"LI B R.AR.Y
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
Of ILLINOIS
59O.S
FI
13
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944
AND
BOARDMAN CONOVER
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE. BIRDS
PART I, NUMBER 2
SPHENISCIDAE - GAVIIDAE - COLYMBIDAE - DIOMEDEIDAE
PROCELLARIIDAE - HYDROBATIDAE - PELECANOIDIDAE
PHAETHONTIDAE - PELECANIDAE - SULIDAE
PHALACROCORACIDAE - ANHINGIDAE - FREGATIDAE
ARDEIDAE - COCHLEARIIDAE - CICONIIDAE
THRESKIORNITHIDAE - PHOENICOPTERIDAE
ANHIMIDAE - ANATIDAE
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2
AUGUST 18, 1948 Ijf
PUBLICATION 616
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS
IN
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA.
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES AND
ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO
AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON
ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944
AND
BOARDMAN CONOVER
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS
PART I, NUMBER 2
SPHENISCIDAE - GAVIIDAE - COLYMBIDAE - DIOMEDEIDAE
PROCELLARIIDAE - HYDROBATIDAE - PELECANOIDIDAE
PHAETHONTIDAE - PELECANIDAE - SULIDAE
PHALACROCORACIDAE - ANHINGIDAE - FREGATIDAE
ARDEIDAE - COCHLEARIIDAE - CICONIIDAE
THRESKIORNITHIDAE - PHOENICOPTERIDAE
ANHIMIDAE - ANATIDAE
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2
AUGUST 18, 1948
PUBLICATION 615
THf i.mv n*
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
Y.I 3
PREFACE TO PART I, NUMBERS 2-4
In style and arrangement this installment of Part I closely follows
the guiding principles of the previous parts. However, because of
the war and the death of Charles E. Hellmayr in 1944, the method
of collaboration had to be changed somewhat from that followed in
Part I, Number 1. As before, the senior author is mainly responsible
for the compilation of the bibliographic references and for the out-
line of geographical distribution. Because of war conditions,, how-
ever, his manuscript did not reach this country until after his death.
It was impossible, therefore, to submit to him any changes found
necessary because of material in Field Museum and certain critical
specimens examined in other American collections. Such emenda-
tions have been kept as few as possible.
In the case of the Anseriformes and some of the Charadriiformes,
v I prepared the manuscript and submitted it to Dr. Hellmayr, who
V. made certain additions and suggestions. Likewise, I am responsible
for the compilation of the list of specimens in Field Museum and in
the Conover Collection, and for additions to the bibliography after
1938 in the Falconiformes and 1939 in the rest of the manuscript.
* Literature has been taken into account up to December 31, 1944
\ (as given in the Zoological Record). Some new forms described
& since that date and before December 31, 1946, and a few important
papers will be found mentioned in the footnotes.
v As before, the authors have been greatly benefited by the cordial
co-operation of many institutions and individuals, who have lent
material and submitted information. To all of them we wish to
* express our appreciation. Among those who have helped are Dr.
t John W. Aldrich, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Alfred M.
Bailey, Colorado Museum of Natural History; Professor J. Berlioz,
^ Musee* d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Mr. James Bond, Academy of
^ Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Mr. H. W. Brandt, Cleveland,
Ohio; the late Major Allan Brooks, Okanagan Landing, Canada; the
* Chicago Academy of Sciences; Dr. Herbert Friedmann, United
I States National Museum; Professor 0. Fuhrmann, University of
* Neuchatel; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, Vetenskapsakademien, Stock-
holm; the Museum of the University of Kansas, Lawrence; Captain
N. B. Kinnear, British Museum (Natural History); Professor A.
Laubmann, Zoological Museum, Munich; Messrs. F. C. Lincoln
and W. L. McAtee, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Mr. J. D.
iii
Macdonald, British Museum (Natural History); Dr. Alden H.
Miller, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California; the
late James Moffitt, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco;
Mr. Olaus Murie, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Robert T.
Orr, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. James L. Peters, Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr. William
H. Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela; Professor Rodolfo A. Philippi B.,
Museo Nacional de Chile, Santiago; Professor William Rowan,
University of Edmonton, Alberta; Mr. R. M. de Schauensee,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Count Josef Seilern,
Lukov; Professor Morriz Sassi, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna;
Mr. L. L. Snyder, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; the late P. A.
Taverner, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa; Mr. W. E. Clyde
Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Mr. A. J. van Rossem, Los
Angeles, California; Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne, Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Alexander Wetmore, U. S.
National Museum; Mr. John T. Zimmer, American Museum of
Natural History, New York.
We are also indebted to Dr. Charles Baehni, Director of the
Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland, for his
custodianship of the manuscript after Dr. Hellmayr's death.
Of the Museum Staff, especial acknowledgment is due to the late
Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, Department of Zoology;
Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Department of Zoology; and
Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator, Division of Birds, for their help and
advice to the junior author; to Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Asso-
ciate, Division of Birds; to Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator,
Division of Birds, who was responsible for the compilation of the
index; and to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific
Publications, for reading proof and seeing through the press the last
six parts of the Catalogue of Birds of the Americas.
BOARDMAN CONOVER
IV
CONTENTS
Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part I, Number 2
SUPERORDER NEOGNATHAE
ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES
FAMILY SPHENISCIDAE
(Penguins)
PAGE PAGE
Aptenodytes J. F. Miller 1 Eudyptes Vieillot 6
Pygoscelis Wagler 3 Spheniscus Brisson 10
ORDER GAVIIFORMES
FAMILY GAVIIDAE
(Loons)
Gavia J. R. Forster. . . 14
ORDER COLYMBIFORMES
FAMILY COLYMBIDAE
(Grebes)
Colymbus Linnaeus 18 Centropelma Sclater and Salvin 35
Aechmophorus Coues 33 Podilymbus Lesson 36
ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES
FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE Procellaria Linnaeus 61
(Albatrosses) Puffinus Brisson 62
Divmedea Linnaeus 40 Pjerodroma ^Bonaparte 74
Pfcoe^na Reichenbach.. . 49 Holobaena Bonaparte 84
Pagodroma Bonaparte 85
Bulweria Bonaparte 86
FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE
(Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels) _
FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE
SUBFAMILY FULMARINAE (Long-legged Storm Petrels)
(Fulmars) Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius . . . 86
Macronectes Richmond 50 Pelagodroma Reichenbach 89
Daption Stephens 52 Fregetta Bonaparte 90
Fulmarus Stephens 53 Garrodia Forbes 93
Pachyptila Illiger 55 Hydrobates Boie 94
Oceanodroma Reichenbach 95
SUBFAMILY PUFFININAE Halocyptena Coues 105
(Shearwaters)
PnoceHa Hombron and Jacquinot.. 58 FAMILY PELECANOIDIDAE
Thalassoica Reichenbach 59 (Diving Petrels)
Adamastor Bonaparte 60 Pelecanoides Lac^pede 106
ORDER PELECANIFORMES
SUBORDER PHAETHONTES
FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE
(Tropic-Birds) PAGE
Phaethon Linnaeus 110
SUBORDER PELECANI
SUPERFAMILY PELECANOIDEA
FAMILY PELECANIDAE
(Pelicans)
Pelecanus Linnaeus. . 115
FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE
(Cormorants) PAGE
Phalacrocorax Brisson 137
Nannopterum Sharpe 157
FAMILY ANHINGIDAE
(Water-Turkeys)
Anhinga Brisson
157
SUPERFAMILY SULOIDEA
FAMILY SULIDAE
(Gannets)
Morus Vieillot 122
Sula Brisson 123
SUBORDER FREGATAE
FAMILY FREGATIDAE
(Man-o'-War Birds)
Fregata Lacepede
160
ORDER CICONIIFORMES
SUBORDER ARDEAE
FAMILY ARDEIDAE
(Herons and Bitterns)
SUBFAMILY ARDEINAE
(Herons)
Ardea Linnaeus 166
Pilherodius Bonaparte 175
Butorides Blyth 176
Florida Baird 189
Bubulcus Bonaparte 191
Dichromanassa Ridgway 192
Casmerodius Gloger 194
Leucophoyx Sharpe 197
Hydranassa Baird 200
Agamia Reichenbach 204
Syrigma Ridgway 205
Nycticorax T. Forster 207
Nyctanassa Stejneger 214
Tigrisoma Swainson 219
SUBFAMILY BOTAURINAE
(Bitterns)
Zebrilus Bonaparte 227
Ixobrychus Billberg 228
Bolaurus Stephens 235
FAMILY COCHLEARIIDAE
(Boat-billed Herons)
Cochlearius Brisson 238
SUBORDER CICONIAE
SUPERFAMILY CICONIOIDEA
FAMILY CICONIIDAE
(Storks and Wood Ibises)
SUBFAMILY MYCTERIINAE
(Wood Ibises)
Mycteria Linnaeus 242
SUBFAMILY CICONIINAE
(Storks)
Euxenura Ridgway 245
Jabiru Hellmayr 247
SUPERFAMILY THRESKIORNITHOIDEA
FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE
(Ibises and Spoonbills)
SUBFAMILY THRESKIORNITHINAE
(Ibises)
Harpiprion Wagler 249
Theristicus Wagler 250
Cercibis Wagler 256
Mesembrinibis Peters 256
Phimosus Wagler 258
Guara Reichenbach 261
Plegadis Kaup 264
SUBFAMILY PLATALEINAE
(Spoonbills)
Platalea Linnaeus 270
Ajaia Reichenbach 271
SUBORDER PHOENICOPTERI
FAMILY PHOENICOPTERIDAE
(Flamingos)
Phoenicopterus Linnaeus 273
Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte 276
VI
ORDER ANSERIFORMES
FAMILY ANHIMIDAB
(Screamers) PAGE
Anhima Brisson 278
Chauna Illiger 280
SUBORDER ANSERES
FAMILY ANATIDAE
(Ducks, Geese, and Swans)
SUBFAMILY CYGNINAE
(Swans)
Cygnus Bechstein 283
SUBFAMILY ANSERINAE
(Geese)
Chen Boie 287
Anser Brisson 290
Philacte Bannister 293
Branta Scopoli 294
Chloephaga Eyton 307
SUBFAMILY DENDROCYGNINAE
(Tree Ducks)
Dendrocygna Swainson 312
SUBFAMILY ANATINAE
(Shoal-water Ducks)
Neochen Oberholser 319
Sarkidiornis Eyton 320
Cairina Fleming 321
Coscoroba Reichenbach 323
Casarca Bonaparte 324
Tadorna Boie 325
Anas Linnaeus 325
Querquedula Stephens 333
Spatula Boie 337
Chaulelasmus Bonaparte 340
Mareca Stephens 341
Eunetta Bonaparte 344
Nettion Kaup. 345
Punanetta Bonaparte 353
Dafila Leach 356
Aix Boie 363
Heteronetta Salvador! . . . 364
SUBFAMILY AYTHYINAE
(Deep-water Ducks)
Netta Kaup 365
Metopiana Bonaparte 365
Aythya Boie 366
Tachyeres Owen . 374
Glaucionetta Stejneger 377
Bucephala Baird 380
Clangula Leach 381
Histrionicus Lesson 383
Somateria Leach 385
Arctonetta Gray 390
Oidemia Fleming 391
Melanitta Boie 392
Camptorhynchus Bonaparte 396
Polysticta Eyton 397
SUBFAMILY OXYURINAE
(Lake Ducks)
Nomonyx Ridgway ...'. 398
Oxyura Bonaparte 399
SUBFAMILY MERGINAE
(Mergansers)
Mergellus Selby 404
Lophodytes Reichenbach 404
Mergus Linnaeus 405
SUBFAMILY MERGANETTINAE
(Torrent Ducks)
Merganetta Gould 409
vii
CATALOGUE
OF
BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
PART I
NO. 2
BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR AND BOARDMAN CONOVER
Superorder NEOGNATHAE
Order SPHENISCIFORMES
Family SPHENISCIDAE. Penguins
Genus APTENODYTES J. F. Miller
Aptenodytes J. F. Miller, 1 Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 4, pi. 23, 1778 type,
by monotypy, Aptenodytes patagonica Miller.
Pinguinaria Shaw, Mus. Lever., 1, No. 3, p. 144, 1792 type, by monotypy,
Aptenodytes patachonica "Latham" =Forster.
Aptenodytes patagonica patagonica J. F. Miller. KING
PENGUIN.
Aptenodytes patagonica J. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 4, pi. 23,
1778 "in mare An tarctico"= South Georgia (cf. I. R. Forster, Comment.
Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, p. 138, pi. 11, 1781); Forster, Descr.
Anim., pp. 347, 349, 1844 Falkland Islands (ex Pennant), South Georgia,
and "New Guinea" (ex Sonnerat) (descr., habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 627, 1898 part, spec, a-h, Falkland Islands;
Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 633, 1900 Penguin
Rookery, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8,
p. 397, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ.
Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 85, 1904 (descr., range in part); Dabbene,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 range in Argentina;
1 Aptenodytes I. R. Forster (in G. Forster, Voy. World, 1, p. 98, 1777) is a
nomen nudum. The name has been variously "emended" to Apterodytes Hermann
(Tabl. Aff. Anim., p. 235, 1783), Apterodita Scopoli (Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2,
p. 91, 1786), Aptenodyta Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 242, 1788), Aptenodita
Bonnaterre (Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. Ixxxiv, 1791), Aptenodites
Lesson (Compl. Buffon, 9, p. 542, 1837), and Apteniodytes Swainson (Nat. Hist.
Class. Bds., 2, p. 193, 1837).
2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 136, 1915 Port Stephens, Falkland
Islands (visitor); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486 South Georgia; Bennett,
Ibis, 1926, p. 311 Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 590,
pi. 55, fig. 4, pi. 56, figs. 1-4, 1929 South Georgia (nesting, life hist.);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 343, col. pi., 1936 (monog.); Roberts,
Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding
localities).
Apienodytes patachonica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting.,
3, pp. 134, 137, pi. 2, 1781 South Georgia 1 (descr., habits); Reid, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 3, p. 132, 1835 East Falkland Island (anatomy);
Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 88, 1906 South
Georgia (breeding habits); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2,
p. 104, pis. 20-31, 1915 South Georgia (habits).
Apterodita longirostris Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786 based
on "Le Manchot de la Nouvelle Guinee" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee,
p. 179, pi. 113, 1776 (locality erroneous).
Aptenodytes pennantii(i) G. R. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 315, 1844
based on "The Patagonian Pinguin" Pennant, Phil. Trans., 58, p. 91,
pi. 5, 1769 Falkland Islands; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
41, p. 775, 1856; 2 Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland
Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbot, Ibis,
1861, p. 163 Falkland Islands (visitor); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, p. 257 East Falkland Island; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p.
284 Tyssen Island, Falkland Islands; Hyett, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
14, p. 247, 1872 Straits of Magellan (crit.); de Winton, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 900 (molt); Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit.
Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904 West Falkland Island (visitor); Seth-
Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1912, (1), p. 60, pi. 1 (molt).
Aptenodytes forsteri (not of Gray) Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 Falkland Islands.
Spheniscus pennantii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867
Falkland Islands.
Aptenodytes longirostris Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 193
part, Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands (monog.); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 653 part, Falkland Islands;
Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 16, 1885 South Georgia.
Aptenodytes patagonica patagonica Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 5, 7, 1920
(chars., range); Wace, I.e., p. 194, 1922 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds.
World, 1, p. 29, 1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 398, 1931
Rosita Bay, South Georgia; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 96 Horn Island,
Cape Horn region (breeding).
1 Forster also includes the Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands (ex Pennant),
and "New Guinea" (ex Sonnerat) in the range, but his account is based upon his
own observations in South Georgia.
2 Bonaparte, in synonymy, mentions "rex, auct.," which appears to be merely
the Latin equivalent of the vernacular name "King Penguin" used by certain
authors.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 3
Range. Breeds on South Georgia, the northern South Sandwich
Islands, Staten Island, Horn Island, wandering to the Falkland
Islands. 1
Aptenodytes forsteri G. R. Gray. 2 EMPEROR PENGUIN.
Apienodytes forsteri G. R. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 315, April,
1844 Antarctic region (cotypes in British Museum); idem and Mitchell,
Gen. Bds., 3, p. [642], pi. 176, fig. 2, 1846; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856; 3 Sclater, Ibis, 1888, p. 325 (hist.;ext.
and osteol. char.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 626, 1898
Antarctic seas (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 166 South Orkney
Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 5, 7, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett,
I.e., p. 30, 1920 Isla Laurie, South Orkney Islands; Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Kinnear, Ibis, 1935, p. 98 (note); Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 354, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12,
p. 352, 1936 South Orkney Islands (straggler only); Roberts, Sci. Rep.
Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities);
Davis, Auk, 62, p. 144, pi. 8, 1945 (molt).
Spheniscus patagonicus (not Aptenodytes patagonica Miller) Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 3, 1867 Antarctica (crit.).
Aptenodytes patagonica (not of J. F. Miller) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1872, p. 192 Antarctic seas (crit.).
Aptenodytes excelsior Mathews and Iredale, 4 Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 101,
Jan. 28, 1935 based on Aptenodytes forsteri Mathews, Bds. Norfolk and
Lord Howe Islands, p. 63, pi. 30, Oct. 16, 1928; Cape Royds, McMurdo
Bay.
Range. Breeds on the shores of Antarctica (Cape Crozier;
Queen Mary's Land); wanders occasionally north to the South
Shetland and South Orkney Islands (Laurie Island).
Genus PYGOSCELIS Wagler 5
Pygoscelis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 281, March, 1832 type, by monotypy,
Aptenodytes papua Forster.
1 A slightly differentiated race, A. patagonica halli Mathews, breeds on the
Macquarie, Kerguelen, Crozet, and Marion Islands.
1 Probably a race of A. patagonica.
J Bonaparte, in synonymy, mentions "imperator, auct.," evidently the Latin
transcription of the vernacular term "Emperor Penguin."
4 The renaming of the Emperor Penguin appears to us unjustified. While
Gray admittedly erred in his interpretation of Forster's (and Miller's) plate, it
is just as plain that the characters and measurements of his "Emperor," for
which he proposed the name A. forsteri, cannot possibly have been gathered from
these rather poor drawings, as Mathews and Iredale seem to think. They were
clearly taken from the specimens brought home by the Antarctic Expedition,
still in the British Museum, which must, therefore, be regarded as the original
cotypes of A. forsteri.
' The members of this genus differ from one another in the number of tail
feathers. P. papua has sixteen, P. antarctica twelve, and P. adeliae fourteen
4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Dasyramphus (Hombron and Jacquinot MS.) G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3,
pp. 640, 641, July, 1846 type, by orig. desig., Catarrhactes adeliae Hom-
bron and Jacquinot; Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3,
Ois., p. 154, 1853 same type.
Pygoscelys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856 (emen-
dation).
Pygosceles Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 (emendation).
Dasycelis Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 74, Dec. 31, 1934 type, by
orig. desig., Aptenodytes antarctica I. R. Forster.
Pucheramphus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 55, p. 113, Feb. 28, 1935 type,
by orig. desig., Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron and Jacquinot.
Pygoscelis papua papua (I. R. Forster). GENTOO PENGUIN.
Aptenodytes papua I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting.,
3, pp. 134, 140, pi. 3, 1781 Falkland Islands; 1 idem, Descr. Anim., p. 352,
1844 Falkland Islands (descr.).
Apterodita papuae Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786 based
on "Le Manchot Papou" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. GuinSe, p. 181, pi. 115,
1776 (locality erroneous).
Eudyptes papua Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland
Islands (egg descr.); Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336 Falkland Islands (breed-
ing habits); Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 Falkland Islands.
Pygosceles wagleri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland
Islands (substitute name for Aptenodytes papua Forster); Abbott, Ibis,
1861, p. 163 Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861,
p. 47 Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 527 East Falkland Island.
Spheniscus papua Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867
Falkland Islands (descr.).
Pygoscelis papua Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 14, 1885
Falkland Islands (breeding); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26,
p. 631, 1898 part, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 201, 1902 South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk.
Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 87, 1906 South Georgia (breeding habits);
Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 162, pi. 9 Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands
(breeding; nest and chick descr.); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
2, p. 113, pis. 32-43, 1915 South Georgia (habits); Brooks, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 61, p. 136, 1917 Falkland Islands (habits); Bennett, El
Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920 South Shetland, South Orkney, and Falkland
Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486 South Georgia and Elephant Island;
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep.,
1, p. 58, pi. 47, figs. 10-12, pi. 54, figs. 3-4, pi. 55, fig. 1, 1929 South
Georgia (nesting, monog.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 367,
rectrices; otherwise they are nearly alike in structural details. It is quite useless
to place each in a monotypic genus.
1 Although "Le Manchot Papou" Sonnerat (Voy. Nouv. Guin6e, p. 181, pi. 115,
1776) is quoted, Forster's description and figure were taken from the Falkland
Islands specimen brought to London by J. S. Hausmann.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 5
1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 357, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1936
South Orkney Islands (nesting); Bagshawe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 185, 7 pis., 1938 Graham Land (life hist.); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit.
Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 195, 1940 (life hist.).
Pygosceles laeniata (not Aptenodytes taeniata Peale) Vallentin, Mem. Proc.
Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 28, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1904 near
Port William, Falkland Islands (breeding habits).
Pygoscelis papua papua Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range);
Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30,
1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 398, pi. 13, 1931 South Georgia.
Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, on Staten Island, South
Georgia, the South Shetlands, South Orkneys, Graham Land and
other small Antarctic islands. 1
Pygoscelis antarctica (I. R. Forster). RINGED PENGUIN.
Aptenodytes antarctica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting.,
3, pp. 134, 141, pi. 4, 1781 "in mari Australi a gradu 48 in circulum
usque antarcticum"; idem, Descr. Anim., p. 56, 1844 same locality.
Eudyptes antarcticus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 47 Berkeley
Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 Falkland Islands
(one spec.).
Spheniscus antarcticus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5,
1867 Falkland and Weddell Islands (descr.).
Pygoscelis antarctica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 14, 1885
South Georgia (breeding) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 634,
1898 (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 152, pis. 4, 6, 7 Laurie and Saddle
Islands, South Orkney Islands (plumages descr.; breeding habits); Lonn-
berg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 86, 1906 South
Georgia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910
South Orkney Islands; Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 129,
1915 South Georgia; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 142, 1917
Falkland Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range);
Bennett, I.e., p. 31, 1920 South Shetland and South Orkney Islands;
Wace, I.e., 2, p. 195, 1922 Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487
South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 (breeding range; straggling
to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 588,
1929 South Georgia (rare); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range);
Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 399, pi. 13, 1931 South Georgia (breeding);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 406, 1936 (monog.) ; Ardley, Discovery
Rep., 12, p. 355, pi. 10, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting); Bagshawe,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 185, 7 pis., 1938 Graham Land (life hist.);
Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breed-
ing localities); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 300, 1945
Palmer Peninsula (rookery 64 42' S.-63 25' W.).
1 A nearly allied race, P. papua taeniata (Peale), replaces the nominate form
on the Macquarie, Heard, Kerguelen, and Marion Islands.
6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Breeds on South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands,
South Orkneys, South Shetlands, and islands off the Antarctic
continent south to 64 42' on Palmer Peninsula; straying in winter
to the Falkland Islands.
Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron and Jacquinot). BLACK-THROATED
PENGUIN.
Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron and Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat., (2), Zool., 16,
p. 320, 1841 "les glaces de la terre Addlie" (type in Paris Museum; cf.
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 59, 1929).
Aptenodytes longicauda Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 261, 1848 Antarctic
Ocean (cotypes in U. S. National Museum [cf. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 197] and in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass. [cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930]).
Dasyramphus adelia Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, Ois.,
p. 155, pi. 33, fig. 1, 1853 Adelia Land.
Pygoscelis adeliae Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 632, 1898
Antarctica (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 157, pi. 8 South Orkney
Islands (breeding habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18,
p. 201, 1910 South Orkney Islands; idem, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920
(chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 31, 1920 South Shetland Islands;
Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 494 near South Georgia and Zavodovski Island;
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 South Shetland and South Orkney Islands;
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
1, p. 386, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 352, pi. 11,
fig. 1, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting, life hist.); Eklund, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 299, 1945 Palmer Land (rookeries at 68
17' S.-67 12' W. and 67 56' S.-67 24' W.; life hist.).
Pucheramphus adeliae Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3),
p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities, taxonomy).
Range. Breeds on the South Shetland, South Orkney, and
South Sandwich Islands, and on the shores of the Antarctic continent
south to 68 17' on Palmer Peninsula.
Genus EUDYPTES Vieillot
Eudyptes Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. E16m., pp. 67, 70, 1816 type by subs,
desig., Catarrhactes chrysocome auct.= Aptenodytes crestata J. F. Miller.
Chrysocoma Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 57, 1825 new name
for Eudyptes Vieillot.
Microdyptes Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 58, 1880
type, by orig. desig., Eudyptula serresiana Ousta\et= Aptenodytes crestata
Miller.
Catadyptes Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 55, p. 74, Dec. 31, 1934 type, by
orig. desig., Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 7
*Eudyptes crestatus crestatus (J. F. Miller). 1 ROCK-HOPPER
PENGUIN.
Aptenodytes crestata J. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 9, pi. 49, 1784
Falkland Islands (cf. Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 4, pp. 145-
147, 1921).
Pinguinaria cirrhata Shaw, Cimelia Physica, p. 92, 1796 Falkland Islands.
Pinguinaria cristate Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc., 11, pi. 437, July 1, 1800
"in insulis Antarcticis" (ex Miller, pi. 49).
Chrysocoma saltator Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 58, pi. 8, 1825
based primarily on "Pingoin Sauteur" Bougainville, Voy. Monde, p. 69,
1771; Falkland Islands (in part).
Aptenodytes chrysocome (not of Forster, 1781)* Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337
Falkland Islands (breeding habits).
Eudyptes chrysocome Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falk-
land Islands; idem, I.e., 1861, p. 47 Falklands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164
North Camp, Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 654 part, Falkland and Inaccessible Islands (crit.); iidem, Rep.
Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 128, pi. 30, 1880 part, Inaccessible
and Falkland Islands (crit.) ; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil.
Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 26, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1904 Berkeley Sound, Falkland
Islands (breeding habits).
Eudyptes nigrivestis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 418, 1860 Falkland
Islands (type lost, formerly in coll. of J. Gould); Abbott, Ibis, 1861,
p. 163 Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, pp. 46,
47 Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 257, 1913 (crit.,
range); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 143, 1917 Falkland
Islands (habits); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312 Falkland Islands and
"South Georgia."
1 Phaeton demersus Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758), based ex-
clusively on "The Penguin" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Uncom. Bds., 1, p. 49, pi. 49), has
been claimed by certain authors to refer to the Rock-hopper Penguin. Edwards'
plate represents a young bird of unknown origin, and while possibly intended for
the juvenile plumage of some species of Eudyptula, appears to us wholly unidenti-
fiable. Aptenodytes catarractes I. R. Forster (Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci.
Gotting., 3, pp. 135, 145, 1781) and Aptenodytes gorfua Bonnaterre (Tabl. Enc.
M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 68, 1791), being likewise based on "The Penguin"
of Edwards, are not available either. The genus Catarractes Brisson (Orn., 6,
p. 102, 1760), whose type, by monotypy, is Phaethon demersus Linnaeus, falls
accordingly to the ground.
1 Aptenodytes chrysocome I. R. Forster (Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting.,
3, pp. 133, 135, 1781) is a composite of the Australian Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
(from Tasmania) and the two South American species (E. crestatus and E. chryso-
lophus), and although the accompanying figure (pi. 1) represents the Rock-hopper
Penguin, it is perhaps advisable to discard the term chrysocome in favor of crestatus,
as has been advocated by Mathews and Iredale (I.e.). It may be mentioned here
that Milne-Edwards (Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 47, 1880) errs in pre-
suming Forster's specimen to have originated in South Georgia. It is J. S. Haus-
man, M.D., the owner of the American specimen figured by Miller, who once was
a citizen of Augusta, Georgia ("civis nuper Georgiae Augustae"), which is by no
means the same as South Georgia Island! Cf. also Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 99,
1844, where A. chrysocome is given as inhabiting the south part of New Holland
and the Falkland Islands.
8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Eudyptes catarractes (not Aptenodytes catarractes Forster) Hyatt, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 14, p. 250, 1872 Falkland Islands (crit.).
Eudyplula serresiana Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 8, art. 4, p. 1, Aug.,
1878 Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego (descr. of young; type in Paris
Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 59, 1929).
Eudyptes chrysocoma(us) Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9,
p. 46, pi. 18, fig. 6, 1880 (crit., in part, Falkland Islands); Oustalet, Miss.
Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 238, 1891 Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego.
Microdyptes serresiana Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9,
p. 58, pi. 20 (fig. of type), 1880 Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego (crit.);
Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 242, 1891 Burnt Island and New
Year Sound, False Cape Horn.
Catarrhactes chrysocome Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 635,
1898 part, spec, a-i, o-s, Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland, Tristan
d'Acunha, and Inaccessible Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 8, p. 398, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet.
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 96, 1904 part, Tierra del Fuego
and Falkland Islands; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Isla Ano
Nuevo, Staten Island (egg descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 Tierra del Fuego and Isla Ano Nuevo.
Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestis Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (char.,
range, in winter to Buenos Aires); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 Falkland
Islands; Dabbene, I.e., p. 226, 1921 Cabo Domingo, Rio Grande, Tierra
del Fuego (chick fig.); Tremoleras, I.e., 4, p. 17, 1927 coast of Montevideo,
Uruguay; Anon., I.e., 5, p. 104, 1932 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires (winter,
1928); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 99 Freycinet, Deceit, and Herschel
Islands, Cape Horn region.
Eudyptes crestatus crestatus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 31, 1931 (range).
Eudyptes crestatus Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 415, 1936 (monog.).
Eudyptes cristatus Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3),
p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities).
Range. Breeds in Tierra del Fuego, the Cape Horn region, the
Falkland Islands, and (extralimi tally) on Tristan d'Acunha and
Gough Islands; in winter straggling north to the coast of Buenos
Aires and Uruguay (Montevideo Bay). 1
Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Isla Hermite, Magallanes, 3).
Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt). 2 MACARONI PENGUIN.
Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 2, col. 315,
1837 no locality 3 (cotypes in Leningrad Museum).
1 Birds from Tierra del Fuego (E. serresiana) are evidently not separable from
those of the Falkland Islands. A nearly allied race, E. crestatus filholi Hutton,
breeds on Campbell, Antipodes, St. Paul, Kerguelen, Crozet, Prince Edward, and
Marion Islands.
2 Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt) has been made the type of Catadyptes on
account of having fourteen instead of sixteen tail-feathers, a naked space at the
base of the bill, and a somewhat differently arranged crest. These appear to us
good specific characters.
1 Roberts (Ibis, 1939, p. 710) suggests South Georgia as type locality.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 9
Eudyptes chrysolophus(a) Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [641], pi. 176,
fig. 1, 1846; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland
Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 338 Falkland Islands (breeding); idem,
Ibis, 1861, p. 163 Falkland Islands (breeding); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1861, p. 47 Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 527 Falkland
Islands (breeding); Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 250, 1872
Falkland Islands (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 654 Kerguelen Island (crit.); iidem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2,
Birds, p. 127, pi. 29, 1880 Kerguelen Island (crit.); Milne-Edwards, Ann.
Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 79, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1880 Falkland Islands
(crit.); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 130, 1915 Cape
North, South Georgia (breeding); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 7, 8, 1920
(chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 32, 1920 South Shetland (Decepcion
Island) and South Orkney Islands (breeding); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921
Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486 South Georgia; Bennett,
Ibis, 1926, p. 312, pi. 4 Decepcion Island, South Shetland Islands
(breeding) and Falkland Islands (straggler); Mathews, Discovery Rep.,
1, p. 588, pi. 55, figs. 2-3, 1929 South Georgia (life hist.); Peters, Bds.
World, 1, p. 32, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 432,
1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 358, 1936 South Orkney
Islands (straggler, not nesting); Roberts, Ibis, 1939, p. 709, pi. 15d (crit.);
idem, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding
localities).
(t)Eudyptes diadematus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 419, 1860
Falkland Islands (type lost, formerly in coll. of J. Gould; cf. Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 654); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163
(type singled out of a flock of Rock-hoppers early in September, 1858,
at Eagle Point Rookery, Falkland Islands); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1861, pp. 46, 47 Falkland Islands (the unique type). 1
Calarrhactes chrysolophus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 641,
1898 Kerguelen and Falkland Islands (Berkeley Sound); Scott and
Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 103, 1904
(monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 164 South Orkney Islands; Dabbene,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 Falkland and South
Orkney Islands.
Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestris (not E. nigrivestis Gould) Carcelles, El
Hornero, 4, p. 399, 1931 South Georgia (cf. I.e., 5, p. 104, 1932).
Range. Breeds on the Falkland Islands, 2 South Georgia, South
Sandwich Island, South Orkneys, South Shetlands (and [extralimi-
tally] on Bouvet, (?)Prince Edward Island, Marion Island, Heard
Island, and Kerguelen).
1 The unique type, shot by Abbott out of a rookery of E. c. crestatus at Eagle
Point, in September, 1858, is said to differ by the yellow superciliaries commencing
at the nostrils. No other specimen like it has ever been found. The type being
lost, its status remains in doubt.
! Though both Abbott (Ibis, 1860, p. 338) and Lecomte (Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1868, p. 527) found the Macaroni Penguin sparingly breeding in rookeries
of E. c. crestatus, there is no recent nesting record of the species from the Falkland
10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Genus SPHENISCUS Brisson 1
Spheniscus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52; 6, p. 96, 1760 type, by monotypy, "Le
Manchot" and "Le Manchot tachet&' = Diomedea demersa Linnaeus.
Spheniscus humboldti Meyen. HUMBOLDT'S PENGUIN.
Spheniscus humboldti(i) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat.
Cur.," 16, Suppl., p. 110, pi. 21, 1834 Callao, Peru (type in Berlin Mu-
seum); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 315, 1846 coast of Peru;
Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 467, 1847 coast of
Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 coast of Atacama,
Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 142, 1865 Chile; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 285, 1868 coast of Chile and Peru; idem, Zeits. Ges. Naturw.,
(N.F.), 7, p. 126, 1873 island off Algarrobo, Valparaiso, Chile (breeding
habits); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 33, 1877 Talcaguano,
Conception Bay, Chile; Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 6 (molt);
Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 63, 1880 (crit.);
Sclater and Salvin, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 126 (in text),
1880 Chile and Peru (crit.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 coast of
northern Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 part, coast of
Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 650, 1898 Isla dos Pajaros,
Coquimbo, Chile; 2 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 650, 1898
Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 86,
pis. 36 (figs. 1, 2), 37, 39 (fig. 2), 1902 Chile (crit.); Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 106, 1904 coast of
Chile and Peru (descr.); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909
Caleta Buena, Tarapaca, Chile; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 455,
pi. 53, fig. 1, 1919 Lobos de Afuera, Guanape, and Ballestas Islands,
Peru (breeding); Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 439, 1922 coast of Anto-
fagasta and Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 (range);
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 422, 1932 Chile
(range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 452, 1936 (monog.); Philippi,
Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile;
Housse, Rev. Univ. Santiago, 25, p. 83, 1940 (habits in Chile).
Aptenodytes chiloensis (not Diomedea chiloensis Molina) Bibra, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 coast of Chile (Valparaiso).
Spheniscus magellanicus (not Aptenodytes magellanicus Forster) Schalow, Zool.
Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 648, 1898 part, spec, a, b, Iquique, Tarapaca,
Chile.
Spheniscus meyeni Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, April, 1899
Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser,
Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1),
Islands. Sight records from Deceit Island, Cape Horn (cf. Reynolds, Ibis, 1935,
p. 99) require confirmation by specimens.
1 The four recognized members of this genus are probably offshoots of a
common ancestor, and may have to be treated as races of a single specific entity.
2 The egg from Tierra del Fuego belongs, of course, to S. magellanicus.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 11
p. 171, 1899 Chile; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 87, pi. 38, 1902
Chile.
Spheniscus flavipes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, Apr., 1899 Chile;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 172, 1899 (stated to be from Cartajena,
south of Valparaiso; type not in National Museum, Santiago de Chile;
cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 88, pi. 40, 1902 Chile (= young).
Range. Breeds on islands off the coast of Peru and Chile from
Lobos de Afuera, Lambayeque, to Algarrobo, Valparaiso, spreading
in winter south to Conception (Talcaguano, Coronel). 1
*Spheniscus magellanicus (I. R. Forster). 2 JACKASS PENGUIN.
Aptenodytes magellanica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting.,
3, pp. 134, 143, pi. 5, 1781 "in vicinia Terrarum Magellanicarum, Insulae
Statuum, Terrae del Fuego et in insulis Falkland! cis"; idem, Descr. Anim.,
p. 351,. 1844 "in Terra del Fuego, Statuum Insula Novi Anni, freto
Magellanico, et insulis Falklandiis" (descr.).
Aptenodytes brasiliensis Lichtenstein, in Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 355 (in text),
1844 "ad littora Brasiliae" (descr. of young; type in Berlin Museum).
Aptenodytes magnirostris Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 263, 1848 Orange
Bay, Tierra del Fuego (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 211). 3
Spheniscus demersa(us) (not Diomedea demersa Linnaeus) Tschudi, Journ.
Orn., 4, p. 181, 1856 Soledad Bay, Falkland Islands, and Chiloe' (San
Carlos), Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 10, 1867
part, spec. nos. 3-5, Chile and Falkland Islands; Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 14, p. 248, 1874 part, Tierra del Fuego.
Aptenodytes demersa Abbott, Ibis, I860, p. 336 East Falkland Island (breed-
ing).
Spheniscus magellanicus Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 Falkland Islands; idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis,
1861, p. 163 East Falkland; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p.
527 East Falkland Island; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Santa
Magdalena, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 653 Port Churrucha (Tierra del Fuego) and Falkland Islands; iidem,
Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 125, pi. 28 (adult and young),
1880 same localities; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 17 Tom
Bay, Magellan Straits; Sclater, Ibis, 1889, p. 144 estuary of the Rio de la
1 Records of this penguin from Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region
are due to confusing it with S. magellanicus. Birds from Chile (meyeni) are nowise
different from those of Peru.
1 Diomedea chilensis Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 238, 344, 1782) is
unidentifiable because of the incomplete diagnosis, together with the absence of
any definite locality. Either this or the preceding species was probably intended.
3 Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930) says that the type is in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. This specimen is, however,
labeled "Cape Horn."
12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Plata and shore near Rio Negro; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 258 seashore near
Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn,
6, p. B.243, 1891 Staten Island, Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange),
Hermit Island, and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn; Aplin, Ibis, 1894,
p. 212 Maldonado, Uruguay; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 Corral, Valdivia,
Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 648, 1898 part, spec, c,
Coquimbo, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 651, 1898
Chile (Corral), Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay, Port Churrucha), Hermit
Island, and Falkland Islands; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 456, 1899
Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Guaruja, Santos, and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Salvadori,
Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Gen., 40, p. 634, 1900 Isla de Leones, Santa
Cruz, and Staten Island (Penguin Rookery); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 8, p. 398, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc.
Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904 Falkland Islands
(breeding habits, eggs descr.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ.
Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 110, 1904 (monog.); Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907 Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Guaruja, Santos, and Iguape",
Sao Paulo; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909 Isla Santa Maria,
Arauco, Chile; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Isla Leones, Santa
Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 201, 1910 Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Staten Island, and coast
of Buenos Aires Province; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 144,
1917 Kidney Cove, near Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (breeding habits) ;
Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 10, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz
(breeding); Dabbene, I.e., 2, pp. 7, 8, 1920 (chars.; range); Tremoleras,
I.e., p. 12, 1920 coast of Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uru-
guay; Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Lonnberg, in Skottsberg,
Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., Part 1, p. 16,
1921 Santa Clara Island and Mas A Tierra, Chile; Chapman, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 120, 1926 Puerto Montt to Guaitecas Islands,
Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 33, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 421, 1932 Chile (range),; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 100 Nassau Bay
and channels of the Cape Horn region; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
39, p. 251, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile (resident and breeding);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 437, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 14, 1938 Iguap6, Santos, and Sao Sebastiao, Sao
Paulo (range); Biraben and Scott, Physis, Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat.,
16, p. 245, pis. 1-4, 1939 (notes on in Argentina); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit.
Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities); Housse,
Rev. Univ. Santiago, 25, p. 83, 1940 (habits in Chile).
Spheniscus demersus var. magellanicus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1872, p. 211 Tierra del Fuego (crit.).
Spheniscus trifasciatus (Landbeck MS.) Philippi, Zeits. Ges. Naturw., (N.F.),
7, p. 121, pis. 1, 2, 1873 Valdivia, Chile (type in National Museum,
Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13,
p. 31, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 81, pi. 36, fig. 3 (head),
1902 Valdivia.
Spheniscus humboldti (not of Meyen) Reed, Ibis, 1874, p. 83 "Masafuera";
Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 377 Juan Fernandez; Johow, Est. Flora Isl. Juan
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 13
Fernandez, pp. 29, 238, 1896 Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands
(breeding); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 part, Juan Fernan-
dez and Santa Clara Islands; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Isla
Ano Nuevo, Staten Island (eggs) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 201, 1910 Tierra del Fuego (ex Schalow) and Isla Ano Nuevo
(ex Venturi); idem, Bol. Soc., Physis, 1, p. 257, 1913 same localities;
idem, El Hornero, 2, pp. 7, 9, 1920 (chars.; Tierra del Fuego, errore);
Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco,
Chile (breeding).
(T)Spheniscus modestus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 671, April, 1899
Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 171, 1899 (stated to be from Chiloe
Island, Jardin Zoologico de Santiago and Quinteras, near Valparaiso;
co types in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser,
Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile,
15, p. 84, pi. 39, figs. 1, 2, 1902 ChiloS Island (=young).
Range. Breeds on the coast of southern Chile, from Santa
Marta Maria and La Mocha Islands, Arauco, south to the Cape
Horn region; Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands, Juan Fernandez
group; on the Falkland Islands; and on the east coast of Patagonia
north to Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz; 1 ranging except in breeding
season north as far as Coquimbo, Chile, in the west, and to Sao
Paulo (rarely to Rio de Janeiro and even to Valenca, Bahia [fide
Pinto]), Brazil, in the east.
Field Museum Collection. 2: Chile (Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island, 1);
Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1).
*Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall. GALAPAGOS PENGUIN.
Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, pp. 126, 129
James Island, Galapagos Islands (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gylden-
stolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 96, 1927); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 9, p. 508, pi. 89, 1876 James Island, Galapagos Islands (crit.);
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 119, 1890 Albemarle Island;
idem, I.e., 19, p. 660, 1897 Albemarle Island (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 653, 1898 Galapagos Islands; Rothschild
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 199, 1899 Albemarle, Duncan, and Brattle
Islands (crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 Albemarle and Narborough
Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 235, 1904
Albemarle, Narborough and Seymour Islands, seldom on Abingdon,
Bindloe, Tower, Wenman, and Culpepper Islands; Gifford, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1913 Albemarle, Brattle, Charles,
Duncan, James, Jervis, Narborough, Onslow, and Seymour Islands (habits,
meas., soft parts); Swarth, Occ. Paps. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 33, 1931
Galapagos Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 Galapagos Islands;
1 The record from South Georgia, based on "Jack-ass Penguin" Weddell,
Voy. South Pole, p. 57, 1825, certainly does not refer to the present species.
14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 25, 1931
Albemarle Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 466, 1936 (mo nog.).
Spheniscus mendicatus Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9,
p. 64, 1880 (emendation).
Range. Galdpagos Archipelago.
Field Museum Collection. 3: Galapagos Islands (Narborough
Island, 1; Albemarle Island, 2).
Order GAVIIFORMES
Family GAVIIDAE. Loons
Genus GAVIA J. R. Forster
Gavia J. R. Forster, Euchirid. Hist. Nat., p. 38, 1788 type, by subs, desig.
(Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 24, p. 35, 1908), Colymbus imber Gunnerus
=Colymbus immer Briinnich.
Urinator Lace'pede, Tabl. Me"th. Ois., p. 14, 1799 type, by subs, desig.
(Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 486, 1898), Colymbus glacialis
Linnaeus =Colymbus immer Briinnich.
Eudytes Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 282, 1811 type, by subs, desig.
(Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 486, 1898), Colymbus sep-
tentrionalis Linnaeus =Colymbus stellatus Pontoppidan.
*Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). RED-THROATED LOON.
Colymbus Stellatus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, 1763 based on
"Colymbus maximus stellatus" Willoughby, Orn., [p. 258], pi. 62, Tame
River, Warwickshire, England. 1
Colymbus Lumme Gunnerus, Trondj. Selsk. Skr., 1, p. 244, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1761;
Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 39, 1764 "ex Islandia, Norvegia et Gronlandia,
occicus quoque circa Hafniam."
Colymbus borealis Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 39, 1764 near Copenhagen, Den-
mark.
Colymbus septentrionalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 220, 1766
"in Europae borealis lacubus"; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 131, 1898
Greenland.
Colymbus Mulleri Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 984 Greenland (type evidently lost). 2
Gavia stellata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 72, 1919 (life hist., range);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928 San Felipe, Lower
California (April 2-11, 1926); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range);
Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933
Barrow, Alaska (breeding); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 12,
1934 Churchill (transient); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 17,
1 About the type locality, cf. Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 15, p. 211, 1922.
2 Not listed by Hartert (Nov. Zool., 25, pp. 4-63, 1918) among the types in
the Brehm Collection.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 15
1934 Nunivak Island (nesting); Sutton, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 146, 1943
(wing molt); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
21, p. 27, 1945 Gulf of California; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 Baffin
Island (breeding).
Range. Circumpolar. Breeds in America from the Arctic coasts
and islands south to the Aleutian and Queen Charlotte Islands,
Manitoba, southeastern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Newfound-
land; also in Greenland; winters south to Florida and northern
Lower California.
Field Museum Collection. 45: Alaska (Barrow, 7; King Island, 1;
Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Teller, 1; Bethel, 1; Stewart Island, 1);
Washington (Port Townsend, 1); California (Hyperion, 2; Santa
Monica, 1; Alamitos Bay, 1; Moss Landing, 1; Pacific Grove, 3;
Monterey, 3); Colorado (Laramie County, 1); Indiana (Porter
County, 1); Labrador (unspecified, 1; Jack Lane's Bay, 1; Cape
Whittle, 1; Davis Inlet, 1; Kegaska, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands,
1); Massachusetts (Marshfield, 2; Cape Cod, 1; Cohasset, 1); Con-
necticut (West Haven, 1; Branford, 1; Stony Creek, 3; New Haven,
1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1).
Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight. 1 GREEN-THROATED LOON.
Gavia viridigularis Dwight, Auk, 35, p. 198, April, 1918 Gichega, north-
eastern Siberia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923 St. George
Island, Pribilof Islands (June 22, 1873) and St. Michael, Alaska (Aug. 24,
1877).
Gavia arctica (not Colymbus ardicus Linnaeus) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
107, p. 65, 1919 St. Michael, Alaska.
Gavia arctica viridigularis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range); Bailey,
Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 Cape
Prince of Wales, Alaska.
Range. Northeastern Siberia, from the Chatanga east to Kam-
chatka and Sakhalin; occasional in western Alaska (St. George
Island, Pribilof Islands; St. Michael and Cape Prince of Wales).
*Gavia arctica pacifica (Lawrence). PACIFIC LOON.
Colymbus pacificus Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9,
p. 889, 1858 San Diego, California, and Puget Sound 2 (type lost; cf.
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, pp. 259-260, 1932).
1 Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight: Differs from the western nominate race
by having the dark areas of the throat, when viewed toward the light, with decided
green instead of purplish reflections.
2 Type locality restricted to San Diego, California, by Grinnell (Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 38, p. 260, 1932).
16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
[Colymbus arcticus] subsp. a. C. pacificus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 494, 1898 (monog.).
Gavia pacifica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 67, 1919 (life hist., range);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928 Lower California.
Gavia arctica pacifica Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range) ; Bailey, Brower
and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 Barrow,
Alaska (nesting); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 17, 1934 Nunivak
Island; Sutton, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 147, 1943 (wing molt); van Rossem,
Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27, 1945 Gulf of
California; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 14, 1946 Baffin Island (breeding).
Gavia arctica Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 11, 1934 Churchill,
Manitoba (breeding).
Range. Breeds on the Arctic coasts of North America from
Point Barrow to Southampton Island, south to the Alaska Peninsula,
Lake Athabasca, and York Factory; winters on the Pacific coast
from Puget Sound to Lower California and Guadalupe Island. 1
Field Museum Collection. 23: Alaska (Barrow, 3; Nome, 1;
Bethel, 3; Yukon River, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 2);
Washington (Port Townsend, 3); California (Hyperion, 1; Carmel
River Lagoon, 1; La Patera Point, 1; San Francisco, 1; Pacific
Grove, 4; Monterey, 1; Santa Cruz Island, 1).
*Gavia immer immer (Briinnich). COMMON LOON.
Colymbus immer Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 38, 1764 Faroe Islands.
Colymbus torquatus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 41, 1764 Iceland, Greenland,
and Norway.
Colymbus glacialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 221, 1766 "in Mari
arctico"; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 134, 1898 Greenland; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 439, 1904 Lower California
and Valley of Mexico.
Colymbus hyemalis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 883, 1824 Green-
land (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 50, 1918],
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Gavia immer Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 47, 1919 (life hist., range in
part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928 Lower California;
(?)van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27,
1945 Gulf of California.
Gavia immer immer Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range); Porsild, Canad.
Field Nat., 57, p. 20, 1943 Peel Branch, Mackenzie Delta (breeding);
Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 109, 1944 Alaska Peninsula (nesting); Soper,
Auk, 63, p. 14, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting).
1 Extralimitally, the Pacific Loon breeds in the tundra region of northeastern
Siberia from the Indigirca to the Anadyr and winters in the Japanese islands and
on the coast of Korea.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 17
Range. Breeds in northern North America from the Arctic
coasts to the northern United States, in Greenland, and extra-
limitally in Iceland and probably on Jan Mayen; winters from about
its southern breeding limit to Lower California, Mexico, Florida,
and extralimitally on the coasts of the British Isles and in other
parts of Europe.
Field Museum Collection. 12: Greenland (Ikertak Fjord, 1;
Tooveosuak, 1); Labrador (Hopedale, 1; Frank's Brook, 1); New-
foundland (St. George Bay, 1; Lewis Mountain, 1); Massachusetts
(Plymouth, 2); Connecticut (Greenwich, 1; New Haven, 1; Seymour,
1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1).
*Gavia immer elasson Bishop. 1 WESTERN LOON.
Gavia immer elasson Bishop, Auk, 38, p. 367, July, 1921 Carpenter Lake,
Rolette County, North Dakota (type in coll. of L. B. Bishop, now in
Field Museum, examined); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range).
(l)Gavia immer Munro, Auk, 62, p. 38, pis. 4, 5, 1945 British Columbia
Gife hist.).
Range. Supposed to breed in the Dakotas and probably in the
adjacent regions from British Columbia to northern California;
winter range not definitely established.
Field Museum Collection. 26: British Columbia (Vancouver
Island, 1); Washington (Clallam River, 1; Port Townsend, 1); North
Dakota (Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 1; Rolette County, 3);
Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4; Bear Lake, 1; Lake Koshkonong, 1);
Illinois (Lake County, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 2); California (Sunset
Beach, 1; Monterey, 1; Pacific Grove, 3; Hyperion, 1; Santa Barbara,
1).
*Gavia adamsii (G. R. Gray). 2 YELLOW-BILLED LOON.
Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 167, 1859
"Russian America"= Alaska (type in the British Museum); Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 500, 1898 (monog.).
Urinator adamsii Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 36, 1887 St. Michael.
Gavia adamsi(i) Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 368, 1915 Humphrey
Point, Alaska (not breeding); Cooke, Condor, 17, p. 213, 1915 (disc, of
migration route); Dixon, Auk, 33, p. 370, 1916 (disc, of migration route);
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 60, 1919 (life hist., range); Preble
and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923 P|bilof Islands (transient);
1 Gavia immer elasson Bishop differs from the nominate race by smaller size.
Wing, 342-361, (female) 331-360.
