest of back; tail black, spotted with
white near the base of the inner webs, forming rather broad bars ;
cheeks and sides of neck white ; underparts silky white, the throat,
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts chestnut ; sides of breast
greenish black ; wing-coverts white, some of the lower ones slightly
spotted with black. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0'5o, wing S-y,
tail 2-1, tarsus 0*8.
Adult female. Similar to male, but a httle larger. Total length
6*4 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 4-3, tail 2-55, tarsus 0"85.
A specimen from Cambodia and another from Pegu are slightly
brighter in colour and have broader white foreheads than Mr.
Hodgson's examples ; otherwise I can see no differences.
Hab. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Arakan, Burmah, Tenasserim, Siam,
and Cambodia.
a. Ad. sk. India. M. A. Boucard [P.],
b, e. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.
d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J.
e. Juv. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
/. Ad. sk. Ava. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
g. Ad.sk. ^i&m. {Schomburgk). J. Gould, Esq. JP.].
h. Ad. sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [C.J.
i. Ad. sk. Tenasserim. W. B. D. Packman, Esq. [P.].
./, h. Sterna. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
2. Microhierax fringillarius.
Falco ca;rulescens {nee Linn.), Horsf. Tr. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 135 (1822) ;
id. Zool. Bes. Java, pi. 35 (1824) ; Teinm. PL Col. i. pi. 97 (1824) ;
Vieill. ^- Olid. Gal. Ois. i. p. 46, pi. 18 (1825) ; Eittl. Kupf. Vog.
p. 4, pi. iii. fig. 2 (1832) ; ScJd. 3lus. P.-B. Falc. p. 33 (1862) ; id.
Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 7, 49, pi. 2. fig. 1 (1866).
Falco fi-ingillarius, Drop. Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. y\. p. 412, pi. v.
(1824).
Hierax caerulescens, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 339 (1824) ; id. Life Baffl.
p. 649 (18.30) ; Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 180* (1843) ; Gray, Gen.
of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Kaup, Coutr. Om. 1850, p. 52 ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 28 (1850) ; Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537 ; Moore, P.
Z. S. 1854, p. 258 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 102 (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1863, p. 206 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 24
(1869) ; Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 362.
Hierax malayensis, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 33 (1844) ; Gray, Gen.
of B. i. p. 21 (1844); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 104 (1855); Pelz. Verh.
s.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 629 (1863) ; id. Beis. Nov., Vog. p. 3 (1865).
368 FALCONIDJ!.
Hierax fringillarius, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 17 (1849);
id. Ibis, 1863, p. 11 ; Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 161.
Hierax melanoleucus, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i.
p. 16 (1854, wee Blyth).
Adult. Above deep blue-black, with a very faint greenish tinge in
some examples ; quills and tail black, barred with white on the
inner web ; forehead and a broad stripe from behind the eye down
the sides of the neck white; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-
coverts, and hinder parts of cheeks black ; fore part of cheeks and
underparts silky white, the throat slightly, the abdomen and under
tail-coverts more richly washed with ochre ; sides of body, flanks,
and outer face of thighs glossy black ; bill and feet horn-brown ; iris
dark. Total length 6-1 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-9, tail 2-3,
tarsus 0-85.
Young. Like the adult, but has the bill yellow, horn-brown at
tip, the forehead, cheeks, and streak down the sides of neck tinged
with orange, the upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers margined with
orange-buff.
Hah. Malayan peninsula ; Java ; Sumatra ; Borneo.
a. Ad. st.
Java.
Purchased.
b. Ad. sk.
Java.
Hon. East-India Co. [P.].
c. Ad. sk.
Java.
— Nightingale, Esq. [P.' .
d. Ad. St.
Borneo.
Purchased.
e. Ad. sk.
Borneo.
Rajah Brooke [P.].
/, g. Jut. sk.
Borneo.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
h. Ad. sk.
Sumatra.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
C. .
t. 2 ad. sk.
Malacca.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
"C.].
k. Juv. sk.
Malacca.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
:c.].
/. Ad. sk.
Malacca.
— Harvey, Esq.
P."
,
m. Juv. sk.
Malacca.
— Harvey, Esq.
■P.°
n. Ad. sk.
Malacca.
Walter Ewer, Esq.
P-]
0. Ad. sk.
Malacca.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ;
p.'
■
p. Ad. sk.
Singapore.
Earl of EUenborough
[P.].
q. Skeleton.
Purchased.
3. Microhierax melanoleucus.
Hierax cserulescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. pt. 1, p. 789 (1842).
Hierax melanoleucus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii.pt. 1, p. 179* (1843);
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 324 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. B.
xix. p. 324 (1850) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 10, and 1865, p. 29 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 24 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 243.
Adult. Above entirely glossy greenish black, the wings and tail
uniform with the back, the latter tipped with white and marked on
the inner web with four white bars ; quills lighter and more ashy
below, and marked with numerous white bars on inner web ; a
narrow frontal line and a distinct eyebrow running down the side
of the neck white ; cheeks and ear-coverts greenish black ; entire
under-surface, including the thighs as well as the under wing- and
tail-coverts, white ;" biU and feet black ; iris dark. Total length 6-8
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4-2, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-95. {Mus. Walden.)
Hah. Assam and Kachar.
72. POLIOHIERAX. 369
4. Microhierax erythrogenys.
Hierax erythroffenys, Vif/ors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 90 ; Bli/(Ii, J. A. S. S.
XI. pt. 2, p. 789(1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844); Fraser,
Zool. Tt/p. pi. 31 (1849) ; Kaiip, Contr. Oni. 1850, p. 52 ; Strickl.
Oni. S,'/>i. p. 102 (1855); Grai/, Iland.-l. B. i. p. 24 (18G9).
Falco sericeus, KM. Kupf. Vog!^. 4, pi. iii. fig. 3 (1832) ; id. M6n.
Acad. Sf. Pefersb. ii. p. 1, tab. 1 (1835) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc.
p. 34 (1862}.
Falco Gironrneri, Eydoux et Sotdey. Voy. Bonife, Zool. i. p. 71, pi. 1
(1841).
Hierax sericeus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1854, p. 536 ■; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 104 (1855); Pelz. Verh.
z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 630 (1863) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 24 (1869).
Adult. Above glossy greeuisli black, primaries pure black ; cheeks,
ear-coverts, sides of the neck, and entire under surface silky white,
the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs, as well as the lower under
tail-coverts greenish black ; bill shiny black ; cere, orbits, and feet
black ; iris dark brown. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing
4-4, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-85.
Young (II. erythrogenys). Similar to tlie adult, but having a tinge
of bright ochre on the ear-coverts ; beak yellowish, inclining to
horn-blue at the point.
Hah. Philippine Islands.
a. Juv. St. Manilla. H. Lindsay, Esq. [C.]. Tvpe of species.
h. Ad. St. Manilla. .1. Gould, Esq. [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands.
d*. Ad. St. Philippine Islands. — Fortune, Esq. [0.1.
e. Ad. St. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
72. POLIOHIERAX. rp^^
Polihierax, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 47 P. semitorquatus.
Leg of Pnliohiera.v semitorquatus.
Range. N.E. Africa ; S.E. Africa ; Burmah.
* This specimen is registered as from Northern China [r/. Cat. Accipitr. 1848,
p. 63], where, liowever, the species is not known at all. It is most probable
VOL. I. 2 c
370 falconidj:.
Key to the species.
a. Hind neck white semitorquatus, p. 370.
h. Hind neck slaty blue, like back imiynis, p. 370.
1. Poliohierax semitorquatus.
FaJco semitorquatus, fimitli, Rep. Exp. Centr. Afr. p. 44 (1836), and
ni. Ind. Orn. S. Afr. pi. 1 (1849) ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 93 (1855);
Heugl. Oni. N.O.'-Afr. T^. 'i^ {ISmy
Hypotriorcliis semitorquatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 107 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 22 (1869).
Polihierax semitorquatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 47 ; Bj}. Coiisp. i. p. 20
(1850) ; Jforsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. K I. Co. i. p. 16 (1854) ;
Bp. Rev. ei May. de Zool. 18.54, p. 537 ; Anderss. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 4 ;
id. B. Dam. Ld. ed. Gurney, p. 19 (1872).
Hypotriorcliis castanonotus, Henql. Ibis, 1860, p. 407 : Scl. Ibis, 1861,
p. 346, pi. xiii. ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22 (1869).'
Adult male. Above Uuisli grey, the head darker, the hind neck
and upper tail-coverts pure white ; quills and tail brown, spotted
on the outer and barred on the inner webs with white, the secon-
daries and tail-feathers also tipped with white ; forehead, sides of
the face, and underparts white ; under wiug-coverts white, with
indistinct brown cross bars on some of the lower ones ; bill yellow,
horn-coloured at tip ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow, claws horn-
brown. Total length 7*o inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4-6, tail 3-2,
tarsus 1"2.
Adult female. Differs from the male in having the interscapulary
region and scapulars deep vinous chestnut. Total length 7*o inches,
culmen 0'5, wing 4-8, tail 3, tarsus 1-1.5.
A specimen, apparently of an adult male, from North-eastern
Africa, collected by Sir W. C. Harris, is in the Museum. It is
rather darker grey than the South-African examples, and has the
white bars on the under surface of the wings and tail rather
broader.
Hab. South-eastern and North-eastern ^yrica.
2. Poliohierax insignis.
•
Polihierax insignis, Wald. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 627, et Ibis, 1872, pp. 200,
471.
Lithofalco feildeni, Hume, J. A. S'. B. 1872, p. 70.
Adidt male (type of species). Above slaty blue, with distinct
black shaft-stripes to the feathers of the head and back ; lower
back, rump, and upper taU-coverts pure white ; wing-coverts a
little darker than the back, and not having such distinct shaft-
stripes ; primary coverts and primaries blackish, the secondaries
somewhat washed with slaty grey, spotted externally and barred
internally with white; tail black, tipped with white, and crossed
that Mr. Fortune procured these birds from Manilla, whence also Mr. Swinhoe
has once received a collection, and I have accordingly altered the locality of the
specimen.
73. SPIZIAPTERYX. 371
with three bands of white not strictly contei'minous, and disappear-
ing on the centre feathers ; forehead and sides of face whiter than
the head, and narrowly streaked with black ; under surface of body
white, the flanks washed with grey, and, like the upper breast,
streaked with black shaft-stripes ; under wing-coverts white, slightly
mai-ked with greyish black ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; bill
leaden black, yellow at base. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 0-8o,
wing 5-7, tail 52, tarsus 1-35. (Mus. WaJden.)
Female. Similar to the male, but distinguished by its bright fer-
rugiaous head and mantle ; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face
ashy white, with narrow linear black shaft-stripes. Total length
11-3 inches, wing 6'1, tail 5-2, tarsus 1*45. {Mus. Walden.)
Hah. Vicinity of Tonghoo, Burmah.
73. SPIZIAPTERYX. ^
Spiziapteryx, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 4:3 S. circunicinctus.
Heinihierax, Biom. Rei^.La Flata-St. ii. p. 4:'!7 (18()1) S. circumcinctus.
Tarsus of Spiziapteryx circiimcincfv^.
Range. Confined to the Argentine Republic.
1. Spiziapteryx circumcinctus.
Ilai-pagus circumcinctus, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 4:3.
Spiziapteryx circuuicinctus, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 43 ; Pp. Pev. et
May. de Zool. 1854, p. 637 ; Sd. 4'" Sah: Nomencl. p. 122 (1873).
Falco punctipeunis, Biirm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 242.
Hemihierax circumcinctus, Burnt. Reis. La Plata-St. ii. p. 4-37 (1861).
Falco circumcinctus, Hcl. Ibis, 1862, p. 23, pi. ii.
Above ashy brown, the head darker and inclining to blackish
brown; rump and upper tail-coverts creamy white ; scapulars ashy
brown like the back, streaked with blackish brown ; wing- coverts
dark brown, with blackish streaks down the centre of each, with
two spots of white on each side : quills blackish, with large spots
of white on both webs ; tail black, the centre feathers tipped with
white, the others spotted on the outer and barred on the inner web
with white ; a distinct eyebrow and a loral streak white ; sides of
face blackish, varied with white, the hinder part of the cheeks
white, streaked with blackish ; throat dull white ; rest of under
2c2
372
FALCONID-*^
surface ashy white, with longitudinal streaks of black down the
centre of the feather ; thighs and under taU-coverts pure white ;
under wing-coverts white, Avith narrow streaks of black down the
feathers ; under surface of wing ashy brown, the inner web white
at the base, and notched with white for the greater part of its
length. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 6-35, tail 5-7,
tarsus 1-9. {Mks. SaJvin and Godnian.)
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
74. HARPA.
Harpe, Bj}. C. R. xU. p. 052 (IS.'iS)
Ilieracidea, aiict. recent.
Type.
IT. novae zealandiae.
Foot of Harpa nova zealandics.
Range. New Zealand and the Auckland Islands.
1. Harpa novae zealandisB.
New-Zealand Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 57 (1781).
Faleo novte zealandiffi, Gm. S. N. i. p. 2(58 (1788, e.v Lath.) ; Gray,
Toy. Ereh. iif Terr. Birds, p. 1 (1844) ; Strickl. Orn. Sy?i. p. 94
(1855) ; Schl. Mils. P.-B. Falc. p. 35 (1862) ; Potts, Tr. i\'. Z. Lmt.
ii. p. 51 (18li9); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 87.
Falco harpe. Gray, in Dieff. Trav. ii. App. p. 186 (1843, e.v Forst.
icon. i>wd.) ; Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 68 (1844).
Ilypotriorchis noviB zealandije, Gray, Gen. B. i. p.- 20 (1844).
Ilieracidea uovse zealandite, luii/p, Isis, 1847, p. 80; id. Contr. Orn.
1850, p. 56 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. '22 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. 1854,
p. 536 ; Grail, Ibis, 1802, p. 215 : Layard, Ibis, 1863, "p. 244 ;
Bidlei; Fssay Orn. N. Z. p. 6 (1865) ; lYnsch, J. f. O. 1867, p. 243 ;
Gray, Hanil-l. B. i. p. 22 (1869); Gurnei/, Ibis, 1870, p. 535;
Hiiiton, Ibis, 1871, p. 101; id. Cat. B. N. Zeal. p. 1 (1871);
Ihdhr, Ibis, 1872, p. 332, et B. N. Zeal. p. 1, pi. 1 (1872); Hidton,
Ibis, 1873, p. 100 ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 327.
Hai-pe novse zealandise, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 652 (1855).
Adult female. Above blackish brown, the crown and nape deeper
and blacker ; the whole of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
barred across with narrow lines of pale rufous, deeper and broader
on the upper tail-coverts, the bars on the greater wing-coverts and
inner secondaries rufous or ashy white : quills blackish brown,
interruptedly barred externally with ashy white, banded more
broadly on the inner webs with dull white ; tail dark brown,
74. HARl'A. 373
tipped with rufoua white and crossed by eight bands, more or less
distinctly indicated, of greyish white ; lores whitish ; a faintly pro-
nounced superciliary streak rufous, varied mth black, as also are
the sides of neck ; ear-coverts blackish, and a moustachial streak
not very distinctly separated from the ear-coverts by the rufous of
the sides of the neck ; under surface of body buffy white, with an
ochraceous tinge on the breast, the throat unspotted, but the breast
and abdomen mesially streaked with dark brown, broader on the
sides of the body, where the white forms large spots on both webs,
giving a distinctly ocellated appearance ; thighs and under tail-
coverts bright rust-colour, with narrow shaft-stripes of dark brown ;
under wing-coverts buffy white, barred across with brown, slightly
tinged with chestnut, the axillaries distinctly ocellated Math white ;
cere pale yellow ; bill bluish black, the base of lower mandible
horn-colour ; feet yellow, claws black ; irides brownish yellow.
Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 11-5, tail 8-3, tarsus 2-6.
Adult male. According to Dr. Buller (I. c.) it is only a Kttle
smaller than the female. Wing 11-25 inches, tail 8-25, culmen 1-25,
tarsus 2-5.
Young. Brownish black above, without the rufescent cross mark-
ings ; wings and tail as in adult, but the bars on the latter more
indistinct, less continuous, and not seen on the apical portion ; lores
whitish ; a very slightly indicated superciliary line deep rufous ;
facial features as in adult ; throat and lower abdomen buffy white,
with distinct brown shaft-stripes ; rest of under surface clouded
with brown, with black shaft-stripes, varied here and there with a
few ocellated rufous spots, more distinct on the flanks ; thighs and
under tail-coverts dull chestnut, clouded with blackish centres to
the feathers ; under ^ang-coverts much as in adult, but the white
markings smaller, giving a less ocellated appearance ; cere and orbits
bluish white ; legs dark grey, claws black ; iris black.
JIab. The same as that of the genus.
rt.
b.
c.
d.
e.
/•
y-
h.
Falco brunnea {nee Bechst.), Guuld, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 138, et Syn. B.
Austr. part iii. (1838) ; Gray, Ajip. Dieff. Trav. ii. p. 186 (1843).
Falco australis, Honibr. i^- Jacq. Ann. Sci. Xat. 1841, p. 312, et Voy.
Pole Sud, Atlas, Ow. pi. 1. fig. 1 (1842-53).
Falco ferox, Peak, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. G7 (1848).
Falco novaj zealandite, Hombr. l^ Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 47
(1853).
leracidea nova; zealaudiai, Cms. V. 6'. Eapl. Exp. p. 89 (1858).
$ ad. St.
Auckland Islands.
The Admiralty [P."
The Admiralty [P.
(S ad. sk.
Auckland Islands.
'.
5 juv. sk.
New Zealand.
Sir George Grey
[P.j.
Juv. sk.
New Zealand.
Sir George Grey
P.".
Juv. sk.
New Zealand.
Sir George Grey
P.I.
Juv. sk.
New Zealand.
Sir George Grey
"P.l.
2 juv. sk.
j JUV. sk.
New Zealand.
Dr. Haast [0.].
South Island, N. Z.
Percy Earl, Esq. [G.].
Capt. Stokes, R.N. [P.]
(S ad. sk.
Stewart's Island, N.
Z.
Subsp. a. Harpa
australis.
374
i-ALCONlD^.
Uieracidea brunnea, Ormi, Ibis, 1862, p. 215 ; Layard, Ibis, 1863,
p. 332; relz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 620 (1863); Biiller, Tr. N.
Z. Inst. i. p. 106 (18683 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1870, p. 535 ; Buller, Ibis,
1872, p. 332 ; id. B. N. Zeal. p. 6 (1872).
leracidea brimneus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22 (1869).
Hieracidea australis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1873, p. 327.
Adult. Similar to H. novce zealandice-, but smaller and more ashy
brown above. Male, wing 9 inches; female, wing 11. (Bidler.)
Hah. jS'ew Zealand.
a. c? ad. St.
b. 2 juv. St.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Juv. sk.
e. 5 juv. sk.
/. 2 juv. sk.
ff. d ad. sk.
h. Juv. sk.
i. Skeleton.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
Chalky Bay, N. Z.
South" Island, N. Z.
River Hutt, N. Z.
South Island, N. Z. {Mutton).
Miss R,
Miss R,
Stone
Stone
J
Capt. Stokes, R.N. [P.]
Capt. Stokes^R.N.J;P.J
Percy Earl, Esq. _
F. Strange, Esq. [C.
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
Zoological Society.
^^.
75. FALCO*. Type.
Falco, Zinn. S. JV. i. p. 124 (1766) F. communis.
Tinnuncidus, lleill. Ois. Amer. Sept. i. p. 39 (1807) . . F. columbarius.
Hypotriorchis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 967 F. subbuteo.
^Esalon, lump, NatUrl. Syst. p. 40 (1829) F. regulus.
Dendrofalco, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1840) F. subbuteo.
Lithofalco, Blasius F. regulus.
Gennaia, Katip, Isis, 1847, p. 69 F. juggur.
Chicquera, Bp. Ecv. et. Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 535 . . F. chicquera.
Turumtia, Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 9 F. chicquera.
Head and foot of Fako communis.
Mange. The whole of the Old and New Worlds, excepting Oceania.
* Notwithstanding the fine series of Falcons in the Museum, I have in the
present table only endeavoured to draw up diagnostic characters of the adult
birds, as there are several important facts still in abeyance, such as the determin-
ation of Falco atriceps, Hume, which I have not seen, and the distinctness of the
southern from the northern Peregrines. Until these points are settled I have
preferred not to attempt a full diagnosis of the young, in order to avoid con-
fusion.
/5. yALOo. .'i75
Key to the Species.
a. Tbij^hs particoloured.
a. Thighs transversely barred with narrow black
lines.
«". Crown of head blackish \'?''''''"'%^^\t^:
(lies, pp. 376-385.
6". Crown of head rufous \chicqnera, p 403.
1 1-nJicolhs, p. 404.
h'. Thighs narrowly streaked, or at most marked with
a few arrow-head spots of blackish,
c". Back uniform above, with a few black shaft-
stripes only.
«'". Everywhere clear blue-grey, the tail blue-
gi'ey, with one broad subterminal band regtihis, p. 406.
b'". Very much smaller and darker ; tail blue-
grey, with four black bands, the subterminal
one much the broadest columharhis,
d". Back barred across. p. 408.
c'". Forehead and nape rufous ; hinder crown
bluish grey.
a*. Much larger: wing 11-8-12 inches, under-
neath with wavy bars babi/lonicus,
b*. Smaller: wing not exceeding 11-5 inches, p. 387.
underneath isabelline rufous barbariis, p. 380.
</'". Forehead blackish, the hinder crown and
nape rufous.
c*. With a very narrow frontal line of black . . feldegii, p. 389.
d*. With a very broad frontal band of black ; "
interscapulary region blackish.
«\ Sides of body and abdomen with distinct
blackish spots ; under surface of body
buffy white or pale isabelline tamjpterus, p. 391.
6'. Underneath entirely uniform, deep isa-
belline rufous biarmicm, p. 391.
c'. Thighs and flanks nearly uniform brown, or only
_ slightly mottled, with pale margins juggur, p. 393.
b. Thighs perfectly uniform.
d'. Thighs dull brown ; breast white jttggur, p. 393.
e'. Thighs sooty brown like breast.
e". Larger : wing more than 14 inches ; forehead
and throat whitish subniger, p. 394,
/". Smaller : wing not 14 inches eleonora, p. 404,
/". Thighs leaden grey like breast concohr, p, 405,
g'. Thighs rufous.
g". Throat and breast white, the latter with black
stripes.
e". Larger : wing ll-8-13*3 inches eleonorce, p. 404,
/'". Smaller : wing 9-6-10-6 inches mbbuteo, p. 395,
li . Throat white, breast rufous.
g". Chest rufous.
e^. Sides of crown not different from crown
itself.
c\ No white forehead.
a^. With a blue shade above severus, p. 397.
ft". With a black shade above religiosiis, p. 397.
d\ Forehead whitish : breast mottled or
streaked.
376 FALCONIBJJ.
c". Larger : flanks with greyish bat's and
shaft-stripes ; middle tail-feathers
plainly barred ; primaries barred
with rufous for nearly their full
length lunulatus, p. 398.
<r. Smaller : flanks uniform rufous ;
middle tail - feathers not barred ;
primaries vei-y slightly barred with
rufous near base of inner web .... cuviei-i, p. 400. ,
f*. A broad streak of orange from hinder sides
of crown down sides of neck ftisco-ccerulesceus,
h'". Chest black, spotted with white. p. 400.
y*'. Much larger and more powerful ; chest
entirely rufous, only the middle of the
breast black with fulvous spots aurantius, p. 402.
/*'. Very much smaller and more slender, only
the fore, neck tinged with rufous ; entire
breast black with fulvous spots or bars . albigulavk, p. 401.
hi Thighs white hypoleuais, p. 394.
1.. Falco communist.
Le Faucon, Briss. Orn. i. p. 321 (1760) ; JSuff. PL Enl. i. p. 197,
pi. 421, et Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p_. 249 (1770).
Le Faucon pelerin, Briss. Orn. i. p. 341 (1760).
Le Faucon sors, Biif. Pf. Enl. i. pi. 470 (1770).
Oriental Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 34* (1787).
Behree Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 35 (1787).
Falco orientalis, Gm. Syst. Nut. i. p. 264 (1788, e.r Lath.) ; Lath. Ind.
Orn. i. p. 22 (1790); Daiul. Traite, ii. p. 70 (1800) ; Strickl. 0>-«.
Stjn. p. 83 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 19 (1869).
Falco communis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 270 (1788, ex Buff.) ; Less. Traite,
p. 88, pi. 10. fig. 1 (1831) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. ii (1844); Teimn. ^•
Schl. F. J. Aveg, p. 1 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 23 (1850) ; id. Rev.
et 3Iay. de Zool. 1654, p. 536 ; Schl. Voy. Nederl. p. 6, pis. 1-3
(1854) ; id. Mus. P.-B. Falcones, p. 1 (1862) ; id. Voq. Nederl. Ind.
Palcones, pp. 2, 44, pi. 1. fig. 2 (1866) ; Deyl. ^- GcThe, Orn. Eur.
i. p. 81 (1807) ; Sundev. Sv. Foql. p. 206, pi. xxvi. fig. 2 (1867) ;
Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 20 (1869) ; Bocaye, Cat. Lisb. Mus.
p. 42 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 17 (1871); Sharpe,
Ann. N.H. (4) xi. p. 222 (1873); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. .32 (1873).
Falco hornotinus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 270 (1788, e.r Bttff.).
Falco peregrinus, Gm. S. N.i. p. 272 (1788, e.v Briss.); Wils. Am.
Orn. ix. p. 120, pi. Ixxvi. (1814) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 22
(1820) ; Naum. Voy. Deutschl. i. Taf 24, 25 (1822) ; Werner, Atlas,
t The older authors apparently derived their nomenclature from the terras
in use in falconry ; and it is difficult to tell what their descriptions really were
intended for, as in several instances it is evident the Goshawk is mixed up with
the Peregrine. Two names have been adopted by modern writers, viz. Falco
communis and Falco percyrinus, titles founded by Gmelin on descriptions of his
predecessors. The latter has generally been adopted ; but inasmueli as both are
said to have yellow irides, they are both open to the same objection, though they
are otherwise good descriptions of the Common Peregrine. I prefer in this case
to employ the title of Falco communis of Gmelin, founded on the " Faucon " of
Brisson and Biiffon. There can be nfi doubt as to the species intended by the
latter, as will be seen bv the figure.'^ in the ' Planches Enliuninees.'
75. FALCO. gir-
Rapaces pi 8 (1827) ; Sw. 4- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. p. 23 ^1831) •
na^u! ^-./"^^P^- ^1 (1®3^> ' Audubon, B. N. ^m iV84 d1 xi'
1861 I' W' ' ^"'J-^'"-- t?b. X. figs. 8, 9 (1858/; rS IbS,
»/ ;'• ?■ ^ <^«'-««y, <• c- p. 131; Jenl. B. Ind.iv 21 ri862^
P Z S ithi^^'hl ''P """^J"' ^- ^^- ^^ Pt- i (1862 Si:
Ihs, 18bG,p.234,- 7F/^/<e/y, Ibis, 1867, p. 194 7r«T/Lw8(8
Ho^?^ {<^>-d-Iiis, 1871, p. 237; iVeM;<««, ,f/. r„„- ^n'^ ^ n^^
p: 121 (1873).' '' ^''' ^^'^' P- 1^^' -^^^^ ^- '^'«^''- ^'""«'^^-
Falco calidus, Z«^A. /wrf. Orw. i. b 41 ri790^ • rv.,., 77- 7 7 « •
p. 19 (1869); Blyth, Ibis, 1863,^p 7. ^ ^' ^'"^' ^""'^-^- ^- '■
^alco lunulatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 127 (1800 ex Tafh ^
Faco abietinus^ ^.c/..^. NatJ-r, Lutschl.r^. 759 (1805)
Falco gentihs, Wils. Mem. Wem. Soc ii d 587 HRlft^ . tj.-
Abbild. Vo,jeleiern, Taf. Ii. figs. l«-r(1845) ^^ ^ ^^^ ' ^^''^''''^
^a CO cornicuni, ^/-eA,;*, Viig. Beutschl. p. 62 (1831)
-talco griseiveiitris, ^/-eAwj, /«•«, 1833, pf 778
±aIco anatum, J5;p. a>7Hj9. ListB. Eur ix N Am r. d n«q« «
p. OciO, ^trickl. Orn. Sun. p. 83 n85n'> • Cn^^ n n r^ or
(1855) ; Nekton, Ibis, 1859,^p. 63 ,• S i-' ^S ^ f '/" ? ^/^ ^^
FaTco micrurus, Ilodffs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) ; Jerd Ibis
Le Faucon hagard, Schl. ^- Verst. Traite Feme. pi. 11 (1853)
Le Tiercelet sors de Faucon, iid. ut supra, pi. 12 (1853) ^"
^.•.,1867,pr465; 57-o^v3, ij^ ,186^- ^;V.- ci'TivSn'
*/;«/27e, .J7/7,. iV'; If. (4) xi. p. 223 (1873) ^ *■ ^ '
^a CO leucogenys, ^7-e/(77i, Naumannia, 1855, p 968
F«!nn r^^fP°j,'l^s, Vian, Rev. et May. de Zool. 1867, p 174
Falco brookn, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. pp. 20, 222 (1873).'
AduU male. Above bluish grey, nmch paler on the rump and
upper tail-coverts, barred with blackish, the bands on Z^ast
named par s more or less dart-shaped ; head, neck, upper part 0^
inausMmt on the atter; cheeks, ear-coverts, and a short moustachiil
band blackish; forehead whitish ; sides of neck white, Sng a
378 FAICONID^.
patch of white separating the ear-coverts from the hind neck ; under
surface of body white, with a tinge of pale fawn on the breast and
lower abdomen, the throat unspotted, the chest with a few narrow
black shaft-stripes ; rest of the under sm-face crossed with narrow
bars of blackish, taking the form of spots in the centre of the breast,
and of narrow dart-shaped lines on the under tail-coverts ; quills
brownish black, primaries slightly shaded with greyish, the secon-
daries clearer grey, crossed by dull blackish bars, the smaller median
quills tipped with white ; tail-feathers greyish, broadly barred with
black and tipped with white, the bars more obscure towards the tip
of the tail, which thus appears darker than the base ; cere and eye-
lids yellow ; bill blue, blackish towards tip ; feet yellow, claws
black ; iris dark hazel-brown. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1*2,
wing 12-12-7, tail 6-5_, tarsus 2-05.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but larger. Total
length 17 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 14-5, tail 7"5, tarsus 2-3.
Young male. Brown, all the feathers margined with buffy brown,
shading off into white on the extreme edge ; primaries dark brown,
without any perceptible paler margin ; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers brown, broadly tipped with buffy white, the outer web
spotted, and the inner one barred with pale rufous, more or less
distinct ; crown of head brown, with paler edgings, like the back,
forehead and fore part of crown, a broad streak from the hind part
of eye to the nape, and the whole of the latter mottled with white
and slightly tinged with rufous ; feathers in front of eye, moustachial
streak, and feathers above the ear-coverts dark brown, the sides of the
face and neck whitish, with a few dark brown shaft-stripes ; under
surface of the body whitish, the throat unspotted, all the rest of the
feathers dark brown in the centre, these central markings becoming
broader and more dart-shaped on the sides of the body, while on the
lower flanks they take the form of interrupted bars ; cere and eye-
lids blue ; feet yeUow. Total length 15 inches, wing 12-2.
Young female. Similar to the young male, but much larger.
Total length 17 inches, wing 14.
Young male on leaving the nest. Brown, all the feathers edged
with rufous, a clear greyish shade pervading the upper surface, and
particularly distinct on the secondaries ; head and neck rusty buff,
the sides of the crown and occiput, the nape and hind neck, the
feathers behind the eye, and the moustachial line mottled with
blackish ; under surface of the body rusty buff, with longitudinal
median spots of dark brown, fewer on the thighs, and changing
into bars on the under wing- and tail-coverts ; throat paler and
unspotted*.
* The above descriptions are taken from European specimens ; but I add
some of birds from various localities, to aid in a further examination of the
questions at issue : —
a. From the Himalayas,'i = ¥. atriceps, Hume.
Adult male. Upper surface pale bhie-grey, lighter on the rump and upper
tail-coverts, very narrowly barred across with greyish black, nearly obsolete on
75. iwLco.
a.
h.
c.
d.
e.
2 ad. St.
j ad. St.
cJ juv. St.
2 ad. St.
cir ad. St.
Great Britain.
Devonshire.
Devonshire.
Devonshire.
Bickham, Devon.
Col. Montagu
Col. Montagu
Col. Montagu
;p.].
379
the rump, but darker and more distinct on the upper parts, becoming black on
the crown and hind neck, but still with a greyish shade ; forehead scarcely at
all whitish ; lores whitish, just tipped with blackish ; fore part of cheeks and
a moustachial streak greyish black, the ear-coverts also washed with greyish ;
entire throat and the upper breast, as well as the sides of the neck, pure white,
without any markings at all ; rest of the under surface of the body white, with
very narrow brownish cross bars, on the lower part of the breast a few small
spots of black ; wing-coverts blue-grey, with nearly obsolete blackish cross
markings, the least wing-coverts darker, Uke the upper back ; quills black, with
a greyish shade externally, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white, the in-
nermost ones pale blue-grey like the lower back, with obsolete blackish cross
markings ; tail blue-grey, tipjjed with bufiPy white, narrowly barred with
blackish, the whole tail much darker towards the tip, where the bars become
broader, the subterminal one being the broadest of all ; bill light blue, dark at
the tip ; cere and orbits light yellow ; legs and feet rather brighter yellow ;
iris deep brown. Total length 15-7 inches, culmen 1-1.5, wing 11-5, tail 6'5,
tarsus 1-9.
Female. Similar to the male, but larger and rather darker. Total length
19'5 inches, culmen 1'4, wing 13'4, tail 8, tarsus 2'15.
/?. From Japan.
Young. All the feathers of the upper surface deep brown, margined with paler
brown, the upper tail-coverts and tail with broad whitish tips ; the basal half of
the latter marked with obsolete rufous spots and bars ; frontal line and lores
whitish ; crown of head dark brown, with narrow fulvous margins to the fea-
thers; nape and liind neck mottled with clear fulvous, with somewhat of a
rufous tinge ; feathers under the eye blackish, produced backwards along the
upper ear-coverts, where there is a browner tinge ; cheek-stripe deep black ;
sides of the neck white, with a few central spots of black on some of the lower
feathers ; chin and throat white, the latter with a few siiaft-stripes of brown ;
rest of the imder surface whitish, with a wash of pale tawny buflP from the breast
downwards, all the feathers dark brown in the centre, giving a very broadlv
striped appearance ; the under tail-coverts buff, with broad irregular bars of
brown, somewhat arrow-shaped on the outer ones ; under wing-coverts very
dark brown, the least ones margined with buff, tlie greater ones and the axil-
laries spotted with buffy white ; under surface of the quills spotted, the primaries
barred near the base of inner web with pale rufous. Total length 19 inches,
culmen 1-35, wing 14o, tail 8-5, tarsus V'l.
In my paper on Peregrines I was not certain whether the Japanese species, of
which only young birds are in the Museiun, might not prove to be the same as
the Western-American form ; but I now incline to think them only the Euro-
pean bird.
y. From Western America, — F. nigriceps.
Adult male. Forehead whitish ; head and neck black, with a wash of grey,
more clear on the ear-coverts, which, as well as the cheeks, are black ; upper
surface clear bluish grey, with blackish cross bands, fewer on the rump ; wing-
coverts very distinctly mottled with black, edged with grey ; quills blackish
brown, with a greyish shade on the primaries, the secondaries tipped with
whitish, the inner ones bluish grey with black cross bars ; tail blackish, pale
grey towards the base, iron-grey on the outer feathers, barred with black, more
indistinct on the central rectrices ; throat and chest pale creamy white, with a
narrow indi.stinet shaft-stripe on a few Of the feathers of the latter: rest of
the uiuler svu-face white, inclining to buff in the centre of the bodv, and wa.shed
380
VALCOMDJE.
/. (S ad. st.
ff. 2 ad. st,
k. Pull. St.
i. cT j»v. sk.
A;. 2 ad. sk.
/. (S juv. sk.
«j. 2 S'd. sk.
H. (^ juv. sk.
o. 2 ad. St.
p. 2 ad. st.
q. 2 fi*i- sk.
r. d' juv. sk.
s. 2 juv. sk.
<. 2 J IV- st-
«. 2 ad. St.
V. (S ad. st.
M'. 2 )^^'- St.
.r. cj JUV. sk.
y. (j' ad. sk.
s. cJ ad. st.
«'. c? juv. st.
6'. 2 juv. St.
c'. c? ad. sk.
d. (S juv. sk.
■e. 2 juv. sk.
/'. 2 ad- sk.
g. 2 ad. st.
/*'. j ad. sk.
i'. S juv. sk.
k'. 2 j uv. sk.
Chiswick.
Chiswick.
Great Britain.
Yorkshire.
Littlecote, Berks.
Scotland.
Stockholm, Sweden,
April 13, 18^3.
Denmark (Benzon).
Athens.
Sardinia.
Tangiers (Olcesse).
S.E. coast of Arabia.
Ci-imea.
Persia.
India.
Nepaul.
Nepaul.
Nepaul.
Behar.
Madras.
Hakodadi, Japan.
Hakodadi, Japan.
Greenland.
S. Greenland, Sept. 7,
1871.
Fiskenaesset, Green-
land, Oct. 7, 1872.
Fiskenaesset, Green-
land, July 12, 1872,
N. America.
N. America.
Labrador.
Labrador.
Purchased.
Purchased.
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq,
J, Gould, Esq.
Purchased.
Baron A. von Hiigel,
C. W. L. Merlin, Esq, [P.],
A. B.Brooke, Esq. [P.]. One
of the types of i''. hrookii.
Howard Saunders, Esq.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J.
J. Gould, Esq.
K. Loftus, Esq. [P.],
Zoological Society.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
H. Whitelv, Esq. [C].
H. Whitely, Esq. [0.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. _
2, Es
R. B. Sharpe,
[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Hudson's Bay Co. [P.l.
Hudson's Bay Co. [P.].
Purchased.
Sir E. Parry [P.].
with grey on the flanks and thighs ; the bars across this part of the body very
scanty and narrow ; bill yellowish horn-colour at the base, deeper on the
under mandible, shading into bluish towards the tip ; feet yellow, claws
dark horn-brown. Total length li-S inches, culmen 1-2, wing 12'7, tail 65,
tarsus 2.
Female. Similar to the male, but larger, and having the black extending from
the head all over the interseapubiry region, down to the lower back, without any
indication of the alternate grey cross bars, which, where they occur on the rump
and upper tail-coverts, are nmch broader than in the male. Total length
18 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 14, tail 8, tarsus 2-1.
Young female. Brownish black, the feathers of tlie upper surface edged with
rufous, the tips of the upper wing- and tail-covert« inclining to fulvous ; head
and nape much mottled by fulvous margins to the feathers, especially the latter ;
from underneath the eye over the ear-coverts a line of feathers, as also a distinct
makr stripe, black ; ear-coverts and sides of the neck creamy buff, the latter
streaked with blackish; throat creamy buff; rest of under surface deep ferru-
ginous buff, the centres of the feathers broadly blackish brown, the markings more
arrow-shaped on the flank-feathers, which are crossed by bars of ferruginous
buff; under wing-coverts and asillaries very dark brown, tlie former barred, the
latter spotted, with ferruginous butf. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-35,
wing 14'r>. tail 8.">, tarsus 2'1.
75, FALCO.
/'.
c? ad. sk.
N.W. America.
m
. 2 ad. sk.
N.W. America.
n'.
5 Juv. St.
2 JUV. St.
Vancouver Island.
o'.
Vancouver Island.
p'
S ad. sk.
Mexico.
?'•
2 ad. sk.
Mexico.
;•'.
c? juv. St.
S. Nevis, W. I.
381
Capt. Collinson [P.
Capt. Collinson [P.'^
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
Dr. Lyall [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.".
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
W. Cottle, Esq. [p.].
s'. Skeleton. Purchased.
t.', u'. Sterna. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
v'-z'. Sterna. Purchased.
Obs. In the ' Annals of Natural History ' for March 1873 I gave
the result of my studies on the Peregrine Falcons in the Museum
collection, and recognized eight species, viz. : — 1. Falco communis,
Gm. ; 2. F. brooJcii, Sharpe ; 3. F. nigriceps, Cass. ; 4. F. niicnirus,
Hodgs. ; 5. F. peregrlnator, Sund. ; 6. F. melanogenys, Gould ; 7. F.
minor, Bp. ; and 8. F. cassini, Sharpe. Since writing that article I
have studied these Falcons in several continental museums, espe-
cially in the Leiden collection, where an admirable series exists. I
find, therefore, that some of my conclusions require modification.
In the first place the characters of jj?Hmrt^(? in Falco hrookii are not
trustworthy ; and all that can be said of that bird is, that it pro-
bably represents a small race resident in the countries bordering
the Mediterranean Sea. Then, again, Mr. Salvin ha.9 suggested to
me that my F. cassini is the true F. nignceps of Cassin. On a re-
examination of this question I must indorse my previous views on
the subject. In their recently published ' Nomenclator,' Messrs.
Sclater and Salvin recognize only one species of Peregrine all over
the New World, viz. F. commmiis, being in this respect at variance
with the late Mr. Cassin, Mr. Gurney, and myself. I cannot help
thinking that any one devoting a close study to these confessedly
difficult birds will find that there are three southern forms, confined
to and resident in the extreme south of America, Africa, and
Australia. At the same time the true northern type of Peregrine
occurs, though rarely, within the domain of these resident species,
migrating thence from the north ; and although there is not much
difficulty about the African and Australian birds, there is a question
as to the nomenclature of the New- World species. It is therefore
necessary to examine the works in which Mr. Cassin alludes to his
Falco nigriceps. We find that he first speaks of it in the ' Birds
of Texas,' and fixes the date of the title as " December 1853." It
seems clear to me that he intended the North-American bird to be
the true F. nigriceps, as he points out the distinctions between the
western bird and that from eastern North America {F. communis
vel anatum). At the same time he mentions that his species goes
down to Chili (Gilliss), and he figures a presumed Chilian specimen
in the report on the ' TJ. S. Astronomical Expedition ' published in
1855. This, Mr. Salvin thinks, indicates that the Chilian Peregrine
was intended by Cassin to be the typical F. nigricejjs, while I contend
that there is nothing to show that he recognized a second form in
South America, although there undoubtedly is such form ; nor is there
382 FALCONID^E.
any evidence that the above-mentioned figure was taken from a Chilian
specimen, though the inference is that this was the case ; but if the
figure is intended for the bird I call F. cassini, it is not a good
likeness at all. Until an examination of the types has taken place
I prefer to continue my nomenclature of these American birds,
though I would not now separate specifically the eastern and western
Peregrines of North America.
Another point remaining to be cleared up is the identity of Falco
atriceps of Hume. This I was inclined formerly to refer to F. micrunts
of Hodgson, a species which I would not now separate fi'om the ordi-
nary F, coDwiunis. But Mr. Blanford informs me that his impression
is that Mr. Hume's F. atriceps is the bird named by me F. pere-
grinator, the true F. peregvhiator being a Falcon from Central and
[Southern India, not at present represented in the Museum collection,
and probably unknown to European naturalists. As, however, the
bird I call F. perer/rinator is undoubtedly the one thus named in
other European museums, I must retain that title until I have the
opportunity of examining named specimens of F. atnceps.
2. Falco peregrinator.
Falco peregrinator, Sundev. Phi/siogr. Tidsskr. Lund, 1837, p. 177,
pi. 4 (descr. on'r/.) ; Gray, Grew, of B. i. p. 19 (1844) ; Sundev. Ann.
N. H, xviii. p. 454 (1846) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^- B. Nepal Hodgs.
p. 44 (1846) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Bcng. p. 14 (1849) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 28 (1850) ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65; Gould,
B. of Asia, part iii. (1851) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 321 (1851) ;
Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Stricld. Orn. Syn. p. 84
(1855) ; Jerd. B. of Lid. i. p. 25 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 8 ;
Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 19 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 55
(1869) ; Jerd. litis, 1870, p. 237 ; Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4j xi.
p. 223 (1873).
Falco shaheen, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 81 (1839) ; id. III. Ind. Orn.
pis. xii. & xxviii. (1847) ; Feb. Verh. z.-h. Wien, xiii. p. 610 (1863).
Falco sultaneus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Falco ruber, ScU. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 5 (1862).
Adult female. Head, neck, interscapulary region, and wing-
coverts deep black, with a shade of bluish grey on the latter ; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright bluish grey, the last with
a few nearly obsolete blackish cross markings ; quills black, exter-
nally washed with greyish, the inner web with a few nearly obsolete
rufous bars, the secondaries tipped with fulvous ; tail bluish grey,
darker towards the tip, which is tawny, the blackish bars nowhere
very distinct ; a frontal line of feathers slightly whitish ; sides of
the face black, the hinder ear-coverts and sides of neck creamy
white, tinged with rufous, which tinge is also apparent on the nape :
under surface deep tawny ferruginous, paler towards the throat,
with a few spots and cross bars of black on the flanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts deep rufous, barred across
with black ; axillaries brown, \vith oval spots of buff ; cere yellow ;
lO. FALCO.
