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ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS
PART IX
TERSINIDAE - THRAUPIDAE
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 365
&ICAOO,
K
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
OCTOBER 6, 1936
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS
IN
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA,
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES, AND
ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO,
AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON
ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS
PART IX
TERSINIDAE - THRAUPIDAE
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 365
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
OCTOBER 6, 1936
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OK AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
v. 13 1'10
PREFACE TO PART IX
The present part of the "Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas"
is devoted mainly to the enumeration of the species and subspecies
of the birds known vernacularly as tanagers. The limits of this
family, which is very closely related to the finches, are much disputed
among ornithologists, and the assignment of certain genera to one
group rather than to the other is largely arbitrary, owing to the
absence of information as to their anatomical structure. For the
sake of convenience the author has closely followed the late Robert
Ridgway's definition of the family. Consequently, a number of
genera of finch-like appearance, such as Arremon, Buarremon,
Atlapetes, Pselliophorus, Saltator, and others, have been excluded
from the tanagers, although the last word on their classification
has not yet been said. It is even possible that some other groups,
which find a place in this Part, on further research may prove to
be of Fringilline affinities.
Much care has been taken in ascertaining, whenever it was
feasible, the present location of type specimens which served for
the description of new species and subspecies.
The rejection of Brissonian genera, in consequence of a vote
passed by the International Zoological Congress of Padua, entails
only one nomenclatorial change: namely, the substitution ofCalospiza
for Tangara.
Although the author has had a part of Field Museum's material
for reexamination while completing his manuscript in Vienna, he has
relied to some extent upon assistance from Mr. E. R. Blake of the
resident staff of the Museum for allocations in the lists of specimens.
Several institutions and private individuals have again rendered
material help, either by the loan of material or by information
regarding specimens in their care. I wish to acknowledge particularly
my indebtedness to M. J. Berlioz, of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,
Paris; Dr. F. M. Chapman and Mr. J. T. Zimmer, of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York; Mr. N. B. Kinnear, of the
British Museum; Professor A. Laubmann, of Munich; Mr. James L.
Peters, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts; Dr. Robert Mertens, of the Senckenberg Natural History
Museum, Frankfort; Dr. Moriz Sassi, of Vienna; and Professor E.
Stresemann, of Berlin.
C. E. HELLMAYR
June 25, 1934
iii
CONTENTS
Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part IX
ORDER PASSERIFORMES
SUBORDER OSCINES
FAMILY TERSINIDAE
(Swallow-Tanagers)
Tersina Vieillot . .
PAGE
1
FAMILY THRAUPIDAE
(Tanagers)
Chlorophonia Bonaparte 6
Tanagra Linnaeus 14
Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte 69
Tanagrella Swainson 70
Chlorochrysa Bonaparte 74
Pipraeidea Swainson 77
Pseudodacnis Sclater 80
Calospiza G. R. Gray 81
Iridosornis Lesson 175
Delothraupis Sclater 180
Stephanophorus Strickland 181
Poecilothraupis Cabanis 182
Buthraupis Cabanis 190
Bangsia Penard 194
Dubusia Bonaparte 197
Tephrophilus Moore 198
Compsocoma Cabanis 199
Thraupis Boie 205
Spindalis Jardine and Selby 239
Ramphocelus Desmarest 244
Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin . 269
Calochaetes Sclater 270
Piranga Vieillot 271
Cyanicterus Bonaparte 295
Orthogonys Strickland 296
Chlorothraupis Salvin and Godman 297
Habia Blyth 300
Lento Vieillot 316
Tachyphonus Vieillot 321
Heterospingus Ridgway 344
Creurgops Sclater 345
Malacothraupis Sclater and Salvin. 346
Eucometis Sclater 347
Mitrospingus Ridgway 352
Rhodinocichla Hartlaub 354
Calyptophilus Cory , . . . 357
Phaenicophilus Strickland 359
Trichothraupis Cabanis 362
Cypsnagra Lesson 364
Pyrrhocoma Cabanis 367
Nemosia Vieillot 368
Hemithraupis Cabanis 372
Chrysothlypis Berlepsch 385
Erythrothlypis Berlepsch 386
Thlypopsis Cabanis 387
Compsothraupis Richmond 394
Sericossypha Lesson 395
Nesospingus Sclater 397
Chlorospingus Cabanis 397
Cnemoscopus Bangs and Penard. . . 417
Hemispingus Cabanis 418
Pseudospingus Berlepsch and
Stolzmann 429
Urothraupis Taczanowski and
Berlepsch 431
Microspingus Taczanowski 431
Neothraupis Hellmayr 432
Conothraupis Taczanowski 433
Chlorornis Reichenbach 433
Orchesticus Cabanis 436
Oreothraupis Sclater 436
Lamprospiza Cabanis 437
Cissopis Vieillot 438
Schistochlamys Reichenbach 442
LIST OF NEW NAMES PROPOSED IN PART IX
Tanagra imitans sp. nov 63
Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris nom. nov 256
Habia rubica bahiae subsp. nov 301
Neolhraupis gen. nov 432
CATALOGUE
OF
BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
PART IX
Order PASSERIFORMES— Continued
Suborder OSCINES— Continued
Family TERSINIDAE. Swallow-Tanagers
Genus TERSINA Vieillot1
Tersina Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 33, p. 401, 1819— type,
by monotypy, Tersina caerulea Vieillot = Hirundo viridis Illiger.
Procnias (not of Illiger, 1811) Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 1, p. Ixiii,
1820 — type, by subs, desig. (Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4,
p. 880, note b, 1907), Hirundo viridis Illiger.
Chelidorhamphus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 102, Jan., 1901 —
type, by monotypy, Chelidorhamphus orycterus Bertoni.
*Tersina viridis viridis (Illiger). EASTERN SWALLOW-TANAGER.
Hirundo viridis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 229, 1811 — based on
"L'Hirondelle verte" Temminck, Cat. Syst. Cab. d'Orn. Quadr., p. 245,
1807; "Sandwich Islands" (p. 136), errore = eastern Brazil (descr. of
female).
Tersina coerulea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 33, p. 401, 1819
— part, Brazil (descr. of male and female).
Procnias cyanotropus Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 187 (8vo ed., p. 184), 1820 —
Barra do Jucu, Espirito Santo, Brazil (descr. of male; type now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 218, 1889).
1 As pointed out by Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 880, note
b, 1907), the above appears to be the earliest tenable generic name for the Swallow-
Tanager. Tersa Vieillot (Anal. Nouv. Ornith. 616m., p. 38, 1816), in spite of the
fact that the morphological characters have evidently been taken from the present
bird, cannot well be adopted, since "La Tersine" of Buffon [=Ampelis tersa Lin-
naeus, 1766), an unidentifiable species of unknown habitat, is given as its genotype.
2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ampelis nigrogularis Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 7, pi.' 1, 1820 — Brazil
(descr. of male; type in Munich Museum examined).
Procnias ventralis (Illiger MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 1, pi. 5,
Aug., 1820 — Brazil (type probably in Leiden Museum); Wied, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 385, 1831— Rio Parahyba, Brazil.
Procnias hirundacea Swainson, Zool. Illust., 1, No. 4, pi. 21 (male), Jan.,
1821 — Bahia, "Minas Geralis" (sic), and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Ampelis fasciata Thunberg, Dissert. Ampelis cuj. nov. spec., p. 3, 1823 —
Brazil (descr. of female; type probably in Upsala Museum).
Chelidorhamphus orycterus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 102,
Jan., 1901 — banks of Parana River, Paraguay, and interior of Misiones
(type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Procnias coerulea1 Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 41, 1837 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (spec, in Paris
Museum examined); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 243 (nomencl.); Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 345, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Mogy-guassu, Piquete, Sao
Carlos do Pinhal, Itarar6) and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1009, 1122, 1912 (range, excl.
of Bolivia); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Sci. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 486,
499, 1912— Rio Claro, Parana; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98,
1913— Misiones; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 462, 1914— "Para (?)."
Tersina tersa (not Ampelis tersa Linnaeus) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid.,
Ois., p. 299, 1839— Rio Pyray, near Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Procnias tersa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 30, 1851 (synon.); Burmeister, Syst.
Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 191, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio, and Lag6a Santa
(Minas Geraes); Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 411, 1867 — Cantagallo (nesting
habits, egg); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 132, 1868— Rio de Janeiro (Rio
de Janeiro, Luiz d' Almeida, Araras), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Goyaz, and
Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren.,
1870, p. 434 — Minas Geraes (Lag6a Santa, Sete Lag6as, Paracatu, Car-
velho); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 597 — part, Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 50, 1886—
part, subsp. typica, spec, a-k, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and
Sao Paulo; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 17; idem, Ibis, 1893, pp. 193,
196 — Estancia del Espartillar, near Ranches, Buenos Aires; Boucard and
Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899 — Porto Alegre,
Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 143, 1899— Sao Paulo
(Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Piquete); idem, I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900— Cantagallo
and Nova Friburgo.
Procnias viridis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 349, 1891— Chapada,
Matto Grosso; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 620 — Sapucay, Paraguay.
Tersina caerulea Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 1, p. 372,
1910 — Alto Parand (Misiones) and Estancia del Espartillar (Buenos Aires);
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Alto Parana.
1 Sometimes spelled "caerulea."
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 3
Tersina viridis viridis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 13, 1925 — Santa Cruz,
Bolivia (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 191,
1926— Parana (Candido de Abreu, Salto de Uba); Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 366, 1930 (range).
Tersina caerulea caerulea Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 319, 1928 —
Monte Serrat, Itatiaya, Sao Paulo.
Range. — Eastern and southern Brazil, from Pernambuco, Bahia,
Goyaz, and Matto Grosso (excepting the Amazonian drainage)
south to Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; eastern
Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra); northeastern Argentina (Misiones;
accidental at Estancia del Espartillar, Buenos Aires).1
17: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 5); Brazil ("Bahia skin," 1;
Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4; Goyaz, Veadeiros, 3; Joinville, Santa
Catharina, 2; Sao Paulo, 1); Paraguay (Rio Tebicuary, 1).
Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sclater).2 WESTERN SWALLOW-
TANAGER.
Procnias occidentalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 249, pub.
April, 1855 — "Nova Grenada" = Bogota collections (types in coll. of P.
L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 23, p. 153, 1855 — Bogota;
idem, I.e., 26, pp. 74, 452, 1858 — Rio Napo and Zamora, Ecuador; idem,
I.e., 28, pp. 275, 292, 1860— Babahoyo and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55, 1862 — part, spec, a-c, New Grenada and
Babahoyo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 566— Rio
1 Specimens from various parts of Brazil (Bahia, Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina,
and Cuyaba, Matto Grosso) agree in size and coloration, and those from eastern
Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra) appear to be likewise inseparable. Thirty adult
males from eastern Brazil measure, on the wing, from 90 to 93, rarely up to 95;
two from Santa Cruz, 90 and 91, respectively.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 10; Rio de Janeiro, 2; Theo-
philo Ottoni, Minas Geraes, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 17; Iguape', Sao Paulo, 2;
Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 1; Cascata, Sao Paulo, 6; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1;
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 2. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 3.
2 Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sclater) : Similar to T. v. viridis, but decidedly
smaller; plumage of adult males generally of a deeper, less greenish blue. Wing
(adult males), 81-87, very rarely 89; tail, 50-57, rarely 58.
Although occasional individuals — regardless of locality — sometimes match
typical viridis in coloration, the large majority of males from the range assigned to
the present form are of a deeper, less greenish blue tone, while the distinctly smaller
size serves to distinguish occidentalis in nearly every case. Further subdivision
appears to be impracticable, and I am unable to separate an Amazonian series
from another collected on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. Birds from
the Yungas of La Paz, northern Bolivia, and Roraima are also referable to this
small, deeply colored race.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: inland of Cumana, 2. — British
Guiana: Roraima, 2. — Brazil: Bar cellos, Rio Negro, 2 (adult males); Villa Bella
de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, 2; Santa Isabel, Rio Preto, 10; Maroins, Rio
Machados, 2. — Colombia: Noanama, 1; Novita, Rio Tamana, 5; "Bogota," 5. —
Ecuador: Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 10; Chimbo, 2; Archidona, 1; Rio Napo, 5.
— Peru: Yurimaguas, 1; Chaquimayo, Dept. Puno, 3. — Bolivia, Yungas of La
Paz: Songo, 2; San Antonio, 2.
4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 749, 977 — Xeberos and Pebas, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1868, p. 167 — Caripe [Sucre], Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
2, p. 132, 1868— [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso and Barcellos (Rio Negro),
Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869,
p. 597 — Cosnipata, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 260 — Nauta, Xeberos, and
Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 518 — Monterico, Peru; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1876 — Coroico, Bolivia; Oustalet, in
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 246 (in text), 1883
—Gulf of Darien, Panama; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 437, 1884 —
Peruvian localities.
Tersina coerulea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 33, p. 401, 1819
— part, Peru; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 —
Cayenne.
Procnias ventralis (not of Temminck) Tschudi, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 196, 1846— Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p.
671, "1848" — Canuku Mountains, British Guiana.
Tersa ventralis Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 257, 1866 — Trinidad (rare visitant).
Procnias tersa (not Ampelis tersa Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 497 — Remedies, Colombia; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 597 —
part, Tilotilo (Yungas), Bolivia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 — Roraima;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 50, 1886 — part, subsp. occidentalis,
spec, a-k, n-r, Roraima, Cayenne, Venezuela (Caripe"), Bogota, Remedios,
Babahoyo, Sarayacu, Santa Rita, Peru, and Bolivia; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899— Zamora and In tag,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 458 — Santo Domingo, Gualea, and
Archidona, Ecuador (crit.).
Procnias coerulea occidentalis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 288, 1884 —
Bucaramanga, Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, p. 544— [Chimbo], western Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 76—
Yaguachi, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1010, 1122, 1912 (range, excl. of Santa Marta).
Procnias viridis (not Hirundo viridis Illiger) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
2, pp. 69, 80, 1889— "Quito," Ecuador, and "falls of the Madeira," Bolivia.
Procnias viride Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tobago, 20, p. 129, 1922—
Maracas Valley, Trinidad.
Procnias viridis occidentalis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 295, 1889 — Yuri-
maguas, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 271, 1910 — Santa Isabel (Rio
Preto) and Maroins (Rio Machados), Brazil; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr.
Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 88, 1911 — Santo Domingo,
Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 82, 1922—
Gualea, Nanegal, and near Mindo, Ecuador.
Procnia tersa occidentalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 338— San Emilio, Vitoc, Peru; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897—
San Antonio, Bermudez [= Sucre], Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Ornis, 13, p. 108, 1906 — Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Peru.
Procnias coerulea Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 112, 1908 — Cayenne; idem,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1009, 1912 — part, Songo and
San Antonio, Bolivia.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 5
Tersina viridis occidenlalis Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1099 —
Noanama and Novita, Pacific Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 587, 1917— Juntas de Tamana, Novita, Caldas, San
Antonio, Miraflores, Popayan, near Honda, and Villavicencio, Colombia;
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 15, 1920— Chaquimayo, Peru;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 648, 1926— Bucay, Punta
Santa Ana, Cebollal, Alamor, Zamora, Rio Suno, and below San Jose,
Ecuador; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 186, 1929— Cana,
Darien; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 366, 1930 — western
Matto Grosso; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 435,
1930 — Vista Alegre, Peru.
Tersina occidentalis Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 487, 1921 — Canuku
Mountains and Roraima.
Range. — Tropical zone (and rarely lower Subtropical zone) of
French and British Guiana (Roraima, Canuku Mountains), northern
Venezuela, Colombia (except Santa Marta region), eastern Panama
(Darien), western and eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru south to the
northern foot of the Bolivian Andes (Yungas of La Paz), and northern
Brazil (Rio Negro; Rio Preto, Rio Machados, and Rio Guapore,
western Matto Grosso); rare visitant on the island of Trinidad.
13: Venezuela (Maracay, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1); Colombia (Buena-
ventura, 2; Carmen de Jacopi, 1; Rio San Juan, Cauca, 2); Ecuador
(Puente de Chimbo, 1); Peru (Vista Alegre, 4; Yurimaguas, 1).
Tersina viridis grisescens Griscom.1 SANTA MARTA SWALLOW-
TANAGER.
Tersina viridis grisescens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 186, 1929
— La Conception, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Procnias tersa (not Ampelis tersa Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879,
p. 199 — Manaure, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 50,
1886 — part, subsp. occidentalis, spec. 1, m, Manaure and Minca.
Procnias occidentalis (not of Sclater) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55,
1862 — part, spec, d, Santa Marta.
Procnias tersa occidentalis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 179, 1898 —
Palomina, San Miguel, and San Francisco.
Procnias viridis (not Hirundo viridis Temminck) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 13, p. 173, 1900 — Minca and Valparaiso.
Procnias caerulea occidentalis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1010, 1912— part, Santa Marta.
1 Tersina viridis grisescens Griscom: Very near to, and indistinguishable from,
T. v. occidentalis in the male sex; but females with the green portions of the plum-
age duller, more of a grayish green instead of bright parrot green, the difference
being especially noticeable on the lower parts. Size the same as in occidentalis.
Ten specimens from the Santa Marta region examined.
6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tersina viridis occidentalis Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p.
438, 1922 — La Concepci6n, Chirua, Minca, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, La
Tigrera, Mamatoco, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo (habits, nest, and eggs).
Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zone of the Santa
Marta region in northern Colombia.
Family THRAUPIDAE. Tanagers
Genus GHLOROPHONIA Bonaparte
Chlorophonia Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 — type, by
subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855), T. viridis Vieillot.
Chloreuphonia Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, part 3, p. 94, July, 1851
(emendation).
Triglyphidia Cabanis,1 Journ. Orn., 8, p. 331, 1860 — no type specified.2
Acrocompsa Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, pp. 88, 89, 1861— type, by subs, desig.
(Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 53, 1886), T. callophrys Cabanis.
*Chlorophonia cyanea cyanea (Thunberg). BLUE-BACKED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Tanagra viridis (not of P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist.
Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 426, 1819 — "1'Amerique me'ridionale" (descr. of
female; type in Paris Museum); Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr.
6, pi. 36, fig. 3, 1821— Brazil.
Pipra cyanea Thunberg,* M6m. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 8, p. 284, pi. 8, fig. 1,
1822 — Rio de Janeiro (descr. of male and female; types lost, formerly in
Upsala Museum; cf. Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 241).
Pipra chlorocapilla Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (2), p. 255, Feb., 1826
—based on Latham, Gen. Hist. Bds., 7, p. 228, pi. 108 (=adult male),
1823; "South America" (type in coll. of Lord Stanley, now probably in
Liverpool Museum).
Euphonia galotii Descourtilz, Orn. Bres., livr. 3, p. 29, pi. 33, fig. 1, 1856 (?)
— Brazil (location of type not stated).
Euphonia cyanoblephara Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 96, Jan.,
1901 — Djaguarasapa, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Chlorophonia viridiceps Sharpe, Handlist Bds., 5, p. 354, 1909 — new name for
Pipra chlorocapilla Stephens.
1 Triglyphidia Reichenbach (Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 63, March, 1850) may have
been intended for the same group, but as no species is indicated and the figures are
not wholly conclusive, I hesitate to employ this doubtfully applicable name in
place of Chlorophonia, over which it would have priority.
2 Originally proposed to include C. callophrys, C. viridis, C. frontalis, C. longi-
pennis, and C. occipitalis, this generic term was subsequently restricted by the
author (Journ. Orn., 9, p. 89, 1861) to the smaller South American forms, though
he did not bother to designate any genotype.
3 Thunberg's description corresponds minutely to the characters of the Bra-
zilian Chlorophonia, if one remembers that the term "uropygium" was used by
the early authors for what we now call "crissum."
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 7
Euphona viridis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 233, 1850 — Brazil.
Euphonia viridis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 88 — Brazil.
Euphone viridis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 197, 1856 — Nova
Friburgo, Rio.
Chlorophonia viridis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 — part,
Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 269, 1856— part, Brazil
(Sao Joao d'el Rey, Ypanema); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn.,
2, p. 117, 1885 — near Sao Sebastiao, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 54, 1886 — Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Pelotas
(Rio Grande do Sul), Brazil; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16,
p. 118, 1899— Sao Sebastiao do Cahy, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 143, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape1); idem, I.e.,
4, p. 152, 1900— Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Chlorophona viridis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 202, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro and
Ypanema (Sao Paulo), Brazil.
Triglyphidia viridis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio.
Chlorophonia chlorocapilla Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 144,
1902 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p.
346, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape1, Santos) and Rio Grande do
Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 620 — Sapucay, Paraguay;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 372, 1910— Alto
Parana; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1010, 1912
— Brazil and Paraguay; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913 —
Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Alto Parana and central
Paraguay; idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 286, 1919 — Rio Paraguay (nest descr.);
Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 11, p. 7, 1919 — Villa Lutetia, Misiones;
Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 191, 1926— Salto do
Cobre, Parana.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Bahia1 to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina.2
6: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 1); Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 3;
Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 2).
*Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis (Du Bus).3 LONG-WINGED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Euphonia longipennis Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts
Belgique, 22, (1), p. 155, 1855 — Antioquia, Colombia (type in Brussels
Museum).
1 Beebe's record (in Zoologica, N. Y., 2, p. 99, 1916) of C. chlorocapilla from
Utinga, Para, must be a mistake.
2 Birds from Paraguay and Misiones agree perfectly with a Brazilian series.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 4; Ypanema,
Sao Paulo, 4; Santos, Sao Paulo, 1; unspecified, 2. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 4.
3 Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis (Du Bus) is closely allied to C. c. cyanea, but
even adult males with a large amount of blue on the upper back may be distin-
guished by the brighter and clearer green of the subbasal portion of the dorsal
8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorophonia longipennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 —
Bogota (crit.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 270, 1856 — Bogota (diag.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn.,
p. 82, pi. 41, fig. 2, 1868— Bogota; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 54, 1886 — Colombia (Bogota) and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Berlepsch,
Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887— "Bogota"; idem, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1010, 1122, 1912— Colombia, Venezuela (Merida),
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 648, 1926 — eastern Ecuador.
Euphonia viridis (not Tanagra viridis Vieillot) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10,
(1), p. 284, 1844— Peru.
Procnias viridis Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 197, 1846 — Peru.
Chlorophonia viridis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851— part,
Ecuador; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 269, 1856 — part, eastern
Peru (ex Tschudi); Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 225 — Montana de Palto,
Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598— Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas,
Bolivia.
Chlorophonia torrejoni Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 9, pi. 1,
fig. 1 — Chirimoto, Peru (type lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf.
Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p.
180, 1927); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 438, 1884— Montana de Palto and
Huayabamba, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 55, 1886—
feathers, green instead of blue scapulars and edges to the upper wing coverts, and
much brighter green external margins to the remiges and rectrices. The female
differs by lacking the turquoise blue tinge on the rump and upper tail coverts.
C. torrejoni, which Carriker recently sought to revive as a distinct species, is
clearly but the first annual plumage of the male sex. One of the original speci-
mens, taken by Stolzmann at Chirimoto on August 16, 1880, is indistinguishable
from Colombian individuals in corresponding state. This plumage presents a
good deal of individual variation, the rump being either grass green or mixed with
turquoise blue to a varying degree, while breast and abdomen show considerable
differences in the shade of the yellow color along the median line. It is a well-
known fact that various species of Tanagra (Euphonia) breed in immature plum-
age, and there is no reason why such should not be also the case with the members
of the present group, which is indeed barely separable generically from the true
Euphonias.
Two adult males from Huaynapata, Peru, and three from Bolivia, moreover,
are just as blue-rumped (with more or less blue shading on the back) and as bright-
bellied as the most vividly colored examples from "Bogota." While birds from
Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia seem to be perfectly alike in coloration,
those from the two latter countries incline to have shorter tails. A male (in first
annual plumage) of the ordinary "Bogota" preparation differs from all others by
possessing a fairly distinct, though narrow, yellow frontal band. This specimen,
which the late Count Berlepsch doubtfully referred to C. c. roraimae, I regard as a
mere individual mutant of longipennis, and while superficially resembling Guianan
examples, it may be distinguished by decidedly narrower blue nuchal collar and
grass green rump and upper tail coverts, both of which are turquoise blue in all
plumages of roraimae. The occurrence of a yellow-fronted bird within the range
of longipennis furnishes one more bit of evidence for the close genetic relationship
of these Chlorophonias.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela, Merida: Escorial, 5; Culata, 1;
Merida, 2.— Colombia: "Bogota," 19.— Peru: Chirimoto, 1; Garita del Sol, 1;
Huaynapata, 2. — Bolivia: Chaco (La Paz), 2; San Antonio, 1; Songo, 1; Yungas
of La Paz, 1; San Mateo, 1; Quebrada Onda, Cochabamba, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 9
Colombia (Bogota), Peru (Chirimoto), and Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 338— Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin,
Peru; Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 83, p. 466, 1932— La Oroya,
Rio Inambari, Dept. Puno, Peru (crit.).
Chlorophonia viridis longipennis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13,
p. 108, 1906 — Huaynapata, Peru.
Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran
Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 265, 1930— Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.).
Chlorophonia longipennis torrejoni Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912— northwestern Peru (crit.).
Chlorophonia frontalis roraimae (not of Salvin and Godman) Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912— part, Bogota
(spec, examined).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the Andes from western Venezuela
(MeVida) and eastern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador and
Peru to Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz).
5: Venezuela (Sierra Nevada, MeYida, 2; M<;rida, 2); Peru (La
Merced, Chanchamayo, 1).
Chlorophonia cyanea psittacina Bangs.1 SANTA MARTA
CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia frontalis psittacina Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p.
88, 1902 — La Concepcion, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia (type in
coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 397, 1930);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1011, 1912— Santa
Marta region; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 499, 1922 —
Onaca, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and San Miguel (habits,
nest, and eggs); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924—
Santa Marta region (diag.).
Chlorophonia frontalis (not Euphonia frontalis Sclater) Salvin and Godman,
Ibis, 1879, p. 199— Valley of Chinchicua and San Jose; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 55, 1886 — part, spec, d, e, Sierra Nevada and
Valley of Chinchicua, Santa Marta; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13,
p. 104, 1899 — Chirua, La Concepcion, and San Miguel; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 170, 1900 — Onaca, Las Nubes, Valparaiso, and
El Libano.
1 Chlorophonia cyanea psittacina Bangs: Similar to C. c. frontalis, but distin-
guished in the male sex by much less sharply defined as well as more greenish blue
nuchal band (which is much duller and more greenish than the turquoise blue
rump) and by lacking the narrow light green frontal margin. Besides, the yellow
band across the forehead is wider, and, as a rule, of a deeper tone, while the crown
is more yellowish green. The female differs, in addition to the last-named charac-
ter, by having a distinct, though narrow, yellow frontal band, pale turquoise blue
(instead of grass green) rump and upper tail coverts, and more obsolete, at the
same time paler greenish blue nuchal collar. Wing, 61-63, (female) 61-64; tail,
32-36; bill, 8-9.
Material examined. — Colombia, Santa Marta region: Tagua, 1; Onaca, 3;
Las Nubes, 1; Valparaiso, 3.
10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range.— Subtropical (and upper Tropical) zone of the Santa
Marta region in northern Colombia.
*Chlorophonia cyanea frontalis (Sclater). YELLOW-FRONTED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Euphonia frontalis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 3, July, p. 89 — "Ecuador,"
errore, = Caracas, Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum, examined).
Chlorophonia frontalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 270, 1856 — Caracas
(diag.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55, 1862— Venezuela; Sclater
and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 81, pi. 41, fig. 1 (=male), 1868— Caracas; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 55, 1886 — part, spec, a-c, Venezuela; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912— part, Caracas
and "Puerto Cabello."
Chlorophonia frontalis frontalis Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78,
A, Heft 5, p. 54, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia and Las Quiguas, Carabobo
(crit., range in part); Hellmayr, I.e., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 174, 1924— Galipan
(Cerro del Avila) and Loma Redonda, Venezuela (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, in Dept. Federal
(Loma Redonda; Caracas; Galipan, Cerro del Avila) and in states
of Aragua (Maracay) and Carabobo (Las Quiguas; La Cumbre de
Valencia).1
3: Venezuela (Loma Redonda, Dept. Federal, 1; Maracay,
Aragua, 1; unspecified, 1).
Chlorophonia cyanea minuscula Hellmayr.2 LESSER YELLOW-
FRONTED CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia frontalis minuscula Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, No. 6,
p. 46, June, 1922 — mountains near Cumana, Venezuela (type in Munich
Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924 — northeastern
Venezuela (crit.); Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12, 1925 — Neveri
and Cuchivano, Sucre.
Chlorophonia frontalis (not Euphonia frontalis Sclater) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912— part, Campos Alegre
Valley, Venezuela (crit.).
1 The type of C. frontalis agrees with specimens from the Caracas region in
coloration and dimensions (wing, 67; tail, 41). Birds from Carabobo, by darker
forehead, form the passage to C. c. psittacina.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela, Dept. Federal: Caracas, 1; Loma
Redonda, 3; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 15; Las Quiguas, Carabobo, 3; La Cumbre de
Valencia, Carabobo, 6; "Puerto Cabello," 1; unspecified, 1 (the type).
2 Chlorophonia cyanea minuscula Hellmayr: Nearest to C. c. frontalis, but
smaller; yellow forehead paler and duller, less strongly defined; under parts dingier
yellow with an olivaceous tinge; female with very little, if any, yellowish suffusion
on the forehead. Wing, 59-63 (against 64-67 in frontalis), (female) 58-59 (against
60-63); tail, 35-37, (female) 33; bill, 8-9.
By the less pronounced yellowish frontlet this form approaches C. c. roraimae.
Material examined.-^-Venezuela, Sucre: Campos Alegre Valley, 8.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 11
Range. — Subtropical zone of northeastern Venezuela, in State
of Sucre (Neveri, Cuchivano, Campos Alegre, etc.).
Chlorophonia cyanea roraimae Salvin and Godman.1 RORAIMA
CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia roraimae Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 444, 1884 — Roraima,
British Guiana (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum,,
examined); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 — Roraima; Sclater, Cat. Bds,
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 56, pi. 6, fig. 1 (male), 1886— Roraima; Chubb, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Cl., 31, p. 39, 1913— east bank of Essequibo River; idem,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 489, 1921 — Roraima, Quonga, and Bonasica
River.
Chlorophonia frontalis roraimae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912— part, Roraima (crit.); Hellmayr, Arch.
Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924— Roraima (crit.).
Chlorophonia cyanea roraimae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 124,
1931 — Mounts Roraima (Philipp Camp) and Duida (Caiio Seco, Agiiita,
First Peak, Cumbre No. 6), Venezuela.
Range. — Subtropical (rarely Tropical) zone of British Guiana and
southern Venezuela (Mount Duida).
Chlorophonia flavirostris Sclater.2 YELLOW-BILLED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia flavirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 129 — Ecuador,
probably from the eastern slope of the Andes (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55,
1 Chlorophonia cyanea roraimae Salvin and Godman: Adult male agreeing with
C. c. minuscula in restricted yellow frontlet, but blue nuchal collar much wider,
and dorsal feathers tipped with blue, giving the back a uniform blue effect; female
with much wider blue collar and bright blue (instead of grass green) rump and
upper tail coverts; size larger, about the same as in C. c. frontalis. Wing, 64-68.
(female) 60-66; tail, 39-41, (female) 34-39; bill, 7^-8^.
The male of this form passes through a stage similar to C. c. longipennis, and
the first annual plumage (bright blue collar across the hind neck; edges to upper
wing coverts and remiges olive green; under parts greenish yellow) resembles the
so-called "C. torrejoni," from which it merely differs by blue rump and upper tail
coverts, a racial character of C. c. roraimae.
Two adult males from Quonga agree in every respect with others from Roraima.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 10; Quonga, 2.
2 Chlorophonia flavirostris Sclater is known from the unique type in the British
Museum. It is a very peculiar bird immediately recognizable among its affines by
the yellow bill and feet, and the yellow rim round the eye. As it has no blue what-
ever in the plumage, the type is probably a female. The whole upper surface,
including wing coverts and inner secondaries, is bright grass green; the other
remiges are dusky, exteriorly margined with bluish green; sides of head, throat,
foreneck, and sides of body bright grass green like the back; an extensive zone
along the middle of the belly and under tail coverts bright yellow, this area ab-
ruptly contrasted with the green of the foreneck and sides; a narrow rim around
the eye and a small chin-spot bright yellow; tail dusky, median pair and outer
web of the other remiges green like the back; axillaries pale yellowish. Wing, 60;
tail, 30; bill, 7.
12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1862— Ecuador; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 56, pi. 6, fig. 1, 1886—
Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1011, 1912
—Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 649, 1926— Ecuador.
Range. — Supposedly Ecuador (eastern side of the Andes).
*Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys (Sclater). CHESTNUT-BELLIED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Tanagra (Euphonia) prelrei (not Tanagra pretrei Lesson, 1839) Lafresnaye,
Rev. Zool., 6, p. 97, 1843 — Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 398, 1930); idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, pi.
42 (male), 1843— Colombia.
Euphonia pyrrhophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 89, pi. 75, fig. 2 (=female)
— "Columbia?" = Bogota (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum).
Euphona pretrii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 233, 1850 — Colombia.
Euphonia pretrei Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 89— Colombia (descr.
of male).
Chlorophonia pretrii (ei) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 158, 1851 —
Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855— Bogota;
idem, I.e., 24, p. 270, 1856— Bogota (diag.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 55, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 780— Merida, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 498— Santa Elena, Anti-
oquia, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 56, 1886 — Colombia
(Bogota, "vicinity of Medellin") and Venezuela (Me>ida); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1011, 1912— Colombia and Me>ida;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 587, 1917 — Cerro Munchique,
Santa Isabel, and Santa Elena, Colombia.
Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63,
p. 34, 1919 (nomencl.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 649,
1926 — Baeza, eastern Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Venezuela (Cordillera of
Me"rida), Colombia (except Santa Marta region), and eastern
Ecuador (Baeza).1
1: Venezuela (MeYida, 1).
*Chlorophonia occipitalis occipitalis (Du Bus). MEXICAN
CHLOROPHONIA.
Euphonia occipitalis Du Bus, Esq. Orn., livr. 3, pi. 14, 1847 — Mexico (descr.
of female; type in coll. of B. Du Bus, now in Brussels Museum); Sclater,
Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 90 (crit.); Jardine, Ibis, 1860, p. 103— Guatemala.
1 No Ecuadorian material is available for examination. Birds from Merida,
Venezuela, are identical with Colombian skins.
Additional specimens examined. — Venezuela, Merida: Montana de Culata, 4.
— Colombia: Bogota, 6; Santa Elena, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 13
Chlorophonia occipitalis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 158, 1851 —
southern Mexico (crit.); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Nav. Astron. Exp., 2,
p. 182, pi. 20, fig. 2 (male), 1855— Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 270, 1856— southern Mexico (diag.); idem, I.e., 25, p. 205, 1857—
Jalapa, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, p. 364, 1859 — vicinity of Jalapa; Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 17 — Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 55, 1862 — Mexico (Jalapa, Orizaba) and Guatemala (Coban);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 173 — "vicinity of City of Mexico";
Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 83, pi. 42 (male, female), 1868 — southern
Mexico and Guatemala; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 550,
1869— Dept. Vera Cruz; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 18, 1876—
Gineta Mountains, Chiapas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 253, 1883— southern Mexico and Guatemala (Coban, Choc-
turn); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 57, 1886 — Mexico (Jalapa
and "near City of Mexico") and Guatemala (Coban, Choctum); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 6, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras (crit.);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1012, 1123, 1912
(range, crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 372, 1932— Guate-
mala (Finca Sepacuite, Volcan Zunil, San Lucas).
(?) Euphonia cyaneidorsalis Dubois, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 11, p. 49, pi. 2,
1859 — Guatemala (type in coll. of C. F. Dubois, present location unknown;
cf. Berlepsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 179).1
(?) Chlorophonia cyanodorsalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 255, 1883 — Guatemala (ex Dubois).
Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of
Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba) and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains),
Guatemala, Honduras (Ceiba), and northern Nicaragua.2
5: Mexico (Monte Verde, 1); Guatemala (unspecified, 1); Hon-
duras (San Pedro Sula, 2); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 1).
*Chlorophonia occipitalis callophrys (Cabanis).3 COSTA RICAN
CHLOROPHONIA.
1 This "species," of which the type has disappeared, is probably an individual
variation. Dubois's plate represents a bird much like C. o. occipitalis, but with
the back mainly blue. No specimen corresponding to this character has been
found again.
2 With only a single Mexican female (from Orizaba) available for comparison
I cannot be certain that Guatemalan birds are really the same. While Bangs notes
some differences in specimens from Honduras, Griscom expressly states that Nica-
raguan examples are not separable from those of Guatemala.
Nine additional specimens from Guatemala (Coban) and one from Orizaba,
Mexico, examined.
« Chlorophonia occipitalis callophrys (Cabanis), though readily distinguished
by its bright chrome yellow forehead and superciliaries, much larger and deeper
(campanula) blue coronal patch, and other characters, is certainly but a strongly
marked southern race of the Mexican Chlorophonia.
Veraguan birds seem to agree with others from Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Triglyphidia callophrys Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 331, 1860 — Costa Rica
(type in Berlin Museum; descr. of male).
Acrocompsa callophrys Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 88, 1861 — Costa Rica
(descr. of immature).
Chlorophonia calophrys Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 135, pi. 68 (male
and female), 1868 — Costa Rica and Veragua (Calovevora).
Chlorophonia callophrys Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98,
1868 — Rancho Redondo, San Jose, and Birris, Costa Rica; Salvadori,
Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 173, 1868 — Costa Rica (crit.); Frantzius,
Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 — Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo, Cervantes,
Candelaria); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 185 — Veragua
(Calovevora, Cordillera del Chucu) and Volcan de Chiriqui; Boucard,
I.e., 1878, p. 54 — Navarro and Candelaria, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 254, 1883 — Costa Rica and Panama (Volcan
de Chiriqui, Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, Calovevora, Calobre); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 58, 1886— Costa Rica (Irazu) and Panama
(Calovevora and Volcan de Chiriqui); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Costa Rica (San Jose, Cartago, Alajuela, Rancho
Redondo de San Jose, Naranjo de Cartago); Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 3, 1899— Chiriqui; Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902— Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 7, 1902— Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and
Veragua; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 873, 1910 — Costa Rica
(habits); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 277, 1910— Costa
Rica (Guayabo, Coliblanco, Volcan de Turrialba); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1012, 1912 — Costa Rica to Veragua; Bangs
and Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 13, p. 52, 1932— San Pedro,
Costa Rica (color variety).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and western Panama
(Chiriqui and Veragua).
12: Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 2; Guayabo, 1; La Estrella de
Cartago, 1; Peralta, 2; Volcan Irazu, 4; Volcan Turrialba, 1;
unspecified, 1).
Genus TANAGRA Linnaeus
Tanagra Linnaeus, Mus. Adolph. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 30, 1764 — type, by subs.
desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35, p. 644 [note], 1908), Fringilla
violacea Linnaeus.
Euphonia Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, livr. 10, table [pi. 27], 1806 —
type, by monotypy, Euphonia olivacea Desmarest.
Euphone Lichtenstein, Zweites Preis-Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., 1820 (cf.
Oken's Isis, 1821, Beylage No. 1, p. 6)— type, as here designated, Fringilla
violacea Linnaeus.
Euphona Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 317, 1847 — emendation of Eu-
phonia Desmarest.
Cyanophonia Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 138, 1851— type, by subs.
desig. (Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 58, 1886), Pipra musica
Gmelin.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 15
Phonasca Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 330, 1860 — type, by subs, desig. (Cabanis,
Journ. Orn., 9, p. 90, 1861), Fringilla violacea Linnaeus.
Acroleptes1 (Schiff MS.) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 90, 1861— type, by subs,
desig. (Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 58, 1886), Tanagra chlorotica
Linnaeus.
Acroleptus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 90 [footnote], 1861 — substitute for
Acroleptes Cabanis.
Hypophaea1 Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 91, 1861 — type, by orig. desig., Tan-
agra chalybea Mikan.
Iliolopha1 Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — type, by monotypy, "Ilio-
lopha pectoralis (Lath.)" = Pipra pectoralis Latham.
*Tanagra musica musica (Gmelin). HISPANIOLAN EUPHONIA.
Pipra musica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 1004, before April 20, 17892— -
based on "L'Organiste" Buffon and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 809, fig. 1;
Santo Domingo.
Euphonia caeruleocephala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 286, 1837 —
based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 809, fig. 1.
Euphone musica Lembeye, Aves Isl. Cuba, p. 42, 1850 — "Cuba," errore (cf.
Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 409, 1861).
Tanagra musica Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 92, 1866 — Port au
Prince and Jeremie, Hispaniola; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80,
p. 515, 1928— Haiti and Gonave; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68,
p. 325, 1929— San Juan de la Maguana, Monte Viejo, and Rio Manade,
Haiti; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 422, 1931—
Hispaniola (monog.).
Euphonia musica Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 82 — Santo Domingo and
"Cayenne?" ; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 271, 1856— Santo Domingo
and "Cuba" (ex Lembeye) (monog.); Salle", I.e., 25, p. 231, 1857— Santo
Domingo; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 152, 1881— Pe"tionville, Haiti
(descr. of young); Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 — Santo Domingo; Cory,
Bds. Haiti San Dom., p. 61, col. pi., 1884 — Santo Domingo (La Vega,
Samana, Magua) and Haiti (Le Coup); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 59, 1886— Santo Domingo (Samana); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 79,
1889— Haiti and Santo Domingo; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 131,
1892— same localities; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn., 1, p. 13, 1896—
Honduras and Maniel, Santo Domingo; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 324 — La
Vega; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 13, 1902— Haiti
(monog.); Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 363, 1909— San-
chez, Santo Domingo (habits); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1012, 1912— Haiti.
Range. — Island of Hispaniola (including Gonave Island), Greater
Antilles.
1 Acroleptes, Hypophaea, and Iliolopha, as published by Bonaparte (Ann. Sci.
Nat., (4), Zool., 1, p. 127, 1854) are nomina nuda without nomenclatorial
standing.
2 Cf. Hopkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, pp. 1035-37.
16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
32: Haiti (Le Coup, 1); Santo Domingo (Honduras, 7; La Vega,
10; Magua, 2; Maniel, 1; Samana, 11).
*Tanagra musica sclateri (Sundevall).1 PORTO RICAN EUPHONIA.
Euphonia sclateri (Bonaparte MS.) Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl.,
26, p. 596, 1869 — based on Euphonia ftavifrons (not Emberiza flavifrons
Sparrman) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 271, 1856 (type, from
Porto Rico, collected by Maug6, in Paris Museum); Gundlach, Journ.
Orn., 22, p. 311, 1874— Porto Rico; idem, I.e., 26, p. 169, 1878— Porto
Rico (habits, nest); idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 191, 1878 —
Porto Rico (Mayagiiez, Aguadilla); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 194, 1886 — Porto
Rico (descr.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 60, 1886— Porto Rico;
Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 81, 1889— Porto Rico; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds.,
pp. 16, 113, 132, 1892— Porto Rico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 15, 1902— Porto Rico (monog.); Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 14,
1903 — Ponce and Mayagiiez, Porto Rico; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1012, 1912— Porto Rico.
Pipra musica (not of Gmelin) Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., livr. 1, pi. 19
(male), 20 (female), 1805— part, Porto Rico.
Cyanophonia musica Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 138, 1851 (descr.).
Euphonia flavifrons (not Emberiza flavifrons Sparrman) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 271, 1856— Porto Rico, "Trinidad, and Cayenne,"
errore (descr. from Mauge's Porto Rico specimens in the Paris Museum).
Tanagra sclateri Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 123, 1916— Porto
Rico (habits); idem, Auk, 33, p. 419, 1916 — Vieques (attempt at intro-
duction); Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 478, 1923— Mayagtiez, Porto Rico;
Wetmore, N. Y. Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9,
p. 549, 1927— Porto Rico (monog.).
Range. — Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
3: Porto Rico.
*Tanagra musica flavifrons (Sparrman). GREEN EUPHONIA.
Emberiza flavifrons Sparrman, Mus. Carlss., fasc. 4, pi. 92, 17892 — no locality
indicated; St. Bartholomew suggested by Sundevall (type in Stockholm
Museum; cf. Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 26, p. 583, 1869).3
Euphonia flavifrons Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 26, p. 583, 1869 —
St. Bartholomew; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 13— Santa
Lucia; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 56, 190, 269, 1878 —
Dominica, St. Vincent, and Grenada; idem, I.e., 1, pp. 354, 455, 1879 —
Martinique and Guadeloupe; idem, I.e., 3, p. 256, 1880 — Dominica
1 Tanagra musica sclateri (Sundevall), in the female sex, closely resembles
T. m. flavifrons, from which it mainly differs by smaller bill and lighter, more
yellowish under parts. The male, by the reduction of the black on the head, like-
wise marks a step in the direction of the green-backed races.
2 Exact date unknown, possibly earlier than Gmelin's Syst. Nat., 1, Part 2.
3 Not listed, however, in Gyldenstolpe's "Types of Birds in the Royal Natural
History Museum in Stockholm" (Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, pp. 1-116, 1926).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 17
(Roseau Valley) ; Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 5, p. 166, 1880— Santa Lucia;
Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 613, 1886— Grenada (habits); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 63, 1886 — Martinique, Santa Lucia, and
Guadeloupe; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 475 — Grande Terre; idem, Auk, 3,
p. 193, 1886 — St. Bartholomew, Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent,
Grenada, and Santa Lucia; idem, Auk, 4, p. 95, 1887 — Martinique;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 395— Santa Lucia; Cory, Bds.
W. Ind., p. 80, 1889— St. Bartholomew to Grenada; idem, Cat. W. Ind.
Bds., p. 113, 1892 — same range; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 8, p.
339, 1892— Dominica (habits, nest, and eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 15, 1902— St. Bartholomew to Grenada (monog.);
Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 574— Antigua; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p.
291, 1904 — Barbuda and Antigua; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1013, 1912 — St. Bartholomew to Santa Lucia.
Euphonia flavifrons viscivora Clark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 19, 1905 —
Kingstown, St. Vincent (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 398, 1930); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
32, pp. 288, 303, 306, 1905— St. Vincent and Grenada; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1013, 1124, 1912— St. Vincent and
Grenada (crit.).
Euphonia flavifrons flavifrons Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 387,
1916 — Matouba, Guadeloupe (crit.).
Tanagra flavifrons. Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 543, 1928—
Santa Lucia.
Range. — Islands of St. Bartholomew, Barbuda, Antigua, Guade-
loupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada,
Lesser Antilles.1
21: Dominica, 1; Martinique, 4; St. Lucia, 6; St. Vincent, 8;
"West Indies," 2.
Tanagra musica intermedia (Chubb).2 BLACK-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
1 Subdivision of the Green Euphonia into two races, as has been proposed by
Clark, seems unwarranted, the supposed characters of viscivora being individual
rather than geographic.
2 Tanagra musica intermedia (Chubb): Similar to T. m. aureata in coloration,
but slightly smaller. Wing, 61-65, (female) 61-64; tail, 36-39.
This form is hardly worth maintaining, since various individuals from northern
Venezuela are very nearly as large as southern examples. In the male sex, the
Black-throated Euphonia comes very near to T. m. musica, and differs chiefly by
somewhat paler rump and under parts, less purplish back, and black instead of
orange forehead. The female is brighter both above and below, with the sides
of the head greenish instead of blackish.
Additional material examined. — Trinidad, 1 (type of P. cyanocephala). —
Venezuela: San Antonio (inland of Cumana), 6; Caracas, 1; Galip&n, Cerro del
Avila, 10; Me>ida, 5. — Colombia: "Bogota," 8; Medellin, 1. — British Guiana:
Roraima, 1. — Brazil: Monte Alegre, 1 (young male).
18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pipra cyanocephala (not Tanagra cyanocephala P. L. S. Miiller, 1776) Vieillot,
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 19, p. 165, 1818— Trinidad (type in
Paris Museum examined ;1= female).
Euphonia nigricollis intermedia Chubb, Ibis, (9), 4, p. 624, 1910 — "Guiana" =
Roraima, British Guiana (type in British Museum).
Euphonia nigricollis (not Tanagra nigricollis Vieillot) Sclater, Contrib. Orn.
1851, p. 83, pi. 75, fig. 1— part, "Bogota" and Trinidad; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 272, 1856—
part, Trinidad, Venezuela (Caracas), and New Grenada ("Bogota");
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 56, 1862 — part, spec, a, d-e, "Bogota"
and "Trinidad"; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 81— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Caripe and Caracas, Venezuela;
Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 579— "Trinidad"; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p.
780— south of Merida, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 498—
Medellin, Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 — Roraima; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 61, 1886 — part, spec, a-f, m-p, Colombia (Medellin,
"Bogota"), Venezuela (Caripe), Trinidad, and Roraima; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 29, 1894— Trinidad (ex Leotaud and Taylor);
Penard, Voy. Guyana, 2, p. 418, 1910 — Surinam; Piguet, Mem. Soc.
Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914— Medellin, Colombia.
Euphonia aureata (not Tanagra aureata Vieillot) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad,
p. 310— Trinidad.
Euphonia cyanocephala Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1013, 1124, 1912— part, Colombia, Venezuela (Merida), Trinidad, and
British Guiana (Roraima); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 438, 1914 —
Monte Alegre, north bank of Amazon, Brazil.
Euphonia cyanocephala cyanocephala Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 232, 1923
(range).
Tanagra cyanocephala Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 493, 1921 — Roraima.
Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 588, 1917 — part, Caldas, Antioquia, and Buena Vista, Colombia.
Tanagra aureata intermedia Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63,
p. 35, 1919 (range, diag.); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p.
172, 1924— Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.).
Range, — British Guiana (Roraima); Surinam; northern Brazil
(one record from Monte Alegre, lower Amazon) ; Trinidad; mountains
of Venezuela, Sucre west to Merida; Colombia (except extreme south).
3: Venezuela (Escorial, MeYida, 2); Colombia ( Amain",
Antioquia, 1).
*Tanagra musica aureata Vieillot. SOUTHERN BLACK-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra nigricollis (not of Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. ed., 32, p. 412, 1819— "Bresil," coll. Delalande, Jr.=Rio de Janeiro
(type in Paris Museum).
1 Vieillot omits to mention the orange forehead, which the type shows, how-
ever, just as well-marked as in Venezuelan females with which it was compared.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 19
Tanagra aureata Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 782, 1822— based
on "Lindo azul y oro" Azara, No. 99, Paraguay; Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 23, 1920— Uruguay.
Tanagra chrysogaster Cuvier, Regne Anim., nouv. 6d., 1, p. 366, 1829 — based
on Azara, No. 99, Paraguay.
Euphone musica (not Pipra musica Gmelin) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3,
(1), p. 443, 1830 — Fazenda de Pitanga, near Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro.
Euphonia nigricollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
p. 30, 1837— Corrientes, Argentina; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 83—
part, Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro), Corrientes (Rincon de Luna),
Paraguay, and Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 272, 1856 —
part, Brazil (Rio), Paraguay, and Corrientes; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 56, 1862— part, spec, b, c, Ecuador and Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 433— Minas Geraes (Rio da Prata,
near Paracatu; Lapa Vermelha, near Lagoa Santa); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 260 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; Taczanowski,
I.e., 1874, p. 518— Paltaypampa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 225— Tambillo,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 194— Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 10—
Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 439, 1884— Peru (Ucayali, Pal-
taypampa, Tambillo, Callacate, Huambo, Chachapoyas) ; Berlepsch and
Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 117, 1885 — Arroio Grande, Rio Grande
do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 61, 1886— part, spec. 1,
q-v, Peru (Tambillo) and Brazil (Bahia, Ypanema) ; Sclater and Hudson,
Arg. Orn., 1, p. 37, 1888 — Corrientes; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 338— Garita del Sol and Chontabamba, Dept.
Junin, Peru; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899—
Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 144, 1899— Sao Paulo
(Piracicaba, Iguape); idem, I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio; Salva-
dori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 4, 1900— Urucum, Matto
Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902 — Tucuman;
idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 — Tucuman; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 346, 1907— Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape) and
Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., 16, p. 170, 1909— Tucuman; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 623— Sapucay,
Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 373, 1910 —
Tucuman and Corrientes; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay; idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 286, 1919 — Puerto Bertoni.
Euphone nigricollis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 193, 1856 —
southern Brazil and Paraguay.
Euphona nigricollis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 202, 1870 — Ypanema, Sao
Paulo; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro.
Cyanophonia aureata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 138, 1851 —
Paraguay, Bolivia, and Ecuador (diag.).
Euphonia aureata d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame"r. Merid., Ois., p. 267, 1839 — Rincon
de Luna, Corrientes.
Euphonia cyanocephala (not Pipra cyanocephala Vieillot) Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1013, 1124, 1912— part, Brazil ("Para"
to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Peru, and Bolivia (Quebrada Onda,
Chaco, Omeja), and Argentina (Corrientes).
20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia cyanocephala aureata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, pp. 231, 232, 1923 —
Corrientes (range).
Tanagra aureata aureata Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 35,
1919 (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 367, 1930—
Matto Grosso.
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul;
Uruguay; Paraguay; northern Argentina (Tucuman; Misiones;
Rincon de Luna, Corrientes) ; southwestern Matto Grosso (Urucum,
near Corumba); eastern Bolivia; eastern Peru; eastern Ecuador
("Ambato").1
6: Brazil (Bauru, Sao Paulo, 1); Argentina (Iguazu, Misiones, 4);
Peru (Hacienda Limon, ten miles west of Balsas, 1).
Tanagra musica pelzelni (Sclater).2 PELZELN'S BLACK-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
[Euphonia nigricollis] subsp. pelzelni (Berlepsch MS.) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 61 (in text), 1881 — spec, g-k, Ecuador (type from Govinda,
Ecuador, in British Museum).
Euphonia nigricollis (not Tanagra nigricollis Vieillot) Jardine, Edinb. New
Phil. Journ., (n.s.), 2, p. 118, 1855— valley of Chillo, below Quito; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 551, 1858 — Matos, northeast of Riobamba,
Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, pp. 65, 87, 1860 — Pallatanga, Perucho, and
Puellaro, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 288 — Cayan-
deled, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357,
p. 14, 1899— Tumbaco and Chillo Valley, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis,
1901, p. 459— Guapalo (near Quito) and west side of Pichincha, Ecuador;
M6n£gaux, Miss. Serv. G£ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
89, 1911— Tumbaco and Quito, Ecuador.
Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala (not Pipra cyanocephala Vieillot) Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 588, 1917 — part, La Sierra, western
Andes, Colombia.
Euphonia cyanocephala pelzelni Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1013, 1912 — western Ecuador (Govinda, Intag, Quito, Pichincha,
Cayandeled, Matos, Pallatanga, Pesillo, Perucho, Puellaro).
1 The few Bolivian specimens examined appear to be indistinguishable from
a Brazilian series, and two males from Tucuman do not differ either. Two from
"Ambato(?)," Ecuador, and one from Peru (Hacienda Limon) have the black fore-
head distinctly wider, while the rump and under parts are not quite so intense,
though very much darker and more orange than in T. m. pelzelni. Additional
material may possibly show the inhabitants of these countries to be separable.
Additional specimens examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 2; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 10.
— Paraguay: Sapucay, 1. — Bolivia: Quebrada Onda, 1; Chaco, 1; Omeja, 1;
Yungas of La Paz, 1. — Argentina: Tucuman, 2.
2 Tanagra musica pelzelni (Sclater) : Similar to T. m. aureata, but on average
larger, and adult males with rump and lower parts decidedly paler, lemon chrome
to light cadmium instead of deep cadmium yellow. Wing, 66-70; tail, 42-45.
Nineteen specimens from western Ecuador, mostly from the Quito region
(Cumbaya, Tumbaco, Pichincha), examined.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 21
Tanagra aureata pelzelni Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mlis. Comp. Zool., 63,
p. 35, 1919 — western Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 649, 1926 — Cumbaya, Yaguarcocha, Quito, Tumbaco, and Mocha,
Ecuador (crit.).
Euphonia cyanocephala pelzelni Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 82, 1922 — Tumbaco and Cumbaya, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.,
30, p. 232, 1923 (range).
Range. — Temperate (rarely Subtropical) zone of extreme southern
Colombia (La Sierra, headwaters of the Rio Patia) and western
Ecuador south to Chimborazo.
Tanagra musica insignis (Sclater and Salvin).1 ORANGE-FRONTED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia insignis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 521,
pi. 52, fig. 1 (male) — "Jina" = Jima, Ecuador (type in Salvin-Godman
Collection, now in British Museum, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 60, 1886— Jima; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1013, 1912— Jima.
Tanagra insignis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 649, 1926 — Jima.
Range. — Temperate zone of southern Ecuador (Loja; Jima).
Tanagra musica elegantissima (Bonaparte). BLUE-HOODED
EUPHONIA.
Pipra elegantissima Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 112,
pub. June 14, 1838 — Mexico (type in coll. of Messrs. Paris, present location
unknown).
Euphonia coelestis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 42, 1839 — Mexico (types in coll.
of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux; descr. of male and female).
Pipra galericulata Giraud, Descr. Sixt. New Spec. N. Amer. Bds., fol. [21],
pi. [5], fig. 2, 1841— "Texas," errore (type in U. S. National Museum);
cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 66, 1855 (crit.).
Euphonia elegantissima Du Bus, Esq. Orn., livr. 2, pi. 8 (male, female), 1846
— San Pedro, near Oaxaca, Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 272, 1856 — Mexico (Oaxaca, Jalapa, Cordoba), Guatemala, and "Texas"
(monog.); Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 185 — Calovevora, Veraguas; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 256, 1883 — Mexico to Veraguas;
1 Tanagra musica insignis (Sclater and Salvin) : Similar to T. m. aureata in
size and general coloration, notably in deep cadmium yellow rump and under
parts, but forehead in adult male deep cadmium yellow to mars yellow bordered
posteriorly by a narrow blackish line. The female is not certainly separable,
and except for its less shining green back, it also resembles that of T. m. sclateri,
of Porto Rico, thus showing the close affinities of all the blue-capped euphonias.
Wing, (four males) 66-67, (two females) 65-66; tail, 38-41, (female) 37, 40; bill, 7.
The typical examples of this form are said to be from "Jima" in the Temperate
zone of Azuay Province. They agree with a series collected in June, 1899, by
P. 0. Simons at Loja, in the Vienna Museum. This form obviously represents
the pale-bellied, black-fronted T. m. pelzelni in southern Ecuador.
Material examined. — Ecuador: "Jima," 2; Loja, 6.
22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 62,4886— southern Mexico to Vera-
guas; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 3, p. 65, 1902— Boquete, Chiriquf ;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 12, 1902— Vera Cruz to
Veraguas (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21,
p. 366, 1905 — Juan Lisiarraga Mountains, Sinaloa; Carriker, Ann. Car-
negie Mus., 6, p. 872, 1910— Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1012, 1123, 1912 —Mexico to
Veraguas (crit.).
Tanagra elegantissima Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 390, 1929 —
Mountain Cow, British Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
64, p. 372, 1932 — Finca Conception, Finca El Soche, Volcan San Lucas,
Tecpam, and Quezaltenango, Guatemala (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 75, p. 409, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero.
Euphonia elegantissima vincens Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 33, p. 77, Dec.,
1913 — San Jose, Costa Rica (type in Tring Collection, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. — Southern Mexico (from southern Sinaloa, Guanajuato,
and Vera Cruz southwards), Guatemala, British Honduras, Costa
Rica, and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).1
5: Guatemala (Tecpam, 1); Costa Rica (La Estrella, 1; Limon,
1; San Jose", 1; unspecified, 1).
*Tanagra xanthogaster xanthogaster (Sundevall). ORANGE-
BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphone xanthogaster Sundevall, Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1833, p. 310, pi.
10, fig. 1 (=adult male), 1834 — Brazil (type in Stockholm Museum; cf.
Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 14, 1926).
Euphonia xanthogastra Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 73 — part, Brazil;
Sclater, I.e., 1851, p. 85 — part, Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 275, 1856 — part, southern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 195, 1856 — "upper Amazon and Rio Negro," errore (ex Sundevall);
Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 — part, spec, d, g, Brazil;
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886 — part, spec, a-c, Nova Friburgo,
Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 144, 1899— "Sao Paulo"; idem,
I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900— Nova Friburgo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347,
1907 — Rio Jurua, Brazil (range in part).
Euphonia ochrascens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 202, 328, 1870 — Registo do
Sai, Rio de Janeiro (types in Vienna Museum examined).
1 Though there appears to be a gap in the distribution of this form, I am
inclined to agree with Griscom in suppressing the name vincens proposed by
Hartert for the birds of Costa Rica and southwards. The latter average rather
darker, more purplish blue on the crown, but the variation is insignificant. The
other points of distinction claimed by the describer are altogether unreliable,
as has been shown by Griscom. Birds from Sinaloa are stated by Miller to be
paler below.
Additional material examined. — Mexico (Vera Cruz), 8; Guatemala, 5; Costa
Rica, 9; Chiriqui, 6.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 23
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Ihering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil (spec, examined).
Euphonia aurea aurea (not "Parus aureus" Vroeg) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17,
p. 271, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Brazil (spec, reexamined).
Euphonia xanthogaster Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1016, 1126, 1912— eastern Brazil, from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro and (?)
Sao Paulo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 439, 1914 — Rio Jamauchim
(Conceicao, Tucunare); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920—
Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Euphonia xanthogaster xanthogaster Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10,
p. 17, 1920 — eastern Brazil (Bahia to Rio de Janeiro).
Tanagra xanthogaster xanthogaster Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,
p. 369, 1930 — Rio Roosevelt, Broken Canoe Rapids, Matto Grosso.
Range. — Brazil, from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro and (?) Sao Paulo,1
west through Amazonia (Rio Jamauchim, tributary of the Tapajoz;
Maroins, Rio Machados) to the Rio Jurua and northern Matto
Grosso (Rio Roosevelt).2
2: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 2).
Tanagra xanthogaster exsul (Berlepsch).3 VENEZUELAN RUFOUS-
CAPPED EUPHONIA.
1 Whether T. x. xanthogaster really ranges as far south as Sao Paulo remains
to be confirmed, though Cabanis (Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409 [in text], 1865) claims
to have seen examples from that state.
2 With the limited Brazilian material at my command I am not in a position
to speak with confidence about the range of this form. Birds from Rio de Janeiro,
regarded by Berlepsch (1912, p. 1016) as type locality, and others from Bahia
agree. Two adult males from Amazonia, while nearly similar in coloration, are
somewhat smaller, the tail is particularly shorter, and the yellow of the crown
slightly paler. In these notoriously variable birds nothing can be gained from
the study of a few specimens and, until an adequate series becomes available,
the inhabitants of Amazonia may provisionally be referred to typical xanthogaster.
The wing of adult males from eastern Brazil varies from 60 to 64, the tail from
34 to 36. One from Maroins, Rio Machados, measures: wing, 55% tail, 30;
one from the Rio Jurua: wing, 59; tail, 31 K-
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 2; Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, 2;
Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro, 2; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Maroins, Rio Machados, 1;
Rio Jurua, 1.
3 Tanagra xanthogaster exsul (Berlepsch) : Exceedingly close to the widely
separated T. x. ruficeps, of Bolivia, but distinguishable in the male sex by paler
rufous as well as more extensive crown patch, with the bluish black spotting in
the posterior portion of this area less conspicuous. Wing, 64-68, (female) 60-62;
tail, 34-38, (female) 32-34; bill, 8-9.
This form is easily recognizable by the much darker color of the forecrown
and under parts, when compared to T. x. brevirostris, but is sometimes hard to
tell from the Bolivian ruficeps. Females are not distinguishable at all. Its range
appears to be limited to the coast mountains of Venezuela from Caracas west-
wards. In the Tring Museum is a specimen collected by A. Mocquerys at "Caripe,"
but this locality requires confirmation by more substantial evidence.
Material examined. — Venezuela: Loma Redonda (alt. 3,000 ft.), Caracas re-
gion, 2; "Caracas," 1; San Esteban, 4; Las Quiguas, Carabobo, 6; La Cumbre
de Valencia, 1; mountains near Bucarito, Tocuyo, Lara, 2.
24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia ruficeps exsul Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1017, 1127, 1912 — San Esteban, near Puerto Cabello [Carabobo], Vene-
zuela (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Euphonia ruficeps (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 276, 1856 — part, Caracas, Venezuela (crit.); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 68, 1886— part, spec, f-i, San Esteban,
Venezuela.
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627— Venezuela.
Euphonia xanthogaster exsul Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A,
Heft 5, p. 53, 1912— San Esteban, Las Quiguas, and Cumbre de Valencia,
Carabobo (crit.).
Tanagra xanthogaster exsul Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 173,
1924 — Loma Redonda, Caracas, Venezuela (crit.).
Range. — North coast mountains of Venezuela, from the Caracas
region west to Lara (near Bucarito, Tocuyo).
*Tanagra xanthogaster brevirostris (Bonaparte).1 SHORT-BILLED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia brevirostris Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 —
"Columbia" = BogotS. collections (type in coll. of M. Parzudaki, present
location unknown).
Acroleptes brevirostris Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 408, 1865 — "Bogota"
and Llanos de Casanares, Colombia (crit.).
Euphonia xanthogastra (not Euphone xanthogaster Sundevall) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., 1851, p. 85 — part, Anolaima, Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854— Quijos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p. 159, 1855—
"Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 275, 1856 — part, Ecuador (Quixos) and
"Bogota" (descr.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 74, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem,
I.e., p. 452, 1858 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 57, 1862 — part, spec, a-c, Rio Napo, Anolaima, and "Bogota"; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 179 — Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 260— Sarayacu; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 518—
1 Tanagra xanthogaster brevirostris (Bonaparte) : Similar to T. x. xanthogaster,
but larger, and the yellow cap in the males darker, more ochraceous or orange.
Birds from British Guiana are inseparable from "Bogota" skins, as far as I can
judge from the small number of accessible specimens. The inhabitants of eastern
Ecuador and northern Peru have been much discussed and, whereas certain
authors (Nelson and Zimmer) identified them with T. x. quitensis, Chapman
(Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1931), in agreement with my own view, is
inclined to refer them to brevirostris. While admitting that they are not quite
identical with specimens from eastern Colombia, the males having the forepart
of the crown on average slightly paler, yet their bills are distinctly smaller than
in birds from western Ecuador. The coloration of the females (more buffy breast
and bright yellowish green sides), insisted upon by Chapman, holds in most
cases, though it must be stated that two (one each from Moyobamba and Hua-
chipa) cannot be distinguished from western examples (quitensis).
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 21; Cuembf, Rio Putu-
mayo, 6. — Eastern Ecuador: San Jose, 4; El Loreto, 4; Sarayacu, 1. — Peru:
Huambo, 1; Pina, 1; Nuevo Loreto, 1. — British Guiana: Atapurow River, 1;
Camacusa, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 25
Monterico and Amable Maria, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 10 — Huambo,
Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 444, 1884 — part, Peru (Monterico, Amable
Maria, Sarayacu, Iquitos, Huambo, Chirimoto); idem and Berlepsch,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77— Machay, Ecuador; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 208 — Merume Mountains, Camacusa, and Atapurow River, British
Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886 — part, spec, d-1,
n-s, w, x, British Guiana (Atapurow River, Merum6 Mountains, Cama-
cusa), Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Napo, Sarayacu), and Peru
(Iquitos); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— part, Rio Napo;
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 338 — La Mer-
ced and Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899— part, Rio Zamora, eastern Ecuador.
Tanagra xanthogaster Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 494, 1921 — Merume
Mountains, Camacusa, and Caramang River.
Euphonia xanthogaster brevirostris Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,
p. 1101 (in text) — "Bogota" (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1016, 1126, 1912— part, Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern
Ecuador, Peru (excl. of Santa Ana), and British Guiana; Hellmayr, Arch.
Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 17, 1920 — eastern Andes of Colombia to Peru.
Tanagra xanthogastra brevirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
589, 1917 — Colombia (La Palma and La Candela, east slope of central
Andes; Andalucia, Caqueta Trail, La Morelia, Florencia, Quetame, and
Buenavista, eastern Andes); idem, I.e., 63, p. 126, 1931 — Agiiita, Mount
Duida, Venezuela (crit.).
Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis (not of Nelson) Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35,
p. 459, 1918— west of Perico, Peru.
Tanagra xanthogastra quitensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 650,
1926 — part, eastern Ecuador (Zamora, Sabanilla, Macas, Rio Suno,
below San Jose, lower Sumaco, below Oyacachi) and Peru (Pomara,
Chaupe, Chelpes, Utcuyacu); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen,
17, p. 436, 1930 — Vista Alegre and Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of eastern Colombia
(eastern Andes and east slope of central Andes), eastern Ecuador,
and eastern Peru, south to Junin; also southern Venezuela (Mount
Duida) and British Guiana.
17: British Guiana (Caramang River, 4); Colombia ("Bogota,"
4; Andalucia, Huila, 1); Peru (Rioja, 1; Moyobamba, 3; Huachipa,
2; Vista Alegre, 2).
Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis (Nelson).1 NELSON'S EUPHONIA.
1 Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis (Nelson): Very similar to T. x. brevirostris,
but with larger bill; males with yellow of crown and under parts generally paler;
female with foreneck and chest mostly grayish, the buffy abdominal area paler
and less extensive, and the sides and flanks darker green, less yellowish.
If maintained at all, this form should be restricted to western Ecuador.
Additional material examined. — Western Ecuador: Rio Verde, Prov. Esmeral-
das, 1; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 3; Lita, Prov. Imbabura, 2; Pallatanga, 1;
Gualea, 8; Nanegal, 1; Porvenir, Bolivar, 2; Chimbo, 1.
26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra xanthogastra quitensis Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p. 16,
Sept., 1912 — "Quito," Ecuador1 (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 650, 1926 — part, western Ecuador
(Rio de Oro, Gualea, Bucay, Naranjo, Chimbo, Coco and Chimbo, La
Chonta, El Chiral, Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Salvias, La Pinas, San
Bartolo, Alamor, and Cebollal).
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27,
p. 140, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1860— Nanegal,
Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 — part, spec, e, f, Palla-
tanga; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 544
— Chimbo; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 288 — Cayandeled and Pedregal; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886— part, spec, t-v, "Quito" and Palla-
tanga; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— part, Gualea;
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898 — Cachavi and Chimbo; Salvadori and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899— part, Gualea
and Intag; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 — Santo Domingo and Gualea;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
90, 1911 — part, Gualea and Santo Domingo.
Euphonia xanthogaster brevirostris (not of Bonaparte) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1016, 1126, 1912 — part, western Ecuador
(Chimbo, Cayandeled, Pedregal, Pallatanga).
Euphonia xanthogaster quitensis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p.
17, 1920 — western Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No.
25, p. 82, 1922— Gualea and Nanegal.
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador.
5: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 5).
*Tanagra xanthogaster chocoensis (Hellmayr).2 Cnoc6
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia xanthogaster chocoensis Hellmayr, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 23, 1911
— Rio Cajon, Choco, western Colombia (type in Munich Museum); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1100 — Noanama, Rio Cajon, and Sipi,
Pacific Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1017, 1126, 1912— western Colombia (Choco and San Pablo; crit.); Hell-
mayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 17, 1920 (range).
1 No representative of this group being found on the plateau of Quito, Chap-
man (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 127 [in text], 1931) suggests Gualea as type
locality of T. x. quitensis.
2 Tanagra xanthogaster chocoensis (Hellmayr): Nearest to T. x. brevirostris,
but adult male with cap and under parts decidedly paler, light cadmium; breast
and middle of the belly not tinged with ochraceous; female underneath even
more grayish with a lesser amount of buffy on the abdominal line than that of
T. x. quitensis.
Birds from the Pacific lowlands are remarkable for their small dimensions
(wing, 57-61), while those from higher altitudes in the western and central Andes
are decidedly larger (wing, 63-66). Two adult males from San Pablo, Prov.
Tuqueres, in extreme southern Colombia, approach T. x. quitensis by having a
faint ochraceous tinge on the abdomen and a darker yellow forecrown.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Noanama, 1; Rio Cajon, 2; Sipi>
2; Barbacoas, 4; San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 2; San Antonio, 3; Miraflores, 2-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 27
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 498 — Concordia, western Andes, Colombia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886— part, spec, m, Antioquia.
Tanagra xanthogastra chocoensis Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p.
17, 1912 — western Colombia and eastern Panama; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 588, 1917— Colombia (Alto Bonito, Juntas de Tamana,
Novita, San Jose', Barbacoas, La Frijolera, Novita Trail, Las Lomitas,
San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Gallera, Cocal, Ricaurte, Miraflores,
and Salento; crit.).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Colombia, from the
Pacific coast to the western slope of the central Andes, and north
to eastern Panama.
1: Colombia (El Roble, west of Salento, Quindio Andes, 1).
Tanagra xanthogaster brunneifrons (Chapman).1 BROWN-
FRONTED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia xanthogastra (er) brunneifrons Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
14, p. 226, 1901 — Inca Mine [ = Santo Domingo], Marcapata, Peru (type
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1017, 1127, 1912— Marcapata,
Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 15, 1920—
Yahuarmayo, San Gaban, Chaquimayo, and Chirimayo, Carabaya,
Peru (crit.).
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 185 — Cosnipata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1873,
p. 780 — Cosnipata; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 444, 1884 — part, Cosni-
pata, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 78, 108, 1906 — Idma
(Urubamba), Huaynapata, Rio Cadena, and Escopal (Marcapata), Peru.
Euphonia xanthogaster brevirostris (not of Bonaparte) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1016, 1912 — part, "Santa Ana" [ = Idma],
Urubamba, Peru.
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of southeastern Peru,
in depts. of Cuzco (Urubamba) and Puno (Carabaya).
Tanagra xanthogaster ruficeps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
BOLIVIAN RUFOUS-CAPPED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia ruficeps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 30, 1834 — Yuracares, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined);
d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame"r. Me>id., Ois., p. 268, pi. 22, fig. 2, 1839— Yura-
1 Tanagra xanthogaster brunneifrons (Chapman) : Similar to T. x. brevirostris,
but adult males with forecrown darker in color, deep ochraceous-orange, and
chest as well as abdominal line more strongly tinged with ochraceous. Although
single specimens are not always distinguishable, the majority from southeastern
Peru may be separated by the above characters, which mark a decided step in
the direction of T. x. ruficeps, with rufous cap and still more rufescent under parts.
Material examined. — Peru: Cosnipata, 1; Yahuarmayo, 6; San Gaban, 5;
Chaquimayo, 4; Chirimayo, 1; Marcapata, 6.
28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
cares; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 85 — Yuracares (ex d'Orbigny);
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 276, 1856— part, Bolivia (crit.); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 — Yuracares, Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 598— Bolivia (Yuracares; Tilotilo, Yun-
gas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 68, 1886— part, spec, a-e,
Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1017, 1912
— Bolivia (Yuracares, Chaco, San Mateo, Songo, San Antonio, Tilotilo).
Euphone ruficeps Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 —
Bolivia (diag.).
Euphonia xanthogaster ruficeps Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 235, 1923 — Yura-
cares, Bolivia (note on types).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Bolivia (depts. of La
Paz and Cochabamba).1
*Tanagra anneae2 anneae (Cassin). COSTA RICAN TAWNY-
CAPPED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia anneae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172 — Santa
Rosa, Costa Rica (descr. of male; type in U. S. National Museum); Law-
rence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868— Angostura and Santa
Rosa, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 — "San Jose,"
Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 17, 1902—
part, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 871, 1910— Guayabo,
Bonilla, La Vijagua, Carrillo, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Turrialba, La Hon-
dura, and Las Mesas, Caribbean Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1017, 1912— part, Costa Rica.
Euphonia annae Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 265,
1883— part, Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 72, 1886—
part, spec, g-j, Costa Rica (Angostura, Turrialba); Zeledon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Naranjo de Cartago and Rio Sucio,
Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65, 1902 — Boquete
and Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama.
Range. — Caribbean side of Costa Rica and extreme western
Panama (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui).3
6: Costa Rica (Tuis, 2; Peralta, 2; Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 1);
Panama (unspecified,4 1).
1 Material examined. — Bolivia: Yuracares, 2; Songo, Dept. La Paz, 4; Chaco,
Dept. La Paz, 3; San Antonio, Dept. La Paz, 1; San Mateo, Dept. Cochabamba,
3; unspecified, 3.
2 Tanagra anneae is allied to T. xanthogaster, but differs, aside from its larger
bill, by its tawny cap, which is also farther extended posteriorly, and white under
tail coverts, while the female is more tawny on the forecrown and less buffy in
the abdominal region. According to Griscom, representatives of both species
live side by side in eastern Panama, a fact that would seem to exclude conspecific
affinity.
3 Five specimens from Boquete, Chiriqui, appear to me inseparable from a
Costa Rican series.
4 Obviously a "Chiriqui" trade-skin.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 29
Tanagra anneae rufivertex (Salvin).1 VERAGUAN TAWNY-CAPPED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia rufivertex Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 71, pi. 7 (male,
female)— Veraguas2 (types from "Santiago de Veraguas" in British
Museum).
Euphonia annae (not of Cassin) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 137
—Santa Fe, Veraguas (crit.); idem, I.e., 1870, p. 186— Cordillera del
Chucu and Calovevora, Veraguas; idem, Ibis, 1874, p. 329 — Veraguas;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 265, 1883 — part,
Veraguas (Santa F£, Calobre, "Santiago," Calovevora, Cordillera del
Chucu); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 72, 1886— part, spec, a-f,
Veraguas ("Santiago," Santa Fe, Calovevora).
Euphonia annae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 17, 1902—
part, Veragua; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1017,
1912 — part, Veragua.
Tanagra anneae ruficeps Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 280, p. 17, 1927 — Rio
Calovevora, Veraguas (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of Panama, from the Veraguas east to
Mount Tacarcuna, Darien.
*Tanagra fulvicrissa fulvicrissa (Sclater). FULVOUS- VENTED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 276, pub.
Jan., 1857 — "Santa Martha in New Grenada" (descr. of male; type in
coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); (?)Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 143— Falls of the Truando, Colombia; Sclater,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862— "Santa Martha"; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 349 — Panama Railroad (descr. of female);
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171— Angostura and Pacuare\
Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 264, pi.
16, fig. 2 (=male), 1883 — part, Panama (Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui,
Lion Hill, San Pablo Station); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 73,
1886 — part, spec, a, f-k, "Santa Marta," Panama (Lion Hill, San Pablo,
Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, Veragua), (?) and Rio Truando; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 18, 1904— part, "Santa Marta" and
Panama to Chiriqui; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1018, 1912 — part, "Santa Marta" and Panama to Costa Rica.
1 Tanagra anneae rufivertex (Salvin) : Very close to T. a. anneae, but on average
slightly smaller; under parts of males medially, particularly on the chest, more
strongly tinged with orange; female with deeper gray under parts and less yellow-
ish flanks.
The distinctive features are not strongly pronounced in the three available
specimens from Veraguas, and some of the males from Costa Rica are very nearly
as orange on the chest. A single example from the base of Mount Tacarcuna,
Darien, is stated by Griscom to be decidedly larger (wing, 70) than those from
Veragua.
2 The immature male from Turrialba, incidentally mentioned by Salvin, per-
tains, of course, to T. a. anneae.
30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra fulvicrissa fulvicrissa Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
65, p. 226, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Darien; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Car-
negie Mus., 14, p. 497, 1922 (not in Santa Marta); Griscom, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 69, p. 187, 1929— Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932—
Perme, Obaldia, and Ranchon, eastern Panama.
Euphonia gouldii (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7,
p. 332, 1861 — Panama Railroad; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 186 — Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Costa Rica and Panama, south
to Darien and possibly extreme northwestern Colombia (Rio
Truando).1
1: Panama (unspecified, 1).
Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa (Hartert).2 COLOMBIAN FULVOUS-
VENTED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia fulvicrissa omissa Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, p. 77, Dec.,
1913- — "Bogota," Colombia (type in Tring Collection, now in the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York, examined).
Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 590,
1917 — Quibdo, Bagado, Juntas de Tamana, Noanama, and San Jose,
Pacific Colombia.
Euphonia fulvicrissa (not of Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 498 — Remedies (Rio Ite) and Rio Neche, Antioquia,
Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 264, 1883
- — part, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 288, 1884 — Bucaramanga
(descr. of female); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 73, 1886— part,
spec, b-e, Colombia (Remedies, Neche, "Bogota"); Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 18, 1904 — part, Antioquia; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1018, 1912 — part, Colombia (Bucara-
manga, "Bogota," Antioquia).
1 Males from Panama and Chiriqui have the upper parts, but especially the
throat and sides of the head, decidedly greenish blue. According to Hartert,
the type, said to be from "Santa Marta," where no representative of the Fulvous-
vented Euphonia has ever been found again, agrees with "birds from Panama
and Costa Rica."
Additional material examined. — Panama: Boquete, 2; Bugaba, 1; Panama
Railroad, 5.
2 Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa (Hartert) : Similar to T. f. fulvicrissa, but adult
male with upper parts, sides of head, and throat decidedly steel blue without
any greenish tone. Wing (males), 52-56; tail, 28-30.
The metallic gloss of the head and upper side is just intermediate in tone
between the bluish bottle-green of fulvicrissa (most strongly pronounced in Chiri-
qui birds) and the bright purplish blue of purpurascens.
While "Bogota" and Bucaramanga specimens have the white patch on the
inner web of the outermost rectrix very nearly as extensive as in the nominate
race, an adult male from Noanama, Pacific Colombia, resembles purpurascens in
having but a narrow oblique white streak on that feather.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4; Bucaramanga, 2; Noanama, 1;
El Tigre, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 31
Euphonia fulvicrissa (subsp.) Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1100
— Noanama and El Tigre, Pacific Colombia (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia (Pacific coast south to San
Jose"; Remedies and Rio Neche, Antioquia; Magdalena Valley).
Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens (Hartert).1 PURPLISH FUL-
VOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia fulvicrissa purpurascens Hartert, Nov. Zool., 8, p. 377, 1901 —
Pambilar, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1018, 1912— "Paramba"
and San Javier, Ecuador.
Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 590, 1917 — Barbacoas, Narino, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 652, 1926 —
Ecuador (ex Hartert).
Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Colombia (Barbacoas,
Narino) and northwestern Ecuador (Prov. Esmeraldas).
*Tanagra minuta minuta (Cabanis). WHITE- VENTED EUPHONIA.
'Euphonia olivacea (not Tanagra olivacea Gmelin) Desmarest, Hist. Nat.
Tang., livr. 10, pi. 27, 1806 — Cayenne (descr. of female; type in Paris
Museum examined).
Euphona minuta Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 671, 1849 — British Guiana (descr. of female; type in Berlin Museum);
Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 — Cayenne; Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 203, 1870 — part, Barra do Rio Negro (spec, examined).
Euphonia minuta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 — "Bogota,"
Colombia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 274, 1856 — Cayenne, British Guiana, Barra
do Rio Negro, and "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 57, 1862— "Bogota" and Cayenne; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 180,
1882; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 258, 1883—
part, Colombia to Guiana and Amazonia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 —
Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 71, 1886 — part, spec, a-1, Cayenne, British Guiana (Camacusa,
Bartica Grove), and Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn.,
4, p. 184, 1887— "Bogota"; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 422, 1910—
Surinam.
Euphonia strictifrons Strickland, Contrib. Ornith., 1851, p. 72 — Cayenne
(descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);
Sclater, I.e., p. 84 — Cayenne.
1 Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens (Hartert) : Similar to T. f. omissa, but
upper parts and throat glossed with purplish blue inclining to violet, and outer-
most rectrix without, or with very little, white on the inner web; female not dis-
tinguishable. Wing (male), 53; tail, 28-29.
Material examined. — Western Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas: Pambilar, 1 (the
type); San Javier, 5.
32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphone pumila Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 — Cayenne
and "Nuova Granada" (descr. of male; type in coll. M. Parzudaki,
present location unknown).1
Euphonia olivacea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 91 (crit.); Berlepsch and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 17, 1902 — Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347, 1907 — part, Rio Negro, Guiana,
Colombia ("Bogota"), and Venezuela; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113,
1908 — Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015,
1912 — part, Colombia ("Bogota"), Venezuela, British Guiana, Surinam,
Cayenne, and Rio Negro.
Tanagra olivacea olivacea Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171,
1916 — Nicare, Venezuela; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 86, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam.
Tanagra minuta Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 497, 1921 — Cotinga River,
Ituribisci River, Bonasika, Great Falls of Demerara, Bartica, and
Camacusa.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, south to the north
bank of the Brazilian Amazon (Manaos), west through southern
Venezuela to the eastern foot of the eastern Andes of Colombia
("Bogota" collections).2
2: British Guiana (Demerara River, 1); Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Tanagra minuta mellea Bangs and Penard.3 WESTERN WHITE-
VENTED EUPHONIA.
Tanagra olivacea mellea Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 87, 1918 — Iquitos, Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.).
1 Although no mention is made of the white crissum, the other distinctive
characters given in comparison to E. chlorotica clearly point to T. m. minuta.
2 Several native "Bogota" skins agree in every respect with Guianan birds.
They doubtless came from the eastern base of the east Colombian Andes, since
another recognizable form occurs on the lower Cauca and along the Pacific coast.
A single adult male from Manaos and another from the Caura Valley, Venezuela,
are similar.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 5. — Dutch Guiana:
Paramaribo, 2. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 1; Camacusa, 6. — Venezuela:
Nicare, Caura River, 1. — Brazil: Manaos, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4.
3 Tanagra minuta mellea Bangs and Penard: Exceedingly close to T. m. minuta,
but upper parts of adult males with a more purplish, less greenish blue gloss,
this being particularly noticeable on crown and hind neck.
Rather an unsatisfactory race, which needs corroboration by more adequate
material. An adult male from Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, and some from
Teffe and Iquitos are indeed more purplish, but other Peruvian specimens hardly
differ from the nominate race. In the absence of material from lower Amazonia,
I am unable to say how far east the range of this form, if it can be maintained
at all, should be extended.
Material examined. — Brazil: Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 2; Bom Lugar, Rip Purus,
1; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1. — Peru: Iquitos, 5; Nauta, 1; Yurimaguas,
1. — Bolivia: Rio San Mateo, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 33
Euphonia minuta (not of Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 179— Nauta and upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 749—
Xeberos, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 260 — Nauta, upper Ucayali, and
Xeberos; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 203, 1870— part, Engenho do Gama,
Matto Grosso (spec, examined); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 442,
1884 — Peru (Nauta, Ucayali, Xeberos, Moyobamba); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 71, 1886 — part, spec, n, o, Nauta and upper Ucayali,
Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 — Tarapoto and Yurima-
guas, Peru.
Euphonia olivacea (not of Desmarest) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347,
1907 — part, Matto Grosso and Amazonia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14,
p. 43, 1907— Teff6, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56,
p. 9, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912— part, Rio Purus, Engenho do Gama (Matto
Grosso), Peru (Nauta, Ucayali, Xeberos, Moyobamba), and Bolivia
(San Mateo); (?)Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 439, 1914— Provi-
dencia (Para), Rio Tocantins (Baiao), Rio Tapaj6z (Boim, Pinhel), and
(certe) Rio Purus (Bom Lugar).
(l)Euphonia olivacea olivacea Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr.
Akad., Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 8, 87, 1912— Souza, Para.
Tanagra minuta minuta Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 369,
1930 — Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama).
Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the Maranon (Nauta, Iquitos)
and the Rio Solimoes (Teffe*) through eastern Peru and western
Brazil south to northern Bolivia (San Mateo) and western Matto
Grosso (Engenho do Gama), and possibly along the south bank of
the Amazon to the Para region.
Tanagra minuta humilis (Cabanis).1 NORTHERN WHITE- VENTED
EUPHONIA.
Phonasa humilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 334, 1860 — Costa Rica (descr.
of young male; type in Berlin Museum).
Acroleptes humilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 89, 1861 — Costa Rica (descr.
of adult male; crit.).
Euphonia humilis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 —
San Jos6, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 — San
Jos6; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 373, 1883— San Juan del
Sur, Nicaragua.
1 Tanagra minuta humilis (Cabanis) differs from the two southern races by
larger size and, in the male sex, by much wider, deeper yellow frontal band. Crown
and hind neck are as strongly purplish as in T. m. mellea, while the remainder
of the upper parts shows a decided greenish blue gloss, more like T. m. minuta.
A specimen said to be from "Sarayacu" is essentially like one from Gualea
and others from Central America, and doubtless came from the western slope of
the Andes, as is the case with many of Buckley's skins provided with the same
locality.
Nineteen specimens (none from Guatemala or Nicaragua) examined.
34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia minuta (not Euphona minuta Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,
1860, p. 275 — Coban, Guatemala; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
7, p. 332, 1861 — Panama Railroad; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 186— Calovevora (Veraguas) and Bugaba (Chiriqui); Sclater, Ibis,
1873, p. 373 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 498 — Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 258, 1883 — part, Guatemala (Coban),
Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica, and Panama (Chiriqui, Bugaba,
Calovevora, Panama Railroad); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 71,
1886 — part, spec, m, p-w, Ecuador ("Sarayacu"), Colombia (Remedies),
Panama (Bugaba, Chiriqui, Calovevora), Costa Rica, Nicaragua (Chon-
tales), and Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887— San Jose, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 14, p. 531, 1891— Costa Rica (crit.); idem, Auk, 9, p. 25,
1892 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899— Gualea, Ecuador.
Euphonia minuta humilis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 23,
1902— Guatemala to Panama; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907— Boruca,
Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 869, 1910 — Costa Rica
(San Jose, Pozo Azul de Pirrls, Escazu, Volcan de Irazu, Carrillo, San
Miguel, San Sebastian, El Hogar, Boruca).
Euphonia olivacea humilis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1016, 1912— Guatemala to Panama.
Tanagra olivacea humilis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 590,
1917 — Colombia (Quibdo, Baudo, Juntas de Tamana, Noanama, Barba-
coas, Puerto Valdivia); idem, I.e., 55, p. 652, 1926 — Ecuador; Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 187, 1929— Cana, Darien; Austin, I.e.,
p. 391, 1929— Mountain Cow, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 340,
1931— Almirante, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932— Obaldia,
Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 373, 1932— Guatemala.
Range. — Guatemala (two records from Coban) ; British Honduras;
Nicaragua (two records); Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Remedies
and Puerto Valdivia, Antioquia; Pacific coast); and western
Ecuador (Gualea).
4: Costa Rica (San Jose, 2; Limon, 2).
Tanagra godmani (Brewster).1 GODMAN'S EUPHONIA.
Euphonia godmani Brewster, Auk, 6, p. 90, 1889 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and
Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (type, from Mazatlan, in U. S. National Museum) ;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 24, 1902— western Mexico
(monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 366, 1905— Escuinapa
and Mount Juan Lisiarraga, Sinaloa; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1016, 1912 (range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 16, p. 48, 1927 — near Point Camaron, San Bias, Nayarit.
1 Not having seen this species, I cannot say whether it is more nearly related
to T. affinis or to T. minuta. The white under tail coverts would seem to place
it in the neighborhood of the latter, while the slate gray crown and hind neck
of the female suggest affinities to T. affinis.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 35
Euphonia affinis (not Tanagra [Euphonia] affinis Lesson) Lawrence, Mem.
Boston Soc. N. H., 2, p. 273, 1874— Mazatlan (Sinaloa) and Sierra Madre
(Colima), Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 257, 1883 — part, Mazatlan and Sierra Madre, Colima.
Range. — Western Mexico, in states of Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa
(Mazatlan, Plomosas, Escuinapa, Mount Juan Lisiarraga), Colima
(Sierra Madre), and Nayarit (San Bias, Rosa Morada).
Tanagra affinis Lesson. LESSON'S EUPHONIA.
Tanagra [Euphonia] affinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 175, 1842 — Realejo,
Nicaragua (descr. of male;1 location of type not stated, probably in the
author's private collection).2
Euphonia affinis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 274, 1856 — Mexico
(Orizaba), Guatemala, and Nicaragua (Realejo) (monog.); idem, I.e.,
p. 303, 1856— Orizaba; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16— Guatemala;
idem, Ibis, 1860, p. 33 — Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 57, 1862— Orizaba; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9,
p. 98, 1868— San Juan, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 9, p. 200, 1869— Merida,
Yucatan; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 550, 1869 — hot
region of Vera Cruz, Mexico; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 — San
Jose, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 18, 1876—
Tehuantepec and Barrio, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.),
25, p. 42, 1878— Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 442—
Merida, Yucatan (habits); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 257, 1883 — part, Mexico (excepting Mazatlan and Sierra
Madre), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa
Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 65, 1886— Mexico (Orizaba,
Yucatan), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Calderas, Duenas,
Savanna Grande, Retalhuleu), and Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Liberia and Alajuela, Costa Rica;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 210— between Tunkas and
Shkolak, Yucatan; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 631, 1896—
Altamira, Tamaulipas; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 435 — Miravalles, Costa
Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 21, 1902— Mexico
to Costa Rica (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 142, 1906—
Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 121, 1907 — Gualan, Patulul, Mazatenango, and San Jose, Guatemala;
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 870, 1910 — Costa Rica (Pigres,
Miravalles, Bolson, Tenorio, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Bebedero); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912 — southeastern
Mexico to Costa Rica.
Phonasca affinis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 332, 1860 — San JosS, Costa
Rica (crit.).
1 The description makes no mention of the extensive white area on the inner
webs of the lateral rectrices, but the passage, "capite dimidio parte, thorace,
. . . aureis," seems to exclude T. luteicapilla.
2 The type may yet exist in the Museum of the Medical School at Rochefort
(France), where part of Lesson's collection was deposited.
36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra affinis Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927 —
Presidio, Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem, I.e., 68, p. 403, 1928 — Chivela and
Tapanatepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64,
p. 373, 1932 — Guatemala (Finca El Cipres, Hacienda California, Carolina,
San Felipe); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 337, 1932— Can-
tarranas, Honduras.
Range. — Southeastern Mexico (in states of Tamaulipas, Vera
Cruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Yucatan), British Honduras, Guate-
mala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northwestern Pacific slope of
Costa Rica.1
15: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 1; Yucatan, 3); Guatemala (Gualan,
Zacapa, 1; Patulul, Solola, 1; Mazatenango, 2; San Jose1, Esquintla,
1); Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 1; San Geronimo, 1); Costa Rica (Las
Canas, 3; San Jose", 1).
*Tanagra luteicapilla (Cabanis).2 YELLOW-CROWNED EUPHONIA.
Phonasca luteicapilla Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 332, 1860— Costa Rica
(descr. of adult male; type in Berlin Museum).
Phonasca gracilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 333, 1860— San Jose, Costa
Rica (descr. of female and young male; type, No. 14743, in Berlin Museum
examined).3
Euphonia gracilis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 359, 1862 — Costa Rica;
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172 — Costa Rica (young
birds); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868— San Jose,
Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 — San Jose, Costa
Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 259, 1883 —
part, descr. of female and San Jose, Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 69, 1886 — part, spec, a, b, Costa Rica.
1 Additional material examined. — Mexico, Yucatan: Merida, 3; unspecified,
1. — Guatemala: Duenas, 3. — Honduras: San Pedro, 2; Chamelicon, 2. — Nicaragua:
Managua, 1. — Costa Rica: Bebedero, 3.
2 T. luteicapilla (Cabanis) seems to be allied to T. chlorotica, but the inter-
relations of the small, yellow-crowned euphonias offer a very complicated problem,
which cannot be attacked without a monographic study of the whole group.
3 Reexamination of the female type and a young male in the Berlin Museum,
which formed the basis for the description of Phonasca gracilis Cabanis, shows
conclusively that they pertain to T. luteicapilla. Both agree with Costa Rican
specimens in dimensions and in proportion of bill, being much smaller than, and
quite differently colored from, the species to which Cabanis's name had been
misapplied. The female (wing, 54; tail, 31) is plain yellowish olive green above;
the wings and tail feathers are dusky, margined with the color of the back; the
under parts somewhat duller than wax yellow, washed with olivaceous on the
sides and flanks. The specimen cannot be told from Field Museum No. 7143, female
adult, Buenos Aires, Costa Rica, Mar. 12, 1892, Geo. K. Cherrie. The other
example, No. 14742, is a young male in change of plumage. It still wears the
female dress, but yellow feathers already appear on the forehead and in the anterior
superciliary region, while a few scattered glossy black feathers may be noticed
in front of the eye and on the throat; the under parts are somewhat brighter
yellow. Its measurements are: wing, 54; tail, 30.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 37
Euphonia luteicapilla Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 —
Costa Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 —
Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 186 — Boquete de
Chitra (Veraguas), Bugaba (Chiriqui), and Paraiso Station, Panama
(descr. of female); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 260, pi. 16, fig. 1 (male), 1883— Costa Rica (San Jose", Turrialba) and
Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del
Chucu, Chepo, Paraiso Station); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 68,
1886 — Costa Rica (Turrialba) and Panama (Bugaba, Boquete de Chitra,
Cordillera del Chucu, Paraiso Station, Chepo); Zeled6n, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Costa Rica (San Jos6, Las Trojas de
Puntarenas, Pacaca, Monte Redondo de San Jos6); Cherrie, Auk, 9,
p. 24, 1892 — San Jose, Costa Rica (descr. of young male); idem, Anal. Inst.
Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893 — Lagarto, Boruca,
TeYraba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Bangs, Auk, 18,
p. 369, 1901— Divala and David, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 20, 1902 — Nicaragua to the Isthmus of Panama
(monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 — Boruca and Paso Real, Costa
Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 869, 1910 — Costa Rica (Pigres,
Bonilla, Alajuela, San Jose, El General, Buenos Aires de Te>raba, Tenorio,
Miravalles, Boruca, El Hogar, Peralta; habits); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 277, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1910 — Costa Rica to Panama;
Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 32, 1919— Pacora, Panama.
Tanagra luteicapilla Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 462,
1928 — Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 340,
1931 — Changuinola and Almirante, Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua.
Range. — Eastern Nicaragua, all of Costa Rica, and Panama
east to the Canal Zone.1
7: Costa Rica (Guayabo, 1; El Pozo de TeYraba, 2; TeYraba
Valley, 2; Boruca, 1; Buenos Aires, 1).
Tanagra chlorotica trinitatis (Strickland).2 TRINIDAD
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia trinitatis Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 72, March,
1851 — Trinidad, Venezuela ("Cumana"), and "St. Thomas" (errore)
1 Twenty-five additional specimens, including five from Boquete, Chiriqui,
have been examined.
2 Tanagra chlorotica trinitatis (Strickland), in the male sex, merely differs
from the nominate race by having the yellow color extended over the occiput
instead of restricted to the fore-crown; generally less purplish gloss on the upper
parts; and the white at the base of the primaries and on the inner web of the
lateral rectrices more extensive. The female does not seem to be distinguishable
with certainty, unless the flanks be somewhat duller, less yellowish.
T. trinitatis has always been treated as a distinct species, and the late Count
Berlepsch even went so far as to separate a supposed race of T. chlorotica, occurring
side by side with it in the Orinoco Valley. His principal arguments for the specific
38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(type, from Trinidad, in coll. of H. E. Strickland, now in University Mu-
seum, Cambridge, Engl.; cf. Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 179, 1882) ; Sclater,
I.e., p. 84 — same localities; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 274, 1856 —
Trinidad (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 — Trinidad;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Caracas, Vene-
zuela; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 498 — Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 66, 1886— Trinidad, Venezuela (Caracas),
and Colombia ("Bogota," Remedios, Santa Marta); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 4, p. 51, 1892— northeastern Venezuela; Chapman, I.e.,
6, p. 29, 1894— Trinidad (ex Leotaud); idem, I.e., 7, p. 322, 1895 — Caura
Valley, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San Antonio [Bermudez],
Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898— Santa Marta,
Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 170, 1900— Bonda,
Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 17, 1902 — Ciudad
Bolivar, Altagracia, and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 293, 1905 — Bonda, Colombia (nest and eggs
descr.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 13, 1906 — Chaguaramas and Pointe
Gourde, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1014, 1125, 1912 — Trinidad, Venezuela (Puerto Cabello, Caracas, Maturin,
"Cumana," Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, Maipures, Caicara), and Colombia
(Santa Marta, Barranquilla, "Bogota," Antioquia).
Euphonia (Tanagra) chlorotica (not of Linnaeus) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 460,
1831— Trinidad.
Euphonia chlorotica Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862— part, spec, c,
Santa Marta; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 308, 1866— Trinidad; Berlepsch
distinctness of these birds were the varying extent of white at the base of the
remiges, the gloss of the upper parts, and the coloration of the under parts in
the females, supposed to be uniform greenish yellow in chlorotica (and violaceicollis) ,
and grayish white in the middle in trinitatis. As we have already shown on another
occasion (Nov. Zool., 30, p. 234, 1923), the last-named distinction does not exist,
since adult females of chlorotica and violaceicollis have the median under parts
just as extensively grayish white as trinitatis. The (more bluish or purplish)
gloss of the dorsal surface in the male sex is subject to as much individual variation
as in other euphonias, though it cannot be denied that birds from Trinidad and
the Caribbean districts of Venezuela and Colombia are generally less purplish
above than those from more southern localities. As to the extent of the white
patch at the base of the remiges, I cannot see in this character a specific distinction,
since certain individuals from Trinidad and Bermudez (trinitatis') have just as
much white as others from Brazil (violaceicollis). Birds from the upper Orinoco
("pileata") possibly have the white on the inner webs of the lateral rectrices
and the yellow cap slightly more restricted than a series from Trinidad, but as
Count Berlepsch himself mentions intermediates, this variation seems to suggest
intergradation to chlorotica rather than specific difference. While I have yet to
see plain yellow-bellied "females" from the range of trinitatis as outlined above,
such a stage — believed to represent "the Juvenal dress" — is described by Todd
and Carriker as occurring in the Santa Marta region, which is solely inhabited
by trinitatis. Cherrie's remarks (Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 169, 1916)
on the female plumages of trinitatis in the Orinoco Valley are also somewhat
significant, and may account for Berlepsch's conception of the characters of his
"pileata" in the female sex.
Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Chaguaramas, 2; Pointe Gourde,
1; Aripo, 4; Carenage, 6; Santa Cruz, 1; unspecified, 1. — Venezuela: Maturin, 1;
Bermudez (Santa Ana, San Antonio, etc.), 10; Ciudad Bolivar, Rio Orinoco, 5;
Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, 4. — Colombia: Aracataca, Santa
Marta, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 39
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 17, 1902 — Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara,
Maipures, and Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 1, p. 102, 1909— Rio Guarapiche, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela.
Tanagra chlorotica Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 169, 1916 —
Orinoco River, Venezuela (ex Berlepsch and Hartert).
Tanagra trinitaiis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 210, 1913 —
Cariaquito, Paria peninsula, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 169, 1916 — Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, and Caura, Venezuela
(nest and eggs descr.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14,
p. 498, 1922 — Fundacion, Bonda, Onaca, Santa Marta, Mamatoco,
Tierra Nueva, and Fonseca, Colombia (habits); Darlington, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 71, p. 418, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia.
Euphonia aurea pileata Berlepsch,1 Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1014, 1124, 1912 — Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela
(type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum).
Tanagra aurea cynophora Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 126,
1918 — new name for Euphonia aurea pileata Berlepsch, preoccupied.
Tanagra aurea pileata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 588, 1917 —
Buena Vista, above Villavicencio, eastern base of eastern Andes, Colombia.
Range. — Island of Trinidad; northern Venezuela south to the
Orinoco basin, west to the eastern base of the eastern Andes of
Colombia (Buena Vista, above Villavicencio); northern Colombia
(Santa Marta region and lower Magdalena Valley).
7: Venezuela (Caracas, 3; Maracay, Aragua, 1; Encontrados,
Zulia, 1); Colombia (Fundacion, Santa Marta, 1; Puerto Zapote,
Bolivar, 1).
*Tanagra chlorotica chlorotica Linnaeus. PURPLE-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 317, 1766 — based
on "Le Tangara noir et jaune de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 34, pi. 2,
fig. 3; Cayenne (type in Reaumur Collection).
Tanagra elegans P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 160, 1776 — based on
"Tangara, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 114, fig. 1 (male adult).
Euphonia chlorotica Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 84 — Cayenne and
Demerara; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 273, 1856 — Cayenne
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 — part, spec, b, f,
Cayenne; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 64, 1886 — part, subsp.
typica, Cayenne and Demerara; Chapman and Riker, Auk, 7, p. 267,
1890— Santarem, Brazil (crit.); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908—
Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 418, 1910 — Surinam.
Euphone chlorotica Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1856 — part,
Para, Guyana, and "Columbien" (errore).
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 6, 1907 — Itaituba,
Rio Tapajoz; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26,
1 Not Tanagra pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 45, 1783.
40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
No. 2, p. 125, 1912 — Cachoeira, Marajo; idem, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 234,
1923 — Cayenne and Brazil (Marajo; Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz).
Euphonia aurea Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 345, 1905 — based on
"Parus aureus" Vroeg, Cat. Rais. Coll. Ois., p. 18, 1764; Surinam (cf.
Stone, Auk, 29, pp. 207-208, 1912).
Euphonia aurea Ihering, Cat. Faun., Braz., 1, p. 346, 1907— part, Para;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1013, 1124, 1912—
Cayenne, Surinam, British Guiana (Demerara), and northern Brazil
(Para, "Teffe, Rio Negro"1); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 438,
1914 — Rio Guama (Itaguao), Rio Iriri (Santa Julia), Rio Tapajoz (Pinhel),
Marajo, and Monte Alegre, Brazil.
Euphonia minuta (not of Cabanis) Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao (spec, examined).
Euphonia aurea violaceicollis (not Acroleptes violaceicollis Cabanis) Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 186, 1925— part,
Miritiba, Maranhao.
Tanagra chlorotica violaceicollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 278, 1929 — part, Maranhao (Tury-assu, Mangunca Island, and
Codo, Cocos).
Tanagra chlorotica Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 496, 1921 — Supinaam
River and Demerara.
Tanagra chlorotica chlorotica Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 367,
1930 — Tapirapoan and Juruena, northern Matto Grosso.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northern Brazil,
east to Maranhao, south to northern Matto Grosso (Tapirapoan;
Juruena River).2
4: Brazil, Maranhao (Tury-assu, 2; Mangunca Island, 1; Codo,
Cocos, 1).
*Tanagra chlorotica serrirostris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).3
GREATER PURPLE-THROATED EUPHONIA.
1 1 do not find any record in literature from either of these localities.
2 In birds from French Guiana (topotypical) the wing ranges from 51 to 55,
the tail from 31 to 34 mm. Specimens from northern Brazil are slightly more
violaceous on the crown and hind neck, and sometimes attain larger measure-
ments (wings of males, 53-56, one from Maranhao even 57). They thus verge
to the southern form, but as a whole seem better referred to chlorotica.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 8. — Brazil: Cacho-
eira, Marajo, 1 (wing, 56); Monte Alegre, 1 (wing, 51); Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz,
1 (wing, 55); Miritiba, Maranhao, 2; Boa Vista, Maranhao, 1; Juruena, Matto
Grosso, 1 (wing, 54 Y-i).
3 Tanagra chlorotica serrirostris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) : Similar to T. c.
chlorotica, but somewhat larger; adult males with forehead and under parts rather
paler yellow and generally with more purplish head and throat; female distin-
guishable only by larger size.
On once more comparing good series from Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina I
find it impossible to maintain the distinctness of serrirostris and violaceicollis. It
is admitted that males from western Argentina show more variation in the inten-
sity of the yellow on the under parts than those from Brazil, but in agreement with
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 41
Euphonia serrirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 30, 1837 — Guarayos, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (type in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 398, 1930); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 267,
pi. 21, fig. 2 (female), 1839— Pacu, on the Rio Grande, Santa Cruz de
la Sierra, Bolivia; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 90 — Guarayos, Bolivia
(ex d'Orbigny); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 273, 1856 — part,
Guarayos, Bolivia; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870,
p. 243 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 621 — Sapucay,
Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1014,
1124, 1912 — Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina.
Euphone serrirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 202, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro
(Sapitiba, Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio
Parana), and Goyaz (Goyaz City).
Euphone chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Liechtenstein, Verz.
Doubl. Berlin Mus., p. 29, 1823— Brazil; Sundevall, Vetensk. Akad.
Handl. for 1833, p. 310, pi. 10, figs. 2 (young male), 3 (adult male), 1834—
Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1856 — part, Pernam-
buco and Bahia.
Euphonia chlorotica Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 — part, spec,
a, d, e, Bolivia and Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 598 — Bolivia (Guarayos; Tilotilo, Yungas); White, I.e., 1882,
p. 596 — Concepcion, Misiones, and Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 64, 1886 — part, subsp. violaceicollis,
Brazil (Pernambuco), Argentina (Catamarca), and Bolivia (Tilotilo);
Dabbene I cannot satisfactorily separate birds from Tucuman, Salta, and eastern
Bolivia on one side and a series from Misiones on the other. The latter are, be-
sides, quite identical with typical violaceicollis, of eastern Brazil. The applicability
of the name serrirostris to the present form is perhaps open to doubt. Since
writing about the original examples in the Paris Museum (Nov. Zool., 30, p. 232,
1923), when I noticed certain discrepancies between the description of the adult
male and the young male in the French National Collection, I had the opportunity
of examining in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, Mass., a
specimen from Guarayos secured by d'Orbigny. This bird corresponds in every
detail to the characters of the "adult male" given by Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,
and undoubtedly must be the actual type. While resembling adult males from
Buenavista, Santa Cruz, in dimensions, color of the yellow frontal patch and under
parts, and extent of white on the inner web of the lateral rectrices, it differs markedly
by having all parts that are purplish or steel-blue in the normal plumage (viz.,
hind crown, sides of head, throat, back, and upper tail coverts), dull olive with a
brassy sheen, and the flight feathers dull brownish (instead of deep black) with
olive greenish instead of steel blue margins. The rump and tail coverts are much
brighter, more yellowish olive than the back. The brassy gloss on the dorsal feath-
ers reminds one of T. chrysopasta, but is, of course, much less brilliant. I can
hardly believe that another species of euphonia exists in Bolivia, which never
becomes black (the bird has all the appearance of being fully adult), and am
inclined to regard the type as an individual in "retarded" plumage of the ordinary
purple-headed species.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Boca da Ipueirp, Rio Grande, Bahia, 5;
Bahia, 12; Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Parnagua, Piauhy, 1; Lagoa Missao,
Piauhy, 1; Goyaz, 5; Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, 1; Ypan-
ema, Sao Paulo, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 6. — Paraguay: Villa Rica, 1; Cam-
byreta, 1. — Argentina: Concepcion, Misiones, 1; Santa Ana, Misiones, 1; Ocampo,
Chaco, 2; La Rioja, 2; Tucuman, 3; Metan, Salta, 2.— Bolivia: Guarayos, 3; Santa
Cruz, 1; unspecified, 3.
42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 37, 1888 — Conception and Catamarca,
Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 124 — Puerto Vermejo, Chaco; Boucard
and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— Porto Real, Rio;
Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 5, 1897— Aguairenda,
Bolivian Chaco; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 144, 1899 — Piracicaba,
Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900— Cantagallo, Rio; Kerr, Ibis, 1901,
p. 223 — Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8,
p. 175, 1902— Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904—
Salta, Rio Vermejo; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905—
Tucuman; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 92 — Curuzu Chica, Paraguay.
Acroleptes violaceicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409, 1865 — Brazil (descr.
of male; type in Berlin Museum); idem, I.e., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo,
Rio de Janeiro.
Euphona (Acroleptes) violaceicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 195, 1878 —
Sierra de Cordoba (crit.).
Euphonia chlorotica serrirostris Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 6, 1887 —
Lambar6, Paraguay (crit.); Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 3, p. 3,
1904 — Alto Parana, Paraguay (nesting habits); Hartert and Venturi,
Nov. Zool., 16, p. 170, 1909— Tucuman and Salta; Hellmayr, I.e., 30,
p. 232, 1923 — Guarayos (crit., note on types).
Euphonia chlorotica violaceicollis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 350,
1891 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910 — Bahia (Boca da Ipueiro and Santa
Rita, Rio Grande) and Piauhy (Parnagua and Lagda Missao); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 15, p. 26, 1908— Goyaz, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 41, 1926— Ceara.
Euphonia violaceicollis Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 4,
1900— Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 621— Sapucay,
Paraguay.
Euphonia aurea serrirostris Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 346, 1907 —
Avanhandava, Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18,
p. 373, 1910 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 —
Paraguay (Alto Parana, Asuncion); idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 285, 1919 —
Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay (nest descr.); M6negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn.,
11, p. 7, 1919 — Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones.
Euphonia chlorotica subsp. Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 170, 1909
— San Vicente, Chaco.
Euphonia aurea violaceicollis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
Berlin, pp. 1014, 1124, 1912— Brazil (Goyaz and Bahia to Sao Paulo1);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 350, 1912 — Villa Rica,
Paraguay; Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 9, p. 87, 1917 — Pocone, Matto
Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 233, 1923— Brazil (crit.); Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 186, 1925— part,
Bahia and Piauhy.
Tanagra chlorotica serrirostris Smyth and Serie, El Hornero, 3, p. 52, 1923 —
Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 68, 1923 — La Rioja.
1 Berlepsch also cites "Rio Purus," whence I cannot find any published record.
The localities "Rio Jurua" and "Rio Madeira" belong to T. x. xanthogaster.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 43
Tanagra chlorotica violaceicollis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 391,
1926— Las Palmas, Chaco; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 278, 1929— part, Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Parnagua, Lagoa Missao)
and Ceara (Varzea Formosa; Jua, near Iguatu; Serra de Baturite1) (crit.);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 368, 1930— Paraguay (Trini-
dad) and Matto Grosso (Descalvados, Agua Blanca de Corumba); Laub-
mann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 266, 1930 —
Argentina (Lapango, Terr. Formosa) and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija).
Range. — The greater part of eastern Brazil, from Piauhy and
Ceara south to Sao Paulo, west to Matto Grosso; Paraguay; northern
Argentina south to Entre Rios, Santa Fe", Cordoba, and La Rioja;
eastern Bolivia.
34: Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 1;
Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1; Serra de Baturite", Ceara, 2; Rio do
Peixe, Queimadas, Bahia, 1; Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa,
Minas Geraes, 3 ; Bauru, Sao Paulo, 1 ; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4) ;
Argentina (Caraguatay, Misiones, 1; Rio Iguassu, Misiones, 7; Los
Vasquez, Tucuman, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 6); Bolivia (Buena-
vista, 3; Santa Cruz, 1).
"Tanagra chlorotica taczanowskii (Sclater).1 TACZANOWSKI'S
EUPHONIA.
[Euphonia chlorotica] subsp. taczanowskii Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 65, 1886 — Callacate, Peru (type in British Museum).
Acroleptes serrirostris (not Euphonia serrirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409, 1865— Peru (crit.).
Euphonia serrirostris Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 194 —
Callacate, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 440, 1884 — Guajango (Maranon)
and Callacate, Peru.
Euphonia chlorotica serrirostris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 339— La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru.
Euphonia minuta (not of Cabanis) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 226— Tambillo, Peru.
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Berlepsch, Journ.
Orn., 37, p. 295, 1889— Tarapoto, lower Huallaga, Peru (crit.).
1 Tanagra chlorotica taczanowskii (Sclater) : Differs in the male sex from the
other races by more purplish upper parts, the rump and tail coverts being but
slightly more bluish than the back, and by decidedly paler yellow forehead and
under parts; female not distinguishable. Wing (males), 57-59; tail, 34-36.
While two males from Callacate, like ours from Moyobamba, are distinctly
paler yellow on forehead and under parts than even the pale-bellied examples from
Argentina, one from Tarapoto, lower Huallaga, can be matched by numerous
individuals from various parts of Brazil. The purplish color of the dorsal surface,
which involves even the rump and tail coverts, serves, however, to separate the
Peruvian males from the allied races.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Callacate, 3; Tarapoto, 1; Juanfue,
upper Huallaga, 1.
44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia taczanowskii Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1014, 1125, 1912 — Peru (Callacate, Tambillo, Guajango, Tarapoto, La
Merced) (crit.).
Tanagra taczanowskii Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 — Perico and
Bellavista, Rio Maranon, Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of northern Peru, from the upper Maranon
south to Junin (Chanchamayo Valley).
3: Peru (Moyobamba, 2; Chanchamayo, 1).
Tanagra concinna finschi (Sclater and Salvin).1 FINSCH'S
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia finschi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 19 —
Demerara, British Guiana (descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now
in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 70, pi. 8, fig. 1,
1886 — Demerara; Penard and Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 419, 1910 —
Surinam; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912 —
British Guiana and northern Brazil (Rio Branco).
Tanagra finschi Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 86, 1918 —
vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 495,
1921 — Takutu Mountains and Rupununi River; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 63, p. 127, 1931— Arabupu, Roraima.
Euphonia concinna (not of Sclater) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 203, 1870 —
Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, in Vienna Museum examined) ; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 69, 1886 — part, spec, n, Cayenne; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347, 1907— part, Rio Branco.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and the adjoining
parts of Venezuela (Roraima) and Brazil (upper Rio Branco).
4: Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Serra da Lua, near
Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 3).
*Tanagra concinna concinna (Sclater). YELLOW-FRONTED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia concinna Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 98, pi. 65,
fig. 2 (=male), pub. April, 1855 — Nova Grenada = "Bogota" (type in coll.
of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 23, p. 159, 1855 —
"Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 275, 1856— "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862— "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
1 Tanagra concinna finschi (Sclater and Salvin) : Closely similar to T. c. con-
cinna, but adult male with frontal cap slightly more extended and deeper in tone,
cadmium yellow to deep chrome instead of lemon chrome; upper parts more pur-
plish; lower parts much darker, abdomen and under tail coverts mars yellow; female
with hind crown and nape less grayish; cheeks and auriculars olivaceous instead
of grayish; forehead and under parts generally somewhat duller yellow. Under
tail coverts decidedly longer.
Specimens from the Rio Branco agree with others from Guiana.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: "Cayenne," 2.- — British
Guiana: Quonga, 1; unspecified, 2. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 5.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 45
p. 69, pi. 7 (male, female), 1886 — part, spec, a-m, "Bogota"; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347, 1907— part, Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota").
Tanagra concinna Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 589, 1917 — near
Honda, Magdalena Valley, Colombia.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (near Honda, Mag-
dalena Valley; common in native "Bogota" collections).1
2: Colombia ("Bogota," 2).
Tanagra concinna saturata (Cabanis).2 ORANGE-CROWNED
EUPHONIA.
Phonasca saturata Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 336, 1860 — "New Granada"
(type, collected by J. Warscewicz, in Berlin Museum).