J Probably a geographical representative of G. immer.
18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 26, 1925 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting;
migration); Blanchet, Canad. Field Nat., 39, p. 52, 1925 barrens north-
east of Great Slave Lake, 64 N., 106 to 112 W. (common breeder);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower and Bishop,
Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, (2), p. 18, 1933 Barrow and Cape
Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 20,
1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bishop, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 29, p. 182, 1944 Chipp River, Barrow, Alaska (breeding; descr.
pullus).
Range. Breeds from the Arctic coasts of Alaska and north-
western Canada south to Cape Prince of Wales and the barren
grounds northeast of Great Slave Lake (64 N., 106 to 112 W.)
[extralimitally in northern Siberia west to Novaya Zemlya] ; winters
irregularly to southern Alaska and Great Slave Lake [extralimitally
to Norway, northern Russia]; accidental in Greenland.
Field Museum Collection. 17: Alaska (Barrow, 12; Nome, 1;
unspecified, 1; St. George Island, 1; Wrangell, 1); Arctic America
(Franklin Bay, 1).
Order COLYMBIFORMES
Family CDLYMBIDAE. Grebes
Genus COL YM BUS Linnaeus
Colymbus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758 type, by present
desig., 1 Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus.
Podiceps Latham, Suppl. Gen. Syn. Bds., p. 294, 1787 type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 76, 1840), Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus.
Dytes Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 41, 1829 type, by subs.
desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., App., p. 15, 1841), Colymbus
cornutus Gmelin=C. auritus Linnaeus.
Pedetaithya Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 44, 1829 type, by
monotypy, Colymbus subcristatus Jacquin=C. griseigena Boddaert.
Proctopus Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 49, 1829 type, by
monotypy, Colymbus auritus Linnaeus.
1 No type appears to have been designated before for the genus Colymbus.
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway (Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, 1884, p. 425), who are
generally credited with having done so, determined Colymbus cristatus as genotype
by the method of elimination, an action that seems to be invalid under present
rules; cf. Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 45, 1926, and Laubmann, Wiss.
Erg. Deuts. Gran-Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 46 (note 4), 1930. Sclater (Ibis, 1928,
p. 819) claimed that Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw.
Kl., 51, p. 320, 1865) h$d designated Colymbus arcticus, but on turning to the
Preface of his paper (I.e., 21, p. 280, 1856), where he explains its scope, we find
that it is intended as "eine Aufzahlung sammtlicher dahin gehorigen Gattungen
und Untergattungen, unter Angabe einer ihrer typischen Arteri" (one of its typical
species), a statement which does not seem to comply with the requirements laid
down at the Boston Congress of Zoology.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 19
Lophaithyia Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., pp. 72, 195, 1829
type, by monotypy, Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus.
Poliocephalus Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Typ. Av., p. 47, 1840 type, by mono-
typy and tautonymy, Podiceps poliocephalus Jardine and Selby.
Sylbeocyclus Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 205, 1842 type, by mono-
typy, Sylbeocyclus Europaeus Macgillivray =Colymbus minor Gmelin=
Colymbus ruficollis Pallas.
Tachybaptus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., "1852," p. iii, 1853 type, by mono-
typy, Colymbus minor Gme\in= Colymbus ruficollis Pallas.
Rollandia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 775, 1856 type,
by virtual monotypy, Rollandia leucotis Bonaparte = Podiceps Rolland
Quoy and Gaimard.
Calipareus "Bonaparte," G. R. Gray, Hand-List Gen. Spec. Bds., 3, p. 94,
1871 type, by tautonymy, Podiceps Kalipareus "Garnot"=P. occipitalis
Garnot.
Podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 502, 1898 emendation
of Podiceps Latham.
Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka. 1
BANGS' GREBE.
Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego
Soc. N. H., 8, p. 323, June 15, 1937 Santiago, Lower California (type in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); van Rossem, Occ.
Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 28, 1945 Agiabampo and
Camoa, Sonora, Mexico.
Tachybaptes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Belding, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 351, 1883 San Jose", Miraflores, and Santiago,
Lower California.
Colymbus dominicus Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 250, 1889
Belding's Lower California localities.
Colymbus dominicus brachypterus (not of Chapman) Brewster, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 41, p. 13, 1902 Santiago, Lower California (crit.); Lamb,
Condor, 29, p. 155, 1927 San Jose" del Cabo; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928 cape district of Lower California; Wetmore, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 231, 1943 part, northwestern Mexico.
Poliocephalus dominicus brachypterus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 part,
Lower California.
Range. Arid Tropical zone of southern Lower California (Cape
district) and probably other portions of northwestern Mexico.
1 Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka: "Resembles C. d.
brachypterus of southern Texas and Central America, but, sex for sex, bill definitely
smaller; upper parts (including pileum) slightly grayer and paler; breeding plumage
darker below, with spotting more prominent." Wing, 85-88, (female) 83-88;
bill, 20-21, (female) 16-19 (van Rossem and Hachisuka, I.e.).
The authors refer to this form, which we have not seen, a single example
from Agiobampa, coast of southern Sonora (April 21), believed to be breeding.
20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Colymbus dominions brachypterus Chapman. 1 MEXICAN
GREBE.
Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 12,
p. 256, Dec. 23, 1899 Lomita Ranch, Texas (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 413, 1910 Costa Rica (Laguna de Cartago, San Jose, Pozo Azul
de Pirrfs, Tenorio, Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, Azahar de Cartago, Bonllla,
Buenos Aires); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 35, 1919 (life hist.);
Miller, Condor, 34, p. 8, 1932 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (nesting
habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 124, 1932 San Lucas
and Hacienda California, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 63, 1938 Lakes Olomega, Ilopango,
and Chanmico, and Colima, El Salvador (crit., habits); Wetmore, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941 Lake Atitlan, Guatemala; idem, I.e.,
93, p. 230, 1943 Laguna del Tular, Vera Cruz, Mexico (dist. chars.;
range, in part).
Podicipes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898 part, spec, e-p', Texas, Mexico (Presi-
dio, Tepic, Coatepec, Buczotz, Cozumel), Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Coban,
Dueiias), Costa Rica (San Jose), Veraguas (Castillo), and Panama; Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 442, 1904 part, Texas
and Mexico to Panama.
Poliocephalus dominicus brachypterus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931
part, Texas to Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291,
1935 Panama (Almirante, Canal Zone).
Range. Southeastern Texas and south through Mexico and
Central America to Panama.
Field Museum Collection. 44: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Nueces
County, 2; Brownsville, 24; Harlingen, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan,
10); El Salvador (Sitio del Nino, 2; Lake Olomega, 2); Costa Rica
(Ballina, Guanacaste, 2).
*Colymbus dominicus dominicus Linnaeus. WEST INDIAN
GREBE.
Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 223, 1766 based on
"La Grebe de riviere de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 64, pi. 5, fig. 2;
San Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection).
Colymbus dominicensis d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Orn., p. 229,
1839 substitute name for C. dominicus Linnaeus.
Podicipes dominicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898
part, spec, a-d, Haiti, Jamaica, and Cuba (San Cristobal).
1 Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman differs from the nominate race
by shorter wings and smaller bill. Wing (males), 83-93; bill, 21-25. While this
form is generally recognizable by its smaller size and slenderer bill, certain Central
American birds so closely approach those from the West Indies as to be hardly
separable. (Cf. also Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 408, 1911.)
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 21
Colymbus dominicus dominions Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 408, 1911
Great Inagua and Watling Islands, Bahamas (crit., meas.); idem, l.c.,
10, p. 170, 1916 Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (meas.); Wetmore, Sci.
Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 271, 1927 Puerto Rico; idem and
Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 57, 1931 Hispaniola; Nichols and
Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943 St. Thomas, Virgin
Islands (nesting); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 230, 1943 (dist.
chars., range).
Poliocephalus dominicus dominicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 Greater
Antilles.
Range. Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola,
Puerto Rico), and Virgin Islands (St. Thomas).
Field Museum Collection. 5: Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Eleu-
thera, 1); Cuba (Oriente, 1); Haiti (Port de Paix, 1); Jamaica
(Priestman's River, 1).
*Colymbus dominicus speciosus (Lynch Arribalzaga). 1 SHORT-
BILLED GREBE.
Podiceps speciosus Lynch Arribalzaga, La Ley (Buenos Aires), July 2, 1877,
p. 1 Isla de Baradero, Prov. Buenos Aires (repr. in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
133, p. 44, 1926).
Podiceps dominicus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 835, 1833 eastern
Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 463, 1856 Lagoa Santa,
Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 268, 1860 Mendoza; idem, Reise
La Plata St., 2, p. 521, 1861 Mendoza; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 528,
1866 Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870 Rio de Janeiro
(Ilha do Marambaya), Sao Paulo (Taubate, Ypanema), Matto Grosso
(Caigara), Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco), and Para (Cajutuba),
Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 17 Lagoa
Santa and Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 783 Laguna of Urao, south of Merida, Venezuela;
Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 49 Rumucucha, Valley of Huayabamba, Peru
(downy young and egg descr.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 164, 1900
Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 34, 1907 Sao
Paulo (Iguape), Goyaz (Catalan, Ponte de Ipe Arcado), Espirito Santo
(Rio Doce), Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya), and Venezuela (Me>ida);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 (range in
Argentina).
Colymbus dominicus (not of Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.
Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 765, 1849 coast and savanna; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 5, p. 151, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso.
1 Colymbus dominicus speciosus (Lynch Arribalzaga) differs from C. d. brachyp-
lerus principally by longer wings, proportionately smaller bill, and slightly darker
under parts.
Birds from Brazil (brachyrhynchus) agree with others from Buenos Aires
(speciosus), and a single Ecuadorian specimen.
22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tachybaptus dominions Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39,
1857 Cayenne; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165 near Montevideo, Uruguay;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 548 Antioquia,
Colombia (eggs descr.); White, I.e., 1882, p. 629 Punta Lara, Buenos
Aires; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 454, 1899 Sao Paulo.
Tachybaptes dominions Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 203 Prov. Buenos Aires;
idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 405 Chubut, Sengel, and Sengelen, 'Patagonia;
Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland,
Ibis, 1890, p. 425, 1892, p. 214 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Salvadori,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897 San Francisco (Tarija),
Bolivia; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 86 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires.
Podicipes dominions Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898
part, spec, s'-z', Colombia (Antioquia), British Guiana, Brazil (Bahia,
Ypanema, Chapada), and Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 Vinces, Ecuador; Arribalzaga, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 159, 1902 Lago General Paz, Chubut;
Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 59,
1904 Patagonia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
76, p. 97, 1910 Bahia (Lag8a de Carnahyba; Santa Rita, Rio Preto)
and Piauhy (Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba).
Colymbus dominions brachyrhynchus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 12,
p. 255, Dec. 23, 1899 Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, Abhandl.
Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 98, 1912 Cajutuba,
Para; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917 Cali and
Popayan, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 180, 1926 Chone, Ecuador;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 43, 1926 near Riacho Pilaga,
Formosa (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500,
1929 Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 75, 1930 Urucum, Matto Grosso.
Podiceps dominions brachyrhynchus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908
Faz. Esperanga, Goyaz, Brazil; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920
Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado).
Podicipes brachyrhynchus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 70, 1914 Para
and Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil.
Tachybaptus brachyrhynchus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 83, 1916 (various
localities).
Podiceps brachyrhynchus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 256 Eten, Lambayeque, Peru.
Poliocephalus dominions brachyrhynchus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931
(range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 576 Trinidad and Tobago
(breeding).
Poliocephalus dominions speciosus Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 15, 1938
Sao Paulo (IguapS), Matto Grosso (Porto Faya, Aquidauana), Minas
Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Catalao, Ponte Ipe Arcado), and Espirito
Santo (Rio Doce).
Colymbus dominions speciosus Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 180,
1939 Independencia, Venezuela (crit.); idem, I.e., 93, p. 231, 1943 (dist.
chars., range).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 23
Range. Locally in Colombia (Cali, Popayan, Antioquia), west-
ern Ecuador (Vinces, Chone), Peru (Valley of Huayabamba; Eten,
Lambayeque), Venezuela (Me'rida region; Aragua), on the islands
of Trinidad and Tobago; more generally distributed in British
Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the lowlands of
Argentina south to Chubut.
Field Museum Collection. 25: Colombia (San Juan de Cienaga,
Magdalena, 6); Ecuador (Arenillas, Oro, 2; Santa Rosa, Oro, 1);
Venezuela (Maracaibo, 4; Lake Valencia, 10); Brazil (Lagoa Grande,
Goyaz, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1).
*Colymbus rolland rolland (Quoy and Gaimard). HOLLAND'S
GREBE.
Podiceps Rolland Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic.,
Zool., livr. 4, p. 133, pi. 36, Sept., 1824 Falkland Islands (cotypes in
Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, [2], 1, p. 61, 1929).
Podiceps rollandi(i) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 part, Falk-
land Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 389, 1860 Berkeley
Sound; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162 Port Louis (breeding); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 42, 1867 Falkland Islands (crit.);
Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 233, 1891 French Bay, Falkland
Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 Falk-
land Islands; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 135, 1917 Egg
Harbour and San Carlos, East Falkland Island (downy young descr.);
Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 194, 1921 Falkland Islands; Paessler, Journ.
Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922 part, Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Bennett,
Ibis, 1926, p. 310 Falkland Islands.
Rollandia leucotis (Cuvier MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
42, p. 775, 1856 substitute name for Podiceps rolland Quoy and Gaimard.
Podicipes rollandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 527, 1898
Falkland Islands; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
2, Orn., p. 68, 1904 Falkland Islands (crit.).
Podicipes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Vallentin, Mem.
Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904 East Falkland
Island.
Colymbus rolland Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range).
Range. Falkland Islands. 1
Field Museum Collection. 1 : Falkland Islands (San Carlos, East
Falkland Island, 1).
*Colymbus rolland chilensis (Lesson). 2 CHILEAN GREBE.
1 Ten additional specimens examined.
2 Colymbus rolland chilensis (Lesson), though differing from the Falkland
Islands bird by much smaller size and duller as well as darker rufous under parts
in nuptial plumage, is clearly its continental representative.
24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Podiceps chilensis (Garnot MS.) Lesson, 1 Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June, 1828
Concepcidn, Chile (location of type unrecorded); Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 near Buenos Aires and Tierra del Fuego; Des
Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 464, 1847 Chile; Frauen-
feld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 638, 1860 Lake Aculeo,
Santiago, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile;
Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 645 Lake Junfn, Peru.
Podiceps americanus (Garnot MS.) Lesson, 1 Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June,
1828 Concepci6n Bay, Chile; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr.
13, p. 599, Nov. 21, 1829 Concepcion Bay, Chile, and Brazil (Rio Grande
and "St. Paul"); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 465,
1847 Concepci6n (ex Garnot); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 511
Valdivia, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 42, 1867
part, spec. nos. 3-5, Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 284,
1868 southern provinces of Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B.
235, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia, Bahia Orange, Packsaddle, Gable,
and Gordon Islands); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, (2), p. 55 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (crit., egg descr.); Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 34, 1907 (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 28, p. 190, pi. 4, 1916
Hac. Charles, Buenos Aires (descr. of eggs and downy young); Sanzin,
El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 256 Pampa
Aullagas, Oruro, Bolivia; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, 1919
Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 85 Cape San Antonio,
Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 Uruguay (Monte-
video, Canelones, Colonia); Daguerre, I.e., p. 261, 1922 Rosas, Buenos
Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922 Coronel, Chile (breeding
habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 227, 1925 Isla la Mocha,
Arauco, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga,
Chile; Barros, I.e., p. 264, 1927 Laguna de Torca, Curico, Chile (food).
Podiceps chiliensis Garnot, 1 Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 601, Jan. 9,
1830 Concepcion Bay, Ch^le, and Rio Grande, Brazil.
Podiceps albicollis Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 594, 1831 no locality
(descr. of immature; the cotypes in the Paris Museum are from Brazil
[=Rio Grande do Sul], coll. A. de Saint-Hilaire; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag.
Zool., [2], 3, p. 571, 1851, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, [2],
1, p. 61, 1929).
Podiceps rollandi(i) (not P. rolland Quoy and Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 part, near Straits of Magellan and coast of Chile;
Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 coast of Chile; Des Murs,
in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 463, 1847 Chile; Hartlaub,
Naumannia, 1853, p. 218 Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 511
Valdivia; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865 Chile;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
1 These three names were evidently based on the very same specimens, some
obtained during the voyage of the Coquille in Concepci6n Bay, Chile, and others
sent to the Paris Museum by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire from Rio Grande dp Sul,
Brazil. The latter were subsequently again described by Lesson as P. albicollis.
P. chilensis has priority over all the others.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 25
Chile, 31, p. 284, 1868 central provinces of Chile; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 146 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem,
Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Sandy Point; iidem, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Halt Bay,
Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158 Laguna
de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1872, p. 549 Rio Negro; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Carapata, Lake Titicaca, Peru;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17 Laguna de Tun-
gasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 Chubut Valley; Reed,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile;
Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 164 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding
notes); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881
Rio Sauce Chico, Rio Colorado, and Rio Negro; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1881, p. 17 Straits of Magellan (Portland Bay, Peckett Harbour,
Picton Channel, Swallow Bay, Puerto Rio Frio) and Chile (Talcaguano) ;
White, I.e., 1882, p. 629 Alto Parana, Misiones; idem, I.e., 1883, p. 43
Cosquin, Cordoba; Salvin, I.e., p. 432 Talcaguano, Chile; Barrows, Auk,
1, p. 317, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889 Lake Titicaca; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16;
idem, Ibis, 1892, p. 214 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892,
p. 151 lower Pilcomayo; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 Arroyo Grande,
Uruguay; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894 Cauquenes,
Colchagua, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. clxxiii, 1895 San
Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso, Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixii, 1895
LlohuS, Maule, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 651, 1898
Valparaiso and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437,
1922 part, Straits of Magellan and Chile (Ancud, Corral); Bullock, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 208, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile.
Podiceps leucotis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 Junfn,
Peru.
Podicipes rollandi Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24,
1895 Santa Rosa, Salta; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 Lago Llanquihue and
Rio Bueno (Valdivia), Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul,
16, p. 152, 1899 coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Podicipes americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 524, 1898
Peru to Magellan Straits (monog.) ; Salvadori/ Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Geneva, 40, p. 633, 1900 Punta Arenas; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 Rio Sail and Lules, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis,
1903, p. 459 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48 Gray's
Harbour, Smythe's Channel, Magellan Straits; Scott and Sharpe, Rep.
Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, p. 63, 1904 Cape Fairweather, Rio
Gallegos, and Arroyo Eke; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 223,
1909 Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 476 Los Yngleses,
Ajo, Buenos Aires.
Colymbus americanus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 255, 1909
Argentina (La Soledad, Entre Rios; Ignacio Correos and Barracas al Sud,
Buenos Aires; Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman).
Colymbus chilensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923 Hua-
nuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133,
p. 45, 1926 Buenos Aires (Est. Los Yngleses, Carhu6, Guanynf) and
26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Rio Negro (General Roca); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411,
1926 Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro, and Lago Rivadavia, Chubut; Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50,
p. 33, 1937 west of Puerto Casado, Paraguay; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 16, 1938 (range).
Colymbus rolland chilensis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp.,
Vogel, p. 46, 1930 Est. La Germania, Santa Fe"; Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 418, 1932 Chile (Lago Gualletue, Cautin;
Rifiihue, Valdivia; Lagreze Canal, Guaitecas Islands).
Range. From central Peru (Junin), Bolivia, Paraguay and ex-
treme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south through Uruguay,
Argentina, and Chile to Tierra del Fuego. 1
Field Museum Collection. 25: Peru (Lake Junin, 5; Cailloma,
Arequipa, 1; Puno, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 3);
Paraguay, Chaco (V. Militar, 1; Laguna General Diaz, 110 km.
west of Puerto Casado, 1); Chile (Rifiihue, Valdivia, 1; Gualletue"
Lake, Cautin, 1; Lagreze Canal, Guaitecas Islands, 1); Argentina
(Conception, Tucuman, 8; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1).
Colymbus taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 2 TACZA-
NOWSKI'S GREBE.
Podiceps taczanowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 109, pi. 4,
Jan., 1894 Ingapirca, Lake Junfn, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf.
Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98,
1927); iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 55 Ingapirca and
Maraynioc {eggs descr.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 645 Lake Junfn, Peru.
Podiceps kalipareus (not of Lesson and Garnot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 Junin (in part).
Podiceps calipareus Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 493, 1886 Peru (Junfn, in
part).
Podidpes taczanowskii Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898
Lake Junfn.
Colymbus taczanowskii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 Lake Junfn.
Range. Puna zone of central Peru (Lake Junin, Maraynioc).
1 Birds from Peru and Bolivia average slightly larger, but the divergency is
insignificant.
2 Colymbus taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) : Nearest to C. occipitalis,
but bill much longer, basally decidedly wider, and plumbeous violet tipped with
white (not uniform black) ; tarsi and toes much longer, stouter, and olive grayish
or brownish instead of black; auricular tufts much longer, silky ashy-brown; front
part of the pileum darker, more grayish, and blending gradually into the black
nuchal region, which extends down onto the upper back; cheeks and throat pure
white like the remainder of the under parts as in C. o. juninensis, etc. Wing,
(one fem.ale) 124; tarsus, 43; bill, 30.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 27
*Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 1
JUNIN GREBE.
Podiceps calliparaeus juninensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 112
(in text), Jan., 1894 Lake Junfn, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf.
Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98,
1927); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 49, 1921 La Raya,
Urubamba, Peru.
Podiceps calipareus (not P. kalipareus Lesson and Garnot) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158 Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru;
iidem, I.e., 1876, p. 17 Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski,
Orn. Per., 3, p. 493, 1886 Peru (in part); (?)Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 part, Cumbre de Calchaqufes, Tucuman;
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 20, 1922 Lake Mica,
Antisana, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 354, 1927
Antisana, Ecuador (crit.).
Podiceps occipitalis (not of Garnot) Orton, Amer. Natur., 4, p. 716, 1871
Lake Mica, Ecuador.
Podiceps kalipareus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 Junfn,
Peru (in part).
Podiceps caliparaeus Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Moho,
Lake Titicaca; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Lake Huasco,
Tarapaca, Chile.
Podiceps caliparius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641
Potosf, Bolivia.
Podiceps callipareus Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Antofagasta, Chile.
Podicipes calipareus Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca,
Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 536, 1898 part, spec.
k, Lake Huasco, Tarapaca.
Podicipes calipareus subsp. a P. juninensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898 Laguna de Tungasuca, Peru.
Podicipes juninensis Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368,
p. 49, 1900 Lake Culebrillas (Azuay), Lake Yaguarcocha, and Valle-
vicioso, Ecuador.
Podiceps caliparaeus juninensis Mengaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1,
p. 223, 1909 Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia.
Podiceps juninensis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257 Potosf, Bolivia.
Colymbus calipareus juninensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 180,
1926 Lake Mica, Antisana, Ecuador.
Colymbus occipitalis juninensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range);
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 418, 1932 Lake
1 Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Ctolzmann): Similar to the
nominate race, but differs by darker (sooty rather than drab gray) pileum, less
extensive black nuchal patch, pure white (instead of drab gray), throat and sub-
ocular region, and whitish tip to the lower mandible, while the auricular tufts are
drab instead of yellowish Isabella color. Wing, 130-135; bill, 20-22.
Additional material examined. Peru: Tungasuca, Cuzco, 1. Bolivia: Potosf,
2. Chile: Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, 1.
28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (crit.); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 105, 1935
Sierra del Caj6n, Jujuy, and Salta, Argentina; Morrison, Ibis, 1939,
pp. 463, 645 Talahuarra and Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin,
Peru; Peters and Griswold, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 92, p. 287, 1943
Maraynioc, Junin, Peru (disc., tax. chars.); de Schauensee, Not. Nat.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 144, p. 2, 1944 Cumbal, Narino, Colombia
(breeding).
Range. Puna zone of Colombia (Purace, Cauca; Cumbal,
Narino), Ecuador, Peru; northern Chile (Tarapaca and Antofagasta),
and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and ?Tucuman).
Field Museum Collection. 23: Colombia (Purace, Cauca, 3);
Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichincha, 1; Cordillera Oriental, Pichin-
cha, 8) ; Peru (Cailloma, Arequipa, 3) ; Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba,
8).
*Colymbus occipital is occipitalis (Garnot). CRESTED GREBE.
Podiceps occipitalis Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 50, 1826 Falkland Islands
(location of type unrecorded and unknown); Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2,
p. 356, June, 1828 Rio Bougainville, Falkland Islands; Garnot, Voy.
Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 544, July 4, 1829 Falkland Islands;
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 41, 1867 Falkland Islands
and Chile.
Podiceps kalipareus Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 5,
pi. 45, Oct., 1827; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 136, 1841 Bahia
Blanca (Buenos Aires) and Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 bay of Valparaiso, Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 55,
1847 Chile (eggs descr.); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool.,
1, p. 464, 1847 coast of Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 near Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile,
31, p. 284, 1868 Chile.
Podiceps calipareus 1 Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 727,
May, 1830 Rio Bougainville, Soledad Bay, near Port Louis, Falkland
Islands (orig. descr.; location of type unrecorded); Hartlaub, Naumannia,
1853, p. 218 Valdivia, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 389,
1860 San Salvador Bay, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162
East Falkland Island; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865
Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Chiloe", Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49,
p. 569, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, and Cordillera of Santiago, Chile;
Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 north of Chubut, Patagonia; idem, Ibis, 1878,
p. 405 Chubut Valley; (?) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 43
Cosquin, C6rdoba; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 204, 1889
Argentina; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 Chile; Schalow,
Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 651, 1898 Talcaguano and Valparaiso, Chile;
1 By subsequent authors variously spelled caliparius, caliparaeus, and cali-
paroeus.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 29
Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 70,
1904 Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 199,
1910 Patagonia (Rio Negro, Chubut), (?)Tucuman (Cumbre de Calcha-
qufes), (?)C6rdoba, and Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca); Gibson, Ibis, 1920,
p. 84 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 438,
1922 Coronel and Talcaguano, Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28,
p. 84, 1924 Puerto Ingles, Atacama, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 310
Falkland Islands (breeding); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 264,
1926 Riecillos, Aconcagua, Chile (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31,
p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 208,
1929 Angol, Malleco; Barros, I.e., p. 356, 1929 Cordillera of Aconcagua;
Bros, I.e., p. 381, 1929 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile.
Podicipes calipareus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 536, 1898
part, spec, a-i, 1-w, Chile (Talcaguano), Straits of Magellan, Chubut,
and Falkland Islands.
Podiceps calipareus calipareus Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 194, 1921 Falkland
Islands.
Colymbus calipareus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Valle
del Lago Blanco, Chubut, and Viedma, Rio Negro.
Colymbus calipareus calipareus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290,
1923 Huanuluan, Neluan, and Lago Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro.
Colymbus occipitalis occipitalis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 46,
1926 Lago Epiquen, Buenos Aires (wintering); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 Bariloche, Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 38, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 417,
1932 Chile.
Range. Chile, from Atacama south to the Straits of Magellan
and Tierra del Fuego, and southern Argentina north to the Rio
Negro, wintering north to Buenos Aires Province (Lago Epiquen,
etc.); 1 Falkland Islands. 2
Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Lake Malleco, Malleco, 1).
*Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. HORNED GREBE.
Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758 based
principally on Fauna Svec., No. 123, Sweden; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
107, p. 20, 1919 (life hist., range) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range);
Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 285, 1931 Bermudas (winter
visitor); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 13, 1934 Churchill, Mani-
toba (breeding); Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 29, 1938 Mount
1 The subspecific status of the birds found breeding by Budin in a lake of the
Cumbre de Calchaqufes (alt. 4,300 meters), Tucuman, remains in doubt. They
are more likely to be C. o. juninensis, which has been ascertained to breed in the
neighboring provinces of Salta and Jujuy. The same uncertainty surrounds the
single male secured by White at Cosquin, Cordoba.
2 Two poor Falkland specimens are slightly larger than the average of conti-
nental birds, but do not seem to be otherwise different. A good series is required
to settle their relationship.
30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
McKinley, Alaska (breeding); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943
Mackenzie Delta (breeding).
Colymbus cornutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 591, 1789 based on "Eared
Dobchick" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 96, pi. 96, left fig.) and "Horned
Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool, 2, p. 497) and Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3,
(1), p. 287, pi. 91); "in America septentrionali"= Hudson Bay.
Colymbus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 592, 1789 based on "La
petite Grebe" Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 56), "Black and White Dobchick"
Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 96, pi. 96, right fig.), "Dusky Grebe"
Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 498), etc.; England and New York.
Colymbus comosus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 56,
1791 based on "Horned Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 497) and
Colymbus auritus Forster (Phil. Trans., 62, 1772, p. 420, no. 22); Hudson
Bay.
Podiceps ambiguus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 595, 1831 locality un-
known (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3,
p. 571, 1851; crit.).
Podiceps cornutus Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 Nanortalik,
Greenland.
Podiceps sclavus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 774, 1856
substitute name for C. cornutus auct., obscurus Gmelin, etc.
Podicipes auritus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 527, 1898
(monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 130, 1898 Greenland (several
records); H0rring and Salomonsen, I.e., 131, (5), p. 14, 1941 Greenland
(four records).
Range. Breeds in North America from the lower Yukon, north-
ern Mackenzie, and southwestern Ungava south to the northern
tier of the United States (also in northern and eastern Europe and
northern Asia) ; winters south to southern California, the Gulf coast
and Florida (the Mediterranean, and southern China) ; occasional in
Greenland (several records) and Bermudas (several records).
Field Museum Collection. 59: Alaska (St. Michael, 1; St. George
Island, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1; Okanagan, 2);
Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 5; Lake Johnston, 1); Washington
(Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 4); Oregon (Netarts, 1); California
(Hyperion, 1; Tiburon, 1; Monterey, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); North
Dakota (Nelson County, 4; Rolette County, 3; Towner County, 3);
Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 8; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Chicago,
1; Highland Park, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Quebec (Magdalen
Islands, 1; Grosse Isle, 1); Maine (Calais, 1); Massachusetts (Dux-
bury, 1; Cohasset, 1); Connecticut (Guilford, 1; Stony Creek, 1;
West Haven, 2); New York (Hindsberg, 1); North Carolina, Dare
County (Pea Island, 1; Manteo, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2; Santa
Rosa Island, 1).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 31
*Colymbus nigricollis calif ornicus (Heermann). AMERICAN
EARED GREBE.
Podiceps californicus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 179,
"Oct., 1854" [=Apr. 12, 1855] California = San Pedro, Los Angeles
County (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 38, p. 260, 1932); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 179
Valley of Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 Lake of Duenas, Guatemala.
Podiceps (Proctopus) californicus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862,
p. 231 (crit.).
Podiceps auritus var. californicus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p.
319, 1874 Guaymas, Sonora.
Colymbus nigricollis californicus Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9,
p. 179, 1886 Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico;
Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 74, 1907 Lake Amatitlan
and Lake Atitlan, Guatemala; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 27,
1919 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928 Lower
California (winter visitant); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 39, 1931 (range);
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 124, 1932 San Lucas, Guatemala;
Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941 Lake Atitlan, Guate-
mala; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21,
p. 28, 1945 Gulf of California; Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 368, 1945
Colombia (Laguna La Herrera and Laguna Fuquene, eastern Andes).
Podicipes californicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 535, 1898
(monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 442, 1904
Mexico (Guaymas, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, Laguna
de Epatlan, Jalapa) and Guatemala (Atitlan, Lake of Duenas, Cubulco).
Range. Breeds from central British Columbia, Great Slave Lake,
and Manitoba south to southern California, northern Arizona, and
northern Iowa; winters from California to Lower California, Mexico,
Guatemala and Colombia.
Field Museum Collection. 51: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1);
California (Eureka, 2; Wasco, 1; Redwood, 3; Carmel Bay, 1;
Pacific Grove, 5; Monterey, 2; San Clemente Island, 1; Los Angeles
County, 3; Pacific Beach, 1; San Diego, 2; La Patera Point, 1;
Santa Barbara, 1); Nevada (Washoe, 1); Colorado (Loveland, 1);
North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Ramsey County, 6; Towner
County, 10); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 2); Guatemala
(Laguna, Amatitlan, 3; Lake Atitlan, Chimaltenango, 3).
*Colymbus grisegena holbollii (Reinhardt). HOLBOELL'S
GREBE.
Podiceps holbollii(i) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1853, p. 76
Nanortalik, Julianehaab District, Greenland (type in Copenhagen Mu-
seum); idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 14 Greenland; idem, Vidensk. Medd. Natur-
hist. Foren., 1881, p. 187 Julianehaab District, Greenland.
32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Podiceps rubricollis (not of Latham, 1787) Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4,
p. 371, 1843 Avertaminut, near Julianehaab, Greenland.
Podiceps cooperi Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 893
(in text), 1858 Shoalwater Bay, Washington (cotypes in U. S. National
Museum ;= young) r Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 230
(crit.).
Podiceps (Pedetaithya) holbolli Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862,
p. 231 (crit.).
Podiceps affinis Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 385, 1865 North
America (type in Turin Museum ;= young).
Podidpes griseigena subsp. a P. holboelli Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 542, 1898 (monog.).
Podidpes griseigena var. major Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 130, 1898 Green-
land.
Colymbus holboelli Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 9, 1919 (life hist.,
range).
Colymbus grisegena holbollii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range);
(?)Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 286, 1931 Bermuda Islands
(sight record); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943 Mackenzie
Delta (breeding); Speirs, North and Crosby, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 206,
1944 Burlington, Ontario (nesting).
Podidpes griseigena holboellii(i) Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 14,
1935 Julianehaab, Frederiksdal and Akuliarusad, Greenland (also all
Greenland records); Herring and Salomonsen, I.e., 131, (5), p. 15, 1941
Greenland (additional records).
Range. Breeds in North America from the lower Yukon, north-
ern Mackenzie, and northern Ungava south to northern Washington,
southwestern Minnesota and Lake Ontario (and in northeastern Asia
from Kamchatka to Ussuriland) ; winters south to southern California,
the Ohio Valley, and North Carolina (also in China and Japan);
occasional in Greenland.
Field Museum Collection. 27: Alaska (Fort Yukon, 1; St.
Michael, 1; Tocatna, 3); British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Wash-
ington (Port Townsend, 4); Montana (Three Forks, 1); North
Dakota (Pierce County, 2; Ramsey County, 5; Rolette County, 4);
Massachusetts (Duxbury, 1); Connecticut (Sherman, 1; East Hart-
ford, 1; Danbury, 1; Stony Creek, 1).
Colymbus grisegena grisegena Boddaert. RED-NECKED GREBE.
Colymbits grisegena Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 55, 1783 based on Daubenton,
PL Enl. 931; no locality = France. Designated by Hartert, 1912.
Podiceps grisegena grisegena Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Wet-
more and others, Auk, 62, p. 437, 1945 Sukkertoppen, Greenland
(admitted to Amer. list).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 3
Podiceps griseigena griseigena Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 15,
1935 Sukkertoppen, Greenland; H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl.,
131, (5), p. 14, 1941 Julianehaab, Greenland (Feb., 1934).
Range. Breeds from Holland to western Siberia, in winter to
Mediterranean and Turkestan. Accidental in Greenland (Sukker-
toppen and Julianehaab).
Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues
Aechmophorus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 229 type, by
orig. desig., Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence.
*Aechmophorus major (Boddaert). GREAT GREBE.
Colymbus major Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 24, 1783 based on "Grebe de
Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 404, fig. 1; "Cayenne," errore.
Colymbus cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 593, 1790 based on
"Grand Grebe" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 242, and Daubenton, PI.
Enl., pi. 404, fig. 1; "Cayenne."
Podiceps cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 781, 1790 based on the same
references.
Colymbus bicornis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 88, 1823
Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum).
Podiceps leucopterus King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 101, 1828 Straits of
Magellan (type evidently lost); Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn., Part 7,
pi. 107, Dec., 1830 Port Desire, Straits of Magellan (fig. of type); Hart-
laub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 218 Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 511
Rio Valdivia and Laguna de "Clarquitue" [=Llanquihue], Chile; Cassin,
in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 205, 1855 coast of Chile; Frauenfeld,
Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860 Lake Aculeo, Santiago,
Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Reed, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste,
Extr. Proc.-Verb. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1923, p. 172 Lake Aculeo, Chile;
idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 135, 1925 Chile (nesting habits)'.
Podiceps longirostris (not Colymbus longirostris Bonnaterre, 1791) Bonaparte,
Icon. Faun. Ital., 1, Introd. Uccelli, p. 1, 1841 "Sardinia," errore (type
in coll. of Sig. Durazzo, Genova). 1
Podiceps chilensis (not of Lesson) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119,
1843 coast of Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847 Chile (eggs descr.).
Podiceps bicornis Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5,
p. 132, 1853 Valdivia and Algodon Bay, Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn.,
8, p. 267, 1860 Rio Parana, near Santa Fe"; idem, Reise La Plata Staat.,
2, p. 520, 1861 same locality.
Podiceps major Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 38, 1867
Paraguay and Chile (Valdivia); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500
St. Nicholas Bay, Straits of Magellan; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 244 Chimbote, Ancachs, Peru (Nov.); Gibson, Ibis,
1 Cf. Salvadori, Faun. Ital., 2, p. 308, 1872.
34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1880, p. 164 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding notes); Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 432 Coquimbo Bay, Chile; Oustalet,
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 232, 1891 Patagonia (Puerto Deseado;
Missioneros) and Tierra del Fuego (Gable Island; Lapataia); Chubb,
Ibis, 1919, p. 257 Eten, Lambayeque, Peru (Oct. 14).
Aechmophorus major Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165 Banda Oriental and near
Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 203 near Montevideo, Uruguay, and
Baradero, Buenos Aires; Lane, I.e., 1877, p. 313 Laguna Llanquihue,
Chile; Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 405 Patagonia (Chubut Valley, Sengel,
Sengeleh, Lake Colguape'); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 433
La Plata, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 Conception del
Uruguay, Entre Rios; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 Lomas de Zamora,
Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 213 Est.
Espartillar, Buenos Aires (breeding); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 211 Uruguay
(near Castilla Rocks, Montevideo, etc.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93,
p. 212, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 652, 1898 Chile
(Villa Rica, Laguna Llanquihue; Punta Arenas and Susanne Cove, Straits
of Magellan); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 549, 1898
"Brazil (Rio Negro)," 1 Chile (Coquimbo), Straits of Magellan, and Buenos
Aires (Lomas de Zamora, Rio Parana); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande
do Sul, 16, p. 152, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 73, 1904 Rio Mayer,
Patagonia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907 (range); Crawshay,
Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 152, 1907 Useless Bay; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 314, 1908 "Cayenne" (Buff on); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p.
255, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911,
p. 476 Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 83 Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920
Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado); Daguerre, I.e., p. 261,
1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 439, 1922
Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923 San
Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 189, 1925
Laguna de Curacavl, Chile (food); Barros, I.e., 30, p. 264, 1926 Laguna
de Vichuquen, Curic6, Chile (food); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
133, p. 48, 1926 Buenos Aires (Rio Parana, Lavalle, Cape San Antonio),
Rio Negro (General Roca), and Uruguay (Arroyo Carrasco, Lazcano);
idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 San Antonio Oeste, Bari-
loche, and Lago Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 68, p. 143, 1927 La Plata River; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 31, p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bros,
I.e., 33, p. 381, 1928 Marga-Marga; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931
(range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 416, 1932
Chile (Coquimbo to Straits of Magellan); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22,
p. 16, 1938 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 256 Maullin River, Laguna
de Llanquihue, and Lago Todos los Santos, Chile.
Colymbus salvadorii Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 13, 1885 new
name for Podiceps longirostris Bonaparte, preoccupied.
1 No doubt by confusion with the Rio Negro, Patagonia.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 35
Range. Chile; north central Argentina (Cordoba, Chaco, Entre
Rios), Paraguay and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
south to Tierra del Fuego; accidental on the coast of Peru (Chimbote,
Ancachs; Eten, Lambayeque). 1
Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Lake Gualletue, Cautin, 1).
*Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). WESTERN GREBE.
Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9,
pp. 892, 894, 1858 Pacific coast from Washington Territory to California
(type, from Fort Steilacoom, Washington, in U. S. National Museum).
Podiceps clarkii Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, pp. 892,
895, 1858 California and New Mexico (type, from San Pablo Bay, Cali-
fornia, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
38, p. 261, 1932).
Aechmophonts occidentalis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 229
(crit.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 179, 1886 Laguna de
Epatlan, Puebla, Mexico; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 551,
1898 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 441,
1904 western North America and Mexico (Chihuahua; Valley of Mexico;
Chapala, Jalisco; Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 107, p. 1, 1919 (life hist.); Gregory, Auk, 40, p. 526, 1923 Putnam
County, Illinois; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928 Lower
California (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range);
Bailey and Brandenburg, Condor, 43, p. 73, 1941 Saguache County,
Colorado (nesting); Bellrose and Low, Auk, 61, p. 468, 1944 Fulton
County, Illinois; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State
Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 Colorado River delta.
Aechmophorus clarkii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, pp. 229, 404
(crit.; nupt. plumage).
Range. Breeds from British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan,
and southern Manitoba to northern California, Utah, Colorado, and
northern North Dakota; winters from southern British Columbia
south through California to Mexico (Jalisco, Mexico, Puebla).
Field Museum Collection. 41: British Columbia (Vancouver, 1;
Okanagan, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3); Washington (Port
Townsend, 4); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Ramsey County,
11; Towner County, 1); Utah (Brigham, 1); California (Eureka, 1;
Hyperion, 2; Monterey, 2; Carmel Bay, 1; Moss Landing, 2; Pacific
Grove, 7; Pacific Beach, 1; Orange County, 2).
Genus CENTROPELMA Sclater and Salvin
Centropelma Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 189, 1869 type, by monotypy,
Podiceps micropterus Gould.
1 Buffon's record from "Cayenne" is evidently erroneous, and the locality
"Rio Negro, Brazil," doubtless due to confusion with the Patagonian river of
that name.
36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Centropelma micropterum (Gould). SHORT-WINGED GREBE.
Podiceps microplerus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 220 Lake Titi-
caca, Bolivia (type in the British Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898 Lake Titicaca; Me'ne'gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil.
Paris, (10), 1, p. 222, 1909 Lake Titicaca.
Centropelma micropterum Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 189, pi. 95, 1869
Lake Titicaca; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Lake
Titicaca (habits, food); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 112, 1889
Lake Titicaca; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 133, 1906 Puno,
Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Bond and de Schauensee,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 95, p. 171, 1943 (range and nesting).
Range. Lake Titicaca, on the confines of Peru and Bolivia.
Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Lake Titicaca, 2).
Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson
Podilymbus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 595, 1831 type, by monotypy,
Podiceps carolinensis Latham ^Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus.
Hydroka Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 259, 1834
type, by monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis ~Laiham= Colymbus podiceps
Linnaeus.
Nexiteles Gloger, Gem. Hand- u. Hilfsb. Naturg., livr. 7, p. 473, 1842 sub-
stitute name for Podilymbus Lesson, same type.
*Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus). PIED-BILLED
GREBE.
Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 based on
"The Pied-billed Dopchick" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 91, pi. 91;
Carolina.
Colymbus ludovicianus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 56, Dec., 1783 based on
"Grebe de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 943, Louisiana.
Podiceps carolinensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 785, 1790 substitute name for
Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus.
Podiceps anisodactylus Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, Pygo-
podes, Colymbinae, pi. 13 [Suppl. 3, pi. 8], fig. 760, circa 1848 no locality
stated (type in Dresden Museum).
Podilymbus lineatus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, "October,"
1854, p. 179, pub. Apr. 12, 1855 California (type in collection of Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1899, p. 22, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 261, 1932).
Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898
part, spec, a-o' (United States), (?)p'-t' (Duefias, Guatemala), y', z'
(Castillo, Veraguas), a"-c" (Bermuda Islands); Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 444, 1904 (in part).
Podilymbus podicips [sic] Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 414, 1910
Bonflla, Costa Rica.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 37
Podilymbus podiceps Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 39, 1919 (life hist.);
Murphy and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 3, 1929 Terceira, Azores
(Oct. 24, 1927); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 13, 1934 Churchill,
Manitoba; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 Baffin Island (first record).
Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935 Veraguas (Lagunas
de Castillo), Almirante, and Canal Zone, Panama (winter visitant);
van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29,
1945 Opodepe, Sonora, Mexico (April).
Range. Breeds from British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
Quebec, and New Brunswick south locally to northeastern Mexico;
winters south to Cuba and Panama; accidental in the Azores (Ter-
ceira, Oct. 24, 1927) and Baffin Island.
Field Museum Collection. 72: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1);
Alberta (Powder Lake, 1); California (Trinidad, 1; Dos Palos, 1;
Palmdale, 1); Idaho (Coeur d'Alene, 2); Colorado (unspecified, 1;
Loveland, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 7); North Dakota (Nelson County,
2; Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Cedar Rapids, 1);
Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Fox Lake, 3;
Diamond Lake, 1; Glenview, 1; Chicago, 1; Worth, 1); Mississippi
(Vancleave, 1); Massachusetts (Easton, 1); Connecticut (Stamford,
1; East Hartford, 2; New Haven County, 16); New York (Orleans
County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2);
Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 1); Cuba
(Artemisa, 1).
*Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs. 1 ANTILLEAN PIED-
BILLED GREBE.
(1)Colymbus thomensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 592, 1790 based on
"La Grebe de 1'Isle St. Thomas" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 58, 1760, which, in
its turn, rests upon "Espece de Plongeon ou Mergus major leucophaeus"
Feuillee, Journ. Observ. Phys., ed. 1725, p. 391; St. Thomas. 1
Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 89,
March 31, 1913 Bueycito, Cuba (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 171, 1930); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 272,
1 Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs: Similar in coloration to the nominate
race, but with generally shorter wings (120-128 in males, 112-118 in females).
This is rather an ill-defined race, whose claims to recognition need substantiation
by a good series of properly sexed breeding birds. Certain presumably breeding
individuals from Mexico and Central America agree in size with those from the
West Indies, but others are quite as large as North American birds.
1 Colymbus thomensis Gmelin may be an earlier name, but there are discrep-
ancies in Feuillee's description, which cannot be reconciled with the characters of
P. p. antillarum.
38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1927 Puerto Rico (crit.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155,
p. 59, 1931 Hispaniola (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range);
Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 65,
1938 Lake Olomega and Lake Ilapongo, El Salvador (crit.); Nichols and
Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943 Virgin Islands (St.
Thomas, St. John and Water Islands; nesting).
Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898
part, spec. d"-k", Cuba, Jamaica, Montserrat, Grenada, Barbados.
Podilymbus podiceps (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Todd, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 10, p. 170, 1916 Isle of Pines, Cuba (crit.).
Range. Breeds in the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Virgin
Islands, and probably in parts of Mexico and Central America.
Field Museum Collection. 5: Hispaniola (Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic, 1; Port au Prince, Haiti, 1; Port de Paix,
Haiti, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, 1).
*Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson). 1 SOUTHERN PIED-
BILLED GREBE.
Podiceps antarcticus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 Valparaiso, Chile
(type in coll. of R. P. Lesson, its present location unknown); idem, Echo
du Monde Sav., 9, 2nd se"m., No. 11, col. 253, Aug., 1842 Valparaiso.
Podiceps ludovicianus (not Colymbus ludovicianus Boddaert) Wied, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 830, 1833 Villa Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (breed-
ing); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 463, 1856 Brazil (Bel-
monte) and La Plata.
Podilymbus brevirostris Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, 3, [p. 633], pi. 172,
1846 no locality given (cotypes, from Chile, collected by T. Bridges,
in British Museum, examined).
Podilymbus antarcticus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, pp. 213, 218 Valdivia,
Chile (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340 Chile;
Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 177 Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru;
Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 Laguna Llanquihue and Rio Bueno, Valdivia,
Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 650, 1898 Laguna Llanquihue,
Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 438, 1922 Coronel, Chile (breeding);
Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 210, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile
(breeding).
Podilymbus carolinensis (not Podiceps carolinensis Latham) Pelzeln, Reise
Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865 Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad,
p. 529, 1866 Trinidad.
Podilymbus podiceps (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 Lake Valencia, Venezuela; iidem,
1 Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson) : Very similar to the nominate race,
but dorsal surface slightly more grayish, under parts more variegated with dusky,
and bill somewhat deeper as well as more robust; the wings are frequently, though
not constantly, slightly longer. Birds from Chile, Argentina, and various parts
of Brazil agree fairly well.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 39
Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Chiloe", Chile; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 500 Compania,
Coquimbo, Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870 Rio Tiete" and
Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 Lomas de
Zamora, Buenos Aires (breeding); Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151 near Fortfn
Nueve, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., p. 214 Est. Espartillar, Buenos
Aires; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 502, 1898 Lake Yaguarcocha, Ecuador;
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 455, 1899 Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901,
p. 236 Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8,
p. 214, 1902 Lules, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907
Sao Paulo (Iguape"), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), and Rio Grande
do Sul (Sao Lourenco, Piratiny); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16,
p. 256, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 Tucuman, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires
(Barracas al Sud); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 477 Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos
Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 28, p. 191, pis. 4, 5,
1916 Est. Charles, Buenos Aires (descr. of nest, eggs, and downy young);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917 Cali (Cauca) and
La Herrera (Bogota Savanna), Colombia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148,
1918 Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257 Trujillo, Peru (Jan. 5);
Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, .1919 Nilahue, Curico, Chile
(breeding); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 86 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires;
Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 Montevideo, Uruguay; Lonnberg
and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922 La Carolina, Ecuador.
Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898
part, spec. l"-a'", Peru (Tambo Valley), Chile (Rio Bueno, Laguna Llan-
quihue), Argentina (Lomas de Zamora, Quilmes), and Brazil (Pelotas,
Sao Paulo, Bahia, "Para"); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 79, 1904 Buenos Aires (crit.).
Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 49,
1926 Chile (Concon), Uruguay (Lazcano), and Argentina (crit.); idem,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 Lago Menendez, Chubut;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 181, 1926 Chone (Dec. 17)
and Lago San Pablo (March 20), Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41,
1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 420,
1932 Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue) (crit.); Belcher and Smooker,
Ibis, 1934, p. 577 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Bullock, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Van Tyne, Auk,
54, p. 379, 1937 Barro Colorado, Panama (breeding; crit.); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 17, 1938 Maranhao (Boa Vista), Goyaz (Inhumas),
Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), Sao Paulo (Iguape"), and Rio Grande do
Sul (Piratiny, Sao Lourenco).
Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 500, 1929 Ceara (Varzea Formosa; Jua, near Iguatu; Quixada).
Range. Breeds in Panama (Canal Zone) and locally in Colombia,
Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Ecuador, coast of Peru, Brazil (from
Ceara to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Chile, and northern Argen-
tina (south to Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires).
40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Field Museum Collection. 17: Venezuela (Maracaibo, 2) ; Ecuador
(Arenillas, Oro, 1; Lago San Pablo, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown,
1; Buxton, 1); Brazil, Ceara (Quixada, 1; Iguatu, 1; Varzea Formosa,
1); Paraguay, Chaco (Laguna General Diaz, 110 km. west of Puerto
Casado, 2); Chile (Rio Petorca, Aconcagua, 1; Batuco, Santiago, 1;
Rio Neuquen, Cautin, 2; Calsero, 1); Argentina (Papin, near Boni-
facio, 1).
*Podilymbus gigas Griscom. 1 GIANT PIED-BILLED GREBE.
Podilymbus gigas Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 5, Oct. 17, 1929
Panajachel, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala (type in Dwight Collection, in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 125,
1932 Lake Atitlan (habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528,
1941 Lake Atitlan (crit., meas.).
Podilymbus sp. Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 Lake Atitlan.
Podilymbus podicipes (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 part, spec, u'-x', Lake Atitlan (spec,
examined); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 444,
1904 part, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.
Range. Confined to Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. 2
Field Museum Collection. 2: Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 2).
Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
Family DIOMEDEIDAE. Albatrosses
Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus
Diomedea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 type, by subs,
desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840), Diomedea exulans
Linnaeus.
1 Podilymbus gigas Griscom: Differs from P. p. podiceps by larger, particularly
deeper bill; heavier feet with longer, stouter toes; darker, blackish rather than
deep mouse gray, upper part of the head and hind neck; much more extensive
black gular area, with the white lateral border, so conspicuous in podiceps, merely
suggested by fringes; darker, mouse gray rather than drab-gray, sides of the head;
and darker under parts caused by the dusky basal parts of the feathers showing
through more distinctly. The wings are on average slightly longer. Three of
four specimens all in nuptial plumage with deep black throat have the foreneck
and sides of neck between light-drab and drab, while in the remaining individual
these parts are just as buffy as in podiceps. Wing, (females) 125, 126, (males) 136,
136; bill, (females) 21, 22, (males) 23, 23; depth of bill, 15, 16, 16, 17.
Probably a local race of P. podiceps.
Four additional specimens from Lake Atitlan examined.
2 Dr. Hellmayr unfortunately did not investigate the subspecific status of the
specimens from Lake Duenas, where Salvin found breeding colonies of the Pied-
billed Grebe. B.C.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 41
Albatrus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 54; 6, p. 126, 1760 type, by monotypy, "Atoa-
trus" ~Brisson= Diomedea exulans Linnaeus.
Phoebastria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, "1852" (=1853) type, by
monotypy, Diomedea brachyura Temminck= Diomedea albatrus Pallas.
Thalassarche Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, "1852" (=1853) type, by
monotypy, Diomedea melanophris Temminck.
Thalassogeron Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Mem. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 13, pp. 345, 357, 1884 type, by orig. desig., Diomedea culminata
Gould.
Nealbatrus Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 274, Sept. 20, 1912 type, by orig.
desig., Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin.
Diomedella Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 275, Sept. 20, 1912 type, by orig.
desig., Diomedea cauta Gould.
Rhothonia Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 861, Dec. 10, 1917 type,
by orig. desig., Diomedea (Rhotonia) sanfordi Murphy = Diomedea epomo-
phora Lesson.
*Diomedea exulans exulans Linnaeus. WANDERING ALBATROSS.
Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 primarily
based upon "The Albatross" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Uncom. Bds., 1, p. 88,
pi. 88; "intra tropicos Pelagi et ad Cap. b. Spei"=Cape of Good Hope
(ex Edwards); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 157, 1891 Bahia
Orange, Tierra del Fuego; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 441, 1896
(in part, excl. of Australian and New Zealand waters) ; Lonnberg, Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 73, 1906 Bay of Islets, South
Georgia; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 South Georgia (breeding); Mathews,
Discovery Rep., 1, p. 563, pis. 48, 49, and 50 (fig. 1), 1929 South Georgia
(nesting, life hist.); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp.,
4, p. 162, 1930 (plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 42, 1931 (in part).
Diomedea spadicea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 based on "Choco-
late Albatross" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 308; South Seas, lat.
37 S., long. 50 W.=off Montevideo (cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1933, p. 544).
Diomedea adusta Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, pp. 157, 161, 1856 lat. 33 21' S.,
long. 89 W.=west of Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (no type extant).
Diomedea exulans exulans Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 333, 1926 South
Georgia (monog.); Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 815 (synon.); idem, Nov.
Zool., 39, p. 152, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
1, p. 538, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936; idem, Bol.
Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 coast off Arica, Tacna, Chile.
Diomedea exulans georgia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 214, May 27,
1933 South Georgia (type in National Museum, Buenos Aires); idem,
Ibis, 1934, p. 816 South Atlantic; idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934
South Georgia.
Range. Breeds on northerly antarctic islands, such as South
Georgia (the Prince Edward and Crozet Islands, Kerguelen, etc.)
and visits the waters of both coasts of southern South America.
Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Cape Horn, Magallanes, 1).
42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Diomedea exulans dabbenena Mathews. 1 TRISTAN WANDERING
ALBATROSS.
Diomedea chionoptera alexanderi (not Thalassogeron chrysostoma alexanderi
Mathews, 1916) Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 338, Aug., 1926100 miles
off coast of Buenos Aires Province, lat. 38 30' S., long. 56 W. (type in
National Museum, Buenos Aires).
Diomedea dabbenena Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 50, p. 11, Oct. 31, 1929
new name for Diomedea chionoptera alexanderi Dabbene, preoccupied.
Diomedea exulans dabbenena Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 571, 1936
(monog.).
Range. Breeds on Gough Island and Tristan d'Acunha, and
ranges widely to near the Atlantic coast of South America.
Diomedea epomophora 2 epomophora Lesson. ROYAL ALBA-
TROSS.
Diomedea epomophora Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, p. 95, 1825 no locality
indicated, but probably Australian waters; 3 Lowe and Kinnear, Brit.
Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 166, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds.
World, 1, p. 42, 1931 (in part); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 575,
1936 (monog.; in part); Philippi, El Hornero, 8, p. 17, 1941 Bay of
San Vicente, Talcaguano, Chile.
Diomedea epomophera Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, pp. 156, 161, 1856 lat. 33
21' S., long. 89 W.=west of Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile.
Diomedea regia Buller, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 23, "1890," p. 234, May, 1891
Otago and Campbell Island, New Zealand (in part); Salvin, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 443, 1896 New Zealand seas.
Diomedea (Rhothonia) sanfordi Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 861,
Dec. 10, 1917 forty miles off Corral, Chile (type in Brewster-Sanford
Collection, American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Diomedea epomophora epomophora Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934
(synon., range).
1 Diomedea exulans dabbenena Mathews: Differs from the nominate race in
smaller size, notably in much shorter bill. Wing, 607-616; tail, 171-188; bill,
144-150.
2 Diomedea epomophora Lesson, in spite of general likeness, appears to be
specifically distinct from D. exulans. Its principal characters are the rounded
naricornes, the much more prominent nasal tubes, the shape of the nostrils (circular
in outline and directed forward instead of obliquely upward), the posteriorly
somewhat pointed culminicorn, the white (not brownish gray) downy plumage,
and the suppression of all juvenile or immature stages of plumage (cf. Lowe and
Kinnear, Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 165, 166, 1930).
3 Lesson's description was evidently based on field observation, no type being
in existence. The species does not figure in the catalogue of the birds collected
by Lesson during the voyage of La Coquille (cf. Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, pp. 633-
785). Mathews suggests Campbell Island as type locality. However, this island
had not been visited by the Coquille. Lesson's description is none too good and
misses the salient character of the nostrils, but as the author was well acquainted
with the allied D. exulans, it probably refers to the Royal Albatross.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 43
Range. Breeds in New Zealand (Campbell Island, Forty-four
Islands, Adams Island) and flies east to within Chilean waters (once
taken forty miles west of Corral).
Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews. 1 LONG-BILLED
ROYAL ALBATROSS.
Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 54, p. 112,
March 7, 1934 South Atlantic Ocean (location of type not stated); idem,
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 Atlantic Ocean (Tropic of Capricorn to
Cape Horn); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 18, 1938 near Ilha dos
Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo.
Diomedea regia (not of Buller) Berg, Commun. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 1,
p. 284, 1901 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires (March, 1900).
Diomedea epomophora subsp. Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 340, 1926 coast of
Buenos Aires Province, Mar del Plata, and Cape Horn (descr., crit.).
Diomedea epomophora (not of Lesson) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1,
p. 575, 1936 part, South Atlantic and Fuegian region.
Range. Atlantic Ocean, from the coast of Brazil (Ilha dos
Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo) to Cape Horn; breeds probably in the interior
of Tierra del Fuego.
*Diomedea irrorata Salvin. GALAPAGOS ALBATROSS.
Diomedea irrorata Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 Callao Bay,
Peru (type in coll. of British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 445, pi. 8, 1896 Callao Bay; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6,
p. 192, 1899 Hood Island, Galapagos (breeding; descr.; eggs); iidem,
I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 Hood Island; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash.
Acad. Sci., 5, p. 240, 1904 Hood Island (eggs descr.); Godman, Monog.
Petrels, p. 330, pi. 93, 1910 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 2, p. 75, pis. 6-12, 1918 Hood Island (distr., habits, meas.,
eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 184, 1916 La Plata
Island, Ecuador, and off Talara, Peru; Loomis, Auk, 36, p. 370, pis. 14-16,
1919 (variation); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10,
p. 26, 1931 Hood Island; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 33,
1931 Hood Island; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 530, 1936 (monog.).
Phoebastria irrorata Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range).
1 Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews is stated to differ from the
nominate race by its longer bill (178-182 mm., according to the describer). How-
ever, the bill varies a good deal in typical birds from New Zealand waters, Lowe
and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, p. 167, 1930) giving its
length for a breeding adult from Campbell Island as 183, while in one from New
Zealand it measures even 185 mm. On the other hand, the type of D. sanfordi,
from off the Chilean coast, has a bill-measurement of only 150 mm. It would
thus appear that the variation is individual rather than geographical. This
conclusion is also supported by Murphy's figures (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 583)
for good series from both the South Atlantic and the New Zealand regions.
44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Breeds on Hood Island in the Galapagos Archipelago
and ranges to the coasts of Ecuador and Peru.
Field Museum Collection. 2: Galapagos Islands (Hood Island, 1);
Peru (Talara, 1).
*Diomedea albatrus Pallas. SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.
Diomedea albatrus Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 28, 1769 off Kamchatka,
Bering Sea (type in Leningrad Museum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 444, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 74,
1918 coasts of California, Lower California, and Alaska (Atka); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range).
Diomedea chinensis Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 1, p. ex, 1820 based
on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 963; China Sea.
Diomedea brachiura Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 75, Genus Diomedea,
p. [11], 1827 based on "Albatros de la Chine" Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 963.
Phoebastria albatrus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 6, 1922 (life hist.);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 waters around Lower
California; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 (syn., range).
Range. North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, east to the coast
of North America from Alaska (Norton Sound) to Lower California
(breeding on Sulphur Island, Bonin Group, and [?]Wake Island).
Field Museum Collection. 2: Mexico (San Martin, Lower Cali-
fornia, 2).
Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild. LAYSAN ALBATROSS.
Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. xlviii, June 1,
1893 Laysan Island (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
33, p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York); idem, Avif. Laysan, p. 57, pis., 1893 Laysan; Salvin, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 446, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 2, p. 83, 1918 high seas off southern California; Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 between San Ger6nimo and Guadalupe
Islands, off Lower California (Mar. 19, 1897); Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 43, 1931 (range); idem, Condor, 40, p. 90, 1938 San Nicolas Island,
California.
Phoebastria immutabilis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 9, 1922 (life
hist.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range).
Range. Central North Pacific east to the coast of California
(San Nicolas Island) and Lower California (breeding on Laysan and
Midway Islands).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 45
*Diomedea nigripes Audubon. BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.
Diomedea nigripes Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 327, 1839 Pacific Ocean,
lat. 30 44' N., long. 146 W. (type apparently lost); 1 Streets, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 7, p. 31, 1877 (crit., plumages); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 445, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2,
p. 71, 1918 (disc, plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64,
1928 off coast of Lower California; Miller, Condor, 42, p. 229, 1940
(plumages, food, terr.).
Diomedea gibbosa Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 361, 1844 North
Pacific (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London ;= adult).
Phoebastria nigripes Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 1, 1922 flife hist.);
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (syn., range).
Range. North Pacific Ocean, mainly north of the Tropic of
Cancer, east to the coast of North America, from the Alaska Penin-
sula to Lower California (breeding on the outer Hawaiian Islands).
Field Museum Collection. 5: Washington (Clallam County, 1);
California (Cortez Banks, 1; Monterey County, 1); Mexico, Lower
California (Guadalupe Island, 1; unspecified, 1).
Diomedea melanophrys Temminck. BLACK-BROWED MOLLY-
MA WK.
Diomedea melanophris* Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 77, pi. 456, Apr.
23, 1828 "Cap, Nouvelle Hollande, et mers antarctiques" (type, from
"mer de 1'he'misphere australe," in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 34, 1863); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 505,
1936 (monog.).
Diomedea melanophrys Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 148, 1865
Chile; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 Valparaiso, Chile;
Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 430 Talcaguano, Chile; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb.
Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 24, 1885 South Georgia; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 447, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Corral, Tarapaca, Talcaguano), etc.
(monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898 Cavancha and
Talcaguano, Chile; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 146, 1917
western Falkland Islands (breeding); Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist.
Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 16, 1921 Mas A Tierra Island; Mathews, Dis-
covery Rep., 1, p. 568, pi. 45, figs. 1-2, pi. 50, figs. 2-4, 1929 South
Georgia (nesting); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. 'Gr0nl., 131, (5),
p. 59, 1941 off Sukkertoppen, Greenland (Aug.).
Diomedea gilliana Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 181 locality
unknown (type in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf.
Stone, l.c., 1899, p. 24); Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 144,
1937 (crit.;=D. melanophrys, immature).
1 Cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17 (note 17).
1 Corrected to melanophrys in Tabl. M6th., livr. 102, p. 103, Jan. 29, 1839.
46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Thalassarche melanophris richmondi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 272, Sept. 20,
1912 "west coast of South America" (no type specified); idem, Nov.
Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934 Ildefonso Island, Chile (breeding); Philippi,
El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 Arica to Valparaiso, Chile.
Thalassarche melanophris Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 South Georgia (breed-
ing); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 317 Falkland Islands (breeding); Lowe and
Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 167, 1930 (crit.,
meas.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35 near Snipe and Woodcock Islands,
Beagle Channel, Magellan Straits; idem, I.e., 1935, p. 91 Cape Horn
region (said to breed on Evout Island).
Thalassarche melanophrys melanophrys Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 330, 1926
coasts of Buenos Aires and Patagonia, breeding in South Georgia and
Falkland Islands (full synon., descr.).
Diomedea melanophris melanophris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range).
Diomedea melanophris richmondi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range).
Thalassarche melanophris melanophris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934
(range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 18, 1938 Santos, Sao Paulo.
Diomedaea melanophrys Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935
Isla la Mocha, Chile.
Range. Southern oceans from the Tropic of Capricorn to about
60 or 65 S. lat. (common on the coast of Argentina from Buenos
Aires Province southward); in South America breeding in South
Georgia, the Falkland Islands, Staten Island and on the San Ildefonso
and Diego Ramirez Islets, near Cape Horn, southern Chile. 1
Diomedea bulleri Rothschild. SNARES ISLAND MOLLYMAWK.
Diomedea bulleri Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Iviii, July 4, 1893
New Zealand (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33,
p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., ,25, p. 448, 1896 New Zealand seas;
Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898 Cavancha, Chile; Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1,
p. 524, 1936 (monog.).
Diomedea platei Reichenow, Orn. Monatschr., 6, p. 190, 1898 Cavancha,
Tarapaca, Chile (type in Berlin Museum ;= immature).
Thalassarche bulleri Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 6, 1930 Canete,
Peru, and Valparaiso, Chile (crit.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155,
1934 (range); idem, Ibis, 1934, p. 811 (char., crit.).
Range. South Pacific Ocean east to the coast of Peru (off Canete,
June 26) and Chile (Cavancha, near Iquique, Tarapaca; off Val-
1 There is considerable individual variation in the length of the bill. While
South Georgian birds have the longest bills, those from the Falklands, on this
score, are hardly distinguishable from specimens taken off the coasts of Chile
and Peru (Lobos de Tierra). On the basis of the measurements given by Lowe
and Kinnear for a large number of skins, there is no possibility of maintaining any
of the races proposed by Mathews.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 47
paraiso, March 9; breeding on Snares and Chatham Islands, New
Zealand).
Diomedea cauta salvini (Rothschild). SALVIN'S WHITE-CAPPED
MOLLYMAWK.
Thalassogeron salvini Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Iviii, July 4,
1893 New Zealand (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33,
p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York).
Thalassogeron layardi Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 450, 1896 Cape
Seas (type in British Museum).
Diomedella cauta platei (not Diomedea plalei Reichenow) Dabbene, El Hornero,
3, p. 324, 1926 South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35 44' S., long. 53 W. (descr.).
Thalassarche cauta salvini Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, pp. 2, 3, 1930
Peru (west of Canete; Ballestas Islands; Lobos de Tierra Island) and
Valparaiso, Chile (char.).
Diomedella cauta peruvia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 185, May 5,
1933 "Western Peru" (type in the British Museum).
Diomedella cauta atlantica Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 213, May 27,
1933 South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35 44' S., long. 53 W., about 120 miles
off coast of Buenos Aires Province (type in National Museum, Buenos
Aires); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 157, 1934 (range).
Diomedella cauta salvini Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 157, 1934 (range).
Diomedea cauta salvini Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 526, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds on the Bounty Islands, New Zealand; wanders
eastward across the Pacific to the coast of South America (Peru,
Chile) and westward across the Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic
(off Buenos Aires Province).
Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin. PINK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.
Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 based on
"Yellow-nosed Albatross" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 309, pi. 94;
Cape of Good Hope and southern oceans outside the tropics; Peters, Bds.
World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 518,
1936 (monog.).
Thalassageron eximius Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 440, pi. 8, 1895
Gough Island (type in coll. of G. E. Verrill); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2,
p. 272, pi. 5, 1922 Angel Etcheverry, Buenos Aires Province (descr.,
crit.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 328, 1926 (descr.).
Thalassogeron chlororhynchus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 451, 1895
(monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 19, 1922 off Machias
Bay, Seal Island, Maine (Aug. 1, 1913) (life hist.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926,
p. 318 Falkland Island seas.
48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Thalassarche chlororhynchos Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 off the coast of
Maine; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4,
p. 177, 1930 (disc., meas.).
Nealbatrus chlororhynchos Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 810 (disc., char.).
Nealbatrus chlororhynchos chlororhynchos Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 156,
1934 (full synon., range).
Range. South Atlantic, Indian and Australian seas, breeding
on Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Islands, probably also upon St.
Paul Island; 1 accidental on the coast of Buenos Aires Province,
Argentina (October, 1921), near the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick
(Aug. 1, 1913), and off the coast of Maine (near Seal Island, off
Machias Bay, Aug. 1, 1913). 2
Diomedea chrysostoma I. R. Forster. YELLOW-NOSED ALBA-
TROSS.
Diomedea chrysostoma Forster, Mem. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10,
p. 571, pi. 14, 1785 "dans toutes les mers du Sud, 1'Ocean Atlantique,
celui des Indes, et le Pacifique, cependant . . . tres peu dans le voisinage
du cercle polaire antarctique et dans 1'Ocean Pacifique; 3 Peters, Bds.
World, 1, p. 45, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78,
p. 291, 1935 off coast of Chiriquf, Panama (one record); Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 514, 1936 (monog.).
Diomedea culminata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 107, Dec., 1843
southern Indian and southern Pacific oceans (type, from "Australian
Seas," in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Mathews
and Stone, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 138, 1913).
Thalassogeron culminatus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 451, 1896
(monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 439,
1904 Bay of Panama; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 196, 1921 seas around
Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 570, pi. 45, fig. 3,
pi. 51, figs. 1-2, 1929 South Georgia (nesting).
Thalassogeron desolationis Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 26, No. 638,
p. 2, March 15, 1911 Desolation Island, Straits of Magellan (type in
Turin Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (ex Salvadori).
Thalassarche culminata Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 84, 1918
(disc., American records).
1 Vallentin (Me"m. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 31, 1904)
lists D. chlororhyncha as breeding in the Falkland Islands (Keppel, West Point,
New Island, the Beauchenes), a record that has not since been confirmed. The
author evidently had only eggs, and they probably pertained to D. m. melanophrys,
known to breed in the Falklands but not mentioned by Vallentin.
2 No races are distinguishable. Cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, pp. 345-346,
1926.
3 Mathews (Ibis, 1937, p. 871) suggests as type locality Staten Island, where
Forster (Descr. Anim., ed. Lichtenstein, p. 313, 1844) met with it on January 4,
1775.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 49
Thalassogeron chrysostomus culminatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., 121,
p. 16, 1922 (life hist., American records).
Thalassarche chrysostoma Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 488 South Georgia (nest,
eggs, and downy young descr.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 198 (fig.),
1922 South Georgia (nesting); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra
Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 173, 1930 (disc., meas.).
Thalassogeron culminatus chrysostoma Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 318 West Point
Island, Falkland Islands (visitor), and South Georgia (breeding).
Thalassogeron chrysostoma chrysostoma Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 326, 1926
South Georgia (descr., synon.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934
(range).
Thalassarche chrysostoma desolationis Mathews, Ibis, 1933, p. 543 (disc, of
type, char.); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on South Georgia (Kerguelen, Marion Island,
the Crozets, Campbell Island) and the Diego Ramirez Islands south
of Cape Horn; 1 ranges over the southern oceans; accidental in Canada
(mouth of Moisie River, Aug. 20, 1885) and Panama (Bay of Chiri-
qui). 2
Genus PHOEBETRIA Reichenbach
Phoebetria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852 (=1853) type, by orig.
desig., Diomedea fuliginosa Gmelin= Diomedea palpebrata I. R. Forster.
Phoebetria palpebrata palpebrata (I. R. Forster). LIGHT-
MANTLED SOOTY ALBATROSS.
Diomedea palpebrata Forster, Me"m. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10, p. 571,
pi. 15, 1785 "depuis le degr6 quarante-septieme de latitude australe
jusqu'au soixante-onzieme et dix minutes" = south of Prince Edward and
Marion Islands.
Diomedea fuliginosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 "in maris austra-
lis latitudine 47 et omni circulo antarctico" (ex Forster); Pagenstecher,
Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 23, 1885 South Georgia (eggs and
downy young descr.).
Phoebetria fuliginosa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 453, 1896 (monog.).
Phoebetria palpebrata cornicoides Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,
40, No. 5, p. 71, 1906 South Georgia.
1 We cannot but agree with Messrs. Lowe and Kinnear that none of the five
or six races admitted by Mathews can be maintained. Even the separation
of the South Georgian birds, which, as a rule, have deeper bills, seems impracticable,
since similarly large-billed individuals occasionally occur in other regions. The
whiter color of forehead, cheeks, and neck all around, given by Mathews for the
type of T. desolationis, has no significance in view of the head varying from white
to gray in specimens from other localities. That character evidently depends
largely on age.
2 The records from Oregon (mouth of Columbia River) and California (Golden
Gate) are uncertain.
50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phoebetria palpebrata antarctica (Solander MS.) Mathews, Birds Austr., 2,
p. 302, Sept. 20, 1912 South Georgia; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177 Falk-
land Islands to within sixty miles of the South Orkneys; Wace, El Hornero,
2, p. 197, 1921 Falkland Seas and (breeding) South Georgia; Wilkins,
Ibis, 1926, p. 488 South Georgia (breeding); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 318
Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and Graham Land.
Phoebetria palpebrata murphyi Mathews and Iredale, Man. Bds. Austr., p. 50
(in text), March 9, 1921 new name for P. p. antarctica Mathews, believed
to be preoccupied; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 321, 1926 (descr., synon.);
Mathews, Ibis, 1932, p. 523 South Georgia (soft parts); idem, Nov.
Zool., 39, p. 158, 1934 South Georgia.
Phoebetria palpebrata Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 570, pi. 51, figs. 3-4,
1929 South Georgia (nesting).
Phoebotria palpebrata Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. An tar. (Terra Nova) Exp.,
Zool., 4, p. 180, 1930 (disc.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 497,
1936 (monog.).
Phoebetria palpebrata palpebrata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 45, 1931 (range).
Range. Breeds on South Georgia 1 (and Kerguelen Island) ; ranges
over the South Atlantic Ocean to the Falkland Islands. 2
Family PROCELLARIIDAE. Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels
Subfamily FULMARINAE. Fulmars
Genus MACRONECTES Richmond
Ossifraga (not of Wood, 1835) Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 18, p. 356, March, 1844 type, by monotypy, Procellaria
gigantea Gmelin.
Macronectes Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 76, 1905 new name
for Ossifraga Hombron and Jacquinot, preoccupied.
Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin). GIANT FULMAR.
Procellaria gigantea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 563, 1789 based on "Giant
Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 396, pi. 100, etc.; "in oceano,
1 Birds from South Georgia (antarctica= murphyi) do not seem to be certainly
separable from those of Kerguelen Island.
2 The admittance to the American fauna of P. palpebrata auduboni Nichols
and Murphy (Auk, 31, p. 531, 1914 new name for Diomedea fusca [not of Hilsen-
berg, 1822] Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 116, 1838) rests exclusively on the specimen
said to have been obtained by J. K. Townsend "at the mouth of the Columbia
River," Oregon, and now preserved in the U. S. National Museum (cf. Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [4], 2, p. 86, 1918). However, no reliance can be placed
upon Townsend's Tubinares records, as has been shown by Stone (Auk, 51,
pp. 225-226, 1934), and the specimen is far more likely to have originated in the
South Pacific, since it proved to be referable to P. p. huttoni Mathews, the breeding
form of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand.
The occurrence of P. p. fusca (Hilsenberg) within our region remains to be
proved, although Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 318) believes it is "seen" in the waters
about the Falkland Islands.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 51
potissimum australi, circa Staatenland, Terra del Fuego, insulam desola-
tionis etc."=Staten Island (as designated by Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2,
p. 186, 1912); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 East Falkland Island.
Procellaria ossifraga J. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 343,
1844 "in terra del Fuego et australi parte maris pacifici ac atlantici."
Ossifraga gigantea Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 19, 1885
South Georgia (disc, color phases, eggs descr.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap
Horn, 6, p. B. 158, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Port Maxwell,
New Year Sound); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 422, 1896 Falk-
land Islands, Magellan Straits (Tom Bay), and Chile (Valparaiso, Coquim-
bo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 Coquimbo
and Tumbes, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5,
pp. 70, 78, 1906 South Georgia (nest and eggs); Clarke, Ibis, 1906,
p. 172, pi. 11, fig. 2 South Orkney Islands (breeding, habits); Scott and
Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 147, 1910
Patagonia (descr.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935
Isla la Mocha, Chile.
Macronectes giganteus solanderi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 187, July 31,
1912 Falkland Islands (no type specified); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 61, p. 145, 1917 Port Stephens, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, El
Hornero, 3, p. 141, 1923 Falkland Islands, etc. (char., synon.); Bennett,
Ibis, 1926, p. 316 Falkland Islands (breeding).
Macronectes giganteus forsteri Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 189, July 31,
1912 Valparaiso Bay, Chile (type probably in British Museum).
Macronectes giganteus Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 488 South Georgia (breeding);
Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 20);
Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 571, pi. 45, fig. 4, pi. 52, figs. 1-3, 1929
South Georgia (nesting; monog.); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. An tar. (Terra
Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 147, 1930 (disc, color phases, meas.); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 46, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35 near
Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, I.e., 1935, p. 93
Cape Horn region (not breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 584,
1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 358, 1936 South Orkneys
(color phases); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1938 Arica
Bay, Tacna, Chile (Jan.); Serventy, Emu, 42, p. 167, 1943 (ratio of white
and dark phases); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, p. 300, 1945 Palmer
Peninsula (breeding 65 S.; white phase discussed).
Macronectes giganteus giganteus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 138, 1923
Antarctic Continent to the South Shetland, South Orkney, and South
Georgia Islands (synon., descr.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 South
Shetland and South Orkney Islands (crit.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39,
p. 158, 1934 (range); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 coast of
Aconcagua, Chile.
Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands (locally), South Georgia,
South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (and extralimitally on
Graham Land, Gough Island, Kerguelen, etc.) ; l ranges all over the
1 Said to have bred formerly on the Atlantic coast of Patagonia (Sea Lion
Islet in the estuary of the Rio Santa Cruz). Its nesting on GuambTin Island, south
of Chiloe, remains to be proved.
ILL
52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
southern oceans and into the tropics on the coast of Peru (off Payta,
July). 1
Genus DAPTION Stephens
Daption Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 239, 1826 type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria capensis Linnaeus.
Calopetes Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 142, 1873 substitute
name for Daption Stephens.
Petrella Mathews, 2 Auk, 31, p. 91, 1914 type, by monotypy, Procellaria
capensis Linnaeus.
*Daption capensis (Linnaeus). 3 CAPE PIGEON.
Procellaria capensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 based
primarily on "The white and black Spotted Peteril" Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Bds., 2, p. 90, pi. 90 (right figure), Cape of Good Hope; Lawrence, Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 6, 1853 coast of California (opposite Mon-
terey); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870 off Ilha do Sao Sebastiao,
Sao Paulo, Brazil (Aug. 11).
Procellaria pardela Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3, Zool., p. 533, 1816 Cape Seas.
Daption capense(is) Salvin, Ibis, 1875, pp. 372, 377 Juan Fernandez and
Mas Afuera, Chile; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 22,
1885 South Georgia; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 159, 1891
Tierra del Fuego (Lemaire Channel) and coast of Patagonia; Salvin, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 428, 1896 South Atlantic (off Cape Corrientes),
Straits of Magellan, Chile (off Tres Montes, Juan Fernandez Islands,
Valparaiso, off San Ambrose Island), Peru (off Payta), etc. (monog.);
Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 77, 1906 South
Georgia (crit.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 174 South Orkney Islands (nest,
eggs, downy young, plumages, habits); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 37, 1907 Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul; Iguape and Ilha Sao Sebastiao,
Sao Paulo) and Patagonia (Santa Cruz); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 205, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 150, 1910 coast of
Patagonia (descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 49, 1922 (life
hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis,
1926, p. 316 Falkland Islands (visitor); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1,
p. 575, pi. 52, fig. 4, pi. 53, fig. 1, 1929 South Georgia (not found nesting);
Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 159, 1930
1 As clearly set forth by Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp.,
Zool., 4, pp. 148-159), there is no means of maintaining, either on size or on the
basis of color characters, any of the various races into which the Giant Fulmar has
been split by Mathews. Its occurrence off the coast of Oregon (Audubon's record
ex Townsend) is almost certainly due to confusion of localities.
2 Ex Zimmermann, in Bartram, Trav. Carolina, German ed., p. 293, 1793
(not binomial).
3 The alleged New Zealand race, D. capensis ausiralis Mathews, is not main-
tainable.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 53
(crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 51,
1930 between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931
(range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 94 Deceit Island, Beagle Channel;
Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1935 Arica Bay, Tacna,
Chile (July); idem, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 coast of Chile north
to Arica; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 601, 1936 (monog.); Ardley,
Discovery Rep., 12, p. 361, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting); Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 22, 1938 Iguape", Sao Paulo, and Santa Cruz,
Patagonia.
PetreUa capensis Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 91, 1918 off
Monterey, California.
Daption capensis capensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 147, 1923 (descr., range) ;
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 159, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on South Georgia, South Orkney, and South
Shetland Islands (Graham Land, and Kerguelen Island) ; ranges over
the southern oceans north to the Tropic of Capricorn (coasts of Rio
de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, and on the west coast north to
Payta, Peru; accidental on the coasts of California (Monterey) and
Maine (Harpswell, Casco Bay, Sept., 1876).
Field Museum Collection. 2: Chile (Cape Horn, 2).
Genus FULMARUS Stephens
Fulmarus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 233, 1826 type, by
subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 129, 1855), Procellaria
glacialis Linnaeus.
Halohippiis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 192, 1828 type, by mono-
typy f Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus (cf. Austr. Av. Rec., 2, pp. 42, 48,
1913).
Rhantistes Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 105,
April, 1829 type, by monotypy, Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus.
Wagellus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840 type, by orig. desig.,
Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus.
*Fulmarus glacialis glacialis (Linnaeus). ATLANTIC FULMAR.
Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, Fauna Svec., ed. altera, p. 51, 1761 founded
primarily on "Mallemucka" Martens, Spitzberg. oder Greenland. Reise,
p. 68, pi. N, fig. c, 1675; "in man septentrional! intra circulum arcticum"=
Spitsbergen (ex Martens); Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 429, 1843
Greenland.
Procellaria gronlandica Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finnmarkens Lapper,
p. 273 (note 121), 1767 based upon "Hav-hesten" Gunnerus, Trondh.
Selsk. Skrifter, 1, pp. 182-202, pi. 1, 1761; Greenland.
Procellaria hyemalis Brehm, Ornis, 1, p. 20, 1824 Greenland (no type extant).
54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Procellaria minor Kjarbolling, Orn. Dan., Suppl., 2, pi. 7, fig. 2, 1854; idem,
Journ. Orn., 2, 1855, Erinnerungsschr. 8th Jahresvers., p. lix, 1855
Greenland. 1
Fulmarus glacialis a. auduboni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 187, 1857
"Terra Nova" = Newfoundland (location of type not stated).
Fulmarus glacialis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 425, 1896 (monog.);
Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 141, 1898 Greenland; Mathews, Ibis, 1934,
p. 173 (synon.).
Fulmarus glacialis glacialis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 31, 1922
(life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931 (range); Mathews,
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Roberts, Ibis, 1934, p. 258
Iceland (color phases); Bertram, Lack, and Roberts, I.e., 1934, p. 820
Greenland (color phases); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40,
p. 270, 1935 (distrib. in North Atlantic); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 846
Jan Mayen (breeding); Gross, Auk, 54, p. 15, 1937 Labrador (co!or
phases); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 128, (2), p. 72, map, 1942 northeast
Greenland (breeding places); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 east coast,
Baffin Island (breeding).
Range. Breeds from eastern Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound)
to Greenland (extralimitally in Iceland, Norway, Faroes, British
Isles, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, and Novaya
Zemlya) ; winters on the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts, Connecticut,
and New Jersey.
Field Museum Collection. 17: Franklin Territory (Resolution
Island, Baffin Land, 4); Greenland (Denmark Strait, 1; lat. 64
long. 39, 3; Cape Farewell, 1; between lat. 62 and 63, 2; lat. 62
46' long. 39-30', 3; Holstenborg, 1; unspecified, 1); Labrador
(Rama, 1).
*Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii Cassin. PACIFIC FULMAR.
Procellaria pacifica (not of Gmelin, 1789) Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 331,
1839 North Pacific (cotypes lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1899, p. 17X 2
Fulmarus rodgersii(i) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 326,
Oct. 28, 1862 "Indian Ocean," errore,= North Pacific (type in U. S.
National Museum); Coues, I.e., 1866, p. 29 (monog. of type spec., locality
corrected); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 427, 1896 St. George's,
Alaska (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 43, 1922 (life hist.).
1 The author speaks only of the smaller size and different shape of the eggs,
without characterizing birds from Greenland. The type of the plate probably
was in the author's private collection.
2 Audubon's two original types were once in the collection of S. F. Baird (cf.
Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 826, 1858). As Loomis
(Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 90, 1908) claims to have examined, several years
previous to his writing, Audubon's "type" in the U. S. National Museum, one of
these specimens would seem to have been preserved after all.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 55
Fulmarus glarialis glupischa Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 234, 1884 new name for
Procellaria pacifica Audubon preoccupied; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
25, p. 91, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2, 1885 Bering and Copper Islands (variation,
dichromatism); Bent, I.e., 121, p. 38, 1922 (life hist., range).
Fulmarus glacialis columba Anthony, Auk, 12, p. 105, 1895 off San Diego,
California (cotypes now in Carnegie Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932;= female).
Fulmarus glupischa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 427, 1896 San Diego,
California, etc. (monog.).
Fulmarus glacialis (not Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus) Loomis, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 87, 1918 Point Pinos, California, and off Lower
California (crit., color phases, meas.).
Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii(i) Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Bering
and Copper Islands (breeding) ; Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46,
p. 38, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 64, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931
(range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Gabrielson,
Auk, 61, p. Ill, 1944 Semidi Islands, Alaska (nesting colony).
Range. Breeds on Wrangel and Herald Islands, islands in the
Bering Sea, Commander Islands, Semidi Islands, Alaska, coasts of
Kamchatka, and Kurile Islands; winters from the Aleutian Islands
south to northern Lower California and Japan.
Field Museum Collection. 54: Alaska (Bering Strait, 1; Morz-
hovoi Bay, 1; St. George's Island, Bering Sea, 1); Washington (Pacific
coast, 2; Gray's Harbor, 3); California (Pacific coast, 1; Monterey
Bay, 4; Pacific Grove, 23; Carmel Bay, 4; Cypress Point, 1; San
Francisco, 1; Hyperion, 2; El Secundo, 2; Pacific Beach, 7; Santa
Barbara, 1).
Genus PACHYPTILA Illiger 1
Pachyptila Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 274, 1811 type, by subs.
desig. (Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Types Birds, p. 49, 1840), Procellaria
forsteri Latham = Procellaria vittata Forster.
Priori (not of LacSpede) 2 Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 399, 1828 type, by
orig. desig., "Le pe'trel bleu" '= Procellaria vittata Forster.
1 This genus is involved in great confusion. Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, pp. 199,
233, 1912) attempted to disentangle the nomenclature and geographical variation
of the several species, assigning each to a separate genus, and has since described
a number of additional races. The results of his studies are, however, far from
satisfactory, and until good series of properly sexed specimens in different stages
become available from the various breeding colonies, it will be impossible to get a
clear insight into the significance of the observable variation. Three forms come
within the limits of our region, but their taxonomic status is altogether uncertain.
Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, pp. 612-615, 1936) recently gave an excellent
account of the distribution and characters of the four recognizable species; cf.
also Falla, Emu, 40, p. 218, 1940, and Fleming, I.e., 41, p. 134, 1941.
2 Prion LacSpede (Tabl. M6th. Ois., p. 14, 1799), is clearly indeterminable;
cf. Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, pp. 25-27, 1913.
56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pseudoprion Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 164 type, by
orig. desig., "Prion turtur Gould " = Procellaria turtur Kuhl.
Fulmariprion Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 215, July 31, 1912 type, by orig.
desig., Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris Mathews.
Heteroprion Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 222, July 31, 1912 type, by orig.
desig., Heteroprion belcheri Mathews.
Attaprion Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 54, p. 25, Oct. 31, 1933 type, by
orig. desig., Procellaria desolata Gmelin.
Pachyptila desolata georgia (Mathews). 1 SOUTH GEORGIAN
DOVE PRION.
Heteroprion desolatus georgia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 52, p. 147, June 28,
1932 Stromness Bay, South Georgia (type in British Museum).
Pachyptila vittata georgicus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 214, May 27,
1933 Stromness Bay, South Georgia (type in British Museum).
Prion turtur (not Procellaria turtur Kuhl) Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss.
Anst., 2, p. 23, 1895 South Georgia (breeding; soft parts, crit.).
Prion banksi (not Pachyptila banksi Smith) Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177
Coronation Island, South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk.
Akad. HandL, 40, No. 5, p. 75, 1906 South Georgia (breeding; crit.;
young and egg descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907 Santos,
Sao Paulo; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 579, pi. 53, fig. 2, 1929
South Georgia (nesting).
Pachyptila vittata keyteli (not Prion vittatus keyteli Mathews) Bennett, El
Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920 South Orkney Islands (breeding); Dabbene, El
Hornero, 3, p. 133, 1923 South Georgia (synon., descr.); Bennett, Ibis,
1926, p. 316 Pembroke Lighthouse, Falkland Islands (Aug., 1912).
Pachyptila forsteri keyteli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 49, 1931 part, South
Georgia.
Pachyptila desolata banksi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 (range); Ardley,
Discovery Rep., 12, p. 366, 1936 Signy Island, South Orkney Islands
(nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 20, 1938 Santos, Sao Paulo,
Brazil.
Attaprion desolatus georgia Mathews, Nov. ZooL, 39, p. 173, 1934 (range).
Pachyptila desolata (not Procellaria desolata Gmelin) Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 1, p. 620, 1936 (monog., in part).
1 Pachyptila desolata georgia (Mathews) is very doubtfully separable from
P. d. desolata (Gmelin), of Kerguelen Island, and its distinctive characters have
never been indicated. Mathews, within a year's time, based two different names
on the very same specimen in the British Museum. At first it was separated, on
account of its wider bill, from H. d. crozeli, of the Crozet Islands, which he sub-
sequently synonymized with P. vittata salvini, while in the second place P. vittata
georgicus is compared to P. v. keyteli, of Tristan d'Acunha. According to the
width of the bill at the base (14-16 mm.), as given by Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn.
CL, 53, p. 214, 1933), and Lonnberg's remarks on a number of breeding specimens,
the South Georgian Dove Prion clearly pertains to the desolatus complex, but in
what particulars it differs from the nominate form remains to be determined by
comparison of adequate series. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 621, 1936)
states that birds from South Georgia and Heard Island may possibly have slightly
larger bills than those from Kerguelen (typical).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 57
Range. Breeds in South Georgia, South Orkney and (?)South
Shetland Islands, and ranges north to the Tropic of Capricorn
(Santos, coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil). 1
*Pachyptila belcheri falklandica (Mathews). 2 FALKLAND THIN-
BILLED PRION.
Heteroprion belcheri falklandicus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 59, p. 104,
Mar. 15, 1939 Falkland Islands (type in British Museum).
Prion desolatus (not Procellaria desolata Gmelin) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap
Horn, 6, p. B. 164, 1891 Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego (May).
Prion ariel (not of Schlegel) Ihering, ReV. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 362, 1905
Iguape", Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907 Iguape,
Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Heteroprion desolatus banksi (not Pachyptila banksi Smith) Tremoleras, El
Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 coast of Montevideo, Uruguay.
Heteroprion belcheri subsp. Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 135, 1923 Falkland
Islands and Atlantic coast of South America from Tierra del Fuego to
Montevideo (descr.).
Pseudoprion turtur brevirostris (not Prion brevirostris Gould) Bennett, Ibis,
1926, p. 317 near Stanley, Falkland Islands (March 11, 1917).
Pachyptila belcheri (not Heteroprion belcheri Mathews) Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 50, 1931 part, east coast of South America and Falkland Islands;
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 629, 1936 (monog.).
Heteroprion belcheri Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 12 Falkland Islands (breeding);
Mathews, Ibis, 1931, p. 571 New Island, Falkland Islands (nest and
eggs descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 174, 1934 part, east coast of
South America and Falkland Islands.
Pachyptila belcheri solanderi (not Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews)
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 20, 1938 Iguape and Ilha Santo Amaro
(Santos), Sao Paulo.
Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, 3 and ranges on the
Atlantic coast of South America from Tierra del Fuego north to
Sao Paulo, Brazil, and on the Pacific coast probably to central Chile.
Field Museum Collection. 1: Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1).
1 We do not know where to place Prion vittatus Ihering (Cat. Faun. Braz.,
1, p. 38, 1907), said to have occurred at Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil. Murphy
(Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 617, 1936) suggests it might be P.forsteri (Latham),
known to breed upon Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Island.
1 Pachyptila belcheri falklandica (Mathews) : Nearest to "P. b. solanderi
(Mathews)," but larger in all its dimensions. Wing (average of seven skins), 188;
tail, 94-95; tarsus, 32^; bill, 25>i; its width at base, 11 mm. (Mathews, I.e.).
Murphy unhesitatingly unites this alleged race to P. belcheri Mathews, originally
based on birds from Victoria, Australia, and does not admit any subspecies at all.
*It is possible that Prion vittatus (not Procellaria vittata Forster) Darwin
(Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 141, 1841), said to breed on Landfall Island, west coast
of Tierra del Fuego, was intended for this species, but as no specimens were
procured, its identity is an open question.
58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pachyptila turtur solanderi (Mathews). 1 SOLANDER'S THIN-
BILLED PRION.
Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 220, July 31, 1912
"west coast of South America" (type, from "the extreme south of Chile";
cf. Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 253, 1935); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175,
1934 eastern Pacific.
Prion arid (not of Schlegel) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 436, 1896
part, spec, o, "W. coast of S. America."
Pachyptila turtur solanderi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 (listed).
Range. "West coast of South America (extreme south of Chile)."
Subfamily PUFFININAE
Genus PRIOCELLA Hombron and Jacquinot
Priocella Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 357,
March, 1844 (generic characters only, the only species mentioned, Pr.
garnotti, being a nomen nudum); Jacquinot and Pucheran, Voy. P61e
Sud, Zool., Atlas, Part 1, pi. 32, figs. 43-56, April, 1844 type, by mono-
typy, Priocella garnotii Jacquinot (and Pucheran) 2 =.FttJraaras antarcticus
Stephens.
*Priocella antarctica (Stephens). SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.
Fulmarus antarcticus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 236, Feb. 18,
1826 based on Procellaria gladalis, var. /3. Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 823,
1790; "Antarctic Ocean pretty far to the south."
Procellaria tenuirostris (not of Temminck, 1835) Audubon, Orn. Biogr., 5,
p. 333, 1839 "mouth of the Columbia River," Oregon, errore= South
Pacific Ocean (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Richmond, in Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [4], 2, p. 91, 1918).
Procellaria gladaloides Smith, 111. Zool. S. Africa, Part 11, pi. 51, July, 1840
"neighbourhood of the South African coast" (type in British Museum).
Priocella garnotii 3 Jacquinot (and Pucheran), Voy. Pole Sud, Zool., Atlas,
Part 1, pi. 32, figs. 43-56, April, 1844.
Thalassoica gladaloides a. polaris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 192,
1857 Louis Philippe Land (type in Paris Museum).
1 Pachyptila turtur solanderi (Mathews): "About the same size as P. turtur
turtur (Kuhl), of Australia, but with a longer bill." Measurements of the type,
whose location is not stated, are given by Mathews as follows: wing, 184; tail, 87;
tarsus, 29 y z ; bill, 23 by 10 mm.
The status of this form is obscure. There is a specimen (probably the type)
said to be from the "west coast of South America" in the British Museum. The
locality is perhaps incorrect, and the species (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
1, pp. 613, 631, 1936) may not deserve a place in the American fauna.
2 The species is identifiable by the drawing of the bill.
3 Priocella garnotti (sic) Hombron and Jacquinot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
Paris, 18, p. 357, March, 1844) is a nomen nudum.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 59
Procellaria smithi Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 22, 1863
substitute name for Procellaria glacialoides Smith; Cape Horn and coast
of Chile.
Fulmarus glacialoides Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Straits of
Magellan.
Thalassoeca tenuirostris Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 162, 1891
Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Bahfa Buen Suceso, Ushuaia).
Priocella glacialoides Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 393, 1896 Straits
of Magellan, Chile (Valparaiso Bay, Coquimbo), Peru (off Lobos de
Tierra), and Mexico (Mazatlan); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654,
1898 Cavanche, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva,
40, p. 628, 1900 north of Rio Gallegos, Patagonia; Lonnberg, Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 83, 1906 South Georgia and off
coast of Brazil (breeding on Louis Philippe Land); Clarke, Ibis, 1906,
p. 170 Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (not breeding); Scott and
Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 139, 1910
(descr., range in South America); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 574,
pi. 45, figs. 7-8, 1929 South Georgia (rare, not nesting); Philippi, Bol.
Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Arica Bay, Chile.
Priocella aniarctica Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3,
p. 12, 1921 Santa Clara Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 46,
1922 (life hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia;
Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 22);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35
near Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; Mathews, Nov. Zool.,
39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 364,
1936 South Orkney Islands (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
1, p. 596, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 19, 1938 coast
of Brazil.
Priocella antarctica antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 142, 1923 (descr.,
range); Philippi, I.e., 6, p. 238, 1936 coast off Arica, Chile.
Priocella antarctica glacialoides Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands
(migratory visitor).
Range. Breeds on Queen Mary Land, Adelie Land, Louis
Philippe Land, South Orkney Islands, Heard Island, the Balleny
Islands, and other outlying antarctic islands; ranges north in the
Atlantic Ocean to Cape Sao Roque, Brazil, and in the Pacific to
northern Peru; accidental off Mazatlan, Mexico.
Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Punta Arenas, 1).
Genus THALASSOICA Reichenbach
Thalassoica Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria antarctica Gmelin.
Aeipetes Forbes, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 4, pt. 11, p. 59, 1882 type,
by orig. desig., Procellaria antarctica Gmelin.
60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Thalassoica antarctica (Gmelin). ANTARCTIC PETREL.
Procellaria antarctica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 565, 1789 based on
"Le Petrel Antarctique ou Damier brun" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 9,
p. 311 (ex "Antarctic Peteril" Cook and Forster) ; Antarctic Circle between
31-61 S. lat.; Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), pp. 60, 202,
1844 (descr.).
Thalassoeca antarctica Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 392, 1896 "Cape
Horn" (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 169 South Orkney Islands;
Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 82, 1906 South
Georgia (August); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp.,
Zool., 4, p. 132, 1930.
Tha,lassoica antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 145, 1923 (descr., range);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39,
p. 161, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 639, 1936
(monog.).
Thalassoeca antarctica antarctica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands
(visitant).
Range. Breeds on the Antarctic continent and ranges north to
South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, and Cape Horn.
Genus ADAMASTOR Bonaparte
Adamastor Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 594, Sept.,
1856 type, by orig. desig., "Procellaria haesitata des anciens auteurs"
(= Forster) =Procellaria cinerea Gmelin (cf. Bonaparte, I.e., p. 995, Nov.,
1856, and idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 189, 1857).
Adamastor cinerea (Gmelin). BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER.
Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 563, 1789 based on "Cinere-
ous Fulmar" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 405; "within the Ant-
arctic Circle"=seas south of New Zealand.
Procellaria gelida Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 based on "Glacial
Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 399; within the Antarctic
Circle.
Procellaria melanura Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 47, p. 79,
1791 based on "Cinereous Fulmar" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2),
p. 405; "within the Antarctic Circle" = seas south of New Zealand.
Procellaria haesitata (not P. hasitata Kuhl, 1820) Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed.
Lichtenstein), p. 208, 1844 "in lat. 48 Oceani pacifici antarctici"=seas
south of New Zealand.
Puffinus ? Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 5, 1853 off the
coast of California, near Monterey (descr.).
Adamastor typus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 187, 1857 Antarctic
seas (co types in Leyden and Paris museums).
Puffinus cinereus Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9,
p. 835, 1858 California coast (descr.).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 61
Procettaria adamastor Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 23,
1863 substitute name for Adamastor typus Bonaparte.
Priofinus cinereus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 390, 1896 Chile
(Valparaiso) and off Cape Horn (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918 California, off Monterey (note on specimen in
the American Museum of Natural History) ; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
121, p. 103, 1922 off Monterey, California (life hist.).
Priofinus cinereus cinereus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 7, 1923 (monog.);
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 (no record from the Falkland Islands).
Adamastor cinerea Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool.,
4, p. 131, 1930; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov.
Zool., 39, p. 176, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 649, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds on Gough Island, Tristan d'Acunha, Kerguelen
Island and Macquarie Island; ranges over the southern oceans
between 25 and 55 S. lat., north to the Peruvian and Brazilian
coasts; accidental on the coast of California (off Monterey).
Genus PROCELLARIA Linnaeus
Procellaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758 type, by subs.
desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 78, 1840), Procellaria
aequinoctialis Linnaeus.
Priofinus Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p.
355, March, 1844 type, by subs, desig. (Mathews and Iredale, Austr.
Av. Rec., 4, p. Ill, 1920), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus.
Majaqueus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus.
Cymatobolus Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein.,
p. 363, 1890 substitute name for Majaqueus Reichenbach.
Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Linnaeus. CAPE HEN.
Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758
based upon "The Great Peteril" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 89,
pi. 89 ; l believed to be "from the seas about the Cape of Good Hope";
Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia; Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171,
1923 off Atico, Peru.
Procellaria nigra (not of Pallas, 1769) Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein),
p. 26, 1844 substitute name for Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus.
Majaqueus aequinoctialis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 Val-
paraiso (Aug.); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 431 Coquimbo (June); Pagenstecher,
Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 22, 1885 South Georgia (breeding);
1 Edwards' plate represents an abnormal specimen without white on the chin,
but the length of the bill (three inches "from the corner of the mouth to the
point") plainly excludes P. parkinsoni. About its variation, cf. Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 23, p. 355, 1926.
62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 395, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Co-
quimbo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898
Cavancha and Coquimbo, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad.
Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 81, 1906 South Georgia (eggs descr.); Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 142, 1910 Patagonia
(descr.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 573, pi. 45, figs. 5-6, 1929
South Georgia (nesting).