383
bill slaty blue-black at tip ; feet yellow ; iris deep brown. Total
length IG inches, culmen 1-45, wing 12, tail 6-7, tarsus 2-25
ro2mff. Blackish, the nape and sides of neck mottled with rufous •
the wing-coverts and secondaries margined with rufous, these mar-
gins being nearly obsolete on the rest of the upper surface ; upper
tail-coverts and tail blackish, barred with rufous, which is gradually
disappearing on the central tail-feathers; under surface rich tawuv
paler towards tlie chest, the throat white and unspotted, all the rest
ot the feathers longitudinally streaked with black, these central
markings being heart- or zigzag arrow-shaped on the flauks, where,
as weU as on the under wing- and tail-coverts, they take the form
or cross bars.
Ilab. Indian peninsula and Himalayas.
^' t £i^ f- '^- ^>P^"^- ^- H- Hodgson, Esq. [P.
c.dad^sk. Nepaul. B. H. nod|son E^- P.
d,e. d2 juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. IIod|son, EsJ [P.
3. Falco minor. (Plate XII.)*
Falco peregrinoides Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jonrn. i. p. 236 (1830, mc
J emni.) ; Aai/p, Cotitr. Orn. 1850, -p. 5o
^"n^-n!""-:,^^'- ^''-/i '^^"•'^ ''' ^'"'^- 1850, p. 484; id. Cmsp. p. 2.'J
p. 83 (18o5) ; Gtinmj, Ibis, 1861, p. 181 ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 298 ;
I^yard B S. Afr. p. 19 (1867) ; ul. Ibis, 1869, p! 302 ;' Lrney,
f'i' ^^^^^P- 4^3 ; Graj,, Hand-l. B. i. p. 19 (1869) ; .ffo,«.y«.
J. J. U. ia/1, p. yl ; Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. cd. Gurimi, p. 12 (1872) :
Sliarpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 224 (1873)
Falco radama,^;;. Rev. et May. de Zool. 18o4, p. 536 (^r Verr.
p 19 (iS) ■ ^'''^"^- P- ^^ ^^^^^''' ^''"'^' ^""'^-^- ^- '■
Falco communis, var. minor, Sundev. Krit. om Levaill. p. 26 (1857)
Palco peregnnus, var. eapeusis, Grill, Zool. Antechi. p. 48 (1858)
i-alco communis minor, ISchl. Mus. P.-B. Falc p 4 (1802)
Falco communis Grand. Bev. et May. de Zool. 1867, p. 7; ScM. &■
Poll Fattn. Maday. Ois. p. 31 (1868). , ^^-'^^
Falco barbarus, Blnnf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 288 (1870).
Younr,. Forehead whitish ; head blackish brown, with obsolete
rutous margins, the nape and hind neck deep rufous, mottled with
b ack ; cheeks, region of the eyes, and upper margin of ear-coverts
black ; rest of the side of the face rufous white ; upper surface of
body deep blackish brown, with rufous margins to the feathers
Levaillants plate 28 answers, as Professor SundevaU well remarks to this
spec.es If ,ts prominent crest did not force the conviction of its beingrlni !
factured bircl Thus it must remain doubtful; but should it ever be fully
identified a fact very improbable to be consummated, as M. Jules vTrreaus
believes it to have been a doctored Ba,a), the synonymy .Wll be as follows :-
Le Faucon huppe, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 121 pi o^ nrgg-)
*^%«.^™'!sf(l8M)''^- '^''"'''' ''■• ^'- ^^^ y^^^^^ Levaill.)!' Strickl. On,.
Falco galericulatus. Hhaw, Gen. Zool. vii. ji. 140, pi. 20 (1809).
384 FAtCONID^.
more distinct on the upper wing-coverts, and paler on the upper
tail-coverts, which are also barred with ashy white ; tail blackish
brown, with creamy buff tip, barred with rufous, the bars on the
outer tail-feathers not parallel ; throat creamy white ; rest of the
under surface clear tawny, with central black markings down each
feather, broader on the flanks and more zigzag in shape on the
under tail-coverts ; bill horn-brown, mottled with yellowish. Total
length 12 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 9-1, tail 5, tarsus 1-6.
Hah. Southern and North-eastern Africa.
a. Juv. St. South Africa. M. Verreaux.
b. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
c. ? ad. sk. Waliko, Anseba valley, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
July 21, 1868.
4. Falco cassini.
PFalco nigriceps, Cass. U. 8. Astr. Exped. p. 176, pi. xiv. (1855).
Falco cassini, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 223 (1873).
Adult male. Above dark bluish ashy, everywhere transversely
spotted or barred with black, the bars very broad and closely set on
the upper part of the back, further apart and more sagittate in
shape on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; a frontal
line tinged with whitish, very indistinct ; entire head and hind neck,
cheeks, ear-coverts, and moustachial streak deep black, extending
on to the interscapulary region ; least wing-coverts blackish like
the latter, the others coloured and barred like the back ; quills deep
brownish black, the primaries with obsolete grey spots near the
base, the inner secondaries uniform with the back ; tail bluish ashy
with black bars, which become merged towards the tip of the tail,
so that this is conspicuously black for about a quarter of its length ;
throat itself creamy buff, unspotted ; fore neck and chest pale buffy
fawn-colour, with very narrow black shaft-lines, the shade of fawn
extending slightly on to the breast ; rest of under surface creamy
white, with a very strong grey shade on the lower parts, thickly
crossed with black bars ; the inner web of the quills with numerous
buify white bars, becoming smaller and more obsolete towards the
tips of the quills ; bill orange at liase, inclining gradually to bluish
horn-colour towards the tip ; feet yellow, claws horn-brown. Total
length 15*5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 12, tail 7, tarsus 2.
Female. Similar to the male, but larger, and without the bluish
shade on the lower parts (being probably not so old a bird) ; head,
neck, and sides of face black. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-35,
wing 13-5, tail 7*8, tarsus 1"9.
Young male. Above deep blackish brown, the nape tinged with
chestnut, all the feathers more or less distinctly margined with the
same colour, except the upper tail-eoverts and inner secondaries,
which are tipped with buff; quills blackish, the inner web half
barred with clear rufous ; tail blackish, tipped with creamy buff
and crossed with several indistinct grey bars, becoming rufous on
To. FALCo. " .'<8;j
the inner \v('l>9 ; forehead wliitish, the feathers under the eye, fore
part of cheeks, and moustaehial stripe deep hlack ; throat creamy
buff; rest of under surface deep ferruginous, paler on the lower
abdomen, all the featliers mesiall)- streaked witli a longitudinal
black spot, much larger and more arro\v-sha]ied on the dank-feathers.
Total length 16 inches, wing 12.
Hub. Chili and adjacent countries of South America.
a. cJ ad. St. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.].
h. $ ad. sk. Chili. 11. Cumiug, Esq. [C."
c. 5 imm. sk. Chili. II. Cuming, Esfj. [C.
d. S juv. sk. Santiago, Chili. E. C. Keed, Esc^. [C.
c. (S ad. sk. Chili. Purchased.
5. Falco melanogenys.
Falco peregrinus, Viq. S,- Horsf. Tr. Linn. Sac. xv. p. 183 (182G) ;
I>ifJ[lh'S Orn. Aitsir. part 20 (IBfiS).
Falco melanogenys, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 139; id. Si//i. B. Austr.
pt. ii. ( 183S) ; "Gmii, Gen. of B. i. p. li) (1844) ; Gould, B. Austr.
fol. i. pi. 8 (1848); Sturf, Exp. C. Austr. ii. App. p. 14 (1849);
Bp. Consp. i. p. 23 (1850); id. Rev. e.t 3Iu(/.-d(' Zuol. 1854, p. o3t);
Utrickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 56 (1855) ; Gould, Handb. B. uf Austr. i. p. 20
(1865); Bhitli, Ibis, 1866, p. 234; Grmj, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 19
(1809); Sfntrpe, Ann. N. If. (4) xi. p. 224 (1873).
Falco macropus. Swains. An. in Mcnaq. p. 341 (1837).
Falco commimis, Held. Valkv. Ned. Ind. pp. 2, 44, pi. 1. tig. 2
(1806).
Adult male. Head and nape deep black, including the entire sides
of the face, cheeks, and ear-coverts ; interscapulary region blackish,
with a few obsolete transverse bars of bluish grey ; rest of upper
surface bluish ashy, barred all over with blaclcish, some of the bars,
especially of the upper tail-coverts, assuming a triangular form ;
upper wiug-coverts somewhat washed with brown, the grey shade
being more perceptible on the greater series ; quills black, the
primaries outwardly shaded with gxey, outer secondaries narrowly
tipped with creamy white, the inner ones almost entireh' bluish
grey, with obscure blackish marblings and cross bars ; tail blackish,
with a narrow ashy white bar at the tip, the upper surface shaded
with grey, clearer towards the base, bars on centre rectrices eleven
in number, not including the broad subterminal black band ; throat
and upper breast deep creamy buff, the latter with a few median
black shaft-stripes ; rest of the under surface buffy white, closely
but narrowly barred across with black, sides of body and thighs
shaded with a bluish grey tinge ; fore part of breast and under
wing-coverts with a strong fawn-coloured shade ; bill greenish at
base, horny black at tip, under mandible deep orange ; feet yellow,
claws black; iris dark. Total length 14-8 inches, culmon 1-2, wing
11"8, tail G, tarsus 2.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger and more richly
coloured ; underneath deep ferruginous, paler on the chest, the
cross barring narrow and irregular, sometimes confined to a small
VOL. I, 2 1)
386 FALCONID^.
subterminal spot. Total length 16*5 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 13-3,
tail 6-6, tarsus 2.
Young male. Above brownish, the feathers edged with fulvous,
especially distinct on the wing-coverts and secondaries ; hinder neck
marked with pale tawny ; lower back and rump alternately barred
with ashy and dark brown, the subterminal bar being somewhat
triangular in shape ; tail brown, similarly barred with ashy and
tipped with fulvous ; quills dark brown, ■with paler edgings ; under
surface huffy white, inclining to deep fawn on the breast and abdo-
men, which are longitudinally streaked with blackish brown, the
flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillaries barred with the same
colour ; cere, bill, and feet paler than in the adults.
Young fenuile. Brown, head and cheeks blackish ; feathers of
upper surface spotted and tipped with rufous fawn ; imderneath
deep buff, inclining to rufous on the abdomen, the streaks on the
chest dart-shaped, on the abdomen oval, all very broad and distinct.
ITab. Australia, extending northwards through the Moluccas as
far as Java.
a. $ ad. St. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq.
b. $ juv. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq.
c,d. S ? ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.
e. ? juv. sk. Australia. Linnean Society.
/. (? ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.J.
ff. S juv. sk. Queensland. Purchased.
6. Falco barbarus.
The Barbeny Falcon, Albin, N. II. Birds, Suppl. iii. p. 2, pi. 2 (1740).
Le Faucon de Barbaric, Briss. Orn. i. p. 34.3 (1760).
Falco barbarus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 125 (1766); Bp. Consp. p. 24 (1850) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 184. pi. 6 ; Tristr. t. c. p. 289 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B.
Falc. p. 5 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 20 (1869) ; Heugl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 21 (1869) ; Sdcad. Fami. ltd. Ucc. p. 18 (1871) ;
Shelley, B. of Egijpt, p. 187 (1872) ; Hume, Stray Feathers, i. p. 19
(1872) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 356.
Falco pelegrinoides, Temm. PI. Col. 479 (1824).
Falco lanarius alphanet, Schl. Ahhandl. Geh. Zool. p. 16 (1841).
Falco peregrinoides, Schl. ^- Susem. Vog. Fur. Taf. 9. fig. 1 (1839) ;
Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 19 (1844); Licht. Nomencl. p. 5 (1854);
Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 2. fig. 3 (1858).
Falco punicus, Levaill. jtin. Expl. Alger., Ois. pi. 1 (1850).
Gennaia barbarus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536; Loche,
F.ipl. Alger, p. 55 (1867).
Barbary Falcon, Salvin ^ Brodr. Falconry, pi. xvii. (1855).
Adult male. Above delicate bluish grey, with rather faint cross
bars of dusky blackish, much broader on the interscapulary region,
and gradually fading in depth towards the lower back ; crown dusky
brown, with a tinge of grey, the forehead bufiy white, and the fore
part of the crown slightly washed with rufous ; hind neck entirely
rufous, here and there mottled with the greyish brovra of the head ;
feathers imderneath the eye, fore part of the ear-coverts, and cheek-
stripe blacldsh ; hinder part of ear-coverts and sides of neck creamy
75. FALCO. 3g'T
white with a slight rufous tinge ; wing-coverts like the upper back,
bWktr r. ^' r^^'n ''"f ^''' ^*'«"8ly pronounced; quills
blacki h shaded externally with greyish, the inner web barred with
pale ruious, the secondaries tipped with whitish, the inner ones
coloured like the back; tail bluish grey, inclining 'to ashy nLT
ba^e, tipped with creamy buff and barred across with black, the bars
towaMTth Jr \t '\'\^^f^ ^-' S^^dually increasing i^ breadth
nal hnfF?f P ' * '°1 'f ""'^^ '''"°^y ^^i*^ ' ^PP^'- P^rt of breast
pale huffy fawn, unspotted ; rest of under surface a litfle deeper in
colour than the breast, with a greyish lustre on the flanks ; the ab-
domen unspotted, but the sides of the body marked with a few
blackish spots, inchning to bars on the under tail-coverts; under
wiug-coverts creamy white, barred with blackish, the axiUaries
more strongly tinged with fawn, and streaked down he shafts cere
and base of biU yeUow, horn-blue at tip ; feet yellow; iris brown
lotal length 13-5 inches, culnien M, wing 11, tail 5-5 tarsus 16
foung male. General colour dark brown, darker on the intersca-
pulary region, aU the feathers margined with rufous ; the lower
back, rump, and upper taU-coverts paler brown, with bars and
edgings of paler rufous than the rest of the back ; aU the wing-
coverts very dark brown, with narrow margins of rufous ; crown of
the head paler brown with conspicuous margins of rufous, the fore-
head and fore part of crown inclining to whitish; nape and hind
jeck creamy white, shghtly tinged with rufous and mottled with
dark brown; sides of the face whitish, tinged with rufous the
feathers under the eye and cheek-stripe blackish brown ; unde; sui-
lace of the body creamy white, the throat and abdomen unspotted
he rest of the feathers mesially streaked with brown, narrower on
undp/r'l ' ^"i^ch bpoader and more rufous on the flanks, the
under tail-coverts with a narrow pale brownish shaft-stripe, w th a
faint indication of a cross bar here and there ; under wiL^crerts
creamy white, barred and spotted with rufous brown ; win|-coverts
coloured hke the back and edged with rufous in the same manner
the secondaries tipped with fulvous, all the quills broadly barred
with pale rufous on the inner web ; tail-feathers dark brown, with
ruS fPl ^"'^''' -^PP"*^ ^^*^ '"'^"^y ^^' ^°^ -^ barred wi h
rufous; the bars sometimes not being continuous ; cere bluish yel-
low; biU pale blue; feet yellow; iris blue-black. Total le/gth
13-0 inches, culmen M, wing 11, tail 5-7, tarsus 1-G. °
onfh. w 7 '? ^"^ North-eastern Africa, as weU as Senegambia
on the west coast, ranging into N.W. India and the Himalayahs
c. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. fl. Hodgson, Esq. [K].
7. Falco babylonicus.
Faico peregrinoides, Iloelffs. in Grai/s Zool. J//se.p.81 (-1844) • Grau
Cat Mamm. Sf Birds Nepal Hodgs. p. 44 (1846) ^ "^ ' •''
falco babylonicus, Gunin/, Ibi,, 1801 n i]8 ril' viJ • r ; » ^
2 n 2
;38S FALCONIDiE.
p. 221 ; Bli/th, torn. cit. p. 2:37 ; Gould, B. of Asia, pt. xx. (18(J.^)
Hume, Rouqh Notes, i. p. 79 (1869J ; Gz-rtf/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2U
(1869) ; Hharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 423 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 240 ; Rad-
c/iife,to)n. cit. p. 3150; S/tel/ci/, B. of Egypt, p. 189 (1872).
Adult female. Above bluish grey, the feathers with pale fulves-
cent margins, and having indistinct bars of darker grey ; the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts paler and clearer blue-grey,
transversely barred with dark grey, the bars somewhat irregular
and arrow-shaped on the upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts coloured
like tlie back, the greater series rather lighter grey ; quills brown,
externally shaded with grey, the secondaries margined and broadly
tijipcd with buffy white, and barred across with darker grey, the
bars very distinct on the lower surface of the wing, and especially
numerous on the primaries ; tail grey, tipped with fulvous and
crossed with nine or ten bars of darker grey, the light-grey inter-
spaces somewhat tinged -n-ith rufous, especially towards the base, the
lower surface of the tail whitish, the bars being very distinct ; head
and hind neck clear rufous, the cro^vn more or less inclined to
greyish black, of which colour many of the feathers are composed,
having only a slight margin of rufous ; the plumes of the nape and
hind neck also more or less mixed with greyish black ; sides of face
buffy white, tinged with rufous, the ear-coverts streaked with
brown, collecting on the cheeks and forming there a distinct mous-
tache ; throat pure white ; chest also white, with a few narrow
central streaks of brown ; remainder of under surface whitish,
slightly tinged with buff, and numerously marked with arrow-head
spots of brown in the centre of the body, and barred on the sides of
the breast, flanks, and under wing-coverts wath the same colour, the
bars on the greater series of the latter very broad ; the bars on the
thighs and under tail-coverts very much narrower; cere, gape, and
orbits bright yellow ; bill blue, blackish at tip ; feet bright yellow ;
iris deep brown. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 13-3,
tail 7*7, tarsus 1-95.
Obs. The above measurements are from the skin. Mr. Hume
gives those of an adult female as follows : — total length 17"25 inches,
wing 13, tail 7'25, tarsus 1-75. A young male measured by him —
total length 16 inches, wing 11-87, tail 6, tarsus 1-87.
Young male. Dark earthy brown; some of the feathers of the
crown obscurely margined, the nape and hind neck mottled, the
lower back and rump edged, and the upper tail-coverts also barred
with rufous ; tail dark brown, spotted on the outer web and banded
. on the inner one with rufous, the two centre feathers nearly obso-
letely barred ; quills dark brown, barred with pale buff on the inner
Aveb, the secondaries paler brown, edged and spotted on the outer
web with rufous ; feathers under the eye and cheek-stripe blackish
brown ; sides of the face and ear-coverts strongly tinged with ru-
fous ; throat whitish ; rest of under surface earthy buff, with central
dark brown streaks to the feathers, inclining to bars on the vent and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts brown, spotted and barred
with clear buff : cere pale sea-green ; bill pale bluish green, blackish
(
75. 1.-ALC0. 389
mi the culmen and at tip; feet bright yellow; iris dark brown.
Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 12, tail 6-0, tarsus 1*U.
Hah. N.E.Africa; Mesopotamia ; Central Asia, Turkestan ; N.W.
India to Nepaul.
a. 2 ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
b. 5 ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
c. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
8. Falco feldeggii *.
Falco feldeggii, Sckl. Ahlumdl. Geb. Zool. p. 3, Taf. 10, 11 (1841) ; id.
ii( Susem. Voy. Eta: Taf. 8 a (1841); Licht. Nomencl. p. 5 (1854);
Brehni, Naum. 1855, p. 208; Fritsch, V'uy. Eur. tab. 5. ligs. 1, 2
(1859).
Falco lanarius, SM. Crit. Uehers. p. ii (1844) ; Bp. Cousp. i. p. 24
(1850) ; Tn'str. Ibis, 1859, p. 284; Jaub. >§• Barth. Lap. Hick. Oni.
p. 54, pi. 5 (1859) ; SM. Mm. F.-B. Falc. p. 14 (1862); GotM,
B. of Asia, -pt. XX. (18li8) ; Farm. Ibis, 1868, p. 411; Gray,Hand-l.
B. i. p. 19 (1869) ; Borqqr. Vogelf. Deutschl. p. 55 (1809) ; Salvad.
Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 17 (1871) ; Shelley, B. of Eyypt, p. 188 (1872) ;
Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 35 (1873).
Falco rubeus, Tlwmein. Rhea, i. p. 72 (1840).
Le Lauier bagard, Schl. Sf Verst. Traits Faiic. pi. 10 (1853).
Genuaia lanarius, Bp. Rev. et Marj. de Zool. 1854, p. 536; LocJie,
Expl. Sci. Alyer. p. 53 (1867).
Lanuer, Salvin ^- Brodr. Falconry, pi. xvi. (1855).
Falco peregrinoides, Fritsch, Voy. Eur. tab. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1858).
Falco biarniicus, Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 44 ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 10.
Falco tanypterus, Koniy-Warth. Ibis, 1860, p. 122.
Falco lanarius grtecus, *&/*/. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 15 (1862).
Achdt male. Above ashy brown, with fulvous margins to the fea-
thers, some of which are also barred across with the same colour ;
lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark bluish
grey, with black cross bars, the latter shading rather into fulvous ;
wing-coverts all coloured like the upper back, with a scarcely pro-
nounced grey shade ; quiUs dark brown, externally washed with
ashy grey ; the inner Aveb so broadly barred with whitish that the
alternate brown bars are imperfect and very small; secondaries
tipped with buffy white, the innermost browner and more resembling
the wing-coverts ; tail ashy brown, with a distinct greyish shade
on the centre feathers, these more obsoletely, the others distinctly
* Professor Schlegel named this bird as abovo, but afterwards reverted to the
iiiinie of Falco lanarius, because he became convinced that it was the Lanner of
old falconers. We have, however, to deal with the question of the proper title
of tliis species according to the recognized rules of nomenclature. Falco
lanarius is Gmelin's title, taken direct from Linna'us's bird of the same name
(Faun. Suec. p. 22. no. 62). This is irrecognizable, but looks like a young
Peregrine ; it certainly is not the Falcon now known as the true Lanner. It is
likewise mixed up with the Lanier of Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 243), and the
Lanncret of Albin (Nat. Hist, of Birds, ii p. 7, pi. 7). Considering the confu-
sion ill which tlw specific name is involved, it seems better to adopt the term of
Falco felilcygii, which undoubtedly belongs to the species.
390 yALC0NIDJ5.
crossed with pale rufous bars ; entire head light brick-red, the nape
mottled with the greyish brown of the back ; a patch on the forehead
above each eye, feathers under the latter extending along the upper
margin of ear-coverts, and a narrow cheek-stripe black, small shaft-
lines of which also slightly streak the crown ; frontal line whitish ;
ear-coverts and sides of the neck creamy white, tinged with rufous ;
under surface creamy white, with a tinge of fawn on the breast ;
throat and fore neck unspotted ; the chest streaked, and the breast
and abdomen dotted, with little round spots of brown, taking the
form of bars on the flanks and under wing-coverts ; under tail-coverts
very pale fawn, with scarcely a mark of brown ; cere and base of
bill yellow, inclining to horn-blue at the tip ; feet yellow ; iris
brown. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 13-2, tail 7-6,
tarsus 1"95,
Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but a little larger. Total
length 18 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 14-5, tail 8-5, tarsus 1-9.
Young male. Brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers, these
being buff on the secondaries ; head very pale rufous, forehead
whitish ; fore part of crown black, and the whole of the latter
streaked with black, broader on the nape ; sides of face whitish,
with narrow lines of black ; feathers over and under the eye, upper
margin of ear-coverts, and cheek-stripe blackish ; under surface
whitish, inclining to buff on the lower parts ; the throat unspotted,
but the rest of the body covered with mesial dark brown centres to
the feathers, more oval in shape on the flanks and narrower on the
thighs ; under tail-coverts buff", with only a narrow brown shaft-
stripe ; tail dark brown, broadly tipped with creamy white, the
middle feathers spotted on both webs, the rest spotted on the outer
and barred on the inner web with rufous ; bill bluish at the base
and tip, yellowish horn in the centre of both mandibles ; feet yel-
lowish. ' Total length 16 inches, culmen 1, wing 11-5 (not fully
grown), tail 7, tarsus 1-9 *.
Hab. The countries bordering the Mediterranean, rarely extending
into Central Europe or below Egypt into N.E. Africa.
Cairo. Purchased.
Egypt. W. B. D. TurnbuU, Esq. [P.].
Tunis. L. Eraser, Esq.
Kelamet, Habab, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
July 9th, 1868.
* For the description of a still younger bird, see Shelley's ' Birds of Egypt '
(p. 189). This bird is more thickly blotched with brown on the breast, resem-
bling in this respect the young of Falco juggur. It is, however, distinguished
from this species by its pale rufous white head. The absence of rufous edgings
to the dorsal feathers is another peculiarity ; but I think there is no doubt that
it is only a young Lanner. I think my friend Captain Shelley is wrong in sup-
posing his bird with the whitish head and streaked breast to be the very old
bird. It is, in my opinion, not aged, though nearly mature, as is shown by the
brownish ashy colour of the tail, the bars across tiie dorsal plumes, the pale head,
and the streaks on the breast, which disappear and merge into spots in the
fully adult Lanner.
«.
$ ad. St.
b.
5 ad. sk.
c.
cj juv. st.
d.
$ juv. sk,
75. i'ALCO. 391
9. Falco tanypteruB.
Falco biarmicus, Miipp. Neue Wirb. p. 44 (1835) ; Strickl. F. Z. S.
1850, p. 215.
Falco tanypterus, Schl. Abhandl. Geb. Zool. ^c. p. 8, Taf. 12, 13
(1841, ex Licht. Mus. Berol); Bp. Consp. i. p. 25 (1850); Licht.
Nomencl. p. 5 (1854) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 107 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 20 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 289 (1870) ;
Finsch Sf HaHl. Vog. Osiafr. p. 67 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii.
p. 203 (1871).
Gennaia tan^-pterus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536.
Falco cervicalis, Horsf. Sf Iloore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 22
(1854) ; HaHl. Orn. Westafr. p. 261 (1857).
Falco lanarius nubicus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 15 (1862).
Adult. Intermediate in plumage between F. feldeggii and F. bi-
urmicus. When quite old, it never gets entirely unspotted on the
breast like the latter, but is always less so than in true F. fddeggiL
It is darker than either of its allies, and in size is slightly larger, as
will be seen by the following measurements : —
Male. Female.
Totallength. Wing. Totallength. Wing,
inches. inches. inches. inches.
Falco feldeggii 17 13-2 18 14-5
,, tanyptenis .... 17 13"5 19 15
„ biarmicus .... 15 12 16 14
Hab. N.E. Africa, from Nubia to Unyamuesi : "W. Africa, on the
Niger and in Aguapim.
a, b. A ad. iuv. st Shoa (Harris). Secretaiy of State for
' ■" India [P.].
c. 2 ad. sk. Mohaber, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
July 5, 1868.
d. cJ ad. sk. Wandash Pass, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
April 25, 1868.
e. 2 ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler
/. ? juv. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler
10. Falco biarmicus.
Falco biarmicus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 324 (1825) ; Grag, Gen. of B.
i. p. 19 (1844) ; Gumeg, Ibis, 1860, p. 207 ; Lagard, B. of S. Afr.
p. 20 (1867).
Falco cbicqueroides, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Joum. i. p. 233 (1830), et
P. Z. S. 1833, p. 45.
Falco lanarius cervicalis, Schl. Abhandl. Geb. Zool. p. 17 (1841, ex
Licht. 3Ius. Berol).
Gennaia cervicalis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p.65 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 530.
Falco cervicalis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 5 (1854) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 24
(1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 19 (1869) ; Homeger,J.f. 0. 1871,
p. 47 ; Gurmy in Anderss. B. Damara Ld. p. 13 (1872).
Falco lanarius capensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 16 (1862).
;i92 I'ALCOXID.l^.
Adult male. Forehead rather broadly whitish ; fore part of crown
deep greyish black ; rest of crowu and nape deep brick-red, varied
with black shaft-stripes, on the nape tlie black collecting in the centre
and forming a nuchal spot, the rufous shade paler over the eye, form-
ing an almost imperceptible eyebrow ; cheek-stripe, feathers round
the eye, and a line running along the upper margin of the ear-coverts
to the nape black ; ear-coverts and sides of neck rufous, slightly
washed with buff ; interscapulary region deep greyish black, some
of the feathers slightly margined with brownish ; rest of upper
surface deep blue-grey, much paler on the ramp and upper tail-
coverts ; the scapulars and inner secondaries slightly shaded with
bro^vnish ashy, all the feathers barred across with greyisli black,
these bars much narrower on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ; least wing-coverts coloured like the interscapulary region,
the median and greater series like the scapulars ; quills blackish,
primaries slightly washed with grey, secondaries narrowly tipped
with whitish, otherwise coloured and barred like the back ; tail
ashy grey, tipped with white and barred across with greyish black ;
under surface clear cinnamon-buff, paler on the throat, in old birds
entirely unspotted ; the wing-coverts only marked with blackish, in
others marked on the flanks and thighs with a few spots and bars
of black ; feet yellow ; bill yellow at base, horn-blue at tip ; iris
lightish brown. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 12, tail 7,
tarsus 1"9.
Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 16
inches, wing 14,
Young. Head rufous, as in the adults, and marked with black in
the same manner, the whitish eyebrow plainer ; upper surface dark
brown, all the feathers edged with rufous, the margins of the
secondaries and upper taU-coverts paler and more buff; tail greyish
brown, tipped with pale rufous, and irregidarly spotted and barred
with the same colour ; imder surface deep fawn ; the throat and
chest paler and inclining to whitish, the latter longitudinally marked
with blotches of brown, which become very broad on the lower
breast; lower abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs clear cinnamon-
buff, only the last marked externally with brown ; under wing-
coverts brown, broadly margined with fulvous, the greater ones and
axillaries spotted with pivle rufous.
Nestlin;/. Only differs from the foregoing fuUy-grown young bird
in ha%-ing more distinct rufous margins to the dorsal feathers, and
in having the tail banded with rufous, these bars evidently disap-
pearing very soon ; head rufous.
H(dy. South Africa.
ti. 2 ^d. st. Latakoo, S. Africa.
b. Pull. St. S. Africa.
c. cj' ad. sk. Eland's Post, S. Aftica. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
(/. (^ juv. sk. l]land's Post, S. Africa E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
{T. Atmore).
M. 'X'eiTeaux [C.l.
M. Verreaux [C.J.
n
75. FALco. 393
11. Falco juggur.
lAiggur Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 192 (1821).
Falco jug-ur, J. E. Grui/, III. Lul. Oni. ii. pi. 26 (18.33); Schl.
Abhandl. Geh. Zool. S,-c. p. 13, Taf. V, (1841); G. H. Gray, Gen.
of B. i. p. 19 (1844); J. E. Gray, Cut. Mamm. 6; liirds Nepal
Jloch/s. p. 43 (1846) ; £h/th, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. Beny. p. 13
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 24 (1850); Guvld, B. of Asia, pt. i.
(18-30); J£orsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co. p. 20 (1854);
Strickl. Orn. Si/it. p. 79 (1855) ; Blyt/i, Ibis, 18r:3, p. 369 ; Hume,
Rouyh Notes, \. p. 70 (1869) ; Gray, Iland-l. of B. i. p. 20 (18o9).
Falco luggur, Jerd. Madr. Joitrn. x. p. 80 (1839) ; id. III. Ind. Orn.
pi. xliv. (1847).
Falco tliennopliilns, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Gennaia juggur, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 55; Bp. Bev. et May. de
Zool. 1854, p. 536.
Falco cberru^, Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 387 (eiT.).
Pnigoliierax juggur. Cab. J.f. O. 1872, p. 156.
Adult male. Lores, forehead, and a very distinct eyebrow white ;
crown of the head dull rufous, everywhere covered with central
shaft-markings of ashy black, the nape rather paler rufous, mottled
with black ; upper surface of the back ashy brown, with a faint
shade of clearer grey, all the feathers margined with pale fulvous,
the lower part of the back much clearer grey, the feathers not con-
spicuously paler-edged ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, the
carpal margin white ; quills greyish black, externally washed with
clearer grey, narrowly margined with fulvous, the inner secondaries
coloured like the back, obsoletcly barred with ashy, the inner webs
barred with white ; tail clear ashy grey, with a white tip, the outer
feathers darker and banded on the inner web with whitish ashy;
sides of the face and underiDarts creamy white, a line of feathers
under the eye extending along the upper ear-coverts, and a narrow
moustachiril streak, blackish ; on the lower breast a few brown
shaft-streaks, and the flanks and thighs ashy broviTi, some of the
former slightly tipped with white ; under wing-coverts for the most
part white, some of the lower ones dark brown, broadly margined
and spotted with white ; cere and gape bright yellow ; bill bluish,
black at tip ; feet yellow ; iris rich brown. Total length 1.5-5 inches,
culmen 1, wing 11-S, tail 7, tarsus 1-95.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 17
inches, culmen 1-35, wing 13-6, tail 8-5, tarsus 1-95.
Young. Above duU chocolate-brown, the wing-coverts washed
with rufous on their margins, this colour not seen on th£ dorsal
plumes ; quills barred on inner web with rufous buff, the small
secondaries tipped with fulvous ; tail-feathers ashy brown, with a
conspicuous creamy white tip, the inner webs barred with pale
rufous : forehead and distinct eyebrow whitish ; crown dark brown,
varied with rufous margins to the feathers ; sides of the face whitish,
streaked with dark brown ; under surface deep chocolate-brown,
the sides of the body and uiulcr wing-coverts slightly washed with
lufous. some of the breast-feathers margined with whitish, giving
a somewhat striped appearance : under tail coverts creamy white,
;^94 FALCONID^.
with irregular burs of dark brown ; feet pale plumbeous or dull
greenish grey ; iris pale brown or brownish yellow. Total length
15-5 inches, culmeu 1-2, wing 12, tail 7"5, tarsus 1-95.
Intermediate birds between the two stages described have more
distinct pale margins to the upper plumage, and have more or less
brown stripes on the chest and upper breast.
Hab. Indian peninsula.
a. Ad. St. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
b. Ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq.
c. Ad. sk. India.
d. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
e. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
/. Juv. St. Madras. Dr. Jerdou [P.].
g. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
h. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
12. Falco hypoleucus.
Falco hypoleucus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 162 (descr. orig.) ; ScM.
Ahhandl. Geb. Zool. S,-c. p. 16 (1841); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 19
(1844) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. i. pi. 7 (1848) ; Sturt, Exp. C. Austr.
ii. App. p. 13 (1849) ; Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 24 (1850) ; StricM. Om.
Syn. p. 80 (1855) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 24 (1865) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. l8 (1869).
Gennaia hypoleucus, Kaup, Cmitr. Orn. 1850, p. 55.
Hierofalco hypoleucus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536.
Adult. Above ashy, with a fulvous tinge, especially at the edges
of the feathers, with a shade of clearer grey on the wing-coverts,
all the feathers of the upper surface distinctly centred with a blackish
shaft-stripe; head decidedly darker and more bluish, with very
numerous black shaft-stripes showing conspicuously ; nape whitish,
with broader stripes and a tinge of rufous at the sides ; frontal line
and sides of the face whitish, the lores black, and the upper margin
of the ear-coverts tinged with greyish ; quills blackish brown, with
leaden-grey shafts, the secondaries tipped with bufiy white and
shaded with ashy grey ; tail-feathers ashy, with a broad fulvous
tip, with a few nearly obsolete bars of black towards the tip, the
subterminal one being more distinct, the shafts leaden grey ; under
surface of the body entirely white, with a slight shade of buff on
the flanks and under tail-coverts, the throat unspotted, but the rest
of the feathers narrowly centred with a blackish shaft-stripe, almost
obsolete on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts
white, rather more distinctly marked with blackish ; cere, orbits,
and gape orange-yellow ; biU yellow at base, black at tip ; feet
brilliant orange-yellow ; iris dark brown. Total length 12 inches,
culmen 1, wing 10-6, tail 5-5, tarsus 1'75.
Hab. Australia.
a. cJ ad. st. Champion Bay, Australia. Purchased.
13. Falco subniger.
Falco subniger. Gray, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 371 (1843) ; id. Gen. B. i.
p. 19, pi. 8 (1844) ; Goidd, B. Austr. fol. i. pi. 9 (1848) ; Sturt,
75. I'ALco. 395
Exp. C. Audi: ii. App. p. 14 (1849) ; £p. Consp. i. p. 24 (1850) ;
Strickl. Om. St/n. p. 80 (185oJ ; Schl. Mits. P.-B. Falc. p. 18
(1862); Gray,Hand-l. B. i. p. 18 (1869); Biggies, Orn. Amtr.
pt. 9 (1809).
Hierofalco subniger, Kmip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 56 ; Bp. Hev. etMag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 536.
Adult male. Everywhere dark brown, merging into black ; fore-
head, feathers below the eye, on the ear-coverts, and sides of the
neck more or less mottled with whitish ; throat white, streaked
with brown ; on the breast a few spots of buff here and there ;
under taU-coverts transversely barred with buffy white ; wings and
tail faintly barred underneath with very pale I'ufous ; cere yellow ;
bill lead-colour ; legs and feet leaden yellow, claws black ; iris dark
brown. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1'25, wing 14"3, tail 8*8,
tarsus 2.
Female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length
19-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 15-8, tail 10-5, tarsus 2-3.
Hah. Australia.
a. cJ ad. st. Australia. Purchased.
h. $ ad. sk. Australia. John Gould, Esq.
c. 5 ad. sk. Australia. John Gould, Esq.
14. Falco subbuteo.
The Hobby, Alhin, N. II. Birds, i. p. 6, pi. 6 (1738).
Le Hobreau, Briss. Orn. i. p. 375 (1760).
Falco subbuteo, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 127 (1766); Temm. Man. d'Orn.
i. p. 25 (1820) ; Naum. Vog. Detdschl. i. p. 290, pi. 26 (1822) ;
Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi". 9 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 22
(1837); Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 40 (1843); Schl. u. Snsem. VUg.
Eur. Taf. 10. fig. 1 (c. 1845) ; Kjarb. Om. Dan. Afb. iii. fig. 1
(1851); Sclil. Vog. Nederl. pi. 8 (1854); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 85
(1855); Ilewits.' Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 26, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1856);
Fritsch, Vng. Em: tab. iii. figs. 1, 2 (1858) : Radde, Reis. Sihir. ii.
p. 100 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 9 ; More, His, 1865, p. 9 ;
Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. viii. (1865); Farm. Ibis, 1868, p. 412;
Simdev. Si: Foql p. 215, pi. xxvi. fig. 4 (1869); Hetigl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 33 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 20"(1871);
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 340 ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 59 ; Sharpe
(§- Dresser, B. Eur. pt. iv. (1871); Godman, Ibis, 1872,' p. 105;
Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 38 (1873).
Falco barletta, Baud. Traitc, ii. p. 129 (1800).
Ilypotriorcbis sublniteo, Buie, Isis, 1826, p. 976; Gray, Gen. of B. i.
p. 20 (1844); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54; Bp. Consp. i. p. 25
(1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 33 (1862) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1865, p. 258 ;
Degl. 4- Gerbc, Orn. Eur. i. p. 85 (1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 21
(1867) ; Hume, Rouqh Notes, i. p. 85 (1869) ; Graij, Han'd-l. B. i.
p. 20 (1869) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 14 (1872).
Falco birundinum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 65 (1831).
Dendrofalco subbuteo. Gray, List Gen. of B. ^. 3 (1840).
Dendrofalco hirimdinuin, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269.
Dendrofalco arboreua, Brehm, ut supra.
Hypotriorchis cuvieri, Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 20 (1869, nee Smith).
Advil male. Above dark slaty grey, inclining to blackish on the
396
FALCONID^,.
head, mucli clearer on the lower back and rurap ; wing-coverts like
the back ; quills blackish, tail slaty grey, both barred on the inner
web with rufous ; forehead and eyebrow whitish, nape tinged with
rufous ; cheek-stripe, feathers below the eye, and along the upper
margin of ear-coverts black ; hinder part of cheeks, sides of neck,
throat, and entire breast creamy white, with a rufous tinge, the
latter broadly streaked with black down each feather, with a greyish
shade on the flanks and vent ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts
rich ferruginous ; under wing-coverts bufFy white, with blackish
cross markings ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; bill bluish black,
yeUow at base ; iris dark brown. Total length 11*6 inches, culmen
0"7, wing 9-6, tail 5-5, tarsus 1-25.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 13*5
inches, culmen 0'7, wing 10-6, tail 6'5, tarsus 1'4.
Young. Greyish black, with fulvous edgings to the feathers,
especially broad and distinct on the secondaries, rump, and crown ;
forehead and eyebrow fulvous white ; cheek-stripe and line under the
eye black ; sides of neck, nape, and throat rich creamy buff; under
surface creamy buff, with a rafous tinge on the thighs and under
tail-coverts, the median markings being very broad and distinct on
the breast, more narrow on the thighs, and confined to a long streak
on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts rufous, with numerous
black cross bars ; quills and tail black, both banded on the inner
web, and the latter tipped with rufous.
Hab. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending to India
and N. China, and migrating in winter to S. Mrica.
a. cJ juv. St. England.
h, c. Pull. St. England.
(I. S .iuv. st. Devonshire.
e. cS juv. st. Tuniliam Green.
f. 2 ad. st. Turnham Green.
]/. 2 ad. sk. Sussex, April 1867.
/(. cj ad. sL Fontainebleau.
i. (5" juv. sk. Fontainebleau.
k. d ad. sk. Belgium, .Tilly 27, 1842.
I. S ad. st. Northern Asia.
in. 2 ad. sk. Irtysch River.
71. (S ad. St. Archangel.
o. 2 juv. St. Archangel.
■p. 2 'id. st. Athens.
q. cT juv. sk. Turkey, Oct. 2, 1871
{Rohson).
J. Scales, Esq. \V.'].
Mr. J. Baker [P.].
Col. Montagu [P.].
Mr. J. Baker [C.].
Mr. J. Baker [C.].
J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].
Brussels Museum [P.].
Moscow Museum [P.]. •
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
II. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
C.W.L. Merlin, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
2 ad. sk.
2 ad. St.
2 juv. sk.
2 juv. sk.
cj ad. sk.
Skeleton.
Sternum.
Sternum.
Sternum.
a. Skull.
b',c. Skull.
r.
s.
t.
u.
V.
w.
X.
y-
Sicily.
Natal.
Nepal.
Darjiling.
China.
Wiu'tcnibert
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Purchased.
W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.].
.1. Rae, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Giinther.
J. Rae, Esq. [P.].
75. FALCo. r!!)7
15. Falco severus.
Falco severiis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 13.5 (1822) ; Stiichl. Odi.
Si/n. p. 87 (1855); SrM. Mas. P.-B. Falc. p. 23 (1802); Blyth,
Ibis, 1863, p. 8 ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. Iml. Valkv. pp. 4, 45, Taf. 2.
figs. 2, 3 (18(3G); Radd. Ibis, 1871, p. 366; ScM. Rcvne Accipitr.
p. 46 (1873).
Falco aldrovaudii, Temni. PL Col. i. pi. 128 (1823) ; Less. Traitc (TOrn.
p. 91(1831).
Faleo rufipedoides, Hodgs. Calc. Juurn. K. H. i\. p. 283 (1844).
Falco guttata. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. Brit. Mas. p. 26 (1844).
Il3'poti-ioichis severus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Blyth, Cat.
B. Mas. As. Soc. Beny. p. 14 (1849) ; Kaup, Cmtr. Orn. 1850,
p. 54; Bp. Consp. i. p. 25 (1850) ; Hvrsf. S; lloore, Cat. B. Mas.
E. I. Co. i. p. 23 (1854); Jerd. B. Incl. i. p. 34 (18('2); Wall.
Ibis, 1868, p. 5 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 20 (1869) ; Hume, Rough
Notes, i. p. 87 (1869) ; Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 33 (1872).
Adult female. Above black, Tvith a slight slaty grey shade, more
distinct on the lower back, rump, and tail, the bars on the latter
being obsolete ; cheeks and ear-coverts entirely black, like the head ;
under surface of body uniform bright chestnut ; throat and sides of
neck creamy white, the latter Avith a shght wash of chestnut ; under
wing-coverts chestnut like the breast, some of the lower ones barred
with black ; primaries black, with a few rufous bars near the base ;
cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; bill bluish black, yellow at base ; iris
dark brown. Total length 13'5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 9-1, tail
4-6, tarsus 1*4.
Adult male. Similar to, but smaller than, the female. Total length
11'7 inches, Aving 8-5, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-15.
Young. Similar to the adult, but the breast covered with median
tear-shaped black spots on each feather, the tail broadly banded and
tipped with rufous, as also are the primaries ; nape slightly varied
with rufous : throat purer white than in the adult.