Acroleptes saturatus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 407, 1865 — Babahoyo, Ecua-
dor (crit.).
Euphonia saturata Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 744 —
Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 443, 1884— Tumbez; Berlepsch and
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 288 — Surupata, Ecuador;
idem, I.e., 1885, p. 76— Yaguachi, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 70, pi. 8, fig. 2 (=male), 1886— Ecuador (Balzar) and Peru (Tum-
bez); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Ecuador; Salvadori
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899— Vinces and
Balzar, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 — "Archidona," Ecuador,
errore (spec, examined); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1015, 1126, 1912 — western Colombia (Jime'nez Cauca), Ecuador
(Balzar, Yaguachi, Surupata, Guayaquil), and Peru (Tumbez) (crit.);
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 83, 1922— road to
Nanegal, Ecuador.
Euphonia xanthogastra(t) (not Euphone xanlhogaster Sundevall) Sclater, Proc.
Zopl. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 275, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador.
Tanagra saturata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 590, 1917 —
Caldas and Cali, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 651, 1926 — Ecuador
(Esmeraldas, Manavi, Chongoncito, Santa Rosa, Rio Pindo, Cebollal,
1 Additional material examined.— Colombia: "Bogota," 22.
2 Tanagra concinna saturata (Cabanis) : Nearest to, and agreeing with, T. c.
finschi in intense coloration of crown and under parts, but yellow cap extended
over the whole pileum; female similar on the upper parts to T. c. finschi, but sides
of head not quite so olivaceous (though not so conspicuously grayish as in T. c.
concinna), and under surface markedly duller yellowish. Under tail coverts as
long as in T. c, finschi.
The presence of a small white spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix
is a purely individual character. I find it in three (out of twelve) Ecuadorian and
in one (out of five) Colombian examples. It also occurs occasionally in "Bogota"
skins of T. c. concinna, but I have never noticed it in the allied T. c. finschi. Two
males collected by Goodfellow at "Archidona" do not differ in the least from west-
ern specimens. The labeling is probably erroneous, the occurrence of the species
on the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador being open to serious doubt.
Material examined. — Colombia: Jime'nez (alt. 1,600 ft.), 1; Cauca, 1; Cali, 1;
Caldas, 2. — Ecuador: Vinces, 12; Balzar, 8; unspecified, 4; "Archidona," 2. —
Peru: Tumbez, 2.
46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pullango) and Peru (Milagros); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
(2), 4, p. 235, 1932 — La Palma, Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Colombia (Jime'nez; Caldas;
Cali, Rio Cauca), western Ecuador, and extreme northwestern Peru
(Tumbez; Milagros).
*Tanagra melanura (Sclater).1 BLACK-TAILED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia melanura Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 86 — "Barra do Rio Negro"
[ = Manaos], Brazil (type in coll. of Sclater, now in British Museum, exam-
ined); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 — "Bogota," Colom-
bia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 278, 1856 — Barra do Rio Negro and "Bogota"
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862 — same localities;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 179— upper and lower
Ucayali, Peru (crit.); idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977 — Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e.,
1873, p. 260 — Ucayali and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p.
447, 1884— Peru (Iquitos, Ucayali, Pebas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 78, pi. 9, 1886 — part, spec, a-i, k, 1, Brazil (Barra do Rio Negro),
Peru (Iquitos, Pebas, Sarayacu), and Colombia ("Bogota");2 Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889— Sarayacu (Ucayali) and Tarapoto (Hua-
llaga), Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357,
p. 15, 1899 — Rio Zamora, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
9, p. 18, 1902 — Maipures, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 347, 1907—
Borba, Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 9, 1908— Monte
Verde, Rio Purus; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910— Borba; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912 (range);
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914— Monte Verde, Rio Purus.
Tanagra melanura Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916 —
Maipures, Rio Orinoco; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 591,
1917 — Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 652, 1926 — Napo
and Zamora, Ecuador.
1 Tanagra melanura (Sclater) is very nearly related to T. laniirostris, but dif-
fers by its entirely black tail, lighter (less orange) yellow color of the under parts
and of the slightly more restricted frontal cap, and the presence of a well-developed
black margin to the gonydeal angle in the male sex. The female is only distin-
guishable by its duskier lateral rectrices without trace of a pale inner margin.
The supposed divergency in the shape of the tail (even in melanura, emarginate
in laniirostris) does not seem to exist. Considering the similarity of the females,
and the intermediate characters of T. I. zopholega, I can hardly believe that this
bird is more than subspecifically distinct, but unless the black-tailed Borba male
(with deep yellow crown and under parts) be an individual mutant of laniirostris,
the ranges of the two "species" would seem to overlap on the Rio Madeira.
The type differs from all other specimens examined by slightly smaller size,
markedly shorter bill, and lesser extent of the yellow cap; but as birds from
"Bogota" and Maipures and others from Peru are identical among themselves,
this can hardly be more than an individual variation. The locality "Barra do Rio
Negro" is perhaps a little doubtful.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 8. — Ecuador: Rio Zam-
ora, 1. — Peru: Iquitos, 7; Pebas, 4; Ucayali, 2. — Venezuela: Maipures, Rio Orinoco,
2. — Brazil: Borba, Rio Madeira, 2.
2 Spec, j, Maranura, Peru, pertains to T. I. zopholega, the female from Demer-
ara (spec, m) to some other species, probably T. v. violacea.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 47
Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the eastern base of the eastern
Andes of Colombia (Florencia, Caqueta) and the upper stretches of
the Orinoco (Maipures) south through eastern Ecuador to north-
eastern Peru (Pebas; Iquitos; Tarapoto and Moyobamba, Huallaga
River; Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali), and east to western Brazil (Monte
Verde, Rio Purus; Borba, Rio Madeira).1
8: Colombia ("Bogota," 1); Peru (Moyobamba, 7).
*Tanagra laniirostris laniirostris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
SHRIKE-BILLED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia laniirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 30, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (descr. of male and female;
types in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois.,
p. 266, pi. 22, fig. 1 (=male), 1839— Yungas, Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
Yuracares, and Guarayos, Bolivia; Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3,
p. 136, 1851— Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p.
86 — part, Bolivia (d'Orbigny's localities); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 277, 1856— Bolivia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598
— Bolivia (d'Orbigny's localities); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 262, 1883— part, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 76, 1886— part, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 81,
1889— Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (crit.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 351, 1891
— Abrilongo and Chapada, Matto Grosso (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 — part, Bolivia and Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov.
Zool., 14, p. 347, 1907— Humayta, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 — Bolivia (Yuracares, Guarayos,
Santa Cruz, Omeja, Songo, Suapi, Espirito Santo) and Brazil (Calama,
Humayta, Villa Maria, Sao Vicente, Villa Bella de Matto Grosso) ; Sneth-
lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914 (range).
Euphoria laniirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 — Villa Maria, Villa
Bella de Matto Grosso, and Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso (spec, examined).
Euphonia laniirostris laniirostris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910 —
Calama, Jamarysinho, and Maroins (Rio Machados), Rio Madeira
(crit.); idem, I.e., 30, p. 230, 1923 — Yuracares and Guarayos (note
on types).
Tangara laniirostris laniirostris Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p.
369, 1930— Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso.
Range. — Eastern Bolivia and the adjacent parts of western Brazil
in Matto Grosso, north to the upper Rio Madeira and its tributaries
(Humayta; Calama; Jamarysinho; Maroins, Rio Machados).2
1 Messrs. Penard (Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 426, 1910) are certainly mistaken in
including this species in the fauna of Dutch Guiana, and Beebe's record (Zoologica,
N.Y., 1, p. 102, 1909) from Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, based on a mangled female
example, cannot be accepted either.
2 Specimens from Matto Grosso agree well with those from Bolivia. There is
generally a suggestion of a blackish border to the gonydeal angle, though this
marking is never so "solid" as in melanura. Only the outermost rectrix shows an
48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
4: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1); Brazil (Chapada, Matto
Grosso, 3).
Tanagra laniirostris zopholega Oberholser.1 PERUVIAN SHRIKE-
BILLED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia laniirostris peruviana (not Tanagra peruviana Desmarest, 1806)
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 77, 1906 — La Merced, Dept.
Junin, and Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru (type, from La Merced, in Bran-
icki Collection, now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski,
Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 181, 1927); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912— Peru (La Merced, Santa Ana).
Tanagra laniirostris zopholega Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 126,
1918 — new name for Euphonia laniirostris peruviana Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, preoccupied.
Euphonia laniirostris (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 76, 1886 — part, spec, h', Maranura, Peru; Berlepsch
and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 339 — La Merced, Chan-
chamayo, Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of central-eastern Peru, in depts. of Junin
(La Merced, Chanchamayo) and Cuzco (Maranura and Santa Ana,
Urubamba).
Tanagra laniirostris hypoxantha (Berlepsch and Taczanowski).2
PALE-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia hypoxantha (Stolzmann MS.) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 544 — Chimbo, Ecuador (type in Warsaw Mu-
extensive white patch on the inner web, but one male from Villa Bella de Matto
Grosso and the type from Yuracares have a smaller white spot also on the penul-
timate tail feather. It is somewhat significant that the white tail spot is smallest
in a bird from Humayta, left bank of the Rio Madeira, in a region that adjoins the
distributional area of T. melanura.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Yuracares, 1; Guarayos, 2; Omeja, 1;
Espiritu Santo, 1. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Sao Vicente, 1; Villa Maria, 1; Villa
Bella, 1; Rio Madeira, Humayta, 1; Calama, 4; Maroins, Rio Machados, 2.
1 Tanagra laniirostris zopholega Oberholser: Very similar to T. I. laniirostris,
but with slightly longer wings and markedly larger bill; yellow frontal cap of males
less extended posteriorly (not more, as stated by the describers) and together with
the under parts somewhat paler (more like melanura) ; black gonydeal margin more
pronounced. Wing (males), 66-68; tail, 38-40; bill, 10-11.
The white spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix has about the same
extent as in laniirostris, while the penultimate tail feather is black, at best with a
faint suggestion of a small whitish dot. Excepting the tail markings, this form
betrays an undeniable tendency in the direction of T. melanura, and casts serious
doubts on the specific distinctness of the Black-tailed Euphonia.
Material examined. — Peru: La Merced, Chanchamayo, 2; Santa Ana,
Urubamba, 3.
2 Tanagra laniiroslris hypoxantha (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) : Similar to T. I.
crassirostris, but adult male with yellow cap extended to the nape; upper parts
much more violaceous; yellow of crown and under parts decidedly paler; female
not distinguishable with certainty.
Material examined. — Ecuador: Chimbo, 5; Rio Peripa, 1; Punta Santa Ana, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 49
seum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,
6, p. 181, 1927); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 445, 1884— Peru (Lechu-
gal, Paucal); idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77—
Yaguachi, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 77, 1886—
Ecuador (Chimbo, Babahoyo, Santa Rita) and Peru; Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898— Chimbo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899— Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 (range).
Euphonia crassirosiris (not of Sclater, 1857) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
28, p. 275, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
58, 1862 — part, spec, e, Babahoyo; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 277— Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 28, 1902— part, western Ecuador and Peru.
Tanagra hypoxantha Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 652, 1926 —
Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Chone, Chongocito, Rio de Oro, Bucay, Rio
Jubones, Santa Rosa, Portovelo, Punta Santa Ana, Casanga, Rio Pindo,
Salvias, Lunama, Guainche, Las Pinas, Cebollal, Alamor) and Peru
(Paletillas, Palambla).
Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and northwestern
Peru, south to Paucal.
Tanagra laniirostris crassirostris (Sclater). THICK-BILLED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia crassirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 277,
pub. Jan., 1857 — "New Grenada, Bogota" (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum);1 idem, I.e., 25, p. 19, 1857 — "Bogota"; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 — part, spec, a-d, "Bogota" and Cara-
cas, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 349
— Panama Railroad; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 138 — Davfd, Panama; idem,
I.e., 1870, p. 186— Veraguas (Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora);
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 — Cucuta Valley and Bucaramanga, Colombia;
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 54 — Cartago, Costa Rica;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia
(crit.); idem, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 — "Bogota"; Robinson,
Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 161, 1895 — Magdalena River, Colombia;
Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumanacoa, San Antonio, and Caripe",
Monagas, northeastern Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12,
pp. 141, 179, 1898— Santa Marta and Palomina, Colombia; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 170, 1900— Bonda, Onaca, Minca, and Caca-
gualito, Colombia (crit.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 28, 1900
— Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901 — Divala, Chiriquf;
idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902— Boquete, Chiriquf;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 28, 1902— part, Costa
Rica to Colombia and Venezuela (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308,
1907— [Boruca], Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 867,
1 In the Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 77, a specimen from Santa Marta is
erroneously listed as type.
50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1910 — Costa Rica (Coralfllo and Boruca); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota," Bucaramanga).
Phonasca brachyptera Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 410, 1865 — "Caracas (Porto
Cabello)" (descr. of young male and female; types in Berlin Museum).
Euphonia laniirostris (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., 1851, p. 86— part, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 199
— Atanquez, Colombia (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1880, p. 119 — Santa Marta,
Minca, and Atanquez, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 262, 1883 — part, Costa Rica (Angostura), Panama,
and Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 76, 1886— part,
spec, a-g', Costa Rica (Angostura), Veraguas (Santa Fe, Calovevora,
Chitra, Cordillera de Tole), Chiriqui, Panama (railroad line, Paraiso
Station), Colombia (Minca, Santa Marta, Atanquez, "Bogota"), and
Venezuela (San Esteban, Caracas).
Euphonia hirundinacea (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
22, p. 98, 1854 — part, Chiriqui and Nova Grenada; Lawrence, Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 298, 1861— Panama Railroad.
Euphonia crassirostris(l) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 175,
1865— David, Chiriqui (crit.).
Euphonia sp.(?) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 138 — Cordillera de
Tole, Veraguas.
Euphonia crassirostris brachyptera Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1019, 1128, 1912— Costa Rica to Colombia and
Venezuela (crit.).
Euphonia violacea (not Fringilla violacea Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627— San Esteban, Venezuela.
Euphonia laniirostris crassirostris Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78,
A, Heft 5, p. 164, 1912— San Esteban, Venezuela.
Tanagra crassirostris crassirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
591, 1917 — Colombia (Puerto Valdivia, La Manuelita, Cauca Valley,
Puerto Berrio, Honda, El Consuelo, and Chicoral; crit.); Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 370, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia, Darien, Panama.
Tanagra crassirostris Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 277, 1918 —
Gatun, Mindi, Toro Point, and Mount Hope, Panama; Todd and Car-
riker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 496, 1922 — La Conception, Chirua,
Fundacion, Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Cincinnati, La
Tigrera, and Don Diego, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit.); Darling-
ton, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 418, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena,
Colombia.
Range. — Tropical zone of Costa Rica (four or five records),
Panama, Colombia (Santa Marta region; Cauca and Magdalena
valleys), and northern Venezuela (from Tachira and Zulia east to
Monagas).1
1 Birds from the Cauca and Magdalena valleys ("Bogota") are on average
larger (wing of adult males, 62-67 against 59-63), but, contrary to Berlepsch's
statement, they do not constantly differ in the gloss of the upper parts from a
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 51
12: Panama (Colon, 1); Colombia (Fundacion, 1; "Bogota," 2);
Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 1; La Azulita, MeYida, 1; El Escorial,
MeYida, 1; Orope, Zulia, 2; Catatumbo River, Zulia, 2; La Ceiba,
Trujillo, 1).
*Tanagra lauta1 lauta Bangs and Penard. BONAPARTE'S
EUPHONIA.
Etiphonia hirundinacea (not Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, 1831) Bonaparte,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 117, pub. June, 1838— Guatemala
(descr. of young male; type in coll. of Velasquez de Leon, subsequently
in Derby Collection [now in Liverpool Museum]; cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 22, p. 98, 1854); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 98,
pi. 65, fig. 1 (adult male), 1854 [ = April, 1855]— part, Guatemala (descr.);
idem, I.e., 24, p. 278, 1856 — Guatemala and C6rdova, Mexico (monog.);
idem, I.e., p. 303, 1856— Cordova, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 378,
1859 — vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico;
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16 — Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862 — Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz), "New Granada,"
and Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 550, 1869
— hot region of Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 836— Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 18,
1876 — Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25,
p. 42, 1878— Guatemala; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 180, 1882— Guate-
mala; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 443 — Chable, Izalam,
and Tizimin, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
1, p. 261, 1883 — part, Mexico to Nicaragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 75, 1886 — Mexico (Orizaba, Yucatan) to Honduras (San
Pedro); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893— Rio Escon-
dido, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 18, p. 631, 1896 — Altamira, Tamaulipas;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 279, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yu-
catan; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899 — Rinconada,
Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 25, 1902—
part, Mexico to Nicaragua (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
50, p. 142, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 121, 1907 — Mazatenango, Guatemala; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 — Mexico to Nica-
ragua; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo.
Tanagra lauta lauta Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 35,
1919 — new name for Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte, preoccupied;
series of Venezuelan and Panama examples. The slight variation in size appears
to me altogether insufficient grounds for maintaining the race brachyptera.
Additional material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill, 6. — Colombia: Mamatoco,
2; Bonda, 6; Barranquilla, 1; Rio Cauqueta, Cauca, 2; Cauca Valley, 3; Bucara-
manga, 2; "Bogota," 14. — Venezuela: Me>ida, 6; mountains inland of Cumana
(San Antonio, Cumanacoa, etc.), 10.
1 1 should have been inclined to consider Bonaparte's Euphonia conspecific
with T. laniirostris were it not for the fact that races of both, T. lauta gnatho and
T. laniirostris crassirostris, have been reported to occur in extreme western Panama
(Chiriqui) and eastern Costa Rica.
52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 373, 1932— Guatemala (Finca
Chama, Finca Cipres, and San Felipe) (crit.).
Euphonia sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 303, 1856— Cordova,
Vera Cruz (descr. of female).
Tanagra hirundinacea Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 391, 1929 —
Camp Six and Mountain Cow, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., p. 469,
1929 — Progreso and Tela, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
84, p. 337, 1932 — Cantarranas, Honduras.
Range. — Southeastern Mexico (in states of Tamaulipas, Vera
Cruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo) south through
British Honduras, Guatemala, and Honduras to eastern Nicaragua.
11: Mexico ("Mexico City," 1; Tampico, 1; Teapa, Tabasco,
3); Guatemala (Mazatenango, 3; San Felipe, Retalhuleu, 2;
unspecified, 1).
Tanagra lauta proba Bangs and Penard.1 THICK-BILLED
EUPHONIA.
Phonasca gnatho (not Tanagra gnatho Lichtenstein, 1830) Cabanis, Journ.
Orn., 8, p. 335, 1860 — Costa Rica (descr. of adult male; type in Berlin
Museum).
Tanagra lauta proba Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 35,
1919 — new name for Phonasca gnatho Cabanis, preoccupied.
Phonasca hirundinacea (not Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte) Cabanis,
Journ. Orn., 8, p. 334, 1860— Costa Rica (young male).
Euphonia hirundinacea Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172 —
Turrialba, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98,
1868 — Turrialba and San Juan, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17,
p. 297, 1869 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 261, 1883 — part, Costa Rica (Turrialba, San Juan);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 75, 1886— part, Costa Rica; Zeledon,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Costa Rica (San JosS,
Naranjo de Cartago, Monte Redondo de San Jose); Cherrie, Auk, 9,
p. 24, 1892 — San Jose and Pacific side of Costa Rica (nest and eggs);
Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 435 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc.
New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 25, 1902— part, Costa Rica.
Euphonia gnatho Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 — Costa
Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869— San Jose;
1 Tanagra lauta proba Bangs and Penard differs from the nominate race by
larger, more swollen bill; more bottle green, less bluish gloss of the upper parts in
the male, and more yellowish under parts in the female sex.
These characters are most strongly pronounced in specimens from the Pacific
side of Costa Rica, although a male from San Juan (collected by A. von Frantzius)
is also exceedingly typical. My material from the Caribbean side being very
inadequate, consisting as it does of only three males, I cannot decide whether it is
more correct to refer them to T. I. lauta, as Griscom proposes to do, or to call them,
with Bangs, T. L proba.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 53
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 262, 1883 — Tempate,
Nicoya (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 76, 1886— Costa
Rica (Turrialba, Tempate); Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 225,
1905 — Costa Rica (descr. of female); Bangs, I.e., 22, p. 37, 1909 — Costa
Rica (crit.).
Euphonia hirundinacea gnatho Carriker (and Todd), Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 867, 1910— Costa Rica (crit.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912— Costa Rica and Chiriquf.
Range. — Northwestern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and extreme
western Panama (Chiriqui).
3: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 1); Costa Rica (Las
Canas, 1; Miravalles, 1).
"Tanagra violacea violacea (Linnaeus). VIOLACEOUS EUPHONIA.
Fringilla violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 182, 1758 — "in calidis
regionibus"; Surinam designated as type locality by Berlepsch and Hart-
ert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902)1 (type in Museum Adolphi Friderici).
Euphoria violacea Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 670,
"1848" [ = 1849]— British Guiana; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Nor-
mandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 — Cayenne.
Euphone violacea var. minor Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berlin Mus., p.
29, 1823 — Cayana (type in Berlin Museum).
Parus cyanochlorus Pallas, in Vroeg, Cat. Rais. Coll. d'Ois., Adumbrat., p. 3,
1764 — Surinam (descr. of adult male).
Euphonia violacea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 86 — part, Trinidad, Cay-
enne, and British Guiana; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 277, 1856 —
part, same localities (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862
— part, spec, a, b, g, Cayenne and Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82 —
Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 306, 1866— Trinidad; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 208 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove and Roraima); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 74, 1886 — part, subsp. typica, Trinidad, Cayenne,
and British Guiana (Roraima, Bartica Grove) ; Riker and Chapman, Auk,
7, p. 266, 1890 — Santarem, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
6, p. 28, 1894— Trinidad; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18,
1902 — Suapure, La Pricion, and La Union, Caura, Venezuela; Goeldi,
Ibis, 1903, p. 398— Rio Capim, Para; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 10, p. 181, 1904 — Kourou and Saint Jean du Maroni, French
Guiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907— Marajo (Jutahizal),
Para, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Capim, Rio Maracafia, and Cussary;
idem, I.e., 56, p. 522, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Ber-
lepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 112, 316, 1908— Cayenne and French Guiana
localities; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 422, 1910 — Surinam (habits);
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910—
Miritiba, Maranhao; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1018, 1127, 1912 — Guianas, Trinidad and northern Brazil;2 Snethlage,
1 Cf. also Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1018, 1127, 1912.
1 The locality "Teffe" appears to be a pen-slip.
54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 439, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Benevides, Peixe-
Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Itacuao, Rio Capim (Araproaga), Rio
Moju, Cussary, Rio Tocantins (Ilha Pirunum, Arumatheua), Rio Iriri
(Santa Julia), Rio Tapajoz (Boim, Goyana, Ilha do Papageio), Marajo
(Pindobal, Chaves), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Rio Jamunda
(Faro), and Maranhao; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 60, 1926 — Maranhao (Anil, Tury-assu); Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric.
Trin. Tob., 20, p. 129, 1922 — Port-of-Spain and Maracas, Trinidad
(nesting).
Euphone violacea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 — part,
Guiana.
Phonasca Lichtensteinii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 331, 1860 — Cayenne (type
in Berlin Museum).
Euphonia purpurea Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 466, 1867 —
"South America" (descr. of adult male; type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Solater,
Ibis, 1885, p. 272 (crit.; = Cayenne specimens).1
Euphona lichtensteinii Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 — Para and Borba,
Rio Madeira (spec, examined).
Euphonia violacea lichtensteinii Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 —
Trinidad (Caparo, Pointe Gourde, Valencia, Chaguaramas) ; idem, I.e.,
13, p. 356, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 14, p. 6,
1907 — Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz; M6negaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
14, p. 8, 1908— French Guiana; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
1, p. 357, 1908 — Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; Snethlage, Journ. Orn.,
56, p. 498, 1908— Rio Tapajoz (Ilha do Papageio, Goyana); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910— Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-
phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 8, 87, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Para
(Para localities).
Tanagra violacea lichtensteinii Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 99, 1916 —
Utinga, Para; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928—
Rio Guama and Castanhal, Para.
Tanagra violacea Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916 —
El Llagual, Suapure, Maripa, and La Union, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 498, 1921 — British Guiana.
Tanagra violacea violacea Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 87, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 278, 1929— Maranhao (Tury-assu, Rosario, Tran-
queira) and Goyaz (Santo Antonio, Boa Vista) (crit.).
Tanagra violacea rodwayi Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 7, p. 30, 1919 —
Mount Roraima, British Guiana (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 399,
1930 (crit.).2
1 Mr. J. T. Zimmer (in litt.) corroborates Sclater's identification with typical
violacea.
2 Birds from Roraima, while identical in coloration, average slightly larger
(wing of males, 60-63; tail, 32-35), some individuals being hardly inferior in
dimensions to the smaller examples of T. v. aurantiicollis, but I agree with Bangs
that it serves no practical purpose to maintain T. v. rodwayi.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 55
Range. — Island of Trinidad; northeastern Venezuela (from the
Paria Peninsula south to the Orinoco Delta and the Caura Valley) ;
British, Dutch, and French Guiana; northern Brazil, north of the
Amazon west to the Rio Jamunda, and south of the river from the
lower Rio Madeira (Borba) east to Maranhao.1
14: Trinidad (Valencia, 1); Venezuela (Guanoco, Orinoco Delta,
1); British Guiana (Potaro, 1; Mazaruni River, 1); Dutch Guiana
(Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Utinga, Para, 1; Tury-assu, Maranhao, 4;
Sao Luiz, Maranhao, 1; Rosario, Maranhao, 1; Tranqueira, Maran-
hao, 1; Santo Antonio, Boa Vista, Goyaz, 1).
Tanagra violacea aurantiicollis (Bertoni).2 GREATER VIOLA-
CEOUS EUPHONIA.
Euphonia aurantiicollis Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 94, Jan.,
1901 — Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W.
Bertoni).
Euphone violacea (not Fringilla violacea Linnaeus) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl.
Berlin Mus., p. 29, 1823— Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1),
p. 439, 1830 — southeastern Brazil; Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3,
p. 136, 1851— part, Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 195,
1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Euphonia violacea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 86 — part, Rio de Janeiro;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 277, 1856 — part, southeastern Brazil;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 — part, spec, c-f, Brazil; Rein-
hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 433 — Lagoa Santa,
Minas Geraes; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 331 — Pernambuco (Recife) and
Parahyba; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 117, 1885—
Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 74,
1886 — part, subsp. "lichtensteini," Pernambuco, Bahia, Nova Friburgo,
"Rio Claro, Goyaz," Sao Paulo, and "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899 — Mundo Novo;
1 Additional material examined. — Trinidad, 18. — British Guiana: Roraima, 4;
Bartica Grove, 1; Demerara, 6. — Surinam: Paramaribo, 4. — French Guiana:
Cayenne, 12; Roche Marie, 1; Approuague, 2. — Venezuela: Guanoco, Orinoco
Delta, 3; Caura Valley, 5. — Brazil: Miritiba, Maranhao, 3; Para region, 12;
Borba, Rio Madeira, 2.
2 Tanagra violacea aurantiicollis (Bertoni): Similar to T. v. violacea, but larger;
adult males with yellow frontal band decidedly wider; hind crown and nape
frequently more strongly glossed with violaceous. Wing (adult males), 62-67;
tail, 35-41.
A good series from Santa Catharina (thus topotypical magna) cannot be dis-
tinguished from two Paraguayan examples (aurantiicollis). They all have the
same large size, and agree in the decidedly violaceous gloss on the hind neck.
Birds from Sao Paulo — no adult males from Rio de Janeiro are available — are
similar to those from the south, whereas Bahia skins, by slightly smaller size, form
the transition to typical violacea, though they are much nearer to aurantiicollis.
Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 4. — Brazil: Joinville,
Santa Catharina, 11; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Rio Parani, Sao Paulo, 3; Sapitiba,
Rio de Janeiro, 1; Bahia, 9.
56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 145, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Piracicaba,
Iguape); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio;
Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40— Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347,
1907 — Sao Paulo (Santos, Alto da Serra, Ubatuba, Iguape, Piracicaba),
Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Bahia, and Rio Grande do Sul (Nova Ham-
burgo); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910 —
Paraguay (Alto Parana); Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913
— Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni
and Iguassu).
Euphoria violacea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapi-
tiba, Registo do Sai) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio Parana).
Phonasca violacea Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio.
Euphonia violacea aurantiicollis Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 622 — Sapucay, Paraguay
(crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1018, 1128,
1912 — Paraguay; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 285, 1919 — Paraguay
(nest descr.).
Tanagra aurantiicollis Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 — Paraguay
and Misiones.
Tanagra violacea aurantiicollis Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — Misiones.
Euphonia violacea magna (not Tanagra magna Gmelin, 1789) Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1018, 1127, 1912— Blumenau, Santa
Catharina (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum);
Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920— Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Tanagra violacea pampolla Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 126,
1918 — new name for Euphonia violacea magna Berlepsch, preoccupied.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Parahyba,
Pernambuco, Bahia, and southern Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) to
Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent districts of Argentina (Misiones)
and Paraguay.
4: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3); Argentina (Iguazu,
Misiones, 1).
Tanagra catasticta Oberholser.1 BLACK-THROATED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia vittata (not Tanagra vittata Temminck, 1821) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 129 — Brazil (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in
British Museum, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 —
1 Tanagra catasticta Oberholser, resting upon a single South Brazilian trade-
skin, is a very peculiar bird. It generally resembles T. rufiventris, but the black
gorget is farther extended posteriorly; the feathers of the chest and sides have
wide bluish black sub terminal bars or spots; the median portion of the under
parts is duller, more ochraceous; the forehead back to the anterior edge of the
eye is dull yellow, this color being confined to the very tips of the frontal feathers;
the inner web of the outermost rectrix is marked with a small white subapical spot.
Wing (adult male), 63; tail, 36; bill, 11.
The type is a skin of the unmistakable "Rio" preparation. It is hard to
believe that no second specimen should have been obtained in such an easily
accessible region as the vicinity of the Brazilian capital, if it were a distinct
species. Its color characters are just what might be expected from the result of
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 57
Brazil; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 80, pi. 10 (male), 1886— Brazil;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912— Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro?).
Tanagra catasticta Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 125, 1918 —
new name for Euphonia vittata Sclater, preoccupied.
Range. — Southeastern Brazil (exact locality unknown).
Tanagra rufiventris rufiventris Vieillot. RUFOUS-BELLIED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 32, p. 426,
1819 — no locality indicated (type, collected by Sonnerat, in Paris Museum).1
Tanagra chrysogaster (not of Cuvier, 1829) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 461,
1831 — "Amerique" (descr. of male; type probably in Paris Museum).
Euphonia tricolor Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1850, p. 48, pi. 49, fig. 2 (male),
1850 — Peru (location of type unknown).
Euphone rufiventris Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 135, 1851 —
Brazil (diag.).
Euphonia rufiventris Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 87— Peru; Cassin, in
Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exped., 2, p. 182, pi. 20, fig. 1 (= male), 1855—
Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 279, 1856— Peru (Maynas,
Ucayali) and Brazil (Rio Negro, Barcellos, San Carlos); idem, I.e., 26,
p. 74, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59,
1862 — Peruvian Amazon and Rio Napo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 749, 977 — Xeberos and Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e.,
1873, p. 261 — Xeberos, Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn.
Per., 2, p. 447, 1884 — Peru (Chamicuros, Xeberos, Pebas, Tarapoto);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 79, 1886— Peru (Ucayali, Pebas),
Brazil (Ega), Ecuador ("Intaj," Sarayacu), and "Oyapock, Cayenne";
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 339 — La Gloria,
Chanchamayo, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 — Coca, upper Rio
Napo, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902 —
Munduapo (Rio Orinoco), Nicare and La Pricion (Caura), Venezuela;
hybridization between T. pectoralis and T. xanthogaster, two species known to
occur in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. The shape of the bill and the greater
extent of the glossy black gorget point to T. pectoralis, while the blackish barring
of the sides, the suggestion of the yellow frontal spot, and the white marking
on the outer tail feather recall T. xanthogaster. Another argument in favor of the
theory just advanced is that T. pectoralis, T. rufiventris, and T. cayennensis appear
to be geographical representatives, which leaves hardly room for a second species
of the same group in southeastern Brazil.
1 Vieillot's description, based on Spnnerat's specimen from an undetermined
locality in the Paris Museum, refers without any question to the present species.
The second example mentioned by Vieillot — "appprte du Bresil, qui differe du
precedant en ce qu'il a la poitrine et toutes less parties inferieures d'un roux fonce"
— is clearly T. pectoralis (Latham), a South Brazilian species, and we learn indeed
from the text of "L'Euphone a ventre marron du Bresil" in Vieillot and Oudart's
"Galerie des Oiseaux," 2, Suppl., that it was obtained towards the close of the
year 1816 by the naturalist Delalande, Jr., who worked exclusively in the vicinity
of Rio de Janeiro. Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 53, note, 1902) were,
therefore, mistaken in suggesting Rio de Janeiro as type locality for T. rufiventris,
a purely Amazonian species, and we have, accordingly, substituted Iquitos, Peru,
as a more appropriate patria (cf. Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 18, note 1, 1920).
58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 113, 1908 — "Oyapock, Cayenne"; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 427,
1910— "Cayenne"; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910— Calama, Rio
Madeira; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1020, 1129,
1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914— Boa Vista,
Rio Xingu, Brazil (spec, examined).
Euphona rufiventris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 — Rio Negro (above
Lamalonga, Barcellos, Marabitanas, San Carlos) and Rio Icanna, Brazil.
Tanagra rufiventris Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916 —
Munduapo, Orinoco; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 653, 1926
— Rio Suno, Ecuador.
Tanagra rufiventris rufiventris Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 370,
1930 — mouth of Rio Cherrie (Rio Roosevelt) and Monte Cristo,
Matto Grosso.
Range. — Amazonia, from the Orinoco basin and southeastern
Colombia (Cuembi, Rio Putumayo) south to central-eastern Peru
(as far south as the Chanchamayo Valley, Dept. Junin) and western
Brazil (east to the Rio Negro and Rio Xingu, south to northern
Matto Grosso).1
Tanagra rufiventris colorata Todd.2 SOUTHERN RUFOUS-BELLIED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra rufiventris colorata Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 169, 1913 — Rio
"Turutu" [= Surutu], Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum).
1 Specimens from various localities exhibit certain peculiarities which, if
corroborated by larger series, might lead to further subdivision. Males from the
Orinoco region, Rio Negro, Rio Madeira, and Rio Xingu, when compared to a
series from eastern Ecuador and Peru, have the median under parts and the lower
tail coverts deeper orange rufous, and the sulphine yellow lateral area in females
is brighter as well as more extensive, though there is some variation in both sexes.
Birds from as far south as Chuchurras, Dept. Huanuco, seem to be inseparable
from others taken at Cuembi, Colombia, and El Loreto, Ecuador.
This is strictly an Amazonian species, and the locality "Intag" on one of
Buckley's skins in the British Museum is doubtless due to a confusion of labeling.
I must also question the location "Oyapock, Cayenne," since French Guiana is
tenanted by another nearly related species (T. cayennensis) .
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, 2. —
Ecuador: El Loreto, 3; Coca, 1; Sarayacu, 3. — Peru: Rio Ucayali, 3; Chuchurras,
Dept. Huanuco, 2. — Brazil: Lamalonga, Rio Negro, 1; Barcellos, Rio Negro, 7;
Rio Icanna, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 2; Boa Vista, Rio Xingu, 1 (male). — Vene-
zuela: San Carlos, Rio Guainia, 1; Munduapo, Orinoco, 2; Caura Valley (Nicare,
La Pricion), 8.
2 Tanagra rufiventris colorata Todd: Similar to T. r. rufiventris, but with mark-
edly larger bill ; median under parts of males somewhat duller, mars yellow rather
than orange rufous; female brighter green above and on under parts clearer gray,
with the sulphine yellow lateral area much more restricted and the crissum paler
honey yellow. Wing, 62-64, (female) 59; tail, 38-41, (female) 32; bill, 10-11.
Although the type appears to be aberrant by reason of its unusually dark
belly, five specimens may be distinguished by the above characters from the
series of typical rufiventris.
Material examined. — Peru: Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Dept. Puno, 4. — Bolivia
(unspecified), 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 59
Euphonia rufiventris (not Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot) Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg.,
85, A, Heft 10, p. 18, 1920— Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Peru (Carabaya) and
northern Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Dept. Santa Cruz).
"Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin.1 CAYENNE EUPHONIA.
Tanagra cayo.no. Linnaeus,2 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based
primarily on "Le Tangara noir de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 29, pi. 2,
fig. 1; Cayenne (type in Reaumur Collection).
Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — based on "Le
Tangara noir de Cayenne" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 1), "Le
Tangara negre" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 297), and "Tangara, de
Cayenne" Daubenton (PI. Enl., pi. 114, fig. 3); Cayenne.
Euphona cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 671,
"1848" [= 1849]— British Guiana.
Euphone cayana Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 135, 1851 —
Guiana (diag.).
Euphonia cayana Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 88 — Cayenne and Guiana;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 278, 1856 — Cayenne, British Guiana,
and lower Amazon (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862 —
Cayenne and River Amazon; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 570— Para, Brazil; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208— Bartica Grove and
Camacusa, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 81, 1886
— Cayenne, British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Demerara), and
lower Amazon; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 — Para and Santo
Antonio do Prata, Para; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908 — Cayenne;
Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 427, 1910— Surinam.
Euphone cajana Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 197, 1856 — Guiana
and northern Brazil.
Euphona cayana Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 — Barra do Rio Negro
[= Manaos] and Para, Brazil (spec, examined).
Euphonia cayennensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 357, 1906 — Santo Antonio
do Prata, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 (range); M6ne-
gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 8, 1908— French Guiana; Ber-
lepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 321, 1908 (nomencl.); idem, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 — Guianas and northern Brazil (Para,
Barra do Rio Negro); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 9, 87, 1912— Ipitinga, Rio Acara, and Para localities;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Bene-
vides, Santa Isabel, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Guama (Santa Maria
1 Tanagra cayennensis is probably conspecific with T. rufiventris. While the
male is easily recognizable by its bluish black under parts, the female differs merely
by gray instead of honey yellow lower tail coverts and duller, less yellowish sides
of the body.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 5. — British Guiana:
Camacusa, 1; Bartica Grove, 1. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 6. — Brazil:
Para, 3; Bemfica, 1; Santo Antonio do Prata, 3; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 2; Manaos, 2.
2 Preoccupied by another Tanagra cayana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1,
p. 315, 1766.
60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
do Sao Miguel), and Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Brazil;
idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926— Tury-assu,
Maranhao.
Tanagra cayennensis Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 99, 1916— Utinga, Para;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928— Para; Chubb, Bds.
Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 492, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Kamakabra
Creek, Bonasika River, Anarica River, Arawai, Great Falls of Demerara,
Tiger Creek, Essequibo, Camacusa, and Bartica Grove; Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 277, 1929— Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil,
west to Manaos, south of the Amazon from Para east to northern
Maranhao (Tury-assu).
2: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 1); Brazil (Murutucu,
Para, 1).
Tanagra pectoralis (Latham).1 CHESTNUT-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Pipra pectoralis Latham, Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. Ivii, 1801 — based on "Gold-
breasted Manakin" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., Suppl., 2, Add., p. 374;
Brazil (descr. of male).
Tanagra chlorocyanea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 427,
1819 — 'TAmerique meridionale" (descr. of female; type in Paris Museum);
Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 355, 1855 (crit.).
Pipra frontalis Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 8, p. 286, 1822—
Brazil (descr. of female; type in Upsala Museum); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903,
p. 241 (crit.).
Euphone rufiventris (not Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot) Lichtenstein, Verz.
Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 30, 1823 — Bahia, Brazil (descr. of male and
female; types in Berlin Museum).
Euphone rufiventris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 447, 1830 — Marica,
Rio de Janeiro.
Tanagra umbilicalis Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 460, 1831— "Bresil (Delalande)"
= Rio de Janeiro (descr. of female; type in Paris Museum).
Euphone pectoralis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 135, 1851 — Brazil
(diag.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 196, 1856— Nova
Friburgo, Rio.
Euphonia pectoralis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 87 — Brazil; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 279, 1856 — southeastern Brazil and "Goyaz"
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862 — Brazil; Pelzeln,
Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 91, 1865 — mountains near Rio de Janeiro;
1 Tanagra pectoralis (Latham) is another close ally, differing from T. cayen-
nensis in the male sex by chestnut posterior under parts, while the female may
be separated by deep tawny instead of gray lower tail coverts. It is also some-
what larger.
Two birds from Paraguay are identical with a Brazilian series.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 1; Taveira, Espirito Santo, 2;
Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 4; Praya do Sai, Rio,
3; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 5; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 61
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 433 — Minas
Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 80, 1886 — southeastern Brazil (Nova Friburgo; Registo do Sai; "Pelo-
tas, Rio Grande do Sul"); Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird,
2, p. 42, 1892— Porto Real, Rio; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul,
16, p. 118, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul (occurrence extremely doubtful);
idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 145, 1899— Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Iguape",
Sao Sebastiao); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Nova Friburgo and Cantagallo,
Rio; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 143, 1902— Sapucay, Para-
guay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Alto da
Serra, Ubatuba, Itapura, Iguape) and Parana (Ourinho); Chubb, Ibis,
1910, p. 623 — Sapucay, Paraguay (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912— Bahia to Santa Catharina,
(?)Goyaz, and (?)Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun.
Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni, Iguassu); idem, El Hor-
nero, 1, p. 286, 1919 — Paraguay (nest descr.); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
12, (2), p. 101, 1920— Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Euphone umbilicalis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 — Brazil
(descr. of female).
Euphona pectoralis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro
(Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio Parana).
Iliolopha pectoralis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio.
Euphonia berlepschiana Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 98, 1901 —
Alto Parana, Paraguay (types in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Tanagra pectoralis Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 — Misiones;
Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 191, 1926— Salto do
Cobre, Parana; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 319, 1928— Serra
do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Bahia to Santa Catharina,1 and the adjacent parts of Argentina
(Misiones) and Paraguay.
3: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3).
"Tanagra gouldi gouldi (Sclater). GOULD'S EUPHONIA.
Euphonia gouldi(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 66, pi. 124, 1857 —
Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Gould, present location unknown); idem,
I.e., 25, p. 229, 1857 — Santecomapam, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 17— Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 194— San
Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60,
1862 — Choctum, Guatemala; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9,
p. 98, 1868 — Costa Rica (Angostura, "Payua" [= Pacuare], and "Dota
Mountains"); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 — eastern Costa
Rica (Angostura, Pacuare, Tucurriqui, "Dota Mountains"); Sumichrast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz; Salvin,
1 The records from "Goyaz" and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," are extremely
questionable.
62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ibis, 1872, p. 315 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon,
(n.s.), 25, p. 42, 1878— Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 54 — San Carlos, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 263, 1883— part, Mexico to Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 81, 1886 — part, spec, a-i, Guatemala (Choctum, Kam-
khal), British Honduras (Belize), Nicaragua (Chontales), and Costa Rica
(Angostura, La Valsa); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 585,
1887 — Segovia River, Honduras; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
1, p. 109, 1887— Jimenez, Costa Rica; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 488, 1893—
Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad.
Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899— Santo Tomas, Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 29, 1902 — part, southern Mexico to Costa Rica;
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras;
Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 121, 1907— Los Amates,
Guatemala; Ferry, I.e., p. 278, 1910 — Guayabo, Costa Rica; Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 866, 1910 — Caribbean Costa Rica (excluding
Port Limon); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021,
1912 — part, southern Mexico to Costa Rica; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379,
1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo.
Tanagra gouldi Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927—
Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 391,
1929 — Mountain Cow, British Honduras.
Tanagra gouldi gouldi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 470, 1929 —
Lancetilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 375, 1932 —
Guatemala (Finca Chama, Chimoxan, Secanquim, Finca Sepacuite);
Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932— Eden and Great
Falls of Pis Pis River, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 337, 1932— Lance-
tilla and Segovia River, Honduras.
Range. — Caribbean side of southeastern Mexico (in states of
Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Quintana Roo), British Honduras, Guate-
mala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (excepting extreme
southeastern section south of Port Limon).
14: British Honduras (Twelve Mile Station, Stann Creek Rail-
road, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1; Bobos, Izabal, 1;
Escobas, Izabal, 3; unspecified, 4) ; Costa Rica (Guayabo, 1 ; Limon, 1;
Siquirres, 1); "Central America," 1.
*Tanagra gouldi praetermissa Peters.1 CHIRIQU! LAGOON
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra gouldi praetermissa Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 470,
1929 — Western River, Almirante Bay, Panama (type in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, I.e., 71, p. 340, 1931 —
Changuinola, Almirante, Guabo, and Crimacola, Panama.
1 Tanagra gouldi praetermissa Peters: Similar to T. g. gouldi, but much smaller,
the male with the chestnut abdominal area on average less extensive. Wing,
52-56 (against 55-60), (female) 49-53 (against 54-59) (Peters, I.e.).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 63
Euphonic gouldi (not of Sclater) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 866,
1910 — part, Port Limon, Costa Rica.
Tanagra gouldi Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, p. 462,
1928 — Almirante, Panama.
Range. — Southeastern Costa Rica, from Port Limon southward,
and northwestern Panama (Chiriqui Lagoon, Almirante Bay).
1: Costa Rica (Limon, 1).
Tanagra imitans sp. nov.1 TAWNY-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia gracilis (not Phonasca gracilis Cabanis) Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 186 — Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Panama (descr. of male);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 259, pi. 16, fig. 3
(=male), 1883 — part, Panama (Volcan de Chiriquf, Bugaba); Sclater,
1 Tanagra imitans sp. nov.
Type from El P6zo, Rio Te>raba, Costa Rica. No. 72680 Field Museum of
Natural History. Adult female. Collected December 17, 1923, by Austin P. Smith.
Characters. — Similar in form, proportions, and shape of bill to T. gouldi, but
adult male with upper parts, throat, and foreneck glossy blue black, forepart of
the crown empire yellow, and remainder of under parts rich lemon chrome; female
with forehead chestnut (instead of yellow), gloss on hind crown and nape more
bluish, green of throat, chest, and sides more yellowish, and abdomen medially
decidedly paler, ochraceous tawny rather than tawny.
Description. — Adult male: Forehead and crown empire yellow, the feathers
with partially exposed central triangular spots of black, the yellow area rounded
posteriorly; rest of upper parts, together with sides of head and neck, chin, throat,
and upper chest (the latter with strongly convex posterior outline) glossy blue
black; remiges and rectrices black with greenish steel blue edgings, broad on
tertials and rectrices, narrow on primaries; inner webs of remiges (except two
outer primaries) with basal half white; no white on rectrices; under parts rich lemon
chrome; axillaries and under wing coverts white, slightly tinged with yellowish;
bill black, more grayish at base of lower mandible. Wing, 56-60; tail, 30-33;
bill, 9. — Adult female: Forehead (extending backward to above middle of eyes)
chestnut rufous; rest of upper parts olive green, becoming more yellowish on rump
and tail coverts, the crown, occiput, hind neck, back, and scapulars glossed with
metallic bluish green; remiges and rectrices dusky with yellowish olive green
edges, broadest on tertials, narrowest and palest on primaries; sides of head and
most of under parts rich pyrite yellow, palest on chin and anterior malar region;
an extensive zone along the middle of breast and abdomen, together with tibial
feathers and under tail coverts, ochraceous tawny; basal portion of remiges less
extensively white than in the male; axillaries and under wing coverts yellowish
white. Wing, 58-60; tail, 30-32; bill, 9.
Remarks. — This very distinct Euphonia is the E. gracilis auct., but not of
Cabanis, as reexamination of this author's original examples plainly shows. In
the male sex, it presents some superficial resemblance to T. luteicapilla, but aside
i from its much heavier bill is easily distinguished by the greater extent of the
I bluish black area down the foreneck and the much more restricted yellow frontal
• cap with the black basal portions of the feathers showing through. The female,
i on the other hand, approaches that of T. gouldi, with which the natural affinities
i of T. imitans appear to lie. It is by no means impossible that it may be merely
a geographical race of that bird with strongly developed sexual dimorphism.
Birds from Chiriqui (Bugaba) agree with those from the T6rraba Valley. The
' latter region is evidently the center of its distribution in Costa Rica, though there
are also two single records from San Jose and Miravalles.
Additional material examined. — Panama: Bugaba, Chiriquf, 3. — Costa Rica:
Boruca, 6.
64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 69, 1886— part, spec, c-f, Bugaba, Volcan
de Chiriqui, and "Veragua"; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1,
p. 109, 1887— Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 14, p. 530, 1891 — Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica (descr. of female) ;
idem, Auk, 9, p. 24, 1892 — San Jose, Costa Rica (one male taken Dec.
30); idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893—
Boruca, Costa Rica; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 19, 1902— Costa Rica and
Chiriqui (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 — Boruca, Paso Real,
Barranca, and Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 871, 1910— Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris, El
General de Terraba, Miravalles); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1016, 1912— Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
Range. — Pacific lowlands of extreme western Panama (Bugaba
and Divala, Chiriqui) and southern Costa Rica (TeYraba Valley;
one record each from San Jose" and Miravalles).
6: Costa Rica (Boruca, 4; El Pozo de TeYraba, 1); Panama
(Chiriqui, 1).
Tanagra mesochrysa1 mesochrysa (Salvadori). BRONZE-GREEN
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia mesochrysa Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 8, p. 193, 1873 —
locality unrecorded, but obviously "Bogota," Colombia (descr. of male;
type in coll. of Count Turati, now in Milan Museum); idem, Ibis, 1878,
p. 200— "Bogota" (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 82, 1886—
part, spec, a-e, Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912— part, Colombia ("Bogota") and eastern
Ecuador.
Tanagra mesochrysa mesochrysa Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
653, 1926— below Oyacachi, Ecuador.
Euphonia chalcopasta Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 18, 157,
Dec., 1873 — "Columbia int. "= "Bogota" (descr. of male; type in coll.
of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia ("Bogota") and
eastern Ecuador (below Oyacachi).
1 Tanagra mesochrysa is easily distinguished from T. chrysopasta in the male
sex by having a broad yellow postf rental band; the lores and anterior malar region
bronze green like the auriculars, not dingy white; the chin as well as the throat
greenish, etc. It closely resembles the male of T. gouldi, but has a much smaller
bill and differs, besides, by lacking the rufous patch on the abdomen and the green
banding of the flanks, while the yellow on the forepart of the crown is duller as
well as much less extended. We have not seen any female of the nominate race,
but that of T. m. tavarae may readily be separated from T. chrysopasta by having
no grayish white on either lores or malar region (these parts being greenish like
the auriculars) and by having the throat, foreneck, and a broad zone along the
sides of the body to the under tail coverts bright greenish yellow, contrasting with
the grayish buff center of the abdomen.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 13 (all males).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 65
*Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae Chapman.1 PERUVIAN BRONZE-
GREEN EUPHONIA.
Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 9, Feb.,
1925 — Rio Tavara, southeastern Peru (type in the American Museum
of Natural History, New York); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 17, p. 437, 1930— Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, Peru.
Euphonia chalcopasta (not of Sclater and Salvin) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 10 — Chirimoto and Huambo, Peru (descr. of young);
idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 449, 1884— Huayabamba, Peru; idem, I.e., 3,
p. 510, 1886 (crit.).
Euphonia mesochrysa (not of Salvadori) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
82, 1886 — part, spec, f, Chirimoto; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis,
13, p. 108, 1906 — Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 — part, Peru (Chirimoto,
Huambo, Huayabamba, Huaynapata, Rio Cadena).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Peru, from Jaen Province
(Dept. Cajamarca) south to Marcapata, Dept. Puno.
1: Peru (Huachipa, 1).
Tanagra chrysopasta chrysopasta (Sclater and Salvin).
GOLDEN-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia chrysopasta Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p.
438, pi. 30, figs. 1, 2 (male, female) — "in Peruvia orient, in ripis fl. Ucayali
et in ripis fl. Napo, reipubl. Aequatorialis" (type, from the lower Ucayali,
eastern Peru, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem,
I.e., 1873, p. 260— upper and lower Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p.
598 — Simacu, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 448, 1884 — lower
and upper Ucayali, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 82, 1886—
part, spec, a-g, i-k, Peru (lower Ucayali, Sarayacu), Ecuador (Rio Napo),
and Bolivia (Simacu); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 338 — La Merced and Borgona, Chanchamayo, Dept. Junln,
Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907— part, Peru, Bolivia,
and Colombia ("Bogota"); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 273, 1910—
Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912— part, Colombia to Bolivia, and Salto do
Girao, Brazil.
1 Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae Chapman: Male very similar to T. m. mesochrysa,
but frontal band and median portion of the posterior under parts deeper yellow
(bright aniline yellow) ; throat and foreneck paler and more yellowish green. Wing,
58-62; tail, 32-34.
The above characters are pronounced in a male from Marcapata, thus topo-
typical. Four birds from northern Peru differ by having the frontal edge dark
green, the yellow postfrontal band consequently narrower, and the throat and fore-
neck darker greenish. In all of these points they resemble T. m. mesochrysa from
"Bogota," but have the center of the belly brighter as well as more extensively
yellow.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Huambo, 3; Chirimoto, 2; Marcapata, 1.
66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 — lower
Ucayali, Peru.
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 202, 1870 — part, Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (spec, examined).
Tanagra chrysopasta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 591, 1917 —
Buena Vista and Villa vicencio, eastern base of eastern Andes, Colombia;
idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 117, 1921— Rio Cosireni, Urubamba,
Peru; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 267,
1930 — Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Tanagra chrysopasta chrysopasta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
653, 1926— Rio Suno, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 370, 1830— Rio
Roosevelt, Matto Grosso (crit.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 17, p. 437, 1930— Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, and Rio Colorado,
Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin, Peru.
Euphonia mesochrysa (not of Salvadori) Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p.
184, 1887— "Bogota" (crit.).
Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the eastern base of the eastern
Andes of Colombia through eastern Ecuador and Peru south to
eastern Bolivia and the adjacent parts of western Brazil (Salto do
Girao, Rio Madeira, and Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso).1
3: Peru (Huachipa, 1; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, 2).
Tanagra chrysopasta nitida Penard.2 LESSER GOLDEN-BELLIED
TANAGER.
1 Specimens from "Bogota," Peru, and Bolivia agree in coloration as well as
in dimensions. A single female example from the upper Rio Madeira, on the con-
fines of Matto Grosso, cannot be separated either. Males from Upper Amazonia
("Bogota" to Bolivia) measure on the wing from 59 to 63, while the tail varies from
36 to 40 mm. In females, the respective measurements are 56-59 and 33-38. The
figure of the female in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. for 1869 is incorrectly colored.
All specimens seen by us have the lores and anterior malar region grayish white,
the loral spot being bordered above by a narrow dusky line.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 16. — Peru: Rio Ucayali,
1; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 3; Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, 1. — Bolivia: San Mateo,
1; Buena Vista, 2. — Brazil: Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira, 1.
2 Tanagra chrysopasta nitida Penard: Similar to T. c. chrysopasta, but smaller;
the occipital area, particularly in the male sex, decidedly plumbeous and strongly
contrasted with color of forehead and back; under parts of males on average
brighter yellow with less olivaceous clouding. Wing, 53-55, (female) 52-54;
tail, 31-34.
I find considerable variation in the amount of greenish suffusion underneath,
and some individuals are not distinguishable on this score from the nominate race.
Birds from Manaos are unquestionably the same as a single male from Surinam.
Venezuelan specimens are slightly larger (wing, 56-58; tail, 34-36), but by color
characters seem to be nearer nitida.
Measurements are apparently somewhat variable, and as some of those given
by Mrs. Naumburg for Peruvian and Matto Grosso examples are hardly larger
than the dimensions of T. c. nitida, more material should be examined to sub-
stantiate the claims of this form.
Material examined. — Surinam (unspecified), 1. — Brazil: Manaos, 6. — Vene-
zuela: Caura Valley, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 67
Tanagra chrysopasta nitida Penard, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p.
63, June, 1923 — Lelydorp, Surinam (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 202, 1870 — part, Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], Brazil (spec,
examined).
Euphonia chrysopasta (not of Sclater and Salvin) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 82, 1886— part, spec, h, "Rio Negro" = Manaos; Berlepsch
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902 — Maipures and Munduapo (Orinoco
River), Suapure and La Pricion (Caura Valley), Venezuela; Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 — part, Rio Negro and Venezuela (Orinoco);
Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 428, 1910 — Surinam (occurrence probable);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 — part,
. Venezuela (Caura, Maipures, Munduapo, Suapur6, La Prici6n) and
Manaos, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 441, 1914 — Rio Jary
(Santo Antonio da Cachoeira).
Tanagra chrysopasta Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916 —
above the falls of the Orinoco, Venezuela.
Range. — Dutch Guiana, probably also French and British Guiana;
northern Brazil (Rio Jary and Manaos, north bank of the Amazon) ;
southern Venezuela (Orinoco basin and its tributaries).
"Tanagra plumbea (Du Bus). PLUMBEOUS EUPHONIA.
Euphonia plumbea Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts Bel-
gique, 22, (1), p. 156, 1855 — "la Nouvelle Grenade," errore (descr. of
male^-type in Brussels Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 280, 1856— Rio Negro (descr. of male and female); Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 208 — Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, and Roraima, British
Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 83, 1886— same localities;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 (range); Penard, Vog. Guyana,
2, p. 429, 1910— British Guiana; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1021, 1912— British Guiana and Rio Negro; Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 441, 1914 (range).
Euphona plumbea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 — Barra do Rio Negro
[ = Manaos] and Marabitanas, Rio Negro (spec, examined).
Tanagra plumbea Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 500, 1921 — lower Mazaruni
River, Kamakabra Creek, Great Falls of Demerara, Roraima, Merume"
Mountains, and Bartica.
Range. — British Guiana and northern Brazil (Manaos; Marabi-
tanas, Rio Negro).1
2: British Guiana (Demerara River, 2).
1 This peculiar species is still very rare in collections. Birds from the Rio
Negro appear to agree with others from British Guiana.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima (alt. 3,500 ft.), 4; River Cara-
mang, 3. — Brazil: Manaos, 3; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 2.
68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra chalybea Mikan.1 GREEN-THROATED EUPHONIA.
Tanagra chalybea Mikan, Del. Faun. Flor. Bras., livr. 4, pi. [21], figs. 1, 2,
1825 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil (types in Vienna Museum examined);
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 — Paraguay and Misiones
(Santa Ana).
Euphonia aenea Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. for 1833, p. 309, pi. 11,
fig. 4 (= adult male), 1834 — Brazil (type in Stockholm Museum; cf.
Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 14, 1926); Bonaparte, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851— Brazil (diag.).
Tanagra (Euphonia) pardalotes Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., llth annee, 2nd
sem., No. 2, col. 31, July 7, 1844 — locality unknown (type in coll. of Dr.
Abeille, Bordeaux; descr. of male).
Euphonia chalybea Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 71 — Brazil; Sclater,
I.e., 1851, p. 85 — Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 276, 1856
—Rio Grande do Sul (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862—
Brazil; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118, 1885 — Taquara
and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 354, 1912 — Paso Yuvay, Paraguay.
Euphone chalybaea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1856—
Sao Paulo, "southern Minas" [Geraes], and Santa Catharina.
Euphona chalybea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema,
Sao Paulo, Rio Parana); idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874— Nova
Friburgo, Rio.
Hypophaea chalybea Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 91, 1861 (crit.); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 84, 1886— Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo) to
Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118,
1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p.
146, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900— Nova Friburgo,
Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga,
Iguap6) and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910 — Alto Parana, Paraguay;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1022, 1912— Brazil
(from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul) and Paraguay; Bertoni,
Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913 — Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag.,
p. 62, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay.
Euphonia egusquizae Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 99, Jan.,
1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).2
Euphonia (Ipophaea) chalybea Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 286, 1919 — Para-
guay (crit.).
Hypophaea chalybea caerulescens Sztolcman, Anal. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 5, p. 191, 1926 — Candido de Abreu, Parana, Brazil (type in Warsaw
Museum).
1 1 agree with Mr. Ridgway that there is no reason for separating this species
generically (Hypophaea Cabanis).
2 Birds from Rio Grande do Sul do not differ in any way from a series from
Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Both the shade of the metallic gloss of the upper
parts and the suggestion of a white spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 69
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil (from Rio de
Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul) and adjacent districts of Paraguay
and Argentina (Misiones).
3: Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 1; Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 2).
Genus PYRRHUPHONIA Bonaparte
Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 423, 1850 —
type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855), Frin-
gilla Jamaica Linnaeus.
*Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica (Linnaeus). JAMAICAN EUPHONIA.
Fringilla Jamaica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 323, 1766 — based on
"Passer coeruleo-fuscus" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 311, pi. 257, fig. 3;
Jamaica.
Fringilla jamaicana Schreber, in Linnaeus, Amoen. Acad., 3rd ed., 1, p. 489,
1785 — based on "Passer coeruleo-fuscus" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p.
311, pi. 257, fig. 3; Jamaica.
Euphonia cinerea Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 277, 1846 — "Colombie,"
errore (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 399, 1930); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 91 (ex Lafresnaye).
Euphonia Jamaica Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 238, 1847 — Jamaica (habits);
idem, Illust. Bds. Jam., pi. 59, 1849; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1861, p. 73 — Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60, 1862 — Jamaica;
March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 296— Jamaica (nest and
eggs); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 194, 1886 — Jamaica (monog.); idem, Bds. W.
Ind., p. 81, 1889 — Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 180, 1893 — Jamaica (Stony
Hill, Constant Springs, Priestman's River); Field, Auk, 11, p. 127,
1894 — Port Henderson, Jamaica (nest).
Euphonia jamaicae Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 91 — Jamaica.
Euphonia jamaicensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 280, 1856 —
Jamaica (monog.).
Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 —
Jamaica (diag.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 85, 1886 — Jamaica
(Moneague, Metcalfe Parish, St. Ann's); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp.
16, 113, 130, 1892— Jamaica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part
2, p. 31, 1902 — Jamaica (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1022, 1912— Jamaica; Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928—
Jamaica (Kingston, Lumsden, Jackson Town).
Pyrrhuphonia cinerea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 —
"Columbia" (ex Lafresnaye).
— characters that gave rise to the separation of caerulescens Sztolcman and egus-
quizae Bertoni — are purely individual features and not connected with partic-
ular areas.
Additional material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 1; Nova Friburgo,
1. — Sao Paulo: Ypanema, 6 (including the types); Sao Paulo, 1; Rio Parana, 1. —
Santa Catharina: Blumenau, 1. — Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara, 3.
70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
22: Jamaica.
Genus TANAGRELLA Swainson
Tanagrella Swainson,1 Anim. Menag., p. 313, Dec. 31, 1837 — type, by mono-
typy, Tanagrella multicolor Swainson — Tanagra cyanomelas Wied.
Hypothlypis Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 316, 1847 — new name for
Tanagrella Swainson.
*Tanagrella velia velia (Linnaeus). GUIANAN TANAGRELLA.
Motacilla velia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 188, 1758 — based on
"The Red-bellied Blue Bird" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 22, pi.
22 ;2 Surinam.
Tanagra varia (not of P. L. S. Miiller, 1776) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool.,
14, (1), p. 7, 1826 — based on Motacilla velia Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang.,
pi. 2, 1805; Cayenne and Surinam.
Hypothlypis iridina (not Tanagra iridina Hartlaub) Cabanis, in Schomburgk,
Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 667, "1848" [= 1849]— Roraima, British Guiana.
Tanagrella velia iridina Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1022, 1129, 1912— part, Roraima (crit.).
Tanagrella velia Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 97 — Cayenne and Demerara
(diag.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 267, 1856— Cayenne and
British Guiana (descr.); Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32,
1857— Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60, 1862— Cayenne,
British Guiana, and "Rio Negro" (errore); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 —
Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa, and Roraima; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 87, 1886 — Cayenne and British Guiana;
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908— Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1022, 1129, 1912— Cayenne and British Guiana
(Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa, Caramang River)
(crit.); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 502, 1921— British Guiana (Itu-
ribisci, Supenaam, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika, Arawai, Great
Falls of Demerara, Roraima, Merume" Mountains, and Caramang River).
Tanagrella velia velia Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 87,
1918 — Lelydorp, Surinam.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana.3
1: French Guiana (Saint Jean du Maroni, 1).
1 Tanagrella Swainson (Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 286, June, 1837) seems
hardly more than a nomen nudum. The only species mentioned, T. multicolor,
was undescribed at the time, while the characters of the genus, placed as it is
between Euphonia and Pipilo, "Bill very slender, compressed, and much length-
ened; the lateral toes equal," are practically worthless for its identification.
2 The figure is rather unsatisfactory. Edwards did not himself see the bird,
but made the drawing from a colored sketch supplied by the Duke of Richmond.
3 Birds from the lowlands of British Guiana ("Demerara" preparation) appear
to be inseparable in coloration from two (unsexed) Cayenne skins, but average
slightly larger. Specimens from Roraima are still a little larger and fully as long-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 71
Tanagrella velia iridina (Hartlaub).1 AMAZONIAN TANAGRELLA.
Tanagra iridina Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 4, p. 305, 1841 — "Prov. Mogobamba,
Peru" = Moyobamba, Dept. San Martin, Peru (type in Bremen Museum).
Tanagrella elegantissima J. and E. Verreaux, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 195,
1853 — "le Perou" (location of type not stated); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 267, 1856— "Bogota,"
Rio Xi£ (Brazil) and "Porto Cabello," errore (monog.).
Tanagrella iridina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 264, 1857 — Rio
Javarri; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60, 1862 — "New Granada";
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870— Rio Xie, Brazil (spec, examined);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 261 — Rio Javarri;
Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 453, 1884 — Moyobamba and Rio Javarri;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 88, 1886— Peru (Iquitos, Ucayali,
Rio Javarri), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Colombia ("Bogota"), and "Oyapock,
Cayenne" (errore); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902 —
Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 113, 1908 —
"Oyapock, Cayenne" (errore); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 90, 1911— eastern Ecuador; Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 442, 1914 (range); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916 — La Union, Caura, Venezuela; Berlioz, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925— Canelos, Ecuador.
Tanagrella velia iridina Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350,
1907 (range); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1022,
1129, 1912— range, excl. Roraima (crit.); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85,
A, Heft 10, p. 19, 1920— Yahuarmayo, Dept. Puno, Peru (crit.); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 653, 1926— Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador.
Hypothlypis velia (not Motacilla velia Linnaeus) Heine and Reichenow,
Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 16, 1890 — "Porto Cabello," Venezuela (errore).
winged as certain individuals of T. v. iridina, and the humeral area as well as the
edges to the flight-quills in adult males are intermediate between the greenish blue
of velia and the violet blue of iridina, being of a pure prussian blue. As females,
however, do not differ in that respect from Cayenne skins of the same sex, I hesi-
tate to follow Count Berlepsch in referring Roraima birds to iridina, and prefer to
keep the inhabitants of the whole of British Guiana under velia. Nevertheless,
the study of a fuller series from French and Dutch Guiana might lead to somewhat
different conclusions. Care must be taken in comparing only specimens of the
same sex, as there is considerable variation between males and females in the shade
of the blue areas of the plumage. Wing of adult males: Cayenne, 70, 72; Demerara,
73, 75; Roraima, 77, 79.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. — British Guiana:
Demerara, 3; River Caramang, 1; Roraima, 4.
1 Tanagrella velia iridina (Hartlaub): Similar to T. v. velia, but front and sides
of the head and neck, humeral area, and margins to wing and tail feathers in adult
males decidedly purplish blue.
Birds from southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo) are larger than a series from
the Rio Xie, Colombia, and Ecuador, but are closely approached in size by two
from Venezuela (Caura Valley). In coloration, I am unable to perceive any con-
stant difference between specimens from various parts of the range.
Additional specimens examined.— Venezuela: Suapur6, Caura Valley, 2. —
Brazil: Rio Xie (Rio Negro), 5. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo,
1- — Ecuador: Sarayacu, 3. — Peru: Yahuarmayo, 4.
72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Amazonia, from southern Venezuela (Caura Valley) and
northwestern Brazil (Rio Xie", tributary of the Rio Negro) west to
the eastern foot of the eastern Andes in Colombia and Ecuador,
and south through eastern Peru to the Bolivian boundary.1
*Tanagrella velia signata Hellmayr.2 PARA TANAGRELLA.
Tanagrella velia signata Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 15, p. 90, 1905—
Par& (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907— Par4;
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2,
pp. 9, 87, 1912— Para; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 442, 1914—
Para, Providencia, Peixe-Boi, and Marajo (Rio Macujubim); Beebe,
Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 100, 1916— Utinga, Para; Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928— Para.
Tanagrella signata Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023,
1912 — Para, Providencia, Rio Macujubim.
Tanagrella velia (not Motacilla velia Linnaeus) Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 —
Pard (spec, examined); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 — Para.
Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in State of Para (Para, Souza,
Utinga, Providencia, Peixe-Boi; Rio Macujubim, Marajo Island).
3: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 3).
Tanagrella velia cyanomelaena (Wied).3 EAST BRAZILIAN
TANAGRELLA.
Tanagra cyanomelas Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 453, 1830 — Rio
Ilhe'os, Bahia, Brazil (type lost, formerly in Wied Collection; cf. Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 218, 1889).
1 The specimen from "Puerto Cabello" in the Heine Collection is no doubt
incorrectly labeled, while that from "Oyapock, Cayenne" formed part of a lot
containing various species peculiar to the Rio Negro and the upper stretches of
the Orinoco and certainly never came from French Guiana, where another race
is found.
2 Tanagrella velia signata Hellmayr: Similar to T. v. iridina in decidedly pur-
plish blue coloration of front and sides of the head and margins to wing and tail
feathers, but smaller and with a silvery greenish spot on the forepart of the crown.
Wing, 70-72; tail, 49^-51^-
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Para, 5; Providencia, 1.
3 Tanagrella velia cyanomelaena (Wied), though readily distinguished from the
preceding forms by the pale bluish gray coloration of the breast and sides, is, never-
theless, connected with T. v. velia and T. v. iridina by the intervening T. v. signata,
which resembles it in possessing an ochreous or silvery greenish spot behind the
blue forehead. I have, therefore, no hesitation in referring it to the same specific
group.
Its range appears to be restricted to the wooded coast region from Rio de
Janeiro to Pernambuco. The locality "Rio Claro, Goyaz" is without question
erroneous. The specimen so labeled in the British Museum looks like an ordinary
Bahia trade-skin.
Additional specimens examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (trade-skin), 1; Bahia,
15; Sao Lourenco, Pernambuco, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 73
Tanagrella multicolor Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 313, Dec. 31, 1837 — forests
of "drupe, near Bahia, Brazil (type in Swainson Collection, now in Uni-
versity Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Tanagrella cyanomelas Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 236, 1850 —
Brazil; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 97 — Brazil (diag.); idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 268, 1856— southeastern Brazil (crit.); Bur-
meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 178, 1856 — coast region of Brazil
between Cabo Frio and Bahia; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60,
1862— Bahia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205 (note 2), 1870— Bahia.
Tanagrella cyanomelaena Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 88, 1886 —
Pernambuco, Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz" (errore), Brazil; Ihering
and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907 — Bahia and Espirito
Santo; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023, 1912—
Pernambuco, Ilheos, Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz" (errore); Lima,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920— Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Range. — Wooded coast region of eastern Brazil from Rio de
Janeiro to Pernambuco.
Tanagrella callophrys (Cabanis). BLUE-BELLIED TANAGRELLA.
Hypothlypis callophrys Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
p. 668 (note), "1848" [ = 1849]— "Brazil" (type probably in Berlin
Museum).
Tanagrella callophrys Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 130, 1851 — Rio
Napo, Ecuador (diag.); idem, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 77,
1851— Rio Napo; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 28, p. 19, 1878—
Rio Napo; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 510, 1886— Iquitos, Peru;
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 9, 1908 — Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus, Brazil;
idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 442, 1914 — same locality; Hellmayr, Arch.
Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 18, 1920— Yahuarmayo, Dept. Puno,
Peru (crit.).
Tanagrella calophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 98, pi. 74 — Rio Negro,
Brazil, and Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 268,
1856 — Quixos, Ecuador, and Rio Ucayali, Peru; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 61, 1862— Rio Napo and Rio Negro; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot.
Ges., 24, p. 173, 1874 — eastern Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 89, 1886 — Ecuador (Sarayacu) and Peru (Iquitos, Rio Ucayali);
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 — Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 — mouth of the Coca, upper Napo, Ecuador;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907 (range); M6n£gaux, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 110, 1908— Rio Napo; idem, Bull. Soc. Philom.
Paris, (9), 10, p. 93, 1908 — Rio Napo; idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 91, 1911 — Rio Napo; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023, 1912 (range); Berlioz, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 — Canelos, Ecuador; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 653, 1926— Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of Upper Amazonia from eastern Ecuador
and the adjoining parts of Brazil (Rio Negro; Rio SolimSes; Rio
74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Purus) through the lowlands of eastern Peru to the Bolivian
boundary.1
Genus CHLOROCHRYSA Bonaparte
Chlorochrysa Bonaparte,2 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 76, "Jan.,"
1851 — type, by subs, desig. (Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129,
1851), Tanagra [=Callospiza] calliparaea Tschudi (ex Lichtenstein MS.).
Calliparaea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129, 1851 — substitute
name for Chlorochrysa Bonaparte.
*Chlorochrysa phoenicotis (Bonaparte). GREEN CHLOROCHRYSA.
Calliste phoenicotis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 76,
"Jan.," ,1851 — Ecuador =Nanegal (type in Paris Museum); idem, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129, 1851— Ecuador.
Chlorochrysa phoenicotis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 100, pi. 72, fig. 2
— Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 266, 1856—
Nanegal; idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1860— Nanegal; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 61, 1862 — Nanegal; idem, Ibis, 1875, p. 466— Nanegal (monog.);
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 90, 1886 — western Ecuador (Nanegal,
"Quito," "Napo" and "Sarayacu," errore) and Colombia ("Pasto");
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899—
Gualea; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 460 — above Nanegal; Menegaux,
Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 91, 1911—
Gualea and Pacto, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1024, 1912— Ecuador ("Quito," Nanegal, Gualea, Santo
Domingo, "Sarayacu," "Rio Napo") and Colombia ("Pasto"); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 592, 1917— Novita Trail, Cerro Munchique,
and Gallera, western Andes of Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark.
Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 83, 1922— Nanegal; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 654, 1926— Gualea.
Chlorochrysa sodiroi Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 28, p. 19, 1878 —
Ecuador (type in Vienna Museum examined;=juv.).
Chlorochrysa nitidissima (not of Sclater) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
p. 71, 1889— "Rio Napo" (errore).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the western Andes of Colombia and
western Ecuador.3
2: Ecuador (Rio Saloya, 1; unspecified, 1).
1 Material examined. — Ecuador: Rio Pastaza, 2; Sarayacu, 2; Rio Napo, 1. —
Brazil: Santa Rita, Rio Solimoes, 1. — Peru: Iquitos, 6; Yahuarmayo, Dept.
Puno, 3.
2 Chlorochrysa Bonaparte appears to have slight priority over the same author's
name Calliparaea published in the March number of the "Revue et Magasin de
Zoologie," which was probably issued several months after its ostensible date.
3 Two birds from Gallera, Colombia, seem to agree with others from Ecuador.
The localities "Rio Napo" and "Sarayacu" attached to certain specimens of
Buckley's are obviously erroneous.
C. sodiroi was based upon juvenile plumage, as examination of the type shows.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Gallera, 2. — Western Ecuador:
Gualea, 4; Pacto, 1; Nanegal, 2; unspecified, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 75
"Chlorochrysa calliparaea bourcieri (Bonaparte).1 BOURCIER'S
CHLOROCHRYSA.
Calliste bourcieri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 76, "Jan.,'*
1851 — Ecuador (type in Paris Museum).
"Call" bourcieri Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129, "March," 1851 —
type stated to be from "des bois de Bagnos, pres du Tonguragua"=
Banos, eastern Ecuador.
Chlorochrysa calliparaea (not Callospiza calliparaea Tschudi) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., July, 1851, p. 99, pi. 73, fig. 1 — part, Anolaima, Colombia; idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 266,
1856 — part, descr. et hab. Banos (Ecuador) and Anolaima (Colombia);
idem, I.e., 26, p. 74, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 61, 1862 — Anolaima, Colombia.
Chlorochrysa calliparia Sclater, Ibis, 1875, p. 465 — part, Ecuador and Colombia
(descr.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 90, 1886 — part, Ecuador
(Sarayacu, Rio Napo, "Quito," errore) and Colombia (Bogota).
Chlorochrysa bourcieri Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 77 — Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador (crit.); Goodfellow, Ibis,
1901, p. 459 — Baeza, Ecuador; M6n6gaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arm£e
Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 91, 1911 — eastern Ecuador (crit.).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea bourcieri Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1023, 1912 — Colombia (Bogota, Anolaima) and eastern Ecuador
(Banos, Mapoto, Machay, Sarayacu, Rio Napo, Baeza); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 591, 1917— near San Agustin and La
Candela, Magdalena Valley, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 654, 1926 — eastern
Ecuador (Zamora, Sabanilla, Macas region, below San Jos6, lower Sumaco,
Baeza) and northwestern Peru (Chaupe).
Tanagrella dubusi Dubois, Arch. Cosmol., 1, No. 4, p. 118, pi. 7, 1867 —
Ecuador (type in coll. of C. F. Dubois, present location unknown);
Newton, Ibis, 1868, p. 112 (crit.).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea calliparaea (not Callospiza calliparaea Tschudi)
Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 438, 1930— Huachipa,
Peru (crit.).
1 Chlorochrysa calliparaea bourcieri (Bonaparte) : Similar to C. c. calliparaea,
and resembling it in the black throat, but lacks the well-defined violet blue area
underneath, the lower parts being shining grass green like the back and merely
tinged with bluish (beryl green to cendre blue) in the middle and less so on the
under tail coverts; forehead and sides of the head more greenish blue. Size about
the same.
Two "Bogota" skins agree with others from Ecuador, and I am not able to
satisfactorily separate two adult males from Peru. One has the median portion
of the under parts, I admit, more deeply bluish (nearly oxide blue, when held
against the light), but the other example hardly differs from Ecuadorian speci-
mens. They are, however, quite distinct from calliparaea, of the Junfn district.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Ecuador: El Topo, Rio Pastaza,
1; Alpayacu, Rio Pastaza, 1; Machay, 4; Rio Napo, 3; San JosS, 1; "Ambato,"
1; unspecified, 3. — Peru: Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, 3.
76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia (Magdalena
Valley), eastern Ecuador, and northern Peru (Chaupe, east of
Huancabamba, Prov. Jaen; Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco).
3: Peru (Huachipa, 3).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea calliparaea (Tschudi).1 PERUVIAN
CHLOROCHRYSA.
Callospiza calliparaea (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1),
p. 286, 1844 — Peru (the type examined in the Berlin Museum, No. 5655,
was obtained by B. Philippi in the "Chinchon forests" of Dept. Junin);
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 202, 1846— Peru.
Calliste calliparaea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 — Peru
(ex Tschudi).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., July, 1851, p. 99 — part,
Peru; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 266, 1856 — part, eastern Peru
(ex Tschudi); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 515- — Amable Maria and Puma-
marca; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 452, 1884 — same localities; Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341— Garita del Sol, Vitoc,
Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023, 1912—
Peru (Chinchon forests, Amable Maria, Pumamarca, Garita del Sol,
"Chanchamayo").
Chlorochrysa calliparia Sclater, Ibis, 1875, p. 465 — part, Peru (Amable Maria,
Pumamarca); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 90, 1886 — part, Peru.
Chlorochrysa calliparaea caeruleipectus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
82, p. 375, Dec., 1930— Enenas, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia).
Range. — Subtropical zone of central Peru, in Dept. of Junin
(Amable Maria, Pumamarca, Enenas, Garita del Sol).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea fulgentissima Chapman.2 HEDWIG'S
CHLOROCHRYSA.
1 Chlorochrysa calliparaea calliparaea (Tschudi), in the coloration of the under
parts, is exactly intermediate between C. c. bourcieri and C. c. fulgentissima, the
throat being black as in the former, while the median portion of the breast and the
abdominal line are brilliant violet blue strongly contrasted with the grass green of
the sides and under tail coverts, exactly as in fulgentissima. Size and color of the
orange spots on the anterior crown and sides of the neck as well as the bright orange
uropygial patch are the same as in bourcieri.
Examination of Tschudi's type shows C. c. caeruleipectus to be an absolute ;
synonym of calliparaea, the Huachipa specimens used by Mr. Carriker for com-;
parison being C. c. bourcieri.
Material examined. — Peru: Chinchon forests of Junin, 1 (type of C. calli-\
paraea); Garita del Sol, 1; Amable Maria, 1.
2 Chlorochrysa calliparaea fulgentissima Chapman: Similar on the under parts
to C. c. calliparaea, but throat violet blue like the median pectoral area instead ol
black; spot on the anterior crown much smaller and paler, nearly straw yellow
uropygial patch deeper, more reddish orange; spot on sides of neck much smaller,
deeper in color, reddish orange to coral red, and composed of lengthened, rather rigic
feathers. Wing, 70-73, (female) 67-69; tail, 42-46, (female) 39-43; bill, 12-13
Material examined. — Peru: Huaynapata, 5; Marcapata, 6.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 77
Chlorochrysa fulgentissima Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 14, p. 225,
Sept. 7, 1901 — Inca Mine [ = Santo Domingo], southeastern Peru (type
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Berlepsch,
Ibis, 1903, p. 135 (crit.).
Chlorochrysa hedwigae Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (8), 1, p. 716, pi. 15,
Oct., 1901 — Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum;
cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6,
p. 181, 1927); idem, Ornis, 13, p. 108, 1906— Huaynapata; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1024, 1912 — southeastern Peru.
Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru, in Dept. of Puno
(Huaynapata, Marcapata; Santo Domingo).
*Chlorochrysa nitidissima Sclater. SALMON'S CHLOROCHRYSA.
Chlorochrysa nitidissima Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 728 —
State of Antioquia, Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); idem, Ibis, 1875, p. 466, pi. 10 — Antioquia; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 498— Jerico, Colombia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 91, 1886— Jerico, Antioquia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1024, 1912 — Antioquia and "Bogota";
Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1101— Siato, Rio Siato, and
Pueblo Rico, Colombia (descr. of young); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 592, 1917 — Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Gallera, and Salento,
Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the western and central and probably
also of the eastern Andes of Colombia.1
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Genus PIPRAEIDEA Swainson
Pipraeidea Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 173, 1827 — type, by monotypy,
Pipraeidea cyanea Swainson =T<ma0ra melanonota Vieillot.
Pipridea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 265, 1856 (emendation).
*Pipraeidea melanonota melanonota (Vieillot). DARK-BACKED
TANAGER.
Tanagra melanonota Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 407,
1819 — Brazil, coll. Delalande, Jr., = Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum).
Tanagra vittata Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 8, pi. 48, March, 1821
— Brazil (type probably in Leiden Museum).
Tanagra melanotha Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., livr. 91, p. 773, 1822—
emendation of T. melanonota Vieillot.
1 Though definitely recorded only from the western and central Andes, this
isolated species probably also occurs in the eastern Andes, as it is occasionally
met with in native "Bogota" collections.
Additional material examined. — Western Andes: Riolima, 2; Siato, 1; Pueblo
Rico, 1; Antioquia, 1. — "Bogota," 2.
78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pipraeidea cyanea Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 174, 1827 — Brazil (type in coll.
of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Aglaia vittata Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 98, 1841 — Maldonado,
Uruguay.
Procnopis melanota Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 80,
1851— Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 190, 1856—
Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Calliste melanonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., July, 1851, p. 60 (monog.).
Pipridea melanonota Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 265, 1856 — Brazil,
Uruguay, and Paraguay (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 — Rio
de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Cimeterio), and Parana (Curytiba); Ca-
banis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Ber-
lepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande
do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 92, 1886— part, spec, a-i,
Bahia, "Rio Claro, Goyaz," and Pelotas, Brazil; Boucard and Berlepsch,
The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro; Salvadori,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 4, 1895— San Pablo, Tucuman;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899 — Mundo Novo;
idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 146, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iporanga);
idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; Chubb,
Ibis, 1910, p. 624 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Me"negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn.,
11, p. 7, 1919 — Villa Lutetia, Misiones; [Anonymous], El Hornero, 3,
p. 427, 1926— Moreno, Prov. Buenos Aires.
Pipraeidea melanonota Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 351, 1891 —
Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907 —
Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Campos de Jordao, ItararS, Sao Jose do Rio Pardo,
Iporanga) and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910 — part, Buenos Aires (Barracas
al Sud); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1024, 1912—
Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul and "Goyaz"; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend.
Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 486, 499, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana;
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 — Barracas (Buenos Aires)
and Santa Ana (Misiones); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Alto
Parana; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones,
Florida); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 192, 1926—
Parana (Rio Claro, Fazenda Firmiano); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 27,
1927— Moreno (F.C.O.), Argentina.
Pepraeidea [sic] melanonota Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
13, p. 186, 1905 — Morro dos Carneiros and Retire do Ramos, Itatiaya.
Pipridaea melanonota melanonota Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320,
1928— Itatiaya; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 371, 1930— Matto Grosso (range).
Pipridea melanonota melanonota Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 170,
1909 — Barracas al Sud, Prov. Buenos Aires.
Pipraceidea [sic] melanonota Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
24, p. 254, 1923— Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya.
Pipraeidia melanonota Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 656,
1924 — Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 79
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil from Bahia to
Rio Grande do Sul, west to Matto Grosso; Uruguay; Paraguay;
northeastern Argentina (Misiones; Barracas al Sud and Moreno,
Buenos Aires).1
12: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Joinville, Santa
Catharina, 5; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay
(Carayeni, 1); Argentina, Misiones (Caraguatay, 2; Eldorado, 2).
*Pipraeidea melanonota venezuelensis (Sclater).2 WESTERN
DARK-BACKED TANAGER.
Pipridea venezuelensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 265,
pub. Jan. 26, 1857 — Caracas, Venezuela (type in Paris Museum); idem,
I.e., 28, p. 65, 1860— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 61, 1862 — Nanegal, Ecuador, and Caracas, Venezuela; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780— Merida, Venezuela; Wyatt,
Ibis, 1871, p. 325— Canuto, Colombia.
Pipridea melanonota (not Tanagra melanonota Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 226— Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e.,
1879, p. 598— Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882,
p. 10— Huambo, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 92, 1886
— part, spec, j-g, Bolivia (Tilotilo), Venezuela (Caracas), Ecuador (Intag,
Nanegal, "Quito"); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 37, 1888—
Tucuman; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902 — Tucuman
(Tafi Viejo, Yerba-buena, San Pablo); idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc.,
3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 — same localities; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat., 18, p. 374, 1910 — part, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis,
13, pp. 78, 109, 1906 — Idma (Urubamba), Iscaybamba and Huayna-
pata (Marcapata), Peru.
Pipridea melanota Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 215, 1904 — Santa Ana, Tucuman.
Pipridea melanonota venezuelensis Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 289 — Cayandeled, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per.,
1 The few Argentine specimens that I have seen are extremely typical of
the present form, and compare well with others from Brazil.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 3; Rio de Janeiro, 8; Sao Paulo,
Ypanema, 5; Fazenda Cayoa, Rio Paranapanema, 2; Parana, Curytiba, 2; Ro?a
Nova, Serra do Mar, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1. — Argentina: Barracas al
Sud, Prov. Buenos Aires, 1.
2 Pipraeidea melanonota venezuelensis (Sclater) differs from the typical race
by decidedly paler, buffy rather than deep ochraceous under parts and darker,
more blackish blue interscapular region. I cannot, however, corroborate either
the smaller bill or the shorter tail. Birds from Peru (Huaynapata), Bolivia, and
Argentina average very slightly larger than those from more northern localities.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: mountains inland of Cuman&, 1;
Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 1 ; Las Quiguas, San Esteban Valley, Carabobo, 2 ; Sierra
of Merida (Merida, Valle, Escorial, Culata), 28.— Colombia: "Bogota," 3.—
Ecuador: Ibarra, 1; west side of Pichincha, 1; Papallacta, 2; "Ambato," 1. — Peru:
Idma, Urubamba, 1. — Bolivia: San Mateo, Cochabamba, 4. — Argentina: San
Francisco, Jujuy, 1; Villa Nougues, San Pablo, Tucuman, 4; Tafi Viejo, 4; Cerro
de Tucuman, 1.
80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
2, p. 450, 1884 — Peru (Tambillo, Cutervo to Socota, Huambo); Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898— Ibarra, Ecuador; Hartert and Venturi,
I.e., 16, p. 170, 1909— Cerro de Tucuman and Tucuman; Chubb, Ibis,
1910, p. 624 (in text) — Ecuador (crit.); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geog.
Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 92, 1911— Gualea, Ecuador.
Pipridea melanota venezuelensis Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 460 — Pichincha
and Papallacta, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 592,
1917 — Colombia (Rio Lima, Popayan, Aguadita, Tenasuca).
Pipraeidea melanota venezuelensis Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117,
p. 117, 1921 — San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru.
Pipraeidea melanonota venezuelensis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1024, 1912 — Venezuela to Bolivia and Tucuman (excl. Para-
guay); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924— Galipan,
Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 654, 1926— Zamora, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Venezuela (north coast mountains
from Sucre to MeYida), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and
northwestern Argentina (Jujuy to Tucuman).
8: Colombia ("Bogota," 3); Venezuela (Escorial, 1; Montanas
Sierra, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 2; Villa Nougues,
San Pablo, Tucuman, 1).
Genus PSEUDODACNIS Sclater1
Pseudodacnis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 138, 1886 — type, by mono-
typy, Dacnis hartlaubi Sclater.
Pseudodacnis hartlaubi (Sclater). HARTLAUB'S PSEUDODACNIS.
Dacnis hartlaubi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 251, pub.
April, 1855 — "Nova Grenada" (type in Bremen Museum).
1 The systematic position of this peculiar genus is doubtful and cannot be
determined until its anatomy has been studied. Although originally described as
a Dacnis, it was afterwards referred to the tanagers by both Cabanis and Sclater.
The late Count Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1003, 1912),
however, excludes it from this family without indicating its affinities. After exam-
ining a small series, I find that, compared to Dacnis, the bill is much shorter,
stouter, and more elevated, not unlike that of Calospiza in shape, though consid-
erably longer. In coloration, on the other hand, P. hartlaubi strikingly recalls
certain species of Dacnis. Viewed from above, it looks exactly like Dacnis lineata, \
but may be easily separated by the black gular patch and by lacking the white
area on the breast and sides. The heretofore undescribed female is dull brown j
above with pale greenish edges and tips, especially on rump and scapulars; the I
greater upper wing coverts are dusky, apically and externally margined with I
whity brown; wings and tail dusky brown, the inner secondaries with pale outer |
edges; lores and sides of head light olivaceous brown; under parts buffy grayish,
tinged with olive and passing into yellowish white along the middle line; under tail j
coverts buffy; axillaries and under wing coverts dingy white; bill black with ex-
treme base of lower mandible whitish.
The habitat of this bird is very imperfectly known. In addition to eight skins
of the common "Bogota" preparation, I have examined an adult male collected
by Raap at (or rather above) Juntas, Rio Dagua, at an elevation of 1,200 feet.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 81
Callispiza hartlaubii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 88, 1861 — New Granada
(crit.).
Calliste hartlaubi Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 452 (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1876, p. 410—
Bogota.
Pseudodacnis hartlaubi Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 138, 1886—
Bogota.
Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia (above Juntas, Rio Dagua;
"Bogota" collections).
Genus GALOSPIZA G. R. Gray1
Calliste (not Callista Poli, 1791) Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974 — type, by virtual
monotypy, Tanagra tricolor Gme\in=Tanagra seledon P. L. S. Miiller.
Aglaia (not of Renier, 1804) Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 347, 1827 — type,
by orig. desig., Tanagra tatao auct.=Af/Zai'a paradisea Swainson.
Calospiza G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 44, 1840 — type, by orig. desig.,
Tanagra tricolor Gme\m=Tanagra seledon P. L. S. Miiller.
Procnopis Cabanis,2 Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 284, 1844 — type, by orig.
desig., Procnopis atrocoerulea Tschudi.
Callospiza Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 (emendation of
Calospiza Gray).
Gyrola Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 77, 1850; Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
(2), 3, p. 139, 1851 — type, by tautonymy, Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus.
Chalcothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 131, 1851 — type, by
monotypy, Tanagra ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs.
Chrysothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851 — type, by
subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 73, 1855), Tanagra arthus
Lesson.
Ixothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851 — type, by subs.
desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 73, 1855), Tanagra punctata
Linnaeus.
Euschemon Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 95 — type, by monotypy, Tanagra
flava Gmelin.
Euprepiste Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 96 — type, by monotypy, Tanagra
brasiliensis Linnaeus.
Diva Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Specif., p. 16, 1854 — type, by orig. desig., Tanagra
(Euphone?) vassorii Boissonneau.
Callispiza Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 87, 1861 (emendation of Calospiza Gray).
Calospiza chilensis paradisea (Swainson). PARADISE TANAGER.
Aglaia paradisea Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 286, 1837— based on
"Tangara du Bresil" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 127, fig. 1 [ = fig. 2], Brazil;
1 1 cannot make out Calliste catamenia Bonaparte (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p.
139, 1851), described as "Viridis, vertice crissoque rufescentibus." No locality
is indicated. Although the type is credited to the Leiden Museum, the name has
never been quoted again in literature. According to G. C. W. Junge (in litt.),
the specimen cannot be found in the collections at Leiden.
2 Cf. De W. Miller, Auk, 36, pp. 576-577, 1919.
82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
the specimen is much more likely to have come from Cayenne, French
Guiana.
Tatao paradiseus Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 141, 1851 — Cayenne
and "Brazil" (diag.).
Calliste tatao (not Tanagra tatao Linnaeus?)1 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1,
(2), p. 234, 1850— Cayenne and "Brazil"; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851,
p. 50— Cayenne; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 187, 1856—
"lower Amazon, south to Pernambuco and Bahia," errore; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 244, 1856 — part, Cayenne (diag.); idem, Monog.
Genus Calliste, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1857 — part, Cayenne; idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 62, 1862— Cayenne; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38,
p. 128, 1874— Rio Negro and Guianas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 96, 1886 — part, spec, a-d, Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 432,
1910 Surinam.
Calospiza tatao Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 — part, "Guyana,
Amazonas, Rio Negro, Pernambuco" (errore).
Tanagra talao [sic] Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., text to pi. I,2 1805 — French
Guiana (lie de Cayenne).
Calliste coelicolor (not of Sclater) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 — part,
Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos] (spec, examined).
Calospiza paradisea coelicolor Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1026, 1912— part, Manaos, Brazil.
Calospiza paradisea Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908 — Cayenne; idem,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1026, 1030, 1912— Cayenne
and (?)Surinam.
Range. — French and Dutch Guiana, and northern Brazil
(Manaos).3
1 1 am inclined to agree with Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18,
1902) that Tanagra tatao Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 315, 1766) is of ques-
tionable pertinence. While two of his references, "The Tit-mouse of Paradise" of
Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 289, pi. 349; "Guiana") and "Le Tangara" of
Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1; Cayenne) clearly describe the Paradise Tanager,
the "Tanagra brasiliensis" of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214, pi. 215) is not
that species, but possibly refers to C. fastuosa. From Linnaeus's ambiguous diag-
nosis it cannot be concluded with any degree of certainty which one of the three
references served as basis for his Tanagra tatao. Seba's "Avicula de Tatao,"
which supplied the specific name, is rather obscurely described and seems to point
to some species with green upper, and spotted under parts, perhaps C. punctata.
Tanagra viridis P. L. S. Miiller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 158, 1776) is based on
"Tangara" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 7, fig. 1, an artifact composed of the body of
Calospiza c. paradisea and the tail of a parrot ( Urochroma batavica).
2 The legend on the plate, "Tangara septicolor," is the French vernacular name.
3 Five specimens from French Guiana and one from Surinam agree well to-
gether. The only available Brazilian bird, an adult female from Manaos, is iden-
tical in all essential points, and differs merely by deeper cadmium yellow rump, the
absence of greenish yellow tips to the longest uropygial plumes, and by having
the golden green hood more extended posteriorly. In the last-named, though in
no other respect, the Manaos bird approaches the western C. c. coelicolor.
Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 4; Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, 1.
— Surinam: near Paramaribo, 1. — Brazil: Manaos, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 83
"Calospiza chilensis coelicolor (Sclater).1 WESTERN PARADISE
TANAGER.
Calliste coelicolor Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 — "Anolaima," Colom-
bia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 245,
1856 — "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 2,
1857— "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 62, 1862—
"Anolaima"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 — part, Marabitanas, Rio
Xie, and Rio Icanna, Brazil (spec, examined); Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy.
Belg., 38, p. 126, 1874 (crit.).
Tanagra tatao (not of Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 245,
1848 — "Our Village," Kukenam Valley, south of Roraima.
Callospiza tatao Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 669,
"1848" [=1849]— vicinity of Roraima.
Calliste tatao Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 244, 1856— part, British
Guiana (Schomburgk) and upper Rio Negro (Wallace); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 1, 1857 — part, British Guiana and upper Rio Negro;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 — Merume Mountains and Roraima, British
Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 96, 1886 — part, spec, e-q,
British Guiana (Merume Mountains, Roraima), Marabitanas, and Co-
lombia ("Bogota," "Anolaima"); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351,
1907— part, Colombia ("Bogota").
Calliste tatao var. o coelicolor Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128,
1874— Colombia.
Calliste paradisea (not Aglaia paradisea Swainson) Berlepsch and Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902 — Suapure and Nicare, Caura, Venezuela;
Andre, Naturalist in the Guianas, p. 190 (col. pi.), 1904 — Nicare River,
Venezuela.
Tangara paradisea Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916 —
Caura Valley, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 504, 1921—
British Guiana (Roraima, Merume Mountains, Ireng River).
1 Calospiza chilensis coelicolor (Sclater) : Nearest to C. c. paradisea, but larger
and with differently colored upper wing coverts. The smaller series, excepting
a half-concealed restricted yellow green spot at the humeral edge, are shining cendre
blue, forming a large pale blue area, whereas only the terminal row of the median
coverts is violet blue like the throat. The scarlet of the middle back as a rule is
somewhat darker and more extensive, the rump cadmium yellow rather than light
cadmium, etc. Wing, 76-81, (female) 74-77; tail, 52-60.
While birds from the upper Rio Negro agree with "Bogota" skins, those from
British Guiana and Venezuela (Caura Valley), in coloration, frequently show an
approach to C. c. paradisea, though, taken as a whole, they are nearer to C. c.
coelicolor, which they resemble in dimensions. The distribution of this form in
Colombia remains to be determined. Although common in "Bogota" collections,
it has not actually been collected at any definite locality, and its range in Colombia
is probably confined to the Tropical zone at the eastern base of the eastern Andes
north of the Guaviare River. The type locality "Anolaima" — a place on the
Magdalena slope of the eastern Andes — can hardly be correct.
Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 1; Merume Moun-
tains, 2. — Venezuela: SuapurS, Caura, 2; Nicare, Caura district, 10. — Brazil:
Marabitanas, 1; Rio Xie, 1; Rio Icanna, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 25.
84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste tatao coelicolor Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 — "Bogota."
Calospiza paradisea coelicolor Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1026, 1912 — part, Colombia ("Bogota," "Anolaima"), British Guiana
(Roraima, Merum6 Mountains), Venezuela (Caura Valley), and Brazil
(Marabitanas, Rio Icanna, Rio Xie); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 443, 1914 — Cassiquiare.
Tangara paradisea caelicolor Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 127,
1931 — Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu), foot of Duida, and Rio Uaupes (crit.).
Range. — Western British Guiana (Roraima and Merum£ Moun-
tains), southern Venezuela (Caura Valley; foot of Mount Duida;
Cassiquiare), and adjoining parts of Brazil (upper Rio Negro and
tributaries), extending obviously to the eastern base of the eastern
Andes of Colombia (common in native "Bogota" collections).
2: British Guiana (Roraima, 1); Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
*Calospiza chilensis chlorocorys (Zimmer).1 PERUVIAN PARA-
DISE TANAGER.
Tangara chilensis chlorocorys Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 91, 1929
—Vista Alegre, junction of the Chinchao and Huallaga rivers, Prov.
Huanuco, Peru (type in Field Museum); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 17, p. 439, 1930— Vista Alegre and Huachipa, Peru.
Calliste coelicolor (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882,
p. 11 — Huambo (spec, examined); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 458, 1884 —
Huambo.
Calliste tatao (not Tanagra tatao Linnaeus) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 96, 1886 — part, spec, r, Huambo.
Calospiza paradisea coelicolor Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1026, 1912 — part, northeastern Peru (Huambo, Huayabamba).
Range. — Eastern Peru, in the Tropical zone of the upper Huallaga
River, from the Huayabamba River and its tributaries south to
the Chinchao River.
10: Peru (Nuevo Loreto, near Tayabamba, 3; Vista Alegre,
Huanuco, 4; Huachipa, Huanuco, 3).
*Calospiza chilensis chilensis (Vigors). RED-RUMPED PARADISE
TANAGER.
Aglaia chilensis Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2, p. 3,
1832 — no locality stated, but presumed to be "Chile" = Bolivia (as sub-
1 Calospiza chilensis chlorocorys (Zimmer) : Very similar to C. c. coelicolor,
but on average larger; black frontal band narrower, reduced to a mere edge; green
cap farther extended posteriorly and of a brighter, more yellowish green hue;
rump generally slightly paler yellow. Wing, 78-82, (female) 76-79; tail, 54
(female), 61 (male).
The range of this form, restricted to certain valleys of the upper Huallaga
basin, is entirely cut off from that of the Western Paradise Tanager by the inter-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 85
stituted by Hellmayr and Berlepsch) (type in coll. of H. Cuming, doubt-
less lost).
Aglaia yeni Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2,
p. 31, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined).
Tanagra yeni d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois., p. 270, pi. 24, fig. 2, 1839
— Yungas and Yuracares, Bolivia.
Callospiza yeni Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 — Peru; idem,
Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 201, 1846 — wood region of eastern Peru.
Calliste yeni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 250, 1850 — Bolivia;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 — Bolivia and Peru; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 245, 1856 — Bolivia (Yuracares, Yungas) and River
Ucayali, Peru (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 5, pi. 2, 1857 —
Bolivia and Peru (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 453, 1858
— Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 180 — upper
Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 749, 977 — Xeberos, Chyavetas, and
Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870— Engenho do Gama,
Matto Grosso, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 261 — upper Ucayali, Nauta, Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Pebas, Peru;
Sclater, I.e., 1873, p. 780— Cosnipata, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p.
514— Monterico, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598— Typuani
and Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 11 — Yurimaguas,
Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 457, 1884— Peru (Monterico, Ucayali, Chya-
vetas, Xeberos, Pebas, Yurimaguas, Quebrada de San Gaban, Carabaya) ;
Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77 — Machay,
Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 97, 1886— Bolivia (Ty-
puani, Tilotilo), Peru (Pebas), and Ecuador (Sarayacu, Rio Napo);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, pp. 71, 81, 1889— Rio Napo, Ecuador,
and Mapiri, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 — Sarayacu
(Ucayali) and Cumbase, near Tarapoto, Peru; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 — Gualaquiza and Zamora,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 460 — Rio Coca, Ecuador, and
Iquitos, Peru.
Calliste tatao var. ft yeni Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128,
1874 (range).
Calliste chilensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p.
339 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru.
Calospiza chilensis Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905 — Rio Jurua,
Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906 — Huaynapata
and Rio Cadena, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 — Rio
Jurua (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 9, 1908 — Cachoeira and Bom
Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 273, 1910— Calama,
Rio Madeira; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G£ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 92, 1911 — Macas, Rio Napo, and Gualaquiza, Ecuador;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1026, 1912— from
position of C. c. chilensis, as has been explained at length by its describer. The
differences separating it from C. c. coelicolor, though slight and sometimes obliter-
ated by individual variation, are quite noticeable when series are compared.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Huambo, 2: Huayabamba, 14.
86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
southeastern Colombia (Rio Putumayo) through eastern Ecuador and
Peru to Bolivia and western Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p.
443, 1914 — Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925— Canelos, Ecuador.
Tangara chilensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 593, 1917 —
Andalucia, head of Magdalena Valley, and Florencia, Caqueta, Colom-
bia; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 — Charapi, Prov. Jaen, Peru;
Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 117, 1921— Rio Cosireni and
Rio Comberciato, Urubamba, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 236,
1923 — Yuracares, Bolivia (note on types); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 655, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Guayaba, Rio Zamora; Zamora;
below San Jose; Rio Suno); Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 371, 1930 — Rio Roose-
velt, Matto Grosso.
Tangara chilensis chilensis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17,
p. 439, 1930 — Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of Upper Amazonia, from southern
Colombia (Andalucia, head of Magdalena Valley; Florencia and
Rio Putumayo, Caqueta) through eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru
(excepting certain valleys of the upper Huallaga drainage) to
northern Bolivia and the adjacent districts of western Brazil (Rio
Jurua; Rio Purus; Rio Roosevelt and Rio Guapore*, northwestern
Matto Grosso; Calama, Rio Madeira).1
15: Peru (Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, 4; Moyobamba, 8;
Yahuas, near Pebas, 1; Rioja, 1); Ecuador (Sarayacu, 1).
Calospiza fastuosa (Lesson).2 SUPERB TANAGER.
Tanagra fastuosa Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 184, pi. 58, circa 1831 — Brazil (type
in coll. of M. Parhuit, doubtless lost).
1 1 cannot make out any racial variation between a topotypical Bolivian
series and others from northern Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. C. c. chilensis,
while agreeing with C. c. chlorocorys and C. c. coelicolor in the large extent of the
cendre blue patch on the upper wing coverts and long cap, is readily distinguished
by having the rump scarlet like the lower back. Yet one of our Moyobamba
birds has these parts orange chrome, exactly intermediate between the normal
red of chilensis and the yellow of the two other western races. The occurrence
of this mutant, taken in conjunction with the fact that the Moyobamba series and
other individuals from northern Peru in the tone of the green hood connect typical
chilensis with C. c. chlorocorys, plainly indicates intergradation and leads us to
unite the red-rumped chilensis and the Paradise Tanagers with bicolored lower
back in a single specific entity, as has first been suggested by Zimmer.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: CuembI, Rio Putumayo, 4. —
Ecuador: San Jose, 2; Rio Napo, 1; Sarayacu, 3. — Peru: Iquitos, 15; Huaynapata,
Marcapata, 3; Caradoc, Marcapata, 1. — Bolivia: Yuracares, 2; San Mateo, 12. —
Brazil: Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 1.
2 A very peculiar species with remarkably large bill. The only specimens
from precise localities that we have seen are those collected by the late W. A.
Forbes in the State of Pernambuco, all the others being either cage-birds or merely
marked "Brazil." Whether this species really extends south into Bahia is extremely
doubtful, but it may be expected to occur in Alagoas, Parahyba, and Rio Grande
do Norte, concerning which there are few published records.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 87
Calliste fastuosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 — Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 52 — Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 246, 1856 — Pernambuco, Brazil (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Cal-
liste, p. 9, pi. 4, 1857 — Pernambuco (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 62, 1862— Pernambuco; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 331— Macuca,
Quipapa, and Cabo, Pernambuco; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
98, 1886— Pernambuco.
Calospiza fastuosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 — Pernambuco;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1026, 1912— Pernam-
buco and (?)Bahia.
Range. — Eastern Brazil, in State of Pernambuco (Macuca;
Quipapa; Cabo).
*Calospiza seledon (P. L. S. Muller). GREEN-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra seledon P. L. S. Miiller,1 Natursyst., Suppl., p. 158, 1776 — based on
"Tangara varie a tete verte de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 33,
fig. 1; "Cayenne," errore=Rio de Janeiro (auct. Berlepsch, 1912).
Tanagra tricolor Gmelin,2 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 891, 1789— based on "Le Tan-
gara vari6 a teste verte de Cayenne" Brisson (Orn., 6, Suppl., p. 59, pi.
4, fig. 1), "Le Tricolor" Buffon and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 33, fig. 1;
"Cayenne" (errore).
Calliste septemcolora Bertoni, Revista de Agronomfa y Cienc. Aplic. (Bol.
Escuela de Agric. Asuncion), 1, p. 530, 1899 — Paraguay (type in coll.
of A. de W. Bertoni); idem, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, p. 89, 1901 — Alto
Parand, Paraguay.
Tanagra tatao (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 459,
1830— Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio, Gurapina, etc., Rio (habits); (?)d'0r-
bigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 270, 1839— St. Christophe, near Rio
de Janeiro (cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 236, 1923).
Calliste tricolor Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 — Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 — Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 246, 1856— Brazil (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 187, 1856 — Rio de Janeiro to Bahia, Nova Friburgo (habits); Sclater,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 7, pi. 3, 1857 — Rio to Bahia (monog.); Pelzeln,
Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 91, 1865 — Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro;
Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 410, 1867 (nest and eggs); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 206, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Registo do Sai) and Sao
Paulo (Ypanema); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 99, 1886— Bahia,
Rio de Janeiro, "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," and "Rio Claro, Goyaz,"
errore; Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892 —
Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 146, 1899—
Iguap^, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova
Friburgo.
1 Although Miiller's description is faulty ("der Riicken, die Kehle und der
Burzel sind gelb") as in other cases where similar evidences for the author's care-
lessness may be noticed, his name is clearly based on Daubenton's figure cited
above, a good representation of the Green-headed Tanager.
* Gmelin's variety "£" does not belong here. This is C. cyanocephala (P. L.
S. Muller).
88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tatao tricolor Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 141, 1851 — Brazil.
Callispiza tricolor Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio.
Calospiza tricolor Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 — Sao Paulo
(Iguape, Alto da Serra, Santos, Ubatuba) and Espirito Santo (Irara,
Porto Cachoeiro) (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
(3), 11, p. 375, 1910— Misiones and Paraguay (Alto Parana).
Calospiza seledon Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1027,
1131, 1912 — Brazil (Bahia to Santa Catharina) and Paraguay.
Tangara seledon Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 362, 1914 — Misiones (Iguazu
and Santa Ana); Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 128, 1915— Vic-
toria, Espirito Santo; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — Misiones.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Bahia to Santa Catharina, and the Argentine Territory of Misiones,
including the adjacent stretches of eastern Paraguay (Alto Parana).1
14: Brazil (Bahia, 2; Rio de Janeiro, 9; Joinville, Santa
Catharina, 3).
*Calospiza cyanocephala cyanocephala (P. L. S. Miiller). RED-
NECKED TANAGER.
Tanagra cyanocephala P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776 —
based on "Tangara varie a t§te bleue de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 33, fig. 2; "Cayenne" (errore) = Rio de Janeiro (auct. Berlepsch, 1912);
Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 32, p. 425, 1819— Brazil and
"Peru," rare in "Guiana."
Aglaia cyanocephala Swainson, Ornith. Draw., Part 1, pi. 5, 1834.
Tanagra festiva Shaw and Nodder, Natur. Misc., 13, pi. 537, 1802 — "Cay-
enne" (location of type not stated).
Tanagra trichroa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 30, 1823 —
based on Tanagra tricolor var. ft Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 891, 1789
(ex "Le Tangara varie a teste bleue de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 6, Suppl.,
p. 62, pi. 4, fig. 2, et Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 33, fig. 2; "Cayenne," errore).
Tanagra rubricollis (Temminck MS.) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p.
456, 1830 — Fazenda Gurapina, near Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro (type now
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 219, 1889).
Tanagra multicolor Descourtilz, Ornith. Bresil., livr. 3, p. 30, pi. 34, fig. 3,
1856(?) — Brazil (no locality specified, but probably vicinity of Rio de
Janeiro).
Calliste festiva Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 — Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
1 The localities "Rio Claro, Goyaz," and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," are
evidently erroneous.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 3; Victoria, Espirito Santo,
2; Nova Friburgo, Rio, 1; Registo do Sai, Rio, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanema,
Sao Paulo, 1; Curucatu, Sao Paulo, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 22. — Paraguay:
Cambyreta, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 89
Th. Bras., 3, p. 188, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 246, 1856 — southeastern Brazil (descr.); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 11, pi. 5, 1857— Rio de Janeiro (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 63, 1862— Rio de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Reise Novara,
Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 91, 1865 — Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn.
Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Registo do Sai, Corcovado);
Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 302 — Sao Paulo (Serra south of Sao Paulo and
south of Itapetininga) ; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118,
1885— Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 100,
1886— part, spec, c-i, Rio, Nova Friburgo, and Sao Paulo; Ihering, Ann.
Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 147, 1899— IguapS, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153,
1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Tatao festivus Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 141, 1851 — Brazil.
Callispiza festiva Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de
Janeiro.
Calospiza festiva Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape,
Alto da Serra, Ubatuba, Estagao Rio Grande) and Parana (range excl.
Bahia and Pernambuco).
Calospiza cyanocephala Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1027, 1912 — Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul.
Tangara cyanocephala cyanocephala Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p.
128, 1915 — Victoria, Espirito Santo (crit.).
Tangara cyanocephala Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — Misiones.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Espirito
Santo to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent parts of the Argentine
Province of Misiones.1
15: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 13; "Rio skin," 2).
*Calospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch.2 NORTHERN RED-
NECKED TANAGER.
Calospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsber., 11, p. 18, 1903
—Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum);
idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1027, 1912— Bahia and
Pernambuco.
1 Birds from various parts of the range agree well together, although the few
seen from Espirito Santo possibly have the red collar of a very slightly lighter
tone. There is considerable individual variation in size.
Additional material examined. — Espirito Santo: Victoria, 2. — Rio de Janeiro:
Rio de Janeiro, 5; Registo do Sai, 1; Corcovado, 1. — Sao Paulo: Sao Sebastiao,
2. — Parana: Curytiba, 1.— Santa Catharina: Joinville, 72.
2 Calospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch: Similar to C. c. cyanocephala,
but decidedly smaller; adult males with nuchal collar and sides of head paler, flame
scarlet to grenadine red rather than deep scarlet; the cadmium yellow wing band
narrower; the reddish line separating the blackish chin from the blue gular spot
markedly wider and paler, less scarlet; the green of the under parts generally of
a lighter, more yellowish hue. Wing, 60-64; tail, 41-46.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 12; Quipapa, Pernambuco, 1.
90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste f estiva (not Tanagra f estiva Shaw and Nodder) Forbes, Ibis, 1881,
p. 332 — near Quipapa, Pernambuco; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 100, 1886 — part, Pernambuco (spec, b) and Bahia.
Calospiza f estiva Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 — part, Pernam-
buco and Bahia.
Range. — Wooded region of eastern Brazil, from Bahia to
Pernambuco.
1: Brazil (Bahia, 1).
*Calospiza cyanocephala cearensis (Cory).1 CEARA RED-
NECKED TANAGER.
Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 345, 1916— Serra de Baturite, Ceara (type in Field Museum); Hell-
mayr, I.e., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 279, 1929— Serra de Baturite" (crit).
Calospiza cyanocephala cearensis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
2, No. 6, p. 41, 1926— Ceara (crit.).
Range. — Wooded hills of northeastern Brazil, in State of Ceara
(Serra de Baturit£ and other ranges).
4: Ceara (Serra de Baturite", 4).
Calospiza cyanoventris (Vieillot). BLUE-BREASTED TANAGER.
Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 426,
1819— "Bre"sil"; idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 781, 1822—
Bresil (type stated to be in Paris Museum, where it is still preserved [fide
J. Berlioz, in litt.]); Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 10, p. 470,
1858 (crit.).
Tanagra elegans (not of P. L. S. MiiHeF, 1776) Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 187,
(8vo ed., p. 184), 1820— Barra do Jucu, Espirito Santo (type now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 219, 1889).
Tanagra citrinella Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 7, pi. 42, fig. 2, Feb.,
1821 — "Bresil" (type, from Ypanema, Sao Paulo, in the Leiden Museum);
Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 464, 1830— Barra do Jucu,
Espirito Santo.
Aglaia citrinella Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 1, pi. 6, 1834.
Calliste citrinella Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 — Brazil;
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 184, 1856 — Espirito Santo to
Bahia "and Pernambuco."
Chrysothraupis cilrinella Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142,
1851— Brazil.
1 Calospiza cyanocephala cearensis (Cory) : A very distinct form, differing in
the male sex from the two other races by deeper, more purplish blue crown; blackish
upper throat; and particularly by the presence of long pale cerulean blue tips to
the shorter upper tail coverts, the last-named character being suggested even in
females and immature males. In dimensions, width of orange wing band, and
intensity of nuchal collar, it is nearer to C. c. cyanocephala than to C. c. corallina.
Wing (adult males), 64-69; tail, 47-50; bill, 10.
.936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 91
Calliste cyaneiventris Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 52 — Brazil; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 247, 1856 — southeastern Brazil (diag.); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 14, pi. 6, 1857 — Espirito Santo (Rio Jucu) and
Sao Paulo (Ypanema); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 63, 1862— Rio-
de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 100, 1886— Espirito Santo to Sao
Paulo (Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Piquete); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153,
1900— Cantagallo, Rio.
Calospiza cyaneiventris Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 — Sao Paulo
(Piquete, Sao Carlos do Pinhal) and Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre,
Marianna); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1027,
1912— Bahia to Sao Paulo.
Calospiza cyaniventris Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
24, p. 254, 1923— Mont-Serrat, Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., p. 264, 1923— same
locality.
Tangara cyaneiventris Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320, 1928 —
Serra do Itatiaya (alt. 3,100 ft.).
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
3ahia, Espirito Santo, and southern Minas Geraes (Marianna,
/argem Alegre) to Sao Paulo.1
'Calospiza desmaresti (Vieillot). YELLOW-BREASTED TANAGER.
Tanagra desmaresti Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 32, p. 410,
1819— "Bresil"; idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 774, 1822—
"Bresil" (type, collected by Delalande, Jr., in the vicinity of Rio de
Janeiro, examined in the Paris Museum); Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 7, p. 354, 1855 (crit.).
Tanagra thoracica Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 7, pi. 42, fig. 1, Feb.,
1821 — "Bresil" (type, collected by Delalande, Jr., in the vicinity of Rio
de Janeiro, in the Paris Museum).2
1 Whether its range extends really as far north as Pernambuco, as is claimed
>y Burmeister (whose notes on distribution are frequently more or less imaginary)
•emains to be confirmed.
Material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 2; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 8.