Procellaria (Majaqueus) aequinoctialis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B.
161, 1891 Ponsonby Bay, Tierra del Fuego.
Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 113, May 30,
1912 "West coast of South America" (location of type not stated).
Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 5, 1923
(descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (breeding,
Nov., 1922); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel,
p. 52, 1930 between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 52, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 (synon., range);
Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 641, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 19, 1938 Iguape, Sao Paulo.
Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia (Crozet
Islands and Kerguelen), and ranges north over the southern oceans
to the coasts of Peru and Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro).
Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray. 1 BLACK PETREL.
Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, Ibis, 4, p. 245, 1862 New Zealand (type
in British Museum); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918
near Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos (May 4, June 18, and Oct.
14); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 647, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds on North Island, New Zealand; ranges over the
South Pacific to the Galapagos Islands.
Genus PUFFINUS Brisson
Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56; 6, p. 130, 1760 type, by tautonymy,
"Puffinus"= Procellaria puffinus Brunnich.
Nectris Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., p. 146, 1820 type, by subs, desig.
(Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 46, 1912), Procellaria puffinus Brunnich.
Thyellas Gloger, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, 16, p. 279,
1827 new name for Puffinus Brisson.
Rhipornis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A, 1828 new name for
Puffinus Brisson.
1 Probably conspecific with P. aequinoctialis.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63
Ardenna Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus major Reichenbach (not of Fa.ber) = Procellaria gratis
O'Reilly.
Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 93 (note), 1888 type,
by orig. desig., Puffinus sphenurus Gould = Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson.
Paranectris Iredale, Austr. Zool., 6, p. 115, Jan. 14, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria grisea Gmelin.
Neoneclris Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 12, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Proce llaria tenuirostris Temminck.
Hemipuffinus Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 20, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus carneipes Gould.
Alphapuffinus Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914 type, by
orig. desig., Puffinus assimilis Gould.
Calonedris Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 592, 1915 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus leucomelas Temminck.
Microzalias Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 597, 1915 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus nativiiatis Streets.
Puffinus kuhlii 1 kuhlii (Boie). 2 MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER.
Procellaria kuhlii Boie, Isis, 1835, col. 257 Corsica.
Calonedris kuhlii kuhlii Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 off Long Island, New
York; idem and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 4, 1929 (size characters).
Puffinus diomedea diomedea (not Procellaria diomedea Scopoli) 3 Peters, Bds.
World, 1, p. 54, 1931 (range).
Ardenna kuhli kuhli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on islands in the Mediterranean and ranges
across the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of the United States (off
Long Island).
*Puffinus kuhlii borealis Cory. CORY'S SHEARWATER.
Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 84, April, 1881 off Chatham
Island, Massachusetts (type in Field Museum of Natural History, ex-
amined).
1 According to Mayaud (Alauda, 4, p. 63, 1932, and Ibis, 1938, p. 343), P. kuhlii
has a differently shaped pelvis, and could be generically separated from the group
comprising P. assimilis, P. puffinus, P. griseus, and P. grains.
2 Puffinus kuhlii kuhlii (Boie) is on average smaller (wing, 332-342, female,
317-332; bill, 49-55, female, 45-50) than P. k. borealis, and differs, furthermore,
by the conspicuous whitish edges to the feathers of the forehead and the presence
of a large white field on the inner webs of the primaries (Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58,
1922).
'We agree with Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Nachtr., 1, p. 77, 1923) that
Procellaria diomedea Scopoli (Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 74, 1769), named from a single
specimen of unknown origin in the collection of Count Thurn-Valsassina at Passau,
is indeterminable.
62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 395, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Co-
quimbo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898
Cavancha and Coquimbo, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad.
Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 81, 1906 South Georgia (eggs descr.); Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 142, 1910 Patagonia
(descr.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 573, pi. 45, figs. 5-6, 1929
South Georgia (nesting).
Procellaria (Majaqueus) aequinoctialis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B.
161, 1891 Ponsonby Bay, Tierra del Fuego.
Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 113, May 30,
1912 "West coast of South America" (location of type not stated).
Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 5, 1923
(descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (breeding,
Nov., 1922); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel,
p. 52, 1930 between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 52, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 (synon., range);
Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 641, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 19, 1938 Iguape", Sao Paulo.
Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia (Crozet
Islands and Kerguelen), and ranges north over the southern oceans
to the coasts of Peru and Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro).
Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray. 1 BLACK PETREL.
Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, Ibis, 4, p. 245, 1862 New Zealand (type
in British Museum) ; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918
near Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos (May 4, June 18, and Oct.
14); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 647, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds on North Island, New Zealand; ranges over the
South Pacific to the Galdpagos Islands.
Genus PUFFINUS Brisson
Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56; 6, p. 130, 1760 type, by tautonymy,
"Puffinus"= Procellaria puffinus Briinnich.
Nectris Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., p. 146, 1820 type, by subs, desig.
(Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 46, 1912), Procellaria puffinus Brunnich.
Thyellas Gloger, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, 16, p. 279,
1827 new name for Puffinus Brisson.
Rhipornis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A, 1828 new name for
Puffinus Brisson.
1 Probably conspecific with P. aequinoctialis.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63
Ardenna Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus major Reichenbach (not of Faber) = Procellaria grains
O'Reilly.
Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 93 (note), 1888 type,
by orig. desig., Puffinus sphenurus Gould= Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson.
Paranectris Iredale, Austr. Zool., 6, p. 115, Jan. 14, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria grisea Gmelin.
Neonectris Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 12, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck.
Hemipuffinus Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 20, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus carneipes Gould.
Alphapuffinus Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914 type, by
orig. desig., Puffinus assimilis Gould.
Calonectris Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 592, 1915 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus leucomelas Temminck.
Microzalias Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 597, 1915 type, by orig.
desig., Puffinus nativitatis Streets.
Puffinus kuhlii 1 kuhlii (Boie). 2 MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER.
Procellaria kuhlii Boie, Isis, 1835, col. 257 Corsica.
Calonectris kuhlii kuhlii Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 off Long Island, New
York; idem and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 4, 1929 (size characters).
Puffinus diomedea diomedea (not Procellaria diomedea Scopoli) 3 Peters, Bds.
World, 1, p. 54, 1931 (range).
Ardenna kuhli kuhli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on islands in the Mediterranean and ranges
across the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of the United States (off
Long Island).
*Puffinus kuhlii borealis Cory. CORY'S SHEARWATER.
Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 84, April, 1881 off Chatham
Island, Massachusetts (type in Field Museum of Natural History, ex-
amined).
1 According to Mayaud (Alauda, 4, p. 63, 1932, and Ibis, 1938, p. 343), P. kuhlii
has a differently shaped pelvis, and could be generically separated from the group
comprising P. assimilis, P. puffinus, P. griseus, and P. gravis.
2 Puffinus kuhlii kuhlii (Boie) is on average smaller (wing, 332-342, female,
317-332; bill, 49-55, female, 45-50) than P. k. borealis, and differs, furthermore,
by the conspicuous whitish edges to the feathers of the forehead and the presence
of a large white field on the inner webs of the primaries (Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58,
1922).
3 We agree with Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Nachtr., 1, p. 77, 1923) that
Procellaria diomedea Scopoli (Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 74, 1769), named from a single
specimen of unknown origin in the collection of Count Thurn-Valsassina at Passau,
is indeterminable.
66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 128, 1910 (descr.); Wilkins, Ibis,
1923, p. 499 Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands (breeding); Bennett,
I.e., 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (one spec.); Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 55, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4, p. 61, 1932 (osteol.); Wynne-
Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 247, 1935 (field chars., distrib.);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 660, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul, 22, p. 21, 1938 South Trinidad; H0rring, Medd. Gr0nl.,
108, p. 11, 1939 East Greenland.
Ardenna gravis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 65, 1922 (life hist.);
Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 12, 1923 Tierra del Fuego and Falkland
Islands (descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 27, 1932 Tristan d'Acunha
(breeding, eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands, Tristan
d'Acunha group; winters in the North Atlantic Ocean to the Grand
Banks, British Isles, and the Arctic Circle; accidental in South
Trinidad, Falkland Islands, and Tierra del Fuego.
Field Museum Collection. 30: Baffin Land (Resolution Island,
1); Labrador (unspecified, 1); Newfoundland (Grand Banks, 1);
Nova Scotia (Dover, 11); Massachusetts (Chatham Island, 1; Crab
Ledge, Monomoy Island, 15).
Puffinus pacificus 1 chlororhynchus Lesson. WEDGE-TAILED
SHEARWATER.
Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 613, June, 1831
no locality given (type, from Shark's Bay, West Australia, in Paris Mu-
seum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 633, 1850, and Berlioz,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 62, 1929); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 25, p. 372, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4),
2, p. 141, 1918 San Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo group (nesting
habits, plumages, var., meas.).
Puffinus sphenurus Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 365, May 1, 1844
Houtmann's Abrolhos, West Australia (type now in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec.,
1, p. 137, 1913).
Puffinus cuneatus (not of Salvin) Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 39, 316, 1898 off
Cape San Lucas, Lower California, and San Benedicto Island, Revilla-
gigedo group; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 27, 1899 Maria Madre
Island, Tres Marias (descr.); Anthony, Auk, 17, p. 250, pi. 8, 1900 San
Benedicto Island (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 432, 1904 off Cape San Lucas, San Benedicto, Socorro, and
1 Procellaria pacifica Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 560, 1789 based on
"Pacific Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 416) was described from "circa
insulam Europa aliasque maris pacifici." Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, p. 80, 1912)
designated as type locality Kermadec Islands, although it is pretty certain that
the bird described by Latham did not originate in these islands (cf. also Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 33, pp. 350-351, 1926). This form, for which we reluctantly maintain
the designation P. pacificus pacificus, seems to be separable by its more powerful
bill, longer wings and tail, etc.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 67
Maria Madre Islands; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 286,
1926 San Benedicto Island (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 66, 1928 off Cape San Lucas, Lower California.
Puffinus pacificus atteni Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 83, May 30, 1912 San
Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo group (type in Tring Collection [cf.
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 351, 1926], now in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York).
Thyellodroma pacifica (not Procellaria pacified Gmelin) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 121, p. 97, 1922 (We hist.).
Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 55, 1931 (range).
Thyellodroma pacifica alleni Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 186, 1934 Revilla-
gigedo Islands.
Range. Breeds on the Revillagigedo group (San Benedicto
Island), 1 islands off Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, and
many other islands in the Pacific; ranges through the warmer parts
of the Indian and Pacific oceans.
*Puffinus bulled Salvin. NEW ZEALAND SHEARWATER.
Puffinus bulleri Salvin, Ibis, (5), 6, p. 354, 1888 New Zealand (cotype in
British Museum); 2 idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 371, 1896 (monog.);
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 146, 1918 Point Pinos, Cali-
fornia (descr., meas.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 352, 1926 (crit.); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2,
p. 664, 1936 (monog.).
Thyellodroma bulleri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 101, 1922 Chile
(Valparaiso, Feb. 24 to March 9) and California (Point Pinos) (life hist.;
egg descr.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 14, 1930 Chile (crit.).
Thyellodroma pacifica bulleri Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 186, 1934 (range).
Range.-^-Breeds on small islands off North Island, New Zealand ;
migrates to the coast of California (Point Pinos) and south to Chile
(Valparaiso).
Field Museum Collection. 1: Peru (Talara, 1).
*Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). SOOTY SHEARWATER.
Procellaria grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 southern hemi-
sphere between 35 and 50= New Zealand.
Nedris fuliginosus a. chilensis Bonaparte, 3 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 202, 1857
Chile (type in Berlin Museum). 4
1 The breeding race of these islands is evidently inseparable from the Aus-
tralian birds.
'Another cotype is in the Tring Collection (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33,
p. 352, 1926).
3 Examination of an adequate number of breeding birds from South America
shows this form to be inseparable.
*Nectris gama Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 202, 1857), described from
a Verreaux specimen, presumably of South African origin, in the Paris Museum,
68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Puffinus cinereus (not Procellaria cinerea Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3,
Birds, p. 137, 1841 Tierra del Fuego, Chile (Chiloe Island), mouth of
the La Plata, and Callao Bay, Peru (habits).
Nectris amaurosoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 124, pub.
June 30, 1864 Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National
Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 Coquimbo, Chile (crit.).
Puffinus stricklandi Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds.
N. Amer., 2, p. 390, 1884 "North Pacific Ocean" (type probably in
U. S. National Museum).
Puffinus (Nectris) fuliginosus var. chilensis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn,
6, p. B. 162, 1891 Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (November).
Puffinus griseus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 386, 1896 Peru (Callao
Bay), Chile (Corral, Coquimbo), and Straits of Magellan (monog.);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 384, 1902 Harberton
Harbour, Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 51
Valparaiso Bay, Chile; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 131, 1910 (descr.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 2, p. 132, 1918 off California (var., molt, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 121, p. 85, 1922 (life hist.); (?) Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber.,
32, p. 63, 1924 Colupito, coast Cordillera of Antofagasta, Chile; Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 peninsula of Lower California;
Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 7, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 56, 1931 (range in part); Mayaud, Alauda, 6, p. 89, 1934 (osteol.,
affinities); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935 Isla la Mocha,
Chile (nesting); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 260,
1935 (winter range in the North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 666, 1936 (monog.); Aguayo and Moreno, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist.
Nat., 13, p. 315, 1939 Cuba; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 Gulf of California.
Puffinus griseus chilensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 9, 1923 (descr., range);
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (breeding); Reynolds, I.e.,
1935, p. 92 Wollaston Island, Beagle Channel, Straits of Magellan (breed-
ing; eggs descr.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 Arica to Valparaiso,
Chile.
Puffinus griseus griseus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 183, 1926
Gulf of Jambeli, Ecuador (July 16).
Paranectris griseus chilensis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933 Chile to
the Kurile Islands.
Paranectris griseus stricklandi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933 Falk-
land Islands "to the coast of Africa."
Range. Breeds on South Island and Stewart Island, New Zea-
land, the Chatham, Auckland and Snares Islands, the Falkland
Islands, in the Straits of Magellan (Wollaston and Deceit Islands),
and supposedly also in the Cordillera of Antofagasta, Chile; migrates
does not seem to belong here at all. We are at a loss to understand Mathews'
entry of the name in Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933. The type unfortunately is
lost. Cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 69
into the North Pacific and North Atlantic to Kamchatka, Alaska,
Labrador, Greenland, and the Faroes.
Field Museum Collection. 58: Alaska (St. George Island, Bering
Sea, 1); Newfoundland (Grand Banks, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 4);
California (Carmel Bay, 2; Pacific Grove, 6; Monterey, 9; Moss
Landing, 8; Carmel, 2; Carmel River mouth, 1; Westport, 1; Redondo
Beach, 1; Hyperion, 1; Pacific Beach, 2); Massachusetts (Chatham
Island, 5; Monomoy Island, 10); Peru (Talara, 3; Homi, Arequipa, 1).
*Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck). SLENDER-BILLED SHEAR-
WATER.
Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 99, text to pi.
587, 1835 Japan (cotypes in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 26, 1863).
Puffinus tenuirostris Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 388, 1896 (monog.);
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 138, 1918 off Point Pinos,
California (plumages, affinities, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121,
p. 90, 1922 (life hist., distr.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 9, 1930
(crit.); idem, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 673, 1936 (monog.); Kenyon,
Condor, 44, p. 232, 1942 off San Diego County, California.
Puffinus tenuirostris tenuirostris Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Bering
and Copper Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range); Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 off Naos Island, Bay of Panama
(one record).
Neonectris tenuirostris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 184, 1934 (synon., range).
Range. Breeds on islands off the Australian coast and on the
Bounty Islands, migrates north through the Pacific Ocean to Point
Barrow, Alaska, and east to the shores of the American continent
from Alaska to California; accidental in the Bay of Panama (one
record from Naos Island).
Field Museum Collection. 8: Alaska (Barrow, 5; Unimak Pass,
Aleutian Islands, 2); Washington (Pacific coast, 1).
Puffinus nativitatis Streets. CHRISTMAS ISLAND SHEARWATER.
Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 29, 1877
Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean (type in U. S. National Museum);
Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 414, 1902 at sea, 12 5' N. lat.,
107 W. long.; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 57, 1931 (range).
Microzalias nativitatis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on islands in the tropical Pacific (Laysan, Wake,
Christmas, Phoenix, Marquesas, etc.); one record from the waters
around Clipperton Island.
70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Puffinus puffinus puffinus (Briinnich). MANX SHEARWATER.
Procellaria puffinus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 29, 1764 Faroes and Norway.
Procellaria anglorum Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 806, 1820 new
name for Procellaria puffinus Briinnich.
Puffinus major Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn., p. 56, 1822 new name for Procellaria
puffinus Briinnich.
Puffinus anglorum Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 377, 1896 (monog.);
Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 139, 1898 South Greenland (one record).
Neclris puffinus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 Iguap, Sao Paulo.
Puffinus puffinus bermudae Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 195, April,
1916 Gurnet Head Rock, Bermuda (type in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York); Dwight, I.e., 44, p. 243, 1927 (crit., meas.;=
P. p. puffinus).
Puffinus bermudae Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 206, 1917 Maine or New Brunswick.
Puffinus puffinus puffinus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 71, 1922 (life
hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 57, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4,
pp. 43, 57, 1932 (morph., osteol.); idem, I.e., 6, p. 87, 1934 (osteol.);
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 178, 1934; idem,. Ibis, 1935, pp. 579, 581
(synon., range, char.); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 267,
1935 (distrib. in North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2,
p. 677, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938 Iguape
(Sept.) and Ilha de Sao Sebastiao (Oct.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Puffinus puffinus Nichols, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 294, 1931 Bermuda
Islands (three records).
Range. Breeds in Iceland (Vestmann's Islands), on the Faroes,
the British Isles, on islets off the coast of Brittany, on the Azores,
Madeira, and the Salvages, and occasionally in the Bermuda Islands;
extends its migrations to the coasts of Brazil (Sao Paulo), Uruguay,
and even Argentina (Mar del Plata, Oct. 5-9, 1914); accidental in
Greenland and New Brunswick.
Field Museum Collection. 1: New Brunswick (St. John, 1).
/
*Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas Coues. 1 BLACK- VENTED SHEAR-
WATER.
Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 139, pub.
June 30, 1864 Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National
Museum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 380, 1896 (monog.); Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 114, pis. 14-16, 1918 (plumages, molt,
char.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 79, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 285, 1926 Guadalupe Island; Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 Lower California (breeding on
Natividad, Guadalupe, and San Benito Islands); Peters, Bds. World,
1 We agree with Murphy and Mathews that this and the next form are races
of the Manx Shearwater.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 71
1, p. 58, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana
State Univ., 21, p. 30, 1945 Gulf of California (may breed).
Puffinus optatus (Hartlaub and Finsch, MS.) Schmeltz, 1 Mus. Godeffroy, Cat.,
5, p. 15, Feb., 1874 new name for P. opisthomelas Coues.
Puffinus couesi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 67, 1912 based on P. opistho-
melas Godman, Monog. Petrels, pt. 2, p. 109, 1908, ex Santa Cruz Island,
California (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, British Museum).
Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 179, 1934 (range,
synon.); idem, Ibis, 1935, pp. 580, 582 (synon., range, char.).
Range. Breeds on San Benito, Natividad, and Guadalupe
Islands, on the west coast of Lower California, and perhaps in Gulf
of California; ranges north to the coast of British Columbia (off
Albert Head).
Field Museum Collection. 17: California (Pacific Grove, 3;
Monterey Bay, 3; off Carmel Bay, 3; off San Diego, 1; Santa Cruz,
1); Mexico (Natividad Island, Lower California, 6).
*Puffinus puffinus auricularis Townsend. TOWNSEND'S SHEAR-
WATER.
Puffinus auricularis Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 133, Sept. 9,
1890 Clarion Island, off Lower California (type in U. S. National .Mu-
seum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 380, 1896 (monog.); Anthony,
Auk, 15, pp. 313, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Clarion, and Socorro
Islands; idem, I.e., 17, p. 249, 1900 Revillagigedo Islands (breeding
habits); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 414, 1902 Clarion
Island; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 434, 1904
Revillagigedo Islands and Cape San Lucas, Lower California; Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 120, 1918 Revillagigedo Islands and
vicinity of Clipperton Island (disc., var., downy plumage, meas.); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 84, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 285, 1926 Clarion and Socorro Islands (breeding);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 vicinity of Cape San
Lucas, Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 58, 1931 (range).
Puffinus puffinus auricularis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 179, 1934 (range);
idem, Ibis, 1935, pp. 580, 582 (range, chars.).
Range. Breeds on the Revillagigedo group (Clarion, San Bene-
dicto, and Socorro Islands) ; wanders to Cape San Lucas and south
to Clipperton Island.
Field Museum Collection. 3: Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands
(Clarion Island, 2; Socorro Island, 1).
1 Although ostensibly intended for a bird of the Pelew Islands, presumably
P. assimilis assimilis Gould, the name, published without any description, stands
as a substitute for P. opisthomelas Coues.
72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Puffinus assimilis baroli Bonaparte. ATLANTIC ALLIED SHEAR-
WATER.
Puffinus baroli (Bonelli MS.) Bonaparte, 1 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 204, Oct. 1,
1857 Mediterranean, Desertas near Madeira, and Canary Islands;
Desertas designated as type locality by Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 477. 2
Puffinus obscurus atlanticus Rothschild and Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl.,
27, p. 43, Jan. 23, 1911 "North Atlantic Isles" (type, from Porto Santo,
near Madeira, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 347,
1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Puffinus assimilis godmani Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 77, 1922
Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Sept. 1, 1896); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov.,
276, p. 5, 1927 Madeira, Desertas, Dugio Island, and Sable Island, Nova
Scotia (char.).
Puffinus assimilis baroli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Mayaud,
Alauda, 4, p. 60, 1932 (osteol.).
Alphapuffinus assimilis baroli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 181, 1934 (synon.,
range).
Puffinus godmani Allen, Auk, 25, p. 339, July, 1938 based on P. bailloni
(not of Bonaparte) Godman (Monog. Petrels, p. 138, 1908) from the
Island of Madeira.
Range. Breeds in Madeira, the Desertas, the Salvage and Canary
Islands; accidental on Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Sept. 1, 1896).
*Puffinus assimilis Iherminieri Lesson. 3 AUDUBON'S SHEAR-
WATER.
Pufflnus (sic) Lherminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 102, 1839 "ad ripas
Antillarum"= Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles (type in Rochefort Museum).
Puffinus auduboni Finsch, in Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1872, p. Ill, pub. June 1, 1872 Cape Florida (type in Berlin Museum);
Feilden, Ibis, 1889, pp. 60, 503 Barbados (breeding); Bonhote, I.e., 1903,
p. 315 Washerwoman Cays, Andros, Bahama Islands (breeding); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 435, 1904 Bahama Islands,
Gulf of Mexico, Montserrat.
Puffinus obscurus (not Procellaria obscura Gmelin) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 382, 1896 part, spec, p, Montserrat.
1 Puffinus barolii (Bonelli MS.) Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
42, p. 769, 1856) is a nomen nudum.
2 Bonaparte had evidently seen three specimens: (1) Turin Museum, No.
3202, from the "Mediterranean" (ex Bonelli, 1820); (2) one from Desertas (near
Madeira) in L. A. F. Baillon's collection at Abbeville; (3) one from the Canary
Islands (ex Berthelot) in the Paris Museum. Although Bonelli, Curator of the
Turin Museum at one time, clearly employed the term baroli on a Museum label,
whence it was adopted by Bonaparte, there is no way of telling which of the three
specimens actually served as basis of the diagnosis in the Conspectus and we may
therefore accept Banner-man's action as final.
8 P. Iherminieri appears to us conspecific with P. assimilis.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 73
Puffinus obscurus auduboni Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 195,
1899 (char., range).
Puffinus Iherminieri Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 229, 1905 Barbados
(Bird Rock), Grenadines (small islets about Carriacou), and Grenada
("Mouchoir Quarre"," Labaye Rocks) (breeding; egg descr.); Smyth,
Wilson Bull., 50, p. 203, 1938 Mona Island, Puerto Rico (nesting).
Puffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 74, 1922
(life hist.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 6, 1927 (char.); Wetmore,
Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 275, 1927 Little Saba Island,
near St. Thomas (breeding); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
155, p. 61, 1931 Hispaniola (no breeding record); Bradlee, Mowbray,
and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 293, 1931 Bermuda (rare
breeder); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker,
Ibis, 1934, p. 577 islets off Tobago (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 684, 1936 (monog.); Richardson, Auk, 55, p. 119, 1938
Chilmark, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (Aug. 13, 1937).
Alphapuffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 181, 1934
(range).
Range. Breeds in the Bermuda, Bahama, and Virgin Islands
(Little Saba), Puerto Rico (Mona), Lesser Antilles (St. Martins, Saba,
St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Grenadines), and islets off
Tobago; ranges over the Gulf of Mexico to the coast of Florida and
casually to the Atlantic coast of the United States north to Massa-
chusetts (Martha's Vineyard); 1 accidental off the coast of British
Guiana (Dec. 2, 1931).
Field Museum Collection. 24: Bahama Islands (unspecified, 1;
Cay Verde, 2; Cay Sal, 2; Bimini, 3; Exuma Sound, 1; Old Provi-
dence Island, 10); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3); Lesser Antilles
(Saba Bank, 2).
*Puffinus assimilis subalaris Ridgway. GALAPAGOS SHEAR-
WATER.
Puffinus subalaris (Townsend MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19,
p. 650, Mar. 15, 1897 Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island (type in U. S.
National Museum); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 180 miles south
of Balboa, Panama.
Puffinus obscurus (not Procellaria obscura Gmelin) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, p. 431 Charles Island; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 382, 1896 part, spec, o, Charles Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., (4), 2, p. 122, 1918 Galapagos Islands (var., molt).
Puffinus tenebrosus (not of Pelzeln, 1873) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
13, p. 142, 1890 Chatham Island; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27,
p. 126, 1895 off Chatham and Wenman Islands.
1 The North American records have been reviewed by Palmer (Auk, 48,
pp. 198-208, 1931).
74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Puffinus obscurus subalaris Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, pp. 194, 195,
1899 Culpepper, Wenman, Albemarle, Narborough, Jervis Islands, and
Kicker Rock, near Chatham Island (chars.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902
Bindloe, Seymour, and Wenman Islands (descr. of downy young); Snod-
grass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 241, 1904 Wenman Islands
(breeding; eggs descr.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 34,
1931 Galapagos Islands.
Puffinus Iherminieri becki Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 70, May 30, 1912
"Culpepper and Wenman Islands, Galapagos group" (type, from Culpepper
Island, in the Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 350, 1926],
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Puffinus Iherminieri subalaris Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 7, 1927
(char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 26, 1931 Tower, Daphne and
Hood Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 687, 1936 (monog.).
Alphapuffinus Iherminieri subalaris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 182, 1934
(range).
Range. Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago.
Field Museum Collection. 10: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island,
2; Hood Island, 2; Champion Island, near Charles, 1; Tagus Cove,
Albemarle Island, 5).
Genus PTERODROMA Bonaparte
Rhantisles (not of Kaup, 1829) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853)
type, by orig. desig., Procellaria cookii Gray.
Pterodroma Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768,
May, 1856 type, by subs, desig. (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1866, p. 137), Procellaria macroptera Smith.
Aestrelata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768,
May, 1856 type, by subs, desig., Procellaria hasitata "Temminck"
(=Kuhl).
Cookilaria Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 994, Nov., 1856
new name for Rhantistes Reichenbach.
Oestrelata Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277 emendation of Aestrelata Bonaparte.
Oestrelatella Bianchi, Faune Russie, Aves, 1, (2), pp. 521, 719, 1913 type,
by orig. desig., Oestrelata hypokuca Salvin.
Pterodroma brevirostris brevirostris (Lesson). 1 GRAY-FACED
PETREL.
Procellaria brevirostris Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 611, June 11, 1831
no locality given (type from the seas around the Cape of Good Hope, in
1 As pointed out long ago by Pucheran, P. brevirostris is an earlier name for
P. macroptera, the types of both having been obtained in the Cape Seas. Mathews
(Ibis, 1935, p. 885) proposed to transfer Lesson's name to the form of the Mascarene
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 75
Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 633, 1858, and
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929).
Procellaria macroptera Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Afr., Part 11, pi. 52, July, 1840
Cape Seas (location O f type unknown).
Procellaria atlantica (not of Bonaparte, 1824) Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
13, p. 362, May 1, 1844 "Atlantic between our shores and the Cape of
Good Hope" (cotypes, from the South Atlantic, 31 45' S. lat., 5 41' W.
long., and 35 19' S. lat., 10 32' E. long., respectively, in the British
Museum).
Oestrelata macroptera Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 399, 1896 (monog.).
Pterodroma macroptera macroptera Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 20, 1923 (descr.);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38,
p. 32, 1932 Tristan d'Acunha (breeding); idem, I.e., 39, p. 163, 1934
(range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938 Guaruja, Santos, Sao
Paulo, Brazil (Aug., 1925).
Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and the Crozet Islands;
ranges over the South Atlantic Ocean to the coast of South America
(definitely recorded from Guarujd, off Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil).
Pterodroma lessonii lessonii (Garnot). LESSON'S PETREL.
ProceUaria Lessonii Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 54, pi. 4, 1826 "dans les
parages du Cap Horn et de la mer Pacifique par 52 de lat. sept. [=austr.]
et 85 de longit." 1 (type, from at sea off the Pacific coast of Patagonia, in
the Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2), 1, p. 62,
1929); idem, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 12, p. 548, July 4,
1829 same locality, lat. corrected to 52 S.
Puffinus sericeus Lesson, Man. Orn., 2, p. 402, June, 1828 Pacific Ocean,
52 S. lat., 85 W. long., off the west coast of Patagonia (same specimen
as type of P. Lessonii Garnot; cf. Berlioz, I.e., p. 62).
Oestrelata lessonii Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 401, 1896 (monog.);
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 Falkland Islands (errore); idem, I.e., 1931,
p. 12 East Falkland Islands (Aug. 23, 1925; three specimens).
Pterodroma Lessoni Lessoni Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 16, 1923 (descr.);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39,
p. 163, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on Kerguelen Island and ranges over the southern
oceans; 2 within our limits recorded from the west coast of Chilean
Patagonia ("Coquille," 1825) and the Falkland Islands (East Falk-
land Island, Aug. 23, 1925).
Islands, P. b. aterrima Bonaparte, but this identity is altogether unlikely and
should be substantiated by a critical comparison of the types in the Paris Museum.
1 Mathews (List Bds. Austr., p. 37, 1913; Nov. Zool., 39, p. 163, 1934) wrongly
quotes "Falkland Islands Seas" as type locality.
* A very questionable race, P. lessonii australis (Mathews), breeds on the
Bounty, Auckland, and Antipodes Islands, off New Zealand.
76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel). 1 TRISTAN PETREL.
Procellaria incerta Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 9, 1863
"Mers australes, c6tes de la Nouvelle Z61ande, et Mere de 1'Australie"
(co types in Leyden Museum). 2
Oestralata incerta Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 405, 1896 (monog.).
Pterodroma incerta Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 18, 1923 (descr., range);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38,
p. 33, 1932 Tristan d'Acunha (breeding); idem, I.e., 39, p. 164, 1934
(range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 702, 1936 (monog.); Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 22, 1938 South Atlantic Ocean.
Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and ranges through the
South Atlantic Ocean to the seas off the coast of Argentina and
southern Brazil. 3
*Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl). BLACK-CAPPED PETREL.
Procellaria hasitata Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., Vergl. Anat., 1, p. 142, 1820 "Mer
de 1'Inde" (type in coll. of J. C. Temminck, now in Leyden Museum;
cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 13, 1863); Temminck,
Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 70, pi. 416, Dec. 27, 1826 "des mers de 1'Inde"
(descr. and fig. of type); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 106, 1922
(life hist.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 307, 1929 Moca,
Dominican Republic; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155,
p. 62, 1931 Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range);
Wetmore, Auk, 49, p. 107, 1932 Moca, Hispaniola (May 14-15, 1928);
idem, I.e., p. 456, 1932 Roseau, Dominica (May 2, 1932).
Procellaria harlic Voigt, Cuvier's Thierreich, 1, p. 931, 1831 new name for
Procellaria hasitata Kuhl.
Procellaria diabolica (L'Herminier MS.) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 168,
1844 based on "Les diables ou diablotin" Labat, Nouv. Voy. Amer.,
2, p. 408; Guadeloupe and San Domingo. 4
1 Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel), unknown to the authors, is regarded by certain
writers as the juvenile plumage or a color phase of the preceding species.
2 Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934) erroneously quotes Cape of Good
Hope as type locality.
3 Procellaria sandaliata (Solander MS.) Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, p. 151,
1912 37 S. lat. by 49 W. long.) and Pterodroma satalandia Mathews (Bull.
Brit. Orn. CL, 54, p. 25, 1933 substitute name for P. sandaliata) may possibly
refer to the above species.
Another species may, for the sake of completeness, be mentioned. This is
Oestrelata wortheni Rothschild (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 12, p. 62, April 28, 1902),
the type having been secured at sea in 3 S. lat., 118 45' W. long., thus on the
boundaries of our area. Known from the unique type, Mathews (Nov. Zool.,
39, p. 165, 1934) claims it to be the same as Pterodroma alba (Gmelin), of the
tropical Pacific.
4 Lafresnaye does not give any description, and the only way of identifying
his P. diabolica is through his reference to Labat's "Diablotin." The specimens
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 77
Procellaria meridionalis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 4, p. 475,
pi. 15, 1848 Florida= Indian River (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, in
Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 827, 1858 (descr.).
Procellaria rubritarsi (Gould MS.) Newton, Zoologist, 1852, p. 3692 Swaff-
ham, Norfolk (type in Newcome Collection).
Procellaria haesitata (not of Forster, 1844) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4,
Procellariae, p. 13, 1863 "Ocean" (descr. of type).
Oestrelata haesitata Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 402, 1896 Haiti
(monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 186, pi. 49, 1908 Haiti; Grieve,
Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 21, p. 20, 1925 Dominica (hist.).
Aestrelata haesitata Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 369, 1916 Guade-
loupe.
Aestrelata diabolica Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 370, 1916 Guade-
loupe (crit., meas.).
Pterodroma hasitata hasitata Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934 (synon.,
range).
Pterodroma hasitata Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 692, 1936 (monog.);
Wetmore, Auk, 56, p. 73, 1939 Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Bond, I.e., 58,
p. 365, 1941 Dominica (nesting).
Range. Bred formerly in Guadeloupe and Dominica, still breed-
ing apparently in mountains of Dominica and Hispaniola, Greater
Antilles; ranges to the coasts of Florida (also various island records
from the United States and [fide Peters] eastern Brazil) ; accidental
in England (Swaffham, Norfolk).
Field Museum Collection. 1: Lesser Antilles (somewhere at
sea, 1).
Pterodroma caribbaea Carte. 1 JAMAICAN PETREL.
Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 93, pi. 10 Blue
Mountains, Jamaica (cotypes in the Natural History Museum of the Royal
Dublin Society); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (range); Mathews,
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 165, 1934 (range).
Oestrelata jamaicensis Salvin, 1 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 403, 1896 Jamaica
(monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, pi. 50, 1908 (monog.).
Range. Extinct. Bred formerly on the island of Jamaica,
Greater Antilles.
listed by Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 173, 1930), therefore, have no
claims to be "cotypes."
1 Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, as has been pointed out by Murphy (Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 696, 1936), might have been merely a dark phase of P. hasitata.
2 Procellaria jamaicensis Bancroft (Zool. Joura., 5, p. 81, 1829) is a nomen
nudum.
78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray). 1 CAHOW.
Aestrelata cahow Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 194, April, 1916 south-
east side of Castle Island, Bermuda (type in coll. of Bermuda Natural
History Society).
Aestralata gularis (not Procellaria gularis Peale) Bradlee, Auk, 33, p. 217,
1906 Castle Island, Bermuda.
Aestrelata vociferans Shufeldt, Ibis, (10), 4, p. 633, Oct., 1916 Crystal Cave,
Bermuda Islands (based on subfossil bones).
Pterodroma cahow Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 112, 1922 (life hist.);
Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 295, 1931
Bermuda Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (listed); Beebe, Bull.
N. Y. Zool. Soc., 38, p. 187, 1935 Bermuda Islands (probably still
breeding).
Pterodroma hasitata cahow Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on Bermuda Islands.
*Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia (Salvin). DARK-RUMPED
PETREL.
Oestrelata phaeopygia Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 507, pi. 88, figs. 1,
2, May, 1876 Chatham Island, Galapagos (cotypes in British Museum);
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 407, 1896 part, spec, a, b, Chatham
Island; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 207, pi. 56, 1908 (monog.).
Aestrelata phaeopygia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 648, 1897
between James and Indefatigable Islands (descr., crit.); Rothschild and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899 Albemarle, Wenman, Indefatigable,
and Barrington Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 Narborough Island;
Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 242, 1904 off Iguana
Cove, Albemarle Island.
Pterodroma phaeopygia Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1918
Galapagos Islands and from vicinity of Clipperton Island to the coast of
Ecuador (habits, plumages, meas.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923
off Cape Santa Elena, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 184, 1926 near Cape San Lorenzo and off Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador;
Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 34, 1931 Galapagos Islands;
Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 27, 1931
Indefatigable Island (crit.).
1 Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray) : "Upper surfaces dark sooty,
darkest on the primaries, grayish on the back and nape; tail coverts (partly lost)
dark gray, with white bases; rectrices grayish black with white bases, inner web
of the two outer feathers white almost to the tip; sides of breast sooty gray;
primaries dark beneath; under wing coverts white, with a peculiar oval dark spot
just inside the exposed primaries, as in hasitata; tail cuneate; forehead, lores,
and under parts white, center of forehead and white region above the eye finely
speckled with dark; the dark color from the side of the neck extends narrowly
forward under the eye. Bill dark; legs, basal third of foot, and inner toe pale,
remainder of foot dark. Wing, 10J4 in.; tail, 6J^; culmen, l 3 /ie; tarsus, 1%;
middle toe with claw, 1%." (Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 194, 1916.)
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 79
Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range);
Mathews, Npv. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 697, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds on the Galapagos Islands; ranges from the
vicinity of Clipperton Island to the coast of Ecuador and Peru. 1
Field Museum Collection. 1: Galapagos Islands (North Albe-
marle, 1).
Pterodroma externa externa (Salvin). JUAN FERNANDEZ PETREL.
Oestrelata externa Salvin, Ibis, (3), 5, p. 373, July, 1875 Mas Afuera, Juan
Fernandez Islands, off Chile (type in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 411, 1896 Mas Afuera (monog.); Schalow, Zool.
Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 735, 1898 Mas A Tierra (breeding; descr.); Godman,
Monog. Petrels, pi. 62, 1908 (monog.).
Pterodroma externa Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 95, 1918
twenty miles northwest of Clipperton Island (molt, char., meas.).
Pterodroma (Aestrelata) externa Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan
Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 13, 1921 Mas A Tierra and Mas Afuera (breeding,
nest and chicks descr.).
Pterodroma externa externa Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Mathews,
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 169, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 700, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds in the Juan Fernandez group (Mas Afuera
Island) and ranges to the vicinity of Clipperton Island.
Pterodroma inexpectata (I. R. Forster). PEALE'S PETREL.
Procellaria inexpectata I. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 204,
1844 Antarctic Ocean.
Procellaria gularis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 299, 184868 S. lat., 95 W.
long, (type in U. S. National Museum).
Aestrelata fisheri Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882," p. 656, pub.
June 26, 1883 St. Paul, Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National
Museum).
Aestrelata scalaris Brewster, Auk, 3, p. 390, July, 1886 Livingstone County,
New York (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 173, 1930).
Oestrelata gularis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 414, 1896 (monog.);
Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 236, pi. 68, 1908 (monog.).
Procellaria lugens (Solander MS.) Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 159, 1912
Antarctic Ocean "to southern Tierra del Fuego."
Pterodroma inexpectata Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1918
Kiska Island, Alaska (crit., var., meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1 Replaced in the Hawaiian Islands by a nearly allied form of smaller size,
P. phaeopygia sandwichensis (Ridgway).
80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
121, p. 117, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 (range);
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 166, 1934 (range).
Pterodroma gularis Bent, Auk, 35, p. 221, 1918 Sitka, Alaska.
Range. Breeds on islands off South Island, New Zealand, the
Snares, Chatham, and Bounty Islands; ranges through the Pacific
to Alaska (Sitka, Kodiak Island, etc.) and the Aleutian Islands
(Kiska Island) ; accidental in New York (Mount Morris, Livingstone
County, April, 1880). x
Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews. 2 MAS A TIERRA PETREL.
Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 56, p. 59, Jan. 6,
1936 Mas A Tierra, Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (type in Stockholm
Museum); idem, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (chars.).
Oestrelata neglecta (not Procellaria neglecta Schlegel) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, p. 431 Juan Fernandez (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 412, 1896 part, spec, g, h, Juan Fernandez; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb.,
Suppl., 4, p. 734, 1898 Mas A Tierra (plumage var.; habits).
Pterodroma (Aestrelata) neglecta Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan
Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 12, 1921 Mas A Tierra (breeding; crit.).
Pterodroma phillipii (not Procellaria phillipii G. R. Gray) Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 63, 1931 part, Juan Fernandez.
Pterodroma neglecta Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 part, Juan
Fernandez Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 704, 1936 part,
Chile (monog.).
Range. Breeds on Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands in the
Juan Fernandez group, and on San Ambrosio Island, off Chile.
Pterodroma neglecta paschae Lonnberg. 3 EASTER ISLAND
PETREL.
Pterodroma (Aestrelata) heraldica paschae Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist.
Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 23, 1921 Motu Nui, Easter Island (type in
Stockholm Museum).
1 Pterodroma kidderi (Coues) has been admitted by Dabbene (El Hornero, 3,
p. 19, 1923) to the American fauna on the basis of the record of Aestrelata bre-
virostris by Paessler (Orn. Monatsber., 23, p. 59, 1915) from the Patagonian coast
at 43 S. lat., 60 W. long. As no other naturalist ever met with the species in
South American waters, the record requires confirmation by specimens. About
the nomenclature of the species, cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1935, pp. 884-885.
2 Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews is stated to differ from P. n. neglecta
(Schlegel), of the Kermadec Islands, by slightly larger size (wing of males, 295-303
mm.) and darker, more sooty blackish coloration, nearly uniform above and below.
The white-bellied variety, described by Schalow, appears to be rather rare. About
the adoption of the specific name neglecta in place of phillipii, cf. Mathews, Ibis,
1932, pp. 524-525.
3 Pterodroma neglecta paschae Lonnberg: Like P. n. heraldica (Salvin), of the
western Pacific Ocean, with dark shafts to the primaries, but differs by having
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 81
Pterodroma heraldica paschae Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 (range);
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 Easter Island.
Pterodroma neglecta paschae Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (char.).
(T)Aestrelaia neglecta (?) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902
eastern Pacific Ocean (13 N., 103 50' W.) (crit.).
Range. Breeds on Easter Island, eastern Pacific Ocean.
Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvador!). 1
SOUTH TRINIDAD PETREL.
Aestrelata arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 62, Jan.,
1869 near South Trinidad Island (type in Turin Museum); iidem, Atti
Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 11, "1868," p. 452, pub. early in 1869 South Trinidad
Island.
Aestrelata trinitatis Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 65, Jan., 1869
near South Trinidad (co types in Turin Museum ;= dark phase). 2
Oestrelata arminjoniana Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, pp. 234, 252,
pi. 31, 1876 (crit., fig. of type); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 413,
1896 (monog.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 215 South Trinidad; Nicoll, I.e.,
1906, p. 671 (crit).
Oestrelata trinitatis Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, p. 253, pi. 32, 1876
(crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 413, 1896; Sharpe, Ibis, 1904,
p. 215 South Trinidad (crit.); Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 672 (var.).
Oestrelata urilsoni Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 12, p. 49, Feb. 28, 1902 South
Trinidad (type in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1904, p. 216 (crit.); Nicoll,
I.e., 1906, p. 671 (var.; breeding).
Aestrelata chionophara Murphy, Auk, 31, p. 13, pi. 2, 1914 Trinidad Islet
(type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Aestrellata trinitatis and A. arminjoniana Miranda, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, 22, pp. 179, 180, 1919 South Trinidad (meas.).
Pterodroma arminjoniana Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp.,
Zool., 4, p. 137, 1930 South Trinidad (var., color phases, meas.); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 64, 1931 (listed); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168,
dark slate gray under tail coverts, with only the bases and fringes white (instead
of nearly wholly white) (G. M. Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377).
A key to the races of this group of petrels is given by Mathews, Ibis, 1936,
pp. 376-377.
1 Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvadori) differs from P. n.
juana by lesser dimensions, smaller bill, and white under tail coverts. As seems
now well-established, this form is dichromatic, the various "species" described from
South Georgia being mere color phases.
l ln the account by Giglioli and Salvadori (Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 11, pp.
454-457), A. defilippiana and A. trinitatis, through a typographical blunder, are
combined under the heading of A. trinitatis. It thus results that A. defilippiana
(p. 453) appears as a nomen nudum, while the Latin diagnosis and general explana-
tion relating to this species are placed immediately under the head-line A. trinitatis,
which finds itself accompanied by two different descriptions! This confusion was
afterwards corrected (Ibis, 1869, pp. 63-66).
82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1934 (synon., range); Allen, Univ. State New York, Bull, to Schools,
20, No. 13, p. 134, 1934 Ithaca, New York (Aug. 24, 1933); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 708, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 21, 1938 South Trinidad; Wetmore and others, Auk, 62, p. 437,
1945 (admitted to North American list).
Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (chars.).
Range. Breeds on South Trinidad Island and the neighboring
Martin Vas Rocks; accidental in New York (Ithaca, Aug. 24, 1933).
Pterodroma mollis mollis (Gould). SOFT-PLUMAGED PETREL.
Procellaria mollis Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 363, 1844 South
Atlantic from 20 to 40 S. lat. (cotypes in British Museum).
Oestrelata mollis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 406, 1896 (monog.).
Pterodroma mollis mollis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 16, 1923 (descr., range);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 64, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39,
p. 167, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 711,
1936 (monog.).
Pterodroma mollis Hamilton, Ibis, 1945, p. 569 Falkland Islands.
Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha, Gough, and St. Paul
Islands, and ranges through the South Atlantic to the seas off the
east coast of Argentina, Uruguay, and the Falkland Islands.
Pterodroma cookii defilippiana (Giglioli and Salvadori).
FILIPPI'S PETREL.
Aestrelata defilippiana Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 63, Jan., 1869
off coast between Callao, Peru, and Valparaiso, Chile (type in Turin
Museum).
Oestrelata defilippiana Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, p. 255, pi. 33, 1876
(crit.); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 11 San Ambrosio Island,
off Chile (July); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 431 coast of Chile; idem, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 417, 1896 San Ambrosio, coast of Chile (monog.);
Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 245, pi. 70, 1908 (monog.).
Pterodroma (Aestrelata) cooki defilippiana Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist.
Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 14, 1921 Santa Clara Island, Juan Fernandez
group (breeding; egg descr.).
Pterodroma cookii defilippiana Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 7, 1929
Mas A Tierra (breeding), 100 miles west of Valparaiso, and offshore Peru
(200 miles west of Callao; 80 miles west of Ancon); Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 717, 1936
(monog.).
Cookilaria cookii defilippiana Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1931 (range).
Range. Breeds on Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islet, Juan
Fernandez group, and at San Ambrosio and San Felix Islands;
ranges to the waters off Chile and Peru.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 83
*Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy. 1 MURPHY'S PETREL.
Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 5, Sept. 6,
1929 200 miles west of Callao, Peru (type in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range);
Anthony, Auk, 51, p. 77, 1934 vicinity of Adak Island, Alaska (Aug.,
1933); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 714, 1936 Adak Island,
Aleutian Islands, and Lower California (monog.); Wetmore and others,
Auk, 62, p. 438, 1945 (admitted to North American list).
Pterodroma cooki defilippiana (not Aestrelata defilippiana Giglioli and Salvadori)
Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 35 miles north of Lobos de Tierra
Island, Peru.
Cookilaria cookii orientalis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1934 (range).
Range. Occurs between 40 and 400 miles off the west coast of
South America, and between 5 and 34 S. lat. (breeding grounds
unknown); accidental in Alaska (Adak Island, August, 1933).
Field Museum Collection. 2: Alaska (off Adak Island, 1); (?)Peru
(50 miles west of Ancon, Lima, 1).
*Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Lonnberg. 2 MAS AFUERA
PETREL.
Pterodroma (Aestrelata) cooki masafuerae Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist.
Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 14, 1921 Mas Afuera, Juan Fernandez group,
off Chile (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19,
A, No. 1, p. 105, 1927).
Pterodroma longirostris (not Aestrelata longirostris Stejneger) Loomis, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 92, 1918 eastern Pacific (33 6' N.-134 W.;
35 40' N.-133 10' and 14' W.).
Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 11, 1929
Juan Fernandez Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 66, 1931 Mas
Afuera Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 719, 1936 (monog.);
Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 255, 1938 eastern Pacific (about 685 statute miles
west of Piedras Brancas, San Luis Obispo County, California).
Cookilaria leucoptera masafuerae Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 170, 1934
Mas Afuera Island.
1 Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy: Very similar to P. cookii cookii (Gray),
of the New Zealand region, but on average larger and with a more pronounced
appearance of scalation on the dorsal surface, due to broader and more general
white emargination of the feathers. Wing, 234-250; tail, 85-97; bill, 27^-30.
From P. c. defilippiana this recently separated race is easily distinguished by
its slender and smooth black bill, whereas the Juan Fernandez form has a remark-
ably deep, heavy bill, in which the plates of the latericorn and unguis have a strong
tendency to be rugose and even to develop a laminated aspect, being thus more
or less marked with fine, horny lines (Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 5, 1929).
* Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Lonnberg: Differs from the nominate form
of Australia by somewhat longer tail; much greater width (23 against 12-14 mm.)
of the white forehead and correspondingly more restricted extent of the less black-
ish crown; grayish black instead of flesh-colored tarsi. Wing, 216-230; tail,
97-105 (against 89-93 in P. I. leucoptera); bill, 24-26.
84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Breeds on Mas Afuera Island, Juan Fernandez group,
off Chile, and ranges to the eastern Pacific (33 6'-35 40' N. lat,
133 to 134 W. long.).
Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Mas A Tierra Island, Juan
Fernandez Islands, 1).
Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes (Peale). SHORT-FOOTED PETREL.
Procellaria brevipes Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 294, 184868 S. lat., 95 W.
long., Antarctic Circle (type in U. S. National Museum).
Pterodroma brevipes Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 93, 1918 4 20'
S. lat., 93 30' W. long. (=vicinity of Galapagos Islands) (crit., meas.).
Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 13, 1929
(crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 66, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 722, 1936 (monog.).
Cookilaria leucoptera brevipes Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 169, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on the New Hebrides (Aneiteum Island) and in
the Fiji Islands; ranges east to the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands
and south to the Antarctic Circle.
Genus HALOBAENA Bonaparte 1
Halobaena Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 768, 1856 type,
by monotypy, Procellaria caerulea Gmelin.
Zaprium Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 34, 1875 type, by monotypy,
Procellaria caerulea Gmelin.
Halobaena caerulea (Gmelin). BLUE PETREL.
Procellaria caerulea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 560, 1789 based on "Blue
Petrel" Forster, Voy. round World, 1, p. 91; "in oceano australi"= Ant-
arctic Ocean, 58 S. lat.
Procellaria similis I. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 59, 1844
Antarctic Ocean, 58 S. lat.
Halobaena caerulea Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 431, 1896 Pacific
Ocean near Cape Horn (monog.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ.
Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 154, 1910 off Cape Horn (monog.); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 48, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1934
(synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 123, 1936 (monog.).
Halobaena murphyi Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 146, June, 1917
"Stromness Bay, South Georgia" (type in Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, Cambridge, Mass.).
Halobaena caerulea murphyi Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 126, 1923 (descr.,
range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316 Falkland Islands (breeding).