Ohs. Mr. Hume describes a bird he got in very similar plumage,
which turned out to be a female. The iluseum specimen is a female
also ; and that this is an immature plumage is proved by the fact
that another specimen from Nepal, though adult, still retains traces
of the bars on the tail.
Hah. Himalayas, the whole Indo-Malayan subregion, extending
to Celebes and New Guinea.
a. d ad. st. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
b. 2 juv. st. Philippine Islands. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.]. (Type
of F. gnttatus.)
c. 2 <id. sk. Manilla. John Gould, Esq. [P.l.
d. 2 ad. St. Makassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
e. S ad. sk. Makassar, Celebes. A. R. AVallace, Esq. G.
f. (S ad. sk. Salwatti, New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
16. Falco reli^osus.
Falco frontatus, Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ltd. Valla: pi. 2. figs. 5, 0 (1860,
iiec tig. 4).
Immature female (Southern Gilolo, coll. Benistein in 3Itts. Luijd.).
398 PALCONID^.
Upper surface, including sides of face, entirely black, with narrow
whitish tips to the secondaries ; throat and sides of neck rich buffy
white ; rest of under surface rich chestnut, with broad streaks of
black, which become narrower on the thighs, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts black, edged and streaked with
chestnut ; quills and tail black, with rufous bars on the inner web.
Total length 11-8 inches, wing 9-2, tarsus 1.-35.
Adult female (marked a male in the Leiden Museum, but probably
in error : type of the species). Smoky black above and below, some
of the scapulars imperceptibly shading off into dull ashy brown, very
indistinct; secondaries very narrowly tipped with buffy white;
throat creamy white, streaked on the lower part Avith black ; under
surface of body black, with a few remains of chestnut edgings to the
feathers of the abdomen and flanks ; thighs chestnut, streaked with
black ; under tail-coverts black, broadly spotted and tipped with
rufous ; tail black, tipped with rufous, with a few rufous bars on the
under surface, and also a few on the inner webs of the primaries ;
under wing-coverts black, tipped with deep chestnut. Total length
12-4 inches, oulmen 0-9, wing 9-6, tail 5-7, tarsus 1-45.
Hah. Ceram, Gilolo.
Ohs. Professor Schlegel has figured this bird (Z.c.) in its two stages
as above described, and he now places them in the Leiden Museum
along with F. severus instead of F. lumilatus. Whether it is merely
an accidental melanism which takes place in the southern habitat of
F. severus, as Prince Bonaparte and Prof. Schlegel consider, we shall
wait for a larger series to determine. At present it seems to me to
be a distinct bird, replacing F. severus in Gilolo and Ceram, the
latter bird not reaching beyond Celebes. The title is derived from
Temminck's MS. name in the Leiden Museum (c/. Bp. Consp. p. 25,
sub F. severus).
17. Falco limulatus.
Lunated Falcon, Znth. Gen. Spi. Suppl. ii. p. 54 (1801).
Falco lunulatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Stippl. ii. p. xiii (1801) ; Strickl.
Orn. Sipi. p. 89 (1855) ; Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. 29 (1865) ;
Schl. lievuc! Accipitr. p. 39 (1873).
Sparvius lunulatus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 324 (1817).
Falco longipennis, S^v. An. in Menaq. p. 341 (1837).
Falco frontatus, Goxdd, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 139 ; id. Stjn. B. Austr.
pi. 3. fig. 1 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. fol. i. pi. 10 (1848) ; Schl. Vog.
Nederl. Ind. pp. 6, 146, pi. 2. figs. 4-6 (1866) ; Diggl. Orn. Austr.
pt. ii. (1869).
Hypotriorchis frontatus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Bp. Consp.
p. 25 (1850) ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65.
Falco subbuteo frontatus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 22 (1802).
Hypotriorchis lunulatus, JVall. Ibis, 1868, p. 5 ; Grag, Hand-l, B. i.
p. 20 (1869).
Adult male. Above slaty blue, lighter on the back and rump,
darker and browner on the head, the nape tinged with- rufous ; quills
brown, secondaries inclining to slaty blue like the back, primaries
barred with rufous on the inner web ; tail bluish grej, banded with
75. FALCo. 399
black, all but the two centre feathers barred on the inner web and
tipped with rufous, these bars sometimes extending slightly on to
the inner web ; forehead and lores white ; sides of face, fore part of
the cheeks, and ear-coverts brownish black ; hind part of cheeks,
sides of neck, and throat white, slightly tinged with rufous ; under
surface of the body pale dingy rufous, with a few shaft-stripes on the
breast and the remains of obsolete grey cross bars on the flanks ;
under wing-coverts dingy rufous, obsoletely barred with brown and
tipped with fulvous ; cere and base of upper mandible yeUow ; bill
bluish lead-colour, black at tip ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris black-
ish buown. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 9-7, tail 5-9,
tarsus 1-3.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 13-5
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 10-5, tail 6, tarsus 1"45.
Tounc). Above slaty blue, with broad rust-coloured margins to the
feathers, the secondaries plainly tipped with bufiy white ; the crown
and upper tail-coverts rusty, being quite obscured by the margins to
the feathers ; forehead whitish ; fore part of cheeks, region of the
eye, and ear-coverts brownish black ; hinder part of cheeks, sides of
neck, and throat creamy white ; chest creamy buff, tinged with rufous,
with several dark brown streaks down the centre of the feathers ;
remainder of under surface deep rufous ; the lower abdomen, vent,
and under tail- coverts tawny buff, with a few rufous shaft-stripes
and bars ; under wing-coverts duU rufous, with oval spots of creamy
buff; primaries dark brown, tipped with whitish and barred on the
inner web with rufous ; tail greyish above, browner beneath, aU the
feathers barred across and tipped with rufous.
Ohs. The birds above described are certainly the adults,and young
of one and the same species. In the Museum, however, are three
specimens, one of which is from Tasmania, and the two others simply
marked "Australia," but agreeing in every respect with each other :
all the other specimens are from various parts of the Australian
continent, as noticed below. I cannot help thinking that these three
birds belong to a different species. They are slightly smaller than
the male described (wing 9-4) and arc very much darker, being
black with a slight greyish shade ; the throat and chest are thicklj-
streaked with black, and the sides of the body mottled with blackish
cross bars. These are, perhaps, only in the intermediate stage before
assuming the adult dress ; and this idea is favoured by the presence
of the cross bars on the sides, remains of which are seen even in
quite adult birds.
Hah. The whole of Australia and Van Diemen's Laud ; Flores.
a. c? ad. st. Australia.
b. (S juv. St. Australia. Linnean Society [P.].
c. $ ad. sk. Australia. Sir 1). Cooper [^P.].
d. cS ad. St. Van Diemen's Laud. Konald Guun, Esq.
e. S ad. St. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P,
/. S juv. sk. Yarruudi River, N.S.W. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]
.f'-
(/. $ ad. sk. Interior of S. Australia. Captain Start
h. S ad. sk. Interior of S. Australia. Captain Sturt _
(:. .Tuv. sk. N.W. Australia. .1. K. Elsey, Esq. [P.].
P
-loo FALCON I D.lv.
/.-. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Purcha.sed.
/. c? ad. .*k. Flores. A. II. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
18. FaJco cuvieri.
Falco cuvieri, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Joitm. i. p. 392 (1830) ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1871, p. 48().
Falco boschii, Schl. Xvdeil Tijdschi: i. p. 123 (1861); id. Hits. P.-B.
Falc. p. 23 (1862).
Falco severus (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipiti: p. 39 (1873).
Adult male. Above dark slaty grey, inclining to black on tbe in-
terscapulary region, the scapulars and inner secondaries edged with
paler grey, primaries dark brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, with a
.slight greyish shade above, barred with fulvous underneath on the
inner web and tipped with pale rufous ; forehead inclining to huffy
white ; fore part of the cheeks, as well as a short malar stripe and a
line under the eye along the upper ear- coverts, greyish black ; rest
of the cheeks, sides of neck, and throat white, washed with rufous ;
remainder of under surface rich rusty red, the thighs and under
tail-coverts unspotted, the breast and sides marked with central
streaks of black to the feathers ; under wing-coverts buff, streaked
with black ; cere, orbits, and feet orange ; bill dark horn-blue, yel-
low at base of lower mandible. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-8,
wing S'5, tail 5, tarsus 1-2.
Hab. South and West Africa.
a. S ad. sk. Accra, July 1872. Captain G. E. Shelley [P.].
19. Falco fusco-cserulescens.
Alconeillo aplomado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 175 (1802).
Aleoncillo obscuro azulejo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 179 (1802).
Falco fusco-cffirulescens, Vieill. N. Dirt. d'Hid. Nut. xi. p. 90 (1817).
Falco thoracicus, Licht. Verz. Duuhl. p. ('2 (1823).
Falco fenioralis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 121, .343 (1823); Spi.r, Av.
Bra<. i. p. 18 (1824) ; D'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., Zool. p. 116 (183.J) ;
T.schud. iy Cub. Faun. Pcruan. p. 108 (184o) ; Hurtl. Ind. Azar.
p. 3 (1847) ; StricM. Orn. Si/n. p. 88 (1855) ; Bunn. Bei.". La
Plata, ii. p. 437 (1861); Sc'/d. Mu.i. P.-B. Falo. p. 20 (1802);
Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 460 (1870) ; Schl. Bevue Accipitr.
p. 38(1873).
Jlvpotriorcliis femoralis, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Cab. in
Schomb. Rcis. Guian. iii. p. 724 (184^) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 20 (1850);
Scl. ^- Sah: Ibis, 1859, p. 219 ; Pelz. Reis. Nor., Vor/. p. 8 (1865) ;
Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 24 (1866) ; .SW. P. Z. S. 1867," pp. 330, 338 ;
Scl. ^- Sah. t. c. pp. 590, 988 ; 1868, p. 143 ; 1869, pp. 155, 252 :
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 5 (1871) ;
.SW. Sf- Sah. Nomcncl. p. 121 (1873).
yFsalon femoralis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54 ; Bp. Per. et Maq.
de Zool. 1854, p. 536.
H}-potriorcliis aurantius, Ileerm. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1854, p. 177.
Adult male. Above duU slaty, lighter on the rump and upper tail-
coverts, the latter barred and tipped with whitish ; crown greyish
black ; lores and forehead whitish ; from behind the eye a broad
streak running down each side of the head and joining on the hind
75. FALCO. 401
neck white, tinged on the latter part witli tawny ; cheek-stripe
and a line of feathers from under the eye, running along the
upper margin of the ear-coverts, along the sides of the neck, grey-
ish black ; throat and chest, along with the hinder part of cheeks
and ear-coverts and sides of neck, buffy white ; sides of breast
black, varied with narrow white lines, meeting across the centre of
the body ; remainder of iinderparts clear tawny buff ; quills brown,
externally washed with greyish, internally barred with white ;
secondaries conspicuously tipped with whitish ; tail blackish brown,
tipped with white and crossed with about six white bands ; under
wing-coverts black with white bars, all the external ones bordering
the caqjal bend pale tawny ; cere and feet yellow ; bill horn-brown,
yellow at base. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 10,
tail 7, tarsus 1-9.
Adult female. Similar to adult male, but larger and more richly
coloured ; the stripe on the side of the head and the underparts
rich tawny ; the black on the breast not meeting across the centre
(apparently an older specimen than the male). Total length 15-5
inches, culmen 1-2, wing 10-5, tail S-3, tarsus 2.
Young. Browner than the adults ; the feathers edged with p;iler
brown, the chest streaked and mottled with brown centres to the
feathers.
Hah. From Mexico southwards throughout S. America to Peru
and the Argentine Republic.
ica.
Sir W. Burnett and Admiral
Fitzroy [P.].
H. Whitelv, Esq. [P.].
H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C." .
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [CJ.
John Taylor, Esq. [P.].
20. Falco alhigularis.
Falco aurantius, ^, y, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 48 (1791).
Falco albigularis, Baud. Trm'te, ii. p. 131 (1800, ex Lath. var. ^).
Falco rufigularis, Datid. Traite, ii. p. l-3l (ISOO, ex Lath. var. y) ;
Graij, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 54; Strtcld. Om. Sijn. p. 88 flSoo),
Falco aurantius, Licht. Verz. Doithl. p. 61 (1823) ; Bunn. Th. Bras.
ii. p. 98 (1856) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falcones, p. 24 (1862) ; Elliot,
B. K. Am. ii. pi. xxxii. (1869) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 40
(1873).
Falco thoracicus, Donuv. Kat. Rep. pi. 45 (1823).
Bidens aurantius, <S);;'.c, Av. Bras. p. 17 (1824).
Falco cucullatus, Sio- An. in Menaij. p. 340 (1837).
Ilj-potriorcbis rutigularis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844); id. Hand-l.
B. i. p. 21 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 5, 397 (1871); Scl. 8,- Salv.
Komencl. p. 121 (1873).
Hypotriorchis aurantiacus, Kaup. Mus. Send;, iii. p. 2o7 (1845).
Falco hsemorrhoidalis, Halui u. Kust. Viig. Lief. xv. pi. 1 (1850).
Hypotriorchis aurantius, Bp. Comp. i. p. 25 (1850).
VOL. I. 2 E
a.
2 juv. St.
South America.
b.
2 juv. St.
East Patagonia.
c.
d.
2 ad. sk.
2 ad. St.
Ccachuapata, Peru
Arequipa, Peru,
July 2nd, 1867.
e.
2 ad. sk.
Island of Mexiana.
f.
2 juv. sk.
Island of Mexiana.
ff-
(S ad. St.
Mexico.
402 FALCONIDJi.
Adult male. Above black, with a slaty grey tinge on the back and
secondaries, clearer on the rump and upper taU-covcrts ; quills
black, with a narrow whitish tip to the outer secondaries ; tail
black, narrowly tipped with whitish and with three or four indistinct
narrow bands of grey, inclining to white on the outer feathers ; sides
of the face entirely black, cheeks and ear-coverts not separated ;
throat and sides of the neck white, washed with nifous, especially
on the latter ; entire breast black, crossed with fine white bars, a
little broader on the flanks ; thighs, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
deep chestnut ; under wing-coverts black, barred with white : bill
deep bluish black, yellowish at base ; feet yellow. Total length
9 inches, culmen OS, wing 7-3, tail 4, tarsus 1-3.
Adidt femaU. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 12
inches, culmen 0-9.5, ^^-ing 8-9, tail 5-4, tarsus 1-5.
Hab. From Mexico southwards to the Argentine Republic. Said
to occur in the extreme south of the United States.
a.
S ad. sk. South America.
h. S ad. sk. Brazil.
c. (S ad. sk. Brazil. Major-General Hardwicke [P.].
d. $ ad. sk. Tocantins River. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
e. 9 ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru, J. La Mert, Esq. [C.].
Feb. 2, 1872.
f. (S ad. St. British Guiana. Royal Geographical Society [P.].
'ff. cJad.sk. Demerara. R.'B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
A. 2 ad. St. Trinidad.
». (5 ad. St. Bay of Panama. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.].
L $ ad. St. Bay of Panama. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.J.
21. Falco attrantius.
Orange-breasted Hobby, Lath. Gm. Syn. i. p. 1
Falco aurantius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 283 (1788, e.r
105 (1781).
Lath.); Strickl. Orn.
Sim. p. 89 (1855).
Falco deiroleucus, Tf7nm. PI. Col. i. pi. 348 (1825) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 19 (1844) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falcones, p. 24 (1862) ; Sol. (§-
Sdv. Nomencl. p. 121 (1873). ;
Hypotriorchis aurantius, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869).
Hypotriorchis deiroleucus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 397 (1871).
Adidt. Above black ; the feathers of the lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts, as well as the scapulars and wing-coverts, conspi-
cuously bordered with clear slaty grey ; cheeks black, like the head ;
throat white ; entire chest, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
rich chestnut ; lower breast as well as the under wing-coverts
black, broadly tipped and largely spotted with rufous buff, the latter
as well as the axiUaries with conspicuous rounded buff-coloured
spots; quills black, secondaries slightly tipped with whitish, and
scantily barred with white on the inner web ; tail black, slightly
tipped and crossed with three bars of greyish white. Total length
12-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 9-45, tail 5, tarsus 1-55.
Adidt female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 15
inches, wing 11, tarsus 1-9.
75. FALco. 403
Yoxing. Above black ; a narrow eyebrow of dull ochre ; nape
slightly mixed with nifous ; feathers of the upper surface narrowly
edged with pale ochraceous buff, broader and whiter on the upper
tail-coverts ; quills black, the outer secondaries conspicuously tipped
with white, with oval spots of rufous white on the inner webs ; tail
black, tipped with white, and having three or four Y-shaped bands
of white ; sides of the face black, Like the crown ; throat and sides
of neck white, washed with ochre ; chest ochre, with median stripes
of black ; breast black, the feathers margined and spotted with
ochre ; thighs and abdomen ochre, with black centres to the feathers ;
imder tail-coverts white, tinged with ochre and broadly barred with
black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, the former edged,
the latter spotted with ochre. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 11-2, tail 6-2, tarsus 1-65.
Hub. From Guatemala southwards through Guiana and Brazil.
a. 5 juv. St. Bahia.
b. S ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
22. Falco cliicquera.
Le Chicquera, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 30 (1799).
Falco chicquera, Daud. Traitc, ii. p. 121 (1800, ex Levaill.) ; Less.
Traite, p. 90 (1831): Goidd, Cent. B. Himal. Mts. pi. 2 (1832);
Bhfth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. Beny. p. 14 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 25
(1850) ; Strickl. Oni. Si/n. p. 87 (1855) ; Siindev. Krit. om Levaill.
p. 26 (1857) ; sSchl. 3Ius. P.-B. Falc. p. 20 (1862).
Chicquera Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 27 (1801).
Fasciated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i.p. 189 (1821).
Hvpotriorchis chicquera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Horsf. 8i
'Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 23 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 36
(1862) : Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22 (1869).
^salon chicquera, Kaup, Class. Sduy. u. T'og. p. Ill (1844); id.
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54.
Chicquera t}*pus, Bp. Ltev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536.
Turumtia cliicquera, Bhjth, Lbis, 1863, p. 9.
Litliofalco chicquera, Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 91 (1869) ; Anders.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 681.
Adult male. Entire head and hind neck chestnut ; forehead and
sides of the face and neck, as weU as the throat, white, with faint
indications of a chestnut moustache ; a few feathers below the eye
and a small eyebrow black ; entire upper surface clear slaty blue,
with remains of blackish cross bars, especially numerous on the wing-
coverts ; tail slaty blue, narrowly barred with black, tipped with
white, before which a broad subterminal black band ; quills blackish
brown, barred with greyish white on the inner web, the inner
secondaries slaty blue like the back : under surface of body white,
with a very few minute black shaft-lines on the chest, the breast
thickly crossed with black transverse bars, a little wider on the
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts white, barred in the same
manner as the breast ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow, the claws black ;
bill greenish yellow at base, black at tip ; iris rather light brown.
Total length ll'O inches, culmen 0-85, wing 8-25, tail 6. tarsus 1-5.
2 e2
404 kaxconid:e.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length
13 inches, culmen 0-9o, wing 9, tail G-5, tarsus 1-5.
IJah. Indian peninsula.
(/. Ad. sk. India. Dr. Babingtou [P.].
6. Ad. sk. Meerut. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J.
c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
d. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
e. Ad.sk. Ivaikote, Kattiawar, Major J. Hayes Lloyd
June 7, 1871.
23. Falco ruficollis.
Tawnv-headed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hid. i. p. 200(1821).
Falco'ruficollis, Sw. B. W. Afr. i. p. 107, pi. 2 (1837); Stnckl. Orn.
Syn. p. 87 (185o); Hartl. Orn. W'.-Afr. p. 8 (1857); Finsch i^-
Hartl.Vdg. Ostafr. p. 72 (1870).
Falco macrodactylus, Siu. Classif. B. ii. p. 212 (1837).
Falco chicquera, Vierth. Naum. 1852, p. 48; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
p. 36 (1869) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 38 (1873).
Cliicquera ruficollis, Bp. Rev. et 3Iag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Giirney,
Ibis, 1868, p. 141 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 288 ; Anderss. B. Damara
Ld. ed. Gurney, p. 14 (1872).
Hypotriorcliis ruKcoUis, Ileugl. Ibis, 1860, p. 409 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 22 (1869).
Chicquera macrodactylus, Loche, Expl. Set, Alger., Ois. p. 58(1867).
Adult male. So similar to F. chicquera that it is probable that it
may yet prove to be the same. It seems to be a little paler in colour,
and to have the bars on the breast rather closer together ; orbits,
cere, tarsi, and feet yellow ; bill bluish horn-colour, yellow at base ;
iris dark brown. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 8*6,
tail 5'8, tarsus 1-5.
Hab. The whole of Africa.
rt. (S ad. sk. Transvaal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
b. Ad. St. Africa.
24, Falco eleonorae.
Falco eleonorae, Gene, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 105, et Mein. R. Accad. Tor.
ser. 4, torn. ii. Taf. la, 2 (1840) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 593
(1840) ; Bp. Faun. Ital. Ucc. tav. 1 (1841); Schl. Rev. Vrit. p. iii
( 1844) ; Schl. 8>- Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 53, 54 (c. 1845) ; Strickl.
Orn. Syn. p. 86 (1855) ; Janb. <§- Barth. Rich. Orn. p. 57, pi. 6
(1859) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 25 (1862) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1865,
p. 258 ; Brec. B. Eur. i. p. 44 (1866) ; Degl. 8) Gerbe, Orn. Eur.
i. p. 86 (1867); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 19 (1871) ; Dresser, B.
Eur. pt. xvi. (1873) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 40 (1873).
Falco arcadicus, Linderm. Isis, 1843, p. 329, Taf. 1 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 86 (1855).
Falco concolor, Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 14 (1844).
Hypotriorchis arcadicus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844).
Hypotriorchis eleonorse, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 25 (1850) ; Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 55; id. Cat. Ois. Eur.
Parzud. p. 2 (1856) : Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 26 ; Salvin, t. c. p. 189 ;
75. FALCo. 405
Heuyl. Ibis, 1860, p. 408; Loche, Rcpl. Sci. Ahjit:, Ois. p. CO
(1807) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1867, p. 380, et 18U9, p. 445, pi. xvi. : Gran,
Iland-l. B. i. p. 21 (18o0) ; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 58.
Dendrofalco eleonoric, lip. Rev. Crit. p. 131 (1850).
Dendrofalco arcadicus, L. lirvhm, Kmim. 1855, p. 268.
Falco plumbeus, L. Brehm, Naum. 1856, p. 236. -
Falco dichrous, Erhard, Nativi. 1858, p. 25.
Falco radama, Roch 4- Neiut. Ibis, 1862, p. 266 ; Maill. Reun. p. ICO
(1862). J >f > I
Adult. Everywhere dark brown, iuclining to black, the quills
blackish ; tail brown, with pale rufous bars on the inner webs ; cere
yellowish blue, orbits yellow ; feet yellow, claws black ; bill black,
yellow at base of lower mandible ; iris dark brown. Total length
15-5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 13-3, tail 7-5, tarsus 1-5.
Young. Above brown, the hind neck varied with rufous ; forehead
and feathers over the eye whitish ; throat and sides of the face and
neck yellowish white, the cheek-stripe, as well as the feathers under
the eye and along the upper margin of ear-coverts, dark brown ; quills
dark brown, some of the secondaries notched with rufous buff; tail
banded alternately with pale rufous and black cross bars, almost ob-
solete on the two centre rectrices ; under surface of body rufous,
with median patches of brown on each feather, giving a somewhat
striped appearance, some of the feathers, especially the flanks and
thighs, washed with fulvous ; the under tail-coverts less spotted ;
under wing-coverts dark brown, spotted and banded with rufous
buff; cere pale greenish yellow; feet lemon-yellow; bill horn-
colour, lighter at base ; iris dark hazel-brown. Total length 13-5
inches, culmen 0-95, wing 11-8, tail 6, tarsus 1-35.
Intermediate stages are often seen, when the young or " hobby "
plumage is being gradually obscured by the approaching sooty brown
dress of the adult.
«, 6,e. J 2 ad. juv. St. Algeria. Purchased.
d. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
25. Falco coiicolor.
Falco concolor, 7Vm»n. PI. Col. texte to pi. 330 (1825) ; Gmdd, B.
Eur. i. pi. 25 (1837) ; Schl. ti. Susem. Voq. Eur. Taf. 9. fio-. 1
(1839); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 3. fig. 3 (1858); Koniq-Wurth.
Ibis, 1860, p. 124 ; Ilartl. Bvitr. Orn. Madaq. p. 18 (1861) ; Buhois,
Ois. d'Eiir. p. 22, pi. 22 (1862); Schl. Mns. P.-B. Falc. p. 25
(1862) ; Degl. cS- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 1. p. 88 (1867) ; Schl. c^- Poll.
Faun. Madar/., Ois.f. 31, pi. 12. fig. 1 (1868) ; Hiuql. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 31 (1869) ; Gra,/, Hcind-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869) ; Finsch u.
Ilartl. Voff. Ostafr. p. 69, Taf. 1 (1870); Shelley, B. of Eqiipt,
p. 192 (1872) ; Schl. Revue Aceijntr. p. 40 (1873)."
Hypotriorchis concolor, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 25 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- 3Ioore, Cat. B. 3Ius. E. I. Co. i. p. 23
(1854); Heiiffl. Ibis, 1860, p. 409 ; Gurney, Ibis, ISm, \x 445;
Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869).
Tinniinculiis conoolor, Riipp. Syst. T^ebcrs. p. 11 (1845).
jEsalon tibialis, Kaup, Confr. Orn. 1850, p. 64.
Dendrofalco concolor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268.
406 , FILCONID^.
Falco eleonorae, Hmigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 9 (185G, iiec Geni).
Falco horus, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 9 (1856).
Falco cyanostolos, A. Brehm, Nmtm. 185G, p. 234.
Falco gracilis, A. Brehm, Kanm. 1856, p. 2o2.
Hypotriorcbis horus, Heugl. Ibis, 1800, p. 409.
^salon ai-dosiacus, Brehm, Eds. Habesch. p. 207 (1863, teste HeugKti).
Adult male. Uniform leaden grey, with black shaft-stripes to the
feathers ; quills dark brown, with whitish bands on the inner web,
the secondaries leaden grey like the back ; tail leaden grey above,
much paler beneath, with obsolete whitish bars on the inner webs ;
cere and orbits bright orange-yellow ; biU dark leaden blue, j'el-
lowish at the base ; feet bright yellow ; iris umber-brown. Total
length 12-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 10-4, tail 5-4, tarsus 1-35,
middle toe 1-35.
Female. Similar to the male, but slightly larger. Total length
13 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 11-2, tail 6, tarsus 1-4, middle toe 1-3.
Ohs. Very old examples become leaden black. Birds not fuUy
adult have remains of bars on the inner web of the tail-feathers,
with often some remains of rufoiis on the breast.
Young male. Above slaty grey, the wing-coverts and sides of
face darker, the feathers of the lower back and upper tail-coverts
tipped with dull white, the nape tinged with huffy white ; quills
black above, greyish black below, the secondaries slaty grey like the
back, tipped with whitish : tail slaty grey, tipped with creamy white,
the inner web with eight or nine notches of pale rufous white ;
throat and sides of face and of neck pale rufous buff; ear-coverts,
feathers under the eye, and moustachial streak slaty black ; rest of
under surface ochraceous buff, with slaty grey centres to the feathers,
producing a more or less striped appearance, except on the sides of
the upper breast, which are almost uniform slaty grey ; under wing-
coverts dull slaty, the lower ones barred with pale rufous, those along
the carpal joint margined with dull ochre. Total length 11-5 inches,
wing 10-2, tarsus 1-3. {AIus. Lugd.)
Hah. The coast of Eastern Africa, from the Red Sea to Mada-
gascar, in rocky localities.
a. (S ad. Efat (Harris). Secretary of State for India.
26. Falco regulus.
Le Faucon de Eoche, ou Rochier, Briss. Orn. i. p. 349 (1760).
L'EmeriUon, Briss. Orn. i. p. 382 (1760) ; Buf. PI. Hnl. i. pi. 468
(1770) ; Schl. ^- Verst. Traite Fane. pi. ix. (1853).
Le Rochier, Buff. PL Enl. i. pi. 447 (1770).
Falco reguhis. Pull. Eeis. Buss. Reichs. ii. Anhang, p. 707 (1773) ;
Grn. S. JV. i. p. 285 (1788).
Falco lithofalco, Gm. S. N. i. p. 278 (1788) ; i?owa, Orn. Frov. p. 53
(1825) ; Less. Traite, p. 94 (1831) ; Brehm, Voy. DeutscM. p. 67
(1831) ; Kaup, Mus. Senclcenb. iii. p. 258 (1845) ; Kjarb. Orn.
Dan. Afb. iii. tig. 2 (1851) ; Degl. SfGei-be, Orn. Eur. i. p. 91 (1867);
Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 21 (1871).
Falco ffisalon, Gtn. S. N. i. p. 284 (1788) ; Temm. Man. i. p. 27
(1820) ; Naum. Vog. Beutschl. i. p. 303, Taf. 27 (1822) ; Werner,
lO. FALCO. 407
Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 10 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 24 (1837) :
Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 317 (1840) ; Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 48
(1843) ; Thomp. B. Irel. i. p. .51 (1849) ; Midd. Sibir. Itcis., Voff.
p. 129 (18.51); Sclil. Vor/. Nedcrl. pis. G, 7 (1854); Stricld. Orn.
Stjn. p. 90 (1855) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 30, pi. 10. iig. 1
(1856); Fritsch, Tog. Eur. tab. 3. fig. 7 (1858); HcM. Dier.
Nederl. Vog. pi. 1. figs, o, 0 (18(il); id. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 19
(18G2) ; Radde, Eeis. Sibir. ii. p. 101 (1863); Neut. OotJt. Wolley.
p. 105 (1864); Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. vii. (18(^5); Sundi'v. 6'y.
Fogl. p. 213, pi. xxvi. tig. 3 (1869) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl.
p. 55 (1869); Hcugl. Oru. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 35 (1869); Newton,
ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 74 (1871); Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 191
(1872) ; ScJd. Revue Accipitr. p. 37 (1873)1
Falco falconiarum, Gm. S. N. i. p. 284 (1788).
Falco smiriUus, Savign. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 279 (1808).
Falco sibiricus, Shaiv, Gen. Zool. vii. pt. 1, p. 207 (1809).
Falco Ccesius, Meyer, Tasckenb. Detttschl. Vogelk. i. p. 60 (1810).
Hj-potiiorchis sesalon, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 ( 1844 ) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 26 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 24
(1854) ; Powys, Ibis, 18(50, p. 7 ; Godman, t. c. p. 79 ; Jerd. B. Lid.
i. p. 35 (1862) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 10 ; Tristr. t. c. p. 2.58 ; Farm.
Ibis, 1868, p. 412; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869) ; Saund. Ibis,
1871, p. 59.
.^salon Eesalon, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54.
Asalon lithofalco, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Brehm,
Naum. 1855, p. 2U9; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxvi. fig. 3 (1869);
Gurney, Ibis, 1872, p. 327.
Merliu, Salvin i^- Brodr. Falconry, p. 79, pis. vii., viii. (1855).
Asalon orientalis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269.
.^salon regulus, Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 9.
Lithofalco sesalon, Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 89 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis,
1871, p. 242.
Adult male. Above clear slaty blue, paler on the rump and upper
tail-coverts, the black shafts on all the feathers distinctly indicated ;
head dark slaty, with broad shaft-stripes ; forehead, lores, and sides
of the face whitish, with black median lines to the feathers ; evebrow
and nape strongly mixed with rufous ; ear-coverts tinged with grey
on the hinder part ; throat pure white ; sides of the neck and entire
underparts white, strongly washed with rufous, with distinct median
Bhaft-stripes of black, these being more narrow and indistinct on the
thighs, and rather broader on the under tail-coverts ; under win"--
coverts white, spotted and barred with black ; quills black, barred
with greyish white on the inner web, and washed with bluish grey
near the base of the outer, the inner secondaries bluish like the back,
with black shafts ; tail slaty blue, tipped with white, before which
is a broad subterminal band of black on the inner web, underneath
remains of other black bands ; cere yellow ; biU bluish horn-colour,
darkest at tip ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris dark brown. Total
length 10 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 7-9, tail 4-5, tarsus 1'45.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length
12 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 8-8, tail 5-5, tarsus 1-5.
Young. Above brown, with a very slight shade of ashy grey,
clearer on the rump, all the feathers margined with pale sandy
408
FALCONID^.
rufons, of which colour there are concealed bands on the secondaries,
the black shaft-stripes rather indistinct, but broader on the head ;
nape mixed with white ; forehead, eyebrow, and ear-coverts whitish,
narrowly streaked with black ; hinder part of ear-coverts brown,
washed with rufous, and also a slight moustachial streak of the same
colour ; throat creamy white, w ith narrow indistinct brown shaft-
markings ; rest of under surface whitish, with very broad reddish
brown streaks, varied by distinct black shaft-stripes, the thighs
marked with smaller brown spots, the lower abdomen and under
tail-coverts only sparsely marked with brown ; sides of the body for
the most part reddish brown, with very distinct rounded spots of
white, giving a marbled appearance ; under wing-coverts dark rufous
brown, marbled like the flanks with white spots, some of the feathers
also edged with whitish ; quills dark brown, spotted on the outer and
notched on the inner web with rufous, secondaries tipped with whitish;
tail dark brown, with a whitish tip, barred across with pale rufous.
Eah. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending into
India and China.
a. Pull. sk.
h,c,d. Pull. St.
e. cJ juv. sk.
/. 2 juv. sk.
(J. 2 juv. sk.
h. c? ad. st.
i. 2 juv. st.
k,l. cJjuv. st.
m. 2 juv. st.
n. 2 ad. St.
o. (j ad. sk.
p. (S ad. st.
q. S ad. St.
r. S juv. sk.
s. 2 JUV. sk.
t. S ad. sk.
u. (S juv. St.
V. Juv. St.
w. c? ad. sk.
.r,«/. 2 juv.
z. Skeleton.
a'. Sterna.
Orkneys.
Orkneys.
Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
Oct. 3, 1871.
Freshwater, Sept. 14, 1872.
Cbristchm'ch, Hants, Jan. 1,
1872. _
Devonshire.
Somersetshire.
Turnhani Green.
Monmouthshire.
England (Lord Saye).
Europe.
Goodwick, Haverfordwest.
Archangel.
Antwerp.
Valencia, Spain, Oct. 6, 1872.
Egypt, AprH 6, 1868.
Trebizond.
Shanghai.
Fokien, China.
River Ussuri (Dyhowski),
J. Gould, Esq.
Purchased.
Baron A. von Hiigel [P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
Baron A. von Hiigel
Colonel Montagu.
Colonel Montagu.
Dr. Gunther [P.].
Zoological Society.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Capt. G. E. Shelley [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Warsaw Museiun.
Purchased.
T. Im
■all, Esq. [P.].
27. Falco columbarius *.
The Pigeon-Hawk, Catesby, N. II. Carolina, i. p. .3, pi. 3 (1731).
L'Epervier de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. i. p. 378 (1760).
* I am unacquainted with the following species : —
Falco richardsonii.
Hypotriorchis richardsonii, Rid^w. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870, p. 147.
Mnh. Much lighter (than H. tesalon or H. colvmharivs), more earflnj brown
than females of these two species. Head very light-coloiu-ed above, approach-
75. FALco. 409
Falco columbarius, Linn. S. X. i. p. 128 (17G6, e.v Catesby) ; Wils.
Am. Om. ii. p. 107, pi. xv. fig. 3 (1810) ; S^v. S,- Bkh. Faim. Bur.-
A»i. p. .35 (1831) ; Auchib. B. Am. i. p. 88, pi. xxi. (1839) ; Dekaii,
(184;
A.7n.
ed. Baird, ^.'mO (1870) ; 'Allen, Bull. JTrt/'iTVok ii7p.'3ir(187T} j
Boss, B. Calif, p. 2 (1871) ; >ScA/. i^ci'M Accipitr. p. 37 (1873).
Dusky FfilcoD, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 213 (1785).
Falco obsciu'us, Gm. S. N. i. p. 281 (1788, ex Penn.).
Falco iutermixtus, Baud. Truite, ii. p. 141 (1800).
Tinnunculus columbarius, Vieill. Ois.Amer. Sept. i. p. 39,pl.ll (1807).
Falco temerarius, Audnh. Om. Biogr. i. p. 381 (1831).
Falco auduboni, Blackwall, Researches Zuol. p. 193 (1834).
Ilvpotriorchis columbai-ius, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Bp.
'Consp. i. p. 26 (1850); Cass. B. Calif, p. 90 (1855); Levi. Ois.
Trinid. p. 27 (1866); Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869).
^salon columbarius, Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 54 ; Bp. Rev. et
Mag. de Zoul. 1854, p. 536.
Young female. Above deep brown with a slight shade of grey,
the feathers of the crown and the wing-coverts slightly margined
with rufous, the nape mottled with fulvoixs spots, a few of which
are also visible on the scapulars ; the upper tail-coverts with di-
stinct fulvous edgings ; quills deep brown, slightly tipped with buffy
white, the inner face of the quills greyish brown, with a few rufous
spots on the inner webs ; tail blackish, tipped with buffy white, and
crossed with indications of three rufescent bands, more distinct
underneath ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face deep ochre, streaked
with blackish, and forming a distinct moustache on the cheeks ;
throat buffy white, with narrow blackish streaks ; rest of under
surface ochraceous, very broadly streaked with blackish brown
centres to the feathers, becoming smaller on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, marked
with oval spots of bufly^ white, the edge of the wing varied with
rufous. Total length 13 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 8-6, tail 5-8,
tarsus 1-6.
Adult male. Above dark slate-colour, with distinct black shaft-
stripes, the head and wing-coverts blackish slate-colour, darker than
rest of upper surface ; hind neck mottled with rufous buff ; quills
brown, externally shaded with ashy, the secondaries narrowly tipped
with whitish, the innermost slaty grey, like the scapulars, the inner
webs of aU the quills broadly banded with whitish buff, showing
ing white anteriorly ; cheeks with the streaks exceedingly fine and scattered ;
tail crossed with six sharply defined, perfectly continuous bands of ashy white;
inner webs of primaries with eight whitish spots ; pectoral markings broad,
sharply defined, clear light ochraceous brown, with black shaft-lines, stripes
broadest on tlie flanks.
Feniale. Generally similar to the male. -Ill the feathers above with pairs of
rounded ochraceous spots on opposite webs ; secondaries crossed with three
hands of ochraceous ; bands of tlie tail pure white, six in number. Measure-
ments of ? : — wing 9, tail 6'10, tarsus 1'40, middle toe 1'51.
410
FALCONID^.
very distinctly underneath ; upper tail-coverts pale slaty grey, with
distinct black shaft-stripes ; tail slaty grey, tipped with fulvous,
and crossed with four black bands, the subterminal one double the
breadth of any of the others ; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face
fulvous, with narrow streaks of black, broader on the cheeks ; throat
fulvous ; rest of under surface ochraccous buff, with shaft-streaks of
dark brown, those on the flanks broader, and here mottled with
fulvous spots ; under wing-coverts coloured like the breast, streaked
and mottled with brown ; cere, orbits, aud feet yellow, claws black ;
iris brown. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 82, tail 5"4,
tarsus 1-4.
Hah. The whole of ITorth America as far southwards as Venezuela.
a. S juv. sk.
b. S juv. St.
c. (S juv. sk.
d. $ ad. sk.
e. (S ad. sk.
/. cJ juv. sk.
g. <S juv. sk.
h. Skeleton,
i. Skeleton.
k. Sternum.
N. America.
N. America.
Quebec.
Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie-
River district, May 23, 1861.
Fort Simpson, May 11, 1862.
Off Malpelo Island.
Dr. Ridgway [P.
Dr. Ridgway [P.
D.W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
Bernard H. Ross, Esq.
[P.].
Bernard H. Ross, Esq.
Capt. Kellett and Lieut.
Wood
[P.].
At sea, lat. 13° 22' N., long. Capt. Ke lett and Lieut.
102° 4' W., about 300 miles Wood [P.].
off land.
Purchased.
Zoological Society.
P. H. Gosse, Esq. [P.].
76. HIEROFALCO.
Type.
Hierofalco, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 312 (1817) H. candicans.
Pnigohierax, Cab. J.f. O. 1872, p. 156 H. sacer.
Foot of Hierofalco candicans.
Mange. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, the whole of
North America as far as Mexico.
Key to the Species.
a. Thighs pure white, or white streaked, but never
barred, with brown.
a. Tail white, with no complete bars on any of
the feathers.
70. HIEROFALCO. 411
a". Head and entire underparts piu-e white,
without any spots or streaks candicans ad., p. 411.
b". Head, neck, and under surface of body
white, with narrow brown streaks candicans ad., p. 411.
b'. Tail white, with more or less remains of
distinct bars.
c". Upper surface of body white, distinctly
barred across with black ; breast pure
white candicans ad., p. 411.
d''. Upper surface light brown, the feathers
broadly margined with white, spotted
or barred near the base with the same
colour candicans juv., p. 411.
c'. Tail brown, barred on inner web with fulvous,
e ' '. Ijarger ; head white, streaked with brown ;
wing in <S 13-2 inches, in $ 1(3-1 .... saker ad., p. 417.
/". Smaller ; head brown, the feathers with
rufous margins ; wing in c? 12'3 inches,
in 5 14-25 mexicanus ad,, p. 420.
b. Thighs white, barred with black or grey.
d'. Head and chest pure white holboelli ad., p. 415.
e'. Head white, streaked with black.
g". Larger ; chest white, streaked with black islandus ad., p. 414.
h". Smaller; chest pure white, not streaked holboelli ad., p. 415.
/'. Head uniform bluish grey gyrfalco ad., p. 416.
g'. Head brown, streaked with rufous; back
banded with rufous; nape rufous saker ad. (=milvipes),
c. Thighs gTey, margined and barred across with p. 417.
■white . . ._ gyrfalco ad., p. 416.
d. Thighs greyish or rufous brown, these colours
prevailing and occupying the centre of the
feathers, which are more or less broadly mar-
gined, spotted, or notched with white.
A'. Tail ashy brown, with regular narrow ful-
vous bars across the feathers gyrfalco juv. p. 416,
iskmdus juv, p. 414.
holboelli juv. p. 415.
«'. Tail nearly uniform ashy brown, with a few
indications of spots near the tip holboelli ^u\., p. 415.
k'. Tail rufous brown, broadly notched or barred
with fulvous on the inner web, and having
large rounded spots of the same colour on
the outer web saker juv., p. 417.
1. Hierofalco candicans*.
Le Gerfaut, Briss. Orn. i. p. 370, pi. xxx. fig. 2 (1760).
Gerfaut blanc des Pays du Nord, Buf. PL Enl. i. pi. 440 (1770;.
* Gmelin appears to Lave derived his species from the " Gerfaut '' of Brisson.
The latter seems to have had a very good idea of the diflerenees of the Ger-
falcons, as also had Briinnich. Euflbn (and from him Gmelin) at first mixed
the three species hopelessly together, though he afterwards came to think that
there were three different races. In the ' Planches Enluminees ' I can find no
evidence that he was personally acquainted with the Greenland and Iceland
Falcons ; and I cannot help thinking that the fignrea in his large work were not
412 FALCONTD-S.
Falco islandicus, var. albus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 271 (1788, ez Briinn.).
Falco candicans, Gm. S. N. i. p. 275 (1788) ; ISchl. Ahhandl. Geh.
Zoul. ^c. p. 14 (1841) ; id. liei\ Crit. p. 1 (1844) ; lip. Rev. Zuol.
JFollei/. p. 85 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 18 (18G9) ; Newt. ed.
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 36 (1871) ; Ilarting, Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 85
(1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. part xxii. (1872) : Shnrpe, P. Z. S.
1873, p. 417, pi. xxxix.; ScJil. Revue Accijntr. p. 34 (1873).
Falco islandicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 32 (1790) ; Stv. S,- Rich. Faun.
Bor.-Am. p. 27 (1831) ; Gmdd, B. Eur. i. pi. 19 (1837) ; Aud. B.
Am. fol. pi. 366, et ed. 8vo, i. p. 81, pi. xix. (1839) ; Holboll, Faun.
Grceid. p. 18 (1854).
Falco gyiialco, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- As. i. p. 324 (1811); Bp. Comp.
List B. Fur. ^ N. Am. p. 4 (1838).
Hierofalco candicans, Cuv. R^gne An. i. p. 312 (1817) ; Bp. Rev. et
Mail, de Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 278 ;
De'gl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 73 (1867).__
Falco' groenlandicus, Hancock, Ann. N. H. ii. p. 247 (1839).
Hierofalco gyrfalco, Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 56.
Le Groenlaudais, Schl. Hf Verst. Traite Fauc. pi. 5 (1853).
Falco islandicus candicans, Holboll, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw. iii. p. 426
(1854).
Greenland Falcon, Salvin Sf Brodr. Falconry, pis. xii. & xiii. (1855).