2 In the text to pi. 42, fig. 1, Temminck states that specimens were forwarded
)y M. Delalande to the Paris Museum, while those in the Leiden and Vienna
Elections are due to the researches of J. Natterer. According to the registers
>f the Vienna Museum, the examples which passed by way of exchange into the
Leiden Museum are a male and a female shot by Natterer on Sept. 18, 1820, at
Faguaraiba; but since we know from Josef Natterer's account (in Oken's Isis, 1833,
j. 546) that the collections made by his brother between July, 1820, and February 1,
1821, did not reach Vienna until October, 1821, whereas Temminck's plate was
ssued with livr. 7 in February, 1821, it is quite evident that Huet's figure must
lave been drawn from Delalande's specimen in the Paris Museum, which thus
•nay be assumed to be the type. The same individual served as basis for the
iescription of T. desmaresti Vieillot, which, though faulty in several respects,
cannot refer to any other bird, as we have explained elsewhere (Verh. Orn. Ges.
Bay., 14, pp. 282-283, 1920). The text to pi. 42 of Temminck's "Nouveau
rlecueil" appeared more than a year later, together with livr. 21, in April, 1822,
hus allowing the author to include the specimens received in the meantime from
he Vienna Museum.
92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste thoradca Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 — Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 54 — Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 247, 1856 — southeastern Brazil (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 186, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio; Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 15, pi. 7, 1857— Brazil; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 63,
1862— Rio de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870— Sao Paulo
(Casa Pintada) and Parana (Jaguaraiba, Campo Comprido, Curytiba);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 101, 1886— southeastern Brazil
("Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" and Rio Claro, "Goyaz," errore); Ihering,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 147, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900—
Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro.
Calospiza thoradca Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 — Sao Paulo
(Ypiranga, Alto da Serra, Itarare, Ubatuba, Campos de Jordao) and
Minas Geraes (Itatiaya); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1027, 1912— southeastern Brazil and "Goyaz" (errore); Miranda-
Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 254, 1923 — Retiro do
Ramos, Itatiaya.
Calospiza (Calliste) thoradca Lxiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 356,
1909 — Campo Itatiaya.
Tangara thoradca Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320, 1928— Serra
do Itatiaya.
Tangara desmaresti Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 283, 1920 (crit.).
Chrysothraupis thoradca Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851 —
Brazil.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de
Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, Cantagallo, etc.) through
Sao Paulo to Parana (Jaguaraiba, Campo Comprido, Curytiba).1
12: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 1; Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 11).
Calospiza gouldi (Sclater).2 GOULD'S TANAGER.
!
1 The species is unknown in Goyaz and Rio Grande do Sul, the specimens in
the British Museum said to be from these provinces being doubtless incorrectly
labeled.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, 5;
Rio de Janeiro, 2; Nova Friburgo, Rio, 1; Casa Pintada, Sao Paulo, 2; Jagua-
raiba, Parana, 1; Campo Comprido, 1; Curytiba, Parana, 1.
2 Calospiza gouldi (Sclater) : Nearly allied to C. desmaresti, but readily dis-
tinguished by much larger black gular patch, which is, besides, bordered all round
by a narrow dark blue line, and correspondingly smaller, also more purely green
(less yellowish) submental spot; bright grass green instead of deep chrome pre-
pectoral area and smaller upper wing coverts; slightly more golden green edges
to the upper parts; by lacking the conspicuous pale yellow abdominal streak,
which is merely suggested by a few buffy edges in the middle of the lower belly.
Wing (unsexed adult), 69; tail, 52; bill, 12.
The unique type in the British Museum is a skin of the well-known South
Brazilian, so-called "Rio" preparation. No other specimen resembling it has
ever been found since its description. While there can be no doubt as to its con-
stituting a perfectly good form, C. gouldi may ultimately turn out to be a local
representative of C. desmaresti.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 93
Calliste gouldi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885 (Nov.), p. 849, pub.
(early in) 1886 — southeastern Brazil (type in British Museum examined);
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 102, 1886— Brazil.
Calospiza gouldi Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 — southern Brazil;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912— south-
eastern Brazil.
Range. — Southeastern Brazil (exact locality unknown).
"Calospiza schrankii (Spix). SCHRANK'S TANAGER.
Tanagra schrankii Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 38, pi. 51, figs. 1 (male),
2 (female), 1825 — no locality indicated; we suggest Tabatinga, Rio
Solimoes, Brazil (types in Munich Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy.
Ame>. Mend., Ois., p. 270, pi. 24, fig. 1, 1839— Yuracares, Bolivia.
Aglaia schrankii Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 31, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia; Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
5, p. 122, 1837 — western "Brazil bordering on Peru" (crit.).
Aglaw melanotis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 355, Dec. 31, 1837 — Peru
(descr. of female; type in coll. of W. Hooker, present location unknown).
Calliste schranki(i) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 — Brazil
and Bolivia; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 54 — Bolivia, Peru, etc.;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 — Quijos, Ecuador; idem,
I.e., 24, p. 248, 1856 — Peru (Maynas), Ecuador (Quixos), and Bolivia,
Yuracares (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 17, pi. 8, 1857 —
Ecuador (Quixos). Peru, and Bolivia (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 25, p. 264, 1857 — Ega and Rio Javarri, Brazil; idem, I.e., 26,
pp. 74, 453, 1858 — Rio Napo, Gualaquiza, and Zamora, Ecuador; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64, 1862 — Peruvian Amazon and Bolivia;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 — upper Ucayali,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 749, 977 — Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Pebas,
Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206 (note 4), 1870— Tabatinga [Rio
Solimoes], Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p.
185 — Cosnipata, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 — upper Ucayali, Xeberos,
Chyavetas, Pebas, Ega, and Rio Javarri; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 514
— Monterico (Ayacucho) and Amable Maria (Junin), Peru; Sclater and
Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598 — Yuracares, Nairapi, and Tilotilo, Bolivia;
Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 459, 1884 — Peruvian localities; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 102, 1886— Ecuador (Sarayacu, Rio Napo),
Peru (Pebas, Ucayali), and Bolivia (Nairapi); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37,
p. 296, 1889 — Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 339— La Gloria (Vitoc) and La Merced
(Chanchamayo), Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14,
No. 357, p. 15, 1899— Rio Zamora, Ecuador.
Callispiza schrankii Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844— Peru;
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 201, 1846 — forest region of eastern
Peru.
Chrysothraupis schrankii Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851 —
Brazil and Bolivia.
94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza schranki(i) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906 —
Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Peru; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr.
Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 673, 1906 (note on type); Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 — Ucayali, Peru, and San Mateo, Bolivia (range);
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 — Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus, Brazil;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
93, 1911 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911
— Nuevo Loreto, near Tayabamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912 — southeastern Colombia (Rio Putu-
mayo) to Bolivia and western Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 444, 1914 — Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925— Canelos, Ecuador.
Tangara schrankii Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 593, 1917 —
Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 117,
1921 — Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 236,
1923— Bolivia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 655,
1926 — Ecuador (Zamora, Macas region, below San Jose, Rio Suno);
Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 439, 1929— Huachipa,
Peru (crit.).
(lyTanagra graminea Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 40, pi. 53, fig. 2, 1825
— no locality indicated (type lost; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr.
Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 675, 1906).1
Range. — Upper Amazonia, from southeastern Colombia (Cuembi,
Rio Putumayo; Florencia, Caqueta) through eastern Ecuador,
eastern Peru, and extreme western Brazil (Ega and Tabatinga, Rio
Solimoes; Rio Purus) south to northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz
and Cochabamba).2
11: Peru (Chanchamayo, 1; Huachipa, 8; Nuevo Loreto, east of
Tayabamba, Libertad, 1; Yurimaguas, 1).
Calospiza johannae (Dalmas).3 JOHANNA'S TANAGER.
Calliste johannae Dalmas, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 36, Dec., 1900— El
Paillon, near Buenaventura, Colombia (type in coll. of R. de Dalmas,
later in Tring Museum, now in the American Museum of Natural History,
1 What Tanagra graminea really is, will always remain in doubt, the type
having disappeared. The figure looks somewhat like the juvenile plumage of
C. schrankii, but lacks every trace of the sooty color on forehead and sides of head,
and has no yellow suffusion on the rump.
2 Birds from Colombia (Rio Putumayo) seem to be inseparable from series of
Peruvian and Bolivian specimens.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, 18. — •
Ecuador: Sarayacu, 3; San Jose, 2; Rio Napo, 1. — Brazil: Tabatinga, 1. — Peru:
Rio Cadena, Marcapata, 1; Huaynapata, 1; Marcapata, 27; Shanusi, Yurimaguas,
1. — Bolivia: San Mateo, 15.
3 Calospiza johannae (Dalmas) is a very distinct species, which, though allied
to C. schrankii, differs readily by lacking the light cadmium occipital patch (the
whole crown being shining green, a little more yellowish than the lateral margins
to the dorsal feathers) and the greenish spot in front of the eyes; by having a
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 95
New York); Sclater, Ibis, 1901, p. 597, pi. 12, fig. 2— Paramba, Rio
Mira, Ecuador (crit.).1
Calospiza johannae Hellmayr, Ibis, 1910, p. 328 — Choc6, Colombia, and
northwestern Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1101 —
Tado, Novita, and Condoto, Choc6, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912— El Paillon, Colombia, and
Paramba, Ecuador.
Tangara johannae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 593, 1917 —
Andagueda (upper Atrato), Juntas de Tamana, Noanama, San Jos£, and
Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 656, 1926 — Paramba, Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Colombia and northwestern
Ecuador, from the upper Atrato (Andagueda) south to Paramba,
Prov. Imbabura.
*Calospiza florida2 florida (Sclater and Salvin). EMERALD
TANAGER.
Calliste florida Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 416, pi.
28 — Costa Rica (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Mu-
seum; descr. of female); Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 114 — Costa Rica; Sclater,
Ibis, 1876, p. 409 — Costa Rica and "Veraguas" (crit.); Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 267, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1883— Costa Rica
and Veraguas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 103, 1886— Costa
Rica and "Veraguas."
Calospiza florida Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028,
1912— Costa Rica.
Calospiza florida florida Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 39,
1902— Carrfllo, Costa Rica (monog.).
Calospiza florida arcaei Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 149, April,
1901 — Veragua (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65, 1902 — Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqul,
Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 40, 1902—
Veragua (monog.).
Calospiza arcaei Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028,
1912— Veragua.
Tangara florida Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 863, 1910 — Bonilla,
Carrillo, and Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica (crit., plumages, habits).
black gular patch bordered laterally and posteriorly by a bright blue margin;
blue tips to frontal feathers and a blue stripe along the upper edge of the auriculars;
pale grayish middle of the belly, etc. Wing, (male) 73, (female) 67; tail, 50-51,
(female) 46; bill, 10-11.
Material examined. — Colombia: El Paillon, near Buenaventura, 1 (the type);
Tado, Rio San Juan, Choc6, 3; Novita, Rio Tamana, 1; Condoto, Rio Condoto,
1.— Ecuador: Paramba (alt. 3,500 ft.), Prov. Imbabura, 1.
1 The Peruvian localities mentioned by Sclater are due to a misunderstanding
(cf. Hellmayr, Ibis, 1910, p. 328, footnotef).
1 Calospiza florida is possibly conspecific with C. schrankii, which it ap-
parently replaces on the Pacific coast of Colombia (auriceps) and in southern
Central America.
96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and
western Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui; Rio CaloveVora, Veraguas).1
1: Costa Rica (Peralta, 1).
Calospiza florida auriceps (Chapman).2 SOUTHERN EMERALD
TANAGER.
Tangara florida, auriceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 188,
March, 1914 — Buenavista, Narino, Colombia (type in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 593, 1917 — Buena-
vista and Novita, Colombia.
Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Colombia, from Narino (Buena-
vista) north to extreme eastern Panama (Tacarcuna, Darien).
Calospiza punctata punctata (Linnaeus). SPOTTED TANAGER.
Tanagra punctata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on
"Le Tangara verd piquete des Indes" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 19, pi. 4, fig. 2;
"Indes orientales") and "The Spotted Green Tit-mouse" Edwards (Glean.
Nat. Hist., 2, p. 110, pi. 262; Surinam); Surinam (ex Edwards) accepted
as type locality.
Calliste punctata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850— Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 55 — Cayenne; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 248, 1856 — Cayenne (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste,
p. 19, pi. 9, 1857 — Cayenne (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
64, 1862— Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870— Barra do Rio
Negro [= Manaos] and Rio Icanna, Brazil (spec, in Vienna Museum
examined); Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128, 1874— Cayenne;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209— British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume
Mountains, Roraima); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 104, 1886—
Cayenne, Oyapock, and British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains,
Roraima); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 — Para.
1 There do not seem to be any constant color differences between birds from
Costa Rica and Panama, if specimens of corresponding age are compared. Mr.
Todd (in Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 863, 1910) takes C. /. arcaei for the
first annual plumage of the male, and the available material, scanty as it is, tends
to substantiate this view. One of the males from Boquete, Chiriqui, has more
yellow on the crown than four from Costa Rica, and the figure in the "Biologia,"
drawn from one of Arce's Veraguan skins, likewise shows a distinct yellow occipital
patch, which is in direct opposition to Ridgway's diagnosis of C. /. arcaei.
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Carrillo, 5. — Panama: Boquete,
Chiriqui, 4; "Veragua" (ex Boucard), 1; Rio Calovevora, Veraguas, 3.
2 Calospiza florida auriceps (Chapman) : Similar to C. /. florida, but yellow
of crown much more extensive, reaching to the middle of the eyes; scapulars
with narrower, if any, greenish edges. Wing, 65, (female) 62; tail, 40; bill, 10.
A single adult male from Tacarcuna, Darien, in extent of the yellow crown
patch, is intermediate between florida and auriceps, though nearer the latter.
The green margins to the scapulars, however, are just as well developed as in
florida. Pending the receipt of further material, the bird is provisionally referred
to auriceps, mainly out of zoogeographical considerations.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Buenavista, Narino, 2; Novita, Rio
San Juan, 1. — Panama: Tacarcuna, Darien, 1 (male).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 97
Ixothraupis punctata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851 —
Cayenne and Brazil; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32,
1857 — Cayenne.
Calospiza punctata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 272, 1905 — Igarape-Assu,
Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907— "Trinidad" (errore)
and British Guiana (range in part, Guyana, Para, Rio Negro); Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 — Cayenne and Oyapock, French Guiana;
idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912 — Cayenne,
British Guiana, and Brazil (Rio Negro, Rio Iganna, Para); Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 444, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Peixe-
Boi, and Rio Jamunda (Faro).
Tangara punctata punctata Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-
phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 9, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Para (crit.); Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 2, p. 100, 1916— Utinga, Para; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2,
p. 505, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 128, 1931— Roraima (Paulo) and Mount Duida,
Venezuela (crit.).
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil
(north of the Amazon west to the upper Rio Negro, also in the
Para district); southern Venezuela (Mount Duida).1
*Calospiza punctata zamorae (Chapman).2 ECUADORIAN SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara punctata zamorae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 9, 1925 —
Zamora, eastern Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 656, 1926—
Zamora and below San Jose', Ecuador.
Calliste punctata (not Tanagra punctata Linnaeus) Taczanowski and Ber-
lepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77 — Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador.
Calospiza punctata Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 — part, Ecuador.
Calliste punctulata (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1876) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 104, 1886 — part, spec, c, San Jose.
1 Specimens from Para and Manaos agree well with others from French and
British Guiana. Two adult males from the Rio Iganna (tributary of the upper
Rio Negro) form the passage to C. p. zamorae, agreeing with it in larger size (wing,
64-65; tail, 44-45). One resembles the typical form in the decidedly blue edgings
to primary coverts and outer primaries, while the other in that respect hardly
differs from Ecuadorian skins. Specimens from Roraima (and Duida, fide Chap-
man) are again larger (wing of males, 65-68; tail, 44-46) than lowland birds.
Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 4. — British Guiana: Bartica
Grove, 2; Roraima (alt. 3,500 ft.), 4; unspecified, 3. — Brazil: Para, 4; Marco
da Legua, 1; Igarap6-Assu, 1; Peixe-Boi, 1; Manaos, 5; Rio Iganna, 2.
2 Calospiza punctata zamorae (Chapman) : Similar to C. p. punctata, but larger,
and the primary coverts and outer primaries margined with green instead of with
blue. Wing (males), 64-66; tail, 44-46 J^.
An unsexed adult from Huayabamba, while not quite typical, is provisionally
referred here rather than to the next form.
Material examined. — Ecuador: San Jose, 2; Machay, 1; Mapoto, 1; Guayaba,
Rio Zamora, 2; Zamora, 1. — Peru: Huayabamba, 1.
98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza punctulata Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 93, 1912— Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Calospiza punctata punctulata Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1029, 1912 — part, eastern Ecuador (Machay, Mapoto, San Jose) and
northern Peru (Huayabamba).
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Zamora, San Jose",
Machay, Mapoto) and northern Peru (Huayabamba; Moyobamba).
1: Peru (Moyobamba, 1).
Calospiza punctata perenensis (Chapman).1 PERUVIAN SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara punctata perenensis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 9, 1925 —
Utcuyacu, Prov. Junin, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).
Callospiza punctala (not Tanagra punctata Linnaeus) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg.,
10, (1), p. 286, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 203,
1846 — wood region of eastern Peru.
Calliste punctata Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 460, 1884 — Peru (ex Tschudi).
Calliste punctulata (not of Sclater and Salvin) Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340— Garita del Sol, Vitoc.
Calospiza punctata punctulata Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1029, 1912— part, central Peru (Garita del Sol).
Range. — Tropical zone of central Peru, in Dept. of Junin (Garita
del Sol, Tulumayo, Utcuyacu).
Calospiza punctata punctulata (Sclater and Salvin). BOLIVIAN
SPOTTED TANAGER.
Calliste punctulata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 353 —
Tilotilo, Bolivia (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Mu-
seum); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 598— Tilotilo; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 104, 1886— part, spec, a-b, Tilotilo, Bolivia.
Calospiza punctulata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906 —
Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1029, 1912 — part, southeastern Peru (Huay-
napata, Marcapata) and Bolivia (Tilotilo, San Antonio).
Range. — Tropical zone of extreme southeastern Peru (Marcapata
Valley and its tributaries) and northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz).2
1 Calospiza punctata perenensis (Chapman) : About the same size as C. p.
zamorae, but under parts whiter, much less suffused with yellow on sides of neck,
chest, and sides of breast; dorsal surface darker, less yellowish green. Generally
similar to C. p. punctulata, but more coarsely spotted above, and the dusky streaks
on flanks and under tail coverts evanescent. Wing (male), 64-66; tail, 47-49.
Material examined. — Peru, Dept. Junin: Garita del Sol, 2; Utcuyacu, 3.
2 Material examined. — Bolivia: Yungas of La Paz, 1. — Peru: Huaynapata, 3;
Marcapata, 3; Rio Inambari, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 99
Calospiza chrysophrys trinitatis (Todd).1 TRINIDAD SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara guttata trinitatis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, No. 2, p. 203, May,
1912 — Aripo, Trinidad (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 177 (in text), 1924—
Trinidad (crit.).
Calliste chrysophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, pp. 24, 54 — part, Trinidad.
Calliste guttulata (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19,
1856— part, Trinidad.
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 249, 1856— part, Trinidad; idem, Monog. Genus Calliste, p. 22,
1857— part, Trinidad; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64, 1862— part,
spec, c, d, Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82— Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois.
Trinidad, p. 305, 1866 — mountain forests of Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579— Trinidad (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 105, 1886— part, spec, j, k, Trinidad.
Calospiza guttata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 — Chaguanas, Trinidad;
Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906— Aripo.
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (not of Sclater) Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1029, 1912— part, Trinidad.
Range. — Island of Trinidad (Subtropical zone of the northern
mountain ranges).
Calospiza chrysophrys guttata (Cabanis).2 RORAIMA SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Callispiza guttata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 26, Oct., 1851 — Roraima, British
Guiana (type in Berlin Museum).
1 Calospiza chrysophrys trinitatis (Todd): Nearest to C. c. chrysophrys, but
differs in both sexes by more extensive as well as deeper golden yellow about
forehead and superciliary region; brighter yellow sides of the head; more coarsely
spotted upper parts; larger black spotting on foreneck and breast, and more
conspicuous, frequently spot-like markings on the throat. In opposition to the
other races, in which there is a marked sexual difference in the amount of black
spotting both above and below and in the extent of yellow about the head, the
sexes in C. c. trinitatis are very nearly alike. In Trinidad females the yellow
color on forehead and superciliaries, though more restricted and paler than in
males, is still brighter than in the males of the mainland races. Wing, 70-73,
(female) 67-69; tail, 51-54, (female) 49-52; bill, 11-12.
Material examined.— Trinidad: Aripo (alt. 1,800 to 2,000 ft.), 16;
Chaguanas, 1.
2 Calospiza chrysophrys guttata (Cabanis) : Very close to C. c. chrysophrys, but
throat plain (unstreaked) ; black spots on foreneck and breast smaller; the yellow
about the forehead and orbital region somewhat duller; the upper parts slightly
darker, less yellowish green. Wing, 70-72, (female) 66-69; tail, 52-54,
(female) 51-53.
Additional specimens from Roraima lately examined corroborate the slight
differences which we had noticed before, and seem to justify the recognition of
guttata, a conclusion independently reached by Chapman upon the study of
large series.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 7.
100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste guttulata (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 19, 1856— part, British Guiana.
Calliste guttata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 249, 1856 — part, British
Guiana; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 21, 1857 — part, Roraima; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 209— Roraima; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105,
1886 — part, spec, a-c, Roraima.
Calospiza guttata Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1029,
1912— Roraima.
Tangara guttata Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 507, 1921 — Roraima.
Tangara guttata guttata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mue. N. H., 63, p. 129, 1931 —
Mount Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu, Philipp Camp) and Mount Duida
(Laterite Valley), Venezuela (crit.).
Tanagra punctata (not of Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2,
p. 245, 1848— Our Village, Roraima.
Cattospiza punctata Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 669,
"1848" [=1849]— Roraima.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Mounts Roraima and Duida in
southern Venezuela.
*Calospiza chrysophrys chrysophrys (Sclater). YELLOW-BROWED
TANAGER.
Calliste chrysophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 4, Part 1, p. 24, pi. 69, fig. 2,
Jan., 1851 — part, Venezuela (type, from Venezuela,1 in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum); idem, I.e., p. 54 — part, Venezuela.
Calliste guttulata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, No. 3, p. 76,
1851 — Ecuador2 (type in Paris Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19, 1856 — part, Venezuela.
1 The type was collected by the late H. Dyson "in the vicinity of Caracas"
(cf. Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 22, 1857).
2 Sclater (Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 54) gives "Mindo" as its locality. The
type, courteously forwarded by M. M£negaux, is labeled: "de Quito, donne par
M. Bourcier en 1851. (Cat. No. 13.) Ixothraupis guttulata Bp. Type de 1'espece."
On comparison with good series of the various races, I find it indistinguishable
from specimens of the Venezuelan coast ranges, notably a male taken by S. M.
Klages at Las Quiguas, Carabobo (Munich Museum, No. 11. 2170). Bonaparte's
statement "croupion jaune" is incorrect, the lower back and rump being shining
green like the rest of the upper parts. It certainly is neither tolimae nor eusticta,
which are much more heavily spotted underneath with black shaft-streaks on
the under tail coverts, while from bogotensis the type is immediately separated by
the broad bright yellow frontal band, orbital ring, and superciliaries, as well as
by more yellowish green top and sides of the head. Whether the locality "Ecua-
dor," where no representative of this group of tanagers has since been obtained,
is correct, remains extremely doubtful, although it should be noted that, according
to Finsch (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579), the Bremen Museum also has
specimens from "Quito, Ecuador."
Sclater's name chrysophrys appears to have slight priority. The first number
of the "Contributions to Ornithology" was published in January, while Bona-
parte's paper, read at the meeting of January 20, is not likely to have been issued
before the end of the month. In any case, both these names have priority over
Callispiza guttata Cabanis, unless the advance sheets of the "Museum Heineanum,"
which were in circulation in Germany as early as October, 1850, be considered
as constituting actual publications.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 101
Ixothraupis guttulata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, pp. 130, 144, 1851
— Ecuador (diag.).
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 249, 1856 — part, Venezuela and "Ecuador (Bourcier)" (diag.);
idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 21, pi. 10, 1857 — part, Venezuela (near
Caracas) and "Ecuador (Mindos)"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64,
1862 — part, spec, a, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, p. 627— Caracas; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105, 1886—
part, spec, d-g, i, Venezuela ("Puerto Cabello," Caracas); Phelps, Auk,
14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumanacoa [Sucre], Venezuela.
Tangara guttata guttata Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5,
p. 55, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Cumbre Chiquita, and Las Quiguas,
Carabobo (crit.); Hellmayr, I.e., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 176, 1924— Silla de
Caracas, Loma Redonda, and Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.);
Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12, 1925 — Neveri, Latal, and Cara-
pas, Sucre, Venezuela.
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1029, 1131, 1912 — part, Venezuela (Cumana to Caracas and "Puerto
Cabello") and "Ecuador (Mindos bei Quito)."
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela from Sucre to
Carabobo;1 (?) western Ecuador (Mindo).
3: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 2; unspecified, 1).
*Calospiza chrysophrys bogotensis (Hellmayr and Seilern).2
EAST-ANDEAN SPOTTED TANAGER.
Tangara guttata bogotensis Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5,
p. 57, 1912 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in Munich Museum); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 594, 1917 — Buena Vista, east slope of
eastern Andes, Colombia.
Calliste guttulata (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157,
1855— "Bogota."
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttala Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 249, 1856— part, New Grenada ("Bogota"); idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 21, 1857 — part, "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64,
1 Specimens from Sucre appear to be identical with those from farther west,
showing no approach to the Trinidad race (C. c. trinitatis).
Additional material examined. — Sucre: Santa Ana, 4; Quebrada Secca, 9;
Cumanacoa, 3. — Dept. Federal: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 19; Loma Redonda,
7; Silla de Caracas, 1. — Carabobo: Cumbre de Valencia, 7; Cumbre Chiquita, 7;
Las Quiguas, 6. — Ecuador: "Quito," 1 (type of C. guttulata).
2 Calospiza chrysophrys bogotensis (Hellmayr and Seilern): Nearest to C. c.
chrysophrys, but pileum grass green like the back, not more yellowish than the
latter; the blackish central spots to the dorsal feathers smaller and less conspicu-
ous; no distinct yellow frontal band or superciliaries, these parts being hardly
a little more yellowish green than the crown; cheeks and auriculars nearly grass
green. Wing, 68-72, (female) 65-66; tail, 49-53, (female) 48-50.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 9; Bucaramanga, 1;
Buena Vista, 1.
102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1862 — part, spec, b, "Anolaima," Colombia; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325
— Santa Rosa and Alto, near Ocana, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 237 — San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105, 1886— part, spec. 1-p, "Bogota,"
Colombia; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887— "Bogota."
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (not Calliste chrysophrys Sclater) Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1029, 1131, 1912— part, Vene-
zuela (San Cristobal) and Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia and
the adjacent section of Venezuela (San Cristobal, Tachira).
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Calospiza chrysophrys tolimae (Chapman).1 TOLIMA SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara guttata tolimae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 187, 1914
— twenty miles west of Honda, Tolima, Colombia (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 594, 1917 —
west of Honda.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the central Andes of Colombia
(twenty miles west of Honda).
*Calospiza chrysophrys eusticta (Todd).2 COSTA RICAN SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara guttata eusticta Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, No. 2, p. 202, May, 1912
— Boruca, Costa Rica (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh) ; Hellmayr
and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 57, 1912— Chiriquf (crit.);
Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 462, 1928— Boquete
Trail, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 187, 1929 — Cana,
eastern Panama (crit.); Peters, I.e., 71, p. 340, 1931 — Boquete Trail,
Panama; Smith, Auk, 49, p. 497, 1932— El General, Costa Rica.
1 Calospiza chrysophrys tolimae (Chapman) : Similar to C. c. bogotensis in
greenish auriculars and subocular region, yellowish green supra-loral stripe and
orbital ring, and small black spots on the back; but throat and breast much
more heavily spotted with black and under tail coverts with broad black shaft
streaks. Wing (male), 70; tail, 51.
A very interesting connecting link, combining the heavily spotted under
parts of C. c. eusticta with the coloration of the upper surface and sides of the
head of C. c. bogotensis.
Material examined. — Colombia: twenty miles west of Honda, 1.
2 Calospiza chrysophrys eusticta (Todd) : Resembles C. c. chrysophrys in yellow
frontal band, supra-loral streak, and orbital ring, but differs by much larger
black spots underneath, these markings extending up to the chin; black-streaked
under tail-coverts; grass green (not yellowish green) pileum and back with much
more prominent black central spots, etc. Wing, 68-70, (female) 64-66; tail, 45
(female) to 50 (male). Chiriqui birds are identical with others from Costa Rica.
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Carrillo, 1; Boruca, 5. — Panama:
Boquete, Chiriqui, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 103
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868— Costa Rica (Angostura, Dota, Turrialba);
Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 187 — Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 267, 1883 — part, Costa Rica
(Tucurriqui, Angostura, Dota, Turrialba) and Panama (Volcan de Chiri-
qui); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105, 1886— part, spec, q-n,
Volcan de Chiriqui and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui, Angostura); Zeledon,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887— Turrialba, Costa Rica;
Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893
— Boruca, Costa Rica; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14,
No. 339, p. 3, 1899— Chiriqui.
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (not Calliste chrysophrys Sclater) Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 40, 1902— part, Costa Rica; Bangs,
Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907— Boruca and Barranca [de Terraba], Costa Rica;
Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 278, 1910— Guayabo, Costa
Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1029, 1131,
1912 — part, Chiriqui and Costa Rica.
Tangara guttata chrysophrys Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 862, 1910
— Bonilla, Guayabo, Buena Vista, Carrillo, El General de Terraba, Juan
Vinas, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, and Boruca, Costa Rica (habits).
Range. — Tropical zone of Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and
TeYraba Valley) and Panama east to Darien (Cana).
5: Costa Rica (Peralta, 2; Guayabo, 1; Boruca, 2).
Calospiza varia (P. L. S. Miiller). SMALL SPOTTED TANAGER.
Tanagra varia P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 158, 1776 — based on
"Tangara tachete, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 301, fig. I;1
Cayenne.
Calliste virescens Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 22, pi. 69, fig. 1 — Cayenne
(type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., p. 56 —
Cayenne.
Ixothraupis pusilla Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3 (March), p.
144, 1851 — Cayenne (type in Paris Museum).
Calliste graminea (not Tanagra graminea Spix)2 Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Spec.,
pp. 11, 15, 1854 (crit.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 250, 1856—
Cayenne and Lower Amazon (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p.
25, pi. 12, 1857 — Cayenne and Surinam; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 64, 1862— Cayenne; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 106, 1886—
Cayenne and Lower Amazonia.
1 Daubenton's figure of the "Tangara tachete, de Cayenne," though rather
poor, appears to me unquestionably referable to the bird subsequently described
as C. virescens. The blue wings and scapulars, together with the nearly uniform
green body plumage, are characteristic features of the male of the present species,
and exclude all other Guianan Tanagers, even C. punctata, which is, moreover,
fairly well represented on Daubenton's pi. 133, fig. 1, under the name "Tanagra
verd tachete des Indes."
2 1 am unable to recognize the present species in Tanagra graminea Spix,
of which the type has disappeared. Cf. footnote on page 94.
104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza graminea Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 498, 1908 — Villa Braga,
Rio Tapajoz, Brazil.
Calospiza virescens Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 — Cayenne; idem,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1030, 1131, 1912— Cayenne,
Surinam, and Brazil (Rio Tapajoz); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p.
445, 1914— Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz.
Range. — French and Dutch Guiana and northern Brazil (Villa
Braga and Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz).1
*Calospiza xanthogastra (Sclater).2 YELLOW-BELLIED SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Calliste xanthogastra Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 1, p. 23, Jan., 1851
— "Rio Negro," Brazil (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Mu-
seum); idem, I.e., 1851, p. 55 — same locality; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
22, p. 115, 1854— Quijos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p. 157, 1855— "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 249, 1856 — Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern Peru, and
Quijos, Ecuador (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 23, pi. 11, 1857
— Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Quijos), and Peru (Maynas); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64, 1862 — "Bogota" and "Upper Amazon";
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180— Upper Ucayali,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977— Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261— upper
Ucayali and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 514 — Paltaypampa,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 11— Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 461,
1884 — Peruvian localities; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 — Roraima and Ku-
kenam, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 106, 1886
— Pebas (Peru), Sarayacu and Rio Napo (Ecuador), Colombia, and Brit-
ish Guiana (Roraima, Kukenam); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
pp. 71, 81, 1889 — Rio Napo, Ecuador, and Mapiri, Bolivia; Salvador!
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899— Rio Zamora,
Rio Santiago, and Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 19, 1902 — Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela.
Calliste punctata var. /3 xanthogastra Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p.
128, 1874 (range).
Ixothraupis chrysogaster Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3, p. 144,
March, 1851 — Colombia (type in coll. of M. Eyroll, probably lost).
Calospiza xanthogastra Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 (range);
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 — Antimary, Rio Acre, Brazil;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
1 In the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, I have examined a male just beginning
its juvenile molt. It was secured by S. M. Klages on Feb. 18, 1920, at Miritituba,
Rio Tapajoz. Comparison of adults from Brazil is desirable.
Material examined.— French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. — Dutch Guiana: Surinam,
1. — Brazil: Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1.
2 Calospiza xanthogastra (Sclater) is a close ally and apparently the western
representative of C. varia, with which it may ultimately prove to be conspecific.
The two birds agree in proportions and general style of coloration, though C.
xanthogastra is much more spotted throughout and less bluish on the scapulars
and flight-quills.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 105
93, 1911 — "Quito" (errore) and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1029, 1131, 1912 (range, crit.); Sneth-
lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 444, 1914 — Antimary, Rio Acre.
Calospiza xanthogaster Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925
— Canelos, eastern Ecuador.
Tangara xanthogastra Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916
— Nicare, Caura, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 594, 1917 — La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg.,
85, A, Heft 10, p. 20, 1920— Chaquimayo, Dept. Puno, Peru (crit.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 656, 1926 — Zamora, Macas
region, Rio Suno, and below San Jose, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 440, 1930— Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo,
Peru (crit.).
Tangara xanthogaster Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 74, 1928
— San Jos6, Ecuador.
Calliste xanthogastra rostrata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 339 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (type in Warsaw
Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 6, p. 182, 1927).
Calospiza xanthogastra rostrata M£negaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 —
Nuevo Loreto, near Tayabamba, Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of Amazonia, from eastern Colombia
(Cuembi, Rio Putumayo; La Morelia, Caqueta) south through
Ecuador and Peru to northern Bolivia (Mapiri) and east to Vene-
zuela (Nicare, Caura River) and extreme western Brazil (Antimary,
Rio Acre), and Subtropical zone of British Guiana (Kukenam and
Roraima, alt. 5,000-6,000 ft.).1
2: Peru (Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, 1; Rioja, 1).
*Calospiza rufigula (Bonaparte). RUFOUS-THROATED TANAGER.
Tanagrella rufigula Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, No. 3
(se'ance du 20 Jan.), p. 77, 1851 — Ecuador2 (type in Paris Museum); idem,
Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3 (March), p. 130, 1851— Ecuador.
Calliste rufigula Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 55 — Ecuador; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19, 1856 — vicinity of Quito, Ecuador.
Calliste rufigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 250, 1856 — vicinity
of Quito, Ecuador (descr.; substitute for T. rufigula Bonaparte); idem,
1 The proposed Peruvian race rostrata appears to be invalid. Some specimens
have indeed larger, stouter bills, but the majority cannot be separated in this
or any other way from more northern examples, so far as I can see. A single
adult male from Roraima is not different either.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 8; Cuembi, Rio Putu-
mayo, 1. — Ecuador: Rio Napo, 1; El Loreto, 2; Sarayacu, 1; Canelos, 2. — Peru:
Nuevo Loreto, 2; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1; Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 1. —
British Guiana: Roraima (alt. 6,000 feet), 1.
J According to Sclater (Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 28, 1857; Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 27, p. 440, 1859), the type came from Calacali, twelve miles north of Quito.
106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 27, pi. 13, 1857 — Ecuador (Calacali, vicinity of
Quito); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 440, 1859 — "Rio Napo"; idem,
I.e., 28, p. 86, 1860— Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 65, 1862— Nanegal; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 107, 1886—
Ecuador (Nanegal, "Quito," Intag, "Sarayacu") and Colombia (Pasto);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Nanegal; Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898— Paramba, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 406
— Mindo, Intag, and other localities in the western Andes between 5,000
and 6,000 feet, Ecuador.
Calospiza rufigularis M6negaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 94, 1911— Gualea, Ecuador.
Calospiza rufigula Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1102 — La Selva
(alt. 4,600 feet), San Juan slopes of the western Andes, Colombia; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030, 1912— Ecuador
(Nanegal, Quito, Gualea, Intag, Paramba, "Sarayacu," "Rio Napo")
and southern Colombia (Pasto); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14,
No. 25, p. 83, 1922— Gualea, Ecuador.
Tangara rufigula Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 594, 1917 —
Gallera, Buenavista (Narino), and Ricaurte, western Andes of Colombia;
idem, I.e., 55, p. 656, 1926 — Mindo and La Chonta, Ecuador.
Range. — Western slope of the western Andes of Colombia and
Ecuador, chiefly in the Subtropical zone.1
2: Ecuador ("Quito," 1; unspecified, 1).
Calospiza arthus arthus (Lesson).2 VENEZUELAN GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Tanagra arthus Lesson, Illustr. Zool., livr. 3, pi. 9, Oct., 1832 — "Nova His-
pania," we substitute Caracas, Venezuela (type in coll. of Florent Pre-
vost, probably lost).
Calliste arthus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 — "Mexico"
(err ore).
Calliste arthusi Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 53 — Venezuela; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 251, 1856 — "Cariaco" and Caracas, Venezuela
(descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 35, pi. 16, 1857 — Venezuela
(estate Curiana, above Cariaco; Caracas); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 65, 1862— Venezuela; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 109, 1886—
Venezuela.
Calospiza arthusi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912— Venezuela.
Chrysothraupis arthus Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851 — part
(excl. hab. Peru).
1 Records from "Rio Napo" and "Sarayacu" are unquestionably erroneous.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: La Selva, San Juan slopes, 1. —
Ecuador: "Quito," 3; Gualea, 5; Mindo, 5; Paramba, 1.
2 This and the seven succeeding races constitute a natural specific entity, rep-
resenting each other geographically and differing one from another merely in
intensity and details of coloration.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 107
Tangara arthus Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 58,
1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Cumbre Chiquita, Paso Hondo (San Este-
ban Valley), and Las Quiguas, Carabobo (crit., plumages); Hellmayr,
I.e., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 177, 1924— Silla de Caracas and Galipan, Cerro del
Avila, Dept. Federal, and near Bucarito, Tocuyo, Lara (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, from the Cara-
cas region west to Lara (near Bucarito, Tocuyo).1
Calospiza arthus sclateri (Lafresnaye).2 SCLATER'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Carlisle] sclatteri [sic] Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 207, 1854 —
"Colombie" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 400, 1930).
Callisle sclateri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855— "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 251, 1856— "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Cal-
liste, p. 31, pi. 14, fig. 1, 1857 — "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 65, 1862— "Bogota"; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38,
p. 126, 1874 (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108, 1888—
"Bogota."
Calospiza sclateri Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912— "Bogota."
Tangara sclateri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917 (crit.).
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater, Contrib. Orn.,
1851, p. 52 — Colombia (in part).
Range. — Eastern Colombia (only known from native "Bogota"
collections).
1 Its occurrence in northeastern Venezuela (mountains of Sucre) is open to
doubt. Sclater claims that the late H. Dyson obtained specimens on his estate
Curiana above Cariaco, and the Tring Museum has an adult male collected by
H. Mocquerys, said to be from "Carip6, Jan., 1894." However, both collectors,
who worked also in other parts of Venezuela, were not particularly careful about
labeling, and, as no other naturalist ever found the present species in that district
of Venezuela, more trustworthy evidence seems imperative.
There is no difference whatever between series from the Caracas region and
Carabobo, and two adult males from Lara (mountains near Bucarito) are also
similar.
Material examined. — Venezuela, Dept. Federal: Silla de Caracas, 4; Galipan,
Cerro del Avila, 11. — Carabobo: La Cumbre de Valencia, 10; Cumbre Chiquita,
3; Las Quiguas, 3; Paso Hondo, San Esteban Valley, 2. — Lara: near Bucarito,
Tocuyo, 2.
2 Calospiza arthus sclateri (Lafresnaye) differs readily from C. a. arthus by
lacking the yellow color on throat and middle of belly, the entire under parts
being nearly uniform reddish brown (almost amber brown), much deeper than
the raw sienna of C. a. occidentalis or the golden aniline yellow of C. a. aurulenta
and C. a. goodsoni.
The range of this form remains to be determined, it being known only from
native "Bogota" skins. It probably replaces the allied races in the Subtropical
zone of the eastern slope of the eastern Andes of Colombia.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 9.
108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza arthus aurulenta (Lafresnaye). GOLDEN TANAGER.
Tanagra (Aglaia) aurulenta Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 290, 1843 — "Co-
lombie" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 400, 1930).
Calliste aurulenta Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 — Colombia
(ex Lafresnaye); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 52 — Colombia (in part);
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24,
p. 250, 1856 — "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 29, pi.
14, fig. 2, 1857 — part, New Grenada; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 65,
1862 — part, spec, c, d, "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108,
1886 — part, spec, a-e, "Bogota," Colombia; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4,
p. 184, 1857— "Bogota."
Chrysothraupis aurulenta Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851 —
Colombia (crit.).
Aglaia aurulenta Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 207, 1854 — Colom-
bia (descr.).
Calospiza aurulenta Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — Ibague;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1030, 1131, 1912—
part, "Bogota."
Tangara aurulenta aurulenta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 594,
1917 — La Candela, Fusugasuga, Aguadita, El Roble, and Subia, Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the mountains bordering the Mag-
dalena Valley, viz., west slope of the eastern Andes (Fusugasuga,
Aguadita, El Roble, Subia) and east slope of the central Andes
(Ibague, La Candela) in eastern Colombia.1
3: Colombia ("Bogota," 2; El Roble, 1).
*Calospiza arthus occidentalis (Chapman).2 WESTERN GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Tangara aurulenta occidentalis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 188,
1914 — San Antonio, western Andes, Colombia (type in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 595, 1917 — part,
Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Gallera, Cocal, Miraflores, and La Frijolera,
western and central Andes of Colombia.
1 A single specimen from La Candela (eastern slope of the central Andes)
agrees well with Bogota skins, of which twelve have been available for
comparison.
1 Calospiza arthus occidentalis (Chapman) : Similar to C. a. aurulenta, but
under parts more richly colored, approaching raw sienna rather than golden
aniline yellow; edges to dorsal feathers darker, cadmium yellow like the crown
instead of paler; those of wing coverts and secondaries decidedly golden yellow,
not greenish ; bill on average larger.
Additional material examined. — Colombia, western Andes: Pueblo Rico, 1;
Frontino, 1; San Antonio, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; Riolima, 2; Gallera, 2. — Central
Andes: La Frijolera, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 109
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 498 — Concordia and Frontino, Colombia;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108, 1886— part, spec, f-h, Frontino
and Antioquia, Colombia.
Calospiza aurulenta Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912 — part, Frontino, Antioquia.
Calospiza aurulenta aurulenta Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1102
— Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes of Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Colombia, in the western
Andes and on the west slope of the central Andes (on the Pacific
side south to the Rio Patia).
5: Colombia (Gallera, west of Popayan, Cauca, 1; Rio Lima, 3;
San Antonio, Cauca, 1).
Calospiza arthus goodsoni (Hartert).1 GOODSON'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Tangara aurulenta goodsoni Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, p. 78, 1913 —
Gualea, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum
of Natural History, New York); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 657, 1926 — western Ecuador (Gualea, Rios Coco and Chimbo, Palla-
tanga, El Chiral, Zaruma, Portovelo, Punta Santa Ana, Salvias, San
Bartolo, Alamor).
Calospiza aurulenta goodsoni Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 83, 1922— road to Nanegal, Ecuador.
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 29, 1857 — part, "vicinity of Quito," Ecuador; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 140, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28,
pp. 86, 87, 1860— Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 65,
1862 — part, spec, a, b, Pallatanga; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 544— Cayandeled, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884,
p. 288— Cayandeled (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108,
1886 — part, spec, i-m, Ecuador ("San Jos6," Pallatanga); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 — "near Quito," Ecuador; Salvador! and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899— Intac and Gualea,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 — Intag and Santo Domingo,
Ecuador.
1 Calospiza arthus goodsoni (Hartert) : Nearest to C. a. occidentalis, but crown
decidedly paler, less deeply cadmium yellow; rump clearer yellow; under parts
:less brownish, golden aniline yellow as in C. a. aurulenta. This form resembles
|C. a. occidentalis in the golden yellow edgings to the dorsal feathers, wing coverts,
and secondaries, but is nearer to C. a. aurulenta in the coloration of the ventral
surface, while the upper part of the head is paler, less orange than in either. Birds
from extreme southern Colombia (San Pablo), except by slightly darker rump,
agree perfectly with those from Ecuador.
Material examined. — Colombia: San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 4. — Western
Ecuador: Paramba, 2; San Nicolas, 1; Gualea, 6; Intag, 6; Santo Domingo, 2;
unspecified, 4.
110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza aurulenta Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Mend.
Equat., 9, p. B. 94, 1911 — Gualea and San Nicolas, Ecuador; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1030, 1131, 1912— part, western
Ecuador (San Pablo, Nanegal, Gualea, Pallatanga, "San Jose," Cayan-
deled, Intag, Santo Domingo).
(l)Tangara aurulenta occidentalis (not of Chapman, 1914) Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917 — part, Ricaurte, Narino, Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador and extreme south-
western Colombia (San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres).
Calospiza arthus aequatorialis (Taczanowski and Berlepsch).1
EAST ECUADORIAN GOLDEN TANAGER.
Calliste pulchra aequatorialis Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1885, p. 77 — Machay and Mapoto, eastern Ecuador (type, from
Machay, Rio Pastaza, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Doman-
iewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 182, 1927).
Calospiza pulchra aequatorialis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1031, 1912 — eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu, Machay,
Mapoto).
Tangara pulchra aequatorialis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 657,
1926 — eastern Ecuador (Zamora, Sabanilla, below San Jose, lower Sumaco,
Archidona, Baeza, below Oyacachi, and Rio Sardinas).
Calliste pulchra (not Callospiza pulchra Tschudi) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 251, 1856 — part, Quixos, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 33, pi. 55, 1857 — part, Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 26, p. 74, 1858 — Rio Napo; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
65, 1862— Rio Napo; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 126, 1874—
Ecuador (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 109, 1886— part,
spec, a-f, eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu, Machay).
Calospiza pulchra Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 94, 1911 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador.
"Calospiza arthus pulchra (Tschudi). TSCHUDI'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Callospiza pulchra Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844 — Peru (type
in Neuchatel Museum examined); idem, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 200, pi. 18, fig. 2, 1846 — wood region of eastern Peru; Lafresnaye, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 206, 1854 (ex Tschudi).
1 Calospiza arthus aequatorialis (Taczanowski and Berlepsch) differs from C.
a. pulchra by lacking the well-defined chestnut gular patch, the throat and fore-
neck being instead washed with xanthine orange or dull orange rufous, this color
passing gradually into the golden yellow of the belly. From C. a. goodsoni, of
western Ecuador, it may be distinguished by larger size, more extensively black
loral region and chin-spot, green margins to wing-coverts and secondaries, much
more orange upper part of the head, the orange tinge on throat and foreneck,
pure white instead of buffy under wing coverts, etc. Wing, 78-82; tail, 56-60.
Material examined.— Ecuador: Rio Pastaza, 2; Rio Napo, 2; Gualaquiza, 1;
Machay, 1; Mapoto, 1; Sarayacu, 2; "Govinda," 2; unspecified, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 111
Chrysothraupis arthus (not Tanagra arthus Lesson) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag.
Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851— part, Peru.
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater, Contrib. Orn.,
1851, p. 52— part, Peru.
Calliste pulchra Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 251, 1856 — part, Peru;
idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 33, 1857 — part, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 — Amable Maria, Dept. Junin, Peru; idem,
I.e., 1882, p. 11 — Huambo; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 462, 1884 — part, Huambo,
Amable Maria, and Ropaybamba; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
109, 1886 — part, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 340— La Gloria and Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin, Peru.
Calospiza pulchra Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 7, 1905 — Peru
(note on type); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912 — Peru (Huambo, Huayabamba, Amable Maria, Ropaybamba, La
Gloria, Garita del Sol); M6n6gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911—
Cueva Seca, near Tayabamba, Peru.
Tangara pulchra pulchra Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 — Charapi,
Prov. Jaen, Peru.
Tangara aurulenta pulchra Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p.
440, 1930— Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Peru from Prov. Jaen
south to Dept. Junin.1
5: Peru (Huachipa, 4; Chanchamayo, 1).
Calospiza arthus sophiae (Berlepsch).2 SOPHIA'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Calliste sophiae Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 49, p. 83, 1901 — Songo, Yungas of La
Paz, Bolivia (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Senckenberg Museum,
Frankfort).
Calospiza pulchra sophiae Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906 —
Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1031, 1912 — southeastern Peru and Bolivia.
Tangara pulchra sophiae Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 21, 1920
— Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru (crit.).
1 Specimens vary somewhat in the intensity of the chestnut gular patch as
well as in the tone of the orange crown and of the greenish yellow margins on the
mantle, but the series examined is much too small to ascertain the significance
of this variation.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Huambo, 2; Huayabamba, 1; La Gloria,
Chanchamayo, 1; unspecified, 1 (the type).
1 Calospiza arthus sophiae (Berlepsch): Nearest to C. a. pulchra, but top of
the head, sides of neck, subocular region, and rump much paler, light cadmium
rather than cadmium yellow; edges to dorsal feathers more greenish yellow;
black auricular patch larger; chestnut gular patch duller; breast and abdomen
less orange, nearer to aniline yellow. Wing, 76-81, (female) 71-75; tail, 51-56,
(female) 50-54.
Birds from southeastern Peru agree with a topotype from Songo.
Material examined. — Bolivia: Songo, 1. — Peru: Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 2;
Huaynapata, Marcapata, 6; Marcapata, 6.
112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste pulchra (not Callospiza pulchra Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 185, 186— San Antonio, Cuzco, Peru (crit.)l
idem, I.e., 1879, p. 598 — Tilotilo, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p.
462, 1884 — part, San Antonio, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
109, 1886— part, spec, g-i, Peru (San Antonio, Cuzco) and Bolivia.
Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Peru (depts. of Cuzco and
Puno) and western Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz).
*Calospiza icterocephala (Bonaparte). SILVER-THROATED
TANAGER.
Calliste icterocephala Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, No. 3
(stance du 20 janv.), p. 76, 1851 — Ecuador = Valley of Punta Playa, near
Quito (type in Paris Museum); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 53, pi. 70,
fig. 1 — Ecuador (type stated to have been obtained in the valley of Punta
Playa); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 251, 1856— Punta Playa,
Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 37, pi. 17, 1857 — same locality;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 87, 1860 — Nanegal, Ecuador; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 65, 1862— Nanegal; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, p. 138— Cordillera de Tole and Santa Fe, Veraguas (crit.);
idem, I.e., 1870, p. 186 — Volcan de Chiriquf and Veraguas (Boquete de
Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, Calovevora); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jose, Barranca, Turrialba,
Dota); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 — Costa Rica (Candelaria
Mountains, Dota, Turrialba, Barranca) ; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, p. 54 — Naranjo and OrosI, Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879,
p. 498 — Frontino, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 269, 1883— Costa Rica to Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 110, 1886— Costa Rica, Veragua, Chiriqui, Colombia (Fron-
tino, "Pasto"), and Ecuador (Nanegal, "Napo"); Zeledon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887— Costa Rica (Cartago, Naranjo de Car-
tago, Santa Maria de Dota); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893— Boruca, Costa Rica; I.e., 6, p. 13, 1895— San
Marcos, Costa Rica; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 — Santo Domingo,
Gualea, and Intag, Ecuador.
Chrysothraupis icterocephala Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3
(March), pp. 129, 143, 1851— Ecuador1 (diag.).
Callispiza icterocephala Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 174, 1868 —
Costa Rica (crit.).
Callispiza (Chrysothraupis) frantzii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 87, 1861 —
Costa Rica (type in Berlin Museum).
Calliste frantzii Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 451 — Costa Rica; idem, Ibis, 1868, p.
72— Costa Rica (crit.).
Calospiza icterocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 37, 1902
— Costa Rica to Ecuador (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3,
1 Ridgway's quotation (in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 39) of "Bois
de Bagnos, Tonguaragua" [sic] for this species is erroneous. The locality in
question refers to bourcieri, as is evident from the text in Bonaparte's paper.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 113
p. 65, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; Ferry, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 278, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica; Hellmayr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1103— Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes,
Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1031, 1912
— Costa Rica to Ecuador.
Tangara icterocephala Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 864, 1910 — Costa
Rica (many localities; plumages, habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917— Gallera, western Andes of Colombia; idem, I.e.,
55, p. 658, 1926 — "Quito," Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Las Pinas, and
Alamor, western Ecuador (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica, western Panama
(Chiriqui and Veraguas), and of the western Andes of Colombia
(Frontino, Pueblo Rico, Gallera) and Ecuador.1
12: Costa Rica (Boruca, 3; Guayabo, 1; Limon, 1; Peralta, 2;
Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 3); Panama (unspecified, 1); Veragua(?), 1.
*Calospiza xanthocephala venusta (Sclater).2 YELLOW-CROWNED
TANAGER.
Calliste venusta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 248, pub.
April, 1855 — "in Nova Grenada et in rep. Equatorianae provincia Quijos"
(type from "Bogota" in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);
idem, I.e., 23, p. 158, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 264, 1856—
"Bogota," Colombia, and Quixos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 26, p. 74, 1858 —
Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 101, pi. 44, fig. 2,
1857 — Colombia ("Bogota") and eastern Ecuador (upper Rio Napo);
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 72, 1862— Bogota and "Rio Napo";
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 — near Alto (Ocana), Colombia; Dubois, Bull.
Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128, 1874 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 — Frontino, western Andes of Colombia; Ber-
lepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 289 — Cayandeled, western Ecuador
(one female); idem, I.e., 1885, p. 80 — Machay, Ecuador; Taczanowski,
Orn. Per., 2, p. 476, 1884— Tambillo, northwestern Peru; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 133, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota," Antioquia) and
Ecuador ("Quito"); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463— Canzacota (alt. 6,500
feet), western Ecuador, and Baeza (alt. 5,500 feet), eastern Ecuador.
1 1 am unable to perceive any differences sufficiently constant to justify the
retention of a separate Central American form (frantzii). Size is not of much
consequence, though birds from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, on average, are slightly
larger. The yellow or greenish color of the edges to the mantle feathers and the
intensity of the yellow portions of the plumage appear to depend largely on age
and sex.
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica, 12; Boquete, Chiriqui, 10; Calo-
veVora, Veraguas, 1. — Colombia: Pueblo Rico, 2. — Ecuador ("Quito," Gualea,
Intac), 10.
2 Calospiza xanthocephala venusta (Sclater) differs from the typical race by
decidedly paler, light cadmium instead of cadmium yellow crown.
Specimens from M6rida, the three ranges of the Colombian Andes, and the
western and eastern slopes of Ecuador agree well together.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela, Meiida: Valle, 3. — Colombia (all
three ranges), 15. — Ecuador: Cayandeled, 1; Canzacota, 3; Baeza, 4.
114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza venusta Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 98, 1911 — "Quito," Ecuador; idem, Rev. Frang. d'Orn.,
2, p. 10, 1911 — Cueva Seca, Peru;1 Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1031, 1912 — Colombia (Bogota, Antioquia, Ocana),
Ecuador (both sides), northwestern Peru (Tambillo), and Venezuela
(Merida); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922—
Gualea, western Ecuador.
Tangara venusta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917 — San
Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Andes west of Popayan, La Florida, Cocal,
Miraflores, Salento, La Candela, Aguadita, El Roble, and Subia, Colom-
bia; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 — Charapi, Prov. Jaen, Peru.
Tangara xanthocephala venusta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 665,
1926 — Baeza, below Oyacachi, and upper Sumaco, eastern Ecuador; Ber-
lioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 241, 1932— Mera, eastern
Ecuador.
Calliste xanthocephala (not Callospiza xanthocephala Tschudi) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., 1851, p. 58— Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115,
1854— Quijos, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 227— Tambillo, Peru.
Range. — Subtropical zone of extreme western Venezuela (Cor-
dillera of Me'rida), Colombia (except Santa Marta region),
Ecuador (both slopes), and northwestern Peru (Tambillo and Cha-
rapi, Prov. Jaen; Cueva Seca, near Tayabamba, Dept. Libertad).
5: Colombia (Cundinamarca, 1); Venezuela (Conejos, near Me'-
rida, 1 ; Montanas de la Sierra Madre, Me'rida, 1 ; Montanas Sierra,
Me'rida, 1; Sierra de Me'rida, Me'rida, 1).
Calospiza xanthocephala xanthocephala (Tschudi).2 TSCHUDI'S
YELLOW-CROWNED TANAGER.
Callospiza xanthocephala Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844 — Peru
(type in Neuchatel Museum examined); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 200, pi. 17, fig. 2, 1846 — wooded region of eastern Peru.
Calliste xanthocephala Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 264, 1856 — part,
Peru; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 99, 1857 — part, Peru; Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 — Ropaybamba, Junin, Peru; idem,
Orn. Per., 2, p. 475, 1884— Ropaybamba; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 134, 1886 — part, spec, f, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341— Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru.
Calospiza xanthocephala Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 7, 1905
— Peru (note on type); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1031, 1912 — part, central Peru (Ropaybamba, Garita del Sol,
Chanchamayo).
1 Identical with specimens from eastern Ecuador (Berlioz, in litt.).
2 Calospiza xanthocephala xanthocephala (Tschudi), with its cadmium yellow
crown, stands just between the pale-headed C. x. venusta and the orange-crowned
C. x. lamprotis.
Tschudi's type agrees with specimens from the Vitoc Valley.
Material examined. — Peru: Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 3; unspecified (the type), 1.
•
1936 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 115
Chrysothraupis xanthocephala Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143,
1851— Peru (ex Tschudi).
Tangara xanthocephala xanthocephala Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 665 (in text), 1926 — Chanchamayo region (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern-central Peru, in Dept.
Junin (Garita del Sol, Vitoc; Ropaybamba, etc.).
Calospiza xanthocephala lamprotis (Sclater).1 ORANGE-
CROWNED TANAGER.
Calliste lamprotis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 65 — Bolivia (type in British
Museum).
Calliste xanthocephala (not Callospiza xanthocephala Tschudi) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 264, 1856 — part (descr. et hab. Bolivia); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 99, pi. 44, fig. 1, 1857 — part, Bolivia; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 294, 1858 — "from some district in the interior of
Peru bordering on Bolivia"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, 1862 —
Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 599 — Juanani
and Tilotilo, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 134, 1886—
part, spec, a-e, Juanani, Bolivia.
Calospiza xanthocephala Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 —
Idma, above Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1031, 1131, 1912 — part, Santo Domingo and
"Santa Ana," Peru (crit.).
Calospiza xanthocephala subsp. Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 110,
1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru (crit.).
Tangara xanthocephala xanthocephala Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117,
p. 119, 1921 — Idma, San Miguel Bridge, and Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru.
Calospiza xanthocephala lamprotis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1031, 1131, 1912— Bolivia and southeastern Peru (crit.).
Tangara xanthocephala lamprotes [sic] Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 665 (in text), 1926— southern Peru (Urubamba Valley) to Bolivia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru (in depts. of
Cuzco and Puno) and Bolivia.
"Calospiza chrysotis (Du Bus). GOLDEN-EARED TANAGER.
Calliste chrysotis Du Bus, Esq. Ornith., livr. 2, pi. 7, 1846 — Peru (type in
Brussels Museum); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 66 — Peru; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 263, 1856— Peru (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen.
1 Calospiza xanthocephala lamprotis (Sclater) : Similar to C. x. xanthocephala,
but crown much deeper, orange to cadmium orange. Wing, 73-77, (female)
69-72; tail, 49-53, (female) 46-50.
Birds from Marcapata agree with a Bolivian series, while three from Idma,
Urubamba, have the crown slightly paler, orange rather than cadmium orange,
thus verging in the direction of C. x. xanthocephala.
Material examined. — Bolivia: Chaco (Yungas of La Paz), 12; San Antonio,
1; Sandillani, 1; Songo, 2; San Cristobal, 7. — Peru: Huaynapata, Marcapata, 3;
Santo Domingo, Marcapata, 5; Idma, Urubamba, 3.
116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste, p. 97, pi. 43, 1857— Peru; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 27, p.
440, 1859— Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, 1862
— "Upper Amazon" and Rio Napo; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1882, p. 12— Chirimoto, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 475, 1884— Chiri-
moto; idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 79 — Machay,
Ecuador (descr. of young); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 134, 1886
— eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Machay, "Quito") and Peru.
Chrysothraupis chrysotis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851 —
" Mexico" = Peru.
Calospiza chrysotis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 110, 1906 — Huay-
napata, Marcapata, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1032, 1912 — eastern Ecuador (Machay, Rio Napo) and Peru
(Chirimoto, Huaynapata).
Tangara chrysotis Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921 — Rio
San Miguel, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 665,
1926 — eastern Ecuador ("Napo," Sabanilla, Zamora, below Oyacachi),
Peru (Chaupe; Santo Domingo), and Bolivia (crit.).
Tangara chrysotis cochabambae Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 121, 1924
— Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Machay; El Topo,
Rio Pastaza; Rio Blanco; below Oyacachi; Sabanilla; Zamora),
eastern Peru (Chaupe; Chirimoto, Huayabamba Valley; Chancha-
mayo; Rio San Miguel, Urubamba; Huaynapata, Marcapata), and
northern Bolivia (Yungas of Cochabamba).1
1: Peru (Chanchamayo, 1).
*Calospiza parzudakii parzudakii (Lafresnaye). PARZUDAKI'S
TANAGER.
Tanagra parzudakii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 97, 1843 — "environs de
Santa-Fe-de-Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 402, 1930).
Tanagra (Aglaia) parzudaki Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, cl. 2, pi. 41, 1843
— "Santa-Fe-de-Bogota," Colombia.
Calliste parzudakii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 —
"Bogota"; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 66 — Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 — Quijos, eastern Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p.
158, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 263, 1856— "Bogota," Colombia,
and Quixos, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 93, pi. 41, 1857 —
1 1 cannot perceive any difference in the sheen of the green portions of the
plumage between Ecuadorian specimens and others from southern Peru and
Bolivia (cochabambae), but those from the south, except one, have the rufous
abdominal area somewhat lighter, ochraceous tawny rather than tawny. Chap-
man, however, claims this character to be individual and not geographic.
Additional material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: El Topo, Rio Pastaza, 1;
Machay, 1; Rio Blanco, 1; "Rio Napo," 2. — Peru: Huaynapata, Marcapata, 4. —
Bolivia: Yungas, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 117
same localities (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Eds., p. 71, 1862 —
"Bogota"; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 — Chilpes
and Auquimarca, Dept. Junfn, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 474, 1884 —
same localities; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 132, 1886 — Colombia
("Bogota") -and eastern Ecuador (Jima, Chiquinda, Rio Napo, "Quito");
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 — Garita
del Sol, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463— Baeza, Ecuador.
Chrysothraupis parzudakii Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851
—"Bogota."
Calospiza parzudakii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 — Idma,
Urubamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1032, 1912 — Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and Peru; Lonnberg and Ren-
dahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922— Baeza, Ecuador.
Tangara parzudaki Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917 —
La Palma, Aguadita, El Roble, and Subia, Colombia.
Tangara parzudakii Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 118, 1921 —
Idma, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 664, 1926
— Sabanilla and Baeza, Ecuador (crit.).
Tangara parzudakii florentes Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 — Charapi,
northwestern Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 402, 1930 (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (western slope of eastern
Andes and east slope of central Andes), eastern Ecuador, and eastern
Peru (Chaupe and Charapi, near Huancabamba ; Chilpes, Auqui-
marca, and Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin; Idma, Urubamba, Dept.
Cuzco).1
1: Colombia ("Bogota").
Calospiza parzudakii lunigera (Sclater).2 BLACK-EARED TANAGER.
Calliste lunigera Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 65, pi. 70, fig. 2 — "Rio Negro,"
errore (type now in British Museum) ;3 idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 263, 1856 — vicinity of Quito, Ecuador (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 96, pi. 42, 1857 — near Calacali, Ecuador (monog.); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 87, 1860— Nanegal; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 71, 1862 — Ecuador (Nanegal and Calacali); Dubois, Bull. Acad.
1 A single female from Peru (Idma, Urubamba) agrees with specimens from
"Bogota" and Baeza. Chapman has shown T. p. florentes to be inseparable.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 10. — Ecuador: Baeza, 3.
— Peru: Idma, Urubamba, 1.
1 Calospiza parzudakii lunigera (Sclater) principally differs from typical C.
p. parzudakii by lacking the red color on the forehead and sides of the face, and
is clearly its western representative.
Material examined. — Western Ecuador (Cayandeled, Canzacota, Gualea,
Milligalli, etc.), 14.
3 The type was apparently given to P. L. Sclater and passed with his collection
into the British Museum (cf. also Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 24,
1899). The original locality, "Rio Negro," was, of course, erroneous, this tanager
being restricted to western Ecuador.
118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128, 1874 (crit.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 289— Cayandeled; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 133, 1886— western Ecuador (Nanegal, "Quito"); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Nanegal and "Millegala" [= Milligalli];
Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 16, 1899—
Gualea, Nanegal, and Intag; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463 — Canzacota,
Gualea, and lower western slopes of Pichincha (habits).
Calospiza lunigera M6negaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 97, 1911— San Nicolas; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1032, 1912— western Ecuador.
Tangara lunigera Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 664, 1926 — near
Quito, Gualea, Milligalli, and El Chiral.
Calospiza parzudakii lunigera Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 84, 1922 — near Gualea and Nanegal.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador.
Calospiza rufigenis (Sclater).1 RUFOUS-CHEEKED TANAGER.
Calliste rufigenis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 311, pub.
March 11, 1857 — Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 91, pi. 40, 1857 — Venezuela
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, 1862 — Venezuela; idem,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 132, 1886— Venezuela.
Calliste rufigena (lapsus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 66 (in text),
1857.
Calospiza rufigenis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1032,
1912' — "Puerto Cabello," Venezuela.
Tangara rufigenis Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 60,
1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the north coast mountains of Vene-
zuela, from the vicinity of Caracas west to Lara (near Bucarito,
Tocuyo).
"Calospiza cyanotis lutleyi (Hellmayr).2 BLACK-CHEEKED
TANAGER.
Calliste melanotis (not Aglaia melanotis Swainson, 1837) Sclater, Ibis, (3), 6,
p. 408, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1876— Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L.
Sclater, now in British Museum); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1 Calospiza rufigenis (Sclater), though very distinct, seems to belong in the
neighborhood of C. labradorides and allies.
Material examined. — Venezuela: Vicinity of Caracas, 3; Cumbre de Valencia,
Carabobo, 11; mountains near Bucarito, Tocuyo, Lara, 2.
2 Calospiza cyanotis lutleyi (Hellmayr) : Similar to C. c. cyanotis, but anterior
auriculars black like the rest of the sides of the head, not blue; back black like
the crown, not dusky green; superciliaries nearly uniform, lacking the golden hue
in the central portion, so conspicuous in three Bolivian specimens; bluish external
edges to primaries and rectrices narrower.
Birds from various parts of the range agree pretty well together. Calliste
melanotis Sclater being invalidated by Aglaia melanotis Swainson, a synonym of
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 119
1882, p. 12 — Chirimoto and Achamal, Valley of Huayabamba, Peru;
idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 473, 1884 — Peru (Paltaypampa, Chirimoto, Acha-
mal); idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 79 — Machay,
Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 131, 1886— Ecuador (Rio
Napo) and Peru (Chirimoto); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 341— Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru.
Tangara lutleyi Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, Heft 2, p. 198, 1917—
new name for Calliste melanotis Sclater, preoccupied; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 663, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Sabanilla and
lower Sumaco).
Calliste cyanotis (not of Sclater, 1858) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27,
p. 441, 1859— Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Ibis, 1863, p. 451— Rio Napo
(descr.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 — Paltaypampa,
Peru.
Calospiza melanotis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 — Idma,
Urubamba, Peru; MenSgaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 — Nuevo
Loreto, near Tayabamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1032, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Machay, Rio
Napo), and Peru (Chirimoto, Achamal, Huayabamba, Paltaypampa,
Garita del Sol, Chanchamayo, Idma).
Tangara melanotis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917 — La
Palma, head of Magdalena Valley, Colombia; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
117, p. 118, 1921— Idma, Urubamba, Peru.
Tangara cyanotis lutleyi Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 441,
1930 — Huachipa, Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia ("Bogota"; La
Palma), eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Machay, Sabanilla, lower
Sumaco), and eastern Peru, south to the Urubamba Valley, Dept.
Cuzco.
2: Peru (Huachipa, Huanuco, 1; Chanchamayo, 1).
Calospiza cyanotis cyanotis (Sclater). BLUE-CHEEKED TANAGER.
Calliste cyanotis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 294, Nov., 1858 — "from
some district in the interior of Peru from the neighborhood bordering on
Bolivia"1 (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, pi. 9, 1862— "Peru"; idem, Ibis, 1876, p. 409,
pi. 12, fig. 2— Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 599— Tilotilo; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 131, 1886 — "southern Peru" and Bolivia.
Calospiza cyanotis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1032,
1912— Bolivia (Tilotilo, Quebrada Onda, Songo).
C. schrankii (Spix), I have proposed the new name T. lutleyi for the Black-cheeked
Tanager.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2; La Palma, head of
the Magdalena Valley, 1. — Ecuador: Sabanilla, 1; lower Sumaco, 1; Archidona,
2. — Peru: Chirimoto, 1; Chanchamayo, 3; Idma, Urubamba, 2.
1 The collection, which among others contained such a purely Bolivian species
as Allapetes rufinucha, probably originated in the Yungas of La Paz.
120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and
Cochabamba).1
*Calospiza labradorides labradorides (Boissonneau). METALLIC-
GREEN TANAGER.
Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 67, 1840 — "Santa-
Fe-de-Bogota," Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 402, 1930).
Tanagra labradorides Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Atlas, Ois., pi. 5,
fig. 2, 1846; idem, I.e., Zool., 5, (1), p. 213, 1849— "Santa-Fe-de-Bogota."
Calliste labradorides Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 57 — Colombia; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 262, 1856
—"Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 89, pi. 39, 1857—
"Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 70, 1862— "Bogota"; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 — Concordia and Santa
Elena, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 130, 1886— Colom-
bia ("Bogota," Antioquia, Concordia, Santa Elena, "Pasto") and Ecua-
dor (San Lucas); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463 — Gualea, Ecuador.
Chalcothraupis labradorides Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 144, 1851
— "Bogota."
Calospiza labradorides Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 307, 1899—
Ibague, Colombia; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1109 —
Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, and Riolima, western Andes, Colombia;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
97, 1911 — Santo Domingo and Gualea, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1033, 1912 — Colombia and western Ecua-
dor; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922— Gualea
and Mindo, Ecuador.
Tangara labradorides Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917 —
Colombia (Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Miraflores,
Salento, Santa Elena, El Eden, La Candela, La Palma, Fusugasuga,
Aguadita, El Roble, Subia).
Tangara labradorides labradorides Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
663, 1926 — western Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (except Santa Marta
region) and western Ecuador (Mindo, Gualea, Santo Domingo).2
6: Colombia (Aguadita, above Fusugasuga, 1; "Bogota," 2;
Cauca, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 2).
1 Material examined. — Bolivia: Songo, Yungas of La Paz, 1; Quebrada Onda,
Cochabamba, 1; Yungas of Cochabamba, 1.
2 Specimens from the western Andes of Colombia agree with others from
"Bogota," and five skins from western Ecuador I am likewise unable to separate.
The latter do not show any of the characters ascribed to C. I. chaupensis, a form
that we have not yet met with, and seem to pertain to typical labradorides.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 26; Concordia, 1;
Pueblo Rico, 1; Rio Lima, 1; San Antonio, 6. — Ecuador: Santo Domingo, 1;
Gualea, 3; unspecified, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 121
Calospiza labradorides chaupensis (Chapman).1 CHAUPE
METALLIC-GREEN TANAGER.
Tangara labradorides chaupensis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 10,
Feb., 1925 — Chaupe, northeast of Huancabamba, northern Peru (type in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Peru (Chaupe, north-
east of Huancabamba).
*Calospiza cyanicollis cyanicollis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
BLUE-NECKED TANAGER.
Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 33, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Tanagra cyanicollis d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Merid., Ois., p. 271, pi. 25, fig. 1,
1839— Yuracares.
Callospiza cyanicollis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 — Peru;
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 202, 1846 — eastern Peru.
Calliste cyanicollis* Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 115 — part, Bolivia and
Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, pp. 19, 262, 1856— part, eastern
Peru and Bolivia (Yuracares); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 87, 1857 —
part, Bolivia and eastern Peru (Tschudi); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 597— Cosnipata, Peru;Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 515—
Monterico and Paltaypampa, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 599
— Bolivia (Yuracares, Tilotilo, Ramosani); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2,
p. 472, 1884 — part, Monterico, Paltaypampa, Cosnipata, and San Gaban,
Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 127, 1886— part, spec, a-e,
Bolivia (Tilotilo, Ramosani) and Peru (Cosnipata); Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 — La Merced, Borgona, Garita
del Sol, and Esperanza, Dept. Junin, Peru.
Calospiza cyanicollis- Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907
— part, Bolivia (San Mateo); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp.
79, 110, 1906 — Idma (Urubamba) and Huaynapata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1033, 1912— part,
central and southeastern Peru and Bolivia.
Tangara cyanicollis cyanicollis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p.
22, 1920 — Yahuarmayo, Chaquimayo, and Marcapata, Peru (crit.); idem,
Nov. Zool., 30, p. 239, 1923— Bolivia (note on type); Zimmer, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 441, 1930— Huanuco (Vista Alegre, Chin-
chao, Buena Vista) and Junin (Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo), Peru (crit.).
Tangara cyanicollis gularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 41, p. 332,
Sept., 1919 — Candamo, southeastern Peru (type in the American Museum
1 Calospiza labradorides chaupensis (Chapman) : Similar to C. I. labradorides,
but general coloration greener; abdomen much paler, the whitish area extending
to the breast and occupying most of the abdominal region; forehead with little
or no golden sheen; the primaries margined externally with golden green instead
of with blue (Chapman, I.e.).
We are not acquainted with this form.
2 Frequently spelled "cyaneicollis."
122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 118,
1921 — Rio San Miguel, Urubamba, Peru.
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of eastern Bolivia and
southern Peru (as far north as Dept. Huanuco).1
10: Peru (Chinchao, 2; Hacienda Buena Vista, Rio Chinchao, 2;
Vista Alegre, 4; Chanchamayo, 1; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, 1).
*Calospiza cyanicollis caeruleocephala (Swainson).2 NORTHERN
BLUE-NECKED TANAGER.
Aglaia caeruleocephala Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 356, Dec. 31, 1837 —
"Peru," doubtless northern part of the country (type in coll. of W. Hooker,
now in Liverpool Museum).3
Calliste cyan(e)icollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 — Quixos,
Ecuador; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Nav. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 181, pi. 18, fig. 1,
1855— Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, pp. 19, 262, 1856— part,
Quixos, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 87, 1857 — part, Quixos,
Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 452, 1858 — Gualaquiza
and Zamora, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 12 — Huambo and
Chirimoto, Peru (eggs descr.); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 472, 1884— part,
Huambo, Chirimoto, and Huayabamba; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 127, 1886 — part, subsp. caeruleocephala, eastern Peru and Ecuador
1 As we have shown elsewhere (Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 22, 1920),
birds from southeastern Peru (gularis) cannot be separated from a Bolivian series,
the supposed characters being individual rather than geographic. Specimens
from Junin (Chanchamayo) and Huanuco form the transition to caeruleocephala,
but as a whole appear to be better referred to the typical race in view of the
preponderance of pale-headed individuals in these parts of Peru.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: San Mateo, Cochabamba, 6; Songo,
Yungas of La Paz, 5; Yuracares, 1 (the type). — Peru: Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, 2;
Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 3; Marcapata Valley, Cuzco, 4; Santo Domingo,
Carabaya, 2; Chanchamayo, Junin, 5; Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Junin, 1; Pozuzo,
Huanuco, 1.
2 Calospiza cyanicollis caeruleocephala (Swainson) : Closely similar to C. c.
cyanicollis, but blue of the head darker, the forehead tinged with purplish blue,
and middle of the throat purplish blue, this area being more or less contrasted
with the pale blue lateral portion and jugular region.
Birds from Moyobamba and the Valley of Huayabamba are perfectly identical
with those from eastern Ecuador. Specimens from the eastern base of the east
Colombian Andes seem to be also alike. Three adults from the upper Huallaga
(Pina, Nuevo Loreto), by paler head and throat, approach typical cyanicollis.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3; Buena Vista, 2. —
Ecuador: Machay, 1; Sarayacu, 1; San Jos6, Rio Suno, 4. — Peru: Valley of
Huayabamba, 5; Nuevo Loreto, 2; Pina, 1.
3 The type (Liverpool Museum, No. D. 5201), labeled "Peru. Mathews.
Dr. W. Hooker, February, 1843," was kindly reexamined, on my request, by Mr.
N. B. Kinnear. This obliging gentleman writes that the specimen is in very
poor condition, many of the throat feathers being missing and others in molt.
It looks more like the typical Bolivian form (cyanicollis), showing hardly any
trace of the "rich violet gloss on the front and chin" mentioned in the original
description. However, this may be due to fading, and in view of Swainson's
explicit statement it seems undesirable to alter the name of the purplish-throated
form.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR
(Chiquinda, Sarayacu, Rio Napo, Jima); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
2, p. 71, 1889— "near Quito," errore; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463—
Baeza, Ecuador.
Calliste caeruleocephala Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 79 — Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 16, 1899— Zamora, Ecuador.
Calospiza caeruleocephala Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1033, 1912— part, Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern Ecuador, and northern
Peru.
Calospiza cyan(e)icollis caeruleocephala Me'ne'gaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, No.
21, p. 9, 1911 — Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba, Rio Huallaga, Peru;
idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 96,
1911— Rio Napo; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925—
Canelos, Ecuador.
Tangara cyaneicollis caeruleocephala Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 598, 1917 — part, Quetame and Buena Vista, Colombia; Bangs and
Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 — Perico and Tabaconas, upper Maranon,
Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 661, 1926 — eastern Ecua-
dor (Sabanilla, Zamora, Macas, Rio Suno below San Jose, Baeza, and
below Oyacachi).
Range. — Chiefly Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia (east slope
of eastern Andes), eastern Ecuador, and northern Peru (south to
the latitude of Tayabamba).
1: Peru (Moyobamba, 1).
Calospiza cyanicollis melanogaster (Cherrieand Reichenberger).1
BLACK-BELLIED TANAGER.
Tangara cyaneicollis melanogaster Cherrie and Reichenberger, Amer. Mus.
Nov., 58, p. 1, Feb., 1923— Utiarity, near Salto Bello, Papagaio River,
Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, examined); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 372,
1930 — Utiarity, Tapirapoan, and Doze Octobre, Matto Grosso.
Calliste cyanicollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208, 1870 — Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (spec,
examined).
1 Calospiza cyanicollis melanogaster (Cherrie and Reichenberger) : Nearest to,
and agreeing with, C. c. caeruleocephala in bright blue, on forehead and nape-
border, purplish-tinged head, deep bronze to golden humeral area, and purplish
j blue median gular stripe, but distinguished by the absence (or mere suggestion)
! of the blue abdominal zone and by having the rump strongly suffused with light
jblue instead of uniform silvery green. Wing, 65-70, (female) 65-68; tail, 44-48.
From C. c. hannahiae, which it resembles in the purplish blue median throat
and lack of blue on the belly, this well-marked race may be separated by con-
Ssiderably darker blue crown with purplish blue forehead, pale blue suffusion of
ithe rump, and much more golden or coppery humeral patch.
Material examined. — Matto Grosso: Engenho do Gama, 5; Utiarity, 4; Tapi-
irapoan, 1; Doze Octobre, 1.
124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza cyaneicollis Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907
— part, Matto Grosso; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1033, 1912— part, Matto Grosso.
Range. — Tropical zone of western (Amazonian) Matto Grosso
in central Brazil.
*Calospiza cyanicollis granadensis (Berlepsch).1 COLOMBIAN
BLUE-NECKED TANAGER.
Calliste caeruleocephala subsp. granadensis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 290,
1884 — Bucaramanga and "Bogota," Colombia (type, from "Bogota," in
the Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Calliste coeruleocephala granadensis Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184,
1887— "Bogota."
Calliste cyan(e)icollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 115 — part, Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 262, 1856— part,
"Bogota"; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 87, 1857 — part, "Bogota" ; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 70, 1862— part, spec, b-e, "Bogota" ; Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 325 — on the mountain chain between Bucaramanga and the Mag-
dalena; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 — Con-
cordia and Frontino, Antioquia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 127,
1886- — part, subsp. granadensis, Colombia ("Bogota," Medellin, and
Concordia).
Calospiza cyaneicollis granadensis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p.
307, 1899— Ibague, Colombia.
Calospiza caeruleocephala granadensis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1033, 1132, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota," Bucaramanga,
Antioquia).
Tangara cyaneicollis granadensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
599, 1917 — Colombia (Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cocal, Miraflores, La
Frijolera, El Consuelo, Fusugasuga, Aguadita, Tenasuca).
Tangara cyaneicollis caeruleocephala (not Aglaia caeruleocephala Swainson)
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598, 1917 — part, west of Honda,
La Palma, La Candela, near San Agustin, Andalucia.
1 Calospiza cyanicollis granadensis (Berlepsch): Closely similar to C. c.
caeruleocephala, but humeral area and rump more silvery greenish, less golden,
and the blue abdominal zone generally more extensive.
After examining a goodly number of Colombian specimens I cannot bring
myself to split the inhabitants of that country into two forms, as has been proposed
by Chapman. Of six skins from the head of the Magdalena Valley not one has
the rump or humeral area so reddish golden as even the palest Peruvian bird
(caeruleocephala), and I do not see how they can be separated from the general
run of "Bogota" skins (including the type of granadensis). While admitting that
Magdalena Valley birds are more brassy than those from the western Andes and
the west slope of the central Andes, they seem to fit in much better with the in-
habitants of the rest of Colombia than with the form found on the east slope of
the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 21; Bucaramanga, 2;
near San Agustin, 4; La Candela, Huila, 1; Andalucia, Huila, 1; Concordia, 1;
Rio Lima, Cauca, 3; San Antonio, 2; Miraflores, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 125
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (excepting Santa Marta
region and east slope of eastern Andes).
11: Colombia ("Bogota," 2; east of Palmira, Cauca, 1; Rio Lima,
4; Rio Zapata, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 1; La Palma, Huila, 1; near
San Agustin, Huila, 1).
"Calospiza cyanicollis hannahiae (Cassin).1 HANNAHIA'S
TANAGER.
Calliste hannahiae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 287, pi. 1,
fig. 2 — Me>ida Mountains, Venezuela (type in coll. of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 290, 1884
— Merida (crit.).
Calliste cyaneicollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, pi. 38, 1857 (fig. of "Bogota specimen" in coll. of P. L.
Sclater; cf. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 253);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Maruria, moun-
tains south of Lake Valencia, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 780 — south
of Merida; idem, I.e., 1875, p. 237— San Cristobal, Tachira; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 127, 1886 — part, subsp. hannahiae, "Bogotfi" and
Venezuela (San Cristobal, "Valencia"); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1899, p. 35 — "Maracaibo" = Me>ida Mountains (note on Cassin's type).
Callispiza hannahiae Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 176 (in text),
1868— MSrida (crit.).
Calospiza hannahiae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1033, 1132, 1912— Andes of Venezuela and (?)Colombia ("Bogota").
C[allispiza] nigriventris (Parzudaki MS.) Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino,
4, p. 176 (in text), 1868- — new name for C. hannahiae Cassin.
Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Venezuela from the
mountain range south of Lake Valencia (Maruria) to Tachira.
5: Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 4; La Azulita, MeYida, 1).
*Calospiza cyanicollis cyanopygia (Berlepsch and Taczanowski).2
BLUE-RUMPED TANAGER.
1 Calospiza cyanicollis hannahiae (Cassin): Agreeing with C. c. granadensis
in coloration of humeral patch, wing edgings, and purplish blue median throat
stripe, but distinguished by lacking every trace of the purplish blue abdominal
area, the breast and belly being uniform black. Wing, 67-69; tail, 46-50.
This well-differentiated race is evidently confined to the mountain ranges of
western Venezuela. Its occurrence in Colombia is altogether unlikely. The
alleged "Bogota" specimen in the British Museum, formerly in the collection of
P. L. Sclater and figured on pi. 38 of the "Monograph of the Genus Calliste,"
does not look like the trade-skins exported from the Colombian capital, or else,
if it really did come from there, may be an individual mutant of C. c. granadensis.
Additional specimens examined. — Venezuela: San Cristobal, Tachira, 3; La
Ortiza, Tachira, 2.
2 Calospiza cyanicollis cyanopygia (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) is readily
distinguished from all the other races by having the rump pale blue like the
pileum and throat, the color of these parts being that of the head in C. c. cyanicollis.
Besides, the lesser and greater upper wing coverts are greenish blue, only the median
126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste cyanopygia (Sclater MS.) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 545— Chimbo, Ecuador (type lost, formerly in War-
saw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol.
Hist. Nat., 6, p. 182, 1927); Sclater, I.e., 1883, p. 653— Esmeraldas; idem,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 128, 1886— Esmeraldas; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Nanegal; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898
— Chimbo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p.
16, 1899— Gualea and Rio Peripa; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 464— Can-
zacota, Gualea, and west side of Pichincha.
Calliste cyaneicollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 292, 1860— Esmeraldas.
Calospiza cyanopygia Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1033, 1912 — western Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 96, 1911 — Santo Domingo and Gualea;
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922— Gualea.
Tangara cyaneicollis cyanopygia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
662, 1926 — Esmeraldas, coast of Manavi, Chimbo, and Santa Rosa.
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador.
1: Ecuador (Pichincha, 1).
*Calospiza nigro-cincta nigro-cincta (Bonaparte). BLACK-
BANDED TANAGER.
Aglaia nigro-cincta Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 121, pub.
June, 1838 — "that portion of Brazil bordering on Peru" (type probably
lost).1
Calliste thalassina Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 419, 1844 —
"believed to be brought from Mexico" (type in Strickland Collection, now
in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.; cf. Salvin, Cat. Strickland
Coll., p. 186, 1882); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 57 (monog.); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 — Quixos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23,
p. 158, 1855— "Bogota," Colombia.
Aglaia wilsonii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 71, 1847 — "in Peruvia, Guanco"
(type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899); Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 10,
pi. 56, fig. 2, 1847— "Guaunco, Peru" (fig. of type).
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p.
182, p. 18, fig. 2, 1855.
series being golden or brassy yellow; the blue of the abdomen is lighter, passing into
greenish blue posteriorly and on under tail coverts, etc.
Additional material examined. — Western Ecuador (Gualea, Santo Domingo,
Canzacota, Pichincha, etc.), 12.
1 The lot received by Leadbeater containing the type of this and other species
of Bonaparte's was purchased by the Earl of Derby, whose collection subsequently
passed into the Liverpool Museum. Sclater (Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 86, 1857),
however, did not succeed in finding the type of A. nigro-cincta in the Derby Collec-
tion. The original description, misleading in more than one respect, is hardly
sufficient to recognize the species, but it was identified by Bonaparte himself,
as we are told by Sclater (I.e.).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 127
Calliste nigricincta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 261, 1856 — Upper
Amazonia ("Bogot£"; Quixos, Ecuador; "Guaunco" and River Ucayali,
Peru; Marabitanas, Rio Negro); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 85, pi.
37, 1857 (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 70, 1861— "Bogota";
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208, 1870— Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Brazil;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 185 — Cosnipata, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1879, p. 599 — Mapiri, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 12
— Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 471, 1884— Huambo; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 210 — Roraima, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 126, 1886— Bolivia (Mapiri), Peru (Ucayali), Ecuador (Sarayacu),
Colombia ("Bogota"), and British Guiana (Roraima); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 81, 1889 — Mapiri, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 — La Merced and Borgona, Chancha-
mayo, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357,
p. 16, 1899— Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463— Rio
Tiputini (Napo), Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 20,
1902 — Suapur6 and Nicare, Caura, Venezuela.
Calospiza nigricincta Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907 (range); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1034, 1132, 1912—
Amazonia (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 445, 1914 (range);
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 — Canelos, Ecuador.
Calospiza nigrocincta Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 348, 1907 — Humayta, Rio
Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 274, 1910— Humayta.
Tangara nigrocincta Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 174, 1916 —
Suapure" and Nicare, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2,
p. 512, 1921— Bonasika River and Roraima; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 661, 1926— Rio Suno, Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of Amazonia from the eastern base of the
eastern Andes of Colombia, southern Venezuela (Caura Valley), and
British Guiana (Bonasika River and Roraima) south through eastern
Ecuador and Peru and western Brazil (Marabitanas, Rio Negro;
Humayta, Rio Madeira) to northern Bolivia (Mapiri).1
2: Peru (Moyobamba, 2).
*Calospiza nigro-cincta2 fanny (Lafresnaye).3 FANNY'S TANAGER.
1 There is apparently no local variation in this species, birds from such widely
separated localities as Roraima, the Caura Valley, and "Bogota" agreeing with
others from northern Peru. No material is available from southern Peru or Bolivia.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 6. — Ecuador: Rio Napo,
1; Gualaquiza, 1; Sarayacu, 2. — Venezuela: Caura Valley, 3. — British Guiana:
Roraima, 3. — Peru: Iquitos, 1; Huayabamba, 1. — Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio
Negro, 2; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1.
2 The members of the C. larvata group are clearly conspecific with C. nigro-
cincta, replacing it west of the Andes.
3 Calospiza nigro-cincta fanny (Lafresnaye) : Nearest to C. n. franeiscae, but
greater upper wing coverts and remiges either uniform black or with mere traces
of greenish fringes on their apical halves; rump and flanks much paler and more
greenish blue; blue postfrontal area more extensive; bill smaller.
Birds from northwestern Ecuador and western Colombia agree perfectly to-
gether. Des Murs's figure of the type unquestionably represents the form with
128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Aglaia Fanny Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 72, 1847 — "in Nova Grenada
(Delattre)" = Buenaventura, Choco, Colombia (type in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
51, p. 51, 1899); Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 10, pi. 56, fig. 1, 1847 (fig.
of type).
Callisle francescae (not Calliste franciscae Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 83, 1857 — part, New Grenada; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1860, p. 142— Turbo, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 7, pp. 298, 332, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama (descr. of young); Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350 — Panama Railroad.
Calliste franciscae Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 359, 1862 — Panama.
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 499 — Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 274, 1883— part, Panama (railroad line) and
Colombia.
Calliste larvata b. subsp. francescae Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 125,
1886— part, spec. 1-q, Panama (Paraiso Station) and Colombia (Remedios,
Antioquia).
Calliste larvata francescae Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 482, 1898 — Cachabi,
Ecuador.
Calospiza larvata fanny Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 30, 1900 —
Loma del Leon, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 49, 1902 — part, eastern Panama (railroad line) and Colombia; Hellmayr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1107— Noanam& and Novita, Colombia
(crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 277, 1918— Mindi and
Gatun, Panama.
Calospiza larvata fannyae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1034, 1912 — western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador (crit.).
Tangara larvata fanny Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598, 1917 —
Buenavista (Narino), Barbacoas, Los Cisneros, San Jose, Noanama,
Novita, Bagado, Puerto Valdivia (Rio Cauca), and Honda (Magdalena
River), Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 661, 1926 — Esmeraldas and Manavi,
Ecuador; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 188, 1929— Cana,
eastern Panama; idem, I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia, eastern
Panama.
Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Ecuador (south to Man-
avi), western Colombia (east into Antioquia and the Magdalena
Valley), and eastern Panama (Canal Zone).
4: Panama (Colon, 4).
plain black larger upper wing coverts, thus showing that Delattre's specimen
must have originated in western Colombia and not in "Veragua," as has once
been suggested by Sclater. Two adults from the Panama Railroad seem to be
decidedly referable to C. n. fanny.
Material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill, 1; Paraiso Station, 1. — Colombia:
Noanama, 6; Novita, 1; Remedios, 1. — Ecuador: San Javier, 8; Pambilar, 1;
Lita (alt. 3,000 feet), 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAY& 129
*Calospiza nigro-cincta franciscae (Sclater).1 FRANCISCA'S
TANAGER.
Calliste franciscae Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 142, 1856 — Rio David,
Chiriqui, Panama; idem, I.e., p. 261, 1856— Rio David, Chiriqui (spec,
stated to be in coll. of J. Gould, its present location unknown) ;2 Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868— Costa Rica (Angostura,
Turrialba, San Jose); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 — Costa Rica.
Calliste francescae Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 83, 1857 — part, David,
Chiriqui; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, pp. 176, 180, 1865—
David, Chiriqui, and Greytown, Nicaragua; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 138— Santa Fe and Cordillera del Tole, Veraguas, and David,
Chiriqui; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 187 — Veraguas (CaloveVora, Chitra, Laguna
de Castillo, Mina de Chorcha) and Chiriqui (Bugaba).
Callispiza franciscae Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 175, 1868 —
northeastern Costa Rica (crit.).
Calliste larvata b. subsp. francescae Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 125,
1886 — part, spec, a-k, Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica (Turrialba,
Angostura), Veraguas (Cordillera del Tole, Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha,
Santa Fe, Castillo).
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 316 — Chontales, Nica-
ragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 54 — Costa Rica (Naranjo,
Orosi, San Carlos); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 274, 1883 — part, Nicaragua to western Panama (Veraguas and Chiriqui);
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 585, 1887— Segovia River, Hon-
duras; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Costa Rica
(Naranjo de Cartago, Cartago, Jimenez, Puntarenas, P6zo Azul de Pirris);
Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893
— Costa Rica (Boruca, Terraba, Buenos Aires); Richmond, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua.
1 Calospiza nigro-cincta franciscae (Sclater) : Differs from C. n. fanny in having
the greater upper wing coverts and remiges very distinctly margined with pale
green; the flanks more extensively as well as a darker blue, with a strong purplish
tinge anteriorly; the blue postfrontal patch more restricted; finally by larger,
stouter bill. In all of these points it resembles C. n. larvata, from which it is,
however, distinguished by coppery golden instead of deep coppery reddish throat,
paler blue cheeks with very little, if any, purplish tinge, and somewhat paler
crown and rump. Birds from the Terraba Valley are precisely similar to a series
from Chiriquf and two skins from Veraguas (CaloveVora). While the small number
of specimens examined from Caribbean Costa Rica and Nicaragua seem to be
more or less intermediate to C. n. larvata, I am inclined to follow Peters in referring
them to franciscae rather than Carriker, who places them with C. n. larvata.
While doubtless intended as a mere emendation of A. fanny Lafr., the name
C. franciscae of Sclater, accompanied as it is by a characterization of the Chiriqui
bird in comparison to C. larvata, will have to be adopted in place of C. n. centralis,
as has been pointed out by Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 340, 1931).
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Carrfllo, 1; Rio Reventaz6n, 4;
San Carlos, 1; Turrialba, 1; Boruca, 8. — Panama: Chiriquf, 12; Calovevora,
Veraguas, 2.
1 Bridges secured a single example. It did not come to the British Museum,
but may yet be found in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, where
part of the Gould Collection was deposited.
130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza larvata larvata Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 32, 1919 — Costa
Rica (Talamanca, Sipurio) and Nicaragua (San Juan del Norte) (crit.).
Calospiza larvata fanny (not Aglaia fanny Lafresnaye) Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 369,
1901— Divala, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 49,
1902 — part, Honduras to western Panama (Veraguas and Chiriqui); Bangs,
Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907— Boruca and Paso Real de Terraba, Costa Rica;
Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 278, 1910— Guayabo and
Port Limon, Costa Rica.
Tangara larvata fanny Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 859, 1910— Pacific
lowlands of Costa Rica (Pigres, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Buenos Aires, El
General de Terraba, and Boruca; habits).
Tangara larvata larvata Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 858, 1910 —
Caribbean Costa Rica (Guayabo, Bonilla, Carrillo, Jimenez, Cachi, Sara-
piqui, Guacimo, Guapiles, El Hogar; crit., habits).
Calospiza larvata centralis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1034, 1132, 1912 — Calovevora, Veraguas (type in coll. of H. von
Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum).
Tangara larvata centralis Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p.
462, 1928— Almirante, Panama (crit.).
Tangara larvata franciscae Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 340, 1931 —
Panama, Almirante Bay region (Changuinola, Almirante, Zegla, Crima-
cola); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932— Eden and
Bluefields, Nicaragua.
Range. — Tropical zone of Central America, from southern Hon-
duras (Segovia River) through Nicaragua and Costa Rica to western
Panama (east to the Veraguas).
16: Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 2); Costa Rica (Boruca, 1; El Pozo,
TeYraba, 1; Guayabo, 2; Port Limon, 6; Peralta, 2; Santa Cruz de
Turrialba, 1); Panama (Veragua, 1).
*Calospiza nigro-cincta larvata (Du Bus). MASKED TANAGER.
Calliste larvata Du Bus, Esq. Orn., livr. 2, pi. 9, 1846 — Tabasco, Mexico (type
in Brussels Museum); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 64 (crit.); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 260, 1856— Mexico (Tabasco) and Honduras
(Chamelicon River); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 81, pi. 36, 1857 —
same localities (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16 — Chamelicon
River, Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 467 — Izabal, Guatemala; Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 33— Izabal (habits); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 70, 1862 — Choctum, Vera Paz; idem and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 836 — Honduras [San Pedro]; Boucard, Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 42, 1878 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 274, 1883 — part, Tabasco to Honduras;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 124, 1886— Mexico, British Honduras
(Belize), Guatemala (Choctum, Rio de la Pasion, Vera Paz, Izabal,
Chisec), and Honduras (San Pedro).
Calospiza larvata Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1034,
1912 — southern Mexico to Honduras.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 131
Calospiza larvata larvata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 47,
1902 — southern Mexico to Honduras (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903— Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras.
Tangara larvata larvata Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 391, 1929 —
Mountain Cow, Cayo District, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., p. 471,
1929 — Lancetilla and Tela, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
64, p. 375, 1932 — Guatemala (Finca Chama, Chimoxan, Secanquim).
Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico (in states of
Tabasco and Chiapas), eastern Guatemala, British Honduras, and
Honduras.1
1: Guatemala (unspecified, 1).
*Calospiza ruficervix ruficervix (PreVost and Des Murs). BUFF-
NAPED TANAGER.
Tanagra ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Atlas, Ois., pi. 5,
fig. 1, 1846.
Tanagra (Calliste) ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. V6nus, Zool., 5,
(1), p. 212, 1849 — "Guatemala," errore (the type examined in the Paris
Museum is from Colombia).
"Procnopis atrocoerulea [not of Tschudi] et Tanagra ruficervix" Bonaparte,
Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 77, 1851 — Ecuador (descr. of spec.
collected by Bourcier in the Paris Museum).
Calliste leucotis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 58, end of April, 1851
— based on Procnopis atrocoerulea Bonaparte ex Ecuador (type in Paris
Museum).
Chalcothraupis ruficervix Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 144, 1851 —
Colombia (descr.).
Calliste ruficervix Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 58 — Colombia; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 259,
1856 — Colombia ("Bogota") and Ecuador (vicinity of Quito); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 71, pi. 32, 1857 — same localities (monog.);
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 139, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862— Pallatanga and "Bogota";
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 — Concordia,
Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 288 — Cayandeled,
Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 129, 1886— Colombia
("Bogota," Antioquia), Ecuador (Pallatanga), and "North Peru" (errore);
Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887— "Bogota"; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 — Gualea and Batonago, Ecuador;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 462 — San Nicolas and Intag, Ecuador.
Calospiza ruficervix Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc M6rid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 96, 1911 — San Nicolas and Santo Domingo, Ecuador;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1035, 1912 — Colombia
("Bogota," Antioquia, San Pablo) and western Ecuador (Pallatanga,
"Quito," Cayandeled, San Nicolas, Intag).
1 Two specimens from Santa Ana, Honduras, agree with nine from Guatemala.
No Mexican material examined.
132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza ruficervix ruficervix Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1108
— Pueblo Rico and Rio Lima, western Andes of Colombia.
Tangara ruficervix ruficervix Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 599,
1917 — Colombia (San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Gallera, Ricaurte,
western Andes; Miraflores, Salento, La Candela, near San Agustin, central
Andes; Fusugasuga, Aguadita, El Roble, eastern Andes); idem, I.e., 55,
p. 662, 1926 — western Ecuador (Gualea, Cayandeled, El Chiral, Zaruma).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (excepting the Santa
Marta region) and western Ecuador.1
3: Colombia (Rio Zapata, Cauca, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 1;
"Bogota," 1).
Calospiza ruficervix taylori (Taczanowski and Berlepsch).2
TAYLOR'S TANAGER.
Calliste taylori Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885,
p. 78 — Machay, eastern Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman
and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 183, 1927);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 130, 1886 — eastern Ecuador (Machay,
Rio Napo).
Calospiza taylori Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1035,
1912 — eastern Ecuador (Machay, Rio Napo).
Tangara ruficervix taylori Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 662,
1926 — eastern Ecuador (below Oyacachi) and northern Peru (Chaupe).
Calospiza ruficervix fulvicervix (not Calliste fulvicervix Sclater and Salvin)
Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1109 (in text)— part, Nuevo
Loreto, Peru.
1 Birds from western Ecuador (leucotis) I am unable to distinguish satisfac-
torily. As has been remarked by Chapman, they have generally longer bills and
the ochraceous occipital band sometimes wider, but neither of these average
variations seems constant enough to warrant their separation. The presence of
bluish white or golden buff feathers along the upper margin of the auriculars
appears to be inconsequential, such individuals also occurring in various parts
of Colombia. Sclater, when proposing the name leucolis, had no Ecuadorian
material before him, but relied on Bonaparte's rather superficial description. If
the prince called the "tectrices alarum minores" white, he doubtless meant the under
wing coverts.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: San Antonio, western Andes, 4;
Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, 2; Rio Lima, Cauca, 2; "Bogota," 14. — Ecuador:
San Nicolas, 3; Santo Domingo, 1; Cayandeled, 2; below Quito, 3.
z Calospiza ruficervix taylori (Taczanowski and Berlepsch) : Similar in the adult
male to C. r. ruficervix, but larger; postf rental band ultramarine blue instead of
dull purplish blue; occipital band much brighter, glossy golden yellow, and extend-
ing laterally to the upper margin of the auriculars, etc. Wing, 78; tail, 51; bill, 9.
An unsexed adult from northern Peru (Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba),
in general coloration resembles the adult male from Machay, from which the above
characters have been taken, but is smaller (wing, 70; tail, 45) and differs in certain
details, the occipital band being only half as wide and the postfrontal area as well
as the tips to the nuchal feathers being cendre blue. In dimensions and narrow-
ness of the golden yellow occipital band it corresponds to the characters of the
female of taylori, as given by the describers. Additional material is required to
determine the significance of the variation.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Machay, below
Oyacachi, "Rio Napo") and northern Peru (Chaupe, east of Huanca-
bamba; Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba).
*Calospiza ruficervix fulvicervix (Sclater and Salvin).1 ORANGE-
NAPED TANAGER.
Callisie fulvicervix Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 354, pi.
30, fig. 1 — Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia (descr. of female; type in Salvin-
Godman Collection, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 599 —
Tilotilo; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 465, 1884— Paltaypampa and Ropay-
bamba, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 130, 1886 — Bolivia;
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340 — Garita
del Sol, Vitoc, Peru.
Calospiza fulvicervix Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 — Idma,
Urubamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1035, 1912— Peru (Paltaypampa, Ropaybamba, Garita del Sol, Chan-
chamayo, "Santa Ana" [ = Idma], Marcapata, Ocobamba near Cuzco)
and Bolivia (Tilotilo).
Tangara fulvicervix Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 118, 1921 — Idma
and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru.
Calliste ruficervix (not Tanagra ruficervix PreVost and Des Murs) Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 — Paltaypampa and Ropaybamba, Peru.
Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Peru (from Dept. Junin
to Cuzco) and northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz).
1: Peru (Chanchamayo, Junin, 1).
"Calospiza mexicana mexicana (Linnaeus). GUIANAN TUR-
QUOISE TANAGER.
Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 315, 1766 — based
principally on "Le Tangara bleu de Cayenne" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 6, pi.
1, fig. 3); Cayenne.2
1 Calospiza ruficervix fulvicervix (Sclater and Salvin) : Differs in the male sex
from the two preceding races by much brighter blue (not greenish blue) general
coloration both above and below; shining orange-rufous occipital band without
trace of blackish borders; nearly pure white (not buffy) middle of the breast, etc.
The female is much like ruficervix and taylori, but lacks the blackish borders to
the occipital band, the latter being, besides, hardly suggested by a narrow stripe.
Wing, 72-77, (female) 71; tail, 48-51; bill, 8^-9.
A single Bolivian male, when compared to others from Peru, is more intensely
blue throughout and has the orange-rufous band on the pileum markedly wider.
Specimens from Dept. Junin, whence we have no material, are stated by Berlepsch
and Stolzmann to be like those from Idma.
Material examined. — Bolivia: Yungas of La Paz, 1. — Peru: Idma, Urubamba, 6;
Ocobamba, near Cuzco, 1.
2 Linnaeus also cites "The Black and Blue Tit-mouse" of Edwards (Glean.
Nat. Hist., 3, p. 292, pi. 350), which is the same bird as that from Cayenne, but
his diagnosis is clearly taken from Brisson, though in a condensed form. The
"Touauhtotl" of Hernandez, an obscure Mexican species, referred by Brisson to
his "Tangara bleu de Cayenne," certainly is something different. Nevertheless,
the term mexicana, misleading as it is, cannot be rejected under existing rules.
134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra flaviventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 410,
1819 — part, Cayenne (ex "Tangara tachete, de Cayenne" Daubenton,
PL Enl., pi. 290, fig. 2).
Callospiza mexicana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 670, 1849 — British Guiana.
Callospiza cayanensis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 169, 1851 —
new name for Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus and Tanagra flaviventris
Vieillot, ex Cayenne; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 —
Cayenne.
Calliste flaviventris Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 69 — Guiana; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 257, 1856— Cayenne and "upper Rio Negro
(Wallace)"; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 63, pi. 29, 1857— Cayenne,
Guiana, and "upper Rio Negro" (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 571 — "Barra do Rio Negro";1 Dubois, Bull.
Acad. Roy. Belgique, 38, p. 127, 1874 (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210—
Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 120,
1886 — part (subsp. typica, spec, a-f; subsp. vieilloti, spec, a, b), Cayenne
and British Guiana, "Barra do Rio Negro";1 Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55,
p. 293, 1907 — Maracd and Monte Alegre, Brazil (spec, examined); Penard,
Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 438, 1910 — part, Guianas (habits).
Calliste brasiliensis var. a. flaviventris Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p.
129, 1874 (range).
Calospiza mexicana Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 — Cayenne; idem,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1036, 1132, 1912— Guianas
and northern Brazil (Monte Alegre, Maraca); Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 445, 1914 — Maraca and Monte Alegre. ,
Calospiza mexicana mexicana Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p.
8, 1908— French Guiana.
Tangara mexicana Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 511, 1921 — British Guiana
(Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Takutu, Mazaruni River, Bonasika, Abary
River, Tiger Creek, Essequibo, Bartica Grove, Georgetown, etc.); Young,
Ibis, 1929, p. 249— coastland of British Guiana.
Tangara mexicana mexicana Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 87, 1918 — Surinam (vicinity of Paramaribo, Javaweg).
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northeastern
Brazil, south to the north bank of the lower Amazon, west to Monte
Alegre.2
6: British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; unspecified, 2); Dutch Guiana
(near Paramaribo, Surinam, 1); French Guiana (Cayenne, 1).
1 1 cannot help thinking that there must be some mistake about this locality.
Three adults from "Barra do Rio Negro" [=Manaos] in the Vienna Museum are
undoubtedly C. m. boliviano and by no means C. m. mexicana.
2 Two adult females from Monte Alegre agree in every detail, notably in
uniform calamine blue humeral patch and pale yellowish under parts, with typical
Cayenne birds.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana, 9; Surinam, 4; British Guiana,
6. — Brazil: Monte Alegre, 2; Maraca, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 135
Calospiza mexicana media (Berlepsch and Hartert).1 INTER-
MEDIATE TURQUOISE TANAGER.
Calliste mexicana media Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 19, 1902 —
Maipures, Orin6co River, and La Pricion, Caura River, Venezuela (type
from Maipures, in Tring Museum, now in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York).
Calospiza mexicana media Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1036, 1912— Venezuela (Maipures, Perico, Guanoco).
Tangara mexicana media Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 173,
1916— Orinoco (Perico and upwards) and Caura (La Union, Suapure),
Venezuela.
Calospiza mexicana vieilloti (not Calliste vieilloli Sclater) Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 1, p. 102, 1909 — Guanoco, Orinoco Delta (spec, examined).
Tangara mexicana vieilloti Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 174,
1916 — Guanoco (ex Beebe).
Range. — Southern Venezuela, in the valleys of the Orinoco and
its tributary, the Caura, and doubtless other rivers.
*Calospiza mexicana vieilloti (Sclater).2 VIEILLOT'S TURQUOISE
TANAGER.
Calliste vieilloti Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 257, pub.
Jan., 1857 — Trinidad (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Mu-
seum); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 65, 1857 — Trinidad (monog.);
Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579— Trinidad (crit.); Dubois,
Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874— Trinidad (crit.).
Calliste vieillotii Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862— Trinidad;
Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82— Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 303, 1866
—Trinidad.
1 Calospiza mexicana media (Berlepsch and Hartert) : Similar to C. m. mexicana,
but median under parts darker, barita yellow instead of massicot yellow; blue
of face and throat slightly deeper; humeral patch also somewhat darker, cendre
blue rather than calamine blue. Size the same.
This race forms the transition to C. m. vieilloti. The humeral patch shows
about the same tone as in the Trinidad form, and the blue of the head and throat,
while not quite so purplish, nevertheless marks a decided step in the direction of
the insular birds. The majority of the Orinoco birds, in the tone of the yellow
underneath, occupy an intermediate position between mexicana and vieilloti.
However, the most deeply-colored individuals (one from La Pricion, Caura, and
i one from Guanoco, Orinoco Delta) are just a trifle paler than Trinidad birds,
' whereas the palest specimen (an adult male from the Caura Valley) cannot be
separated from mexicana. Examples from the Caura and the Orinoco Delta are
identical with a series from the upper Orinoco, presenting very nearly the same
amount of variation.
Material examined.— Venezuela: Perico, Orinoco River, 2; Maipures, Orinoco
River, 10; Caura Valley (Suapure, La Pricion), 7; Guanoco, Delta Amacuro, 4.
2 Calospiza mexicana vieilloti (Sclater) : Nearest to C. m. media, but still more
deeply colored, the blue of the face and throat being darker and of a more purplish
hue, and the under parts bright pinard yellow.
Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 14; Icacos, 1; Caroni River, 1;
Maracas, 1; Aripo (alt. 1,500 feet), 1.
136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste brasiliensis var. /3. vieilloii Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874— Trinidad.
Calliste flaviventris b. subsp. vieilloti Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 121,
1886 — part, spec, d-h, Trinidad.1
Calliste flaviventris vieilloti Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 29,
1894 — Princestown, Trinidad.
Calospiza mexicana vieilloti Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 — Caparo,
Laventille, and Valencia, Trinidad (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906— Aripo; idem, I.e., 1, p. 358, 1908— Carenage and
Aripo, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1036,
1912— Trinidad.1
Tanagra flaviventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 410,
1819— part, Trinidad.
Callospiza mexicana (not Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 80, 1851— "Antill. mer."= Trinidad
(crit.); idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 169, 1851— "Antill. mer."
= Trinidad (crit.).
Range. — Island of Trinidad.
1: Trinidad.
*Calospiza mexicana boliviana (Bonaparte). BOLIVIAN TUR-
QUOISE TANAGER.
Callospiza boliviana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, No. 3,
p. 80, 1851 — Guarayos, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); idem,
Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 4, p. 169, Apr., 1851— Guarayos (repr. of
orig. descr.).
Aglaia mexicana (not Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,
Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837— Yuracares, Bolivia.
Tanagra flaviventris (not of Vieillot) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p.
271, 1839 — Yuracares and Guarayos, Bolivia.
Calliste flaviventris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870 — Rio Madeira (Ponto
do Rio Guapore, Borba) and Barra do Rio Negro (spec, in Vienna Museum
examined); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 — Para.
Calospiza flaviventris Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907— Santarem.
Calliste boliviana Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 69 (crit.); idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 258, 1856—
Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern Peru, Brazil (Ega), and Bolivia (descr.);
idem, I.e., 25, p. 264, 1857 — Rio Javarri; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste,
p. 67, pi. 30, 1857 (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862—
Ega, Capim River, and "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1866, p. 180 — upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 571 — Capim
River; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977— Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261— Peru
(Sarayacu, upper Ucayali, Pebas, Rio Javarri); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 599 —
1 The record of this form from Bartica Grove, British Guiana, refers doubtless
to unusually bright-bellied individuals of C. TO. mexicana. Vieillot's Turquoise
Tanager is strictly confined to Trinidad.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 137
Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874
(crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 464, 1884— Peruvian localities;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 121, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota"),
Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Pebas, Ucayali), and Brazil (Ega and Capim
River); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889— Tarapoto, Peru; Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 81, 1889— Yungas, Bolivia; Riker and Chap-
man, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890 — Diamantina, Santar£m; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340 — La Merced, Chanchamayo,
Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 462 — Rio "Tiputini" (Rio Napo), Ecua-
dor; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 — Par& and Cussary, Brazil.
Calliste brasiliensis var. 7- boliviano, Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 (range).
Calospiza boliviano Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1906 — Rio Jurua,
Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 9, 522, 1908— Bom Lugar (Rio
Purus) and Alcobaca (Rio Tocantins); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1036, 1133, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota" and Rio
Putumayo) to Bolivia and western Brazil (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 445, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Rio Moju, Rio Tocantins
(Baiao, Alcobaca, Arumatheua), Cussary, Rio Jamauchim (Santa Helena,
Conceicao), Rio Tapajoz (Boim), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Brazil;
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925— Canelos, Ecuador.
Calospiza mexicana boliviano Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907 — Rio
Jurua (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 7, 1907— Itaituba, Rio Tapa-
J6z (crit.); idem, I.e., 14, p. 43, 1907— Teffe, Rio SolimSes; idem, I.e., 14,
p. 348, 1907— Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 274, 1910— Rio
Madeira (Calama; Santa Izabel, Rio Preto; Marmellos).
Tangara mexicana boliviano Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-
phys. KL, 26, No. 2, pp. 10, 87, 1912— Souza, Par& (Pai& localities;
crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598, 1917— La Morelia,
Caqueta, Colombia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 239, 1923 — Guarayos,
Bolivia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 660, 1926—
"Napo" and Rio Suno, Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80,
p. 174, 1928 — Castanhal, Para; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran
Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 267, 1930— Buena vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 372, 1930— Ponto do Rio
Guapore, Matto Grosso.
Tangara boliviano lateralis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 91, 1922—
Apacy, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum).
Range. — Amazonia, from southeastern Colombia (La Morelia,
Caqueta; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo) south through eastern Ecuador
and Peru to eastern Bolivia and Brazil (north of the Amazon to
Manaos, south of the river as far east as Para).1
1 Having once more compared good series from various parts of the range, I
fail to find sufficient grounds for subdividing C. m. boliviano. Birds from Lower
Amazonia (lateralis) are on average paler yellow below with more heavily black-
spotted flanks, but so many individuals are indistinguishable from those of Bolivia
that I do not see any practical advantage in maintaining the distinction by a sepa-
rate name. The presence of pale (greenish) blue feathers in the (mainly light
138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
4: Colombia ("Bogota," 1); Brazil (Capoeira, Para, 1; Utinga,
Para, 1); Peru (Moyobamba, 1).
Calospiza brasiliensis (Linnaeus).1 BRAZILIAN TURQUOISE
TANAGER.
Tanagra brasiliensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on
"Le Tangara bleu du Bresil" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 4; Brazil
(type in Reaumur Collection); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 477,
1830 — eastern Brazil (habits, nest, and eggs).
Tanagra barbadensis ("Brisson") Kuhl, Buff, et Daub. Fig. Av. Nom. Syst.,
p. 3, 1820 — based on "Tangara bleu, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 155, fig. 1; Cayenne (errore).
Calliste brasiliensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 — Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 68 — Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 256, 1856— southeastern Brazil (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 180, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio; Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 61, pi. 28, 1857 — eastern coast of Brazil (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 68, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870
— Sapitiba, Rio; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 119, 1886— Bahia
and (?)Cayenne; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 153, 1900— Nova
Friburgo.
Calliste albiventris G. R. Gray, Genera Bds., 2, p. 366, 1844 — based on "Tan-
gara bleu, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 155, fig. 1, "Cayenne,"
errore; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 68, 1862— "Cayenne."
Callospiza brasiliensis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 168, 1851 —
Brazil (crit.).
Calospiza brasiliensis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907— Bahia and
Espirito Santo (Rio Doce); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908—
"Cayenne"; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1037, 1133,
1912 — Bahia to Rio de Janeiro (crit.).
grayish violet blue) humeral patch is subject to much individual variation, though
it appears that such specimens are less common in Upper Amazonia (Colombia
to Peru) than they are in Lower Amazonia and on the Rio Madeira. Three adults
from Manaos, however, have the smaller upper wing coverts strongly suffused
with squill blue, much more so than any specimen from south of the Amazon,
and thereby form the passage to C. m. mexicana, while in other respects (such
as deep yellow belly and bright blue face and throat) they do not differ from the
general "run" of boliviano.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, 1;
"Bogota," 6. — Ecuador: Sarayacu, 2; Rio Siputini (Napo), 2; unspecified, 1. —
Peru: Iquitos, 2; Loretoyacu, 1; lower Ucayali, 1; upper Ucayali, 5; Yahuarmayo,
Carabaya, 2. — Bolivia: Guarayos, 1 (the type); Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 4;
San Mateo, 4. — Brazil: Ponto do Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso, 1; Calama, Rio
Madeira, 2; Santa Izabel, Rio Preto, 2; Marmellos, Rio Madeira, 1; Humayta,
Rio Madeira, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 2; Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 2; Manaos, 3; Cussary,
1; Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Santarem, 2; Alcobaga, Rio Tocantins, 1; Para, 5.