1 Although commonly grouped with Pachyptila, this genus is considered by
Murphy with good grounds to be nearly related to Pterodroma, from which it is,
however, easily distinguished by its squarish tail.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 85
Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands (and on Kerguelen
Island) and ranges throughout the southern oceans.
Genus PAGODROMA Bonaparte
Pagodroma Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768,
May, 1856 type, by monotypy, Procellaria nivea Forster.
Pagodroma nivea (Forster). SNOWY PETREL.
Procellaria nivea Forster, Voy. round World, 1, pp. 96, 98, 177752 S. lat.,
20 E. long.
Pagodroma nivea minor Schlegel, 1 Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 16,
1863 "Glaces du P61e Sud" et "Mers antarctiques" (cotypes in Leyden
Museum); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 21, pi., fig. 4,
1885 South Georgia (sexual diff., eggs descr.).
[Pagodroma] novegeorgica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 21
(in text), 1885 South Georgia (cotypes in Hamburg Museum). 1
Pagodroma nivea Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 419, 1896 Falkland
Islands (July 22, 1850) and Antarctic region (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906,
p. 170, pi. 3, fig. 1 (chick), and pi. 11 Lauri and Saddle Islands, South
Orkney Islands (breeding; downy young descr.); Lonnberg, Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., 40, No. 5, p. 80, 1906 South Georgia (crit.);
Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 145,
1910 Falkland Islands (descr.); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 28, 1920
South Shetland and South Orkney Islands (breeding) ; Mathews, Discovery
Rep., 1, p. 575, pi. 45, figs. 9-10, 1929 South Georgia (not found breed-
ing); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 142,
1930 (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 67, 1931 (range); Mathews,
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 161, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
1, p. 633, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 363, 1936 South
Orkney Islands (nesting); Siple and Lindsey, Auk, 54, p. 149, 1937
Mary Byrd Land, Antarctic (breeding); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.,
89, (1), p. 300, 1945 Palmer Land (breeding south to 72 2' S. lat.-
68 55' W. long.; life hist.).
Pagodroma nivea novaegeorgica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 13, 1923 South
Orkney, South Georgia, and Falkland Islands (descr.).
Pagodroma nivea novageorgica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 Falklands (occas.
visitor).
Pagodroma nivea falklandica Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 76, Feb. 25,
1926 "new name for P. n. novegeorgica Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 177,
1912;" Falkland Islands.
1 Pagodroma nivea b. minor Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 192, 1857)
is a nomen nudum, and so is his other variety, a. major.
2 Pagenstecher, after stating that the South Georgian specimens, while closely
approaching Schlegel's measurements of P. n. minor, differ from Gmelin's descrip-
tion by white instead of black shafts to the remiges, suggests novegeorgica as an
eventual appropriate specific term.
86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Breeds in the Antarctic region, on the South Orkney
and South Shetland Islands, and in South Georgia; 1 occasional
visitor in the Falkland Islands.
Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte
Bulweria Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, 8, Dec. 22, 1842, p. 426,
pub. Jan. 14, 1843 type, by monotypy, Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and
Selby.
Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine and Selby). BULWER'S PETREL.
Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., 2, (4), pi. 65, Nov.,
1828 "Madeira or the small islands adjacent" (type now in the British
Museum).
Procellaria anjinho Heineken, in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Sci., 1, No. 9,
p. 231, Oct., 1829 Madeira.
Procellaria bulweri Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 9, 1863
Greenland (one spec.).
Bulweria bulweri Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 420, 1896 (monog.);
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 120, 1922 (life hist.).
Bulweria bulwerii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 (range).
Bulweria bulwerii bulwerii Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 162, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds in Madeira, the Salvages, Canary, Azores, and
Cape Verde Islands, also on islands off the coast of China, the
Bonin and Volcan Islands, the western Hawaiian and Marquesas
Islands; 2 accidental in Greenland (one record) and England.
Family HYDROBATIDAE. Long-legged Storm Petrels
Genus OCEANITES Keyserling and Blasius
Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1, pp. xciii, 131, 238, 1840
type, by monotypy, 3 "Thalassidroma" (= Procellaria) wilsonii Bonaparte=
Procellaria oceanica Kuhl.
1 About the alleged second species, P. confusa Mathews, cf. Hartert (Nov.
Zool., 33, p. 354, 1926) and also Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova]
Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 146-147, 1930).
2 The alleged Pacific race, B. b. pacifica Mathews, is inseparable.
3 The new genus Oceanites was created for Thalassidroma wilsonii Bonaparte.
On p. xciii, the authors state, "ferner gehoren dazu Procellaria grallaria Licht.
und P. marina Latham."
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 87
*Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl). WILSON'S PETREL.
Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., 1, p. 136, pi. 10, fig. 1,
1820 no locality 1 = South Atlantic Ocean, off mouth of La Plata River
(ex Solander MS.; cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 13, 1912). 2
Procellaria wilsonii Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 231,
pi. 9, low fig., pub. Jan., 1824 "on the coast of North America . . . , less
abundant east of the Banks of Newfoundland" (type, ex coll. of R. T.
Peale, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf.
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930).
Thalassidroma oceanica Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 141, 1841 Maldonado,
Uruguay, and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (Sept.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 322, 1870 coast of Rio de Janeiro between Barra da Guaratiba and
Tejucas Islands (May).
Thalassidroma ? Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 Long Island, Berkeley Sound,
Falkland Islands (said to breed).
Oceanites oceanicus(a) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 165, 1891
Gable Island, Beagle Channel (March), and Straits of Magellan; Salvin,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 358, 1896 (monog., in part); Salvadori, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 629, 1900 north of Rio Gallegos,
Patagonia (Apr. 7); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 383,
1902 Ponsonby Sound, Tierra del Fuego; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 166,
pi. 10, fig. 2 Lauri Island, South Orkney Islands (breeding habits, nest
and eggs); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 83,
1906 South Georgia (probably breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 36, 1917 Santos, Sao Paulo; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4),
2, p. 180, 1918 Monterey, California; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12,
1920 coast of Uruguay; Bennett, I.e., 2, p. 27, 1920 South Orkney
Islands (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 165, 1922 (life
hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia (said to breed);
Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 577, 1929 South Georgia (nesting);
Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 124,
1930; Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 285, 1935 (distr. in
North Atlantic); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 368, 1936 South Orkney
Islands (nesting); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (2),
p. 141, pis. 1-7, 1940 (life hist.); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, no. 1,
p. 302, 1945 south to 72 5' S. lat.-70 W. long., in Palmer Land.
Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 118,
pis. 1-3, 1918 off Bahia (Brazil), South Georgia, etc. (plumages, molts,
meas., migration, habits, food); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 243, 1922
(descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312 Falkland Islands and de-
pendencies; idem, I.e., 1931, p. 12 Deception Island, South Shetland
Islands (breeding in Jan.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 (range);
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 63, 1931 off coast
1 The type specimen, "in Museo Ridelliano, nunc in Temminckiano," seems
to be lost.
2 Murphy (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 128, 1918) did not suggest a type
locality, but merely stated that "South Georgia may be positively designated as
a nesting station."
88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
of Dominican Republic, Hispaniola; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191,
1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 748, 1936 (monog.);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 23, 1938 Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 481, 1944 Las Cuevas, Mendoza, Argentina
(immature captured in Andes).
Oceanites oceanicus subsp. Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 94 Herschel Island, Beagle
Channel (crit., meas.).
Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Murphy, 1 Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 754, 1936
Wollaston Island, Fuegia, Chile (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); Sheard, Emu, 42, p. 177, 1943 (status of name).
Oceanites oceanicus (?chilensis) Hamilton, Ibis, 1939, p. 139 Grand Jason
Island, Falkland Islands (nesting).
Oceanites oceanicus magellanicus Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped.,
1, p. 153, 1940 (new name for 0. o. chilensis Murphy, a nomen nudum).
Range. Breeds on islets about Cape Horn (Herschel and Deceit
Islands), on the Falkland Islands, South Shetlands, South Orkneys,
and South Georgia; 2 wintering in the North Atlantic to Labrador,
the Grand Banks, and British Isles; accidental to the coasts of
Ecuador and even California (Monterey, August 24, 1910).
Field Museum Collection. 17: Nova Scotia (Grand Banks, 3;
Dover, 1); Massachusetts (Crab Ledge, Monomoy Island, 1; Spring-
hill, 2; Chatham Island, 1; No Man's Land, Dukes County, 2;
Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 1); New York (Montauk Point, 1);
Bahama Islands (Highborn Cay, 1); Peru (Callao, Lima, 1); Chile
(Santiago, 1); Antarctic Archipelago (Graham Land, 1; Deception
Island, 1).
*Oceanites gracilis gracilis (Elliot). GRACEFUL STORM PETREL.
Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot, Ibis, 1, p. 391, 1859 "West coast of America" =
coast of Chile (location of type not stated).
Oceanites gracilis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 85 coast of
Chile (monog.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 361, 1896 Iquique,
Tarapaca, Chile (June 19); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 658,
1897 part, Chile (descr.).
Oceanites gracilis gracilis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182,
1926 off Santa Elena, Ecuador (Feb. 11), off Talara, Peru, and south
to Valparaiso, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 flisted); Mathews,
1 Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Alexander (Birds Ocean, p. 86, 1928), given as
"breeding on islets off Cape Horn," is a nomen nudum.
2 Breeding birds from Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands (0. o. chilensis)
are somewhat smaller than those from the South Shetland Islands, South Georgia,
etc. (wing of males, 138-139, against 140-145; of females, 134-137, against 152-159)
(Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 94).
Races have been separated from Antarctica (O. o. exasperatus Mathews) and
Kerguelen Island (O. o. parvus Falla).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 89
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 coast of Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 757, 1936 (monog.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89,
(1), p. 314, 19454 39' S. lat.-81 19' W. long.
Range. Occurs on the Pacific coast of South America, from
southern Ecuador (Santa Elena) to Chile (Valparaiso); breeding
grounds unknown. 1
Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Talara, 1; Mollendo, Are-
quipa, 1).
*Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe. 2 GALAPAGOS STORM
PETREL.
Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 140, July 5,
1921 Charles Island, Galapagos (type in British Museum); Swarth, Occ.
Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931 Galapagos; Fisher and Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 29, 1931 Indefatigable, Charles,
and Narborough Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range);
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 Galapagos; Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 759, 1936 (monog.).
Oceanites gracilis (not Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot) Ridgway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 19, p. 658, 1897 part, Albemarle and James Islands (crit.);
Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899 Albemarle, Nar-
borough, Chatham, James, Charles, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands; iidem,
I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 off Abingdon, Albemarle, Chatham, Bindloe, and
Narborough Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5,
p. 243, 1904 Albemarle Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2,
p. 180, 1918 Galapagos (molt, meas.).
Range. Galapagos Archipelago (undoubtedly breeding, but nest-
ing places not yet discovered).
Field Museum Collection. 9: Galapagos Islands (Tagus Cove,
Albemarle Island, 8; Seymour Island, 1).
Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach
Pelagodroma Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria marina Latham.
Pelagodroma marina marina (Latham). WHITE-FACED STORM
PETREL.
1 Elliot (Ibis, 1859, p. 392) describes egg and chick, without stating where
and by whom they have been collected! He appears to have seen a number of
specimens, since he adds that the one "described was taken in May, and is a male."
2 Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe: Similar to the nominate race, but
slightly larger and decidedly paler, more grayish, especially below, with the
white abdominal patch more extensive. Wing, 135-143, (females) 136-145.
Eight additional specimens examined.
90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Procellaria marina Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 826, 1790 based on "Frigate
Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 410; off the mouth of the Rio
de La Plata, 35 S. lat. (cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, pp. 23-25, 1912).
Pelagodroma marina Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 one hundred thirteen knots
off the coast of Uruguay (field observation); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber.,
23, p. 59, 1915 South Atlantic, 46 8' S. lat., 63 W. long. (May) ; Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 182, 19182 40' S. lat., 91 20' W. long.=
south of Galdpagos Islands; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 off
the coast of Uruguay (ex Aplin); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923
off Santa Elena, Ecuador.
' Pelagodroma marina marina Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 246, 1922 (descr.,
range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool.,
38, p. 23, 1932 Nightingale Island (breeding); idem, l.c., 39, p. 192,
1934 (range).
Pelagodroma marina subsp. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 770, 1936
seas around the Galapagos Islands and Point Santa Elena, Ecuador;
Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945 off coast of
Chile (April).
Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and Nightingale Island 1
and strays to the waters of South America (off the mouth of the
Rio de La Plata; coast of Patagonia; south of Galapagos Islands;
off Cape Santa Elena, Ecuador).
Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Moquin-Tandon). NORTH
ATLANTIC WHITE-FACED STORM PETREL.
Thalassidroma hypoleuca Moquin-Tandon, in Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-
Tandon, Hist. Nat. lies Canar., 2, Orn., p. 45, 1841 Tenerife, Canary
Islands (location of type not stated).
Pelagodroma marina (not Procellaria marina Latham) Ridgway, Auk, 2,
p. 386, 1885 off coast of Massachusetts, 40 34' 18' N. lat., 66 09' W.
long. (Sept. 2, 1885).
Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 176, 1922
(life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov.
Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on the Salvage and Cape Verde Islands; ac-
cidental off the coast of Massachusetts (40 34' N. lat., 66 9' W.
long., Sept. 2, 1885).
Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte
Fregetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26 (seance du
24 D6c. 1855), p. 1113, Jan., 1856 type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma
leucogaster Gould. 2
1 Hartert (Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1419, 1920) claims the Australian breeding
form, P. m. dulciae Mathews, to be inseparable.
* Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 58, pp. 11-12, Nov. 5, 1937) attempts to
show that Fregetta Bonaparte was merely a lapsus calami or typographical error
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 91
Cymodroma Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer.,
2, p. 418, 1884 substitute name for Fregetta Bonaparte.
Fregettornis Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 31, May 30, 1912 type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria grallaria Vieillot.
Fregodroma Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 145, June 30, 1937 type,
by orig. desig., Thalassidroma tropica Gould.
Fregolla Mathews, Emu, 37, p. 142, 1937 type, by orig. desig., Freget ta melano-
leuca Salvadori.
Fregandria Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 59, p. 10, 1938 new name for
Fregolla Mathews (not Fregella Walker, 1854).
Fregetta grallaria 1 segethi (Philippi and Landbeck). 2 WHITE-
FRINGED STORM PETREL.
Thalassidroma Segethi Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 282,
1860 coast of Chile; iidem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, p. 27, 1861 coast of
Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and
Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lend., 1867, p. 336 Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31,
p. 286, 1868 "Valdivia," Chile.
Cymodroma grallaria (not Procellaria grallaria Vieillot) Salvin, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 366, 1896 part, spec, k, off San Ambrosio Island,
Chile (July 20); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 737, 1898 Santa
Clara Island.
Thalassidroma (Oceanites) segethi Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 92,
pi. 44, 1902 Chile (monog.).
for Fregata Lace"pede. However, his argumentation is fallacious. This clearly
results from Bonaparte's own words: "Parmi les genres et sous-genres . . . il en
est un que j'ai nommS Fregetta dans la partie de mon Conspectus non encore
publiee." It will be noticed that Bonaparte nowhere credits it to Lace"pede, and
the generic name, consequently, must be regarded as an intentional creation of
his own. He was, moreover, well aware of the existence of that other term, since
in an earlier paper (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 4, p. 404, 1828) he quotes "Fregata
Lac6p., Cuv. Dumeril" in the synonymy of Tachypetes [aquilus L.].
Whatever the specimen examined might have been (cf . Mathews, Bull. Brit.
Orn. Cl., 58, p. 11, 1937), and even if the diagnosis is faulty, the genotype, as
designated by the author, stands under the Rules.
1 Procellaria grallaria Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 25, p. 418,
"1817" [ = Dec., 1818] "Nouvelle Hollande"), was brought back by the Expedi-
tion of the Naturaliste under Captain Baudin, and the type is still preserved in
the Paris Museum (cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929).
Murphy (Amer. Mus. Nov., 124, p. 11, 1924) restricted the name to the breeding
form of the Juan Fernandez Islands, and has been followed by subsequent authors
in this application. While not provided with any exact locality, the type, however,
certainly did not come from the Juan Fernandez Islands, which were not visited
by the Naturaliste, but, like the other material secured on that expedition, un-
doubtedly originated in the Australian waters. Its subspecific status requires
critical study.
At all events, T. Segethi Philippi and Landbeck appears to be the earliest name
of unquestionable pertinence for the form of the White-fringed Storm Petrel
occurring off the Pacific coast of South America.
2 Fregetta grallaria segethi (Philippi and Landbeck) differs from F. g. insularis
(Mathews), breeding on LordJHowe Island, which may prove to be typical grallaria,
by smaller size (wing, 151-162; tail, 72-75).
92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Fregetta grallaria Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
2, Orn., p. 124, 1910 San Ambrosio Island (descr.); Lonnberg, in Skotts-
berg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 10, 1921 Santa Clara Island,
Juan Fernandez group.
Fregetta grallaria segethi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 41, 1912 waters of the
west coast of South America (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 19, p. 415, 1932 off San Ambrosio Island, Chile (crit.).
(?) Fregetta grallaria Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 182, 1918
south of the Galapagos Islands (4 20' S. lat., 93 30' W. long.). 1
Fregetta leucogastris (not Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould) Bent, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 121, p. 173, 1922 part, Santa Clara or Goat Island (eggs
and chicks descr.).
Fregetta grallaria grallaria Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 70, 1931 Mas A Tierra
Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 760, 1936 (monog.).
Fregettornis grallaria grallaria Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 44, 1933 Juan
Fernandez group (crit.); idem, I.e., p. 195, 1934 (range).
Fregetta leucogaster leucogaster Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 239, 1936 off Arica
Bay, Tacna, Chile.
Fregettornis grallaria Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 96, 1938 (nomencl.
and tax.).
Range. Breeds on Santa Clara or Goat Island, Juan Fernandez
group, and apparently at San Felix and San Ambrosio Islets, off
Chile; strays to the coast of Chile and (?) the Galapagos Islands. 2
Fregetta tropica (Gould). 3 BLACK-BELLIED STORM PETREL.
Thalassidroma tropica Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 366, 18446 33'
N. lat., 18 6' W. long., Atlantic Ocean (type in British Museum of Natural
History).
1 According to Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 45, 1933), this specimen approaches
the Rapa Island race, F. g. titan Murphy, in length of wing (178 mm.).
1 Lawrence (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, p. 117, 1852) described s. n. "Thalas-
sidroma fregetta (Sol.) Khul" (sic) a bird taken in the harbor of St. Marks, Florida.
Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 769, 1856) renamed it Fregetta
lawrencii (misspelt laurencii in Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 198, 1857). As the specimen,
which Lawrence presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
has been lost (cf. Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 832,
1858, and Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 87), its proper identification
will forever remain a puzzle. Bent (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 173, 1922)
refers it to "F. leucogastris," a designation which is open to doubt.
Records of Fregetta leucogaster from the South Atlantic (cf. Dabbene, El
Hornero, 2, p. 248, 1922) are hard to allocate, and may be referable to F. grallaria
tristanensis Mathews, of Tristan d'Acunha, which, according to Mathews (Bull.
Brit. Orn. CL, 57, p. 144, 1937), is the same as Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould
(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 367, 1844; type, from 36 S. lat., 6 47' E. long.,
in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews,
Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913).
'According to Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 764, 1936), the race
melanogaster Gould cannot be maintained, and the proper name of the Black-bellied
Storm Petrel should be Fregetta tropica (Gould).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 93
Thalassidroma melanogaster Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 367, 1844
South Pacific and Indian Oceans, particularly off the islands of St. Paul's
and Amsterdam (probable type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913).
Oceanites melanogastra Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 18,
1885 South Georgia (crit.).
Cymodroma melanogaster Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 364, 1896 (in
part).
Fregetta melanogaster Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 168 Laurie Island, South Orkney
Islands (breeding; egg descr.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,
40, No. 5, p. 85, 1906 South Georgia; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet.
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 123, 1910 Falkland Islands (breed-
ing ?); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 195, 1921 (one egg from the Falklands
attributed to the species).
Fregetta tropica australis Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 86, Sept. 24, 1914
New Zealand (type in coll. of G. M. Mathews, subsequently in the Tring
Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 357, 1926], now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 194,
1934 (range).
Fregetta tropica melanogaster Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 247, 1922 (descr.,
range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 313 South Orkney and South Shetland
Islands (breeding), South Georgia, and Falkland Islands; Lowe and
Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 136, 1930 (crit.);
Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 12 Deception Island, South Shetland Islands
(breeding, Jan. 13, 1927); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 70, 1931 (range);
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 194, 1934 (range); Ardley, Discovery Rep.,
12, p. 369, 1936 Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (nesting).
Fregetta tropica Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 764, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds on Kerguelen Island, the Crozet Islands, South
Georgia, South Orkney and South Shetland Islands (Deception
Island) 1 and on islands in the New Zealand seas; ranges over the
southern oceans to the coast of Peru (near Canete) and Patagonia.
Genus GARRODIA Forbes
Garrodia Forbes, Coll. Sci. Papers of Garrod, p. 521 (footnote), 1881 type,
by orig. desig., Thalassidroma nereis Gould.
Garrodia nereis (Gould). GRAY-BACKED STORM PETREL.
Thalassidroma nereis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 8, "1840," p. 178, pub.
July, 1841 Bass Strait, Australia (type in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1,
p. 136, 1913); idem, I.e., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e.,
28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands (one spec., March, 1858); Abbott, Ibis,
1861, p. 164 Falkland Islands (one spec., March, 1858).
1 The breeding on the Falkland Islands (a single egg, attributed to the species,
in the British Museum) requires confirmation.
94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Procellaria nereis Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 31, 1875 Kerguelen
Island (crit., meas., eggs descr.); Kidder, I.e., 3, p. 16, 1876 Kerguelen
Island (nest and egg descr.); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst.,
2, p. 18, 1885 South Georgia (egg descr.).
Garrodia nereis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 361, 1896 Falkland
Islands, etc. (monog.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40,
No. 5, p. 84, 1906 South Georgia (breeding); Scott and Sharpe, Rep.
Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 118, 1910 (descr.); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 71, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2,
p. 746, 1936 (monog.).
Oceanites nereis chubbi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 18, May 30, 1912
Falkland Islands (location of type not stated); Wace, El Hornero, 2,
p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Dabbene, I.e., p. 245, 1922 (descr., range);
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 313 outer islets of the Falkland Islands and South
Georgia (breeding); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 193, 1934 (range).
Oceanites nereis couesi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 18, May 30, 1912
Kerguelen Island (location of type not stated); idem, Nov. Zool., 34,
p. 193, 1934 Kerguelen Island.
Range. Breeds on islands off New Zealand, South Georgia,
the Falkland Islands, Gough Island and Kerguelen.
Genus HYDROBATES Boie 1
Hydrobates Boie, Isis, 1822, Heft 5, col. 562, May, 1822 type, by subs, desig.
(Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer., 2, p. 403, 1884),
Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus.
Thalassidroma Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 7, p. 405, Oct., 1825 type, by
orig. desig., Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus.
Zalochelidon Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 192, 1828 type, by mono-
, Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus.
Hydrobates pelagicus pelagicus (Linnaeus). STORM PETREL.
Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758 based
primarily on Fauna Svec., No. 249, pi. 2, fig. 249, "in albo [sic] Oceano"=
coast of Sweden; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 343, 1896 (monog.).
Hydrobates pelagicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 125, 1922 (life hist.,
range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 283, 1935 (distr. in the North Atlantic).
Thalassidroma pelagica pelagica Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on Iceland (Vestman's Islands), Faroes, small
islands off the British Isles and west coast of France; 2 extends
across the North Atlantic Ocean to southern Greenland, Labrador,
Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.
1 Hydrobates Boie is by no means preoccupied by Hydrobata Vieillot, 1816.
2 An allied race, H. p. melitensis (Schembri), breeds in the western Mediter-
ranean.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 95
Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach
Oceanodroma Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria furcata Gmelin.
Cymochorea Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 75 type, by orig.
desig., Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot.
Pacificodroma Bianchi, Faune de la Russie, Ois., 1, (2), pp. 516, 559, Jan.,
1913 type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma monorhis Swinhoe.
Bannermania Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 578, July, 1915 type,
by orig. desig., Thalassidroma hornbyi Gray.
Telhysia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 154, March 25, 1933 type,
by orig. desig., Procellaria tethys Bonaparte.
Loomelania Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 54, p. 119, March 29, 1934 type,
by orig. desig., Procettaria melania Bonaparte.
*Oceanodroma tethys tethys (Bonaparte). GALAPAGOS WHITE-
RUMPED STORM PETREL.
Thalassidroma tethys Bonaparte, Tagebl. der 29. Versaml. Deuts. Naturf.
Aerzte, Wiesbaden, Beilage, p. 89, Sept. 25, 1852 Galapagos Islands
(type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1,
p. 61, 1929); idem, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 47, 1853 (reprint of orig.
descr.).
Procellaria tethys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 662,
1854 Galapagos Islands (char.); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9,
p. 507, pi. 88, fig. 2, 1876 Galapagos Islands (crit.); Townsend, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 off Chatham Island; Salvin, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 part, Galapagos Islands; Ridgway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 656, 1897 Wenman Island (descr.); Rothschild
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 199, 1899 off Wenman, Culpepper, Al-
bemarle, and Tower Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 waters near
Bindloe, Albemarle, and Wenman Islands, and at sea 1 N. lat., 89 W.
long.; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 242, 1904
Albemarle (Iguana Cove) and Narborough (Mangrove Point) Islands;
Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 35, 1931 Galapagos
Islands.
Procellaria pelagica b. tethys Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 197, 1857
Galapagos Islands.
Oceanodroma tethys Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 151, 1918
Galapagos Islands (nesting on Tower Island; descr. of egg; var.; meas.).
Oceanodroma tethys tethys Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 729, 1936 (monog.).
Tethysia tethys tethys Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1931 (range).
Range. Seas about the Galapagos Archipelago (breeding on
Tower Island).
Field Museum Collection. 1: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island,
1).
96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
"Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe). 1 KELSALL'S WHITE-
RUMPED STORM PETREL.
Thalassidroma tethys kelsalli Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 6, Nov. 4,
1925 Ancon, Peru (type in British Museum of Natural History).
Procellaria tethys (not Thalassidroma tethys Bonaparte) Salvin, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 part, west coast of Central America; Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 427, 1904 part, west coast
of Central America.
Hydrobates tethys Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 ninety miles south of
Iquique, Chile (Nov. 27, 1922).
Hydrobates tethys kelsalli Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182, 1926
1 S. lat., off shore, Ecuador (Sept. 13).
Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 731, 1936 (monog.); Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 256,
1938 off coast west-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico, and 175 land miles
west of Lower California (crit., meas.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 19454 38' S. lat., 81 19' W. long.
Tethysia tethys kelsalli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on islands off the coast of Peru (San Gallan and
Pescadores Islands) ; extends north through the North Pacific to the
waters of Mexico and Lower California, and south to the coast of
Chile.
Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Pisco, Lima, 1; Mollendo,
Arequipa, 1).
Oceanodroma castro castro (Harcourt). MADEIRAN FORK-TAIL
PETREL.
Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, p. 123, 1851 Desertas,
near Madeira (location of type unrecorded).
Thalassidroma jabe-jabe Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys. Nat. Lisboa, 5,
p. 120, 1875 Raza Island, Cape Verdes (type in Lisbon Museum).
Oceanodroma cryptoleucura (not Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway) Salvin,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 350, 1896 part, spec, b-i, Porto Santo,
Great Salvage, Funchal, and Desertas (monog.).
Oceanodroma castro Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 77, 1914 vicinity of
Para, Brazil; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 153, 1922 part, Atlantic
Ocean, accidental in Indiana and District of Columbia (life hist.);
Taverner, Auk, 51, p. 77, 1934 Rideau River, Ottawa, Canada (Aug. 28,
1933).
Oceanodroma castro castro Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 732, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 23, 1938 Angra do Reis, Rio de Janeiro (1932).
Cymochorea castro castro Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range).
1 Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe) differs from the nominate race by distinctly
smaller size, particularly shorter wings (119-126, against 130-143).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 97
Range. Breeds on the Desertas and Porto Santo (near Madeira),
the Salvage, Azores (Rombos), and Cape Verde Islands (Raza), and
ranges across the Atlantic to the coast of Brazil (Para; Angra do
Reis, Rio de Janeiro) ; accidental in Indiana (Martinsville, June 15,
1902), District of Columbia (Washington, Aug. 28, 1893), and
Ontario (Rideau River, Ottawa, Aug. 28, 1933). l
"Oceanodroma castro bangs! Nichols. 2 GALAPAGOS FORK-TAILED
PETREL.
Oceanodroma castro bangsi Nichols, Auk, 31, p. 389, July, 1914 1 N. lat.,
93 W. long, (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 734, 1936 (monog.).
Oceanodroma cryptoleucura (not Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway) Townsend,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 Wenman Island; Ridgway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 654, 1897 part, Wenman and Albemarle
Islands (descr., meas.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198,
1899 Galapagos Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
5, p. 243, 1904 Wenman (ex Townsend).
Oceanodroma castro (not Thalassidroma castro Harcourt) Rothschild and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902 near Bindloe, Barrington, and
Abingdon Islands (crit.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 156,
1918 Albemarle, Cowley (breeding), Charles, Chatham, Hood, James,
Seymour, and Wenman Islands (nestling descr., meas.); Swarth, Occ.
Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 35, 1931 Galapagos Islands.
Oceanodroma castro cryptoleucura Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
79, art. 10, p. 28, 1931 Hood Island (crit.).
Cymochorea castro bangsi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on the Galapagos Islands and possibly on Cocos
Island.
Field Museum Collection. 4: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island,
4).
"Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson. 3 BEAL'S PETREL.
Oceanodroma beali Emerson, Condor, 8, p. 54, March 20, 1906 Sitka Bay,
Alaska (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
Berkeley, Calif.).
1 Replaced on St. Helena by O. castro Helena (Mathews), 1925.
2 Oceanodroma castro bangsi Nichols: Differs from O. c. castro by darker, more
sooty coloration and slightly smaller size with stouter bill; from O. c. cryptoleucura
(Ridgway), of the Hawaiian Islands, by heavier, more strongly hooked bill and less
deeply forked tail.
3 Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson: Similar to the nominate race, but
decidedly smaller. Wing, 138-152, (female) 143-156.
As pointed out by Oberholser, O. beldingi is not properly separable from Alaskan
birds.
98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Oceanodroma beldingi Emerson, Condor, 8, p. 54, March 20, 1906 Netarts
Bay, coast of Oregon (type in coll. of H. T. Bohlman).
Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 168,
1917 coast region from Alaska to Oregon (monog., meas., range);
Grinnell, Condor, 20, p. 46, 1918 San Mateo and Humboldt counties,
California (breeding, crit., meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 147,
1922 (life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); van
Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 10, 1942 (range).
Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, Alaska (Sitka), Oregon, and Cali-
fornia (crit., meas.).
Cymochorea leucorhoa beali Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on Pacific coast islands from extreme southern
Alaska along the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon,
and California, at least to San Mateo County and probably on the
Farallones.
Field Museum Collection. 17: Alaska (Ball Island, 3; Forrester
Island, 3; St. Lazaria Island, 1; Laz, 1); Washington (Moclips, 3;
Jefferson County, 2); Oregon (Pacific City, 2); California (Castle
Island, 2).
"Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Anthony. 1 KAEDING'S
PETREL.
Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 37, Jan., 1898 at sea near
Guadalupe Island, Lower California (type in coll. of A. W. Anthony,
now in Carnegie Museum); idem, I.e., 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 San
Benedicte, Socorro, and Clarion Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902 at sea 13 N. lat., 103 W. long.; Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 429, 1904 Revillagigedo Islands.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 171,
1917 (monog., char., meas.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66,
1918 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 146, 1922
(range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 286, 1926 near
Guadalupe Island; Huey, Condor, 32, p. 68, 1930 near Guadalupe
Island (downy birds, var.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range).
Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, vicinity of Guadalupe Island
(meas.).
Cymochorea leucorhoa kaedingi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range).
Oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis (not Oceanodroma socorroensis Townsend)
van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 11, 1942 Guadalupe Island,
off Lower California.
1 Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Anthony: Similar to 0. I. beali, but even
smaller with decidedly shorter tail, the latter being less deeply forked, and the
pileum generally more plumbeous. Wing, 137-145, (female) 138-145; tail, 67-72,
(female) 69-77.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 99
Range. Breeds on Guadalupe Island, Lower California; occurs
off Lower California south to Clarion and Socorro Islands. Casual
off the coast of southern California.
Field Museum Collection. 16: California (Trinidad, 5; Eureka,
1); Mexico (Guadalupe Island, Lower California, 10).
*Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa (Vieillot). LEACH'S PETREL.
Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 25, p. 422,
"1817" (=Dec. f 1818) "hordes maritimes de la Picardie, se tient sur
1'Ocean, jusqu'au Bre"sil" (type, from shores of Picardy, France, in coll.
of L. A. F. Baillon, Abbeville); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 138, 1898
Greenland.
Procellaria leachii Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 812, Oct., 1820
St. Kilda (type in British Museum); 1 Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 3, (2), p. 229, pi. 9, upp. fig., 1824 "on this [viz., American]
side of the Bank of Newfoundland" (descr.).
Procellaria atlantica Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 230
(in text), Jan., 1824 (alternative name for Procellaria leachii Temminck).
Procellaria Bullockii Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 136, 1828 St. Kilda
(substitute name for P. leachii Temminck).
Thalassidroma leachii Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 430, 1843 Green-
land.
Procellaria leucorrhoa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 3,
1863 Normandy, Mediterranean, and Newfoundland (descr.) ; Reinhardt,
Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1881, p. 187 Hundeejland, Greenland
(69 N. lat.).
Cymochorea leucorrhoa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 76 (no-
mencl.).
Oceanodroma leucorrhoa Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 97, 1885
Copper Island (breeding); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 348, 1896
(monog.).
Oceanodroma leucorhoa Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 170, 1915 (range; migr.); Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, spec, from Gulf of St.
Lawrence and off Cape Verde Islands only.
Cymochorea leucorhoa Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 86, 1916 Warima
River (Essequibo) and Surinam.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54,
p. 165, 1917 (monog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Copper
Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 137, 1922 (life
hist., distr.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 between Colon, Panama,
and Cape Maysi, Cuba (June 19, 1922); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73,
1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 63,
1 Although not indicated as such, spec, c, of the British Museum, from St.
Kilda (Old Collection), is without much doubt the type of P. leachii Temminck
and also of P. Bullockii Fleming, the latter name being based upon the very same
individual.
100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1931 Samana Bay, Hispaniola; Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 296, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Tucker's Town, May 1, 1884);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 Trinidad (Guayaguare", Jan.,
1932, and San Fernando); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40,
p. 279, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Danforth, Auk, 52, p. 74, 1935
off Cayo Frances, Cuba; Allen, I.e., p. 179, 1935 Pekinese Island, Massa-
chusetts (probably breeding); Gross, I.e., p. 382, pis. 18-21, 1935 Bay
of Fundy (life hist.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 734, 1936
(monog.).
Cymochorea leucorhoa kucorhoa Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 139, 1934 (range
in part).
Range. Breeds on Kurile, Commander, and Aleutian Islands,
coasts of Alaska (south to Forrester Island), Maine, Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland, southern Greenland, Vestman's Islands, Iceland,
and islands off the British Isles; ranges through the Pacific and
Atlantic oceans south to California (San Clemente Island), the
vicinity of the Galapagos Islands (13 20' S. lat.), Trinidad, the
Guianas, and even to St. Paul's Rocks and the waters off Bahia,
Brazil (fide Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 667).
Field Museum Collection. 31: Alaska (St. Lazaria Island, 1);
British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Island,
2); New Brunswick (Grand Manan Island, 4; Seal Island, 2; Dover,
15); Maine (Bangor, 1); Massachusetts (Springhill, 2; Great Island,
1); Connecticut (Lakeville, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demarara, 1).
*Oceanodroma monorhis socorroensis C. H. Townsend.
SOCORRO PETREL.
Oceanodroma socorroensis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 134,
Sept. 9, 1890 Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group (type in U. S. National
Museum); Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 140, 1898 Los Coronados Islands
(breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 431,
1904 (monog., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1928
Los Coronados and San Benito Islands (breeding); van Rossem, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 387, 1934 145 miles northwest of San Jose,
Guatemala.
Oceanodroma monorhis chapmani Berlepsch, Auk, 23, p. 185, April, 1906
San Benito Islands (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfurt
Museum).
Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, Los Coronados and San Benito
Islands (eggs descr.).
Oceanodroma monorhis socorroensis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 162,
1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Friedmann,
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, p. 314, 19454 40' N. lat.-80 8' W. long.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 101
Oceanodroma macrodadyla (not of Bryant) Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 48, p. 6, 1923 Guadalupe Island.
Cymochorea leucorhoa socorroensis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934
(range).
Oceandodroma (sic) leucorhoa willetti van Rossem, 1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55,
p. 10, 1942 Little Middle Island, Los Coronados Islands, Lower Cali-
fornia (type in Dickey Collection, University of California, Los Angeles).
Oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55,
p. 10, 1942 San Benito Islands, Lower California.
Range. Breeds on islands off Lower California (Los Coronados
and San Benito Islands) and west coast of Mexico; ranges north
to southern California and south to the waters around the Galapagos
Islands.
Field Museum Collection. 23: Mexico, Lower California (San
Benito Islands, 3; Guadalupe Island, 2; Los Coronados Islands, 18).
Oceanodroma macrodactyla W. E. Bryant. GUADALUPE PETREL.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa macrodactyla W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
2, p. 450, July 25, 1887 Guadalupe Island, Lower California (cotypes in
California Academy of Sciences; cf. Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4),
2, p. 155, 1918).
Oceanodroma macrodactyla Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 351, 1896
(monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 155, 1918 Guadalupe
Island (downy young descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 151,
1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 68, 1928
Guadalupe Island; McLellan Davidson, Condor, 30, p. 355, 1928 (present
status); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (listed).
Cymochorea macrodactyla Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (listed).
Range. Formerly bred on Guadalupe Island, off Lower Cali-
fornia. Now probably extinct.
Oceanodroma markhami (Salvin). MARKHAM'S PETREL.
Cymochorea markhami Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 coast of
Peru, 19 41' S. lat., 75 W. long, (type in the British Museum); Mathews,
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 Peru to Chile.
Oceanodroma markhami Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 354, 1896 coast
of Peru (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 27, pi. 7, 1907 (monog.);
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 174, 191813 28' N. lat., 108
52' W. long., and thirty miles south of Cocos Island 5 N. lat., 87 W. long.
1 This name has been proposed by van Rossem for the birds breeding on the
Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. It is said to be like 0. m. socorroensis,
but with paler and more plumbeous (less blackish) body coloration and larger
dimensions. Our series from Los Coronados Islands show little if any difference
in coloration, and their dimensions are smaller than the specimens from the
San Benito and Guadalupe Islands.
102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(meas.); Wetmore, Condor, 24, p. 28, 1922 off the coast of Peru thirty-
five miles north of Callao; idem, I.e., 25, p. 170, 1923 Peru (opposite
Lagarto Head; fifteen miles off Coles Point) and Chile (ninety miles south
of Iquique, Tarapaca); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182,
19261 S. lat., offshore Ecuador; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2,
p. 739, 1936 (monog.).
Oceanodroma markhami markhami Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range).
Range. Occurs off the Pacific coast of South America, from the
vicinity of Cocos Island and Ecuador south to northern Chile (breed-
ing ground unknown). 1
*Oceanodroma melania melania (Bonaparte). BLACK PETREL.
Procellaria melania Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, No. 14,
p. 662, April, 1854 California 2 (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 92, 1854 (re-
print of orig. descr.).
Thalassidroma melania Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 196, 1857 "ex
Pacific. Mexican, a Delattrio, 1853" (descr. spec. typ. in Mus. Paris).
Cymochorea melania Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 76 Cape
San Lucas, Lower California (monog.).
Oceanodroma lownsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 687, Nov. 24,
1893 Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum).
Oceanodroma melania Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895
off Guaymas, Sonora (March 28, Apr. 21), and off Acapulco, Guerrero
(Apr. 12), Mexico; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 353, 1896 (monog.);
Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 28, 1899 between Isabel and Tres Marias
Islands, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p.
430, 1904 Lower California (Cape San Lucas, San Benito Islands) and
coast of western Mexico (Acapulco; off San Bias to the Tres Marias
Islands); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 174, 1918 west of
Point Pinos (California), and San Benito Islands (molt, meas.); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 156, 1922 (life hist.); Wetmore, Condor,
25, p. 170, 1923 off western Peru (near Lobos de Afuera, Sept. 22; five
miles off Lobos de Tierra, Nov. 24); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 68, 1928 Lower California (breeding stations, etc.).
Oceanodroma melania melania Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Bay of Panama.
Cymochorea melania melania Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (range).
Loomelania melania Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 743, 1936 (monog.);
van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 30, 1945
Gulf of California (summer resident).
1 Oceanodroma owstoni (Mathews and Iredale) is probably conspecific.
2 Vicinity of San Francisco may be regarded as type locality (cf. Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 103
Range. Breeds on islands off Lower California (Consag Rock,
San Luis Islands, Partida Island, San Benito and Los Coronados
Islands) and ranges north to the coast of California and south to
the waters off the Peruvian coast (Lobos de Afuera, Lobos de Tierra). 1
Field Museum Collection. 14: California (off San Pedro, 2);
Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados Islands, 6; San Benito
Islands, 3); Peru (Talara, 3).
/
*Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues). ASHY PETREL.
Cymochorea homochroa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 77
Farallon Islands, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932).
Oceanodroma homochroa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 365, 1896
San Miguel Island, California (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 29,
pi. 8, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 171, 1918
Southeast Farallon Island (range, molt, meas., eggs); Bent, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 121, p. 159, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 68, 1928 Lower California (three records); Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 74, 1931 (range); Orr, Condor, 46, p. 125, 1944 (nesting season).
Cymochorea (monorhis) homochroa Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934
(range).
Range. Breeds on the Farallon Islands and some of the Santa
Barbara Islands (San Miguel and Santa Cruz), California, and on
Los Coronados Islands, Lower California; extends north to Point
Reyes, south to Guadalupe and San Benito Islands.
Field Museum Collection. 5: California (Farallon Islands, 3;
Monterey County, 1; Santa Cruz Islands, 1).
*Oceanodroma hornbyi (G. R. Gray). HORNBY'S PETREL.
Thalassidroma hornbyi G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 21, "1853," p. 62,
pub. July 25, 1854 "Northwest coast of America" (type in British Mu-
seum).
Oceanodroma hornbyi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 195, 1857 "Pacif.
Am. s. occ." (diag. spec, typ.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 356,
pi. 3, 1896 (descr. and fig. of type); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 36,
pi. 10, 1907; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 179, 1918 (listed);
Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 60, 1922 coasts of Peru and Chile (crit.); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 129, 1922 (life hist.); Wetmore, Condor,
25, p. 170, 1923 off Lobos de Tierra and Lobos de Afuera Islands, Peru;
Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 32, p. 61, 1924 Santa Lufsa, Antofagasta,
Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 183, 1926 Gulf of
Guayaquil (Jan. 16) and offshore, 1 S. lat. (Sept. 13), Ecuador; Strese-
1 A supposedly larger form, 0. melania matsudariae Kuroda, breeds on the
Volcan Islands, Japan.
104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
mann, Orn. Monatsber., 37, p. 80, 1929 Pampa del Toco, near Tocopilla,
Antofagasta, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 414, 1932 Quilimarf, Valparaiso,
to Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 239, 1936
Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 741, 1936
(monog.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945
off the coast of Ecuador and northern Peru.
Procellaria (Oceanites) collaris Philippi, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago,
3, Nos. 1-2, p. 11, pi., 1895 east of Taltal, Antofagasta, Chile (type in
National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus.
Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 90,
pi. 42, fig. 3, 1902 east of Taltal, Antofagasta.
Oceanites collaris Paessler, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 43, 1913 coast of Chile 32 S.
lat., 72 W. long. (=off Quilimarf, Valparaiso). ,
Oceanites hornbyi Paessler, Journ. Orn., 62, pp. 273, 274, 1914 off Coquimbo
and Iquique, Chile.
Bannermania hornbyi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 188, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds in the North Chilean Andes (Antofagasta) and
occurs in the warm-water area of the Pacific coast of South America
from Valparaiso, Chile, north to the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. 1
Field Museum Collection. 6: Peru (Callao, Ancachs, 3; Mollendo,
Arequipa, 3).
Oceanodroma furcata furcata (Gmelin). NORTHERN FORK-
TAILED PETREL.
Procellaria furcata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 561, 1789 based on "Fork-
tail Petrel" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 535, and Latham, Gen. Syn.
Bds., 3, (2), p. 410; "in glacie maris, Americam et Asiam interfluentis"=
Bering Sea.
Procellaria orientalis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 315, 1811 Kurile
Islands and Unalaska (co types in Leningrad Museum).
Oceanodroma furcata Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 98, 1885 Copper
and Bering Islands (breeding; eggs descr.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 357, 1896 part, St. Michaels, Kurile and Aleutian Islands; Godman,
Monog. Petrels, p. 38, pi. 11, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., (4), 2, p. 177, 1918 part, western Alaska (meas.); Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Copper Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 121, p. 132, 1922 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna,
46, p. 40, 1923 Pribilof Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931
part, Kurile, Commander and Aleutian Islands; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39,
p. 188, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on the Kurile, Commander, and Aleutian Islands.
Winters in North Pacific Ocean.
1 The original locality is most probably erroneous. Sight records from north-
western North America need substantiation by specimens.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 105
*Oceanodroma furcata plumbea (Peale). 1 SOUTHERN FORK-
TAILED PETREL.
Thalassidroma plumbea Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, Mamm. Orn., p. 292,
1848 "coast of Oregon"= close off Cape Flattery, Washington (cotypes
in U. S. National Museum).
Oceanodroma furcata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 194, 1857 Sitka
(descr.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 357, 1896 part, Sitka and
Vancouver Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 177, 1918
part, California (breeding on Whaler Island and Sugar Loaf Rock);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 part, islands off coast of southern
Alaska, Washington and northern California.
Oceanodroma furcata plumbea Grinnell and Test, Condor, 41, p. 170, 1939
(name revived; dist. chars.; range).
Range. Breeds on the islands off the coast of southern Alaska,
Washington, Oregon and northern California (Whaler Island, Del
Norte County and Sugar Loaf Rock, off Trinidad, Humboldt County).
Field Museum Collection. 15: Alaska (Laz, 1; unspecified, 1;
Dall Island, 5; Forrester Island, 2); British Columbia (Queen
Charlotte Islands, 2); Washington (Jefferson County, 1); Oregon
(Pacific City, 1); California (Pacific Grove, 2).
Genus HALOCYPTENA Coues
Halocyptena Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 78 type, by mono-
typy, Halocyptena microsoma Coues.
*Halocyptena microsoma Coues. LEAST PETREL.
Halocyptena microsoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 79
San Jose" del Cabo, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum);
Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 141, 1890 Panama Bay (March);
idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 off Acapulco, Guerrero
(Apr. 12); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 Mazatlan,
Sinaloa; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48,
1900 off coast of Ecuador, 1 30' N. lat. (Febr.); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 428, 1904 Lower California (San Benito
Islands, San Jose del Cabo), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), and Panama Bay; Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 150, 1918 (meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 121, p. 123, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32,
p. 66, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 (range);
Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 118, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Panama Bay (winter); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
1 Oceanodroma furcata plumbea (Peale) : Similar to the typical race, but smaller,
especially in length of wing and tail; general coloration darker (more plumbeous,
less ashy) ; throat, lower abdomen and crissum contrasting less with middle region
of under parts by being wholly or in part grayer than in O. f. furcata. Wing
141-155, as against 155-165 mm. (Grinnell and Test, Condor, 41, p. 171, 1939).
106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Amer., 2, p. 729, 1936 (monog.); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 31, 1945 Gulf of California (breeding).
Range. Breeds on the San Benito Islands and on islands in the
Gulf of California, and winters on the Pacific coast of America from
Lower California to Ecuador.
Field Museum Collection. 3: Mexico (San Benito Islands, Lower
California, 3).
Family PELECANOIDIDAE. Diving Petrels
Genus PELECANOIDES Lace'pede
Pelecanoides Lace'pede, Tabl. M6th. Ois., p. 13, 1799 type, by monotypy,
Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin.
Halodroma Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Ois., p. 274, 1811 type, by monotypy,
Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin.
Onocralus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 72, 1815 new name for Pelecanoides
Lace'pede.
Puffinuria Lesson, Man. Orn., 2, p. 392, 1828 type, by monotypy, Puffinuria
garnotii Lesson.
Porthmornis (subgen.) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44,
pp. 502 (fig. 2b), 503, 513, Dec. 23, 1921 type, by monotypy, Puffinuria
garnotii magellani Mathews.
Pelagodyptes (subgen.) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44,
pp. 502 (fig. 2c), 503, 519, Dec. 23, 1921 type, by monotypy, Pelecanoides
georgicus Murphy and Harper.
*Pelecanoides garnotii (Lesson). PERUVIAN DIVING PETREL.
Puffinuria garnotii Lesson, 1 Man. Orn., 2, p. 394, June, 1828 coast of Peru=
between San Gallan Island and Lima 2 (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf.
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929); idem, Voy. Co-
quille, Zool., Atlas, Ois., pi. 46, Nov. 29, 1828; idem, I.e., Zool., 1, (2), livr.
16, p. 730, May 1, 1830 coasts of Peru (descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool.,
39, p. 197, 1934 (range).
Pelecanoides garnoti(i) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 139, 1841 Iquique,
Tarapaca, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 472,
1847 coasts of Peru and Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883,
p. 432 Coquimbo Bay, Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 439,
1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Coquimbo Bay) and Peru (Callao); Schalow,
Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 653, 1898 part, Iquique and Isla de Pajaros
(off Coquimbo), Chile; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 307, pi. 88, 1910
(monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 67, 1918 Chile
(Valparaiso) and Peru (Callao, San Gallan Island, Independencia Bay,
1 Puffinuria garnotii Lesson (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 6, p. 254, March 22,
1828) is a nomen nudum.
2 Cf. Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 14, p. 611, Jan. 9, 1830.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 107
North Ballestas Island) (meas.); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 462,
1919 North Ballestas and San Gallan Islands, Peru (breeding habits;
chick descr.); Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 505,
pi. 21, fig. 1, pi. 22, fig. 1, pi. 24, fig. 1, 1921 Lobos de Tierra, Peru, to
Valparaiso, Chile (descr. of plumages and eggs, meas., molt, habits);
Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 440, 1922 part, Peru (Callao, Islay), Anto-
fagasta (Taltal), and Arauco Bay (Santa Maria Island, Coronel), Chile;
Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 30, p. 130, 1922 Coronel, Arauco Bay,
Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 773, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936
Arica and Mejillones, Chile; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62,
1938 Arica Bay, Chile (Oct.).
Halodroma garnoti Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 37, 1863
part, No. 1, coast of Peru (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
p. 336 Chile.
Puffinuria garnotii lessoni Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 239, Sept. 20, 1912
coast of Chile (location of type not indicated).
Range. Coastal waters of South America, from Lobos de Tierra,
Peru, to Arauco Bay, Chile; breeds on islands off the Peruvian coast
(Pescadores, North Ballestas, San Gallan Islands).
Field Museum Collection. 1: Peru (Mollendo, Arequipa, 1).
Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews). 1 MAGELLANIC DIVING
PETREL.
Puffinuria garnotii magellani Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 239, Sept. 20, 1912
Straits of Magellan (type not designated, probably in the British Museum).
Pelecanoides berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 part, Port Famine, Tierra del Fuego (habits).
Pelecanoides garnoti (not Puffinuria garnotii Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,
1870, p. 500 Wood's Bay, Straits of Magellan (April); Schalow, Zool.
Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 653, 1898 part, Ancud (Chiloe 1 ) and Calbuco Island,
Llanquihue, Chile.
Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Sharpe, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 part, San Antonio Island, Trinidad Channel;
Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 167, 1891 part, Orange Bay,
Tierra del Fuego; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896 part,
spec, f, i, j, "Straits of Magellan," Wood's Bay, and San Antonio Island;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 389, 1902 Beagle Channel
(Febr.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 Molyneux Sound, Straits of Magellan
(Jan.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 143, 1907 Useless Bay
1 Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews), which resembles P. garnotii in shape of
bill, differs from the other members of the genus by the possession of white tips
to the feathers of back, upper rump, and wing coverts, and a conspicuous falcate
whitish area extending from the side of the neck to the occiput, while the upper
breast is pure white, not crossed by a mottled collar (Murphy and Harper,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 514).
Four specimens examined.
108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(Sept.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2,
Orn., p. 160, 1910 (in part).
Pelecanoides magellani Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44,
p. 513, pis. 20, 21, fig. 2, pi. 22, fig. 1, 1921 Chile and Argentina (descr.,
molt, habits); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 30, p. 130, 1922 Ancud,
Chiloe 1 , and Calbuco, Chile; idem, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441 (note 3), 1922
coast of Patagonia 49 S. lat., 65 3' W. long.; Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 76, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 95 Navarin Island, Beagle
Channel (breeding; soft parts); idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 353, 1934 Islade
los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 779,
1936 (monog.).
Pelecanoides (Porthmornis) magellani Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 231, 1924
(descr., range).
Porthmornis magellani Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 198, 1934 (range).
Range. Southern Chile, from Chilce* Island southward to Cape
Horn, and on the Atlantic coast of Patagonia north to Santa Cruz;
breeding on islands in the Straits of Magellan (Navarin Island,
Beagle Channel).
*Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper. 1 SOUTH GEORGIAN
DIVING PETREL.
Pelecanoides georgica(us) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
35, p. 66, April 1, 1916 Cumberland Bay, South Georgia (type in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York); iidem, I.e., 44, p. 519,
pi. 22, figs. 1, 2, pi. 23, figs. 1, 2, 1921 South Georgia and Macquarie
Islands (monog.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 579, pi. 47, figs. 1, 2,
pi. 53, fig. 3, 1929 South Georgia (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 76, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 783, 1936
(monog.).
Pelecanoides urinatrix var. Berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Pagen-
stecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 17, 1885 South Georgia (crit.,
meas., egg descr.).
Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Lonnberg, Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 73, 1906 South Georgia (burrow
and egg descr.); Murphy, Auk, 31, pp. 450, 456, 1914 South Georgia;
Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 479, 485 South Georgia.
Pekcanoides exsul (not of Salvin) Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,
40, No. 5, p. 74, 1906 Cumberland Bay, South Georgia.
1 Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper is characterized as being of small
size, approximating certain races of P. urinatrix, notably P. u. chathamensis,
with the bill proportionately wider at the base and more sharply tapering than
in the other members of the genus, and the mottling of the jugulum exceedingly
variable in extent. Wing, 104-122; tail, 34-43; bill, 14-16; width of bill, 8-10;
depth of bill, 5-6.
The variation in the amount of mottling on the foreneck has given rise to
the record from South Georgia of P. exsul, of Kerguelen Island.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 109
Pelecanoides (Pelagodyptes^) georgicus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 234, 1924
South Georgia (descr.).
Pelecanoides urinatrix georgica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 South Georgia.
Pelagodyptes georgicus Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 198, 1934 (range).
Range. Breeds on South Georgia and Macquarie Islands.
Field Museum Collection. 3: South Georgia (Cumberland Bay,
3).
Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard). 1 FALKLAND DIVING
PETREL.
Procellaria Berard Gaimard, Bull. Ge"n. Univ. Ann. Nouv. Sci., 3, No. 7, p. 53,
June, 1823 near the Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929); Quoy and Gaimard, in
Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 4, p. 135, pi. 37, Sept.,
1824 Falkland Islands.
Procellarius falklandius (Commerson MS.) Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet,
Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 4, p. 136 (in text), Sept., 1824.
Halodroma berardi Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 87, pi. 517, Jan.,
1831 vicinity of Falkland Islands (descr. and fig. of type in Paris Mu-
seum).
Pelecanoides berardi Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 part, Falk-
land Islands; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland
Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis,
1861, p. 164 Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands.
Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Salvin, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896 part, spec, a-e, Falkland Islands; Paessler,
Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441, 1922 Falkland Islands (breeding).
Pelecanoides urinatrix berard Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
44, p. 538, pi. 22, fig. 2, pi. 24, fig. 2, 1921 Falkland Islands north to the
coast of Buenos Aires Province (monog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3,
p. 236, 1924 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 part, Falkland
Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool.,
39, p. 197, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p.
788, 1936 (monog.).
Pelecanoides urinatrix berardi Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 196, 1921 Falkland
Islands.
Range. Breeds on the Falkland Islands; occurs off the coast of
Buenos Aires Province north to the latitude of Necochea. 2
1 Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard) : Nearest to P. u, urinatrix (Gmelin),
of Australia and New Zealand, but with generally smaller bill, longer tail, and
longer middle toe and claw, while the mottling of the jugulum is more pronounced,
though not so extensive as in P. exsul. Wing, 117-125; tail, 40-46; bill, 15-16.
Eight specimens examined.
1 A very nearly allied race, P. u. dacunhae Nicoll, breeds on Tristan d'Acunha
and Gough Islands. It is separable by smaller size (wing, 108-113; tail, 36-37)
and by having the cheeks, sides of neck, and jugulum conspicuously streaked with
dusky.
110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews. 1 COPPINGER'S DIV-
ING PETREL.
Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 238, Sept. 20,
1912 Straits of Magellan (type, from Cockle Cove, Pilot Island, Trinidad
Channel, in British Museum examined) ; Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H. f 44, p. 543, 1921 (monog.); Stresemann, Journ. Orn., 70,
p. 441 (note 3), 192230 km. off Cape Tres Montes, Taytao Peninsula,
Chile (Oct. 11); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Mathews,
Nov. Zool., 39, p. 197, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2,
p. 791, 1936 (monog.).
Pelecanoides berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 part, west coast of Patagonia north to the Chonos
Archipelago.
Pelecanoides garnoti (not Puffinuria garnotii Lesson) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, p. 739 Cove Harbour, Messier Channel.
Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Sharpe, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 part, Cockle Cove; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 437, 1896 part, spec, h, k, 1, Cockle Cove, Trinidad Channel, and
Cove Harbour, Messier Channel.
Pelecanoides urinatrix berard Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 part, Magellan
region.
Range. Southern Chile from Magallanes (Trinidad and Messier
Channels) north to the Chonos Archipelago, Province of Chilce";
breeding grounds unknown.
Order PELECANIFORMES
Suborder PHAETHONTES
Family PHAETHONTIDAE. Tropic-Birds
Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus
Phaethon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758 type, by subs.
desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 80, 1840), Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus.
Phaeton Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 219, 1766 (emendation).
Lepturus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 479, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Lep-
turus" Moehring= Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus.
1 Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews: Exceedingly similar to P. u.
berard, but smaller. Wing, 107 (female) to 116 (male); tail, 36-38 (female),
41 (male); bill, 15-16.
A very doubtfully separable race. The three available specimens resemble
P. u. berard in coloration, but have somewhat shorter wings. It is to be noticed,
however, that the wing length (122 mm.), given by Stresemann for a female from
off the Taytao Peninsula, Chiloe", falls well within the measurements of the Falk-
land form. Until more material from breeding colonies comes to hand, the status
of P. u. coppingeri must be left in abeyance.
One specimen from Cockle Cove and two from Cove Harbour examined.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 111
Tropicophilus (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 124,
1826 substitute name for Phaeton Linnaeus (cited in synonymy).
Scaeophaethon Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 56, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by
orig. desig., Phaethon rubricauda westralis Mathews.
Leptophaethon Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 56, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by
orig. desig., Phaethon lepturus dorotheae Mathews.
*Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. RED-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD.
Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758 "in Pelago
inter tropicos"= Ascension Island (ex Osbeck, Dogbok Ostind. Resa, p.
291); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 314, 1846 San Lorenzo
Island, off Callao, Peru (breeding); Philippi, Reise Wtiste Atacama, p. 165,
1860 Bay of "Tartal" (=Taltal), Antofagasta, Chile; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 651 part, Ascension Island; Penrose,
Ibis, 1879, p. 276 Boatswain Island, Ascension (breeding); Cory, l.c.,
1886, p. 474 La Desirada; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130,
1890 Abrolhos Islands, off Bahia, Brazil; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zool., 20, p. 480, 1890 Fernando Noronha; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1892, p. 500 Anguilla (nesting); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 457, 1898 El Salvador (Acajutla), Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya),
Anguilla, Redonda, Guadeloupe, Santa Lucia, Brazil (Maranhao, Fer-
nando Noronha), and Ascension Island; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14,
p. 28, 1899 Isabel and Tres Marias Islands, and islets near San Bias,
Nayarit, Mexico (breeding); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 180,
1899 Tower, Hood (breeding), Culpepper, and Daphne Islands, Gala-
pagos; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 138, 1901
Mexico (Revillagigedo Islands; Tres Marias; rocky islets off San Bias),
Salvador (Acajutla), and Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya); Rothschild and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 409, 1902 Wenman, Hood, and Daphne Islands
(breeding), Galapagos; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 230, 1905
Barbados (Chancery Lane, 1877), St. Vincent, Becquia, Battowia, and
Balliceaux Islands, and some islets between Carriacou and Grenada (breed-
ing); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 81, 1907 Maranhao and Fernando
Noronha; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 327 Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela
(breeding) ; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 440, 1910 Gulf of Nicoya,
Costa Rica; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1913 Daphne,
Hood, Tower, and Onslow Islands, Galapagos (breeding, soft parts);
Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 47, 1915 Fernando Noronha; Bent, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 121, p. 187, 1922 (lite hist., range); Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 La Plata Island (breeding) and Gulf of
Guayaquil, Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9,
p. 279, 1927 (no authentic record from Puerto Rico) ; Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 Gulf and Cape district, Lower California;
Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 293, p. 1, 1928 Swan Key, Almirante Bay,
Panama (breeding); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931
Galapagos Islands; Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 361,
1931 (no authentic record from Bermuda Islands); Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 295, 1932 Taltal, Antofagasta, Chile.
Phaethon flavirostris (not of Brandt) Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 116 Gulf of Nicoya,
Costa Rica.
112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(T)Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 261,
Apr. 15, 1930 Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama (type in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 77,
1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Swan
Key, Bocas del Toro, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 798,
1936 (monog., life hist.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 23, p. 65, 1938 Acajutla, El Salvador; Bond, Not. Nat. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 13, p. 1, 1939 Saba Island; Nichols and Bond, Mem.
Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943 Cockroach Cay, Water Island,
Virgin Islands (nesting); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana
State Univ., 21, p. 31, 1945 Gulf of California (breeding).
(l)Phaethon aethereus limatus Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 261,
Apr. 15, 1930 Tower Island, Galapagos (type in Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range).
Phaethon aethereus aethereus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 797, 1936 Ascension, St. Helena,
and Fernando Noronha (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 24,
1938 Fernando Noronha and Maranhao, Brazil.
Range. Breeds within our limits on Fernando Noronha; locally
in the Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay, Water Island), Lesser Antilles
(St. Vincent, Becquia, Battowia, Balliceaux, and some islets between
Carriacou and Grenada); on Los Hermanos Islands off Venezuela;
on Swan Key (Almirante Bay), Panama; on the Tres Marias Islands,
on San Pedro Mdrtir Island, and in the Gulf of California, Mexico;
in the Galapagos Islands; and on certain islands on the coast of
Ecuador (La Plata Island) and Peru (San Lorenzo); accidental in
California (San Pedro Channel, Aug., 1916), on the Newfoundland
Banks (August, 1876), in Jamaica, off the Brazilian coast (Maranhao),
and in Chile (Taltal, Antofagasta). 1
Field Museum Collection. 18: Mexico, Lower California (Georges
Island, 5; Cape San Luis Island, 1); Galdpagos Archipelago (Cham-
1 While we have not attempted to subdivide the Red-billed Tropic-Bird, we do
not mean to deny the propriety of separating the birds of the North Atlantic
Ocean and the eastern tropical Pacific from those inhabiting the South Atlantic
islands (Ascension, St. Helena, Fernando Noronha), to which Peters restricted
typical P. aethereus. The northern form, P. a. mesonauta Peters, seems to differ
by slightly smaller size and by having the dark areas, including the transverse
bars, black rather than gray, with the deep black greater primary coverts some-
times slightly tipped, but never edged, with white. However, material from the
assigned range of P. aethereus is scarce in collections and might have undergone
some post-mortem change through age, so that its proper characters are hard to
define. The second Galapagos race, P. a. limatus Peters, supposedly with slenderer,
yellowish-horn bill, said to be restricted to Tower Island those from Daphne
Island are supposed to be mesonauta would seem to be the bird of the year (cf.
Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1913). Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 798) mentions a specimen with long, yellow bill from Hood Island.
The existence of two races on the Galapagos Islands thus appears to be proble-
matical. C.E.H.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 113
pion Island, 4; Tower Island, 2); 1 Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 2);
Lesser Antilles (Desirade, 1; St. Eustatius, 2); Venezuela (between
Trinidad and Guaira, 1).
Phaethon rubricauda rothschildi (Mathews). ROTHSCHILD'S
RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD.
Scaeophaethon rubricauda rothschildi Mathews, Birds Austr., 4, p. 303, 1915
Laysan and Niihau Islands (type, from Laysan, in Tring Collection, now
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 32, p. 276, 1925).
Phaethon rubricaudus (not Phaeton rubricauda Boddaert) Anthony, Auk, 15,
p. 38, 1898 Guadalupe Island, Lower California (July 23, 1897).
Phaethon rubricauda Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 410, 1902
600 miles west of Clipperton and north of Clarion Island.
Scaeophaethon rubricaudus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 190, 1922
(life hist.).
Phaethon rubricaudus rothschildi Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69,
1928 Guadalupe Island; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 78, 1931 (range).
Range. Breeds on the Bonin and Hawaiian Islands; on migration
in the waters around Clipperton and Clarion Islands; accidental on
the coast of Lower California (one record from Guadalupe Island,
July 23, 1897).
*Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Brandt. YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC-
BIRD.
Phaethon Catesbyi Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Pe*tersb., 4, No. 7, col. 98,
May 10, 1838; idem, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (6), Sci. Nat.,
3, livr. 2, p. 270, 1840 based exclusively on "The Tropick Bird" Catesby,
Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, App., p. 14, pi. 14; Bermuda Islands (breeding)
and some little islands at the east end of Puerto Rico (type locality, as
restricted by Mathews, Auk, 32, p. 196, 1915, Bermuda Islands). 1
Phaethon Edwardsii Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Pe"tersb., 4, No. 7,
col. 98, May 10, 1838; idem, Me~m. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (6), Sci.
Nat., 3, livr. 2, p. 271, 1840 based on "The Tropick Bird" Edwards,
Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 149, pi. 149; no locality stated. 3
1 These Tower Island birds have red bills, perhaps slenderer than those of
Lesser Antilles ones, but not more slender than those of specimens from Champion
Island or Lower California. B.C.
1 It is with some reluctance that we accept Brandt's term for the Yellow-billed
Tropic-Bird of the American shores. Catesby's description and figure indicate a
bird with red bill and curved black lines across the back, characters that do not
fit it at all. On the other hand, the outer primaries distinctly show the white ends,
and as it has been established that the Yellow-billed Tropic-Bird is the only species
nesting in the Bermuda Islands, where Catesby "shot them at the time of their
breeding," the name may be retained.
1 There is little doubt that Edwards' bird, the basis of P. Edwardsii Brandt,
refers to the species separated by Ogilvie-Grant as P. americanus. The figure
114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phaet(h)on flavirostris (not of Brandt) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7,
p. 128, 1859 Long Rock (near Exuma), Water Bay Kay, and Kay
Verde, Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 403,
1875 Punta Inglez, Cuba (breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 191, 1878
Puerto Rico (breeding habits); Scott, Auk, 8, pp. 249, 253, 1891 Jamaica
(breeding); Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., 8, p. 320, 1892 Dominica
(breeding).
Phaethon americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., No. 49, p. xxiii,
Dec. 29, 1897 "East and south-east coast of North America, from
Bermuda to the West Indies" (cotypes, from Bermuda Islands, in British
Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 456, 1898 Bermuda Islands,
Dominica, and St. Vincent (Feb. 3, 1890); Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France,
13, p. 144, 1900 Tobago; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
3, p. 137, 1901 (descr., range); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 230,
1905 St. Vincent; Gross, Auk, 29, pp. 49-71, pis. 3-11, 1912 Bermuda
Islands (life hist.).
Phaethon Upturns catesbyi Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 556, 1919 (crit.); Wetmore,
Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 277, 1927 Puerto Rico, Mona,
Culebra (Louis Pena), and Congo Cay (near St. Thomas); Bond, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 489, 1928 north coast of Tortuga, His-
paniola; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p.
297, 1931 Bermuda Islands; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
155, p. 64, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 79,
1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 islets (Giles
Rocks), off Tobago (breeding); Marble, Auk, 56, p. 176, 1939 Wood-
stock, Vermont; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 530, 1941
Puerto Barrios, Guatemala.
Leptophaethon lepturus catesbyi Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 181, 1922
(life hist.).
Phaethon lepturus (not of Daudin) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 802,
1936 part, Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and Antilles (life hist.).
Phaeton lepturus americanus McAtee, Auk, 62, p. 139, 1945 (should be name
used for white-backed bird; also cf. Bond, Auk, 62, p. 660, 1945).
Range. Breeds in the Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and locally
in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and
adjacent islets), Lesser Antilles (Martinique, Dominica, and probably
other islands), and on islets (Giles Rocks), off Tobago; occasional
in Florida (Dry Tortugas, 1832; Merritt's Island, April 21, 1886);
accidental in New York (Knowlesville, Sept. 1876), Nova Scotia (off
the coast, Sept. 4, 1870) and Vermont (Woodstock, after a hurricane).
Field Museum Collection. 46: Bahama Islands (Highborn Cay, 1;
Samona Cay, 4; Inagua, 3; Atwood Cay, 1; Eruna Cay, 1; French
Kay, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1); Jamaica (Priestman's
shows a plain white back and black blotches on the scapulars, and, while the bill
is painted red, Edwards states that "the legs and bill appear yellowish in the
dried bird, but I am informed they are red in the living bird."
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 115
River, 2); Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo, 3); Puerto Rico
(Mona Island, 17); Bermuda (Castle Island, 2; Coney Island, 2;
Harrington Sound, 6; Bailey Bay, 1).
Phaethon lepturus ascensionis (Mathews). 1 ASCENSION ISLAND
YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD.
Leptophaeihon lepturus ascensionis Mathews, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 311, 1915
Ascension Island (type in the British Museum).
Phaethon flavirostris (not of Brandt) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, p. 651 Fernando Noronha and Ascension Island; Penrose,
Ibis, 1879, p. 277 Boatswain Island, Ascension (breeding; eggs descr.).
Phaethon lepturus (not of Daudin, 1802) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 453, 1898 part, spec, a-i, Fernando Noronha, Ascension Island,
Sao Tome 1 , and Ilha das Cabres; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 39 Fernando
Noronha; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 80, 1907 Fernando Noronha;
Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 46, 1915 Fernando Noronha (nesting); idem,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 802, 1936 part, Ascension and Fernando
Noronha.
Phaethon lepturus ascensionis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 79, 1931 (range);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 24, 1938 Fernando Noronha.
Range. Breeds on Ascension and Fernando Noronha Islands,
off Brazil, and also on the Ilha dos Cabres, Gulf of Guinea.
Suborder PELECANI
Superfamily PELECANOIDEA
Family PELECANIDAE. Pelicans
Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus
Pelecanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 type, by tautonymy,
"Onocrotalus s. Pelecanus" = Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus.
Onocrotalus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 519, 1760 type, by tautonymy,
"Onocrotalus" = Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus.
Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. vii, "1852" (=1853) type,
by orig. desig., Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham=Pekcarms erythro-
rhynchos Gmelin.
Leptopelicanus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. vii, "1852" (=1853) type,
by orig. desig., Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin = Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus.
*Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 571, 1789 based on
"Rough-billed Pelican" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 586, Hudson
1 Phaethon lepturus ascensionis (Mathews) : Similar in coloration to P. I.
lepturus Daudin, of the Indian Ocean, but smaller. Wing, 256-267; bill, 47-51.
Birds from Fernando Noronha appear to be inseparable from those of Ascension
Island.
116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Bay and New York; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 282, 1922 (life
hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range); Moreno, Mem. Soc.
Cub. Hist. Nat., 14, p. 95, 1940 Cuba; Behle, Condor, 46, p. 198, 1944
Great Salt Lake, Utah (breeding colony); Ball, Auk, 61, p. 471, 1944
Connecticut (records); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana
State Univ., 21, p. 32, 1945 Sonora (Colorado delta to Guaymas
in winter).
Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 884, 1790 based on
"Rough-billed Pelican" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 586, Hudson
Bay and New York; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 379, 1869 Mazate-
nango, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 463, pi. 46
(breeding plumage) Mexico.
Onocrotalus Hernandezii Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1233 based on "Atototl
Alcatraz, Onocrotalus mexicanus dentatiis" Hernandez, Nov. Hisp. Thes.,
p. 672 (fig.); Mexico.
Pelecanus americanus Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 88, 1838 Grande Terre,
Louisiana (type not extant).
Pelicanus erythrorhynchus Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 197 Huamachal, Pacific
Guatemala.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 316, 1874
Rio Mazatlan, Sinaloa; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 50, 1876
San Mateo, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 481, 1898 North America and Guatemala (Huamachal); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 143, 1901 Mexico (Rio
Mazatlan, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, San Mateo,
Orizaba) and Guatemala (Mazatenango, Huamachal); Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928 Lower California (winter visitant);
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 148, 1932 Guatemala.
Pelecanus occipitalis Ridgway, Amer. Sportsman, 4, p. 297, 1874 Pyramid
Lake, Nevada (type in U. S. National Museum).
Pelecanus brachyrhynchus (lapsu) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 442, 1884
based on P. trachyrhynchus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 463,
pi. 46.
Range. Breeds from central British Columbia and Great Slave
Lake to central Manitoba, south to southern California and Texas;
winters from California to Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala (Huama-
chal, Mazatenango); accidental in Cuba (one record). 1
Field Museum Collection. 15: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 8; Big
Steele Lake, 1); Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg, 1); North Dakota
(Sweetwater Lake, 1); California (Carmel, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi,
1); Florida (Banana River, 1; Cedar Keys, 1).
1 More or less questionable records of the White Pelican exist from Isle of
Pines and Antigua (field identification). The bird is not known to occur in Trinidad
or anywhere south of Guatemala, though both Bent and Peters give its winter
range as extending to Panama.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 117
*Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus. WEST INDIAN
BROWN PELICAN.
Pekcamts Onocrot[alus] ft. occidentalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed. f 1, p. 215,
1766 based chiefly on "The Pelican of America" Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Bds., 2, p. 93, pi. 93 (West Indies); "Onocrotalus s. Pelecanus fuscus"
Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 322; Pelecanus No. 1, Browne, Civ. Nat.
Hist. Jamaica, p. 480, etc. (Jamaica accepted as type locality). 1
Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 570, 1789 part, West Indian
references; Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 409, 1847 Jamaica (breeding);
Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849
coast region (visitant); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 122, 1859
Bimini and Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23,
p. 397, 1875 Cuba (breeding); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 308, 326, 336
Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 18, p. 654, 1895 Margarita Island, Venezuela; Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 475, 1898 part, spec, n-d', Honduras, British
Honduras (Glover's Reef), Cozumel Island, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Union
Island, Grenada, and British Guiana; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 142, 1901 part, Mexico (Ventosa Bay, Tehuantepec;
Santa Ana, Vera Cruz; Progreso, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam),
Honduras (Fonseca Bay), Nicaragua (Greytown, Bluefields, San Juan del
Sur), Costa Rica (La Palma de Nicoya), Panama, British Guiana, and
West Indies; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902 Aruba, Curacao, and
Bonaire; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 322 Laguna del Obispo, Gulf of Paria,
Venezuela (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 441, 1910
mouth of Matina River, Costa Rica; Gilford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4),
2, p. 107, 1913 Galapagos Islands (breeding).
Pelecanus californicus (not of Ridgway) Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador
(crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 441, 1910 Pacific coast of
Costa Rica.
Pelecanus occidentalis Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 232, 1905 Barbados,
St. Vincent, and Grenadines (visitant); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn.
Ser., 1, pp. 195, 203, 209, 215, 220, 229, 235, 1909 Aruba, Bonaire,
Curagao, Los Roques, Tortuga, Blanquilla, and Margarita Islands; Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 204, 1916 seacoast; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
10, p. 173, 1916 Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (plumages disc.); idem and
Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 132, 1922 Buritaca, Colombia; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 Santa Elena, Jambeli, and Santa
Clara Island (breeding), Ecuador, and Punta Talara, Piura, Peru; Swarth,
Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931 Galapagos Archipelago (crit.);
Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 361, 1931 coast and Ci6naga
Grande, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64,
p. 147, 1932 Guatemala; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 810,
1336 (life hist.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 180, 1939 La
Guaira and Ensenada de Ocumare, Aragua, Venezuela.
1 While "Le Pelican brun" of Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 524, 1760), described from
an "American" specimen in the Reaumur Collection, may be P. o. carolinensis,
most of Linnaeus' other references pertain to the Antillean form.
118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pelecanus relictus G. H. Thayer, The Sentry (Kingstown, St. Vincent), Jan. 9,
1925 Kingstown Harbor, St. Vincent.
Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin
Is., 9, p. 280, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 299, 1931 Bermuda Islands (accidental); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 Greater and Lesser Antilles; Wetmore and
Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 65, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding
on Pelican Keys and Catalinita Island); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934,
p. 578 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding; egg descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Caribbean coast of Panama; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 Antilles (crit.); (?)Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 Rio Uraricuera, Brazil (ex Shattuck); 1
Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 66,
1938 Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (crit.); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 578,
1945 (dist. chars., range).
Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range
in part); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Pacific
coast of Panama.
Range. Breeds locally in the Bahamas, Greater and Lesser
Antilles, Tobago, Trinidad, Dutch West Indies, along the coasts of
Central America, Venezuela (Laguna del Obispo, Gulf of Paria), and
Colombia (Magdalena), off western Ecuador (Santa Clara Island),
and in the Galdpagos Archipelago; on migration to British Guiana
and northwestern Peru (Punta Talara, Piura). 2
Field Museum Collection. 17: Bahama Islands (Inagua, 1;
Andros, 1); Cuba (Cayos de la Lena, Pinar del Rio, 2); Lesser
Antilles (Antigua, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Mexico
(Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 5) ; Guatemala (San Jose*, Escuintla,
1); Panama (Brija Point, Canal Zone, 1); Ecuador, Province de los
Rios (Rio San Antonio, 1; Isla Silva Sur, 3).
*Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin. 3 BROWN PELICAN.
1 The record, evidently based upon a field observation, of this coastal bird
from an inland locality such as Rio Uraricuera, Brazil, should be substantiated
by specimens.
2 Birds from Pacific coast localities between Costa Rica and northwestern
Peru are considered by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 808-810, 1936) to
pertain to P. o. carolinensis. C.E.H.
It is now established that neither birds from Central America nor those from
the Galapagos Islands are californicus, to which they had been referred by various
authors. The first-named are either occidentalis or carolinensis, whereas those from
the Galapagos, being larger than occidentalis but smaller than californicus, represent
a separable race, Pelecanus occidentalis urinator Wetmore (Auk, 62, p. 582, Oct. 19,
1945 Hood Island, Galapagos Islands [type in U. S. National Museum]). B.C.
3 Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin differs from the nominate race by
reason of larger size. The southward extension of its breeding range remains to
be determined. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 808, 809, 1936) indeed
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 119
Pelecanus carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 571, 1789 based on
"Charlestown Pelican" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 580, 1785, and Latham,
Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 585, 1785; Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.
Pelecanus albicollis Maynard, Amer. Sportsman, 3, p. 379, 1874 Cedar Keys,
Florida (type formerly in coll. of C. F. Maynard, now probably lost).
Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26,
p. 475, 1898 part, spec, a-m, Florida (Tarpon Springs) and Texas
(Corpus Christi).
Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis (not P. occidentalis Linnaeus) Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 294, 1922 (life hist.; range in part).
Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 (crit.); Oberholser, Bull.
Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 33, 1938 Louisiana (crit.);
Bruner, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 19, 1943 Cuba (specimens
banded in central Florida taken later in Cuba); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p.
579, 1945 (dist. chars., range).
Pelecanus occidentalis Schorger, Auk, 61, p. 305, 1944 Wisconsin (two re-
cords); Longstreet, Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., 7, p. 185, 1944 Florida
(movements on east coast).
Range. Breeds locally on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the
southern United States from North Carolina to Texas; accidental
in Wisconsin. In migration to Cuba.
Field Museum Collection. 5: Louisiana (Buras, Plaquemines
County, 1); Florida (Eau Gallic, 2; Sebastian River, 1; Nassau
County, 1).
*Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway.. 1 CALIFORNIAN
BROWN PELICAN.
Pelecanus (fuscus?) californicus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 143, 1884 La Paz, Lower California (type
advances good reasons for referring birds from the Pacific coast of Central America,
and as far south as northwestern Peru (Talara, Piura) to P. o. carolinensis rather
than P. o. occidentalis. According to his figures, specimens from these countries
agree in dimensions with others from the Gulf coast of Florida and Texas, whereas
birds from Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and St. Thomas are decidedly smaller (wing of
males, 465-490 against 503-531; of females, 447-466 against 476-499). However,
certain exceptions to this rule require further study. C.E.H.
Recently, the brown Pelicans from the Pacific coast of Colombia, Ecuador
and northwestern Peru (Talara) have been separated from the Central Amer-
ican populations as Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi Wetmore (Auk, 62, p. 583,
Oct. 19, 1945 Pelado Island, Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador [type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York]). The size is similar to carolinensis but
the color is darker above and more extensively streaked with lighter below (Wet-
more, I.e.). B.C.
1 Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway, in breeding plumage, may be
distinguished by the dark brown to blackish (instead of reddish) nape and the
flesh-colored basal portion of the pouch; its dimensions, sex for sex, are decidedly
larger.
120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38,
p. 815, 1932).
Pelecanus californicus Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 83, 1889
Todos Santos and San Martin Islands (habits, nest and eggs descr.);
Bryant, I.e., p. 257, 1889 Cape region (habits); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna,
14, p. 32, 1899 Isabel Island, Tres Marias (breeding); Brewster, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 38, 1902 Lower California (crit.); McLellan,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 290, 1926 San Martin and Tres Marias
Islands (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena, Isabel Island).
[Pelecanus fuscus] subsp. a. P. californicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 478, 1898 part, spec, a-n, California (San Diego, Monterey)
and Lower California (Mulege").
Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 142, 1901 part, Pacific coast of North America, Revillagigedo
Islands, and northwestern Mexico (Guaymas, Mazatlan).
Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 301,
1922 (life hist.; range in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32,
p. 71, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range
in part); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 California and
Lower California (crit., meas.); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 581, 1945 (dist.
chars., range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
21, p. 32, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident).
Range. Pacific coast of North America from southern British
Columbia to northwestern Mexico (Lower California, Sonora, Sina-
loa, Tres Marias Islands) ; breeding on islands from the Santa Barbara
Islands to the Tres Marias.
Field Museum Collection. 21: California (Hyperion, 11; Moss
Landing, 3; Monterey, 3; San Diego, 3; San Francisco, 1).
*Pelecanus occidentalis thagus Molina. 1 MOLINA'S PELICAN.
Pelecanus thagus Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 240, 344, 1782 Chile;
Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 494, 1847 Chile
(ex Molina); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 206, 1855 Chile;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile (crit.); Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 480, pi. 5b, 1898 Peru (Payta) and
Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso, Coronel); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 8, p. 396, 1902 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego (Feb.); Nicoll, Ibis,
1904, p. 52 Valparaiso Bay; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909
Chile (from Coquimbo northwards, in winter at Corral); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 228, 1910 Isla Picton (Tierra del Fuego)
and "Barracas al Sud (Buenos Aires);" Forbes, Ibis, 1914, p. 403, pi. 13
Lobos de Tierra, Ancon, and Chincha Islands, Peru (plumages, habits);
1 Pelecanus occidentalis thagus Molina, though distinguished by larger size,
stronger as well as longer bill, and white-striped under parts, is clearly a geograph-
ical representative of the Brown Pelican. Its variation and sequence of plumages
have been described at length by the late H. 0. Forbes (Ibis, 1914, pp. 403-420,
pi. 13).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 121
Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, p. 486, 1919 "Tumbez" to Mollendo,
Peru (plumages, habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 294, 1932 Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 233, 1936 coast of Arica,
Chile.
Pelecanus thayus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Per., Orn., p. 312, 1846 islets off
the Peruvian coast.
Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile,
Zool., 1, p. 494, 1847 Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia,
Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 coast of Atacama,
Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 part, Payta, Peru;
Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Atacama; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile,
103, p. 228, 1899 central provinces of Chile.
Onocrotalus thagus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 164, 1857 "Chile,
Bolivia, Ins. Gallapag."; 1 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 553 Chorillos, Lima, Peru.
Pelecanus molinae* Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 269 based on
Onocrotalus thagus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 164, 1857 Chile;
Elliot, I.e., 1869, p. 588, pi. 44 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, I.e.,
1892, p. 399 Callao and Ancon, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93,
p. 206, 1896 Bay of Valparaiso; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 185 Coronel and
Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 690, 1898
Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 224, 1899
Chile (monog.).
Pelecanus ihygus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 coast of Chile
and Peru.
Pelecanus barbieri Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (7), 2, p. 211, 1878 Ancon,
Peru (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
(2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Salvin, Ibis, 1879, p. 98 Iquique, Chile (crit.;= adult).
Pelecanus fuscus var. molinae Dubois, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., 2, p. 11, 1883
(crit.).
Pekcanis molinae Meyer, Journ. Orn., 38, p. 165, 1890 island near Callao,
Peru (crit.).
Pelecanus nigricollis (Philippi MS.) Albert, 1 Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 226,
1899 Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile ;= young).
Pelecanus landbecki F. Philippi, 8 Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 1, No. 3, p. 63, 1909
Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile ;= young); Housse,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile.
Pelecanus occidenlalis thagus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 819, 1936 (monog., life hist.) ; Philippi,
1 Bonaparte's description is clearly based on Chilean specimens. Birds from
the Galapagos Islands belong to another form, while "Bolivia" doubtless refers
to Tacna Province, once part of that republic.
1 Pelicanus molinae G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 189, 1844;
Gen. Bds., 3, p. [668], 1845) and Pelecanus molinae Pelzeln (Reise Novara, Zool., 1,
Vogel, p. 158, 1865 Chile) are nomina nuda.
* Pelecanus nigricollis Albert and P. landbecki F. Philippi were based on the
very same specimen, a young bird, in the Chilean National Collection.
122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Arica, Tacna, Chile; Wetmore,
Auk, 62, p. 585, 1945 (dist. chars., range).
Range. Coasts of Peru and Chile, from Point Parinas, Piura, 1
south to Chiloe" Island (breeding in the central part of this area),
and occasionally to Tierra del Fuego (one record from Isla Picton,
Ushuaia). 2
Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Cape Blanco, 2).
Superfamily SULOIDEA
Family SULIDAE. Gannets
Genus MORUS Vieillot
Morus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 63, 1816 type, by monotypy,
"Fou de Bassan" Buff on = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus.
Sulita Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 123, Jan. 28, 1915 type, by orig.
desig., "Sula" bassana Linnaeus = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus.
*Morus bassanus (Linnaeus). GANNET.
Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 133, 1758 based on
"Anser Bassanus" Willoughby, Orn., p. 247, pi. 63, etc.; "Scotia, America"
(restricted type locality, Bass Rock, off Scotland).
Pelecanus maculatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 579, 1789 based on "Fou
tachet6" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 375, and "Fou tachete", de Cayenne"
Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 986 (=young).
Sula major LacSpede, Tabl. Meth. Mamm. Ois., p. 303, 1799; idem, in Buffon,
Hist. Nat. (Didot ed.), Quadr., 14, p. 318, 1799 (pub. 1802) based on
I.e., Ois., 16, p. 298, 1799 "se trouve sur les c6tes de la Florida, et sur
les grandes rivieres de cette contr6e."
Sula alba Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 582,
1810 substitute name for Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus.
Sula leucophea Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 106, 1826 based on
"Brown and White Booby" Latham, Gen. Hist. Bds., 10, p. 441; supposed
to inhabit Cayenne.
Sula americana Bonaparte, Geogr. Comp. List Bds. Eur. N. Amer., p. 60,
1838 based on Sula bassana Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 222, pi. 326;
"Central coast"= Great Gannet Rock, near Magdalena Islands, Gulf of
St. Lawrence.
Sula bassana Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 425, 1898 (monog.);
Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 245, 1898 Davis Straits, Greenland; Salvin
1 Forbes's statement (Ibis, 1914, p. 413) that this form occurs at certain sea-
sons even as far north as the Guayaquil River, southwestern Ecuador, is no doubt
due to confusion with P. o. carolinensis.
1 Venturi's sight record from Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, needs confirma-
tion.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 123
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 145, 1901 (range); Mowbray,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 299, 1931 Ferry Point, St. George, Bermuda
Islands (Dec. 12, 1930); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40,
p. 291, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Fisher and Vevers, Journ. Anim.
Ecol., 12, p. 173, 1943 (breeding); iidem, I.e., 13, p. 49, 1944 (distr., hist.,
pop.).
Morus bassanus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 216, 1922 (life hist.);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 82, 1931 (range).
Range. Breeds locally on islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
and off Newfoundland, 1 also extralimitally in the British Isles and
Iceland; in winter south to the Gulf of Mexico (Vera Cruz; Cuba), 2
the eastern Atlantic islands (Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores), and
northern Africa; accidental in Greenland (Davis Straits).
Field Mtiseum Collection. 17: Labrador (unspecified, 1); Quebec
(Gulf of St. Lawrence, 2; Magdalen Islands, 8); Nova Scotia (St.
Margaret's Bay, 2); Maine (Matinicus, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy
Island, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Florida
(St. Augustine, 1).
Genus SULA Brisson
Sula Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 494, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Sula"=
Sula leucogaster Boddaert.
Dysporus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 279, 1811 substitute name for
Sula Brisson.
Disporus Agassiz, Ind. Univ., p. 127, 1846 emendation of Dysporus Illiger.
Abeltera Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 351,
1890 new name for Sula Reichenbach, 1883; type, Pelecanus Sula Lin-
naeus.
Parasula Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 55, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews.
Hemisula Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 55, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by orig.
desig., Sula leucogaster rogersi Mathews.
*Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards. BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY.
Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 13, art. 4, p. 37,
pi. 14, 1882 "cote Pacifique de 1'Ame'rique" (type in Paris Museum; cf.
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Ridgway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 596, 1897 Galapagos Islands (descr., crit., range);
Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 31, 1899 Isabel and Tres Marias Islands
(breeding habits); Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 44, 1915 (juv.
plumage); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 197, 1922 (life hist.);
1 An account of the North American gannetries has been given by Wynne-
Edwards (Ibis, 1935, pp. 584-594).
1 The record from Cayenne (Daubenton) is open to doubt.
124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 288, 1926 Maria Madre,
Maria Magdalena, and Isabel Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 69, 1928 Gulf of California (San Pedro Martir and Ildefonso Islands
[breeding]; San Benito Islands; La Paz, etc.); Clary, Condor, 32, p. 160,
1930 Salton Sea, California (Nov. 1, 1929); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 83, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art.
10, p. 31, 1931 Indefatigable Island, Galapagos Archipelago; van Rossem,
Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 129, 1932 Tiburon, San Pedro Nolasco
Island (breeding), San Pedro Martir, and Estrada de Tasiola, Gulf of
California; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 "Pearl
Islands (breeding);" Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 829, 1936
(monog., life hist.) ; Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 287, 1938 Puntarenas, Costa
Rica (July 8); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
21, p. 32, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident).
Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, p. 427 Charles Island, Galapagos Archipelago.
Sula gossi (Ridgway MS.) Goss, Auk, 5, p. 241, July, 1888 San Pedro
Martir Island, Gulf of California (type in U. S. National Museum);
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890 Chatham Island
(crit.).
Sula nebouxi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 435, 1898 Tres
Marias Islands, Charles Island, and "coast of Chile;" Rothschild and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 178, 1899 Galapagos Islands (egg descr.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 148, 1901 (range in
Mexico); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 407, 1902 Wenman,
Seymour, Daphne, and Indefatigable Islands (excl. descr. first plumage);
Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 248, 1904 Albemarle,
Narborough, and Hood Islands (breeding); Thayer and Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 92, 1905 Gorgonilla Peninsula, Gorgona Island,
Colombia; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 93, pi. 5, fig. 2, 1913
Galapagos Islands (crit., plumages, eggs); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
56, p. 471, 1919 coast of Peru south to Guanape Islands (breeding habits);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 Pelado (Santa Elena
Bay), Santa Clara, Jambeli, and La Plata Islands, Ecuador; McLellan,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 18, 1927 off San Bias, Nayarit.
Range. Breeds on islands off the coasts of Mexico (San Pedro
Martir, San Pedro Nolasco, Ildefonso, Isabel, Tres Marias, Clarion),
Panama (Pacheca and Galera, Pearl Islands), Colombia (Gorgona),
Ecuador, northern Peru (Lobos de Tierra, Guanape), and in the
Galapagos Islands; migrating occasionally as far south as Ancon,
Lima (fide Chapman) j 1 accidental in California (Salton Sea, Nov. 1,
1929).
1 No authentic record appears to exist for the occurrence of the Blue-footed
Booby in Chile. The original specimen obtained by Neboux during the voyage
of the Venus in 1839 has no exact locality, and Milne-Edwards merely surmised
that it might have come from Chile. The British Museum has a skin, presented
by C. Crawley, said to be from "the coast of Chile."
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 125
Field Museum Collection. 13: Mexico (Ildefonso Island, Lower
California, 1 ; Isabella Island, 2) ; Galapagos Islands (Daphne Island,
1; Charles Island, 1; Gardner Island, 4; Champion Island, 1; Hood
Island, 2; unspecified, 1).
*Sula variegata (Tschudi). PERUVIAN BOOBY.
Dysporus variegatus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 390, 1843 "in littoribus
et insulis Oceani Pacifici" (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters.
Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 islands off Peruvian coast; idem, Journ.
Orn., 4, p. 188, 1856 same locality (descr.).
Sula ( ?) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 120, 1843 Chilean coast,
from Chilo6 Islands to Copiapo; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 512
Valdivia, Chile.
Sula variegata Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 316, 1844 Peru; Hartlaub,
Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise
Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 156, 1865 Chile (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31,
p. 290, 1868 coast of Chile to Peru; Pelzeln, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien,
23, p. 161, 1873 Callao, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 554 Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool.,
12, art. 4, p. 34, 1882 Callao 1 (crit.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883,
p. 427 Callao Bay and San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Reed, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 93, p. 206, 1896 Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 185 outside
Coquimbo and south to Arauco, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl.,
4, p. 689, 1898 Isla los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 434, 1898 Peru (Callao, San Lorenzo Island,
Chorillos) and Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaiso); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile,
101, p. 929, 1898 Chile (monog.); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102,
1909 from Coquimbo northward, common at Antofagasta, Chile; Roths-
child, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, pp. 42, 44, 1915 Peruvian guano islands
(crit., plumages); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 466, pis. 56-59,
1919 coastal islands of Peru (nesting habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist.
Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924 Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 near Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil,
Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 295, 1932 Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 838, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 233,
1936 Arica, Tacna, and near Quintero, Aconcagua, Chile (breeding);
idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Bay of Arica, Tacna,
Chile (resident).
Sula fusca (not of Vieillot) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1,
p. 488, 1847 Chilo6 (excl. descr.); Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p.
165, 1860 coast of Atacama, Chile; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Atacama.
1 The other localities mentioned ("Santa Cruz," d'Orbigny; "Magellan,"
Sabatier) cannot possibly be correct. Oustalet (Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 303,
1891), indeed, points out that the origin of these specimens preserved in the Paris
Museum is altogether uncertain and that they probably were secured on the
Peruvian coast off Lima.
126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Pacific coast of South America, from the Gulf of Guaya-
quil, Ecuador, south to Chiloe" Island, Chile (breeding on islands from
Punta Talara, Piura, Peru to Quintero, Aconcagua, Chile).
Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Talara, 1); Chile (Concep-
cion, 1).
*Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson. ATLANTIC BLUE-FACED
BOOBY.
Sula dactylatra "Lesson, 1 TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 1'ile de 1'Ascen-
sion" (descr. of adult male; type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7,
p. 125, 1859 Santo Domingo Kay, Bahama Islands (breeding; descr.);
Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 13, art. 4, p. 35, pi. 13 (fig. of
type), 1882 Ascension Island (crit.); Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 258, 1915
South Trinidad; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 510 Ascension Island; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 846, 1936 part, Atlantic localities (life hist.).
Dysporus cyanops Sundevall, Physiogr. Sallsk. Tidskr. Lund, 1, No. 3, p. 218
(footnote), pi. 5, 1837 "ad aequatorem maris Atlant." (type in Stockholm
Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 95, 1927); idem,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 19, p. 236 (footnote), 1847 same locality (descr.).
"Sula dactylatra (nigrodactyla Less.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1114, 1855; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 165, 1857
Ascension Island (descr.).
[Sula] ekgans Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 125, 1859 Santo Domingo
Kay, Bahama Islands (cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 184, 1930).
Sula cyanops Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 281 Ascension Island (breeding);
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890 Abrolhos Islands, off
Bahia, Brazil; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 430, 1898
part, spec, a-c, Ascension Island; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32,
p. 231, 1905 Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines (breeding);
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 Cayenne; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p.
324 Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela (breeding); Cory, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 226, 1909 Los Hermanos Islands; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 193, 1922 part, Lesser Antilles, Los Hermanos
Islands, Yucatan (Alacron Reefs), and formerly Bahama Islands.
Parasula dactylathra [sic] Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
22, p. 182, 1919 South Trinidad Island (August).
Sula dactylatra dactylatra Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 43, 1915
(crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 part, Fernando Noronha; Oberholser, Bull. Dept.
Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 36, 1938 Grand Gosier Island (July 28,
1929); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943
Cockroach Cay, Virgin Islands (nesting).
l Sula dactylatra Lesson (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 11, p. 494, May 30,
1829) is a nomen nudum.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 127
Range. Breeds locally in the Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay),
Lesser Antilles (Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines); 1 on
Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela; on the Alacron Reefs, Yucatan;
on Fernando Noronha, Rocas Reef, the Abrolhos Islands, possibly
also on South Trinidad (and extralimitally on Ascension Island);
formerly in the Bahama Islands (Santo Domingo Kay); accidental
in Louisiana (Grand Gosier Island, July 28, 1929).
Field Museum Collection. 9: Bahama Islands (Santo Domingo
Cay, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 6); Venezuela (Los Hermanos
Islands, Nueva Esparta, 1).
*Sula dactylatra californica Rothschild. 2 CALIFORNIAN
BLUE-FACED BOOBY.
Sula dadylatra californica Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 43, Jan. 27,
1915 "coasts of California and Central America" (type, from San Bene-
dicto Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 467, 1917 (crit.); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 Alijos Rocks, off Lower California;
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range).
Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 14, p. 302, 1872 Socorro Island; Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314,
316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clarion Islands; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 145, 1901 part, Revillagigedo
Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 406, 1902 Alijos
Rocks, off Lower California; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad.
Sci., 4, p. 512, 1902 Clipperton Island (eggs descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 84, 1913 San Benedicto Island (nesting) and Clip-
perton Island.
Sula dactylatra (not of Lesson) McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15,
p. 287, 1926 Alijos Rocks, Clarion Island (nesting), and San Benedicto
Island (breeding).
Range. Breeds on islands off the west coast of Mexico (Alijos
Rocks, Clarion Island, the Revillagigedo group, and Clipperton
Island).
Field Museum Collection. 2: Mexico (Clarion Island, 2).
Bryant's record from "Haiti" is questionable (cf. Wetmore and Swales,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 70, 1931).
t Sula dactylatra californica Rothschild: Similar to the nominate race, but
distinguished by its much larger, stouter bill and differently colored soft parts,
the bill being bright yellow instead of horny blue-gray, while the feet and legs
are orange rather than yellow.
128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Sula dactylatra grant! Rothschild. 1 GRANT'S BLUE-FACED BOOBY.
Sula granti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 13, p. 7, Oct. 31, 1902 Galapagos
Islands (type, from Culpepper Island, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).
Dysporus cyanops Sundevall (not of 1837), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p.
125 Galapagos Islands.
Sula variegata (not Dysporus variegatus Tschudi) Rothschild and Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 6, p. 178, 1899 Wenman, Culpepper, Hood, Gardner (near
Charles), and Tower Islands (crit., eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 407,
1902 Culpepper, Chatham, Bindloe, Daphne, Indefatigable, and Wenman
Islands (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 244,
1904 Galapagos Islands (habits); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4),
2, p. 89, 1913 Galapagos Islands (habits, eggs); Fisher and Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 32, 1931 Tower Island.
Sula cyanops Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368,
p. 49, 1900 Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador.
Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 44, 1915 (crit.);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Bond and Schauensee, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938 Malpelo Island.
Sula dactylatra (not of Lesson) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214,
1926 La Plata Island, Ecuador; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p.
846, 1936 part, Pacific localities (monog., life hist.).
Range. Breeds in the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador
(La Plata Island), on the islets of San Felix and San Ambrosio, off
Chile, and probably on Malpelo Island, Colombia.
Field Museum Collection. 10: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island,
2; Hood Island, 7); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1).
*Sula sula websteri Rothschild. 2 WEBSTER'S RED-FOOTED BOOBY.
Sula websteri Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. lii, May 25, 1898 "Clarion
Island, Galapagos, and neighbouring seas" (type, from Clarion Island,
Revillagigedos group, off Mexico, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York); Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto,
Socorro, and Clarion Islands (habits); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 29,
1899 Isabel Island (ex Grayson); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 147, 1901 Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands.
1 Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild: Precisely like S. d. calif ornica, but bill red,
legs and feet bluish green. Even in juvenile plumage, this race is recognizable
by its dull purplish-pink bill.
2 Sula sula websteri Rothschild differs from the nominate race by having longer
wings and the tail nearly always grayish-brown, very rarely mixed with white
or partly white.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 129
Sula piscator (not Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 19, p. 598, 1897 part, Indefatigable, Tower, and Wenman Islands,
Galapagos Archipelago; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 211, 1922
part, Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands (life hist.); McLellan, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 289, 1926 Clarion and San Benedicto Islands
(breeding); idem, I.e., (4), 16, p. 17, 1927 Labrados, Sinaloa.
Sula piscatrix websteri Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 177, 1899
Clarion and Tower Islands (breeding; crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 406, 1902
Culpepper, Wenman, and Bindloe Islands (habits) ; Snodgrass and Heller,
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 515, 1902 Galapagos, Clarion, and Cocos
Islands; iidem, I.e., 5, p. 246, 1904 Galapagos Islands.
Sula piscatrix Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 85, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1913
San Benedicto, Cocos, Culpepper, Tower, and Wenman Islands (crit.,
meas., habits).
Sula piscator websteri Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931
Galapagos Islands.
Sula sula websteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 Galapagos Islands.
Range. Breeds in the Revillagigedo (San Benedicto, Socorro,
Clarion), Cocos, and Galapagos Islands (Culpepper, Wenman, Tower,
etc.).
Field Museum Collection. 5: Mexico (Clarion Island, 1); Costa
Rica (Cocos Island, 1); Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 2; Cul-
pepper Island, 1).
*Sula sula sula (Linnaeus). RED-FACED BOOBY.