Adult female. Snowy white, without any markings at all under-
neath ; head likewise unspotted, with a slight greyish shade under
the eye, and a few narrow hlackish shaft-stripes on the nape ; all
the rest of the back scantily marked with blackish spots of irregular
form, some oval, some tear-shaped, and some longitudinal ; quills
white, with a large subtcrminal patch of brownish black, the shafts
black, all the feathers more or less irregularly spotted or notched
with blackish on the outer web, less on the inner one, which is
white for the greater part of its length ; tail pure white, the shafts
white, excepting on the two centre feathers, where they are blackish,
inclining gradually to white towards the tips ; cere and orbits pale
yellow ; bill pale yellow, bluish at tip ; feet pale yellow ; iris dark
brown. Total length 23 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 16-2, tail 9-5,
tarsus 2-35.
Young male. White, mottled aU over with pale brown, which
occupies the centre of the feathers of the upper surface, and takes
the form of spots and irregular bars on the wing- feathers ; head
and sides of the face streaked with brown, and the under surface
covered with longitudinal streaks of pale brown ; tail white, with
brown cross bands on the centre feathers, breaking up into irregular
drawn from the birds themselves, but were taken from other engravings (per-
haps Brisson's), with the contour slightly altered to suit his page, and then
coloured from descriptions. The Norway Falcon he expressly mentions as
haying been sent to him. In the 'Ilistoire Naturello,' whieli was published
after the ' Planches Enluminees,' he appears to have become acquainted with
the Iceland Falcon, as this work contains an excellent figure (pi. xiii.) of the
bird, as good, indeed, as the coloured figures in his other work arc bad.
76. HIEROFALCO.
413
mottlings on the other rcctrices. Total length 20 inches, culmcu
1-2, wing ]4-r), tail 9, tarsus 2-1.
Ofis. The following is submitted as an explanation of the sequence
of plumage in the Greenland Falcon, for further particulars and
figures of which see P. Z. S. 1873, p. 417: — From the stage above
described the yoiing bird moults and takes a white plumage, with
broad blackish centres to the feathers, and the stripes on the head
rather distinct. The breast has a few spots of black, while the tail is
white with black shafts and a few blackish mottlings, excepting the
two centre feathers, which are barred across. In this stage it is
figured by Mr. Gould as a supposed " dark race." In gaining the
fully adult plumage the markings on the dorsal feathers graduaUj
absorb themselves, first into a broad crescent, and then by degrees
into an arrow-shaped or ovate spot. The head loses its stripes and
the tail its mottling and bars, becoming pure white, even the shafts
of the latter participating in this change. There is no apparent
difference in the colouring of the sexes ; but the female is always
the larger. There appears likewise to be no regular sequence ob-
served by the different parts in change ; sometimes the back is
further advanced than the tail or breast, or, again, these may have
more completely taken their adult plumage than the back. In its
old stage the bird is figured by Mr. Gould as a " light race," the
hinder figure in his plate being only a trifle less aged than the one
in the foreground.
Ilctb. Greenland, migrating into North-western Europe ; North
America.
a. (S ad. st.
b. 2 juv. St.
c. 2 ad. St.
d. $ ad. St.
e. 2 ad. St.
/. 2 juv. sk.
ff. 2 ad. sk.
h. (S juv. sk.
i. c? ad. sk.
k. 2 ju'^' sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
m. cJ juv. sk.
m'. (S imm. st.
n. 2 ad. sk.
o. (S juv. sk.
p. J juv. sk.
q. 2 i^v. sk.
r. d" juv. st.
s. (5' JUV. St.
Greenland.
Greenland.
Greenland.
Greenland.
Greenland.
Greenland (Holboll).
Greenland.
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,
Dec. 5th, 1871.
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,
Octr. 11th, 1871.
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,
Sept. 16th, 1871.
Fiskenaesset, Greenland,
Dec. 21st, 1872.
Fiskenaesset, Greenland,
Feb. 16th, 1873.
Greenland.
Labrador.
Labrador.
Labrador.
N. America.
Repulse Bay.
Pembrokeshire.
Governor Holboell [C.
Governor Holboell "C.
Governor Holboell C.
Governor Holboell 'C.
Governor Holboell C.
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.
Admiral Sir G. Back [P.].
J. Rae, Esq. [P.].
Earl of Cawdor [P].
414 FALCONID^.
2. Hierofalco islandus.
Le Gerfaut d'Islande, Briss. Oni. i. p. 733, pi. xxxi. (1760).
Gerfaut d'Islande, JBuf. PL EiiL i. pi. 210 (1770).
Spotted Iceland Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. 1, p. 71 (1781).
Falco islandus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 271 (1788, e.r Briinn.) ; Newt, ed Yarr.
Brit. B. i. p. 40 (1871) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. part xxii. (1872).
Falco islandicus, Hancoch, Ann. N. H. ii. p. 247 (1839) ; Bp. Rev.
Zool 1850, p. 484, et Consp. i. p. 24 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 77 (1855); Pek. Verh. z.-h. Wicn, xiii. p. 598(1863); Neivt.
both. Wolleij. p. 86 (1864); Grajf, Hand-I. B. i. p. 18 (1869);
Hurting, Handb. Br. B. p. 86 (1872) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 34
(1873):
Falco gyrfalco. Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Eur. p. 135 (1840).
Falco caudicans islandicus, Schl. Ahhandl. Geb. Zool. ^-c. p. 14(1841);
id. Rev. Crit. p. 1 (1844).
Hierofalco islandicus, Gi-ay, List Gen. of B. p. 4 (1841) ; Bp. Rev.
et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 7 ; Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 279 ;
Degl. I- Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 74 (1867).
Le Tiercelet hagard du Faucon d'Islande, Schl. 8f Verst. Traite Fauc.
pi. 6 (1853).
Iceland Falcon, Salvin &,■ Brodr. Falconry, pis. x., xi. (1855).
Falco sacer, Cas.%. B. Calif, p. 89 (1856) ; Breiuer, N. Am. Ool. pt. 1,
p. 11.
Falco gyrfalco islandicus, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Fale. p. 14 (1862).
Adidt male. Entire head white, with blackish shaft-streaks, very
narrow on the forehead and broader on the nape, under the eye and
over the ear-coverts a slight greyish shade ; upper surface of body
greyish brown, clearer on the rump, all the feathers tipped and
barred across with white, these bars sometimes not continuous; quills
dark brown, with narrow white tips, the feathers barred on the
inner but notched and freckled on the outer web with white ; tail
ashy, with white tip, alternately barred with blackish, the interme-
diate spaces ashy white, sometimes freckled with blackish ; under
surface white, the throat almost unspotted, the chest covered with
central streaks developing into tear-drop spots at the end ; rest of
under surface spotted with blackish, taking the form of bars on the
sides of the body, under tail-coverts, and flanks, being rather nume-
rous and close-set on the latter ; under wing-coverts white, spotted
or half-barred with blackish ; biU pale horn-blue, yeUow at base of
lower mandible ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; iris dark brown.
Total length 22 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 14-6, tail 9, tarsus 2-3.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24
inches, culmen 1-4, wing 16, tail 9, tarsus 2-4.
Young. Erown, with whitish margins to the feathers of the upper
surface ; the upper tail-coverts conspicuously marked with oval spots
of white ; tail brown, broadly banded across with whitish ; head
whitish, the feathers mesiaUy streaked with dark brown, the hind
neck more conspicuously mottled ; under surface white, the throat
unspotted ; all the rest of the feathers conspicuously brown in the
centre, these markings rather oval in form, excepting on the flanks.
76. HIEROFALCO. 415
where they are irregular, the browu occupying the greater portion
of the feather ; cere, orbits, and feet bhiish grey.
Hah. Iceland, migrating into North-western Europe,
a. Ad. St. Iceland. Purchased.
b. Juv. St. Iceland. Purchased.
c. 2 ad. sk. Iceland. J. Gould, Esq.
d. S ad. sk. Iceland {Proc'or). J. Gould, Esq.
e. S juv. sk. Iceland (Proctor). J. Gould, Esq.
/ 2 i^^- St. Eeikjavik, Iceland. Professor A. Newton [P.l
ff. 2 ad. St. Great Britain.
h. Skeleton. Zoological Society.
3. Hierofalco holboelli. (Plate XIII.)
Falco arcticus (nee Gm.), Holhoell, Zeitschr. ges. Natimc. iii. p. 426
(1854) ; Blmius, Naumannia, 1857, p. 238 {id. Nachtr. Natmi. Voa
Deutschl. p. 19 (1860, nee Taf. 390. fig. 2).
Iceland Falcou (light variety), Salvin 8,^£rodr. Falconry, p. 87, pi. x.
(1855). ^' ^ ' ^
Falco gyrfalco grojnlandicus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falcones, p. 13 ri855)
Falco holboelli, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 415.
Adult male. Head white, with blackish shaft-stripes, a little
broader on the nape ; rest of upper surface greyish brown, with more
or less of a bluish shade according to the light, transversely banded
and tipped with white ; quills brown, edged and tipped with white
and freckled on the outer webs ; on the smaller secondaries are
indistinct bands of browu, alternating with bars of greyish white,
the latter plentifully freckled with brown ; tail ashy grey, tipped with
white, plentifully freckled with brown and showing transverse cross
bars on the outer feathers ; under surface white, the throat and chest
entirely unspotted, the rest of the body sparingly spotted with blackish,
taking the form of bars on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts white, spotted with black ; inner face of wing
whitish, barred with black ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill bluish,
yellow at base of lower mandible ; feet yellow ; iris dark. Total
length 19 inches, eulmen 1-3, wing 14, tail 7-5, tarsus 2-1.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger, and having the tail
regularly barred across as in adult If. islandus. Total length 20
inches, eulmen 1 -4, wing 15, tail 5-5, tarsus 2-2.
Young male. Above brown, shaded with ashy, all the feathers
margined with ashy white ; quills ashy brown, the secondaries with
distinct whitish margins, much narrower on the primaries ; all the
primaries notched with buffy white on the inner web, dissolving on
the inner ones and absent on the secondaries ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts ashy brown, the margins on the two former
slightly rufescent, on the latter white, some of the outermost upper
tail-coverts notched with white; tail brown, shaded with ashy,
tipped and barred (not across) with fulvous, these bars about thir-
teen in number and often obscured by greyish mottliugs ; head
ashy brown, with pale greyish margins ; forehead whitish ;' nape
much mottled with white ; ear-coverts whitish, streaked with brown
416
P.VLCONID^.
and shaded with fulvous brown on their hinder margin ; cheek-stripe
ashy brown, long and narrow ; throat white, with a few narrow
streaks of brown ; rest of under surface of body ashy brown, every-
where mottled with bufty white, taking the form of rounded or oval
indents to the feathers and occupying a great part of the margins of
all ; the flank-feathers more decidedly greyish brown, with irregu-
larly shaped spots or notches of fulvous ; centre of the body, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts white ; the centres of the feathers brown, pro-
ducing a longitudinal streak ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, mottled
with white like the breast.
Hah. Greenland.
a. 5 ad. sk.
b. 5 ad. sk.
c. c? juv. St.
d. 5 ad. sk.
e. cj juv. sk.
/. Juv. sk.
(/. (S ad. st.
Greenland.
Fiskenaesset, Green-
land, Feb. 10, 1873.
Fiskenaesset, Green-
land, Feb. 10, 1873.
Greenland.
Godhavn, N. Green-
land, Sept. 26, 1872
{Whytnper).
Greenland.
Greenland.
J. Gould, Esq. Type of
species.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Howard Saunders, Esq. [P.].
Howard Saunders, Esq.
Governor llolboell [C.J.
4. Hierofalco gyrfalco.
Falco gyrfalco, Limi. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 130 (17G6) ; ScM.Abhandl. Geb.
Zool. 4-c. p. 15 (1841); id. Rev. Crit. p. ii (1844) ; Bp. Coiisp. i.
p. 24 (1850) ; Scld. Vog. Nederl. pis. 4, 5 (1854) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 78 (1855); Blasius, Nachtr. Naum. Viiq. Deutschl. xiii. Taf. .391
(1860); Schl. Dierk. Nederl. Voq. p. 11,' pi. 1. fig. 3 (1801); id.
Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 12 (1862); Blm. Ibis, 1862, p. 65; Neiot. Ooth.
Wolley. p. 87, pi. C (1864) ; Sundev. Sv. Foql. p. 209, pi. xxvi. fig. 1
(1869); Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 18 (1869); Goidd, B. Gt. Br.
pt. xxii. (1872) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 34 (1873).
Gerfaut de Norwege, Bxff. PL Enl. i. pi. 462 (1770).
Falco labradora, Audub. B. Am. pi. cxcvi. (1831).
Le Tiercelet hagard du Gerfaut, Schl. i$- Verst, Traite Fauc. pi. 7
(1853).
Falco gyrofalco, Thien. Abhild. Vor/ekiern, Taf. li. figs, "a-d (1854).
Hierofalco gyrfalco, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Degl, ^
Gerbe, Orn. Eur op. i. p. 76 (1867).
Norway Falcon, Salvin Sf Brodr. Falconry, pi. xv. (1855).
Falco norvegicus, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 24.
Falco gjTfalco norwegicus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falcones, p. 12 (1862) ;
Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 21 (1866).
Adult male. Above blue-grey, with broad greyish black cross
bands, the bars alternating ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail itself (which is minutely freckled) much clearer blue-grey,
with narrow cross bars of greyish black, not increasing in width
towards the tip of the tail, which is therefore not darker at its
extremity than at the base ; lores and forehead whitish ; crown
grey, mottled with black ; the sides of the head from behind the eye
76. HIEROFALCO. 417
and the nape varied with whitish ; cheek -stripe, feathera under the
eye and on the upper line of the ear-coverts, as well as the sides
of the nock, greyish black, rest of the side face whitish, with median
lines of black ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills dark brown,
externally freckled and mottled with grey, which docs not form
regular bars, the inner secondaries exactly like the back ; under
surface of the body white, the throat unspotted, the chest longi-
tudinally streaked with black, which widens out towards the apex
of the feather ; rest of the body rather scantily spotted with greyish
black, taking the form of bars on the flanks, under tail-coverts,
and axillaries ; the under wing-coverts white, with black markings,
scarcely to be called bars ; bill blue, black at tip ; feet yellow ; iris
dark brown. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 14-5, tail 8,
tarsus 2.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but larger. Total length
21 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 15, tail 9-5, tarsus 2-15.
Young. Brown, with fulvous spots and mottlings on the edges
of the scapulars and inner secondaries, rather more distinct on the
upper tail-coverts ; tail dark brown, with imperfect bands of fulvous ;
all the wing-coverts and quiUs externally dotted with minute fulvous
spots, the latter internally barred with buff; head brown, mottled
with buffy white on the eyebrow, cheeks, sides of neck, and espe-
cially on the nape and hind neck ; under surface white, with central
dark brown patches on each feather, narrower on the throat ; bill
horn-blue, yellow at base of lower mandible.
Hab. The whole of Northern Europe, extending across northern
Asia and North America, migrating southwards in both continents.
a. Vix ad. st. Norway. Professor Newton [P.'].
b,c. d' $ ad. sk. Lapland {Wolhy). J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. 2 juv. sk. Lapland {Wolley). J. Gould, Esq.
e. $ juv. sk. E. Finmark, Purchased.
Sept. 20, 1872.
/. c? juv. sk. Labrador. Purchased.
g. 2 juv. St. Kotzebue's Sound.
h. 2 juv. st. Gulf of California. Captain Kellett [P.].
5. Hierofalco saker*.
Le Sacre, Briss. Orn. i. p. 337 (1760) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 246
(1770, nee pi. xiv.).
Falco sacer, Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 273 (1788, ex Briss.) ; Schl. Rev.
Crit. p. ii (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 2 (1849) ; Bp. Cmisp.
i. p. 24 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 79 (1855) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859,
p. 284 ; Simps. Ibis, 1860, p. 375, pi. xii. ; Bree, B. of Eur. i. p. 31
(1862) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 29 (1862) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc.
* This name is derived from Brisson's Sacre, which in turn is taken from
Belon and the older writers, who seem to have known the true species {cf,
Schlegel, ' Traits de Fauconnerie,' p. 18). Professor Schlegel thinks that Buffon's
plate in the ' Histoire Naturelle ' represents the Saker; but to me it looks more
like a young Falco islandicus ; and if the specific title were founded on this
alone, I should have rejected the name.
VOL. I. 2 F
418 FALCONID^.
p. 16 (1862) ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1863, p. 8 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1865, p. 258 ;
Farm. Ibis, 1868,' p. 409 ; Goukl, B. of Asia, pt. xx. (1868) ; Grai/,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 20 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 62 (1869) ;
Mw. S) Buck/. Ibis, 1870, p. 73 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 16
(1871) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 238 ; Radcl. t. c. p. 365 ; Sivinh. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 340.
Falco lanarius. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 330 (1811) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. i. p. 20 (1820) ; Wenwr, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 7 (1827) ;
Gould, B. of Eur. i. pi. 20 (1837) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Fur. 6i- N.
Am. p. 4 (1838) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vof/. Fur. Taf. 7a (1839) ; Cara,
Om. Sard. p. 6 (1842) ; J. F. Gra'i/, Cat. Mamm. ^ Birds Nepal
Hodgs. p. 43 (1844) ; Ilorsf ^- Moore, Cat. B Mus. F. I. Co. p. 22
(1854) ; Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 2. figs. 6, 7 (1858) ; Taylor, Ibis,
1859, p. 43.
Falco chen-ug, J. F. Gray, El. Lid. Orn. ii. pi. 25 (1833).
Falco milvipes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) ; Jerd.
Ibis, 1271, p. 240.
Falco cvanopus, Thienem. Rhea, i. p. 62, Taf. 1, 2 (1846) ; id. Abbild.
Vogeieiern, Taf. 51. figs. 2 a, d (1854).
Le Sacre hagard, Schl. S^- Verst. Traite Fauc. pi. 9 (1863).
Gennaia sacer, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Loche, Fxpl.
Sci. Alger, p. 50 (1867).
Saker, Salvin Sf Brodr. Falconry, pi. xv. (1855).
Falco saqer, Heugl. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 27 (1869).
Falco hendersoni, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 407 ; id. 8f Henders. Lahore
to Yark. p. 171, pi. 1 (1873).
Pnigohierax lanarius, Cab. J. f. 0. 1872, p. 156.
Adult male. Head pale rufous, sometimes bleached quite white,
with narrow blackish shaft-stripes ; upper surface pale earthy
brown, all the feathers margined ^vith rufous ; quills brown, deeply
indented with white or rufous-white notches or bars, fewer in
number on the secondaries ; tail pale brown, barred with whitish on
on the inner web, and ovally spotted on the outer one, these not
being continuous or forming bars, sides of the face and tliroat pure
white, with a few little dusky streaks on the hinder ear-coverts,
the moustache scarcely indicated ; under surface of body whitish,
the chest very slightly, the breast and flanks more thickly, streaked
down the centre with brown, these streaks somewhat widening
towards the tip of the feather ; thighs distinctly streaked with
brown, the abdomen and under tail-coverts unspotted ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, streaked with brown, the latter brown
in the centre, white on the margins, with a few bars at the base of
the feather ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; biU pale greenish horn-
colour, darker at tip, the lower mandible pale yellow at base ; iris
brown. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 13-2, tail 7'3,
tarsus 2.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length
24-7 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 15-8, tail 9-8, tarsus 2-1.
Young male. Above brown, some of the feathers shaded with
greyish and edged with rufous, which is more conspicuous on the
feathers of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; the feathers
which are appearing on the inner secondaries have conspicuous rufous
76. HIEHOFALCO. 419
margins, with one or two creamy buft' spots, as have also the old
feathers which remain ; quills dark brown, the secondaries margined
with whitish near the tip, and coloured as above described, the
feathers white underneath at the base, notched with greyish near
the shaft, the notches developing into bars towards the tip ; tail
greyish brown, tipped and spotted with white on the outer web, these
spots being rather more oval on the inner, the middle feathers
scarcely marked at all "uath faint white or buff spots, which are quite
obsolete near the base ; top of the head dark brown, slightly tinged
with rufous and streaked with white ; frontal band and a broad line
over the ear-coverts and the hinder neck white, the two latter
mottled with dark brown ; lores, feathers under the eye, and upper
margin of ear-coverts greyish brown ; a narrow cheek-stripe dark
■brown ; sides of face and neck white, the former narrowly streaked
with brown, the latter plainly dotted with triangular spots of the same;
throat, vent, and under tail-coverts white ; rest of under surface
white, with conspicuous rounded spots of dark brown on the breast,
becoming more oval and longitudinal in shape on the lower breast
and sides of the body ; under wing-coverts brown in the centre, with
broad white edges. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 14-7,
tail 12-5, tarsus 2*1.
Ohs. The adult bird described is an ordinary old Saker, the fully
adult or aged bird being very rare indeed. When in its complete
dress this Falcon looks like a gigantic Kestrel, all the feathers of the
upper surface, as well as the tail, being barred with pale rufous ;
the under parts are rich creamy white, with a few blackish spots on
the lower breast and abdomen, taking the form of bars on the flanks ;
the under wing- coverts are also spotted and barred with blackish.
The head is rufous, with blackish central streaks to the feathers ;
forehead and cheeks whitish, the ear-coverts tinged with rufous, the
feathers under the eye and a moustachial stripe blackish brown ; on
the upper surface there is a slight shade of grey, especially on the
inner secondaries and upper tail-coverts. In this state of plumage
the bird is H. milvipes of Hodgson and If. hendersoni of Hume.
Hah. South-eastern Europe ; X.E. Africa, extending thence
through Central Asia to Xorthem China.
Baron A. von Hiigel [P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.
Dr. Henderson [C.]. Type of
F. hendersoni.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.;.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.'
Type of F. milcipes.
Parchased.
Zoological Society.
2 f2
a. 2 ad. sk.
South Hungary
b. 2 juv. sk.
Asia Minor.
c. c? ad. sk.
River Volga.
d. (S ad. sk.
Southern Ural.
e. <S juv. St.
Egypt.
/. c? ad. sk.
Yarkand.
g. 2 juv. St.
Nepaul.
h. ^ juv. sk.
Nepaul.
t. 2 jii'^'- s''^-
Nepaul.
k. S ad. sk.
Nepaul.
I. Skeleton.
»j. Skeleton.
420 FALCONID-E.
6. Hierofalco mexicanus.
Falco mexicanus, Schl. Ahhandl. Geh. Zool. SfC. p. 15 (1841, ex Licht.
Mm. Berol.) ; Bp. Consp. i.p. 24 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 5
(1854) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Falcones, p. 18 (18G2) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 20 (1869) ; Ridgwatj, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870, p. 140 ; Scl. ^ Salv.
iVomewc/. p. 121(1873).
Falco polyagrus, Cass. B. Calif, p. 88 (1853) ; id. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855,
p. 277 ; Strickl. Orn. Sipi. p. 85 (1855) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1805, p. 323 ;
Cones, Pr. Phil. Acad. 18l36, p. 42 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 20
(1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 458 (1870).
Hierofalco mexicanus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536.
Pnigohierax mexicanus, Cab. J.f O. 1872, p. 156.
Adult. General colour clear brown, the wings and tail of about the
same colour as the back, the primaries darker brown, all the feathers
of the upper parts margined with pale fulvous brown, broader and
more whitish on the wing- coverts and secondary quills; tail-
feathers and upper tail-coverts brown, the inner webs darker brown,
all conspicuously tipped and obsoletely barred with buffy white ; the
two middle feathers scarcely marked at all, the rest half-barred
across on the inner wob, and slightly spotted on the outer web near
the tip, the bars on the outermost feather narrower and more indi-
stinct, but present on the outer web also near the base ; feathers of
the crown of the head and neck bordered with whitish, giving rather
a distinct striped appearance, more especially on the hind neck, the
forehead clearly whitish ; sides of the face and neck whitish, with
brown centres to the feathers ; chin and top of the throat pure white ;
rest of the under surface white, with central markings of clear brown,
rather oval in shape, giving a very distinctly striped appearance to
this side of the body ; flank-feathers darker brown, broadly margined
with white on the outer web, and marked with a large spot of white
about the middle of the inner one ; cere, iris, legs, and feet light
yellow, claws black ; bill bluish black. Total length 19-5 inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 13-7, tail 9, tarsus 2-5.
Hab. Mexico and the southern States of North America.
o. Ad. sk, Mexico. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
77. HIERACIDEA. rpyp^
leracidea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 141 H. berigora.
Leg of Hieracidea berigo7-a.
"7. HIERACIDEA. 421
Harige. Australia.
Key to the Species.
a. Thighs rufous ; general colour above rufous berigora, p. 421.
b. Thighs brown ; general colour above brown orimtalis, p. 422.
1. Hieracidea berigora.
Falco berigora, Vig. Sf Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 184 (1827) ; Schl.
Revue Accipitr. p. 47 (1873).
Hieracidea occidentalis, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 105 ; Gray, Gen. B,
i. p. 20 (1844) ; Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 12 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 22 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 636; Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 101 (1855) ; Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 021 (1863) ;
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 33 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22
(1869).
Falco berigora occidentalis, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 37 (1862).
Adult male. Upper surface sandy brown, strongly inclined to
rufous, with which colour most of the feathers are edged, excepting
the scapulars and inner secondaries, where the margins incline to
fulvous ; the feathers of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
broadly tipped with rufous ; head a little lighter than the back, with
blackish shaft-stripes ; forehead, lores, and an indistinct eyebrow
whitish ; nape scarcely at aU mixed with white ; sides of the face
creamy white, the sides of the neck slightly washed with rufous and
narrowly streaked with brown; a narrow supraorbital line of feathers,
as well as a moustachial streak, from the fore part of eye down the
cheeks and the hinder part of ear-coverts, dark brown ; under surface
of body creamy white, with brownish shaft-stripes ; thighs, axil-
laries, and inner under wing-coverts chestnut ; outer wing-coverts
white ; quills dark brown, with a slight tinge of ashy grey, the
secondaries paler brown, with rufous-white tips, inner surface of
wing white, the inner webs barred with rufous above, each bar being
almost continuous with the preceding one on the primaries ; tail
brown, tipped with white and shaded with ashy, barred with rufous,
the bars not being continued entirely across the feather ; cere pale
yellow ; orbits bluish flesh-colour ; bill bluish lead-colour, black at
tip ; feet light ashy grey, tarsal scales in front yellowish white ; iris
brown. Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1'15, wing 13, tail 7"8,
tarsus 2-55.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length
17 inches, culmen l-l, wing 14, tail 8-8, tarsus 2-8.
Young. Similar to the adults, but plainly spotted and banded with
rufous above, especially on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ;
under surface of body for the most part pale sandy rufous, mottled
with creamy white, where the plumage shows signs of approaching
adolescence ; thighs deep chestnut-brown, with faint cross bars of
rufous ; the facial features more pronounced than in the adult.
Obs. The possession by the Museum of the original types of Hiera-
cidea benc/ora, which were received from the Linnean Society, en-
ables me to prove that the II. occidentalis of Gould is the true H.
a, b. Ad. sk.
Australia.
e. Ad. sk.
Australia.
d. S ad. sk.
Murraj' River, S. Aus
tralia.
e. Ad. sk.
S. Australia.
f. Ad. St.
West Australia.
V. Ad. St.
West Australia.
A, t. Ad. sk.
N.W. Australia.
422 FAtCONID^.
berigora. Both these species are very distinct one from the other,
in their adult and in their young plumages.
Hub. Australia.
Linnean Society [P.]. Types
of species.
Sir D. Cooper [P.].
Su- George Grey [P.].
Sir George Grey fP.
Sir George Grey [P.
J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
J. 11. Elsey, Esq. [P.],
2. Hieracidea orientalis.
Cream-beUied Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 230 (1821).
Hieracidea berigora, Grai/, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Gould, B.
Austr. i. pi. 11 (1848); Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 22 (1850); Kaup, Contr.
Orn. 1850, p. 56 ; Bp. Bev. et Mag. cle Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Strickl.
Orn. Si/n. p. 101 (1855); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 621
(1803) ; Gmild, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 31 (1865) ; Pek. Bets. Nov.
Vog. p. 8 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22 (1869),
Falco* berigora orientalis, SM. Naum. 1855, p. 254.
Falco berigora, Schl. Mm. F.-B. Falc. p. 37 (1862).
Adult male. Above brown, the feathers very slightly inclining to
rufous on their edges, these margins being a little more distinct on
the inner secondaries ; crown slightly paler brown, with indistinct
blackish shaft-stripes, the nape mixed with white ; forehead and a;
distinct eyebrow, as well as the sides of the face and of the neck,
creamy or huffy white ; a narrow streak above the supraorbital
ridge, as well as a scant stripe from the fore part of eye across the
cheek, and another running under the eye along the upper margin of
ear-coverts, blackish brown, collecting a little behind the latter ;
quills dark brown, the primaries and outer secondaries tipped with
whitish, spotted on outer web and barred on the inner one with
rufous, the inner face of the quills whitish, owing to all biit the ter-
minal bars being joined together; tail brown, with an ashy gloss on the
upper surface, shghtly tipped with white, barred with rufous on the two
centre feathers, but not right across the feather, the others barred on
the inner and spotted with rufous on the outer web, the latter marks
gradually becoming less on the outer feathers ; under surface of body
creamy buff, the sides of the body and outer face of thighs brown,
converging towards the centre of the lower breast, some of the
feathers edged with fulvous ; under wing-coverts rich creamy buff,
the lower ones and the axillaries marked with brown ; cere and
orbits pale bluish lead-colour ; feet very light lead-colour ; iris
very dark brown. Total length 15-3 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 13,
tail 8, tarsus 2-5.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but larger. Total length
17-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 13-9, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-65.
Toung:. Warmer and more chocolate-brown than the adults, frona
78. CERCHNEIS. 423
which they are at once distinguished by the brown on the underparts,
which in the nestUng covers the whole of the breast, and as the bird
advances in age gradually disappears, leaving the chest striped with
brown, and the flanks much spotted with fulvous ; throat and sides
of the face ochraceous buff; forehead very indistinctly indicated, the
moustache and feathers below the eye and behind the ear-coverts deep
chocolate, and broader than in the adults ; feathers of the upper
surface edged with rufous, and spotted and half-barred with the same
colour, the bars on the tail a little narrower and more rufous than in
the adults.
Hah. Australia and Van Diemen's Land.
a. Ad. sk. Australia. Mrs. Mauger [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Australia. A. Cunningham, Esq. [P.].
c. Juv. sk, Australia. A. Cunningham, Esq. [P.|.
d. Ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. Ronald Guim, Esq. [P.J.
e. Ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. J. Gould, Esq. [C.l
/, g. Juv. sk. Van Diemen's Land. J. Gould, Esq. [C.
h. $ ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. The Admiralty [P.
i. $ ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. The Admiralty [P.
k. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].
/. Pull. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
78. CERCHNEIS, „
Type.
Cerchneis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 970 C. rupicola.
Erythropus, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1270 C. vespertina.
^gypius, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 20 (1829, nee Savign.) C. tinnuncula.
Pannyschistes, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 87 (1829) C. vespertina.
Falcula, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 365 C. tinnuncula.
Tichornis, Kaup, Classif. Sliug. u. Vog. p. 108 (1844). . C. naumanni.
Poecilomis, Kaup, t. c. p. 108 "(1844) C. sparveria.
Dissodectes, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 248 C. dickersoni.
Range. The whole of the Old and New Worlds, excepting Oceania.
Key to the Species.
a. Tail uniform, with one subterminal band only.
a'. Tail blue.
a". Back spotted or barred with black.
«'". Heaxi blue or washed with blue.
a^ Under wing-coverts white, spotted
with black.
a'. Underneath rufous, streaked with
black ; throat and under tail-
coverts fulvous tinnunctda <J , p. 425.
6'. Underneath deep rufous, streaked
with black ; throat and under tail-
coverts deep butf _ nqncola $ , p. 429.
b^. Under wing-coverts pure white, im-
spotted cenchroides $ , p. 431.
V". Head deep rufous, like black, streaked
with black moluccensis S , P- 430,
b". Back uniform.
424
FALCONID^.
c'". Wing-coverts rufous, only the outer-
most of greater and median series
blue naumanni iS > ?• 435.
d"'. Wing-coverts blue, the innermost
greater coverts narrowly margined
with rufous pekinmsis c? , p. 437.
I'. Tiul rufous.
c". Headrufous, narrowly streaked with black, cenchroides $,p, 431.
d". Head mai-ked with blue, or entirely of the
latter colour.
e'". Back rufous, or rufous banded with
black.
c*. Under surface of body with black
spots.
c°. Centre of crown rufous.
«". Wing-coverts blue, spotted with
black sparveria cJ , p. 437.
¥. Wing-coverts banded with rufous
and black dominicensis S , p. 439.
<f . Crown entirely blue cinnamomina S ,
d*. Under surface of body unspotted. p. 439.
e'. Crown all blue ; under surface of
body pale tawny isabellina S , p- 441.
/'. Crown rufous in centre ; under
surface white leucophrys S , P- 442.
/'". Back entirely blue, like head sparverioidesS ,t^.M3.
h. Tail regularly banded.
c. Head rufous, with no blue.
e". Tail banded with black and greyish white, nipicoloides J ad.,
/". Tail rufous, banded with black. p. 432.
g'". Under wing-coverts white, unspotted. . cenchroides <S juv.,
K". Under wing-coverts white, streaked or p. 431.
spotted with black,
c*. Breast rufous or rufous buff, streaked
with fulvous.
g^. Larger : wing 10'2 tinmmcula J , p. 425.
h!". Smaller : wing 9-3 naumanni 5 , p. 435.
f*. Breast pure white, with rounded spots
of black on the chest, changing to
bars on the flanks punctata ad., p. 434.
»'"'. Under wing-coverts entirely rufous like
breast, and finely streaked with black
in the same manner alopex ad., p. 432.
g". Tail bluish grey, banded with black.
k'". Interscapulary region uniform rufous.
g*. Underneath white, with small spots
of black newtoni ad., p. 433.
A*. Underneath rufous.
i'. Below uniform gracilis ad., p. 435.
A'. Below spotted with black newtcmi $ , p. 433.
V". Interscapulary region rufous, banded
with black,
t*. Tail banded for entire length below. . rupicola J ad., p. 429.
**. Tail very slightly and irregularly
barred below, only the subterminal
band distinct moluccensis $ ad.,
p. 430.
78. CEKCHNEI8. 425
m"'. Interscapulary region grey, banded
with black vespertina 2 , p. 443.
d. Head grey or bluish, or at least marked with
blue.
Ji'. Back greyish, banded with black amuretisis $ , p. 445.
i". Back rufous, banded with black sparveria and allies,
c. Tail bluish or blackish grey, distinctly banded $ , p. 443.
with white when spread.
e'. Interscapulary region uniform.
K\ Tail uniform above ardesiaca, p. 446.
I". Tail banded with white for two thirds of
., ite length dickersoni, p. 447.
I . Interscapulary region banded zoniventris, p. 447.
d. Tail perfectly uniform. Pp. 443^
k'. Under wing-coverts blue-grey like breast., vespertina (J ad.,
/*. Under wing-coverts white anmrensis cJ ad.,
p. 445.
1. Cerchneis tinmmcula.
L'Epervier des Alouettes, Briss. Oni. i. p. 279 (1760).
La Cresserelle, Briss. Orn. i. p. 393 (1760) : £uf. PI. Enl. i. pis. 401
471 (1770). ^
Falco tmnunculus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 127 (1766) ; Temm. Man. cFOrn.
1. p. 29 (1820) ; Namn. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 323, Taf. 30 (1822) ;
Wernei; Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 12 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. i. pi 26
(1837); Schl. u. Suse7n. Vog. Em: Taf. 11 (1839-45); Macgill.
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 325 (1840) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 52 (1843) ;
Kjm-b. Orn. Dan. Afb. iii. hg. 4 (1851) ; Schl. Vof/. Nederl. pis. 9',
10 (1854) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 9 (1857) ; Fritsch, Voq. Eur.
tab. 4. figs. 6, 7 (1858) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 25 ( 1862) ;
Degl. 8f Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 93 (1867) ; Hetigl. Om. N.O -Afr.
i. p. 40 (1869) ; Swidev. Sv. Fogl. p. 216, pi. xxvi. figs. 5, 6 ; Blanf.
Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 290 (1870) ; Sharpe .^- Dresser, B. Eur. pt. 2
(1871) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. p. 79 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital.
Ucc. p. 22 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 194 (1872) : Schl. Revue
Accipitr. p. 41 (1873).
Falco alaudarius, &?«. S. N. i. p. 279 (1788, ex Brks.).
Falco fasciatus, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 70 (1800).
Falco brunneus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 38 (1802).
Cerchneis tinnuncula, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl.
p. 7t> (1831).
Cerchneis murum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 70 (1831).
Cerchneis media, Brehm, ut supra.
Falco architinnunculus, Brehm, ut sitpra.
Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Consp
i. p. 27 (18.50) ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br
pt. ii. (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i, p. 38 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien,
xiii. p. 623 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 9 ; Neict. Ooth. Wolleu.
p. 80 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 9; Tristr. t. c. p. 259; H:u7ne,
Rough Notes, 1. p. 96 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22 (1869) •
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 205 (1870)'; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 486.
Cerchneis tseniurn, Brehm, Natimannia, 1855, p. 269.
Cerchneis intercedens, Brehm, ut suprH.
Cerchneis accedens, Brehm, ut supra.
Cerchneis fasciata, Brehm, id supra.
Cerchneis guttata, Brehm, ut supra.
Tinnunculus tinnunculus, Heugl. Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 20.
426 FAICONIBJE.
Adult male. Upper parts brick-red, with a few arrow-head mark-
ings of black, larger on the inner secondaries ; primary coverts and
quills dark brown, the former narrowly margined with rufous, the
primaries notched with white for about two thirds of their length,
the inner primaries and outer secondaries narrowly edged and tipped
with buffy white ; head and neck clear blue-grey, with narrow black
shaft-stripes ; forehead and narrow eyebrow huffy white ; cheeks
silvery grey, inclining to blackish below the eye and on the fore part
of cheeks, forming a tolerably distinct moustache ; lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail clear blue-grey, the latter tipped with
ashy white, before which is a broad subterminal band of black ;
throat and under tail-coverts buff, unspotted ; remainder of under
surface rufous fawn ; the chest-feathers mesially streaked with black,
these dark centres being larger and more oval in shape on the flank-
feathers ; the thighs clear rufous, unspotted ; under wing-coverts
white, spotted with black ; bill bluish horn-colour, black at tip, yel-
lowish at base ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; iris brown. Total
length 12-5 inches, culmen 1'75, wing 9-2, tail 6-7, tarsus 1-6.
Adult female. Similar to the male underneath, but not so deeply
coloured. Upper surface entirely rufous, banded with black, with a
faiut bluish shade on the rump ; the upper tail-coverts inclining to
buff ; head rufous, streaked with black ; tail rufoiis, banded with
black, the bars not being strictly continuous, tipped with huffy white,
before which is a conspicuous broad baud of black ; facial features
and soft parts as in the male. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen -75,
wing 9-2, tail 6'5, tarsus 1*6.
Young male. Eesembling the old female, but rather paler and
more distinctly striped on the breast. The tail first changes, becom-
ing blue like that of the old male ; and thus birds are often seen in
partial plumage, having the blue tail of the adult male, hut retaining
the rufous head of the old female dress.
Hah. The whole of Europe aud Northern Asia, migrating in winter
into 'N. China, the Indian peninsula, and N.E. Africa, occasionally
wandering into Western and Southern Africa and the Seychelles.
Obs. In certain countries along the southern habitat of the com-
mon Kestrel occurs a dark resident form which has by some authors
been considered to be a distinct species. To the westward the dark
race is first found in Madeira and the Canaries, and does not seem
to occur in Europe proper. In Senegambia it may also occur, as
suggested by Mr. Godmau (' Ibis,' 1872, p. 16.5), as it was probably
a dark Kestrel that Swainson named Falco rufescens. Again, in
Abyssinia the same dark-coloured form occurs, and has received the
name of Falco rupicolcefonnis ; and it is not until we get to the
Himalayas that another intensified race is met Avith : here it is the
F. interstinctus of M'Clelland. Mr. Blyth seems to have seen a
similar race from Burmah, as a Kestrel is mentioned on his authority
by Mr. G. E. Gray (Hand-l. B. i. p. 23) under the name of Tinnun-
culus atratus ; but I have not yet succeeded in unearthing Mr. Blyth's
own reference. In China and Japan the largest and darkest race of
78. CERCHNEIS.
427
Common Kestrel occurs ; and some remarks of mine on Mr. Swinhoe's
e-xcelleut series will be found in Dresser's ' Birds of Europe.'
Throughout all these dark races of Kestrel one character is pre-
dominant in addition to the richer and more intense coloration of the
male bird, viz. that the female has more or less of a shade of blue
on the rump aud tail, which sometimes overspreads the whole of the
latter.
a. 2 ad. St.
b. Pull. St.
c. d. Pull. St.
«)/• 6 $ ad. St.
9,h- 6 $ ad. St.
i. c? ad. St.
k. (S juv. sk.
/. cJ ad. sk.
7n. c? ad. sk.
71. c? ad. St.
o. 2 ad. sk.
2}. d" ad. sk.
q, r. c? juv. sk.
s. cT ad. sk.
t. cJ juv. sk.
ti, V. c? 2 ad. st.
2v. 2 ad. sk.
X. (^ juv. sk.
y. d JUV. sk.
s. 5 ad. sk.
«', b'. cJ ad. sk.
c'. 2 ad. sk.
d'. (5' juv. sk.
e'. cJ ad. sk.
/'. d ad.
[/'. d juv.
h', i'. Skeletons.
k', I'. Skeletons.
»j',n'. Skulls.
o'. Skull.
p'-u'. Sterna.
a. Ad. sk.
b. c? ad. sk.
c. 2 juv. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk,
e. cJ ad. sk.
/. 9; S juv. sk.
h, i. cJ juv. St.
k. 2 ad. sk.
Great Britain.
Great Britain.
Great Britain.
Cambridgeshire.
Wiltshire.
Devonshire.
Aboyne, Aberdeen-
shire.
Belgium, Jan. 10,
1840.
Thuringia.
Hebron.
Nazareth.
Egypt, March 7, 1868.
Egypt.
Annesley Bay,
Feb. 5, 1868.
Egvpt.
Bagdad.
Bagdad.
Bagdad.
Matheran, Jan. 28,
1871.
Kattiawar, Feb. 22,
1871.
Behar.
Behar.
Behar.
Northera Asia.
E. Siberia(Z>y&(«<'sA7).
Ussuri Eiver i^Dy-
bowski).
Madeira.
Adigrat, Tigre,
April 25, 1808.
Adigrat, Tigre,
April 22, 1868.
Adigrat, Tigre,
April 23, 1868.
^epaul.
Nepaul.
Nepaul.
Nepaul.
A. Cooper, Esq., R.A. [P.l.
Mr. Bullock.
Major-Gen. Hard wicke [P.!.
Mr". J. Clark.
Colonel Montagu
Colonel MontagTi
R. B. Sharpe, tsq. [P.].
Brussels Museimi [P.],
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
Canon Tristram [C.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
Captain Shelley [P.J.
W. B. D. TurnbuU, Esq. [P.]
\V. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Sh- S. Baker [P.l.
K. Loftus, Esq. [P.].
K. Loftus, Esq. [P.].
K. Loftus, Esq. [P.J.
Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].'
Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
Mr. Montairo [C.J.
Warsaw ^Museum [E,
Warsaw Museum E
:]:
Piu-chased.
Purchased.
Dr. Giintber.
W. Yan-eU, Esq. [P.].
a. Dark race.
J. H. Giu-nev, Esq. [P.J.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
41
28
FALCO>fID^
/.
$ ad. St.
Nepaul.
m
5 juv. St.
Nepaul.
n,
0, p. Pull. sk.
Nepaul.
9-
cf ad. sk.
FoHen, China.
r.
J ad. sk.
Fokien, China.
s.
5 ad. sk.
Fokien, China.
t.
2 juv. sk.
Fokien, China.
u.
cJ juv. sk.
Amoy, China, Oct.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
15, 1866.
V, (S ad. sk. Amoy, China, Nov. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
1866.
»r. <7 ad. sk. Amoy, China, Dec. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.J.
1866.
X. 2 ad. sk. Amoy, China, Jan. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
1867.
V. 2 iuv. sk. Amoy, China, Feb. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
1867.
z. S ad. sk. Japan.
a'. 5 ad. sk. Japan.
/3. C neglectus.
a. (5 juv. sk. St. lago, Cape-Verd M. A. Bouvier [C.].
archipelago.
b. 2 juv. sk. St. lago, Cape-Verd M. A. Bouvier [C.J.
archipelago.
The Museum contains two specimens of the Kestrel from the Cape-
Verd Islands, recently described as Falco neglectus by Professor
Schlegel. The type specimen comes from St. Vincent, where it was
collected by Mr. Keulemans ; and the birds in the Museum are from
St. lago, obtained by Mons. A. Bouvier. The latter do not bear out
the characters which Professor Schlegel assigns to the species, at
least as regards the banding of the underparts ; but the size is cer-
tainly remarkably small, and the plumage very dark. In my opinion
it is only a small dark-coloured race ; and although the size is un-
usually reduced, it is ap]Droached by other specimens. Witness the
following measurements :—
Total
length.