1 Though probably conspecific with C. mexicana, as claimed by Dubois (Bull.
Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, pp. 127, 129, 1874), I hesitate to reduce it to subspecific
rank on account of the constancy of its characters and its widely separated range.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 139
Range. — Wooded coast region of southeastern Brazil, from
southern Bahia (Caravellas) to Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Nova
Friburgo).1
Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater).2 CABANIS'S TANAGER.
Calliste s. Callispiza sclateri (not Calliste sclateri Lafresnaye) Cabanis, Journ.
Orn., 14, p. 163, 1866 — Costa Cuca, western Guatemala (type in Berlin
Museum examined).
Calliste cabanisi Sclater, Ibis, (n.s.), 4, p. 71, pi. 3, 1868 — new name for Calr-
liste sclateri Cabanis (fig. of type); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 271, 1883— Costa Cuca; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 123, 1886— Costa Cuca.
Calospiza cabanisi Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1037,
1912— Costa Cuca; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 42,
1902— Costa Cuca.
Tangara cabanisi Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 376, 1932 —
Costa Cuca.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Guatemala (Costa Cuca).
*Calospiza palmeri Hellmayr.3 PALMER'S TANAGER.
Calospiza palmeri Hellmayr, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1, p. 49, Aug., 1909 — Sipi,
Rio Sipi, Choc6, Colombia (type in Munich Museum); idem, Ibis, 1910,
1 The occurrence of C. brasiliensis in French Guiana is altogether unlikely.
A specimen in the British Museum (from the collection of the late P. L. Sclater)
has all the appearance of the skins exported from "Cayenne," and differs from
Bahia skins by decidedly smaller size (wing, 74}^; tail, 55), but, as remarked by
Berlepsch, it is extremely doubtful if it was really shot in French Guiana. An
adult female obtained by Natterer at Sapitiba (near Rio de Janeiro) on March 26,
1818, presents the same small dimensions (wing, 75; tail, 53), suggesting the possible
existence of a recognizable race in southern Brazil.
Material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 18; Sapitiba, 1.
2 Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater), known only from the type specimen secured
by Bernoulli many years ago, is allied to C. palmeri, but differs in various important
points. The black on the face is much less extended, being restricted to the lores
: and a narrow line across the forehead and round the base of the lower mandible;
i the pileum is of a dull dark blue with the bases of the feathers largely black;
I the interscapular region is metallic grass green; the lower back and rump are dull
j azure blue instead of light neutral gray; the sides of the head and the throat dingy
bluish green instead of pure white; the remainder of the lower parts is bluish
white, more whitish in the middle, decidedly tinged with bluish green on the
flanks; the feathers of the chest are black with the slightly attenuated tips bluish
I white, but without trace of the (silvery or golden) yellowish color, so conspicuous
a feature in C. palmeri; the smaller wing coverts and the edges to the greater series
are azure blue instead of pallid neutral gray; the base of the lower mandible pale
brownish. Wing, 86; tail, 58^; bill, 12.
J Calospiza palmeri Hellmayr, being well figured in the Ibis for 1910, pi. 5,
' need not be described here.
An adult from Darien (Mount Sapo) agrees perfectly with birds from Chocp,
while a single example obtained by F. Spillmann in December, 1925, on the Rio
Saloya, Ecuador, is somewhat less yellowish on the chest.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Sipi, Rio Sipi, Choc6, 5. — Ecuador:
Rio Saloya, Prov. Pichincha, 1 (Vienna Museum).
140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
p. 330, pi. 5— Sipi, Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1107—
Sipi, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1037,
1912— Rio Sipi.
Tangara palmeri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 597, 1917 — San
Jose, Colombia; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 226,
1922 — Mount Sapo, eastern Panama.
Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific coast of eastern Panama
(Mount Sapo, Darien), western Colombia (Sipi, Rio Sipi; San Jose"),
and western Ecuador (Rio Saloya, Prov. Pichincha).
1: Panama (Mount Sapo, Darien, 1).
Calospiza inornata inornata (Gould). PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER.
Calliste inornata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158 (footnote), Dec.
15, 1855 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British
Museum); Sclater, I.e., 24, p. 258, 1856 — "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 103, pi. 45, 1857— "Bogota" (fig. of type); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 — Nichi, Antioquia, Colombia;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 273, 1883 — part,
Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 291, 1884
— Bucaramanga (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 120, 1886—
part, spec, h-m, Colombia ("Bogota," Remedies, Nichi, Antioquia).
Calospiza inornata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 51, 1902 —
part, Colombia ("Bogota," Remedies, Nichi, Bucaramanga); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1037, 1912— part, Colombia
(Bucaramanga, "Bogota," Remedies, Nichi).
Tangara inornata inornata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598,
1917 — Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia.
Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia (Magdalena Valley, west to
the lower Cauca).1
*Calospiza inornata languens (Bangs and Barbour).2 PANAMA
PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER.
Tangara inornata languens Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65,
p. 227, 1922 — Loma del Leon and Mount Sapo, Panama (type, from Loma
del Leon, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Gris-
com, I.e., 69, p. 188, 1929— Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932—
Perme and Obaldia, eastern Panama (crit.).
Calliste inornata (not of Gould) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p.
142— Turbo, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 298,
1 Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3; "Bucaramanga," 3; Remedies,
Antioquia, 1.
2 Calospiza inornata languens (Bangs and Barbour) : Similar to C. i. inornata,
but coloration above decidedly paler, neutral gray rather than deep neutral gray,
with the bluish tinge on forehead and rump much less pronounced; throat and
sides of body much paler gray with hardly any bluish tone. Size about the same.
Additional material examined. — Panama: Paraiso Station, 1; Lion Hill, 2;
Punta de Sabana, 2; Laguna Pita, 1; "Veragua," 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 141
1861 — Lion Hill, Panama Railroad; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
359, 1862— Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1864,
p. 350 — Panama Railroad (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 273, 1883 — part, Panama ("Veraguas," Panama City,
Lion Hill Station, Turbo); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 121, 1886
— part, spec, a-g, "Veraguas" and Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso Station);
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899—
Punta de Sabana and Laguna della Pita, Darien, Panama.
Calospiza inornata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl.f 2, p. 30, 1900 — Loma
del Leon, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 51, 1902
— part, "Veragua" and Panama; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1037, 1912 — "Veragua," Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso) and
Turbo, Colombia.
Calliste ornata (lapsus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 332
(in text), 1861 (cf. Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65,
p. 227, 1922).
Tangara inornata Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 278, 1918—
Gatun, Panama; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924— New Culebra, Canal
Zone, Panama.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Panama (west to the Canal
Zone) and the adjacent portion of extreme northwestern Colombia
(Turbo, Gulf of Uraba).
4: Panama (Colon, 3; unspecified, 1).
"Calospiza gyrola albertinae (Pelzeln).1 ALBERTINA'S TANAGER.
Calliste albertinae Pelzeln, Ibis, (4), 1, p. 337, 1877— Salto do Girao, Rio
Madeira, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 118, 1886 (ex Pelzeln).
Calospiza albertinae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 273, 1905 — Igarap6-Assu,
Par& (crit.); idem, I.e., 13, p. 357, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907 (range); Snetblage, Journ. Orn.,
56, p. 522, 1908 — Alcobaca, Rio Tocantins (descr. of female); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 17, p. 273, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso
(crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1038, 1912—
Para to the Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446, 1914
— Peixe-Boi (Para), Rio Tocantins (Alcobaca), and Rio Jamauchim
(Santa Elena, Tucunar£).
1 Calospiza gyrola albertinae (Pelzeln) : Nearest to C. g. catharinae, but top
and sides of the head and the chin spot decidedly lighter (burnt sienna rather
than chestnut); no bright yellow posterior border to the rufous hood; hind neck
and upper back much more yellowish, javel green instead of shining grass green;
lesser upper wing coverts rufous (Sanford's brown) instead of lemon chrome;
remainder of wing coverts, tertials, and outer webs of remiges shining yellowish
oil green instead of grass green, etc. Wing, 70-73, (female) 69; tail, 45-49;
bill, 10-11.
Additional material examined. — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para, 1; Igarap6-
Assu, Para, 1; Santa Elena, Rio Jamauchim, 2; Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira,
1 (the type); Maroins, Rio Machados, 1.
142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tangara albertinae Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL,
26, No. 2, p. 87, 1912 — Para region (Igarape-Assu, Santo Antonio);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 372, 1930— Barao Melgago,
northern Matto Grosso.
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 207, 1870— part, Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira.
Range. — Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Para region west
to the Rio Madeira and south to northern Matto Grosso (Barao
Melgaco).
1: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 1).
*Calospiza gyrola gyrola (Linnaeus). BUFFON'S GREEN TANAGER.
Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 181, 1758 — based on
"The Red-headed Finch" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 23, pi. 23; Suri-
nam (type in coll. of the Duke of Richmond).
Aglaia chrysoptera Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 356, Dec., 1837 — Demerara,
British Guiana (location of type not stated, probably in the University
Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Tanagra gyrola Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, livr. 11, text to pis. 6, 7,
1807 — Cayenne, Surinam, and "Bresil."
Calliste gyrola Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 — "Brazil";
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 67- — Guiana; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 255, 1856 — Cayenne and British Guiana (descr.); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 55, pi. 25, 1857 — same localities (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 67, 1862— Cayenne; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,
38, p. 129, 1874— Guianas; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209— British Guiana
(Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa, Roraima); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 116, 1886 — Cayenne and British Guiana; Penard,
Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 437, 1910 — Surinam.
Callospiza gyrola Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 669, 1849— British Guiana.
Gyrola chrysoptera Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851 — "Brazil."
Calospiza gyrola Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 — Ipousin, Rio Appro-
uague, French Guiana; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1037, 1912 (range).
Tangara gyrola Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 510, 1921 — British Guiana
(many localities).
Tangara gyrola gyrola Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 131, 1931 —
Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu).
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana.1
1 Birds from the lowlands of British Guiana agree with others from Cayenne,
while those from Roraima (alt. 3,000-3,500 feet) are slightly larger (wing of male,
76-77; of female, 73-74).
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2; Ipousin, 1. —
Surinam: near Paramaribo, 1. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 9; Demerara, 3;
Roraima, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 143
5: British Guiana (Caramang River, 1; Demerara River, 2;
Mazaruni River, 1; unspecified, 1).
*Calospiza gyrola catharinae Hellmayr.1 CATHARINA'S GREEN
TANAGER.
Calospiza gyroloides catharinae Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p.
1106 — Chaquimayo, Carabaya, southeastern Peru (type in Munich Mu-
seum); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1038, 1134,
1912 — Upper Amazonia from eastern Colombia and northwestern Brazil
to Bolivia (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446, 1914 (range).
Tangara gyroloides catharinae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 597,
1917 — Buena Vista, eastern Colombia; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL,
6, p. 76, 1917 (range); idem and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918— Charapi
(east of Tabaconas), northern Peru; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A,
Heft 10, p. 21, 1920 — Yahuarmayo and Chaquimayo, southeastern Peru;
idem, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 239, 1923 — Yuracares, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 659, 1926— eastern Ecuador (Zamora, Macas
region, Rio Suno, below San Jose, and below Oyacachi); Zimmer, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 442, 1930— Huachipa and Vista Alegre,
Dept. Huanuco, Peru.
Aglaia gyrola (not Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn.
Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (spec, in
Paris Museum examined).
Tanagra gyrola d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 272, 1839 — Yuracares.
Callospiza gyrola Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 — Peru; idem,
Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 202, 1846 — wooded region of eastern Peru.
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye2?) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
1 Calospiza gyrola catharinae Hellmayr: Similar to C. g. gyrola in size and in
possessing a shining lemon chrome humeral patch, but yellow nuchal collar much
wider, the head much darker (chestnut rather than burnt sienna), a light cerulean
blue patch on the rump, and the under parts much more extensively blue. Differs
from the other blue-rumped races by smaller size with a weaker, slenderer bill;
by having the rufous cap bordered posteriorly by a broad, bright lemon chrome
nuchal band; the upper throat dark sulphate green, separating the rufous chin
spot from the blue foreneck; and the lesser as well as the adjoining median upper
wing coverts bright lemon chrome, forming an extensive humeral patch about twice
as large and much deeper yellow than in C. g. nupera and C. g. bangsi. Wing
(male), 70-77; tail, 49-54; bill, 10-11.
Three birds from the upper Rio Negro have the cap very dark, chestnut
rather than mahogany red, but they are matched by one (out of two) from the
Rio Putumayo, Colombia, while others from eastern Colombia are not different
from other Amazonian skins.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Cuembl, Rio Putumayo, 2;
"Bogota," 5. — Ecuador: Sarayacu, 2; San Jos6, 2. — Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio
Negro, 1; Rio Xi6, 2. — Peru: Huambo, 2; Huayabamba, 1; La Merced, Chan-
chamayo, 1; Chanchamayo Valley, 4; Marcapata, Dept. Cuzco, 3; Chaquimayo,
Carabaya, 2; Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Dept. Puno, 2. — Bolivia: San Mateo,
Cochabamba, 2; Yuracares, 2.
* Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye (Rev. Zool., 10, p. 277, 1847) is a new name
for Aglaia peruviana Swainson (Anim. Menag., p. 356, Dec., 1837), preoccupied
by Tanagra peruviana Desmarest, 1805, a species (of the genus Calospiza) peculiar
144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 — Quijos, eastern Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23,
p. 158, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 255, 1856 — part, New Granada
("Bogota"), Ecuador (Quixos), eastern Peru, and Bolivia (Yuracares);
idem, I.e., 25, p. 264, 1857— Rio Javarri, Brazil; idem, I.e., 26, pp. 74, 453,
1858 — Rio Napo and Zamora, eastern Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Cal-
liste, p. 57, pi. 26, 1857 — part, Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Rio Napo),
eastern Peru, and Bolivia (Yuracares); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
67, 1862 — "Bogota" and eastern Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 749 — Chyavetas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207,
1870 — part, Marabitanas (Rio Negro) and Rio Xie, Brazil (spec, in Vienna
Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 185 — Cosnipata, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 — Chyavetas and Rio
Javarri, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 514 — Monterico, Ayacucho,
Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 599 — Yuracares, Bolivia; Taczan-
owski, I.e., 1882, p. 11— Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 465, 1884
—Peru (Chyavetas, Rio Javarri, Monterico, Cosnipata, Huambo, Chan-
chamayo); idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 78 —
Mapoto, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117, 1886— part,
spec, q, r, u-a', Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (San Jose, Sarayacu, Rio
Napo), Brazil (Ega), and Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, pp. 71,
81, 1889 — Rio Napo, Ecuador, and Mapiri, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340 — Peru (La Merced and La
Gloria, Chanchamayo, and Garita del Sol, Vitoc); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 — part, spec, a-e, eastern
Ecuador (San Jose and Rio Zamora; crit.).
Calospiza gyroloides Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Onus, 13, pp. 78, 110, 1906 —
Idma, Urubamba, and Marcapata (Huaynapata, Saniaca), Dept. Cuzco,
Peru; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9,
p. B. 95, 1911 — part, Gualaquiza, eastern Ecuador; idem, Rev. Frang.
d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911— Nuevo Loreto, Peru; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925— Canelos, Ecuador.
Calliste gyrola var. a. gyroloides Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874— part, Peru and Bolivia.
Gyrola cyanoventris (not Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot, 1819) Bonaparte, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851— Peru (diag.).
Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the eastern slope of the eastern
Andes in Colombia (Buena Vista, above Villavicencio; Cuembi, Rio
Putumayo) and from northwestern Brazil (Marabitanas, Rio Negro;
to southeastern Brazil. Swainson based his description on a specimen from
"Peru" in "Mr. W. Hooker's Collection," and it may be presumed that, like the
types of other species named by him in the same work from the same collection,
it was secured by the orchid hunter Andrew Mathews somewhere in northern Peru,
viz., in the range of C. g. catharinae. However, the describer, in comparing his
new bird with A. chrysoptera [=C. g. gyrola} of the Guianas, expressly insists on
the "shoulder covers being green, instead of golden yellow," a statement that forbids
the use of the name for the Upper Amazonian form I have called C. g. catharinae.
Until the type comes to light, I am afraid the term A. gyroloides will remain inde-
terminable. Unfortunately, Mr. Kinnear's efforts to locate it have been unsuccess-
ful; it is apparently neither at Liverpool nor at Cambridge.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 145
Ega [= Teffe"]) south through eastern Ecuador and Peru to northern
Bolivia (Mapiri; San Mateo, Dept. Cochabamba; Yuracares).
14: Peru (Huachipa, 8; Vista Alegre, 6).
*Calospiza gyrola nupera (Bangs).1 WEST ECUADORIAN GREEN
TANAGER.
Tangara gyroloides nupera Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 6, p. 76, Dec.,
1917 — Nanegal, western Ecuador (type in Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 401,
1930).
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 27, p. 139, 1859— Pallatanga; idem, I.e., 28, pp. 87, 292, 1860—
Nanegal and Esmeraldas; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874
(crit.): Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 545 —
Chimbo; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117, 1886— part, western
Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 482, 1898— Chimbo; Salvadori and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899— part, spec, f-k,
Gualea, western Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 — Canzacota,
San Nicolas, and Gualea (seasonal migration).
Calliste gyrola var. a. gyroloides Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 — part, Ecuador.
Calospiza gyroloides Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6og. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 95, 1911 — part, western Ecuador (Santo Domingo, San
Nicolas, Gualea).
Calospiza gyroloides bangsi Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1105 —
part, western Ecuador (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1038, 1133, 1912 — part, western Ecuador (crit.); Lonnberg
and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922— Gualea and below Mindo.
Tangara gyroloides bangsi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 597,
1917 — Ricaurte, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 659, 1926 — western Ecuador
(Esmeraldas, Rio de Oro, Naranjo, Bucay, Chimbo, La Chonta, Porto-
velo, Punta Santa Ana, Rio Pindo, Salvias, Las Pinas, Guainche, Alamor,
and Cebollal; crit.).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador and
extreme southwestern Colombia (Ricaurte and San Pablo, State of
Narino).
1: Ecuador (Chimbo, 1).
1 Calospiza gyrola nupera (Bangs) : Immediately distinguished from C. g.
catharinae by much larger, stouter bill; paler rufous (Sanford's brown) cap with
the yellow posterior border much narrower and less conspicuous; absence of
the dark green gular area, the paler blue of the under parts extending to the
rufous chin spot; and especially by having the yellow humeral patch much less
extensive as well as of a much lighter tone (lemon yellow instead of deep lemon
chrome). In fact, this form is much nearer to C. g. bangsi and differs merely by
somewhat paler (Sanford's brown instead of burnt sienna to mahogany red)
head and slightly lighter, more greenish blue of the under parts. Wing (male),
78-81; tail, 51-55, once 58; bill, 12-13.
Additional material examined. — Western Ecuador: Paramba, 5; San Nicolas, 2;
Gualea, 8; Chimbo, 1.— Colombia: San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 1.
146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza gyrola deleticia Bangs.1 GREEN-SHOULDERED
TANAGER.
Calospiza gyroloides deleticia Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, p. 160, 1908
— San Antonio, western Andes of Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O.
Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;
cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 400, 1930).
Callisie gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye?)2 Lawrence, Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 332, 1861— Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350 — Isthmus of Panama; Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 325 — mountain chain between Bucaramanga and the Magda-
lena, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 —
Concordia (western Andes) and Remedios, Colombia; Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 270, 1883 — part, Panama Railroad
and Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 — Bucaramanga,
Colombia (spec, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117,
1886 — part, spec, k, 1, s, t, Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia (Remedios,
Concordia).
Calospiza gyroloides Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — Ibagiie,
Colombia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 43, 1902— part,
Panama and Colombia.
Calospiza gyroloides gyroloides Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, pp.
1104, 1005 — western Andes of Colombia (Jimenez, Pueblo Rico, Siato,
Rio Lima, etc.; crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1038, 1131, 1912— Colombia (crit.).
Tangara gyroloides gyroloides Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 596,
1917 — western Andes (San Antonio, Las Lomitas, Cocal, Gallera), La
Frijolera (lower Cauca), and west slope of eastern Andes (Andalucia;
Aguadita; El Consuelo, above Honda), Colombia; Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 76, 1917 — Colombia to line of Panama Railroad;
idem and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 226, 1922— Mount
Sapo, Darien; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 188, 1929 — Cana, Darien (crit.); idem,
I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932— Obaldia, Panama.
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Colombia, including
the west slope of the eastern Andes, but excluding the Santa Marta
1 Calospiza gyrola deleticia Bangs: Nearest to C. g. nupera and C. g. bangsi,
but yellow border to rufous cap absent or merely suggested, and lesser upper wing
coverts bright green like the larger ones or very slightly more yellowish than the
latter. The color of the rufous cap varies from the Sanford's brown of C. g. nupera
to the mahogany red of C. g. bangsi. Wing (male), 75-82; tail, 52-57; bill, 12-13.
Birds from the Canal Zone are intermediate to C. g. bangsi.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes,
western Andes, 3; Siato, Rio Siato, near Pueblo Rico, 2; Jimenez, western Andes, 1;
Rio Lima, Cauca, 2; Bucaramanga, 1; "Bogota," 7. — Panama: Panama Railroad, 2.
2 Though I had formerly applied the name Aglaia gyroloides Lafr. to the present
form, I now prefer, for reasons given on page 143 (footnote 2), to revert to Bangs's
term deleticia, whose pertinence is beyond question, whereas Swainson's statement
that "the rufous on the head is terminated on the nape by a yellow margin"
(as in C. g. gyrola) is not in agreement with the west Colombian race.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 147
region and the extreme southwestern section south of the Rio Patia,
and extending north through eastern Panama to the Canal Zone.
13: Colombia (Rio Lima, 4; Andalucia, Huila, 2; "Bogota," 7).
"Calospiza gyrola bangsi Hellmayr.1 BANGS'S GREEN TANAGER.
Calospiza gyroloides bangsi Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1105
— Boquete, Chiriquf, Panama (type in Munich Museum); Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1038, 1133, 1912— part, Costa
Rica, Chiriqui, and Veraguas.
Tangara gyroloides bangsi Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 76, 1917 —
Costa Rica to Veragua; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., 38,
p. 462, 1928— Boquete Trail, Panama.
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 142, 1856— David, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., p. 255, 1856— part,
David, Chiriquf; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 57, 1857 — part, David;
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 138— Santa F6 (Veraguas) and
David (Chiriqui); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868
— Costa Rica (Barranca, Guaitil, Dota); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p.
298, 1869— Costa Rica (Sabanilla de Pirris, Guaitil, Dota, Barranca);
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 186 — Veraguas (CaloveVora,
Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu) and Chiriquf (Bugaba, Volcan
de Chiriqui); Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 54 — Navarro, Costa Rica; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 270, 1883 — part, Costa Rica,
Chiriqui, and Veragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117, 1886—
part, spec, a-j, Costa Rica (Guaitil, Turrialba), Veragua (Santa Fe,
CaloveVora), and Chiriqui (Bugaba); Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Costa Rica (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo
Azul de Pirris, Sarchi de Alajuela, Los Anonos de San Jose); Cherrie,
Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 136, 1893 — Boruca,
Teiraba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 13, 1895 — Pozo
Pital and San Marcos, Costa Rica; Salvadori and Festa", Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 3, 1899— Chiriqui.
Callispiza gyroloides Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 174, 1868 —
Costa Rica.
Calospiza gyroloides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 43, 1902—
part, Costa Rica to Veragua; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65,
1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; idem, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907— Costa Rica (Bo-
ruca, Barranca de T6rraba); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 278, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica.
Tangara gyroloides gyroloides Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 861, 1910 —
Costa Rica (range).
1 Calospiza gyrola bangsi Hellmayr: Similar to C. g. deleticia, but lesser upper
wing coverts lemon yellow and yellow nuchal collar more conspicuous. Wing
(male), 75-81; tail, 52-56; bill, 12-13.
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Naranjo, 1; Boruca, 30; Buenos
Aires, 2. — Panama: Boquete, Chiriqui, 5; Calovevora, Veraguas, 1.
148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Costa Rica and
western Panama, east to Veraguas.
10: Costa Rica (Boruca, 4; Guayabo, 2; Santa Cruz de Turrialba,
2; Peralta, 2).
Calospiza gyrola viridissima (Lafresnaye).1 DESMAREST'S GREEN
TANAGER.
Calliste desmaresti(i) (not Tanagra desmaresti Vieillot, 1819) G. R. Gray,
Genera Bds., 2, p. 366, 1844— based on Tanagra gyrola Swainson, Zool.
Illust., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, pi. 28, 1829; locality not indicated, Trinidad sug-
gested by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906); Sclater, Contrib. Orn.,
1851, p. 67 (crit.); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 182, pi. 19,
fig. 2, 1855 — "the more southern of the West Indies"; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 256, 1856 — Venezuela and Trinidad (descr.); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 59, pi. 27, 1857— part, Trinidad (monog.); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 68, 1862— Trinidad and Venezuela; Taylor,
Ibis, 1864, p. 82— Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 302, 1866— Trini-
dad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579 — Trinidad; Dubois,
Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874 (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 118, 1886 — part, spec, d, f-i, "Venezuela" and Trinidad;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 7, p. 322, 1895— Caura Valley, Trini-
dad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San Antonio [Sucre], Venezuela;
Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 129, 1922— Maracas
Valley, Trinidad.
Aglaia viridissima Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 277, 1847 — based on Tanagra
gyrola Swainson, Zool. Illust., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, pi. 28, 1829.
Gyrola viridissima Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851 — "Antilles"
= Trinidad (diag.).
Calospiza desmaresti Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 — part, Trinidad
(Caparo and Chaguaramas) and northeastern Venezuela (near Cumana);
Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906— Aripo, Trinidad;
idem, I.e., p. 357, 1908— Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912 — part, Trinidad and "Cum-
ana," Venezuela.
Tangara desmaresti Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 210, 1913 —
Cariaquito, Sucre, Venezuela.
Calliste gyrola var. /3. desmaresti Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 — Trinidad and Venezuela.
Tangara viridissima viridissima Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12, 1925
— Neveri, Sucre, Venezuela.
1 Calospiza gyrola viridissima (Lafresnaye) and the closely allied C. g. toddi
differ from C. g. gyrola principally by lacking the well-defined bright blue area
along the median portion of the under parts and the shining lemon chrome humeral
patch. In the latter respect, they closely resemble the otherwise very different
(blue-bellied and blue-rumped) C. g. deleticia, of Colombia. Although no inter-
mediates to the neighboring "species" are known, both are clearly derivatives of
a common ancestral stock, from which C. gyrola and the blue-rumped group
("gyroloides" auct.) have developed.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 149
Range. — Tropical zone of Trinidad and northeastern Venezuela
(State of Sucre).1
"Calospiza gyrola toddi (Bangs and Penard).2 TODD'S GREEN
TANAGER.
Tanagra viridissima toddi Bangs and Penard, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, p.
92, 1921 — San Francisco, Santa Marta region, Colombia (type in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 494, 1921 — Santa Marta region of Colombia (La
Conception, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Miguel, Las Taguas, Las
Nubes, Jordan, Onaca, Cincinnati, Don Diego, Las Vegas; crit., habits);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 178, 1924— Loma Redonda and
Galipan, Venezuela (crit.).
Calliste desmaresti (not of Gray) Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 59, 1857 —
part, Caracas, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,
p. 627 — San Esteban, Carabobo; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 120
— Guallabal and Minca, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
118, 1886 — part, spec, b, e, j, San Esteban, Venezuela, and Minca.
Calospiza desmaresti Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898 — "Santa
Marta"; idem, I.e., pp. 159, 179, 1898 — Pueblo Viejo and Palomina,
Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 169, 1900 — Bonda,
Agua Dulce, Onaca, Cacagualito, and Valparaiso, Colombia; Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 — part, Las Estanques, near Merida; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912— part, Venezuela
("Puerto Cabello," Las Estanques) and Colombia (Onaca, Valparaiso,
Las Nubes, "Santa Marta").
Tangara desmaresti Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p.
58, 1912 — San Esteban, Las Quiguas, Cumbre Chiquita, and Cumbre de
Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (descr. of female).
1 Birds from northeastern Venezuela (San Antonio, Quebrada Secca, etc.)
are identical with those from Trinidad.
Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 13; Santa Cruz, 3; Aripo (alt. 1,200
feet), 3. — Venezuela: Sucre (San Antonio, Quebrada Secca, etc.), 9.
1 Calospiza gyrola toddi (Bangs and Penard): Similar to C. g. viridissima,
but rufous of head paler; under parts brighter, less bluish green (near Scheele's
green); bill slightly longer. Wing, 73-77, (female) 71-73; tail, 49-53, (female)
45-50; bill, 10^-12.
While the differences are quite noticeable in series, single specimens cannot
always be distinguished. Birds from the Santa Marta region are fairly uniform
in their characters, not one of the ten specimens examined having the head so
dark maroon or the body plumage so bluish green as typical viridissima. Speci-
mens from the Venezuelan coast ranges (Caracas district and Carabobo) show
more variation. The majority agree more or less with Colombian birds, but a
few are just as dark-headed and bluish-bellied as any from Trinidad. Two adults
from Las Estanques (Merida) and one from Tachira (San Cristobal) I am unable
to separate from those of Santa Marta.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Don Amo, 2; Onaca, 3; Valparaiso,
2; Las Nubes, 3. — Venezuela: San Cristobal, Tachira, 1; Las Estanques, Merida,
2; San Esteban Valley, Carabobo, 10; Cumbre Chiquita, Carabobo, 1; Cumbre
de Valencia, Carabobo, 2; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 8; Loma Redonda, north of
Caracas, 3.
150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of northern Colom-
bia (Santa Marta region) and northwestern Venezuela (from Tachira
to the Caracas region).
3: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 3).
*Calospiza lavinia lavinia (Cassin).1 LAVINIA'S TANAGER.
Calliste lavinia Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10, p. 178, 1858— "Isth-
mus of Darien, New Grenada" (type apparently lost, formerly in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 51, p. 35, 1899); Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 451— Isthmus of Darien
(ex Cassin).
Calliste laviniae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 142— Rio Tru-
ando, Colombia; idem, I.e., 1864, p. 286, pi. 1, fig. 1 (fig. of type); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 271, 1883 — part, Rio
Truando.
Calliste emiliae Dalmas, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 35, 1900 — San Jose and
El Paillon, near Buenaventura, Choco, western Colombia (type in coll.
of R. de Dalmas, subsequently in Tring Collection, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1901, p. 596, pi. 12,
fig. 1 — San Javier, Rio Cachabi, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Calospiza lavinia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 46, 1902 —
part, Isthmus of Darien (Rio Truando); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912 (range).
Calospiza lavinia lavinia Hellmayr, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1, p. 162, 1910 —
western Colombia, from Darien to Choco, and northwestern Ecuador
(crit.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1103— Sipi, Rio Sipi,
Colombia.
Tangara lavinia lavinia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 596, 1917
— western Colombia (Juntas de Tamana, Novita, Noanama, Buenaven-
tura, San Jose, and Buenavista, Narino); idem, I.e., 55, p. 658, 1926 —
Ecuador (San Javier).
Tangara lavinia Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 — New Culebra, Panama,
Canal Zone.
1 Calospiza lavinia appears to be specifically distinct from C. gyrola. Races
of both groups occur in Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia, and western
Ecuador, though not in exactly the same life-zones. C. lavinia and allies are
strictly confined to the lower Tropical zone, whereas C. g. deleticia and C. g. bangsi
chiefly inhabit the Subtropics, but, according to Griscom, descend to the Tropical
zone after the breeding season.
As pointed out by us in another connection (Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. 162,
1910), C. emiliae is merely C. I. lavinia redescribed. This form is characterized
by having the upper wing coverts uniform chestnut and a broad light blue stripe
along the middle of throat and foreneck, this feature being plainly shown in Cassin's
figure of the type of C. lavinia.
Additional material examined. — Ecuador: San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, 1. —
Colombia: San Jose, Choco, 4; Sipi, Rio Sipi, Choco, 5; Condoto, Rio Condoto, 2;
Juntas, Rio Dagua, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 151
Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Ecuador (San Javier,
Prov. Esmeraldas), western Colombia, and eastern Panama (west
to the Canal Zone).
1: Colombia (Condoto, Rio Condoto, Choco, 1).
Calospiza lavinia dalmasi Hellmayr.1 DALMAS'S TANAGER.
Calospiza lavinia dalmasi Hellmayr, Rev. Franc.. d'Orn., 1, p. 162, 1910 —
"Veraguas," western Panama (type in Munich Museum).
Calospiza cara dalmasi Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1039, 1134, 1912— part, "Veragua."
Tangara lavinia dalmasi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 341, 1931 —
Boquete trail, Almirante, western Panama.
Calliste lavinia (not of Cassin) Sclater, Ibis, 1876, p. 409 — part, "Veragua"
(descr. of female); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 271, 1883— part, "Veraguas"; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 116,
1886 — part, spec, g-i, "Veragua."
Calospiza lavinia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 46, 1902 —
part, "Veragua."
Range. — Tropical zone of western Panama (Chiriqui and
Veraguas).
*Calospiza lavinia cara Bangs.2 CEIBA TANAGER.
Calospiza lavinia cara Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 155, 1905 —
Ceiba, Honduras (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 400, 1930).
Calospiza cara Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912 —
Honduras (Ceiba) and Nicaragua (Chontales).
Tangara lavinia cara Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 13, p. 52,
1932 — Volcan Miravalles, Costa Rica (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 375, 1932— Santo Tomas, Guatemala.
Calliste lavinia (not of Cassin) Sclater, Ibis, 1876, p. 409 — part, Costa Rica
and Chontales, Nicaragua; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223,
1899— Santo Tomas, Guatemala.
Calliste laviniae Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 315 — Chontales, Nicaragua, and Costa
Rica; idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 271, 1883 —
part, Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 116, 1886 — part, spec, a-f, Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica;
Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, p. 326 — Matagalpa, Nicaragua.
1 Calospiza lavinia dalmasi Hellmayr: Similar to C. I. lavinia, but without any
blue on throat and foreneck except a small spot on the chin; upper wing coverts
partly olive-green. Wing (male), 69-72; tail, 45-48; bill, 11.
Material examined. — Panama: "Veragua" (all collected by E. Arc6), 9.
2 Calospiza lavinia cara Bangs: Similar to C. I. dalmasi, but larger, with
considerably larger, stouter bill. Wing (male), 72-75; tail, 50-53; bill, 12-13.
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Carrfllo, 2.
152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza lavinia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 46, 1902—
part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39,
p. 155, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras.
Tangara lavinia lavinia Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 860, 1910 — eastern
Costa Rica (Reventazon, Jimenez, La Vijagua, Carrillo, and Guapiles;
habits).
Tangara lavinia dalmasi (not of Hellmayr) Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Guatemala (Santo Tomas),
Honduras (Ceiba), and Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (chiefly on the
Caribbean side; one record from Miravalles).
2: Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 2).
*Calospiza ruficapilla (Sclater).1 RUFOUS-HEADED TANAGER.
Calliste ruficapilla Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 61, end of April,
1851 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 — "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 19, 1856— "New Granada."
Callispiza vitriolina Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, Oct., 1851 — Colombia
(type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt).
Calliste vitriolina Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851 — Santa-
Fe-de-Bogota (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 252, 1856—
"Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 39, pi. 18, 1857— "Bogo-
ta" (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 86, 1860— Perucho and
Puellaro, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862— Perucho
(Ecuador) and "Bogota"; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 — Ocana and Bucara-
manga, Santander, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 498 — Medellin and Concordia, Antioquia, Colombia; Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. Ill, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota," Medellin,
Pasto) and Ecuador ("Baisa," Perucho); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481,
1898 — Ibarra, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14,
No. 357, p. 15, 1899— La Conception, Chota Valley, Ecuador; Good-
fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 — around Popayan, Colombia, and western
Ecuador (Gualea, Nono, Intag, Chota Valley).
Calospiza vitriolina Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 307, 1899 —
Ibagiie, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1042, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota," Ocana, Bucaramanga, Antioquia,
Pasto) and Ecuador ("Baisa," Perucho, Puellaro); Piguet, Mem. Soc.
Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914 — Cafetal La Camelia, near Angelopolis,
Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922—
road to Nanegal, Ecuador.
Tangara vitriolina Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917 — part,
Colombia (Peque, Caldas, Cali, San Antonio, Gallera, Popayan, La
1 Apparently a distinct species, occurring side by side with a form of C.
cayana (fulvescens) on the west slope of the east Colombian Andes (Ocana, Bucara-
manga). Sclater's name ruficapilla obviously has priority.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 153
Sierra, La Manuelita, Rio Frio, Salento, Barro Blanco, La Frijolera,
Honda, Chicoral, La Candela, La Palma, San Agustin, Andalucia, Agua-
dita, Fusugasuga, Subia, Tenasuca, El Carmen, and El Alto de la Paz);1
idem, I.e., 55, p. 658, 1926 — Ibarra and Quito region, Ecuador.
Range. — Arid and semi-arid regions (from the Tropical to the
Temperate zone) of Colombia (west to the eastern Andes) and
northwestern Ecuador (south to the Quito region).2
15: Colombia (Aguadita, 1; Andalucia, Huila, 1; Los Jambos, 1;
Rio Lima, 1; near San Agustin, Huila, 1; "Bogota," 10).
*Calospiza cucullata cucullata (Swainson).3 HOODED TANAGER.
Aglaia cucullata Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 1, pi. 7, 1834 — no locality given,
supposedly "Brazil" (type probably in Swainson Collection, now in Uni-
versity Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Calliste cucullata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851 — "Brazil"
(crit.); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 63— "Brazil"; idem, Tanag. Cat.
Spec., p. 12, 1854 — "St. Thomas"; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p.
253, 1856 — "Angostura, Venezuela" (descr.) ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th.
Bras., 3, p. 183, 1856 — "Pernambuco" (ex Swainson!) or "St. Thomas"
(ex Sclater); Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 45, pi. 20, 1857— "Santo
Thomas [ = Angostura], Venezuela" (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 113, 1886— "Venezuela"; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 157, 1888— Grenada;
idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 289, 1889— Grenada; idem, Cat. Bds. W. Ind.,
pp. 114, 151, 1892— Grenada; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 566— Grand Etang,
Grenada.
Calospiza cucullata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 52, 1902—
"Venezuela (Angostura)" and Grenada (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 32, pp. 289, 306, 1905— Grenada (habits, nest, and eggs); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1041, 1912 — Grenada.
Calliste versicolor (not of Lawrence, 1878) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1, p. 269, 1878— Grenada; idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879— part, Grenada;
Wells, I.e., 9, p. 613, 1886— Grenada (habits, nest, and eggs); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 113, 1886 — part, spec, b-e, Grenada and
"Venezuela."
Range. — Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.4
7: Lesser Antilles (Grenada, 7).
1 1 suspect that the two specimens from east of the Andes (Villavicencio and
Barrigon) stated to have "the crown paler and to be browner both above and
below" will prove to be females of C. cayana fulvescens.
• Birds from Colombia and Ecuador agree. The locality "Baisa" [= Baeza]
resting on one of Buckley's skins is unquestionably erroneous.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 10; Bucaramanga, 8;
Concordia, Antioquia, 1. — Ecuador: Ibarra, 5; Chota Valley, near Quito, 8;
Nanegal, 4; unspecified, 3.
J Nearly related to C. cayana and possibly conspecific.
4 The presumed occurrence in Venezuela (Angostura) was clearly a mistake.
154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza cucullata versicolor (Lawrence).1 ST. VINCENT
TANAGER.
Calliste versicolor Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1, p. 153, June, 1878 — St.
Vincent (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1, p. 190, 1878— St. Vincent; idem, I.e., 1, p. 269, 1878— part, St. Vincent;
idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879— part, St. Vincent; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 473— St.
Vincent (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 113, 1886— part,
spec, a, St. Vincent; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 82, 1889- St. Vincent; Ridg-
way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 53, 1902— St. Vincent (monog.);
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 288, 1905 — St. Vincent (habits, song).
Tangara versicolor Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 543, 1928 — St.
Vincent (nest).
Calliste cucullata (not Aglaia cucullata Swainson) Cory, Auk, 3, p. 195, 1886 —
St. Vincent (descr.).
Range. — Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
7: Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, 7).
>
Calospiza arnaulti (Berlioz).2 ARNAULT'S TANAGER.
1 Calospiza cucullata versicolor (Lawrence) differs from its ally by greater
dimensions, much larger bill, less bluish under parts, and much lighter rufous
(Sanford's brown to Burnt Sienna instead of deep chestnut brown) pileum. It
is a very well-marked race.
Eleven additional specimens from St. Vincent have been compared with
twenty from Grenada.
2 Calospiza arnaulti (Berlioz) : Not unlike C. castanonota on the upper parts,
but hind neck and mantle decidedly paler than the crown, about ochraceous
tawny, with broad, brass green apical margins to the feathers (instead of shining
amber brown like the crown without any or but slightly suggested greenish edges) ;
rump and tail coverts ochraceous buff as in C. cayana flava, but with long silvery
bluish tips (in castanonota paler ochraceous buff tipped with silvery green) ; smaller
wing coverts, instead of buff with silvery green tips, decidedly bluish, paler and
more glossy than in C. c. flava; greater wing coverts deep greenish blue on the
outer webs (like flava); sides of head black, the lower and posterior auriculars
tipped with amber brown, the coloration being thus intermediate between casta-
nonota and flava; throat, foreneck, and median portion of the abdomen down to
the anal region sooty black, the feathers terminally broadly edged with "dusky
green blue," these edges laterally as well as on the throat brighter, nearer "dark
gobelin blue"; middle of lower abdomen suffused with dingy gray; sides of breast
and abdomen ochraceous buff as in C. c. flava, but the ground color partly con-
cealed by shining greenish tips; under tail coverts and tibial feathers ochraceous
tawny; axillaries and under wing coverts sooty gray with dingy whitish edges
(like castanonota, but darker); bill short and stout. Wing (adult male), 80; tail,
60; bill, 10.
While similar to C. castanonota in size and form, C. arnaulti differs from
that species by partly black auriculars; paler back with silvery green tips; bluish
smaller upper wing coverts; the broad blackish, bluish green-edged median zone
of the under parts; deep ochraceous tawny, greenish-tipped sides of the body,
etc. By the dark-colored stripe underneath C. arnaulti approaches C. c. huberi,
but this area is more extensive with the blue tips wider and more intense. Other-
wise, it is, however, very different, huberi resembling C. c. cayana on the upper
parts and having uniform black sides of the head.
C. arnaulti is known from a single cage-bird of uncertain origin. The type
is in perfect plumage and is said to have undergone no change while kept in con-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 155
Tangara arnaulti Berlioz, L'Oiseau, 8, No. 3, p. 95, March, 1927 — South
America, precise locality unknown (type in Paris Museum examined).
Range. — South America (locality unknown).
*Calospiza castanonota (Sclater). CHESTNUT-BACKED TANAGER.
Calliste castanonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 63, end of April,
1851 — Brazil (part, descr. of adult male in coll. of H. E. Strickland; type
now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.); idem, Tan. Cat. Spec.,
p. 12, 1854— southern Brazil; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 185, 1882.1
Callispiza preciosa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 27, Oct., 1851 — Rio Grande
[do Sul], Brazil (types in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum,
Halberstadt).
Tanagra gyrola (not Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,
3, (1), p. 471, 183.0— part, descr. of male, Rio Grande do Sul.
Aglaia cayana (not Tanagra cayana Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn.
Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 — Corrientes, Argentina.
Tanagra cayana d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 272, 1839 — Corrientes
City (descr. mala).
Calliste preciosa Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 182, 1856 (range
imaginary).
Calliste pretiosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 254, 1856 — southern
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Curytiba), Paraguay, Uruguay (Monte-
video), and Corrientes; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 49, pi. 22, 1857
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862— Rio Grande do Sul;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Capivari, Parnapitanga)
and Parana (Curytiba) (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); Berlepsch
and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118, 1885— Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara,
Arroio Grande); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 114, 1886 — southern
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Curytiba) and Paraguay; Holland, Ibis, 1896,
p. 315— Est. Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 8,
p. xxiv, 1898— Santa Elena; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 148, 1898—
Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899— Rio
Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Pelotas).
Calospiza pretiosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 — Rio Grande do
Sul (Sao Joao do Monte Negro and Pelotas) (range); Chubb, Ibis, 1910,
p. 624— Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 375, 1910 — Santa Elena, Entre Rlos; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend.
Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 486, 499, 1912— Vera Guarany, Parana; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1042, 1912 — southern
Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, "Matto Grosso") and Paraguay;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay.
finement. Whether it represents a distinct species or is merely the result of
hybridization, as is suggested by the intermediacy of its characters, remains to
be determined by further material.
1 Though not designated as such, the specimen in the Strickland Collection
'is doubtless the type of Sclater's C. castanonota, based on the adult male. Sclater's
name has unquestionable priority, unless we regard the issue of the advance
sheets of the "Museum Heineanum" as signifying actual publication.
156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tangara pretiosa Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 250, 1913 — Misiones, Argen-
tina; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 189, 1918 — Alto Parana, Paraguay;
Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (Rocha, Cerro Largo); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 30, p. 238, 1923— Corrientes (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 192, 1926 — Parana (Guarapuava, Invernadinha,
Cara Pintada, Vermelho); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — Mieiones.
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from southwestern Sao Paulo
(Capivari, Parnapitanga) to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay;
northeastern Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, and Misiones).1
2: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1) ; Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1).
*Calospiza peruviana (Desmarest). BLACK-BACKED TANAGER.
Tanagra peruviana Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, livr. 9, text to pi. 11,
1806 — "rapporte du Perou par Dombey"2 (type in Paris Museum);
Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat:, nouv. ed., 32, p. 419, 1819 (ex Desmarest).
A[glaia] melanotus Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 3, pi. 31, 1836 (=adult male).
A[glaia] melanotis Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 4, pi. 43, circa 1837 (= adult
female).
Tanagra gyrola (not Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,
3, (1), p. 471, 1830 — part, descr. of female, southern Brazil.
Calliste castanonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 63 — part, descr. of
female (ex Wied).
Callisle peruviana Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851 —
"Peru" (diag.).
Calliste melanota Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 182, 1856 — "in
middle Brazil, particularly north of Bahia and in the interior on the
Amazon"(!).
Calliste melanonota Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 254, 1856 — south-
eastern Brazil (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 51, pi. 23 (male,
female), 1857 (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 67, 1862— Brazil;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba) and Sao
Paulo (Mattodentro and Rio Parana) (spec, in Vienna Museum examined) ;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 115, 1886— southern Brazil (Sao
1 Birds from southwestern Sap Paulo (Capivari), Parana, and Rio Grande
do Sul agree well together. A single apparently not quite mature male from
Paraguay has a decidedly shorter tail (56 mm.) and much more bluish under
parts than any from Brazil.
There is no reliable record from "Matto Grosso," included in the range of
this tanager by Berlepsch.
Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Bernalcue (near Asuncion), 1. —
Brazil: Capivari, Sao Paulo, 2; Fazenda Monte Alegre, Parana, 1; Curytiba,
Parana, 6; Jaguaraiba, Parana, 2; Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul, 3; Taquara
do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Rio Grande do Sul, 6.
2 From a remark by A. de Saint-Hilaire (Voyage dans le district des Diamans,
1, p. 255, note 1, 1833) it would appear that Dombey traveled in southeastern
Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro, which may thus be designated as an appropriate
type locality in place of the obviously erroneous habitat "Peru" given by
Desmarest.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 157
Paulo; "Rio Claro, Goyaz;" Santa Catharina; "Pelotas, Rio Grande do
Sul"); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 148, 1899— Iguap6, Sao Paulo.
Calospiza melanonota Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907 — Sao Paulo
(Ypiranga, Iguap6, Itarar6).
Calospiza peruviana Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1042,
1134, 1912 — southeastern Brazil in states of Rio (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo
(Mattodentro, Iguape, Ypiranga, Santos, Itarar£), Santa Catharina, and
"Goyaz (Rio Claro)."
Tangara peruviana Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 362, 1914 — Misiones and
Buenos Aires (accidental).
Range.— Southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro to Santa
Catharina; accidental in northeastern Argentina (Misiones and
Buenos Aires, fide R. Dabbene).1
8: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 8).
"Calospiza cayana cayana (Linnaeus). RUFOUS-CROWNED
TANAGER.
Tanagra cayana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 315, 1766 — based on
"Le Tangara verd, de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 21, pi. 4, fig. 3, 1760;
Cayenne (type in coll. of M. Reaumur).
1 Birds from Santa Catharina agree with those from Rio de Janeiro and
Sao Paulo in coloration, but are slightly larger (wing of males, 76-82 against
74-79; of females, 75-77 against 72-76), the dimensions being about the same
as in C. castanonota. The occurrence of C. peruviana in Rio Grande do Sul is
denied by Ihering (Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899), the female
so identified in the British Museum being doubtless referable to C. castanonota.
The locality "Rio Claro" refers, of course, to the place of that name in Sao Paulo,
and not to the river in Goyaz, where no representative of this group is found.
The interrelationship of C. peruviana and C. castanonota appears to require
careful investigation. As is well known, the only difference separating the males
of the two "species" lies in the coloration of the mantle, which is black in the
former, shining amber brown like the pileum in the latter. Between the females
I have not succeeded in finding any constant character of distinction. The rufous-
backed form (castanonota) is generally slightly larger, but, as stated above,
individuals of the black-mantled type from Santa Catharina are fully as long-
winged. Now as to the range: C. peruviana is the only form found in Rio de
Janeiro, while C. castanonota is the sole representative in Rio Grande do Sul,
Uruguay, and Paraguay. Santa Catharina is almost exclusively occupied by
the black-backed variety (peruviana); from Parana only the rufous-backed form
has been recorded; in Sap Paulo the first-named (peruviana) is widely distributed,
whereas the other one with rufous mantle has been met with only in the extreme
southwestern corner of the state. Considering the close resemblance of the birds,
I cannot believe that two species are involved, and would suggest that it might
be a case of dimorphism in the male sex, which to a certain extent is geographical,
in so far as one of the two color-types alone occurs at the extremities of the dis-
tributional area, the black-backed in the north, the rufous-backed in the south,
while the intervening territory is tenanted by mixed populations. Compre-
hensive material as well as studies in the field are needed to bring the problem to
satisfactory solution.
Additional material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Sapitiba, 5. — Sao Paulo:
Itatiba, 1; Ypiranga, 1; Mattodentro, 1; Santos, 1; Rio Parana, 1. — Santa
Catharina: Joinville, 1; Blumenau, 2; Ararangua, 10.
158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
t
Fringilla autumnalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 320, 1766 — Surinam
(location of type not stated).
Tanagra mitrata P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776 — based on
"Tangara a tete rousse, de Cayenne"; Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 290, fig. 7.
Callospiza cayana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 670,
"1848" [=1849]— British Guiana.
Calliste chrysonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1850, pp. 50-58, 1 pi. 51 — Cayenne
(type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1851,
p. 62— Cayenne.
Calliste cayana Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1850 — Cayenne
(diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19, 1856 — Cayenne and
British Guiana; idem, I.e., p. 252, 1856— Cayenne (monog.); Bonaparte,
Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 — Cayenne; Sclater, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 41, pi. 19, 1857 — part, British and French Guiana, and
"Trinidad" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862— "Trini-
dad" and Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870— Forte do Sao
Joaquim (Rio Branco) and Santarem, Brazil (spec, examined); (?) Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 209 — British Guiana (Merume Mountains and Roraima);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. Ill, 1886— part, spec, a-q, (?)z-c',
Cayenne, (?)British Guiana (Merum6 Mountains, Roraima), "Rio Negro,"
"Trinidad," and eastern Peru; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890
— Diamantina, near Santarein, Brazil; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
9, p. 19, 1902 — Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, and Quiribana de Caicara,
Orinoco River, Venezuela (nest and eggs); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55,
p. 293, 1907 — part, Monte Alegre, Brazil (spec, examined); (?)Dela-
cour, Ibis, 1923, p. 149 — Calabozo and Camaguan, Venezuela.
Callispiza cayana Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 27, 1851 — Cayenne and
"Venezuela."
Calospiza cayana Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 — part, Santarem;
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 414, 1908 — French Guiana (Cayenne, He le
Pere); idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1041, 1912— part,
Cayenne, Surinam, (?)British Guiana (Merume Mountains, Roraima),
Venezuela (Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Ori-
noco), (?)Peru (Moyobamba), and Brazil (Rio Negro; Rio Branco; San-
tarem; Humayta, Rio Madeira); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446,
1914 — Monte Alegre, Brazil (spec, examined).
Calospiza cayana cayana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 347, 1907 — Humayta,
Rio Madeira (females); idem, I.e., 17, p. 273, 1910— Humayta.
Tangara cayana cayana Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 126, 1912— part, Guianas, Orinoco Valley, and northern
1 The copy of Jardine's "Contributions to Ornithology" in the Bavarian
State Library at Munich contains two sets of pages 50-58. Both have the
description of a Calliste which reads the same except that in the second set of
pages 50-58 the last three paragraphs are omitted. The Latin name is chrysonota
on the first, luteola on the second set of pages 50-58. Whether the "luteola" page
was originally issued and subsequently replaced by the more complete account of
the species bearing C. chrysonota as head-line, or whether they came out simul-
taneously, I have no means of ascertaining. The plate, being inscribed "C.
chrysonota," seems to indicate that this was the specific name finally chosen
by Sclater.
I
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 159
Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916— Orinoco
River (from Ciudad Bolivar to above the falls of Maipures) and Maripa,
Caura Valley, Venezuela.
Tangara cayana Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 508, 1921 — British Guiana
(Ituribisci River, Abary River, Ireng River, (?)Roraima, (?)Upper Takutu
Mountains, (?)Merum6 Mountains); (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 63, p. 131, 1931 — Mount Roraima (Rio Weiling, Paulo, Arabupu, and
Philipp Camp).
(l)Calliste cyanolaima Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851—
"Peru" (location of type not stated).
(l)Calliste cyanolaema Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, pp. 19, 252, 1856 —
Rio Negro and "Trinidad" (monog.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 43,
1857— Rio Negro (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862
— Rio Negro; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 463, 1884 — Moyobamba,
Peru.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Venezuela
(Orinoco and Caura valleys); northern Brazil (Monte Alegre; Rio
Branco; Santar^m; Humayta, Rio Madeira); (?)eastern Peru.1
11: French Guiana (Cayenne, 3); British Guiana (Georgetown,
2); Brazil (B5a Vista, Rio Branco, 5; Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1).
1 Birds from Monte Alegre (north bank of lower Amazon) and Santarem
(south bank) agree with a series from French Guiana, and others from the low-
lands of British Guiana (Georgetown; Annai) as well as those from the Orinoco
basin are not separable either, being the same size and of identical coloration.
There is considerable doubt as to the applicability of the name cyanolaima Bona-
parte. Though the describer speaks of Peruvian specimens, Sclater claims that
the birds, one of which he obtained from Parzudaki for his own collection, came
from the "Rio Negro." If this statement is correct, cyanolaima can hardly be
different from cayana, since series from the Rio Branco (an affluent of the Rio
Negro) and the middle stretches of the Orinoco are precisely like topotypical
Cayenne skins. The bluish tinge on throat and foreneck, in extent and intensity,
is extremely variable in specimens from the same locality, but according to
Sclater it is brighter in Peruvian birds, which are, furthermore, stated to differ
by larger size. Taczanowski's measurements for a male from Moyobamba
i (wing, 75; tail, 56) suggest, indeed, the existence of a slightly larger race, and,
! considering the variability of the bluish tinge on the throat, cyanolaima may
yet turn out to be an earlier name for C. c. fulvescens, a question that can only
be determined by the examination of an adequate series of Peruvian skins. We
j have not seen any material from the mountains of British Guiana. The late
! Count Berlepsch (in MS.), however, quotes unusually large dimensions for three
(males from Roraima and the Merum6 Mountains: wing, 78-80; tail, 57-59.
i Although these figures correspond to the maximum of C. c. fulvescens, I can hardly
i believe that the birds of Roraima really pertain to this form, and careful com-
parison might disclose certain differences in coloration.
As to the locality "Trinidad" — based on trade-skins — there is no authentic
record of this species from that island.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 8; lie le Pere, 2.
— Dutch Guiana: Paramaribo, 2. — British Guiana: Annai, 1 (adult male: wing,
72; tail, 53).— Venezuela: Caura Valley, 2 (wing, 72; tail, 50 K); Ciudad Bolivar,
Orinoco, 3; Altagracia, 1; Caicara, 1; Maipures, 1. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim,
8; Monte Alegre, 4; Santarem, 1 (adult male: wing, 72; tail, 52).
160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza cayana fulvescens (Todd).1 GREATER RUFOUS-
CROWNED TANAGER.
Tangara cayana fulvescens Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 92, July, 1922 —
Palmar, Boyaca, eastern Andes of Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum).
Calliste cayana (not Tanagra cayana Linnaeus) Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste,
p. 41, 1857 — part, Venezuela (Caracas); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780— Merida, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325—
Ocana and Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. Ill, 1886 — part, spec, r, s, u-y, Colombia ("Bogota," Ocana) and Vene-
zuela (Puerto Cabello); Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San Antonio,
Bermudez, Venezuela.
Calospiza cayana Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 — part, Merida,
Venezuela; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1041,
1912 — part, Venezuela (Puerto Cabello, Merida) and Colombia ("Bogota,"
Ocana).
Tangara cayana cayana Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 126, 1912 — part, Venezuela (coast mountains from
Cumana to Puerto Cabello) and Colombia ("Bogota").
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (west and east slope
of eastern Andes) and northern Venezuela (from Tachira and Merida
along the coast ranges east to the vicinity of Cumana).
14: Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 5; Valle, MeYida, 1; Rio Chama,
MeYida, 2; Valera, Zulia, 1; Maracay, Aragua, 5).
Calospiza cayana huberi Hellmayr.2 HUBER'S TANAGER.
1 Calospiza cayana fulvescens (Todd): Similar to C. c. cayana, but somewhat
larger and paler, the coloration throughout, especially above, being more silvery
and less butfy. Wing (males), 74-78; tail, 54-58.
Birds from western Venezuela (Tachira to Zulia) are absolutely identical
with "Bogota" skins, which may reasonably be taken as representing fulvescens.
The inhabitants of the north coast districts (Aragua and Cumana region), while
on average smaller, seem likewise referable to this form.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4. — Venezuela, Merida:
El Valle, 3; Merida, 12; Bermudez (Quebrada Secca and Campos Alegre, inland
of Cumana), 9.
2 Calospiza cayana huberi Hellmayr: Nearest to C. c. flava, but adult male
with the median stripe of the under parts much duller, slaty blackish, the feathers
of the foreneck conspicuously, those in the middle of the breast and abdomen
rather indistinctly tipped with indigo-blue; sides, flanks, and under tail coverts
much lighter, pale tawny olive rather than ochraceous buff (exactly as in C. c.
cayana) ; axillaries and under wing coverts smoke gray edged with bluish green
(buffy white in cayana, deep black in flava) ; back paler, more like cayana; the
upper tail coverts more bluish. Female similar to that of C. c. flava, but wings
and upper tail coverts much more bluish. Wing, 71-72; tail, 50-53; bill, 11-12.
This form is more or less intermediate between C. c. cayana and C. c. flava.
The male differs from the former chiefly in lacking the tawny cap, and in haying
the throat as well as the middle of the under parts blackish, but resembles it in
the general coloration of the dorsal surface and the lateral portions of the lower
parts. The pale gray, bluish green-edged under wing coverts serve to distinguish
C. c. huberi from both of its allies.
Material examined. — Brazil, Marajo: Rio Arary, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 161
Calospiza huberi Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 27, p. 34, Dec. 31, 1910—
Cachoeira, Rio Arary, Marajo Island, Brazil (type in Munich Museum);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1041, 1134, 1912—
Marajo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446, 1914 — Rio Arary,
Marajo.
Tangara cayana huberi Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys.
Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 125, 1912— Cachoeira, Marajo (crit.).
Calliste cayana (not Tanagra cayana Linnaeus) Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55,
p. 293, 1907— part, Marajo.
Range. — Island of Marajo, in State of Para, northeastern Brazil.
*Calospiza cayana flava (Gmelin). YELLOW TANAGER.
Tanagra flava Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 896, 1789— based on "Le Tangara
jaune du Bresil" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 39), which in its turn rests exclusively
on "Guira-perea" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212, northeastern Brazil;
Ceara suggested as type locality by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 12, p. 279, 1929); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 467,
1830 — Rio Mucuri, southern Bahia.
Aglafa flava Swainson, Zool. Illust., (n.s.), 1, Part 7, pi. 31, 1830 — "in several
parts of Brazil, particularly round Pernambuco."
Calliste flava Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851— part; Sclater,
Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 61— part; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 253,
1856 — part, Brazil (Pernambuco); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 181, 1856— part, Bahia; Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 47, pi. 21,
1857— part, Brazil (Rio Murucf, Bahia); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 332—
Recife to Garanhuns, Pernambuco; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
113, 1886 — part, spec, a-h, Pernambuco and Bahia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904,
p. 40 — Bahia and Itaparica, Bahia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910— Pernambuco (Recife) and Bahia
(Bellevue near Bahia; Barra; above Barrocao, Rio Preto).
Calospiza flava Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907— part, Pernambuco
and Bahia; Berlepsch,1 Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1040,
1912 — Pernambuco to Bahia; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
2, No. 6, p. 41, 1926— Ceara.
Calospiza flava flava Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 27, 1908— Bahia to Pernam-
buco (crit.); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920— Ilheos to Bel-
monte, Bahia.
Calospiza (Calliste) flava Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, 76, p. 186, 1925— northeastern Brazil.
Tangara cayana flava Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 279,
1929 — Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Barra do Corda, Ponto; Grajahu; Sao
Francisco; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba; Tranqueira), Goyaz (Phila-
delphia), and Ceara (Varzea Formosa and Serra de Baturite) (crit.).
Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from the southern boundary of the
State of Bahia (Rio Mucuri) north through Pernambuco to Ceara
162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
and west to Maranhao and the adjacent districts of extreme northern
Goyaz (Philadelphia, Rio Tocantins).1
30: Brazil, Bahia (Bahia, 1; Santo Amaro, 2; Sao Marcello, Rio
Preto, 2); Ceara (Serra de Baturite1, 7; Varzea Formosa, 2); Maran-
hao (Codo, Cocos, 1; Barra do Corda, Ponto, 1; Grajahu, 4; Sao
Francisco, 1; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 1; Tranqueira, 4);
Goyaz (Philadelphia, 4).
*Calospiza cayana chloroptera (Vieillot).2 SOUTHERN YELLOW
TANAGER.
Tanagra chloroptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 407, 1819
— "Bresil" (type, collected by A. de Saint-Hilaire in southern Brazil, Sao
Paulo or Parana, examined in Paris Museum).
Tanagra formosa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 407, 1819 —
based on "Lindo bello" Azara, No. 96; Paraguay.
Calliste flava (not Tanagra flava Gmelin) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2),
3, p. 140, 1851— part, Paraguay; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 61—
part; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 253, 1856 — part, Paraguay;
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 181, 1856— part, Paraguay and
"Novo Friburgo3"; Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 47, 1857- — part,
Paraguay, "Rio," and "Novo Friburgp"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207,
1870 — part, Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Porto do Piauhy, Paciencia,
Rio Parana); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 432—
Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Curvelo, Uberaba) and Sao
Paulo (Hytu, Sao Bento de Araraquara); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 113, 1886 — part, spec, i-m, "Novo Friburgo," Rio Claro ("Goyaz"),
Ypanema, Sao Paulo, and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul"; Ihering, Rev.
1 There is some variation in size observable in series from various parts of the
range, birds from Ceara being on average larger (wing of males, 75-80 against
70-76; tail, 56-60 against 50-57). In coloration, specimens from the area out-
lined above agree well together, even those from the lower Tocantins (Philadelphia).
Additional material examined. — Bahia: trade-skins, 20; Bellevue (near Bahia
City), 2; Barra, 1; above Barrocao, Rio Preto, 1.— Pernambuco: BeberibS (near
Recife), 1; Sao Lourenco, 2.
2 Calospiza cayana chloroptera (Vieillot) : Very similar to C. c. flava, but per-
haps separable by slightly paler coloration with the ochraceous tinge on the
pileum, particularly anteriorly, more pronounced in the male sex. Wing (adult
male), 74-78; tail, 52-59.
When compared with others from Bahia and Pernambuco, specimens from
Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes average slightly larger, but this seems of little con-
sequence in view of the fact that those from Ceara are even larger. The type
of C. chloroptera and an adult male from Paraguay (Sapucay) are absolutely
identical with Sao Paulo birds. Specimens from Minas Geraes somewhat tend
toward C. c. sincipitalis by slightly paler upper parts and deeper ochraceous
forehead. The advisability of maintaining chloroptera is open to doubt.
Additional material examined.— Paraguay: Sapucay, 1. — Sao Paulo: Campinas,
1; Victoria, 3; Ypanema, 5; Itarare, 1; Faxinas, 2; Paciencia, 1; Porto do Piauhy,
1; Rio Parana, 1. — Minas Geraes: Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 3.
3 Probably error for Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (cf. Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 432).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 163
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 148, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900—
"Nova Friburgo," Rio.
Calospiza flava Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 — part, Sao Paulo
(Jundiahy, Itatiba, Itarare, Jaboticabal) ; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62,
1914 — Paraguay.
Calospiza flava chloroptera Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 27, 1908 — southeastern
Brazil (State of Sao Paulo) and Paraguay (crit.); Chubb, Ibis, 1910,
p. 625 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1040, 1912 — southeastern Brazil (states of "Rio de Janeiro"
and Sao Paulo) and Paraguay.
Tangara flava chloroptera Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320, 1928—
Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Calospiza formosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907 — part, Paraguay;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — part, Paraguay.
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in states of Minas Geraes, Sao
Paulo, and Parana, and Paraguay (Sapucay).1
3: Brazil, Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa, 3).
*Calospiza cayana sincipitalis Berlepsch.2 TAWNY-FRONTED
TANAGER.
Calospiza formosa sincipitalis Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 348, Feb., 1907 — Leo-
poldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil (type in Berlepsch Collection, now
in Frankfort Museum, examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355,
1907— Goyaz.
Calospiza flava sincipitalis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 26, 28, 1908 — Goyaz
(crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1042, 1912
(range).
Calliste flava (not Tanagra flava Gmelin) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870 —
part, Goyaz City and Jose Dias, Goyaz (spec, examined).
Calospiza flava Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 — part, Goyaz.
Range. — Central Brazil, in State of Goyaz (Jos4 Dias; Vea-
deiros; Goyaz City; Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya).
1: Brazil (Goyaz, Veadeiros, 1).
*Calospiza cayana margaritae (Allen).3 MARGARITA'S TANAGER.
1 There is no reliable record from anywhere in the State of Rio de Janeiro,
and the locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," is unquestionably erroneous.
2 Calospiza cayana sincipitalis Berlepsch: Adult male approaching C. c.
margaritae in having the feathers of the back and rump slightly tipped with
silvery greenish, but with only the forehead (instead of the whole crown) light
tawny, this color passing gradually into the buff of the dorsal plumage; female
apparently not distinguishable from that of margaritae. Wing, 71-76, (female)
73; tail, 50-55; bill, 11-12.
Material examined.— Brazil, Goyaz: Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, 1 (the type);
Goyaz City, 5; Jos6 Dias, 1.
J Calospiza cayana margaritae (Allen): Differs in the male sex from C. c.
flava and C. c. chloroptera by having the pileum light tawny, decidedly contrasting
with the color of the back; the dorsal feathers cream-buff or chamois tipped with
164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste margaritae Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 351, 1891 — Chapada,
Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York).
Calospiza margaritae Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1041, 1134, 1912— Matto Grosso (Chapada).
Calospiza flava margaritae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 28, 1908 —
Chapada (crit.).
Tangara flava margaritae Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 371,
1930— Utiarity, Matto Grosso.
Calospiza formosa (not Tanagra formosa Vieillot) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 355, 1907 — part, Matto Grosso; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 —
part, Matto Grosso.
Range. — Central Brazil, in State of Matto Grosso (Chapada,
Utiarity).
4: Brazil, Matto Grosso (Chapada, 4).
*Calospiza dowii (Salvin). Dow's TANAGER.
Calliste dowii Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 168 — "San Jose," Costa
Rica (type, from Rancho Redondo de San Jose, in Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion, now in British Museum, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 451, pi.
12 — "San JoseV' Costa Rica (descr. and fig. of type); Salvin, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., (3), 13, p. 104, 1864 (reprint of orig. descr.); idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 187 — Cordillera del Chucu, Veraguas; Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868— Costa Rica ("San Jose,"
Turrialba, Navarro); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869— Guada-
lupe, near San Jose, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 54 — Navarro, Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1,
p. 109, 1887 — Cartago(?) and Rancho Redondo de San Jose, Costa Rica.
Calliste dowi Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 272, 1883 —
Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo, Guadalupe, "San JoseV' Turrialba, Na-
varro, Irazu) and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu) ; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 124, 1886— Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo, Irazu, Navarro,
Quebrada Honda) and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu); Salvador! and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 3, 1899— Chiriquf.
Calospiza doivii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 46, 1902—
Costa Rica and Veragua (monog.); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn.
Ser., 1, p. 278, 1920— Coliblanco, Costa Rica.
Calospiza douri Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65, 1902 — Boquete
and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1035, 1912 — Costa Rica and Veragua.
silvery green; paler, tawny olive rather than ochraceous buff sides and flanks;
less blackish, often buff-edged axillaries and under wing coverts; female much
like C. c. cayana and differing from C. c. flava and C. c. chloroptera by much more
ochraceous (shining buckthorn brown to ochraceous tawny) pileum. Wing,
73-77, (female) 71-75; tail, 52-56.
C. c. margaritae combines the general coloration of C. c. cayana with the
black throat and abdominal stripe of C. c. flava and C. c. chloroptera.
Additional material examined. — Matto Grosso: Chapada, 22.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 165
Tangara dowii Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 859, 1910 — Coliblanco,
Lagunaria de Dota, Irazu, La Estrella de Cartago, Azahar de Cartago,
Vara Blanca, Escazu, La Hondura, and Volcan de Turrialba, Costa
Rica (habits).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and western Panama
(Chiriqui and Veraguas).1
13: Costa Rica (Cartago, 1; Coliblanco, 7; La Hondura, 3;
Peralta, 1; Volcan de Irazu, 1).
Calospiza fucosa (Nelson).2 GREEN-NAPED TANAGER.
Tangara fucosa Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p. 17, Sept., 1912 —
Mount Pirri, near head of Rio Limon, eastern Panama (type in U. S.
National Museum).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Panama (Mount Pirri).
Calospiza nigroviridis berlepschi (Taczanowski).3 BERLEPSCH'S
TANAGER.
Calliste nigriviridis berlepschi Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 469, 1884 —
Auquimarca (Junin), Tambillo (Prov. Jaen), and Cosnipata (Dept.
Cuzco), Peru (type, from Tambillo, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf.
Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 182,
1927); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341—
Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Dept. Junin.
Calospiza nigriviridis berlepschi Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 78,
1906 — Idma, Urubamba, Dept. Cuzco; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1036, 1132, 1912— Tambillo (crit.).
1 Specimens from Chiriqui (Boquete) agree with those from Costa Rica.
Material examined. — Costa Rica, 19. — Panama: Chiriqui (Boquete), 9.
1 Calospiza fucosa (Nelson): Similar to C. dowii, but distinguished by the
green instead of tawny patch on middle of occiput; a well-marked green patch
covering part of the cheeks and auriculars; much paler, ochraceous buffy under
parts with black centers to the feathers of the flanks; by having the feathers on
the foreneck below the black gular area broadly tipped with ultramarine blue,
etc. Wing, 72; tail, 50; bill, 12 (Nelson, I.e.).
This species, which we have not seen, appears to approach the C. nigroviridis
group by certain color characters, bridging the wide gap that separates it from
C. dowii, and it is quite possible that both C. dowii and C. fucosa may prove to
be conspecific with the South American representatives.
3 Calospiza nigroviridis berlepschi (Taczanowski) : Nearest to C. n. nigro-
viridis, but still less greenish, the pileum, rump, cheeks, and under parts having
a more or less yellowish (bronzy or brassy) tone; humeral area pale bluish green
instead of cyanine blue; edges to larger wing coverts, remiges, and rectrices
decidedly greenish; lower throat more greenish, rarely with a hardly perceptible
bluish sheen. Wing, 68-71, (female) 67; tail, 44-50; bill, 8.
In another connection (Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, pp. 180-181, 1924)
we have given our reasons for including the inhabitants of the whole of Peru
under the subspecific term berlepschi, originally bestowed by the describer upon
examples from Tambillo. Additional material since examined tends to corrobo-
rate the soundness of this arrangement.
Material examined. — Peru: Tambillo, 2; Chachapoyas, 1; La Garita del
Sol, Junin, 3; Huaynapata, Marcapata, 2; Marcapata, 1.
166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tangara nigroviridis berlepschi Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 118,
1921 — Idma and Huadquina, Urubamba; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90,
A, Heft 2, p. 180, 1924— Peru (crit.).
Calliste nigriviridis (not Tanagra nigroviridis Lafresnaye) Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 — Auquimarca, Dept. Junin; idem, I.e.,
1879, p. 226— Tambillo (crit.); idem, I.e., 1880, p. 194— Tambillo (descr.
of young); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 122, 1886— part, Peru.
Calospiza nigroviridis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 110, 1906 —
Huaynapata, Marcapata (spec, examined); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1035, 1912— part, Peru (Chachapoyas, Auquimarca,
Garita del Sol, Chanchamayo, "Santa Ana," Cosnipata, Huaynapata,
Marcapata).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Peru from depts. Cajamarca
(Tambillo, Prov. Jaen) and Amazonas (Chachapoyas) south to
Cuzco (Urubamba and Marcapata valleys).
Calospiza nigroviridis nigroviridis (Lafresnaye).1 BLACK-AND-
GREEN TANAGER.
Tanagra nigroviridis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 69, 1843 — "Bogota" (type
in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass., examined; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 401, 1930).
Tanagra (Aglaia) nigroviridis Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, pi. 43, 1843 —
"Bogota."
Calliste nigroviridis2 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 —
"Bogota"; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 56 (diag.); idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, pp. 19, 260, 1856
— part, New Grenada ("Bogota") and eastern Ecuador (Quixos); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 77, 1857 — part, "Bogota" and eastern Ecuador
(Quixos); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862 — part, spec, a, b,
"Bogota"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 122, 1886— part, spec, a-g,
"Bogota"; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887— "Bogota"; Good-
fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 462 — part, Baeza, eastern Ecuador (spec, examined).
Tangara nigroviridis nigroviridis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p.
181, 1924 — part, eastern Colombia ("Bogota") and eastern Ecuador
(Baeza) (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 660, 1926—
Baeza, Ecuador (crit.).
Chalcothraupis nigroviridis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 145, 1851
— "Bogota."
1 Calospiza nigroviridis nigroviridis (Lafresnaye) stands just between C. n.
berlepschi and C. n. consobrina, being more greenish (less brassy) than the former,
but much less bluish than the latter.
Birds from eastern Ecuador (Baeza) agree perfectly with native "Bogota"
skins which probably came from the eastern slope of the east Colombian Andes.
The type pertains likewise to this race.
Additional specimens examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 14. — Ecuador: Baeza, 6.
2 Frequently spelled "nigriviridis."
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 167
Calospiza nigriviridis Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1035, 1912— part, "Bogota," Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern slope of the eastern
Andes of Colombia and eastern Ecuador (Baeza).
"Calospiza nigroviridis consobrina (Hellmayr).1 ALLIED
TANAGER.
Tangara nigroviridis consobrina Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, No. 4, p.
27, March, 1921 — San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, Colombia (type in Munich
Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 182, 1924 — western
Colombia (San Pablo) and western Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 661, 1926— western Ecuador (El Chiral,
Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, San Bartolo, Alamor).
Calliste nigriviridis* (not Tanagra nigroviridis Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 260, 1856 — part, Calacali, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 77, 1857 — part, western Ecuador (Calacali, western slope of
Pichincha); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862 — part, spec, c,
Ecuador; idem and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 — Santa
Elena and Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski,
I.e., 1884, p. 289 — Cayandeled and Chaguarpata, Ecuador (crit.); Ber-
lepsch, Joum. Orn., 32, p. 291, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 122, 1886— part, spec, h-p, Colombia (Santa
Elena, Medellin, Envigado, "Pasto") and Ecuador (Intag); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Nanegal, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis,
1901, p. 462 — part, western Ecuador (Canzacota and western Pichincha;
spec, examined).
Calospiza nigriviridis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1035, 1912 — part, western Ecuador (Cayandeled, Chaguarpata, Calacali)
and Colombia (Bucaramanga, Antioquia, "Pasto," San Pablo); Lonnberg
and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922— Nanegal, Ecuador.
Tangara nigroviridis nigroviridis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
598, 1917 — Colombia (Paramillo, San Antonio, Gallera, Cocal, Salento,
Santa Elena, El Eden, Fusugasuga, Aguadita, El Roble, Subia); Hellmayr,
Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 181, 1924 — part, western slope of east
Colombian Andes (Fusugasuga, Aguadita, El Roble, Subia).
1 Calospiza nigroviridis consobrina (Hellmayr) : Nearest to C. n. nigroviridis,
but much more bluish throughout; pileum and rump with a decided bluish sheen;
external margins to wings and tail deeper, more ultramarine blue; under parts
decidedly bluish, strongly tinged with dark blue on lower throat. Wing, 67-72,
(female) 65-70; tail, 44-50.
Birds from the Pacific slope of Ecuador are identical with the typical series
from San Pablo. As pointed out by Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 660, 1926), this form inhabits the whole of Colombia with the exception of the
Santa Marta region and the east side of the eastern Andes. Even birds from the
Magdalena slope of the east-Andean chain — referred by me through lack of material
to typical nigroviridis — prove to pertain to consobrina.
Material examined.— Colombia: San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 7; Antioquia, 1;
Aguadita, 1; El Roble, 1. — Ecuador: Cayandeled, 2; Govinda, 1; western slope of
Pichincha, 2; Canzacota, 1; Intag, 4; Mindo, 2; unspecified, 3.
J Frequently spelled "nigroviridis."
168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador and Colombia east
to the western slope of the eastern Andes.
4: Colombia (Rio Lima, 1; Cachiri, Santander, 2; Subia, near
La Mesa, Cundinamarca, 1).
*Calospiza nigroviridis cyanescens (Sclater).1 BLUISH TAN ACER.
Calliste cyanescens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 260, 1857 —
Venezuela, Caracas and Colonia de Tovar (type from Colonia de Tovar,
near Caracas, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 79, pi. 35, 1857 — Colonia de Tovar and Caracas;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 70, 1862 — Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627— Caracas.
Calospiza nigriviridis cyanescens Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1036, 1132, 1912— Venezuela, east to Caracas (crit.).
Tangara nigroviridis cyanescens Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A,
Heft 5, p. 59, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo (crit.); Hellmayr,
I.e., 90, A, Heft 2, pp. 179, 183, 1924— Silla de Caracas and Galipan, Cerro
del Avila, Venezuela (crit., range).
Calliste nigroviridis (not Tanagra nigroviridis Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19, 1856 — part, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, I.e.,
1875, p. 237— San Cristobal, Tachira; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 122, 1886 — part, spec, q-w, Venezuela (Caracas, Aragua, San Cristobal).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the Venezuelan Andes from Tachira
to Caracas.
4: Venezuela (Montanas Sierra, 1; Nevados, MeYida, 1; Paramo
de Tama, 1; Rio Mucujon, 1).
*Calospiza vassorii vassorii (Boissonneau). VASSORI'S TANAGER.
Tanagra (Euphone?) vassorii Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 4, 1840 — Santa-
Fe-de-Bogota, Colombia (location of type not stated, its whereabouts
unknown).
Tanagra vassorii Boissonneau, Mag. Zool., (2), 3, pi. 23, 1841 — Santa-Fe-de-
Bogota (figure of type).
Tanagra (Aglaia) diva Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 3,
p. 57, July 11, 1844 — Colombia (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux).
1 Calospiza nigroviridis cyanescens (Sclater) : Most like C. n. consobrina in
coloration, but humeral area more extensive as well as deeper, smalt blue; margins
to upper wing coverts, wholly or in part, likewise smalt blue ; those of the remiges
and rectrices also darker blue, sometimes inclining to violet blue; blue patch on
the lower throat larger and more purplish; wings and tail much longer. Wing,
74-78, (female) 70-74; tail, 52-57, (female) 49-54.
While a series from Merida as a whole cannot be satisfactorily separated
from Caracas birds, some examples, by slightly more greenish blue under parts
with smaller blue jugular spot, and paler edges to the wing coverts, form the
passage to C. n. nigroviridis.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Silla de Caracas, 1; Galipan,
Cerro del Avila, 25; La Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 10; Sierra of Merida
(Merida, El Valle, Conejos), 9.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 169
Calliste vassori Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 — Bogota;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 60— Colombia.
Diva vassori(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855— Bogota;
idem, I.e., 24, p. 264, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1860—
above Puellaro, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 62, 1862 — above
Puellaro and Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 780 — wood region of Me"rida; idem, I.e., 1875, p. 234 — Me>ida; Tac-
zanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 226— Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e.,
1879, p. 498— Santa Elena, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289,
1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 454, 1884 —
Tambillo and Paucal, Peru; idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 77— La Union and San Rafael, Ecuador.
Procnopis vassori Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 93, 1886 — Venezuela
(Sierra Nevada), Colombia (Bogota, Medellin, Santa Elena), Ecuador
("Puna Island!" above Puellaro), and Peru (Tambillo); Goodfellow,
Ibis, 1901, p. 460 — Canzacota, Gualea, Mindo, and Baeza, Ecuador;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 92,
1911 — Alaspungo, Lanlin (Nanegal), and Chorrillos, Ecuador; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1025, 1912— Venezuela (Merida
to Peru); Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914— Cafetal
La Camelia, near Angelopolis, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 592, 1917 — Colombia (Paramillo, Andes west of Popayan,
La Florida, Almaguer, Salento, Laguneta, Santa Elena, El Eden, Rio
Toche, El Roble, El Pinon); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No.
25, p. 83, 1922 — below Mindo and below Nono, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 654, 1926— Ecuador (Mindo, Pallatanga, San
Bartolo, Loja, upper Sumaco, above Baeza, Papallacta) and Peru (El
Tambo); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 74, 1928— Pinon and
Huila, Ecuador; idem, I.e., (2), 4, p. 626, 1932— El Portete de Tarqui,
Ecuador.
Range. — Upper Subtropical and Temperate zones of western
Venezuela (Sierra of Me>ida), Colombia (except Santa Marta region),
Ecuador, and northwestern Peru (western Cordillera in depts. of
Piura and Cajamarca).1
7: Colombia (Almaguer, Cauca, 1; Cachiri, Santander, 2; Santa
Elena, Antioquia, 1; Bogota, 2); Ecuador (Nono, 1).
*Calospiza vassorii branickii (Taczanowski).2 BRANICKI'S
TANAGER.
Diva branickii Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 10— Tamia-
pampa, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski,
1 Two adults from Tambillo appear to agree with five from Ecuador and ten
from Colombia. Specimens from Merida, Venezuela, are not different either.
*Calospiza vassorii branickii (Taczanowski): Similar to C. v. vassorii, but
top and sides of the head dull bluish green (near light terre verte), paler on the
hind crown.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Tamiapampa, 3; Levanto, 7; Cha-
chapoyas, 1.
170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 182, 1927); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p.
455, 1886— Tamiapampa.
Procnopis branickii Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 94, 1886 — Tamia-
pampa; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1025, 1912 —
Peru (Tamiapampa, Levanto, Chachapoyas).
Procnopsis branickii Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 — Cumpang.
Range. — Upper Subtropical and Temperate zones of the eastern
side of the eastern Cordillera in northern Peru (Tamiapampa,
Chachapoyas, Levanto, Molinopampa, Cumpang).
1: Peru (Molinopampa, 1).
*Calospiza vassorii atrocaerulea(Tschudi).1 BLACK- AND-BLUE
TANAGER.
Procnopis atrocaerulea Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844 — Peru
(type in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, p.
199, pi. 13, fig. 2, 1846— Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 341 — Garita del Sol and Maraynioc, Dept. Junm, Peru;
idem, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906 — Huaynapata, Peru.
Procnopis atricaerulea Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 94, 1886 — Peru
and Bolivia (Tilotilo, Nairapi); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1025, 1912— Peru and Bolivia.
Calliste atrocaerulea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 59 — Peru; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 258, 1856 — Peru and Bolivia (diag.); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 69, pi. 31, 1857 — Peru (figure of type); Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 — Pumamarca and Paltaypampa,
Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 599— Tilotilo and Nairapi, Bolivia.
Chalcothraupis atrocoerulea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 144, 1851
(ex Tschudi).
Diva atrocaerulea Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 456, 1886 — Pumamarca, Pal-
taypampa, and Higos, Peru.
Tangara atrocoerulea atrocaerulea Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 17, p. 438, 1930— Panao, Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. — Upper Subtropical and Temperate zones of Peru (from
Dept. Huanuco southward) and Bolivia.
1: Peru (Panao Mountains, 1).
1 Calospiza vassorii atrocaerulea (Tschudi) : Nearest to C. v. branickii, but
head more bluish with a distinct patch of shining pale straw yellow on the hind
crown; interscapulium black; blue of rump and under parts less purplish; breast
and abdomen with the blackish subapical portions of the feathers more strongly
pronounced, causing a spotted effect.
Birds from Junin and Marcapata appear to agree, while those from Bolivia
have the head above perhaps not quite so greenish. A single male from Panao, •
Huanuco, differs by having the feathers of the black interscapulium decidedly
margined with the blue of the rump, thus indicating intergradation to C. v. branickii.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Garita del Sol, Junin, 1; Puyas-Yacu, •
Junin, 2; Huaynapata, Marcapata, 1; Marcapata, 4.— Bolivia: Cocapata, 10; I
Sandillani, 1; San Antonio, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 171
*Calospiza heinei (Cabanis). BLACK-CAPPED TANAGER.
Tanagra (Aglaia) atricapilla (not Tanagra atricapilla Gmelin, 1789) La-
fresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 290, 1843 — Colombia (descr. of adult male;
type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
I Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 403, 1930).
Procnias heinei Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 31, Oct., 1851 — Colombia (descr.
of female or young male; type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal
Museum, Halberstadt) ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 249,
1854 (crit.).
Procnias heini Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 154, 1851 — Colombia
(diag.).
Calliste atricapilla Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 59 — Colombia (Popayan)
and Venezuela (Colonia de Tovar, near Caracas) (descr. of male and
female); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem,
I.e., 24, p. 259, 1856 — Colombia ("Bogota," Popayan) and Venezuela
(near Caracas); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 73, pi. 33, figs. 1 (male), 2
(female), 1857 — same localities (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 69, 1862— Venezuela and "Bogota"; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325— Pirico,
Canute, etc. (5,000-6,000 feet), eastern Andes, Colombia; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 — Retire, Concordia, and Fron-
tino, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 136, 1886— Colombia
("Bogota," Retire, Frontino) and Venezuela.
Chakothraupis atricapilla Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 144, 1851 —
Colombia (diag.).
Calospiza atricapilla Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 169, 1900 — Val-
paraiso and Las Nubes, Santa Marta, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1040, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota," Pirico,
Canute, Antioquia, Popayan, Valparaiso), eastern Ecuador, and Vene-
zuela (Andes of Merida, Caracas).
Tangara atricapilla Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917 — La
Frijolera, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Ricaurte, La Sierra, Popayan,
Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Aguadita, El Roble, and Subia, Colombia.
Tangara heinei Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 36, 1919
(crit.); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 184, 1924— Galipan,
Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 14, p. 493, 1922 — Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Las Taguas, Las Vegas,
San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit.,
habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 666, 1926— below Oya-
cachi, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Venezuela (from the
Caracas region to the Sierra of MeYida), Colombia, and eastern
Ecuador (below Oyacachi).1
1 Though individual variation is considerable as far as coloration is con-
"erned, I cannot make out any local races. Birds from Caracas and Santa Marta
>eem to have slightly smaller bills than those from Me>ida and other parts of
3olombia, but the divergency is quite insignificant.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 8;
SI Valle, Merida, 3; Culata, Meiida, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 13; Antioquia
^Retire, Frontino), 5; Valparaiso, Santa Marta, 4.
172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
6: Colombia (Aguadita, above Fusugasuga, 1; Ricaurte, Narino,
1; Valparaiso, Santa Marta, 1); Venezuela (MeYida, 1; Montanas
Sierra, 2).
Calospiza viridicollis viridicollis (Taczanowski).1 SILVERY
TANAGER.
Procnopis argentea (not Tanagra argentea Lafresnaye, 1843) Tschudi, Arch.
Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844— Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum ex-
amined); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 199, pi. 14, fig. 2, 1846 —
forest region of eastern Peru.
Calliste argentea viridicollis Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 468, 1884 — Huiro,
Urubamba Valley, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (types in Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion, now in British Museum).
Chalcothraupis argentea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 145 (ex Tschudi).
Calliste argentea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 60 — Peru; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 259, 1856 — eastern Peru (diag.); idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 75, pi. 34, 1857 — Peru (fig. of type); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 — Paltaypampa, Dept. Junin; idem, Orn. Per.,
2, p. 466, 1884 — part, Paltaypampa; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340— Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru.
Calliste argentea b. subsp. viridicollis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 137,
1886— Huiro, Urubamba, Peru.
Calospiza argentea Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 — Idma,
Urubamba, Peru (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1039, 1912— Peru (Junin to Urubamba).
Tangara argentea argentea Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921 —
Idma and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba.
Range. — Subtropical zone of central and southern Peru, from
depts. of Huanuco and Junin south to the Urubamba Valley, Dept.
of Cuzco.
1 Calospiza viridicollis viridicollis (Taczanowski), while nearly allied to C. heinei
(Cabanis), nevertheless differs, in the male sex, very markedly by silvery bluish
back and flanks; the peculiar, shining dingy ochreous yellow coloration of throat,
cheeks, and auriculars; black breast and upper abdomen, etc. The females of
the races of viridicollis are even more widely different from the female of C. heinei,
and, in addition to the ochreous yellow throat and sides of face, may be separated
by their brown instead of green pileum. Still, the two species may prove to pertain
to a single "formenkreis."
Adult males from central Peru (depts. of Huanuco and Junin), when compared
with others from the Urubamba Valley, have the back, wing edgings, and flanks
slightly more bluish and, by the somewhat darker ochreous tone of throat and
auriculars, betray a tendency toward C. v. fulvigula; but the variation which,
moreover, needs corroboration by additional material, is insignificant, and as
Tschudi's name C. argentea is preoccupied by Tanagra argentea Lafresnaye, a
synonym of Calospiza cyanoptera (Swainson), the whole population of central
and southern Peru may, for the present, conveniently be united under Tac-
zanowski's term viridicollis.
Material examined. — Peru: Cushi Libertad, Dept. Huanuco, 2; La Garita
del Sol, Dept. Junfn, 3; Idma, Urubamba, Dept. Cuzco, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 173
"Calospiza viridicollis fulvigula Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1
NORTHERN SILVERY TANAGER.
Calospiza argentea fulvigula Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, No. 2, p. 80,
Sept., 1906 — Tambillo, northwestern Peru (type in Berlepsch Collection,
now in Frankfort Museum, examined); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1039, 1134, 1912— "eastern" Ecuador and north-
western Peru.
Tangara argentea fulvigula Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 — Taba-
conas and Huancabamba, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 666, 1926 — Ecuador (above Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Alamor, Loja)
and Peru (Palambla, Chaupe).
Calliste argentea (not Procnopis argentea Tschudi) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 226— Tambillo; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 11— Chirimoto;
idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 466, 1884 — part, Tambillo, Chirimoto, Huayabamba,
Socota, Cutervo, and Paucal; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 137,
1886 — part, subsp. a. typica, Tambillo (Peru) and "Jima," Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Ecuador and northern
Peru, in depts. of (eastern) Piura, Cajamarca, and Amazonas.
2: Peru (Molinopampa, 1; Rio Utcubamba, 1).
Calospiza argyrofenges (Sclater and Salvin).2 GREEN-THROATED
TANAGER.
Calliste argyrofenges Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 354,
pi. 30, fig. 2 — Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia (type in Salvin-Godman
Collection, now in British Museum).
Calliste argyrophenges Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 599 —
Tilotilo, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 12 — Huambo, Peru (descr.
of female); idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 468, 1884— Huambo; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 137, 1886— Bolivia and Peru (Huambo).
Calospiza argyrophenges Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1040, 1134, 1912— Peru (Huambo) and Bolivia (Tilotilo).
1 Calospiza viridicollis fulvigula Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Differs from the
typical race by more silvery greenish (less bluish) dorsal surface, flanks, and
edges to upper wing coverts; more greenish blue margins to wing and tail feathers;
more reddish throat and sides of face; while the female, besides the last-named
character, may be distinguished by its more reddish brown crown; bill somewhat
stouter. Wing, 76-79, (female) 74-76; tail, 55-57, (female) 54-55; bill, 10.
Two males from "Jima," Ecuador, agree well with others from Tambillo.
The occurrence in eastern Ecuador resting, as it does, on Buckleyan skins, needs
confirmation.
Material examined. — Peru: Tambillo, 6. — Ecuador: "Jima," 2.
2 Calospiza argyrofenges (Sclater and Salvin), which is autoptically unknown
to us, appears to be allied to C. cyanoptera, but to differ by green throat and
auriculars, black under parts and sides of neck, and uniform black wings. It
has been recorded only from northeastern Peru (Huambo) and northern Bolivia
(Tilotilo).
Carriker (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 357, Oct. 25, 1935) found birds
from northern Peru (Rio Jelashte, Dept. San Martin) to differ from those of
Bolivia by more silvery, less yellowish upper parts and sides as well as by more
bluish throat, and separates them as Tangara a. caerulcigularis.
174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Subtropical zone of northeastern Peru (Huambo, valley
of Huayabamba) and Bolivia (Tilotilo, Yungas of La Paz).
*Calospiza cyanoptera cyanoptera (Swainson). BLUE- WINGED
TANAGER.
Aglaia cyanoptera Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 1, pi. 8, 1834 — no locality given,
we suggest vicinity of Caracas, Venezuela (type probably in the Swainson
Collection, University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
T[anagra] argentea Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, No. 3, p. 69, 1843 — "Bogota ou
Caracas" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Compar-
ative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 403, 1930).
Calliste cyanoptera Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851 — "Brazil"
(crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 254, 1856— Caracas, Vene-
zuela (diag.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 53, pi. 24, 1857 — Caracas
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 67, 1862 — Venezuela; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Caripe [Sucre], Venezuela;
Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 200 — San Jose and Atanques, Santa
Marta, Colombia; idem, Ibis, 1880, p. 120 — Minca, Colombia; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 135, 1886— Venezuela and Colombia (Minca,
San Jose).
Calospiza sp. Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898 — "Santa
Marta."
Calospiza cyanoptera Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 159, 1898 — Pueblo
Viejo; idem, I.e., 12, p. 179, 1898 — Palomina and San Miguel; Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 170, 1900— Santa Marta records; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1040, 1912 — northern
Venezuela (Los Palmales; Rio Mamera and Antimano, near Caracas;
Merida) and Colombia (San Jose, Minca).
Tangara cyanoptera Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 494, 1922 —
Pueblo Viejo, Cincinnati, Chirua, Heights of Chirua, La Concepcion, and
San Francisco, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit., habits); Chapman,
Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12, 1925 — Neveri [Sucre], Venezuela.
Tangara cyanoptera cyanoptera Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p.
183, 1924— Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela (from Sucre to-
Merida) and northern Colombia (Santa Marta region).1
2: Venezuela (Andes of MeYida, 1; Sierra Nevada, 1).
Calospiza cyanoptera whitelyi (Salvin and Godman).2 WHITELY'S
TANAGER.
1 Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Los Palmales, Sucre, 6; Galipan,
Cerro del Avila, 1; Antimano, near Caracas, 1; Rio Mamera, Caracas, 1; El Valle,
Merida, 3; Merida, 7; unspecified, 3. — Colombia: Minca, 2.
* Calospiza cyanoptera whitelyi (Salvin and Godman): Similar to C. c. cyan-
optera, but upper wing coverts, remiges, and rectrices plain black without any
blue edges; general coloration somewhat duller, less brassy; under parts more
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 175
Calliste whitelyi Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 445, pi. 13 (male, female),
1884 — Roraima, British Guiana (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now
in British Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 — Roraima; idem, Ibis,
1886, p. 500— Mount Twek-quay; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
136, 1886— Roraima.
Calospiza whitelyi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1040,
1912 — British Guiana (Roraima, Twek-quay).
Tangara whitelyi Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 513, 1921 — Mount Roraima;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 130, 1931 — Mounts Roraima
and Duida, Venezuela.
Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Venezuela (Mount Duida)
and British Guiana (Mounts Roraima and Twek-quay).
Genus IRIDOSORNIS Lesson
Iridosornis Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., llth annexe, 2nd s6m., No. 4, p. 80,
July 14, 1844 — type, by monotypy, Arremon rufi-vertex Lafresnaye.
Poecilornis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 5, No. 10, p. 369, Oct., 1844— type, by orig.
desig., Arremon rufi-vertex Lafresnaye.
Euthraupis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 30, Oct., 1851 — type (obviously)
Tanagra dubusia Bonaparte= Arremon rufi-vertex Lafresnaye.
Iridornis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 (emendation of Iri-
dosornis Lesson).
Iridiornis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 (emendation of Irido-
sornis Lesson).
Iridosornis rufivertex caeruleoventris Chapman.1 BLUE-
VENTED IRIDOSORNIS.
Iridosornis dubusia caeruleoventris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34,
p. 657, 1915 — Paramillo, western Andes, Colombia (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 601, 1917 —
Paramillo.
Iridornis dubusia (not Tanagra dubusia Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 500— Santa Elena, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 140, 1886 — part, spec, f, Santa Elena.
heavily spotted with dusky; size slightly smaller. Wing, 72-75; tail, 50-53;
bill, 10-11.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 5.
1 Iridosornis rufivertex caeruleoventris Chapman: Similar to 7. r. ignicapillus
in color of crown patch, but ventral region mostly and under tail coverts wholly
dark blue like the abdomen (instead of chestnut), and under wing coverts uniform
dusky, not tipped with tawny.
Mr. N. B. Kinnear (in litt.) writes that Santa Elena specimens have just a
faint tinge of chestnut on the belly, and are unquestionably referable to the
present form.
Material examined. — Colombia: Paramillo, western Andes, 1.
176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Iridosornis dubusia Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1042, 1912— part, Santa Elena, Antioquia.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone at the northern ends of the
western Andes (Paramillo) and central Andes (Santa Elena) of
Colombia.
*Iridosornis rufivertex rufivertex (Lafresnaye). COLOMBIAN
CHESTNUT- VENTED IRIDOSORNIS.
Arremon rufi-vertex Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 335, 1842 — "Bolivia," errore;
we suggest Bogota region, eastern Andes of Colombia (type in coll. of
F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 403, 1930).
Iridosornis rufivertex Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., llth annee, 2nd sem.,
No. 4, p. 80, July, 1844— "Bolivia" (descr.); idem, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 431,
1844 (crit.).
Tanagra dubusia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 239, 1850 — Colombia
(type in Leiden Museum).
Tanagra chrysolopha Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 131, 1851 — new
name for Tanagra dubusia Bonaparte.
Euthraupis dubusia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 30, Oct., 1851 — Colombia.
Iridosornis dubusia Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1852, p. 127, pi. 94; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1042, 1912— part, Colombia
(Bogota) and eastern Ecuador (San Rafael).
Iridornis dubusia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 — Bogota;
idem, I.e., 24, p. 242, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 72, 1862 — Bogota; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 80 — San Rafael, eastern Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 140, 1886 — part, spec, a-e, Bogota, Colombia.
Iridosornis dubusia dubusia Chapman, Bull. Amef. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 601,
1917 — El Pinon, eastern Andes, Colombia.
Iridosornis rufivertex rufivertex Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
63, p. 36, 1919 (crit., nomencl.);1 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 666, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Loja, upper Rio Upano, Oyacachi).
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colom-
bia, adjacent parts of Venezuela, and of the east slope of the Andes
of Ecuador.2
1: Venezuela (Paramo de Tama, Tachira, 1).
1 Bangs and Penard at length discuss the peculiar case of Lafresnaye's name,
which after all had better be adopted in spite of the fact that the author believed
it to be the same as Tanagra ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs.
2 The locality "Bolivia" ascribed to this bird by Lafresnaye and Lesson was
an error.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 14. — Ecuador: San
Rafael, 1; "Quito," 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYE 177
"Iridosornis rufivertex ignicapillus Chapman.1 ORANGE-CRESTED
IRIDOSORNIS.
Iridosornis dubusia ignicapillus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p.
656, 1915 — Andes west of Popayan, Colombia (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 601, 1917 —
Andes west of Popayan and Almaguer, Colombia.
Iridornis dubusia ignicapillus Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 84, 1922— below Nono, Ecuador.
Iridosornis rufivertex ignicapillus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
666, 1926— Verdecocha, Ecuador (crit.).
Iridornis dubusia (not Tanagra dubusia Bonaparte) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 140, 1886 — part, spec, g-j, Nanegal, "Quito," and Sical,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 464 — western side of Pichincha and
Corazon, Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id.
Equat., 9, p. B. 98, 1911 — Siglon (Nanegal), Ligui (Santo Domingo), and
road to Gualea, Ecuador.
Iridiornis dubusia Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 — Nono, west of
Quito, Ecuador.
Iridosornis dubusia Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1042,
1912 — part, western Ecuador.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of western Ecuador and the
southern part of the western Andes of Colombia (Andes west of
Popayan and Almaguer).
1: Colombia (Coast range west of Popayan, 1).
Iridosornis rufivertex reinhardti (Sclater).2 REINHARDT'S
IRIDOSORNIS.
1 Iridosornis rufivertex ignicapillus Chapman: Exactly similar to I. r. rufi-
vertex, but crown patch more orange, cadmium orange to orange chrome rather
than mars yellow.
It is with considerable reluctance that we maintain this form. We find
considerable individual variation in the color of the crown, and while four speci-
mens from the type locality and some from western Ecuador are indeed more
orange-crested than the majority of native Bogota skins (which may, however,
have undergone some post-mortem change), others from Nono and Nanegal
cannot be separated from the latter. Furthermore, an adult male from San
Rafael, eastern Ecuador, which should be typical rufivertex, has the crown patch
deeper orange than any other specimen examined.
The examination of an adequate series of fresh skins from the eastern Andes
of Colombia seems imperative to determine the status of the western race.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Andes west of Popayan, 4. —
Western Ecuador: western slope of Pichincha, 3; Nanegal, 2; Nono, 2; Ligui, 1;
road to Gualea, 2.
2 Iridosornis rufivertex reinhardti (Sclater): Differs by the absence of rufous
on the lower parts, the under tail coverts being dusky blue green like the abdomen,
and by having a broad nuchal band of light cadmium descending over the sides
of the neck to the posterior portion of the auriculars, while the whole crown is
black like the forehead. Wing (male), 85; tail, 73.
Notwithstanding the striking difference in the distribution of colors on the
head, this bird, in other respects, is so much like /. rufivertex that I have no hesi-
178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Iridornis reinhardti Sclater, Ibis, (n.s.), 1, p. 495, pi. 11, 1865 — Eastern slope
of the Peruvian Cordillera (type in Copenhagen Museum); Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 — Pumamarca, Dept. Junin, Peru;
idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 477, 1884— Pumamarca; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 140, 1886— Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 342 — Culumachay and Puyas-Yacu (Maraynioc), Peru;
Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Cumpang, east of Taya-
bamba, Peru.
Iridosornis reinhardti Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1042,
1912 — Peru (Pumamarca, Culumachay, Puyas-Yacu).
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Peru, in depts. Libertad
(Cumpang, east of Tayabamba, Prov. Pataz) and Junin (Pumamarca,
Culumachay, Puyas-Yacu).
Iridosornis jelskii jelskii (Cabanis). JELSKI'S IRIDOSORNIS.
Iridornis jelskii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 316, 1873— Maraynioc, Dept.
Junin, Peru (type in Berlin Museum); idem, I.e., 22, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1874;
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 — Maraynioc; idem,
Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 478, 1884— Maraynioc; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 141, 1886 — part, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 342— Maraynioc.
Iridosornis jelskii Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1043,
1912 — Maraynioc.
Iridosornis jelskii jelskii Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921 —
above Matchu Picchu, Dept. Cuzco.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of southern Peru, in depts. of
Junin (Maraynioc) and Cuzco (above Matchu Picchu).1
Iridosornis jelskii boliviana Berlepsch.2 BOLIVIAN IRIDOSORNIS.
Iridosornis jelskii boliviana Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1043, 1134, Feb., 1912— Unduavi, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia (type in coll.
of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Iridornis jelskii (not of Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 599— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 141,
1886— part, Bolivia (Tilotilo).
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of western Bolivia (Unduavi
and Tilotilo, Dept. La Paz).
tation in associating it in the same specific group. By the lack of rufous on the
under tail coverts it forms an interesting parallel to the west Andean race /. r.
caeruleoventris.
Material examined. — Peru: Maraynioc, Culumachay, 1.
1 Material examined. — Peru, Dept. Junin: Maraynioc, 4.
2 Iridosornis jelskii boliviana Berlepsch: Similar to /. j. jelskii, but smaller
with shorter bill, and forehead in the middle more or less suffused with black.
Wing, 70-73}4 (female) 70-73; tail, 61-65; bill,
Material examined. — Bolivia: Unduavi, 6.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 179
*Iridosornis analis analis (Tschudi). YELLOW-THROATED
IRIDOSORNIS.
Tanagra analis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 287, 1844 — Peru (type in
Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 205, pi. 18,
fig. 1, 1846— Peru;1 Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 71, 1847— "Bolivia"
(descr.).
Iridornis analis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 243, 1856 — "fruit
gardens of Lima" (ex Tschudi) (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
72, 1862— Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 185—
San Antonio (above Cosnipata), Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 514 —
Paltaypampa, Dept. Junin; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 12 — Ray-urmana, Achamal,
and Chirimoto, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 479, 1884 — Peru ("vicinity of
Lima," Paltaypampa, Huayabamba, San Antonio); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 141, 1886 — Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 342— Garita del Sol, Vitoc; idem, Ornis, 13, p. 110,
1906— Huaynapata, Marcapata; Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 10,
1911 — Utcubamba, Dept. Libertad.
Iridosornis analis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1043,
1912 — Peru (Huayabamba to Marcapata); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921— Idma, Urubamba.
Iridosornis analis analis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p.
443, 1930 — Huachipa and Chinchao, Dept. Huanuco (crit.).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of eastern Peru, from
the Huayabamba Valley in the north to the Marcapata Valley on
the confines of Bolivia.2
5: Peru (Huachipa, 1; Chinchao, 4).
Iridosornis analis porphyrocephala (Sclater).3 NORTHERN
YELLOW-THROATED IRIDOSORNIS.
Iridornis porphyrocephala Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 227,
pi. 110, pub. Feb., 1856 — "in Nova Grenada et rep. Equatoriana" (type,
from the "Vicinity of Quito," in coll. of J. Gould, now in the British Muse-
um); idem, I.e., 24, p. 243, 1856 — "New Grenada" and Ecuador (vicinity
1 Tschudi's statement (I.e., p. 206) that this species was not uncommon in
the orchards around Lima is clearly a mistake. We suggest Valley of Vitoc,
Dept. of Junin, as an appropriate type locality.
2 Birds from various parts of Peru show no constant local variation.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Huayabamba, 2; Utcubamba, 1;
Chilpes, 1; Utcuyacu, 1; Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 2; Huaynapata, 1; Santo
Domingo, 2.
1 Iridosornis analis porphyrocephala (Sclater) merely differs from the nominate
race by more decidedly bluish pileum and hind neck, bluish green interscapular
region, and mainly slate olive, anteriorly blue-tinged under parts with just a
few buffy feathers along the abdominal line, whereas in /. a. analis breast and
abdomen are deep buff, laterally shaded with olive gray or brownish.
Specimens from Colombia agree with Ecuadorian ones.
Material examined. — Colombia: San Antonio, 6; Cerro Munchique, l;Cocal,
2; Medellin, 1; Santa Elena, 1. — Ecuador: Intag, 2; "Quito," 4.
180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
of "Quito"); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 72, 1862— Ecuador; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 500— Medellin, Colombia;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 141, 1886— Ecuador ("Quito," Intag)
and Colombia (Medellin, Antioquia).
Iridosornis porphyrocephala Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1043, 1912— Colombia (Medellin, Santa Elena) and Ecuador ("Quito,"
Intag); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 602, 1917 — western
Andes of Colombia (Novita Trail, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Cocal) ;
idem, I.e., 55, p. 667, 1926— "Quito," Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Colombia (western and
central Andes) and western Ecuador.
Genus DELOTHRAUPIS Sclater
Delothraupis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 142, 1886 — type, by mono-
typy, Calliste castaneoventris Sclater.
*Delothraupis castaneoventris (Sclater). CHESTNUT-BELLIED
TANAGER.
Calliste castaneoventris Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 61 — Bolivia (type in
Derby Collection, now in Liverpool Museum).
Piproeidea castaneoventris Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Specif., p. 13, 1854 — Bolivia.
Pipridea castaneiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 266, 1856 —
Bolivia (diag.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 518 — Sillapata and Maraynioc,
Dept. Junin, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598— Tilotilo, Yungas,
Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 451, 1884 — Peru (Maraynioc, Silla-
pata, Pumamarca; Quebrada de San Gaban, Carabaya).
Delothraupis castaneiventris Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 142, 1886 —
Peru and Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896,
p. 342 — Pariayacu and Culumachay (Maraynioc), Dept. Junin, Peru;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1043, 1912— southern
Peru and Bolivia (Tilotilo, Unduavi, Sandillani, Cocapata,
Quebrada Onda).
Delothraupis castaneoventris Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17,
p. 443, 1930 — mountains near Huanuco and Panao, Dept. Huanuco,
Peru (crit.).
Delothraupis castaneiventris peruvianus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
87, p. 358, Oct., 1935 — Auquimarca, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia).
Range. — Temperate zone of southern Peru (from Huanuco south-
wards) and Bolivia (depts. of La Paz and Cochabamba).1
6: Peru (mountains near Huanuco, 1; Panao, 5).
1 Peruvian birds are on average larger and slightly darker chestnut under-
neath, while the upper surface is rather brighter with the whitish superciliary
streak less conspicuous. These divergencies are, however, quite insignificant.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Maraynioc, 4. — Bolivia: Unduavi, 1;
Sandillani, 3; Cocapata, 1; Incachaca, 3; Quebrada Onda, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 181
Genus STEPHANOPHORUS Strickland
Stephanophorus Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 30, Oct., 1841— type,
by monotypy, Pyrrhula coerulea Vieillot =Tana0ra diademata Mikan.
Bergia Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 86, Jan., 1901 — type, by
monotypy, Bergia solanorum Bertoni =Tanagra diademata Temminck.
*Stephanophorus diadematus (Temminck). WHITE-CAPPED
TANAGER.
Tanagra leucocephala (not of Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. eel., 32, p. 408, 1819 — based on "Lindo azul cabeza blanca" Azara,
No. 93; Caiho, Paraguay.
Pyrrhula caerulea (not P. coerulea Daudin, 1799) Vieillot, Gal. Ois., 1, (2),
livr. 20, p. 61, pi. 54, Nov., 1822 — Brazil (type in coll. of M. Bonjour, Paris).
Tanagra diademata (Natterer MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 41,
pi. 243, Dec., 1823 — Brazil (type in Leiden Museum); Mikan, Del. Fl.
Faun. Bras., fasc. 4, pi. [24], 1825— "ad Langa, Curitiba, St. Luiz et aliis
locis capitaniae St. Paulo."
Stephanophorus caeruleus Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 31, 1841;
Burmeister, Syst. Ueber. Th. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio;
idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 253, 1860— Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St.,
2, p. 480, 1861 — near Parana; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 84, 1874 —
Cantagallo, Rio.
Stephanophorus leucocephalus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 241, 1856 —
Sao Paulo, Uruguay, and Paraguay (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 73, 1862 — Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1869, pp. 161, 632— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 114—
Buenos Aires (habits); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208, 1870— Sao Paulo
(Mugy das Cruzes, Sao Paulo) and Parand (Lanza, Curitiba, Sao Luiz,
Porcos de Riva); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 170— Buenos Aires (food);
White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 597 — Concepcion, Misiones; Bar-
rows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 90, 1883— Concepcion del Uruguay,
Entre Rios (habits); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118,
1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Slu;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 143, 1886— southern Brazil (Nova
Friburgo, Curytiba, Sao Paulo, "Rio Claro, Goyaz"), Uruguay (Cam-
pana), and Argentina (Buenos Aires, Conchitas); Sclater and Hudson,
Arg. Orn., 1, p. 38, pi. 4, 1888 — Argentina (habits, nest and eggs); Aplin,
Ibis, 1893, p. 284— Rio Negro, Uruguay; idem, Ibis, 1894, p. 167— Arroyo
Grande and Rio Negro, Uruguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do SuT,
16, p. 119, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Pedras Brancas);
idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 149, 1899— Sao Paulo, Piquete; idem, I.e.,
4, p. 153, 1900— Nova Friburgo and Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Lillo, Anal.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902— Tucuman (seen, not ob-
tained); idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 — Tucuman
(seen, not obtained); Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 186,
1905 — Retire do Ramos and Morro Redondo, Itatiaya; Ihering and Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Itarare, Campos
182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
de Jordao, Itatiaya) and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Ltider-
waldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 357, 1909— Itatiaya; Hartert and Ven-
turi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 171, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (nest
and eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 375,
1910 (range in Argentina); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1044, 1912 (range); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient.
Varsovie, 5, pp. 486, 499, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana; Bertoni, Faun.
Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 397,
1916— La Plata; Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 10, p. 7, 1919— Villa
Lutetia, Misiones; Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 24, p. 254,
1923— Retire de Ramos, Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., 24, p. 263, 1923 — Monte-
Serrat, Itatiaya; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 656, 1924
— Prov. Buenos Aires; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 427, 1926 — Punta Lara
and Conchitas, Buenos Aires.
Stephanophoms diadematus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1147, 1912 (nomencl.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uru-
guay (Minas, Trienta y Tres, Rocha, Cerro Largo); Sztolcman, Ann.
Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 192, 1926— Cara Pintada, Parana; Wet-
more, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 394, 1926— Uruguay (La Paloma, San
Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro) (habits, song); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4,
p. 27, 1927 — Punta Lara and Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Holt, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil.
Bergia solanorum Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 86, Jan., 1901 —
Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro l to Rio
Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (prov.
Misiones, Corrientes, Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires, possibly also
in Santa Fe" and (?)Tucuman).2
14: Uruguay (Arazati, on coast south of Santa Ecilda, San Jose", 3;
Estancia "El Corte," near San Carlos, Maldonado, 1; Passo de las
Avarias, Rio Cebollati, Minas, 3; Rio Uruguay, southwest of Dolores,
Soriano, 4; San Vicente de Castillos, Rocha, 3).
Genus POECILOTHRAUPIS Cabanis
Anisognathus (not Anisognatha Lacordaire, 1848) Reichenbach, Av. Syst.
Nat., pi. 77, June 1, 1850 — type, by subs, desig. (Bonaparte, Rev. Mag.
Zool., (2), 3, p. 172, 1851), Tanagra igniventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.
Poecilothraupis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 30, Oct., 1851 — type, by monotypy,
Tanagra igniventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.
1 The record from "Rio Claro, Goyaz" is due to confusion with a place of
the same name in Sao Paulo.
2 Additional specimens examined. — Brazil: Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos,
Rio, 1 ; Sao Paulo, 1 ; Parana, Lanza, 1 ; Sao Luiz, 1 ; Porcos de Riva, 1 ; Curytiba,
7; Rio Grande do Sul, 7.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 183
*Poecilothraupis igniventris lunulata (Du Bus). SCARLET-
NECKED TANAGER.
Tanagra lunulata Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, 6, Part 1, No. 5, p.
439, with col. pi., May, 1839 — "la province d'Honduras," errore, = Bogota,
Colombia (type in coll. of B. Du Bus, now in Brussels Museum); idem,
Esq. Orn., livr. 1, pi. 4, 1845— Colombia.
Tanagra (Euphone?) constantii Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, No. 1, p. 3, Jan.,
1840 — Santa-Fe-de-Bogota, Colombia (location of type unknown).
Anisognathus lunulatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 —
Bogota.
Poedlothraupis lunulata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 241, 1856 —
part, New Grenada, Bogota; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 72, 1862—
part, spec, c, Bogota; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 — Vetas, Santander,
Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 144, 1886— part, subsp.
typica, Bogota; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1044,
1912 — Colombia (Bogota) and "eastern Ecuador" (errore).
Poedlothraupis lunulata lunulata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
602, 1917 — eastern Andes of Colombia (El Pinon, Chipaque, Choachi, La
Porquera, La Mar, La Pradera).
Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia (in
states of Santander and Cundinamarca).1
6: Colombia (La Porquera, above La Pradera, Cundinamarca,
2; Ramirez, Santander, 2; Bogota, 2).
*Poecilothraupis igniventris erythrotus (Jardine and Selby).2
BLACK-VENTED TANAGER.
Aglaia erythrotus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., (n.s.), Part 7, pi. 36,3 1840 —
"somewhere near or in the district of Buenos Ayres," errore; we suggest
Andes near Quito, Ecuador (type in coll. of Mr. Carfrae, Edinburgh).
Poedlothraupis atricrissa Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 165, 1866 — "Equador"
(type in Berlin Museum); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
14, No. 357, p. 16, 1899— El Troje (Huaca), "Nanegal," Frutillas, and
Papallacta; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922
— Lloa and above Nono.
1 Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 22.
8 Poedlothraupis igniventris erythrotus (Jardine and Selby): Similar to P. i.
lunulata, but under tail coverts uniform black or with mere traces of scarlet
apical fringes. There is no difference whatever between specimens from the
western and others from the eastern slope.
Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Andes near Quito, 9; Nono, 1;
"Gualea," 1; Guaillabamba, 2; south of Ona, 2; Cuenca, 2; Papallacta, 5; San
Rafael, 3; Riobamba, 1; Banos, 1.
3 The plate shows uniform black anal region and under tail coverts, and
in the text it is expressly stated that "the belly is of the same intense and clear
colour [crimson like the postauricular spot], commencing at the breast and ceasing
immediately beyond the insertion of the legs." The name erythrotus having
priority by many years, must, therefore, be adopted in place of atricrissa for
the Ecuadorian race.
184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra lunulata (not of Du Bus) Jardine, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., (n.s.),
3, p. 91, 1856— Andes east of Quito.
Poecilothraupis lunulata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 241, 1856 —
part, Andes near Quito, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 26, p. 551, 1858 — Matos;
idem, I.e., 28, pp. 76, 86, 1860 — Lloa, Calacali, and above Puellaro; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 72, 1862 — part, spec, a, b, Matos, Ecuador;
Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 289 — Cechce;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 464 — Pichincha, environs of Quito, and
Papallacta.
Poecilothraupis lunulala alricrissa Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 80 — San Rafael (crit.); Me'ne'gaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr.
ArmSe Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 98, 1911— San Gabriel, Nono
Ligui, Pongo, and Valley of Cuenca; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1044, 1912 — Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 55, p. 667, 1926 — Hacienda Garzon, Pichincha, Yanacocha, Bestion,
Taraguacocha, Papallacta, and Oyacachi; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928 — Cerro Mojanda and Papallacta; idem, I.e., (2),
4, p. 626, 1932— Las Palmas and El Portete de Tarqui.
Poecilothraupis lunulata subsp. atricrissa Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 145, 1886— Ecuador (Matos, Lloa, "Quito," San Lucas).
Trichothraupis quadricolor (errore) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71,
1889 — "Pichincha" and "near Quito."
Range. — Temperate zone of both slopes of the Andes of Ecuador.
3: Ecuador (Hoyaucshi, 2; unspecified, 1).
*Poecilothraupis igniventris ignicrissa Cabanis.1 PERUVIAN
SCARLET-VENTED TANAGER.
Poecilothraupis ignicrissa Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 317, 1873 — Maraynioc,
Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Berlin Museum); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514— Maraynioc; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 13— Tamia-
pampa; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 482, 1884— Maraynioc, Chachapoyas, and
Tamiapampa.
1 Poecilothraupis igniventris ignicrissa Cabanis: Nearest to P. i. lunulata,
but under tail coverts mostly red, and under parts slightly lighter scarlet; similar
also to P. i. igniventris, but deeper black above with the larger wing coverts,
primary coverts, and remiges plain black or very nearly so, and under tail coverts
partly black.
Berlepsch, when describing P. I. intercedens, did not mention P. I. ignicrissa,
but merely stated the differences from P. I. lunulata. On comparing a series
from northern Peru with two topotypes from Maraynioc, I fail to perceive any
character by which the two forms could be separated. While the wings — ex-
cepting the blue humeral patch — are as a rule plain black, some specimens have
distinct traces of bluish edges on the remiges and greater wing coverts, thus
forming the transition to P. i. igniventris, to which the present race, furthermore,
shows an undeniable approach by the somewhat less intensely colored
under parts.
Additional specimens examined. — Peru: Tamiapampa, 2; Chachapoyas, 1;
Leimabamba, 2; Levanto, 5; Cumpang, 2; Maraynioc, Junin, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 185
Tanagra igniventris (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg.,
10, (1), p. 287, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, pp. 205,
206, 1846 — Maraynioc.
Poecilothraupis lunulata (not Tanagra lunulata Du Bus) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 241, 1856 — part, Cordilleras of Peru; idem, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 144, 1886— part, Peru.
Poecilothraupis igniventris ignicrissa Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 342 — Maraynioc.
Poecilothraupis lunulata ignicrissa Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1045, 1912 — Maraynioc, Vitoc, Peru; M6negaux, Rev. Franc.
d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Cumpang, Dept. Libertad.
Anisognathus lunulatus ignicrissus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
17, p. 444, 1930 — mountains above Huanuco and Panao, Dept. Huanuco,
Peru (crit.).
Poecilothraupis lunulata intercedens Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1044, 1135, 1912 — northern Peru (type, from Leimabamba, in
coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum).
Range. — Temperate zone of northern and central Peru, from
depts. of Cajamarca and Amazonas south to Junin.
13: Peru (Levanto, 1; mountains east of Balsas, 1; Huanuco
Mountains, 10; Panao Mountains, 1).
Poecilothraupis igniventris igniventris (Lafresnaye and d'Or-
bigny). BOLIVIAN SCARLET- VENTED TANAGER.
Aglaia igniventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type from Apolobamba in Paris
Museum examined).
Tanagra igniventris d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Merid., Ois., p. 275, pi. 25, fig. 2,
1839 — Apolobamba.
Poecilothraupis igniventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 242, 1856 —
Bolivia (diag.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1874, pp. 677, 678— Ccachupata,
Dept. Cuzco, Peru (crit.); idem, I.e., p. 600, 1879— Apolobamba and Tilo-
tilo, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 482, 1884— Peru (Ccachupata
and Quebrada de San Gaban, Carabaya); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 145, 1886— Bolivia (Tilotilo) and Peru (Ccachupata); Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1045, 1912 — southeastern Peru
(Ccachupata, Paucartambo, Marcapata) and Bolivia (Apolobamba,
Tilotilo, Unduavi, Sandillani, Cillutincara, Cocapata); Chapman, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921— above Matchu Picchu, Urubamba,
Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 237, 1923— Apolobamba, Bolivia
(note on type).
Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Peru (Urubamba and
larabaya regions) and Bolivia (depts. of La Paz and Cochabamba).1
1 Specimens from southeastern Peru are identical with a Bolivian series.
Material examined.— Bolivia.: near Aceramarca (alt. 8,000-10,000 feet), 2;
Incachaca, Dept. Cochabamba, 4; Pucyuni, 2; Cocapata, 7; Sandillani, 2; Un-
186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Poecilothraupis lacrymosa melanogenys Salvin and Godman.1
BLACK-CHEEKED TANAGER.
Poecilothraupis melanogenys Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (4), 4, p. 120, pi. 3,
1880 — near San Sebastian, Santa Marta region, Colombia (types in Salvin-
Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 147, 1886— Templado and San Sebastian; Bangs, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 12, p. 179, 1898— Macotama; idem, I.e., 13, p. 104, 1899—
Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, 7,500 to (7)12,000 feet, Colombia; Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, pp. 120, 169, 1900— El Libano and San
Lorenzo; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1046, 1912
— Santa Marta Mountains (San Sebastian, San Lorenzo, El Libano,
"Paramo de Macotama"); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14,
p. 495, 1922 — El Libano, San Lorenzo, Heights of Chirua, San Miguel,
and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (habits).
Range. — Subtropical and Lower Temperate zones of the Santa
Marta Mountains, northern Colombia.
2: Colombia (San Lorenzo, 2).
*Poecilothraupis lacrymosa melanops Berlepsch.2 BLACK-
FACED TANAGER.
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa melanops Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsber., 1, p. 11, 1893
— Merida, Venezuela (type in collection of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frank-
fort Museum); idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1046, 1912
- — Andes of Merida.
Poecilothraupis lacrymosa (not Tanagra palpebrosa Lafresnaye) Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780— Merida; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 146, 1886 — part, spec, a, Me>ida, Venezuela.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Venezuela (Sierra of MeYida).
3: Venezuela (Culata, Me>ida, 1; La Cuchilla, Merida, 1; Rio
Mucujon, 1).
duavi, 3; Cillutincara, 3; Kassiri, 1. — Peru: Paucartambo, 1; Marcapata Valley
(alt. 9,800 feet), 11.
1 Poecilothraupis lacrymosa melanogenys Salvin and Godman, a very distinct
form, differs from the other races by pale blue (near grayish blue- violet) pileum;
deep black sides of the head; green-blue slate (duller in the female) instead of
mainly blackish brown back and rump (the latter not dull violaceous blue);
much clearer (lemon chrome) under parts, etc. There is no trace of a yellow
post-auricular spot. Wing, 95, (female) 91; tail, 86, (female) 80; bill, 15.
Notwithstanding its strongly marked color characters and somewhat stouter
bill, P. I. melanogenys seems to fit well into the specific group related to
P. lacrymosa.
2 Poecilothraupis lacrymosa melanops Berlepsch: Very similar to P. I. palpe-
bralis, but pileum decidedly, and sides of the head slightly darker, more blackish;
back also slightly darker; under parts conspicuously paler, primuline yellow
rather than yellow ocher.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Sierra of Merida, 12.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 187
*Poecilothraupis lacrymosa palpebrosa (Lafresnaye). ORANGE-
BELLIED TANAGER.
Tanagra palpebrosa Lafresnaye,1 Rev. Zool., 10, p. 71, 1847 — Pasto "in
Peruvia" = Colombia (type in coll. of T. B. Wilson, now in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
51, p. 51, 1899).
Anisognathus lacrimosus (not Tachyphonus lacrymosus Du Bus) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855— Bogota.
Poecilothraupis lacrimosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 242, 1856 —
part, descr. and habitat Colombia (Pasto, Bogota); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 73, 1862— New Granada.
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 80 — San Rafael, east side of Volcan Tunguragua, eastern Ecuador;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 146, 1886— part, spec, b, c, d, i-1,
Colombia (Bogota) and Ecuador (San Lucas, "Quito"); Salvadori and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 16, 1899— Pun and Papa-
llacta, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 465 — Papallacta; Menegaux,
Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 99, 1911 —
Oyacachi, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1045, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota" and Pasto); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— Huila, Ecuador.
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa palpebrosa Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 602, 1917 — Colombia (Andes west of Popayan, western Andes; Alma-
guer, Laguneta, and Santa Isabel, central Andes); idem, I.e., 55, p. 668,
1926 — eastern Ecuador (upper Rio Upano, upper Sumaco, above Baeza,
Oyacachi).
[Poecilothraupis palpebrosa} subsp. coerulescens (Berlepsch MS.) Taczanowski
and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 80 (in text) — San Rafael,
Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum).
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa caerulescens Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1046, 1135, 1912— part, Ecuador ("Quito," San Lucas,
Papallacta, Oyacachi, Banos, San Rafael); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark.
Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922— Papallacta.
Poecilothraupis lachrymosa palpebrosa Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
85, p. 37, 1933 (crit.).
Range. — Temperate zone of Colombia (except Santa Marta
region and northern parts of central and western Andes) and eastern
Ecuador.2
2: Colombia (Coast range west of Popayan, Cauca, 2).
1 The type was collected by Adolphe Delattre at Pasto, erroneously ascribed
to Peru instead of to Colombia. The description, "supra ardesiaca" and "subtus
tota macula palpebrae inferae aliaque majore postoculari aurantio flavis," leaves
no doubt as to its referring to the Colombian form with dusky (not bluish-tinged)
upper parts, deep yellow ventral surface, and a large bright yellow spot on the
sides of the neck.
1 In the absence of fresh material I am not quite certain that birds from
the eastern Andes of Colombia are really identical with those from the western
ordillera. Three old "Bogota" skins have the cheeks and auriculars decidedly
188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Poecilothraupis lacrymosa olivaceiceps Berlepsch.1 OLIVE-
HEADED TANAGER.
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa olivaceiceps Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1045, 1135, 1912 — Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia
(type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 602, 1917 — Paramillo, north end
of western Andes, Colombia.
Poecilothraupis lachrymosa olivaceiceps Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
85, p. 37, 1933 (crit.).
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa (not Tanagra palpebrosa Lafresnaye) Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 500 — Santa Elena, Antioquia;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 146, 1886— part, spec, e-h, Santa
Elena; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914— La Camelia,
near Angelopolis, western Andes, Colombia.
Range. — Temperate zone of the northern parts of the western
and central Andes of Colombia (Paramillo; La Camelia, near Angelop-
olis; Santa Elena).
Poecilothraupis lacrymosa subsp.2 BLUE-BACKED TANAGER.
Poecilothraupis lacrymosa (not Tanagra lacrymosa Du Bus) Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 227— Tambillo, Peru.
more olivaceous (less blackish), and the pileum not quite so dark, and a fourth
specimen has about as much olivaceous shading on the head as P. I. olivaceiceps.
Birds from eastern Ecuador, including one from San Rafael (topotypical
caerulescens) , agree with those from the west Colombian Andes in dusky (not
olivaceous) sides of the head, but the post-auricular neck spot is smaller and
of a paler yellow, while the upper back sometimes is slightly more bluish. The
variation seems, however, too insignificant to justify the retention of an ad-
ditional race.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4; Laguneta, central
Andes, 4; Andes west of Popayan, 4. — Ecuador: Papallacta, 7; Banos, Rio Pas-
taza (alt. 8,000 feet), 3; San Rafael, 1; unspecified, 1.
1 Poecilothraupis lacrymosa olivaceiceps Berlepsch : Very similar to P. I. palpe-
brosa, but forecrown, superciliaries, and sides of head tinged with olivaceous;
hind neck and back decidedly paler with a bluish cast; under parts lighter yellow.
Four specimens from Santa Elena may be distinguished by these characters,
when compared with others from Laguneta and Popayan. One "Bogota" skin,
however, has just as much olivaceous shading on the top and sides of the head,
which makes me suspect that the Rio Toche bird listed by Chapman as P. p.
olivaceiceps might be merely an aberrant individual of P. I. palpebrosa.
2 Poecilothraupis lacrymosa subsp.: Similar to P. I. palpebrosa, but crown
and back decidedly tinged with bluish, most strongly so on the pileum, and
under parts paler, less orange. In general coloration of both upper and under
parts, the single bird from Cutervo that we have been able to examine resem-
bles P. I. lacrymosa, but lacks all trace of the yellow post-auricular neck-spot.
If really separable and not merely an intergrade, this form requires a new
name, since P. p. caerulescens bestowed upon it by Berlepsch in 1912 is invali-
dated by the earlier use of the same term by Taczanowski and Berlepsch in 1885
for the east Ecuadorian birds, which I consider to be inseparable from P. I.
palpebrosa.
Material examined. — Peru: Cutervo, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 189
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa (not Tanagra palpebrosa Lafresnaye) Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 194— Cutervo and Tambillo, Peru; idem,
Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 480, 1884— Peru (Tambillo, Cutervo, Paucal); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 146, 1886— part, spec, m, Cutervo.
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa palpebrosa Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
(2), 4, p. 626, 1932— Las Palmas, Cuenca, Ecuador.
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa caerulescens (not of Taczanowski and Berlepsch,
1885) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1046, 1135,
1912 — part, Cutervo, Peru (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in
Frankfort Museum); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 668, 1926
— Taraguacocha and Loja, southwestern Ecuador; Carriker, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, p. 37, 1933— Leimabamba, Peru (crit.).
Range. — Temperate zone of southwestern Ecuador, in provinces
of Azuay, El Oro, and Loja, and northwestern Peru, south to
depts. of Cajamarca (Paucal, Tambillo, Cutervo) and Amazonas
(Leimabamba).
Poecilothraupis lacrymosa lacrymosa (Du Bus).1 JuNfN
TANAGER.
Tachyphonus lacrymosus Du Bus, Esq. Ornith., livr. 2, pi. 10, 1846 — Pure
(type in Brussels Museum).
Poecilothraupis lacrimosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 242,
1856— part, eastern Peru; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 317, 1873 —
Maraynioc (crit.).
Poecilothraupis lachrymosa Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514
— Maraynioc and Higos, Peru.
Poecilothraupis lacrymosa Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 481, 1884 — Maray-
nioc; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 146, 1886— Higos; Berlepsch
and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 342 — Maraynioc; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1046, 1912— central Peru
(Maraynioc, Chilpes, Higos); M£negaux, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 2, p. 10,
1911 — Cumpang, near Tayabamba, Peru.
Poecilothraupis lachrymosa lachrymosa Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
85, p. 37, 1933— Dept. Junin (crit.).
Range. — Temperate zone of eastern Peru, from Dept. Libertad
(Cumpang, east of Tayabamba) south to Junin (Maraynioc,
Higos, Chilpes).
1 Poecilolhraupis lacrymosa lacrymosa (Du Bus) differs from the preceding
races by the absence of the yellow post-auricular neck-spot. It resembles therein
P. I. melanogenys, but may be readily distinguished from the Santa Marta form
by much less bluish dorsal surface, blackish brown rather than deep black sides
of the head, and much deeper yellow under parts. Specimens from Libertad
agree with others from Maraynioc.
Material examined. — Peru: Cumpang (east of Tayabamba), Libertad, 3;
Maraynioc, Junin, 2.
190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Genus BUTHRAUPIS Cabanis
Buthraupis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 29, Oct., 1851 — type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 73, 1855), Aglaia montana Lafresnaye
and d'Orbigny.
Cnemathraupis Penard,1 Auk, 36, p. 538, 1919 — type, by orig. desig., Tanagra
eximia Boissonneau.
Buthraupis montana montana (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
SlLVERY-NAPED MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Aglaia montana Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type from Carcuata, Yungas, in Paris
Museum examined).
Tanagra montana d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 275, pi. 23, fig. 1,
1839 — Mount Biscachal, near Carcuata, Yungas, Bolivia.
Buthraupis montana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 239, 1856 — Yungas,
Bolivia (diag.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 600 — Carcuata, Ramosani,
and Tilotilo, Yungas [of La Paz], Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 148, 1886— Tilotilo and Ramosani, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1046, 1912 — Bolivia (Tilotilo, Ramosani,
Cocapata, San Cristobal, Pucyuni, Chaco, Cillutincara, Sandillani, Tanam-
paya, Pasana, Biscachal near Carcuata); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p.
236, 1923— Carcuata, Bolivia (note on type).
Range. — Temperate zone of Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz).2
Buthraupis montana saturata Berlepsch and Stolzmann.3 SOUTH
PERUVIAN MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Buthraupis cucullata saturata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 80, 110,
1906 — Idma (Urubamba) and Marcapata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type, from
Idma, in coll. of Count Branicki, now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman
and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 184, 1927);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1047, 1912— south-
eastern Peru ("Santa Ana" [ = Idma], Huasampilla, "Cosnipata," Mar-
capata); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921— Occobamba
Valley and Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru.
1 1 do not see any necessity for the generic separation of T. eximia, the existing
structural divergencies being, in my opinion, good specific characters.
2 Material examined. — Bolivia: Pucyuni, 2; Cocapata, 5; San Cristobal, 6;
Sandillani, 3; Tanampaya, 1; Pasana, 2; Chaco, 2; Cillutincara, 2; Carcuata, 1.
3 Buthraupis montana saturata Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Nearest to B. m.
cucullata, but blue of upper parts brighter and less violaceous; black of head
more restricted both above and below; yellow of under surface somewhat deeper; \
billjsmaller. Wing (male), 130; tail, 89; bill, 31.
By the brighter blue dorsal surface with shorter black hood and the smaller
bill this race connects the "cucullata" group with B. montana, but lacks the
silvery blue nuchal collar, which forms such a striking feature in the
Bolivian bird.
Material examined. — Peru: Marcapata Valley (alt. 10,000 feet), 2; Limbani, !
Carabaya, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 191
Buthraupis cucullata (not Tanagra cucullata Jardine and Selby) Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 185, 186— Huasampilla, Dept.
Cuzco; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 780 — Huasampilla (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn.
Pe>., 2, p. 483, 1884 — part, Huasampilla and "Cosnipata"; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 148, 1886 — part, spec, k, 1, Huasampilla.
Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Peru, in Dept. of Cuzco
(Huasampilla, Idma, Occobamba Valley, Torontoy, Marcapata
Valley).
*Buthraupis montana cyanonota Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1
BLUE-BACKED MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Buthraupis cucullata cyanonota Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 342 — Maraynioc, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw
Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 6, p. 184, 1927); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1047, 1912 — northern and central Peru (Leimabamba, Maraynioc,
Montanas de Pangoa, Santiago); Me'ne'gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p.
10, 1911 — Cumpang, east of Tayabamba, Dept. Libertad.
Buthraupis cucullata (not Tanagra cucullata Jardine and Selby) Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 513 — Maraynioc and Higos, Dept. Junin;
idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 483, 1884 — part, Maraynioc and Montanas del
Pangoa, Santiago; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 148, 1886— part,
spec, j, Higos.
Range. — Temperate zone of northern and central Peru, from
Dept. Amazonas (Leimabamba) south to Junin.
1: Peru (Cumpang, near Tayabamba, Libertad, 1).
Buthraupis montana cucullata (Jardine and Selby). HOODED
MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Tanagra cucullata Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., (n.s.), Part 8, pi. 43, 1842
— "supposed to have been received from the vicinity of Buenos Ayres or
Bolivia," errore; we suggest Andes of Quito, Ecuador (type in coll. of Mr.
Carfrae, Edinburgh).8
Buthraupis cucullata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 239, 1856 — part,
descr. and hab. Ecuador (vicinity of Quito); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 73, 1862 — part, spec, c, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1 Buthraupis montana cyanonota Berlepsch and Stolzmann is apparently very
close to B. m. saturata, from which it seems to differ by somewhat duller blue
dorsal surface with the black of the head more extended, less intensely yellow
under parts, and larger bill. Wing, 141, (female) 131; tail, 93 H, (female) 88;
bill, 32-33.
Not having at present any examples of this race, we are unable to give a more
satisfactory diagnosis of its distinguishing characters.
* The collection of Mr. Carfrae also supplied the type of Aglaia erylhrotus
likewise ascribed to the "district of Buenos Aires," which we have shown to be
an earlier name for Poecilothraupis igniventris atricrissa Cabanis, another Ecua-
dorian species. We may, thus, assume that the specimen of T. cucullata Jardine
and Selby originated in Ecuador, too.
192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Lond., 1879, p. 500 — Concordia, western Andes, Colombia; Taczanowski
and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 80— San Rafael, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 148, 1886 — part, spec, e-i, Antioquia and Ecuador
("Sarayacu," Chiquinda); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
14, No. 357, p. 17, 1899— Ecuador (Pun, "Nanegal," "Intac," Pelagallo);
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 465 — west side of Pichincha and Papallacta,
Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat.,
9, p. B. 99, 1911 — Piscopata, Oyacachi, and "Quito"; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1047, 1912 — Ecuador ("Quito," "Nane-
gal," "Intaj," Pichincha, Papallacta, San Rafael, "Sarayacu"); Lonnberg
and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922— below Lloa, Ecuador.
Buthraupis cucullata cucullata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 603,
1917 — Colombia (Cerro Munchique and Cocal, western Andes; Almaguer,
Laguneta, and Santa Isabel, central Andes); idem, I.e., 55, p. 668, 1926 —
Ecuador (Pichincha, Loja, Rio Upano, upper Sumaco, above Baeza, below
Papallacta, and below Oyacachi).
Buthraupis cucullata intermedia Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 343 (in text) — Ecuador (type, from San Rafael, in
Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol.
Hist. Nat., 6, p. 184, 1927).
Range. — Temperate zone of Ecuador and of the western and
central Andes of Colombia.1
*Buthraupis montana gigas (Bonaparte).2 GIANT MOUNTAIN
TANAGER.
Dubusia gigas Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 171, 1851 — Santa-Fe-de-
Bogota, Colombia (type in Paris Museum).
Buthraupis cucullata (not Tanagra cucullata Jardine and Selby) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 239, 1856
—part, New Grenada, Bogota; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 73, 1862—
part, spec, a, b, Bogota; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 148, 1886
— part, spec, a-d, Bogota.
Buthraupis cucullata gigas Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1047, 1912 — part, Bogota, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 603, 1917— El Pinon, eastern Andes, Colombia.
Tanagra montana (not Aglaia montana Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Lesson,
Echo du Monde Sav., llth annee, 2nd sem., No. 3, p. 56, July 11,
1844— (crit.).
Buthraupis montana Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 29, 1851 — Colombia.
Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia.
3: Colombia (Paramo de Tama, 3).
1 Material examined. — Colombia: Cocal, western Andes, 2; Santa Isabel,
central Andes, 2.— Ecuador: west side of Pichincha, 9; Papallacta, 5.
2 Buthraupis montana gigas (Bonaparte): Similar to B. m. cucullata, but above
much duller and less purplish, dull Tyrian blue rather than grayish violet-blue.
Although this form is generally easily recognizable, certain specimens, in the
color of the upper parts, are intermediate to cucullata.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 10.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 193
*Buthraupis eximia exirnia (Boissonneau). BLUE-RUMPED
MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Tanagra eximia Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 66, 1840 — Santa-Fe-de-Bogota,
Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.;cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 404, 1930) ;> Bonaparte,
Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 239, 1850— Bogota.
Tanagra (Saltator) eximia Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., llth ann£e, 2nd
s6m., No. 3, p. 57, July 11, 1844— Colombia (crit.).
Buthraupis eximia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 29, 1851 — Colombia; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855— Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 240,
1856— Bogotd (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 73, 1862— Bogota;
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 149, 1886— Bogota; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1048, 1912— Bogota.
Buthraupis eximia eximia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 604,
1917 — eastern Andes of Colombia (El Pifion, Palo Hueco).
Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia.2
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
"Buthraupis eximia chloronota Sclater. GREEN-BACKED MOUN-
TAIN TANAGER.
Buthraupis chloronota Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 97, pi.
64, pub. April 5, 1855 — "in rep. Equatoriana" (type in coll. of E. and J.
Verreaux, present location unknown); idem, I.e., 24, p. 240,1856 — vicinity
of Quito, Ecuador (descr.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 551, 1858 — Matos, Ecuador;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 73, 1862 — Matos; Taczanowski and Ber-
lepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 80— San Rafael, Ecuador; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 148, 1886— Ecuador (Matos, Intag, Sical,
"Sarayacu"); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 465 — west side of Pichincha,
Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat.,
9, p. B. 100, 1911 — "Macas," Pichincha, and Pongo, Ecuador; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1047, 1912— Ecuador (Quito,
Matos, Intag, Sical, Pichincha, Pongo, "Macas," San Rafael, "Sarayacu");
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 85, 1922— below Lloa,
Ecuador.
Buthraupis eximia chloronota Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 603,
1917 — western and central Andes of Colombia (Paramillo, Santa Isabel,
Almaguer); idem, I.e., 55, p. 669, 1926 — Yanacocha, Ecuador; Berlioz,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928 — Cerro Mojanda, Ecuador;
idem, I.e., (2), 4, p. 241, 1932— Escudilla, eastern Ecuador.
Range. — Temperate zone of Ecuador (both slopes) and of the
western and central Andes of Colombia.3
1: Ecuador (Pichincha, 1).
1 Another alleged type acquired from Boissonneau in 1841 is in the Vienna
Museum.
2 Twelve specimens from "Bogota" examined.
3 Birds from the two slopes of Ecuador and two skins from Paramillo, north
?nd of the western Andes of Colombia, have the back and rump entirely green,
194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Genus BANGSIA Penard1
Bangsia Penard, Auk, 36, p. 539, 1919 — type, by orig. desig., Buthraupis
caeruleigularis Ridgway.
Bangsia arcaei caeruleigularis (Ridgway).2 CHERRIE'S TANAGER.
Buthraupis caeruleigularis (Cherrie MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
16, p. 609, 1893 — Buena Vista [San Carlos River], Costa Rica (type in
U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 34,
1902 — Buena Vista (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 865,
1910 — Carrfllo, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, and La Hondura, Costa Rica
(crit., habits).
Buthraupis coeruleigularis Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1048, 1912— Buena Vista, Costa Rica.
Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Costa Rica (around the
northeastern slopes of the volcanoes of Turrialba, Irazu, Barba,
and Poas).
Bangsia arcaei arcaei (Sclater and Salvin). ARCH'S TANAGER.
Buthraupis arcaei Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 439,
pi. 31 — Cordillera del Chucu, Veraguas (types in Salvin-Godman Col-
lection, now in British Museum); Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 187 — Cordillera
del Chucu; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 276, 1883—
Cordillera del Chucu and Calobre, Veraguas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 149, 1886— same localities; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 33, 1902 — same localities (monog.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1048, 1912 — same localities.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Panama (Cordillera del Chucii
and Calobre, Veraguas).3
while those from the central Andes show slight traces of blue on some of the
uropygial feathers, thus pointing to B. e. eximia. Moore (Amer. Mus. Nov.,
715, pp. 2, 3, April 20, 1934) separates the inhabitants of the western and
central Andes of Colombia as B. e. zimmeri (type from Paramillo in the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History, New York), and describes still another race,
B. e. cyanocalyptra from south-central Ecuador (type from San Luis, near Mount
Sangay, in coll. of R. T. Moore).
Nineteen specimens, including seven from Colombia, examined.
1 Bangsia Penard: Similar to Buthraupis, but bill longer and more slender;
tail comparatively much shorter (being about one-half or a little more than one-
half as long as wing) and less rounded; wing relatively longer and more pointed.
2 Bangsia arcaei caeruleigularis (Ridgway): Similar to B. a. arcaei, but the
sides and flanks are extensively and uniformly dusky-bluish instead of merely
clouded with dusky.
Material examined. — Costa Rica: Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, 2.
3 Material examined. — Panama: Calobre, Veraguas, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 195
Bangsia rothschildi (Berlepsch).1 ROTHSCHILD'S TANAGER.
Buthraupis rothschildi Berlepsch, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. iii, Oct., 1897 —
Cachavi, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 5, p. 482, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1898— Cachavi, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1110 (in text) — Cachabf and Rio Pichiayacu,
Ecuador (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1048,
1912 — same localities; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 604,
1917 — Rio Andagueda (sources of the Rio Atrato), Colombia.
Bangsia rothschildi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 669, 1926 —
Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Colombia (Rio Andagueda,
sources of the Rio Atrato) and northwestern Ecuador (Cachavi
and Rio Pichiayacu, Prov. Esmeraldas).
Bangsia melanochlamys (Hellmayr).2 BLACK-MANTLED TANAGER.
Buthraupis melanochlamys Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 25, p. 112, June,
1910 — La Selva, Rio Jamaraya, western Andes, Colombia (type in Munich
Museum); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1109 — La Selva; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1048, 1912— La Selva;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 604, 1917 — La Frijolera, above
Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Colombia (La Selva, Rio
Jamaraya, sources of the Rio San Juan, western Andes; La Frijolera,
above Puerto Valdivia, west slope of central Andes).
1 Bangsia rothschildi (Berlepsch) : Nearly allied to B. a. arcaei, but the under
parts, with the exception of a light cadmium patch on the foreneck and the lemon
yellow anal region and under tail coverts, are black, more or less glossed with
purplish blue. Besides, the upper parts are deeper black, though similarly glossed
on the back, wing and tail coverts. Wing, 94, (female) 88; tail, 53, (female)
51; bill, 15.
This tanager is probably conspecific with B. arcaei. Both are, however, so
little known that further speculation on their relationship seems premature.
Material examined. — Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas: Cachavi, 1; Rio
Pichiayacu, 3.
2 Bangsia melanochlamys (Hellmayr): Related to B. a. arcaei and B. roths-
childi, but lesser and median upper wing coverts pale blue, forming a large humeral
patch; head, mantle, and scapulars deep (velvety) black with a faint silky gloss;
lower rump and upper tail coverts pale blue, rather duller than the humeral area;
under parts much as in B. a. arcaei except that the sides and flanks are extensively
black (more blackish slate posteriorly). Wing (female), 90; tail, 53; bill, 15.
In opposition to B. arcaei and B. rothschildi, both of which are peculiar to
the tropical lowlands, this tanager has been taken only in the lower Subtropical
zone. The type was obtained by Mervyn G. Palmer at La Selva (4,600 feet),
near the headwaters of the Rio San Juan, on the western slope of the western
Andes. Three additional specimens were subsequently secured by Miller and
Boyle at La Frijolera (alt. 5,000 feet), on the western slope of the central Andes
above Puerto Valdivia on the lower Cauca. The pale blue patch on the wing
and the similarly colored uropygial area render this bird easily recognizable
among its affines, from which it appears to be specifically distinct.
Material examined. — Colombia: La Selva, Rio Jamaraya. 1 (the type).
196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Bangsia ed wards! (Elliot).1 MiLNE-EowARDS's TANAGER.
Buthraupis edwardsi Elliot, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1, Bull., p. 77, pi. 4,
fig. 2, 1865 — "Nouvelle Grenade" (descr. of female; type in Paris Museum
examined); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 307 — Esmeraldas and Chillo, Quito
Valley, on the western slope of Antisana, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 150, 1886— "Pasto," Ecuador [ = Colombia]; Hellmayr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1111 (in text) — Ecuador and Colombia
(range); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1048, 1912—
Ecuador ("Quito") and Colombia ("Pasto"); Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 604, 1917 — Buenavista and Ricaurte, Narino, Colom-
bia; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 442, 1932— Valley of Tum-
baco and Huila, Ecuador (crit.).
Bangsia edwardsi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 669, 1926 — Huila
and Rio Blanco, near Mindo, Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical and Lower Subtropical zone of southwestern
Colombia (Buenavista and Ricaurte, Narino) and northwestern
Ecuador (Esmeraldas; Chillo; Tumbaco; Huila; Rio Blanco,
below Mindo).
• ' •
Bangsia aureocincta (Hellmayr).2 GOLDEN-NECKED TANAGER.
Buthraupis aureocincta Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 25, p. Ill, June, 1910 —
Tatama Mountain, near the sources of the Rio San Juan, western Andes,
Colombia (type in Munich Museum); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,
p. 1110 — Tatama Mountain; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1048, 1912 — Tatama Mountain; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 604, 1917— Novita Trail, western Andes, Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the western Andes of Colombia
(Mount Tatama, alt. 6,700 feet; Novita Trail, alt. 7,200 feet).
1 Bangsia edwardsi (Elliot) is well characterized by its green general color-
ation, bright yellow pectoral patch, and pale blue sides of the head. Adult
males have the pileum, lores, and throat black.
The locality "Pasto" is obviously inaccurate, this species being a bird of
the tropical and subtropical forests. Specimens from "Quito" collections certainly
did not come from the immediate vicinity of that city, but are more likely to
have been obtained on the wooded slopes of the Pacific side at lower altitudes.
Material examined. — Ecuador: Rio Blanco, below Mindo, 4; Huila, Mindo,
3; unspecified, 1.
2 Bangsia aureocincta (Hellmayr): Adult male similar to B. edwardsi, but
orbicular region and auriculars glossy black like the pileum, bounded posteriorly
by a broad bright yellow band which descends the sides of the neck and joins a
similarly colored malar stripe; large chin-spot pale yellow, etc. Bill black, lower
mandible yellow (as in B. edwardsi). Wing (male), 93; tail, 60; bill, 14. No
female seen.
In spite of the striking difference in the coloration of the sides of the head,
this species, in other respects, is so much like B. edwardsi that it may yet prove
to be its northern representative.
Material examined. — Colombia: Tatama Mountain, 1 (the type).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 197
Genus DUBUSIA Bonaparte
Dubusia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 424, 1850 — type,
by virtual orig. desig.,1 Dubusia selysia Bonaparte =Tanagra selysia
Bonaparte.
*Dubusia taeniata taeniata (Boissonneau). BUFF-BREASTED
MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Tanagra (Tachyphonus) taeniata Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 57, 1840 —
Santa-F6-de-Bogota, Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;2 cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 405, 1930).
Tanagra selysia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 239, 1850 — Quito,
Ecuador (type in Leiden Museum).
Dubusia selysia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 424, 1850
(crit.); idem, I.e., 32, p. 81, 1851 (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 237. 1856 — vicinity of Quito, Ecuador (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 74, 1862— Ecuador.
Dubusia taeniata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 — Bogota;
idem, I.e., 24, p. 237, 1856— Bogota (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 74, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 500 — Santa Elena, Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884,
p. 289— Cechce, Ecuador (crit.); idem, I.e., 1885, p. 81— San Rafael, Ecua-
dor; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 152, 1886— Colombia (Bogota,
Santa Elena) and Ecuador (Sical, Quito); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 51, p. 307, 1899— vicinity of Bogota; Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 17, 1899— Pun, Ecuador; Goodfellow,
Ibis, 1901, p. 466 — Pichincha and Papallacta, Ecuador; Mene'gaux, Miss.
Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 100, 1911— Lloa,
Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1049, 1912—
Colombia (Bogota, Antioquia) and Ecuador (Quito, Sical, Lloa, Cechce,
Pichincha, Papallacta, San Rafael, Pun); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 606, 1917— Colombia (Andes west of Popayan, western
Andes; El Pinon, Fusugasuga, Subia); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark.
Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 85, 1922— Chinguil, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 55, p. 672, 1926 — Ecuador (Hacienda Garzon, Yanacocha,
Taraguacocha, Macas region, upper Sumaco, above Baeza, Papallacta,
Oyacachi); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— Cerro
Mojanda, Ecuador; idem, I.e., (2), 4, p. 241, 1932 — Yunguilla, eastern
Ecuador; idem, I.e., p. 627, 1932— El Portete de Tarqui, Cuenca, Ecuador.
Range. — Temperate zone of western Venezuela (Sierra of MeYida),
Colombia (except Santa Marta region), and Ecuador.3
3: Colombia (Bogota, 2); Venezuela (Rio Mucujon, 1).
1 Although a number of other species are mentioned as pertaining to the
jenus, only the above is listed in combination with the new generic title.
2 Another alleged type received from Boissonneau in 1841 is in the Vienna
Museum.
3 Ecuadorian specimens I am unable to separate satisfactorily from a series
)f Bogotd skins. A single adult male from Culata (alt. 10,000 feet), Merida,
198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Dubusia taeniata stictocephala Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1
MARAYNIOC MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Dubusia stictocephala Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 386, 1894 —
Maraynioc, Dept. Junin, Peru (cotypes in Berlepsch Collection, now in
Frankfort Museum, and in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domani-
ewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 184, 1927); idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 343, pi. 13— Maraynioc; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1049, 1912 — Peru (Maraynioc, Pariayacu,
Huarmipaycha); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921—
Occobamba Valley, Urubamba, Peru.
Range. — Temperate zone of Peru, from Junin (Maraynioc,
Pariayacu, Huarmipaycha) to Cuzco (Occobamba Valley,
Urubamba).
Genus TEPHROPHILUS Moore2
Tephrophilus Moore, Auk, 51, p. 1, 1934 — type, by orig. desig., Tephrophilus
wetmorei Moore.
Tephrophilus wetmorei Moore.3 WETMORE'S MOUNTAIN
TANAGER.
Tephrophilus wetmorei Moore, Auk, 51, p. 1, pi. 1, 1934 — southeastern end of
Culebrillas Valley, northwest of Mount Sangay, Ecuador (type in coll.
of Robert T. Moore, Pasadena).
collected by S. Briceno on March 16, 1910 (Frankfort Museum), does not
differ either.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 11. — Venezuela: Culata,
Me>ida, 1. — Ecuador: Pichincha, 4; Lloa, 2; "Quito," 3; Pun, 1; San Rafael, 1;
Papallacta, 1.
1 Dubusia taeniata stictocephala Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Similar to D. t.
taeniata, but feathers of all the pileum and hind neck (not only those on forehead
and superciliary region) largely tipped with pale blue; buffy pectoral band narrower
as well as interrupted medially; under tail coverts yellowish instead of warm buff;
blue of the back not so dark, etc. Wing (males), 92-95; tail, 87; bill, 17.
Material examined. — Peru: Maraynioc, 2.
2 Genus Tephrophilus Moore: Bill short, stout, slightly broader than deep;
culmen straight for basal two-thirds, distinctly convex terminally, the tip of the
maxilla slightly uncinate, with a distinct tomial notch behind point, and sulcate,
the groove being parallel with the culmen; maxillary tomium swollen and slightly
convex at base, straight or slightly concave towards tip; mandible shallower than
maxilla, sharply compressed terminally; nostrils exposed, oval; rictal bristles
distinct; wing about two and a half to three times the length of the tarsus, rounded;
first primary (from without) shortest, fourth primary the longest, third and fifth
primaries about equal to third; tail nearly as long as wing, strongly rounded;
tarsus unusually strong and long, about four times the length of maxilla from
nostril to tip; feet, toes, and claws unusually strong and powerful, much heavier
than in Buthraupis. (Condensed from R. T. Moore.)
From the long description it does not clearly result to which other group
this genus is most closely related. The wing formula seems to be the same as in
Dubusia, while other characters point to affinities with Compsocoma.
3 Tephrophilus wetmorei Moore: Crown and back yellowish citrine, each feather
finely bordered with blackish, and passing into wax yellow on the forehead; rump
bright yellow; chin, sides of throat, and sides of head deep black, surmounted by
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 199
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Ecuador (Culebrillas Valley,
near Mount Sangay).
Genus COMPSOCOMA Cabanis
Compsocoma Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 140, Oct., 1851 — type, by subs,
desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 72, 1855), Tachyphonus victorini
Lafresnaye.
Compsocoma flavinucha venezuelana Hellmayr.1 VENEZUELAN
MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Compsocoma somptuosa venezuelana Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 11, p.
317, Dec., 1913 — La Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (type in
Munich Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 184, 1924—
Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Venezuela; Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160,
pp. 13, 14, 1925— Galipan, near Caracas.
Compsocoma sumptuosa (not Tachyphonus sompluosus Lesson) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 238, 1856— part, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin,
I.e., 1868, p. 167— Caracas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 151,
1886 — part, subsp. typica, spec, a, b, Caracas; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1049, 1912 — part, Venezuela ("Puerto
Cabello," Caracas, "Caripe").
Compsocoma somptuosa somptuosa Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78,
A, Heft 5, p. 60, 1912 — San Esteban and Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo.
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, in Dept.
Federal (Caracas; Galipan, Cerro del Avila) and State of Carabobo,
(San Esteban; La Cumbre de Valencia).
a broad bright yellow band joining the yellow of the forehead; remainder of
under parts bright (empire) yellow, the sides and flanks marked with dusky or
blackish V-shaped spots; tibial feathers, upper and under tail coverts dark Warbler
green; lesser upper wing coverts light blue violet, forming a conspicuous patch;
remaining wing coverts slate black, externally edged with light violet blue; remiges
and rectrices slate black; under wing coverts and axillaries dark gray. Bill black,
lower mandible pale mazarine blue with extreme tip blackish; legs and feet black.
Wing, 101-105; tail, 88-93; tarsus, 34-35; bill (exposed culmen), 14-15 (compiled
from Moore's description and colored figure).
In certain details of coloration this bird obviously offers much analogy with
Compsocoma notabilis (Sclater).
1 Compsocoma flavinucha venezuelana Hellmayr: Exceedingly similar to, and
agreeing with, C. /. somptuosa in the pale cerulean blue margins to wing and tail
feathers, but uropygial area decidedly brighter, olive green rather than brownish
olive, less extensive and less "solid," being more profusely barred with dusky;
upper tail coverts largely black with narrow olive green edges; bill markedly
slenderer, though not constantly shorter. Wing, 87-92; tail, 67-73; bill, 16-17.
The close resemblance of this form to the widely separated Peruvian race
offers an interesting parallel to other species of similar distribution (e.g., Tanagra
xanthogaster ruficeps and T. x. exsul, etc.). Though single individuals sometimes
run pretty close, the racial characters are quite noticeable on comparison of series.
Birds from the Caracas region agree with those from the Cumbre de Valencia.
A single example, marked "Carip6, Jan., 1894" by A. Mocquerys, in the Tring
Collection is most probably incorrectly labeled.
Material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 8; Caracas, 2;
San Esteban, 2; Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 46.
200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
"Compsocoma flavinucha victorini (Lafresnaye). GREEN-
BACKED MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Tach[yphonus] victorini (Massena MS.) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 336,
1842 — Santa-F6-de-Bogota, "Bolivia" = Colombia (type in coll. of F. de
Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;
cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 404, 1930).
[Tachyphonus] flavi-vertex Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 336 (in text), 1842
(substitute for T. victorini Lafresnaye).
Tachyphonus elegans Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., llth annee, 2nd sem.,
No. 3, p. 57, July 11, 1844— Colombia (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille,
Bordeaux).1
Tanagra victorini Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 239, 1850— Bogot&
(diag.).
Compsocoma victorini Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 140, 1851— Santa-Fe-de-
Bogota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, pp. 84, 157, 1855— Bogota;
I.e., 24, p. 238, 1856— Bogota (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 73,
1862 — Bogota; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 291, 1884 — Bucaramanga,
Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 150, 1886 — part, spec, a-e,
Bogota; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887— Bogota; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1049, 1912— part, Colombia
(Bogota, Bucaramanga); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No.
25, p. 85, 1922— "Mindo," errore.
Compsocoma somptuosa victorini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 605,
1917— near San Agustin, La Palma, La Candela, El Roble, and Subia,
Colombia (crit.); idem, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, pp. 13, 14, 1925 (range).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia (western slope
of eastern Andes and eastern slope of central Andes, at head of
Magdalena Valley).2
3: Colombia (La Candela, Huila, 1; San Agustin, Huila, 1;
Bogota, 1).
Compsocoma flavinucha baezae Chapman.3 BAEZA MOUN-
TAIN TANAGER.
1 The description of the upper parts ("le vert pr£ du manteau et du dos,
passant au vert clair sur le croupion et sur les tectrices superieures"), taken in
conjunction with the habitat, leaves no possible doubt that T. elegans is the same
as T. victorini.
2 Specimens from the head of the Magdalena Valley, by somewhat darker
back and slightly deeper blue wing edgings, betray a certain tendency in the
direction of C. /. antioquiae.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bucaramanga, 1; Bogota, 11;
La Candela, 2; near San Agustin, 1.
3 Compsocoma flavinucha baezae Chapman: Nearest to C. /. victorini, but back
decidedly darker and more olivaceous, hellebore green rather than grass green,
the feathers frequently fringed with blackish, the nuchal region more suffused
with black; similar also to C. /. antioquiae, but back greener and margins to wings
and tail lighter, King's blue rather than cadet blue.
Material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: Machay, 4; Baeza, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR
Compsocoma sompluosa baezae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 13,
1925 — Baeza, eastern Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 671, 1926—
Baeza (crit.).
Compsocoma victorini (not Tachyphonus victorini Lafresnaye) Taczanowski
and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 80 — Machay, Ecuador
(crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 150, 1886— part, spec, f, eastern
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 465 — "western Andes [of Ecuador]
at altitudes of from 9,000 to 12,000 feet," errore; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1049, 1912 — part, eastern Ecuador (Machay).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Baeza, Machay).
Compsocoma flavinucha antioquiae Berlepsch.1 ANTIOQUIA
MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Compsocoma sumptuosa antioquiae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1049, 1135, 1912 — Antioquia [ = Santa Elena], Colombia (type
in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Compsocoma somptuosa antioquiae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 605, 1917— Paramillo Trail, Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, El Eden, and
Rio Tochd, Colombia (crit.); idem, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, pp. 13, 14,
1925 (range; crit.).
Compsocoma sumptuosa (not Tachyphonus somptuosus Lesson) Sclater and Sal-
vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 500— Retire, Medellin, and Santa
Elena, Antioquia, Colombia (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
151, 1886 — part, "intermediates," spec, a-d, Santa Elena and Retiro,
Antioquia; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914 — La
Camelia, near Angelopolis, western Andes, Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the northern end of the western
and central Andes of Colombia, south to about the latitude of
Cartago and Ibagiie.
*Compsocoma flavinucha cyanoptera Cabanis.2 BLUE-WINGED
MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
1 Compsocoma flavinucha antioquiae Berlepsch: Very similar to C. f. cyanoptera,
but interscapular region tinged with greenish; rump green; the external margins
to wing and tail feathers decidedly lighter blue (King's blue). Wing, 96-100;
tail, 76-80; bill, 17.
Material examined. — Colombia, Antioquia: Santa Elena, 1; Retiro, 3;
unspecified, 2.
J Compsocoma flavinucha cyanoptera Cabanis: Differs from C. f. somptuosa
in having the margins to rectrices and remiges much darker, cadet blue instead
of pale cerulean blue; the yellow crown patch more extensive; the rump nearly
black or very dark olive green.
Birds from the western Andes of Colombia (Rio Lima, Cauca) have the wing
edgings not quite so dark as Ecuadorian specimens, but in other respects agree
with the latter. Those from the west slope of the central Andes (Miraflores, Salento)
are, according to Chapman, even more intermediate to antioquiae.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Rio Lima, western Andes, 3. —
Ecuador: Salvator, Rio Saloya, Pichincha, 1; Gualea, 3; Chaguarpata, 1; Cayan-
deled, 4; Niebli, 6; unspecified, 3.
202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Compsocoma cyanoptera Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 235, 1866 — Ecuador
(type in Berlin Museum); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
14, No. 357, p. 17, 1899— Tambo de Yerba Buena and Niebli,
Ecuador (crit.).
Compsocoma sumptuosa (not Tachyphonus somptuosus Lesson) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 84, 1855— part, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 24, p. 238,
1856 — part, "vicinity of Quito," Ecuador; idem, I.e., 27, p. 139, 1859 —
Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 86, 1860 — above Puellaro, Ecuador;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 465 — "Papallacta, eastern Andes" [of Ecuador],
errore.
Compsocoma sumptuosa cyanoptera Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 546— Cayandeled, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 289—
Cayandeled and Chaguarpata, Ecuador (crit.); Menegaux, Miss. Serv.
Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 100, 1911— Pelegallo,
Jungilla, and Gualea, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1050, 1912 — western Ecuador ("Quito," Cayandeled, Cha-
guarpata, Gualea, Nanegal, Tambo de Yerba Buena, Niebli, "Baiza")
and Colombia (Pasto); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 605,
1917 — San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, La Florida, Gallera, Cocal, La
Sierra, Miraflores, and Salento, western and central Andes, Colombia
(crit.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 85, 1922—
road to Nanegal, Mindo, and Canchacoto, Ecuador (crit.); Berlioz, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 32, p. 75, 1928 — Alaguincho, Ecuador.
Compsocoma somptuosa cyanoptera Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, pp. 13,
14, 1925 (crit., range); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 670, 1926—
Pagma Forest, Gualea, Pallatanga, and Quito, Ecuador (crit.).
Compsocoma somptuosa antioquiae (not of Berlepsch) Hellmayr, Verh. Orn.
Ges. Bay., 11, p. 318, 1913— part, Rio Lima, Cauca.
Compsocoma sumptuosa b. subsp. cyanoptera Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 151, 1886— Ecuador ("Quito," "Baisa") and Colombia (Pasto).
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Colombia (western Andes
and west slope of central Andes, excepting the northern end) and
western Ecuador, north of the Rio Chimbo.
5: Colombia (Castilla Mountains, 1; Zapata, 1; Miraflores,
west slope of central Andes, 2; Los Jambos, 1).
Compsocoma flavinucha alamoris Chapman.1 ALAMOR MOUN-
TAIN TANAGER.
Compsocoma somptuosa alamoris Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 12,
1925 — Alamor, southwestern Ecuador (type in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 670,
1 Compsocoma flavinucha alamoris Chapman: "Similar to C. /. antioquiae, but
smaller (wing, 89 against 97 mm.); resembling C. f. cyanoptera, but wings and
tail margined with lighter blue (King's blue rather than cadet blue), the foreback
more or less mixed with green, and rump greener." (Chapman, I.e.) We are
not acquainted with this race discriminated by Chapman and Berlioz. It appears
to represent the allied forms in southwestern Ecuador.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 203
1926 — southwestern Ecuador (El Chiral, Zaruma, San Bartolo, Salvias,
Alamor, Celica).
Compsocoma sumptuosa alamoris Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2),
4, p. 626, 1932— El Portete de Tarqui, Cuenca (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Ecuador, from the
vicinity of Cuenca south to Province of Loja.
*Compsocoma flavinucha somptuosa (Lesson). BLUE-SHOUL-
DERED MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Tachyphonus somptuosus Lesson, Trait£ d'Orn., p. 463, 1831 — no locality
indicated (the type, examined in the Paris Museum, was collected by
Ajassou in Peru); Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 379, pi.
23, 1855— Peru (crit.).
Tachyphonus flavinucha (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tschudi, Arch.
Naturg., 10, (1), p. 288, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 208, 1846 — wooded valleys of eastern Peru between 9° and 10°
lat. south.
Tanagra sumptuosus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 239, 1850 —
"Columbia," errore (ex Lesson).
Compsocoma elegans (not Tachyphonus elegans Lesson) Cabanis, Mus. Hein.,
1, p. 140, 1851— Peru (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 74,
1862- Peru.
Compsocoma sumptuosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 84, 1855 — part,
Peru; idem, I.e., 24, p. 238, 1856— part, Peru; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 74, 1862 — "Peruvian Amazon"; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1874, p. 513 — Paltaypampa and Auquimarca, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p.
13 — Chirimoto, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 484, 1884 — Peru (Auquimarca,
Paltaypampa, Chirimoto); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 343— Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru; Men6gaux, Rev. Prang.
d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Cueva Seca, near Tayabamba, Peru; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1049, 1912— part, Peru (Chiri-
moto, Chachapoyas, Ray-urmana, Auquimarca, Paltaypampa, Garita
del Sol).
Compsocoma sumptuosa a. subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 1 1, p. 151,
1886 — part, spec, c-g, eastern Ecuador (San Lucas, "San Jos6") and Peru.
Compsocoma sumptuosa sumptuosa Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 —
Charapi, northern Peru.
Compsocoma somptuosa somptuosa Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, pp. 13,
14, 1925— Peru and southeastern Ecuador (crit.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 669, 1926— southeastern Ecuador (Sabanilla, Zamora) and
Peru (Chaupe, Chelpes).
Range. — Subtropical zone of extreme southeastern Ecuador
(Rio Zamora) and eastern Peru, south to Dept. Junin.1
1 1 cannot perceive any constant difference between birds from northern and
central Peru, though the former possibly have the yellow crown patch more
extended. The edges to the remiges are of the same pale cerulean blue hue as
in C. /. flavinucha, which differs, however, by the reduction of the yellow nuchal
204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
2: Peru (Cueva Seca, Rio Tocache, San Martin, 1; Piquitambo,
Rio Tocache, San Martin, 1).
Compsocoma flavinucha flavinucha (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
YELLOW-NAPED MOUNTAIN TANAGER.
Tachyphonus flavinucha Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag.
Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 29, 1837— Yungas, Bolivia (type in the Paris Museum
examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Am6r. Merid., Ois., p. 279, pi. 21, fig. 1,
1839 — Chupe, Irupana, and Suri, Yungas of La PB.Z, Bolivia.
Tanagra flavinucha Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 239, 1850 — Bolivia.
Compsocoma flavinucha Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 140, 1851 — Bolivia; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 238, 1856 — Bolivia (descr.); idem and Salvin,
I.e., 1879, p. 600— Bolivia (Chupe", Irupana, Suri, Simacu, Tilotilo);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 152, 1886— Simacu and Tilotilo,
Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 81, 1889— Yungas; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1050, 1912— Bolivia (Simacu,
Tilotilo, Chaco, Songo, Tanampaya, San Cristobal, Pucyuni); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 30, p. 227, 1923— Bolivia (note on type).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and
Cochabamba).1
Compsocoma notabilis (Sclater). BLACK-CHINNED MOUNTAIN
TANAGER.
Tanagra notabilis Sclater,2 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 84, pi. 91, June 26,
1855 — "eastern range of the Cordillera to the north of Quito," Ecuador
(type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum).
Tanagara notabilis Jardine, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., (n.s.), 2, No. 1, p. 119,
July, 1855 — eastern Cordillera of Ecuador.
Compsocoma notabilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 239, 1856 — vicinity
of Quito, Ecuador (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 74, 1862—
"Quito"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 152, 1886— Ecuador (Quito,
Intag); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 17,
1899 — Nanegal and Intag, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 466 —
west side of Pichincha, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,
spot and its blue rump. Yet the two are clearly geographic representatives, and
I see no reason why they should not be merged into a single specific entity.
Additional material examined. — Ecuador: San Lucas, Rio Zamora, 1. — Peru:
Ray-urmana, 1; Chachapoyas, 4; Cueva Seca, near Tayabamba, 2; Cushi Libertad
(alt. 1,820 meters), Dept. Huanuco, 7; Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Dept. Junin, 3.
1 Material examined. — Bolivia: Pucyuni, 1; Cocapata, 1; San Cristobal, 11;
Chulumani, 1; Songo, 1; Quebrada Onda, 2.
2 Sclater 's description based on a specimen lent (and subsequently presented)
to him by Sir William Jardine obviously appeared prior to the latter author's
own account in the "Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal." If we go by the
available dates of publication, the first number of the second volume of this serial
was issued some time in July, whereas that part of the "Proceedings of the Zoo-
logical Society of London" containing Sclater's paper came out on June 26, 1855.
We may thus regard the specimen in the Sclater Collection from "Quito (Jameson)"
as the type of T. notabilis.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 205
p. 1111 — Tatama Mountain, San Juan slopes of western Andes, Colombia;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1050, 1912— western
Ecuador (Quito, Intag); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 606,
1917— Novita Trail, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 671, 1926— Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the western Andes of Colombia
(Tatama Mountain; Novita Trail) and Ecuador (west side of
Pichincha; Intag).1
Genus THRAUPIS Boie2
Thraupis Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974 — type, by virtual monotypy, Tanagra archie-
piscopus Desmarest= Tanagra ornata Sparrman.
Hemithraupis (not of Cabanis, 1851) Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 226, 1898— type,
by orig. desig., Aglaia cyanocephala Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.
Sporathraupis Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 331, 1898 — new name for Hemithraupis
Ridgway, preoccupied.
*Thraupis episcopus episcopus (Linnaeus). BISHOP TANAGER.
Tanagra Episcopus Linnaeus,3 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based
on "L'Evesque" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 40, pi. 1, fig. 2), "Bresil"4 (type
in coll. of M. Reaumur); Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332, 1847
— Guiana (crit.); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 670,
"1848" (=1849]— British Guiana; Bonaparte, Rev. Mag.Zool., (2), 3, p. 170,
1851— part, Guiana; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 231, 1856—
part, British Guiana and Cayenne; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie,
2, p. 32, 1857— Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 74, 1862—
part, spec, a, b, Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
p. 571— Para; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208, 1870— part, Marabitanas,
Barcellos, and Para; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379— Para; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 210 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa,
Roraima); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 154, 1886 — part, subsp.
typica, spec, a-k, Guiana (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, Cayenne)
1 Two Colombian birds agree with others from Ecuador.
Material examined. — Colombia: Tatama Mountain, 2. — Ecuador: west side
of Pichincha, 1; "Govinda," 2; "Quito," 2.
2 Subdivision of this genus seems to me impracticable. Cf. also Zimmer,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 448, 1930.
3 1 am afraid thatLoxta virens Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 303, 1766;
Surinam) will prove to be an earlier name for the Bishop Tanager. The description
corresponds fairly to the immature plumage. Lonnberg (Bih. Svensk. Vetensk.
Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, p. 33, 1897), who has examined the type preserved in
the Upsala Museum, claims it to be "most probably" the same as T. cyanoptera,
but its poor condition evidently left some doubt as to definite identification.
If the locality "Surinam" is to be trusted, it cannot have any relation to the South
Brazilian T. cyanoptera. At all events, the type, if identifiable at all, should be
carefully reexamined by someone equipped with the necessary comparative
material before any change in established nomenclature is attempted.
4 The type is more likely to have come from Cayenne, which has, accordingly,
been substituted as type locality by Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 115, 1908);
Mrs. Naumburg (Auk, 41, p. 113, 1924), however, designates Para, Brazil.
206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
and Brazil (Para); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890 — Santarem,
Brazil; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 162— Amapa, Brazil; idem, Ibis, 1903, pp.
480, 493 — Rio Capim, Para, Brazil; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 10, p. 182, 1904 — Mahury and Hot la Mere, French Guiana; Hell-
mayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 273, 1905 — Igarape-Assu, Para; Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 356, 1907 — part, Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (range in
part); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 26, 1907 — Mexiana; Sneth-
lage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 294, 1907 — Para, Mexiana, Marajo, Santo Antonio
do Prata, and Rio Moju, Brazil; idem, I.e., 56, pp. 498, 522, 1908— Rio
Tapajoz (Ilha do Coata, Itaituba) and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua) ;
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 115, 316, 1908 — Cayenne and Approuague,
French Guiana; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
76, 100, 1910— Miritiba, Maranhao; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1050, 1912 — Cayenne, Surinam, British Guiana, and
northern Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 447, 1914 — Para,
Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Moju, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio
Tapajoz (Itaituba, Coata), Rio Jamauchim (Tucunare), Marajo (Sao
Natal), Mexiana, Rio Jamunda (Faro), and Maranhao, Brazil; idem, Bol.
Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Maranhao (Anil, Sao
Ben to, Tury-assu).
Gracula glauca Sparrman, Mus. Carlson, fasc. 3, pi. 54, 1788 — no locality
stated (type now in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool.,
19, A, No. 1, p. 14, 1926).
Tanagra serioptera Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 313, Dec. 31, 1837— Demerara
(type in coll. of R. Schomburgk); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.
Guiana, 3, p. 670, "1848" [=1849]— British Guiana (ex Swainson).
Thraupis serioptera Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, 1851 — Cayenne and Guiana.
Tanagra coeleslis Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 42, 1825 — part, descr. of female, Para
(cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 676, 1906).
Thraupis episcopus episcopus Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-
phys. KL, 26, No. 2, pp. 87, 118, 126, 1912— Para localities, Mexiana, and
Marajo (Fazenda Arary, Cachoeira); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 100,
1916 — Utinga, Para; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 87, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana,
2, p. 514, 1921 — British Guiana (various localities); Naumburg, Auk, 41,
p. 113, 1924 (diag.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928—
Para; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 280, 1929—
Maranhao (Anil; Sao Bento; Codo, Cocos; Barra do Corda; Sao Luiz;
Miritiba) (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 131, 1931—
Arabupu, Roraima.
Range. — British, Dutch, and French Guiana; northern Brazil,
west to the Rio Negro and the Rio Tapajoz, east to Maranhao.1
1 Birds from the Rio Negro (Barcellos) and Para agree perfectly with Guianan
ones. Specimens from Maranhao generally have larger bills, thereby approaching
T. s. sayaca, but the divergency is completely bridged by individual variation.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana, 9; Dutch Guiana, 2; British
Guiana, 8.- — Brazil: Marajo, 3; Para district, 7; Maranhao (Miritiba, Tapera,
Sao Luiz), 8; Barcellos, Rio Negro, 1; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 207
18: British Guiana (Potaro, 2; Georgetown, 3; unspecified, 1);
Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); French Guiana (Saint-Laurent-du-
Maroni, 1); Brazil (Anil, Maranhao, 3; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 1;
Codo, Cocos, 1; Barra do Corda, Maranhao, 1; Utinga, Para, 1;
Itacoatiara, 1; Manaos, 1; Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 1).
Thraupis episcopus leucoptera (Sclater).1 WHITE-EDGED
TANAGER.
Tanagra leucoptera (G. R. Gray, MS.) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 74,
1862 — New Granada, "Bogota" (nomen nudum).
[ Tanagra • episcopus} subsp. leucoptera Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, pp.
154, 155, 1886— "Bogot4" (type in British Museum).
Tanagra episcopus (not of Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3,
p. 170, 1851 — part, Nova Granada; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p.
157, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 231, 1856— part, "Bogota"; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 74, 1862 — part, spec, c, d, "Bogota"; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 356, 1907 — part, var. leucoptera, "Bogota."
Tanagra episcopus leucoplera Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1050, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota").
Thraupis episcopus leucoptera Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 607,
1917 — Quetame, Buenavista, and Barrigon, Colombia.
Range. — Eastern slope of the eastern Andes of Colombia (Que-
tame; Buenavista; Barrigon).
1: Colombia (Bogota, 1).
Thraupis episcopus coelestis (Spix). BLUE-GRAY TANAGER.
Tanagra coelestis Spix, Av. Nov. Spec. Bras., 2, p. 42, pi. 55, fig. 2, 1825 —
part, descr. of male, Fonteboa, Rio SolimSes, Brazil (type in Munich
Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp.
675, 676, 1906); Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 169, 1851— Brazil
(crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854— part, Quijos, Ecua-
dor; idem, I.e., 24, p. 232, 1856— part, FontebSa and Quijos; idem, I.e., 26,
p. 453, 1858 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 75,
1862 — part, spec, b, Gualaquiza; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1866, p. 180 — part, Nauta, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 — part,
Nauta; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 485, 1884 — part, Nauta; Taczan-
owski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 81 — Mapoto, Ecua-
dor; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 155, 1886— part, spec, f-m, Peru
(Iquitos) and Ecuador (Sarayacu, Monji, Gualaquiza, Rio Napo); Ber-
lepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 98, 1889— FontebSa, Rio Solimdes, Brazil;
1 Thraupis episcopus leucoptera (Sclater) is a connecting link between T. e.
episcopus and T. e. coelestis. The humeral patch, in the adult male, has about the
same extent as in the latter, but is more bluish, though less whitish than in
episcopus; the markings to the greater upper wing coverts are also intermediate,
forming narrow external edges of dingy whitish as in coelestis, though somewhat
less conspicuous, and terminating in large, grayish (instead of white) apical
spots. Size fully as large as T. e. major. Wing (male), 96-98; tail, 70-71.
Material examined. — Colombia: Quetame, 2; "Bogota," 10.
208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Rio Napo, Ecuador;
Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 17, 1899—
Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 466 — Archidona, Ecuador;
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905 — Rio Jurua; Snethlage, Journ.
Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 — Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar); Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1051, 1912 — part, eastern Ecua-
dor, Brazil, and northeastern Peru (Nauta, Iquitos); Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 447, 1914— Rio Purus, Brazil.
Tanagra episcopus (not of Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208, 1870 —
part, Borba, Rio Madeira.
Tanagracelestis Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 121, 1837 — Brazil (diag.).
Tanagra episcopus coelestis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 356, 1907 — Rio
Jurua, Brazil, and Iquitos, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 348, 1907 —
Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 274, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira.
Tanagra ehrenreichi Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 23, p. 154, 1915 — Kyuta-
nahan, Rio Purus, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum examined); idem,
Journ. Orn., 64, p. 155, 1916.
Thraupis episcopus coelestis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 607,
1917— La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 672, 1926—
eastern Ecuador (Sabanilla, Zamora); Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 372, 1930—
Rio Solimoes and Rio Madeira (Porto Velho, Calama).
Range. — Western Brazil, east to the Rio Solimoes (Manacapuru
and Caviana) and the Rio Madeira (Calama, Porto Velho, Borba);
northeastern Peru (north of the Maranon); eastern Ecuador;
southeastern Colombia (La Morelia, Caqueta).1
2: Brazil (Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, 2).
Thraupis episcopus caerulea Zimmer.2 BLUISH TANAGER.
1 Birds from eastern Ecuador and the north bank of the Maranon (Iquitos,
Nauta) agree with a series of topotypes from the Solimoes, and specimens from
the Rio Purus (ehrenreichi) are not different either, the characters given by
Reichenow being those of the worn plumage. Adults from the Rio Madeira verge
towards episcopus by having the apical spots to the greater upper wing coverts
slightly more grayish.
From Peru I have only seen specimens from the north bank of the Maranon,
and suspect that all birds from south of that river will prove to be referable to
T. e. caeruleus.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Manacapuru, 4; Caviana, 1; Sao
Paulo de Olivenga, 1; Tonantins, 3; Fonteboa, 2; Calama, Rio Madeira, 2; Porto
Velho, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 3; Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 1; Hyutanahan, Rio Purus,
3. — Peru: Pebas, 1; Nauta, 2; Iquitos, 4; Loretoyacu, 2. — Ecuador: El Loreto, 2;
Mapoto, 1; Sarayacu, 1.
2 Thraupis episcopus caerulea Zimmer: Very close to T. e. coelestis, but colora-
tion more bluish, and somewhat larger, approaching T. e. major in dimensions.
Wing (males), 90-95, rarely 97; tail, 65-71, once 73.
This is rather an unsatisfactory race, but cannot well be united to either
T. e. coelestis or T. e. major. Though we have not seen any material from Xeberos,
Chamicuros, and the Ucayali, there seems hardly any doubt as to these localities
being referable to the present race, since specimens from Yurimaguas and Moyo-
bamba are inseparable from the typical series.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Huayabamba, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 209
Thraupis episcopus caeruleus Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 94, 1929 —
Vista Alegre, junction of Chinchao and Huallaga rivers, Dept. Huanuco,
Peru (type in Field Museum); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
17, p. 445, 1930— Vista Alegre and Chinchao, Peru.
Tanagra coelestis (not of Spix) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 180— part, upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 749— Xeberos,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 — part, lower and upper Ucayali, Xeberos,
Yurimaguas, and Chamicuros, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 227 —
Tambillo; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 195— Callacate; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 13—
Yurimaguas and Huambo (eggs descr.); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 485, 1884
—part, Xeberos, Ucayali, Yurimaguas, Chamicuros, Tambillo, Guajango,
Callacate, Huayabamba, and Yurimaguas; Berlepso.h, Journ. Orn., 37, p.
296, 1889— Tarapoto, Rio Huallaga; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 5, 1895—
Vina, Huamachuco, Rio Maranon; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1051, 1912 — part, Peru (Xeberos, Ucayali, Yurimaguas,
Chamicuros, Callacate, Huayabamba).
Tanagra coelestis major (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Menegaux, Rev.
Franc.. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Nuevo Loreto, Huallaga drainage; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1051, 1912 — northern
Peru (Tambillo, Guajango, Callacate, Guayabamba) (part).
Thraupis coelestis major Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918— Huanca-
bamba and Tabaconas, northern Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of the northern parts of Peru, from the
south bank of the Maranon south to Huanuco.
23: Peru (Yurimaguas, 2; Hacienda Limon, east of Balsas, 2;
Moyobamba, 12; Vista Alegre, 3; Chinchao, 4).
Thraupis episcopus major (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).1
GREATER BLUE-GRAY TANAGER.
Tanagra coelestis major Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896,
p. 343 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, and Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Dept.
Junin, Peru (type, from La Merced, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman
and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 185, 1927);
idem, Ornis, 13, pp. 81, 110, 1906 — Santa Ana (Urubamba) and Huayna-
pata (Marcapata), Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1051, 1912 — part, central and southeastern Peru.
Thraupis episcopus major Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 23, 1920
— Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
117, p. 120, 1921 — Santa Ana, Idma, Chauillay, and San Miguel Bridge,
Urubamba, Peru.
Tanagra coelestis (not of Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115,
1854— part, "Pontobamba," Peru; idem, I.e., 24, p. 232, 1856— part,
1 Thraupis episcopus major (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) : Similar to T. e.
coelestis, but larger, with less white on the rump and smaller white apical spots
to the greater upper wing coverts. Wing (male), 95-99; tail, 72-76.
Additional material examined. — Peru: La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1; Santa
Ana, Urubamba, 1; Occobamba, Cuzco, 1; Marcapata, 2; Huaynapata, Marca-
pata, 1; Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 2.
210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pintobamba [Dept. Cuzco], Peru; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 75,
1862 — part, spec, a, Peru (ex Tschudi); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata, Dept. Cuzco; Taczanowski, I.e.,
1874, p. 513— Paltaypampa, Dept. Junin; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1876,
p. 16 — Huiro and Potrero, Urubamba; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 485,
1884 — part, Paltaypampa, Cosnipata, Potrero, and Quebrada de San
Gaban, Carabaya; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 155, 1886— part,
spec, a, Peru (ex Tschudi).
Tanagra episcopus (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 185 — Cosnipata.
(l)Tanagra episcopus leucoptera (not of Sclater) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 2, p. 81, 1889— Yungas, Bolivia.
Range. — Tropical (and Lower Subtropical) zone of the southern
parts of Peru, north to Junin, and (?)adjoining section of Bolivia.
3: Peru (San Ramon, Chanchamayo, 3).
Thraupis episcopus nesophilus Riley.1 TRINIDAD TANAGER.
Tanagra sclateri (not Euphonia [ = Tanagra} sclateri Sundevall) Berlepsch,
Ibis, (4), 4, p. 112, 1880 — "Orinoco district or Trinidad" (type, from
Trinidad, in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum,
examined); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 173, 1884— Trinidad;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 155, 1886— Trinidad; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1051, 1912— part, Trinidad.
Thraupis episcopus nesophilus Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, p. 185, 1912 —
new name for Tanagra sclateri Berlepsch.
Tanagra sayaca (not of Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 170,
1851— part, Trinidad.
Tanagra cana (not of Swainson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 232,
1856— part, Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82— Trinidad; Williams, Bull.
Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 130, 1922 — Maracas Valley and Palo Seco,
Trinidad (eggs descr.).
Tanagra glauca (notGracula glauca Sparrman) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 293,
1866— Trinidad.
Tanagra cana sclateri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 29, 1894 —
Princestown; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906
— Aripo.
Tanagra episcopus sclateri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 — Trinidad
(Caparo, Valencia, Chaguaramas, Pointe Gourde, Seelet); Cherrie, Sci.
Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 358, 1908 — Carenage and Aripo.
Range. — Island of Trinidad.
1 Thraupis episcopus nesophilus Riley: Most nearly related to T. e. cana,
but rump and outer margins of remiges and rectrices decidedly bluish; the humeral
patch light violet blue suffused with whitish; the lower parts distinctly tinged
with bluish. Dimensions the same. Wing (males), 88-96; tail, 64-68.
In color of the humeral area this form is exactly intermediate between episcopus
and cana. The type is identical with authentic Trinidad examples.
Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 18; Santa Cruz, 3; Caroni, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 211
Thraupis episcopus berlepschi (Dalmas).1 BERLEPSCH'S
TANAGER.
Tanagra berlepschi Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 136, 1900 — Tobago
(type in coll. of R. de Dalmas, subsequently at Tring, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York).
Tanagra episcopus berlepschi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 15 (in text), 1906 —
Tobago (crit.).
Tanagra sclateri berlepschi Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1051, 1912— Tobago.
Tanagra cana (not of Swainson) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332,
1847— Tobago; Strickland, I.e., p. 332, 1847— part, Tobago (crit.); Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 232, 1856— part, Tobago; idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 75, 1862 — part, spec, d, e, Tobago; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 156, 1886— part, spec, k'-n', Tobago.
Tanagra sclateri (not of Berlepsch) Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago.
•i Range. — Island of Tobago.
121: Tobago.
Thraupis episcopus cana (Swainson). GRAY TANAGER.
Tanagra cana Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 3, pi. 37, 1836 — no locality indi-
cated; "Venezuela" suggested by Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1051, 1912), restricted to Caracas by Hellmayr (Arch.
Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 185, 1924) (type presumably in the Swainson
Collection, University Museum, Cambridge, England);2 Strickland,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332, 1847— part, "Bogota"; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 232,
1856 — part, Venezuela and "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
75, 1862 — part, spec, a-c, f, Venezuela, "Santa Marta," and "Bogota";
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 141— Turbo and Carta-
gena, Colombia; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 — Santander, Colombia;
1 Thraupis episcopus berlepschi (Dalmas) : Similar to T. e. nesophilus, but
much more bluish throughout; the interscapular region much darker, gobelin
blue; the rump much brighter, almost Venetian blue; the humeral patch plain
cornflower blue without any whitish admixture; the under parts more strongly
tinged with bluish. Wing (male), 92-98; tail, 67-73.
In the uniform blue humeral area the Tobago race more nearly approaches
T. e. cana, but is much more bluish and darker throughout.
Additional material examined. — Tobago: Man o' War Bay, 21.
2 Swainson's plate is not quite satisfactory, the humeral patch being too pale,
though it might have been drawn from a female example taken in the Caracas
region. In the "List of Plates" of the 1841 edition of the work T. cana is included
under the "Birds of Brazil," in opposition to those of "Mexico," thus eliminating
the possibility that a specimen of the Central American form (T. e. diaconus)
served as model for the plate. No blue-shouldered representative of T. episcopus
occurs anywhere in Brazil, but since such typically Venezuelan species as Aglaia
cyanoptera and Thryothorus rutilans also figure among his "Birds of Brazil,"
too much importance should not be placed on this assertion. Swainson having
described several other birds from the Caracas region, it seems appropriate to
use the specific term cana in the sense of previous authors, until the type, if still
extant, has been critically studied.
212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 500 — Medellin, Co-
lombia (eggs descr.); Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 120 — Santa
Marta; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 291, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Co-
lombia (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 156, 1886— part, spec,
x-i', w', Colombia (Santa Marta, Medellin, "Bogota," Choco Bay) and
Venezuela (San Esteban); Robinson, Flying Trip Trop., p. 161,
1895 — Barranquilla to Honda and Guaduas, Colombia; Bangs, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898— "Santa Marta"; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899— Punta de Sabana, Darien;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 169, 1900— Bonda and Cacagualito,
Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 20, 1902 — Orinoco
River (Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara, Caicara) and
Caura (La Union), Venezuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 55, 1902 — part, Colombia and Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
21, p. 292, 1905 — Bonda, Masinga [Vieja], and Mamatoco, Colombia (nest
and eggs descr.); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 103, 1909 — Guanoco and
Guarapiche, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1051, 1912 — part, Venezuela and Colombia; Piguet,
Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914— Titiribi, Cauca, Colombia.
Thraupis co.no. Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 29, 1851 — Venezuela; Finsch,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 580— "Trinidad," errore.
Thraupis cana cana Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 177, 1916 —
upper Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 607,
1917 — part, Dabeiba, Juntas de Tamana, Novita, Noanama, San Jose,
Caldas, Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera, Rio Frio,
Cali, Guengtie, Popayan, Miraflores, Barro Blanco, near San Agustin,
Chicoral, Andalucia, Honda, Tenasuca, El Alto de La Paz, and Calamar,
Colombia; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 228, 1922—
Mount Sapo, Darien; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 189, 1929— El Tigre (Rio Cupe)
and Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia,
eastern Panama.
Thraupis episcopus cana Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 492,
1922 — La Concepcion, Tucurinca, Bonda, La Tigrera, Mamatoco, Minca,
Fundacion, Don Diego, Dibulla, and Santa Marta, Colombia; Hellmayr,
Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 185, 1924— Galipan and Loma Redonda,
Caracas region, Venezuela (crit., variation); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 71, p. 418, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena.
Tanagra sayaca (not of Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 170,
1851 — part, Venezuela.
Tanagra diaconus (not of Lesson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 233,
1856— part, Santa Marta; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 75, 1862—
part, spec, c, b, "New Granada."
Tanagra cana sclateri (not of Berlepsch) Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 —
Cumanacoa and San Antonio [Sucre], Venezuela.
Thraupis episcopus sclateri Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 210,
1913 — Cariaquito and Guinipa Village, Venezuela.
Thraupis episcopus nesophilus (not of Riley) Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 174, 1916 — Orinoco Valley (nest and eggs descr.).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 213
Range. — Venezuela (south to the Orinoco River and its tribu-
taries), Colombia (excepting the extreme southwestern section), and
eastern Panama (Darien).1
54: Panama (Colon, 18); Colombia (Calamar, Bolivar, 1;
Cali, Cauca Valley, 1 ; El Guayabal, ten miles north of San Jose" de
Cucuta, Santander, 2; Tucurinca, Santa Marta, 1; Bogota, 4); Vene-
zuela (Caracas, 8; Catatumbo, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Macuto,
Caracas, 3; Maracay, Aragua, 13).
"Thraupis episcopus quaesita Bangs and Noble.2 SOUTHERN
GRAY TANAGER.
Thraupis cana quaesita Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 — Sullana,
Dept. Piura, Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 672, 1926— western
Ecuador (many localities between Esmeraldas and Cebollal) and north-
western Peru (Pilares, Paletillas, Samata, Tumbez, Sullana, Palambla).
Tanagra cana (not of Swainson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 139,
1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, pp. 274, 292, 1860 — Babahoyo
and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 75, 1862 —
part, spec, g-k, Pallatanga and Babahoyo; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 236, 1869— Puna Island, Ecuador; Berlepsch and
1 Birds from Caracas, with which those from Me>ida and eastern Colombia
(Santa Marta and "Bogota") agree, are very constant in their characters, the
lesser upper wing coverts being between smalt blue and cornflower blue. The
inhabitants of northeastern Venezuela (Sucre) and the Orinoco basin are hard
to place, being more or less intermediate to the Trinidad form (T. e. nesophilus),
a fact which accounts for the doubts that have been cast on the validity of the
insular race. However, when comparing twenty skins from Trinidad with an
excellent series from eastern Venezuela, we notice that the latter are invariably
of a more greenish general coloration and lack the bluish tone on rump and under
parts. The humeral patch varies considerably, being either plain deep blue as
in Caracas birds or violaceous suffused with whitish as in nesophiliis. It appears,
therefore, preferable to restrict nesophilus to Trinidad, while the birds from Sucre
and the Orinoco basin, many of which are quite inseparable from true cana
(typified by Caracas specimens), may be properly designated by the formula
nesophilus ± cana.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, 3; inland
of Cumana (Campos Alegre, Celci Puede, Santa Ana, Quebrada Secca), 11; Ciu-
dad Bolivar, Rio Orinoco, 6; La Union, Rio Caura, 1; Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, 4;
Caicara, 5; Quiribana de Caicara, 3; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 8; Loma Redonda,
Caracas, 8; San Esteban, 3; Merida, 12. — Colombia: Santa Marta, 5; Barranquilla, 4;
"Bogota," 12; Bucaramanga, 5; Rio Lima, Cauca, 4. — Darien: Punta de Sabana, 4.
5 Thraupis episcopus quaesita Bangs and Noble: Very close to T. e. cana, but
somewhat darker throughout, especially below, and the lesser upper wing coverts
of a deeper blue.
Although I do not find the differences so strongly marked as claimed by the
describers, the race is recognizable in adequate series. Two birds from Tumaco
agree well with a series from western Ecuador and Peru.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Tumaco, 2. — Ecuador: San Javier,
2; Ventana, 1 ; Cayandeled, 3; Chimbo, 2; Guayaquil, 3; Zaruma, 1; Babahoyo, 1. —
Peru: Piura, 7.
214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 545 — Guayaquil and
Chimbo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 290 — Cayandeled, Ecuador; idem,
I.e., 1885, p. 81 — Yaguachi, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 486,
1884 — Peru (Tumbez, Morrope, Paucal); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 156, 1886 — part, spec, o'-v', Ecuador (Babahoyo, Pallatanga,
"Quito," Puna Island, "Loja"); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 482, 1898 —
Cachavi and Chimbo, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 17, 1899— Vinces, Balzar, and Rio Peripa, Ecuador;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 466 — Santo Domingo and Guanacillo, Ecuador;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 55, 1902— part, western
Ecuador and^ northern Peru; MSnegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes.
Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 101, 1911 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1051, 1912 — part, western
Ecuador and northwestern Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14,
No. 25, p. 85, 1922 — Gualea, Ecuador.
Thraupis cana cana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 607, 1917 —
part, Tumaco and Barbacoas, Colombia.
Tanagra cyanoptera (not of Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 320— Tumbez, Peru.
Range. — Southwestern Colombia (south of the Rio Patia),
western Ecuador, and northwestern Peru west of the Andes, south
to Paucal.
4: Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1; Puente de Chimbo, 3).
Thraupis episcopus diaconus (Lesson).1 NORTHERN GRAY
TANAGER.
Tanagra (Aglaia) diaconus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 175, 1842 — Realejo,
Nicaragua (type in coll. of R. P. Lesson, present location unknown,
possibly in the Rochefort Museum).
Tanagra diaconus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 142, 1856 — David,
Chiriqui; idem, I.e., p. 233, 1856 — part, Mexico (Cordoba), Guatemala,
Nicaragua (Realejo), and Chiriqui; idem, I.e., p. 303, 1856 — Cordoba,
Vera Cruz; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 59, 1859 — Omoa (Honduras), Peten (Guate-
mala), and Belize (British Honduras); Sclater, I.e., p. 364, 1859 — vicinity
of Jalapa; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16 — Guatemala; idem, Ibis,
1860, p. 33— Duenas, Guatemala; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill— Honduras;
Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 75, 1862 — part, spec, c-e, Honduras and
Mexico; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 173 — "vicinity of Mexico
City"; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 350 — Isthmus of Panama; Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, pp. 178, 180, 1865— David, Chiriqui, and
1 A very unsatisfactory race. If recognized at all, the best course seems
to be to refer to diaconus all the gray tanagers from Mexico south to the Panama
Canal Zone, although the inhabitants of southern Central America are by no
means typical, but variously intermediate to cana. Birds from San Miguel Island
I am unable to separate.
From all parts of the range excepting southern Mexico 124 specimens have
been examined in this connection.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS^HELLMAYR 215
Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 9, p. 99, 1868 — Costa Rica (San Jose,
Angostura); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.f 1, p. 550, 1869 — hot
region of Vera Cruz; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 — Costa
Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 138— Santa F6, Veragua,
and David, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 187 — Calove'vora and Chitra,
Veraguas; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 836 — [San Pedro], Honduras;
Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 316— Chontales, Nicaragua.
Tanagra episcopus (not of Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5,
p. 116, 1837— Guatemala (diag.).
Tanagra cana (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p.
279, 1861— Isthmus of Panama; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 54— San Jos6, Costa Rica; idem, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 42,
1878 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 277, 1883 — part, Mexico to Panama (excl. South American localities
and references); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 156, 1886— part,
spec, a-w, Mexico to Panama; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, pp.
580, 585, 1887— Honduras (Truxillo and Segovia River); Zeledon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887— Costa Rica (Alaju&a, San Jose,
Cartago, Santa Maria de Dota), and Panama; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 25, 1892
— San Jos6, Costa Rica; idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893 — Boruca and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Richmond,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893— Greytown and Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 435 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Lantz,
Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899— Palin, Guatemala; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 55, 1902 — part, southern Mexico to
Panama; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903 — Ceiba, Hon-
duras; Thayer and Bangs, I.e., 46, p. 221, 1906 — savanna of Panama;
Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 309, 1907— Boruca, Costa Rica; Dearborn, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 121, 1907 — Guatemala (Los Amates, Maza-
tenango, San Jose); Ferry, I.e., p. 278, 1910 — Costa Rica (Guayabo,
Port Limon).
Thraupis cana cana Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 857, 1910 — Costa
Rica (habits); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 278, 1918— Toro
Point and Gatun, Panama.
Thraupis cana Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924— Panama (Gatun, Mindi, New
Culebra, Farfan).
Tanagra cana diaconus Ridgway and Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5,
p. 391, 1882— La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; Ridgway, I.e., 5, p.
499, 1883— San Jos6, Costa Rica; Nutting, I.e., 6, p. 399, 1884— Los
Sabalos, Nicaragua; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 30, 1900—
Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 32, 1901 — San Miguel Island,
Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901 — Divala and David, Panama; idem,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65, 1902— Boquete and Bogaba, Chiriquf;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1052, 1136, 1912—
southern Mexico to Panama and San Miguel Island (crit.); Peters, Auk,
30, p. 379, 1913— Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo, Mexico; Rendahl, Ark.
Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 34, 1909 — Panama (Pacora) and Nicaragua (San Juan
216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
del Norte); idem, I.e., 13, No. 4, p. 51, 1920 — Saboga and Trapiche Islands,
Pearl Archipelago (crit.).
Thraupis diaconus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 330, 1860 — Costa Rica
(crit.).
Tanagra cana dilucida Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p.
157, Sept., 1905 — San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama (type in coll. of
E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 405, 1930).
Thraupis cana diaconus Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p.
463, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p.
471, 1929— Tela, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 341, 1931— Panama (Chan-
guinola, Almirante, Isla Grande, Crimacola); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 376, 1932— Guatemala (Chimoxan, Finca Chama, Chipoc,
Puebla, San Antonio, Panajachel, San Lucas, Hacienda California, Finca
El Cipres, Pantaleon) (crit.); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p.
244, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 338, 1932— Cantarranas,
Honduras.
Range. — Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Jalapa,
Cordoba, Orizaba), Tabasco (Teapa), and Quintana Roo (Camp
Mengel), and southwards through Central America to the Isthmus
of Panama and the Pearl Islands.
25: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal,
1; Mazatenango, 2; San Jose", 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio, 1; San
Geronimo, 1); Costa Rica (Guayabo, 5; Port Limon, 8; Rio
Matina, 1; San Jose", 2; Volcan de Irazu, 1; unspecified, 1).
Thraupis cyanoptera (Vieillot).1 BLUE-WINGED TANAGER.
Saltator cyanopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 14, p. 104,
1817— "au Br&il"; idem, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., livr. 91, p. 790, 1822
— Brazil (type stated to be in Paris Museum).2
1 Thraupis cyanoptera (Vieillot), a very distinct species, cannot by any means
be confused with T. sayaca, from which it differs readily in all plumages by larger
size; considerably thicker and stouter bill; dark glaucous gray upper parts; calamine
blue edges to greater wing coverts, wing and tail feathers; pale glaucous blue breast
and sides (more greenish on the flanks); and especially by the extensive, bright
cornflower blue humeral patch. The female merely differs by smaller, as well
as somewhat duller shoulder patch, while young birds have the sides and flanks
strongly washed with olivaceous (light hellebore green).
This species is wholly confined to the wooded coast region of southeastern
Brazil.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Victoria, Espirito Santo, 2; Iguape, Sao
Paulo, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 8; Blumenau, Santa Catharina, 12; Taquara,
Rio Grande do Sul, 6.
2 1 could not find the type in the French National Collection, but the descrip-
tion ("une grande marque d'un bleu d'putremer en forme d'epaulette" on the
wing) is quite unmistakable. The original specimen probably came from the
vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. Mrs. Naumburg (Auk, 41, p. 112, 1924) suggests
Nova Friburgo as type locality.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 217
Tanagra argentata G. R. Gray, Genera Eds., 2, p. 364, July, 1844 — based on
Tanagra episcopus (not of Linnaeus) Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 3, pi.
39, 1836; Brazil.1
Tanagra sayaca Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 484, 1830 — Brazil (part,
descr. of male); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 176, 1856 —
Brazil (part, descr. of male).
Thraupis cyanoptera Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 29, 1851 — Rio Grande [do
Sul], Brazil (synon.); idem, Journ. Orn., 14, pp. 305, 306, 1866 (crit.);
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 362, 1914 — Buenos Aires; Naumburg,
Auk, 41, p. 112, 1924 — Therezopolis and Nova Friburgo, Rio (crit.);
Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 321, 1928— Monte Serrat, Itatiaya.
Thraupis cyanopterus Bertoni, El Hornero, 3, p. 397, 1926 — Puerto Bertoni,
Alto Parana, Paraguay.
Tanagra cyanoptera Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 170, 1851 — Brazil,
Paraguay, and Rio Grande [do Sul] (diag.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd.
Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 241 (occurrence in Minas Geraes denied);
Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303— part, south of Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Journ.
Orn., 21, p. 240, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit., plumages);
idem and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 119, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande
do Sul (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 157, 1886— part,
southern Brazil;2 Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899
— Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 149, 1899 — Iguape,
Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 357, 1907— Sao Paulo (Ubatuba, Santos, Alto da Serra)
and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1052, 1912 — coast region of southeastern Brazil,
from Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend.
Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 487, 499, 1912 — Fernandes Pinheiro, Parana;
Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 657, 1924— Buenos Aires.
Range. — Wooded coast region of southeastern Brazil, from
Espirito Santo (Braco do Sul, near Victoria) and Rio de Janeiro
(Nova Friburgo ; Therezopolis, Organ Mountains) to Rio Grande
do Sul, west through Parana to eastern Paraguay (Alto Parana);
(?)accidental near Buenos Aires.3
1 Tanagra inornata Swainson (Orn. Draw., Part 4, pi. 40, 1836?) may have
been based on an immature bird of the present species. The general coloration,
notably the greenish flanks, speak for this identification, while the greenish
(instead of pale cerulean blue) lesser wing coverts rather point to T. 8. sayaca.
Without examination of the type specimen, which possibly still exists in the
Swainson Collection at Cambridge, England, it will be difficult to properly allocate
the name.
2 The author confused the species with T. s. sayaca and T. s. obscura. While-
all the specimens from Argentina and Bolivia (spec, n-w) pertain to the latter,
it has to be ascertained by reexamination of the material, which ones of the
Brazilian birds listed by Sclater are referable to T. cyanoptera.
* Dabbene mentions a specimen taken in the vicinity of Buenos Aires as
being in the collections of the Museo Nacional, possibly an escaped cage-bird.
All records of T. cyanoptera from the western parts of Argentina and Bolivia are
due to confusion with T. sayaca obscura.
218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
6: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 2; Santa Catharina,
Joinville, 4).
*Thraupis sayaca glaucocolpa Cabanis.1 GLAUCOUS TANAGER.
Thraupis glaucocolpa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, Oct., 1851 — "Caracas,"
Venezuela (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Hal-
berstadt); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 608, 1917 — La Playa,
Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 491, 1922 —
Dibulla, Arroyo de Arenas, and Fonseca, Santa Marta region, Colombia.
Tanagra cyanilia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 383, 1854 —
Venezuela (type in coll. of E. and J. Verreaux, now in British Museum);
idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 62, 1854 (reprint).
Tanagra glaucocolpa Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 159, 1886 — Venezuela;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 51, 1892 — Carupano, Sucre, Vene-
zuela; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 176, 1901—
La Guayra, Venezuela; Clark, Auk, 19, p. 266, 1902— El Valle, Margarita
Island; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 249, 254, 1909—
Margarita Island; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1053, 1912 — Venezuela (Puerto Cabello) and Colombia (Barranquilla).
Tanagra glaucocalpa Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 678, 1896 — El
Valle, Margarita Island; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 568 — Margarita Island.
Tanagra cana(1) (not of Swainson) Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 695,
1896 — La Guaira, Venezuela.
Range. — Tropical zone of the north coast of Venezuela, east
to the Paria Peninsula and Margarita Island, and Colombia, west
to the mouth of the Rio Magdalena (La Playa; Barranquilla).
14: Venezuela (Cumana, 2; Margarita Island, 7; Macuto, Caracas,
2; Maracaibo, 1; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 2).
*Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linneaus). SAYACA TANAGER.
Tanagra sayaca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on
"Sayacu" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Brasil., p. 193) and Edwards (Glean.
Nat. Hist., 3, p. 293, pi. 351), Brazil;2 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1),
p. 484, 1830 — southeastern Brazil (part, descr. of female); Burmeister,
Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 176, 1856— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes
(part, descr. of female); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 253, 1860— Parana; idem,
Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 479, 1861— Parana; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p.
410, 1867— Cantagallo (nest and eggs); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208,
1 Thraupis sayaca glaucocolpa Cabanis: Similar to T. s. sayaca, but slightly
smaller; breast and sides strongly washed with light dull glaucous blue (greenish
glaucous blue in females) ; external margins to remiges paler, deep bluish glaucous
rather than glaucous blue; back in the male sex brighter greenish.
Specimens from Margarita Island agree with others from the Venezuelan
mainland and Barranquilla.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Carupano, 2; San Felix, near
Cumana, 10; Puerto Cabello, 1. — Colombia: Barranquilla, 2.
2Pernambuco suggested as type locality by Mrs. Naumburg (Auk, 41, p.
Ill, 1924).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 219
1870 — Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, Ypanema, ItararS, Rio Parana, Curytiba,
Abrantes, Cuyaba, and Engenho do Gama, Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 430 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa and
Corrego Rico, near Paracatu); Doering, Per. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 —
Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 332 —
Pernambuco and Parahyba; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2,
p. 119, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 158, 1886 — Ceara, Pernambuco, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 6, 1887 — LambarS, Paraguay; Sclater and
Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 39, 1888— Argentina (part); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 3, p. 354, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Boucard and Ber-
lepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— Porto Real, Rio; Kerr, Ibis,
1892, p. 124— Fortln Nueve, Paraguay; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
10, No. 208, p. 4, 1895— Paraguay (Ajos, Villa Rica) and Matto Grosso
(Corumba); idem, I.e., 15, p. 378, p. 4, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899— Rio Grande do
Sul (Mundo Novo, Pedras Brancas); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 149,
1899— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Sao Sebastiao); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900—
Cantagallo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 223 — Paraguay (Villa Concepcion and
lower Pilcomayo); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 — Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 357, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piquete, Campos de Jordao, Santos,
ItararS, Sao Sebastiao, Bebedouro, Botucatu), Minas Geraes (Vargem
Alegre, Marianna), and Espirito Santo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, (3), 11, p. 376, 1910— part, Buenos Aires and Entre Rfos; Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910— Bahia
(Boca da Ipueiro, Rio Grande, and Fazenda de Santo Antonio, Rio Preto) ;
Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 625 — Paraguay (Sapucay and Ybitimi; nest and eggs);
Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 92 — part, Entre Rios (Goya, Santa Elena), Paraguay
(Monte Alto, Cabo Emma, Puerto Maria), and Buenos Aires (Aj6); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1052, 1912— part, Brazil,
Paraguay, and Uruguay; Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 10, p. 7, 1919 —
Villa Lutetia, Misiones; Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920—
Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia; idem and Pinto da Fonseca, I.e., 13, p. 493,
1923 — Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac.
Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 254, 1923— Monte Serrat, Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., p.
263, 1923— same locality; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6, p. 41, 1926— Ceara.
Tanagra sayaca sayaca Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 171, 1909 —
Chaco (Ocampo) and Buenos Aires (eggs descr.).
Thraupis sayaca Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, 1851 — Brazil; idem, Journ.
Orn., 14, p. 305, 1866 (crit.); idem, I.e., 22, p. 83, 1874— Cantagallo,
Rio; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay; Serie and Smyth,
I.e., 3, p. 52, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 171, 1923—
Campana and San Isidro, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 240,
1923 — part, spec. No. 1, Corrientes; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol.
Hist. Nat., 5, p. 192, 1926— Fazenda Ferreira, Parana; Holt, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 57, p. 321, 1928— Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya.
Thraupis sayaca sayaca Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires,
23, p. 355, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 243,
220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ.
for 1922-23, p. 657, 1924— Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, etc.; Naumburg,
Auk, 41, p. Ill, 1924 (range, crit.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,
p. 373, 1930— Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 12, p. 281, 1929 — Maranhao (Barra do Corda, Sao Francisco), Piauhy
(Ibiapaba, Arara), and Ceara (Varzea Formosa, Serra de Baturite).
Tanagra prelatus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 462, 1831 — Brazil (part, descr. of
male; type, collected by Delalande in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro,
examined in Paris Museum).
Tanagra swainsoni G. R. Gray, Genera Bds., 2, p. 363, July, 1844 — based on
Tanagra caelestes Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 4, pi. 41, 1836(?); Brazil.
Tanagra virens (notLoxia virens Linnaeus) Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
20, p. 392, 1847— Brazil (diag.).
Tanagra cyanoptera (not of Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, p. 139 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 114 — Buenos
Aires; Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303 — Sao Paulo (in part); Durnford, Ibis,
1878, p. 59— Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 91, 1883—
Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 157, 1886 — part, spec. 1, m, q-s, Uruguay, Misiones, and Buenos Aires;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 375, 1910 — Chaco
(Mocovi) and Buenos Aires.
Thraupis sayaca obscura (not of Naumburg) Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
133, p. 393, 1926 — Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas), Formosa (Formosa),
and Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco) (crit.); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4,
p. 33, 1927 — Pueblo Brugo, Entre Rios; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts.
Gran Chaco Exp., Vo'gel, p. 270, 1930 — part, Formosa (San Jose, Tapi-
kiole, Lapango, Yunca Viejo, Mission Taacagle).
Range. — Eastern and southern Brazil, from Ceara and interior
of Maranhao and Piauhy to Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul;
Uruguay; Paraguay; eastern Argentina, Chaco to Buenos Aires.
46: Brazil (Barra do Corda, Maranhao, 1; Sao Francisco, Maran-
hao, 1; Arara, Piauhy, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Serra de Baturite",
Ceara, 3 ; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 3 ; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy,
Bahia, 2; Rio de Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, 1; Santo Amaro,
Bahia, 4; Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 5; Bauru, Sao Paulo, 2;
Joinville, Santa Catharina, 7; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 3; Chapada, Matto
Grosso, 4; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 1; Urucum de Corumba,
Matto Grosso, 3); Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 1; Caraguatay,
Misiones, 2).
Thraupis sayaca obscura Naumburg.1 WESTERN SAYACA
TANAGER.
1 Thraupis sayaca obscura Naumburg: Similar to T. s. sayaca, but on average
slightly darker above and below with the lesser wing coverts and outer margins
of the remiges darker greenish blue.
I am not impressed with the propriety of recognizing this form. When
comparing some years ago the original series from Bolivia and Tucuman in the
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 221
Thraupis sayaca obscura Naumburg, Auk, 41, p. Ill, 1924 — Parotani, Dept.
Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 227, 1927 —
Tucuman (Concepci6n, Rio de Gastone); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg.
Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 270, 1930— part, Bolivia (Villa Montes
and Fortin Esteros, Tarija; La Crecencia, Santa Cruz; Cuevo, Chuquisaca).
Aglaia episcopus (not Tanagra episcopus Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,
Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 33, 1837 — Yungas and Cochabamba,
Bolivia.
Tanagra episcopus d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 274, 1839 — part,
Bolivia (Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Yungas).
Tanagra sayaca (not of Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 600— Bolivia (Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Yungas, Sorata);
Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 39, 1888 — Argentina (part); Stempel-
mann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890—
Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 91, 1891 — Cordoba; Salvadori,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 6, 1897— Jujuy (San Lorenzo),
Salta (Campo Santo), and Bolivia (Aguairenda, Caiza); Lillo, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902 — Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La
Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 215, 1904— Santa
Ana and Lules, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41,
1905 — Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 376,
1910— part, Cordoba, Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1052, 1912 — part, western Argentina
(Oran, Salta) and Bolivia.
American Museum with some forty Brazilian and Paraguayan specimens, the
western birds appeared to me somewhat larger and darker, but additional material
since examined tends to lessen the constancy of these divergencies though it
must be admitted that Brazilian examples never attain the maximum measure-
ments of the Bolivian ones. However, the inhabitants of western Argentina
(Tucuman) are already smaller and hardly differ in dimensions from typical
sayaca. While Mrs. Naumburg extends the range of T. s. obscura as far south
as Buenos Aires, it seems to me that, if recognized at all, it should be restricted
to Bolivia and the adjacent parts of western Argentina. Birds from Corrientes
and Buenos Aires I am unable to separate from others taken in various parts of
Brazil. The allocation of the Sayaca Tanagers found in the Argentine Chaco is
very difficult. They are scarcely larger than typical sayaca, but frequently
quite as dark as Bolivian birds. It is really a matter of personal preference whether
to refer them to one rather than the other of the two races. The question requires
renewed study with much more comprehensive material than is at present available.
Additional material examined. — T. s. sayaca. — Brazil: Bahia, 12; Victoria,
Espirito Santo, 1 ; Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goy az, 1 ; La Raiz, Organ Mountains,
Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanema, Sap Paulo, 12; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, 1; Sao Ber-
nardo, Sao Paulo, 1; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 2; Curytiba,
Parana, 1; Matto Grosso (Chapada, CuyabI, Urucum, Engenho do Gama), 20;
Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 10. — Paraguay: Bernalcue', 3; Trinidad, 1; Fort
Wheeler, 2. — Argentina: Corrientes, 1; Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 1; Santa Elena,
Entre Rios, 2; Buenos Aires, 3; Formosa (San Jose", Tapikiole', Lapango, etc.), 8.
T. s. obscura. — Bolivia: Cochabamba, 2; Parotani, 3; Tujma, 3; Vinto, 1; Apolo-
bamba, La Paz, 2; Chilon, Santa Cruz, 1; Vermejo, Santa Cruz, 1; La Crecencia,
Santa Cruz, 2; Cuevo, Chuquisaca, 1; Villa Montes, Tarija, 3; Fortin Esteros,
Tarija, 1. — Argentina: San Pablo, Tucuman, 3; Tan Trail, Tucuman, 1; Sarmiento,
Tucuman, 1; Santa Ana, Tucuman, 2.
222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
•
Thraupis sayaca Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 240, 1923 — part, spec. Nos. 2, 3,
Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Tanagra cyanoptera (not Vieillot) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 157,
1886 — part, spec, n-p, t-w, Oran (Salta) and Bolivia (Sorata); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889 — Yungas, Bolivia; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903,
p. 471 — Bolivian Chaco.
Range. — Bolivia and western Argentina south to Cordoba.
26: Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 6); Argentina (Conception,
Tucuman, 19; Los Vasquez, Tucuman, 1).
*Thraupis ornata (Sparrman). ARCHBISHOP TANAGER.
Tanagra ornata Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fasc. 4, pi. 95, 1789 — "in India
Orientali," errore, Rio de Janeiro substituted (by Berlepsch, 1912) as type
locality (type in Museum Carlson); Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 4, pi. 42,
1836(?)— Brazil; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 238, 1850—
"Peru," errore; idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 170, 1851 — Brazil (part,
descr. of "male"1) ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 174, 1856—
Bahia "north to Guyana"; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 234,
1856 — southeastern Brazil and "British Guiana (Schomburgk)"; Sunde-
vall, Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 2, No. 3, p. 14, 1857 (crit.); Sclater, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 76, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 209, 1870—
Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado and As Araras) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema);
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 431 — Minas
Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas); Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303 — Sao
Paulo; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 242, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catha-
rina; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 161, 1886— Rio de Janeiro (Nova
Friburgo), Sao Paulo, "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," and "Rio Claro,
Goyaz"; Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892 —
Porto Real, Rio; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 150, 1899— Sao Paulo
(Sao Sebastiao, Iguape); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova
Friburgo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 358, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga,
Campos de Jordao, Santos, Alto da Serra, Sao Sebastiao), Minas Geraes
(Vargem Alegre), and Espirito Santo; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus.
Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 186, 1905 — Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1054, 1912— Bahia to
Santa Catharina and "Goyaz (Rio Claro)"; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus.
Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 254, 1923 — Monte Serrat, Itatiaya.
Thraupis ornata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, 1851 — Brazil; idem, Journ.
Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 57, p. 321, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya.
Tanagra archiepiscopus Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., livr. 7, pis. 17, 18, 1806
— "Pe'rou (coll. Dombey)" = vicinity of Rio de Janeiro2 (types in Paris
Museum); Spix, Av. Bras. Spec. Nov., 2, p. 42, pi. 55, fig. 1, 1825 — Rio de
Janeiro (cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p.
676, 1906); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 481, 1830— Nazareth das
1 The description of the female refers to T. palmarum.
2 Cf. footnote on page 156.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 223
Farinhas, Rio Jagoaripa, Bahia; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.
Guiana, 3, p. 670, 1848 [ = 1849]— "British Guiana."
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Bahia,
Espirito Santo, and Minas Geraes south to Santa Catharina.1
2: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1; unspecified, 1).
Thraupis abbas (Lichtenstein). ABBOT TANAGER.
Tanagra abbas Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2,
Sept., 1830 — Mexico (type, from Oaxaca, in Berlin Museum; cf. van
Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 419, 1934) [Cabanis, Journ. Orn.,
11, p. 57, 1863 (reprint)]; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 235, 1856
— Mexico (Cordoba, Orizaba), Guatemala, and Honduras; idem, I.e., 24,
p. 303, 1856— Cordoba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 26, p. 358, 1858— Lake of
Yojoa, Honduras; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 378, 1859— Jalapa (Vera Cruz),
Teotalcingo and Villa Alta (Oaxaca), Mexico; idem, I.e., 1864, p. 173 —
"Vicinity of Mexico City"; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 550,
1869 — Vera Cruz up to Orizaba; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 836— San Pedro, Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p.
19, 1876 — Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25,
p. 43, 1878— Guatemala; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 189, 1882— Guate-
mala; Salvin andGodman.Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 278, 1883 — Mexico
to Honduras; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 162, 1886— Mexico (Or-
izaba, Jalapa), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Cahabon, Coban,
Choctum, Chisec, Duenas, Retalhuleu), and Honduras (San Pedro) ; Ferrari-
Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 140, 1886— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Ridgway,
I.e., 10, pp. 580, 585, 1887— Honduras (Truxillo and Segovia River); Rich-
mond, I.e., 18, p. 631, 1896 — Altamira, Tamaulipas; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 10, p. 27, 1898— Jalapa, Mexico ; Ridgway , Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 60, 1902 — southern Mexico to Honduras (monog.); Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903 — Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras;
Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 121, 1907— Guatemala
(Los Amates, Patulul, Mazatenango, Lake Atitlan); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1054, 1912 — southern Mexico to
Honduras; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo.
Tanagra (Aglaia) vicarius Lesson, Cent. Zool., pi. 68, "Jan.," 1831 — Mexico
(location of type not stated).
Tanagra vicarius Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 116, "1837" [ = June,
1838)— Guatemala (crit.); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 238, 1850—
Mexico; idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 171, 1851 — Mexico; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16, pi. 5, fig. 1 (egg)— Duenas and Vera Paz, Guate-
mala (nest and eggs descr.); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 59,
1 The alleged occurrence in Rio Grande do Sul has not been corroborated
(cf. Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899), and the locality
"Rio Claro, Goydz" is due to confusion with a place of the same name in Sao
Paulo. Schomburgk includes it in the fauna of British Guiana, which is doubt-
less a mistake.
Additional material examined. — Bahia, 4; Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado), 2; As
Araras, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 3; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 15.
224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1859 — Omoa (Honduras), Peten (Guatemala), and Belize (British Hon-
duras); Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill — Lake of Yojoa, Honduras.
Thraupis vicarius Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 29, 1851 — Mexico.
Thraupis abbas Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927—
Presidio, Vera Cruz; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 391, 1929 — Mountain Cow and
Camp 6, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., p. 471, 1929 — Progreso and Tela,
Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 377, 1932 — Guate-
mala (many localities); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 245,
1932 — Eden and Santa Rosita, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 338, 1932—
Lancetilla, Honduras.
Range. — Southeastern Mexico, in states of Tamaulipas (Alta-
mira), Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca, and southward through Guatemala,
British Honduras, and Honduras to northern Nicaragua.1
18: Mexico (Vera Cruz, 2; Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan,
3; Los Amates, Izabal, 4; Mazatenango, 2; Patulul, Solola, 4;
unspecified, 2).
*Thraupis palmarum palmarum (Wied). PALM TANAGER.
Tanagra palmarum Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 76, 1821 — Canavieras, Bahia,
Brazil (type now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York;
cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 219, 1889); idem, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 3, (1), p. 489, 1830 — eastern Brazil (Serra de Inua and northwards);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 234, 1856— part, Brazil (Para,
Bahia, Rio) and Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds..
p. 76, 1862 — Mexiana and Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, p. 571— Mexiana Island; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 209, 1870—
Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, Rio das Pedras (Sao Paulo), Rio Araguay
(Goyaz), Cuyaba, Villa Maria, and Engenho do Gama (Matto Grosso);
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 430 — Minas
Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Rio das Velhas); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 — Para;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 242, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 600— Bolivia (part,
Santa Cruz and Guarayos); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 333 — Recife, Pernam-
buco; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 159, 1886 — part, subsp. typica,
eastern Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3,
p. 355, 1891 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; Boucard and Berlepsch, The
Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— Porto Real, Rio; Ihering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 3, p. 150, 1899— Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153,
1900— Can tagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, pp. 478, 479, 498—
Rio Capim, Para; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 27, 1907—
Mexiana; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 357, 1907 — part, Sao Paulo
(Sao Sebastiao, Itapura), Espirito Santo, and Bahia (range, excl. Rio
Negro); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 294, 1907— Para and Santo Antonio
do Prata, Brazil; idem, I.e., 56, p. 523, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins;
1 There is obviously no local variation in this spacies.
Additional material examined. — Mexico: Jalapa, 3: unspecified, 3. — Guatemala:
Coban, Vera Paz, 5. — Honduras: San Pedro, 2; Chamelicon, 1; Volcan de Puca.T;
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 225
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910—
Bahia (Alagoinhas; Fazenda Taboa and above Barrocao, Rio Preto)
and Piauhy (Parnagua and Ilha Sao Martin); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1053, 1912 — Brazil (.range); Lima, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920— Belmonte to Ilhe'os, Bahia.
Tanagra olivascens Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 32, 1823 — Brazil
(type in Berlin Museum); Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 3, pi. 38, 1836 —
Brazil; d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 274, 1839 — Bolivia (Santa
Cruz, Guarayos, Yuracares); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3,
p. 175, 1856— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes.
Aglaia olivascens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 33, 1837— Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Thraupis olivascens Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, 1851 — part, Brazil.
Thraupis palmarum Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio;
Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 258, 1919 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay.
Tanagra palmarum subsp. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 273, 1905 — Igarape-
Assu, Para; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2,
p. 119, 1912— Mexiana.
Tanagra palmarum palmarum Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 29, 1908 — Fazenda
Esperan$a, Goyaz.
Thraupis palmarum palmarum Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss.,
Math.-Phys. KL, 26, No. 2, pp. 10, 87, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Para (crit.,
Para localities); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 100, 1916— Utinga, Para;
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 240, 1923— Santa Cruz and Guarayos, Bolivia
(crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928— Para; Hell-
mayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 281, 1929— Maranhao
(Anil, Sao Bento, Barra do Corda, Codo) and Ceard (Serra de Baturite);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 373, 1930— Urucum, Matto
Grosso; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p.
268, 1930 — Bolivia (Santa Cruz and Buenavista; crit.).
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (not of Sclater) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi,
8, p. 448, 1914 — part, Para, Capanema, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio
Tocantins (Arumatheua), and Maranhao; Me"negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn.,
5, p. 87, 1917 — Caceres, Matto Grosso; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Maranhao (Anil, Tury-assu).
Range. — Eastern and southern Brazil, from eastern Para (east of
Tocantins) south to Santa Catharina and west to southern Matto
Grosso, and adjacent eastern Bolivia and Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni).1
1 Birds from Maranhao and the Para district, by average smaller size and
(often) less conspicuous greenish edges to the remiges, form the transition to
the Amazonian T. p. melanoptera, and the same may be said of certain, though
not all, individuals from western Matto Grosso and the eastern plains of Bolivia.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: IgarapeVAssu, Para, 3; Peixe-Boi, Para,
3; Maguary, Para, 2; Maranhao, 4; Parnagua, Piauhy, 1; Ilha Sao Martin, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy, 1; Bahia, 6; Alagoinhas, Bahia, 1; Rio Preto, Bahia, 2;
Rio Jordao, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 3; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, 2; Rio
das Pedras, Sao Paulo, 1; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1; Villa Maria, Matto Grosso,
1; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 2. — Bolivia:
Santa Cruz, 2; Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 2; Guarayos, 1.
226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
j
30: Brazil (Para, 2; Anil, near Sao Luiz, Maranhao, 2; Sao Bento,
Maranhao, 3; Barra do Corda, Maranhao, 1; Codo, Cocos, Maran-
hao, 1; Serra de Baturite", Ceara, 2; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Santo
Amaro, Bahia, 1; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 5; Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro,
1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 7; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4).
Thraupis palmarum melanoptera (Sclater). AMAZONIAN PALM
TANAGER.
Tanagra melanoptera (Hartlaub MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
"1856," p. 235, pub. Jan., 1857 — East Peru and "Bogota" (type, from east-
ern Peru, in Bremen Museum); idem, I.e., 26, pp. 74, 453, 1858 — Rio Napo
and Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 76, 1862 —
part, spec, a, b, d, e, "Bogota," Rio Napo, and Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis,
1864, p. 82— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866,
p. 180 — upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 749 — Xeberos, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1868, p. 627— San Esteban, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 209, 1870— part, Forte do Rio Branco and Manaos, Brazil;1 Taczanow-
ski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 513— Monterico, Peru; Allen, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p, 353, 1876— Coroico, Bolivia; MSnegaux, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 182, 1904— French Guiana (St. George
d'Oyapock, Ouanary, and Mahury); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 568 — Margarita
Island.
Tanagra olivascens (not of Lichtenstein) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p.
286, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 204, 1846— Peru;
Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 670, "1848" [= 1849]
—British Guiana; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 295, 1866— Trinidad.
Thraupis olivascens Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, 1851 — part, Surinam.
Tanagra ornata (not of Sparrman) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 170,
1851 — part, Cayenne (descr. of female and young male); idem, Bull. Soc.
Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 — Cayenne; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p.
115, 1908 — Cayenne (ex Bonaparte).
Tanagra palmarum (not of Wied) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157,
1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 234, 1856 — part, British Guiana,
Cayenne, and Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 185 — Cosnipata,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 262 — upper and lower Ucayali, Xeberos, and
Chamicuros, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 600 — part, Cangalli, Yungas, Boli-
via; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 13 — Yurimaguas, Peru; Ridgway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 173, 1884— Trinidad; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889— Mapiri, Bolivia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210— Bartica
Grove and Roraima, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 159, 1886 — part, subsp. melanoptera (spec. 1-q, s-w, "Bogota," Ecuador
[Rio Napo, Sarayacu], Peru [Iquitos, Sarayacu], and Bolivia [Cangalli])
and "intermediate forms" (spec, a-f, Bartica Grove, Roraima, and Maroni
River); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 466 — part, Archidona, Ecuador; Ihering,
1 The specimen from Rio Muria (near Para), which is no longer in the Vienna
Museum, was probably one of those intermediates with little greenish edges to
the wings which are not infrequently met with in the Para region, whose inhabitants
should be referred to typical palmarum.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 227
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 357, 1907— part, Santare"m; Williams, Bull. Dept.
Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 130, 1922— Trinidad (nest and egg).
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 486, 1884 — Peru
(Xeberos, Chamicuros, Ucayali, Monterico, Cosnipata, Yurimaguas,
Lamas); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890 — Santare"m, Brazil
(crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 30, 1894— Princestown,
Trinidad; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 343 —
La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18,
p. 677, 1896 — Margarita Island; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9,
p. 20, 1902 — Orinoco River (Altagracia, Caicara, Ciudad Bolivar) and La
Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 58, 1902 — part, Trinidad, Venezuela, British Guiana, and Amazonia;
Clark, Auk, 19, p. 266, 1902— Margarita Island; idem, Auk, 20, p. 399,
1903 — part, Venezuela, Margarita Island, Trinidad, British Guiana,
and lower Amazon; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 110, 1906 —
Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 15, 1906 —
Trinidad (Caparo, Laventille, Chaguaramas, Pointe Gourde, Valencia,
Seelet); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 358, 1908— Aripo and
Carenage, Trinidad; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 — Cachoeira,
Rio Purus, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 115, 1908 — Cayenne and
Approuague, French Guiana; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 323 — Cariaco, Vene-
zuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 103, 1909 — Guanoco, Orinoco Delta;
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 274, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; Me'ne'gaux,
Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Nuevo Loreto, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1053, 1136, 1912 — part, eastern Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Trinidad, Venezuela, and Guiana; Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 448, 1914 — part, Rio Purus (Cachoeira), Monte Alegre,
Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Rio Jamunda (Faro), and
Manaos.