Pelecanus Sula Linnaeus, 1 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 "in Pelago
indico" 1 (descr. of adult); Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 121, 1905
(nomencl.).
Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 principally
based on "Le Fou brun" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 499, pi. 43, fig. 1; "in Oceano
Africano, Americano" J (=grayish phase).
Sula Candida Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 103, 1826 new name
for Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 217, 1766 (in
part).
1 While all of the references, except Browne (Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 481)
in part, pertain to S. leucogaster, Linnaeus' description ("corpore albido, remigibus
primoribus apice nigricantibus, facia rubra" and again "remiges non tantum
primores, sed et secundariae extrorsum nigricantes," etc.) is clearly referable to
the Red-faced Booby.
1 Though Ascension Island was designated by Mathews (Bds. Austr., 4, p. 216,
1915), Grant and Mackworth-Praed (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, pp. 185^187, 1933)
explain at length that this procedure is inadmissible, and suggest, in its place,
Barbados, Lesser Antilles, as an appropriate type locality (p. 187) for S. sula sula.
a The bird described by Brisson was in the Reaumur Collection, no precise
locality being specified.
130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Sula erythrorhyncha Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 locality un-
known (possibly only a substitute name for Pelecanus piscator Gmelin,
1789= P. piscator Linnaeus, 1766, not of Linnaeus, 1758).
Sula piscator (not Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus, 1758 ;)* Salvin, Ibis, 1866,
p. 200 Half Moon Cay, British Honduras (breeding); Saunders, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 163 South Trinidad Island; Cory, Auk, 5,
p. 72, 1888 West Indian localities (descr.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 12, p. 578, 1888 Swan Island; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 531, 1893
off Greytown, Nicaragua; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 432,
1898 part, spec, c'-l', South Trinidad, Redonda, St. Vincent, Jamaica,
and British Honduras (Half-Moon Cay); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 146, 1901 (localities in Central America); Nicoll, Ibis,
1904, p. 588 Little Cayman (soft parts, plumages); Clark, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905 St. Vincent and Grenadines (Kick 'em Jenny,
Battowia; breeding); Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 672 South Trinidad (nesting);
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 ("not recorded from French
Guiana"); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 316, 325, 333 Los Testigos (breeding),
Los Hermanos (breeding; crit.), and eastern Swan Island (breeding);
Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 226, 229, 1909 Los Her-
manos and Los Testigos (ex Lowe); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121,
p. 211, 1922 (life hist.; range in part); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico
and Virgin Is., 9, p. 284, 1927 Desecheo Island, near Puerto Rico (breed-
ing; plumages disc.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 526,
1928 off Grenadines and Trinidad; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 155, p. 69, 1931 Navassa Island, Hispaniola; Fisher and
Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 3, 1931 Little Swan
Island (breeding); Wetmore, I.e., 81, art. 2, p. 10, 1932 Navassa Island
(breeding).
Dysporus Hernandezi Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 298, 1878 Matanzas,
Cuba (type in coll. of J. Gundlach, now in Habana Museum); idem, I.e.,
29, p. 401, 1881 (crit.).
Sula piscatrix Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 36,
1882 Cayenne (Martin) and Haiti (Ricord); Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 214
South Trinidad Island (breeding); Lowe, I.e., 1911, p. 148 Little Cayman.
Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Cory, Auk, 6, p. 31, 1889
Little Cayman and Cayman Brae.
Sula coryi Maynard, Contrib. Sci., 1, No. 1, p. 40, April, 1889 Little Cayman
(cotypes in coll. of C. J. Maynard, now in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 185,
1930); idem, I.e., No. 2, pp. 51-57, pi. 5, July, 1889 (habits); idem, I.e.,
1 Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758), according
to description and references, is an indeterminable composite of some form of
S. sula and of S. leucogaster, and even though Linnaeus subsequently (Syst. Nat.,
12th ed., 1, p. 217, 1766) used the name for one of the races of the Red-faced Booby
(cf. Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, pp. 168-170, 1919),
such a procedure does not seem to be admissible under the Rules. Moreover,
there would be no means of ascertaining its racial pertinence, as the type is no
longer extant (cf. Lb'nnberg, Bihang Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1,
p. 28, 1896).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 131
No. 3, p. 142, pi. 11, Oct., 1889 (notes on young); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Cl., 14, p. 65, 1904 (habits).
Piscatrix sula Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 183, 1919
South Trinidad Island (plum. disc.).
[Piscatrix sula] autumnalis Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22,
p. 186 (in text), with plate, 1919 (name proposed for the white-rumped,
brown-backed variety).
Sula sula Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Nat. Hist. Rep.,
Zool., 4, p. 184, 1930 South Trinidad; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2,
p. 861, 1936 (monog., life hist.; distrib. excl. of Revillagigedo, Cocos, and
Galapagos Islands).
Sula sula sula Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker,
Ibis, 1934, p. 578 Giles Islets, off Tobago (breeding; nest and eggs descr.);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 (range).
Range. Breeds locally in the West Indies (Navassa Island,
Hispaniola; Desecheo, near Puerto Rico; Little Cayman, south of
Cuba; Dominica; Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines; Giles
Islets, off Tobago), off the coast of Venezuela (Los Testigos and Los
Hermanos Islands) and British Honduras (Half-Moon Cay and
Little Swan Island), on Fernando Noronha and on South Trinidad
in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. 1
Field Museum Collection. 20: Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 2);
Western Caribbean (Saint Andrews, 6; Little Swan, Swan Islands,
1); Jamaica (Cayman Brae, 1; Little Cayman, 6); British Honduras
(Half Moon Cay, 3); Venezuela (Los Hermanos Island, Nueva
Esparta, 1).
*Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert). WHITE-BELLIED
BOOBY.
Pekcanus leucogaster Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, Dec., 1783 based upon
"Le Fou, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 973; Cayenne.*
1 The plumages of the Red-faced Booby are very puzzling, and the one with
white rump, tail coverts, and tail in contrast to the remaining dark gray plumage,
described as S. coryi, has been the subject of much speculation. Birds of this
type, however, are not confined to the Cayman Islands, as has been pointed out
by Nicoll (Ibis, 1904, p. 588). They occur even on Fernando Noronha, so that
it can hardly be anything else but a plumage phase, the significance of which is
yet to be determined.
Another variety, with the head, upper parts, breast, and abdomen brown with
a slight gloss, the rump, tail coverts, vent, thighs, and tail white, was regarded
by Maynard and Nicoll as an immature or intermediate plumage of "S. coryi,"
and as it has no range of its own, this interpretation is probably correct. It has
been named (Piscatrix sula) autumnalis by Ribeiro, from South Trinidad, and
more recently described as a distinct species, S. nicolli, by Grant and Mackworth-
Praed (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 118, Feb. 22, 1933 type, from Glorioso Island,
north of Madagascar, in the British Museum).
* The White-bellied Booby is recognizably figured by Sloane (Voy. Jamaica,
2, p. 322, pi. 271, fig. 2) as well as by Catesby (Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 87, pi. 87).
The latter naturalist stated that he found it breeding in the Bahamas.
132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pelecanus parvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 579, 1789 based on "Le
Petit Fou" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 374, and Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 973; Cayenne.
Sula brasiliensis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 83, pi. 107, 1825 "in
insulis maritimis urbis Rio de Janeiro" (type in Munich Museum; cf.
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 716, 1906);
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 458, 1856 bay of Rio de Janeiro
and Ilha do Santa Catharina, Brazil.
Sulafusca Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, p. 194, pi. 277, l 1826 part,
Antilles, Isla de Aves, Cayenne (roc du Grand Conne'table), coast of New
Spain (= Venezuela), Bahama Islands, and "Carolina" (no type specified) ;
Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 417, 1847 Jamaica; Pelzeln, Reise Novara,
Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 156, 1865 Jurujuba Bay, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn.
Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 Bay of Rio de Janeiro and Paranagua, Parand,
Brazil.
Sula fulica Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 emendation of Sula
fulca Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, pi. 277.
Dysporus sula Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 890, 1833 bay of Rio
de Janeiro.
Sula fiber (not Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7,
p. 123, 1859 San Domingo Cay, Bahama Islands (breeding habits);
Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381 Half-Moon Cay, British Honduras; Cory,
Bds. Bahamas, p. 191, 1880 Bahama Islands; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
3, p. 369, 1899 Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo.
Sula leucogastra Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 651
part, Ascension and St. Paul's Rock; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 281 Ascen-
sion Island (breeding); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 578, 1888
Swan Island; idem, I.e., 12, p. 130, 1890 Abrolhos Islands, off Bahfa,
Brazil; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 20, p. 480, 1890 Fernando
Noronha (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3,
p. 149, 1901 part, Swan Island, Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua and Costa
Rica; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 31, 38 St. Paul's Rock (breeding) and Fer-
nando Noronha; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905 Grena-
dines (Battowia, Kick 'em Jenny, Little Martinique; breeding); Chapman,
Pap. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 2, p. 143, 1908 Cay Verde,
Bahama Islands (breeding habits); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn.
Ser., 1, pp. 214, 227, 229, 1909 Islas de Aves, Los Hermanos, and Los
Testigos; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 439, 1910 Caribbean coast
of Costa Rica (breeding on Uvita Island and on rocky islets at mouth of
Moina River) ; Ltiderwaldt and Fonseca, Rev. Mus. Paul., 13, pp. 471, 490,
1922 Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932 off Puerto Barrios, Guatemala.
Dysporus fiber Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 402, 1875 Cuba (Cayo Mono
Grande, near Cardenas; breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 191, 1878 Desecheo
Island, Puerto Rico.
Sula leucogaster Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 532, 1893 kays off
Caribbean Nicaragua (breeding) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908
1 Misspelt "fulca" on the plate.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 133
Cayenne; Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 47, 1915 Fernando Noronha; Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 201, 1916 Georgetown; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923,
pp. 478, 510 St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island.
Sula sula Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 436, 1898 part, spec,
a-q, Half-Moon Cay, Panama (Lion Hill Station), Grenada, St. Vincent,
Nevis, Brazil (Bahia, Fernando Noronha), St. Paul's Rock, and Ascension
Island; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 315, 324, 333 Los Testigos (breeding),
Los Hermanos, and eastern Swan Island (breeding); Reiser, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910 Bahia, Brazil.
Sula leucogastris (sic) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 200, 1922 (life
hist.).
Sula leucogastra leucogastra Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
9, p. 281, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding on Desecheo and Mona Islands);
Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 526, 1928 off Grenadines and
Santa Lucia; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 449,
1928 Almirante Bay, Panama; Bradlee and Mowbray, I.e., 39, p. 298,
1931 Bermuda Islands (occasional autumn visitor); Wetmore and Swales,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 68, 1931 Hispaniola; Fisher and Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 3, 1931 Little Swan Island (breed-
ing); Wetmore, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 17, 1933 Alta Vela Island, Hispaniola
(probably breeding); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana,
28, p. 37, 1938 Louisiana (Mississippi River below New Orleans, Sept.,
1884; Grand Isle, April, 1929).
Sula leucogaster leucogaster Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 71, p. 307, 1931
Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931
(range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 Giles Islets, off Tobago,
and Soledade Rock, Gulf of Paria (breeding) ; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.
ZooL, 78, p. 293, 1935 Almirante and Colon Harbour, Panama; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 854, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 26, 1938 Rio de Janeiro (Bahia da Guanabara), and
Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Santos); Wetmore, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 181, 1939 Ensenada de Ocumare, Venezuela.
Range. Breeds on Florida Keys (formerly), in the Bahama
Islands (Cay Verde, Santo Domingo Key, Berry Islands, etc.), on
islands off the Caribbean coast of Central America, locally in the
West Indies (Cay Mono Grande, Cuba; Desecheo and Mona
Islands, Puerto Rico; Grenadines; Giles Islets, off Tobago), on islands
off the coast of Venezuela (Isla de Aves, Los Testigos, Los Hermanos,
Soledade Rock), Guiana (Grand Conne"table Rock, Cayenne), and
Brazil (Fernando Noronha; Rocas Reef; Sao Sebastiao, Ilha dos
Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo) ; also in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (St. Paul's
Rock and Ascension Island) ; straying to Santa Catharina, and even
to Buenos Aires; 1 casual in Massachusetts (Cape Cod, Sept. 17,
1878), Bermuda Islands, and Louisiana (Sept., 1884; April, 1929). 2
1 A specimen in the Geneva Museum.
2 Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 329) admits S. leucogaster to the Falkland Islands
with the caption: "an accidental visitor. Seen and reported by Garnot." How-
134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Field Museum Collection. 32: Bahama Islands (Marypaivo
Island, 2); western Caribbean (Old Providence Island, 12; Little
Swan Island, 3); Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 8); Virgin Islands
(Cockroach Cay, 2; St. Thomas, 2); Venezuela (Los Aves, Colon, 3).
*Sula leucogaster brewsteri Goss. 1 BREWSTER'S BOOBY.
Sula brewsteri Goss, Auk, 5, p. 242, July, 1888 San Pedro Martir Island,
Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Townsend, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 138, 1890 Georges Islands, Gulf of California
(breeding); Ridgway, I.e., 19, p. 597, 1897 (descr. of type); Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 440, 1898 part, Gulf of California; Anthony,
Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Socorro, and Rocco
Partida Islands, Revillagigedo group (breeding); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 150, 1901 part, Lower California and
Revillagigedo Islands; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 34, 1902
Lower California; Thayer, Condor, 13, p. 106, 1911 San Ildefonso Island,
Gulf of California (breeding); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97,
1913 part, San Benedicto Island; McLellan, I.e., (4), 15, p. 289, 1926
San Benedicto (breeding) and Rocca Partida Islands; Bancroft, Condor,
29, p. 192, 1927 Consag Rock and San Luis Island, Gulf of California
(breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 78, 1928 Lower
California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 129, 1932
about Tiburon Island, Gulf of California.
Sula leucogastra (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Belding, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 6, p. 352, 1883 near Pichalinque Bay, La Paz (January).
Sula sula (not Pelecanus sula Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2),
2, p. 253, 1889 near Pichalinque Bay (ex Belding).
Sula leucogaster brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (in part); Wetmore,
Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 2, 1939 Lower California to Revilla-
gigedo Islands (char., meas.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana
State Univ., 21, p. 33, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident).
Range. Breeding on islands in the Gulf of California (Georges,
San Pedro Martir, Ildefonso, Consag Rock, San Luis Island, etc.)
and in the Revillagigedo Islands (San Benedicto, Socorro, Rocca
Partida).
Field Museum Collection. 5: Mexico, Lower California (La Paz,
2; Consag Rock, 3).
ever, it is pretty certain that the Pelecanus fiber Garnot (Voy. Coquille, Zool.,
1, livr. 12, p. 550, July 4, 1829), described as "entierement brune, quelques in-
dividus . . . sans nul doute . . . des yariete's d'age, off rent quelques taches blanches
sur le corps," is something quite different and may not even belong to the genus
Sula (cf. also Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 302, 1891).
1 Sula leucogaster brewsteri Goss: Male with head partly light in color, the paler
area confined mainly to the face; female with upper surface, head and neck brown-
ish, uniform in shade (not unlike S. I. plotus, of the western Pacific, but lighter).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 135
*Sula leucogaster nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass. 1 CLIPPERTON
BOOBY.
Sula nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 75, May, 1901 Clipperton
Island (type in coll. of Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto); iidem,
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 514, 1902 Clipperton Island (descr.).
Sula brewsteri (not of Goss) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179,
1899100 W. long., 11 20' N. lat. (crit.); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna,
14, p. 29, 1899 Isabel Island, Piedra Blanca Rock (off San Bias, Nayarit),
and islet off Maria Cleofa, Tres Marias (breeding; plumages descr.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 150, 1901 part,
Tres Marias Islands and coast of Mexico (Jalisco and off San Bias);
Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 380, 1906 White Rock, off San Bias, Nayarit (breed-
ing); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1913 part, Clipperton
Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 208, 1922 (life
hist.; range in part); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 18,
1927 Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands.
Sula brewsteri nesiotis (sic) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 408,
1902200 miles south of Clarion and at 107 W. long., 12 15' N. lat.
(crit.).
Sula leucogaster brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (in part).
Sula leucogastra attriceps van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 9, p. 9,
Nov. 21, 1938 Isabel Island, western Mexico (type in coll. of D. R.
Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles).
Sula leucogaster nesiotes Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, pp. 1, 3, 1939
Clipperton Island (char., range).
Range. Breeding on Clipperton Island and on various islands
off the coast of Nayarit, western Mexico (Isabel Island, Tres Marias,
White Rock, etc.); straying to the coast of Jalisco and Colima
(Manzanillo).
Field Museum Collection. 3: Mexico (Tres Marias Islands, 2);
western Pacific (Clipperton Island, 1).
*Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs. 2 GORGONA BOOBY.
Sula etesiaca Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 92, June,
1905 Gorgona Island, Colombia (type in Bangs Collection, now in
1 Sula leucogaster nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass: Similar to S. I. brewsteri, but
male with head and neck much lighter, sometimes almost white, and with back
and breast more grayish (less brownish); female with upper parts, foreneck, and
breast darker, more sooty gray and less brownish.
Breeding birds from Isabel and the Tres Marias Islands (albiceps) were found
by Wetmore, on comparison, to be identical in coloration with a topotypical series
from Clipperton Island, and while their bills are on average (though not constantly)
slightly shorter and slenderer, this trifling divergency is not considered worthy
of recognition in nomenclature.
*Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs: Nearest to S. I. brewsteri, but
darker; male with light color restricted to anterior part of the head; female with
136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 185, 1930); iidem, I.e., p. 141, 1905 San Miguel
and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding); Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 439, 1910 off mouth of Rio Grande de TeVraba,
Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 10, 1920 Pacheca and
Chepillo Islands, Pearl Archipelago (breeding); Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 off coast of northern Ecuador.
Sula fusca (not of Vieillot) Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 151 Bird (= Pajaro) Island,
Bay of Fonseca, Honduras (nesting); idem, I.e., 1860, p. 316 Pajaro
Island, Honduras, and on way from Panama to La Union, El Salvador.
Sula fiber (not Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus) Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 379,
1869 Puntarenas, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica.
(l)Dysporus leucogaster (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Sundevall, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125 Galapagos.
Sula kucogastra (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Nutting, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 5, p. 405, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e.,
6, p. 378, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 149, 1901 part, Honduras (Bird Island,
Fonseca Bay), Nicaragua (San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica (Puntarenas, La
Palma), and Pearl Islands; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 596, 1938 coast of Salvador.
Sula sp. Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 Cocos Island;
Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 13, 1899
near Pearl Islands (crit.).
Sula brewsteri (not of Goss) Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
4, p. 513, 1902 Cocos Island (descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 2, p. 97, 1913 part, Cocos Island (egg descr.).
Sula leucogaster etesiaca Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (range); Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 Pearl Islands, Panama; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 859, 1936 (monog.); Sassi, Temminckia, 3,
p. 287, 1938 Puntarenas, Costa Rica (July); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc.
Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 4, 1939 (char., range).
Sula leucogastra plotus (not Pelecanus plotus Forster) Fisher and Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 30, 1931 Cocos Island.
Range. Breeds off the Pacific coast of southern Central America
(Pajaro Island, Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras; Cocos Island; San
Miguel, Saboga, Pacheca, and Chepillo Islands, Pearl Archipelago;
Taboguilla Island, Panama) and Colombia (Gorgona Island); stray-
ing to the coast of Costa Rica, Ecuador, and (?)the Galapagos
Islands. 1
Field Museum Collection. 1: Costa Rica (Cocos Island, 1).
head and neck darker sooty brown and closely similar to S. I. plotus, though
slightly darker and more uniform.
Birds from Cocos, Gorgona, and Pearl Islands appear to be the same, though
those from the first-named locality are very slightly paler.
1 The only specimen ever taken within the waters of the Galapagos Islands
(without precise locality) is the one listed by Sundevall as Dysporus leucogaster
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 137
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants
Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson
Phalacrocorax Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 511, 1760 type, by tautonymy,
" Phalacrocorax" '= Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.
Carbo Lace'pede, Tabl. Me"th. Mam. Ois., p. 15, 1799 type, by tautonymy,
Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.
Halieus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Aves, p. 279, 1811 type, by subs, desig.
(Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 144, 1884), Hydrocorax melanoleucus
Vieillot.
Carbonarius Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 72, 1815 substitute name for Carbo
Lace'pede.
Stictocarbo Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1115,
Dec., 1855 type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 331, 1898), Pelecanus punctatus "Gmelin" (=Sparrman).
Urile Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 175, 1857 type, by tautonymy,
Pelecanus Urile Gmelin.
Leucocarbo Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 176, 1857 type, by subs.
desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 331, 1898), Carbo
bougainvillii Lesson.
Compsohalieus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer.,
2, p. 145, 1884 type, by monotypy and orig. desig., Carbo penicillatus
Brandt.
*Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt). WHITE-CRESTED
CORMORANT.
Carbo cincinatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 3, No. 4, col. 55,
Nov. 16, 1837 Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum).
Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinnatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds.
N. Amer., 2, p. 150, 1884 (monog.).
[Phalacrocorax auritus] subsp. a. P. cincinatus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 373, 1898 (in part).
Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 255,
1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range).
Range. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from the
Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island south to Washington (the
Olympiades) ; in winter occasionally to California.
Field Museum Collection. 2: British Columbia (Vancouver
Island, 2).
(cf. Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179, 1899), provided it was correctly
identified. Another questionable record is that of Sula parva by Milne-Edwards
(Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 36, 1882) from "les cdtes du Chili" (spec,
in Paris Museum, collector not stated).
138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway. FARALLON
CORMORANT.
Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, p. 94,
Apr. 10, 1884 "Pacific coast of the United States from California to
Cape San Lucas" =Farallon Islands, California 1 (no type extant; cf.
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 263, 1932); Brewster, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 41, p. 36, 1902 near San JosS Island, Lower California
(breeding).
Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 257,
1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 290, 1926
San Martin Island, Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 70, 1928 coasts of Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86,
1931 (range); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 130, 1932
Gulf of California; idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
21, p. 33, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident).
Range. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from Ore-
gon to Lower California, and on inland waters in Oregon, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona, and California.
Field Museum Collection. 20: Oregon (Agate Beach, Lincoln
County, 2); California (Farallon Islands, 1; Monterey, 3; Carmel
River, 1; Pacific Grove, 1; Kern County, 1; San Diego, 1; Hyperion,
8; San Clemente Island, 2).
*Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). DOUBLE-CRESTED
CORMORANT.
Carbo auritus Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 605, 1831 based on Hydrocorax
dilophus (not of Vieillot, 1817) Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, pi.
275; no locality stated (no type extant).
Phalacrocorax auritus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 370, 1898
(in part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 152, 1901
part, eastern North America; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 16, 1946 Baffin Island.
Phalacrocorax auritus auritus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 243, 1922
(life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); Behle, Condor, 38,
p. 77, 1936; idem, I.e., 43, p. 288, 1941 Great Salt Lake (breeding);
Hagar, Auk, 58, p. 567, 1941 vicinity of Boston, Mass, (breeding);
Gross, I.e., 61, p. 513, 1944 Maine coast (nesting status).
Range. Breeds from central Saskatchewan, northern Ontario,
and Newfoundland south to northern Utah, middle Mississippi
Valley, and Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to the Gulf coast
and southern Mexico. Accidental on Baffin Island.
Field Museum Collection. 31: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 6);
Utah (Bear River marshes, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 10;
1 As designated by the A.O.U. Check List, ed. 3, p. 63, 1910.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 139
Towner County, 1); Minnesota (Rocky Point, Lake of the Woods,
1; Heron Lake, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver
Dam, 1; Fox Lake, 2); Illinois (Hamilton, 1; McHenry, 1); New
Brunswick (Lepreaux, 2); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1); Connecticut
(Branford, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1).
*Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon). 1 FLORIDA COR-
MORANT.
Carbo floridanus Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 3, pi. 252, 1835; idem, Orn.
Biogr., 3, p. 387, 1835 Florida (type probably lost).
Graculus floridanus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 128, 1859 Bimini
Islands, Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 400,
1875 Cuba and adjacent islets (breeding); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 312
Andros Island, Bahama Islands (breeding).
Phalacrocorax floridanus Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 374 Turneff Lagoon, British
Honduras; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 200 Man-o'-War Cay, British Honduras;
idem, I.e., 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island.
Phalacrocorax auritus (not Carbo auritus Lesson) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 26, p. 370, 1898 part, spec, f-r, Florida (Tarpon Springs),
Texas (Corpus Christi), British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon), Yucatan
(Cozumel), and Cuba (Bemba); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 152, 1901 South Atlantic and Gulf states, British Honduras
(Turneff Lagoon, Man-o'-War Cay), and Cozumel Island.
Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 171, 1916
Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 251,
1922 Qife hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 70, 1931 Hispaniola
(occurrence doubtful); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range).
Range. Breeds in the southeastern United States from North
Carolina south to Florida and coastal Louisiana, on some of the
Bahama Islands (Great Abaco, Andros, Bimini, etc.), in Cuba
(formerly), and on the Isle of Pines; winters in the greater part
of its breeding range and on the coast of Texas, Mexico (Cozumel
Island, Contoy Island), and British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon,
Man-o'-War Cay). 2
Field Museum Cottection. 25: North Carolina (Craven County,
2); Florida (Nassau County, 1; unspecified, 1; Punta Rassa, 1;
Bassenger, 2; Kissimmee River, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros Island,
3; Interior Lake, San Salvador, 4; Great Bahama Island, 5); Cuba
1 Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon) resembles the typical race in
coloration but is smaller. Wing about 300 mm.
1 Its reputed occurrence in Hispaniola rests on the doubtful record by Des-
courtilz. "Guadeloupe," as cited by Ogilvie-Grant (I.e., p. 373, spec. 5), refers
to Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, where Captain Markham obtained an
immature cormorant (cf. Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427), doubtless
P. a. albociliatus.
140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(Pinar del Rio, 1; Isle of Pines, 3); Mexico (Contoy Island, Quintana
Roo, 1).
Phalacrocorax brasilianus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka.
SONORA CORMORANT. 1
Phalacrocorax olivaceus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 52, p. 9, Feb. 4, 1939 Dow Ranch (seven miles east of Tesia),
lower Mayo River, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey,
University of California, Los Angeles); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus.
Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 34, 1945 Sonora (Tobari Bay, Agia-
bampo, Camoa, and Tesia).
Graculus mexicanus (not Carbo mexicanus Brandt) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 2, p. 316, 1874 Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
Phalacrocorax vigua subsp. a. P. mexicanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 381, 1898 part, spec. 1, m, Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
Phalacrocorax mexicanus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3,
p. 155, 1901 part, Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
(?) Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16,
p. 17, 1927 Labrados (Sinaloa) and San Bias (Nayarit), Mexico.
Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 part,
northwestern Mexico.
Range. Northwestern Mexico, in states of Sonora (Te"sia, Guay-
mas), and Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio).
*Phalacrocorax brasilianus mexicanus (Brandt). 2 MEXICAN
CORMORANT.
Carbo mexicanus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 3, No. 4, col. 56,
Nov. 16, 1837 Mexico (type in Leningrad Museum).
Phalacrocorax mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 207, 1857
Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 65, 1859 Lake Peten, Guatemala;
Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 378, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nica-
ragua; idem, I.e., 6, p. 396, 1884 Island of Omete'pe, Lake Nicaragua;
Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 169, 1886 Santa Anna, Vera Cruz, Mexico;
Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
1 Phalacrocorax brasilianus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka: Similar to
P. b. mexicanus (Brandt), of eastern and southern Mexico and northern Central
America, but black of under parts, head and neck glossed with brownish instead
of greenish or violaceous; upper parts duller, paler, and more grayish slate with
the feather margins duller black and distinctly narrower. Size, particularly of
bill, tarsi, and feet, distinctly smaller. Type just losing the last of the breeding
plumes (van Rossem and Hachisuka, I.e.).
2 Phalacrocorax brasilianus mexicanus (Brandt), a rather ill-defined race,
differs from the nominate form by rather smaller size and by the somewhat paler
central areas of the upper wing coverts and scapulars, which show more contrast
with the black borders.
Several specimens from Lake Nicaragua agree perfectly with others from
Mexico and Texas.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 141
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 155, 1901 Mexico (excepting Presidio de
Mazatlan and Mazatlan) and Guatemala.
Graculus mexicanus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 401, 1875 Cuba (breeding).
Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139,
1890 (crit.); Nelson, Condor, 5, p. 139, 1903 Lake Chapala, Jalisco
(breeding habits); Riley, Auk, 22, p. 350, 1905 Watlings Island, Bahama
Islands; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 409, 1911 Watlings Island,
Bahama Islands; idem, I.e., 10, p. 172, 1916 Bibijagua, Isle of Pines,
Cuba; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 261, 1922 (life hist.).
Phalacrocorax vigua subsp. a. P. mexicanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 381, 1898 part, spec, a-k, n-y, Texas (Brownsville, Aransas
Bay, Corpus Christi), Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosf; Tampico; Santana
and Chapala, Jalisco; Cozumel Island), and Guatemala (Chiapam, Duenas,
Lake Peten).
Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 413,
1929 Toloa, Honduras; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range excl.
of northwestern Mexico); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 146,
1932 Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 23, p. 67, 1938 El Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, etc.;
breeding habits); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28,
p. 40, 1938 Louisiana.
Range. Breeds in southern Louisiana (Vermilion Bay to Cameron
Parish), southeastern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley), and south
through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador to northern
Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua); in the Bahama Islands (Watlings
Island), Cuba, and the Isle of Pines.
Field Mtiseum Collection. 17: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Browns-
ville, 7; Cameron County, 3); Mexico (Tampico, 2; unspecified, 2);
El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 2).
*Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin). BRAZILIAN
CORMORANT.
Procellaria brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 based on
"Majagu6" Piso, Ind. utriusque Re Nat. Med., p. 83, 1658; northeastern
Brazil. 1
1 Gmelin's description rests exclusively on Piso's account, all his references
(Brisson, Buffon, Raius) going back to the same source. His name has been
rejected by Ridgway (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1890) and subsequent
authors as not applicable to the present species. While Piso's description and
crude drawing are admittedly unsatisfactory, his statement "colli tantum parte
anteriori flavis plumis decorata" can easily be construed as referring to the naked
gular skin (dark yellow in life), which Piso, who made up his description from a
drawing, might have mistaken for feathers. Moreover, we are informed by
Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 83, 1938) that the original pictures in the Mentzel
Collection at Berlin, inscribed "Miguajuba, Majaja," and "Migua" respectively,
which formed the basis of Piso's diagnosis, represent indeed the Brazilian Cor-
morant. Aside from the aforesaid discrepancy, there is nothing in Piso's account
that could not be applied to the bird.
142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, livr. 1, p. 47
(footnote), 1805 Banco, Rio Magdalena, Colombia (type lost); idem,
Beob. Zool., livr. 1, p. 10, 1806 same locality (cf. Richmond, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 39, p. 142, 1926).
Hydrocorax vigua Vieillpt, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 8, p. 90, 1817
based on "Zaramagull6n negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 4, p. 395,
No. 423; Paraguay and Rio de la Plata.
Halieus brasilianus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 86, 1823
Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 895, 1833 eastern Brazil;
Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849
British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 460, 1856
Brazil.
Phalacrocorax niger King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, April to July, p. 101, 1828
Straits of Magellan (type lost).
Carbo mystacalis Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 Brazil (cotypes
in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 628, 1850,
and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 64, 1929).
Halieus gracilis Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Curios.,
16, Suppl., p. 113, pi. 23, 1834 San Fernando, Colchagua, Chile (descr.
of young; type in Berlin Museum); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 323,
1868 (crit.).
Phalacrocorax brasiliensis Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843
Los Guauros, Valdivia Bay, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 304
Cashiboya, upper Ucayali, and Maran6n, Peru; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887,
p. 207 Callao Bay, Peru; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Zool., p. B.
142, 1891 Patagonia (Isla de los Leones, 45 6' 20" S. lat.; Missioneros),
Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay; Packsaddle Bay), Magellan Straits (Port
Churrucha), and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn.
Graculus brasiliamis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 490,
1847 Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Germain,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 Chile (breeding habits); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Pelecani, p. 22, 1863 Brazil, Cayenne, and "C6te
ferme" (= Venezuela); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Chile;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo
(Ypanema), Parana (Rio do Boraxudo), and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil;
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553 Junin, Peru; Streets,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 24, 1877 Conception Bay, Chile.
Phalacrocorax gracilis Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
5, p. 132, 1853 coast of Chile.
Phalacrocorax brasilianus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853 Corral Bay,
Valdivia; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 205, pi. 28, 1855 Chile;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile; idem and Salvin,
l.c., 1868, p. 146 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 601
Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 Goods Bay, Straits
of Magellan; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 219 Castillo,
Veraguas; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 282, 1874 Blumenau, Santa
Catharina; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 358, 1876 Carapata,
Lake Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 143
Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 Flores
Island, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, pp. 40, 188 Chubut Valley and
Prov. Buenos Aires (Barade>o); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 745 Tumbez, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 398 Sengel and
Sengelen rivers, Chubut, Patagonia; Doering, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro,
Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Salto, Buenos Aires; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 427
Paracas Bay, Peru; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 270, 1884 Concepci6n del Uru-
guay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 173, 1885
Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 168 Camacusa, British Guiana;
Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 429, 1886 Peruvian localities; Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 35, p. 28, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Zeleddn, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 132, 1887 Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889 Lake Titicaca; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144
Parana, Paraguay and lower Pilcomayo rivers; Hartert, I.e., 1893, pp. 302,
326 Aruba and Curagao Islands; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 147, 1893 Rio Grande de TSiraba, Costa Rica;
Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 197 Uruguay; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10,
No. 208, p. 21, 1895 Corumba, Matto Grosso; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile,
93, p. 206, 1896 Corral, Valdivia, and the whole coast of Chile; Lane,
Ibis, 1897, p. 186 Laraquete, Arauco, and Corral, Valdivia, Chile (habits);
Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 688, 1898 Isla dos Pajaros (Co-
quimbo), Vfllarrica, and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 103, p. 842, 1899 Chile (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3,
p. 370, 1899 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 Paraguay
(Villa Concepci6n; Riacho Verde; Chaco); Goodfellow, I.e., 1902, p. 226
upper Napo, Ecuador; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219,
1909 Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 335 Tebicuari and
Monte Alto, Paraguay; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 207, 1929
Angol, Malleco, Chile.
Carbo brasilianus(l) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197 Rio
Truando, Colombia.
Halieus brasiliensis Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 Rio Parana,
Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 520, 1861 Rio Parana.
Graculus brasiliensis Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 158, 1865
Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20 Lagoa
Santa and Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Waugh and Lataste, Act.
Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. clxxiii, 1894 San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso;
iidem, I.e., 5, p. be, 1895 Penaflor, Santiago, Chile.
Phalacrocorax vigua Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1890 Port
Otway, Chile (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 378,
1898 part, spec, a-n, r-d', Chubut, Buenos Aires (Santa Elena), Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro, Bahla), Cayenne, British Guiana (Camacusa), Costa
Rica, Veraguas (Castillo), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Laguna de Langui,
Paracas Bay), and Chile; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
14, No. 339, p. 13, 1899 Rio Coconati and Rio Sabana, Darien, Panama;
iidem, I.e., 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 Rio Zamora and Rio Peripa, Ecuador;
Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 627, 1900 Isla de
Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 124,
144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1900 Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 154, 1901 part, Costa Rica and Panama; Berlepsch
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 127, 1902 Caicara and Quiribana de
Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 Ingapirca and La Merced, Junin, Peru; Dabbene,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Lillo,
I.e., p. 206, 1902 Rio Calera and Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis,
1903, p. 453 San Luis, near Tarija, Bolivia; Nicoll, I.e., 1904, p. 47
Gray's Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 79,
1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape") and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo);
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908 Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi,
I.e., 16, p. 241, 1909 C6rdoba (Cosquin) and Buenos Aires (Est. San
Martmo Monte; Barracas al Sud); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn.
Ser., 1, pp. 195, 234, 1909 Aruba and Margarita Islands; Paessler, Orn.
Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 Tierra del Fuego; Stone,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913 Jacopita, Manimo River,
Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 118, 1914 Marajo (Pacoval),
Brazil; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn.,
p. 508, 1915 Patagonia (descr.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
2, p. 367, 1916 Orinoco Valley as far as the falls of Atures, Venezuela;
Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 11, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Patagonia;
Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 478, 1919 Lobos de Tierra Islands,
Peru (breeding); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 278 San Lorenzo Island, Callao,
Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 16, 1920 Uruguay (Colonia, San
Jose", Montevideo, Canelones); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 144 northern
Venezuela; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924 Isla La Mocha,
Arauco, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso, Chile.
Phalacrocorax sp. inc. Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 168 Santa Elena, Buenos Aires.
Phalacrocorax vigua vigua Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46,
p. 141, 1905 San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama
(breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 438, 1910 vicinity of
San Jose, Matina River, and Guacimo, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 236, 1917 Cali (Cauca), Magdalena Valley, and
Cie"naga, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 248, 1918
Gatun Lake, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 11, 1920 San
Elmo and Pacheca Islands, Pearl Islands (breeding); Barros, Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 24, p. 46, 1920 Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 174,
1921 Rio Aconcagua, Aconcagua, Chile; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Car-
negie Mus., 14, p. 132, 1922 Bonda and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 53, 1926 Paraguay, Chaco,
Formosa, Buenos Aires, and Uruguay; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24,
p. 412, 1926 Bariloche, Rio Negro; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 213, 1926 Puna Island, Ecuador; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 68, p. 147, 1927 Santa Elena Island, Santa Fe\
Carbo vigua Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 28, 1907 Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1209 Noanama, Choco, Colombia;
Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 466, 494, 1912
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 145
Vera Guarany, Parana; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 29, 1922 Yaguarcocha, San Pedro, Chillo, and Santo Domingo,
Ecuador.
Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 500, 1929 coast of Piauhy and Maranhao, Brazil; Naumburg, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 100, 1930 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laub-
mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 48, 1930 San Jose",
Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 71, p. 307, 1931 Manati and Western rivers, Almirante,
Panama; idem, I.e., p. 361, 1931 Ci6naga Grande and Rio Frio, Mag-
dalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 310, 1932 Perme, Panama;
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 297, 1932 Chile
grange); 1 Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 578 Caroni Swamp,
Trinidad (visitor); Reynolds, I.e., 1935, p. 80 Wollaston Islands, Cape
Horn region; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 Panama;
Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile;
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 909, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El
Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 Arica, Tacna, Chile; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 26, 1938 Para (Lago CuipSua), Bahfa (Barra do Rio Grande,
Ilha Madre de Deus), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Cananea,
Ilha do Cardoso), and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo).
Phalacrocorax olivaceus hornensis Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 915,
1936 Bertrand Island (south of Navarino Island), Chile (type in American
Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. Coasts, lakes, and rivers of Central and South America
from Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region. 2
Field Museum Collection. 33: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1);
Venezuela (Paramo Culata, Merida, 1; Lake Valencia, 6; Margarita
Island, 2); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Colombia (unspecified, 1);
Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1; Piedras, 1; Pucayacu,
1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 3);
Paraguay, Chaco (Guachalla, Ric Pilcomayo, 580 km. west of
Ascuncion, 1); Argentina (Rio Paranay, Misiones, 1; Resistencia,
Chaco, 1; Concepcion, Tucuman, 8; Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1);
Chile (Malinka, Ascension Island, Chilce", 1).
*Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus). NORTH ATLANTIC COR-
MORANT.
Pelecanus Carbo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 133, 1758 based
principally on Faun. Svec., No. 116; Sweden (restricted by Hartert,
1 Phalacrocorax promaucanus Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 674, 1899
central provinces of Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899; idem, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 107, pi. 51, 1902 type, from Matanzas, coast of Colchagua,
in National Museum, Chile) cannot be made out with certainty. Possibly based
upon a juvenile specimen of P. b. brasilianus.
2 Birds from the southern end of South America (Straits of Magellan, Tierra
del Fuego, Cape Horn region) are on average slightly smaller (wing, 265-285;
146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1387, 1920, to the "rock-nesting form of the North
Atlantic Ocean").
Carbo glacialis Brehm, Ornis, I, p. 53, 1824; idem, Handb. Naturg. Vog.
Deutschl., p. 817, 1831 Greenland to the Faroes, in winter to Iceland
and the German coast of the North Sea (type evidently lost); 1 Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 23, p. 294, 1916 (crit.).
Carbo macrorhynchos Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 "Terre
Nueve"= Newfoundland (type formerly in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran,
Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 637, 1850 [crit.], and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 65, 1929).
Graculus americamis Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, pi. cccl
(=xxxv e ), figs. 2746-49, 1850 no locality given, but presumabfy North
America.
Phalacrocorax carbo Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 243, 1898 Greenland; Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 236, 1922 (life hist.); Buchheister, Audubon
Mag., New York, 46, p. 14, 1944 Maine (status).
Phalacrocorax carbo carbo Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 87, 1931 (range); Lewis,
Auk, 58, p. 360, 1941 Canada (breeding localities).
Range. Bred formerly from western Greenland (Godhaven) and
Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound) south to Newfoundland, southern
Labrador, and Nova Scotia (extralimitally breeding in Iceland, the
Faroe Islands, British Isles, and northern Scandinavia east to the
Kola Peninsula); in winter south to New York (Long Island),
Maryland (Chesapeake Bay), and Virginia.
Field Mmeum Collection. 9: Quebec (Cape Whittle, 1); Nova
Scotia (Cape Breton, 2) ; New Brunswick (St. Johns, 1 ; White Horse
Island, 2); Maine (Brewer, 1; Bangor, 2).
*Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). BRANDT'S CORMORANT.
Carbo penicillatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. P6tersb., 3, No. 4, col. 55,
Nov. 16, 1837 no locality stated (type in Leningrad Museum).
Phalacrocorax townsendi Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio ed.), 4, pi. 412, fig. 2,
1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 150, 1839 mouth of Columbia River (type
in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899,
P. 17).
Phalacrocorax penicillatus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 363,
1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 265, 1922 (life hist.);
McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 290, 1926 Guadalupe Island
(breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 70, 1928 Lower
California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Trans.
bill, 46-52 mm.), but the divergency is too insignificant to warrant recognition
in nomenclature. The earliest name for this disputable form is P. niger King,
based on an example from the Straits of Magellan.
1 Not listed by Hartert among the types in the Brehm Collection (Nov.
Zool., 25, pp. 4-63, 1918).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 147
San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 130, 1932 Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem,
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 34, 1945 Sonoran
coast (resident).
Range. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from
southern Alaska (Forrester Island) to Cape San Lucas, Lower
California.
Field Museum Collection. 36: British Columbia (Vancouver
Island, 1); California (Bear Valley, 1; Trinidad, 1; Santa Barbara, 1;
La Patera Point, 2; Eureka, 1; Monterey, 12; Carmel Bay, 3;
Carmel River, 1; San Diego, 1; San Clemente Island, 4; Hyperion, 8).
*Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pallas. PELAGIC CORMORANT.
Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 303, pi. 76, 1811
East Kamtchatka and the American [=Aleutian] Islands; Stejneger, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 187, 1885 Bering and Copper Islands (plumages) ;
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 360, 1898 (in part).
Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 160, 1884 coast of Alaska '(type in U. S.
National Museum) ; Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 40, 1923
Pribilof Islands (Sealion Rock, St. Paul and St. George Islands).
Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 271,
1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range); Swarth, Pac.
Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 18, 1934 Nunivak Island (breeding); Sutton and
Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 85, 1946 Attu Island (wintering).
Range. Breeds on the Chukchi Peninsula, Kamchatka, the
Commander, Kurile, and Aleutian Islands, and on the coast and
islands of northwestern North America, from Bering Strait to
southern Alaska and the coastal islands of British Columbia; south
in winter to Japan, China, and Washington (Puget Sound).
Field Museum Collection. 10: Alaska (Diomede Island, 2; St.
Lawrence Island, 3; Morzhovoi Bay, 1; St. Lazaria Island, Sitka
Bay, 3); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1).
*Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon. BAIRD'S COR-
MORANT.
Phalacrocorax resplendens Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio ed.), 4, pi. 412, fig. 1,
1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 148, 1839 Cape Disappointment, Wash-
ington (type lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17).
Graculus bairdii (Gruber MS.) Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865,
p. 5 Farallon Islands, California (no veritable type identifiable; cf.
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 263, 1932).
Phalacrocorax pelagicus (not of Pallas) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 360, 1898 part, spec, w-z, California (San Francisco, Monterey,
148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Santa Barbara and Farallon Islands); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 151, 1901 part, Mazatlan, Lower California, etc.
Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 276,
1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928 sea
coast of northwestern Lower California (breeding); Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 89, 1931 (range).
Range. Pacific coast of North America, from extreme southern
British Columbia (Sidney Island, near Victoria) to Lower California
and Sinaloa (Mazatlan). 1
Field Museum Collection. 20: British Columbia (Victoria, 1);
California (Point Reyes, 2; Westport, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 1;
Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Grove, 4; Monterey, 8; Castle Island, 1).
*Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin). RED-FACED CORMORANT.
Pelecanus urile Gmelin, 2 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 575, 1789 based on "Red-
faced Cormorant" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 584, C), "Red-faced Shag"
Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 601, No. 17), and "Urile" Steller
(Hist. Kamtschatka, p. 157); Kamchatka.
Phalacrocorax bicristatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 301, pi. 75, fig. 2,
1811 Kamchatka; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 358, 1898
(monog.).
Phalacrocorax urile Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 181, 1885
Copper Island (nomencl., crit., eggs descr.); Palmer, in The Fur Seals and
Fur Seal Islands, 3, p. 377, 1899 Pribilof Islands (downy and juv.
plumages, habits); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 148, 1920 Bering Island;
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 279, 1922 (life hist.); Preble and
McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 90, 1931 (range); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 113, 1944
Bogoslof and Pribilof Islands, Alaska (nesting).
Range. Breeds on the Aleutian, Pribilof, Bering and Copper
Islands, as well as on the Kamchatkan coast and in the Kurile
Islands, northeastern Asia.
Field Museum Collection. 3: Alaska (St. George Island, 1;
Walrus Island, 1; Bering Sea, 1).
*Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin). MAGELLANIC COR-
MORANT.
Pelecanus magellanicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 576, 1789 based on
"Magellanic Shag" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 604, Tierra del
1 The extinct Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, of Bering Island, has never
been found on American territory.
2 As fully explained by Stejneger, all the references quoted by Gmelin pertain
to the Red-faced Cormorant. On the other hand, Pelecanus violaceus Gmelin
(Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 575, 1789) is wholly undeterminable.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 149
Fuego and Staten Island; Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 356, 1844 Isla Ano
Nuevo and Staten Island.
Phalacrocorax sarmientonus King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1, p. 30, March 2, 1831 Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost).
Phalacrocorax erythrops King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1, p. 30, March 2, 1831 Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum).
Carbo leucotis (Cuvier MS.) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831
Falkland Islands (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag.
Zool., (2), 2, p. 536, 1850, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2),
1, p. 65, 1929).
Carbo ater Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 "de la baie des Chiens
marins, a la Nouvelle Hollande," errore,= probably Falkland Islands (type
in Paris Museum); Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 627, 1850 (crit.);
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 350, 1927 (=young).
Graculus sarmientonus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p.
490, 1847 (ex King).
Graculus magellanicus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 492,
1847 Tierra del Fuego and Straits of Magellan; Boeck, Naumannia,
1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315,
1860 Chiloe Archipelago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
livr. 4, Pelecani, p. 21, 1863 Falkland Islands; Pelzeln, Reise Novara,
Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 159, 163, 1865 Chilo6 Islands, Chile; Philippi, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Chiloe".
Phalacrocorax magellanicus Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool.,
3, p. 128, pi. 31 bis, fig. 1 (adult), 2 (young), 1853; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p.
167 Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 499 Port Chur-
ruca and Port Tamar, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1881, p. 11 Trinidad Channel, Magellan Straits; Oustalet, Miss. Sci.
Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. B. 150, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay;
Romanche Channel), Cape Horn Archipelago (Maxwell Bay; Hermit
Island), and Straits of Magellan (Port Famine; Magdalena Island); Reed,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl.,
4, p. 681, pi. 37, 1898 Chile (Valparaiso; Isla Lagartiza, Calbuco, Llan-
quihue); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 388, 1898 Staten
Island, Straits of Magellan (Trinidad Channel, Port Tamar), and Falkland
Islands; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 836, 1899 Llanquihue and
Chilo6 (monog.) ; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 628,
1900 Staten Island (Penguin Rookery, Puerto Cook); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 396, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Philippi, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 105, 1902 ChiloS Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc.
Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 32, 1904 Falkland Islands
(breeding); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48 Churruca Bay and Puerto Dixon,
Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 236,
1910 Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet.
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 512, 1915 (monog.); Brooks, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 157, 1917 Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis,
1926, p. 328 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 90, 1931 (range);
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 300, 1932 Melinka,
150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, Chile (range in Chile); Reynolds,
Ibis, 1932, p. 36 Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem,
El Hornero, 5, p. 349, 1934 Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 80
Wollaston and Hermit Islands, Cape Horn (nesting); Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 895, 1936 (monog.).
Urile magellanicus(a) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 177, 1857 (diag.);
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890 San Martin Island,
Straits of Magellan.
Carbo magellanicus Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm. Orn., p. 370, 1858
Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego.
Haliaeus penicillatus (not Carbo penicillatus Brandt) C. Burmeister, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 249, 1888 Santa Cruz, Patagonia.
Phalacrocorax eumegethes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 673, 1899
Reloncavi Bay, Llanquihue, Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago);
idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899 Calbuco, Reloncavf Bay.
Phalacrocorax gracilis (not Halieus gracilis Meyen) Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Chile, 15, p. 105, pi. 49, 1902 Calbuco (Llanquihue) and Valdivia.
Range. Coasts of southern South America from Valdivia, Chile,
and Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia, south to the Cape Horn region,
and the Falkland Islands; accidental as far north as Valparaiso and
Buenos Aires.
Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island,
Guaitecas Islands, 2; Isla Hermita, Cape Horn, 1).
Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson). BOUGAINVILLE'S COR-
MORANT.
Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, Journ. Navig. The'tis et Espe"rance, 2, p. 331,
1837 Valparaiso, Chile (location of type unknown).
Carbo albigula Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 3, No. 4, col. 57,
Nov. 16, 1837 Chile (type in Leningrad Museum).
Phalacrocorax albigula Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 187, 1844
Valparaiso, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, "1844," 1845
coast of Chile.
Haliaeus albigula Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 Islay
(Arequipa), Peru, and Arica (Tacna), Chile.
Graculus bougainvillii Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491,
1847 Valparaiso (ex Lesson); Philippi, Anal. Unfv. Chile, 31, p. 291,
1868 (ex Lesson); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,' p. 554
Chorillos, Lima, Peru.
Graculus albigula Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491,
1847 Chile (ex Brandt); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868
Chile (ex Brandt).
Urile bougainvillii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 176, 1857 Peru (diag.).
Phalacrocorax bougainvillii(ei) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336,
340 Chile (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 430, 1886 (Peruvian
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 151
localities); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 387, 1898 Peru and Chile (Valparaiso);
Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 474, pis. 61-63, 1919 Lobos de
Tierra, Ballestas, and Chincha Islands (breeding habits); Barros, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 138, 1926 San Felipe and Los Andes, Aconcagua,
Chile; Murphy, Bird Islands of Peru, p. 73, 1925 Peru south to Corral,
Valdivia, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 213, 1926
Guayaquil (Feb. 28) and Santa Clara Island (Feb. 26), Ecuador; Peters,
Bds. World, 1, p. 91, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 19, p. 299, 1932 Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39,
p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile (nesting); Philippi, El Hornero, 6,
p. 234, 1936 coast of Arica and Atacama (Chanaral), Chile; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 899, 1936 (monog.).
Phalacrocorax albigula Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 845, 1899 Prov.
Santiago, Chile (monog., crit.).
Phalacrocorax ventralis Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 106, pi. 50, 1902
Santiago, Chile (descr. of young; cotypes in Museo Nacional, Santiago;
cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile, 13, p. 28, 1930).