S juv. Egypt (Shelley) 14-0
cJ ad. N. Asia {Montairo) 13-8
$ ad. Nazareth ( Tristram) 15-0
(S ad. Adigrat {Blanford) 13-8
<S ad. Nepaul {Hodgson) 13'5
cJ juv. St. lago (Bouvier) 12-5
5 juv. St. lago (Bouvier) 127
Should a larger series show other differences, whereby to distin-
guish the species, the synonymy will be as follows : —
Cerchneis neglecta.
Falco tinnunculus, Keuletn. N. T. D. iii. p. 364 (1866) ; Dohrn,
J.f. 0.1871, p. 4.
Falco neglectus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Bevw Accipitr. p. 43 (1873).
Hah. Cape-Verd archipelago.
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsus
9-8
7-0
1-55
10-2
6-9
1-6
9-5
7-0
1-6
9-5
6-8
1-45
9-3
70
1-6
8-8
61
1-6
9-0
6-0
1-6
78. CERCHNEI8. 429
2. Cerchneis rupicola.
Le Monta^ard, Levaill. Ois. cCAfr. i. p. 144, pi. 35 (1799).
Falco rupicolus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 135 (1800, ex Levaill.) ; Smith,
S.-Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 237 (1830) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 47
(1858) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 27 (1862) : id. Revue, p. 41
(1873).
Falco capensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 192 (1809, ex Levaill.).
Cerchneis rupicola, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314.
Cerchneis capensis, Boie, id snpm.
Tinnunculus rupicolus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844); Bp. Consp.
i. p. 27 (1850); Eaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53; Bp. Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 537 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 97 (1855) ; Gurnet/,
Lbis, 1859, p. 240 ; 3Iont. Ibis, 1862, p. 335; Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien,
xiii. p. 624 (1863) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 22 (1867) ; Boeage,
Jorn. Lisb. 1867, pp. 132, 331, 1809, p. 337 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 23 (1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 570 ; Gtimey, in Anderss.
B. Damara Ld. p. 18 (1872).
Adult male. Head and hinder neck dull blue-grey, with black
shaft-8tripes ; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts clear rufous, with
a few black spots rather oval in shape ; quills brown, the inner pri-
maries and outer secondaries tipped with bufFy whitish ; the inner
secondaries brown externally, internally rufous, the innermost ones
entirely rufous like the back, with a few arrow-head spots of
black ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pale bluish grey, the latter
tipped with buffy white and crossed by a broad subterminal bar of
black ; lores whitish ; sides of face dull blue-grey like the head,
streaked with black in the same manner ; under surface of body
deep fawn ; the chest striped and the sides of the body scantily
spotted with black ; the thighs, abdomeu, and under tail-coverts
unspotted, the latter a little paler ; throat rufous white ; under wing-
coverts white, with a few scattered longitudinal spots of black ; cere,
orbits, aud feet dull yellow ; bill horn-black, yellowish at base of
both mandibles ; iris duU brown. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen
0"8, wing 10, tail 6"5, tarsus 1"65.
Female. Similar to the male, and having the tail blue-grey, banded
with black and tipped with pale rufous, the subterminal bar being
very broad ; head rufous, streaked with black ; the back and wing-
coverts broadly banded with arrow-head bars of black ; cheeks dusky
black, indistinctly streaked on the lower margin with pale rufous ;
under surface of body as in the male, but streaked, rather than
spotted, with black. Total length 14 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 9-9,
tail 6-6, tarsus 1-7.
Hah. South Africa.
a. Pull. St.
Cape of Good Hope.
M. J. Verreaux
[C.l.
b. (S juv. St.
Cape of Good Hope.
J. Gould, Esq.
[P-"
c. (S ad. sk.
Cape of Good Hope.
J. Gould, Esq.
P."
,
d. (5' ad. sk.
South Africa.
Earl of Derby
P.l
.
e. c? ad. sk.
Angola.
J. J. Mouteiro, Esq.
[C.
/. $ ad. sk.
Angola.
J. J. Monteiro, Esq.
"C.
g. 2 *^- sk.
River Loge, Angola.
J. J. Monteiro,
Esc
I-
c.
430 FALCONID.«i.
3. Cerchneis moluccensis.
Falco tinmmculus, Hvrsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 13o (1822) ; Vigors,
Life Raffl. App. p. G50 (1830) ; Miill. Nat. Gesch. Land n. Vogelk.
p."209 (1839-41).
Tiununculus moluccensis, Hombr. ^- Jacq. Voi/. Pule Sud, Zool. Atlas,
pl. 1. tig. 1 (1842), et texte, iii. p. 46 (1853) ; Lp. Consp. i. p. 27
(1850) ; id. Her. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 96 (1855) ; Pelz. V'erh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 625 (1863) ; Wall.
Ibis, 1868, p. 5 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869) ; Walden, Tr.
Z. S. viii. p. 33 (1872).
Cresserelle des Moluques, Temm. ^ Sclil. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 3
(1850).
Tinnunculus alaudarius, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co. i.
p. 13 (1854).
Falco moluccensis, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 28 (1862) ; id. Voy.
Nederl. hid. Valkv. pp. 6, 47, pl. 1. figs. 3-5 (1866) ; id. Revue,
p. 42 (1873).
Adult male. Above deep bay, nearly chestnut, with rather broad
arrow-head spots of black, almost amounting to bands on the scapu-
lars and inner secondaries ; the head and hind neck streaked with
black ; quills blackish brown, deeply notched or barred with rufous
or rufous white on the inner web ; the inner primaries tipped with
rufous white, the secondaries deep rufous Uke the back ; rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail bluish grey, the latter paler beneath, tipped
with huffy white, before which is a broad subterminal bar of black ;
forehead rufous white ; cheeks silvery whitish, streaked with black ;
throat rufous white ; rest of under surface deep bay ; the thighs,
vent, and under tail-coverts unspotted : the breast longitudinally
streaked with black, which gradually widens out into arrow-head
bars on the flanks and sides of the body ; under wing-coverts paler
rufous, with black spots and cross markings ; cere and orbits pale
yellow ; biU deep horn-blue, lighter at base of upper and yellowish
at base of lower mandible, the tip black ; feet bright pale yellow ;
iris dark brown. Total length 11-5 inches, ciilmen 0-7, wing 8-9,
tail 5'7, tarsus 1-65.
Female. Very similar to the male, but has a more banded upper
surface ; head rufous and the tail blue, as in the male, but with
more or less distinct bars on the latter ; on the under surface of the
body a little more broadly banded than the male. Total length
13 inches, wing 9-85, tarsus 1*6.
Hah. Molucca Islands, extending to Java.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.'
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C'
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C'
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. C.
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C
a. J ad. st.
East Timor.
b. $ ad. sk.
East Timor.
c, d, e. Ad. sk.
Flores.
/. S ad. sk.
Makassar, Celebes
g. cJ ad. sk.
Gilolo.
h. Ad. St.
Batchian.
». (S ad. st.
Batchian.
I
78. CERCHNKIS. 431
4. Cerchneis cenchroides.
Faico cenchroides, Jlr/. ^- Horsf. Tr. Limi. Soc. xv. p. 183 (1826) ;
Schl. Mus. Pai/s-£as, Fide. -p. 2d (18{J2).
Tiuuunculus cenchroides, Gray, Gen. of £. i. p. 21 (1844); Gould,
B. Austr. i. pi. 13 (1848); Sturt, Exp. Cent,: Austr. App. p. 14
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 27 (1850) ; Kmip, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 53;
Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 527 ; Strickl. Om. Sim. p. 98
(1855) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. G26 (1863) ; Gould, Ilandb.
B. An^tr. i. p. 35 (1865) ; Diggles, Om. Audr. pt. 8 (1869) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869). •"
Adult male. Above pale rufous, almost unspotted, excepting a
few central black markings to the scapular feathers and innermost
secondaries ; primaries blackish brown, toothed with white on the
inner web, the inner ones narrowly margined with whitish at the
tip ; head pale bluish grey, washed with rufous, the black shaft-
stripes rather distinct ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers
clear bhie-grey, the latter slightly tinged with rufous on their edges,
tipped with white, before which is a broad subterminal band of
black ; forehead, feathers over the eye, and sides of the face whitish,
the latter tinged with greyish ; under surface of body pale tawny
buff, inclining to clear tawny, the breast and sides of the body
narrowly streaked with black shaft-stripes, absent on the thighs,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts, which are much paler and more
fulvous; under wing-coverts and lining of wing-feathers pure
white, occupying the greater part of the primaries, which are
notched and tipped with greyish black towards the apex only ; cere
and orbits yellowish orange ; bill horn-coloured near the base, black
towards the tip, base of under mandible yellowish ; feet orange ;
iris dark. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 9-3, tail 6-2^
tarsus 1-5.
Adult femcde. Similar to the male, but without the bluish shade
on the head, and no blue tail, though the upper tail- coverts are
strongly washed with blue-grey in old bu'ds. The head is pale
rufous like the back, with narrow linear black shaft-streaks to the
feathers ; and the tail is also pale rufous, tipped with white and
barred across with narrow black bands, excepting the subterminal
one, which is very broad ; the outer tail-feathers much paler, almost
inclining to whitish. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 9-8,
tail 6-2, tarsus 1-5.
Hah. Australia.
a, h. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. Tj'pes
of species.
c. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].
(/, e. Ad. sk. S. Australia. C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq. [P.].
/, g. Ad. sk. Interior of 8. Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.].
h. Ad. sk. Bourke, Kiver Darling. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
1. Ad. St. S. Australia. ' J. Gould, Esq. [C.J.
h. Ad. sk. Australia. Mrs. Wise [P.].
/. Skeleton. Sir G. Grev [P.].
432 FALCOHID^..
5. Cerchneis rupicoloides.
Falco rupicoloides, Smith, S. Aft: Q. Journ. i. p. 238 (1830) ; id. III.
Zool. 8. Afr. pi. xcii. (1849) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 29 (1862) ;
Finsch u.'Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 76 (1870).
Tiuuunculus rupicoloides, Grai/, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Kaup,
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 27 (1850) ; id. Rev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 98 (1855) ; Pelz.
Verh. z.-h. Wien, xiii. p. 625 (1863); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 23
(1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 142 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 288 ;
Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld.
p. 19 (1872).
Falco smithii, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 43 (1873).
Adult male. Above tawny rufous, with very broad cross bars of
black, some of the feathers also tipped with fulvous, the vdng-
coverts coloured like the back, the bars on the primary coverts
being broader and darker; quills blackish brown, the inner webs
almost entirely white at the base, notched with rufous on the inner
feathers, some of which are also spotted with rufous on the outer
web as well ; rump and upper tail-coverts blackish, with bars and
margins of fulvous ; tail alternately barred with black and ashy
rufous, the former broad, the latter narrow, all the feathers tipped
with white, before which a broad subterminal band of black, some
of the whitish bands shaded with greyish ; head and hind neck
rufous, streaked instead of barred with black ; forehead, eyebrow,
and sides of the face whitish buff, narrowly lined with black ; under-
parts dull tawny rufous, the throat, vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts unspotted, the breast mesially streaked with brown shaft-
markings, broader on the flanks ; under wing-coverts white, the
axillaries washed with rufous, with black shaft-stripes ; cere and
eyelid yellow; bare space round eye and basal part of biU livid
yellowish, remainder of bill horn-colour; iris whitish, deeply im-
pregnated with brown. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing
11, tail 6-5, tarsus 1*75.
Adult female. Yery similar to the male, but the flanks more barred
with black. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 11-4, tail
6'o, tarsus 1-85.
Hah. South Africa.
a. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. S. -African Musexmi. Type
of species.
b. Pull. St. Black Eiver, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux [0.].
c. Ad. sk. Transvaal {Ayres). K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
d. Ad. St. South Africa. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
6. Cerclmeis alopex.
Falco alopex, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 10 (1856); id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
i. p. 41 (1869) ; Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Tor. v. p. 727 (1870) ;
Finsch, Nachtr. Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. xvii (1871).
Tinnunculus alopex, Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 69, pi. 3; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.
Wien, xiii. p. 625 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869).
Tinnunculus rupicolus, Antin. Cat. Descr. Ucc. p. 15 (1865, nee
Daud.).
78. CERCHNEIS. 433
Adult male. Everywhere foxy red, the head narrowly and the
back and wing-coverts a little more broadly streaked with black
down the centre, the greater wing-coverts with remains of blackish
bars ; quills 4)lack, narrowly margined and broadly tipped with pale
foxy red, becoming whitish on the extreme margin, the secondaries
coloured like the rest of the back, and mesially streaked and irre-
gularly barred with black ; tail foxy red, deeper than the back,
crossed with about fifteen narrow bars of black ; throat uniform
pale foxy red ; rest of under surface foxy red, with very narrow
central streaks of black, becoming rufescent on the thighs and under
wing- and tail-coverts ; under surface of quills creamy white at base
of inner web, shading into pale rufous, with remains of blackish
bars, the apical portion blackish, with foxy red tips ; biU bluish horn-
colour, the under mandible yellowish ; orbits and cere violet lead-
colour ; feet yellow. Total length 15 inches, cuknen 0-8, wing 10-6,
tail 7'8, tarsus 1-85.
Hah. N.E. Africa.
a. $ ad, sk. Bogos Land, July 21, 1871 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
(^AnUnori).
7. Cerchneis newtoni,
Falco gracilis, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 18 (1861) ; Roch 8^ Netct,
Ibis, 1862, p. 267.
Falco punctatus, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 28 (1862).
Tinnunculus newtoni, Chtrtiey, Ibis, 1863, p. 34, pi. ii. ; Newton, t. c.
p. 336 ; Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 319 ; Gitrney, Ibis,
1869, p. 447 ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 23 (1869).
Falco newtoni, Schl. R Z. S. 1866, p. 420; Schl. 8f Poll. Faun. Madag.
Ois. p. 32, pi. 11. figs. 1, 2 (1868) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Remie Accipitr.
p. 43 (1873).
Adult. Above light rufous, the head and hinder neck streaked
with narrow linear black shaft-stripes ; the scapulars, wing-coverts,
and inner secondaries spotted with arrow-head black markings,
obsolete on the interscapulary region, which is rufous, with only a few
black shaft-markings ; rump and upper tail-coverts dark bluish grey,
with black arrow-head central markings, larger on the latter; primaries
blackish, notched with white or rufous white on the inner web ; secon-
daries coloured like the back ; tail-feathers alternately barred with
dark bluish grey and black, the subterminal band being very broad ;
forehead, as well as a narrow eyebrow and sides of the face, white,
the ear-coverts inclining to silveiy whit« ; under surface of body
creamy white, slightly washed with rufous on the chest, on which
the central black spots on the feathers are elongated ; on the breast
and flanks they are more oval in shape, larger on the latter ; the
throat, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts unspotted ; under
wing-coverts white, streaked with black, the greater ones and axil-
laries marked with oval black spots, like the flanks ; cere orange-
yellow ; bill horn-blue, yellowish at the base ; orbits and feet orange-
yellow ; iris hazel. Total length 10-2 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 7"4,
tail 5, tarsus 1*4.
VOL. I. 2 e
434
faXconid^.
Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 11 inches,
wing 8'2, tarsus 1'55.
Nestling {Mus. Litgd.). Deep rufous, broadly streaked on the head
and neck, and barred on the back with black ; tail -deep rufous,
broadly tipped with creamy buif. and barred with black, the sub-
terminal band very broad ; sides of face and neck pale rufous ; the
throat, thighs, and under tail-coverts buffy white ; the chest streaked
and the breast spotted or barred with black.
06s. The rufous colour on the underparts is shown by the fore-
going bird to be a sign of youth ; and remains of it are to be found
on some of the white-breasted birds. As, however, examples of both
sexes of white and rufous-tinted birds are killed at the same seasons
of the year (as is shown by the carefully collected series in the
Leiden Museum), the only way to account for these differences is by
supposing that it is some time before the bird attains maturity, and
probably breeds in the rufous dress,
rufous individuals have more grey
breasted ones.
Ifab. Madagascar.
a. 2 ad. st. Madagascar.
b. j ad. sk. Madagascar.
c. d. 2 ad. sk. Madagascar.
e. cJ ad. sk. Nossi-B6.
It should be noticed that the
on the head than the white-
Purchased.
S. -African Museum.
Mr. Lormier [C.l.
Heer Van Dam [C],
8. Cerclmeis punctata.
Falco punctatus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 45 (1823) ; ScM. ^ Poll. F. M.
Ois. p. 33, pi. 11. fig. 3 (1868) ; Schl Remie Acapitr. p. 44 (1873).
Tinnunculus punctatus, Gray^ Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; B}}. Comp.
i. p. 27 (1850) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 98 (1855) ; Newt. Ibis, 1861,
p. 271 ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 626 (1863) ; Gurney, Ibis,
1869, p. 447; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 23 (1869).
Adtdt female. Above duU foxy rufous, with rather broad trans-
verse bars of black, the head streaked with blackish shaft-stripes ;
wing-coverts and secondaries coloured like the back, the latter
slightly inclining to whitish at the tip ; primaries blackish brown,
deeply notched with rufous white on the inner web, and indistinctly
margined with rufous on the outer one ; tail deep bay, with a paler
tip, crossed by six narrower bands of black ; forehead and sides of
the face whitish, with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; sides of neck,
throat, and entire underparts white, the former unspotted, the
latter very distinctly marked with large oval spots of brownish
black, tinged with rufous, these spots smaller and more longitudinal
on the centre of the breast and flanks ; cere and orbits light yellow ;
bill horn-brown, yellowish at base ; feet straw-yellow, claws nearly
black ; iris dark brown. Total length 13 inches, culmen 0-7, wing
7*6, tail 5-8, tarsus 1-55.
Adidt male. Similar to adult female, but much smaller. Total
length 11-5 inches, wing 7, tail 5-5, tarsus 1-5. {Mus. A. Newton.)
Hah. Mauritius.
a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk.
Mauritius.
Mauritius.
E. Newton, Esq. [P.].
78. CEBCHNEIS. 435
9. Cerchneis gracilis.
Falco gracilis, Less. Traite, p. 93 (1831j ; Des Murs, Icmogr. Orn.
pi. 25 (1846) ; PucJur. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 214 ; Hartl.
Faun. MaSaff. p. 18 (18G1) ; Sckl. ^- Poll. Faim. Madag., Ois. p. 34,
pi. 11. figs. 4, 5 (1868).
Tinnunculus gracilis, G7-ag, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844); Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 101 (1855) ; E. Newt. Ibis, 1867, p. 341 ; Gray, Iland-l
B. i. p. 23 (1869).
Adult male. Above deep maroon-chestnut, with a few black
shaft-lines and spots on the feathers, a little larger and more di-
stinct on the wing-coverts and scapulars ; quills blackish, notched
on inner web with white, tinged with rufous, the secondaries alter-
nately barred with rufous and black, the innermost entirely rufous,
with a few subterminal spots or bars of black ; rump and upper
taU-coverts blue-grey ; tail also blue-grey, crossed with five bands
of black, the subterminal one very broad ; head dark bluish grey,
the lores and a narrow eyebrow whitish ; sides of face light bluish
grey, streaked with white, forming a moustache, the centre of the
ear-coverts fulvescent; entire under surface of body isabelline
fawn-colour, a little darker on the thighs, the under tail-coverts
shaded with greyish ; under wing-coverts white, slightly spotted
with brown ; inner lining of quUls greyish brown, the inner webs
notched with white, the bases being entirely white ; cere and
orbital skin lemon-yellow ; bill greyish horn-colour ; feet lemon-
yeUow, claws black ; iris brown. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen
1-65, wing 5-6, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-2. {Mus. A. Newton.)
Adult female. Similar to the male, but haviug rather broader
tail-bands, and being slightly larger. Total length 10 inches, wing
6-3, tail 4-7, tarsus 1-2. (^Mus. A. Newton.)
A young male bird, also in Professor Newton's collection, differs
in having its head rufous, and having the upper surface broadly
banded Avith black, the under surface being also deeper rufous than
in the adults, and spotted with black.
Hab. Seychelles.
a. Juv. st. Seychelles, Purchased.
b. S ad. sk. Seychelles ( Ward). E. Newton, Esq. [P.].
10. Cerchneis naumanni.
Falco naumanni, Fleisch in Fischer, Jahrg. 1818 (teste Namiiann).
Ealco tinminculoide^, Tcmtn. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 30 (1820, ex Natt.
MS.) ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 12 (1827) ; St.-Hilaire, Expl.
Sci. Moree, Zool. p. 47, pis. ii., iii. (1833) ; Goidd, B. Eur. i. pi. 27
(1837) ; Schl. in Smem. Vng. Eur. Taf. l2 (1839-45) ; Sperl. Ibis,
1863, p. 273 ; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 48 (1866).
Falco xanthonyx, Naum. Vog. Deutsch. i. p. 323 (1822, ex Natt. MS.).
Falco tinnuncularius, Boux, Orn. pror. i. p. 60, pis. 40, 41 (1825) ;
Vieill. Faun. Fran^. p. 36, pi. 16. tig. 3 (1828).
Falco cenchris, Cuv. R(>gne An. i. p^ 322 (1829, ex Frisch, 1739) ;
Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 318, Taf. 29 (1822) ; Fritsch, Voq.
Europa's, tab. 4. fig. 2 (1858) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 29 (1862) ;
2g 2
436 FALCONID^.
Blasius, Ibis, 18G2, p. 65 ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 49 ; Degl. ^- Gerbe,
Orn. Europ. i. p. 94 (1867); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 43
(1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Itnl. Ucc. p. 22 (1871) ; Sharpe 8f Dresser,
B. Eur. part 3 (1871) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 45 (1873).
Cerclineis cenchris, Brehm, Voq. Deutsch. p. 74 (1831) ; Bp. Compi.
List of B. Eur. ^ N. Am. p. 5 (1838).
Tinnuuculus cencliris, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 21 (1842) ; Gi-ay,
Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 27 (1850); Strickl.
Orn. Si/n. p. 97 (1855) ; Pe!z. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. G24 (1863) ;
Newt. Ooth. WoUeij. p. 82 (1864) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1865, p. 259 ;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 22 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 362 ; Grag,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869) ; Blnnf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 318
(1870^ ; Gurnet/, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 17 (1872).
Tichoruis cenchris, Kaup, Classif. Siiug. u. Vog. p. 108 (1844) ; Bp.
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p.*537.
Pcecilornis cenchris, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53.
Cerclineis pai'adoxa, C. ruficeps, C. ruticauda, Brehm, Naum. 1855,
p. 269.
Adult male. Upper surface of body rich cinnamon-rufous ; entire
head and hind neck, lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
blue-grey, the latter tipped with white, and crossed by a broad
subterminal band of black ; lores and a few streaks on the cheeks
whitish ; lesser and median wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, like the
back, a few of the outer ones of the latter series washed with blue-
grey ; the greater coverts and inner secondaries blue-grey, washed
with rufous externally, primaries dark brown ; throat deep fulvous
white ; breast pale cinnamon or vinous, with a few blackish spots
on the breast, becoming larger on the sides of the body ; thighs
paler rufous, unspotted ; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish
white ; under wing-coverts white, with a few tiny blackoval spots
larger on the axillaries ; bill lightish blue, yellow at base, and
blackish at tip ; cere, orbits, and feet beautiful yellow, the claws
generally white, very rarely inclining to blackish ; iris dark brown.
Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 9*1, tail 6, tarsus 1-2.
Adult female. Dissimilar to the male. Above tawny rufous,
transversely crossed by bars of blackish brown, narrower and more
obscure on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter
of which are strongly inclined to grey ; tail rufous, barred with
black, tipped with whitish, before which a broad subterminal baud
of black ; head and neck rather paler rufous, the former broadly,
the latter more narrowly, streaked with blackish shaft-stripes ; fore-
head and a distinct eyebrow whitish ; cheeks and ear-coverts silvery
white, with narrow shaft-lines of black ; primaries dark brown,
barred on the inner web Math rufous, secondaries coloured like the
back, the outer ones narrowly margined with white at the tip ;
throat, vent, and under tail- coverts fulvous white, unspotted ; breast
inclining to rufous fawn-colour, all the feathers mesially streaked
with blackish, these stripes being broader on tlie flanks, and very
tiny on the thighs, which are also paler rufous. Total length
12-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 9-3, tail 5-9, tarsus 1-2.
Young male. Like the old female, but somewhat paler rufous.
7b. CEECHNEIS. 437
The blue tail is assumed by a moult, the blue head being, on the
other hand, gained by a change of feather. Birds in intermediate
stages are often thus seen.
Hob. Southern and South-eastern Europe, migrating in winter
to South Africa.
a. S ad. sk. S. Europe. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
b. cJ ad. sk. Spain. Capt. Cook [P.].
c. S ad. St. Nazareth. Canon Tristram [C.l.
d. 5 ad. St. Nazareth. Canon Tristram [6.1.
e. S juv. sk. Red Sea, Oct. 13, 1873. E. L. Layard, Esq. [CI
/. cf ad. sk. Adigrat, Tigr^, April 27, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
1868.
11. Cerchneis peMnensis,
Tinnunculus cenchris, Hursf. !<,• Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 14
(1854); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 220.
Erythropus cenchris, Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 38 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis,
1863, p. 10; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 103 (1869).
Falco cenchris, var. pekinensis, Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 442, 448.
Tichornis pekinensis, Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341.
Erythropus pekinensis, Je>-d. Ibis, 1871, p. 242.
Adult nude. Very similar to C. naumanni, but darker and
more vinous red above ; underneath also darker- coloured and un-
spotted when adult. The principal distinction is in the wing-
coverts, which are almost entirely blue-grey, only the very inner-
most being slightly washed with rufous. Total length 12 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 9-6, taU. 5*8, tarsus 1-45.
Hah. N. China ; Himalayas.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
12. Cerchneis sparveria.
The Little Hawk, Catesby, Knt. H. Carol, i. p. 5, pi. 5 (1731).
Falco sparverius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 128 (1766, e.r Catesby); Wils.
Atn. Orn. ii. p. 117, pi. 16. fig. 1 (1810) ; Sw. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-
Am. p. 31, pi. 24 (1831) ; Aud. B. Am. fol. p]. xxii., et ed. 8vo,
i. p. 94, pi. 22 (1839) ; Dekay, N. Hist. N. Y. Birds, p. 16, pi. vii.
fig. 6 (1843) ; Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 13 (1860) ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Falc. p. 30 (1862) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 288; Salt: P. Z. S.
1867, p. 158 ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 462 (1870) ; Schl.
Revue AccipUr. p. 45 (1873).
New York Merlin, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 107 (1781).
Falco noveboracensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 284 (1788, ex Lath.).
Tinnunculus sparverius, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pis. 12, 13 (1807) ;
Gray. Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Con.^p. i. p. 27 (18.50) ; Cass.
B. Calif, p. 92 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 99 (1855) ; Scl P. Z. S.
18.56, p. 285; Cass. U. S E.vpl. Exp. p. 89 (1858) ; Sd. <t Salv.
Ibis. 1859, p. 219 : A. ^- E. Newton, t. c. pp. 03, 378, pi. xii. fig. 7 ;
a.
S ad. sk.
b.
S ad. sk.
NepaiU,
c.
(S juv. sk.
India.
d
Sternum.
438 FALCONIDJE,
Dreiser, Ibis, I8G0, p. 323 ; Gray, Hcrnd-l. B. i. p. 21 (1809) ;
Eidgw. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870, p. 148 ; Ross, B. Caiiad. p. 2 (1871) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 273; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 323; Sd. Sr Salv.
Nomencl. p. 121 (1873).
Cerchneis sparverius, Bp. Comp. List B. Eiir.^ N. Am. p. 5 (1838).
Pceciloruis sparverius, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53 ; Bp. Rev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537.
Adult male. Hind part of the crown rufous ; forehead and lores
whitish, fore part and sides of head as well as nape slaty blue, en-
circling the rufous cro%vii ; back vinous cinnamon, marked on the
lower scapulars and inner secondaries with a few black cross bars ;
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail clearer cinnamon,
tipped with greyish white, before which is a subterminal black band,
the outer feather also greyish white on the outer web ; wing-coverts
entirely bright slaty blue, mesiaUy marked with elongated oval spots
of black ; quills blackish brown, iiarrowly margined with paler
brown, the inner primaries and the secondaries tipped with greyish
white, aU the quills broadly barred with white on the inner web ;
the secondaries slaty blue, Hke the wing-coverts, black at the base,
and barred with black on the inner web, though this is generally
concealed, the innermost secondaries spotted conspicuously with
black ; cheeks and ear-coverts silvery white, somewhat shaded with
greyish, and tinged with bufl:'; a moustachial streak from the fore
part of eye along the cheeks black, as well as a patch behind the
ear-coverts, and another on the sides of the neck ; throat white,
unspotted ; rest of under surface pale nifous, inclining to cinnamon
on the sides of the breast, and much paler on the flanks ; the thighs,
abdomen, and under taU-coverts clear buff, unspotted, the chest
slightly streaked, the breast and flanks spotted with black ; under
wing-coverts white, spotted and streaked with black ; feet orange ;
bill horn-blue, yellowish at base and black at tip ; iris yellow.
Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 7'4, tail 5, tarsus 1-4.
Adult female. Different from the male. Eufous, banded with
greyish black, the inner primaries and secondaries greyish white at
the tip ; quills black, barred with rufous on the inner web, the
inner secondaries uniform with the back ; tail deep cinnamon,
crossed with black bars, the tip whitish, the outer feather much
paler, the bars narrower and not continuous on the outer web, which
has only obsolete dark indications of them ; crown rufous, with
blackish shaft-streaks, the forehead and feathers encircling the
crown dull slaty blue ; facial features as in the male ; throat white ;
under surface of body fulvous, the abdomen and under tail-coverts
unspotted, the breast mottled with dull brownish cinnamon, the
centres to the feathers being of this colour, the edges fulvous ; under
wing-coverts mottled like the breast. Total length 11"2 inches,
culmen 0-65, wing 7*9, tail 5'5, tarsus 1*45.
Younger males have more bars on the upper surface, the remains
of their immature dress, which resembles the old female. Con-
siderable difference exists in the shade of the cinnamon back, this
colour appearing to me to fade from exposure.
78. CEKCHNKIS.
439
Hah. The whole of North America, extending to Central America
and the Antilles.
a. S ad. sk.
North America.
J. Gould, Esq.
b, c. 5 juv. sk.
Fort Simpson.
B. H. Ross, Esq. [P.]
d. $ ad. sk.
S. Juan Island.
Dr. Lyall [P.].
e. cj ad. sk.
Vancouver's Island.
/. (S ad. sk.
Vancouver's Island.
J. K. Lord, Esq.
[0.1
g. S juv. sk.
Vancouver's Island.
J. K. Lord, Esq.
c.i.
h. 2 ad. sk.
Vancouver's Island.
J. K. Lord, Esq.
'c. .
/. S ad. sk.
British Columbia.
J. K. Lord, Esq.
"C.I.
k. (^ ad. sk.
West side of Rocky-
Moun-
J. K. Lord, Esq.
'P.'.
tains.
I, m, n. 5 ad. sk.
"West side of Rocky
tains.
Moun-
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
0, p. (S 5 ad. St.
Mexico.
Purchased.
q, r. Skeletons.
13. Cerchneis dominicensis.
L'Emerillon de St. Domingue, Briss. Orn. i. p. 389, pi. xxxii. fig. 2
(1760).
St. Domingo Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. 1, p. 288 (1781, ex £7-iss.).
Falco dominicensis, Gm. S. iV. i. p. 288 (1788, ex Lath.).
Tinnunculus dominicensis, Sti'ickl. Orn. Syn, p. 100 (18.5.5) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 24 (1869).
Falco sparverius, Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 2.31.
Tinnunculus sparverius, var. dominicensis, Ridgw. Pr. Fliilad, Acad.
1870, p. 149.
Adult. Crown of -the head deep rufous with blackish shaft-stripes,
encircled on all sides with duU slatj grey ; forehead and a narrow
eyebrow whitish ; sides of the face white, with the moustachial and
other black streaks as in F. sparverius ; upper surface of body dull
ferruginous, everywhere transversely banded with black, the tail a
little brighter, banded with black like the back ; quUls black,
banded with rufous or rufous white, paler beneath, the inner secon-
daries uniform with the back and similarly barred ; throat white ;
rest of under surface creamy white, with a rufous tinge, the chest
streaked, the breast spotted with black, the spots rather large ;
under wing-coverts huffy white, with pale brown shaft-stripes.
Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-6.5, wing 6-9, tail 5-7, tarsus 1-4.
Ohs. I do not know this Kestrel well, having only seen the one
specimen described ; but, as far as I have been able to make out the
species, the sexes are both banded (c/. Ridgway, Pr. Phil. Acad.
1870, p. 149).
Hah. St. Domingo and St. Thomas.
a. Ad. sk. St. Thomas, W. I. {R. Swift). ^ Smithsonian Institution [P.].
14. Cerchneis cinnamomiiia.
Bidens sparverius, Spix, Av. Bras. p. 16 (1824).
Bidens dominicensis, Spix, Av. Bras. p. 16 (1824).
Falco sparverius. Max. Beitr. Orn. Bras. iii. nt. l o. 110 (1830);
440
FALCONlDiE.
Cab. >§• Tgchudi, Faun. Penmn. Voq. p. 110 (1845) ; Buim. Th.
Bras. ii. }). 93 (1856) ; id. Reis. La^Plata-St. ii. p. 437 (1861).
Falco gracilis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 281 (1837, nee Less.).
Falco cinnamominus, Sicains. An. in Menay. p. 281 (1837).
Timumculus sparverius, Banc. Voy. Beagle, Zool. Birds, p. 29 (1838-
41); Bridges, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. '109; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 556, et
18(37, pp. 330, 338 ; Sd. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 988, et 1868,
p. 142; id. Ihis, 1868, p. 188, et 1870, p. 499; Hudson, P. Z. S.
1871, p. 260; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 5 (1871); Wgatt, Ibis, 1871,
p. 382.
Tinnuuculits cinnamominus, Grag, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Strickl.
Oni. Sgn. p. 100 (1855); Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 24 (1869).
Tinuuncuius cinnamomeus, Bp. Cunsp. p. 27 (1850).
Poecilornis cinnamominus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537.
Tinuuncuius sparverius, var. cinnamominus, Ridgw. Pr. Philad. Aead.
1870, p. 149.
Tinuuncuius sparverius, var. australis, Ridgw. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870,
p. 149.
Adult male. Head entirely slaty blue, with blackish shaft-stripes ;
lores, forehead, an indistinct eyebrow and sides of the face white ; a
streak from the fore part of eye, down the cheeks, as well as one
rimning behind the ear-coverts and another on the side of neck,
black ; nape black, nearly joining the last-mentioned black stripe
on the sides of the neck ; upper surface of body rich cinnamon,
with a few blackish bars on the seapiilars, broader on the lower
ones ; wing-coverts dark slaty blue, spotted with black, the primary
coverts barred with black ; quills black, barred with white on the
inner web, the secondaries black at base, slaty blue at tip, the inner-
most barred with black on the inner web ; tail deep cinnamon,
tipped with greyish white, before which a broad black band, the
outer feather greyish white, barred with black on the inner web to
a little beyond the shaft on the outer one, and cinnamon only for
about half of the inner web ; under siu'face of body bufFy white,
more or less inclining to dull cinnamon on the chest (though often
only yellowish) ; the sides of the body thickly sprinkled with pear-
shaped or oval spots of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white, the former spotted, the latter barred with blaek ; cere, orbits,
and feet deep yeUow, claws black ; bill horn-blue, yellowish at base
of lower mandible. Total length 10-4 inches, eulmen 0-65, wing
7'4, tail 5-1, tarsus 1-4.
Adult female. Head entirely blue like the male, or with only a
slight tinge of rufous on the occiput ; nape blaek as in male ; upper
plumage and tail cinnamon, barred across with black ; under surface
whitish, the chest narrowly streaked with pale rufous shaft-stripes,
these being broader on the breast and sides of the body. Total length
11 inches, oulmen 0-65, wing 7'7, tail 5-5, tarsus 1-4.
Ohs. Peruvian examples, as well as two from New Granada in the
Museum, are not so thickly spotted on the flanks, and are rather
stouter in appearance. The males measure 7'3-7'85 in the wing,
the females 7*7, so that there is no real difference in the proportions.
Hah. South America, from the Straits of Magellan and Patagonia
78. CEKCHNEIS.
441
throughout Brazil and Peru to New Granada, but not in Venezuela
or Guiana.
a. <S ad. sk.
b. 2 ad- sk.
c. (S ad. St.
d. 2 ad. St.
e. /, g. c? ad. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.
i. cS ad. sk.
A;. cJ ad. sk.
1, 7n. (5 2 ad. sk.
n. c? ad. sk.
0. (5 ad. sk.
p, q. (5 2 ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
$. 2 juv. sk.
S. W. America.
Straits of Magellan.
Valparaiso.
Patagonia.
Brazil.
Brazil.
Brazil.
Bahia.
Tambo valley, Peru,
Oct. 21, 1867.
Tambo valley, Peru,
June 2, 1868.
Bogota.
New Granada.
New Granada.
New Granada.
Capt. Kellett and Lieut, Wood
[p.].
The Admiralty [P.].
Sir W. Burnett and Admiral
Fitzroy [P.]-
Sir W. Burnett and Admiral
Fitzroy [P.].
M. Claussen [P."
M. Claussen [P.'
Lieut. Maw [P.'
Dr. Wucherer [P.].
H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
Purchased.
T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C
T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C."
T. K. Sahnon, Esq. [C
15. Cerchneis isaheUina.
Emerillon de Cayenne, Biif. PI- Enl. i. pi. 444 (1770).
Falco isabellinus, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 281 (1837).
Pcecilomis isabellinus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537.
Tinnunciilus sparverius, Scl. l^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 2.54.
Tinnunculus sparverius, var. isabellinus, Midi/w. Pr. Philad. Acad.
1870, p. 149.
Falco sparverius, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 556.
Adult male. Head entirely clear slaty blue, forehead and lores
whitish ; back and scapulars pale cinnamon, the latter somewhat
barred with black, the lower ones more distinctly; lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail deep cinnamon, the latter tipped
with ashy white, before which a broad subterminal bar of black, the
outer feather marked alternately with greyish white and black for
about two thirds of its outer web, and irregularly spotted with the
same on the inner one, the second feather also a little variegated ;
wing-coverts slaty blue, indistinctly marked with black down the
centre of the feathers ; primaries black, barred with white on the
inner web ; secondaries black at the base, slaty grey towards the tip,
which is white, the innermost conspicuously barred with black on
the inner web ; sides of face and throat pure white ; a streak from
the fore part of eye down the cheeks, another behind the ear-coverts,
and another on the sides of the neck, black ; sides of neck and under
surface of body pale fawn, shading into huffy white on the flanks
and thighs, sides of body greyish, with a few remains of black spots
on the sides of the breast ; under wing-coverts white, the lower ones
half barred with black ; bill horn-blue, yellowish at base of both
mandibles. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 7, tail 5,
tarsus 1'3.
Feiacde. Head blue, with sometimes a very faint tinge of rufous on
442 FALCONID^.
the hind part of crowu ; all the upper surface as well as the tail fufous,
barred with black ; facial features as in male ; under surface dull
fawn-colour, inclining to huffy white on the abdomen and thighs,
the breast narrowly streaked with brown down the centre of the
feather. Total length 10-2 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7"3, tail 5-2,
tarsus 1"3.
Obs. This species, when fully adiilt, gets a totally blue head, like
the southern G. cmnamomina ; but it is rather smaller, more clearly
coloured, and differs especially in the unspotted under surface.
Hah. Guiana and Venezuela.
a. Juv. St. South America. Type of species.
h. (^ ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomhurgk [P.
c. c? ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomhurgk "C.
d, c? ad. St. British Guiana. ' Sir R. Schomhurgk [C.
e,f. (S ad. sk. Venezuela. Mr. W. Dyson [C."
ff. $ ad. sk. Venezuela. Mr. W. Dyson 'C.
k, i, 2 ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela. Mr. W. Dyson [C.
16. Cerchneis leucophrys *.
Falco sparverius, D'Orb, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist, Nat. Cuba, Ois,
p. 25 (1829).
Tinnunculus sparverioides, Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 247 (1860,
pt.).
Falco leucophrys, Ridgivay, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1870, p. 147.
Tinnunculus leucophrys, Ridgio. torn. cit. p. 149 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl.
p. 121 (1873).
Young male (nearly adult). Head slaty blue, with a conspicuous
patch of rufous extending from the centre part of the crown to the
occiput, the shafts blackish ; forehead, lores, eyebrow, and sides of
the face white ; a scarcely perceptible moustachial streak, as also a
patch running behind the ear-coverts, and another on the sides of
the neck blackish ; upper surface of body rufous, banded with black,
the transverse bars nearly obsolete on the interscapulary region and
rump ; quUls blackish, barred on the inner web with white or rufous
white, tipped with fulvous white, the secondaries barred with blackish
like the back ; tail chestnut, barred with black ; under surface of
body white, washed with rufous on sides of neck, and having a few
indications of pale rufous stripes on the upper breast and under wing-
coverts ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; claws black ; bill dark horn-
blue, yellowish at base ; iris dark brown. Total length 9-5 inches,
culmen 0-7, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-4.
Hab. Cuba.
* It seems to me that this species is the Caribbee Merlin of Latham, in which
case it would stand as Cerchneis carrihhaarian, with the following synonymy :—
L'Emerillon des Antilles, Briss. Orn. i. p. 385 (1760).
Caribbee Merlin, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 108 (1781).
Falco carribbicarum, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 284 (1788, ex Lath.).
Falco SEsalon, var. /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 49 (1790).
At preseiit, however, I have not a sufficient series to determine the question.
78. CEKCHNEIS. 443
«. (5 iuiiu. sk. Monte Verde, Cuba, Smithsonian Institution.
July 18, 1807 (C.
Wright).
17. Cerchneis sparverioides.
Falco sparverioides, Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 436 (1828); UOrb. in
Ramon de la Sagra, N. H. Cuba, Ois. p. 80, pi. 1 (1839) ; Fraser,
Zool. Typ. pi. 30 (1849); Ridgw. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870, p. 149.
Tinnunculus sparverioides, Grai/, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844); Bp.
Consp. i. p. 27 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. 8yn. p. 100 (1850) ; Scl. Sf
Salv. Nommcl. p. 121 (1873).
Poecilomis sparverioides, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53 ; Bp. Rev. et
May. de Zoo/.1854, p. 537.
Adult. Above entirely dull slaty blue, with a tinge of rufous on
the interseapulary region ; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
deep bay, the latter tipped with ashy, before which is a tolerably
broad bar of black ; quills black, inner secondaries slaty grey like
the back ; under surface of wings whitish, v\ath a few obsolete re-
mains of bars on the primaries ; sides of the face and throat whitish ;
under surface of body deep chestnut-fawn, inclining to fulvous on
vent and base of under tail-coverts ; flanks somewhat shaded with
greyish, with indications of one or two faint blackish spots ; under
.wing-coverts white, spotted with black. Total length 10 inches, cul-
men 0-65, wing 6-8, tail 4-8, tarsus 1-4.
Hab. Cuba.
a. Ad. sk. Cuba.
18. Cerclmeis vespertina.
Vari^tg singuliere du Hobreau, Buff: PL Enl. i. pi. 431 (1770).
Falco vespertinus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 129 (1760); Roux, Orn. Prov.
i. p. 56, pis. 35-38 (1826) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 313 (1840);
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 93 (1855) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Fale. p. 33(1862);
Bias. Ibis, 1862, p. 65; Neivt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 110 (1864) ; Ueyl. Sf
Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 89 (1867) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 39
- (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 21 (1871) ; Neivt. ed. Yarr. Brit.
B. i. p. 69 (1871); Shar2)e S,- Dresser, B. Eur. part 1 (1871) ; Shelley,
B. Egypt, p. 193 (1872); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 46
(1873).
Ingrian Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 102 (1781).
Falco rufus. Scop. Eel. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 36, pi. xix. (1786).
Falco rufipes, Beseke, Vog. Kurl. p. 20, t. 3, 4 (1792) ; Temm. Man,
d'Orn. i. p. 33 (1820) ; Natwi. Vog . Deutschl. i. p. 311, Taf. 28 (1822) ;
Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 13 (1827) ; Kittl. Kvpf. Vog. p. 4, pi. 3.
lig. 1 (1832) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 23 (1837) ; Schl. u. Suse^n. Vog.
Eur. Taf. 13 (1839-45) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 44 (1843); Kjm-b.
Orn. Dan. Afb. iii. fig. 3 (1851) ; Fritsch, J'cig. Eur. tab. 3. figs. 8, 9
(1858).
Falco erythrourus, Rajin. Caratt. Ntiovi Gen. Avium, p. 5 (1810).
Cerchneis vespertinus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314.
Pannyschistes rufipes, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 87 (1829).