Tangara palmarum melanoptera Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp.
249, 254, 1909— Margarita Island.
Thraupis palmarum melanoptera Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 210,
1913— Cariaquito, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
2, p. 177, 1916 — Orinoco River and Maripa, Caura, Venezuela; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 608, 1917 — part, eastern slope of east
Colombian Andes (Quetame, Buena Vista, Villavicencio, Barrigon,
Florencia, La Morelia); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 88, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo and Lelydorp, Dutch Guiana; Chap-
man, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 120, 1921— San Miguel Bridge, Uru-
bamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 673, 1926 — eastern
Ecuador (Zamora, Rio Suno); Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 374, 1930 — northern
Matto Grosso (Tapirapoan, Carapanha, Rio Roosevelt) and Rio Madeira
(Calama); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 446, 1930—
Vista Alegre, Peru.
Thraupis melanoptera Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 516, 1921 — British
Guiana.
Thraupis palmarum duvida Cherrie, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 190, May,
1916 — Carapanha, Rio Roosevelt, northern Matto Grosso (type in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined).
228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Tropical zone of Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas,
and Amazonia (north of the Amazon, but from the Tapajoz west-
ward also south of that river) west to the eastern base of the east
Colombian Andes and south through eastern Ecuador and Peru to
northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz) and through western Brazil
to northern Matto Grosso (Rio Roosevelt).1
41: Trinidad (unspecified, 1); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 17;
Catatumbo, Zulia, 1; Rio Chama, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 1;
unspecified, 2); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista,
Rio Branco, 4; Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 3; Porto Velho, Rio
Madeira, 2); Colombia ("Bogota," 2; Florencia, Caqueta, 1); Peru
(Yurimaguas, 2; Rioja, 1; Vista Alegre, 1); Bolivia (Rio Espirito
Santo, 1).
*Thraupis palmarum violilavata (Berlepsch and Taczanowski).2
VIOLACEOUS PALM TANAGER.
Tanagra palmarum violilavata Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, p. 546 — Chimbo, Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf.
Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 185,
1 The characters of this form are most strongly pronounced in Upper Ama-
zonia. Birds from the Orinoco region, Trinidad, the Guianas, and Brazil north
of the Amazon appear to me inseparable, though they vary somewhat in the
direction of typical palmarum. This intermediacy is still more developed in
eastern Amazonia, notably between the Rio Madeira and the Tapajoz, a series
from Santar6m forming complete intergradation between melanoptera and pal-
marum, so much indeed that it is utterly impossible to draw a fast line. In native
"Bogota" collections typical examples of both melanoptera and atripennis are
found. The first-named doubtless came from the Amazonian slope of the east
Colombian Andes, while the latter almost certainly originated in the Magdalena
Valley. T. p. duvida is not separable. The type is just molting into the first
annual plumage. The alleged racial characters are clearly of individual nature.
While the pale patch at the base of the primaries is less extended than in the
majority of the other specimens examined, the type is exactly matched in this
respect by various individuals, notably a female from Yacua, Paria Peninsula,
Venezuela. The grayish violet color of the median and greater upper wing coverts
recurs in an adult female from Tulumayo, Peru (A.M.N.H., No. 171,210) and
in another from Novita, Choco, Colombia (Munich Museum, No. 09.5844).
Additional material examined. — Peru: Caradoc, Marcapata, 2; Chamicuros,
2; Yurimaguas, 1; Xeberos, 7; upper Ucayali, 1; Nuevo Loreto, 1; Iquitos, 2.—
Ecuador: Archidona, 2. — Colombia: "Bogota," 7. — Brazil: Gala ma, Rio Madeira,
2; Carapanha, Rio Roosevelt, 1; Santarem, 7; Forte do Rio Branco, 1. — Venezuela:
Orinoco region, 12; Caura, 4; Yacua, Paria Peninsula, 2. — Trinidad, 24. — British
Guiana, 6. — Surinam, 3. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 8; Approuague, 2.
2 Thraupis palmarum violilavata (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) : Nearest to T. p.
melanoptera, but much more strongly tinged with bluish both above and below;
forehead and crown with very little, if any olive greenish tone; upper wing coverts
duller, more grayish (less yellowish) olive, the smaller ones frequently glossed
with bluish; the alar speculum likewise duller and more grayish; the outer webs
of the primaries uniform black or with mere traces of grayish borders at the base.
Additional material examined. — Western Ecuador: San Javier, Prov. Esmeral-
das, 5; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 5; Santo Domingo, 3; Chimbo, 1; unspecified, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 229
1927); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 482, 1898— Cachavi, Prov. Esmeraldas;
MSnegaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B.
101, 1911 — Santo Domingo; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1053, 1912— western Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark.
Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 85, 1922— Niebli and road to Gualea.
Thraupis palmarum violilavata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 673,
1926— Esmeraldas, Rio de Oro, Bucay, Chone, Santa Rosa, Las Pinas,
and Cebollal, Ecuador.
Tanagra melanoptera (not of Sclater, 1857) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28,
p. 292, 1860— Esmeraldas; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 76, 1862— part,
spec, c, Esmeraldas.
Tanagra palmarum subsp. melanoptera Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
160, 1886 — part, spec, r, Esmeraldas.
Tanagra palmarum (not of Wied) Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 466 — part, Santo
Domingo, western Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador, from Esmeraldas
south to the Peruvian boundary (Cebollal, west of Alamor).
2: Ecuador (Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 1; San Jose", near
Huigra, 1).
Thraupis palmarum atripennis Todd.1 BLACK-WINGED PALM
TANAGER.
Thraupis palmarum atripennis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 92, 1922 —
Guapiles, Costa Rica (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); Todd
and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 491, 1922 — Cacagualito, Don
Diego, Fundacion, Tierra Nueva, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Santa Marta, and
Tucurinca, Colombia (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 189,
1929— El Real and Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 341, 1931— Almirante
and Chiriquicito, Panama; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 418, 1931 — Rio Frio,
Magdalena, Colombia.
Tanagra palmarum (not of Wied) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7,
p. 297, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 55 — Costa Rica (Naranjo, San Jos6); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p.
500— Remedios, Colombia (egg descr.); Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p.
120 — Minca, Colombia; idem, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 279, 1883—
1 Thraupis palmarum atripennis Todd: Agreeing with T. p. violilavata in
nearly wholly black outer webs of remiges and bluish rather than purplish gloss
of the body plumage, but forehead and crown conspicuously light yellowish olive,
contrasting with color of hind neck; larger upper wing coverts and alar speculum
more olive, less grayish; similar to T. p: melanoptera, but wings blacker without
(or with mere traces of) grayish edges; crown duller, less yellowish; gloss of body
plumage bluish rather than purplish.
Although intermediate in characters, this form cannot well be united to
either of its allies. Birds from western Colombia and Santa Marta agree very
well with Costa Rican examples.
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica, 5. — Panama, 3. — Colombia:
Santa Marta, 5; Remedios, 1; Bucaramanga, 2; "Bogota," 5; Loma Hermosa,
1; Novita, 5; Tado, 4.
230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
part, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893— Greytown, Nicaragua.
Tanagra melanoptera (not of Sclater, 1857) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, p. 350 — Isthmus of Panama; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1865, p. 171 — Turrialba, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, p. 138 — Santiago de Veragua; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 99, 1868 — Costa Rica (Santa Rosa, Angostura, Turri-
alba); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 — Costa Rica (Santa Rosa,
Turrialba, Angostura, Tucurriqui); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 — Buca-
ramanga, Aguachica, and Ocana, Santander, Colombia; Piguet, Mem.
Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914— Titiribi, Rio Cauca, Colombia.
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 291, 1884 — •
Bucaramanga, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898
—Santa Marta, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.N. H., 13, p. 169, 1900—
Bonda and Cacagualito, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 2,
p. 30, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 58, 1902 — part, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and south to Colom-
bia; Clark, Auk, 20, p. 399, 1903 — part, Panama, Costa Rica, and Santa
Marta; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1112— Novita, Tado,
and Loma Hermosa, western Colombia (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1053, 1912 — part, Costa Rica, Panama,
and Colombia; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 34, 1919— Siquirres,
Costa Rica.
Thraupis palmarum melanoptera Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 856, 1910
— Costa Rica (habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 608,
1917 — part, Dabeiba, Novita, Noanama, San Jose, Los Cisneros, Puerto
Valdivia, La Frijolera, Andalucia, Subia, Chicoral, Puerto Berrio, and
Turbaco, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 278, 1918—
Gatun, Toro Point, and Fort Lorenzo, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 72, p. 370, 1932 — Perm6 and Obaldia, eastern Panama.
Tanagra palmarum subsp. melanoptera Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
160, 1886 — part, spec, a-1, Costa Rica, Panama, Minca, Santa Marta,
Remedies, and "Bogota."
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Nicaragua (Greytown), Costa
Rica, Panama, and Colombia, east to Santa Marta and south to
the Magdalena Valley and the Rio Dagua.
21: Costa Rica (Guayabo, 8; La Iberia, 1; Limon, 6; Matina, 1;
Peralta, 2); Panama (Colon, 1); Colombia (Puerto Zapote, 1; near
San Jos£ de Cucuta, Santander, 1).
"Thraupis cyanocephala cyanocephala (Lafresnaye and d'Or-
bigny). BLUE-CAPPED TANAGER.
Aglaia cyanocephala Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type from Enquisivi, Prov. Sicasica,
in Paris Museum examined).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 231
Tanagra maximiliani d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois., p. 276, pi. 23, fig. 2,
1839 — Enquisivi, Bolivia (new name for Aglaia cyanocephala Lafr. and
d'Orb.).1
Tanagra cyanocephala Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 — Peru;
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 205, 1846 — "fruit gardens around
Lima," errore; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 238, 1850 — Bolivia
and Peru (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 236, 1856—
Bolivia (Sicasica) and Peru ("Lima," ex Tschudi); idem, I.e., 27, p. 139,
1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 77, 1862—
Pallatanga and Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 513 —
Peru (no locality specified); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 227 — Tambillo, Peru;
Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 600 — Bolivia (Enquisivi, Ramosani,
Tilotilo); Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 13 — Chachapoyas, Peru; Berlepsch
and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 290 — Cayandeled and Surupata, Ecuador
(crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 490, 1884— Peru ("Lima," Nina-
bamba, Auquimarca, Tambillo, Cutervo, Chachapoyas) ; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 162, 1886— Bolivia (Ramosani, Tilotilo), Peru (Puma-
marca), and Ecuador (Pallatanga, "San Lucas," "Jima"); Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 344— Garita del Sol, Vitoc.
Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 17,
1899 — Tambo de Yerba-buena (road from Naranjal to Cuenca) and
Nanegal, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 467 — Gualea, Ecuador, and
Popayan, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1055, 1912 — western Ecuador to Bolivia.
Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 15, 1906 —
Bolivia, Peru, and western Ecuador (crit.).
Sporothraupis cyanocephala cyanocephala M6negaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr.
Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 102, 1911— Lanlin (Nanegal),
Ecuador; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 — Tabaconas, northern
Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 120, 1921— San Miguel
Bridge, Torontoy, and Occobamba Valley, Urubamba, Peru.
Sporothraupis cyanocephala M6n6gaux, Rev. Franc.. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 —
Cumpang (east of Tayabamba), Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool.,
14, No. 25, p. 85, 1922— below Nono, Ecuador.
Sporathraupis cyanocephala cyanocephala Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 237,
1923 — Bolivia (note on type); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 674, 1926 — western Ecuador (Guachanama, San Bartolo, Loja).
Thraupis cyanocephala cyanocephala Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 17, p. 447, 1930 — Chinchao, Huanuco, Peru; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 627, 1932 — El Portete de Tarquf, Cuenca, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz), eastern
Peru, and western Ecuador.2
1: Peru (Chinchao, 1).
1 This renaming is unwarranted, since Aglaia cyanocephala Lafr. and d'Orb .
is not affected by the earlier Tanagra cyanocephala P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, which
pertains to an entirely different genus (Calospiza).
2 The east Ecuadorian localities, San Lucas and Jima, on some of Buckley's
specimens in the British Museum are unquestionably erroneous. Comparison of
232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Thraupis cyanocephala auricrissa (Sclater).1 GOLDEN-VENTED
TANAGER.
Dubusia auricrissa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 227, pub. Feb.
5, 1856 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum).
Tanagra auricrissa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 236, 1856 — "Bogota"
(diag.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 77, 1862 — "Bogota" and Ecuador
(errore); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780 — Merida,
Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 — Alto and forests between Bucara-
manga and Ocana, Santander, Colombia.
Thraupis cyanocephala (not Aglaia cyanocephala Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 29, 1851 — Colombia.
Dubusia cyanocephala(l) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 —
"Bogota."
Tanagra cyanocephala Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 501 —
Retire and Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia (egg descr.).
Sporathraupis cyanocephala Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809,
1914— Medellin, Colombia.
Tanagra cyanocephala subsp. b. auricrissa Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 163, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota," Retire, Santa Elena, Canute).
Tanagra cyanocephala auricrissa Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 15 (in text),
1906 — Colombia and Merida, Venezuela (crit.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1055, 1912 — Colombia and Andes of
Merida, Venezuela.
Sporathraupis cyanocephala auricrissa Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37,
p. 608, 1917 — Colombia (Novita Trail, Popayan, Cerro Munchique, La
Florida, Cocal, La Sierra, Salento, Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, El Eden,
Aguadita, El Roble, Subia, Palo Hueco).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (except Santa Marta
region) and adjoining section of western Venezuela (Cordillera of
Me>ida).
13: Colombia (Barro Blanco, Antioquia, 1; Santa Elena, Antio-
quia, 1; Cachiri, Santander, 1; Paramo de Tama, 4; Bogota, 2);
Venezuela (Conejos, 1; Escorial, 1; Tabay, Merida, 2).
Thraupis cyanocephala margaritae (Chapman).2 MARGARITA'S
TANAGER.
seven specimens from Bolivia, fifteen from different parts of Peru, and eleven
from western Ecuador fails to reveal any racial variation.
1 Thraupis cyanocephala auricrissa (Sclater) differs from the nominate form
by more yellowish, citrine rather than warbler green, dorsal surface; conspicu-
ously darker gray under parts, particularly on the belly; deeper, lemon chrome
instead of lemon yellow tibial feathers and under tail coverts.
Seven birds from the Merida region, Venezuela, agree with a series from
Colombia. Thirty-two specimens examined.
2 Thraupis cyanocephala margaritae (Chapman): Nearest to T. c. auricrissa,
but smaller; throat and foreneck tinged with dull blue, more or less concealing
1936 BIRPS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 233
Sporafhraupis cyanocephala margaritae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
31, p. 165, July, 1912 — Valparaiso, Santa Marta region, Colombia (type in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Todd and Car-
riker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 490, 1922— El Libano, Las Vegas, San
Miguel, and Heights of Chirua (crit., habits).
Tanagra cyanocephala auricrissa (not Dubusia auricrissa Sclater) Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 490, 1900— Valparaiso and El Libano.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the Santa Marta region in northern
Colombia.
Thraupis cyanocephala hypophaea (Todd).1 PARAMO DE ROSAS
TANAGER.
Sporathraupis cyanocephala hypophaea Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p.
128, July, 1917 — Paramo de Rosas, State of Lara, western Venezuela
(type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Venezuela (Paramo
de Rosas, State of Lara).
*Thraupis cyanocephala olivi-cyanea (Lafresnaye).2 BLUE-
BELLIED TANAGER.
Tanagra olivi-cyanea Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 69, 1843 — "Colombia,"
errore; we suggest vicinity of Caracas, Venezuela (type in coll. of F. de
Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;
cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 405, 1930); Bonaparte, Consp.
Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 238, 1850— "Colombia" (ex Lafresnaye); Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 237, 1856 — Galipan, Venezuela, and "New
Grenada" (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 77, 1862 — "Bogota";
the dark gray color of the feather bases; dorsal surface more brownish, between
orange citrine and medal bronze. Wing, 84-86; tail, 70; bill, 14.
By the extension of the blue color over the throat and foreneck this form
marks a step in the direction of T. c. olivi-cyanea, the gap being closed by T. c.
hypophaea. The two specimens examined have the yellow of the crissum and
tibial feathers fully as dark as T. c. auricrissa.
Material examined. — Colombia: El Libano, 1; Valparaiso, 1.
1 Thraupis cyanocephala hypophaea (Todd) : Similar to T. c. auricrissa, but
under parts strongly suffused with blue, especially anteriorly, approaching thus
T. c. olivi-cyanea.
This form, which, some years ago, we examined in the Carnegie Museum,
is closely similar to T. c. olivi-cyanea, but less "solidly" blue underneath, the dark
gray color of the basal portion of the feathers showing through and causing a
variegated appearance. From T. c. margaritae, of the Santa Marta region, it
may be separated by the more greenish (less brownish) upper parts and greater
extent of the blue suffusion underneath.
2 Thraupis cyanocephala olivi-cyanea (Lafresnaye), in adult plumage, is easily
distinguished from all other races by the uniform bright blue (sailor blue) under
parts. Young birds, by mainly dark gray ventral surface, betray, however, their
close affinity to T. c. auricrissa.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 43;
Silla de Caracas, 2; "Caracas," 1.
234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Caracas; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 163, 1886— Venezuela (Caracas) and "Colom-
bia (Bogota)"; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1054,
1912 — Venezuela (Caracas) and (?)Colombia ("Bogota").
Dubusia olivicyanea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 —
"Bogota."
Sporathraupis cyanocephala olivi-cyanea Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft
2, p. 187, 1924 — Galipan (Cerro del Avila) and Silla de Caracas, Venezuela
(crit., plumages).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, in Dept.
Federal (Silla de Caracas; Galipan, Cerro del Avila) and State of
Aragua (Maracay).1
1: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1).
Thraupis cyanocephala subcinerea (Sclater).2 ASH-BELLIED
TANAGER.
Tanagra subcinerea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 129 — Venezuela
and "Trinidad"3 (type, from "Venezuela," in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in
British Museum, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 77, 1862 —
Venezuela (type) and "Trinidad" (errore).
Tanagra cyanocephala subsp. subcinerea Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
163, 1886— Venezuela and "Trinidad" (errore).
Tanagra cyanocephala subcinerea Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumanacoa
[Sucre], Venezuela; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 15, 1906 — part, "Cu-
mana," Venezuela; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1055, 1912 — part, northeastern Venezuela (Cumana).
Sporathraupis cyanocephala subcinerea Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12,
1925 — Carapas and Turumiquire, Sucre, Venezuela.
Range. — Subtropical zone of northeastern Venezuela, in State
of Sucre (Los Palmales, Quebrada Secca, Los dos Rios, Cumanacoa,
Carapas, Turumiquire).
1 The record of this species from "Bogota" must be a mistake. If blue-bellied
specimens really occur in "Bogota" collections, they are more likely to be indi-
vidual mutants of T. c. auricrissa.
* Thraupis cyanocephala subcinerea (Sclater) : Nearest to T. c. auricrissa, but
under parts very much lighter, pale dingy gray, passing into buffy in a rather
extensive zone along the middle of the breast and abdomen; chin and upper
throat paler than the rest and more or less freckled with grayish white. Wing,
82-86, (female) 77-81; tail, 76-80, (female) 68-76; bill, 13-14.
This form, by the absence of blue underneath, reverts to the characters of
the Andean races (auricrissa and cyanocephala), but is immediately recognizable
by its much paler coloration.
Material examined. — yenezuela, Sucre: Los Palmales, 11; Quebrada Secca,
1; Los dos Rios, 2; unspecified, 1 (the type).
3 "Trinidad" is based on a trade-skin of the peculiar preparation once ascribed
to that island. It has since been ascertained, however, that the majority of
these so-called "Trinidad" skins originally came from the opposite Venezuelan
mainland.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 235
Thraupis cyanocephala busing! (Hellmayr and Seilern).1 BUS-
ING'S TANAGER.
Sporathraupis cyanocephala biisingi Hellmayr and Seilern, Verb. Orn. Ges.
Bay., 11, No. 3, p. 254, 1913— Aripo, Island of Trinidad (type in Munich
Museum).
Tanagra subcinerea (not of Sclater) L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 296, 1866 —
Trinidad ("sur le sommet de nos montagnes").
Tanagra cyanocephala subcinerea Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 30,
1894— Trinidad (ex Leotaud); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 15, 1906—
part, Aripo, Trinidad; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 188,
1906— Aripo; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1055, 1912
—part, Trinidad.
Range. — Island of Trinidad (northern range from 1,800 feet
upwards).
Thraupis bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin). BLUE- AND- YEL-
LOW TANAGER.
Loxia bonariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 850, 1789 — based on "Le Noir-
Souci" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 150; Buenos Aires.
Tanagra striata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 899, 1789— based on "L'Onglet"
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 256, South America; d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>.
M6rid., Ois., p. 273, 1839— part, descr. of "adult male," Montevideo,
Buenos Aires, Corrientes, and eastern Bolivia (Palca, Cochabamba, Valle
Grande, Chuquisaca); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 239, 1850
— part, "Paraguay" (descr. of male); idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p.
171, 1851 — part, "Paraguay" (descr. of male); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 235, 1856 — part, Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay, Buenos Aires,
Corrientes, and "Paraguay" (descr. of male); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 178, 1856 (range); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 253, 1860—
Mendoza, Parand, and Banda Oriental; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p.
480, 1861 — Buenos Aires to Mendoza, north to Parana and C6rdoba;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 139— Conchitas,
Buenos Aires; Doering, Per. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio
Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 170 — Punta Lara and
thirty miles north of Buenos Aires; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 600 — Cinti [ = Camargo], Chuquisaca, Bolivia (not La Paz,
ex d'Orbigny); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 21 — Caps San Antonio, Buenos
Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 596— Fuerte de Andalgala
(Catamarca) and Punta Lara (Buenos Aires); Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Cl., 8, p. 91, 1883 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rfos.
1 Thraupis cyanocephala biisingi (Hellmayr and Seilern): Very close to T. c.
subcinerea, but below decidedly darker gray, with a faint bluish hue on breast
and sides of throat, and very little buffish suffusion along the middle line; blackish
maxillary streak much more prominent; chin and upper throat variegated with
blackish freckles; bill shorter and more swollen. Wing, 82-86, (female) 77-82;
tail, 72-77, (female) 68-73; bill, 14-15.
Material examined.— Trinidad: Aripo (alt. 1,800 to 2,000 feet), 33.
236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Aglaia striata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl.
2, p. 32, 1837— Valle Grande, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
3, p. 97, 1841 — Maldonado, Uruguay.
Tanagra darwini (not of Bonaparte) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, pi. 34, 1839.
Tanagra bonariensis Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 119, 1885
— Taquara and Arroio, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 164, 1886 — Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay (Maldonado), Corrientes,
Punta Lara (Buenos Aires), Mendoza, and Bolivia (Cinti); Sclater and
Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 39, 1888— Argentina; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p.
462 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol.
Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ.
Orn., 39, p. 91, 1891— Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 17— Est.
Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 124 — Fortin Page, Paraguay;
Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 196— Est. Espartillar; idem, Ibis, 1893, pp. 468,
469 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios (migration); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 168 —
Uruguay (Monzon, Rio Negro); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, pp.
278, 290, 1895— Chilecito (La Rioja) and Catamarca; Salvadori, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 4, 1895— San Pablo, Tucuman; idem,
I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 6, 1897— Campo Santo (Salta) and Caiza (Bolivian
Chaco); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899— Mundo
Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175,
1902— Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 457, 471— Bolivia (Tarija
and Fortin Crevaux, Bolivian Chaco); Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11,
p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 215, 1904— Tapia, Tucuman;
Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 358, 1907— Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Hartert and
Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 171, 1909 — Argentina; Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 376, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant,
Ibis, 1911, p. 93 — Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1054, 1912 — Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay,
Argentina, and southern Bolivia (Cinti; Valle Grande; San Jose, Rio
Misque); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay;
Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 397, 1916— La Plata; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 94— Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs descr.).
Thraupis bonariensis Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 151, 1918 — Mendoza; Dabbene,
I.e., 1, p. 243, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e.,
2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, San Jose, Flores, Flor-
ida, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 270, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires;
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 237, 1923 — Cochabamba, Bolivia (crit.);
Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 52, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios;
Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 68, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 171, 1923—
San Isidro, Buenos Aires; Dinelli, I.e., 3, p. 254, 1924 — Tucuman (nest
and egg descr.); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 657, 1924
— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 393, 1926
— Argentina (Riacho Pilaga, Formosa; Lavalle, Buenos Aires; Victorica,
Pampa; Potrerillos, Mendoza; Tapia, Tucuman) and Uruguay (La Paloma,
near Rocha); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 227, 1927 — Con-
cepci6n, Tucuman; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 411, 1931 — Maimara, Jujuy.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 237
Thraupis bonariensis bonariensis Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran
Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 269, 1930 — Bolivia (Villa Montes and Fortin
Esteros, Tarija; Cuevo, Chuquisaca).
Range. — Extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Uru-
guay; northern Argentina, south to Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos
Aires (Cape San Antonio); Paraguay; southern Bolivia, north to
Cochabamba.1
20: Bolivia (Parotani, 1); Uruguay (Rio Cebollati, Passo de
Averias, Minas, 4; Dept. Rocha, near San Vicente de Castillos, 1;
Dept. San Jose", on coast near Arazati, 4; Dept. Soriano, near
Dolores, 5) ; Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 3 ; Conchitas, Buenos
Aires, 1; El Carrizal, Sierra de Cordoba, 1).
Thraupis bonariensis darwinii (Bonaparte).2 DARWIN'S
TANAGER.
Tanagra darwinii3 Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 121, pub.
June, 1838— "Chile" (type apparently lost);4 Sclater, I.e., 26, pp. 453,
551, 1858 — Cuenca and Riobamba, Ecuador (crit.); idem, I.e., 28, p. 86,
1860— Calacali, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 76, 1862— Lima
and Cuenca; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 97 — vicinity of Lima,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 341— Lima; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 984
— Arequipa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 569 — Arequipa; idem, I.e., 1869,
p. 151 — Tinta, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 513 — Lima, Huanta,
Maraynioc, and Pumamarca, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 16
— Paucartambo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 600 — Sorata and Tilotilo,
Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 195— Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882,
1 Seven specimens from Rip Grande do Sul agree with others from Buenos
Aires and Tucuman, and a series from Bolivia (Tarija and Cochabamba) is not
different either.
Fifty-seven specimens examined.
2 Thraupis bonariensis darwinii (Bonaparte), in the male sex, differs from
the nominate form by greenish (instead of black) mantle, and light cadmium
(instead of bright orange) rump and chest, while the female is only distinguish-
able by lacking the bluish tinge on the head.
In agreement with Chapman and Zimmer, I am unable to separate the sup-
posed eastern form (laeta), there being no constant difference either in size or
color between birds from the Peruvian and Chilean coast and others (from Bolivia)
and southeastern Peru. T. b. darwinii replaces the typical form in the northern
parts of Bolivia (Dept. La Paz) and farther north.
Additional material examined.— Ecuador: Quito, 2; Riobamba, 3; Cuenca, 1;
unspecified, 4. — Peru: San Pablo, 1; Lima, 4; La Merced, 1; Maraynioc, 1; Lucre,
Cuzco, 6; Idma, Urubamba, 2. — Bolivia, Dept. La Paz: La Paz, 3; Yungas, 1;
Chililaya, 1 ; Chicani, 2.
3 Frequently spelled "darwini."
4 Although Bonaparte states that the type was brought to the British Museum
"by the expedition under Capt. Fitzroy," that is, by the "Beagle," this specimen
is not to be found in that collection. His description, however, applies to the
male of the bird now designated by Bonaparte's name. Cf. also Zimmer, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 447, 1930.
238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
p. 13 — Tamiapampa, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 290
— Bugnac, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 488, 1884 — Peru (Lima,
Auquimarca, Pumamarca, Callacate, Cutervo, Tamiapampa, Chota,
Paucartambo, Huanta); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 165, 1886—
Bolivia (Tilotilo, Sorata), Peru (Arequipa, Maraynioc), and Ecuador
(Sical, Cuenca); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 5, 1895 — Cajamarca and Huama-
chuco, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p.
375 — Lima, Peru; idem, I.e., 1896, p. 344 — La Merced, Maraynioc, and
Tarma, Peru; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 482, 1898 — Ibarra and Cayambe,
Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 17,
1899 — "Nanegal," Chillo Valley, and Tumbaco, Ecuador; Goodfellow,
Ibis, 1901, p. 467 — Quito, Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 102, 1911 — Tumbaco, Riobamba, and
Chambo, Ecuador; idem, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Araqueda,
Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1054, 1912—
western Peru (Lima to Arequipa); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14,
No. 25, p. 85, 1922— Tumbaco and Quito, Ecuador.
Tanagra frugilegus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 — Peru (type
in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 204, pi. 17,
fig. 1, 1846 — fruit gardens of Lima; Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1,
p. 239, 1849 (crit.); Hartlaub, I.e., p. 498, 1849 (crit.).
Calliste frugilegus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 236, 1850 — Peru
(ex Tschudi).
Tanagra darwini laeta Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 81, 1906 — •
Cuzco, Peru (type in coll. of Count Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum) ;
idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1054, 1912 — western
Ecuador and Peru.
Thraupis darwini laeta Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 — Huanca-
bamba, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 120, 1921— San
Miguel Bridge, Matchu Picchu, Chospiyoc, Calca, Pisac, and Cuzco, Peru;
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 237, 1923— La Paz and Yungas, Bolivia.
Thraupis darwini(i) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 674, 1926 —
Quito, Guapulo, Tumbaco, Cumbaya, Chimborazo, El Paso, Huigra, Rio-
bamba, above Chambo, and Hacienda Garzon, Ecuador (crit.); Berlioz,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— Tumbaco, Ecuador; Zimmer,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 446, 1930— Matucana, Huanuco,
Panao, Chinchao, and Cullcui, Maranon River, Peru (crit.); Berlioz, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 627, 1932— El Portete de Tarqui, Cuenca,
Ecuador.
Thraupis bonariensis darwinii Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
19, p. 97, 1932— Putre, Tacna, Chile.
Tanagra striata (not of Gmelin) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 273,
1839 — part, descr. of "female" and "young," La Paz, Yungas, and Sicasica,
Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av.,
1, (1), p. 239, 1850— part, Peru (descr. of female); idem, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
(2), 3, p. 171, 1851— part, Peru (descr. of "female"); Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 235, 1856 — part, Bolivia, Peru (Lima), and western
Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata, Peru; idem,
I.e., p. 600, 1879— part, La Paz, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2,
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 239
p. 489, 1884— Cosnipata, Peru (not the description); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p.
159, 1888— Sibaya, Tarapaca, Chile.
Range. — Temperate zone of western Ecuador, Peru, northwestern
Bolivia (Dept. La Paz), and northern Chile (provinces of Tacna
and Tarapaca).
32: Ecuador (unspecified, 1); Peru (Cajamarca, 5; Hacienda
Llagueda, 3; Macate, Ancachs, 4; Cullcui, Maranon River, 5;
Chinchao, 1; Panao, 1; Huanuco, 6; Matucana, 2); Chile (Putre,
Tacna, 4).
Genus SPINDALIS Jardine and Selby
Spindalis Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., (n.s.), Part 2, pi. 9, May 27, 1837
— type, by monotypy, Spindalis bilineatus Jardine and Selby =Tanagra
nigricephala Jameson.
Spizampelis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 253, 1866— type, by subs.
desig. (Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 165, 1886), Tanagra pretrei
Lesson.
*Spindalis zena townsendi Ridgway. ABACO SPINDALIS.
Spindalis zena townsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 3, Apr. 25,
1887 — Abaco Island, Bahamas (type in U. S. National Museum); Cory,
Bds. W. Ind., p. 289, 1889— Abaco; idem, Auk, 8, p. 296, 1891— Abaco;
Ridgway, I.e., p. 334, 1891— Abaco; Cory, I.e., p. 350, 1891— Great
Bahama and Abaco; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 114, 1892 — Abaco and
Great Bahama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 72, 1902—
Abaco (monog.); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 288— Little Abaco (crit.); G.
Allen, Auk, 22, p. 129, 1905— Abaco, Little Abaco, and Great Bahama;
Riley, I.e., p. 360, 1905 — Abaco; idem, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands,
pp. 355, 367, 1905— Abaco and Little Abaco (crit.); Todd and Worthing-
ton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp. 440, 464, 1911 — Abaco (crit.); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1056, 1912— Abaco.
Range. — Northern Bahamas (islands of Great Bahama, Little
Abaco, and Abaco).1
188: Bahamas (Abaco, 46; Great Bahama, 142).
*Spindalis zena zena (Linnaeus). BLACK-BACKED SPINDALIS.
Fringilla zena Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 320, 1766 — based on "Ba-
hama Finch" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, etc., 1, p. 42, pi. 42; Bahama
Islands = New Providence.
Tanagra zena Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 277, 1847— Bahama (descr. ex
Brisson ex Catesby); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. Ill, 1859—
New Providence.
Spindalis zena Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 231, 1856 — part, descr.
et hab. Bahamas; Cory, Bds. Bahama Is., p. 92, 1880 — New Providence,
1 Birds from Great Bahama seem to be perfectly identical with those from
Abaco.
240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Long Island, and "Inagua"; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 169, 1886
— New Providence (descr.); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 195, 1886 — Bahamas (descr.);
idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 82, 1889— Bahamas; Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 70, 1891
— Andros; Cory, I.e., pp. 294, 295, 1891 — New Providence and Berry
Islands; Ridgway, I.e., pp. 335, 336, 337, 339, 1891— New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, and Green Cay; Cory, I.e., 9, p. 48, 1892— Mari-
guana; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 114, 1892 — Bahamas (Berry Islands,
New Providence, Andros, Cat Island, Long Island, Green Cay, Mari-
guana); Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 512— Nassau; Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 293, 1900
— Nassau, New Providence; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 288 — Nassau; Allen,
Auk, 22, p. 128, 1905 — New Providence and Andros (crit.); Riley, I.e.,
p. 359, 1905 — New Providence and Long Island (song); idem, in Shattuck,
The Bahama Islands, pp. 355, 367, 1905 — Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New
Providence, Andros, Green Cay, Cat Island, Long Island, and Mariguana;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1056, 1912 — Bahamas.
Tanagra multicolor Vieillot,1 Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 775, 1822—
part, descr. of "male" and hab. "Floride (errore) et les lies Bahama";
idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 1, (2), livr. 26, p. 100, pi. 76, 1823— part,
descr. of adult male and hab. "en mer dans le canal de Bahama"; Lafres-
naye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 278, 1847 — part, Bahamas (crit.).
Spindalis zena stejnegeri Cory, Auk, 8, p. 348, 1891 — Eleuthera Island, Ba-
hamas (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); idem, I.e., p.
351, 1891— Eleuthera; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 114, 152, 1892—
Eleuthera and Cat Island.
Spindalis zena zena Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 70, 1902—
Bahamas (monog.); Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp.
440, 463, 1911 — New Providence, Cat Island, and Andros (habits, crit.).
Range. — Central Bahama Islands (Berry Islands, Eleuthera,
New Providence, Andros, Green Cay, Cat Island, Long Island, and
Mariguana).2
92: Bahamas (Andros, 48; Eleuthera, 18; Mariguana, 5; New
Providence, 21).
*Spindalis zena pretrei (Lesson). CUBAN SPINDALIS.
Tanagra pretrei Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 122, pi. 45, 1831 — "Bresil," errore, =
Cuba (type in coll. of M. Parhuit, doubtless lost); idem, Rev. Zool., 2,
p. 103, 1839— "Bresil" (crit.); Lafresnaye, I.e., 10, p. 278, 1847— Cuba
(crit.).
Tanagra zena (not Fringilla zena Linnaeus) Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p.
441, Dec., 1827— Cuba; d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Orn., p. 74, pi.
11, 1839 — Cuba (excl. synon.).
Spindalis zena Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 231, 1856 — part, Cuba.
1 Tanagra multicolor Vieillot, while comprising both S. zena and the His-
paniolan Spindalis, appears to refer primarily to the first-named, since the author
describes the back as being black.
2 The variety S. z. stejnegeri seems to be an individual mutant without geo-
graphical significance. In the material at hand I do not find that Andros speci-
mens have less white in the tail, as has been claimed by G. M. Allen.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 241
Spindalis pretrei Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 476, 1855 — Cuba (descr. of
female and young male); idem, I.e., 20, p. 419, 1872 — Cuba (descr., habits,
nest, and eggs); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 196, 1886 — Cuba (descr.); idem, Bds.
W. Ind., p. 83, 1889— Cuba (descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
4, p. 309, 1892— Trinidad, Cuba; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 68, 1902— Cuba and Isle of Pines (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1056, 1912 — Cuba; Todd, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 10, p. 281, 1916 — Los Indies, Siguana, Caleta Grande, and Bibi-
jagua, Isle of Pines (crit.); English, Ibis, 1916, p. 33, pi. 1, fig. 2 (male)—
Cuba; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 126, 1923— Cuba; Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 38, 1923— Puerto de Tanamo, Cuba.
Spindalis pretrii Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 168, 1886— San Cristobal,
Cuba; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 114, 129, 1892— Cuba and Isle of Pines.
Spindalis pretrei pinus Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 213, 1905 —
Santa Fe, Isle of Pines (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 406, 1930); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1056, 1912— Isle of Pines.
Range. — Island of Cuba and Isle of Pines, Greater Antilles.1
17: Cuba (near Palacios, 10; San Diego de los Bafios, 2; unspeci-
fied, 3); Isle of Pines (La Vega, 2).
*Spindalis zena salvini Cory.2 SALVIN'S SPINDALIS.
Spindalis salvini Cory, Auk, 3, p. 499, 1886 — Grand Cayman, south of Cuba
(type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); idem, Bds. W. Ind.,
p. 289, 1889— Grand Cayman; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 114, 129, 152,
1892— Grand Cayman; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 74,
1902 (ex Cory); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 346 — Grand Cayman (crit.); idem,
Ibis, 1911, p. 160 — Grand Cayman; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1057, 1912— Grand Cayman; English, Ibis, 1916, p. 32,
pi. 1, fig. 3 (male) — Grand Cayman (habits, nest, and eggs); Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 318, 1916 — Grand Cayman (crit.; descr. of female).
Range. — Grand Cayman Island, south of Cuba.
30: Grand Cayman.
*Spindalis zena benedicti Ridgway.3 COZUMEL SPINDALIS.
1 The average larger size of the specimens from the Isle of Pines is not con-
stant enough, to my mind, to warrant the maintenance of S. p. pinus.
2 Spindalis zena salvini Cory is much like S. z. pretrei in coloration, but larger
in all its proportions. The adult males vary a good deal, some having just as
much chestnut below as the Cuban form, while in others the chest is nearly uni-
form lemon chrome. The female may generally be distinguished by its slightly
paler, more grayish olive upper parts, in addition to its larger size.
3 Spindalis zena benedicti Ridgway combines the dark coloration (back medal
bronze with chestnut upper tail coverts) of S. z. townsendi with the large size of
S. z. salvini, the bill being, however, even stouter and less constricted apically
than in the latter.
The reappearance on Cozumel Island of a form closely similar to the birds
inhabiting the northern Bahamas tends to prove the conspecific relationship of
S. zena, S. pretrei, and allied "species."
242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Spindalis benedicti Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, p. 22, March 5, 1885
— Cozumel Island, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum) ; idem, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 567, 1885 — Cozumel (full descr. of male and female);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 168, 1886— Cozumel; Salvin, Ibis,
1888, p. 258— Cozumel (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 72, 1902— Cozumel (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1057, 1912— Cozumel; English, Ibis, 1916, p. 33, pi. 1,
fig. 1 — Cozumel; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 236, p. 12, 1926 — Cozumel.
Spindalis exsul Salvin, Ibis, (5), 3, No. 10, p. 189, pi. 5 (male), April, 1885—
Cozumel Island (type, Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum).
Range. — Cozumel Island, off Yucatan.
5: Cozumel Island.
*Spindalis zena dominicensis (Bryant).1 HISPANIOLAN
SPINDALIS.
Tanagra dominicensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 92, 1866—
San Domingo (type, from Port-au-Prince, Haiti, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 405, 1930).
Tanagra multicolor Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 775, 1822—
part, descr. of "female" and hab., "Saint-Domingue"; idem and Oudart,
Galerie Ois., 1, (2), livr. 26, p. 100, 1823— part, descr. of "female" and
hab., "Saint-Domingue"; Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 278, 1847 — part,
Saint-Domingue (crit.).
Spindalis multicolor (not of Vieillot) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p.
240, 1850— Santo Domingo (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 230, 1856— Santo Domingo (monog.); Salle, I.e., 25, p. 231, 1857—
Santo Domingo; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 152, 1881— Haiti; idem,
Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 54, pi. [7], 1885 — Haiti (Le Coup) and Santo
Domingo (Puerto Plata); idem, Auk, 3, p. 196, 1886 — Hispaniola (descr.);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 167, 1886— Santo Domingo; Tris-
tram, Cat. Coll. Tristram, p. 220, 1889— Samana; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p.
83, 1889— Hispaniola (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 114, 1892—
Haiti and San Domingo; idem, Auk, 12, p. 279, 1895 — Santo Domingo;
Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 13, 1896— Catare and Agua-
cate, Santo Domingo (descr. of young male); Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 323 —
north of Sanchez; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 67, 1902
— Haiti (monog.); Verrill and Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p.
363, 1909— Sanchez, Santo Domingo (habits) ; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1056, 1912— Hispaniola; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 61, p. 425, 1917 — Bulla, Dominican Republic; Bond, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 516, 1928— Massif de la Hotte, Massif de la Selle,
Montagnes Noires, Massif du Nord, and Gonave, Haiti; Moltoni, Atti
Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 325, 1929— Monte Viejo, Haiti; Wetmore and
Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 414, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.).
1 Though easily recognizable by the wide light cadmium nuchal area of the
adult male, striped under parts and yellowish rump of the female, as well as small,
stout bill, I see in S. z. dominicensis only a well-marked race of the S. zena group.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR
Spindalis dominicensis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 207,
1925 (crit., nomencl.); Wetmore and Lincoln, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82,
art. 25, p. 62, 1933— La Hotte region, Haiti.
Range. — Island of Hispaniola (including Gonave Island), Greater
Antilles.
15: Hispaniola (Le Coup, Haiti, 2; Kenskoff, Haiti, 2; Puerto
Plata, 2; Catare, 4; Aguacate, 5).
*Spindalis zena portoricensis (Bryant).1 PORTO RICAN
SPINDALIS.
Tanagra portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 10, p. 252, 1866 —
Porto Rico (type lost, formerly in U. S. National Museum; cf. Bangs and
Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 202, 1925).
Spindalis portoricensis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 168, 1878 — Porto Rico;
idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 188, 1878 — Mayagiiez, Aguadilla,
and Quebradillas, Porto Rico (habits); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 167, 1886— Porto Rico; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 197, 1886— Porto Rico (descr.);
idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 84, 1889— Porto Rico; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds.,
p. 114, 1892— Porto Rico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 65, 1902— Porto Rico (monog.); Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 14, 1903—
Aguadilla, Mayagiiez, and Las Marias; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1056, 1912— Porto Rico; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric., 326, p. 121, 1916— Porto Rico (food, habits); Struthers, Auk, 40,
p. 478, 1923 — Boqueron; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10,
p. 108, 1926— Porto Rico (habits); Wetmore, N. Y. Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv.
Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 546, 1927 — Porto Rico (monog.).
Range. — Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
13: Porto Rico (Mayagiiez, 11; unspecified, 2).
*Spindalis zena nigricephala (Jameson).2 JAMAICAN SPINDALIS.
Tanagra nigricephala Jameson,3 Edinb. New Philos. Journ., 19, p. 213, 1835
— "West India Islands" = Jamaica (location of type not stated); idem,
L'Institut, 3, p. 316, Sept., 1835 (French translation); Gosse, Illust. Bds.
Jamaica, pi. 56, 1849.
1 Spindalis zena portoricensis (Bryant) is another strongly marked race, not
unlike S. 2. dominicensis in coloration, but with larger bill; the male with a much
narrower, more orange nuchal collar, the rump green like the back, and the chest-
nut prepectoral band replaced by a small orange spot, etc.
2 This is the most distinct member of the group, immediately recognizable
by its large size, reduction of white in the tail, and the yellow under parts (ex-
cluding the pale gray throat and whitish crissum) in the female sex. To orni-
thologists of the old school it will no doubt rank as an excellent species.
3 An earlier name is possibly Fringitta cana Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p.
920, 1789), based on "Le Serin de la Jamaique" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 189, 1760),
which, in its turn, goes back to a bird described by Sloane (Voy. Jamaica, 2,
p. 311, No. XLIX, 1725). Sloane's account applies fairly well to the female of
S. z. nigricephala, but there are some discrepancies as to certain proportions,
which makes me hesitate to adopt Gmelin's term.
244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Spindalis bilineatus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., (n.s.), Part 2, pi. 9, May,
1837 — Jamaica (type in coll. of Sir W. Jardine, present location unknown).
Tanagra zenoides (Lafresnaye MS.) Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, pi. 40, after
Jan., 1847 — Jamaica (type in Paris Museum); Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool.,
10, p. 279, 1847— Jamaica (crit.).
Tanagra zena (not Fringilla zena Linnaeus) Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 231, 1847
— Jamaica (habits, nest, and eggs).
Spindalis nigricephala Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 240, 1850 —
Jamaica (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 230, 1856 — Jamaica
(monog.); idem, I.e., 1861, p. 74 — Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 77, 1862— Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 296—
Jamaica (nest and eggs); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 166, 1886
— Jamaica (Spanishtown, Moneague, Metcalf Parish); Cory, Auk, 3, p.
198, 1886— Jamaica (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 85, 1889 (monog.);
idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 114, 1892— Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 180,
1893— Stony Hill and Priestman's River; Field, Auk, 11, p. 127, 1894—
Port Henderson; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 64, 1902
(monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1055, 1912
— Jamaica; Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928— Lumsden, Jacksontown,
and Mandeville.
Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
26: Jamaica.
Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest '
Ramphocelus Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., livr. 1, text to pi. 28, p. [1], 1805
— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 148, 1855),
Tanagra bresilia Linnaeus.
Ramphopis Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 32, 1816 — type, by mono-
typy, "Bec-d'argent" Buffon=Laniws carbo Pallas.
Jacapa Gray,2 Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 72, 1855 — type, by tautonymy,
Tanagra jacapa Linnaeus=Lemiws carbo Pallas.
Ramphocoelus Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 21, 1873 —
emendation of Ramphocelus Desmarest.
*Ramphocelus bresilius bresilius (Linnaeus). BRAZILIAN
TANAGER.
Tanagra bresilia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 314, 1766 — based on
Brisson, Edwards, Marcgrave, etc.; "in India Occidentali et Orientali,"
errore; we suggest Pernambuco, eastern Brazil (ex Marcgrave).
*To this genus probably belong Loxia laticauda P. L. S. Miiller (Natursyst.,
Suppl, p. 151, 1776), Loxia flabellum Boddaert (Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 23, 1783), and
Loxia flabellif era Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 850, 1789). They are all based on
"Gros-Becs appellfe queue en eventail, de Virginie" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 380,
which looks very much like the female of some Ramphocelus.
2 Jacapa Bonaparte (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 178, 1851) obviously is not
proposed in a generic sense, while that name published by the same author in
1854 is a nomen nudum.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 245
Ramphocelus coccineus Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 797, 1822
— based on "Le Cardinal" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 42, pi. 3, fig. 1; Mexico and
Brazil) and "Le Tangara du Mexique" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 127, fig.
1; "Bresil."
Ramphopis coccineus Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 2, pi. 18 (male), 19 (female),
1834— Brazil.
Tanagra brasilia Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 511, 1830 — eastern
Brazil (part, descr.).
Ramphocelus brasilia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 242, 1850 —
Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 173, 1856— Brazil (in
part).
R(h)amphoc(o)elus brasilius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 127, 1856 —
part, descr. and hab. Bahia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 333 — Pernambuco
(Recife; road from Iguarassu to Olinda) and Parahyba (as far as Catende);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 170, 1886— part, spec, a-k, Pernam-
buco and Bahia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 — near Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 358, 1907 — part, Pernambuco, Bahia, and "Piauhy"; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1057, 1912 — Pernambuco
and Bahia; Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920— Ilhe"os to Bel-
monte, Bahia; Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 589, 1933 — part, Pernam-
buco to Bahia (crit.).
Ramphocelus bresilius bresilius Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 130,
1915 — Bahia to Pernambuco.
Range. — Wooded region of eastern Brazil, from Bahia (Ilhe'os)
north to Parahyba.1
7: Brazil (Santo Amaro, Bahia, 2; Bahia, 5).
*Ramphocelus bresilius dorsalis Sclater.2 SADDLE TANAGER.
1 Additional material examined. — Brazil: Sao Lourengo, Pernambuco, 2;
Bahia, 16.
2 Ramphocelus bresilius dorsalis Sclater: Adult male similar to R. b. bresilius,
but interscapular region tinged with morocco red or garnet brown, this area more
or less contrasting with the scarlet red of the pileum and rump; female not certainly
distinguishable.
Birds from Espirito Santo sometimes approach the nominate race, but as a
whole are much nearer to the form of southern Brazil. Specimens from the
extreme southern part of the range tend to be slightly larger. The types of R.
ephippialis and R. dorsalis differ from all other examples examined by having
the black subapical markings on the interscapulars much more extensive, leaving but
narrow dark red apical margins and causing a coarse black spotting. The type of
R. ephippialis is a perfectly adult male with bluish white basal half of the lower
mandible. Its origin is quite doubtful. The type of R. dorsalis, prepared like a
Bahia trade-skin (!), bears in the body plumage numerous brownish feathers —
remains of the juvenile livery — and has the bill uniform horn brown. That
these two birds belong to one and the same form appears to me beyond doubt;
but whether the black spotting of the upper back signifies more than individual
variation remains to be ascertained by a larger series.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Espirito Santo (yictoria, Santa Izabel),
6; Santa Fe, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 5; Petropolis, 1; Sapitiba, Rio, 2;
Pirahy, Rio, 2; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, 4; Iguape, Sao Paulo, 1; Rio do Boraxudo,
Parana, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3; unspecified, 2.
246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ramphocelus dorsalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 97, pub.
April, 1855 — "in imp. Brasiliensi" (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in
British Museum, examined); idem, I.e., 24, p. 127, 1856 — southeast Brazil,
Rio and "Pernambuco" (errore); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 78, 1862
—Brazil; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 171, 1886— southern Brazil
(Parana).
Ramphocelus ephippialis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 130 — "in
rip. fl. Amazonum sup.," errore (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in
British Museum, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 78, 1862 —
"upper Amazon"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 210, 1870 — Sapitiba (Rio de
Janeiro) and Rio do Boraxudo (Parana).
Tanagra brasilia (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 511,
1830 — part, Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio, and Parahyba (not the description).
Ramphocelus brasilia Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 173, 1856 —
part, Rio Macacu, Rio de Janeiro.
R(h)amphoc(o)elus brasilius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 127, 1856
— part, Rio; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 409, 1867 — Cantagallo (nest and
eggs descr.); Cabanis, I.e., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 170, 1886— part, spec, l-o, Santa Fe
(Minas Geraes), Nova Friburgo, Rio Claro, "Goyaz," and Sao Paulo;
Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— Porto Real,
Rio; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 151, 1899— Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo;
idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 358, 1907 — part, Victoria, Espirito Santo; Berlioz,
L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 589, 1933— part, Porto Real and "Rio de la Plata,"
errore (crit.).
Rhamphocelus brasilius dorsalis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 358, 1907 —
Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Cubatao, Santos,
Ubatuba), and Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1057, 1136, 1912 — Espirito Santo and
Minas Geraes to Santa Catharina; Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12,
p. 129, 1915 — Braco do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo (crit., range).
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Espirito
Santo and southern Minas Geraes to Santa Catharina.
11: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 11).
*Ramphocelus nigrogularis (Spix). BLACK-THROATED TANAGER.
Tanagra nigrogularis Spix, Av. Bras. Spec. Nov., 2, p. 35, pi. 47 (=male), 1825
— "ad flumen Solimoens in sylvis pagi St. Pauli" = Sao Paulo de Olivenca,
Rio Solimoes, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl.
Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 2. KL, 22, No. 3, p. 670, 1906).
Tanagra (Ramphocelus) ignescens Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 77, pi. 24, l 1831 —
"Mexico," errore (type in Paris Museum).
Tanagra ignescens Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, text to pi. 81, p. 3, 1837
(crit.).
1 "Tanagra (Ramphopis) ignescens" on the plate.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 247
Ramphopis nigro-gularis Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 2, pi. 17, 1834 — Brazil.
Ramphocelus1 nigrogularis* Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 121,
"1837" [=1838] — "that portion of Brazil, bordering on Peru" (crit.);
idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 242, 1850 — Brazil and "Mexico"; Bur-
meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 173, 1856 — Rio Solimoes; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 128, 1856— Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil,
and Sarayacu, Peru; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 78, 1862 — Barra do
Rio Negro; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 — upper
Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 571, 593, 977 — right bank of the Rio
Negro and Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 210, 1870— Borba (Rio
Madeira), Barra do Rio Negro, and Manaqueri (Rio Solimoes), Brazil;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 262— Peru (Sarayacu,
upper Ucayali, lakes of Santa Cruz, Pebas); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2,
p. 491, 1884 — Peru (Sarayacu, Ucayali, Santa Cruz, Pebas, Moyobamba,
Iquitos); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 171, 1886— Barra do Rio
Negro, Pebas, Ucayali, Iquitos, Sarayacu, Rio Javarri, and eastern Ecua-
dor (Sarayacu, Rio Napo); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 297, 1889 —
Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p.
71, 1889— Rio Napo, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 467— Coca and
Tiputini, Rio Napo, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 45, 1907—
Teffe, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; idem, I.e., 14, p. 348, 1907— [Borba], Rio
Madeira; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 359, 1907 (range); Snethlage,
Journ. Orn., 55, p. 294, 1907— Cussary and Monte Alegre, Brazil; idem,
I.e., 56, p. 10, 1908— Brazil, Rio Purus (Bom Lugar, Monte Verde, Ponto
Alegre); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 275, 1910— Allianca, Rio Madeira;
Me'ne'gaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911— Tocache, Rio Huallaga,
Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1061, 1912
(range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 520, 1913 — Monte Alegre; idem,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 449, 1914— Cussary, Rio Purtis (Bom Lugar,
Monte Verde, Ponto Alegre), and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 609, 1917 — La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia;
idem, I.e., 55, p. 675, 1926— Rio Suno, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 — Sarayacu, Ecuador; idem, L'Oiseau, (n.s.),
3, p. 589, 1933— eastern Ecuador and northern Peru (crit.).
Range. — Northern Brazil, east to Monte Alegre on the north
bank, and Cussary on the south bank of the Amazon, south to the
upper Purus; eastern Peru; eastern Ecuador; southeastern Colombia
(La Morelia, Caqueta).3
1: Peru (Pozuzo, Huanuco, 1).
1 Variously spelled Ramphocelus, Ramphocoelus, Rhamphocelus, or Rham-
phocoelus.
2 Frequently spelled nigrigularis.
3 Specimens from various parts of the range agree.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Borba, Rio Madeira, 6; Teff6, Rio
Solimoes, 4; Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes, 2; Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rio Solimoes,
1 (the type); Manaos, 1; Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 2.— Peru: Rio Tigre, 2; Iquitos,
2.— Ecuador: Sarayacu, 4; Coca, 2; Rio Napo, 2.
248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Ramphocelus carbo atrosericeus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.1
BOLIVIAN SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER.
Ramphocelus atrosericeus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag.
Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 34, 1837 — Yungas and "Chiquitos," Bolivia (type, from
Yungas, in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois.,
p. 280, pi. 26, fig. 1 (adult male), 1839— Yungas (Chupe), Guarayos,
Moxos, and "Chiquitos," Bolivia;2 Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5,
"1837," p. 121, 1838— Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 79, 1862— Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1876
— Coroico [Yungas of La Paz], Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 600 — Yungas (Chupe, Ramosani), Yuracares, Guarayos,
Moxos, and "Chiquitos," Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
175, 1886— part, Bolivia (Ramosani); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
p. 82, 1889— Mapiri, "Falls of the Madeira," and "Reyes, Beni River,"
Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1059, 1912—
Bolivia ("Chiquitos," Ramosani, Moxos, San Mateo, Songo, Espirito
Santo); Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 591, 1933— Bolivia (crit.).
Ramphocelus atrisericeus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 242, 1850 —
Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 130, 1856 — part, descr. and
hab. Bolivia.
Ramphocelus carbo atrosericeus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 1, 1925 — Yungas
and Yuracares, Bolivia (note on type).
Ramphocelus aterrimus Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 244, 1853 —
Bolivia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p.
407, 1930;= female).
Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zone of Bolivia.
4: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3; unspecified, 1).
*Ramphocelus carbo centralis Hellmayr.3 BRAZILIAN SILVER-
BEAKED TANAGER.
1 Ramphocelus carbo atrosericeus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny is the most strongly
characterized race of the group. While differing in the male sex from R. c. con-
nectens and R. c. centralis merely by the deeper (velvety) black coloration of the
back, upper wing coverts, and lower under parts with the red gular area abruptly
defined posteriorly, and much duller pileum, the female is at once recognizable
by the uniform dusky black plumage, occasionally relieved by dull red edges
to the feathers of the abdomen. Nine sexed specimens from Bolivia clearly show
this to be the plumage of the adult female. The immature male is nearly similar.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Songo, Yungas of La Paz, 2; Omeja,
Yungas of La Paz, 1; Yungas, 2 (including the type); Guarayos, 1; Espirito Santo,
Yungas of Cochabamba, 2; San Mateo, Yungas of Cochabamba, 20.
2 The description of the "female" as given by d'Orbigny probably refers to
R. c. centralis, which may extend into Chiquitos, one of his localities, whence,
however, no specimens exist in the Paris Museum.
3 Ramphocelus carbo centralis Hellmayr: Closely similar to R. c. connectens,
but with longer wings and tail; throat and foreneck in adult males deeper red, in
females darker brown and less suffused with reddish anteriorly. Wing (adult
males), 83-90; tail, 82-90.
As is the case in all of the other races, individual specimens may occur that
are not certainly distinguishable from R. c. carbo. A striking example of this
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 249
Ramphocelus carbo centralis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 26
(footnote), Nov., 1920 — Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, Brazil
(type in Munich Museum); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p.
375, 1930 — Matto Grosso (Descalvados, Urucum, Palmiras, Tapirapoan,
Fazenda do Sao Joao, Rio Sao Lourengo, Campos Novos, Juruena, Siete
de Septembre, Barao Melgago).
Ramphocelus atrosericeus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras., 3, p. 211, 1870— Sao Paulo (Rio das Pedras, Rio Parana), Goyaz
(Goyaz City), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Engenho do
Gama, Matto Grosso); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren.,
1870, p. 429 — Sete Lagoas (Minas Geraes) and Batataes (Sao Paulo);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 356, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso;
Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 94 — Passage de Nigro and off Rabicho, Rio Para-
guay, Matto Grosso.
Rhamphocelus jacapa centralis Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, 76, p. 185, 1925 — part, Bahia (Barra, Alagoinhas).
Rhamphocoelus jacapa (not Tanagra jacapa Linnaeus) Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 174, 1886— part, b', c', Bahia and Goyaz.
Ramphocelus jacapa connectens (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 13, p. 16, 1906— part, Brazil.
R(h)amphocelus carbo connectens Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 359, 1907 —
Sao Paulo (Jaboticabal, Bauru, Rio Feio, Barretos), Matto Grosso (Cha-
pada), Goyaz, and Parang (Ourinho); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 28,
1908 — Fazenda Esperanca and Goyaz, Goyaz; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th In-
tern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1058, 1912 — part, Matto Grosso (Chapada,
Descalvados), Rio Parana, and Bahia; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 —
Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay.
Rhamphocoelus jacapa connectens Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910 — part, Bahia (Barra; Alagoinhas).
Range. — Tableland of Brazil, in states of Bahia (south of the
Serra de Tabatinga) and Minas Geraes, southward to the northern
parts of Sao Paulo and Parana, west to Matto Grosso and the
adjacent districts of Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni); (?)eastern Bolivia
(Chiquitos).
14: Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 5; Descalvados, Paraguay
River, 1; Piraputunga, Matto Grosso, 3; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 4; Sao
Marcello, Bahia, 1).
mutation is an adult male from Rio Parana, Sao Paulo (May 24, 1823), collected
by Natterer, which has the body plumage tinged all over with claret brown, and
cannot be told from Guianan birds picked at random.
Additional material examined. — Minas Geraes: Agua Suja, near Bagagem,
3; Rio Jordao, near Araguary, 2. — Sao Paulo: Fazenda Cayoa, Salto Grande do
Rio Paranapanema, 1; Rio Parana, 3; Rio das Pedras, 2. — Goyaz: Goyaz City, 4;
Fazenda Esperanga, 3. — Matto Grosso: Chapada, 9; Cuyaba, 1; Villa Maria, 1;
Engenho do Gama, 1.
250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Ramphocelus carbo connectens Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1
PERUVIAN SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER.
Rhamphocelus jacapa connectens Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 344 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (type in coll. of
H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined); idem, Ornis,
13, pp. 81, 110, 1906 — Santa Ana, Idma, Huaynapata, San Pedro, and
Escopal, Dept. Cuzco; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 16, 1906 — part, Peru.
Ramphocelus carbo connectens Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1058, 1136, 1912 — part, central and southeastern Peru (crit.);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 25, 1920— Chaquimayo,
Carabaya (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 120, 1921—
Rio Comberciato, Santa Ana, and Idma, Urubamba; Zimmer, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 448, 1930— Rio Colorado (Chanchamayo)
and Puerto Bermudez (Huanuco); Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 591,
1933— Urubamba (crit.).
Ramphocelus atrosericeus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tschudi, Unters.
Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 206, 1846— Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 130, 1856— part, Peru (ex Tschudi); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873,
p. 185 — Cosnipata; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 512 — Monterico, Ayacucho
(descr. of nest and eggs); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 16 — Maranura
and Potrero, Urubamba; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 493, 1884 — Mon-
terico, Cosnipata, Maranura, Potrero, Chanchamayo, Montanas del
Pangoa, and San Gaban; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 175, 1886—
part, southern Peru.
Ramphocoelus jacapa (not Tanagra jacapa Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata (spec, examined).
Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zone of eastern Peru,
from Huanuco south to Carabaya.
6: Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Huanuco, 1; Rio Colorado, Chan-
chamayo, 3; San Ramon, Chanchamayo, 1; Urubamba Valley, 1).
*Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pallas). SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER.
Lanius (Carbo) Pallas, in Vroeg, Cat. Rais. d'Ois., Adumbr., p. 2, 1764 — Suri-
nam (type in coll. Vroeg, doubtless lost).
Tanagra jacapa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 313, 1766 — based on
"The Red-breasted Black-Bird" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 120,
1 Ramphocelus carbo connectens Berlepsch and Stolzmann, in the male sex,
differs from R. c. carbo by duller, less reddish coloration, the back, upper wing
coverts, and posterior lower parts being either dull blackish or but faintly glossed
with maroon. It thus approaches R. c. atrosericeus, but is not so deep velvety
black with the top and sides of the head more decidedly maroon, while the red
gular area, instead of being abruptly defined posteriorly, blends with the color of
the remaining under surface. Some individuals, however, irrespective of localities,
are not separable from certain exceptionally dull-colored Guianan examples.
Additional material examined. — Huanuco: Pozuzo, 4. — Junfn: La Merced,
Chanchamayo, 7. — Cuzco: Cosnipata, 5; Maranura, 1; Huiro, Urubamba, 4;
Santa Ana, Urubamba, 2; Chiri Nayo, Marcapata, 1; Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 5.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 251
pi. 267 (Surinam); Lanius carbo Pallas; and "Jacapu" Marcgrave, Hist.
Nat. Bras., p. 192 (northeastern Brazil).1
Tanagra pompadura P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776 — based on
"Tangara pourpr6, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 128, fig. 1.
Tanagra albirostris Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 8, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl., pi. 128, figs. 1, 2; Cayenne.
Ramphocelus purpureus Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., livr. 91, p. 796, 1822 —
new name for Tanagra jacapa Linnaeus.
Ramphopis atro-coccineus Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 2, pi. 20, 1834 — Brazil
(type probably in the Swainson Collection, University Museum, Cam-
bridge, Engl.); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 668,
1848— British Guiana.
Ramphocelus jacapa Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 132, 1840 — "Guyane et Br6sil";
Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 241, 1850 — Cayenne and Brazil; Bur-
meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 172, 1856— Para, Guiana, etc.;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 128, 1856— British Guiana, Cayenne,
and lower Amazon (diag.) ; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 78, 1862 — Ecuador
(Gualaquiza, Rio Napo), Cayenne, and Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 — Nauta and upper Ucayali, Peru; idem,
I.e., 1867, p. 571— Mexiana and Para; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 749, 977—
Xeberos and Pebas, Peru; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 — Para; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 262— Nauta, upper Ucayali, Yuri-
maguas, Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882,
p. 14 — Huambo and Yurimaguas, Peru (crit.; eggs descr.); Allen, Bull.
Essex Inst., 8, p. 78, 1876— Para; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 491, 1884—
Peru (Ucayali, Xeberos, Moyobamba, Nauta, Huambo, Yurimaguas);
idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 81 — Machay and
Mapoto, Ecuador; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 — British Guiana (Bartica
Grove, Merum6 Mountains, Camacusa, Roraima) ; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 174, 1886 — part, spec, a-w, British Guiana, Cayenne, Oyapoc,
Mexiana, Para, Peru (Nauta, Pebas), and Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu,
Gualaquiza); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, pp. 99, 297, 1889— Fonte Boa
(Rio Solimoes), Brazil, and Yarina Cocha (Ucayali) and Tarapoto, Peru;
Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890— SantarSm; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897,
pp. 155, 162 — Counany and Amapa, Brazil; Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 17, 1899 — Gualaquiza and Zamora,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 467 — Archidona and Coca, Ecuador;
Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 20, 1902 — Venezuela, Orinoco
Valley (Perico, Maipures, Samborge, Munduapo, Caicara) and Caura
River (Suapure, La Pricidn); Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499— Rio Capim, Para;
Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 182, 1904— Saint Georges
d'Oyapock and Sinnamary, French Guiana; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p.
274, 1905— Igarape-Assu, Para; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432,
1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 27, 1907—
Mexiana Island; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 294, 1907 — Amapa, Mexi-
ana, Marajo, Para, Rio Moju, and Santo Antonio do Prata, Brazil.
1 Brisson's "Le grand Gobe-mouche noir de Cayenne," also quoted by Lin-
naeus, is a chatterer, Querula purpurata (P. L. S. Muller).
252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Rampkocelus jacapa jacapa Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 16, 1906 (range).
Ramphocelus albirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 210, 1870 — Ribeirao (Rio
Madeira), Barra do Rio Negro, and Marabitanas, Brazil.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
26, p. 73, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador (female); Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 10, p. 182, 1904 — Macouria, French Guiana (spec, examined).
Ramphocelus carbo Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 344, 1905 (nomencl.);
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 359, 1907 — part, Rio Jurua; Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 115, 317, 1908 — Cayenne, Isle le Pere, and Approuague,
French Guiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 499, 523, 1908 — Goyana,
Tapajoz, and Arumatheua, Tocantins, Brazil; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi,
8, p. 448, 1914 — Para, Mocajatuba, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides,
Peixe-Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Moju, Rio Tocantins (Cameta,
Arumatheua), Rio Xingu (Victoria, Forte Ambe), Rio Tapajoz (Boim,
Goyana), Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Marajo (Sao Natal), Mexiana, Amapa,
Monte Alegre, Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Obidos, and
Maranhao; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1057,
1912 (range); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 519, 1921— British Guiana
(Ituribisci River, Mazaruni, Demerara, Roraima, etc.); Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Maranhao (Anil, Sao
Ben to, Tury-assu).
Ramphocelus carbo carbo Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 357, 1906 — Santo An-
tonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 17, p. 275, 1910 — Calama and Santa
Izabel, Rio Madeira (nest and eggs descr.); idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., Math.-Phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 11, 87, 100, 119, 1912— Peixe-Boi,
Para localities, and Mexiana; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
14, p. 8, 1908— French Guiana; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2,
p. 178, 1916 — Orinoco and Caura valleys, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 2, p. 100, 1916— Utinga, Para; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 36, p. 609, 1917 — east slope above Florencia, Florencia, and La
Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 88, 1918 — Surinam (vicinity of Paramaribo, Lelydorp, Javaweg);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 675, 1926 — Ecuador (Zamora,
Macas region, Rio Suno, San Jose) and Peru (Perico, Rio Chinchipe);
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 175, 1928— Para; Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 282, 1929— Maranhao (Anil;
Barra do Corda; Codo, Cocos; Sao Francisco) and Piauhy (Santa Philo-
mena; Rio Taquarussu); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 374,
1930 — Sao Joao, lower Rio Roosevelt; Chapman, I.e., 63, p. 131, 1931 —
Paulo and Arabupu, Roraima.
Ramphocelus carbo connectens (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Snethlage,
Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1058, 1912— part, Piauhy (Santa
Philomena); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 461, 1918— Perico and Bella-
vista, Peru.
Rhamphocoelus jacapa connectens Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910 — part, Piauhy (Boa Vista, near Brejao; Rio
Taquarussu).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 253
Rhamphocelus jacapa centralis (not Ramphocelus carbo centralis Hellmayr)
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 185, 1925—
part, Piauhy (Brejao and Santa Philomena).
Ramphocelus unicolor (not of Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
26, p. 453, 1858 — Gualaquiza and Zamora, Ecuador.
Ramphocelus carbo venezuelensis (not of Lafresnaye) Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1058, 1912 — part, Caura and Orinoco,
Venezuela.
Jacapa purpureus Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 31, 1857—
Cayenne.
Rhamphocelus luciani (not of Lafresnaye) M6negaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2,
p. 10, 1911 — part, spec, ex Tocache, Peru (spec, examined).
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Venezuela
(Orinoco basin and its tributaries) ; northern Brazil, east to Maranhao
and Piauhy, south to the sources of the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, and
to extreme northern Matto Grosso (lower Rio Roosevelt) ; northern
Peru; eastern Ecuador; and southeastern Colombia (Caqueta).1
29: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 2; Potaro, 3); Dutch
Guiana (Paramaribo, 3); French Guiana (Saint-Jean-du-Maroni,
2); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 3; Utinga, Para, 3; Manaos,
2; Anil, Maranhao, 2; Barra do Corda, Maranhao, 1; Codo, Cocos,
Maranhao, 2; Sao Francisco, Maranhao, 2); Colombia (La Morelia,
Caqueta, 1); Peru (Yurimaguas, 3).
*Ramphocelus carbo venezuelensis Lafresnaye.2 VENEZUELAN
SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER.
1 Birds from the three Guianas, eastern Venezuela (Caura Valley), and Brazil
north of the Amazon agree well together, showing the same limits of variation.
Males from Para, Maranhao, Piauhy, and the Rio Madeira tend somewhat in
the direction of R. c. centralis, though by far the greater majority cannot be
separated from the Guianan series. Of two adult males from Leopoldina (head-
waters of the Rio Araguaya), Goyaz, one is an ultratypical carbo, while the other
might just as well be referred to centralis. Birds from eastern Ecuador compare
well with the Guianan average, while those from northern Peru are generally
rather duller, thus verging toward connectens. On the upper Orinoco carbo
passes into venezuelensis, four adult males being like Guianan specimens, whereas
two others are hardly distinguishable from the excessively red venezuelensis.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana (Cayenne, Roche-Marie, Isle
le Pere, Approuague, Saint-Jean-du-Maroni), 18. — Dutch Guiana: Albina, -6;
near Paramaribo, 8. — British Guiana: Rpraima, 3; Merum6 Mountains, 3. —
Venezuela: Caura Valley (La Pricion, La Uni6n, SuapurS, La Vuelta), 15; Maipures,
Orinoco, 2; Perico, Orinoco, 7. — Ecuador: Coca, 3; Rio Napo, 3; Rio Suno, 4. —
Peru: Iquitos, 5; Loretoyacu, 3; Sarayacu, 4; Xeberos, 1; upper Ucayali, 5;
Huayabamba, 3. — Brazil: Fonte Boa, Rio Solimpes, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 3;
Ribeirao, Rio Madeira, 1; Manaos, 1; Para region, 12; Miritiba, Maranhao, 1;
Brejao, Piauhy, 1; Rio Taquarussu, near Santa Philomena, Piauhy, 4; Leopoldina,
Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 3.
2 Ramphocelus carbo venezuelensis Lafresnaye: Closely similar to R. c. carbo,
but males with upper parts brighter and nearly uniform maroon from forehead to
tail coverts; throat and foreneck more brilliantly garnet brown with a touch of
254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ramphocelus venezuelensis Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 243, 1853 —
Venezuela (type, from Caracas, in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 407, 1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 129, 1856—
Venezuela (ex Lafresnaye); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 79, 1862 —
Venezuela; idem and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Vene-
zuela= Caracas.
Ramphocelus unicolor Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 128, Aug., 1856 —
"New Grenada, Bogota" (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); idem, I.e., 25, p. 19, 1857 — "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 79, 1862— "New Grenada."
Rhamphocelus jacapa (not Tanagra jacapa Linnaeus) Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 174, 1886 — part, spec, x-a', "Bogota," Colombia;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307— "Villa Vicencia, Llanos
San Martin," Colombia.
Rhamphocelus magnirostris (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 175, 1886 — part, spec, d', e', Caracas, Venezuela.
Ramphocelus jacapa venezueknsis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 16, 1906—
north coast of Venezuela at San Esteban (diag.).
Ramphocelus carbo venezuelensis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1058, 1912 — part, Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Hellmayr and
Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, pp. 61, 62, 1912— San Esteban and
Las Quiguas, Carabobo, and San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela
(crit., range); Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 590, 1933 — Venezuela (crit.).
Ramphocelus jacapa unicolor Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 16, 1906 — Colombia
("Bogota") and Merida, Venezuela (diag.).
Ramphocelus carbo unicolor Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1058, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota") and Andes of Merida, Venezuela;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 610, 1917— Buena Vista and
Villavicencio, Colombia; Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 590, 1933 —
"Bogota" (crit.).
Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zone of the Vene-
zuelan mountain ranges from Caracas to Tachira and of the eastern
slope of the eastern Andes of Colombia.
8: Venezuela (Macuto, Caracas, 5; Maracay, Aragua, 1; un-
specified, 1); Colombia (Bogota, 1).
carmine; breast and abdomen likewise brighter red. Wing (adult males), 75-80;
tail, 73-80.
Though some of the most brightly colored individuals from Guiana (typical
carbo) come very close, the present form is generally readily recognizable by its
brighter and more uniform red plumage. On comparing satisfactory series from
northern Venezuela and Colombia, I fail to discover any constant difference,
and am compelled to unite unicolor to the earlier venezuelensis. As stated under
R. c. carbo, birds from the upper Orinoco (Perico, Maipures) are exactly intermedi-
ate between carbo and venezuelensis, and it is a matter of personal preference to
refer them to one rather than the other race.
Material examined. — Venezuela: "Caracas," 1; vicinity of Puerto Cabello,
8; San Esteban, Carabobo, 10; Valencia, Carabobo, 1; Aricagua, Tachira, 1;
San Cristobal, Tachira, 5.— Colombia: Buena Vista, 4; "Bogota," 29.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 255
Ramphocelus carbo capitalis Allen.1 ALLEN'S SILVER-BEAKED
TANAGER.
Ramphocelus atrosericeus capitalis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 51,
1892 — El Pilar, near Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 178, 1916 — Las Barrancas, north bank of lower Orinoco (crit.).
Ramphocelus carbo capitalis Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft
5, p. 62, 1912 — northeastern Venezuela (crit.).
Ramphocelus jacapa magnirostris (not of Lafresnaye) Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364,
1897 — Cumanacoa, Caripe, and San Antonio, Monagas; Hellmayr, Nov.
Zool., 13, p. 16, 1906 — part, northeastern Venezuela ("Cumana" and
Guanoco); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 103, 1909— Guanoco and La
Brea, Orinoco Delta (nesting).
Ramphocelus carbo magnirostris Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1058, 1912 — part, northeastern Venezuela ("Cumana" and
Guanoco) ; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 178, 1916 — Guanoco.
Ramphocelus carbo (not Lanius carbo Pallas) Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 65, p. 210, 1913 — Cariaquito and Pedernales (Paria Peninsula),
Buelte Triste (Manimo River), and Guinipa, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela.
Range. — Tropical zone of northeastern Venezuela, from the
Paria Peninsula and the hinterland of Cumand to the delta region
of the Orinoco (Las Barrancas, Guanoco, La Brea).
*Ramphocelus carbo magnirostris Lafresnaye.2 TRINIDAD
SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER.
Ramphocelus magnirostris Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 243, 1853 —
"in Sanctae-Trinitatis insula" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
1 Ramphocelus carbo capitalis Allen: Readily distinguished in the male sex
from R. c. carbo and R. c. magnirostris by nearly blackish back, wing and tail
coverts; much lighter and more brilliant (nearly nopal red) color of throat and
foreneck; extensively blackish belly. In general coloration much like R. c. con-
nectens, but smaller, the red of the gular area much paler as well as more brilliant,
and the sides of the breast more strongly washed with red. Wing (males), 76-81;
tail, 74-79.
Birds from Maturin and Guanoco (Orinoco Delta) agree perfectly with a
topotypical series, though some individuals have rather larger bills, thus verging
to magnirostris (of Trinidad).
Material examined. — Venezuela: San Antonio, 5; San Felix, 4; Maturin, 3;
Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, 4.
2 Ramphocelus carbo magnirostris Lafresnaye: Nearest to R. c. carbo, but
larger, with much heavier, stronger bill; female generally darker, of a more uni-
form reddish color underneath. Wing (male), 81-85; tail, 76-86; bill, 16-17.
This race is much more constant in its characters than any of the continental
representatives. In the large series examined there is not a single male that
approaches in coloration the black-backed forms such as R. c. capitalis, R. c.
centralis, or R. c. connectens.
Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 41; Santa Cruz, 2; Icacos, 2; Caroni
River, 1 ; Laventille, 2; Chaguaramas, 2; Valencia, 1; Seelet, 2; Savannah Grande, 1.
256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 407, 1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 24,
p. 129, 1856— Trinidad (diag.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 79, 1862—
Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82— Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, p. 581— Trinidad (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 175, 1886— part, spec, f'-i', Trinidad.
Ramphopis jacapa (not Tanagra jacapa Linnaeus) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p.
288, 1866— Trinidad.
Rhamphocelus jacapa Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 174, 1886 — part,
Trinidad; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 131, 1922—
Maracas, Harmony Hall, and Palo Seco, Trinidad (nest and egg).
Ramphocelus jacapa magnirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p.
30, 1894— Princestown, Trinidad; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 15, 16,
1906 — part, Trinidad (Caparo, Valencia, Chaguaramas, Seelet, Laven-
tille); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 358, 1908 — Carenage,
Trinidad.
Ramphocelus carbo magnirostris Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A,
Heft 5, p. 62, 1912— Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1058, 1912— part, Trinidad; Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 590,
1933— Trinidad.
Range. — Tropical zone of the island of Trinidad.
2: Trinidad (Port-of-Spain, 2).
*Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris Hellmayr.1 PALE-
BILLED CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus albirostris ( not Tanagra albirostris Boddaert) Griscom,
Auk, 50, p. 307, 1933 — Divala, Pacific slope of Chiriqui, Panama (type in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 129, 1856— part, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., p. 142, 1856— David, Chiri-
qui; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 176, 1865— David,
Chiriqui; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 138— part, David; idem,
I.e., 1870, p. 138— part, Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 283, 1883 — part, Chiriqui, David, and
Mina de Chorcha; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 172, 1886— part,
spec, b, g, Mina de Chorcha and Chiriqui; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901 —
Divala and David, Chiriqui; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1059, 1912 — part, David and Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui.
1 Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris nom. nov.
Similar to R. d. isthmicus and about the same size, but with much lighter bill.
In the adult male, the mandible is bluish gray for the basal half, and the maxilla
ivory white except for the abruptly black tip, while the female has the bill
below extensively bluish gray basally, instead of wholly blackish as in the
allied races. Wing (males), 78-80; tail, 70-72.
Seven specimens from Chiriqui are readily distinguishable from R. d. isthmicus
by the pale coloration of their bills. Tanagra albirostris Boddaert, a synonym of
Ramphocelus carbo carbo, prohibits the use of this term for any other member
of the genus, and the Chiriqui form, accordingly, requires a new name.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 257
Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 116, 1902— part, Chiriquf.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Panama (David, Divala, El
Banco, Mina de Chorcha, Boqueron, and Remedios, Chiriqui).
1: Panama (El Banco, Chiriqui, 1).
*Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway.1 PANAMA CRIM-
SON-BACKED TANAGER.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 150,
Apr. 15, 1901 — Frijole Station, Panama Railroad (type in U. S. National
Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 118, 1902— Panama
(monog.); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 222, 1906—
Savanna of Panama; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1059, 1912— Isthmus of Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
70, p. 278, 1918 — Mindi, Tabernilla, Gatun, Fort Lorenzo, and Mira-
flores, Canal Zone (nest and eggs descr.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8,
p. 34, 1919— Pacora River, Panama; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 307, 1933—
Panama from the Veraguas east to the Rio Chepo (crit.); Berlioz, L'Oiseau,
(n.s.), 3, p. 593, 1933— Panama (crit.).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus (not of Lafresn&ye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 7, p. 331, 1861— Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350— Panama Railroad; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 138—
part, Santa Fe, Veragua; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 187 — part, Veraguas (Calo-
veVora, Chitra, Castillo, Cordillera del Chucu); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 283, 1883 — part, Veraguas (Castillo,
Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, CaloveVora, Santa F6) and Panama (Lion
Hill, Paraiso Station); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 172, 1886—
part, spec, c-m, Veraguas (Cordillera del Chucu, Calovevora, Chitra,
Santa F6) and Panama (Isthmus of Panama, Paraiso Station); Bangs,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 30, 1900 — Loma del Le6n, Panama; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1059, 1912— part, Veragua;
Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 323, 1924 — Las Cascadas, Gatun, Farfan, Rio Alga-
rrobo, and Juan Mina, Canal Zone (nest and eggs descr.).
Range. — Tropical zone of Panama, from the Veraguas east to
the Rio Chepo.
3: Panama (Colon, 3).
1 Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway is a rather ill-defined form, as
has been pointed out by Griscom. The longer tail (70-76 mm.) and the duller
coloration of the females with less blackish head and throat serve, however, to
distinguish it.
We have seen only nine specimens from the Canal Zone, but, according to
Griscom, its range extends east at least to the Rio Chepo and west into Veraguas,
where it intergrades with R. d. pallidirostris.
The locality "Nicaragua" given by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p.
129, 1856) and repeated by Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 283, 1883) is unquestionably a mistake.
258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus Bangs.1 SAN MIGUEL
TANAGER.
Rhamphocelus limatus Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 31, Jan., 1901 — San Miguel Island,
Bay of Panama (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 406, 1930).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 119, 1902 — San Miguel Island (monog.); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 46, p. 159, 1905 — San Miguel, Saboga, and Pacheca Islands;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1059, 1136, 1912—
San Miguel (crit.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 53, 1920— Pacheca,
Chapera, and Viveros Islands (crit.); Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 308, 1933 —
San Miguel and Coiba Islands (crit.).
Range. — Pearl Archipelago (islands of San Miguel, Saboga,
Pacheca, Chapera, Viveros), in the Bay of Panama; probably also
Coiba Island.
*Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lafresnaye. CRIMSON-
BACKED TANAGER.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, pi. 81 and text, p.
2, 1837 — "sud du Mexique et de Carthagene (Nouvelle Grenade)" (type,
from Carthagena, Colombia, in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 406, 1930); Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Rev. Zool., 1, p. 165,
1838— Carthagena; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 156, 1855—
"Bogota," Colombia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 129, 1856 — part, Colombia (Car-
thagena, Santa Marta, "Bogota"); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1860, p. 141— Turbo, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 79, 1862—
New Granada; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627—
"San Esteban," Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 780 — south of Merida,
Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 — Paturia, Colombia (nest and eggs);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 501 — Antioquia,
Remedies, and Neche, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Salvin and God-
man, Ibis, 1880, p. 120 — San Antonio, Santa Marta region, Colombia;
idem, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 283, 1883— part, Colombia (Turbo,
etc.) and Venezuela; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 291, 1884 — Bucara-
manga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 172, 1886 — part,
spec, n-v, Colombia (San Antonio, Remedies, Antioquia, "Bogota") and
Venezuela (Zulia) ; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887— "Bogota";
Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 161, 1895 — Magdalena River and
Guaduas, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 141, 159, 179,
1 Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus Bangs: Adult male nearest to R. d. dimi-
diatus, but general coloration somewhat paler, more scarlet, with the black ab-
dominal patch greatly reduced in extent; female scarcely different from that of
R. d. isthmicus.
Four specimens from San Miguel Island examined. According to Griscom,
birds from Coiba Island are inseparable, but no females are yet available for
examination.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 259
1898 — Santa Marta, Pueblo Viejo, Palomina, and San Miguel, Colombia;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — Ambalema and Ibagiie,
Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339,
p. 4, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Darien; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
13, p. 168, 1900— Cacagualito, Colombia; idem, I.e., 21, p. 292, 1905—
Cacagualito and Don Diego, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1059, 1912 — part, Colombia and
Venezuela (Zulia).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 116, 1902— part, Colombia ("Bogota," Santa Marta, Carthagena,
etc.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 609, 1917— Colombia
(Quibdo, Bagado, Caldas, Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera, Rio Frio, La
Manuelita, Cali, San Agustin, La Candela, Andalucia, Chicoral, Honda,
El Alto de la Paz, Tenasuca, Puerto Berrio, Varrud, Algodonal); Bangs
and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 228, 1922— Mount Sapo,
Darien; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 486, 1922 — La
Concepci6n, Mamatoco, Cacagualito, Buritaca, Don Amo, Cincinnati, La
Tigrera, Minca, Agua Dulce, Fundaci6n, Don Diego, Tierra Nueva, and
Loma Larga, Colombia (habits); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69,
p. 189, 1929— Cana, Darien; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 417, 1931— Rio Frio,
Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932 — Perm6, Darien;
idem, Auk, 50, p. 306, 1933 — eastern Panama to Colombia (crit.); Ber-
lioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 593, 1933— Colombia to Darien (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of extreme eastern Panama (Darien),
Colombia, and extreme northwestern Venezuela (states of Zulia
and Tachira).1
38: Panama (Agua Dulce, 1; Colon, 3); Colombia (Rio Atrato, 1;
Fundacion, Santa Marta, 1; El Guayabal, ten miles north of San
Jos£ de Cucuta, Santander, 5; Rio Caqueta, Cauca, 1; Chicoral,
Coello River, Tolima, 1; near San Agustin, Huila, 1; "Bogota," 3);
Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 2; Catatumbo River, Zulia, 9; Encon-
trados, Zulia, 8; Orope, Zulia, 1).
*Ramphocelus melanogaster melanogaster (Swainson).2 BLACK-
BELLIED TANAGER.
1 Specimens from Darien (Punta de Sabana) and Venezuela seem to agree
with a Colombian series. Sclater and Salvin's record from "San Esteban," Cara-
bobo, is obviously erroneous, probably a pen-slip for Zulia, whence the British
Museum has a specimen collected by the late A. Goering (cf. Hellmayr and Seilern,
Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 164 [note 2], 1912), while the reported occurrence
on the Rio Napo, Ecuador, based on a single female, is doubtless due to a con-
fusion with R. c. carbo.
Sixty-five specimens examined.
2 Ramphocelus melanogaster melanogaster (Swainson), in the male sex, is very
similar to R. d. dimidiatus, but the tail is proportionately longer; the upper part
of the head is duller and darker red (between ox-blood red and garnet brown);
the interscapular feathers have extensive (though concealed) subterminal areas
of black, only the apical margins being dark red like the pileum; the bright red
260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Rhamphopis melanogaster Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 359, Dec. 31, 1837 —
Peru (type in coll. of W. Hooker, present location unknown).
Rhamphocelus luciani Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1, p. 54, April, 1838 — no locality
indicated (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., examined; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 70, p. 406, 1930).
Tanagra (Rhamphocelus) luciani Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 1, cl. 2, pi. 2
(=adult male), 1839 — "Carthagene," errore.
R(h)amphoc(o)elus luciani Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 242, 1850 —
"Colombia" (ex Lafresnaye); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 130,
1856 — "Carthagena" (ex Lafresnaye); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 494,
1884— Moyobamba, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 173, 1886—
part, descr. and hab. Peru.
Ramphocelus melanogaster Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1059, 1912— Peru (Rioja, Moyobamba).
Ramphocelus melanogaster melanogaster Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42,
p. 98, 1929— Peru (Moyobamba and Huallaga River).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of northern Peru, in
Dept. San Martin (Moyobamba, Rioja).
11: Peru (Moyobamba, 11).
*Ramphocelus melanogaster transitus Zimmer.1 HUALLAGA
BLACK-BELLIED TANAGER.
(between carmine and nopal red) uropygial zone is less extended toward the
mantle, being more confined to the rump and upper tail coverts.
The female closely resembles that of R. carbo, and notably R. c. magnirostris
in the strongly reddish coloration of the under parts and upper tail coverts, but
has the forehead and sides of the head clear pompeian red, thus differing markedly
from the female of R. d. dimidiatus with its dusky blackish head, throat, and
chest. Wing, 78-82, (female) 76; tail, 75-80; bill, 15-16.
Swainson's rather ambiguous description does not permit of any conclusion
as to whether he had the present or the next race before him. Like other Peruvian
novelties from W. Hooker's collection, the type was doubtless obtained by the
orchid-hunter Andrew Mathews, whose travels covered the ranges of both races
of R. melanogaster; but in the absence of the original example it seems advisable,
at least provisionally, to follow Mr. Zimmer's lead in restricting the name to
the northern form. The type of R. luciani, while slightly darker, less reddish
on the pileum (a difference that may be due to fading), is certainly identical
with the Moyobamba birds. Its origin is in doubt. Described at first without
any locality, Lafresnaye subsequently gave "Carthagena" as its habitat, a locality
which is clearly erroneous. Zimmer believes this "species" to be nearly related
to R. dimidiatus, while Berlioz would associate it with R. carbo, his principal
argument being the coloration of a female from Pina (on the Rio Mixipllo, an
affluent of the Huallaga) supposed to belong to melanogaster. I am rather inclined
to adopt Mr. Zimmer's view. As to the coloration of the female, it should be
noted that the reddish forehead, alleged to be diagnostic of melanogaster, is absent
in two (out of four) females from Moyobamba. A single adult male from Rioja
agrees very well with those in Field Museum.
Additional material examined. — "Carthagena," 1 (type of R. luciani); Rioja, 1.
1 Ramphocelus melanogaster transitus Zimmer: Adult male similar to R. m.
melanogaster, but throat and breast paler, only the upper breast being colored
like the throat or a trifle darker, this color passing gradually into the brighter
red of the lower breast and flanks, whereas in the nominate race the deep red
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 261
Ramphocelus melanogaster transitus Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 95,
1929 — Chinchao, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (type in Field Museum); idem,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 449, 1930— Chinchao and Vista
Alegre, Peru.
Rhamphocelus luciani (not of Lafresnaye) M6n6gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2,
p. 10, 1911 — part, spec, ex Supuna, Rio Tocache, Peru (spec, in Paris
Museum examined).
Ramphocelus melanogaster melanogaster (not Rhamphopis melanogaster Swain-
son) Berlioz, L'Oiseau (n.s.), 3, p. 593, 1933— part, adult male and (?)fe-
male, Peru (crit.).
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of central Peru (valleys
of the upper Huallaga and its tributaries, the Chinchao and Tocache).
5: Peru (Chinchao, 1; Vista Alegre, 4).
*Ramphocelus passerinii passerinii Bonaparte. PASSERINI'S
TANAGER.
R(h)amphoc(o)elus passerinii Bonaparte, "Antologia, 1831, No. 130, p. 3";
idem, Isis, 1833, p. 755 — "in insula Cuba" (location of type not stated);1
Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, text to pi. 81, p. 3, 1837— "Cuba" (re-
print of orig. descr.); Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 133, 1840 — "Cuba, Mexico"
(ex Bonaparte); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 130, 1856— part,
"Colombia River, Oregon," Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua; Moore,
I.e., 27, p. 59, 1859— Omoa, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859,
p. 16 — Yzabal and Cajabon, Guatemala; idem, Ibis, 1860, p. 32 — Yzabal;
Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill — Atlantic coast of Honduras; Cabanis, Journ.
of the throat is carried well across the chest, being abruptly separated from the
brighter red of the lower breast and flanks; interscapular region more strongly
washed with red; female not distinguishable. Wing (male), 80; tail, 75; bill, 15.
In addition to the original series collected by Mr. Zimmer, we have examined
two adult males from Supuna, on the Rio Tocache (joining the Huallaga at To-
cache); an adult male from Pisana; and a couple of adults from Tocache, on the
Huallaga. One of the Supuna males (Munich Museum, No. 09.5247) agrees
fairly well with the type, though in the coloration of the anterior lower parts
it is somewhat intermediate to melanogaster, while the second specimen (coll.
Paris Museum), by its dark red, abruptly defined gular area, is almost indis-
tinguishable from the latter. These birds, coming as they do from the upper
Huallaga region, throw serious doubts on the validity of R. m. transitus, whose
ultimate fate depends on the study of additional material.
The males from Pisana and Tocache strongly suggest hybridization with
R. c. carbo. The first-named bird (Munich Museum, No. 09.5246) resembles
carbo on the upper parts, but has bright nopal red tips (or margins) to some of
the tail coverts and uropygial feathers, while underneath it is similar to melano-
gaster, with, however, more black along the abdominal line. The Tocache male
(coll. Paris Museum) is colored like carbo, and the only traces of melanogaster
strain are a few bright (nopal) red feathers on under tail coverts and flanks and
a band (about 8 mm. wide) of the same color across the lower rump. While a
female from Tocache (Munich Museum, No. 09.5248) is undoubtedly melano-
gaster (transitus), the one from Pina, mentioned by Berlioz, which we have not
examined, may be referable to carbo, though we have yet to see "pure-blooded"
males of the latter from the Huallaga River.
1 1 have not been able to consult the original description, which is credited
by both Ridgway and Berlepsch with the locality "Mexico or Cuba." Berlepsch
(1912, p. 1060) suggests "Guatemala" as terra typica.
262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Orn., 8, p. 330, 1860— Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 79
1862 — Nicaragua and Honduras; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.
8, p. 180, 1865 — Greytown, Nicaragua; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867
p. 278 — Bluefields River, Nicaragua; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist
N.Y., 9, p. 99, 1868— Costa Rica (Angostura, San Carlos, Navarro)
Salvadori, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 176, 1868 — Costa Rica; Frantzius
Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869 — Costa Rica (Angostura, Orosi, Tucurriqui
San Carlos, Sarapiqui); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870
p. 836 — [San Pedro], Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 316 — Chontales
Nicaragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 55 — Costa Rica
(San Carlos, Naranjo); idem, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 43
1878— Guatemala; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 499, 1882— Costs
Rica (San Jose); idem, I.e., 6, p. 399, 1883 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 281, pi. 18, fig. 1
1883 — part, British Honduras to Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.
11, p. 176, 1886 — part, Honduras to Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac
Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Costa Rica (Navarro de Cartago, Jimenez
Naranjo de Cartago, and Esparta); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10,
p. 585, 1888 — Segovia River, Honduras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 489,
1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (habits, nest, and eggs); Lantz, Trans
Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899— Santo Tomas, Guatemala; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 109, 1902— from Tabasco (Teapa)
to Panama (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1906—
Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn,
Ser., 1, p. 122, 1907— Los Amates, Guatemala; Ferry, I.e., p. 278, 1910—
Costa Rica (Guayabo, Port Limon); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6,
p. 850, 1910 — Caribbean side of Costa Rica (habits, nest, and eggs);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1060, 1912— Tabasco
to Costa Rica (excl. of Pozo Azul and Chiriqui); Crandall, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 1, p. 343, 1914— Guapiles, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12,
No. 8, p. 34, 1919 — Costa Rica (Talamanca, Sipurio, Siqufrres) and
Nicaragua (San Juan del Norte); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 38, p. 463, 1928— Almir ante, Panama; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 69, p. 391, 1929— Cayo, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 472,
1929— Lancetilla, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 341, 1931— Almirante,
Banana River, Chiriquicito, and Crimacola, Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 245, 1932 — Eden, Nicaragua (eggs descr.); Stone,
I.e., p. 338, 1932 — Lancetilla, Honduras; Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3,
p. 598, 1933 — Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama (crit.).
Ramphocelus passerinii passerinii Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p.
377, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Secanquim, and Pueblo).
(?).R(fo)arap/K>c(o)eZMS uropygialis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 178,
1851 — Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Verreaux, now in British Museum);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 130, 1856— Guatemala (crit.); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 79, 1862— Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p.
193 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p.
284, pi. 18, fig. 2, 1883— Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 173, 1886— Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p.
119, 1902 — Guatemala; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 263
pp. 1059, 1136, 1912— Guatemala (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 64, p. 377, 1932 — Guatemala (occurrence questioned); idem, Auk,
49, pp. 200-202, 1932 (crit.).
(1) Ramphocelus affinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 1, 1840 — "Mexico" (location
of type not stated); idem, I.e., p. 133, 1840— "Colombie" (full descr.).
Ramphocelus luciani (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
Y., 7, p. 331, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 284, 1883— part, Lion Hill; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 173, 1886— part, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 115, 1902 — part, Panama, Lion Hill (descr. of male
and female); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1060,
1902— part, Lion Hill, Panama.
Ramphocelus chrysopterus Boucard, The Humming Bird, 1, No. 7, p. 53, July
1, 1891 — Panama (cotypes in Paris Museum and Tring Collection ex-
amined); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 112, 1902—
Panama (ex Boucard).
Ramphocelus chrysonotus (not of Lafresnaye) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1061, 1138, 1912— part, Panama (crit.).
R(h)amphoc(o)elus dunstalli Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 481, 1895 — Panama
(type in coll. of Tring Museum examined); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 115, 1902 — Panama (ex Rothschild); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1060, 1137, 1912— Panama (crit.).
Range. — Caribbean forests from southeastern Mexico (Teapa,
State of Tabasco) through British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, and Costa Rica to western Panama.1
1 Birds from eastern Costa Rica are indistinguishable from Guatemala and
Honduras specimens. R. chrysopterus is merely a color variety, agreeing with
passerinii in dimensions (wing, 76-80; tail, 68-71), but with orange not scarlet
uropygial area. The four specimens, all of the well-known Panama preparation
and marked by Boucard as "type," which we have examined in the collections
at Tring and Paris, vary somewhat in the coloration of the rump. The darkest
individual closely approaches passerinii, whereas the palest example corresponds
to the average of flammigerus. While Griscom is certainly mistaken in regarding
this bird of hybrid origin (R. flammigerusXR. icleronotus), as has been shown by
Berlioz (L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 599, 1933), its variation is strongly suggestive
of close relationship between passerinii and flammigerus.
R. dunstalli, which Griscom interprets as a hybrid between R. dimidiatus
and R. icteronotus(l), appears to me merely a "freaky" mutation of R. passerinii.
The Lion Hill bird (American Museum of Natural History, No. 40,737. Male.
J. R. Galbraith) is unquestionably the same as the type, with which it has been
directly compared by me. It merely differs by more extensive dusky interscapular
area; slightly deeper red (scarlet rather than flame-scarlet) rump; and deeper
scarlet (in the type orange scarlet) color of the under parts, especially laterally,
with much more black along the middle line. A second male from Panama in
the Tring Collection is intermediate between the two in the tone of the red on
rump and under parts as well as in the extent of the blackish abdominal line,
but the throat is lighter maroon red than in either. A similar variety, in which
the black of the lower surface (excepting the throat and a more or less distinct
abdominal streak) is replaced by the color of the uropygium, also occurs in
R. icteronotus, and has been named R. inexpectalus.
R. affinis Lesson and R. uropygialis Bonaparte are probably likewise mutants
of R. passerinii. Although Griscom questions Bonaparte's locality, Salvin and
Godman mention having seen a similarly colored specimen from Guatemala.
264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
68: Mexico (Teapa, 4); British Honduras (Middlesex, 1); Guate-
mala (Chapada, 1; Los Amates, Izabal, 7); Nicaragua (San Emilio,
Lake Nicaragua, 1); Costa Rica (Guayabo, 8; Guanacaste, 1; La
Vijagua, 1; Port Limon, 40; Matina, 4).
*Ramphocelus passerinii costaricensis Cherrie.1 CHERRIE'S
TANAGER.
Ramphoc(o)elus costaricensis Cherrie, Auk, 8, p. 62, 1891 — Pozo Azul [de
Pirris], Costa Rica (descr. of female; type in Museo Nacional, Costa Rica) ;
idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 531, 1891— "Navarro," Costa Rica;2
idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 3, p. 135, 1892 —
Boruca, Palmar, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica (descr. of adult male);
idem, I.e., 4, p. 137, 1893 — Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, Terraba, Boruca,
Lagarto, Palmar); idem, Auk, 10, p. 278, 1893 — Boruca, Palmar, and
Buenos Aires (habits, song; descr. of adult male); Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. Ill, 1902 — southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo
Azul, Boruca, Palmar, Buenos Aires, "Navarro"); Bangs, Auk, 24, p.
309, 1907— Boruca, Paso Real, and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica;
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 851, 1910 — southwestern Costa Rica
(from Puntarenas southward); Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 598, 1933 —
Chiriqui (crit.).
Ramphocelus passerini costaricensis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1060, 1912 — southwestern Costa Rica and Panama (Divala).
R(h)amphoc(o)elus passerinii (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 130, 1856— part, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., p. 142, 1856— David,
Chiriqui; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 176, 1865— David;
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 138— David; idem, I.e., 1870, p.
187 — Mina de Chorcha and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Nutting, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 5, p. 391, 1882 — between San Jose and Puntarenas, Costa
Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 281, 1883 —
Panama (Chiriqui, David, Bugaba, Divala, Mina de Chorcha) and Costa
Rica (La Barranca); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 176, 1886— part,
1 Ramphocelus passerinii costaricensis Cherrie: Adult male similar to R. p.
passerinii, but female and immature male readily distinguished by having the
rump much more orange (raw sienna to xanthine orange instead of deep olive
ocher) and the upper chest orange to orange chrome.
Although occasional individuals are but slightly different, the great majority
from the Pacific coast are easily told by the characters above given. Birds from
the western side of the Volcan de Chiriqui (Divala, Bugaba) are identical with
a Costa Rican series. The type of R. festae, which we saw years ago at the Turin
Museum, appears to be an individual mutant, having a broad, semilunar band
of dull red across the chest. The Munich Museum has an interesting specimen
collected on November 20, 1905, by J. H. Watson at Frances, Chiriqui (No.
09.5343), which closely resembles the so-called R. dunstalli (=luciani Lawr.) and
tends to show that this mutation springs up throughout the range of the species.
Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Terraba, 6; Palmar, 2; Boruca, 3;
Buenos Aires, 24; Puerto Jimenez, Golfo Dulce, 4. — Panama: Divala, 3; Chiriqui, 4.
2 This locality is extremely questionable, R. p. costaricensis being confined to
the Pacific side of Costa Rica.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 265
spec, o, p, s, u-w, Costa Rica (La Barranca) and Panama (Bugaba, Mina de
Chorcha, Chiriquf); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No.
339, p. 4, 1899— Chiriqui; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901— Divald and
David, Chiriqui; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 66, 1902— Bugaba,
Chiriqui; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1060, 1912 —
part, Chiriqui.
R(h)amphoc(o)elus festae Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 11, No. 249,
1896 — Chiriqui (type in Turin Museum); idem and Festa, I.e., 14, No.
339, p. 4, 1899— Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 115, 1902— Chiriqui (ex Salvadori); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1060, 1138, 1912— Chiriqui (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific side of Costa Rica (from
Puntarenas southward) and extreme western Panama (David,
Divala, Bugaba, and Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui).
6: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 2; El Pozo, Rio Te*rraba, 1;
TeYraba, 2); Panama (Chiriqui, 1).
*Ramphocelus flammigerus (Jardine and Selby).1 VARIABLE
TANAGER.
Ramphopis flammigerus Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 3, Part 9, pi. 131,
Feb., 1833 — "some part of the district upon the Columbia River" (type
in coll. of J. Gould, present location unknown).
1 Ramphocelus flammigerus (Jardine and Selby) : Male similar to R. p. passerinii
and R. p. costaricensis, but larger; female agreeing with the latter in the presence
of an orange to orange chrome band across the chest, but posterior under parts
lemon chrome to light cadmium instead of buffy citrine to orange citrine; throat
more or less yellow, not grayish; pileum and mantle blackish; rump much brighter,
light cadmium to deep orange chrome. Wing (males), 86-94, (female) 84-88;
tail, 79-85.
The color of the rump, in this species, varies from cadmium yellow to light
scarlet. Specimens with yellow rump were described as R. chrysonotus, while
those with scarlet uropygial area are known under the name of R. flammigerus,
the two "extremes" being connected by every imaginable intermediate shade.
Females of the yellow-rumped variety are frequently paler yellow beneath without
any red on chest or under tail coverts. This unusual variation has given rise to
the supposition that the so-called "R. chrysonotus" might be the result of hybridiza-
tion between R. flammigerus and R. icteronotus. I am not prepared to accept this
explanation and feel rather inclined to attribute the case to an excessive amount
of individual variability. So far as our present knowledge goes, R. flammigerus
(including chrysonotus) inhabits only the mountain slopes bordering the Cauca
Valley, where, except at a few isolated spots, one of the supposed parents (R. icte-
ronotus) obviously does not occur. Besides, the female of the latter species still
differs widely, even from the yellow-bellied examples of the "chrysonotus" type.
R. flammigerus, in the male sex, is closely similar to R. p. passerinii, and shows
about the same variation as to the color of the rump, which, in Panama examples,
ranges from scarlet to cadmium yellow ("chrysopterus"), but it is larger in all
dimensions. The red chest band and the orange rump, suggested in R. p. costari-
censis, are carried a step farther in flammigerus, and may indicate conspecific
interrelationship.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Jimenez (alt. 1,600 feet), 2; Rio
Caqueta, Cauca, 4; Cauca, 2; Jerico, 2; Medellin, 10; "Bogota," 2.
266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
R(h)amphoc(o)elus flammigerus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157
1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 131, 1856— Colombia (Call and "Bo
gota"); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 79, 1862— New Granada anc
"Santa Marta";1 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 501
pi. 42, fig. (egg) — Medellin, Colombia (egg descr.); Sclater, Cat. Bds
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 177, 1886 — Colombia (Medellin, Antioquia); Berlepsch
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1060, 1912— Colombia (Medellin
"Bogot4"); Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914—
Medellin; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 610, 1917— Sar
Antonio, Cali, La Manuelita, Miraflores, Guengiie, Popayan, Rio Frio
Salento, and Salencio, Colombia (crit.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
70, p. 408 (in text), 1930— Cali (crit.); Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 596
1933— Cali and "Bogota," Colombia (crit.).
Ramphocelus chrysonotus Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 246, 1853—
based on R. varians, secunda varietas, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p
216, 1847; Juntas [=Los Cisneros], western Andes, Colombia (type ir
coll. of T. B. Wilson, nowin the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 408 [in text], 1930); Sclater, Proc
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 — "Bogota," errore; idem, I.e., 24, p. 131
1856— Juntas, Colombia (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 501—
Antioquia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 177, 1886 — Antioquia
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1061, 1138, 1912-
part, Colombia (Juntas, Jimenez, Antioquia) ; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat
Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914 — Medellin, Antioquia; Chapman, Bull. Amer
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 610, 1917 — Caldas, Las Lomitas, San Antonio, anc
vicinity of Medellin, Colombia (crit.); Berlioz, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 596
1933 — Antioquia (crit.).
Ramphocelus aurinotus (lapsus) Sclater, Tan. Cat. Spec., p. 9, 1854 — Colombia
Ramphocelus icteronotus (not of Bonaparte) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 367
1846 — "Bolivia" or Colombia (descr. of "junior avis?"=adult female).
Ramphocelus varians tertia varietas, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 217, 1847—
Cali, Colombia (crit.; descr. of male and female).
Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zone of western Colom-
bia (Cauca Valley from Popayan north to Medellin).2
10: Colombia (Amalfi, Antioquia, 4; Cali, 3; Navara, 1; Ric
Caqueta, Cauca, 2).
*Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte. YELLOW-RUMPED
TANAGER.
R(h)amphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte, Rev. Zool., 1, No. 1, p. 8, Jan. (aftei
31), 1838 — "I'Ame'rique meridionale" (descr. of male; type in coll. of Duke
of Rivoli, now probably in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
1 Evidently erroneous (cf. Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p,
486, 1922).
2 Two "Bogota" skins suggest that the range of R. flammigerus probably
extends into the Magdalena Valley.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 267
phia);1 idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 121, pub. June 14, 1838—
no locality stated (spec, in coll. Paris Museum); Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool.,
9, p. 365, 1846 — Colombia or "Bolivia" (descr. of male and female);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem, I.e.,
24, p. 131, 1856 — Colombia (Buenaventura, Choc6 Bay) and western
Ecuador (Guayaquil and western slope); idem, I.e., 27, p. 139, 1859 —
Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, pp. 65, 86, 274, 292, 1860— Palla-
tanga, Nanegal, Babahoyo, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 141— Turbo, Rio Atrato, and Rio Truando,
Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861 — Lion
Hill, Panama; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 80, 1862— Nanegal,
Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350— Panama
Railroad; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 139— Santiago de Veragua; Taczanowski,
I.e., 1877, p. 332— Palmal (near Santa Rosa), El Oro, Ecuador; Sclater
and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 501 — Remedies and Neche, Colombia (nest and
eggs descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 282,
1883 — Veraguas (Santiago), Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso), Colombia
(Turbo, etc.), and Ecuador; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, p. 546— Chimbo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 290— Cay-
andeled and Pinampunga, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 177, 1886 — Veraguas (Santiago), Panama (Paraiso, Lion Hill), Colombia
(Choco Bay, Sallango, Remedios, "Medellin," "Bogota"), and Ecuador
(Guayaquil, Pallatanga, Nanegal, Santa Rita); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— "Quito" (errore), Ecuador; Robinson, Flying Trip
to Tropics, p. 161, 1895 — Puerto Berrio, Colombia; Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
5, p. 482, 1898 — Cachavi, Paramba, and Chimbo, Ecuador; Salvador! and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 18, 1899— Gualea, Intag,
Vinces, and Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1899, p. 307— Ibagiie, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2,
p. 30, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 468—
Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 113, 1902 — Veragua to Ecuador and "central Peru" (errore); M6ne-
gaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid. Equal., 9, p. B. 103,
1911 — Santo Domingo, Gualea, and San Nicolas, Ecuador; Hellmayr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1112— Guineo, N6vita, Noanama, Sipi,
San Joaquin, and Rio Cajon, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1061, 1912 — "Chiriqui," Veragua, Panama, Colombia,
and western Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 612,
1917— Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Quibd6, Bagado, N6vita Trail, Juntas de
Tamana, N6vita, Noanama, Buenaventura, San Jos6, Gallera (5,700
feet), Cerro Munchique (6,000 feet), Tumaco, Barbacoas, Puerto Valdi-
via, La Frijolera, Barro Blanco, and west of Honda, Colombia; Stone,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 278, 1918 — Gatun, Panama (nest and
1 Not listed in Stone's "A Study of the Type Specimens ..." in Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, pp. 5-62. At that time, however, Bonaparte's description
in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 121, was regarded as having been published
first, and the type was naturally supposed to be in the Paris Museum. According
ta M6n6gaux (1911, p. 103), the latter specimen is from western Colombia.
Berlepsch (1912, p. 1061) suggests "western Ecuador" as type locality for
R. icier onotus.
268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
eggs descr.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 85, 1922 —
Gualea, Nanegal, and Mindo, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 55, p. 675, 1926 — western Ecuador (many localities between Esmeraldas
and Alamor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 189, 1929 — El
Real and Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 341, 1931 — Cricamola, Almi-
rante Bay, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932 — Perme, Panama;
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (n.s.), 4, p. 235, 1932— Rio San
Antonio, Ecuador; idem, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 3, p. 596, 1932 — Panama to
Ecuador (crit.).
Ramphopis icteronotus Du Bus, Esq. Orn., Part 3, pi. 15 (male, female), 1847—
Guayaquil, "Colombia."
Ramphocelus varians Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 216, 1847 — "in Andiis
Novae Granadae . . . loco St. Bonaventure" = Buenaventura, Choco,
Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 407, 1930).
R(h)amphoc(o)elus inexpectatus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 6, p. xxxii,
1897 — Panama (type in Tring Museum examined); Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 114, 1902— Panama (ex Rothschild); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1061, 1139, 1912— Panama (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador, western Colombia
(extending east through Antioquia to the lower Cauca and to the
Magdalena Valley), and Panama, as far west as Almirante Bay
(Crimacola) and the Veraguas (Santiago; Rio CaloveVora).1
19: Panama (Colon, 9; near Darien, 1; unspecified, 1); Colombia
(Atrato River, 1; Dabeiba, Rio Sucio, Antioquia, 1; Juntas de
Tamana, Rio San Juan, Cauca, 1; Novita Trail, western Andes,
Cauca, 1; Rio Guapi, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1; Puente de
Chimbo, 2).
1 Adult males from the Canal Zone, while agreeing in size, have the rump
rather darker (lemon chrome rather than lemon yellow) than those from Ecuador,
though this variation is not quite constant. Birds from Pacific Colombia are
variously intermediate, but the bulk seems to be nearer to the Ecuadorian ones.
R. inexpectatus Rothschild is merely an individual mutation of the present
species, corresponding to the variety of R. passerinii described as R. dunstalli.
In the type the upper throat only and an extensive area in the middle of the lower
breast and abdomen are black, the rest of the under parts including the crissum
being yellow like the rump (of a deeper, more saturated tone than in normally
colored individuals of icteronotus). Another specimen, like the type of the typical
Panama preparation, has merely a restricted patch in the middle of the abdomen
blackish, and the yellow portions of the plumage just as pale as in ordinary
icteronotus, while the axillaries as well as the under wing coverts are partly yellow.
The type has apical edges of bright yellow to the feathers of the hind crown —
another evidence for its abnormal coloration. Wing (males of R. inexpectatus),
83-84 mm.
According to Chapman (1917, pp. 610-612), R. icteronotus hybridizes with
R. flammigerus in certain parts of Colombia, the result being the so-called R. chry-
sonotus. Not having seen any females of the latter "species," I am not in a position
to throw any new light on this much discussed problem.
Additional material examined. — Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso Station), 7. —
Colombia: Guineo, 1; Novita, 4; Noanama, 2; Sipi, 2; Rio Cajpn, 2; San Joaquin,
3; Rio Guapi, 2; "Bogota," 6.— Ecuador (Esmeraldas to Chimbo), 24.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 269
Genus PHLOGOTHRAUPIS Sclater and Salvin
Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 21, 155, 1873 —
type, by orig. desig., Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson.
*Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta sanguinolenta (Lesson).
CRIMSON-COLLARED TANAGER.
Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 107, pi. 39, by
March, 1831 — Mexico (type in coll. of Florent Provost).
Ramphocelus sanguinolenta Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 242, 1850—
Mexico.
Ramphocelus sanguinolentus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 132, 1856 —
Mexico (Valle Real, Cordoba), Guatemala (Coban), and Honduras
("Camalacan" River, near Truxillo); idem, I.e., p. 303, 1856— Cordoba,
Mexico; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 59, 1859 — Omoa, Honduras, and Peten, Guate-
mala; Sclater, I.e., pp. 364, 377, 1859 — vicinity of Jalapa (Vera Cruz) and
Playa Vicente (Oaxaca), Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16 —
"Chamalican River," Honduras; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 80,
1862 — Honduras and Vera Cruz; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1,
p. 549, 1869— Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1870, p. 836— [San Pedro], Honduras.
Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 43,
1878 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 285, 1883 — part, Vera Cruz, Mexico, to Honduras; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 178, 1886 — part, spec, a-h, Mexico to Honduras; Ridg-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 585, 1888— Segovia River, Honduras;
idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 120, 1902— part, Mexico to
Honduras; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1903— Ceiba and
Yaruca, Honduras; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1061, 1912— Mexico to Honduras.
Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta sanguinolenta Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 —
Xcopen and Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo, Mexico; Bangs and Peters,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927 — Presidio and Motzorongo,
Vera Cruz; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 472, 1929 — Progreso and Tela, Honduras;
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 378, 1932— Guatemala (Finca
Chama, Finca Sepacuite, Secanquim); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 84, p. 338, 1932— Lancetilla, Honduras.
Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera
Cruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Quintana Roo, and southwards through
British Honduras and Guatemala to Honduras.1
4: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 1); Guatemala (Alta Vera Paz, 1;
unspecified, 2).
1 Specimens from Honduras (San Pedro) agree in size with Mexican and
Guatemalan birds.
270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta aprica Bangs.1 LESSER CRIM-
SON-COLLARED TANAGER.
Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta aprica Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 31,
March 19, 1908— Carrfllo, Costa Rica (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 409, 1930); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 849, 1910 — Costa Rica (Guayabo, Jimenez, Reventazon, Carrillo,
Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, El Hogar, Peralta); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1062, 1912 — Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Peters,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 341, 1931 — Almirante, Panama; Huber,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 245, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua (nest and
eggs descr.).
Ramphocelus sanguinolentus (not Tanagra sanguinolentus Lesson) Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 278— Bluefields River, Nicaragua;
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 99, 1868— Navarro and
Angostura, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869 — Costa
Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 316 — Chontales, Nicaragua.
Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 55 —
Orosi, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p
285, 1883— part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 6, p. 400, 1883— Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 178, 1886 — part, spec, i-n, Nicaragua and Costa Rica;
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 — Cartago and
Navarro de Cartago, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16,
p. 489, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica (nest
and eggs descr.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 120,
1902 — part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and
extreme northwestern Panama (Almirante Bay region).
2: Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua, 1); Costa Rica (Peralta, 1).
Genus CALOCHAETES Sclater
Euchaetes (not of Dejean, 1834, nor of Harris, 1841) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 26, p. 73, 1858 — type, by monotypy, Euchaetes coccineus Sclater.