Range. Pacific coast of South America from southwestern
Ecuador (Gulf of Guayaquil) to Valdivia (Corral), Chile; breeding
on islands off the coast of Peru (Lobos de Tierra, Ballestas, Chinchas,
etc.) and Chile (Alacran Islet, Arica; Isla Muerta, near Mocha
Island).
*Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson and Garnot). GAIMARD'S COR-
MORANT.
Carbo gaimardi Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., Atlas, livr. 7, pi. 48,
June 21, 1828 1 "Lima, au Perou"=San Lorenzo Island, off Callao (cf.
Pekcanus Gaimardi Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 602,
Jan., 1830, type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, (2), 1, p. 64, 1929); Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., p. 605, 1831 "cdtes du
Pe>ou, la rade de Lima sur 1'ile San Lorenzo;" Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise,
1, p. 133, 1858 Valparaiso, Chile.
Pelecanus gaimardi Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 373, June, 1828 1 "les bords de
la rade de Callao," Peru.
Phalacrocorax cirriger King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 3, April-July, p. 103, July,
1828 Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum); Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 506, 1912 Patagonia.
Phalacrocorax gaimardii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843
Valparaiso Bay; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
5, p. 132, 1853 Algodon Bay, Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219,
1853 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p.
206, 1855 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile;
Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan, p. 365, 1871 near Chiloe
1 It is impossible to ascertain whether the plate of the Coquille or Lesson's
account in the Manuel was published first. We notice, however, that the plate
is quoted by Lesson.
152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Island and Messier Channel, Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883,
p. 427 San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 431, 1886
(Peruvian localities); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 207 Callao Bay, Peru;
Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 156, 1891 Puerto Deseado, Santa
Cruz, Patagonia; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Lane,
Ibis, 1897, p. 187 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 26, p. 353, 1898 Peru (San Lorenzo Island), Chile (Iquique,
Valparaiso, Corral), Straits of Magellan, and Patagonia (Puerto San
Julian); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 688, 1898 Chile (Cavancha
and Iquique, Tarapaca; Tumbes, Concepcion); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile,
103, p. 839, 1899 from Chiloe" northward (monog.); Philippi, Arch.
Naturg., 65, p. 172, 1899 ChilcS and Algarrobo, Chile; Paessler, Orn.
Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909 Chile (Arica, Tacna; Caleta Buena, Tara-
paca; Taltal, Antof agasta) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18,
p. 236, 1910 Rio Deseado (ex Oustalet); Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1,
p. 11, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Patagonia (breeding); Coker, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 56, p. 480, 1919 coast of Peru north to Callao Bay (breeding
habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla La Mocha,
Arauco, Chile; Renard, El Hornero, 4, p. 412, 1931 Isla del Canadon,
Rio Deseado, Patagonia (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 91, 1931
(range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 296, 1932
Chile (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla La
Mocha, Chile (nesting); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 Arica,
Tacna, Chile (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 873, 1936
(monog.).
Haliaeus gaimardii(i) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846
San Lorenzo Island, Peru; idem, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 190, 1856 coast of
middle Peru (soft parts).
Graculus gaimardi Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 489,
1847 southern Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile;
Philippi, Reise Wxiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 coast between Coquimbo
and Caldera, Atacama; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 158, 163,
1865 Chiloe" Island; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868
Chiloe to central Chile; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 161,
1873 Callao, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553
Chorillos, Peru.
Sticticarbo gaimardi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 174, 1857 Chile
(diag.).
Graculus gainsardii (sic) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860
Chiloe" (breeding habits).
Phalacrocorax criniger (lapsu) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 278 San Lorenzo Island,
Peru.
Range. Coasts of Peru (from the Guanape Islands southward)
and Chile south to Chiloe" Island (breeding), rarely to the Straits
of Magellan (two records), and likewise breeding on the coast of
Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Isla de Canadon, estuary of the Rio Deseado;
San Julian).
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 153
Field Museum Collection. 4: Chile (Concepci6n, Conception, 2);
Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 2).
*Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps King. IMPERIAL CORMORANT.
Phalacrocorax atriceps King, 1 Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, April-July, p. 102,
July, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost); 1 Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 390, figs. 4, 5, 1898 Chile (Corral, Chiloe"
Island) and Straits of Magellan (Cove Harbour, Messier Channel);
Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 627, 1900 Isla de
Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
8, p. 395, 1902 Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48
Puerto Dixon and Molineux Sound, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 "Patagonia (San Julian),"
Tierra del Fuego, and Staten Island; Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet.
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 516, 1915 near Mount Tigre, Santa
Cruz, Patagonia; Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 33, 1916
Corral, Chile (crit., char.).
Phalacrocorax imperialis King, 1 Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1, "1830," p. 30, pub. March 2, 1831 "in sinubus inferioribus orae
occidentalis"=west entrance of Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 652 Cove Harbour,
Messier Channel; iidem, Rep. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 120, pi. 25,
fig. 1, 1880 Cove Harbour (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 541 Straits of
Magellan and Chile (crit.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896
Chile.
Graculus albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist.
Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847 part, Chile; Boeck, Naumannia,
1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291,
1868 Corral, Valdivia.
Graculus cirrhatus (not Pelecanus cirrhatus Gmelin) Boeck, Naumannia, 1855,
p. 513 Valdivia; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Chiloe"
and Corral, Valdivia, Chile.
Graculus elegans Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 24, (1), p. 305, 1858 Chiloe" Island,
Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol.
Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 29, 1930).
Graculus cristatus (lapsu) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860
Chiloe 1 Archipelago (breeding habits).
Graculus carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Pelzeln, Reise
Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 159, 163, pi. 6, fig. 16 (egg), 1865 Chiloe"
Island.
1 King appears to have described the same species under two different names
within a few years. P. atriceps was seemingly based on an immature bird without
any white on wings and back, whereas the diagnosis of P. imperialis (crested head;
purple-glossed upper parts; white band across wings; white patch on middle back)
describes an adult in nuptial plumage.
1 Unless spec, d of P. atriceps, Straits of Magellan (Captain P. P. King),
in the British Museum, be the type.
154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phalacrocorax cirrhatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340
Chile; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Straits of Magellan; Schalow,
Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 683, 1898 Calbuco (Llanquihue) and Straits
of Magellan (crit.); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 833, 1899 Chiloe"
and southern Chile (monog.); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 65, p. 172, 1899
Chiloe"; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 104, pi. 48, 1902 Chile.
Phalacrocorax carunculatus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Santa
Magdalena Island, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, pp. 499, 500
Mayne Harbour, Port Churruca, Straits of Magellan (crit.); Newton, I.e.,
1870, p. 504 Santa Magdalena Island (egg descr.); Cunningham, Not.
Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan, pp. 191, 271, 1871 Tierra del Fuego (Quarter-
master Island) and Santa Magdalena Island (breeding habits); Oustalet,
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Zool., p. B. 144, pi. 6, small fig., 1891 part,
Punta Arenas, Tierra del Fuego (Bahfa Orange, Bahfa Lort, Bahia Buen
Succeso, Bahia Stockwell), Staten Island, New Year Sound, and Button
Island.
Phalacrocorax verrucosus (not Halieus verrucosus Cabanis) Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego
(crit.); idem, I.e., 18, p. 237, 1910 Tierra del Fuego.
(?) Phalacrocorax albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson?) Hartert and Venturi,
Nov. Zool., 16, p. 241, 1909 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego.
Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 (range in
part, excl. of "South Shetlands"); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 19, p. 301, 1932 Valdivia to Straits of Magellan; Reynolds, Ibis,
1932, p. 36 Woodcock Island, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5,
p. 349, 1934 Isla de los Conejos and Lake Yewin, Tierra del Fuego;
idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 80 Barnevelt Islands, Cape Horn (crit.); Bullock,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha (nesting); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 881, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Breeds on the coast of southern Chile, from Mocha Island
to the Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, and the Cape Horn
Islands; straying, outside the breeding season, to the mouth of the
Santa Cruz River, eastern Patagonia and Graham Land in the Ant-
arctic Archipelago.
Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island,
Guaitecas, 1); Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1); Antarctic
Archipelago (Wilhelmina Bay, Graham Land, I). 1
*Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer (Lesson). 2 WHITE-BELLIED
CORMORANT.
1 This specimen has the facial markings and the white patch on the back that
are characteristic of P. a. atriceps. Its bill length is the same as that of the speci-
men from Chile, but the bill looks somewhat heavier.
2 Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer (Lesson), in adult plumage, differs from the
nominate race by its longer, fuller, apically recurved crest and the larger caruncles
at the base of the upper mandible, while the purple-black color of the pileum
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 155
Carbo albiventer Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 Falkland Islands
(type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 627,
1850). 1
Phalacrocorax carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Darwin,
Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 145, 1841 Puerto San Julian, Santa Cruz,
Patagonia (breeding; soft parts); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28,
p. 391, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166 East Falk-
land Island (breeding); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 144, pi. 6,
front fig., 1891 part, Missioneros and Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Pata-
gonia.
Phalacrocorax cirrhatus (not Pelecanus cirrhatus Gmelin) Gray, List Spec.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 186, 1844 part, spec, b, c, i, Falkland Islands and
San Julian, Patagonia.
Graculus albiventer Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. 'Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491,
1847 part, Falkland Islands.
Phalacrocorax albiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 310 Falk-
land Islands (eggs); idem and Salvin, Rep. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds,
p. 121 (in text), pi. 25, fig. 2, 1880 Falkland Islands and Straits of
Magellan (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 540 (crit.).
Phalacrocorax imperialis (not of King) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881,
p. 11 Tom Bay, Magellan Straits; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester
Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 32, 1904 West Point Island, Falkland
Islands (eggs descr.).
Urile albiventer 1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890 San
Martin Island, Magellan Straits (crit.).
Phalacrocorax albiventer Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 392, fig. 7,
1898 Falkland Islands, Patagonia (San Julian), and Straits of Magellan
(Tom Bay); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 627,
1900 Penguin Rookery and Puerto Cook, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; idem, I.e.,
18, p. 237, 1910 Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 520, 1915 Coy Inlet
and Cape Fairweather, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Murphy, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, pp. 33, 37, 1916 Coy Inlet (crit.); Brooks, Bull.
extends down over the greater part of the auriculars. Besides, there is no white
dorsal patch at any time of the year. This well-characterized race replaces the
nominate form in the Falkland Islands as well as on the coast of Santa Cruz in
southeastern Patagonia. Darwin found it breeding at Puerto San Julian and
the members of the Princeton Expedition found it between the estuary of the
Coy River and Cape Fairweather. While we have not been able to study a good
Patagonian series, two specimens from that region seem to be identical with
birds from the Falkland Islands. Reynolds (Ibis, 1935, p. 81) states positively
that albiventer does not breed anywhere in Tierra del Fuego where atriceps is
abundantly met with, and suggests that the few specimens recorded from the
Straits are merely stragglers or vagrants. On the other hand, P. a. atriceps has
never been found nesting either in the Falklands or on the coast of Santa Cruz,
so that it would seem to be established that these two cormorants replace each
other geographically during the breeding period.
1 Not listed by Berlioz (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, pp. 63-65, 1929)
among the types of cormorants in the Paris Museum.
156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 157, 1917 Falkland Islands; Doello-Jurado,
El Hornero, 1, p. 15, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, in winter in
Buenos Aires Province (Punta Lara, Rio Santiago); Wace, I.e., 2, p. 202,
1920 Falkland Islands; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 265, 1922 Rosas, Buenos
Aires (winter); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 164, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires;
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 328 Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926 San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Tremoleras,
El Hornero, 4, p. 17, 1927 Carrasco (near Montevideo), Uruguay (Aug.
20, 1926); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 891, 1936 (monog.).
Phalacrocorax albiventer albiventer Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 (range).
Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands and on the coast of
Santa Cruz, southeastern Patagonia, from Puerto Deseado to the
mouth of the Rio Gallegos; straying in winter south to Staten Island,
Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay, San Martin Island), and north to
the coast of Buenos Aires Province (Punta Lara, Rio Santiago, Rosas,
Zelaya) and Uruguay (Carrasco, near Montevideo; Aug. 20, 1926).
Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Porvenir, Magallanes, 1).
Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg. 1 SOUTH GEORGIAN
CORMORANT.
Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,
i 40, No. 5, p. 69, pi. 2 (upper figures), 1906 Boiler Harbour, Cumberland
Bay, South Georgia (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark.
Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 96, 1927); Shufeldt, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
2, p. 95, pis. 17, 18, 1914 (anatomy); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 South
Georgia; Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 328 South Georgia; Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 885, 1936 (monog.).
Phalacrocorax carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Pagenstecher,
Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 27, 1885 South Georgia (crit.).
Phalacrocorax georgianus Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, pp. 34, 38, 39,
1916 South Georgia (descr., crit., life hist.); Mathews, Discovery Rep.,
1, p. 584, pi. 47, figs. 5-7, 1929 South Georgia (nesting).
Phalacrocorax albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson) Carcelles, El Hornero,
4, p. 400, 1931 Cooper Harbour, Holmestrand, and Rosita Bay, South
Georgia.
Phalacrocorax (albiventer) georgianus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931
South Georgia.
Range. Island of South Georgia. 2
1 Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg is stated by Murphy to resemble
P. a. albiventer in long, recurved crest and strongly developed caruncles, but to
differ by decidedly shorter bill, while in extent of black on sides of head it occupies
an intermediate position between atriceps and albiventer. We are not acquainted
with the South Georgian Cormorant.
1 The status of the cormorants breeding on the South Orkney and South
Shetland Islands remains to be determined. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 328) refers
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 157
Genus NANNOPTERUM Sharpe
Nannopterum Sharpe, Handlist of Birds, 1, p. 235, 1899 type, by monotypy,
Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild.
*Nannopterum harrisi (Rothschild). FLIGHTLESS CORMORANT.
Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Hi, May 25, 1898
Narborough Island, Galapagos Islands (type in Tring Collection [cf.
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26,
p. 655, 1898 (repr. orig. descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6,
p. 179, 1899 north side of Narborough Island; Gadow, I.e., 9, p. 169,
pis. 14, 15, 1902 (wings and skeleton descr.); Rothschild and Hartert,
l.c., p. 408, pi. 10 (fig. of type), 1902 south side of Narborough Island
(crit., female, eggs descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
5, p. 249, 1904 Narborough and Albemarle Islands (habits, eggs descr.).
Nannopterum harrisi Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 80, pi. 4, 1913
Albemarle and Narborough Islands (habits, soft parts, meas.); Shufeldt,
Emu, 15, p. 86, pis. 15-19, 1915 (osteology); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 18, p. 38, 1931 Narborough and Albemarle (Tagus Cove)
Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 94, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 32, 1931 Narborough Island
(eggs descr.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 916, 1936 (monog.).
Range. Coasts of Narborough and Albemarle Islands, Galapagos
Archipelago.
Field Museum Collection. 5: Galapagos Islands (Narborough
Island, Mangrove Point, 2; Narborough Island, 2; Albemarle
Island, 1).
Family ANHINGIDAE. Water-Turkeys
Genus ANHINGA Brisson
Anhinga Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 476, 1760 type, by tautonymy and
monotypy, " Anhinga" =Plotus anhinga Linnaeus.
to them as being similar to P. a. georgianus, but much larger. Clarke (I.e., 1906,
p. 184, pi. 13, fig. 2) had called South Orkney birds P. atriceps, but Murphy
(Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 39, 1916) pointed put that they were evidently
much closer to georgianus. Other references pertaining to this unsettled form are
P. georgianus Bennett (El Hornero, 2, p. 32, 1920 [South Orkney and South
Shetland Islands]), P. albiventris Carcelles (I.e., 4, p. 83, 1927 [South Orkney
Islands]), P. atriceps Ardley (Discovery Rep., 12, p. 374, 1936 [South Orkney
Islands]), and P. atriceps Eklund (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, No. 1, p. 302, 1945
[64 42' S.-63 25' W.]). Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 888, 1936), under
the heading of P. atriceps subsp., states that South Shetland birds resemble
P. a. atriceps and P. a. georgianus, but have a longer bill than the latter, larger
caruncles than the former, and a longer tail (128-138) than either, while the
demarcation line between dark and white on the sides of the head is more as in
the continental form. Murphy (p. 889) publishes Bennett's MS. name brans-
fieldensis, which will become available should the race prove to be valid. We
have no material.
158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Plotus (not of Gunnerus, 1761) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766
type, by monotypy, Plotus anhinga Linnaeus.
Plottus "Klein" Scopoli, Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 474, 1777 (emendation).
*Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). SOUTH AMERICAN
DARTER.
Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 based on
"Anhinga" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218; northeastern Brazil) and
Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 476; Cayenne); type locality, Brazil (as designated
by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,
4, (2), p. 900, 1833 eastern Brazil (Lagoa Feia, Rio Belmonte, Rio
Itahype); Tschudi, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 314, 1846 "coast of
Peru (nesting on sandy islands)"; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.
Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849 rivers up to 1,200 ft. (habits); Burmeister,
Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 461, 1856 Rio Chipato (Rio Belmonte),
Brazil; Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 188, 1856 (habits); Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197 Rio Truando and Rio Atrato, Colombia;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 Goyaz (Porto do Rio Araguay),
Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Borba, Rio
Madeira; Marabitanas, Rio Negro; Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil; Rein-
hardt, Vidensk. Medd. -Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20 Rio Taquarugu,
Sumidouro, and Ribeirao do Mato, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 304 eastern Peru (Yurimaguas, Ucayali,
Maran6n); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Marajo, Brazil;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 28, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; idem,
I.e., 37, p. 100, 1889 Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897,
pp. 157, 162 near Counany and Amapa, northern Para; Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 419, 1898 part, specimens i'-w' (monog.);
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900
Rio Peripa, western Ecuador; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 Villa Conception,
Paraguay; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 127, 1902 Quiribana
de Caicara and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500
Rio Capim, Para, Brazil; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 54, 1907
Mexiana Island, Brazil (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 79,
1907 Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908 Cayenne,
French Guiana; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 22, 1909 Ledesma, Jujuy,
Argentina; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76,
p. 97, 1910 Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco, near Sambaiba) and Piauhy
(mouth of Tedra-Farada and above Sao Estevao, Rio Parnahyba); Dab-
bene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 Chaco Argentine;
Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 336 Tebicuari and Mortero, Paraguay; Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 119, 1914 Dunas, Marajo, Brazil; Lonnberg
and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 29, 1922 La Carolina (Quito)
and Rio Curaray, Ecuador.
Plotus tupinambis Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 40,
1791 (substitute name for Plotus anhinga Linnaeus).
Plotus cayennensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26,
p. 1115, Dec., 1855 based on Plotus melanogaster var. y Gmelin, Syst.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 159
Nat., 1, (2), p. 580, 1789, which, in its turn, rests on "Anhinga noir, de
Cayenne" Buffon (=Daubenton), PI. Enl., pi. 960.
Anhinga anhinga Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 2, p. Ill, 1889 lower
Beni River, Bolivia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913
Cano Vagre, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366,
1916 lower and middle stretches of the Orinoco, Venezuela; Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 199, 1916 (numerous localities); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 237, 1917 Cauca and Magdalena rivers,
Colombia; Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 182, 1920 (soft parts);
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 131, 1922 Palenque,
Santa Marta, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 144 Apure and Portu-
guesa rivers, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214,
1926 Chone and Rio Suno, Ecuador; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol.
Hist. Nat., 5, p. 121, 1926 Porto Xavier da Silva, Parana, Brazil;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 54, 1926 Riacho Quia, near Las
Palmas, Chaco; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 148, 1927
Parana River, near Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 100, 1930 Palmiras, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss.
Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 49, 1930 Mision Tacaagte,
Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 95, 1931 part, South America;
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 Trinidad (Caroni) and Tobago;
Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 535 Rupununi River, British Guiana (breeding);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 27, 1938 Amazonas (Manacapuru), Para,
Bahia (Rio Gongogy), Sao Paulo (Pirituba), and Rio Grande do Sul
(Porto Alegre).
Anhinga anhinga anhinga Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
88, p. 103, 1941 (disc, races, type locality restricted to Rio Tapajos, Para,
Brazil); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 22,
1945 Igarape do Gordao, Rio Jurua, Brazil.
Range. Tropical South America from Colombia and Venezuela
to western Ecuador (Rio Peripa, Chone) and east of the Andes 1 to
northern Argentina (Ledesma, Jujuy; Chaco Argentine; Entre Rios),
Bolivia (lower Beni River), Paraguay, and extreme southern Brazil
(Rio Grande do Sul). Also the islands of Tobago and Trinidad.
Field Museum Collection. 10: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua,
1); Ecuador (Montes del Suno, Loreto, 2; Concepcion, Pato Paqual,
1); British Guiana (Abary Creek, 2; Rockstone, 1); Brazil (Conceicao,
Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Chaco, 1); Argentina (Resistencia,
Chaco, 1).
* Anhinga anhinga leucogaster (Vieillot). 2 NORTH AMERICAN
DARTER.
1 South of Ecuador, the Darter has been found only east of the Andes, there
being but a few records from Amazonian Peru (Yurimaguas, Ucayali, Maraft6n)
and Bolivia (lower Beni River). Tschudi's statement that it breeds on sandy
islands along the Peruvian coast is due to confusion with some other bird.
2 A. a. kucogaster (Vieillot) differs from the typical race by its somewhat
smaller size and narrower, darker, less buffy tail tips.
160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Plains kucogaster Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 1, p. 545, 1816
Florida (descr. of immature; location of type not stated).
Plotus anhinga Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 405, 1875 Cuba (breeding
habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 419, 1898 part,
specimens a-h' (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
3, p. 156, 1901 (Central American references and localities).
Anhinga anhinga Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 77, 1887; Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 438, 1910 Bolson and mouth of Matina River,
Costa Rica; Todd, I.e., 10, p. 171, 1916 Isle of Pines, Cuba; Rendahl,
Ark. ZooL, 12, No. 8, p. 5, 1919 Nicaragua (Rio Ometepe, Chano Verde;
San Juan del Norte); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 229, 1922 (life
hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 95, 1931 part, North and Central
America; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932 Rio Polochic
and near Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293,
1935 Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 23, p. 69, 1938 El Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, etc.).
Anhinga anhinga minima van Rossem, 1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 439,
Oct., 1939 Acaponeta, Nayarit, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum,
Biological Survey Collection).
Anhinga anhinga leucogaster Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
88, p. 103 (in text), 1941 (recognized as distinct northern race); Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 232, 1943 (descr. races; a northern and a
southern one recognized).
Range. Southern United States, from Texas, southern Illinois
and North Carolina southward through Mexico and Central America
to Panama; Cuba (including Isle of Pines). Intergrading with the
typical race in Colombia.
Field Mmeum Collection. 26: Florida (Wens Creek, 1; Ockla-
waha River, Marion County, 1; Cabbage Bay, 1; Anclote, 1; Lake
Flirt, 2; Bassenger, 2; Palm Beach County, 4; Enterprise, 1; Seminole
County, 1); Louisiana (A very Island, Iberia County, 1); Texas
(Cameron County, 6; Nueces County, 1); Cuba (Artemisa, 1);
Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La
Paz, 1; Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1).
Suborder FREGATAE
Family FREGATIDAE. Man-o'-War Birds
Genus FREGATA Lac<pede
Fregata Lace'pede, Tabl. M6th. Mam. Ois., p. 15, 1799 type, by subs, desig.
(Daudin, in Buffon, Hist. Nat., e"d. Didot, Quadr., 14, p. 317, 1802),
Pelecanus aquila Linnaeus.
1 A. a. minima van Rossem is said to differ from the typical race by smaller
size and paler tail tips. Wetmore states (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 232, 1943)
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 161
Tachypetes Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. El&n., pp. 63, 70, 1816 type, by mono-
typy, "Fregata" BuSon=Fregata minor magnificens Mathews.
Fregatta Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 119, 1826 emendation,
type as in Fregata Lace'pede.
Atagen "Mochrine" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 101, 1841 type,
by orig. desig., Pelecanus aquila Linnaeus.
Parvifregata Mathews, Bds. Austr., Suppl., 1, p. 64, 1920 type, by orig.
desig., Atagen ariel G. R. Gray.
Fregata ariel trinitatis Ribeiro. 1 SOUTH TRINIDAD MAN-O'-WAR
BIRD.
Fregata ariel trinitatis Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 192
(in text), 1919 South Trinidad Island (type in Museo Nacional, Rio de
Janeiro); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 97, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 939, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 28, 1938 South Trinidad.
Fregata ariel (not Atagen Ariel G. R. Gray) Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 214 South
Trinidad (crit.); Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 673 South Trinidad; Ribeiro, Arch.
Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 189, 1919 South Trinidad.
Fregata ariel subsp.? Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 346, 1915 South Trinidad Islet.
Fregata ariel wilsoni Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 311, Oct., 1924 South Trinidad
Island (type in British Museum).
Fregata wilsoni Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4,
p. 186, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1930 South Trinidad (crit.).
Range. South Trinidad Island and Martin Vas Islets, South
Atlantic Ocean.
*Fregata magnificens Mathews. 2 AMERICAN MAN-O'-WAR BIRD.
Fregata minor magnificens Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 120, Dec. 19,
1914 "Barrington, Indefatigable, Albemarle Islands, etc.," Galapagos
that the type is an immature and doubts the validity of the form. He suggests
withholding recognition until a series of adults can be examined.
1 Fregata ariel trinitatis Ribeiro: Similar to the extralimital F. a. ariel (Gray),
of the western Pacific Ocean, but immature plumage with the head brown and
the white of the flanks running well back into the axilla.
2 Fregata magnificens Mathews: Male, like the extralimital F. aquila, of Ascen-
sion Island, without any brown wing-bar, but chiefly distinguished by the greenish-
purple head and iridescent purple mantle and scapulars; female recognizable by
the conspicuous brown band along the cubital edge of the wing, while the breast
is white, in strong contrast to the black color of throat, foreneck, abdomen, and
under tail coverts. Immature birds have the head, neck, and throat white with
no trace of buff or rusty.
Authors differ as to the possibility of subdividing this species. Mathews
attempted to separate the birds breeding in the Caribbean Sea from those of the
Galapagos Islands, but as has been pointed out by Rothschild the only character
is their seemingly shorter tail, a feature in study skins that is largely dependent
on mode of preparation. Swarth (Condor, 35, pp. 148-150, 1933) and Murphy
would restrict magnificens to the Galapagos, referring those from Lower California
162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(type, from Harrington Island, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York).
Tachypetes aquila (not Pelecanus aquilus Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 4, (2), p. 885, 1833 eastern Brazil (Caravellas, Villa Vicoza,
Mucuri, Alcobaca, and Bahia); Tschudi, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn.,
p. 314, 1846 islands off Peruvian coast; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen
Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 763, 1849 coast of British Guiana; Bry-
ant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 126, 1859 Booby Kay and Seal
Island, Bimini (breeding); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 326, 1870 Rio de
Janeiro, Sapitiba (Rio), Paranagud (Parana), and Cajutuba (Para),
Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 368, 1899 Sao Sebastiao and
Iguape, Sao Paulo; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 312 Little Abaco, Bahama
Islands.
Fregata aquila Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 150 Bird (Pajaro) Island, Bay of Fonseca,
Honduras (breeding); idem, I.e., 1860, p. 316 same locality; Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 Payta, Peru (Jan.); Hartert, Ibis,
1893, pp. 308, 326, 336 Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire; Ridgway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 590, 1897 Tower and Barrington Islands, Gala-
pagos; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 443, 1898 (in part);
Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 33, 1899 Isabel Island, Mexico (breeding);
Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 175, 1899 (in part); Salvadori
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 Rio Daule
and Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador ^Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 139, 1901 (range, exc. of Revillagigedo Islands); Nicoll, Ibis,
1904, p. 589 Little Cayman; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 233,
1905 Lesser Antilles (breeding on Battowia, Grenadines); Thayer and
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, pp. 96, 141, 1905 Gorgona Island
(Gorgonilla Peninsula), Colombia, and San Miguel and Saboga Islands,
Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 382, 1906
Isabel Island, Nayarit, Mexico (breeding); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15,
p. 312, 1908 Cayenne; Chapman, Pap. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst.
Wash., 2, p. 149, 1908 Cay Verde, Bahama Islands (breeding habits);
Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 317, 325, 333 Los Testigos, Los Hermanos, and
eastern Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (breeding); Cory, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 195, 203, 209, 215, 220, 227, 229, 235, 1909
Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Los Roques, Tortuga, Blanquilla, Los Her-
manos, Los Testigos, and Margarita Island; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 6, p. 440, 1910 Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica (bibliog.
ref.); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 409, 1911 Great Inagua Island, Bahamas; Lowe,
Ibis, 1911, p. 148 Little Cayman (breeding); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12,
No. 8, p. 5, 1919 Ciste Island, Omete"pe River, Nicaragua; idem, I.e.,
13, No. 4, p. 11, 1920 Bayoneta and Cangrejo Islands, Pearl Archipelago,
Panama (breeding).
Fregata magnificens Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 22, pp. 145, 146, 1915 (crit.,
char.); Mathews, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 280, 1915 Galapagos Islands (monog.);
and western Mexico to rothschildi, while Peters and Griscom call the Pacific birds
magnificens, the Caribbean rothschildi. Wetmore denies any racial variation and,
from the material we have seen, we are inclined to agree with him. The subject
requires further investigation with the help of extensive material of breeding birds.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 163
Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 174, 1916 Bird Island, Isle of Pines,
Cuba; Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 364, 1916 Tete Anglaise,
Guadeloupe Island (breeding); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and
Virgin Islands, 9, p. 286, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding on Desecheo Island)
and Virgin Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 72 % , 1928
Lower California; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155,
p. 71, 1931 Hispaniola; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 300, 1931 Bermuda Islands (occasional visitant); Swarth,
Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 38, 1931 Galapagos (Indefatigable,
Albemarle, Duncan, Hood Islands); Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 148, 1933
Galapagos Islands (crit.).
Fregata minor rothschildi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 280, 1915 Aruba,
Dutch West Indies (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 275,
1925).
Fregata minor januaria Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 186,
1919 coast of Brazil from Rio de Janeiro to Santos (type in Museu
Nacional, Rio de Janeiro). 1
Fregata minor (not Pelecanus minor Gmelin) Liiderwaldt and Fonseca, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 13, pp. 464, 491, 1922 Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo
(breeding; meas.; eggs descr.). 2
Fregata magnificens rothschildi Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 306, 1922
(life hist.); Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 303, 1924 (crit., range); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 Santa Elena, Jambeli, and
Santa Clara Island (breeding), Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 96,
1931 (range); Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 150, 1933 Lower California and
Isabel Island, Nayarit, Mexico (crit.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934,
p. 579 Giles Islets, off Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 off Caribbean coast of Panama; Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 927, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 28, 1938 Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Piassaguera, Santos, Ilha
dos Alcatrazes); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 23, p. 71, 1938 El Salvador (coast and Lake Olomega); Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 181, 1939 Ensenada de Ocumare (islet
of El Morro), Aragua, Venezuela; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 35, 1945 Gulf of California (status).
Fregata magnificens magnificens Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 303, pis. 22, 23, 1924
Galapagos Islands to Mexico and California (crit.); Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 95, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293,
1935 Pacific coast of Panama (breeding in the Pearl Islands); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 920, 926, 1936 Galapagos Islands.
1 The description of the adult male, notably "cabeca pescoco e dorso . . . de
brilho metallico que cambia do azul purpurescente, na cabeca, para a purpureo
violaceo no dorso," together with the author's failure to mention any brownish
wing-band, indicates that F. m. januaria is synonymous with F. magnificens. The
white-headed female is a young bird.
1 At my request, Dr. O. M. de 0. Pinto very kindly re-examined these speci-
mens and found them to be unquestionably referable to F. magnificens.
164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Breeds on some of the Bahama Islands (Cay Verde,
Bimini Seal Key, Atwood's Key, etc.), Cuba (Puerto Escondido;
Isle of Pines, Bird Island), Puerto Rico (Desecheo Island), in
the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe; Battowia and Carriacou, Grena-
dines; Giles Islets, off Tobago), on islands off the coast of Venezuela
(Margarita Island, Los Hermanos, Los Testigos), and Brazil (Ilha
dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo), in the Caribbean Sea (Little Cayman
and Swan Islands), off the coast of Mexico (Isabel Island, Nayarit)
and Honduras (Pajaro Island, Gulf of Fonseca), Panama (Pearl
Islands), Colombia (Gorgona Island), Ecuador (Santa Clara Island),
and in the Galdpagos Archipelago; straying to the coasts of Florida,
Louisiana, Texas, Bermuda glands, California, northern Peru
(Payta, Talara), the Guianas, and eastern Brazil (Bahia to Rio
Grande do Sul).
Field Museum Collection. 42: Florida (Cape Roman, 1; Maximo
Point, 1); Bahama Islands (Cay Verde, 2; Man o' War Cay, 1;
Whale Cay, 1; Great Bahama, 2); Cuba (Isle of Pines, 1); Jamaica
(Grand Cayfnan, 1); Dominican Republic (Samana, 1); Virgin
Islands (St. Croix, 3); Lesser Antilles (Santa Lucia, 1); Texas
(Aransas County, 3; Corpus Christi, 1); western Caribbean (St.
Andrews, 2; Old Providence, 2; Little Swan, 4); California (Orange
County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; San Luis Island,
Lower California, 1 ; Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 2) ; British Hon-
duras (Half Moon Cay, 3); Guatemala (Puerto Barrios, Izabal, 1);
Panama (Panama Bay, 1); Galapagos Islands (Gardner Island, 1;
Elizabeth Bay, Albemarle Island, 1) ; Dutch West Indies (Bonaire, 1) ;
British Guiana (Buxton, 2).
*
*Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews. 1 RIDGWAY'S MAN-O'-WAR
BIRD.
Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 120, Dec. 19, 1914
Galapagos Islands (Culpepper and Wenman) (type, from Culpepper, in
the Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 275, 1925], now in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Rothschild, Nov.
Zool., 22, pp. 145, 146, 1915 (crit., char.); Lowe, I.e., 31, p. 308, pis.
22, 23, 1924 Galapagos Islands (Wenman and Culpepper) ; Swarth, Occ.
Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 39, 1931 Galapagos Islands (Hood and
Brattle) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 96, 1931 (range) ; Swarth, Condor,
1 Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews: Differs from F. magnificens, sex for sex,
by lesser size and smaller bill, and by having, in both sexes, a broad brown band
on the lesser upper wing coverts; male with back and scapulars iridescent green
instead of mainly purple; female with throat and foreneck by no means black, but
whitish or gray, shafts and edges of*the feathers only dusky, producing a mottled
appearance.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 165
35, pp. 149, 150, 1933 Clarion and San Benedicto Islands, Revillagigedo
group (crit.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 937, 1936
Galapagos Islands (monog.).
Fregata aquila minor (not Pekcanus minor Gmelin) 1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 19, p. 591, 1897 Tower Island, Galapagos (crit.).
Fregata aquila (not Pekcanus aquilus Linnaeus) Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314,
316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clarion Islands (breeding);
Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 175, 1899 part, Culpepper
Island, Galapagos; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3,
p. 139, 1901 part, Revillagigedo Islands; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., (4), 15, p. 291, 1926 Clarion and San Benedicto Islands (breeding).
Fregata minor palmerstoni (not Pekcanus Palmerstoni Gmelin) Oberholser,
Auk, 34, p. 469, 1916 coast of California and Lower California; Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 72, 1928 Lower California (ex Oberholser);
van Rossem and Orr, Auk, 58, p. 399, 1941 (believe birds from west coast
of North America referable to Hawaiian race).
Range. Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago (Culpepper, Wen-
man, Brattle, Hood, and probably other islands), 2 and on the Revilla-
gigedo Islands (San Benedicto and probably Clarion Island) ; straying
to the coast of Lower California and California.
Field Museum Collection. 6: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 6).
Fregata minor nicolli Mathews. 3 NICOLL'S MAN-O'-WAR BIRD.
Fregata minor nicolli Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 118, Dec. 19, 1914
South Trinidad Island (type in British Museum); idem, Bds. Austr.,
4, p. 272, 1915 (crit.); Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 22, pp. 145, 146, 1915
(char.); Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 346, 1915 South Trinidad; Ribeiro, Arch.
Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 187, 1919 South Trinidad Island
(plum., meas.); Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 309, 1924 South Trinidad
(meas.); idem and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4,
p. 187, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1930 South Trinidad (crit.); Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 97, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 939,
1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 28, 1938 South Trinidad.
Fregata aquila (not Pekcanus aquilus Linnaeus) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1880, p. 163 off South Trinidad Islet; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds.
1 Pekcanus minor Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 572, 1789), based on "Man
of War Bird" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 209, pi. 309), though applied by
Mathews (Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 118, 1914) to the West Indian Frigate Bird (F.
magnificens rothschildi) , is clearly the form of the Indian Ocean, as has been pointed
out by Rothschild (Nov. Zool., 22, p. 145, 1915) and Lowe (I.e., 31, p. 300, 1924),
throat and foreneck in Edwards' plate being represented as white.
2 Breeding range in the Galapagos Islands remains to be determined by future
field-work. It has been claimed that F. m. ridgwayi and F. magnificent replace
each other on different islands, but proof in the affirmative or negative is yet
lacking.
3 Fregata minor nicolli Mathews: Similar to F. m. ridgwayi, but bill decidedly
longer, and the brownish band across the lesser wing coverts wider as well as
paler; female, besides, with much lighter, less blackish brown upper parts.
166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Brit. Mus., 26, p. 443, 1898 part, spec, u', South Trinidad; Nicoll, Ibis,
1906, p. 673 South Trinidad.
Range. Breeds on South Trinidad Island and Martin Vas Islets,
South Atlantic Ocean.
Order CICONIIFORMES
Suborder ARDEAE
Family ARDEIDAE. Herons and Bitterns
Subfamily ARDEINAE. Herons
Genus ARDEA Linnaeus
Ardea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 141, 1758 type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 60, 1840), Ardea cinerea Linnaeus.
Audubonia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 722,
April, 1855 type, by monotypy, Ardea occidentalis Audubon.
Ardea cinerea cinerea Linnaeus. EUROPEAN HERON.
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 based chiefly
on Fauna Svec., No. 133; type locality, as restricted by Hartert (Vog.
Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1229, 1920), Sweden; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 9
Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 243,
1878 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 242, 1898 Greenland
(several records).
Ardea cinerea cinerea Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 131, 1926 (life hist.);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931 (range) ; H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd.
Gr0nl., 131, p. 56, 1941 Greenland records.
Range. Breeds in the greater part of Europe and Asia to western
China, locally in Africa, and on the Canary Islands; accidental in
Greenland (Nenortalik, 1856; Godthaab, Jan. 14, 1877; Nunarsuit,
1888; etc.).
* Ardea herodias fannini Chapman. 1 NORTHWEST COAST HERON.
Ardea herodias fannini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 14, p. 87, April 15,
1901 Skidegate, Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands (type in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York); Osgood, N. Amer.
Fauna, 21, p. 40, 1901 Skidegate and Cumshewa Inlets, Queen Charlotte
Islands; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 554, 1913 Pacific
coast from Alaska to Washington (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
135, p. 114, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931 (range).
1 Ardea herodias fannini Chapman differs from the nominate race by darker
upper parts and neck.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 167
Range. Resident on the Pacific coast of North America from
southern Alaska to Washington (Nisqually Flats, etc.).
Field Museum Collection. 7: Alaska (Craig, Prince of Wales
Island, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 6).
*Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser. 1 CALIFORNIA HERON.
Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 550, 1913
(pub. Dec. 12, 1912) Baird, Shasta County, California (type in U. S.
National Museum); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 127, 1926 (life
hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 81, 1928 northwestern
Lower California (seacoast and nearby islands); Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 99, 1931 (range).
Ardea herodias oligista Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 553, Dec. 12,
1913 San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara Islands, California (type in
U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100, 1931 (range);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 264, 1932 (crit.;=young-of-the-
year).
Range. Resident on the Pacific coast of North America from
Oregon to northwestern Lower California (north of lat. 27).
Field Museum Collection. 9: Oregon (Blaine, Tillamook County,
1); California (Sacramento, 2; Bridgeport, Mono County, 1; Eureka,
2; Moss Landing, 2; Irvine, Orange County, 1).
*Ardea herodias treganzai Court. 2 TREGANZA'S HERON.
Ardea herodias treganzai Court, Auk, 25, p. 291, July, 1908 Egg Island,
Great Salt Lake, Utah (type in U. S. National Museum); Oberholser,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 545, 1913 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 135, p. 123, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931
(range, except west of Cascades and Sierra Nevada); Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 81, 1932 Lower California; van Rossem, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 35, 1945 northern Sonora.
Range. Breeds in the western United States from the Cascades
and Sierras east to the Great Plains and south to northeastern
Lower California (Colorado delta), southern New Mexico and
western Texas; winters from Arizona to Texas and northwestern
Mexico.
Field Museum Collection. 5: California (Palo Verde, Imperial
County, 1); Utah (Bear River Bay, 1; Brigham, 1); Arizona (Tucson,
2).
1 Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser: Similar in coloration to A. h. herodias,
but larger. Distinguished from A. h. fannini by larger dimensions and paler upper
parts and neck.
1 Ardea herodias treganzai Court: Nearest to A. h. herodias, but upper parts
and neck paler; size on average slightly larger.
168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs. 1 SAN LUCAS
HERON.
Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl.,
4, p. 83, Feb. 23, 1912 Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California (type
in coll. of J. E. Thayer, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 180, 1930);
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 548, 1913 (monog.); Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 130, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1,
p. 100, 1931 (range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 82, 1932
Lower California; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State
Univ., 21, p. 36, 1945 southern Sonora.
Range. Resident on the coasts and islands of Lower California
southward from 27 N. lat., and the coast of southern Sonora.
Field Museum Collection. 2: Mexico, Lower California (San
Luis Islands, 1; San Jose" del Cabo, 1).
*Ardea herodias cognata Bangs. 2 GALAPAGOS HERON.
Ardea herodias cognata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 100, Feb. 6,
1903 Indefatigable Island, Galapagos (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 180, 1930); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
43, p. 549, 1913 Indefatigable, Duncan, and Albemarle Islands (monog.);
Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100, 1931 (range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 18, p. 41, 1931 Indefatigable, South Seymour, and Albemarle
Islands; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 34,
1931 Galapagos Islands.
Ardea herodias (not of Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128,
1841 Galapagos Islands; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 323 Indefatigable Island; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9,
p. 497, 1876 Indefatigable Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
12, p. 114, 1890 Duncan and Indefatigable Islands; idem, I.e., 19, p. 601,
1897 same localities; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 80, 1898
part, spec. iMi 3 , Indefatigable Island; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 6, p. 180, 1899 Albemarle and Indefatigable Islands (crit.; nesting);
Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 254, 1904 Narborough
Island (breeding); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 58, 1913
Albemarle, Charles, Chatham, Duncan, Hood, Indefatigable, James,
Narborough, and Seymour Islands.
Range. Resident in the Galapagos Archipelago (central and
southern islands).
Field Museum Collection. 1 : Galapagos Islands (Elizabeth Bay,
Albemarle Island, 1).
1 Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs: Very close to A. h. treganzai,
but larger throughout and with decidedly paler neck.
2 Ardea herodias cognata Bangs: Nearest to A. h. sancti-lucae, but with shorter
wings and tarsi, and thicker bill. From A. h. treganzai it may be separated by paler
neck, shorter wings and tarsus, and stouter bill.
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 169
*Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. GREAT BLUE HERON.
Ardea herodias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 based on
"The Ash-colour'd Heron from North America" Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Bds., 3, p. 135, pi. 135; Hudson Bay; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1860, p. 196 delta of the Rio Atrato, Colombia (Dec.); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 511 vicinity of Caracas, Vene-
zuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 237, 1878
(monog.; in part); Nutting, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nica-
ragua; Ridgway, I.e., 7, p. 177, 1884 Curasao Island, Caribbean Sea;
Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 325 Curacao Island; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 80, 1898 (in part); Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 519 New Provi-
dence, Bahama Islands (Dec.; winter visitant); Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 11, 1899 Laguna Pita, Darien, Panama;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 159, 1901 Mexican
and Central American references and localities; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 304
Andros, Bahama Islands (May 10); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32,
p. 233, 1905 Barbados, St. Vincent, Carriacou, and Grenada Islands
(winter visitor); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 Margarita Island, Venezuela
(Jan. 6); Delacour, I.e., 1923, p. 142 plains of Venezuela (Guarico and
Apure); Bleitz, Nat. Hist., New York, 53, p. 160, 1944 (nesting).
Ardea hudsonias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 238, 1766 based on
"The Ash-cplour'd Heron from North America" Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Bds., 3, p. 135, pi. 135, and "Le Heron de la'Baye de Hudson" Brisson,
Orn., 5, p. 407 (ex Edwards, pi. 135); Hudson Bay.
Ardea lessonii Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 5, col. 531 Mexico (type in Munich
Museum examined).
Ardea herodias herodias Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 412, 1910 El
Hogar, Costa Rica; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 534, 1913
(monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 101, 1926 (life hist.);
Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 133, 1929 Corn Islands; Austin,
I.e., p. 371, 1929 Belize River, British Honduras; Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 99, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 309, 1931 Bermuda Islands (winter visitant); Peters, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 304, 1931 Changuinola, Almirante Bay, Panama
(crit.); Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 311, 1932 Perme" and Obaldia, Panama;
idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932 Guatemala (winter) ; idem,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Panama (winter); Dickey and
van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 72, 1938 El Salvador
(winter visitant); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 57,
1941 near Egedesminde, Greenland (immature); Cooke, Auk, 63, p. 254,
1946 winter records of birds banded in north from Cuba, Jamaica,
Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama.
Ardea herodias lessonii Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 555, 1913
Mexico to Panama and Venezuela (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100,
1931 Mexico from Chihuahua to Campeche.
Ardea herodias adoxa Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 544, 1913
(pub. Dec. 12, 1912) Curasao Island, Caribbean Sea (type in U. S.
National Museum); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
9, p. 288, 1927 Puerto Rico (not found breeding); Wetmore and Swales,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 73, 1931 Hispaniola (not found breeding);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 Trinidad (Caroni) and Tobago
(winter visitant); Bond, Auk, 52, p. 76, 1935 (crit.;=herodias).
Ardea herodias subsp. Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 133,
1922 Bonda, Colombia.
Range. Breeds from Alberta east to the Gulf of St. Lawrence
(Magdalen Islands), southeast through eastern North and South
Dakota, central Iowa, northern Illinois, southern Indiana, eastern
Kentucky and Tennessee to southeastern South Carolina; winters
from the southern United States through Mexico, Central America,
and the West Indies to Panama, Colombia (Rio Atrato; Bonda),
Venezuela, Tobago, and Trinidad. 1 Accidental in Greenland.
Field Museum Collection. 29: Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2);
Nova Scotia (Seabright, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, 1; Towner
County, 1; Adler, 1); Minnesota (Ottertail County, 1); Wisconsin
(Beaver Dam, 6; Woodruff, 1); Illinois (unspecified, 1); Massa-
chusetts (Mansfield, 1); Connecticut (Black Hall, 1; Guilford, 2;
New Haven, 4; North Haven, 3; Seymour, 1); North Carolina (Pea
Island, Dare County, 1); Venezuela (Los Roques, Colon, 1).
*Ardea herodias occidentalis Audubon. 2 FLORIDA HERON.
Ardea occidentalis Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 3, pi. 281, 1835; idem,
Orn. Biogr., 3, p. 542, Dec. 1, 1835 keys near Key West, Florida (type
in U. S. National Museum ;= white phase); Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R.
Pac., 9, p. 670, 1858 part, Florida (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol.
Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 227, 1878 Florida (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S.
1 It is now fairly well established that the Great Blue Heron does not breed
anywhere in Central America or in the West Indies (excepting certain Greater
Antilles tenanted by the little-known A. h. repens) and merely visits these regions
during the winter months. The occasional summer records no doubt relate to
stragglers, mostly immature birds, and do not denote a resident form. Whatever
the ultimate status of a possible breeding race in Mexico may be, one thing is
certain, viz., that the name A. lessonii is not applicable to it. Wagler's type in
the Munich Museum is absolutely indistinguishable, in color and size, from
birds taken in the eastern United States (New York) and was evidently a migrant
from the north. As to the supposed West Indian race, we cannot but concur with
Bond (Auk, 52, p. 76, 1935) in rejecting A. h. adoxa. Specimens from various
islands of the Lesser Antilles as well as two from Venezuela are, to all intent,
typical herodias, and even the palest individuals can be matched by others from
the eastern United States. As stated above and confirmed by Bond, not a single
authentic breeding record exists for any of the West Indian islands.
Sztolcman's record of Ardea herodias (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5,
p. 119, 1926) from Affonso Penna, Parana, southern Brazil, cannot possibly refer
to this species.
1 Ardea herodias occidentalis Audubon differs from the nominate race by larger
dimensions, and, in the gray phase, by lighter upper parts and neck. The entirely
white form (A. occidentalis) and the white-headed variety (A. wurdemanni), which
1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 171
Nat. Mus., 135, p. 93, 1926 (life hist.); Holt, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus.
N. H. f 1, No. 1, pp. 1-35, 1928 (monog.); Sprunt, Auk, 61, p. 150, 1944
South Carolina (white phase).
Ardea vriirdemannii Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 669, 1858
South Florida (type in U. S. National Museum ;= intermediate phase).
Ardea herodias wardi Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 5, 1882 Oyster
(=Estero) Bay, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum ;= gray phase);
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 539, 1913 (monog.); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 118, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World,
1, p. 100, 1931 (range).
Ardea occidentalis occidenlalis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 extreme
southern Florida and Florida keys.
Range. Breeds from eastern Kansas and eastern Texas to the
middle Mississippi Valley in southern Illinois and southwestern
Indiana, east to southeastern Carolina, south to southern Mexico
(Yucatan) and the Florida keys.
Field Museum Collection. 24: Texas (Padre Island, 1; Cameron
County, 6); Florida (Wilson, 2; Cape Sable, 2; Anclote, 5; Sanford, 1;
Tampa, 2; Florida Bay, 2; unspecified, 1); Mexico (Contoy Island,
Quintana Roo, 1; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, I). 1
*Ardea herodias repens Bangs and Zappey. 2 CUBAN BLUE HERON.
Ardea repens Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 186, April, 1905
Cinaga, Isle of Pines, Cuba (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 181, 1930;=white phase).
Ardea herodias (not of Linnaeus) March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864,
p. 63 Jamaica (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 296, 1875 Cuba
(descr., breeding habits); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 186,
1905 Isle of Pines.
Ardea occidentalis (not of Audubon) and A. vnirdemannii (not of Baird)
March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, pp. 63, 64 Jamaica (crit.).
Audubonia occidentalis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 298, 1875 Cuba (descr.,
habits).
occur only on the Florida keys and in the swamps of extreme southern Florida,
are clearly but local dichromatisms of the ordinary gray color-type (A. h. wardi).
Cf. also Bangs, Auk, 32, pp. 481-484, 1915, and Bond, I.e., 52, p. 76, 1935. Even
Holt's observations lead to the same conclusion, although this author takes the
opposite view.
1 Some race, yet to be determined, breeds on the coast of Yucatan.
1 Ardea herodias repens Bangs and Zappey: Similar to A. h. occidentalia, but
much smaller. Wing, (two females) 413, 440; tail, 152, 156; tars., 154, 172;
bill, 121, 144. Like the form of the Florida Heron found in southern Florida
and on the Florida keys, this little-known race presents itself in a white (occi-
dentalis) and in a gray (wardi) phase. March, in his paper on Jamaican birds,
describes a third variety that would seem to correspond to the so-called wurde-
mannii. Todd states that a bird in immature dress is more strongly suffused
with rufescent underneath than any herodias or wardi seen by him.
172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ardea occidentalis repens Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 176, 1916 El
Bobo Lagoon, Isle of Pines (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 101,
1931 (range).
Ardea herodias adoxa (not of Oberholser) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10,
p. 178, 1916 Los Indies, Isle of Pines (crit.); Nichols and Bond, Mem.
Soc. Cub. 