Erytliropus vespertinus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 796, et Voq. Deutschl.
p. 76 (1831 ) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 26 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool,
1854, p. 537 ; Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wicn, .xiii. p. 629 (1863) ; Locke,
444
FALCONID^.
Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 47 ;
; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.
id.
Rvpl. Sci.Alqh:, Ois. i. p. (39(1867) ;
Gould, B. Gt. Br. part XTi. (1869)
Ld. p. 15 (1872).
Falco rubripes, Less. Traite,^. 93 (1831).
Tinnunculus rufipes, Kaup, Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 108 (1844).
Tinnunculus vespertinus, Gray, Genera of B. i. p. 21 (1844)5
Hand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869).
Erythropus pallidus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269.
Erythropus minor, Brehm, ut supra.
Adult male. Above leaden grey, a little paler on the wing-coverts,
the greater series of which are conspicuously silvery grey ; primary
coverts and quills silvery grey, the secondaries darker and approach-
ing the colonr of the back ; tail brownish black ; under surface bluish
grey, with faint indications of blackish shaft-stripes ; lower abdomen,
vent, under tail-coverts, and thighs rich chestnut ; under wing-coverts
leaden grey ; inner lining of wing brownish black ; cere, orbits, and
feet bright brownish red ; claws yellowish white, horn-coloured at
points ; bill yellowish horn-colour, blackish at tip ; iris light brown.
Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 9-8, tail 5-6, tarsus 1-15.
Adult female. Different from the male. Above bluish grey, with
transverse black bars on all the feathers, the interscapulary region a
little darker and more ashy ; tail also bluish grey, with narrow black
bars, the subterminal one much broader, the tip a little paler grey ;
quills brownish, externally ashy grey, barred on the inner web with
whitish ; head, hind neck, and underparts rufous, inclining to buff
on the under tail-coverts ; forehead whitish ; lores and feathers
round the eye greyish black ; sides of the face and neck as well as
the throat yellowish white, with faint indications of a pale rufous
moustachial streak ; soft parts as in the male, but less bright. Total
length 11 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 9-7, tail 5-6, tarsus 1-15.
Toung. In general colour similar to the adult female, having the
tail barred with black. The fore part of the head is whitish ; and
there is a strong tinge of rufous on the edgings to the interscapulary
region, the bases to the feathers being blackish ; feathers round the
eye and on the upper part of ear-coverts greyish black, with faint
indications of a moustachial streak ; throat and sides of neck creamy
Avhite ; iinder surface rufous, paler than in the old female, and
streaked with blackish centres to the feathers, these developing into
spots towards the end of the feather ; cere, orbits, and feet reddish
yellow ; claws yellowish white, with dark grey tips.
Hah. Eastern and Southern Europe, rare in the western portions,
migrating to South-western Africa.
a. Pull. St.
Europe.
h. 2 ad. St.
Archangel.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
c. (S f^d. sk.
Archangel.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
d. S ad. st.
Athens.
C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P."
('. 2 ad. St.
Athens.
C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. P.'
/. cJ juv. st.
Athens.
0. W. L. Merlin, Esq.
:p-]
g. J ad. sk.
Turkey, Oct.
19,
1870
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]
[Rohson).
h. (S juv. sk.
Xaifi Minor,
Oct
20,
K. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.],
1871 {Rob
son)-
78. CERCHNEIS. 445
t. 2 ad. sk. Egy^rt. W. B. D. TurnbuU, Esq. [P.
A:. cJ juv. sk. Egj-pt. W. B. D. Tumbull, Esq. [P.
I. S ad. st. Tunis. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].
m. S ad. sk. Tangiers, June 1871 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
{Olcesse).
o, p. Skeletons. Purchased.
9, r. Skeletons. Zoological Society.
19. Cerchneis amurensis.
Falco vesper tinus, Schrenk, Reis. Amurl., Vog. p. 230 (1860).
Erythropus vespertinus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 253, 327, et P. Z. S.
1862, p. 315 ; Jerd. B. of Lid. i. p. 40 (1862); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 260 ; Eirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 316 ; Htwie, Rough Notes, i. p. 106
(1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 243.
Falco vespertinus, var, amiu'ensis, Radde, Rets. Sibir. ii. p. 102, Taf. 1.
figs. 1-3 (1863).
Hj'potriorcliis concolor, Gurney, Ibis, 1866, p. 127.
Falco amurensis, Homey. J. f. O. 1868, p. 251.
Erythropus amurensis, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 41, pi. 2; Swinh. P.Z.S.
1870, pp. 4.36, 448, 1871, p. 340, et Ibis, 1873, p. 96; Gurney, in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 17 (1872).
Tinnuiiculus amurensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869).
Falco raddei, Finsch u. Hartl. Viig. Ostafr. p. 74 (1870).
Adult male. Above leaden black, a little paler on the lower back
and secondaries ; the greater wing-coverts and primaries clearly
washed externally with silvery grey ; tail greyish black above, paler
beneath ; under surface of body pale grey ; lower abdomen, thighs,
vent, and under tail-coverts bright chestnut; under wing-coverts
pure white ; cere, orbits, and feet dark orange, claws whitish ; bill
yellowish horn-colour, blackish at tip ; iris hazel. Total length
9-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 9, tail 5-3, tarsus 1-15.
Adult female. Above dull leaden grey, inclining to blackish on
the interscapulary region, clearer on the scapulars, lower back, and
rump, all the feathers crossed by bars of black, nowhere very distinct ;
tail bluish grey, with narrow black bars, excepting the subterminal
one, which is much broader; quiUs brownish black, externally
washed vrith grey and barred with white about halfway up the inner
web ; crown of the head dull blackish, as also are the lores, feathers
round the eye, and a slightly indicated moustachial streak ; sides of
the face and neck, as weU as the throat, creamy white, unspotted ;
entire breast white, streaked with central blotches of black down
each feather, taking the form of bars on the flanks ; thighs, vent, and
under tail-coverts very pale rufous ; under wing-coverts white, spotted
with black. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 9-5, tail
5*3, tarsus I'l.
Young. Brownish, the feathers indistinctly margined at the tip
with dull fulvous ; the lower scajmlars, inner secondaries, rump, and
upper taU-covcrts inclining to greyish, all tipped with fulvous and
barred with dull black ; tail grey, with distinct transverse bars of
black ; sides of the face and throat white, the nape also mixed with
white ; the lores and feathers of the eye, as well as the indistiiu't
446
FALCONIDiE.
moustache, brown ; rest of under surface of body white ; the breast
thickly covered with blackish central streaks to the feathers ; the
thighs and under tail-coverts buify white, the former tinged with
rufous.
Ohs. The adult female of this bird closely resembles the male
of the Common Hobby, but may be distinguished unfailingly by the
black bars on the upper surface and on the tail, which the Hobby
never has. The young birds are also liable to be confounded together ;
but the immature of the present species, besides having black bars
on the secondaries and lower back, has a grey tail with conspicuous
black transverse bars, whereas in the young Hobby the tail is blackish,
with rufous cross bars.
Hah. Amoor Land, North China, Nepaul, migrating along the east
coast of Africa to Natal and the Zambesi ; Damara Laud.
a. S fid. sk.
h, c. S $ ad. sk.
d, e. PuU. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
g, h. (S juv. sk.
i. 2 ad. St.
k, I. d 2 ad. sk.
tn. (S ad. st.
Peking', June 1868.
Chefoo, May 1873.
Chefoo, Aug. 18th,
1873.
Chefoo, Sept. 29th,
1873.
Nepaul.
Zambesi.
Zambesi.
Natal.
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.J.
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Livingstone [0.].
Dr. Kirk [P.].
J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].
20. Cerchneis ardesiaca.
Falco ardosiacus, Bonn, et Vieill. Mic. Meth. i. p. 1238 (1823); Hartl.
Om. W.-Afr. p. 9 (18-57).
Falco concolor, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 330 (1825, nee descr.) ; Sic. B.
W. Afr. i. p. 112, pi. 3 (1837).
Falco unicolor, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212 (1837).
H^iDotriorcliis ardesiacus, Bp. Camp. i. p. 26 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l.
'B. i. p. 21 (1869).
Falco ardosiacus, Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 3. fig. 4 (1858) ; Scld. 3Im.
P.-B. Falc. p. 21 (1862) ; Hem/l. Om. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 34 (1869) ;
Schl. Reime Accipitr. p. 38 (1873).
Dissodectes ardesiacus, Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 306.
^salon ardosiacus, Bp. Mev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536 ; Sauza,
Cat. Lkb. Mu.s. p. 44 (1869).
Adidt male. Slaty grey, with dark shaft-stripes to the feathers, es-
pecially distinct on the head and neck ; quills dark brown, the inner
secondaries slaty grey like the back, the outer ones clearer grey to-
wards the tips ; tail slaty grey, paler towards the tip, with whitish
bands on the inner webs ; under surface pale slaty gi'ey, with black
shaft-stripes to the feathers ; the throat and sides of the face whitish ;
cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; bill dark leaden blue ; iris dark. Total
length 14 inches, culmen 1, wing 8'9, tail 6-4, tarsus 1-6.
Hah. Western and North-western Africa.
a.
Ad. St.
W. Africa.
Captain Sabine
[P
h.
Ad. sk.
W. Africa.
Captain Sabine
P
c.
Ad. sk.
River Gambia.
Purchased.
d.
Ad. sk.
Bogos Land.
Kerr Esler [C]
78. CEECHNEIS. 447
21. Cerchneis dickersoni.
Falco dickinsonii, Scl. P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 249 ; id. Ibis, 18G4, p. 305,
pi. viii. ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 316 ; Finsch u. Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr.
p. 71 (1870).
Dissodectes dickinsoni, Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 248, et Ibis, 1864, p. 306.
Hypotriorcliis dickinsonii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869).
^salon dickinsonii, Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 337 (1869).
Adult male. Head and neck whitish ashy, with distinct blackish
shaft-stripes to the feathers ; rest of upper surface deep brown, in-
clining to black ; the quills much darker brown, banded on the inner
web with white ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, ^vith a slight
greyish shade ; tail banded alternately with black and greyish white,
the subterminal black bar being very broad, the tip white ; throat
whitish ; rest of under surface ashy brown, with a slight greyish
shade ; under wing-eoverts whitish ashy, with distinct shaft-stripes ;
cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; bill bluish black, yeUow at base of
lower mandible ; iris dark brown. Total length 11 inches, culmen
0-95, wing 8'3, tail 5, tarsus 1-6.
Hah. E. Africa, Zambesi ; S.W. Africa, Mossamedes.
a. (S ad. st. Lower Shire valley. Dr. Kirk
b. S ad. St. Zambesi. Dr. Kirk
22. Cerchneis zoniventris.
Hypotriorcliis zoniventris, Peters, Sitz. k. Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
'1853, p. 7 ; Hartl. Om. Madag. p. 17 (1861) ; Gray, Haiid-l. B.
i. p. 21 (1869).
Dissodectes zoniventris, Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 306; Gwiiey, Ibis, 1869,
p. 446.
Falco zoniventris, Schl. ^ Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 165 (1868);
Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 37 (1873).
Adult female. Above ashy grey, the head and neck as well as the
interscapulary region nearly uniform, with strongly pronounced black
shaft-stripes ; scapulars, wing-coverts, and inner secondaiies barred
across with greyish black, the latter slightly tipped with whitish ;
quills blackish brown, with narrow whitish tips, barred vdih rufous
or greyish white on the inner web, all the feathers barred with pure
white underneath ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep
bluish grey, the latter inclining to ashy at the tips, all with distinct
black shaft-stripes ; tail black, tipped with white, the two centre
feathers not barred, all the others more or less distinctly barred with
greyish white ; forehead and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, with
narrow brownish streaks ; sides of face ashy grey, with dusky streaks ;
throat white, the lower part rather broadly streaked with ashy brown ;
rest of under siirface duU white, broadly barred with ashy brown, a
little darker on the tlanks and under wing-coverts ; bill horn-blue,
the under mandible yeUow ; feet yellowish, claws black. Total length
12-8 inches, culmen 1, wing 9-1, tail 6-35, tarsus 1-5, middle toe 1-1.
Adult male. Similar to the female, but a trifle smaller. Total
lengtb 12 inches, wing 8-75, tarsus 1-4.").
448
FALCONIB^.
Young. Browner than the adult, the hind neck more streaked with
white ; a rather distinct whitish eyebrow narrowly streaked with
blackish, as also the cheeks and sides of neck; wing-coverts and
secondaries externally spotted with rufous, the spots on the latter
somewhat tinged with grey ; the cross markings on the back pale
fulvous ; primaries black, all the quills barred with white on the
inner web ; tail black, barred with rufous, inclining to white on the
inner web, the markings almost obsolete on the centre tail-feathers ;
under surface of tail paler, the bars whitish ; under surface of body
dull white, streaked on the chest and barred on the breast ; abdomen
and under wing- and tail-coverts with pale brown.
Eah. Madagascar.
a. 2 ad. st, Mouroundava, S.W. Madagascar. Herr Van Dam [C.].
Suborder PANDIONES.
Outer toe reversible ; toes devoid of feathers ; eyes placed
laterally in the head ; no facial disk ; plumage very close and
compact ; nostrils not concealed by bristles.
Key to the Genera.
a. Distance between tips of primaries and tips
of secondaries greater than length of tarsus 79. Pandion, p. 448.
b. Distance between tips of primaries and se-
condaries less than length of tarsus 80. Polioaetus, p. 452.
79. PANDION.
Type.
Pandion, Saviffn. Descr. Egypte, Ois. p. 272 (1809) P. haliaetus.
Triorches, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p. 10
(1816) P. haliaetus.
Balbusardus, Fleinitig, Brit. An. p. 51 (1828) P. haliaetus.
Leg of Pandion haliaetus.
79. PANDION. 449
Range. The whole of the Old and New Worlds, excepting the
southern parts of South America.
1. Pandion haliaetus *.
The Fishing Hawk, Cateshij, N. H. Carol, i. pi. 2 (1731).
Le Faucon pescheur de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. i. p. 362 (1760).
Aigle de Mer, Briss. Orn. i. p. 440 (1760).
Falco haliaetus, Linn. S. K i. p. 129 (1766) ; Naum. Voq. Deutschl.
i. p. 241, pi. 16 (1822); TFwHpr, ^^/as, Rapaces, pl."l9 (1827) ;
ScM. u. Sasem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 24 (1839).
Le Balbuzard, Buff. 'Pl. Enl. i. pi. 414.
Falco arundiuaceus, Gm. S. X. i. p. 263 (1788).
Falco carolineusis, Gm. S. X. i. p. 263 (1788).
Falco cayennensis, Gm. S. X. i. p. 263 (1788).
Aquila a'mericana, Vieilf. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 31 (1807).
Aquila pisoati-ix, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 29, pl. 4 (1807).
Pandion fluvialis, Savic/n. Bescr. Erjypte, Ois. p. 272 (1809).
Aquila haliaetus, Meyer in Mey. uSWolf, Taschenh. i. p. 23 (1810).
Accipiter haliaetus, Pall. Zonqr. Rosso- As. i. p. 355 (1811).
Triorches fluvialis. Leach, Sy'st. Cat. Mamm. k'C B. M. p. 10 (1816).
Aquila balbusardus, Dumon't, Diet. Sci. Xat. i. p. 351 (1816).
Pandion americanus, T7(;7/. et Oud. Gal. Ois. pl. 11 (1825).
Balbusardus haliaetus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 51 (1828).
Pandion haliaetus, ics.s. i^/««." rf'Ow. i. p. 86 (1828); Siv. 8i Rich.
Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 20 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. pl. 12 (1837) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17, pl. 7. fig. 5 (1845) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 16
(1850) ; Schl. Voq. Xederl. pl. 30 (1854) ; Strirkl. Orn. Si/n. p. 63
(1855) ; Ifartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 7 (1857) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.
tab. 9. fig. 1 (1858); Schrenck, Reis. Amurl., Zool. p. 227 (18.59) ;
Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 80 (1862); Schl. JLus. P.-B. Aquila;, p. 22(1862) ;
Radde, Reis. Sibir., Ois. p. 97 (1863) ; Xewt. Oath. Wolley. p. 58
(1864) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pl. xxix. fig. 1 (1866) ; Degl. <|- Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. i. p. 47 (1867) ; Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 16 (1«67) ; Hume,
Rough Xotes, i. p. 234 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869) ;
Heugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. .54 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. x\ii.
(1870) ; Fimch u. ' HaHl. Voq. Ostafr. p. 40 (1870) ; Xeivt. ed.
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 30 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 4 (1871);
Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. .340; Coues, Key X. Am. B. p. 219
(1872) ; Hoidsw. P. Z. S 1872, p. 412 ; Salvad. Faun. Ltal. Ucc.
p. 9, 1872; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 203 (1872); Schl. Miis. P.-B.
Revue Accipitr. p. 123 (1873).
Pandion alticeps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 33 (1831).
Pandion planieeps, Brehm, Jog. Deutschl. p. 33 (1831).
Pandion carolinensis, Auduh. B. X. Am. pl. 81, et Orn. Biogr. i.
p. 415 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 4- X.-Am. p. 3 (1838) ;
id. Consp. i. p. 16 (1850) ; Cassin, B. Calif. S; Te.ras, p. 112 (1855) ;
Strickl. Orn. Sqn. p. 64 (1855) ; Cass, in Bairffs B. X. Am. p. 45
(1860) ; Dall '8,- Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. p. 272 (18G9) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 4o4
(1870).
Pandion indicus, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zool. Mi^c. p. 81 (1844).
* I cannot at present see any grounds for separating the American Osprey
as a distinct species, or even as a subspecies or " variety. " as Mr. Ridgway is
inclined to do (B. N. Am. iii. p. 182).
VOL. I. 2 H
450 PANDIONES.
Pandion albigiilaris, Brehn, Nawn. 18-55, p. 268.
Pandion minor, Brehm, I. c.
Pandion fasciatus, Brehn, I. c.
Pandion lialiaetus, var. carolinensis, Ridgway in Baird, Brewer 8f
Ridgw. B. N. A. iii. p. 182 (1874).
Nestling. Covered with down of a sooty brown colour, except
along the centre of the back, along the carpal bend of the wing, on
the breast and flanks, where it is dusky white ; all the feathers of
the back are dark brown, with a broad tip of ochraceous buff;
crown and ear-coverts blackish ; eyebrow and throat white.
Young. Glossy chocolate-brown, all the feathers terminally mar-
gined with buffy white, these margins somewhat tinged with rufous,
and broadest on the secondary quiUs and upper tail-coverts ; crown
of head black, with white or fulvous margins to the feathers, giving
a distinctly streaked appearance ; nape white, not streaked ; from
behind the eye a broad line of white runs down the side of the
neck, slightly streaked with black ; below this another line of black
feathers, including the ear-coverts, is conterminous ; sides of face
and entire underparts pure white, somewhat tinged here and there
with yellowish buff; under wiug-coverts white, the outer ones
strongly washed with tawny buff, and crossed with broad bars of
dark brown ; primaries black, secondaries chocolate-brown like the
back, and tipped in the same manner, all of them whitish at base
of inner web, indistinctly barred with pale brown ; tail-feathers
alternately barred with dark sepia-brown and ashy brown, tipped
with whitish, and having whitish shafts ; the bars six in number,
and more distinct on the inner web, which is buffy white.
Adult. Above brown, most of the feathers with obsolete margins
of paler brown, more distinct on the wing-coverts ; primaries black,
secondaries brown like the back, the primaries pale, but uniform
whity brown below, the secondaries whitish on the inner web, with
indistinct bars of ashy brown ; tail almost uniform brown, tipped
with whity brown, and shaded with ashy externally, the inner web
obsoletely barred with ashy brown, a little more distinct below,
where the interspaces are whitish ; head brown, with white bases
to the feathers ; a broad white streak from behind the eye running
down the sides of the neck ; ear-coverts blackish brown ; sides of
neck uniform with the back ; sides of face and entire underparts
white, the breast varied with brown centres to the feathers of more
or less extent, the chin and fore part of cheeks also slightly streaked
with dark brown ; axillaries and a few of the flank-feathers also
marked with rufous brown like the breast ; under wing-coverts
buffy white, with dark brown centres, the outermost almost entirely
brown , with whitish tips ; cere blue ; bill black ; feet blue ; iris
yellow. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 19-8, tail 9-5,
tarsus 2-4.
Ohs. Ospreys seem to get whiter on the head with age ; but the
mottling on the breast is at present unintelligible to me. It appears
to be strongly marked in all old birds ; but the brown centres to
the feathers, which give the bird its mottled appearance, are never
79. PANDION.
451
exactly similar, there being a continued alteration in the pattern of
the feather itself. At the same time two young birds, distinguished by
the fulvous margins to the upper surface, have not a similar amount
of brown on the breast ; for in one it is almost entirely absent,
while the other has very few markings indeed. The tail becomes
more uniform brown with age, so that a strongly barred tail is a
sure sign of immaturity.
I notice that American examples are often of a darker and richer
brown than European examples, and are sometimes rather larger.
Hah. The whole of Europe and Africa ; northern Asia, extending
to India and China ; North America and the Antilles, ranging as far
as the northern parts of S. America.
a, b. Ad. st.
Europe.
c. Ad. St.
Devonshire.
Colonel Montagu [P.].
d. Ad. St.
Lincolnshire.
Hon. C. Pelham [P.],
e. Pull. St.
Denmark.
J. Gould, Esq.
/. Ad. sk.
Darjiling.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
g. Ad. st.
Nepaul.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.
h, i, k. Ad. sk.
Nepaul.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.; .
/. Ad. St.
Japan.
Purchased.
m. Ad. sk.
N. America.
J. Rae, Esq. [P.].
n. Juv. sk.
N. America.
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
0. Juv. sk.
Nootka Sound.
Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.]
p. Ad. sk.
Sumass Prairie,
B.C.
J. K. Lord, Esq.
-C.].
q,r. $ ^ ad. sk.
West side of Rocky
J. K. Lord, Esq.
P-].
Mountains.
s. Ad. sk.
500 miles off Cape
Captain Kellett and Lieut
S. Lucas.
Wood [P.].
Mr. Dyson [P.].
t. Ad. sk.
Honduras.
M. Skeleton.
Purchased.
V. Skeleton.
Zoological Society.
w. Sternum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
x-b'. Sterna.
Purchased.
Subsp. a. Pandion leucocephalus.
Pandion leucocephalus, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. pt. iii. pi. 6 (1838) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 6 (1848) ; Bp.
Coiisp. Av. i. p. 16 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 05 (1855) ; Gotdd,
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 15 (1869) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind. pp. 12,
52, pi. 3. tig. 3 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 15 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 15 (1869).
Pandion gouldi, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 270.
Similar to P. haliaetus, but very much smaller ; cere bluish lead-
colour ; bUl black ; feet pale bluish white ; iris primrose-yellow in
some, bright orange in others. Total length 20 inches, wing 16-3,
A specimen killed by Mr. Wallace in New Guinea had the wing 17
inches long.
Hub. Australia and the Moluccas.
Ad. sk.
Ad. St.
Ad. St.
Ad. sk.
Australia.
Port Essington.
Port Essington.
New Guinea.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Sibbald, R.N. [P.].
Capt. W. Chambers, R.N. [P.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.].
2h2
4o2 PANDIONES.
80. POLIOAETUS.
Type.
Ichthyaetus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 19G *.
Polioaetus, Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 73 P. iclitliyaetua.
Range. India ; extending throughout the Indo-Malayan region
as far as Celebes. Supposed to occur also in Oceania f.
Key to the Species.
a. Larger ; wing 18-20'5 inches long ichthyaetus, p. 452.
b. Smaller ; wing not exceeding 16"5 inches humilis, p. 454.
1. Polioaetus ichthyaetus.
Falco ichthyaetus, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 13G (1822) ; id. Z.
Res. Jam, pi. 34 (1824).
Pandion ichtlayaetus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 321 (1824) ; Gray, Cat.
Accipitr. 1848, p. 23 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 16 (1850); Schl. Vog.
Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 13, 62, pi. 5. figs. 1, 2 (1866) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869).
Haliaetus ichthyaetus, Cuv. Rigne An. i. p. 327 (1824) ; Schl. Mus.
P.-B. Aquilfe, p. 18 (1862).
Haliaetus unicolor, Gray lij- Hardto. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 19 (1830).
Haliaetus plumbeus, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 367 (1837).
Ichthyaetus bicolor, Gray, List Gen. B. i. p. 4 (1841) ; Strickl. Om.
Syn. p. 06 (1855).
Ichthyaetus horsfieldi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 110 (1842).
Ichthyaetus plumbeus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Ichthyaetus liucarius, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).
Pontoaetus ichthyaetus. Gray. Gen. B. i. p. 17 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mus. A. S. B. p. 30 (1849)'; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 22, et 1865, p. 28.
Polioaetus ichthyaetus, Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 73 ; Jerd. B. Ind.
i. p. 81 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 243 ; Beav. ^ Ti/tl. Ibis,
1867, p. 316 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 14 ; Hume, Rough N. ii. p. 1
(1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 336; Blyth, Ibis, 1872, p. 88.
Young. Above brown, glossed with chocolate, most of the feathers
of the upper surface with paler brown margins ; feathers of the
head and hind neck mesially streaked with fulvous ; sides of face a
little paler than the head, but streaked in the same manner ; under
surface of body pale brown, inclining to rufous, and longitudinally
streaked with whitish down the centre ; the thighs white, much
mottled with rufous brown ; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-
coverts pure white ; under wing-coverts pale brown, plainly streaked
with white, the greater series almost entirely white, with a few
brown markings; quills brown, white at base of inner web, the
* This genus, employed by many eminent ornithologists, is inadmissible, as
there is not the slightest indication of a type,
t I am not personally acquinted with the following species : —
Polioaetus solitarius.
Pandion solitarius, Peak, U. S. E.vpl. E.vp. Birds, 1848, p. 62 ; Cass. op. cit.
p. 97, pi. iv. (1858) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 15 (1869).
Hub. Sandwich Islands.
80. P0LI0AETU8, 453
white extending further on the secondaries, which have also ashy-
brown cross bars ; tail fulvous brown, mottled all over with dark
brown, except at the tip, which is uniform dark brown, forming a
very distinct band.
The bird above described, though full-grown, is evidently imma-
ture as regards its plumage. The second stage is very similar to
the adult hereafter described, but is by no means so grey on the
head and throat ; and the tail is nearly uniform brown in a specimen
of Mr. Hodgson's in the Museum ; only on the inner web are the
mottlings apparent which indicate the gradual approach of the
white tail. As will be seen in the description, the young specimen
was further advanced as regards its tail, so that it is possible that
the changes from first to second plumage are not effected in any
regular sequence, as is the case also in other Accipitres.
Adult male. Above brown, paler on the interscapulary region and
darker on the wings, the primaries blackish ; under surface of wing
leaden brown, with a whitish spot at base of primaries ; tail white,
with a broad terminal bar of brown ; entire head and neck all round
clear ashy grey ; breast broAvn, a little lighter than the back ; belly,
vent, thighs, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts pure white ; under
wing-coverts uniform ashy brown ; cere and bill blackish ; feet
dirty yellowish white ; iris brown. Total length 26 inches, culmen
2-3, wing 18, tail 10, tarsus 3-75.
Adult female. Similar to the male but larger. Total length
29 inches, wing 20-4, tarsus 3-9.
After a careful examination of Mr. Hodgson's plates, I have not
been able to distinguish his H. plumbeus. In size and general ap-
pearance it would appear to resemble P. JmmUis ; but I have never
seen a specimen of either of these species at all approaching a uni-
form leaden grey like the bird represented, and the drawing is, per-
haps, unfinished. The hinder figure on the plate of H. plumbeus I
am able to identify among Mr. Hodgson's specimens, as also all the
other Hawks figured by him, excepting the gTey one in question.
Although the uniform tail he figures more resembles P. humilis
(which is now known to extend to Assam, and may therefore well
occur in Nepal), there is not a specimen in Mr. Hodgson's collection ;
and as all his other birds of these species are in the Museum, and
as he also figured a true P. ichthyaetus on the same plate, I con-»
sider H. plumbeus to be probably an unfinished picture of the large
species.
Hah. India, Nepal, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes.
a. c? ad. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.
b. 2 ad. St. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 'P. J.
c. 2 juv. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 'P.^
d. e. 5 ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
/. 2 ad. St. Java. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
g. 2 ad. sk. Java. Hon. East-India Co. [P.].
)(. c? ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.j.
I. Sternum.
464 PAND10NE9.
2. Polioaetus humilis.
Falco humilis, Miill. ^ Schl. Verz. Nai. Gesch. Zool. Aves, p. 47,
pi. G (1839-44).
Ichthyaetus nanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 202 (1842) ; Strickl. Om.
Sijn. p. m (1845).
Pandion humilis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17 (1845) ; Bp. Cmsp. i. p. 16
(1850) ; &-hl. Vog. Nederl. Ltd., Valkv. pp. 13, 53, pi. 5. fig. 3
(1866) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 244 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 15
(1869).
Pontoaetus nanus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mu,i. A. S. B. p. 30 (1849) ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 22.
Polioaetus humilis, Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 73 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868,
p. 14 ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 35 (1872).
Haliaetus humilis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilse, p. 18 (1862).
Adult female. Above ashy brown, the back and wings darker and
more chocolate-brown, the feathers of the crown and hinder neck
slightly fulvescent towards their tips ; lores and an indistinct eye-
brow whitish ; cheeks and entire throat and breast, as well as under
wing-coverts, entirely ashy brown, the throat and fore part of
cheeks slightly varied with whitish streaks ; lower abdomen, thighs,
vent, and under tail-coverts white ; primaries black, whitish at base
of inner web, secondaries brown, like the back ; tail pale brown at
base, gradually becoming darker brown towards the tip, which is
not very broadly white ; a few whitish feathers on the bend of the
wing ; bin and cere dusky lead-colour ; feet pale bluish white ; iris
light yellow. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2-05, wing 16-2, tail
8-8, tarsus 2-85, middle toe 1-95.
Young male (type in Mus. Lugd.). Above brown, with margins
of fulvous brown to the feathers of the upper surface ; the lower
back and rump varied with white, showing at the base of the
feathers; forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, and hind neck white,
with pale brown margins to the feathers, giving a slightly streaked
appearance to these parts; quills dark brown, secondaries pale
brown, like the back ; tail above brown, very sUghtly tipped with
white, the middle feathers and the ends of the others darker brown,
with remains of indistinct bars of blackish brown, all the rectrices
white at base and on the inner web, showing very plainly under-
neath ; under surface of body pure white, the breast-feathers with
irregular margins of very pale ashy brown, a little darker on the
greater under wing-coverts; inner lining of quills white at base.
Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 13-8, tail 7-6, tarsus
2-85, middle toe 1-7.
Hah. From Assam down the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra and
Celebes.
_. c? ad. St. India. Dr. Gray [P.].
b. d ad. sk. Assam. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
c. c? ad. sk. Malacca.
d. $ ad. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.].
a
ADDENDA.
In the following pages short references are made to Mr. Ridgway's
new synopsis of American Hawks, published in Baird, Brewer, and
Bidgway's ' History of North-American Birds ' (vol. iii.). Some of
my genera published in the present volume are anticipated in Mr.
Bidgway's work, which only arrived in this country a few days ago,
too late for quotation or for correction of names, as the sheets of
this work were nearly aU printed off.
Page 18. Neophron pUeatus.
b is the type of JS\ carunculatus, Smith,
Page 25. (ENOPS.
This genus becomes a synonym of Bhinof/rypJius, Ridgway, B. 'N.
Am. p. 337 ; and the species will be H. aura, R. falMandica, R.
perniyra, and R. urubitbiga.
Page 25. (Enops aura.
k, I, in. Ad. sk, CaUfonaia. J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.].
■ Page 28.
(Enops califomiana is the type of Mr. Ridgway's new genus
PseudogriqjJius (B. X. Am. p. 338). I do not see at present why
this Yulture should be separated from Rhinogryphus ; and the spe-
cies will probably stand as R. californianus.
Page 35. Ibycter americanus.
/. $ ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Page 3'J. Ibycter chimachima.
For spec. a. S. America, read
a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir K. Schomburgk [C.].
Add:—
I. Juv. sk. Demerara. K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
456 ADDENDA.
Page 52. Circus cyaneus.
c. (S ad. sk. Thuringia, autumn R. R. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
of 1873.
d'. 2 juv. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Page 56. Circus cinereus.
I. 5 juv. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
May 6, 1871.
wi, n. (S 2 ad. sk. Peru {Jelski). Warsaw Museum [E.].
Page 60. Circus maurus.
/. Pull. sk. Cape Colony. S.-African Museum.
Page 62. Circus maculosus,
Demerara. R.
/. Juv. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
Page 64. Circus pygargus.
r. 6 ad. sk. Thm-ingia, autunm R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
of 1873.
tc. S juv. sk. Thuringia, autimm R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
of 1873.
X, y. 2 juv. sk. Thuringia, autumn R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
of 1873.
Page 69. Circus aerugiuosus.
«'. (5 ad. sk. Thuringia, autumn R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
of 1872.
Page 76. Micrastui- ruficollis.
Type of Nothierax, Sunder. (Efv. K.Vet. Akad. Forh. 1874, p. 25.
Page 82. Geranospizias niger.
b. Ad. sk.
Panama.
Purchased.
c. Ad. sk.
Panama.
Purchased.
Page 84. ERYTHEOCNEMA.
This becomes a synonym of Anterior or Parahuteo, Ridgway, B. N.
Am. pp. 248, 249 ; and the species ■vvUl stand as Antenor imicinctus.
Page 92.
Add as synonym to genus Astur : —
Nisastur, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiv. p. 35 (1844) .... Type A. badius.
Page 97. Astur atricapillus.
Mr. Ridgway (B. N. Am. p. 240) mentions a western form as A.
atricapillus, var. striatulus.
ADDENDA. 457
Page 110.
For Accipiter poliopsis, Hume, Stray Feathers, 1874, read
Micronisus poliopsis, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 325 (1874).
Page 112. Astur sphenurus.
I. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased.
Page 122. Astiir griseogiQaris.
Type of Chirospizias, Sunder. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1874,
p. 24.
Page 132. Accipiter nisus.
a. c? ad. sk. Fordingbridge, Hants, Baron A. von Hiigel [P."].
May 1, 1873.
/3. $ ad. sk. Taplow, Berks, Baron A. von Hiigel [P.].
y. (S ad. sk. Thurinoia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
8. $ ad. sk. Thiuiugia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.
t, (. cS juv. sk. Thm-ingia. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
17. c? ad. sk. Shanghai, Feb. 21, R. Swinhoe, Esq. fC.].
1873.
0. c? juv. sk. South side of Lake Warsaw Museum [E.].
Baikal {Dybowski).
Page 135. Accipiter fuscus.
p. 2 juv. sk. Toronto, Canada. Purchased.
q. (S ad. sk. Panama. Purchased.
Page 137. Accipiter cooperi.
Type of LeptoMerax, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1874,
p. 24.
Page 139. Accipiter tinus.
c. Juv. sk. Demerai-a. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.I.
Page 148. Accipiter rufiventris.
f. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. - Purchased.
Page 154. Accipiter bicolor.
i. $ ad. sk. Panama. Purchased.
Page 160. Heterospizias meridionalis.
g. Juv. sk. Bolivia. Mi-. Brydges [C.].
Page 167 (21 Unes from bottom).
For montanvs, juv. (^varius), read borealis, juv, {ventralis).
Page 170. Buteo galapagensis.
Type of Dromolestes, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1874,
p. 27.
458 ADDENDA.
Page 175. Buteo augur.
Type of Pterohstes, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1874,
p. 27.
k. 2 'far. sk. Lake Ashangi. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Page 188. Buteo borealis.
Mr. Ridgway (B. N. Am. p. 258) describes uew forms under the
following names : — Buteo borealis, var. Irideri. Hah. Texas to
Minnesota. B. borealis, var. leucasanus. Bab. Cape S. Lucas.
B. borealis, var. costaricensis. Hub. C. America.
Page 205. Asturina ruficauda.
(/. Ad. sk. Panama. Purchased.
Page 210.
Prof. Sundevall names a new genus Plangus. Type P. neoc/ceus,
sp. n., from Brazil. ((Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1874, p. 28.)
Page 216. Urubitinga albicollis.
c, d. 2 ad. sk. Cayenne (Jelski). Warsaw Museiun [E.].
Page 255. Lophotriorchis Meneri.
Lord Walden has kindly lent me a specimen of the young bird,
which I describe.
Young. Above dark brown, the feathers lighter on theii- margins ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, but the greater series with
narrow white margins ; hind neck paler than back, rufous brown,
with dark brown longitudinal centres, causing a slightly streaked
appearance ; quills blackish, with whity brown shafts ; the secon-
daries paler brown, like the scapularies, all the quUls narrowly
banded ■with black, nearly obsolete on the primaries, but more di-
stinct on the secondaries, especially underneath, where the Uniug
of the wing is whitish ; tail dark brown, whitish at tip, and crossed
with seven or eight rather narrow bands of black ; crown of head
dark brown, with tiny cream-coloured tips to the feathers ; the occi-
pital crest black, and 1'9 inch long; forehead and eyebrow very
broad, rich creamy buff; cheeks and entire uuderparts creamy
white, as also the tarsal feathers and under wing- and tail-coverts,
the greater under wing-coverts with a few iuchstiuct blackish bars.
Total length 20-5 inches, wing 13-3, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-5.
Page 258. Spiziastur melanoieucus.
c. 5 ad. sk. Panama. Purchased.
Page 289. Spilornis melanotis.
a. Juv. sk. Godavery valley. W. T. Blauford, Esq. [P.].
Page 291. Spilornis elgi:ii.
h. Juv. sk. Andaman Islands. Mscouut "Walden [P.].
ADDENDA. 459
Page 291. Insert:—
Spilornis minimus, sp. n., from Caraorta, Nicobars, Hume, Str. F.
i. p. 464 (1873).
Page 32.5. Insert : —
Mr. A. Anderson has recently identified another small Indian
Kite, which he calls M. ^alustris. Of this species I have not yet
seen an example.
Milvus palustris.
Milvus palustris, Amlers. Pr. A. *S'. B. 1873, p. 142.
"The Kite for which I have proposed this name is somewhat
smaller than M. govinda, Sykes ; but in point of coloration it is very
nearly a facsimile of M. major, Hume — in fact a perfect miniature of
that species. While the amount of white \mder the wings, extend-
ing in some examples to two thirds of the length of the primaries
(confined, however, to the inner webs), and the rich rufous tone of
the plumage generally tend to assimilate M. palustris to M. major,
these characters tend equally to separate the former from either of
the other two species, y\z. M. govinda and J/, affinis — i. e. supposing
the latter to be really worthy of specific distinction as an Indian
bird. There is also a considerable amount of white and pale buff
about the head and neck of the new bird which is never present in
its common congener M. govinda, from which it has not hitherto
been discriminated."
"cJ. Total length 20-20| inches, wing 16. $. Total length
21-22 inches, wing 16|— 17." {Anderson, I.e.)
Page 328. Rosthramus leucopygus.
Mr. Ridgway (B. N. Am.) separates the Florida bird as R. socia-
bilis, var. plurnbeus.
Page 357. Baza subcristata.
c. 2 ad. sk. Queensland. Purchased.
Page 365. Ictinia mississipiensis.
a. Ad. St. N. America. Purchased.
Page 370. PolioMerax semitorquatus.
a,b. (5' 2 ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. Types of species.
Page 370. Falco communis.
Mr. Ridgway names a bird F. communis, xav.peahi. Ilah. Oregon
to Sitka (B. X. Am. p. 129.
Page 400. Falco fusco-cserulescens.
Mr. Ridgway (B. N. Am. p. 155) makes this the tj-pe of a new
subgenus Eh yncho falco.
460 ADDENDA.
Page 402. Falco aurantius.
c. 2 ad. sk. Venezuela. Purchased.
Page 408. Falco columbarius.
Mr. Ridgway (B. N. Am. p. 143) adds another variety, which he
calls Falco lithofalco, var. sucJcleyi.
Hah. Oregon to Sitka. F. richardsoni is now thought not to be
so thoroughly distinct from the other varieties.
Page 411. Hierofalco candicans.
Under the head of his Falco {Hierofalco) gyrfalco (B. N. Am. iii.
p. Ill) Mr. Eidgway treats of three races or varieties, which he
calls var. candicans, var. islandicus, var. sacer, var. labradora.
Page 420. Hierofalco mexicanus.
Mr. Ridgway (B. N. Am. p. 109) makes two races of this bird —
var. polyagrus, var. mexicanus, in addition to var. juggur, aU of
which he considers to be varieties of F. lanarius.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
abbreviatus (Buteo), 163.
abietinus (Falco), 377.
accedens (Cerchneis), 425.
adalberti (Aquila), 239.
ffgithus (Circus), 52.
jEgypiuB, 2, 423.
segjpius (Vultiir), 13.
segvptiacus (Neophron),
i7.
tpgyptiacus (Percnopte-
rus), 17.
segypticus (Falco), 320.
«?gyptiu8 (Milvus), 321.
a?gyptius (Vultur), 6.
aquatorialis (Sarcorham-
phus), 21.
£equinoctialis(Buteo),212.
jequiuoctialis (Buteogal-
lus), 212.
tequinootialis (Falco), 212.
a?quinoctialis (Hypo-
morphnus), 212.
asquinoctialis (Morph-
nus), 212.
a>quipar (Circus), 67.
a;ruginosus (Biiteo), 60.
ajriigino.sus (Circus), 60.
teruginosus (Falco), 69.
^salon, 374.
aesalon (Falco), 406.
tesalon (Hypotriorchis),
407.
asalon (Lithofalco), 407.
a'tolius( Milvus), 321, 322.
Aetriorchis, 34.
afRnis (Accipiter), 151.
affinis (Milvus), 323.
afrieanus (Gyinnogenys),
49.
afrieanus (Gvpogeranus),
45.
afrieanus (Gyps), 12.
afrieanus (Limnaetus),
259.
afrieanus (Limnosalius),
177.
afrieanus (Nauclerus),
318.
afrieanus (Pseudogyps).
12.
afrieanus (Serpentarius),
45.
afrieanus (Spizaetus), 259.
aguia (Buteo), 169.
aguia (Geranoaetus), 169.
aguia (Haliaetus), 169.
aguia (Heteroaetiis), 169.
alaudarius (Falco), 425.
alaudarius(Tinnunculus),
430.
albescens (Aquila), 266.
albescens (Circus), 67.
albescens (Falco), 95, 266.
albescens (Harpyia), 266.
albescens (Morphnus),
266.
albescens (Spizaetus), 266.
albicans (Aquila), 242.
albieauda (Buteo), 162.
albicaudatus (Buteo), 162,
172.
albicaudatus (Tachytrior-
chis), 162.
albieaudus (Falco), .302.
albicilla (Aquila), 303.
albicilla (Falco), 302.
albicilla borealia (Falco),
303.
albicilla (Haliaetus), 303.
albicilla (Vultur), 3U2.
albieillus(Haliaetus),302.
albicoUis (Asturina), 217.
albicoUis (Buteo), 217.
albicollis (Circus), 62.
albieollis (Falco), 216.
albicollis (Gyps), 6.
albicollis (Leucopternis),
217.
albicollis (Tachytrior-
ehis), 217.
albicollis (Urubitinga),
216.
albicollis (Vultur), 6.
albidus (Buteo), 287.
albidus (Cymindis), 287.
albidus (Falco), 186, 287.
albifrons (Buteo), 201.
albifrons (Falco), 201.
albigularis (Astur), 120.
albigularis (Falco). 401.
albigularis (Ibyeter), 37.
albigularis (Pandion),
450.
albigularis (Pernis), 347.
albipes (Cuncuma), 309.
albipes (Haliaetus), 309.
albirostris (Aquila), 231.
albiventer (Bidens), 362.
albogularis (Accipiter),
120.
albogularis (Milvago), 37.
albogularis (Polyborus),
37.
albogularis (Spizaetus),
255.
alboniger (Nisaetus), 271.
alboniger(Spizaetus),271.
albonotatus (Buteo), 163.
albonotatus (Tachytrior-
chis), 163.
albus (Astur), 118.
albus (Falco), 118, 186,
236.
albus (Vultur), 17.
alcinus (Machserham-
phus), 342.
aklrovandii (Faleo), 397.
alopex (Cerchneis), 432.
alopex (Faleo), 432.
alopes(Tinnuneulu3),432.
alpinus (Gypaetus), 229.
altaicus (Gypaetus), 229.
altieeps (Arehibuteo),196.
alticeps (Pandiun), 449.
ambustus (Falco), 31.
ambustus (Gypaetus), 31.
ambustus (Polyborus), 31.
ambustus (Spizaetus), 31.
ambustus ( Vultur), 31.
amerieana (Aquila), 449.
americanus (Buteo), 188.
americanus (Falco), 35.
americanus (Ibyeter), 35.
americanus (Pandion),
449.
amurensis (Aquila), 241.
amurensis (Cerchneis),
445.
amurensis (Erythropus),
445.