Calochaetes Sclater, Ibis, (4), 3, p. 388, 1879 — new name for Euchaetes Sclater,
preoccupied.
Calochaetes coccineus (Sclater). BLACK-THROATED SCARLET
TANAGER.
Euchaetes coccineus (J. Verreaux MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26,
p. 73, pi. 132, fig. 1, 1858— Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in coll. of J. and E.
1 Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta aprica Bangs: Similar to the nominate race,
but considerably smaller. Wing, 84-89, rarely 91, (female) 81-84; tail, 72-77,
(female) 72-74; bill, 15-16.
Nine additional specimens from Costa Rica examined.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 271
Verreaux, now in Vienna Museum, examined; cf. Pelzeln and Lorenz, Ann.
Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien, 2, p. 346, 1887).1
Calochaetes coccineus Sclater, Ibis, 1879, p. 388 — Ecuador; idem, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 180, 1886 — eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo and Chiquinda);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1062, 1912 — eastern
Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 613, 1917— eastern
slope of eastern Andes below Andalucia, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 676,
1926 — lower Sumaco, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Colombia (eastern
slope of eastern Andes below Andalucia) and eastern Ecuador (Rio
Pastaza; Chiquinda; lower Sumaco; Rio Napo).2
Genus PIRANGA Vieillot
Piranga Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept., 1, p. iv, 1807 — type, by mono-
typy, Musdcapa rubra Linnaeus, mQ—Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, 1758.
Pyranga Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Ornith. El£m., p. 32, 1816 (emendation).
Cardinalis Jarocki, Zool., 1, p. 133, 1821 — type, by monotypy, Tanagra rubra
Linnaeus (cf. Mathews and Tredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 3, p. 144, 1918).
Spermagra Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 437, June, 1827 — type, by
monotypy, Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson.
Phoenisoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Classif. Bds., 2, p. 284, 1837 — new name
for Pyranga Vieillot.
Phoenicosoma Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 668, "1848"
[=1849] — new name for Phoenisoma Swainson.
Diplochilus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 88, 1901 — type, by
monotypy, Diplochilus xanthochlorus Bertoni=Saltator flavus Vieillot.
*Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus). SUMMER TANAGER.
Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 181, 1758 — based on
"The Summer Red-Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 56, pi. 56;
"Carolina and Virginia" = South Carolina.
Tanagra misisippica Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., p. 214, 1783 — based on
"Tangara, du Mississippi" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 741.
Tanagra coccinea Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 46, Dec., 1783 — based on "Tan-
gara, du Mississippi" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 741.
Loxia virginica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 849, 1789 — based on "Yellow-
bellied Grosbeak" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 351; Virginia (=male in
transitional plumage).
1 In Brown Goode's "Published Writings of Philip Lutley Sclater" (Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 49, p. 88, 1896), the type is erroneously credited to the Sclater
Collection in the British Museum. However, it never belonged to this gentleman,
as may be seen from a reference to his "Catalogue of a Collection of American
Birds" and his subsequent remarks in "The Ibis" for 1879 (p. 388). The specimen
was purchased by the Vienna Museum in 1862 from Jules Verreaux, in whose
handwriting it is marked as "type."
2 Material examined.— Ecuador: Rio Napo, 1 (type); El Rosario, Rio Pastaza, 1 ;
unspecified, 3.
272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra mississippensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 889, 1789 — mainly
based on "Tangara, du Mississippi" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 741.
Tanagra aestiva Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 889, 1789 — based on "The
Summer Red-Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 56, pi. 56.
Tanagra variegata Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 421, 1790 — based on Tanagra
mississippensis Gmelin, Loxia virginica Gmelin, and "Variegated Tanager"
Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, [1], p. 219, pi. 46).
Pyranga livida Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 438, 1827 — Real del Monte,
Hidalgo, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock, present location unknown).
Pyranga aestiva Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 494, 1884 — Tambillo, Peru;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 182, 1886 (monog.); Salvadori and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 18, 1899— Ecuador (Pun,
Rio Peripa).
Pyranga rubra Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1062, 1912
(range).
Piranga rubra Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 81, 1906 — Idma,
Urubamba, Peru; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 522, 1921— Roraima,
British Guiana.
Piranga rubra rubra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 79, 1902
(monog.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 16, 1906— Laventille, Trinidad;
idem, I.e., 17, p. 275, 1910 — Allianca, Rio Madeira, Brazil; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 613, 1917— Colombia (many localities);
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 489, 1922— Bonda, Las
Nubes, Cincinnati, Don Diego, Dibulla, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua,
Colombia; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CL, 6, p. 127, 1923— Cuba (tran-
sient); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 188, 1924— Loma
Redonda and Galipan, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 676, 1926 — Ecuador (western and eastern side); Griscom, I.e., 64,
p. 378, 1932— Guatemala; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser..
17, p. 449, 1930— Peru (Chinchao, Huachipa, Rio Colorado); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 187, 1928— Lower California (vagrant).
Range. — United States from Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana,
Ohio, Maryland, and Delaware south to northeastern Mexico and
southern Florida; winters from central Mexico and Yucatan to
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia (San Antonio, Yungas of La Paz), Brazil
(Allianca, Rio Madeira), Venezuela, Trinidad, and Guiana (Roraima) ;
casual in the northeastern United States, California, and Lower
California.
72: Illinois (Grand Chain, 3); Missouri (St. Louis County, 1);
Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Texas (Fort Worth, 4; Ingram, 3; Kerr-
ville, 1); Tennessee (Nashville, 2); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 3;
Vicksburg, 5); Alabama (Elmore County, 1); North Carolina
(Raleigh, 5); Florida (Gainesville, 2; Jacksonville, 1; Key West, 2;
Nassau County, 1; West Jupiter, 1); Mexico (Mexico City, 1;
Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz, 1; Tampico, 1; Teapa, 1); Guatemala
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 273
(Gualan, 3; Lake Atitlan, 1; Patulul, Solola, 2; San Jose", 1); Nica-
ragua (San Rafael, 1); Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 3; Guayabo, 5;
Port Limon, 5) ; Panama (Colon, 1 ; unspecified, 1) ; Colombia (Boque-
ron, 1); Venezuela (Caracas, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1; unspecified, 1);
Peru (Chinchao, 3; Huachipa, 1; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, 1).
*Piranga rubra cooperi (Ridgway). COOPER'S TANAGER.
Pyranga cooperi Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21, p. 130, July, 1869 —
Los Pinos, New Mexico (types in U. S. National Museum); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886— western Mexico (Presidio).
Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 83, 1902
(monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 365, 1905— Escuinapa,
Sinaloa; idem, I.e., 22, p. 175, 1906 — Rio Sestin, Durango; Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 188, 1928 — Lower California (northern portion of
Colorado Delta, breeding); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6,
p. 291, 1932— Sonora (Saric, Guirocoba).
Pyranga rubra cooperi Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1063, 1912 (range).
Range. — Southeastern California, northeastern Lower California
(northern portion of Colorado Delta), southern Nevada, Arizona,
and New Mexico south to Nuevo Leon and northern Durango;
winters in Mexico south to Guerrero and Morelos; casual in Colorado.
21: Arizona (Calabasas, 14; Fairbank, 1; Tucson, 2); California
(Baird, 1); Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 3).
*Piranga flava flava (Vieillot). AZARA'S RED TANAGER.
Saltator flatus Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 790, 1822—
based on "Habia amarilla" Azara, No. 87; Paraguay (descr. of female).
Saltator ruber (not Fringilla rubra Linnaeus) Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Me'th., Orn.,
2, livr. 91, p. 792, 1822— based on "Habia punzo" Azara, No. 88; Para-
guay (descr. of male).
Pyranga azarae d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois., p. 264, 1839 — new
name for Saltator ruber Vieillot and Saltator flavus Vieillot; hab. part,
Buenos Aires and Valle Grande (Bolivia); Hartlaub, Index Azara, p. 6,
1847 — Paraguay (nomencl.); Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1869, p. 132— Paraguay (Capt. Page); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 601— part, Cinti and Valle Grande, Bolivia; Salvin,
Ibis, 1880, p. 353— Tucuman; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p.
37— Cosquin, C6rdoba; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 186, 1886—
Uruguay, Argentina (Cordoba, Salta, Tucuman), and Bolivia (Cinti);
Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 462 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Stem-
pelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890—
C6rdoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891— Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis,
1892, p. 124 — Fortm Page, lower Pilcomayo; Holmberg, Seg. Censo Rep.
Arg., 1, (6), p. 543, 1895 — Argentina; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
10, No. 208, p. 4, 1895 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No.
292, p. 6, 1897 — Argentina (San Francisco and San Lorenzo, Jujuy;
Tala, Salta) and Bolivia (Aguairenda) ; Bertoni, Revist. Agron. Parag.,
1, p. 531, 1898 — Paraguay (habits, nest and eggs); Grant, Ibis, 1911,
p. 94 — Colonia Mihanovitch and Santa Elena, Argentina; Hartert and
Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 171, 1909— Tapia and Tucuman.
Tanagra azarae Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Rio Guay-
quiraro, Corrientes.
Pyranga hepatica var. azarae Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 1, p. 434, 1874— Paraguay.
Pyranga cocdnea (not Tanagra coccinea Boddaert) Burmeister, Journ. Orn.,
8, p. 253, 1860— Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 479, 1861—
Parand and "Banda Oriental" [= Uruguay].
Pyranga saira (not Tanagra saira Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 124, 1856 — part, Paraguay, Buenos Aires, and Bolivia; Barrows,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 91, 1883— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios.
Pyranga flava Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 278, 1895 — Chilecito,
La Rioja (plumages) ; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902 —
Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 215, 1904 — Santa Ana, Tucuman; Bruch,
Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr.
Cienc. Soc. Tucuman, 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 — Tucuman; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1063, 1912 — Paraguay, Uruguay,
Argentina, and Bolivia (Cinti, Samaipata, Olgin, San Jose, Misque; excl.
Chiquitos); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 68, 1923 — La Rioja; Pereyra,
I.e., 4, p. 27, 1927 — Isla del Rio Lujan, north of Escobar, Buenos Aires.
Piranga flava Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 290, 1895 — Catamarca;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 376, 1910 — Argentina;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Misiones and southern Paraguay;
Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 42, 1916 — Mendoza oriental (errore) ; Bertoni,
El Hornero, 1, p. 190, 1918 — Misiones (nest descr.); Tremoleras, I.e., 2,
p. 23, 1920— Uruguay (Rio Negro, Paysandu, Salto) ; Serie and Smyth, I.e.,
3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., p. 174, 1923— San
Isidro, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 241, 1923 — part, spec.
No. 1, Buenos Aires (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p.
392, 1926 — Argentina (Resistencia, Las Palmas, Riacho Pilaga, Formosa,
and Tapia) and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) (habits, plumages).
Piranga testacea (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 471—
Colonia Crevaux, Bolivia.
Piranga flava flava Zimmer, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 177, 1929 (monog.).
Diplochilus xanthochlorus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 88, Jan.,
1901 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Range. — Uruguay; Paraguay; Argentina, south to Buenos Aires,
Cordoba, and La Rioja;1 Bolivia, to Sierra de Cochabamba.2
1 Reed's record from Mendoza is due to an erroneous translation of Bur-
meister's statement regarding its distribution in Argentina.
2 Birds from Cochabamba (San Jose, Mizque; Olguin), southern Santa Cruz,
and Chuquisaca (Sucre, Cinti) are precisely similar to others from Argentina.
Characteristic of the adult male of this form is the dark, dull red (ocher red to
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 275
5: Argentina, Tucuman (Vipos, 1; Conception, 4).
Piranga flava rosacea Todd.1 CHIQUITOS RED TANAGER.
Piranga saira rosacea Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 92, July 12, 1922
— Palmarito, Rio San Julian, Chiquitos, eastern Bolivia (type in Carnegie
Museum examined).
Piranga flava rosacea Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 181,
1929 — northeastern Bolivia (monog.).
Pyranga mississippensis (not Tanagra mississippensis Gmelin) Lafresnaye
and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 33, 1837— Chi-
quitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined).
Pyranga azarae d'Orbigny, Voy. Amei. Merid., Ois., p. 264, 1839 — part,
Chiquitos, Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 601 — part, Chiquitos.
Pyranga saira (not Tanagra saira Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 124, 1856— part, Bolivia (in part).
Pyranga flava (not Saltalor flavus Vieillot) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1063, 1912— part, Chiquitos.
Piranga flava Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 241, 1923 — part, spec. Nos. 2-4,
Chiquitos, Bolivia (crit.).
brick red) coloration of the upper parts, in fresh plumage half concealed by broad,
pale gray apical margins. On the pileum and above the eyes, the red passes
into a much brighter and lighter (coral red) tone, the grayish edges being either
absent or but faintly suggested on the hindcrown. The under surface is decidedly
pink, corresponding to Ridgway's peach red or somewhat deeper, in opposition
to the scarlet hue which prevails in rosacea and saira. The females are recog-
nizable by the markedly grayish, less yellowish green upper parts, and duller,
more greenish breast and sides. After once more investigating the case, I now
agree with Mr. Zimmer's contention that P. azarae d'Orbigny is merely a new
name for Azara's "Habia amarilla" and "Habia punzo," and that the designation
of a "type" from Chiquitos was unjustified.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia; San Jos6, Mizque, 2 (males); Olguin,
Cochabamba, 2 (male, female); Pampas de Taperas (twenty leagues south of
Santa Cruz), 1 (male); Guanacos (south of Santa Cruz), Prov. Cordillera, 3
(males); Sucre, 1 (female); Cinti, Chuquisaca, 2. — Argentina: San Lorenzo,
Jujuy, 1; Tala, Salta, 2; Rio Vermejo, Salta, 4; Embarcacion, Dept. Oran, Salta,
2; Metan, Salta, 1; Vipos, Tucuman, 8; Tapia, Tucuman, 1; Cosquin, Cordoba,
4; Rio de Oro, Chaco Austral, 1; Buenos Aires, 1; Lomas de Zamora, Buenos
Aires, 1.
1 Piranga flava rosacea Todd: Nearest to P. f. saira, but under parts in adult
males lighter, varying from salmon orange to flame scarlet, and dorsal feathers
with traces of grayish edges; females distinguishable only by slightly more grayish
upper surface. Wing, 92-98, (female) 91-94; tail, 70-80, (female) 73-80; bill,
16-18.
This form is truly intermediate to P. /. flava, from which it differs by having
the upper parts much less margined with grayish, and in the male sex by orange
to scarlet (not pink) under surface. While the coloration of the lower parts in
the males is exceedingly variable, no two of the nine specimens examined showing
the same tone, I fully agree with Mr. Zimmer that the inhabitants of eastern
Bolivia should all be referred to one and the same race forming the passage from
saira to flava.
Material examined. — Bolivia: Palmarito, Rio San Julian, Chiquitos, 7 (includ-
ing the type); Rio Quiser, Velasco, North Chiquitos, 6; Chiquitos (d'Orbigny),
4; Ipias, Chiquitos, 2; Tunama, Chiquitos, 1.
276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Piranga flava azarae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 241 (in text), 1923 — Chi-
quitos; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p.
272, 1930 — Ipias and Tunama, Chiquitos, Bolivia (crit.).
Range. — Eastern Bolivia, from Santa Cruz to the neighborhood
of the Brazilian boundary (Chiquitos district).
*Piranga flava saira (Spix). SAIRA TANAGER.
Tanagra mississippensis (not of Gmelin) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner
Mus., p. 30, 1823 — Sao Paulo (descr. of male and female); Wied, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 521, 1830— Valo, Minas Geraes.
Tanagra saira Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 35, pi. 48, fig. 1 ("mas" =
female), 1825 — no locality indicated, hab. subst. Caxias, Piauhy, auct.
Hellmayr, 1929 (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Ab-
handl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 670, 1906).
Phoenicosoma azarae (not Pyranga azarae d'Orbigny) Cabanis, Mus. Hein.,
I, p. 25, 1850— Brazil.
Pyranga saira Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 124, 1856 — part, Brazil
("Rio," Bahia, Minas [GeraesJ, and Sao Paulo); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 80, 1862 — part, spec, a-c, "Rio"; Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 131— Brazil (descr.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 211,
1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Parana), Parana (Campo Pantoso,
Jaguaraiba, Porcos de Riva, Curytiba, Pitangui), Goyaz (Jose Dias,
Goyaz, Ponte Alta), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 429 — Minas Geraes (Barbacena,
Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Curvelo) and Sao Paulo (Campinas, Rio
Grande de Parana); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 120,
1885— Linha Piraja, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
II, p. 185, 1886— Brazil (Bahia; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; "Rio");
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899— Mundo Novo
and Pelotas; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 151, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Miranda
Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 186, 1905 — Caminho
do Couto, Serra do Itatiaya; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910 — Piauhy (Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Bandeira,
Santa Maria, Fazenda Riachoelo, Santa Philomena); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1063, 1139, 1912— Monte Alegre
to Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul (crit.); Snethlage, Journ. Orn.,
61, p. 520, 1913 — Serra de Erere and Monte Alegre; idem, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 449, 1914 — Monte Alegre, Serra de Erere, and Maranhao;
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 185, 1925—
Piauhy (Bandeira, Riachoela); H. Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 76, p. 535,
1928— Brazil (ecol.).
Pyranga coccinea (not Tanagra coccinea Boddaert) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 171, 1856— Minas Geraes.
Piranga saira Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 357, 1891 — Chapada,
Matto Grosso (plumages, molt, etc.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p.
359, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Batataes, Campos de Jordao, Franca, Itarare)
and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 29,
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 277
1908 — Goyaz; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp.
487, 499, 1912— Vera Guarany, Parana; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p.
241 (in text), 1923— part, Brazil (Minas to Monte Alegre); Miranda
Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923— Retire de
Ramos, Serra do Itatiaya.
Piranga saira saira Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, pp. 262, 321, 1928 —
Serra do Itatiaya.
Piranga flava saira Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 282,
1929 — Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Tranqueira; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto
Parnahyba) and Goyaz (Philadelphia); Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 184, 1929
(monog.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 375, 1930 — Bel-
vedere de Urucum, Matto Grosso.
Range. — Campos region of Brazil, from the lower Amazon (Monte
Alegre and Serra de Erere", north bank; Santarem) south to Matto
Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul.1
9: Brazil (Santarem, 1; Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 2; Tranqueira,
Maranhao, 1; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 2; Sao
Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Philadelphia, Goyaz, 1; Rio Nova
Roma, Goyaz, 1).
*Piranga flava macconnelli Chubb.2 MCCONNELL'S TANAGER.
Piranga saira macconnelli Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 446, Oct.,
1921 — upper Takutu Mountains, British Guiana (type in coll. of F. C.
McConnell, now in British Museum, examined); idem, Bds. Brit. Guiana,
2, p. 524, pi. 9 (male, female), 1921 — upper Takutu Mountains and
Quonga.
1 Birds from Matto Grosso, Sao Paulo, and Parana agree well with a series
from Maranhao and Piauhy, and allowing the usual amount of individual varia-
tion, I am unable to substantiate the local differences noticed by the late Count
Berlepsch. A single adult male from Rio Grande do Sul (Pelotas) in the Paris
Museum is by no means larger (wing, 99; tail, 77) than various northern examples,
and in coloration, especially in lacking all trace of grayish edges above, it is thor-
oughly typical, betraying no approach to flava. The largest specimen I have
seen is a male from Ytarare, Sao Paulo, with the wing measuring fully 104 mm.
A couple of adults from the north bank of the lower Amazon seem inseparable
from tableland birds, and until an adequate series proves otherwise, they may be
referred to saira rather than macconnelli.
Additional material examined. — Para: Serra de Erer6, 1 (male); Monte Alegre,
1 (female). — Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 1; Bandeira, 1; Fazenda Ria-
choelo, 1; Santa Maria, 2; Santa Philomena, 1. — Bahia, 2. — Minas Geraes: Agua
Suja, near Bagagem, 3.— Sao Paulo: YtararS, 3. — Parana: Jaguaraiba, 1; Cury-
tiba, 2. — Goyaz: Goyaz City, 12; Jose" Dias, 1.— Matto Grosso: Chapada, 10.
—Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas, 1 (male).
2 Piranga flava macconnelli Chubb: Exceedingly close to P. /. saira, but perhaps
separable by average lighter coloration of the upper parts in the male sex.
Wing, 94-98, (female) 89-94; tail, 77-84, (female) 75-79; bill, 17-18^.
This is a very unsatisfactory race, as has been pointed put by Zimmer, and
with the larger series now available I find it very hard to maintain its distinction.
Additional material examined.— British Guiana: upper Takutu Mountains,
1 (male, the type); Quonga, 6; Annai, 2.
278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Piranga flava macconnelli Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12,
p. 283, 1929 — British Guiana (Quonga, Annai) and Serra da Lua, upper
Rio Branco (crit.); Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 189, 1929 (monog.).
Piranga saira (not Tanagra saira Spix) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 241,
(in text), 1923 — part, British Guiana.
(l)Pyranga azarae (Fanagra saira?) [sic] Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie,
2, p. 31, 1857 — Cayenne (coll. Deplanches).
(l)Piranga saira Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 116, 1908 — Cayenne (ex
Bonaparte).
Range. — Savanna country of southern British Guiana (Quonga;
Annai; upper Takutu Mountains) and the adjacent districts of
extreme northern Brazil (Boa Vista and Serra da Lua, upper Rio
Branco) ; possibly also in Dutch and French Guiana.
6: British Guiana (Quonga, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 3;
Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, 2).
*Piranga flava faceta Bangs.1 CARIBBEAN RED TANAGER.
Piranga faceta Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898 — Santa Marta
region (alt. 3,000 feet), Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 409, 1930); idem, I.e., 13, p. 104, 1899—
La Conception and San Miguel, Santa Marta region; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 13, p. 121, 1900 (ex Bangs).
Pyranga saira (not Tanagra saira Spix) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
80, 1862 — part, spec, d, Trinidad.
Phoenicosoma saira Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 17,
1890— part, Caracas.
Pyranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 291, 1866 —
Trinidad.
Pyranga haemalea (not of Salvin and Godman) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 185, 1886— part, Venezuela and Trinidad (spec. f-h).
Piranga haemalea Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 7, p. 323, 1895 —
Caura, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — San Antonio [Monagas],
1 Piranga flava faceta Bangs: Nearest to P. f. macconnelli, but coloration of
adult males darker with more of an orange tone, especially on the under parts,
which are between scarlet and Brazil red; upper surface likewise darker, near
Kaiser brown, with the color of the pileum less strongly differentiated from that
of the back; female on average paler, particularly below. Wing, 85-91, (female)
83-90; tail, 75-80, (female) 69-79; bill, 17.5-19.
Birds from Trinidad and Venezuela agree well with Santa Marta specimens,
and a single female from San Cristobal, Tachira, does not materially differ, though
its bill is slightly larger than in most of the others.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Santa Marta region, 8. — Vene-
zuela: San Cristobal, Tachira, 1; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 17; Loma Redonda,
near Caracas, 3; Rio Mamera, near Caracas, 1; vicinity of Puerto Cabello, Cara-
bobo, 1; Campos Alegre Valley, Sucre, 8; Quebrada Secca, Sucre, 2; Los Palmales,
Sucre, 3; La Tigrera, Sucre, 1. — Trinidad: Cave Mountains, Aripo (alt. 1,800 to
2,000 feet), 5.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 279
Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 168, 1900— Bonda,
Onaca, Minca, Cacagualito, and Masinga Vieja, Santa Marta region.
Piranga testacea faceta Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 57, 1906 — Trinidad
(ex Leotaud, crit.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1064, 1912— part, Santa Marta, Venezuela ("Cumana"), and Trinidad;
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 488, 1922— Minca, Cin-
cinnati, and La Vegas, Santa Marta region (crit., habits, nest and eggs);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 188, 1924— Venezuela (Galipan,
Loma Redonda, and Rio Mamera, Caracas region; Campo Alegre, Que-
brada Secca, and Los Palmales, Bermudez) and Trinidad (Aripo Moun-
tains) (crit.).
Piranga flava faceta Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 197,
1929 — northern Colombia to Trinidad (monog.).
Range. — Northern Colombia (Santa Marta region) and across
northern Venezuela to Trinidad (Aripo Mountains and Caura) and
south to Tachira (San Cristobal).
4: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1; Caracas, 2; Galipan, Cerro
del A vila, 1).
Piranga flava haemalea (Salvin and Godman).1 RORAIMA RED
TANAGER.
Pyranga haemalea Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (5), 1, p. 205, 1883 — Roraima,
British Guiana (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Mu-
seum, examined); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 — Roraima; Sclater, Cat.
1 Piranga flava haemalea (Salvin and Godman) : Very similar to P. f. desi-
diosa, but adult male more deeply colored; the upper parts garnet brown rather
than Morocco red, the lower ones more purely red (nopal red rather than Brazil
red) with the throat paler, scarlet to Rose Doree; female separable only by having
the throat brighter, approaching primuline yellow. Wing, 96-98, (female) 91-95;
tail, 78-80, (female) 74-78; bill, 18-19.
This form has no resemblance to its geographical neighbor P. f. macconnelli,
which, in the male sex, is much lighter colored with the under parts scarlet to
grenadine red, and the dorsal surface much paler, while the female differs at a
glance by its bright yellowish green upper plumage passing into yellowish on the
forehead, and light pure yellow ventral parts with but little greenish shading on
the flanks. Compared to P. f. testacea, the differences that distinguish haemalea
from desidiosa are even more pronounced in the male sex, the Veragua form being
underneath still duller and more obscured than its Colombian representative.
There is no distinct pale eye-rim, but just a few pale red plumules on the lower
eyelid, exactly as in desidiosa. The top of the head, in the Roraima males, is
the same shade as the back, the forehead by no means lighter; the auriculars are
uniform deep garnet brown like the crown, the anterior cheeks slightly speckled
with whitish; the chest is duskier than the middle of the breast, the throat very
much lighter and brighter than the pileum. In addition to the Roraima series,
the British Museum has a molting adult male (Nov. 7, 1887) and a female (Oct.
31, 1887) from Quonga, where the same collector (H. W. Whitely, Jr.) also obtained
a number of specimens of P. f. macconnelli. They agree in every detail with the
types of P. haemalea, showing no approach whatever to the other form (maccon-
nelli), and were probably stragglers from their usual haunts on the slopes of
Roraima.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 10; Quonga, 2.
280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 185, 1886 — part, spec, a-e, Roraima, Guiana;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1064, 1912 — Roraima.
Piranga haemalea Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 523, 1921 — Roraima.
Piranga testacea haemalea Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 190
(in text), 1924— British Guiana (crit.).
Piranga flava haemalea Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p.
201, 1929 — British Guiana (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 63, p. 131, 1931 — Agiiita, Mount Duida, Venezuela.
Phoenicosoma azarae (not Pyranga azarae d'Orbigny) Cabanis, in Schom-
burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 668, 1848 [= 1849]— Pacaraima Moun-
tains, British Guiana.1
Range. — Subtropical zone of British Guiana (Pacaraima Moun-
tains, near passage of Cotinga River; Mount Roraima) and southern
Venezuela (Mount Duida).
Piranga flava desidiosa Bangs and Noble.2 COLOMBIAN RED
TANAGER.
Piranga testacea desidiosa Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 461, 1918 — La Maria,
Dagua River, western Andes, Colombia (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., examined); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90,
A, Heft 2, p. 190 (in text), 1924— western Colombia (crit.).
Pyranga testacea (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1868) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 502 — Concordia and Medellin, Antioquia;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 292, 1883 — part,
Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886— part, spec,
g-j, Concordia, Colombia.
Piranga testacea testacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 86,
1902 — part, Colombia ("Bogota"); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
36, p. 613, 1917 — part, Colombia (San Antonio, Cocal, Popayan, La
Sierra).
Pyranga testacea faceta (not of Bangs) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1164, 1912 — part, Antioquia and "Bogota," Colombia.
1 Although this specimen is no longer in the Berlin Museum, its pertinence to
the present form seems hardly in doubt considering the locality.
2 Piranga flava desidiosa Bangs and Noble: Very similar to P. f. lutea, but
adult male somewhat deeper red; auriculars not streaked with whitish; no con-
spicuous red eye-rim or supraloral streak; female with back rather darker, more
olivaceous green. Wing, 92-98, (female) 86-94; tail, 71-78, (female) 71-74;
bill, 18-19.
Though slight, the differences from P. f. lutea apparently hold in a good
series from various parts of Colombia. Males from La Sierra and Popayan
verge somewhat toward the Ecuadorian race, but seem best referred here. A
single male from "Bogota" compares well with Antioquia specimens. P. f.
desidiosa, up to the present, has been definitely recorded only from the western
Andes, but its occurrence in native "Bogota" collections suggests that its range
may extend into some part of the Magdalena Valley.
Material examined. — Western Andes: La Maria, Dagua Valley, 7 (including
the type); Atuncela, Rio Dagua (alt. 3,000 feet), 1; Primavera, 2; Las Lomitas,
2; San Antonio, 2; Popayan, 2; Cocal, 1; La Sierra, 2; Concordia, 4. — "Bogota," 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 281
Piranga flava desidiosa Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 196,
1929 — Colombia (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (western Andes; probably
also some parts of the Magdalena Valley).
*Piranga flava lutea (Lesson).1 TSCHUDI'S RED TANAGER.
Pithylus luteus Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 316, Sept. 27, 1834— Callao,
Peru (descr. of female; location of type not stated).2
Pitylus luteus Lesson, in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Thetis, 2, p. 326, 1837
— Callao (descr. of female).
Phoenisoma lutea Lesson, Oeuvr. Compl. Buffon, 6d. Leveque, 20, [ = Descr.
Mamm. Ois.], p. 436, 1847— Callao (descr. of female).
Phoenisoma azarae (not Pyranga azarae d'Orbigny) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg.,
10, (1), p. 287, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 207,
1846— Peru.
Pyranga saira (not Tanagra saira Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 124, 1856 — part, eastern Peru (ex Tschudi).
Pyranga azarae Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 — Junin,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 332— Palmal, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 227—
Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 601— part, Cangalli,
Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 195 — Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882,
p. 14— Chirimoto, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 495, 1884— Peru (Junin,
Tambillo, Callacate, Chirimoto, Tambillo, Lechugal, Nancho).
Pyranga testacea (not of Sclater and Salvin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 292, 1883— part, Ecuador and Bolivia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886— part, spec, k-o, "Jima" (Ecuador),
Chirimoto (Peru), and Bolivia ("Cinti," Cangalli).
Pithylus puteus (sic) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., p. 224, 1846 — Callao (ex
Lesson); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 513, 1886— Callao (ex Lesson).
1 Piranga flava lutea (Lesson) : Similar to P. f. testacea, but adult male brighter
red with the whitish streaks on the auriculars and the pale reddish eyelid more
conspicuous, and the chest not so dark; female with brighter citrine upper parts.
Wing, 88-98, (female) 85-91; tail, 73-84, (female) 72-78; bill, 17^-19.
Birds from western Ecuador do not appreciably differ from Peruvian ones,
with which specimens from the Yungas of Bolivia agree. Two adult males
from "Cinti" in the British Museum are doubtless incorrectly labeled, and are
more likely to have originated in the Yungas of La Paz, where Buckley did most
of his collecting. The Bolivian range of P. /. lutea appears to be confined to the
Subtropical zone on the north side of the Cordilleras of La Paz and Cochabamba,
while south of that mountain chain P. /. flava takes its place. "Jima," eastern
Ecuador, is another questionable locality.
Additional material examined. — Ecuador (west side): Esmeraldas, 3; Punta
Santa Ana, 1; Zaruma, 3; Alamor, 1; Cebollal, Loja, 1. — Peru: Succha, Hua-
machuco, 2; Vina, Huamachuco, 3; Lima, 1; Lurin, Lima, 1; Surco, Lima, 1. —
Bolivia, Yungas of La Paz: Cangalli, 1 (female); Songo, 2; Quebrada Onda,
Yungas of Cochabamba, 1; "Cinti," 2.
2 The type is not in the Paris Museum, but may yet be found in the Museum
of the Naval Medical School at Rochefort, where Lesson held the professorship
of natural history.
282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pyranga testacea tschudii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1892, p. 375 — Lima, Peru (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort
Museum); idem, I.e., 1896, p. 345 — La Merced, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13,
pp. 82, 111, 1906— Santa Ana and Huaynapata, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1064, 1912 — Peru and Bolivia (Songo,
Quebrada Onda, Cangalli, "Cinti"); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 461,
1918 — Tabaconas and Huancabamba, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 117, p. 121, 1921 — Chauillay and Rio Comberciato, Peru; idem,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 677, 1926— Ecuador (Esmeraldas, La
Puente, Portovelo, Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Casanga, Salvias, Lumana,
Alamor, Pullango, Cebollal, Celica).
Pyranga tschudii Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 5, 1895 — Cajabamba, Chusgon,
and Succha, Peru.
Pyranga flava lutea Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 191,
1929 — Ecuador to northwestern Bolivia (monog.); idem, I.e., p. 449,
1930 — Santa Eulalia, Vista Alegre, Chinchao, and Cullcui, Peru.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador, Peru, and north-
western Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba).
9 : Peru (Hacienda Limon, east of Balsas, 1 ; Cullcui, Rio Maranon,
1; Santa Eulalia, 2; Vista Alegre, 2; Chinchao, 3).
Piranga flava testacea (Sclater and Salvin). BRICK-RED TANAGER.
Pyranga testacea Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 388—
Chitr£ and Calovevora, Veragua (type, from Chitra, in Salvin-Godman
Collection, now in British Museum, examined); Ridgway, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 133 — part, Angostura, Costa Rica; Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 187— Calovevora, Chitra, and Boquete de
Chitra, Veragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 292,
pi. 19, figs. 1, 2, 1883 — part, Costa Rica (Angostura) and Panama
(Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora, Santa F6); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886 — part, spec, b-f, Costa Rica and Veragua
(Calovevora, Chitra, Santa Fe); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1,
p. 110, 1887 — Costa Rica1 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago [= Juan
VinasJ, and Cartago); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1064, 1912 — part, Costa Rica and Veragua.
Piranga testacea testacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 86,
1902— part, Costa Rica and Veragua; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 309, 1907—
Boruca and Paso Real, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6,
p. 855, 1910 — Costa Rica (Cerro de Santa Maria, La Vijagua, Cariblanco
de Sarapiqui, La Hondura, Boruca).
Pyranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p.
139— Santa Fe, Veragua.
Piranga testacea subsp. Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 282, p. 10, 1927 —
Cape Garachine, Panama.
1 Specimens from Costa Rica appear to be inseparable from topotypes.
Material examined. — Panama, Veragua: Chitra, 4 (including the type);
Santa F6, 1; Calovevora, 1. — Costa Rica: Boruca, 2; Cerro de Santa Maria, 2;
La Vijagua, 1; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 283
Piranga flava testacea Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 203,
1929— Panama to Costa Rica (monog.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
71, p. 341, 1929— Boquete Trail, Almirante Bay, Panama.
Range. — Costa Rica and Panama, east to Cape Garachme*.
*Piranga flava albifacies Zimmer.1 WHITE-FACED TANAGER.
Piranga flava albifacies Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 205,
1929 — San Jos6 del Sacare, Chalatenango, Salvador (type in coll. of
Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena, examined); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 379, 1932— Guatemala (La Montanita, Chichicastenango,
Huehuetenango) .
Pyranga testacea (not of Sclater and Salvin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 292, 1883 — part, Chontales, Nicaragua; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886— part, spec, a, Chontales; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1064, 1912 — part, Nicara-
gua (Chontales).
(l)Piranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84,
p. 338, 1932 — San Juancito, Honduras (one female, July 27).
Range. — Mountain-pine and oak forests of western Guatemala,
El Salvador, (?) Honduras, and Nicaragua.
4: Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 1; San Rafael del Norte, 3).
*Piranga flava figlina (Salvin and Godman).2 BELIZE TANAGER.
Pyranga figlina Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 293, 1883
— Manati River, British Honduras, and pine-ridge of Poctun, Guatemala
(type, from Manati River, in U. S. National Museum, examined); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 185, 1886 — British Honduras and Guatemala
(Poctun).
1 Piranga flava albifacies Zimmer: Nearly related to P. f. figlina, but larger;
general coloration of adult male deeper and redder; sides of head whiter, with the
lower part of lores, the anterior malar region, and the chin distinctly white, the
bases of the feathers grayish; auriculars red with prominent white shaft stripes,
not brownish with obsolete streaking. Wing, 94 (once), 96-102, (female) 90-100;
tail, 73 (once), 76-82, (female) 70-78; bill, 18-19.
Birds from Nicaragua, including an immature male from Chontales, seem
decidedly referable to albifacies, not to figlina.
Additional material examined. — El Salvador: San Jose" de Sarace", Chalate-
nango, 10; Mount Cacaguatique, 8. — Nicaragua: Chontales, 1.
2 Piranga flava figlina (Salvin and Godman): Similar to P. f. testacea, but
on average larger; auriculars distinctly brown or dull reddish brown (at best with
a suggestion of fine whitish streaks); a whitish patch below the eye; interscapulars
more or less edged with grayish. Female similar to P. /. albifacies, but more
brownish above, deeper yellow on the throat, and duller, less greenish, on the
flanks. Wing, 88-100, (female) 84-9.5; tail, 72-80, (female) 65-78; bill, 18-19.
Males from different localities vary somewhat in coloration, but the signif-
icance of these slight divergencies cannot be determined without large series of
breeding birds.
Additional material examined. — British Honduras: Manati River, 1 (the type).
— Guatemala: Pine-ridge of Poctun, 6. — Honduras: Segovia River, 1 (male). —
Nicaragua: Sacklin, Rio Wanks, 1 (male).
284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pyranga hepatica (not Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 15 — eastern
Guatemala; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 192, 1882— Guatemala; Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 291, 1883 — part, Guatemala;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 186, 1886— part, spec, k, Guatemala.
Pyranga testacea (not of Sclater and Salvin) Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1869, p. 133 — part, Rio Manati and Belize, British Honduras.
Piranga figlina Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 585, 1888 — Segovia
River, Honduras.
Pyranga testacea figlina Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1064, 1912— British Honduras (Belize, Rio Manati), Honduras (Rio
Segovia), and Guatemala (Poctun).
Pyranga testacea figlina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 87, 1902
— Guatemala (Poctun) to southern Honduras (monog.); Austin, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 391, 1929 — Augustine, British Honduras;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 338, 1932— Segovia River,
Honduras.
Piranga flava figlina Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 207,
1929 — British Honduras to the northern border of Nicaragua (monog.);
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 380, 1932— Secanquim, Vera
Paz, Guatemala.
Range. — Tropical pine-lands of British Honduras, eastern Guate-
mala, and eastern Honduras, south to the Nicaraguan border.
2: Nicaragua (Sacklin, fifty miles above Cape Gracias, Rio Wanks
[= Segovia River], 2).
*Piranga flava dextra Bangs.1 EASTERN HEPATIC TANAGER.
Piranga hepatica dextra Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, p. 30, 1907 — Jalapa,
Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 409, 1930);
Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Tamaulipas (Matamoros, Rampahuila,
Galindo, Carricitos, Montelunga, Realito); Oberholser, Auk, 36, pp. 76,
77, 1919 — eastern Mexico (range, crit.).
Piranga flava dextra Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 210,
1929 — eastern Mexico (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
64, p. 379, 1932 — Chichicastenango, Momostenango, and Chanquejelve,
Guatemala (winter visitor).
Phoenisoma hepatica (not Pyranga hepatica Swainson) Cabanis, Mus. Hein.,
1, p. 25, 1851— Jalapa.
Pyranga hepatica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 124, 1856 — part,
Orizaba; idem, I.e., 25, p. 213, 1857— Orizaba; idem, I.e., 27, p. 364,
1 Piranga flava dextra Bangs: Nearest to P. f. hepatica, but rather smaller and
darker; males clearer red with narrower edges of gray to the dorsal feathers;
female more yellowish green above. From P. f. figlina the male may be distin-
guished by darker red coloration with broader grayish dorsal edges and with a
less extensive pale area on the anterior sides of the head.
Material examined. — Mexico: Jico, Vera Cruz, 2; San Vicente, Chiapas, 1;
near Tonala, Chiapas, 2; San Cristobal, Chiapas, 1; Gineta Mountains, 2; Cerro
de la Silla, Nuevo Leon, 2; Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 285
1859— Jalapa; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 81, 1862— Jalapa; Sumi-
chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 549, 1869— Vera Cruz up to 3,000
meters; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 291, 1883 —
part, Jalapa, Orizaba, and Vera Cruz; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 186, 1886 — part, spec, f-h, Jalapa and Orizaba.
Piranga hepatica Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 40, 1898 — Las
Vegas, Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 84,
1902— part, eastern Mexico; (?)Friedmann, Auk, 42, p. 551, 1925—
Brownsville, Texas.
Pyranga hepatica dextra Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1063, 1912 — part, southeastern Mexico (Nuevo Leon to Chiapas).
Range. — Eastern Mexico, from eastern Nuevo Leon through
Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, northern Puebla (Hauchinango), extreme
eastern Oaxaca, and Chiapas, south in winter to northwestern
Guatemala.
1: Mexico (Oaxaca, 1).
*Piranga flava hepatica (Swainson). HEPATIC TANAGER.
Pyranga hepatica Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 438, 1827 — Real del
Monte, Hildalgo, Mexico (descr. of female; location of type unknown);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 291, 1883 — part,
New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 186, 1886 — part, Arizona and Mexico; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1063, 1912 — part, New Mexico, Arizona, and
Mexico.
Piranga hepatica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 84, 1902—
part, Mexico (part), Arizona, and New Mexico; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 22, p. 175, 1906 — Durango (La Cienaga de las Vacas, Arroyo del
Buey); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avif., 10, p. 62, 1914 — Arizona (range).
Piranga hepatica hepatica Smith, Condor, 19, p. 164, 1917 — Davis Mountains,
Texas; Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 77, 1919 (range); Bangs and Peters, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca.
Piranga flava hepatica Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 213,
1929 (monog., full bibliog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 409,
1934 — Chilpancingo and Taxco, Guerrero (crit.).
Piranga hepatica oreophasma Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 74, 1919 — Pine Canyon,
Chisos Mountains, Texas (type in U. S. National Museum).
Piranga flava oreophasma Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, p.
105, 1930 — Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (crit.); van Rossem, Trans.
San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 290, 1931 — San Javier, Saric, and Chino-
bampo, Sonora (crit.).
Range. — Highlands of Mexico, west of the Sierra Madre del
Oriente, north to central-western Texas, New Mexico, and north-
western Arizona.1
1 Separation of a northwestern race (P./. oreophasma), which has been advo-
cated by Oberholser and more recently by van Rossem, seems to me unwarranted.
There is no difference in color, so far as I can see, and the on average slightly larger
286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
11 : Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, 8) ; Texas (Davis Mountains,
2); Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 1).
*Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis (Cabot). ROSE-THROATED
TANAGER.
Pyranga roseo-gularis Cabot, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 5, No. 3, p. 416,
June, 1846 — road from Chemax to Yalahao, Yucatan (type in coll. of
S. Cabot, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;
cf. Bangs, Auk, 32, p. 169, 1915, and Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p.
409, 1930); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 187, Dec., 1846 (reprint);
Sclater, Ibis, 1873, p. 125, pi. 3 (fig. of type).
Pyranga roseigularis Ridgway, Ibis, 1873, p. 126 — Yucatan (descr. of type);
Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 327 — Yucatan; Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
2, p. 247, 1882— Yucatan (descr. of female); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, p. 443 — Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 293, 1883 — Yucatan (between Chemax and Yalahao; Izalam);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 187, 1886— part, spec, a, b, Yucatan
(Chem Jonat forest and Izalam); Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 258 — part, Meco
Island (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 279, 1896—
Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1065, 1912 — Yucatan (Izalam, La Vega, Chemax).
Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 98, 1902— Yucatan (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p.
142, 1906— Chichen Itza; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 17, 1926—
eastern Quintana Roo; van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub.,
27, p. 44, 1935— La Libertad, Peten, Guatemala.
Range. — Peninsula of Yucatan, including Meco Island, and
eastern Guatemala (one record from La Libertad, Pete'n).1
1: Yucatan (unspecified, 1).
*Piranga roseo-gularis cozumelae Ridgway. COZUMEL TANAGER.
Piranga roseo-gularis cozumelae Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3,
p. 149, April 15, 1901 — Cozumel Island, Yucatan (type in U. S. National
Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 99, 1902— Cozumel
and (?)Mujeres Islands (monog.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 236, p. 12,
1926— Cozumel (crit.).
Pyranga roseigularis cozumelae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1065, 1912— Cozumel and (?)Mujeres.
size in birds from the United States (and apparently Sonora) is hardly a sufficient
reason for maintaining an additional race, since measurements vary a good deal
in all the subspecies of P. flava. The case has been discussed at length by Zimmer,
who also explains the doubtful applicability of Swainson'sterm for the present form.
Twenty-five specimens from the United States and forty from Mexico
examined.
1 Specimens from Meco Island, which we have not seen, are stated by Salvin
to be intermediate, but nearer to the typical form.
BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 287
Pyranga roseigularis (not of Cabot) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 190 — Cozumel;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 187, 1886— part, spec, c-i, Cozumel;
Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 258 — part, Mujeres and Cozumel (crit.).
Piranga roseigularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 568, 1885 — Cozumel.
Range. — Cozumel and Mujeres Islands, off the eastern coast of
Yucatan.1
3: Cozumel Island.
*Piranga olivacea (Gmelin). SCARLET TANAGER.
Tanagra rubra (not Fringilla rubra Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed.,
1, p. 314, 1766 — based on "Le Cardinal de Canada" Brisson, Orn., 3,
p. 48, pi. 2, fig. 5; Canada.
Tanagra olivacea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 889, 1789 — chiefly based on
"Olive Tanager" Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, p. 218) and Pennant (Arct.
Zool., 2, p. 369); New York.2
Pyranga erythromelas Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 28, p. 293,
pi. M. 22, fig. 1, 1819 — based on Tanagra rubra (Latham ex) Linnaeus,
Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 314; Canada; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1065, 1912 (range).
Piranga erythromelas Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 88, 1902
(monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 66, 1902— Boquete,
Panama; Riley, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, p. 367, 1905 — New
Providence, Andros, and Cay Lobos; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6,
p. 854, 1910— Bonilla, Costa Rica; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6,
p. 127, 1923— Cuba (transient); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 676, 1926 — Ecuador (Rio Suno, lower Sumaco, and below San Jose1);
Griscom, I.e., 64, p. 378, 1932— Guatemala.
Pyranga rubra Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 501 — Reme-
dies, Colombia; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 601 — Pillon, Yungas, Bolivia; Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 287, 1883 (monog.); Ber-
lepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 292, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Piranga olivacea Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 575, 1919 (crit.).
Range. — Eastern North America, from southern Saskatchewan,
Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
south to Kansas, northern Arkansas, Alabama, and Georgia, and
the mountains of Virginia and South Carolina; winters from Co-
lombia to Bolivia; migrates through the West Indies and chiefly
along the east coast of Central America.
1 We have not seen any material from Mujeres. According to Salvin, birds
from that island are identical with Cozumel specimens.
2 1 cannot but agree with Oberholser (Auk, 36, pp. 575-576, 1919) that
Gmelin's diagnosis is very nearly a literal, though somewhat abridged transcrip-
tion of Latham's and Pennant's accounts of the "Olive Tanager," which obviously
refers to the transition plumage of the Scarlet Tanager. "L'Oliyet" of Buffon,
likewise quoted by Gmelin — a citation responsible for the additional habitat
"Cayenne" — seems to be some other species, since the Scarlet Tanager is not known
to occur in Guiana. I dp not know for what reason the name olivacea has been
rejected in the latest edition of the A. O. U. Check List.
288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
61: Massachusetts (Boston, 1; Greenwich, 2; Hyde Park, 1;
Lexington, 2; Natic, 2); Connecticut (East Hartford, 5; Lyme, 1;
Stafford, 1); New York (Auburn, 1; Cayuga County, 1; Moravia,
Gay County, 2; Sennett, Gay County, 1); New Jersey (Englewood,
4); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 9; Lake Koshkonong, 1; Woodruff,
Vilas County, 2); Illinois (Chicago, 4; Deerfield, 3; Joliet, 5; Lake
Forest, 5; Mound City, 1; Palos, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Texas
(Fort Worth, 1); Florida (Key West, 1); West Indies (Antigua, 1);
Colombia (unspecified, 2).
*Piranga leucoptera leucoptera (Trudeau). WHITE- WINGED
TANAGER.
Tanagra erythromelas (not Pyranga erythromelas Vieillot) Lichtenstein,
Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type, from
Lagunas, in Berlin Museum1); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 57, 1863
(reprint).
Pyranga leucoptera Trudeau, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 160, 1839—
Mexico (descr. of male; type probably lost);1 Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1065, 1912 (range).
Pyranga bivittata Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 70, 1842 — no locality indicated,
= Mexico (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 410, 1930).
Phoenicosoma bivittata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 24, 1851 — Jalapa, Mexico.
Pyranga erythromelana [sic] Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 126, 1856 —
Mexico (Lagunas, Orizaba, Jalapa, Cordoba) and Guatemala (descr.).
Pyranga erythromelaena Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 303, 1856 —
Cordoba; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 295, 1883
— part, Mexico, Guatemala, and British Honduras; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 189, 1886 — part, spec, a-1, Mexico (Jalapa, Orizaba),
Guatemala (Volcan de Agua, Savanna Grande, Retalhuleu, Chisec,
Rasche, Vera Paz, Barranca Hondo), and British Honduras (Belize).
Piranga leucoptera Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 27, 1898 —
Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 122,
1907 — Patulul and Mazatenango, Guatemala.
Piranga leucoptera leucoptera Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 99, 1902 — Mexico to Salvador and British Honduras (monog.); Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1903 — Yaruca, Honduras; Bangs
and Peters, I.e., 67, p. 486, 1927 — Motzorongo and Presidio, Vera Cruz,
Mexico; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 391, 1929 — Mountain Cow and Augustine,
British Honduras (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 380, 1932
Guatemala (Finca Chama, Chimoxan, Finca Sepacuite, Finca Carolina,
Finca Cipres, San Felipe; crit.).
1 Not in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
(cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 21).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 289
Range. — Southeastern Mexico (in states of Vera Cruz, Puebla,
Mexico, and Chiapas), Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras
(San Pedro), Salvador, and Nicaragua.1
16: Guatemala (Mazatenango, 5; Patulul, Solola, 2; San Felipe,
Retalhuleu, 2; Vera Paz, 2); Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 4; San Rafael
del Norte, 1).
*Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway. BROAD-BANDED
TANAGER.
Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 457, 1887 —
Costa Rica and Veragua (type not specified, presumably in U. S. National
Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 101, 1902— Costa
Rica to Veragua (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 66,
1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 853, 1910—
Costa Rica (Guayabo, El Copey, La Lagunaria, Santa Maria de Dota,
Naranjo de Cartago, Azahar de Cartago, La Estrella, Escazu, Juan Vinas);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1066, 1912— Costa
Rica to Veragua.
Pyranga erythromelaena (not of Sclater) Salvadori, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino,
4, p. 177, 1868— Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9,
p. 99, 1868 — Costa Rica (Navarro, Barranca, Dota); Frantzius, Journ.
Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 187 — Volcan de Chiriqui and Veragua (Calovevora); Boucard,
I.e., 1878, p. 55 — Naranjo and La Candelaria, Costa Rica; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 295, 1883 — part, Costa Rica
and Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Calobre, Calovevora); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 189, 1886 — part, spec, m-q, Costa Rica (Tucurriquf,
Dota) and Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Calovevora); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899— Chiriqui.
Piranga leucoptera (not of Trudeau) Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 24, 1892 — San Jose,
Costa Rica.
Range. — Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of Costa
Rica and western Panama (east to Veraguas).2
1: Costa Rica (Juan Vinas, 1).
*Piranga leucoptera ardens (Tschudi). BLACK-LORED TANAGER.
Phoenisoma ardens Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 287, 1844 — Peru3
(type in Neuchatel Museum).
Phoenisoma bivittata (not Pyranga bivittata Lafresnaye) Tschudi, Unters.
Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 207, 1846— eastern Peru.
1 Birds from the southern part of the range are on average slightly larger
and have a trifle more black on the forehead, but the variation is insignificant.
Additional material examined. — Mexico: Laguna, 1; Jalapa, 7. — Guatemala:
Vera Paz, 4. — Honduras: San Pedro, 1 (male).
2 Five adults from Chiriqui (Boquete) agree with five others from Costa Rica.
3 We suggest as type locality the valley of Vitoc, Department of Junin (cf.
Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 2, p. 209, 1846).
290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pyranga erythromelas (not of Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23,
p. 156, 1855 — "Bogotd," Colombia.
Pyranga ardens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 126, 1856 — Colombia
("Bogota"), Venezuela (Curiana, above Cariaco) and Peru (monog.);
idem, I.e., 27, p. 139, 1859 — Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 81, 1862 — Pallatanga and "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Carip6, northeastern Venezuela; Wyatt,
Ibis, 1871, p. 326 — near Canuto, Santander, Colombia; Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 14 — Chirimoto, Huambo, and Achamal,
Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 546 — Chimbo, Ecuador;
Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 497, 1884 — Peru (Chirimoto, Huambo);
idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 81 — Mapoto, eastern
Ecuador; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 — Roraima, British Guiana; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 190, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador
(Pallatanga, Intag), Peru, Venezuela (Caripe'), and British Guiana
(Roraima); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896,
p. 345 — Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool.,
14, No. 25, p. 86, 1922— below Nanegal, Ecuador.
Piranga ardens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Nanegal,
Ecuador; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — San Antonio [Monagas], Vene-
zuela; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 176, 1901—
San Julian, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. Ill, 1906
— Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117,
p. 121, 1921— Rio San Miguel, Urubamba, Peru; Chubb, Bds. Brit.
Guiana, 2, p. 525, 1921— Roraima.
Pyranga leucoptera ardens Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1066, 1140, 1912— Colombia to Bolivia (Songo, Quebrada Onda),
Venezuela, and British Guiana (crit.).
Piranga leucoptera ardens Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft
5, p. 63, 1912 — La Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (crit.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 614, 1917— Miraflores and
Ricaurte, Colombia; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 190,
1924 — Silla de Caracas, Loma Redonda, and Galipan, Caracas region,
Venezuela (crit., plumages); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 677, 1926 — Ecuador (Rios Coco and Chimbo, junction of Chanchan
and Chiguancay, Zaruma, Sabanilla); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 17, p. 450, 1930— Vista Alegre and Huachipa, Peru (crit.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 132, 1931 — Arabupu, Roraima.
Range. — Subtropical (and lower Tropical) zone of British Guiana
(Roraima), northern Venezuela (east to Sucre and Monagas),
Colombia (except Santa Marta region), Ecuador (both slopes),
eastern Peru, and northwestern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and
Cochabamba).1
4: Peru, Dept. Huanuco (Vista Alegre, 2; Huachipa, 2).
1 1 am unable to corroborate the differences noticed by Berlepsch between
Venezuelan and Colombian specimens. They appear to me perfectly alike with
the only exception that the pileum, in females from Carabobo and Monagas
(San Antonio), is of a brighter yellow. This is, however, most likely to be indi-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 291
*Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson). WESTERN TANAGER.
Tanagra ludoviciana Wilson, Amer. Orn., 3, p. 27, pi. 20, fig. 1, 1811 — "prairies
of the Missouri between the Osage and Mandan nations" = about two
miles north of Kamiah, Idaho County, Idaho; cf. Davis and Stevenson,
Condor, 36, p. 163, 1934 (type in Peale's Museum, doubtless lost).
Pyranga erythropis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 28, p. 291,
1879 — based on Wilson, Amer. Orn., 3, pi. 20, fig. 1.
Tanagra columbiana Jardine, ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn., 1, p. 317, 1832 —
Columbia River.
Pyranga ludoviciana Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 297,
1883— North America to Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 191, 1886 (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1065, 1912 (range).
Piranga ludoviciana Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 91, 1902
(monog., full bibliog.); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 121, 1907 — Guatemala (Patulul, Mazatenango, Lake Atitlan); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 187, 1928 — Lower California; Griscom,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 378, 1932— Guatemala (winter).
Range. — Western North America, from northwestern British
Columbia, and southwestern Mackenzie and South Dakota to the
mountains of southern California, northern Lower California, south-
ern Arizona, and western Texas; winters in Mexico and Guatemala.1
63: British Columbia (Okanagan, 7); Oregon (Salem, 1); Cali-
fornia (Alameda, 1; Chaparral, Butte County, 4; Berryessa, 1;
Dulzura, 1; Eureka, 1; Hay wards, 3; Nicasio, 1; San Antonio
Canyon, 2; San Geronimo, Marin County, 1); Colorado (El Paso
County, 1 ; foot of Williams Range, 1 ; Williams Range, 2) ; Arizona
(Calabasas, 5; Huachuca, 7; Tucson, 2); Texas (Fort Davis, 2);
Mexico (Escuinapa, 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 3; Mexico City, 1); Guate-
mala (Lake Atitlan, 2; Mazatenango, 7; Patulul, Solola, 6).
Piranga bidentata bidentata (Swainson). SWAINSON'S TANAGER.
Pyranga bidentata Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 428, June, 1827 —
Temascaltepec, Mexico (descr. of female; type in Bullock Collection,
present location unknown); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 95,
1856 — part, Temascaltepec; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
vidual, since females from the Caracas region, an intermediate locality, do not
differ in that respect from "Bogota" skins. Males from Peru and Bolivia possibly
have the blackish margin along the chin more restricted, but there is a good deal
of variation.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: San Antonio, Monagas, 8; Silla
de Caracas, 2; Loma Redonda, 11; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 15; La Cumbre de
Valencia, Carabobo, 5; La Ortiza, Tachira, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota/' 6. — Ecuador:
Chimbo, 1. — Peru: Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 2; Chirimoto, 1; Huaynapata, 1. —
Bolivia: Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba, 6.
1 1 cannot find any authentic record of its occurrence in Costa Rica.
292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Aves, 1, p. 296, 1883— part, Temascaltepec; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1066, 1912— western Mexico.
Piranga bidentata Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 779, 1894 — Barranca
Ibarra, Jalisco; Nelson, Auk, 15, pp. 157, 158, 159, 1898 — Jalisco and
Sinaloa (crit., range, synon.).
Piranga bidentata bidentata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p.
95, 1902 — southwestern Mexico (monog., bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 21, p. 365, 1905 — Juan Lisiarraga Mountains, Sinaloa.
Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones on the Pacific slope
of western Mexico, from Sinaloa to Mexico (Temascaltepec).
Piranga bidentata flammea Ridgway. TRES MARIAS TANAGER.
Piranga flammea Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 457, 1887 — Tres Marias
Islands (type in U. S. National Museum).
Pyranga bidentata (not of Swainson) Finsch, Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 2,
p. 338, 1870— Tres Marias; Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 281,
1872— Tres Marias; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 274, 1874—
Tres Marias; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 296,
1883— part, Tres Marias Islands; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 190, 1886 — part, spec. f. g, Tres Marias Islands.
Piranga bidentata flammea Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 53, 1899 — Maria
Madre and Maria Magdalena (crit., habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 96, 1902— Tres Marias (monog.); McLellan, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 310, 1926— Maria Madre and Maria Mag-
dalena; idem, I.e., (4), 16, p. 48, 1927 — Maria Madre.
Pyranga bidentata flammea Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1066, 1912— Tres Marias Islands.
Range. — Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena),
off western Mexico.
*Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta (Lafresnaye). LAFRESNAYE'S
TANAGER.
Pyranga sanguinolenta Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 97, 1839 — Mexico (type
in coll. of Charles Brelay, Bordeaux; its present location unknown).1
Pyranga bidentata (not of Swainson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 126,
1856— part, Jalapa; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 32— Volcan de
Fuego, Guatemala; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869—
temperate region of Vera Cruz; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 187 — Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 296, 1883 — part, eastern Mexico (Jalapa, above Vera
Cruz), Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama (Volcan de Chiriquf); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 190, 1886 — part, spec, a-d, h-r, Mexico
(Jalapa, Orizaba), Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Duenas, Barranco
Hondo), Costa Rica (Irazu, Parito), and Volcan de Chiriqui.
1 According to Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 410, 1930), there is a
female cotype in the Lafresnaye Collection received from C. Brelay.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 293
Piranga sanguinolenla Nelson, Auk, 15, pp. 157, 158, 159, 1898 — Vera Cruz
to Chiriquf (crit., range, synon.).
Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 96, 1902 — Nuevo Leon to Veragua (monog., full bibliog.); Bangs,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 66, 1902— Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 854, 1910 — Costa Rica
(Volcan de Turrialba, San Jose1, San Juan de Irazu, El Copey, Santa
Maria de Dota, La Estrella de Cartago, Escazu, Monte Redondo) ; Ferry,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 278, 1910— Coliblanco, Costa Rica;
Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911— Tamaulipas (Galindo, Realito, Monte-
lunga); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 381, 1932 — Guatemala
(Finca La Primavera, La Perla, Barrillos, Finca El Soche, San Lucas).
Pyranga bidentata sanguinolenta Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1066, 1912— Nuevo Leon to Chiriqui.
Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of eastern Mexico,
from Nuevo Leon (Monterrey) and Tamaulipas to Vera Cruz, and
south through Guatemala and Costa Rica to western Panama
(Veraguas).1
15: Mexico (Jalapa, 1; Mexico City, 1); Costa Rica (Cartago, 2;
Coliblanco, 5; Limon, 2; San Jose", 2; unspecified, 1); Panama
(Boquete, Chiriqui, 1).
*Piranga rubriceps (G. R. Gray). COLOMBIAN RED-HEADED
TANAGER.
Pyranga rubriceps G. R. Gray, Genera of Bds., 2, p. 364, pi. 89, lower fig.,
1844 — no locality stated (type from "Bogota" in British Museum);
Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 178, 1851 — "Mexico," errore (diag.);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 156, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e.,
24, p. 125, 1856— "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 81,
1862— "New Granada"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 502 — Medellin and Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia (descr. of female) ;
Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 195 — Cutervo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2,
p. 496, 1884 — Cutervo; idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 81— Banos, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 192,
1886 — Colombia ("Bogota," Medellin) and Ecuador ("San Lucas");
Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Cumpang, near Taya-
bamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1067
1912 — Colombia ("Bogota," Antioquia) and Ecuador ("San Lucas,"
Banos); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 86, 1922—
Mindo, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 627,
1932— El Portete de Tarqui, Azuay, Ecuador.
1 Birds from Costa Rica and western Panama have been separated by van
Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 367, May 31, 1934) as P. b. citrea
on account of brighter, more purely yellow under parts and more yellowish (less
olive) dorsal surface in the female sex. The characters hold in the series exam-
ined, the distinction having been overlooked by the author when writing the
above account.
294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Piranga rubriceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 614, 1917 — Cerro
Munchique (western Andes) and Laguneta (central Andes), Colombia;
idem, I.e., 55, p. 678, 1926 — above Baeza and upper Sumaco, eastern
Ecuador (crit.).
Pyranga rubriceps rufistigmata Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 86, 1922 — above Baeza, eastern Ecuador (type in Stockholm Museum);
Gyldenstolpe, I.e., 19, A, No. 1, p. 15, 1926— Baeza (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (all three ranges), eastern
and western Ecuador, and northern Peru (Cutervo; Cumpang, near
Tayabamba).1
3: Peru (Cumpang, near Tayabamba, Libertad, 1); Colombia
("Bogota," 1; unspecified, 1).
Piranga erythrocephala erythrocephala (Swainson), SOUTH
MEXICAN RED- HEADED TAN ACER.
Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 437, June,
1827— Temascaltepec, Mexico (type in Bullock Collection, now in Liver-
pool Museum).
Pyranga cucullata Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., etc., Belg., 14, (2), p. 105,
1847 — Mexico (type in Brussels Museum); idem, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 245,
1848 (reprint).
Pyranga erythrocephala Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 178, 1851 —
Mexico (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 125, 1856— Mexico
(monog.); idem, I.e., 27, p. 377, 1859 — Juquila and Totontepec, Oaxaca;
idem, I.e., 1864, p. 173 — vicinity of Mexico City; Duges, La Naturaleza,
1, p. 140, 1868 — Guanajuato; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 294, pi. 17, fig. 2 (male), 1883 — Mexico (Guanajuato to Oaxaca) ;
Ridgway, Ibis, 1883, p. 400 (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 192, 1886 — Juquila, Mexico; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1067, 1912 — part, southern Mexico, in states of Oaxaca, Mexico,
and Guanajuato.
Piranga erythrocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 102,
1902 — part, Oaxaca to Guanajuato.
Piranga erythrocephala erythrocephala Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75,
p. 410, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero.
Range. — Southern Mexico, in states of Guerrero (Chilpancingo),
Guanajuato, Mexico (Temascaltepec, Valley of Mexico), and Oaxaca
(Juquila, Totontepec).
1 Two Peruvian specimens agree with others from eastern Ecuador and
"Bogota." The reddish tipping to the larger under wing coverts, upon which
P. rubriceps rufistigmata was based, is an individual character, it being absent
in three birds from eastern Ecuador, but present in two (out of ten) "Bogota"
skins.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 10. — Ecuador: Banos, 2; above
Baeza, 2. — Peru: Cumpang, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 295
Piranga erythrocephala Candida Griscom.1 WEST MEXICAN
RED-HEADED TANAGER.
Piranga erythrocephala Candida Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 410,
1934 — Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua (type in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Pyranga erythrocephala (not Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson) Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1067, 1912 — part, Jalisco, Sinaloa,
and Chihuahua.
Piranga erythrocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 102,
1902 — part, Jalisco (San Sebastian), Sinaloa (Plomosas), and Chihuahua
("Trompa"=La Triunfa).
Range. — Western Mexico, in states of Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and
Jalisco.
Genus CYANICTERUS Bonaparte
Cyanicterus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 240, 1850 — type, by
monotypy, Pyranga cyanictera Vieillot.
Callithraupis Berlepsch, Orn. Centralbl., 4, p. 63, 1879 — type, by orig. desig.,
Pyranga cyanictera Vieillot; idem, Journ. Orn., 27, p. 206, 1879 (reprint).
Cyanicterus cyanicterus (Vieillot). BLUE-BACKED TANAGER.
Pyranga cyanicterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 28, p. 290,
1819 — "I'Ame'rique meridionale" = Cayenne (auct. Berlepsch, 1908) (type
in coll. of C. J. Temminck, now in Leiden Museum; = adult male);
idem, Gal. Ois., 1, (2), p. 112, pi. 81 (=adult male), 1822— 'TAme'rique
me>idionale" ; Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 463, 1831 (descr. of adult male).
Pyranga icteropus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 28, p. 291,
1819 — "Br6sil" (type in Paris Museum ;= female or young); Pucheran,
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 356, 1855— Cayenne (crit.).
"Tachyphone a Epaulettes bleues" Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., p. 463, 1831 — part
("male"), "Br6sil" = Cayenne; Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
7, p. 356, pi. 22, 1855 — Cayenne (crit.;=young male).
Cyanicterus venustus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 240, 1850 — new
name for Pyranga cyanicterus Vieillot; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1881, p. 213 — Mazaruni River, British Guiana; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 193, 1886 — Cayenne and British Guiana (Merume' Mountains, Maza-
runi River); idem, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 14, p. 31, 1903— Casuaria Grande,
near Manaos, Brazil; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 450, 1910— Guiana;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 449, 1914— Rio Negro and Guiana.
1 Piranga erythrocephala Candida Griscom: Male differing from that of the
nominate race in having the pileum pinkish vermilion rather than scarlet ver-
milion, this cap bordered by yellowish green in marked contrast to olive green
of back; throat paler, more pinkish; flanks grayish olive instead of olive green;
female grayer, less olive above and whiter, less yellow below (Griscom, I.e.).
Birds from Jalisco are stated to be intermediate, haying the head nearly as
richly colored as erythrocephala, but the flanks grayish olive as in Candida.
296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Orthogonys cyanicterus Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Spec., p. 8, 1854 — Cayenne; idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 122, 1856 — Cayenne (crit., descr.); Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 211 — Merume Mountains, British Guiana.
Cyanicterus cyanicterus Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 116, 1908 — Cayenne;
idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1067, 1912 (range); Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 527, 1921 — British Guiana (Bonasika River,
Makauria River, Mazaruni River, Merume Mountains).
Callithraupis cyanictera Berlepsch, Ornith. Centralbl., 4, p. 63, 1879; idem,
Journ. Orn., 27, p. 206, 1879— Cayenne (descr.).
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, south to the north
bank of the Amazon (Casuaria Grande, near Manaos).1
Genus ORTHOGONYS Strickland
Orthogonys Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 421, 1844 — type, by orig.
desig., Tanagra viridis Spix=Tachyphonus chloricterus Vieillot.
*Orthogonys chloricterus (Vieillot). OLIVE-GREEN TANAGER.
Tachyphonus chloricterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p.
360, 1819 — Brazil, coll. Delalande, Jr., = vicinity of Rio de Janeiro (type
in Paris Museum examined); idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Ornith., livr. 91,
p. 804, 1822 — Brazil (type stated to be in Paris Museum).
Tanagra viridis Spix, Av. Bras. Spec. Nov., 2, p. 36, pi. 48, fig. 2, 1825 — "in
provincia Rio de Janeiro" (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hell-
mayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 2. Kl., 22, No. 3, p. 671, 1906).
"Tachyphone a epaulettes bleues" Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 463, 1831 —
part ("female"), Brazil; Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 378,
1855 (crit.).
Orthogonys viridis Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 421, 1844 — Brazil
(crit.); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 331, 1850 — Brazil; Burmeis-
ter, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 170, 1856— Rio de Janeiro; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 122, 1856 — Rio de Janeiro (diag.); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 82, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 211,
1870— Rio de Janeiro; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 243, 1873— Blu-
menau, Santa Catharina; Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., p. 193, 1882 —
Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 194, 1886— Sao Paulo and
Rio Grande do Sul ("Pelotas"); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 152,
1899 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya; Velho, I.e.,
p. 264, 1923— Monte Serrat.
Orthogonys chloricterus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 310, 1906 — Brazil (crit.
on type); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 360, 1907— Sao Paulo (Iguape,
Sao Sebastiao, Ubatuba, Alto da Serra) and Santa Catharina (Joinville);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1067, 1912— Espirito
Santo to Rio Grande do Sul; Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 130,
1915 — Braso do Suly Victoria, Espirito Santo; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 57, p. 321, 1928— Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya.
1 Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3.— British Guiana: Maza-
runi River, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 297
Range. — Wooded coast region of southeastern Brazil, from
Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul.1
1: Brazil (Santa Catharina, Joinville, 1).
Genus CHLOROTHRAUPIS Salvin and Godman
Chlorothraupis (Ridgway MS.) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
1, p. 297, Dec., 1883— type, by subs, desig. (Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 6, "1883," p. 412, pub. April 11, 1884), Phoenicothraupis carmioli
Lawrence.
*Chlorothraupis carmioli carmioli (Lawrence). CARMIOL'S OLIVE
TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis carmioli Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 100,
April, 1868 — Angostura, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum);
Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1869,
p. 313 — Costa Rica (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, pi. 20, fig. 1, 1883; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, "1883,"
p. 411, pub. April, 1884 — Angostura, Costa Rica (crit.).
Chlorothraupis carmioli Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p.
299, 1883 — part, Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica (Angostura,
Volcan de Turrialba); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 194, 1886—
part, spec, a, b, Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica (Turrialba);
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 — Rio Sucio, Costa
Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 155, 1902— part,
Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 37,
1909 — La Vijagua, Costa Rica (notes on vermilion-spotted individuals);
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 840, 1910 — Caribbean Costa Rica
(Reventazon, San Carlos, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Carrillo, La Vijagua,
Guapiles, Volcan de Turrialba, Rio Sicsola; habits); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1068, 1912 — eastern Nicaragua and
Costa Rica; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 463,
1928 — Boquete Trail, western Panama.
Chlorothraupis carmioli carmioli Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 342,
1931— Boquete Trail, Panama (crit.); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 84, p. 246, 1932— Eden and Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua
(nest and eggs descr.).
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Nicaragua, eastern (Carib-
bean) Costa Rica, and extreme western Panama (Almirante Bay
region).2
2: Costa Rica (Guacimo, 2).
1 Material examined. — Espirito Santo: Braco do Sul, Victoria, 2. — Rio de
Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, 3; Nova Friburgo, 2; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, 2; Parana,
2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 2; Blumenau, Santa Catharina, 2; unspecified, 5.
2 Five Nicaraguan specimens, except by averaging faintly more yellowish
below, do not differ from typical Costa Rican skins. Birds from the Almirante
Bay region in extreme northwestern Panama, according to Peters, point to C.
c. magnirostris by slightly heavier bills.
298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorothraupis carmioli magnirostris Griscom.1 LARGE-BILLED
OLIVE TANAGER.
Chlorothraupis carmioli magnirostris Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 280, p. 18,
1927 — Santa F6, Veraguas, western Panama (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. — Tropical zone of western Panama, in Province of
Veraguas (Santa FC", Pacific slope; Rio CaloveVora, Caribbean slope).
Chlorothraupis carmioli lutescens Griscom.2 GRISCOM'S OLIVE
TANAGER.
Chlorothraupis carmioli lutescens Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 280, p. 18,
1927 — Tacarcuna, eastern Panama (type in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 370,
1932 — Perme, Obaldia, and Ranchon, eastern Panama (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Panama, Darien (base of Mount
Tacarcuna; Tapalisa; Perme"; Obaldia; Ranchon).
Chlorothraupis carmioli frenata Berlepsch.3 PERUVIAN OLIVE
TANAGER.
Chlorothraupis carmioli frenata Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 349, Feb., 1907 —
Marcapata, southeastern Peru (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now
1 Chlorothraupis carmioli magnirostris Griscom; Very similar to C. c. car-
mioli, but with larger (longer as well as heavier) bill; chin and throat slightly more
yellowish, less green. Wing (male), 88-94; bill, 17-19; depth of bill (at nostrils)
10-11.
This form, of which I have seen a series in the American Museum of Natural
History, seems to be recognizable by its large bill.
2 Chlorothraupis carmioli lutescens Griscom: Similar to C. c. magnirostris, but
more yellowish underneath, particularly on the chin and under tail coverts; bill
intermediate in proportions between carmioli and magnirostris. Wing (male),
88-95; bill, 16-17^; depth of bill, 9-10.
The color-characters are not very pronounced, individual variation being
unusually great, and the describer himself admits that material subsequently
received from extreme eastern (Caribbean) Darien is much less yellowish below
than the original series. The bill in this form is, however, decidedly smaller and
sometimes does not exceed that of C. c. carmioli in size.
Seven specimens examined.
3 Chlorothraupis carmioli frenata Berlepsch: Differs from the Central American
races by lighter and purer green upper parts and by having the nasal and loral
feathers pale yellow. In relation to C. c. carmioli, the green of the lower surface
is much lighter with the throat nearly yellow, apparently approaching C. c. lutes-
cens, with which direct comparison could not be made, however. Wing, 92,
(female) 82-85; tail, 63, (female) 60-62; bill, 18.
By the possession of a pale yellow loral streak, this form marks a step in the
direction of C. olivacea. This fact taken in conjunction with its range, separated
as it is from the related races by the intervening C. olivacea, might lead one to
the conclusion that all these Olive Tanagers formed but a single specific entity
split into a number of local representatives. Griscom's statement that both
C. carmioli lutescens and C. olivacea occur in eastern Panama (Darien), however,
seems to bar such associations.
Material examined. — Peru: Pozuzo, Department of Huanuco, 1; Marcapata,
Cuzco, 5; Yahuarmayo, 1; Chaquimayo, 1; San Gaban, 2.
1936 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 299
in Frankfort Museum, examined); idem, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1068, 1912 — southeastern Peru (Marcapata, Cosnipata);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 27, 1920— Yahuarmayo,
Chaquimayo, and San Gaban, Carabaya, Peru (crit.).
Phoenicothraupis carmioli (not of Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 185, 186— Cosnipata, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1873, p. 780 —
Cosnipata; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 499, 1884 — Cosnipata.
Chlorolhraupis carmioli Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, lr
p. 299, 1883— part, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 194, 1886—
part, spec, c-e, Cosnipata, Peru; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 155, 1902— part, Peru (Cosnipata).
Range. — Tropical zone of Peru, in departments of Huanuco
(Pozuzo), Cuzco (Cosnipata, Marcapata), and Puno (Yahuarmayo,
Chaquimayo, and San Gaban, Carabaya).
*Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin). YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER.
Orlhogonys olivaceus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 140 —
"Cordilleras Mountains, on the River Truando, New Grenada" (type
in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 1864, p. 287, pi. 2 — same locality;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 502 — Remedies and
Neche, Antioquia, Colombia.
Chlorothraupis olivacea Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 298, 1883 — part, descr. of male and hab. Colombia (Valley of the
Truando, Remedies, Neche, and "Vicinity of Pasto"); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 195, 1886— Colombia (Remedies, Neche, and "Pasto");
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898— Cachabf, Ecuador; Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 154, 1902— Rio Truando and Colombia;
Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1114— Sipi, Rio Caj6n, N6vita,
and San Joaquin, Choco, Colombia (sexual differences); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1068, 1912— Rio Truando to Ecuador
(Cachabf and Bulun); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 614,
1918 — Alto Bonito, Bagado, Baudo, Novita Trail, Juntas de Tamana,
Novita, Noanama, Buenaventura, San Jose, Barbacoas, and Ricaurte,
Colombia; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 228,
1922— Mount Sapo, Darien; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 678, 1926 — northwestern Ecuador; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
69, p. 189, 1929 — Cana, Darien.
Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Ecuador (Province of
Esmeraldas), western Colombia (east to the Rio Neche and Remedies,
Antioquia), and eastern Panama (Mount Sapo and Cana, Darien).1
4: Ecuador (Bulun, 1); Colombia (Barbacoas, Narino, 1; Condoto,
1; Buenaventura, Choco, 1).
1 According to authors, this species extends to eastern Panama (Darien),
whence we have no material. Birds from northwestern Ecuador agree with
a series from Pacific Colombia. The locality "Pasto" is without doubt inaccurate.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Sipi, 4; Rio Cajon, 1; N6vita, 2;
San Joaquin, 1. — Ecuador, Province of Esmeraldas: Ventana (alt. 90 ft.), 2; San
Javier (alt. 60 ft.), 2.
300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
"Chlorothraupis stolzmanni (Berlepsch and Taczanowski).1
STOLZMANN'S TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis stolzmanni Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, p. 546 — Chimbo, Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolc-
man and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 186, 1927).
Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 195, 1886 —
western Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1068, 1912— Chimbo; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 614,
1917 — Buenavista, Narino, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 678, 1920 —
Chimbo and La Chonta, Ecuador.
Chlorothraupis olivacea (not Orthogonys olivaceus Cassin) Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 298, 1883 — part, descr. of female from
Puente de "Chiarvo" [= Chimbo], Ecuador (spec, in Berlepsch Collection
examined).
Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and southwestern
Colombia (Buenavista, Narino).
3: Ecuador (Lita, 1; Rio Verde, 1; Sari Jose*, 1).
Genus HABIA Blyth
Habia Blyth, in Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, p. 184, 1840 — type, by subs.
desig. (Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 80, 1922), Tanagra
flammiceps "Wied"=Saltator rubious Vieillot.
Phoenicothraupis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 24, Oct., 1851 — type, by subs.
desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 72, 1855), Saltator rubious Vieillot.
*Habia rubica rubica (Vieillot). RED ANT TANAGER.
Staltator [sic] rubious Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 14, p. 107,
1817 — based on "Habia roxiza" Azara, No. 85; Paraguay.
Tanagra flammiceps (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 30,
pi. 177 (male), Jan., 1823 — "Br4sil" = Rio de Janeiro2 (types in Leiden
Museum); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 497, 1830— southeastern
Brazil.
Tanagra porphyrio Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 31, after Sept.,
1823 — Sao Paulo (descr. of male; type in Berlin Museum).
1 Chlorothraupis stolzmanni (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) differs readily from
the other members of the genus by rufescent instead of green under parts,
the breast and middle of the abdomen varying from honey yellow to clay color
and passing into buffy citrine on foreneck, throat, and sides. While the dorsal
surface is about the same color as in C. olivacea excepting the more dusky pileum,
the sides of the head are decidedly darker, deep olive rather than yellowish olive,
and have no trace whatever of yellow around the eye or in the loral region. The
axillaries, under wing coverts, and the edge of the wing are olive-ocher to honey
yellow, not greenish. Wing, 89-90, (female) 85-89; tail, 66, (female) 72; bill, 18-20.
1 am unable to see any constant difference between a single topotype and speci-
mens from northwestern Ecuador.
Material examined. — Western Ecuador: Chimbo, 1; Lita (alt. 3,000 ft.),
Prov. Imbabura, 6.
2 The specimens given in exchange to Temminck came from the vicinity of
Rio de Janeiro, according to the registers of the Vienna Museum.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 301
Phoenicothraupis rubica Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 24, 1851 — Brazil; Sclater,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 13, p. 24, 1854— part, Brazil and Paraguay;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 119, 1856 — part, southeastern Brazil
and Paraguay (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 82, 1862 — Brazil;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 212, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Registo
do Sai) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist.
Foren., 1870, p. 429 — Minas Geraes (Resaquinha, near Barbacena),
Rio de Janeiro (Cantagallo), and Sao Paulo (Hytu, Sao Bento de Arara-
quara); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro;
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 193, 1882— Brazil; Berlepsch and Ihering,
Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 120, 1885— Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara, Picada
Tocana, Arroio Grande); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 196, 1886—
part, spec, a, b, e-h, Nova Friburgo (Rio), Sao Paulo, and "Pelotas"
(Rio Grande do Sul); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119,
1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3,
p. 152, 1899 — Piracicaba and Iguap£, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153,
1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 25, p. 143, 1902 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz.,
1, p. 360, 1907 — part, Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Rio de Janeiro, and Sao
Paulo (Ypiranga, Rio Mogy-guassu, Piracicaba, Jaboticabal, Bauru, Rio
Feio) to Rio Grande do Sul; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 626— Sapucay, Paraguay;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 376, 436, 1910— Santa
Ana, Misiones; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1068,
1912 — part, Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul and Paraguay; Dabbene,
Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 363, 1914 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Bertoni, Faun.
Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus.
Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 192, 1926— Candido de Abreu, Salto de Uba, Salto
do Cobre, and Porto Mendes, Parana; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2),
p. 786, 1932 — Sao Paulo (Valparaiso) and southern Matto Grosso (Sanf
Anna do Paranahyba).
Tachyphonus rubious Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 168, 1856 —
Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Minas Geraes (Resaquinha, near Barbacena) and Espirito Santo
south to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent districts of Argentina
(Santa Ana, Misiones) and Paraguay (Alto Parana; Sapucay).1
2: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1); Argentina (Rio Paranay,
Misiones, 1).
Habia rubica bahiae subsp. nov.2 BAHIAN RED ANT TANAGER.
1 Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, 4; Victoria, Sao
Paulo, 4; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 6; Iguap6, Sao Paulo, 1; Laguna, Santa Catharina,
2; Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 3. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 3.
2 Habia rubica bahiae subsp. nov.
Type in Vienna Museum, No. 19610. Adult male. Bahia, Brazil. Collected
by Virgil von Helmreichen.
Characters. — Similar to H. r. rubica, but slightly larger; under parts of adult
males much paler and less reddish, the throat and foreneck being Terra Cotta
rather than coral red to Dragon's-blood red, the breast and abdomen pale
302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phoenicothraupis rubica (not Saltator rubious Vieillot) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 196, 1886 — part, spec, c, d, Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz.,
I, p. 360, 1907— part, Bahia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1068, 1912— part, Bahia.
Range. — Wooded region of eastern Brazil (State of Bahia).
*Habia rubica amabilis (Berlepsch).1 BOLIVIAN RED ANT
TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis rubica amabilis Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 348, 1907 — San
Mateo, northern base of the Sierra de Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in
Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum, examined); idem, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1069, 1912— Bolivia (San Mateo,
Quebrada Onda, Yuracares, Guarayos); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 9,
1925 — Yuracares, Bolivia (crit.).
Saltator rubious (not of Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1,
in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 36, 1837 — Yuracares and Guarayos, Bolivia
(spec, examined).
Pyranga rubious d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 265, 1839 — Guarayos
and Yuracares, Bolivia.
Phoenicothraupis rubica Sclater, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 13, p. 24, 1854—
part, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 119,
1856 — part, Bolivia (Guarayos, Yuracares); Sclater and Salvin, I.e.,
1879, p. 601— Bolivia (same localities); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
II, p. 196, 1886— part, Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 360.
1907— part, Bolivia.
Range. — Tropical zone of northern and eastern Bolivia (Guarayos;
Yuracares; Juntas and San Mateo, north foot of Sierra de
Cochabamba).
3: Bolivia (Rio San Antonio, 1; Rio Espirito Santo, 2).
gray washed with vinaceous-pink, and the under tail coverts lighter (about Congo
pink); upper parts duller, less vinaceous; female not different in coloration, but
larger. Wing, 98-103, (female) 95-96; tail, 88-93, (female) 86-90; bill, 17-18.
This race partakes of the wholly blackish (or dusky) bill of the nominate
form, but is easily distinguished by the much paler coloration of the under parts.
In typical rubica the entire ventral surface is bright red, brightest on the throat
and gradually shading into light coral pink in the center of the breast and abdomen,
while in the Bahian form the much paler red of throat and foreneck is somewhat
contrasted to the Congo pink of the posterior parts with the grayish basal portions
of the feathers showing through. H. r. bahiae forms the passage to H. r. amabilis,
but is considerably larger with much heavier, entirely blackish bill, and much
darker underneath.
H. r. bahiae is known only from Bahia (exact locality not stated).
Material examined.— Brazil : Bahia, 11.
1 Habia rubica amabilis (Berlepsch) : Similar to H. r. peruviana in coloration
of plumage, but bill larger with the lower mandible horn brown instead of brownish
white. Wing, 93-98, (female) 86-92; tail, 82-88, (female) 78-83; bill, 17-18.
This form does not constantly differ in coloration from peruviana, so far as
I can see, but the larger and darker bill, together with the somewhat greater dimen-
sions, serves to separate the Bolivian birds which, in a way, connect the Ama-
zonian races with the Red Ant Tanagers of eastern Brazil.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Yuracares, 1; Juntas, 1; San Mateo, 12.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 303
*Habia rubica peruviana (Taczanowski).1 PERUVIAN RED ANT
TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis peruvianus Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 498, 1884 — Chyave-
tas, Chamicuros, Yurimaguas, and Monterico, Peru (type, from Yuri-
maguas, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann.
Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 186, 1927); Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 272—
Monterico (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 233,
1926 — Yurimaguas, Peru (descr. of female).
Phoenicothraupis rubica (not Saltator rubicus Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 749 — Yurimaguas and Chyavetas, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1873, p. 362 — Yurimaguas, Chyavetas, and Chamicuros, Peru;
Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 513 — Monterico, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 14
— Yurimaguas.
Phoenicothraupis rubra (not Tachyphonus ruber Vieillot) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 212, 1870 — Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, and Borba, Rio
Madeira (spec, examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 360, 1907 —
part, Borba and Matto Grosso.
Phoenicothraupis rhodinolaema (not of Salvin and Godman) Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 199, 1886 — part, spec, d-f, Chamicuros (Peru) and Ega
(Rio Solimoes, Brazil); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890— Santa-
rem, Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil.
Phoenicothraupis rubra peruviana Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 361, 1907 —
Rio Jurua (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 44, 1907— Teff6, Rio
Solimoes (diag., range); idem, I.e., 17, p. 348, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Ma-
deira; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus,
Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 276, 1910— Calama, Rio Madeira;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1070, 1912 — eastern
Peru and northern Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 450, 1914 —
Rio Tapajoz (Boim, Villa Braga), Rio Jamauchim (Santa Helena,
Tucunar6), and Rio Purus (Cachoeira).
Habia rubra peruviana Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 376, 1930
— Matto Grosso (range).
Habia rubica peruviana Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 450,
1930— Puerto Bermudez, Junin, Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Peru (south to Junin) and
western Brazil south of the Amazon, east to the Rio Tapajoz,
south to northern Matto Grosso (Rio Guapore").
3: Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, 3).
1 Habia rubica peruviana (Taczanowski) : Agreeing with H. r. rubra in dimen-
sion and light-colored bill (maxilla brown, mandible pale), but adult male with
dusky lateral margins to red crest barely suggested, and rose-red color below
mainly restricted to throat, foreneck, sides of chest, and tail coverts, the center
of the breast and abdomen being strongly shaded with grayish; female with edges
to wings and tail feathers vinaceous-tawny instead of fulvous brown. Wing,
89-92, (female) 82-88; tail, 77-82, (female) 70-77.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Yurimaguas, 2; Chamicuros, 4; Xeberos,
1; Peruvian Amazon, 1. — Brazil: Teff6, Rio Solimoes, 3; Cachoeira, Rio Purus,
3; Borba, Rio Madeira, 3; Calama, Rio Madeira, 2; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 4;
Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapor6, northern Matto Grosso, 2.
304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Habia rubica rhodinolaema (Salvin and Godman).1 SCARLET-
THROATED ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis rhodinolaema Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 300, 1883 — Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador (types in Salvin-God-
man Collection, now in British Museum, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 199, 1886 — part, spec, a-c, Sarayacu, Ecuador.
Phoenicothraupis rubra rhodinolaema Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 44, 1907
— eastern Ecuador (crit.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1070, 1912— Sarayacu, Ecuador.
Phoenicothraupis rubica rhodinolaema Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 679, 1926 — Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu; Rio Suno).
*Habia rubica coccinea (Todd).2 BOYACA ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis rubica coccinea Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 113,
June, 1919 — La Colorada, Boyaca, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum).
Range. — Tropical zone of the eastern side of the eastern Andes
of Colombia, in State of Boyaca (La Colorada), north to western
Venezuela (La Azulita, Me"rida, and Rio Cogollo, Zulia).
1: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 1).
*Habia rubica rubra (Vieillot). TRINIDAD RED ANT TANAGER.
Tachyphonus ruber Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 359,
1819 — Trinidad (descr. of male; location of type not stated); Leotaud, Ois.
Trinidad, p. 297, 1866— Trinidad.
1 Habia rubica rhodinolaema (Salvin and Godman): Very close to H. r. peru-
viana, but adult male with crown patch and throat brighter, more of a scarlet red;
female not certainly distinguishable. Wing, 90, (female) 87; tail, 71-73.
This form requires corroboration by additional specimens, though I cannot
match the type either in the shade or in the restriction of the red gular area with
any of the skins of H. r. peruviana so far examined.
Material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: Sarayacu, 3.
2 Habia rubica coccinea (Todd): Male similar to H. r. rubra, but below much
darker, more vinaceous (less pinkish) with the throat of a markedly brighter
scarlet tone; female likewise much darker underneath, buckthorn brown shading
into cinnamon buff on throat and middle of belly, and external margins to remiges
testaceous or pecan brown, instead of olivaceous; bill decidedly stronger and more
blackish, particularly in the male sex. Wing, 91, (female) 84; tail, 80-84; bill, 16.
By the bright red throat of the male and the testaceous wing-edgings of the
female, H. r. coccinea forms the passage to H. r. rhodinolaema, than which it is,
however, much darker on the under parts in both sexes, differing besides by
stronger, more blackish bill.
An adult male from La Azulita, Merida, seems to be referable to the same
form as a couple from the type locality. I am much indebted to Mr. W. E. Clyde
Todd for the loan of these three specimens, the only ones I have seen of this
apparently well-characterized race. The Field Museum example from the Rio
Cogollo has not been available for examination, but cannot well belong to any
other than the present form.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 305
Phoenicothraupis rubra Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 120, 1856 —
Trinidad (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 83, 1862— Trinidad;
Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82— Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 581— Trinidad (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 198, 1886—
Trinidad and Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, pp. 31, 189,
1894— Princestown, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— Cumanacoa,
Venezuela; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 17, 1906 — Trinidad (Caparo,
Laventille, Chaguaramas, Valencia, Aripo); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus.
Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 358, 1908 — Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1070, 1912— Trinidad and north-
eastern Venezuela ("Cumana").
Phoenicothraupis rubra rubra Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 44, 1907 — Trinidad
and northeastern Venezuela (crit.); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 103,
1909 — La Brea, Monagas, northeastern Venezuela.
Phoenicothraupis rubica rubica (errore) Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
2, p. 179, 1916 — "Guanoco," Venezuela (ex Beebe).
Range. — Island of Trinidad and northeastern Venezuela (states
of Sucre and Monagas).1
1: Venezuela (unspecified, 1).
*Habia rubica vinacea (Lawrence). VINACEOUS ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis vinacea Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 94,
1867 — line of Panama Railroad (descr. of male; type in coll. of Geo. N.
Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York); idem, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 99, 1868— Guaitil and
Grecia, Costa Rica (descr. of female).
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Panama Railroad; Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171 — Grecia, Costa Rica.
Phoenicothraupis rubica(1) (not Saltator rubicus Vieillot) Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 139— Santa F6, Veraguas (crit.).
Phoenicothraupis vinacea Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869— Costa
Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 187— Volcan de Chiriqui
and CaloveVora (Veraguas), Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 301, 1883 — Costa Rica (Guaitfl, Grecia) and Panama
(Volcan de Chiriqui, CaloveVora, Santa F6, Panama Railroad); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 197, 1886— Costa Rica (Grecia) and Panama
(CaloveVora, Santa F6, Volcan de Chiriqui); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— Tamb6r de Alaju&a and Guaitil, Costa
Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139,
1893— Boruca, T6rraba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc.
New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 66, 1902— Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1070, 1912
— Costa Rica to Veragua.
1 Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 13; Valencia, 3; Laventille, 2;
Chaguaramas, 2; Carenage, 1; Aripo, 4. — Venezuela, Monagas (Los Palmales,
Cumanacoa, etc.): 12.
306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phoenicothraupis rubica vinacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 146, 1902 — Costa Rica to Panama (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 309,
1907 — Boruca and Lagarto, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 843, 1910 — Monte Redondo, Tambor, Bolson, El General, and Buenos
Aires de Te>raba, Costa Rica (range, habits) ; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 69, p. 189, 1929— Cana, Darien.
Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Costa Rica and Panama east
to Darien (Cana).1
16: Costa Rica (Ojo Ancho, Nicoya, 10; Buenos Aires de TeYraba,
2; Boruca, 4).
*Habia rubica alfaroana (Ridgway).2 ALFARO'S ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis alfaroana Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 212, 1905
— Miravalles, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, I.e.,
22, p. 337, 1909 — Tenorio, Cerro de Santa Maria, and Miravalles, Costa
Rica (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 841, 1910 — Miravalles
and Bagaces, Costa Rica (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1070, 1912— Costa Rica ("Senorio," Cerro de Santa Maria,
"Miravelles").
Phoenicothraupis vinacea (not of Lawrence) Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 435 —
Miravalles.
Range. — Northwestern Costa Rica (Miravalles, Tenorio, Cerro
de Santa Maria, and Bagaces, Guanacaste).
4: Costa Rica (Miravalles, 4).
*Habia rubica confinis (Bangs).3 GUATEMALAN RED TANAGER.
1 Specimens from Chiriqui (Boquete) and Veraguas (CaloveVora) agree with
others from Costa Rica. No material from the Panama Railroad seen.
2 Habia rubica alfaroana (Ridgway): Closely allied to H. r. vinacea, but
much paler; under parts in adult males orange-pink passing into grenadine on
foreneck and throat; dorsal surface also slightly paler; females underneath mark-
edly lighter, less olivaceous. Size the same.
I quite agree with Bangs and Peters that this is merely a pale form of vinacea,
replacing it in northwestern Costa Rica.
3 Habia rubica confinis (Bangs): Adult male very similar to H. r. rubicoides,
but perhaps distinguishable by slightly darker coloration and brighter scarlet
throat; female a trifle yellower below with brighter ocher-yellow throat. Size
slightly larger.
The Central American races of the Red Ant Tanager have unduly suffered
at the hands of ornithologists by their ignoring seasonal and individual variation,
and the result is an almost hopeless confusion. Birds from western and eastern
Guatemala are absolutely inseparable, when adequate series are compared, and
the few specimens that we have seen from El Salvador and Honduras can be
matched by individuals both from the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Guatemala,
salvadorensis being thus clearly a synonym of confinis. The specimens from Lan-
cetilla, mentioned by Peters, might well be the "extremes" of this excessively
variable form.
Additional material examined. — Honduras: Palmar, 1; San Pedro, 2. — El
Salvador, 2. — Guatemala: Coban, Vera Paz, 9; Choctum, 2; Volcan de Agua,
above San Diego, 1; Alotenango, 1; Barranco Hondo, 2; sources of Rio de la
Pasion, 3; Savanna Grande, 1; Retalhuleu, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 307
Phoenicothraupis rubica confinis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 158,
1905— Yaruca, Honduras (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 411, 1930).
Habia rubica salvadorensis Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
40, p. 4, 1927 — Mount Cacaguatique, Department of San Miguel, El
Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena) ; Griscom, Occ. Pap.
Boston Soc. N. H., 5, p. 291, 1930 (crit.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
64, p. 382, 1932— Finca El Cipres, Guatemala.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 120, 1854 — part, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, p. 15 — Guatemala; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 58,
1859— Omoa to Chilomo, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 32
— Izabal, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 83, 1862— part,
spec, c, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 836— Honduras; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 193, 1882— Guatemala;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 300, 1883 — part,
Guatemala (Izabal, Choctum, Alotenango, Savanna Grande, Escuintla,
Costa Grande, Retalhuleu) and Honduras (Omoa, San Pedro) ; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 197, 1886 — part, spec, c-p, Guatemala; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1069, 1912— part, Guatemala
(Choctum, Retalhuleu) and Honduras (San Pedro, Omoa).
Phoenicothraupis rubica rubicoides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 144, 1902 — part, Guatemala and Honduras; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 39, p. 154, 1903— Yaruca, Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 122, 1907— Patulul, Solola, Guatemala.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides confinis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1069, 1912— Honduras (Yaruca, Palmar).
(?) Habia rubica rubicoides Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 472, 1929 —
Lancetilla, Honduras (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p.
339, 1932— Honduras.
Habia rubica confinis Griscom, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. N. H.f 5, p. 290, 1930
— eastern Honduras and eastern Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 84, p. 339, 1932— Yaruca, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 381, 1932— Secanquim, Guatemala.
Range. — Tropical zone of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras,
possibly extending into Nicaragua.1
11: Guatemala (Patulul, Solola, 8; Vera Paz, 2); Nicaragua (San
Rafael del Norte, 1).
Habia rubica affinis (Nelson).2 OAXACA ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides affinis Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 66, 1897 — Pinotepa,
Oaxaca, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1069, 1912— Pinotepa.
1 A single immature male from San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua, cannot
satisfactorily be placed. It seems intermediate between H. r. vinacea and H. r.
confinis.
1 This form is autoptically unknown to the author.
308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phoenicothraupis rubica affinis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 147, 1902 — Pacific slope of Oaxaca.
Range. — Pacific slope of Oaxaca (Pinotepa) and possibly Guerrero,
in southern Mexico.
Habia rubica nelsoni (Ridgway). NELSON'S ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis rubica nelsoni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 145, 1902 — "Peninsula of Yucatan (Puerto Morelos) including Cam-
peche (Apazote)" (type not specified, probably in U. S. National Museum) ;
Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 141, 1906— Yucatan; Peters, Auk,
30, p. 379, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; Griscom, Amer. Mus.
Nov., 235, p. 17, 1926— Chacalal, Yucatan.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides nelsoni Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1069, 1912— Yucatan (Puerto Morelos, Chichen Itza), and
Campeche (Apazote).
Habia rubica nelsoni Griscom, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. N. H., 5, p. 290, 1930 —
Yucatan and adjoining parts of Campeche and Quintana Roo (crit.).
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 279, 1896— Chichen Itza.
Range. — Peninsula of Yucatan including the adjoining parts of
Campeche and Quintana Roo.
Habia rubica rubicoides (Lafresnaye). MEXICAN ANT TANAGER.
Saltator rubicotdes Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 41, 1844 — Mexico (descr. of
male; type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p.
410, 1930).
Phoenicothraupis ignicapilla (Lichtenstein MS.) Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, p. 581 (in text) — new name for Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye
on grounds of purism.1
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549,
1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p.
19, 1876 — Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 300, 1883 — part, Mexico (Guichicovi); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1069, 1912— part, Oaxaca.
Phoenicothraupis rubica rubicoides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 144, 1902 — part, Oaxaca (Guichicovi).
Habia rubica rubicoides Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 392, 1929—
Mountain Cow, British Honduras; Griscom, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. N.
H., 5, p. 290, 1930 — hot lowlands of eastern Vera Cruz to northern Peten
(monog.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 381, 1932— Finca Sepa-
cuite, Guatemala (crit.).
1 Although used in connection with a Guatemalan specimen incidentally
mentioned in the text, the name, as it stands, must be regarded as a nomen novum
for S. rubicoides Lafresnaye. It is not affected by Tanagra ignicapilla Lichten-
stein (Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830; Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56,
1863), a pure nomen nudum without nomenclatorial standing.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 309
Range. — Hot lowlands of eastern Vera Cruz and northern Oaxaca
(Guichicovi) south through Tabasco, Campeche, and British Hon-
duras to northern Pete"n, Guatemala.
Habia rubica holobrunnea Griscom.1 GRISCOM'S ANT TANAGER.
Habia rubica holobrunnea Griscom, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. N. H., 5, p. 290,
1930 — Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 120, 1856— part, C6rdoba, Mexico; idem, I.e., p.
303, 1856— Cordoba; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859— Jalapa and Playa
Vicente, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 1864, p. 173— valley of Mexico; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 300, 1883 — part, Mexico (valley
of Mexico, Papantla, Cordoba, Jalapa, Playa Vicente); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 197, 1886 — part, spec, b, Jalapa, Mexico; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1069, 1912— part, Mexico (Jalapa,
C6rdoba).
Phoenicothraupis rubica rubicoides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 144, 1902 — part, Mexico (Jalapa, Papantla, C6rdoba).
Habia rubica rubicoides Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p.
486, 1927 — Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz.
Saltator rubicus (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, p. 90,
1848 — foot of Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz.
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Mexico, in State of Vera
Cruz.
Habia rubica rosea (Nelson).2 ROSY ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides roseus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 60,
1898 — Arroyo de Juan Sanchez, Jalisco, Mexico (type in U. S. National
Museum); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1069, 1912
— coast region of Tepic.
Phoenicothraupis rubica roseus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 147, 1902— Pacific coast district of Tepic.
Range. — Pacific coast district of western Mexico, in State of
Nayarit.
*Habia gutturalis salvini (Berlepsch). SALVIN'S ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis salvini Berlepsch, Ibis, (5), 1, p. 487, 1883 — part, Guatemala
(type from Vera Paz, Guatemala, in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frank-
1 Habia rubica holobrunnea Griscom: Very different from the other Central
American forms by the adult male having the throat scarlet, passing to bright
liver red on abdomen, entirely lacking either gray or rose tones; female darker
and browner above, almost uniform brownish olivaceous ocher below (Griscom,
I.e.).
It is very strange that another form should occur in the subtropics of Vera
Cruz, where it obviously replaces H. r. rubicoides.
J Unknown to the author.
310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
fort Museum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 303,
Dec., 1883 — part, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca (Guichicovi), and Guatemala
(Chisec); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 200, 1886— part, spec,
a-f, j-1, Mexico ("Tehuantepec") and Guatemala (Chisec, Vera Paz);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1070, 1912 — part,
southern Mexico (Orizaba, Motzorongo, Oaxaca, Santo Domingo, Tux-
tepee, Chiapas) and Guatemala.
Phoenicothraupis salvini salvini Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 148, 1902 — part, southern Mexico and Guatemala.
Phoenicothraupis rubious (not Saltator rubicus Vieillot) Sumichrast, Mem.
Boston Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869— hot region of Vera Cruz.
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda (not of Cabanis) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
4, p. 19, 1876— Guichicovi, Oaxaca.
Habia salvini salvini Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486,
1927 — Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 382, 1932— Guatemala (Secanquim, Puebla, Chimoxan).
Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, from southern
Vera Cruz (Papantla, Orizaba, Presidio, Motzorongo, etc.) through
Oaxaca (Guichicovi, Santo Domingo, etc.) and Chiapas (San Benito,
El Salto) to Vera Paz, Guatemala.1
1: Guatemala (Vera Paz, 1).
*Habia gutturalis littoralis (Nelson).2 TABASCO ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis littoralis Nelson, Auk, 18, p. 48, 1901 — Frontera, Tabasco,
Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum).
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda salvini (not P. salvini Berlepsch) Richmond,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 631, 1896— Alta Mira, Tamaulipas.
Phoenicothraupis salvini littoralis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 149, 1902 — coast plain of eastern Mexico from southern Tamaulipas to
Chiapas and Tabasco (Frontera); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn.
Ser., 1, p. 123, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1071, 1912— southern Tamaulipas to Chiapas
and Tabasco.
Habia salvini littoralis Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 383, 1932 —
Los Amates, Guatemala.
1 Additional material examined.— Mexico: Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 3; Guichicovi,
Oaxaca, 2.— Guatemala: Vera Paz, 9; Chisec, 3.
2 Habia gutturalis littoralis (Nelson) needs further study, its distributional
area being far from clearly established. Birds from Alta Mira are indeed much
deeper rosy red below than Guatemalan skins of salvini, with which specimens
from Orizaba and Guichicovi (Oaxaca) pretty well agree. A male from Teapa,
Tabasco, thus not far from the type locality of littoralis, however, is much less
red, and closely approaches typical salvini, while a single male from Los Amates
(northern Guatemala) is again very nearly as deeply colored as those from Tamau-
lipas. It is hard to understand how two races can occur so near together in eastern
Mexico (Ridgway, in fact, records both salvini and littoralis from El Salto, Chi-
apas!), and the problem appears to require thorough investigation with the help
of adequate material.
Additional material examined. — Mexico: Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, 6.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 311
Range. — Tropical forests along the coast of eastern Mexico, from
southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira, Tampico) to Tabasco (Frontera,
Teapa), Chiapas, and eastern Guatemala (Los Amates).
4: Mexico (Achotal, Vera Cruz, 1; Teapa, Tabasco, 1); Guate-
mala (Los Amates, Izabal, 2).
*Habia gutturalis rooensis Griscom.1 QUINTANA Roo ANT
TANAGER.
Habia salvini rooensis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 17, 1926 — Chun-
yaxche, Quintana Roo, Mexico (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).
Phoenicothraupis salvini Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 487 — part, spec. Nos. 6, 7,
Belize and Corozal, British Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 303, 1883 — part, British Honduras (Corozal, Belize);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 200, 1886 — part, spec, h, i, British
Honduras (Corozal, Belize); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1070, 1912 — part, British Honduras (Belize, Corozal).
Phoenicothraupis salvini salvini Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Xcopen and
Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo.
Habia salvini salvini Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 392, 1929 — Cayo
District, British Honduras.
Range. — Southern Yucatan, in Territory of Quintana Roo
(Chunyaxche; Palmul; Vigia Chica; Xcopen; Camp Mengel) and
British Honduras (Corozal; Belize; Orange Walk district; Cayo
district).
1: British Honduras (Orange Walk district, 1).
Habia gutturalis peninsularis (Ridgway). YUCATAN ANT
TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis salvini peninsularis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3,
p. 150, 1901— Izalam, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum); idem,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 151, 1902— Yucatan (monog.);
Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 141, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1071, 1912— Yucatan
Peninsula.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) Boucard,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 443— [Izalam], Yucatan.
1 Habia gutturalis rooensis Griscom: "Nearest to H. g. salvini, but adult
male with throat more crimson, less vermilion, more contrasted with color of
under parts, which are rosier, less grayish vermilion; above very slightly more
rosy, less brick red and crown-patch more crimson, less scarlet; adult female
lighter umber brown above; occiput tinged with ochraceous tawny; throat darker,
light ochraceous tawny; under parts paler, more buffy or ochraceous brown."
(Griscom, I.e.)
The only available adult male (from Belize) hardly differs from salvini, but
our female corresponds to Griscom's description.
312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phoenicothraupis salvini Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 487 — part, spec. No. 8,
Izalam; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 303, 1883 —
part, Yucatan (Izalam); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 200, 1886
— part, spec, g, Izalam.
Range. — Northern parts of Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.1
Habia gutturalis insularis (Salvin). ISLAND ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis insularis Salvin, Ibis, (5), 6, p. 259, 1888— Meco and Mu-
jeres Islands, off Yucatan (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in
British Museum).
Phoenicothraupis salvini insularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part
2^ p. 152, 1902 — Meco and Mujeres Islands; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1071, 1912 — Meco and Mujeres Islands.
Range. — Meco and Mujeres Islands, off coast of Yucatan, Mexico.
*Habia gutturalis discolor (Ridgway). NICARAGUAN ANT
TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis salvini discolor Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p.
150, 1901 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (type in U. S. National Museum);
idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 150, 1902— southern Hon-
duras and Nicaragua (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1071, 1912 — Honduras and Nicaragua.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoldes Lafresnaye) Nutting,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 382, 1883— Sucuya, Nicaragua (habits).
Phoenicothraupis salvini (not of Berlepsch) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
10, p. 585, 1888— Segovia River, Honduras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 490,
1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua.
Phoenicothraupis salvini salvini Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 154,
1903 — Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras.
Habia salvini discolor Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 474, 1929 —
Lancetilla, Honduras (crit.); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84,
p. 246, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 339, 1932— Honduras
(Segovia River, Lancetilla, Ceiba, Yaruca).
Range. — Tropical zone of Honduras and Nicaragua (excepting
extreme southern portion).2
12: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 12).
1 A single specimen (adult male) from Izalam, Yucatan, examined. H. g.
peninsularis should be compared with H. g. insularis, which we have not yet
seen.
2 Four additional specimens from Managua, Nicaragua, examined. No
material from eastern Nicaragua is available, but the series from Chinandega and
Managua answer well to descriptions of discolor. Four skins from western Hon-
duras seem best referred to the same form, though they do not quite fit in with
the Nicaraguan birds.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 313
*Habia gutturalis wetmorei Dickey and van Rossem.1 WET-
MORE'S ANT TANAGER.
Habia salvini wetmorei Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
40, p. 5, 1927 — Puerto del Triunfo, Department of Usulutan, El Salvador
(type in collection of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena); Griscom, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 383, 1932— San Jos6 and Finca El Cipres,
western Guatemala (crit.).
Phoenicothraupis salvini (not of Berlepsch) Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Orn. Ser., 1, p. 122, 1907 — Mazatenango, Guatemala.
Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific coast of San Salvador and
Guatemala (San Jose"; Finca El Cipres; Mazatenango).
4: San Salvador (unspecified, 1); Guatemala (San Jose", 1; Maza-
tenango, 1; unspecified, 1).
*Habia gutturalis fuscicauda (Cabanis). DUSKY-TAILED ANT
TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 86, 1861 — Costa
Rica (descr. of male; type in Berlin Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 180, 1865— Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 9,
p. 99, 1868 — Angostura, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299,
1869 — Sarapiqui and Angostura, Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, pp. 313,
316 — "Chontales," Nicaragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 55 — San Carlos, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 302, 1883 — part, descr. of female and hab. Nicaragua ("Chon-
tales," Greytown) and Costa Rica (Angostura, Sarapiqui, BebedeYo,
San Carlos); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 400, 1883— Los Sabalos,
Nicaragua; Ridgway, I.e., 6, p. 414, 1886 — Pacuare, Costa Rica; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 199, 1886— part, spec, a-d, Nicaragua ("Chon-
tales") and Costa Rica (Nicoya); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
16, p. 490, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 152, 1902 — part, southern Nicaragua to Costa Rica; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1071, 1912 — part, southern
Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 34, 1919—
San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua.
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda fuscicauda Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p.
842, 1910 — Costa Rica (BebedSro, Jimenez, Tenorio, La Vijagua, Tucur-
riqui, Guapiles, Guacimo, Cuabre, Rio Sicsola, El Hogar, Esparta; habits).
Habia fuscicauda Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 342, 1931 — Changui-
nola, Almirante, Western River and Crimacola, Almirante Bay region,
Panama.
1 Habia gutturalis wetmorei Dickey and van Rossem: Similar to H. g. discolor
(of western Nicaragua), but adult males darker throughout, the throat brighter
red and less contrasted with the darker red posterior under parts; female, accord-
ing to the describers, nearer to H. g. salvini, but with more richly colored, orange
rather than lemon yellow throat.
Of this form I have seen only adult males, which seem to be separable by their
darker coloration, notably deeper red breast and abdomen. Two Guatemalan
skins agree well with four from Salvador.
314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Tropical zone of extreme southern Nicaragua, Costa
Rica (Caribbean side, and Pacific side from the Rio Grande de
Tarcoles northwards), and extreme northwestern Panama (Almirante
Bay region).1
6: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua, 1); Costa Rica (Las
Cafias, 1; Matina, 4).
Habia gutturalis erythrolaema (Sclater).2 SOUTHERN DUSKY-
TAILED ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis erythrolaema (Bonaparte MS.) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 83, 1862 — "Santa Marta, New Granada" (descr. of male; type
in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum).
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda (not of Cabanis) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 9, 1863— Panama Railroad and "Santa Marta" (crit.);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350— Panama (crit.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 302, 1883 — part,
descr. of male and hab. Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia ("Santa
Marta"); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 200, 1886— part, spec,
e-i, Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia ("Santa Marta"); Zeledon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 — Panama; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899— Rio Lara, Darien;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 152, 1902— part, Panama
and Colombia ("Santa Marta"); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1071, 1912 — part, Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill,
Cascajal) and Colombia ("Santa Marta"); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 70, p. 279, 1918— Gatun, Agua Clara, and Mount Hope, Canal
Zone, Panama; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 323, 1924— Gatun, Rio Algarrobo,
Farfan, and Rio Velasquez, Panama.
1 While its Nicaraguan range has yet to be worked out in detail, I feel pretty
certain that H. g. fuscicauda will prove to be restricted to the extreme south of
that country. All definite records are from that district except Salvin's locality
"Chontales," which seems to have been used in a general sense.
2 Habia gutturalis erythrolaema (Sclater): Adult male similar to H. g. fusci-
cauda, but red of the crown and throat of a rosier, less scarlet tone; breast and
abdomen paler and more grayish, washed with Congo pink rather than with dull
vinaceous; back also more reddish, less dusky; female decidedly paler, the upper
parts Dresden brown rather than Raw umber, the ventral surface ecru-olive rather
than buffy-citrine. Size about the same.
This form, in the male sex, bears a certain resemblance to H. g. salvini, but
is darker vinaceous above with duskier tail, while the breast and abdomen are
not so red, being grayish washed with pale pink. There is some doubt as to the
correctness of the original locality, although it should be noted that the American
Museum of Natural History also has an old skin from the Lawrence Collection
labeled "Santa Marta." I am unable to separate satisfactorily an adult male from
Barranquilla from others taken along the Panama Railroad. Cf., however, Dwight
and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 142, p. 5 (in text), 1924. Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd
(in litt.) writes that, after comparing specimens from Turbaco (rubiginosus) with
the material in the British Museum, he believes it to be separable by somewhat
paler (vinaceous russet rather than Cameo brown) upper parts, grayer (less sooty)
cheeks, and by the brighter scarlet, posteriorly less contrasted gular area of the
males. The type of P. erythrolaema, though rather faded, appears to be identical
with Panama specimens.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 315
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda erythrolaema Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl.,
2, p. 30, 1900 — Loma del Le6n, Panama (crit.); Thayer and Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 222, 1906— Savanna of Panama (crit.).
Habia fuscicauda erythrolaema Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14»
p. 482, 1922— "Santa Marta" (crit.).
Phoenicothraupis rubiginosus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 3, Jan.,
1917 — Turbaco, Department of Bolivar, Colombia (type in the Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh).
Range. — Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Barranquilla,
Turbaco) and Panama west to the Canal Zone.
*Habia gutturalis atrimaxillaris (Dwight and Griscom).1 BLACK-
CHEEKED ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis atrimaxillaris Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 142,
p. 4, 1924 — Puerto Jimenez, Oso Peninsula, Prov. de Puntarenas, Costa
Rica (type in coll. of J. Dwight, now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).
Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (Oso Penin-
sula, Province of Puntarenas).
7: Costa Rica (Puerto Jime'nez, 7).
Habia gutturalis gutturalis (Sclater). ROSY-THROATED ANT
TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis gutturalis Sclater, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 13, p. 25,
1854 — "in Nova Grenada?" (type in British Museum); idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 156, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 120,
"Bogota" (monog.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326— Naranjo, below Bucara-
manga, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p.
502, pi. 42, fig. 4 (egg) — Remedios, Rio It6, Antioquia, Colombia (nest
descr.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 201, pi. 11, 1886— Colombia
(Remedios, Neche, Naranjo); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
1 Habia gutturalis atrimaxillaris (Dwight and Griscom): Nearest to H. g.
gutturalis and agreeing with it in similarity of sexes, as well as in wholly fuscous
tail and blackish sides of the head; but coronal patch much less extensive and gren-
adine red instead of scarlet; crest feathers much less elongated; upper parts fuscous
instead of deep mouse gray; upper tail coverts strongly washed with sorghum
brown; throat light salmon orange (instead of deep peach red) and not abruptly
defined posteriorly, but gradually passing into the color of the remaining under
parts, which are dingy orange pink washed with grayish, particularly on the flanks.
The females are smaller, of duller coloration, especially underneath, and lack the
red coronal patch, the latter being merely suggested by some reddish brown feath-
ers. Wing, 98-102, (female) 85-90; tail, 90-93, (female) 78-82; bill, 20, (female)
The blackish border to the chin and the malar stripe average slightly wider than
in H. g. gutturalis, though some examples from Colombia show the same extent.
This very distinct form is of unusual interest, since its occurrence in an isolated
district of southwestern Costa Rica serves to demonstrate the close genetic rela-
tionship of the Central American Ant Tanagers to H. gutturalis. From H. g.
erythrolaema and H. g. fuscicauda it is so different that no comparison is necessary.
316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Berlin, p. 1072, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota," Neche, Remedies, Naranjo) ;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 615, 1917— west of Honda,
Magdalena Valley, Colombia.
Range. — Tropical zone of the Magdalena Valley (Naranjo; west of
Honda; Remedies, Rio Ite") and lower Cauca (Rio Neche), Colombia.1
*Habia cristata (Sclater).2 CRESTED ANT TANAGER.