462
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
amurensis (Falco), 445.
amurensis (Tinmmciilus),
445.
anatum (Falco), 377.
anceps (Buteo), 175.
andamanensis (Spizaetus),
260.
anderssoni (Machaerham-
phus), 343.
anderssoni (Stringonyx),
343.
angolensis (Falco), 312.
angolensis (Gypaetus),
312.
angolensis (Gypohierax),
312.
angolensis (Haliaetus),
312.
angolensis (Racama), 312.
angolensis (Vnltur), 312.
anguium (Circaetus), 281.
antarcticus (Circaetus),38.
Antenor, 456.
anthracina(Asturina),215.
anthracina (Urubitinga),
215.
anthraeinus (Buteo), 215.
anthracinus (Falco), 215.
anthraeinus (Hypo-
morphnus), 215.
anthracinus (Morphnus),
215.
apium (Pernis), 345.
apiTorus (Buteo), 344.
apiYorus (Falco), 344.
apivorus (Pernis), 344.
apoxypterus (Astur), 156.
approximans (Accipiter),
126.
approximans (Astur),
126, 128.
approximans (Nisus),r26.
approximans (Urospiza),
126.
aquaticus (Circus), 69.
Aquila, 232.
aquila (Falco), 236.
Aquilastur, 249.
AquiliniP, 225.
aquilinus (Archibuteo),
182, 199.
aquilinus (Buteo), 176.
aquilinus (Circaetus), 36.
aquilinus (Falco), 35.
aquilinus (Gymnops), 36.
aquilinus (Ibycter), 36.
aquilinus (Polyborus), 36.
arboreus (Dendrofaico),
395.
areadicus (Dendrofaico),
405.
arciidicus (Falco), 404.
arcadicus(Hypotriorchis),
404.
Archibuteo, 195.
architinnunculus (Falco),
425.
areticus (Falco), 415.
ardesiaca(Cerchneis),446.
ardesiaceus (Accipiter),
135.
ardesiacus (jEsalon), 446.
ardesiacus (Dissodectes),
446.
ardesiacus (Falco), 446.
ardesiacus (Hypomorph-
nus), 216.
ardesiacus (Hypotrior-
chis), 446.
armiger (Aquila), 265.
armiger (Falco), 265.
arrianus (Vultur), 3.
arundinaceus (Circus),69,
arundinaceus (Falco), 69.
asiaticus (Archibuteo),
199.
asiaticus (Buteo),] 81,182.
assimilis (Circus), 6.3, 72.
Astur, 92.
astur (Accipiter), 95.
Asturina, 202.
Asturinula, 275.
Asturisca, 202.
ater (Buteo), 197.
ater (Circus), 60, 65.
ater (Daptrius), 35.
ater (Falco), 322.
ater (Hydroictinia), 322.
ater (Ibycter), 35.
ater (Milvus), 322, 325.
ater (Spizaetus), 213.
ater (Strigiceps), 60.
aterrimus (Circaetus), 35.
atorrimus (Daptrius), 35.
aterrimus (Falco), 35.
aterrimus (Gymnops),35.
aterrimus (Ischnosceles),
82.
aterrimus (Milvago), 35.
atrata (Catharista), 24.
atratus (Catharistes), 24.
atratus (Cathartes), 24.
atratus (Coragyps), 24.
atratus (Tinnunculus),
426.
atratus (Vultur), 24.
atricapillus (Astur), 97,
259.
atricapillus (Falco), 97,
258.
atricapillus (Hierofalco),
97.
atricapillus (Morphnus),
258.
atricapillus (Sparvius),
97.
atricapillus (Spizaetus),
259.
atricapillus (Spizastur),
259.
atriceps (Falco), 377, 378.
audax (Aquila), 231.
audax (Uroaetus), 231.
audax ( Vultur), 231.
auduboni ( Falco), 409.
auduboni (Polyborus), 33.
augur (Buteo), 175.
auguralis (Buteo), 175.
aura (Cathartes), 24, 26,
27.
aura (CEnops), 25.
aura (Percnopterus), 26.
aura (Vultur), 24, 25.
aurantiacus (Hypotrior-
chis), 401.
aurantius (Bidens), 401.
aurantius (Falco), 401,
402.
aurantius (Hypotrior-
chis), 402.
aureus (Gypaetus), 299.
auricularis (Otogyps), 13.
auriculatus (Vultur), 13.
australis (Aetriorchis), 39.
australis (Falco), 38, 373.
australis (Harpa), 373.
australis (Hieracidea),
374.
australis (Ibycter), 38, 39.
australis (Milvago), 38.
australis (Nisus), 141.
australis (Polyborus), 39.
australis (Senex), 38.
australis, sparverius, var.
(Tinnunculus), 440.
austriacus (Falco), 322.
austriacus (Milvus), 322.
Avicida, 351.
axillaris (Circus), 338.
axillaris (Elanus), 338.
axillaris (Falco), 338.
ayresii (Spizaetus), 252.
azarte (Asturina), 222.
babylonicus (Falco), 387.
bacha (Buteo), 290.
bacha (Circaetus), 290.
bacha eelebensis (Cir-
caetus), 291.
bacha (Cymindis), 290.
bacha (Falco), 290.
bacha (Hsmatornis), 290.
bacha (Haliaetus), 287.
ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.
463
bacha (Spilornis), 289,
290, 291.
baclius (Accipiter), 109,
111.
badius (Astur), 109.
badius (Falco), 109, Hi.
badius (Micronisus), 109,
111, 112, 114, 151.
badius (Nisus), 109, 112,
113.
badius (Sparvius), 109.
bairdii (Buteo), 184.
Balbusardus, 448.
balbusardus(Aquila),449.
barbarus (Falco), 386.
barbarus (Gennaia), 386.
barbarus (Vultur), 229.
barbatus (Astur), 297.
barbatus (Falco), 229.
barbatus (Gypaetus), 228,
230. ^
barbatus meridionalis
(Gypaetus), 230.
barbatus occidentalis
(Gypaetus), 229.
barbatus (Poliornis), 297.
barbatus (Vultur), 228.
barletta (Falco), 395.
barthelemyi (Aquila),236.
bascha (Circaetus), 290.
Baza, 351.
beaudouinii (Circaetus),
284.
belisarius (Falco), 242.
bellicosa (Aquila), 265.
bellicosus (Eutolmaetus),
265.
bellicosus (Falco), 265.
bellicosus (Psendiietus),
265.
bellicosus (Spizaetus), 265.
bellicosus (Tolmaetus),
265.
bengalensis (Gyps), 11,12.
bengalensis (Hieras), 367.
b6ngalensis(P6eudogyps),
11.
bengalensis (Vultur), 11.
berigora (Falco), 422.
berigora(Hieraeidea),422.
berigora occideutalis
(Falco), 421.
berigora orientalis (Fal-
co), 422.
beskii (Falco), 153.
besra (Accipiter), 151.
bharatensis (Pernis), 347.
biarmicus (Falco), 391.
bicolor (Accipiter), 154.
bicolor (Cooperastur),
154.
bicolor (Ichthyaetus),
452.
bicolor (Xisus), 1.54.
bicolor (Sparvius), 154.
Bidens, 360.
bidentatus (Diodon), .362.
bidentatus (Falco), 362.
bidentatus (Harpagus),
302.
bido ( Falco), 290.
bido (H.Tmatornis), 290.
bifasciata (Aquila), 238,
241, 246.
bifasciatus (Astur), 109.
binotatus (Nisus), 140.
Blagrus, 301.
blagrus(Ichtliyaetus),307.
blagrus (Falco), 307.
blagrru (Haliaetus), 307.
blagrus (Pandion), 307.
blagrus (Pontoaetus),307.
boliviensis (Cymindis),
330.
bouellii f Aquila),250,252.
bonellii (Aquilastur),250.
bonellii (Eutolmaetus),
250.
bonellii (Falco), 250.
bonellii (Xisaetus), 250.
bonellii (Pseudaetus),250.
bonellii (Tolmaetus), 250.
borealis (Astur), 188.
borealis (Buteo), 188.
borealis (Falco), 188.
borealis (Haliaetus), 303.
borealis (Poecilopternis),
188.
borneonensis (Spizaetus),
271.
boschii (Falco), 400.
braccata (Aquila), 172.
bracchata (Harpyia), 264.
bracchatus (Buteo), 172.
bracchatus (Spizaetiw),
264.
brachydactyla (Aquila),
281.
brachydactylus (Acci-
piter, 1 12.
brachydactylus (Astur),
112.
brachydactylus (Gircae-
tus), 281.
bracliydactylus (Falco),
281.
brachydactylus (Nisus),
112.
Brachypterus, 74.
brachypterus (Astur), 75.
brachypterus(Buteo),183.
brachypterus (Falco), 75.
brachypterus (Herpeto-
theres), 75.
brachypterus (Micrastur),
75.
brachypterus (Nisus), 75.
brachypterus (Khyncho-
megus), 75.
brachvrhynchus (Astur),
96.'
brachyura (Astur), 201.
brachyura (Asturina),
201.
brachyura (Buteola), 201.
brachyurus (Buteo), 201.
brachyurus (Helotarsus),
300.
brasiliensis (Catharistes),
24.
brasiliensis (Cathartes),
24.
brasiliensis(Circaetu8),31.
brasiliensis (Coragyps),
24.
brasiliensis(Diodon), 362.
brasiliensis (Falco), 31.
brasiliensis (Polj'borus^
31, 38, 133.
brasiliensis (Morphnus),
214.
brasiliensis (Urubitinga),
214.
brevicaudatus (Falco),
300.
brevipes (Accipiter), 111.
breTij)es (Astur), 111.
brevipes (Micronisus),
111.
brehmii (Aquila), 245,
253.
brookii (Falco), 377.
brooksi (Haliaetus), 303.
brownii (Falco), 109.
brunnea (Falco), 373.
brunnea(Hieracidea),373.
brunneus (Falco), 425.
brutus (Accipiter), 107.
brutus (Astur), 107.
brutus (Micronisus), 107.
brutus (Nisus"), 107.
burmeisteri(Cariama),43.
burmeisteri (Chunga), 43.
burmeisteri(Chunnia),43.
burmeisteri (Dicholo-
phus), 43.
burroviana (Catharista),
26, 28.
bun-oviana ((Enops). 28.
burrovianus (Cathartes),
28.
Busarellus, 210.
busarellus (Buteo), 211.
■464
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
busarellus (Buteogallus\
211.
busarellus (Falco), 211.
busarellus (Circus), 211.
Buson, 212.
Butaetus. 249.
Butastur, 294.
Buteo, 164.
buteo (Aecipiter), 186.
buteo (Butaetes), 196.
buteo (Falco), 184.
buteo japonicus (Falco),
180.
Buteogallus, 212.
buteoides (Avicida), 355.
Buteola, 2Ul.
buteonidea (Cymindis),
334.
Buteoninffi, 158.
Duzon (Aquila), 160.
cabanisii (Astur), 163.
cabanisii (Buteo), 163.
Cachinna, 277.
caebinnans (Astur), 278.
cachinnans (Cachinna),
278.
cachinnans (Circaetus),
278.
cachinnans (Daedalion),
278.
cachinnans (Falco), 278.
cachinnans (Herpeto-
theres), 278.
Cffirulescens (Falco), 366.
eierulescens bengalensis
(Falco), 367.
carulescens (Gerano-
spiza), 82.
cserulescens (Geranospi-
zias), 81.
cserulescens (Harpagus),
366.
cserulescens (Hierax), 366.
cserulescens (Ischnosce-
les), 81.
carulescens (Microhie-
rax), 366.
cserulescens (Sparvius),
81.
cjeruleus (Elanus), 336.
cseruleus (Falco), 336.
ca-sius (Elanoides), 337.
cjEsius (Elanus), 336.
casius (Falco), 407.
cafer (Avicida), 355.
cafer (Hytiopus), 355.
caleyi (Haliaetus), 159.
calidus (Falco), 377.
californiana (Catharista),
29.
californiana (CEnops), 28.
californianus (Cathartes),
28.
californianus (Rhinogry-
phus), 4.55.
californianus(Sarcorham-
phus), 29.
californianus (Vultur),
28.
californicus (Buteo), 199.
caligatus (Falco), 272.
caligatus (Lininaetus),
272.
caligatus (Nisaetus), 272.
caligatus ( Spizaetus), 272.
calquin (Falco), 224.
calurus (Buteo), 189.
calvus (Gyps), 14.
calvus (Otogyps), 14.
calvus (Vultur), 14.
calzado (Esparvero), 263.
campestris (Circus), 56.
canadensis (Aquila), 236.
canaden.sis (Falco). 2.36.
candicans (Falco), 412.
candicans islandicus
(Falco), 412.
candicans (Hierofalco),
411.
candidum (Dadalion),
118.
caneseens (Buteo), 176.
canorus (HaKaetus), 316.
canorus (Falco), 87.
canorus (Ictinoaetus), 31 6.
canorus (Melierax), 87.
canorus (Nisus), 87.
eantans (Melierax), 87.
capensis (Buteo), 179.
capensis (Cathartes), 17.
capensis (Cerchneis), 429.
capensis (Falco), 429.
capensis (Gypogeranus),
45.
caracara (Pandion), 31.
caraeca (Falco), 224.
carbonarius (Accipiter\
91.
carbonarius (Falco), 91.
Cariama, 42.
Carnifex, 74.
carolinensis (Falco), 449.
carolinensis (Pandion),
449.
carunculatus(Ibycter),38.
carunculatus (Milvagoj,
38.
carunculatus (Neophron),
18.
carunculatus (Phalcoba-
nus), 38.
cassini (Falco), 384.
castaneus { Gypaetus),229.
castaneus (Milvus"), 322.
castanihus (Aceipiter),80.
castanilius (Micrastur),
80.
castanilius (Nisus), 80.
eastanonotus (Hypotri-
orchis), 370.
Catharista, 23.
Catharistes, 23.
Cathartes, 22.
cathartoides (Buteogal-
lus), 212.
cayennensis (Astur), 333.
cayennensis (Buteo), 334.
cayennensis (Cymindis),
333.
cayennensis (Falco), 333.
cayennensis (Leptodon),
'333...
cavennensis (Odontrior-
chis), 334.
celebensis (Baza), 357.
celebensis (Pernis), 349.
cenchris (Cerchneis), 436.
cenchris (Falco), 435.
cenchris (Milvus), 364.
cenchris(Poecilornis),436.
cenchris (Tichornis), 436.
cenchris (Tinnunculus),
436.
cenchroides (Cerchneis),
431.
cenchroides (Falco), 431.
cenchroides (Tinnuncu-
lus), 431.
Cerchneis, 423.
cerviealis (Falco), 391.
cervicalis (Qennaia), 391.
ceylanensis (Falco), 269.
changoun (Yultur), 11.
chassefiente (Vultur), 6.
cheela (Circaetus), 287,
289.
cheela (Falco), 287.
cheela(Hsematornis),287,
289.
cheela (Milvus), 325.
cheela (Spilornis), 287,
290.
Chelictinia, 318.
Chelidopteryx, 318.
cheriway (Aquila), 32.
cheriway (Falco), 31, 33.
cheriway (Polyborus), 3.3.
cheriway (Vultur), 31.
cherrug (Falco), 418.
Chicquera, 374.
chicquera (^-Esalon), 403.
chicquera (Falco), 403.
ALPHABETICAL I.XDEX.
chicquera (Hyijotrior-
chis), 403.
chicquera (Lithofalco),
4U3. '
chicquera (Tiu-umtia),
403.
chicqueroides (Falco),391 .
chilensis (Accipiter), 155.
chilensis (Xisus), 155.
chimachima (Haliaetus)
39.
chimachima (Ibycter) 39
40.
chimachima (Milvago).
39. ^ '
chimachima (Poljborus)
39.
chimango (Haliaetus),
chimango (Ibvcter). 41.
chimango (Milvago), 41.
chimango (Polyborus),
chincou (Vultur), 3, 15.
chionogaster (Accipiter),
148. ^ '
chionogaster (Xisus),
148. '
Chirospizias, 457.
choka (Aquila), 242.
Chondi-ohieras, 340.
chrysaetos (Aquila), 238.
chrysaetus (Aquila), 235,
236.
chrysaetus (Falco), 235.
Chunga, 42.
Chunnia, 42.
cineraceus (Buteo), 65.
cineraceus (Circus), 65.
cineraceus (Falco), Qb.
cineraceus (Strigiceps),
65.
cinerarius (Circus), 64.
cinerarius (Falco), 64.
cinerascens (C'ircaetus),
cinerascens (Circus), 65.
cinerascens (Falco), 65.
cinerascens (Glauco-
pteryx), 65.
cinerascens (Strigiceps).
65.
cinerea (Asturina), 203.
cinereus (.^gypius), 3.
cinereus (A.stur), 117.
cinereus (Buteo), 186.
cinereus (Circaetus). 282.
cinereus (Circus), 53
56.
cinereus (Gyps), 3.
cinereus (Haliaetus), 303.
TOL. 1.
cinereus (Polypteryx), 3.
cmereus (Sparvius), 117.
cinereus (Strigiceps), 53.
cinereus (Vultur), 3.
cinnamomeus (Tinnun-
culus), 440.
ciunamominus (Cerch-
neis), 439.
cinnamominus (Falco)
440. ''
cinnamominus (Pcecilor-
nis), 440.
cinnamominus (Tinnun-
eulus), 440.
Circaetus, 280.
circumcinctus (Spizia-
pteryx), 371.
Circus, 50.
cirratus (Spizaetus), 272.
cirrhatus (Falco), 209.
cirrhatus (Limnaetus).
269. '
cirrhatus (Xisaetus\ 269.
cirrhatus (Spizaetus),
267, 269, 270.
cirrhocephala (Urospiza),
cirrJiocephalus (Accini-
ter), 141.
cirrhocephalus (Nisus),
141. ^ '
cirrhocephalus(Sparvius),
cirrhocephalus ceramen-
sis (Kisus), 144.
cirtensis (Buteo), 179.
damans (Haliaetus), 310.
clamosus (Falco), 336.
clanga (Aquila), 241,
248.
clanga (Falco), 248.
ckrus (Falco), 118.
Climacocercus, 74.
coliblanca (Aquila), 162.
collaris (Accipiter), 144.
collaris (Micronisus),
collaris (Nisus), 144.
columbarius (^salon )
409. '
columbarius (Falco), 408
409.
columbarius (Hypotrior-
chis), 409.
columbarius (Tinnuncu-
lus), 409.
eolumbianus (Vultur)
28. ''
communis (Buteo), 186.
communis (Falco), 376.
communis (Nisus), 1.32.
4(55
communis (Pernis). 345.
communis minor (Falco)
383.
concentrieus (Climaco-
cercus), 78.
concentrieus (Herpeto-
theresj, 78.
concentrieus (Micrastur),
78. '
concentrieus (Nisus), 78.
concolor (Dendrofaico),
405.
concolor (Falco), 405.
concolor (Hypotriorchis),
405.
concolor (Tinnunculus)
405. '
condor (Gypagus), 20.
condor (Sarcorhamphus),
condor (Vultur), 20.
Cooperastur, 130.
cooperi (Accipiter), 137,
155.
cooperi (Astur), 137.
cooperi (Falco), 137.
cooperi (Nisus), 137.
Coragyps, 23.
cornicum (Falco), 377.
coronada (Aquila), 221.
coronata (Aquila), 266.
coronata (Astm-ina),
coronata (Harpyia),
coronata (Thrasaetus),
coronatus (Circaetus),
coronatus (Falco), 221,
266.
coronatus (Gypaetus),
coronatus (HarprhaHae-
tus), 221, 222.
coronatus (Spizaetus).
266. '
coronatus (Vultur), 224.
costaricensis (Buteo), 458.
cras.sipes (Aquila), 238.
crassirostris (ililrago),
Crasirex, 84.
cristata (Cariania), 42.
cristata (Palamedea), 42
cristata (Pernis), 347. ^'
cristata (Sariama), 43.
cristatellus (Astur), 269
cnstatellus (Falco), 269.
cristatellus (Limnaetus),
'2i
466
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
cristatellus (Morphnus),
269.
cristatellus (Nisaetus),
269.
cristatellus (Spizaetus),
269.
cristatus (Astm*), 105.
cristatus (Buteo), 352.
cristatus (Dicholophus),
43.
cristatus (Falco), 224.
cristatus (Hieraetus),
254.
cristatus (Morphnus),
223.
cristatus (Ophiotheres),
45.
cristatus (Serpentarius),
45.
crotophagus (Falco), 39.
crueuta (Urospiza), 127.
cruentus (Accipiter), 125,
127.
cruentus (Astur), 122,
127.
cruentus (Nisus), 103,
122, 124.
cruentus (Urospizia), 127.
crvptogenys (Archibuteo),
"199.
cucullatus (Falco), 401.
cuculoides (Astur), 115.
cueuloides ( Avicida), 354.
cuculoides (Baza), 354.
cuculoides (Cymindis),
330.
cuculoides (Falco), 115.
cuculoides (Nisus), 114,
115.
cuculoides (Pernis), 354.
cultrunguis (Ichthyaetus),
307.
Cuncuma, 301.
cuneicaudata (Aquila),
231.
cuntur (Gryphus), 21.
cyaneus (Buteo), 53.
cyaneus (Circus), 52, 55,
67.
cyaneus (Falco), 52,
.')5.
cyaneus (Strigiceps), 53.
cyaneus hudsonicus (Cir-
cus), 55.
cyanopus (Asturina),
333,
cyanopus (Falco), 418.
cyanostolos (Falco), 406.
cygneus (Falco), 236.
Cymindis, 329.
Cypselopteryi, 318.
cuvieri (Falco), 400.
cuvieri (Hypotriorchis),
395.
Dasdalion, 92.
dalmatinus (Circus), 67.
daphanea (Aquila), 236.
Daptrius, 34.
davisoni (Spiloi-nis), 289.
degener (Falco), 39.
degener (Polyborus), 39.
deiroleucus (Falco), 402.
deiroleucus (Hvpotrior-
chis), 402.
delalandi (Buteo), 179.
delicatus (Falco), 222.
Dendrof'alco, 374.
Dentiger, 312.
deserticola (Aquila), 309.
desertorum (Buteo), 175,
179, 184.
desertorum (Falco), 179.
desertorum (Strigiceps),
67.
desmui'si (Aquila), 245.
destructor (Falco), 224.
destructor (Harpyia),
224.
destructor (Morphnus),
224.
destructor (Nothro-
phrontes), 224.
diadema (Asturina), 201.
Dicholophus, 42.
dichrous (Falco), 405.
dickersoni (Cerchneis),
447.
dickinsonii (jEsalon),
447.
dickinsonii (Dissodectes),
447.
dickinsonii (Falco), 447.
dickinsonii (Hypotrior-
chis), 447.
dimidiatus (Falco), 307.
dimidiatus (HaUaetus),
307.
Diodon, 360.
diodon (Falco), 361.
diodon (Harpagus), 361.
Diplodon, 360.
dispar (Elanus), 339.
dispar (Falco), .3.39.
dispar (Pygargus), 52.
Dissodectes, 423.
dominicensis (Bidens),
439.
dominicensis (Cerchneis),
439.
dominicensig (Falco).
439.
dominicensis (Tinnun-
culus), 439.
Dromolestes, 457.
Dryotriorchis, 278.
dubius (Falco), 95, 135.
dukhunensis (Accipiter),
109.
dussumieri (Accipiter),
151.
dussumieri (Astur), 109.
dussumieri (Falco), 109.
dussumieri (Nisus), 109.
dynastes (Micrastur), 154.
dynastes (Rhynchome-
gas), 154.
ecaudata (Aquila), 300.
ecaudatus (Circaetus),
300.
ecaudatus (Falco), 300.
ecaudatus (Helotarsus),
300.
ecaudatus (Terathropius),
300.
ecaudatus, var. fasciatus
(Helotarsus). 300.
Elanoides, 317.
Elanus, 336.
elegans (Buteo), 192.
elegans (Nisus), 132.
elegans (Strigiceps), 65.
eleonorai (Dendrofaleo),
405.
eleonorse (Falco), 404.
eleonorfe (Hypotriorchis),
404.
elgini (Hsematornis), 291.
elgini (Spilornis), 291.
ellioti (Pernis), 347.
equatorialis (Accipiter),
124.
equatorialis (Nisus), 124.
erythrauchen (Nisus), 144,
145.
erythrauchen (Uraspiza),
"144, 145.
Erythrocnema, 84.
ery throcn emis (Accipiter) ,
147, 148, 149, 154.
erythrocnemius (Nisus),
147.
erythrogenys (Hierax),
369.
erythrogenys (Microhi-
erax), 369.
erythronotus (Buteo),
172.
erythronotus (Haliaetus),
172.
erythronotus (Poecilo-
pternis), 172.
•
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
46:
Erythropus, 423.
erythropus (Accipiter),
141.
erythropus (Nisus), 141.
erythrorbynelius (Acci-
piter), 90.
cry throthorax (Bazal, 357.
erythrurus (Falco), 443.
eulophus (Vultur), 15.
europasus (Cathartes), 17.
europogistus (Circus), 55.
europogistus (Falco), 55.
Eutolmaetus, 249.
eutolmus (Hierax), 366.
exilis (Accipiter), 148.
exilis (Falco), 148.
eximius (Buteo), 177-
Falco, 374.
falconiarum (Falco), 407.
Falconidiv, 30.
Falcula, 423.
falklandica (Catharista),
27.
falklandica ((Enops), 27.
fasciata ( Aquila), 250, 252.
fasciata (Cercbneis), 425.
fasciatus (Astur), 126.
fasciatus (But«o), 186,
297.
fasciatus (Caracara), 34.
fasciatus (Circaetus), 34,
284.
fasciatus (Falco), 186, 425.
fasciatus (Gyranops), 34.
fasciatus (Harpagus). .373.
fasciatus (Ibycter), 34.
fasciatus (Nisaetus), 250.
fasciatus (Pandion), 4.30.
fasciolatus (Circaetus),
285.
fasciolatus (Spilornis),
285.
fasciolatus (Spizaetus),
270.
feildeni (Lithofalco), 370.
feldeggii ^ Falco), 389.
femoralis (^Esalon), 400.
femoralis (Bidens), 361.
femoralis (Falco), 4U0.
femoralis(Hypotriorchis),
400.
ferox (Buteo), 176, 177,
179.
ferox (Falco), 176.
ferox (Harpyia), 224.
ferrugineus (Archibuteo),
199.
ferrugineus (Falco), 199.
ferrugineus (Lagopus),
199.
ferruginicaudus (Buteo),
188.
fluvialis (Pandion), 449.
fluvialis (Triorches), 449.
foetens (Cathartes), 24.
fontanieri (leraspiza),
139.
forficatus (Nauclerus),
317.
formosus (Falco), 36.
formosus (Ibycter), 36.
forskahli (Falco), 320.
forskahli (Milvus), 321.
francesii (Accipiter), 116.
francesii (Micronisus),
116.
francesii (Nisus), 116.
francesii (Scelospiza),
116.
franciscre (Accipiter),
116.
franciscoe (Astur), 116.
francisca; (Scelospiza),
116.
fringillarius (Accipiter),
132, 151.
fringillarius (Dadalion),
132.
fringillarius (Falco), 367.
fringillarius (leras), 132,
367.
fringillarius (Microhi-
erax), 367.
fringillarius (Nisus), 133,
147.
fringillarius rufiventris
(Nisus), 148.
fringillaroides (Accipi-
ter), 109.
fringillarum (Nisus), 133.
fringilloides (Accipiter),
135.
fringilloides (Nisus), 135.
frontatus (Falco), 398.
frontatus(Hypotriorchis) ,
398.
fucosa (Aquila), 231.
fucosus (Falco), 231.
fucosus (Uroaetus), 231.
fuliginosus (Buteo), 177,
185.
fuliginosus (Falco), 55.
fulva (Aquila), 236.
fulvescens (Aquila), 244.
fulvescens (Gyps), 7.
fulviventer (Falco), 309.
fulviventer (Haliaetus),
309.
fulviventris (Aquila), 246.
fulvus (Falco), 235.
fulvus (Gyps), 5, 8, 9.
fulvus (Otogyps), 8.
fulvTis (Pandion), 213.
fulvus (Vultur), 5, 6, 8.
fulvus indicus (Vultur), 8.
fulvus kolbei (Vultur), 8.
fulvus occidentalis (Vul-
tm-), 6.
fulvusorientalis (Vultur),
6.
fulvus riippelli (Vultur),
9.
funereus (Circaetus), 283.
funereus (Falco), 282.
funereus (Haliaetus), 303.
furcatus (Elanoides), 317.
furcatus (Elanus), 317.
furcatus (Falco), 317.
furcatus (Milvus), 317.
furcatus (Nauclerus), 317.
fusca (Aquila), 243, 246.
fuscescens (Spizaetus),
169.
fusciaipilla (Aquila), 236.
fuseo-ater (Aquila), 248.
fusco-ater (Falco), .322.
f usco-c:erulescens (Falco) ,
4(J0.
fuscus (Accipiter), 135,
136.
fuscus (Astur), 136.
fuscus (Buteo), 186, 192.
fuscus (Falco), 135.
fuscus (Milvus), .322.
fuscus (Nisus), 136.
fuscus (VultlU"), 17.
gabar (Accipiter), 90.
gabar (Astur), 90.
gabar (Falco), 89.
gabar (Melieras), 89.
gabar (Micronisus), 90.
gabar (Nisus), 90.
gabar (Sparvius), 90.
gabariuus (Micronisus),
90.
galapagensis (Buteo), 170.
galapagoensis (Craxirex),
170.
galapagoensis (Poly-
borus), 170.
galericulatus (Vultur), 15.
gallica (Aquila), 281.
gallicus (Circaetus), 284,
285.
gallicus (Falco), 281.
gallinarius (Circus), 52,
95.
gallinarum (Astur), 96.
gambiensis (Gypogera-
nus). 45.
Gampsonyx, 340.
2 I 2
468
ALPHABETTCAI, INDKX.
garuda (Haliaetus), 313.
Gennaia, 374.
gentilis (Falco), 377.
Geranopus, 80.
Geranospiza, SO.
Geranospizias, 80.
ghieBbrechti (Buteo), 217.
ghiesbrec'hti (Leucopte-
rus'i, 217.
ghiesbi-echti (Tachytri-
orcliis), 217.
ghiesbrecliti (Urubitinga),
217.
ghiesbreohtii (Asturina),
217.
gilvicoUi.s (Climacocer-
cus), 78.
gilvicollis (Micrastur),
77, 78.
gilvicollis (Sparvius), 78.
ginginiauus (jVeopbron),
18.
ginginiauus (Vultiir), 18.
girrenera (Haliaetus), 315.
girronieri (Falco), 3(59.
glaucopis ( Aquila), 186.
glaucopis (Falco), 186.
Glaucopteryx, 50.
goulcli (Circus), 72.
gouldi(Pandion), 451.
govinda (Milvus), 324,
325.
gracilis (Astur), 81.
gracilis (Cerchneis), 435.
gracilis (Falco), 81, 435,
440.
gracilis (Geranopus), 81.
gracilis (Gerano8piza\ 81 .
gracilis (Ischno.scelis), 81.
gracilis (Nisus), 81.
grandis (Gypaetus), 228.
grandis (Nisaetus), 250.
grandis (Spizaetus), 250,
267.
griphus (Vultur), 21.
griseiceps (Astur), 106.
griseiceps (Lophospiza),
106.
griseigiilaris (Accipiter),
123.
griseigularis (Astur), 122.
griseigulai-is (Nisus), 128.
griseiventris (Falco), 377.
griseogularis (Erythro-
spiza), 123, 124.
griseus (Falco), 52.
groenlandicus (Falco),
412.
groenlandicus (Haliaetus),
303.
gryffus (Gypagus), 20.
Gryphus, 20.
gryplius (Catliartes), 20.
gryphus (Sarcorhani-
'phus), 20.
gryphus (Vultur), 20.
guerilla (Micrastur), 79.
guianensis (Astur), 223.
guianensis (Falco), 222.
guianensis (Harpyia), 223.
guianensis (Morphuus),
222.
guianensis (Thrasaetus),
223.
gularis (Accipiter), 151.
gularis (Astur), 151.
gularis (Asturina), 206.
gularis (Falco), 206.
gularis (Micronisus), 1.51.
gularis (Eupornis), 206.
gundlachii (Accipiter),
137.
gundlachii (Hypomorpli-
nus), 215.
gurneyi (Accipiter), 111.
gurneyi (Aquila), 273.
gurneyi (Spizaetus), 273.
guttata (Cerchneis), 425.
guttata (Falco), 397.
guttatus (Accipiter), 152.
guttatus (Micronisus),
112.
guttatus (Sparvius), 152.
gymnocephaluB (Ibycter),
"34.
gymnogenys (Falco), 48.
gymnogenys (Nisus), 48.
Gymuops, 34.
Gypaetus, 228.
Gypagus, 22.
Gyparchus, 22.
Gypiscus, 16.
Gypogeranus, 44.
Gypohierax, 312.
Gypoictinia, 335.
Gyps, 4.
Gyptus, 228.
gyrfalco (Falco), 416.
gyrfalco (Hierofalco),416.
gyrfalco grcenlandicus
(Falco), 41.5.
gyrfalco islandicus (Fal-
co), 414.
gyrfalco norwegicus (Fal-
co), 416.
gyrofalco (Falco), 416.
Haematornis, 287.
hiemorrboidalis (Falco),
401.
Haliaetus, 301.
haliaetus (Accipiter), 449.
haliaetus (Aquila), 449.
haliaetus (Balbusardus),
449.
haliaetus (Falco), 449.
haliaetus (Pandion), 449.
Haliastiir, 312.
hamatus (Butep), 327.
hamatus (Cymindis), 327.
hamatus (Falco), 327.
hamatus (Eosthramus),
328.
Hamirostrum, .327.
haploehrous (Accipiter),
119.
haploehrous (Astur), 119.
haploehrous (Nisus), 119.
harlani (Buteo\ 185, 191.
harlani (Falco), 191.
Harp a, 372.
Harpagus, 360.
Harpe, 372.
harpe (Falco), 372.
Harpyhaliaetus, 221.
Harpyia, 223.
harpyia (Astur), 224.
harpyia (Falco). 224.
harpyia (Gypaetus), 224.
harpyia ( Morphnus), 224.
harpyia (Thrasaetus), 224.
harpyia (Vultur), 224.
harrisii (But«o), 85.
harrisii (Craxires), 85.
harrisii (Falco), 85.
bartlaubii (Accipiter),
108, 150.
bartlaubii (Nisus), 150.
hastata (Aquila), 248.
hastatus( MorphnusX248.
hastatus (Spizaetus), 248.
heliaea (Aquila), 238,240.
Helotarsus, 299.
Helotriorchis, 34.
h enialachanus( Gypaetus),
229.
Hemiaetus, 195.
heraidactylus (Astur), 81.
hemidaclylus ("Gerano-
p\is). 81.
hemidactylus (Gerano-
spizias), 81.
hemidactylus (Ischno-
sceles), 81.
hemidactylus (Nisus), 81.
Hemigyps, 1.3.
Hemihierax, 371. '
heiuilasius (Archibuteo),
182. ^
liemilasius (Buteo), 182.
hemiptilopus (Archi-
buteo), 199.
hendersoni (Falco), 419.
Al.i'UAIiLTlCAL i^'LlK.X.
469
hendersoni (Hierofdico),
419.
henicogrammus (Astur),
124.
Henico])eriiis, [541.
hensti (AsUir), 97.
Herpetotheres, 277.
herpetotheres (C'aohinna),
278.
Ileteropus, 2')G.
Hetero.spizias, IGO.
lliemcklea, 420.
Ilieraspiza, 130.
Hierol'alco, 410.
hiemalis (Astur), 192.
liiemalia (Buteo), 192.
Hieraetiis, 249.
llierax, 3G6.
hinialayensis (^Gyps), 8.
hinniilarius ; Falco), 302.
liiogaster (Accipiter),
104.
hiogaster (Astur), 104.
hiogaster (Ervthrospiza),
104.
hiogaster (Falco), 104.
hiogaster (^Xisus), 104.
hiogaster (Sparvius\ 104
hirundiiium (Dendro-
falco), 395.
hiruiidinum (Falco), 395.
hispaniolensis (Gyps , 6.
histriouicus (Circus), 57.
histrionicus (Falco), 5G.
histriouicus (Spiziacir-
cus), 57.
histrionicus (Strigiceps),
57.
holboelli (Falco), 415.
holboplli (Hierofalco),
415.
holospilus (Buteo), 293.
holospilus (Circaetus),
293.
holospilus (HEematoruis),
293.
holospilus (Spilornis),
293.
hornotiniis (Falco), 376.
hor.sfieldi (Ichthyaetus),
452.
horsfieldii (Limnaetus),
272.
horus (Falco), 406.
horus (Hypotriorchis),
40G.
hoya (Spilornis), 287.
hucarius (Ichthyaetus),
452.
hudsonius (Circus), 55.
hudsonius (Fulco), 55.
hud.soniu3 (Strigiceps),
55.
huniilis (Falco), 454.
huinih's (Ilaliaetus), 4.54.
humilis (Pandion), 454.
huuiilis (Polioaetus), 454.
liybris (i\^isus), 112.
hyder (Astur), 295.
Hydi-oietinia, 319.
hyemalis (Circus), 192.
hyeuialis (Falco), 64, 192.
hvpoleucus (Accipiter),
"281.
hypoleucus (Circaetus),
2S1.
hypoleucus (Elanus), 338.
hypoleucus (Falco), 394.
hypoleucus (Gennaia),
394.
hvpoleucus (Hierofalco),
■ 394.
hypoleucus (Polyborus),
312.
hypoleucus (Vultur), 312.
Hypomorphnus, 212.
Hypotriorchis, 374.
hvpoxanthus( Astur), 156.
llytiopus, 351.
Ibyoter, 34.
Ichthyaetus, 452.
ichthyaetus (Falco), 452.
ichthyaetus (Haliaetus),
452.
ichthyaetus (Paudion),
452.
ichthyaetus (Polioaetus),
452.
ichthyaetus (Pontoaetus),
452.
Ichthyoborus, 210.
lotinaetus, 256, 312,
Ictinia, 364.
ictiuus (Milvus), 319.
leracidea, 420.
lerax, 130.
imperator (Falco), 306.
imperialis (Aquila), 238,
240, 241.
imperialis (Falco), 224,
238.
imperialis (Harpyia), 224.
imperialis (Vultur), 13.
inoertus (Falco), 95.
indicus (Astur), 96, 165.
indicus (Baza), 352.
indicus (Butastur), 297.
indicus (Falco), 297.
indicus (Gyps), 8, 10, 12.
indicus (Lophotes), 352.
indicus (Pandion), 449.
indicus (Polioniis), 297-
indicus (Vultur), 8, 10.
indus ( Kalco), 313.
indus (Haliaetus), 313,
315.
indus (Haliastur), 313,
315.
indus (Ictinaetus), 313.
indus (Vultur), 11.
iuiulatus (Puecilopternis),
170.
insectivorus (Falco), 207.
insignata (Buteola), 185.
insignatus (Buteo), 185.
insignis (PoUohierax),
370.
intercedens (Cerclmeis),
425.
intercedens (Nisus), 1.33.
intermedia (Aquila), 250.
iutermedius (Elanus),
338.
intermedins (Haliastur),
314.
intermixtus (Falco), 409.
interstinctus (Falco), 426.
iota (Cathartes), 24, 25,
27.
iota (CEnops), 27.
isabellina (Aquila), 242.
isabelliua (Cerchneis),
441.
isabellinus (Falco), 441.
isabellinus (Poeoiloruis),
441.
isabellinus (Tinnunculus),
441.
Ischnosceles, 80.
isidorei (Falco), 256.
isidori (Aquila), 256.
isidori (Circaetus), 256.
isidori (Spizaetus), 256.
isidoi'ii (Lophotriorchis),
256.
islandicus (Falco), 414.
islaudicus (Haliaetus),
303.
islandicus (Hierofalco),
414.
islandicus candicans (Fal-
co), 412.
islandus (Falco), 414.
islandus (Hierofalco),
414.
isura (Lophoictinia), 326.
isurus (Milvus), 326,
jacal (Buteo), 173.
jacquini (Falco), 224.
jakal (Buteo). 17.3.
■jakal (Falco), 173.
470
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
japonicus (Buteo), 180.
jardiuii (Circus), 63.
jardiuii (Spilocircus), 63.
jardinii (Strigiceps), 63.
javanicus (Falco), 297.
jerdoni (Baza), 358.
jerdoni (Lophastur), 358.
jerdoni (Pernis), 358.
juggur (Falco), 393.
juggur (Gennaia), 393.
juggur (Pnigobierax),
393.
kaupi (Buteo), 219.
kaupi (Leucoptemis),
219.
kaupi (Urubitinga), 219.
Kaupifalco, 275.
kieneri (Astur), 255.
kieneri (Limnaetus), 255.
kieneri (Lophotriorchis),
255.
kieneri (Nisaetus), 256.
kieneri (Spizaetus), 255.
kolbi (Gyps), 8.
kolbii (^Vultur), 6, 8, 9.
korscbun (Accipiter), 322.
korscliun (Milv\is), 322.
krideri (Buteo), 458.
kublii (Buteo), 219.
kublii (Leucopternis),
219.
labradora (Falco), 416.
lacernulata (Leucopter-
nis), 218.
lacernulata (Urubitinga),
218.
lacernulatus (Buteo), 218.
lacernulatus (Falco), 218.
lacertarius (Accipiter),
344.
Lagopus, 195.
lagopus (Arcliibuteo),
196.
lagopus (Butaetes), 196.
lagopus (Buteo), 196.
lagopus (Falco), 196, 197.
lalandii (Circus), 60.
lanarius (Falco). 389.
lanarius (Gennaia), 389.
lanarius (Pnigobierax),
418.
lanarius alphanet (Falco),
386.
lanarius capensis (Falco),
391.
lanarius cervicaUs(Falco),
391.
lanarius graecus (Falco),
389.
lanarius nubicua (Falco),
391.
lanceatus(Haliaetus),309.
lanceolatus (Limnaetus),
270.
lanceolatus (Spizaetus),
270.
lantzii (Nisus), 143.
lathami (Falco), 352.
latbami (Lepidogenys),
352.
latissimus (Astur), 193.
latissimus (Buteo), 193.
latissimus (Falco), 193.
Lepidogenys, 351.
Leptodou, 329.
Leptobierax, 457.
lestris (Aquila), 242.
leucaetus (Falco), 118.
leucamphomma (Aquila),
281.
leucasanus (Buteo), 458.
leucaucben (Astur), 76.
leucaucben (Falco), 76.
leucaucben (Micrastiir),
76.
leucaucben (Nisus), 76.
leucocepbala (Aquila),
303, 304.
leucocepbala (Butaquila),
176.
leucocepbala (Falco), 304.
leucocepbalus (Buteo),
176.
leucocepbalus (Circus),
211.
leucocephalus(Haliaetu8) ,
304.
leucocepbalus (Pandion),
451.
leucocepbalus (Vidtur), 5,
17, 229.
leucogaster (Blagrus),
307.
leucogaster (Cuncuma),
307.
leucogaster (Falco), 307.
leucogaster (Haliaetus),
307.
leucogaster (Icbthyaetus),
307.
leucogaster (PoUoaetus),
307.
leucogaster (Pontoaetus),
307.
leucogenys (Falco), 377.
leucolena (Aquila), 240.
leucomelas (Falco), 75.
leuconotus (Vultur), 11.
leuconotus africanus
(Vultur), 12.
leuoopbrys (Cercbneis),
442.
leucopbrys (Circus), 62.
leucopbrys (Falco), 442.
leucopbrys (Tinnuncu-
lus), 442.
leucoprymna (Aquila),
235.
leucops (Buteo), 170.
leucopsis (Circaetus), 281.
leucopsis (Falco), 281.
leucoptera (Arcbibuteo),
199.
Leucopternis, 212.
leucopterus (Falco), 306.
leucopygus (Cymindis),
328.
leucopygus (Ibycter),328.
leucopvgus(Eosthramu8),
328.'
leucorhynchus (Milvus),
321.
leucorrboa (Asturina),
209.
leucorrbous (Astur), 209.
leucorrbous (Da;dalion),
209.
leucorrbous (Falco), 209.
leucorrbous (Nisus), 209.
leucorrbous (Sparyius),
90.
leucorypba (Aquila),
308!
leucorypbus (Falco), 308.
leucorypbus (Haliaetus),
308.
leucorypbus (Icbthy-
aetus), 309.
leucorypbus(Pontoaetus),
309.'
leucosomus (Astur), 119.
Leucospiza, 92.
leucosternon (Gypoic-
tinia), 335.
leucosternus (Haliastur),
315.
leucosternus (Ictinoaetus),
315.
leucostigma (SpizaetuB,
252.
leucurus (Buteo), 162,
176.
teuciu-us (Elanoides), 339.
leucurus (Elan us), 339.
leucurus (Hypomorpb-
nus), 172.
leucurus (Milvago), 38.
leucurus (Milyus), 339.
leucurus (Spizaetus), 162.
levaUlantii (Circus), 71.
leyerianus (Astur), 188.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
471
leverianus (Buteo), 188.
leveriamis (Falco), 188.
Lininaetus, 259.
liiniiaetus ( Astur), 272.
limnaetus (Falco), 272.
limnaetus (Morphnus),
272.
limnaetus (Spizaetus),
272.
Uneatus (Buteo), 191.
lineatus (Falco), 192.
lineatus iPoecilopternis),
192.
Lithofalco, 374.
lithofalco (^Esalon), 407.
lithofalco (Falco), 406.
liventer (Astur), 296.
liventer (Butastur), 296.
liventer (Buteo), 296.
liventer (Falco), 296.
liventer (Poliornis), 296.
longicauda (DifidaHon),
341.
longicauda (Henicoper-
nis), 341.
longicauda (Pernis), 341.
longicaudata (Aquila),
253.
longicaudus (Astur), 341.
longicaudus (Falco), 341.
longipennis (Falco), 398.
longipes (Buteo), 176.
longipes (Falco), 214.
longipes (Urubitinga),
214.
Lophastur, 351.
Lophoaetus, 274.
Lophogyps, 15.
Lophoictinia, .326.
Lophorhynchus, 42.
Lophospiza, 92.
Lophotes, 351.
lophotes (Avicida), 352.
lophotes (Baza), 352.
lophotes (Falco), 352.
lophotes (Hytiopus),
352.
lophotes (Pernis), 352.
Lophotriorchis, 255.
luggur (Falco), 393.
lunulatus (Falco), 398.
lunulatus (Hjpotrior-
chis), 398.
lunulatus (Sparrius),
398.
Macagua, 277.
macei (Aquila), 309.
macei (Cuncuma), 309.
macei (Falco), 309.
macei (Haliaetus), 309.
macei (Pontoaetus), 309.
Machferhamphus, 342.
macrodactylus (Chic-
quera), 4tl4.
macrodactvlus (Falco),
404.
macropterus (Buteo),
62.
macropterus (Circus),
02.
macropterus (Spizacir-
cus), 62.
macropus (Falco), 385.
macrorhynchus (Astur),
207.
macrorhynchus (Micras-
tur), 76.
macroscelides (Astur),
100.
macroscelis (Circus), 73.
macrourus (Accipiter),
67.
macrurus (Astur), 83.
macrurus (Circus), 67.
macrurus (Falco), 67.
macrurus (Micrastur),
83.
macrurus (Urotriorchis),
83.
maculata (Aquila), 246.
maeulatus (Falco), 246.
maculosa (Aquila), 62.
maculosa (Circus), 62.
maculosa (Harpyia), 62.
maculosa (Pernis), 347.
maculosus (Circus), 62.
maculosus (Morphnus),
62.
madagascariensis (Acci-
piter), 143.
madagascariensis (Avi-
ceda), 353.
madagascariensis (Bazaj,
353.
madagascariensis (Falco),
48.
madagascariensis (Gym-
nogenys), 48.
madagascariensis (Jfisus),
116,143.
madagascariensis (Per-
nis), 353.
madagascariensis (Poly-
borides), 48.
madagascariensis (Spar-
vius), 48.
magellanicus (Sarcorham-
phus), 20.
magellanicus (Vultur),
20.
magnificus (Gyps), 9.
magiiirostris (Astur), 205,
207, 208.
magnirostris (Asturina),
205, 207.
magnirostris (Aviceda),
356.
magnirostris (Baza), 356.
magnirostris (Falco),207,
208.
magnirostris (Nisu8),207,
208.
magnirostris (Eupornis),
207.
magnus (Falco), 228.
maiUardi (Circus), 59.
major (Astur), 133.
major (Buteo), 186.
major (Milvu.s), 324.
major (Nisus), 133.
malayana (Aquila), 257.
malayensis (Falco), 257.
malavensis (Hierax),
307.
malavensis (Ictinaetus),
25"7.
malayensis (Xeopus),
25*7.
malfini (Xisus), 135,
139.
malzacii (Grmnogenys),
■ 49.
manillensis (Jsisus), 151.
marcgravii (Microdacty-
lus), 43.
marginatus (Falco), 95,
mauduyti (Falco), 262.
mauduyti (Morphnus),
263.
mauduyti (Spizaetus),
262.
maurus (Circus), 60,
91.
maurus (Falco), 60.
maurus (Strigiceps), 60.
maxima (Harpyia), 224.
media (Cerchneis), 425.
medius (Buteo), 186.
megaloptera (Aquila),
36.
megalopterus (Ibycter),
36.
megalopterus (Milvago),
36, 38.
megalopterus (Phalco-
bicnus), 36.
megalopterus (Poly-
borus), 36.
megarhvnchus (Cymin-
dis), 332.
megarhvnchus (Lepto-
don),'332.
472
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
megarhynchus (Regerhi-
nus),'332.
megaspilus (Circus), 62.
melanaetus (Aquila),
246.
melanaetus (Falco), 236,
302.
melanobronchoB (Falco),
211.
melanocephalus (Vultur),
229.
melanogenys (Falco), 385.
melanoleuca (Asturina),
169.
melanoleucus (Accipiter),
156.
melanoleucus (Astur),
156.
melanoleucus (Buteo),
168, 201, 258.
melanoleucus (Circus), 59,
61.
melanoleucus (Cuncuma),
169.
melanoleucus (Falco),
61.
melanoleucus (Geranoae-
tus), 169.
melanoleucus (Haliaetus),
169.
melanoleucus (Hierax),
368.
melanoleucus (Micro-
hierax), 3(i8.
melanoleucus (Nisus),
156.
melanoleucus (Ponto-
aetus), 169.
melanoleucus (Spizaetus),
169, 259.
melanoleucus(Spiziastur),
258.
melanoleucus(Strigiceps),
61.
melanonota (Asturina),
218.
melanonotus (Falco), 236.
melanops (Accipiter),
141.
melanops (Astur), 220.
melanops (Asturina). 220.
melanops (Buteo), 220.
melanops (Da-daLion),
220.
melanops (Falco), 220.
melanops (Leucopternis),
220.
melanops (Urubitinga),
220.
melanopterus (Elanus),
337.
melanopterus (Falco),
336, 338.
raelanoschistus (Accipi-
ter), 132, 135.
melanosterna (Gypoic-
tinia), 335.
melanosternon (Buteo),
335.
melanosternon (Gypoic-
tinia), 335.
melanostictus (Gyinno-
genys), 48.
melauotis (But«o), 289.
melanotis (Circaetus),
285.
melanotis (Milvus), 324.
melanotis (Spilornis),
289.
melanotus (Buteo), 217.
meleagrides (Cathartes),
17.
meleagris (Vultur), 17.
Melieras, 86.
meridionaUs (Buteo),
160.
meridionalis (Buteogal-
lus), 160.
meridionalis (Circaetus),
281.
meridionalis (Falco), 1 GO.
meridionalis (Gypaetus),
229, 230.
meridionalis (Heterospi-
zir.s), 160.
meridionalis (Rupornis),
160.
meridionalis (Urubi-
tinga), 160.
metabates (Astur), 92.
metabates (Melierax), 92.
mexicanus (Accipiter),
137.
mexicanus (Falco), 420.
mexicanus (Hierot'alco),
420.
mexicanus (Morphnus),
215.
mexicanus (Pnigohierax),
420.
mexicanus (Urubitinga),
215.
Micrastur, 74.
Microdactylus, 42.
Microhierax, 367.
mioronisu!! (Astur), 90.
mierurus (Falco), 377.
migrans (Falco), 322.
migrans (Milvus), 322.
miltopus (Micronisus),
91.
Milvago, 34.
Milvaquila, 312.
milvipes (Falco), 419.
milvoides (Aquila), 211.
milvoides (Haliaetus),
211.
milroides (Morphnus),
211.
milvoides (Spizaetus),
253.
Milvus. 319.
milvus (Accipiter), 319.
milvus (Falco), 319.
minor (Buteo), 179, 186.
minor (Elanus), 337.
minor (Erythropus), 444.
minor (Falco), 383.
minor (Paudion), 450.
minulla (Hieraspiza),
140.
minulla (Teraspiza), 140.
minullus (Accipiter), 140.
minullus (Falco), 140.
minullus (Nisus), 140.
minullus (Sparvius), 140.
minuta (Aquila), 2.53.
minuta (Buteola), 201.
minutus (Accipiter), 151.
minutus (Buteo), 201.
minutus (Falco), 1.32.
minutus (Nisus), 114.
minutus (Sparvius), 139.
inirandollei (Astur), 76.
mirandollei (Micrastur),
76.
mississipiensis (Falco),
365.
mississipiensis (Ictinia),
365.
mississipiensis (Milvus),
365.
mississipiensis (Nertus),
365.
mogilnik (Aquila), 238,
240, 241.
mogilnik (Falco), 240.
moluccensis (Cerchneis),
430.
moluccensis (Falco), 430.
moluccensis (Tinnuncu-
lus), 430.
monachus (Cathartes),
19.
monachus (Necrosyrtes),
19.
monachus (Neophron),
19.
monachus(Percnopterus),
19.
monachus (Vultur), 3.
monogrammicus (Acci-
piter), 276.
AiPHABEXICAL INDEX.
473
monogrammicus (Astur),
275.
monogrammicus (Falco),
275.
monogrammiciLS (Kaupi-
falco), 276, -277.
monogrammicus (Melie-
rax), 27G, 277.
monogrammicus (Micro-
uisus), 276, 277.
monogrammicus (Nisus),
276.
montagui (Circus), 65.
montanus (Buteo), 189.
montanus (Milvago),
36.
montanus (Pbalcoba;nus),
36.
moreli (Accipiter), 129.
moreli (Micronisus), 129.
moreli (Xisoides), 129.
moreli (Nisuoides), 129.
morelii (Nisus), 129.
morphnoides (Aquila),
254.
morphnoides (Butaetus),
254.
morphnoides (Hieraetus),
254.
morphnoides (Nisaetus),
254.
Morplmus, 222.
mosohatus (Gyps), 12.
moschatus (Pseudogyps),
12.
moschatus (Vultur), 12.
muelleri (Accipiter), 102.
muelleri (Astur), 102.
muelleri (Nisus), 103.
miilleri (Circus), 299.
murum (Buteo), 186.
murum (Cerclmeis), 425.
musicus (Accipiter), 87.
musicus (Astur), 87, 88.
musicus (Falco), 87.
musicus (lerax), 87.
musicus (Melierax), 87.
musicus (Nisus), 87.
musicus (Sparvius), 87.
mutans (Buteo), 186.
mutans (Falco), 186.
nsDvia (Aquila), 244, 246,
248.
nocvia, var. pallida (Aqui-
la), 246.
na;Tioide8 (Aquila), 242.
n»vius (Falco), 95, 246.
nanus (Ichthjaetus), 454.
nanus (Pontoaetus), 454.
nanus (Spizaetus), 271.
naso (Carnifex), 75.
nattereri (Asturina), 208.
Nauclerus, 318.
naumanni (Cerchneia),
435.
naumanni (Falco), 435.
Necrosyrtes, 16.
neglecta (Cerchneia),
428.
neglectus (Falco), 428.
Negriblanco, 75.
neoganis (Plangus), 458,
Neophron, 16.
Neopus, 256.
Nertus, 364.
newtoni (Cerchneia), 433.
newtoni (Falco), 433.
newtoni (Tinnunculua),
433.
niger (Accipiter), 91.
niger (^Egypius), 3.
niger (Arcbibuteo), 197.
niger (Astur), 91.
niger (Buteo), 197.
niger (Falco), 197, 236.
niger (Geranosjjizias), 82.
niger (Ischnosceles), 82.
niger (Melierax), 91.
niger (Micronisus), 91.
niger (Milvus), 322, 324.
niger (Nisus), 91.
niger (Percnopterus), 19.
niger (Rosthramus), 328.
niger (Sparvius), 91.
niger (Spizaetus), 213.
niger (Vultur), 3.
nigra (Aquila), 235.
nigra (Geranospiza), 82.
nigriceps (Falco), 377.
nigricoUis (Busarellus),
211.
nigricollis (Buteo), 211.
nigricoUis (Buteogallus),
211.
nigricollis (Falco), 211.
nigrico)lis(Ichthyoboru8),
211.
nigricollis (Morphnus),
211.
nigripennis (Strigiceps),
53.
nigriplumbeus( Accipiter),
149.
niloticuB (Melierax), 90.
niloticus (Micronisus),
90.
niloticus (Nisus), 90.
nipalensis (Aquila), 241,
250.
nipalensis(Circaetu8),287.
nipalensis (Circus), 65.
nipalensis (Limnaetus),
267.
nipalensis (Nisaetus),
267.
nipalensis (Spizaetus),
267, 272.
Nisaetua, 249.
Nisastur, 456.
Nisoides, 129.
nisoides (Accipiter), 151.
nisosimilis (Falco), 133.
Nisuoides, 129.
Nisus, 130.
nisus (Accipiter), 132.
nisus (Buteo), 132.
nisus (Falco), 114, 132,
141, 147.
nisus (Haliaetus), 302.
nisus (Sparvius), 132.
nisus major (Falco),
nisus minor (Falco), 132.
nitida (Asturina), 203,
204.
nitida (Asturisca), 203.
nitidus (D.Tsdalion), 203.
nitidus (Falco), 203.
niveus (^istur), 272.
niveus (Falco), 272.
niveus (Limnaetus), 272.
niveus (Morphnus), 272.
niveus (Nisaetus), 250,
272.
niveus (Sparvius), 118.
niveus (Spizaetus), 272.
nivicola (Gyps), 8.
nobilis (Aquila), 236.
norwegicus (Falco), 416.
notatus (Elanus), 338.
Nothierax, 456.
Nothrophronotes, 223.
novae hollandire (Astur),
117, 118, 119.
nov;e hollandia; (Falco),
118.
nov.c hollandiae (Leuco-
spizia), 118.
novre zealandi* (Aetrior-
chis), 38.
nova; zealanditc (Cireae-
tus), 38.
novaj zealandife (Falco),
38, 372.
nov£e zealandiae (Harpa),
372.
novjE zealandiae (Hiera-
cidea), 372.
nova; zealandiae (Hypo-
triorchis), 372.
novae zealandiae (Morph-
nus), 38.
474
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
novre zealandiae (Poly-
borus), 38.
noveboracensis (Falco),
437.
nubicus (Vultur), 13.
niidicoUis (Falco), 36.
nudicoUis (Milvago), 36.
nudipes (Grypaetus), 230.
obscurus (Falco), 409.
obsoletus (Buteo), 184.
occidentalis (Gypaetus),
229.
occidentalis (Gyps), 6.
occidentalis (Hieracidea),
421.
occipitalis (Falco), 275.
occipitalis (Harpyia),275.
occipitalis (Lophoaetus),
274.
occipitalis (Lophogyps),
15.
occipitalis (Morphmis),
275.
occipitalis(Spizaetus),275.
occipitalis (Vultur), 15.
ochrocephala (Haliaetus),
39.
ochrocephalus (Milvago),
39.
Odontriorchis, 329.
QSnops, 25.
Oaychaetus, 256.
ophiophaga (Ictinia), 365.
ophiophagus (Falco), 365.
Ophiotheres, 44.
orientalis (^salon), 407.
orientalis (Aquila), 241.
orientalis (Circaetus),281 .
orientalis (Falco), 376.
orientalis (Gypaetus),229.
orientalis(iraliaetus),303.
orientalis (Hieracidea),
422.
orientalis (Serpentarius),
45.
orientalis (SpilorniB),287.
orientalis (Spizaetus),267.
ornata (Harpyia), 263.
ornatus (Falco), 262.
ornatus(Morphnus), 263.
ornatus (Spizaetus), 263.
ossifraga (Phene), 229,
230.
OBsifragus (Falco), 302,
305.
ossifragus (Gypaetus),
230.
Otogyps, 13.
ovivorus (Nisaetus), 257.
oiypterus (Buteo), 185.
pacificus (Milvus), 326.
pallens (Strigiceps), 53.
pallescens (Gyps), 11.
palliata (Leucopternis),
218.
palliata (irrubitinga),218.
palliatus (Buteo), 333.
palliatus(Falco),218, 333.
pallidas (Buteo), 296.
pallidus (Circus), 67.
pallidus (Erythropus),
444.
pallidus (Falco), 67.
pallidus (Glaucopteryx),
67.
pallidus (Nisaetus), 267.
pallidus (Spiiornis), 290.
pallidus (Strigiceps), 67.
palumbarius (Acoipiter),
96.
palumbarius (Astur), 95,
105.
palumbarius (Biiteo), 96.
palumbarius (Diedalion),
95.
palumbarius (Falco), 95.
palumbarius (Sparvius),
95.
palustris (Circus), 62.
palustris (Falco), 62.
palustris (Milvus), 459.
Pandion, 448.
Pandiones, 448.
Pannyschistes, 423.
papa (Catbartes), 22.
papa (Gypagus), 22.
papa (Gyparchus), 22.
papa (Sarcorhamphus),
21, 22.
papa (Vultur), 22.
Parabuteo, 456.
paradoxa (Cerclineis),436.
paradoxus (Astur), 96.
parasitica (Hydroictinia),
321.
parasiticus (Falco), 320.
parasiticus (Milvus), 321.
parda (Aquila), 169.
pectoralis ( Accipiter), 121 .
pectoralis (Astur), 121.
pectoralis (Buteo), 177.
pectoralis(Circaetus),282.
pectoralis (Cooperastur),
121.
pekinensis (Cerchneis),
437.
pekinensis (Erythropus),
437.
pekinensis (Tichornis),
437.
pelagica (Aquila), 305.
pelagicus (Haliaetus),303,
306.
pelagicus (Thalassaetus),
306.
pelegrinoides (Falco),386.
pennata (Aquila), 253.
pennatus (Butaetus), 253.
pennatus (Buteo), 196.
pennatus (Falco), 253.
pennatus (Hieraetus),253.
pennatus (Nisaetus), 253.
pennsylvanicus (Accipi-
ter), 135.
pennsylvanicus (Astur),
135, 193.
pennsylvanicus (Buteo),
193.
pennsylvanicus (Falco),
135, 193.
pennsylvanicus (Nisus),
135.
percnopsis (Poliornis),
299.
Percnopterus, 16.
percnopterus (Catbartes),
17.
percnopterus(Neophron),
17, 18.
percnopterus (Vultur), 5,
17.
percontator (Falco), 75.
peregrinator (Falco), 382.
peregrinoides( Falco) ,383,
386, 387.
peregrinus (Falco), 376.
peregrinus (Nisus), 133.
perniger(Heteropus),257.
perniger (Ictinaetus), 257 .
perniger (Neopus), 257.
pernigra (Aquila), 257.
pernigra (CEnops), 26.
Pernis, 343.
persicus (Vultur), 5.
perspicillaris (Accipiter),
148.
perspiciUaris (Daedalion),
148.
perspicillaris (Falco), 148.
pezopora (Aquila), 41.
pezoporus (Milvago), 41.
Pbalcobcenus, 34.
Phene, 228.
philippensis (Gypogera-
nus), 45.
philippinensis (Spizae-
tus), 261.
picatus (Falco), 217.
picta (Aquila), 213.
pictum (Dsedalion), 98.
pileatus (Accipiter), 137,
153.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
475
pileatus (Astur), 137.
pileatus (Cooperastur),
153.
pileatus (Falco), 153.
pileatua (Neophron), 18,
19.
pileatus (Nisus"), 163.
pileatus (Vultur), 18.
piscatrix (Aquila), 449.
plagiata (Asturina), 204.
plagiatus (Astur), 204.
plagiatus (Buteo), 204.
plancus (Vultur), 31, 38.
planga (Aquila), 246.
Plangus, 458.
planiceps (Archibuteo),
196.
planicejjs (Pandion), 449.
platypterus (Sparvius),
193.
platyura (Pernis), 345.
plumbea (letiuia), 364.
plumbea (Leucopternis),
216.
plumbea (Pcecilopteryx),
364.
plumbea (Urubitinga),
216.
plumbeus (Buteo), 364.
plumbeus (Falco), 364.
plumbeus (Haliaetus),
452.
plumbeus (Nertus), 364.
plumbeus (Eosthramus),
459.
Plumipeda, 259.
plumipes (Archibuteo),
180.
plumipes (Buteo), 180.
plumipes (Circus), 180.
plumipes (Falco), 196.
Pnigohierax, 410.
pcEcilonotus (Buteo), 217.
pcecilonotus (Falco), 217.
pcecilonotus (Leucopter-
nis), 217.
Pcecilopteryx, 364.
Pcpcilomis, 423.
pojana (Falco), 186.
Polioaetus, 452.
poliocephalus (Accipiter),
117.
poliocephalus(Nisus), 1 1 7.
poliogaster (Accipiter),
120.
poliogaster (Astur), 120,
201.
poliogaster (Asturina),
120.
poliogaster( Cooperastur),
120.
poliogaster (Falco), 120.
poliogaster (Nisus), 120.
poliogenys (Astur), 297.
poliogenys (Buteo), 297.
poliogenys (Falco), 297.
poliogenys (Poliornis),
297.
PoUohierax, 369.
polionota (Leucopternis),
218.
polionotus (Buteo), 218.
polioparejus (Accipiter),
112.
poliopsis (Accipiter),
110.
poliopsis (Astur), 110.
poliopsis (Micronisus),
457.
poliopterus (Circus), 57.
poliopterus (Melierax),
88.
Poliornis, 294.
poliosomus (Buteo),
171.
polyagrus (Falco), 420.
Polyborinre, 30.
Polyboroides, 47.
Polyborus, 31.
polyosoma (Astur), 171.
polyosoma (Buteo), 172.
polyosoma (Falco), 171.
Polypteryx, 2.
polvzonoides (Accipiter),
99, 113, 140.
poljzonoides (Astur), 113.
polvzonoides (Microni-
sus), 113.
polyzonus (Accipiter),
99.
polyzonus (Astur), 88.
polyzonus (Falco), 88.
polyzonus (Melierax), 88.
polyzonus (Nisus), 88, 99,
113.
pomarina (Aquila), 246.
pondicerianus (Dentiger),
313.
pondicerianus (Falco),
313, 314.
pondicerianus (Milvus),
313.
pondicerianus(Haliaetos),
314.
pondicerianus(IIaliastur),
313.
pondicerianus (Hemi-
gyps), 14.
pondicerianus (Ictino-
aetus), 313.
pondicerianus (Otogyps),
14.
pondicerianuB (Vultur),
14.
ponticerianus (Falco),
315.
ponticerianus (Haliastur),
313.
Pontoaetus, 301.
pratorum (Circus), 65.
pratorum (Strigiceps), 65.
princeps (Buteo), 220.
princeps (Leucopternis),
220.
princeps (Urubitinga),
220.
Pseudaetus, 249.
Pseudastur, 212.
Pseudogryphus, 455.
Pseudogyps, 11.
Pternura, 259.
Pteroaetus, 232.
Pterocbalinus, 343.
Pterocircus, 50.
pterocles (Buteo), 162.
pterocles (Falco), 162.
pterocles(Tacbytriorchis),
162.
Pterolestes, 458.
ptilonorhynchus (Falco),
347.
ptilonorhynchiis (Pernis),
347.
pucherani (Astur), 206.
pucherani (Asturina), 205,
206.
pucherani (Cymindis),
330.
pulcher (Nisaetus), 267.
pulcher (Spizaetus), 267.
punctata (Aquila), 243.
pmictata (Cerchneis),
434.
punctatus (Falco), 434.
punctatus (Tinnunculus),
434.
punctatus (Spizaetus),
248.
punicus (Falco), 386.
Pygargus, 50.
pygargus (Aquila), 305.
pygargus (Circus), 53, 64.
pygargus (Falco), 52, 64,
71,302,304.
pygargus (Strigiceps), 53.
pygmajus (Buteo), 297.
pyrrhogenys (Buteo), 297.
pyrrhogenys (Poliornis),
297.
Eacama, 312.
radama (Falco), 383.
raddei (Falco), 445.
476
ALPHABETICAL IM)EX.
radiata (TJrospiza), 1 59.
radiatus (Accipiter), 159.
radiatus (Astur), 126, 159.
radiatus (Circaetus), 48.
radiatus (Falco), 126, 159.
radiatus (Gymnogenys),
48.
radiatus (Nisus), 48, 49,
159.
radiatus (Polyboroides),
48.
radiatus (Sparvius), 159.
radiatus (Urospizias),
159.
radiatus (Vultur), 48.
ranivorus (Circus), 71.
rauivorus (Falco). 71.
ranivoru.i (Pygargus), 71.
rapax (Aquila), 242.
rapax (Falco), 242.
raptor (Aquila), 242.
rayi (Astur), 117.
rayi (Leucospiza), 118.
regalis (Accipiter), 322.
regalis (AquUa). 236.
regalis (Archibuteo), 199.
regalis (Falco), 97, 224.
regalis (Milvus), 320.
Eegerhinus, 329.
regia (Aquila), 236.
regulus (j-Esalon), 407.
regulus (Falco), 406.
reinwardti (Avicida), 358.
reinwardti (Baza), 358.
reinwardti (Lophotes),
358.
religiosus (Falco), 397.
reptilivorus (Gypogera-
nus), 45.
reptilivorus (Secretarius),
45.
reptilivorus (Serpenta-
rius), 45.
Ehinogryphus, 455.
rhodogaster (Accipiter),
145.
rhodogaster (Nisus), 146.
rhodogaster (Teraspiza),
146.
Ehynchomegus, 74.
richardsonii (Falco), 408.
richardsonii (Hypotrior-
chis), 408.
ricordi (Cathartes), 26.
riocouri (Chelidopteryx),
318.
riocouri (Elanoides), 318.
riocouri (Elanus), 318.
riocouri (Falco), 318.
riocouri (Milvus), 318.
riocouri (Nauclerus), 318.
riparia (Aquila), 238.
Eosthramus, 327.
rotundicauda (Milvus?),
313.
ruber (Falco), 382.
ruber (ililvus), 320.
rubeus (Falco), 389.
rubricollis (Accipiter),
144.
rubrioollis (Xisus), 144.
rubripes (Falco), 444.
rubriventer (Aquila), 250.
rueppellii (Astur), 112.
rueppeUi (Gyps), 9.
rueppellii (Micronisus),
112.
rufa (Baza), 359.
rufescens (Falco), 426.
ruficauda (Asturina), 205.
ruficauda (Cerchneis),
436.
ruficaudus (Accipiter),
188.
ruficeps (Cerchneis), 436.
ruficoUis (Cathartes), 26.
ruficollis (Chicquera),404.
ruficollis (Climacocercus),
77.
ruficolUs (Falco), 404.
ruficoUis (Hypotriorchis),
404.
ruficollis (Micrastur), 76.
ruficollis (Nisus), 77.
ruficollis (Qinops), 27.
ruficollis (Pernis), 347.
ruficollis (Sparvius), 76.
rufifrons (Chondrohie-
rax), 341.
rufifrons (Falco), 341.
rufifrons (Nertus), 341.
rufigularis (Falco), 401.
rufigularis ( H^'jjotrior-
chis), 401. '
rufLnus (Buteo), 176, 179.
rufinus (Falco), 176.
rufipectus (Circaetus),
291.
rufipectus sulaensis (Cir-
caetus), 292.
rufipectus (Spilomis), 291.
rufipedoides (Falco), 397.
rufipenuis(Buta8tur).299.
rufipennis (Buteo), 299.
rufipennis (Poliornis),
299.
rufipes (Falco), 443.
rufipes (Harpagus), 362.
rufipes (Pannychistes),
443.
rufipes (Tinnunculus),
444.
rufltinctus (Spizaetus),
105.
rufitorques (Accipiter),
121.
rufitorques (Astur), 121.
rufitorques (Nisus), 103,
122.
rufiventer (Bidens), 362.
ruflventer (Buteo), 179.
rufiventris (Accipiter),
148.
rufiventris (Nisus), 148.
rufulus (Astur), 160.
rufulus (Circus), 160.
rufus (Buteo), 69.
rufus (Circus), 69.
rufus (Falco), 69, 443.
rufus (Pygargus), 69.
rupicola (Cerchneis),
429.
rupicolreformis (Falco),
426.
rupicoloides (Cerchneis),
432.
rupicoloides (Falco), 432.
rupicoloides (Tinnuncu-
lus), 432.
rupicolus (Falco), 429.
rupicolus (Tinnunculus),
429.
Eupornis, 202.
riippeUii (Vultur), 9.
russicus (Milvus), 322.
rutherfordi (Circaetus),
289.
rutherfordi (Spilomis),
289.
rutilans (Asturina), 100.
rutilans (Buteo), 160.
rutilans (Circus), 160.
rutilans (Falco), 160.
rutilans (Hypomorph-
nus), 160.
Eypornis, 202.
sacer (Cathartes), 22.
sacer (Falco), 417.
sacer (Gennaia), 418.
sacer (Sarcorhamphus),
22
sacra (Vultur), 22.
saker (Hierofalco), 417.
sancti johannis (Archi-
buteo), 197.
sancti johannis(Butaetes),
197.
sancti johannis (Buteo),
197.
sancti johannis (Falco).
197.
saqer (Falco), 418.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Sarcorhamphus, 20.
Sariaina, 42.
satrapa (Nisus). 140.
saurophaga (Cariama),43.
Scelospiza, 92.
Bchistacea (Asturina),216.
schistacea (Leueopternis),
216.
scbistacea (Urubitinga),
216.
schistaceus (Buteo), 216.
sclavonicus (Falco), 196.
sootoptera (Asturina),
218.
Bcotoptera(LeucopterniB),
218.
scotopterus (Buteo), 218.
scriptus (Elanus), 340.
Bcutarius (Accipiter), 109.
Secretarius, 44.
secretariua (Astur), 45.
secretarius (Otis). 45.
secretarius (Sagittarius),
45.
8ecretarius(Serpentarius),
45.
secretarius (Vultur). 45.
semipliimbea (Leueopter-
nis), 220.
semiplumbea (Urubi-
tinga), 220.
semiplumbeus (Buteo),
220.
semitorquatus (Climaco-
cercus), 75.
semitorquatus (Falco),
370.
semitorquatus (Hypotri-
orchis), 370.
semitorquatus (Mieras-
tur), 75.
semitorquatus (Poliohi-
erax), 370.
semitorquatus (Sparvius),
75.
senegala (Aquila), 242.
senegalensis (Falco), 275.
Senex, 34.
septentrionalis (Buteo),
186.
septentrionalis (Ca-
tbartes), 26.
Serpentarius, 44.
serpentarius (Falco), 45.
serpentarius (Gypogera-
nus), 45.
serpentarius (Sagittarius),
45.
serpentarius (Vultur), 45.
sericeus (Falco). 369.
sericeus (Hierax), 369.
severus (Falco), 309.
severus (Hypotriorchis),
397.
sesfasciatus (Accipiter),
154.
sextiisciatus (Astur), 1.54.
sesfasciatus (Nisus), 154.
shabeen (Falco), 382.
sibirieus (Falco), 407.
skotopterus (Falco), 218.
smirillus ( Falco), 407.
smitbii (Astur), 156.
smitbii (Falco), 432.
sociabilis(Herpetotheres),
327.
sociabilis (Ibycter), 328.
sociabilis (Kostbramus),
328.
solitaria (Urubitomis),
222.
solitarius (Circaetus), 222.
solitarius (Pandion), 452.
soloensis (Accipiter), 1 14.
soloensis (Astur), 114.
soloensis (Dsdalion), 1 14.
soloensis (Falco), 114.
soloensis (Micronisus),
114.
soloen.sis (Nisus), 114.
soloensis (Tacbyspiza),
114.
sonnini (Falco), 222.
sonnini (Morphnus), 222.
spadiceus (Buteo), 197.
sparverioides (Cerchneis),
443.
sparverioides (Falco),443.
sparverioides (Poecilor-
nis), 443.
sparverioides (Tinnuncu*
lus), 443.
sparverius (Bidens), 439.
sparverius (Cercbneis),
438.
sparverius (Falco), 437.
sparverius (Pcecilornis),
438.
sparverius (Tinnunculus),
437.
Sparvius, 92.
spectabilis (Astur), 279.
spectabilis (Dryotrior-
chis), 279.
spbenurus (Accipiter), 90,
111, 112.
spbenurus (Astur), 112.
spbenurus (Falco), 112.
spbenurus (Haliaetus),
307, 316.
spbenurus (Haliastur),
316.
spbenurus (Melierax), 112.
spbenurus (Micronisus),
112.
spbenurus (Milvus), 316.
spbenurus (Nisus), 112.
sphinx (Spizaetus), 261.
Spilocircus, 50.
spilogaster (Haematornis),
289, 291.
spilogaster (Nisaetus),
252.
spilogaster (Pseudaetus),
252.
spilogaster (Spilomis),
289.
spilogaster (Spizaetus),
252.
spilonotus (Circus), 58.
Spilornis, 287.
Spizaetus, 2.59.
spixii (Spizaetus), 264.
Spizacircus, .50.
Spiziapteryx, 371.
Spiziastur, 258.
Spizigeranus, 212.
Stanley! (Cooperastur),
137.
stanleyi (Falco), 137.
stenozona (Baza), 358.
stercorarius (Vultur), 17.
stevensoni( Accipiter), 151.
strenuus (Nisaetus), 250.
striatulus (Astur), 456.
striatus (Accipiter), 135.
striatus (Nisus), 135, 147.
striatus (Sparvius), 135.
Strigiceps, 50.
strigiceps (Falco), 52.
strigilatus (Gymnops), .39.
strigilatus (Pandion), 34.
Stringonyx, 342.
striolatus (Astur), 203.
striolatus (Falco), 203.
stropbiatus (Arcbibuteo),
199.
stropbiatus (Hemiaetos),
199.
subalpinus (Gypaetus),
229.
Bubbuteo (Dendrofalco),
395.
subbuteo (Falco), 395.
subbuteo frontatus
(Falco), 397.
subbuteo (Hypotriorchis),
395.
subcristata ( Avicida), 357.
subcristata (Baza), 357.
8ubcri8tata(Lepidogeny8),
357.
Bubcristatus (Pernis), 357.
473
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
subnoevia (Aquila), 246.
siibuiger (Faleo), S'J-i.
subniger (Hierofalco),
39.5.
subniger (Sparvius), 139.
substriata (Aquila), 242.
subtypicus (Accipiter),
133.
suckleyi (Falco), 459.
sulaensis (Accipiter), 146.
.sulaensis (Circaetus), 292.
sulaensis ^Nisus), 146.
sulaensis (Spilornis), 292.
sulaensis (Uraspiza), 146.
Bultaneus (Falco), 382.
sumatrensis (Avicida),
357.
sumatrensis (Baza), 357.
superba ( Plumipeda), 263.
superbus (Falco), 263.
superciliaris (Asturina),
219.
superciliaris (Circus), 67.
superciliaris (Leucopter-
nis), 219.
superciUosus (Accipiter),
139.
superciUosus (Circus), 62.
swainsoni (Buteo), 184.
swainsoni (Elanus), 341.
swainsoni (Gampsonyx),
340.
swainsoni (Strigiceps), 67.
swainsonii (Circus), 67.
sjama (Baza), 352.
syama (Hytiopus), 352.
sykesii (Circus), 69.
sylvestris (Accipiter), 104.
sylvestris (Astur), 104.
tachardus (Buteo), 179,
345.
tachardus (Falco), 179.
tachardus (Pernis), 345.
tachiro (Accipiter), 99.
tachiro (Astur), 99.
tachiro (Buteo), 99.
tachiro (Falco), 99.
tachiro (Micronisus), 99.
tachiro (Nisus), 99.
Tachyspiza, 92.
Tachytriorchis, 161.
taniura (Cerchneis), 425.
tEeniurus (Polyborus), 85.
tKniurus (Rosthramus),
328.
tanypterus (Falco), 391.
tanypterus (Gennaia) ,39 1 .
teesa (Butastur), 295.
teesa (Buteo), 295.
teesa (Circus), 295.
teesa (Poliornis), 295.
temerarius (Falco), 409.
temuiiuckii (Astur), 156.
tenuiceps (Vultur), 10.
tenuirostris (Gyps), 10,12.
Teraspiza, 130.
Terathopius, 299.
testaceus (Astur), 159.
Thalassoaetus, 301.
tharus (Falcj), 31.
tharus (Polyborus), 31,
32, 33.
thermophilus (Falco),
393.
thoracicus (Circaetus),
282.
thoracicus (Falco), 282,
401.
Thrasaetus, 223.
tibialis (^salon), 405.
tibialis (Astur), 108.
Tichornis, 42.3.
tinnuncula (Cerchneis),
425.
tinnuncularius (Falco),
435.
tinnunculoides (Falco),
435.
Tinnunculus, 374.
tinnunculus (Falco), 425.
tinnunculus (Tinnuncu-
lus), 425.
tinus (Accipiter), 139.
tinus (Falco), 139.
tinus (Hieraspizia), 139.
tinus (leraspiza), 139.
tinus (Nisus), 139.
tinus (Teraspiza), 139.
Toknaetus, 249.
torquata (Pernis), 347.
torquata (Uraspiza), 125.
torquata (Urospiza), 141.
torquatus (Accipiter), 1 25,
141.
torquatus (Astur), 125.
torquatus (Elanus), 341.
torquatus (Falco), 125.
torquatus (Nisus), 104,
125.
torquatus (Urospizia),
12.5.
tousseneli (Nisus), 101.
toussenelii (Accipiter^
101.
tousseneUi (Astur), 101.
tracheliotus (Vulttir), 13.
trencalos (Vultur), .5.
tricolor (Buteo), 162, 172.
tricolor (Urospizia), 1.59.
trinotata (Erythrospiza),
104.
trinotatus (Accipiter),
101.
trinotatus (Astur), 101.
trinotatus (Nisus), 102.
trinotatus (Sparvius), 102.
Triorches, 448.
Triorchis, 195.
trivirgatum (Daedalion),
105.
trivirgatus (Astur), 105.
trivirgatus (Falco), 105.
trivirgatus (Lophospizia),
105.
trivirgatus (Nisus), 105.
Turumtia, 374.
typicus (Polyboroides),
48.
typicus (Serpentarius), 48.
typus (Chicquera), 403.
typus (Helotarsus), 300.
tyrannus (Aquila), 264.
tyrannus (Astur), 264.
tyrannus (Falco), 264.
tyrannus (Morphnus),
264.
tyrannus (Pternura), 264.
tyrannus (Spizaetus), 264.
uliginosus (Circus), 55.
idiginosus (Strigiceps),
55.
uncinatus (Cymindis),
330.
uncinatus (Falco), 330.
uncinatus (Leptodon),
330.
uncinatus (Regerhinus),
330, 333.
uncinatus (Rosthramus),
330.
undulata (Spilornis), 287.
undulatus (Circaetus),
287, 289.
undulatus (Hamatornis),
287.
unduliventer (Falco), 99.
unduliventer (Nisus), 99.
unduliventris (Accipiter),
99.
unicincta (Asturina), 85.
unicincta(Erythrocnema),
85.
unicincta (Urubitinga),
85.
unicinctus (Antenor),456.
unicinctus ( Astur),8.5,215.
unicinctus (Buteo), 85.
unicinctus (Craxirex), 85.
unicinctus (Falco), 85.
unicinctus (Hypomorph-
nus), 85.
unicinctus (Morphnus),
85.
unicinctus (Nisus), 85.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
479
unicinetus(Spizageranus),
85.
unicolor (Aquila), 248.
unicolor (Buteoj, 172.
unicolor (Falco), 44(5.
unicolor (Haliaetus), 452.
unicolor (Limnaetus),
248, 272.
urbicola (Cathartes), 26.
Uroaetus, 231.
Urospizias, 159.
Urotriorchis, 83.
Urubitinga, 84, 212.
urubitinga (Aquila), 213.
urubitinga (Asturina),
214.
urubitinga (Buteo), 214.
urubitinga (Catharista),
28.
urubitinga(Cathartes),27,
28.
urubitinga (Falco), 213.
urubitinga (Harpyia),
213.
urubitinga (Hypomorph-
nus), 213.
urubitinga (CEnops), 28.
Urubitornis, 221.
urubu (Cathartes), 24.
urubu (Percnopterus), 24.
urubu (Vultur), 24.
urutaurana (Aquila), 263.
variabilis (Aquila), 344.
variabilis (Buteo), 186.
variatus (Nisus), 154,
variegata (Aquila), 242.
variegatus (Circus), 52,
55, 69.
variegatus (Falco), 186.
variegatus (Spizaetus),
222.
varius (Buteo), 172.
velox (Accipiter), 135.
velox (Astur), 135.
velox (Falco), 135.
ventralis (Accipiter), 149.
ventralis (Buteo), 188.
verreau.xi (Aquila), 234.
verreauxii (Astur), 156.
verreauxii (Avicida), 353,
354.
verreauxii (Baza), 354.
verreauxii (Nisus), 1.56.
verreauxii (Pteroaetus),
235.
vesparum (Pernis), 345.
vespertina (Cerchneis),
443.
ve6pertinus(Erythropus),
443.
vespertinus (Falco), 443.
vespertinus (Tinnuncu-
lus), 444.
vieillotinus (Falco), 135.
vindhiana (Aquila), 243.
virgata (Teraspiza), 151.
virgatus (Accipiter), 1 14,
150.
virgatus (Falco), 150.
virgatus (Hieraspiza), 151.
virgatus (Micronisus),
151.
virgatus (Nisus), 150.
vittata (Aquila), 248.
vitticaudus (Cymindis),
330.
vitticaudus (Falco), 330.
vocifer (Cuncuma), 310.
vocifer (Falco), 310.
vocifer (Haliaetus), 310.
vocifer (Pontoaetus), 310.
vocifera (Aquila), 310.
vociferator (Haliaetus),
311.
vociferoides (Haliaetus),
311.
vociferus (Buteo), 337.
vociferus (Falco), 3.36.
vulgaris (Buteo), 179,
181, 184, 186.
vulgaris (Caracara), 32.
vulgaris (Gyps), 5, 9.
vulgaris (Mdvus), 320.
vulgaris (Polyborus), 31.
vulgaris (Vultur), .3, 5.
vulgaris, var. capensis
(Buteo), 179.
vulgaris, var. etrusca
(Buteo), 186.
vulgaris, var. obscura
(Buteo), 186.
vulgaris japonicus
(Buteo), 180.
vulpinus (Buteo), 179.
Vultur, 2.
Vulturidfe, 2.
vulturina (Aquila), 235,
242.
vulturina (Pteroaetus),
235.
vulturinus(Cathart€s),29.
wahlbergii (Aquila), 245.
vifallacii (Astur), 128.
washingtonianus (Falco),
305.
washingtonii (Falco), 305.
VFashingtonii (Haliaetus),
305.
washingtonii (Pandion),
305.
wiedii (Aquila), 250.
vriedii (Aquilastur), 250.
wilsoni (Buteo), 193.
wilsoni (Falco), 193.
wilsoni (Leptodon), 333.
wilsoni (Poeciloptemis),
193.
wilsonii (Cymindis), 333.
wilsonii (Eegerhinus),
333.
wolfi (Circus), 72.
xanthonyx (Falco), 435.
xantliotborax (Astur), 76.
xanthothorax (Chimaco-
cercus), 77.
xanthothorax (Falco), 76.
xanthothorax (Herpeto-
theres), 77.
xanthothorax (Micrastur),
76, 79.
xanthothorax (Nisus), 76.
yetapa (Elanoides), 317.
yetapa (Falco), 317.
zonarius (Accipiter), 100.
zonarius (Micronisus),
99.
zonarius (Nisus), 100.
zoniventris (Cerchneis),
447.
zoniventris (Dissodectes),
447.
zoniventris (Falco), 447.
zoniventris (Hypotrior-
chis), 447.
zonocercus (Buteo), 163.
zonothorax (Climacocer-
cus), 79.
zonothorax (Micrastur),
79.
zonura (Urubitinga), 213,
214.
zonurus (Circaetus), 285.
zonurus (Falco), 213.
zonurus (Spizaetus), 252.
Printed by Taylor and Fbaxcis, Red Iiioai Conrt, Fleet Street.
.->-y
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate
Gyps kolbi I.
CEaops falklandica Fig. 1\ yy
urubitiuga Fig. 2 .
Astur macroscelides III.
soloensis Fig. 11 yy
cuculoides Fig.
wallacii V.
toussenelii Fig. 1 | yy
1}
)
Accipiter hartlaubi Fig. 2
Buteo plumipes Fig. 1 "I yjy
Archibuteo stropliiatus Fig. 2 J
Buteo ferox VIII,
Spilornis pallidus IX.
Baza magnirostris Fig. 11 -^
erythrothorax Fig. 2
sumatrensis Fig
cuculoides Fig. 2
Falco minor XII.
Hierofalco holboelli ; XIII.
Cerchneis alopex Fig. 1 | ^-ry
^^■n XL
2J
zoniventris Fig.
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