Phoenicothraupis cristata Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 11, p. 70,
Feb., 1875 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 502 — Frontino, western
Andes, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 201, 1886— Antio-
quia, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, p. 75, 1910 — Naran-
jito, Rio Dagua, Colombia; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,
p. 1113 — Pueblo Rico, Loma Hermosa, and La Selva, western Andes,
Colombia (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1072, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota" and Antioquia); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 614, 1917 — western Andes of Colombia (Peque,
Novita Trail, San Antonio, Rio Lima, Cocal, and Cerro Munchique).
Range. — Upper Tropical zone of the western Andes of Colombia
(also in "Bogota" collections?).
3: Colombia (Rio Lima, 3).
Genus LANIO Vieillot
Lanio Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 40, 1816 — type, by orig. desig.,
"Tangara mordore" Buffon = Tanagra fulva Boddaert.
Pogonothraupis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 669,
"1848" [= 1849] — new name for Lanio Vieillot.
*Lanio fulvus (Boddaert). GUIANAN SHRIKE-TANAGER.
Tangara sulva [sic]3 Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 50, 1783 — based on "Tangara
jaune a tete noire de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 809, fig. 2
(= male); Cayenne.
Tanagra atricapilla Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 899, 1789— based on "Tan-
gara jaune a tete noire de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 809, fig. 2.
1 Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota"; Naranjo, 1; Rio Neche, Antio-
quia, 2.
4 Habia cristata (Sclater), another species in which the sexes are nearly alike,
is easily recognizable by its deep vinous red general coloration, lengthened crest,
and bright scarlet head and throat. All the specimens we have seen are from the
west Colombian Andes, but the type is said to be a native "Bogota" skin, a cir-
cumstance that tends to indicate its existence also in the mountains bordering
the Magdalena Valley, viz., in the distributional area of H. g. gutturalis.
Material examined. — Colombia, western Andes: Frontino, 2; La Selva (alt.
4,600 feet), Rio Jamaraya, 2; Loma Hermosa (alt. 4,150 feet), Rio Jamaraya, 1;
Pueblo Rico (alt. 5,200 feet), San Juan slopes, 4.
ignored.
3 Though not printed in italics, this is clearly a latin name which cannot be
ired. "Sulva" is obviously a misprint for fulva and should not be perpetuated.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 317
Pogonothraupis airicapilla Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana,
3, p. 669, "1848" [= 1849]— coast of British Guiana.
Lento atricapillus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 203, 1846 (crit.); Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 156, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p.
118, 1856 — Cayenne, British Guiana, and "Bogota"; Bonaparte, Bull.
Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 — Cayenne; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 26, pp. 72, 454, 1858 — Rio Napo and Gualaquiza, eastern
Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 83, 1862— Bogota, Cayenne,
and Rio Napo; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 64, 1867 — Cayenne,
British Guiana, Colombia ("Bogota"), and eastern Ecuador (Napo,
Gualaquiza); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 193, 1882— Cayenne; idem,
Ibis, 1885, p. 211— British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mountains,
Atapuraw River) ; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 204, 1886— Cayenne,
British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mountains, Atapuraw River),
Colombia ("Bogota"), and eastern Ecuador (Monji, Sarayacu, Rio
Napo); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 116, 1908 — Ipousin (Approuague)
and Cayenne, French Guiana; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1073, 1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 451,
1914 — Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Brazil; Bangs and Penard,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 88, 1918 — Lelydorp, Surinam; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 679, 1926— eastern Ecuador (Zamora,
Sabanillas, Macas, Rio Suno, below San Jos6); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— Rio Suno, Ecuador.
Lanio fulvus Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 3, p. 47, 1915 (nomencl.);
Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 529, 1921 — Mazaruni River, Ituribisci
River, Supenaam, Bartica, Bonasika, Merume' Mountains, and Cara-
mang River.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, south to the north
bank of the lower Amazon, Brazil (Rio Jary), west to the eastern
base of the eastern Andes in Colombia and Ecuador.1
2: Colombia (Bogota, 2).
*Lanio versicolor versicolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). WHITE-
WINGED SHRIKE-TANAGER.
Tachyphonus versicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag.
Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 28, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum
examined).
1 Two adult males from eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu) and another from "Bo-
gota" I am unable to satisfactorily separate from a Guianan series. Two birds
from the Rio Jary are not different either. Strangely enough, this species has
not been found anywhere in Venezuela, which leaves a wide gap in the center of
the area above given.
Seven specimens from French, nine from British Guiana, two from Brazil
(Rio Jary), two from Ecuador (Sarayacu), and three from "Bogota" examined.
A nearly allied race has lately been discovered at Moyobamba, Department
of San Martin, Peru, and was described as Lanio atricapillus peruvianus by Car-
riker (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 331, June, 1935). The male differs by
brighter yellow belly and uniform golden yellow instead of tawny rufous lower
back, rump, and tail coverts, while the female is much browner below. It should
stand as L. fulvus peruvianus.
318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pyranga versicolor d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 262, pi. 19, fig. 1
(male), 1839— Yuracares.
Lanio versicolor Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 203, 1846 — Bolivia; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 119, 1856— Bolivia (descr.); idem, I.e., 25,
p. 264, 1857— Rio Javarri; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 185— Cosni-
pata, Department of Cuzco, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 262 — Rio Javarri;
Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 513— Monterico (near Huanta), Peru; Sclater
and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 601 — Yuracares, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn.
Per., 2, p. 500, 1884— Peru (Monterico; Cosnipata; "Santa Cruz, Ucay-
ali"); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 204, 1886— Peru (Cosnipata,
Rio Javarri) and Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889
— lower Beni, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. Ill, 1906
— Rio Cadena, southeastern Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 349,
1907— Humayta, Rio Madeira (crit.); idem, I.e., 17, p. 275, 1910—
Allianca, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1073, 1912 — Peru (Monterico, Cosnipata, Marcapata), Brazil (Rio
Javarri, Rio Madeira), and Bolivia (Yuracares, San Mateo); Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 450, 1914 (range).
Lanio versicolor versicolor Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 28,
1920 — San Gaban and Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru (crit.); idem, Nov.
Zool., 30, p. 227, 1923 — Bolivia (note on type); Zimmer, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 451, 1930— Huachipa, Peru; Naumburg,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 376, 1930— Monte Cristo and Rio Roose-
velt, northern Matto Grosso.
Range. — Upper Amazonia, from southern Peru (from Loreto
and Huanuco departments southward) to northern Bolivia and
through the western parts of Brazil east to the Rio Madeira.1
4: Peru (Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, 4).
Lanio versicolor parvus Berlepsch.2 LESSER WHITE-WINGED
SHRIKE-TANAGER.
Lanio versicolor parvus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1073, 1140, 1912 — Santa Elena, Rio Jamauchim, easterly affluent
of the Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (type in Museu Goeldi, Para, examined);
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 451, 1914 — Rio Tocantins (Aruma-
theua) and Rio Jamauchim (Santa Elena).
Lanio versicolor fimbriatus Miranda Ribeiro, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
3, No. 2, p. 11, June, 1927 — Taperinha, Santarem (alternative name
forL. v. minor).
1 Birds from the Rio Madeira agree with Peruvian and Bolivian specimens.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Yuracares, 4; San Mateo, 1. — Peru:
Chuchurras, Huanuco, 1; Pozuzo, Huanuco, 1; Marcapata, 12; San Gaban, Cara-
baya, 2; Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 6; unspecified, 1. — Brazil, Rio Madeira: Hum-
ayta, 1; Allianca, 1.
'Lanio versicolor parvus Berlepsch: Similar in coloration toL. v. versicolor, but
considerably smaller. Wing, (adult male) 77 (against 82-86), (female) 72-74
(against 77-80); tail, 71-75 (against 66), (female) 68-71 (against 63-65); bill,
12-13 (against 13-15).
Material examined. — Brazil: Santa Elena, Rio Jamauchim, 4 (including type).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 319
Lanio atricapillus (not Tanagra atricapilla Gmelin) Allen, Bull. Essex Inst.,
8, p. 78, 1876— Santarem; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890
(ex Allen).
Range. — Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio
Tocantins (Arumatheua) to the Tapajoz.
*Lanio aurantius aurantius Lafresnaye. MEXICAN SHRIKE-
TANAGER.
Lanius aurantius Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 204, 1846 — "Colombia,"
errore — Guatemala, auct. Berlepsch, 1912 (descr. of immature male;
type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 411,
1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 119, 1856— Honduras and
Mexico (Orizaba); idem, I.e., p. 303, 1856 — Orizaba, Mexico; idem, I.e.,
25, p. 229, 1857 — Santecomapam, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sclater and Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, p. 15 — Honduras; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 64, pi. 31, 1867—
Mexico (province of Vera Cruz) and Guatemala (Vera Paz); Sumichrast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869— Vera Cruz, Mexico (San Uvero,
near San Andres Tuxtla; Omealca); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
4, p. 19, 1876 — Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon,
(n.s.), 25, p. 43, 1878 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 304, 1883 — Mexico (Orizaba, Santecomapam, San
Uvero, Omealca, Guichicovi), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala
(Choctum, Kamkal, Kampamak), and Honduras; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 202, 1886 — Mexico (Santecomapam) to Honduras;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 123, 1902— southeastern
Mexico to Honduras; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1903
— Yaruca, Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 122, 1907— Los Amates, Guatemala; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1072, 1912 — Mexico to Honduras; Peters, Auk,
30, p. 379, 1913 — thirty miles north of Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo;
Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927— Presidio,
Vera Cruz, Mexico; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 392, 1929— Mountain Cow, British
Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 383, 1932— Secan-
quim, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 338, 1932
— Lancetilla, Honduras.
Range. — Upper Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico (in states
of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Quintana Roo), British Hon-
duras, and Caribbean Guatemala and Honduras.1
2: Mexico (unspecified, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, 1).
Lanio aurantius ictus Kennard and Peters.2 KENNARD'S SHRIKE-
TANAGER.
1 Five specimens from Honduras (San Pedro) agree well with Guatemalan
and Mexican birds.
2 Lanio aurantius ictus Kennard and Peters: Male exactly intermediate be-
tween L. a. leucothorax and L. a. melanopygius, though nearer the latter, but differs
by having the black feathers of the rump broadly tipped with yellow; the inner-
320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Lanio leucothorax ictus Kennard and Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 10,
p. 1, Aug., 1927 — Boquete Trail, northwestern Panama (type in Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, p. 463, 1928— Boquete Trail; Peters, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 71, p. 342, 1931— Boquete Trail.
Range. — Tropical zone of extreme northwestern Panama (Boquete
Trail, Almirante Bay region).
*Lanio aurantius melanopygius Salvin and Godman. BLACK-
RUMPED SHRIKE-TANAGER.
Lanio melanopygius (Ridgway MS.) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 305, Dec., 1883— Costa Rica (Pirris) and Panama (type,
from Bugaba, Chiriqui, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British
Museum); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, No. 26, p. 412, April
11, 1884— Pirris, Costa Rica (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 203, 1886— Costa Rica and Panama (Calovevora, Cordillera de Tole,
Santiago de Veragua, Bugaba); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
1, p. 110, 1887— Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst.
Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893 — Palmar and Boruca,
Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 13, 1895 — Pozo Pital, Costa Rica (descr.
of young); Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 125, 1902— southwestern Costa
Rica to Veragua (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 309, 1907— Boruca and
El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p.
848, 1910— Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, El Pozo de Terraba, and Boruca, Costa
Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1072,
1912 — southwestern Costa Rica to Veragua.
Lanio leucothorax (not of Salvin) Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 63, pi.
32, right fig. (male), 1867 — part, Veragua (Santa Fe, Santiago, Cordi-
llera de Tole); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 139— Veraguas
(Santa Fe, Santiago, Cordillera de Tole); idem, I.e., 1870, p. 188— Veragua
(Calovevora, Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu) and Chiriqui (Bugaba, Volcan
de Chiriqui).
Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (south of the
Rio Diquis) and Pacific side of western Panama (Chiriqui and
Veragua).1
10: Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez, Golfo Dulce, 3; Volcan de Oso, 3;
Boruca, 2; Palmar, Rio Diquis, 1); Panama (Chiriqui, 1).
most lesser and median wing coverts more extensively white, and the lateral under
tail coverts widely edged with yellow; female likewise halfway between its two
relatives. Wing, 103, (female) 97; tail, 95-96; bill, 25, (female) 23 1A-
This intermediate race is known only from five specimens obtained on the
Caribbean slope of extreme northwestern Panama, inland of Almirante Bay.
1 Birds from the Terraba Valley, etc., are identical with topotypes from Chiri-
qui (Bugaba, Divala). Two (out of four) males from the Veraguas (Calovevora
and Santiago) have a distinct buffy tinge on the posterior border of the white
throat.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 321
Lanio aurantius leucothorax Salvin. WHITE-THROATED SHRIKE-
TANAGER.
Lanio leucothorax Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 581 — Tucurrlqui,
Costa Rica (types in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum);
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171 — Angostura and "Pay-
ariquf," Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 63, pi. 32, left
fig. (female), 1867 — part, Costa Rica (Tucurriqui, Angostura, "Pay-
ariqui"); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 100, 1868 — Costa
Rica (Tucurriqui, Angostura, Pacuare); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p.
299, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 317— Chontales, Nicaragua;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 305, 1883 — Nica-
ragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui, Angostura, Pacuare);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 203, 1886— Nicaragua (Chontales)
and Costa Rica (Angostura, Tucurriqui); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 124, 1902 — eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica (monog.);
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 849, 1910— La Vijagua and Carrillo,
eastern Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1072, 1912 — eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Lanio leucothorax leucothorax Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 246,
1932— Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua.
Range. — Upper Tropical zone of eastern Nicaragua and eastern
Costa Rica.1
Lanio aurantius reversus Bangs and Griscom.2 PUNTARENAS
SHRIKE-TANAGER.
Lanio leucothorax reversus Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl.,
13, p. 53, Nov., 1932— Las Agujas, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (type in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Costa Rica (Las Agujas,
Puntarenas, Nicoya Peninsula).
Genus TACHYPHONUS Vieillot3
Tachyphonus Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. E16m., p. 33, 1816 — type, by
monotypy, "Tangara noir" Buffon = Tangara rufa Boddaert.
Pyrrota Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. E16m., p. 45, 1816 — type, by monotypy,
"Tangaroux" Buffon = Tangara rufa Boddaert.
1 Seven specimens from Costa Rica (La Vijagua) examined.
2 Lanio aurantius reversus Bangs and Griscom: Male closely similar to L. a.
melanopygius, but white throat with a well-marked buff border (as in L. a. leuco-
thorax); female with light gray throat (like aurantius), more olive above than
melanopygius, but with slightly darker flanks and under tail coverts than aurantius;
size larger, about the same as leucothorax and aurantius. Wing, 97-99, (female)
95; tail, 87-89.
This form, which we have not seen, clearly connects the southern races with
L. a. aurantius, particularly by the coloring of the female sex.
3 1 am unable to make out Tachyphonus tenuirostris Swainson (Quart. Journ.
Sci. Litt. Arts Roy. Inst., 20, No. 39, p. 68, Oct., 1825), which is described as
"deep glossy raven black with the scapulars and parts of the lesser wing coverts
322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Comarophagus Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974 — type, by virtual monotypy, Oriolus
leucopterus "Latham" [= Gmelin] = Tangara rufa Boddaert.
*Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert). GREATER WHITE-SHOULDERED
TANAGER.
Tangara rufa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 44, Dec., 1783 — based on "Le
Tangaroux de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 711 (= female).
Oriolus melaleucus Sparrman, Mus. Carlson, fasc. 2, pi. 31, 1787 — Surinam
(descr. of adult male; type in Coll. Carlson, present location unknown).
Oriolus leucopterus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 392, 1788 — mainly1 based on
"White-winged Oriole" Latham, Gen. Syn., Bds., 1, (2), p. 440; Cayenne
(desc. of adult male).
Tanagra nigerrima Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 899, 1789 — based on Dauben-
ton, PL Enl., pi. 179, fig. 2 (=male) and pi. 711 (=female), French Guiana;
Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 534, 1830— Bahia.
Tachyphonus drrhomelas Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 32, p.
357, 1819 — based on "La Houppette noire" Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang.,
livr. 9, pi. 49 (=young male), Guiana.
Tachyphonus beauperthuyi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p.
82, 1851 — locality not indicated (descr. of male; types in Paris Museum
from "C6te ferme" = near Cumana, Venezuela); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 85, 1862— Venezuela; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 299, 1866—
Trinidad.
Tachyphonus nigerrimus Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. Arts Roy. Inst.,
20, No. 39, p. 62, 1825 — Pernambuco and tableland of Bahia; Lafresnaye
and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. ZooL, 7, cl. 2, p. 29, 1837— Corrientes
(spec, examined); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p.
669, "1848" [ = 1849]— coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 166, 1856— Brazil.
Tachyphonus leucopterus d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 277, 1839 —
Corrientes; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332, 1847 — Tobago.
Tachyphonus melaleucus Sclater, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 23, p. 156, 1855 —
"Bogota," Colombia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 113, 1856 (monog.); Bonaparte,
Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 1857 — Cayenne; Lawrence, Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 331, 1861— Panama Railroad; Sclater, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 84, 1862— Cayenne and Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p.
82— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351—
Panama Railroad; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 571 — Para and Tocantins River;
idem, I.e., 1868, p. 167— Carupano, Venezuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 582—
Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 212, 1870— Rio Parana, Goyaz, Rio
dos Piloens, Engenho do Gama, Sao Vicente, Tapajoz, and Para, Brazil;
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 238 — Sao Domingo,
white and the under tail coverts deep rufous." The type, supposed to be from
"the interior of Buenos Aires," was in the author's collection. Bonaparte (Consp.
Gen. Av., 1, p. 240, 1850) identified it with T. luctuosus, but this bird has no rufous
on the under tail coverts in any plumage.
1 The reference to Pennant does not belong here.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR ... ••• 323
Minas Geraes; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 — Ocana and Bucaramanga,
Colombia; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 — Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 16 — Maranura, Huiro, and Potrero, Department of
Cuzco, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 503, pi. 42, fig. 5 (egg)— Medellin and
Remedies, Colombia (eggs descr.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 333 — Pernam-
buco (Caxanga to Garanhuns) and Parahyba; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 15 — Chirimoto and Huambo, Peru (eggs descr.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 309, 1883 — Costa
Rica, Panama (Veraguas, Railroad line, Obispo) and South America;
Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 504, 1884 — Peru (Maranura, Huiro, Potrero,
Moyobamba, Huayabamba); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 292, 1884 —
Bucaramanga, Colombia; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 173,
1884— Trinidad; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211— British Guiana (Bartica
Grove); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 206, 1886— Costa Rica to
Peru and Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 7, 1887 — Lambare, Para-
guay; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890 — SantarSm, Brazil;
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 124 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Cory,
Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893— Tobago; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10,
No. 208, p. 4, 1895 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Robinson, Flying Trip to
Tropics, p. 161, 1895 — Guadas, Colombia; idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
18, pp. 677, 685, 1896 — Margarita Island and La Guaira, Venezuela;
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, 1899, p. 4—
Colon, Panama; Dalmas, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 137, 1900—
Tobago; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 176,
1901— La Guaira, Venezuela; Clark, Auk, 19, p. 266, 1902— Margarita
Island; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 498— Rio Capim, Para; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904,
p. 40— Bahia; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 294, 1907— Para, Rio Guama,
Rio Capim, and Rio Moju, Brazil; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 569 — Margarita
Island; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 249, 1909— Mar-
garita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76,
p. 84, 1910 — Pernambuco (Beberibe', near Recife), Bahia (Barra, near
Bahia City), and Piauhy (Santa Philomena, Apertado Hora, Therezina,
Sao Goncalinho, Uniao); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 94 — Riacho Ancho, Chaco,
Argentina.
Tachyphonus rufus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 359, 1891 — Chapada,
Matto Grosso (nest and eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 4, p. 52, 1892 — Carupano
and El Pilar, Venezuela; Chapman, I.e., 6, p. 31, 1894 — Princestown,
Trinidad (habits); Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumanacoa and San
Antonio, Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 160, 179,
1898 — Pueblo Viejo and Palomina, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 13, p. 168, 1900 (ex Bangs); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2,
p. 29, 1900— Loma del Le6n, Panama; Ridgway, Bull U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 130, 1902 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9,
p. 21, 1902 — Caicara, Ciudad Bolivar, Rio Orinoco, and La Pricion,
Caura, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 17, 1906 — Trinidad (Caparo,
Pointe Gourde, Valencia, Seelet, Laventille, Chaguaramas) ; Thayer and
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 222, 1906— Savanna of Panama;
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 82, 1906 — Santa Ana and Idma,
Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 361, 1907— Itapura, Sao Paulo, and
Bahia; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906— Aripo,
324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Trinidad; idem, I.e., p. 359, 1903— Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; Men6-
gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 9, 1903— French Guiana; Hell-
mayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 29, 1908 — Goyaz, Fazenda Esperanca, and Rio
Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 116, 1908 — Cayenne, Isle le Pere,
and Roche-Marie, French Guiana; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 103,
1909 — Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1,
p. 43, 1909 — Mocovi, Santa Fe, Argentina; Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., 16, p. 173, 1909 — Chaco; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
(3), 11, p. 376, 1910— Mocovi and Pilcomayo, Chaco; Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 848, 1910 — Costa Rica (one record); Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1074, 1912 (range); Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 71, 87, 1912—
Para and Peixe-Boi, Brazil; idem and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A,
Heft 5, p. 63, 1912 — San Esteban and Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 452, 1914— Para, Benevides, Quati-puru, Rio Guama (Ourem),
Rio Capim, Rio Moju, and Rio Tocantins (Baiao, Arumatheua; Dabbene,
Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 363, 1914 (distribution in Argentina); Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 210, 1913 — Cariaquito, Jocopita (Manimo
River), and Guinipa Village, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 180, 1916 — Orinoco region (nest and eggs); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 615, 1917— Colombia (Dabeiba, Caldas, Las
Lomitas, San Antonio, Gallera, Ricaurte, Salencio, Rio Frio, Cali, Mira-
flores, Barro Blanco, La Palma, La Candela, San Agustin, Andalucia,
Fusugasuga, Aguadita, Palo Hueco, Buena Vista) ; Bangs and Penard, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 88, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo and Lelydorp,
Surinam; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 461, 1918 — Perico and Bellavista,
Peru; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 279, 1918— Tabernilla
and Gatun, Panama (nest and eggs); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 532,
1921— British Guiana; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 121,
1921 — Santa Ana and Idma, Peru; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 14, p. 485, 1922 — Santa Marta region, Colombia (La Concepcion,
San Francisco, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua); Williams, Bull. Dept.
Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 131, 1922— Trinidad (food, nest, eggs); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 30, p. 227, 1923— Corrientes (range); Delacour, Ibis, 1923,
p. 149 — Guarico and Apure, Venezuela; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 —
Gatun, New Culebra, Las Guacas, and Juan Mina, Panama; Wetmore,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 391, 1926— Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas),
Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco); Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 175, 1928— Para and Castanhal, Brazil;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926— Sao Bento,
Maranhao; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 283,
1929 — Maranhao (Miritiba, Tury-assu, Sao Bento, Tranqueira, Fazenda
Inhuma) and Ceara (Varzea Formosa); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
69, p. 189, 1929— Cana, Darien; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,
p. 376, 1930 — Paraguay (Fort Wheeler) and Matto Grosso (Tapirapoan);
Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 342, 1931— Changuinola, Almi-
rante, and Chiriquicito, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932 — Perme,
Panama; idem, Auk, 50, p. 300, 1933 — Suretka Farm, Talamanca, Costa
Rica.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 325
Range. — Extreme northeastern Argentina (Corrientes; territories
of Formosa and Chaco); Paraguay (locally); Brazil, from Matto
Grosso and northern Sao Paulo (Rio Parana) through Goyaz and
the eastern states north to Para (west to the Tapajoz); French,
Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela, south to the Orinoco Valley;
islands of Trinidad and Tobago; Peru (only recorded from the upper
Maranon and the Huayabamba and Urubamba valleys) ; Colombia,
north through Panama to eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca).1
105: Panama (Colon, 15); Colombia (Dabeiba, Rio Sucio,
Antioquia, 1; Andalucia, eastern Andes, Huila, 1; Rio Cauca, 1;
unspecified, 5); Venezuela (Caracas, Federal District, 14; Colon,
Tachira, 4; Maracay, Aragua, 2; Cocollar, Sucre, 4; Margarita
Island, Nueva Esparta, 7; Rio Chama, 2; Lake Valencia, 1); British
Guiana (Georgetown, 2; unspecified, 4); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo,
2); Brazil (Veadeiros, Goyaz, 5; Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 1; Macaco
Secco, Bahia, 8; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4; Piraputanga, Matto
Grosso, 1; Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 1; Sao Bento,
Maranhao, 1; Tranqueira, Maranhao, 3; Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1;
Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, 1; Varzea Formosa, Ceard, 1); Peru (Moya-
bamba, San Martin, 6); Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 2; Puerto
Segundo, Misiones, 3; Caraguatay, Rio Parana, Misiones, 2).
Tachyphonus valeryi (J. and E. Verreaux).2 BLACK-SHOULDERED
TANAGER.
1 1 have not been able to correlate the slight variations exhibited by birds
from different parts of this vast range with any particular areas. At any rate,
specimens from the Venezuelan north coast including Trinidad, Tobago, and
Margarita (beauperthuyi) appear to me inseparable from a Guianan series, and
even those from Panama do not seem to be distinguishable. The presence of
some cinnamon-rufous feathers in the middle of the crown of black-plumaged
males is a purely individual character and wholly independent of locality.
One hundred forty-nine specimens examined.
1 Tachyphonus valeryi (J. and E. Verreaux): Adult male similar to T. rufus,
but decidedly larger with proportionately weaker bill and without any white on
the wings, the humeral area as well as the axillars and under wing coverts being
black like the rest of the plumage. Wing 105, 112; tarsus, 28 (J. Berlioz, in litt.).
This species I have not seen, but Mr. J. Berlioz, who on my request reexamined
the original examples in the Paris Museum, writes that the two birds differ from
T. rufus by their larger dimensions and stronger legs, while the bill, though of
the same size as in the allied species, appears proportionately smaller. Besides,
there is no trace of white on the wings, both the humeral area and the under wing
coverts being black like the rest of the plumage, which is in exact agreement with
the original description. The describers erred, however, in indicating 'TAmerique
centrale" as habitat of this obviously distinct species. The type as well as a
second specimen are labeled as being from "Pebas, Haut Amazpne. Voyage de
Castelnau et Deville, 1847." The correctness of this locality is perhaps ques-
tionable. At any rate it seems rather strange that the species has not been found
again by any other naturalist.
326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pyrrota valeryi J. and E. Verreaux, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 351, 1855 —
'TAmerique centrale," errore (the type in the Paris Museum is labeled
"Pebas, Haut Amazone").
Tachyphonus valerii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 114, 1856 (ex
Verreaux).
Range. — Northeastern Peru (Pebas).
*Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot). RED-CROWNED TANAGER.
Agelaius coronatus Vieillot,1 Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 711, 1822—
based on "Tordo de bosque coronado y negro" Azara, No. 77; Paraguay.
Tanagra coryphaeus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 31, 1823 —
Brazil (descr. of male and female; types in Berlin Museum).
Tachyphonus vigorsi Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. Arts Roy. Inst., 20,
No. 39, p. 63, Oct., 1825 — southern Brazil (descr. of male; type obviously
in coll. of W. Swainson, now probably in University Museum, Cambridge,
England); Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., I, Part 3, pi. 36, fig. 1, 1828.
Tachyphonus coronatus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 166, 1856 —
Sao Paulo and Santa Catharina; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p.
114, 1856— Paraguay and southern Brazil (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 85, 1862— Rio Grande [do Sul], Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 218, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro <Registo do Sai) and Sao Paulo (Sao Luis
d'Almeida, Mattodentro, Ypanema, Cubatao) ; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd.
Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 428 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete
Lagoas), Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo), and Sao Paulo (Campinas);
Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303— Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p.
244, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Cabanis, I.e., 22, p. 82, 1874 —
Cantagallo, Rio; Pelzeln, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo,
Rio; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 120, 1885— Rio Grande
do Sul (Taquara, Picade Tocana, Arroio Grande, Linha Piraja); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 213, 1886— Minas Geraes (Santa Fe), Rio de
Janeiro (Registo do Sai), Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul; Boucard
and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— Porto Real, Rio;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899— Mundo Novo,
Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 153, 1899— Sao Paulo
(Iguape, Piquete); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova
Friburgo, Rio; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 17,
1900 — Tebicuari, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 363, 1907 —
Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Piracicaba, Piquete, Alto da Serra, Itarare, Iguape,
Sao Paulo) and Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre); Hartert and Venturi,
Nov. Zool., 16, p. 173, 1909— Iguazu, Misiones; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p.
627 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18,
p. 436, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1077, 1912 (range); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc.
Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 486, 499, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Rio Iguassu,
Parana; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913— Alto Parana,
Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 250, 1913 — Santa Ana,
\In Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 535, 1819, quoted by Sclater
as original reference of T. coronatus, the bird is entered only under Azara's Spanish
vernacular name.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 327
Misiones; idem, I.e., 1, p. 363, 1914 (range); Bertoni, Faun. Parag.,
p. 63, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay.,
12, p. 130, 1915 — Brago do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo; MenSgaux,
Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 11, p. 7, 1919— Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio,
Misiones; Luderwaldt and Pinto da Fonseca, Rev. Mus. Paul., 13, p. 493,
1923 — Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 171,
1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires (probably escaped cage-bird); idem, I.e., 4,
p. 27, 1927— Buenos Aires; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,
5, p. 193, 1926— Parana (Marechal Mallet, Sao Domingo, Fazenda Con-
cordia, Guarapuava, Vermelho, Therezina, Candido de Abreu); Holt,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 321, 1928— Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya
(nest and eggs); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 787, 1932 — Valparaiso,
Sao Paulo, and Sant' Anna do Paranahyba, Matto Grosso.
Tachyphonus coryphaeus Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 91, 1865
— road to the Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro.
Tachyphonus nigerrimus (not Tanagra nigerrima Gmelin) Euler, Journ. Orn.,
15, p. 408, 1867— Cantagallo (habits, nest, eggs).
Tachyphonus cristatus (not Tanagra cristata Linnaeus) White, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1882, p. 597 — San Javier, Misiones.
Tachyphonus coronatus pallidior Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,
5, p. 193, 1926 — Parana, Brazil (type, from Candido de Abreu, Parana,
in Warsaw Museum, cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, I.e., 6, p. 186, 1927).
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul, and adjacent
parts of Paraguay (Tebicuari; Sapucay; Alto Parana) and Argentina
(Misiones).1
28: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 4; Joinville, Santa
Catharina, 6; Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, 1; Urucum de Corumba,
Matto Grosso, 1); Argentina (Caraguatay, 5; Eldorado, Misiones,
6; Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 5).
"Tachyphonus cristatus cristatus (Linnaeus).2 SCARLET-CRESTED
TANAGER.
1 There is no difference whatsoever between specimens from Paraguay (Sapu-
cay) and a large series from Brazil (Espirito Santo to Santa Catharina). Not
one of the numerous females examined has the top of the head "nearly blackish,"
and I can only conclude that the specimen (from an unknown locality) of this
peculiar coloration, which induced the late J. Sztolcman to separate the Parana
birds, is either an individual mutant or does not belong to the species at all.
T. coronatus, though allied to T. rufus, differs by lesser dimensions, much
shorter bill, and in the male sex by much less extensive, hence completely concealed,
white humeral patch and by possessing a bright red vertical spot, while the female
may be distinguished by much less rufous coloring, particularly below. Yet they
are probably geographical representatives, as their ranges seem to indicate.
Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 5. — Brazil: Brago do Sul,
Espirito Santo, 7; Registo do Sai, Rio, 2; Corcovado, Rio, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo,
5; Cubatao, Sao Paulo, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 19; Rio Grande do Sul, 1.
2 Further subdivision of this race appears to be impracticable, at least with
the available material. Birds from the Caura Valley (Venezuela) and the upper
Rio Negro cannot be satisfactorily separated from a series of "Bogota" skins
328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra cristata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 317, 1766 — based on
"Le Tangara noir hupe de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 6, Suppl., p. 65, pi.
4, fig. 3 (= adult male); Cayenne (type in coll. of Madame de Bandeville).
Tanagra gubernatrix Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 102, Tabl. Meth.,
p. 40, 1839 — based on "Tangara hupe de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 7, fig. 2; Cayenne.
Lanio cristatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 204, 1846 (crit.).
Tachyphonus cristatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 —
"Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 115, 1856 — part, Cayenne and "Bogota";
Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 31, 1857 — Cayenne; Pel-
zeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 213, 1870 — part, Marabitanas and Barcellos, Rio
Negro (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1873, p. 262-— Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 502, 1884—
Pebas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 210, 1886— part, subsp.
typica, spec, a, b, e-j, Cayenne, Guia (Rio Negro), Peru (Pebas, Iquitos),
Ecuador (Sarayacu), and "Bogota"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
p. 71, 1889— Napo, Ecuador; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890—
Santarem; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 18,
1899 — Rio Zamora, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 22,
1902 — Venezuela, Caura River (Suapure", Nicare, La Pricion) (crit.);
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 362, 1907 — part, Rio Negro, Guiana, and
Venezuela; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 116, 1908 — Ipousin. Approuague,
French Guiana; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1075,
1912— Cayenne; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928—
Rio Suno, Ecuador.
Tachyphonus cristatellus Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 86, 1862 — "New
Granada" = Bogota (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 571, 977— Guia (Rio
Negro) and Pebas, Peru (crit.).
Tachyphonus cristatus cristatus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 275, 1905 —
Cayenne (crit.); idem, I.e., 14, p. 30, 1907 — Obidos, Brazil (crit.); Mene-
gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 9, 1908— French Guiana; Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 680, 1926— eastern Ecuador (Rio
Suno and below San Jose'; crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
(2), 4, p. 241, 1932— Sarayacu, Ecuador.
Tachyphonus cristatus cristatellus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 275, 1905 —
part, "Bogota," Peru (Loretoyacu, Pebas), northwestern Brazil (Marabi-
tanas, Barcellos), and Venezuela (Caura) (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
(cristatellus), though the latter show a remarkable variation in the coloration
and extent of the ochraceous gular spot, agreeing in that respect with specimens
from the north bank of the Maranon. Two (out of three) adult males from French
Guiana have the crest somewhat shorter and of a paler, less reddish orange color,
and the gular spot very small and dark. However, two from eastern Ecuador
are practically identical, while two others from Obidos, which should doubtless
belong to the typical cristatus of Cayenne, cannot be distinguished from numerous
"Bogota" skins.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3; Saint Laurent
du Maroni, 1; Ipousin, 1. — Brazil: Obidos, 2; Barcellos, Rio Negro, 1; Marabi-
tanas, Rio Negro, 4. — Venezuela: Caura Valley, 11. — Colombia: "Bogota," 16. —
Ecuador: Sarayacu, 2. — Peru: Iquitos, 3; Rio Tigre, 2; Loretoyacu, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 329
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1075, 1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 453, 1914 — Obidos and Rio Jamund& (Faro), Brazil; Cherrie,
Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 181, 1916 — SuapurS and La Union,
Caura River, Venezuela.
Range. — French Guiana; northern Brazil, north of the Amazon
(Obidos; Rio Jamunda; Rio Negro; (?)Ega, Rio Solimoes); southern
Venezuela (Caura and Orinoco valleys), west to the eastern base of
the eastern Andes of Colombia and thence south through eastern
Ecuador to the north bank of the Rio Maranon, northern Peru
(Iquitos, Pebas, Loretoyacu).
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Tachyphonus cristatus intercedens Berlepsch.1 ORANGE-
CRESTED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus inlercedens Berlepsch, Ibis, (4), 4, p. 113, 1880 — "Orinoco dis-
trict or Trinidad" (descr. of male; type in Berlepsch Collection, now in
Frankfort Museum, examined); idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1076, 1912 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merume
Mountains, River Atapuraw) and (?)Orinoco delta; Chubb, Bds. Brit.
Guiana, 2, p. 536, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Anarica River,
Arawai River, Great Falls of the Demerara, Merume Mountains, Cara-
mang River, and Bartica Grove.
Tachyphonus cristatus (not Tanagra cristata Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk,
Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 668, "1848" [ = 1849]— coast of British Guiana;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 115, 1856 — part, British Guiana;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 — Bartica Grove and Atapuraw River, British
Guiana.
[Tachyphonus cristatus} subsp. intercedens Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 211, 1886 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Ata-
puraw River).
Tachyphonus cristatus intercedens Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 275, 1905
(crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 182, 1916— "Orinoco
delta."
Range. — British Guiana, chiefly west of the Demerara, and
possibly the adjoining section of Venezuela (Orinoco delta).
1 Tachyphonus cristatus intercedens Berlepsch : Differs from T. c. cristatus (ex
Cayenne) in the male sex by having the crest orange yellow (without any reddish
hue), while the female is more olivaceous above with the forehead and hindneck
less grayish. Wing, 79-82; tail, 71-74.
Though well-marked, this form is clearly a geographic representative of T.
cristatus. Its range seems to be peculiarly restricted. All the specimens we have
seen are from western British Guiana, but Bangs and Penard (Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 62, p. 88, 1918) record it from the vicinity of Paramaribo and Altonaweg
in Surinam. The type, a skin of the so-called "Orinoco" make agrees with speci-
mens from Bartica Grove.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 4; Camacusa, 1; Merume
Mountains, 2. — "Orinoco district," 1 (the type).
330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tachyphonus cristatus huarandosae Chapman.1 HUARANDOSA
TANAGER.
Tachyphonus cristatus huarandosae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 187, p. 8,
1925 — Huarandosa, Chinchipe Valley, northwestern Peru (type in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Peru, in the valley of the
Rio Chinchipe, an affluent of the upper Maranon.
Tachyphonus cristatus madeirae Hellmayr.2 Rio MADEIRA
SCARLET-CRESTED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus cristatus madeirae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 277, 1910 — •
Calama, Rio Madeira, Brazil (type in Tring Collection, now in the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1075, 1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi,
8, p. 453, 1914 (range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 378,
1930— Rio Roosevelt and Barao Melgaco, northern Matto Grosso.
Tachyphonus cristatus (not Tanagra cristata Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 213, 1870 — part, Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, and Borba, Rio
Madeira (spec, examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 362, 1907 —
part, Borba.
Tachyphonus cristatus cristatellus (not of Sclater) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12,
p. 275, 1905 — part, Borba and Engenho do Gama.
Tachyphonus cristatus subsp. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 349, 1907 — Hum-
ay ta, Rio Madeira.
(l)Tachyphonus cristatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 264, 1857—
Ega, Rio Solimoes; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 210, 1886— part,
subsp. typica, spec, d, Ega.
1 Tachyphonus cristatus huarandosae Chapman: Similar to T. c. cristatus, but
adult male with longer crest (from base of bill to tip about 31-32 mm. long) and
smaller ochraceous rump-patch and gular spot.
According to Chapman, this race, which we have not seen, differs from all
the others by its longer crest and by having the gular mark reduced to a narrow
line. The last-named character, however, should be used with caution for racial
distinction, since I find much individual variation in birds from "Bogota" and
the vicinity of Iquitos, some of which have the gular spot much smaller than others
from the same locality.
2 Tachyphonus cristatus madeirae Hellmayr: Nearest to, and agreeing with,
T. c. brunneus in grenadine red to scarlet crest with little, if any, buff lateral border,
but crest-feathers decidedly shorter — about the same length as in typical cristatus
— and gular patch much deeper ochraceous. Wing (male), 82-86; tail, 70-76.
The crest averages somewhat darker than in east Brazilian males, though
one from Matto Grosso cannot be told apart. While we have only seen specimens
from the Rio Madeira and its head-waters, the range of this form is no doubt
much more extensive and, judging by analogy, may be expected to extend east
to the Tapajoz and north to the Solimoes, T. cristatus having been recorded by
Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 264, 1857) from Ega, on the south side of
that river.
Material examined. — Brazil: Rio Madeira, Borba, 3; Calama, 5; Humayta, 1;
Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 331
Range. — Western Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio
Madeira south to Matto Grosso (Barao Melgago, Rio Roosevelt;
Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore"), extending east probably to the
left bank of the Rio Tapajoz and north to the Rio Solimoes.
Tachyphonus cristatus hr mine us (Spix). SPIX'S SCARLET-
CRESTED TANAGER.
Tanagra brunnea Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 37, pi. 43, fig. 2 (young
male), 1825 — in provincia Rio de Janeiro (type in Munich Museum
examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3,
p. 672, 1906).
Lanio vieillotii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 204, 1846 — name tentatively pro-
posed for Lanio cristatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 17,
p. 305, 1817 (descr. of an adult male collected by Delalande, Jr., in "Bre'sil,"
viz. near Rio de Janeiro).
[Tachyphonus cristatus] subsp. brasiliensis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 211, 1886— Bahia, Nova Friburgo (Rio), Sao Paulo, "Rio Claro,
Goyaz," and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" (no type specified).1
Tanagra cristata (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 474,
1830 — Rio de Janeiro, Serra dos Orgaos, Serra de Inua, etc., southeastern
Brazil.
Tachyphonus cristatus Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. Arts Roy. Inst., 20,
No. 39, p. 66, 1826— Brazil (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 115, 1856 — part, Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p.
165, 1856— Rio de Janeiro; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 85, 1862—
Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 571— Para;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 213, 1870 — part, Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, and
Praya do Sai, Rio (spec, examined); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 82,
1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2,
p. 43, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 153, 1899 —
Sao Paulo (Iguap6); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova
Friburgo; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 362, 1907— part, Para; Sneth-
lage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 294, 1907 — Para, Marajo, and Maranhao (Juta-
hiza); (?)idem, I.e., 56, p. 499, 1908— Ilha do Coatd and Villa Braga,
Rio Tapaj6z.
Tachyphonus cristatus brunneus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, pp. 274, 275, 1905 —
Igarape-Assu, Para (crit., range); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 362,
1907 — Sao Paulo (Ubatuba, IguapS), Espirito Santo (Porto Cachoeiro),
and Bahia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1075,
1912 — ParS. to Sao Paulo and "Goyaz" (errore); Hellmayr, Abhandl.
Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 11, 87, 1912— Ipitinga
and Peixe-Boi, Para (Par& localities); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 453, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Peixe-Boi, Rio Tocantins (Cameta,
Baiab), (?)Rio Tapajoz (Boim, Villa Braga, Coata), Rio Jamauchim
(Santa Helena), Marajo (Santa Anna), and Maranhao; Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 2, p. 101, 1916— Utinga, Para; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de
1 Spec, h, Engenho do Gama, is referable to T. c. madeirae.
I
332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao; Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 175, 1928— Rio Inhangapy and Para; Hell-
mayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 284, 1929— Tury-assu,
Maranhao.
Range. — Wooded coast region of eastern Brazil, from Sao Paulo
to Para (west to the Tapajoz?).1
5: Brazil (Porto Real, "Rio," 1; Tury-assu, Maranhao, 4).
Tachyphonus nattereri Pelzeln.2 NATTERER'S TANAGER.
Tachyphonus nattereri Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 214, 328, 1870— Villa Maria
and Salto do Girao, Matto Grosso (type, from Villa Maria, in Vienna Mu-
seum examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 273, pi. 6, fig. 1 (male)— Villa
Maria (crit.) ; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 213, 1886— Matto Grosso;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 363, 1907 — Matto Grosso; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1076, 1912— Villa Maria; Naum-
burg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 379, 1930— Villa Maria.
Range. — Western Brazil, in State of Matto Grosso (Villa Maria,
Rio Paraguay; Salto do, Girao, Rio Madeira).
*Tachyphonus surinamus surinamus (Linnaeus). FULVOUS-
CRESTED TANAGER.
Turdus surinamus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 297, 1766 — based on
"Le Merle de Surinam" Brisson, Orn., 6, Suppl., p. 46, pi. 3, fig. 1; Suri-
nam (type in coll. of Abbe Aubry).
Tanagra martialis Temminck, Man. d'Orn., (2nd ed.), 1, p. Ixx, 1820 — based
on "Tangara hupe, de la Guiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 301, fig. 2.
Tachyphonus olivaceus Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. Arts Roy. Inst., 20,
No. 39, p. 63, Oct., 1825 — "Buenos Aires," errore (descr. of female; type
in coll. of W. Swainson, now probably in University Museum, Cambridge,
England).
Tachyphonus desmaresti Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. Arts Roy. Inst.,
20, No. 39, p. 67, Oct., 1825 — "Buenos Ayres," errore (descr. of male;
1 Specimens from Maranhao and Para have the crest on average darker scarlet,
the gular spot rather larger, and the wings very slightly longer, thus pointing in
the direction of T. c. madeirae. How far the range of the form extends to the west,
I am unable to state owing to lack of material, though I think that the Tapajoz
might form the dividing line between brunneus and madeirae.
Additional material examined. — Sao Paulo: Sao Sebastiao, 3. — Rio de Janeiro:
Sapitiba, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 5. — Bahia, 14. — Pernambuco: Sao Lourengo, 2. —
Para: Benevides, 1; Igarape-Assu, 2; Peixe-Boi, 2; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 1.
2 Tachyphonus nattereri Pelzeln, a very distinct species, bears a superficial
resemblance to T. I. nitidissimus, but is larger; the much more extensive vertical
patch is uniform orange-rufous, the feathers of the crown being .considerably
lengthened so as to form a conspicuous crest as in T. cristatus; the rump is suffused
with dull orange-rufous; the bill much more slender. The female is closely similar
to that of T. cristatus, but smaller, more rufescent underneath, and has the rump
and upper tail coverts much more rufous. Wing, 73, (female) 71; tail, 64; bill, 13.
Material examined. — Matto Grosso: Villa Maria, 1 (the type); Salto do Girao, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 333
type in coll. of W. Swainson, now probably in University Museum, Cam-
bridge, England).
Tachyphonus surinamensis "Briss." Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 202, 1846 —
based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 301, fig. 2, and "Le Merle de Surinam"
Brisson, Orn., 6, Suppl., p. 46, pi. 3, fig. 1; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 81, 1851 (diag.).
Tachyphonus ochropygos (Lichtenstein MS.) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen
Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 668, "1848" [ = 1849]— Cayenne (type in Berlin
Museum).
Tachyphonus surinamus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 114, 1856 —
part, Cayenne and British Guiana (descr.); Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn.
Normandie, 2, p. 31, 1857— Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
85, 1862— part, spec, a, b, Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 213, 1870—
part, Barra do Rio Negro= Manaos, Brazil (spec, examined); Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll., p. 195, 1882— Cayenne; idem, Ibis, 1885, p. 212— British
Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mountains, Camacusa, Atapuraw River) ;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 211, 1886 — part, subsp. typica, spec,
a-m, Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mountains, Atapuraw River, Cayenne, and
Maroni River; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 22, 1902 — Nicare
and Suapur£, Caura River, Venezuela; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 10, p. 182, 1904 — Lumiere River and Camopi, French Guiana;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 362, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, pp. 117, 317, 1908— Ipousin, Approuague River, and French Guiana
localities; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 454, 1910 — Surinam; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1076, 1912 (range); Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913— Vagre River, Orinoco delta,
Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 454, 1914 — Obidos (range);
Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 535, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Supinaam,
Makauria River, Abary River, Tiger Creek, Arwye River, Merum£
Mountains, Caramang River, and Bartica.
Tachyphonus surinamus surinamus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 358, 1906
(range); M6n6gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 9, 1908— French
Guiana; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 182, 1916— Guanoco,
Orinoco delta, and Suapur£, Caura River, Venezuela; Bangs and Penard,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 88, 1918— Lelydorp, Surinam.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, west to the adjoin-
ing parts of Venezuela (Orinoco delta and Caura Valley), south to
the north bank of the lower Amazon, Brazil (Obidos, Manaos).1
4: British Guiana (Demerara River, Hyde Park, 1; Mazaruni
River, 1; unspecified, 1); Dutch Guiana (Javaweg, Para district,
Surinam, 1).
1 Birds from eastern Venezuela and Manaos agree with a Guianan series.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Ipousin, 1; Saint-Jean-du-
Maroni, 4; Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, 1. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 5. —
British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 4; Camacusa, 3; Merum6 Mountains, 3. — Vene-
zuela: Guanoco, Orinoco delta, 3; Caura River (Suapure', Nicare), 15. — Brazil:
Manaos, 7.
334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Tachyphonus surinamus insignis Hellmayr.1 PARA FULVOUS-
CRESTED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus surinamus insignis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 357, 1906 —
Bemfica, Para, Brazil (type in Tring Collection, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 363, 1907— Para to Borba; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 276, 1910—
Borba, Rio Madeira (crit.); idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 12, 87, 1912— Ipitinga and Peixe-Boi, Pard (Para
localities); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1076,
1912 — Para to Borba, Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p.
454, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides, Apehu, Santa
Isabel, Peixe-Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Macujubim, and Rio
Tocantins (Cameta); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 101, 1916— Utinga,
Para; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 175, 1928— Para.
Tachyphonus surinamus (not Turdus surinamus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 571— part, Para; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 213, 1870 — part, Borba (Rio Madeira) and Para (spec, examined);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 211, 1886 — part, subsp. typica, spec,
n, o, Para; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 275, 1905— Igarape-Assu, Para;
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 295, 1907 — Para, Rio Macujubim, and Santo
Antonio do Prata, Brazil (crit.).
Range. — Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from Para to
the lower Rio Madeira (Borba).
3: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 2; Santare"m, 1).
*Tachyphonus surinamus brevipes Lafresnaye.2 WESTERN
FULVOUS-CRESTED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus brevipes Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 206, 1846 — Colombia —
"Bogota" (descr. of female; types in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
1 Tachyphonus surinamus insignis Hellmayr: Similar to T. s. surinamus, but
adult male with light-colored patch on sides of breast more extensive, as well as
darker, antimony yellow to ochraceous-buff suffused with tawny; rump deeper
ochraceous-buff; vertical stripe darker, tinged with tawny; female not certainly
distinguishable. Wing (male), 82-86; tail, 73-78.
Three males from Borba show the racial characters even more strongly
developed than Para birds.
Additional material examined. — Para: Bemfica, 1; Igarape-Assu, 3; Santo
Antonio do Prata, 2; Peixe-Boi, 6; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 2; Para, 2. — Amazonas:
Borba, Rio Madeira, 3.
2 Tachyphonus surinamus brevipes Lafresnaye: Similar to T. s. surinamus, but
adult male with rump deeper ochraceous and the light-colored patch on sides of
breast much reduced and pure white (without any buffy suffusion) ; female deeper
ochraceous buff underneath, the abdomen and flanks strongly tinged with yellow
ocher.
Birds from various parts of the range, apart from the usual amount of individual
variation, agree well together.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 14. — Ecuador: Coca,
Rio Napo, 1; Rio Napo, 2. — Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 5; Rio Iganna, 2;
Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 1. — Peru: Iquitos, 3; Chyavetas, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 335
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 411, 1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23,
p. 156, 1855— "Bogotd."
Tachyphonus napensis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 42, 1864
— Rio Napo, eastern Ecuador (descr. of male; type in coll. of G. N.
Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ;
Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 273 (crit.).
Tachyphonus surinamus (not Turdus surinamus Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 114, 1856— part, Guia, Rio Negro; idem, I.e., 25,
p. 265, 1857 — Ega, Rio Solimdes, Brazil; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
85, 1862 — part, spec, c, d, Guia and "Rio Amazonas"; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 571 — part, Guia, Rio Negro; idem, I.e.,
1867, pp. 749, 754 — Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 213, 1870 — part, Marabitanas and Rio Icanna, Rio Negro, Brazil
(spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p.
262 — Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 18, 1899— Rio Santiago, Ecuador; Goodfellow,
Ibis, 1901, p. 468 — mouth of the Coca, Ecuador; Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 362, 1907— part, Rio Negro.
Tachyphonus surinamus napensis Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 503, 1884 —
Peru (Xeberos, Chyavetas, Moyobamba, Iquitos); Sclater, Ibis, 1885,
p. 273— Upper Amazonia (crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 358, 1906
— eastern Colombia and upper Rio Negro to Peru (crit.); idem, I.e., 14,
p. 45, 1907— Teffe, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1076, 1912 (range).
Tachyphonus surinamus subsp. napensis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
212, 1886 — Guia (Rio Negro), Iquitos, Ega, Sarayacu (Ecuador), and
"Bogota."
Tachyphonus surinamus surinamus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 616, 1917 — Villavicencio and La Morelia, Colombia.
Tachyphonus surinamus brevipes Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
63, p. 37, 1919 (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 681,
1926 — eastern Ecuador (Napo, Rio Suno) and Peru (Pomara, Rio Mara-
non); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 451, 1930—
Puerto Bermudez, Peru.
Range. — Tropical zone of Upper Amazonia, from the eastern
base of the eastern Andes of Colombia and the upper stretches of
the Rio Negro south through eastern Ecuador and northwestern
Brazil to eastern Peru (as far south as Puerto Bermudez, Depart-
ment of Junin).
3: Colombia ("Bogota," 2); Peru (Puerto Bermudez, 1).
*Tachyphonus phoenicius Swainson. RED-SHOULDERED
TANAGER.
Tachyphonus phoenicius Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 311, Dec. 31, 1837 —
believed to be from "Fernando Po, on the African coast," errore1 (type
1 Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 116, 1908) at first suggested eastern Peru,
but several years later (Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1075, 1912)
proposed "Cayenne" as an appropriate type locality.
336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
in coll. of T. Horsfield, of Everton, near Liverpool, its present location
unknown); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 276, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira;
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 378, 1930— Vilhena, northern
Matto Grosso.
Tachyphonus saucius Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 419, 1844 —
"Colombia or Central America," errore (descr. of male; type in coll. of
H. E. Strickland, now in University Museum, Cambridge, England; cf.
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 194, 1882).
Tachyphonus phoeniceus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 24, p. 116, 1856 — -
Borba, Brazil (descr. of male and female); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867,
pp. 749, 754 — Xeberos, Peru; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 65, pi. 33 (male, female),
1867— Borba and Xeberos; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 214, 1870— Borba
(Rio Madeira), Brazil, and San Carlos (Rio Guainia), Venezuela (spec,
examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 262 —
Xeberos, Peru; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 203 — Roraima, British
Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 505, 1884 — Peru (Xeberos and
"Cuzco"); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 — Merume Mountains and Roraima,
British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 208, 1886— Peru
(Xeberos), British Guiana (Merume Mountains, Roraima), and Cayenne;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 361, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 116, 1908— Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 453, 1910—
Surinam; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1075, 1912
(range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 520, 1913 — Rio Tapajoz; idem,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 452, 1914— Boim, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 533, 1921 — British Guiana (Abary River, Roraima,
Merume Mountains); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 132, 1931
— Mount Duida, Venezuela.
Range. — Tropical zone of French, Dutch, and British Guiana;
northern Brazil, east to the Rio Tapajoz (Boim), south to northern
Matto Grosso (Vilhena); southern Venezuela (Mount Duida; San
Carlos, Rio Guainia); eastern Peru (Xeberos).1
2: British Guiana (Merum£ Mountains, 2).
"Tachyphonus metallactus Oberholser. YELLOW-CRESTED
TANAGER.
Tanagra rufiventer (not Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot, 1819) Spix, Av. Bras.
Spec. Nov., 2, p. 37, pi. 50, fig. 1 (=male), 1825 — "in sylvis Parae,"
errore, hab. subst. Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rio Solimoes, Brazil, auct.
Hellmayr, 1920 (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Ab-
handl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 672, 1906).
Tachyphonus metallactus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 240, Dec.,
1919 — new name for Tanagra rufiventer Spix, preoccupied; Hellmayr,
Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 28, 1920— Yahuarmayo, San Gaban,
and Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru.
1 "Cuzco" is an impossible locality for this tropical species, unless it means
the department and not the city of that name.
Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Merume Mountains, 6; Ro-
raima, 2. — Brazil: Borba, Rio Madeira, 4. — Venezuela: San Carlos, Rio Guainia, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 337
Tachyphonus rufiventer Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 3, p. 49, pi. 50 (male),
1850 — Peru (descr. of male); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 115,
1856 — eastern Peru (Sarayacu, Chamicuros); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1077, 1912 — Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Brazil,
and (?)eastern Ecuador (?Rio Napo); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
117, p. 121, 1921 — Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru; Zimmer, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 452, 1930— Vista Alegre, Huanuco. Peru.
Tachyphonus rufiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 264, 1857 —
Rio Javarri; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 86, 1862 — Upper Amazon
and "Rio Napo"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180
— Sarayacu, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 749 — Yurimaguas and Chyavetas,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 185 — Cosnipata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; idem, I.e.,
1873, p. 262 — Peru (Sarayacu, Chamicuros, Yurimaguas, Chyavetas, Rio
Javarri); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 513 — Monterico, Peru; Sclater and
Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 601— Nairapi, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882,
p. 14— Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 503, 1884— Peru (Rio
Javarri, Monterico, Sarayacu, Chamicuros, Yurimaguas, Chyavetas,
Huambo, Moyobamba, Cosnipata); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 213, 1886— Peru (Chamicuros, Ucayali), Ecuador (?Rio Napo), and
Bolivia (Nairapi); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 297, 1889 — Yurimaguas,
Peru; idem and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 345 — La
Merced and Borgona, Dept. Junin, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, p. Ill, 1906 —
Huaynapata, Peru; M6n6gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 10, 1911 — Nuevo
Loreto (east of Tayabamba), Peru; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 454, 1914 (range).
Range. — Tropical zone of Upper Amazonia, from eastern Peru
(south of the Maranon) and the adjoining parts of Brazil south to
northern Bolivia (Nairapi, Department of La Paz).1
5: Peru (Rioja, 1; Vista Alegre, Dept. Huanuco, 4).
*Tachyphonus luctuosus luctuosus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.
LESSER WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus luctuosus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 29, 1837 — Guarayos, Bolivia (descr. of male and female; types
in Paris Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115,
1854 — Quijos, eastern Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p. 156, 1855 — "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 114, 1856 — part, Bolivia, eastern Peru, Quixos (Ecuador),
"Bogota," Trinidad, and "Tobago" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 85, 1862 — part, spec, a-c, f-g, Trinidad, Bolivia, and "New
Grenada"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167—
Pilar [Sucre], Venezuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 582 — Trinidad (crit.);
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 213, 1870— Matto Grosso (Portao do Pilato,
Villa Maria, Engenho do Gama, Salto do Girao) and Amazonas (Borba,
Rio Madeira); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 601—
Guarayos, Bolivia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
1 The record from "Rio Napo, eastern Ecuador" is open to doubt.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Huambo, 1; La Merced, 1; Borgofia, 1;
Yahuarmayo, 3; San Gaban, 3; Chaquimayo, 2. — Brazil: 1 (the type).
338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
p. 310, 1883 — part, South America (Colombia to Bolivia and Brazil);
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 208, 1886— part, spec, h-j, o-u, "Bogota," Bolivia,
Brazil (Engenho do Gama), Trinidad, and Bartica Grove; Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 37, p. 297, 1889— Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889 — Reyes, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman,
Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890— Santarem; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
6, p. 31, 1894— Trinidad (ex Leotaud); Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897—
Cumanacoa, Venezuela; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 468 — part, Coca, Rio
Napo, Ecuador; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 132,
1902 — part, Trinidad, Venezuela (Cumanacoa), Guiana, Brazil (Diaman-
tina), eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo), and Bolivia; Berlepsch and Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 9, p. 21, 1902 — Suapure, La Pricion, Nicare, and La Union,
Caura, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 17, 1906 — Valencia, Trinidad
(crit.); idem, I.e., 14, pp. 7, 30, 1907 — Itaituba (Rio Tapajoz) and Obidos,
Brazil; idem, I.e., 14, p. 349, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira; Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 361, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 10,
523, 1908 — Rio Purus (Bom Lugar, Monte Verde) and Rio Tocantins
(Arumatheua) ; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 103, 1909 — Rio Guarapiche,
Orinoco delta, Venezuela; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 276, 1910 — Rio
Madeira (Calama, Allianca, and Maroins, Rio Machados); Penard, Vog.
Guyana, 2, p. 452, 1910 — Surinam; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1074, 1912 — part, "Bogota," Venezuela, Trinidad,
"Tobago," British Guiana, eastern Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 452, 1914— Rio Guama (Sao Miguel),
Rio Tocantins (Ilha Pirunum, Arumatheua), Rio Tapajoz (Villa Braga), Rio
Jamauchim (Santa Helena), Rio Purus (Bom Lugar, Monte Verde),
Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Rio Maecuru, Obidos, and Rio
Jamunda (Faro); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 181, 1916—
Orinoco delta (Guanoco; La Cascabel, San Feliz River) and Caura River
(El Llagual, Suapure, La Union, etc.), Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 616, 1917— part, La Morelia [Caqueta], Colombia;
Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 534, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam,
Bartica, Kamakabra Creek, Makauria River, and Anarica River; Laub-
mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 273, 1930 — Buena
Vista, Bolivia.
Tachyphonus luctuosus luctuosus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 228, 1923 —
Yuracares, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 679, 1926
— eastern Ecuador (below San Jose and Rio Suno); Naumburg, I.e., 60,
p. 377, 1930— Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso.
Pyranga luctuosa d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 263, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2
(male, female), 1839 — Guarayos and Yuracares, Bolivia.
Lanio tenuirostris (not Tachyphonus tenuirostris Swainson) Bonaparte, Consp.
Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 240, 1850— Bolivia.
Chlorospingus flaviventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 91, July, 1856
— Trinidad and Bolivia (?) (descr. of female; cotypes in coll. of W. Jardine
and H. E. Strickland, the specimen in the last-named collection, now in
the University Museum, Cambridge, England, examined) ; Hellmayr, Nov.
Zool., 20, p. 236, 1913 (crit.).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 339
Tachyphonus albispecularis Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 300, 1866 — Trinidad
(descr. of male and female; types in coll. of A. Leotaud, destroyed by fire);
Sclater, Ibis, 1867, p. 108 (crit.).
Tachyphonus atricapillus Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 20, p. 360,
1868 — Trinidad (descr. of young male; type in coll. of G. N. Lawrence,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Lanio lawrencii Sclater, Ibis, (5), 3, p. 272, pi. 6, fig. 2 (=young male), 1885 —
new name for Tachyphonus atricapillus Lawrence.
Chlorospingus Uotaudi Chapman, Auk, 10, p. 343, 1893 — Princestown, Trinidad
(descr. of female; type in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 31, 1894— Princestown.
Range. — Island of Trinidad; Venezuela (states of Sucre and
Monagas; Orinoco delta; Caura Valley) ; British, Dutch, and probably
also French Guiana; Brazil, east to Para (Rio Guama), south to
Matto Grosso; eastern Colombia; eastern Ecuador; eastern Peru;
Bolivia, east of the Andes.1
3: Brazil (Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, RioBranco, 1; Conceic.ao,
Rio Branco, 1); Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Tachyphonus luctuosus panamensis Todd.2 WESTERN LESSER
WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus luctuosus panamensis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 128,
1917 — Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama (type in U. S. National Museum);
1 Birds from Trinidad and the adjacent mainland (T. albispecularis) do not
seem to be separable, although their bills are on average very slightly stronger
than in a series of Bolivian and Brazilian (Matto Grosso) examples, the other
dimensions being practically the same. Traces of chestnut in the crown were
noticed in only two (out of fifteen) males from Bolivia, but in none of the numerous
individuals from other parts of the range. Chlorospingus flaviventris was bestowed
upon two females of the present species, one of which (from Trinidad), formerly
in Sir W. Jardine's collection, has been lost sight of, while the other (from Bolivia),
obviously a Bridgesian skin, is still preserved in the Strickland Collection at
Cambridge.
Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 6; Valencia, 2; unspecified,
3. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 1. — Venezuela: inland of Cumana, 5; Guanoco,
Orinoco delta, 2; Caura Valley, 7. — Colombia: "Bogota," 7. — Eastern Ecuador:
Coca, Rio Napo, 2; Archidona, 1; Rio Napo, 2. — Brazil: Obidos, 1; Itaituba, Rio
Tapajoz, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1; Calama, 6; Maroins, Rio Machados, 1; Salto
do Girao, Rio Madeira, 1; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 7; Engenho do Gama, Matto
Grosso, 4; Villa Maria, Matto Grosso, 6; Portao do Pilato, Goyaz, 1. — Bolivia:
Rio San Mateo, 17.
2 Tachyphonus luctuosus panamensis Todd: Very close to T. I. luctuosus, but
white wing coverts of adult males more developed, this patch reaching beyond
the tips of the primary coverts; female not certainly distinguishable.
This is rather an unsatisfactory race, some individuals from Amazonia having
the white wing-patch very nearly as extensive as those from west of the Andes.
In native "Bogota" collections, both forms are seen. The birds with much
white on the wings (luctuosus) doubtless originated in the tropical zone at the
eastern foot of the eastern Andes, while the examples of panamensis probably
came from the Magdalena Valley.
Additional material examined. — Panama: Railroad line, 4. — Colombia:
"Bogota," 5; Bucaramanga, 1. — Ecuador: Paramba, 4; Chimbo, 3.
340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 484, 1922 — Fundacion
and Tucurinca, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Bangs and Barbour,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 228, 1922— Rio Esnape and Jesusito,
Panama; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 680, 1926— western
Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Manavi, Chongon Hills, Bucay, junction of Chan-
chan and Chiguancay rivers, Chimbo, Naranjo, Rio Jubones, La Chonta) ;
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 190, 1929— El Real, El Tigre
(Rio Cupe), and Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932 — Perme and
Obaldia, Darien.
Tachyphonus luctuosus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 114, 1856 — part, Santa Marta; Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 141— Rio Truando, Colombia; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, pp. 274, 292, 1860— Babahoyo and Esmeraldas,
Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 85, 1862 — part, spec, d, e,
Esmeraldas; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861—
Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p.
351 — Panama Railroad; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 332— Palmal, Santa
Rosa, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 503 — Remedies and
Neche, Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 547 — Chimbo,
Ecuador; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 310, 1883 —
part, Panama Railroad, Chepo, and Rio Truando; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn.,
32, p. 292, 1884— Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 208, 1886— part, spec, d-g, k-n, Panama (Chepo), Colombia (Santa
Marta, Remedios), and Ecuador (Santa Rita, Esmeraldas); Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898— Chimbo, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 18, 1899— Rio Peripa, Ecuador;
Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 29, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 468 — part, San Nicolas, Ecuador; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 132, 1902— part, "Veragua" to
western Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1074, 1912 — part, "Veragua," Panama, Colombia (Santa Marta, Antio-
quia), and western Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 616, 1917 — part, Dabeiba (Rio Sucio), Guengiie and Rio Frio (Cauca),
Chicoral and Opon (Magdalena Valley), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 279, 1918— Gatun, Panama.
Range. — Tropical zone of Panama (from the Canal zone east-
ward), Colombia (west of the eastern Andes), and western Ecuador
(south to Santa Rosa).
9: Panama ("Veragua," I1); Colombia (Rio Cauca, 1; El Guay-
abal, ten miles north of San Jose" de Cucuta, Santander, 3) ; Ecuador
(Puente de Chimbo, 4).
Tachyphonus luctuosus axillaris (Lawrence).2 COSTA RICAN
WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.
1 A Boucardian skin, labeled "Veragua," but probably from Panama, agrees
in extent of white humeral area with specimens from western Ecuador.
2 Tachyphonus luctuosus axillaris (Lawrence) : Similar to T. I. panamensis,
but adult male frequently with a small half-concealed crown-spot of bright yellow
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 341
Chlorospingus axillaris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 395,
1874 — "Volcan de Irazu"= Talamanca, Costa Rica (descr. of young
male; type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 308 (crit.).
Tachyphonus luctuosus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171 — Angostura, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 100, 1868— Angostura and "Juiz"[=Tuis],
Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869 — Costa Rica; Salvin,
Ibis, 1872, pp. 313, 317— Chontales, Nicaragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 55 — San Carlos, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 310, 1883 — part, Nicaragua (Chontales) and
Costa Rica (Angostura, Tuis, Valsa); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
6, p. 412, 1884— Talamanca, Dos Novillos, and Tuis, Costa Rica (crit.);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 208, 1886— part, spec, a-c, Nicaragua
(Chontales) and Costa Rica (Angostura); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 — part, Angostura, Costa Rica; Richmond,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 490, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua.
Tachyphonus nitidissimus (not of Salvin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 312, 1883— part, Costa Rica (Valsa, "Irazu," Angos-
tura); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 214, 1886— part, spec, j, Valsa,
Costa Rica.
(l)Tachyphonus nitidissimus (?) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 586,
1888 — Segovia Rivef, Honduras.
Tachyphonus axillaris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 134,
1902 — Costa Rica (Angostura, Valsa, Talamanca), Nicaragua (Chontales,
Rio Escondido), and (?)Honduras (Rio Segovia); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 6, p. 847, 1910— Caribbean Costa Rica (Bonilla, Guayabo, La
Conception de Jimenez, Carrfllo, La Vijagua, Guapiles, El Hogar, Peralta,
Juan Vinas); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 463,
1928 — Boquete Trail, Almirante Bay, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 71, p. 342, 1931 — Changuinola and Boquete Trail, Almirante Bay
region, Panama; (?)Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 338, 1932
— Segovia River, Honduras.
Tachyphonus nitidissimus axillaris Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1077, 1912 — Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and (?)Honduras.
Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean side of extreme western
Panama (Almirante Bay region), Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and (?)
southeastern Honduras (Segovia River).1
2: Costa Rica (Limon, 1; Guapiles, 1).
and with the white area on the wing coverts less extensive (more like T. I. luctuosus) ;
female readily distinguished by greenish instead of grayish pileum and more
yellowish (less buffy white) throat. Males without crown-spot are separated with
difficulty from T. I. luctuosus, whereas the female closely resembles that of T. I.
nitidissimus excepting the brighter yellow under parts. The combination of these
characters clearly indicates conspecific relationship between luctuosus and
nitidissimus,
1 A single female from the Segovia River differs by having the throat entirely
yellow, and may represent a distinct form.
342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Tachyphonus luctuosus nitidissimus Salvin.1 CnmiQUf
WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus nitidissimus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 188 —
Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama (types in Salvin-Godman Collection, now
in British Museum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 312, pi. 21, fig. 2 (male), 3 (female), 1883— part, Panama (Bugaba,
Divala); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 412, 1884— Pirris, Costa
Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 214, 1886— part, spec, a-i,
Chiriqui (Bugaba, Divala); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893 — Palmar, Lagarto, Boruca, and Terraba,
Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 14, 1895— Naranjo, Costa Rica; Bangs,
Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 136, 1902— Chiriqui and southwestern Costa Rica (Pirris);
Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 309, 1907— Boruca, Paso Real, El Pozo, and Barranca
de Terraba, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 846, 1910 —
Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Pozo Pital, El General, Buenos Aires
de Terraba, El Pozo de Terraba, and Boruca, Costa Rica [habits]); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1077, 1912 — southwestern
Costa Rica, Chiriqui (Bugaba), and "Veragua."
Tachyphonus luctuosus (not Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Zeledon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 — part, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica.
Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (north to
the Rio Grande de Pirris, possibly to the Rio Grande de Tarcoles)
and extreme western Panama (Bugaba and Divala, Chiriqui).2
5: Costa Rica (Boruca, 2; TeYraba, 2; El Pozo, Rio TeYraba, 1).
*Tachyphonus delatrii delatrii Lafresnaye. TAWNY-CRESTED
TANAGER.
Tachyphonus Delatrii3 Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 72, 1847 — Buenaventura,
Colombia (descr. of male; type in coll. of E. Wilson, now in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
51, p. 51, 1899); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 116, 1856— Buena-
ventura and "Gorgona Island" (monog.); idem, I.e., 27, p. 139, 1859 —
Pallatanga, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 142 —
Falls of the Rio Truando, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 7, p. 331, 1861— Panama Railroad; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 86, 1862— "Bogota" and Pallatanga; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351 — Panama Railroad; Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171 — "Paqua" [ = Pacuare], Costa Rica; Salvin,
1 Tachyphonus luctuosus nitidissimus Salvin : Similar to T. I. axillaris, but
adult male with crown patch much larger, exposed, and orange-rufous; adult
female somewhat duller yellow underneath.
Birds from the Terraba Valley in Costa Rica agree with others from the type
locality.
Six specimens from Chiriqui and nine from Costa Rica examined.
2 No published authentic record seems to exist for "Veragua," though both
Ridgway and Berlepsch include this province in the range of T. I. nitidissimus.
3 Variously spelled "De Lattrei," "delattrii," or "delattrei."
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 343
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 140 — Santa F6 and Santiago, Veraguas;
Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 67, pi. 34, 1867— Ecuador (Pallatanga)
to Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 100, 1868 —
"Payua" [=Pacuare], Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299,
1869— Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 55 — "San
Mateo," Costa Rica (habits); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 503 —
Remedies and Neche, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 312, 1883— Costa Rica to Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 215, 1886 — Veragua (Santa F6, Santiago), Panama, "Gorgona
Island," Colombia (Remedios, "Bogota," "Pasto"), and Ecuador (Palla-
tanga); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 — Pacuare,
Costa Rica; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898— Cachavi, Ecuador;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 136, 1902— Costa Rica
to Ecuador (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 845, 1910—
Costa Rica (Jimenez, Reventaz6n, Carrlllo, Guacimo, El Hogar); Hell-
mayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1115 — San Joaquin (Buenaventura),
Noanama, Rio Cajon, and Sipi, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1077, 1912 — Costa Rica to Ecuador; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 616, 1917— Alto Bonito, Bagado, Anda-
gueda, Baudo, Juntas de Tamana, Novita, Noanama, San Jos6, Barbacoas,
and Puerto Valdivia, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 681, 1926 — western
Ecuador; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 463, 1928—
Boquete Trail, Almirante Bay region, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 71, p. 342, 1931— Boquete Trail and Crimacola, Panama.
Chlorospingus brunneus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 395,
1874 — "Volcan de Irazu" = Talamanca, Costa Rica (descr. of female;
type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 308 (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Costa Rica and Panama,
western Colombia (east through Antioquia to the Magdalena Valley),
and western Ecuador.1
2: Costa Rica (Siquirres, 1); Colombia (Novita, Rio San Juan,
Cauca, 1).
Tachyphonus delatrii longirostris Huber.2 LONG-BILLED TAWNY-
CRESTED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus delatrii longirostris Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 81,
p. 471, 1929 — Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua (type in the Academy
1 Ecuadorian birds are perfectly identical with a topotypical series from
western Colombia. Specimens from Costa Rica are on average slightly larger,
with the bill a little longer as well as more slender, and, thus, betray some tendency
toward the Nicaraguan form. The vertical crest, besides, seems to be slightly
deeper orange.
Additional material examined. — Ecuador: San Javier, 4; Rio Verde (alt.
3,200 ft.), 2; Cachyjacu (alt. 3,200 ft.), 2; Lita (alt. 3,000 ft.), 2.— Colombia:
San Joaquin (Buenaventura), 2; Noanama, 2; Rio Caj6n, 2; Sipi, 8. — Costa Rica:
Carrillo, 5.
1 Tachyphonus delatrii longirostris Huber: Similar to T. d. delatrii, but somewhat
larger, particularly with longer bill. Wing, 75-77; tail, 65-70; bill, 16-17.
A single Nicaraguan male has indeed a longer bill than any specimens from
farther south.
344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); idem, I.e., 84, p. 246, 1932— Great
Falls (Pis Pis River) and Eden, Nicaragua.
Tachyphonus delatrii (not of Lafresnaye) Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p.
34, 1919— San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua.
Genus HETEROSPINGUS Ridgway
Heterospingus Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 225, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., Tachy-
phonus rubrifrons Lawrence.
*Heterospingus xanthopygius xanthopygius (Sclater). ORANGE-
BROWED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus xanthopygius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p.
158, pi. 69, pub. April, 1855 — "in Nova Grenada" = "Bogota" collections
(descr. of female; type in British Museum); idem, I.e., 23, p. 83, pi. 90,
1855— "Bogota" (descr. of male); idem, I.e., p. 156, 1855— "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 116, 1856 — "Bogota" (monog.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 142— Rio Truando, Colombia (one male) ; Sclater and
Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 68, 1867 — "Nova Grenada"; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 503 — Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Berlepsch and
Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 547 — Chimbo, Ecuador; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 311, 1883 — part, descr. of male and nab.,
Colombia (Rio Truando, etc.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 209,
1886 — part, spec, a-h, Colombia ("Bogota," Remedies).
Lanio auritus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts Belg., 22,
(1), p. 153, 18551 — "Colombie" = "Bogota" (descr. of male and female;
types in Brussels Museum).
Heterospingus xanthopygius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p.
104, 1902 — Colombia to western Ecuador (monog.); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1114 — Novita, Tado, and Condoto, Pacific Colombia
(crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1073, 1912—
Colombia ("Bogota," Remedios, Rio Truando) and Ecuador (Chimbo);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 615, 1917— Colombia (Alto
Bonito, San Jos6, and Cachipay, Magdalena Valley); idem, I.e., 55,
p. 679, 1926— Ecuador (Chimbo).
Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Colombia, north to the Rio
Truando, east through Antioquia to the Magdalena Valley, and
western Ecuador (Chimbo).2
2: Colombia ("Bogota," 2).
1 The paper is contained in No. 2 ("stance du 3 fevrier 1855") and may have
priority over Sclater's account, which was not issued until April, 1855. I do not
know, however, whether the "Bulletin" of the Belgian Academy really came out
in monthly numbers or whether the "premiere partie" of vol. 22 was published as a
whole at a later date. Under these circumstances it appears unwise to change
current nomenclature.
2 Birds from Pacific Colombia agree with Bogota skins, and a single male
from Chimbo also seems to be inseparable.
Material examined. — Colombia: N6vita, 3; Tado, 1; Condoto, 1; "Bogota,"
8. — Ecuador: Chimbo, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 345
*Heterospingus xanthopygius rubrifrons (Lawrence).1
LAWRENCE'S TANAGER.
Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 106 —
line of Panama Railroad, near Lion Hill (type in coll. of G. N. Lawrence,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sclater
and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 68, 1867— Panama; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 16, pp. 610, 611, 1893 — Reventazon and Angostura, Costa Rica
(crit.).
Tachyphonus propinquus Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p.
94 — substitute name for T. rubrifrons (considered inappropriate as being
based on an accidental character); idem, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
9, p. 101, 1868— Angostura, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17,
p. 299, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 109— Panama (crit.).
Tachyphonus xanthopygius (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 7, p. 331, 1864— Isthmus of Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351 — Lion Hill, Panama (one female); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 311, 1883— part, descr. of
female and hab. Costa Rica (Angostura) and Panama (Veraguas, Lion
Hill); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 209, 1886— part, spec, i-k,
Panama and Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110,
1887— Costa Rica.
Heterospingus xanthopygius Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
65, p. 228, 1922— Mount Sapo, Darien.
Heterospingus rubrifrons Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 29, 1900 —
Loma del Leon, Panama (one male); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 104, 1902— Panama to Costa Rica (monog.); Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 852, 1910 — Costa Rica (Pacuarito, Reventazon);
Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1115 (in text) — Veragua and
Chiriqui (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1073,
1912 — Panama to Costa Rica; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p.
342, 1931 — Western River, Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72,
p. 371, 1932 — Obaldia, eastern Panama (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of Panama (east to Darien) and eastern
Costa Rica (Angostura, Pacuarito, Reventazon).
1: Costa Rica (Siquirres, 1).
Genus CREURGOPS Sclater
Creurgops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 73, 1858 — type, by monotypy,
Creurgops verticalis Sclater.
1 Heterospingu$ xanthopygius rubrifrons (Lawrence) is similar to the female of
the nominate race, but much smaller (wing, 78-82 against 88-92; tail, 57-60
against 65-70). The male lacks the orange-red supra-auricular stripe as well as
the bright lemon-yellow patch on the lesser upper wing coverts, such conspicuous
features in the corresponding sex of H . x. xanthopygius, and resembles the female,
from which it merely differs by darker gray under parts with more yellow on the
lower tail coverts. Still, I can see in it only a well-marked representative race.
Material examined. — Panama: Chiriqui, 1; Veraguas, 3; Panama Railroad, 2.
346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Creurgops verticalis Sclater. RUFOUS-CRESTED TANAGER.
Creurgops verticalis (J. Verreaux MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p.
73, pi. 132, fig. 2, 1858 — Rio Napo, eastern Ecuador (type in coll. of E.
and J. Verreaux, its present location unknown); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874,
p. 513 — Ropaybamba, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 503 — Santa
Elena, Antioquia, Colombia (descr. of female); Taczanowski, Orn. Per.,
2, p. 501, 1884 — Ropaybamba; idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1885, p. 81— Machay, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 215, 1886— Santa Elena, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1078, 1912— Colombia (Santa Elena), Ecuador (Rio
Napo, Machay), and Peru (Ropaybamba); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 616, 1917— San Antonio, Salento, Santa Elena, El Eden,
La Palma, and La Candela, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 681, 1926 —
Baeza, Rio Sardinas, and below Oyacachi, eastern Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (western and central
Andes), eastern Ecuador, and eastern Peru (Ropaybamba, Depart-
ment of Junin).1
1: Colombia (La Palma, Huila, 1).
Genus MALACOTHRAUPIS Sclater and Salvin2
Malacothraupis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 353 —
type, by monotypy, Malacothraupis dentata Sclater and Salvin.
Malacothraupis dentata Sclater and Salvin. RUFOUS-AND-
GRAY TANAGER.
Malacothraupis dentata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p.
353, pi. 31 — Tilotilo, Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia (type in Salvin-Godman
Collection, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 601 — Tilotilo;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 216, 1886— Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1078, 1912— Bolivia (Tilotilo, Quebrada
Onda).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia (Tilotilo, Yungas of La
Paz; Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba).
Malacothraupis gustavi Berlepsch.3 GUSTAV'S TANAGER.
1 Material examined. — Colombia: Santa Elena, 2; San Antonio, 1; La Palma, 1.
— Ecuador: Machay, 1; Baeza, 2.
2 Not separable generically from Creurgops according to Carriker (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 332, 1934).
3 Malacothraupis gustavi Berlepsch: Similar in form to M. dentata, but slightly
larger; top of the head chestnut-rufous, posteriorly margined with black; the fore-
head narrowly black; superciliaries gray instead of white; entire under surface
gray (somewhat lighter than the back), middle of the abdomen fringed with
whitish. Wing, 72-73; tail, 68-69; bill, 15.
A single specimen from Santo Domingo agrees perfectly with the type. As
has been pointed out by Berlepsch, the relationships of this bird to M. dentata are
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 347
Malacothraupis gustavi Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 49, p. 85, Jan., 1901 — Chaco,
Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in
Frankfort Museum); idem, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr., p. 1078, 1912
— Bolivia ("Songo") and southeastern Peru (Inca Mine).
Malacothraupis castaneiceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 14, p. 225,
Sept. 12, 1901 — Inca Mine [ = Santo Domingo], Marcapata, Peru (type
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Bolivia (Chaco, Yungas
of La Paz) and southeastern Peru (Santo Domingo, Marcapata).
Genus EUCOMETIS Sclater
Comarophagus (not of Boie, 1826) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
32, p. 81, 1851 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p.
72, 1855), Tanagra penicillata Spix.
Eucomeiis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 117, Aug., 1856 — new name
for Comarophagus Bonaparte, preoccupied.
*Eucometis penicillata penicillata (Spix). GRAY- AND- WHITE
CRESTED TANAGER.
Tanagra penicillata Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 36, pi. 49, fig. 1, 1825 —
locality not specified1 (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr,
Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 671, 1906).
Tachyphonus penicillata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 237, 1850 —
Brazil.
Eucometis penicillata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 117, 1856 —
Cayenne, Surinam, and (?)Brazil; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 84,
1862— Cayenne and Rio Napo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 180 — upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 571 — Mexiana;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 212, 1870— Borba, Rio Madeira; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 262 — upper Ucayali and Santa
Cruz, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 499, 1884 — Peru (upper Ucayali,
Santa Cruz, Pebas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 217, 1886—
Cayenne, Para, Mexiana, Iquitos (Peru), Rio Napo (Ecuador), and "Bo-
gota" (Colombia); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 363, 1907 — Rio Jurua,
Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 295, 1907 — Para and Mexiana;
Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 27, 1907 — Mexiana; Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool., 15, p. 117, 1908— Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 455,
1910 — Surinam; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1078, 1140, 1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 455, 1914
— Para, Quati-puru, Rio Guamd (Santa Maria de Sao Miguel), Rio
Tocantins (Cameta, Ilha Bocca do Manapiri), Cussary, Mexiana, and Rio
somewhat doubtful, since an immature specimen from Quebrada Onda, Bolivia,
combines characters of the two "species." Of M. gustavi adult males only have
been recorded, while the type of M. dentata is unsexed. Possibly the differences
are sexual rather than specific.
Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 117, 1908) suggests Fonte Boa, Rio Solimoes,
as type locality.
348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 538, 1921—
Abary River; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 682, 1926 — Rio
Suno, Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p.
60, 1926— Maranhao (Sao Bento, Tury-assu).
Eucometis penicillata penicillata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 349, 1907 —
Humayta, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 277, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira;
idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 12, 87,
100, 1912 — Ipitinga, Rio Acara, and Mexiana (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 175, 1928— Para; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 12, p. 284, 1929— Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Eucometis albicollis (not Pyranga albicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 72, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil.
Range. — Northern Brazil, from northern Maranhao west through
the Amazon Valley and its tributaries to eastern Peru, thence north
through eastern Ecuador to the eastern base of the east Colombian
Andes; also French, Dutch, and British Guiana.1
4: Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 3; lower Rio Branco, 1).
*Eucometis penicillata albicollis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). -
WHITE-NECKED CRESTED TANAGER.
Pyranga albicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 33, 1837 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined);
d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 265, pi. 26, fig. 2, 1839— Chiquitos
(Santa Ana) and Guarayos.
Eucomelis albicollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 117, 1856 — Chiquitos,
Bolivia (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 84, 1862— Bolivia; Pel-
zeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 212, 1870 — Goyaz (Goyaz, Mamoneira) and Matto
Grosso (Sangrador, Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Engenho do Gama); Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 601 — Santa Ana, Chiquitos;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 217, 1886— Bolivia and interior of
Brazil (Goyaz); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 358, 1891— Chapada,
Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 4, 1900
1 The type and three specimens from eastern Peru are on average slightly
smaller with shorter, wider bills, and an unsexed "Bogota" skin is similar. Birds
from Lower Amazonia and Maranhao present the largest measurements with
longer, more slender bills, while a series from the Rio Madeira is intermediate.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Quati-puru, Para, 1; Mexiana (Fa-
zenda Nazareth), 6; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 3; Rio Madeira, Borba, 7; Calama, 2;
Humayta, 4; Rio Jurua, 1. — Peru: Santa Cruz, lower Huallaga, 1; Loretoyacu,
2. —Colombia: "Bogota," 1.
* Eucometis penicillata albicollis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) differs from the
nominate race in rusty-white throat (not tinged with grayish posteriorly); pale
brownish instead of grayish sides of the head; much paler yellow under parts;
much shorter crest without any white at the base; and in adult state by pale brown
instead of blackish bill.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Guarayos, 1; Chiquitos, 1 (the type);
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1. — Brazil: Goy&z City, 1; Matto Grosso, Cuyaba, 2;
Chapada, 6; Lavrinhas, 1; Sangrador, 1; Villa Maria, 1; Engenho do Gama, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 349
— Urucum, Matto Grosso; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1079, 1912 (range, excl. Rio Jurua).
Eucometis penicillata albicollis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 364, 1907 —
Itapura, Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 242, 1923— Bolivia
(crit., range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 379, 1930 —
Descalvados, Urucum, Belvedere de Urucum, and Sao Lourenco, Matto
Grosso (nest and eggs); Laubmann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, No. 7, p. 299,
1933 — Zanja Moroti, Apa, Paraguay.
Range. — Eastern Bolivia (Santa Ana, Chiquitos; Guarayos;
Santa Cruz de la Sierra) and central Brazil, in states of Matto
Grosso and Goyaz, south to northwestern Sao Paulo (Itapura, Rio
Tiete') and extreme northern Paraguay (Zanja Moroti, Apa).
3: Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 3).
*Eucometis penicillata affinis Berlepsch.1 VENEZUELAN CRESTED
TANAGER.
Eucometis cristata affinis Berlepsch, Auk, 5, pp. 451, 453, 1888 — "Puerto
Cabello," Venezuela (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort
Museum); idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1079, 1912—
"Puerto Cabello"; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5,
p. 64, 1912— Cumbre Chiquita and Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela
(crit.).
Eucometis cristata (not Pipilopsis cristata Du Bus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 118, 1856 — part, Venezuela (Caracas); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627— San Esteban; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 218, 1886 — part, spec. 1, m, San Esteban, Venezuela.
Range. — Tropical zone of northern Venezuela, in states of Zulia
(Orope) and Carabobo (San Esteban, Las Quiguas, Cumbre Chi-
quita) and in Federal District (Caracas region).
1: Venezuela (Orope, Zulia, 1).
*Eucometis penicillata cristata (Du Bus). COLOMBIAN CRESTED
TANAGER.
Pipilopsis cristata Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts Belg.,
20, (1), p. 153, 1855 — Colombia (type in Brussels Museum).
Trichothraupis penicillata (not Tanagra penicillata Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855— "Bogota."
1 Eucometis penicillata affinis Berlepsch: Very similar to E. p. cristata, but
throat paler and more purely gray with whitish rather than buffy suffusion; crest
shorter; yellow of under parts, especially on chest and sides, somewhat paler, less
tinged with ochraceous. Wing, 89-93, (female) 84-89; tail, 77-84, (female) 76-81;
bill, 14-15.
I do not see any reason for specific separation of E. cristata and E. spodocephala,
the characters being merely differences of degree, while the ranges are strictly
representative.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: "Puerto Cabello," 1; Cumbre
Chiquita, 4; Las Quiguas, 10; "Caracas," 1.
350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Eucometis cristata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 118, 1856 — part,
Colombia (Santa Marta, Cartagena); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1860, p. 141 — Rio Truando, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 7, p. 298, 1861— Panama Railroad; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 84, 1862 — Santa Marta and "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350 — Panama Railroad (crit.); Salvin and Godman,
Ibis, 1880, p. 121 — Arihueca, Santa Marta, Colombia; idem, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 306, 1883 — part, Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso Station)
and Colombia (excl. Venezuela); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
318, 1886 — part, spec, a-k, Panama (Paraiso Station) and Colombia
(Arihueca, Santa Marta, Minca, "Bogota"); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 12, p. 142, 1898— "Santa Marta"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
13, p. 168, 1900 — Bonda, Onaca, and Cacagualito, Colombia; Bangs,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 29, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 139, 1902— "Veragua
(Chitra)" to Colombia; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46,
p. 222, 1906 — Savanna of Panama; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1079, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota," Barranquilla, Santa
Marta); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 617, 1917— El Con-
suelo, Magdalena Valley, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
70, p. 279, 1918— Gatun, Panama.
Eucometis cristata cristata Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65,
p. 228, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Rio Esnape, and Jesusito, Darien; Todd and
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 483, 1922 — Tucurinca, Bonda, Don
Diego, Cacagualito, Las Nubes, Minca, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Cincin-
nati, Fundacion, Pueblo Viejo, and Valencia, Santa Marta, Colombia
(habits); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 417, 1931— near
Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932 — Perme,
Darien.
Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia (Magdalena Valley, Santa
Marta region, and Caribbean coast) and Panama, west to the
Canal zone.1
3: Panama (unspecified, 2) ; Colombia (Tucurinca, Santa Marta, 1).
*Eucometis penicillata stictothorax Berlepsch.2 STREAK-
CHESTED TANAGER.
Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax Berlepsch, Auk, 5, pp. 451, 452, 1888 —
"Veragua" = Chiriqui, Panama (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now
in Frankfort Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 141,
1902 — Chiriqui and (?)Veraguas (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl.
Zool. Cl., 3, p. 66, 1902— Boquete and Bugaba, Chiriqui; idem, Auk, 24,
1 Panama specimens agree with a Colombian series.
2 Rather an ill-defined race, though generally recognizable by its flammulated
chest. Birds from Costa Rica, while not extremely marked, seem sufficiently
close to be referred to the Chiriqui race. In the absence of material from Veraguas,
I follow Salvin in including this region in the range of stictothorax.
Nine specimens from the Terraba Valley, Costa Rica, and eight from Chiri-
quf examined.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 351
p. 309, 1907— Boruca, Paso Real, El P6zo, and Lagarto de Te>raba, Costa
Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 844, 1910 — southwestern Costa
Rica (El General, Buenos Aires de TeYraba, P6zo Azul de Pirrfs, El P6zo
de Te>raba, Boruca); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1079, 1912— Chiriquf (Bugaba, Boquete).
Eucometis spodocephala (not Chlorospingus spodocephalus Bonaparte) Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 139— Santa F6, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870,
p. 188 — Bugaba and Mina de Chorcha, Chiriquf (crit.); Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 307, 1883 — part, Panama (Bugaba,
Mina de Chorcha, Santa F6); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 219,
1886 — part, spec, j-m, Santa F6 (Veragua), Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba,
Chiriquf; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p.
139, 1893 — Boruca, TeYraba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Bangs, Auk,
18, p. 369, 1901— Divala, Chiriquf.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Panama (east to Veraguas)
and southwestern Costa Rica (south of the Rio Grande de Pirris).
7: Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio TeYraba, 3; TeYraba, 1; Boruca, 3).
*Eucometis penicillata spodocephala (Bonaparte). CARIBBEAN
GRAY-HEADED TANAGER.
Chlorospingus spodocephalus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 39,
p. 922, 1854 — Nicaragua (type in Paris Museum); idem, Not. Orn. Coll.
Delattre, p. 22, 1854 (reprint); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 91,
1856 — Nicaragua (ex Bonaparte).
Eucometis cristata (not Pipilopsis cristata Du Bus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 118, 1856 — part, Nicaragua.
Eucometis spodocephala Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 84, 1862 — Nicaragua;
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 100, 1868— Costa Rica;
Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1872,
p. 316 — Nicaragua [ = Virgin Bay, Lake Nicaragua]; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 307, 1883— part, Nicaragua (Virgin Bay,
Hato Viejo) and Costa Rica (Tempate); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
6, p. 382, 1884— Sucuya, Nicaragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 219, 1886 — part, spec, f-i, Nicaragua (Virgin Bay) and Costa Rica
(Nicoya); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— Trojas
de Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 435 — BebedeYo to
Miravalles, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1079, 1912 — Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 139, 1902 — Costa Rica and Nicaragua (monog.); Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 844, 1910 — Bebedero, Miravalles, Tenorio, Bolson,
and Bagaces, Costa Rica (crit., habits).
Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Nicaragua and Costa Rica
(north of the Rio Grande de Pirris).1
1 Specimens from the Pacific side of northern Costa Rica agree well with
others from Nicaragua.
352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
14: Nicaragua (San Emilio, 4; San Geronimo, 6); Costa Rica
(Las Canas, 3; Miravalles, 1).
*Eucometis penicillata pallida Berlepsch. ATLANTIC GRAY-
HEADED TANAGER.
Eucometis spodocephala pallida Berlepsch, Auk, 5, p. 451, 1888 — Yucatan
(type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 140, 1902— Yucatan to (?)Honduras
(monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1079,
1912 (range); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 17, 1926 — Playa
Carmen, Yucatan; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 384, 1932—
Guatemala (Peten?).
Eucometis spodocephala (not Chlorospingus spodocephalus Bonaparte) Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 274— Vera Paz; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 836— [San Pedro], Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 307, pi. 20, fig. 2, 1883 — part, Yucatan and Guatemala to
Honduras (San Pedro); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 443—
Yucatan; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 219, 1886 — part, a-e,
Yucatan, British Honduras, and Guatemala (Coban); Salvin, Ibis, 1888,
p. 259 — Meco Island, Yucatan; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p.
223, 1899— Santo Tomas, Guatemala; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Orn. Ser., 1, p. 122, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala.
Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39,
p. 154, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p.
384, 1932— Guatemala.
Eucometis spodiocephala subsp. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 338,
1932— San Pedro, Honduras.
Range. — Tropical zone of Yucatan (including Meco Island),
British Honduras, eastern Guatemala (Vera Paz), and Honduras
(Ceiba, San Pedro).1
2: Yucatan (unspecified, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, 1).
Genus MITROSPINGUS Ridgway
Mitrospingus Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 225, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., Tachy-
phonus cassinii Lawrence.
1 The available material is much too scanty to ascertain whether the inhabi-
tants of British Honduras, Guatemala, and Honduras should be referred to the
Yucatan race or to another (yet unnamed) form. A bird from Belize and a female
from Honduras (San Pedro) are more or less intermediate between pallida and
spodocephala. While an adult from Vera Paz, Guatemala, hardly differs from the
first-named by slightly deeper yellow under parts and grayer throat, another
specimen (from Los Amates) closely approaches spodocephala. Without adequate
series it is impossible to arrive at definite conclusions, but the striking resemblance
of one of the Guatemalan skins to those from Yucatan seems to indicate that the
relationship of these Atlantic birds are with pallida rather than spodocephala.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 353
*Mitrospingus cassinii cassinii (Lawrence). CASSIN'S TANAGER.
Tachyphonus spec. Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I860, p. 142— Falls
of the Rio Truando, Colombia.
Tachyphonus cassinii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861 —
Lion Hill, Panama Railroad (type in coll. of G. N. Lawrence, now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Eucometis cassinii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351, pi.
30 — Panama Railroad; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 139 — Santiago, Veraguas.
Eucometis cassini Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 503 —
Neche, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 307, 1883— part, Panama (Santiago de Veraguas, Lion Hill)
and Colombia (Rio Truando, Neche); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 219, 1886 — part, spec, b-i, Santiago de Veraguas, Panama, and Colombia
(Neche); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898— Cachavi, Ecuador; Good-
fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 468 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador.
Mitrospingus cassini(i) Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 29, 1900 —
Loma del Le6n, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 168, 1902 — part, Panama to Ecuador; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1911, p. 1116 — Condoto, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1080, 1140, 1912 — part, Panama to Colombia
(Rio Truando, Rio Dagua, Neche) and Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 617, 1917 — Salaqui, Alto Bonito, Bagado,
Juntas de Tamana, San Jos6, and Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55,
p. 682, 1926— Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Mitrospingus cassinii cassinii Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
65, p. 229, 1922— Mount Sapo, Darien; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 190, 1929—
Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 343, 1931 — Cricamola, Chiriqui Lagoon,
Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932 — Perme, Obaldia, and Ranchon,
Darien.
Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and Colombia (east
through Antioquia to the lower Cauca), and Panama, west to
Veraguas and the Chiriqui Lagoon (Cricamola).1
2: Colombia (Juntas de Tamana, Rio San Juan, Cauca, 1;
Puerto Valdivia, Cauca River, 1).
*Mitrospingus cassinii costaricensis Todd.2 TODD'S TANAGER.
Mitrospingus cassinii costaricensis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 93,
July, 1922 — El Hogar, Costa Rica (type in the Carnegie Museum);
1 Birds from Colombia and western Ecuador agree perfectly with three from
the Canal Zone.
Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Ventana (alt. 90 ft.), 4; Lita (alt.
3,000 ft.), 4. — Colombia: Rio Dagua, 6; Condoto, 2. — Panama: Lion Hill, 3.
2 Mitrospingus cassinii costaricensis Todd: Very similar to M. c. cassinii, but
throat darker gray, nearly as dark as the sides of the head; the breast more green-
ish (less sulphine yellow) ; the crissum less tinged with cinnamomeous. Size per-
haps slightly larger.
Six specimens from Costa Rica examined.
354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 343, 1931— Boquete Trail and
Guabo, Almirante Bay, western Panama (crit.).
Tachyphonus cassinii (not of Lawrence, 1861) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101, 1868 — Angostura, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ.
Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869— Costa Rica.
Eucometis cassini Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 307,
1883 — part, Angostura, Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 219, 1886 — part, spec, a, Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14,
p. 473, 1891 — Jimenez, Costa Rica (descr. of young).
Mitrospingus cassini Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 168,
1902 — part, Costa Rica (Angostura, Jimenez); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 6, p. 836, 1910— Guayabo, Jimenez, Carrillo, Guacimo, Tuis,
Guapiles, El Hogar, and Bonilla, Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verb.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1080, 1140, 1912— part, Costa Rica.
Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Costa Rica and the ad-
joining section of extreme western Panama (Almirante Bay).
2: Costa Rica (El Hogar, 2).
Mitrospingus oleagineus (Salvin).1 SALVIN'S GREEN-BACKED
TANAGER.
Eucometis oleaginea Salvin, Ibis, (5), 4, p. 500, 1886 — Mount Twek-quay,
Caramang River, British Guiana (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now
in British Museum, examined).
Mitrospingus oleagineus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1080, 1912— Mount Twek-quay; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 539,
1921 — Roraima and Mount Twek-quay; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 63, p. 132, 1931— Arabupu, Roraima.
Range. — Tropical zone of the mountains of British Guiana
(Mounts Roraima and Twek-quay).
Genus RHODINOCICHLA Hartlaub2
Rhodinocichla Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 33, Jan., 1853 — type, by orig.
desig., Furnarius roseus Lesson.
1 Mitrospingus oleagineus (Salvin) : Similar in general form to M. cassinii, but
larger; back, upper wing coverts and external edges of inner secondaries yellowish
citrine (like the crown) instead of dark grayish olive; forehead and sides of head
more slate-gray and less blackish; throat much paler gray; under parts much
brighter yellow, the flanks only tinged with greenish; under tail coverts olivaceous
edged with orange buff; axillaries and under wing coverts pale grayish edged with
pale yellow (not wholly deep grayish olive), etc. Wing, 95-96; tail, 87-89; bill,
17-18.
In spite of its widely separated habitat, this strongly marked bird may ulti-
mately prove to be conspecific with M. cassinii.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Mount Twek-quay, 1 (the type);
Roraima, 1.
2 Clark (Auk, 30, pp. 11-15, 1913) considers this genus, which had been
variously referred to the mockingbirds (Mimidae) or warblers (Compsothlypidae),
as being tanagrine in its affinities and most closely related to Mitrospingus.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 355
Rhodinocincla Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., livr. 4, pp. 148, 201, Aug. 1,
1853 — same type.
Cichlalopia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 6, 1854— type,
by orig. desig., Turdus vulpinus Hartlaub =Furnan'us roseus Lesson;
idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 30, 1854.
Rhodocincla Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 13, 1872— emendation
of Rhodinodchla Hartlaub.
*Rhodinocichla rosea rosea (Lesson). VENEZUELAN THRUSH-
TANAGER.
Furnarius roseus Lesson, Illust. Zool., livr. 2, pi. 5, Sept., 18321 — "du Bresil et
du district peu connu de San-JoseV' errore* (descr. of male; location of type
not specified) ; idem, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, 9, p. 141, 1837 — same locality.
Turdus vulpinus Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1, p. 276, 1849— Caracas,
Venezuela (descr. of female; type in Hamburg Museum); idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 18, "1850," p. 276, pi. 32 (=female)— Caracas; idem,
Journ. Orn., 2, p. 259, 1854 — Caracas (crit.); Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 6, 1854; idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 29,
1854 — Caracas.
Rhodinodchla rosea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 141, 1855 — part,
Aragua, Venezuela; Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 23, 1859 —
Caracas; Baird, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1, p. 91, 1864 — part, Caracas; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 166, 626— Caracas and
San Esteban, Carabobo; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 1, p.
38, 1879— part, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 366, 1881
— part, Venezuela; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24,
p. 177, 1901 — La Guaira and San Julian, near Caracas.
Rhodinodchla rosea rosea Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5,
p. 45, 1912— San Esteban, Carabobo; Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay.,
13, p. 303, 1918 — northern Venezuela, from "Bermudez" to Ejido, Merida
(crit.).
Rhodinodchla rosea vulpina Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 229, 1916 — Caracas,
"CaripeV' San Esteban, Tocuyo, and "Ejido," Venezuela (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of northern Venezuela, from the Caracas
region west to Lara (Bucarito, near Tocuyo) and probably Trujillo).3
7: Venezuela (Caracas, Federal District, 7).
1 Cf. Mathews, Nov. Zool., 18, p. 12, 1911.
2 Caracas, Venezuela, substituted as type locality by Hellmayr (Verh. Orn.
Ges. Bay., 13, p. 303, 1918).
3 The Venezuelan form, which we have shown to be entitled to Lesson's term
(cf . Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, pp. 302-303, 1918), appears to be restricted
to the Tropical zone of the north coast districts. All the authentic specimens
examined are either from the Caracas region or from the San Esteban Valley,
Carabobo. The Tring Museum has also skins from near Tocuyo, Lara. Other
examples (in the same collection) said to be from "Carip6" (inland of Cumana)
and "Ejido, Merida" are probably incorrectly labeled. They were obtained by A.
Mocquerys, whose localities, in several instances, have proved to be unreliable.
Additional material examined. — Rio Mamera, near Caracas, 2; San Esteban,
Carabobo, 8; near Tocuyo, Lara, 2.
356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Rhodinocichla rosea harterti Hellmayr.1 COLOMBIAN THRUSH
TANAGER.
Rhodinocichla rosea harterti Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 304,
May, 1918 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in Munich Museum).
Furnarius roseus (not of Lesson) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 10, 1845 —
Colombia (crit., notes on adult and young male).
Rhodinocichla rosea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 141, 1855 — part,
"Bogota"; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 38, 1879
—part, Colombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 366, 1881— part,
spec, a, b, Colombia.
Rhodinocichla rosea rosea Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 229, 1916 — Colombia
(crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 531, 1917 — San Antonio,
south of Bogota.
Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia (only known from native
"Bogota" collections and from San Antonio, south of Bogota).
1: Colombia (unspecified, 1).
*Rhodinocichla rosea eximia Ridgway.2 PANAMA THRUSH
TANAGER.
Rhodinocichla rosea eximia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p.
770, 1902 — "Isthmus of Panama and north to southern Costa Rica"
(type not specified, probably in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, Auk,
24, p. 306, 1907 — Boruca, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, pp. 331, 793, 1910— El General, Boruca de Terraba, and Buenos Aires,
Costa Rica (habits); Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 305, 1918—
Panama to southwestern Costa Rica (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 70, p. 279, 1918— Tabernilla, Pedro Miguel, and Mount Hope,
Panama Canal Zone (song).
Rhodinocichla rosea (not Furnarius roseus Lesson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 23, p. 141, 1855 — part, Panama and "Guatimala" (errore); idem,
I.e., 24, p. 140, 1856 — between the rivers David and Chiriqui; Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 292, 1861— Isthmus of Panama; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 345 — Panama Railroad;
Baird, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1, p. 91, 1864 — part, Panama Railroad; Salvin,
1 Rhodinocichla rosea harterti Hellmayr: Similar to R. r. rosea, but with mark-
edly longer wings; adult males with upper parts and flanks darker, deep mouse
gray to dark mouse gray, and the grayish edges to remiges and wing coverts less
prominent; female likewise darker above without any olivaceous tinge (except on
the tail coverts), with the supra-loral streak and under parts deeper rufous, and
flanks darker, less suffused with brownish. Wing, 86-89, (female) 79-82; tail,
84-88^, (female) 80-83; bill, 19-21.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 12.
2 Rhodinocichla rosea eximia Ridgway: Similar to R. r. harterti, but with stouter,
heavier bill; adult male even darker, more blackish on the upper parts and flanks,
with hardly perceptible (if any) grayish fringes to the wing coverts; female also
darker above. Size about the same.
Additional material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill, 2; Paraiso Station, 1;
Chiriquf, 5. — Costa Rica: Boruca, 10.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 357
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 133— Santa F6 (Veraguas) and David;
idem, I.e., 1870, p. 180 — Veraguas (CaloveVora, Chitra) and Chiriqui
(Mina de Chorcha); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 291, 1869— "Costa
Rica"; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 38, 1879 —
part, "Guatemala" (errore), "Costa Rica," and Panama (David, "Volcan
de Chiriqui," Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, CaloveVora, Santa F£, Lion
Hill); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 366, 1881— part, spec, c, Santa
F6, Panama; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 609, 1893— Buenos
Aires, Costa Rica (crit.); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 4, p. 134, 1893 — Buenos Aires, Costa Rica (descr. of male
and female); Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 368, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; idem,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 60, 1902— Boquete and Bugaba, Chiriqui;
Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 221, 1906— Savanna of
Panama; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 325, 1924 — Gorgona, Panama Canal Zone.
Rhodinocichla rosea a rosea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 247, 1878
— Panama and Veragua (diag.).
Range. — Tropical zone of Panama (east to the Canal zone)
and southwestern Costa Rica (TeYraba Valley).
10: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, Puntarenas, 9); Panama (Veragua,
Veraguas, 1).
*Rhodinocichla rosea schistacea Ridgway. MEXICAN THRUSH
TANAGER.
Rhodinocichla rosea 0 schistacea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 247,
Dec., 1878— Sierra Madre of Colima and Rio Mazatlan, Mexico (type,
from Sierra Madre de Colima, in U. S. National Museum).
Rhodinocichla rosea (not Furnarius roseus Lesson) Baird, Rev. Amer. Bds.,
1, p. 91, 1864 — part, Colima and Mazatlan; Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw.
Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 329, 1870 — Mazatlan; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 2, p. 267, 1874 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and Sierra Madre of Colima
(habits, song); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 38,
1879 — part, Mazatlan and Sierra Madre of Colima.
Rhodinocichla schistacea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 367, 1881—
western Mexico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 772,
1902 — western Mexico, from Sinaloa to Tepic (monog.).
Rhodinocichla rosea schistacea Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 305,
1918 — western Mexico (diag.).
Range. — Tropical zone of western Mexico, in states of Sinaloa
(Mazatlan), Jalisco (Ixtapa), Colima (Colima, Sierra Madre), and
Nayarit (Santiago).
7: Mexico (Colima, 7).
Genus CALYPTOPHILUS Cory1
Jory, Auk, 1, p. 3, 1884— type, by monot
/ory.
About its systematic position, cf . Miller, Auk, 43, pp. 356-357, 1918.
Calyptophilus Cory, Auk, 1, p. 3, 1884— type, by monotypy, Phoenicophilus
frugivorus Cory.
358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus (Cory). HISPANIOLAN
CHAT TANAGER.
Phoenicophilus frugivorus Cory,1 Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., 2, No. 4,
p. 45, Oct., 1883 — "Santo Domingo" (type, from Almercen [= Villa
Rivas], in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum).
Calyptophilus frugivorus Cory, Auk, 1, p. 3, 1884 — Santo Domingo (descr.);
idem, Birds Haiti & San Domingo, p. 59, pi. [9], 1885 — Almercen; idem,
Auk, 3, p. 201, 1886— Santo Domingo (descr.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 235, 1886— Arenoso, Santo Domingo; Cory, Bds. W. Ind.,
p. 88, 1889 — Santo Domingo (descr.); Tristram, Cat. Coll. Tristram,
p. 222, 1889— Arenoso; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 114, 1892— Santo
Domingo; idem, Auk, 12, p. 279, 1895 — Santo Domingo; Cherrie, Field
Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 14, 1896— Aguacate; Christy, Ibis, 1897,
p. 323— La Vega; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 279,
1907 — Santo Domingo (monog.); Verrill and Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 61, p. 364, 1909 — La Vega and Miranda, Santo Domingo;
Kaempfer, Journ. Orn., 72, p. 184, 1924— "Cotuf, Rio Yuna" [= Villa
Rivas], Santo Domingo.
Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 155, p. 424, 1931 — Dominican Republic (monog.).
Range. — Dominican Republic, eastern portion of the island of
Haiti (Hispaniola), Greater Antilles.
18: Hispaniola (Villa Rivas, 11; Samana, 2; La Vega, 2; Agua-
cate, 3).
Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti Richmond and Swales.2
GONAVE CHAT TANAGER.
Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti Richmond and Swales, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
37, p. 107, 1924 — La Mahotiere, Gonave Island, Haiti (type in U. S.
National Museum); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 516, 1928
—Gonave Island; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 374, 1929— Gonave Island;
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 426, 1931— Gonave
Island (monog.).
Range. — Gonave Island, off Haiti (Hispaniola), Greater Antilles.
1 The "Merle olive de Saint-Domingue" of Buffon and Daubenton (PI. Enl.,
pi. 273, fig. 1), whose only source is "Le Merle olive de S. Domingue" of Brisson
(Orn., 2, p. 296, pi. 27, fig. 2), and upon which Turdus indicus P. L. S. Miiller
(Natursyst., Suppl., p. 145, 1776) as well as Turdus virens Boddaert (Tabl. PI.
Enl., p. 16, Dec., 1783) are based, can hardly have anything to do with Calypto-
philus. It is described as being the size of Sylvia curruca (Linn.), and the colora-
tion does not agree either.
2 Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti Richmond and Swales: Similar to C. f.
frugivorus, but slightly smaller, with shorter, slenderer bill, and of paler coloration;
the upper parts less brownish; the sides, flanks, and under tail coverts lighter;
the axillars and under wing coverts paler yellow. Wing, 81-92, (female) 77;
tail, 77-95; bill, 20-21.
Four specimens examined.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 359
Calyptophilus frugivorus tertius Wetmore.1 LA HOTTE CHAT
TANAGER.
Calyptophilus tertius Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 81, No. 13, p. 2, May
15, 1929 — higher slopes of Morne La Hotte, Haiti (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York).
Calyptophilus tertius tertius Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
155, p. 427, 1931 — Morne La Hotte (monog.); Wetmore and Lincoln,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, art. 25, p. 65, 1933— Pic de Macaya, La Hotte
region, Haiti.
Range. — Mountains (Morne La Hotte) of southwestern Haiti,
island of Haiti (Hispaniola), Greater Antilles.
Calyptophilus frugivorus selleanus Bond.2 LA SELLE CHAT
TANAGER.
Calyptophilus frugivorus selleanus Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 81,
p. 473, Oct. 3, 1929 — Morne Malanga, Haiti (type in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 155, p. 428, 1931— Massif de la Selle (monog.).
Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus (not of Cory) Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 80, p. 516, 1928 — La Selle Mountains (Morne La Selle, Morne
Brouet, Morne Trenchant, Crete a Piquants; song).
Range. — Mountains (Massif de la Selle) of southeastern Haiti,
island of Haiti (Hispaniola), Greater Antilles.
Genus PHAENICOPHILUS Strickland
Phaenicophilus Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 104 — type, by subs.
desig. (G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855), Turdus pal-
marum Linnaeus.
Phoenicophilus G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855 — emendation.
*Phaenicophilus palmarum poliocephalus (Bonaparte).3 GRAY-
CROWNED PALM TANAGER.
Dulus poliocephalus Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 178, 1851 — "His-
paniola" = Haiti (type in Paris Museum).
1 Calyptophilus frugivorus tertius Wetmore: Nearest to C. f. frugivorus, but
somewhat larger, with stronger bill; back much darker olive; wings, tail, and
upper tail coverts deep brown (bister), different from the remainder of the dorsal
surface; feathers round the eye dusky instead of yellow. Wing, 93-104, (female)
86-92; tail, 96-108, (female) 84-90; bill, 23-27.
Four specimens of this strongly marked race have been examined.
2 Calyptophilus frugivorus selleanus Bond: Nearest to C. f. tertius, but smaller
in all dimensions, and upper parts and sides deeper olive. Wing, 91-98, (female)
83-84; tail, 90-94, (female) 82-83; bill, 23-26.
This form, which we have not seen, appears to connect C. /. frugivorus and
C. f. tertius.
3 The gray-capped and gray-bellied forms, though heretofore separated
specifically, are clearly geographic representatives of P. palmarum.
360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 104; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 128, 1902— Haiti.
Phoenicophilus palmarum (not Turdus palmarum Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 84, 1856 — "San Domingo" = Haiti (part, descr.
of "female").
Phoenicophilus dominicensis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 129, 1881 —
Haiti (type, from Jacmel, in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum);
idem, I.e., p. 152, 1881 — vicinity of Jacmel; idem, Bds. Haiti and San
Dom., p. 58, pi. [8], 1884— Jacmel; idem, Auk, 3, p. 200, 1886— Haiti
and "San Domingo" (descr.).
Phoenicophilus poliocephalus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 234, 1886 —
western coast of "San Domingo" = Haiti (ex Cory); Cory, Bds. W.
Ind., p. 87, 1889— "San Domingo" = Haiti; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds.,
p. 114, 1892 — Haiti and "San Domingo"; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1087, 1912— Haiti.
Phoenicophilus dominicanus Verrill and Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
61, p. 363, 1909— "Miranda, Dominican Republic," errore.
Phoenicophilus poliocephalus poliocephalus Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 80, p. 516, 1928 — Morne la Casiere, Haiti (range, call-note).
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus poliocephalus Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 155, p. 416, 1931 — southwestern Haiti (monog.); Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 38, 1932— Baraderes Peninsula,
Haiti; Wetmore and Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 63, 1933— La Hotte
region, Haiti.
Range. — Southwestern Haiti (Tiburon Peninsula west of the
Trouin Valley, including Grand Cayemite Island), island of His-
paniola, Greater Antilles.1
3: Haiti (Jacmel, 3).
Phaenicophilus palmarum coryi Richmond and Swales.2
GONAVE PALM TANAGER.
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus coryi Richmond and Swales, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 37, p. 107, 1924— Gonave Island, off Haiti (type in U. S. National
Museum); Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 374, 1929 — Gonave Island; Wetmore
and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 418, 1931— Gonave (monog.);
Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 38, 1932— Gonave.
Phoenicophilus poliocephalus coryi Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80,
p. 517, 1928 — Gonave (nest and eggs descr.).
1 The range of this form is evidently restricted to the southwestern peninsula
west of the Trouin Valley, the most easterly recorded localities being Jacmel
and Morne la Casiere (eastern La Hotte). Yen-ill's record from "Miranda" is
doubtless an error.
2 Phaenicophilus palmarum coryi Richmond and Swales: Similar to P. p.
poliocephalus in having the upper part of the head except the forehead gray,
but larger and with the middle of the breast and abdomen white. Wing, 85-93,
(female) 88-89; tail, 65-71; bill, 19-22.
The Gonave Island race, of which we have seen five specimens, shows an
undeniable approach to P. p. palmarum by the whiteness of the median under parts.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 361
Range. — Gonave Island, off the north coast of Tiburon Penin-
sula, island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles.
Phaenicophilus pal ma rum tetraopes Wetmore and Lincoln.1
ILE A VACHE PALM TANAGER.
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus tetraopes Wetmore and Lincoln, Auk, 49, p. 36,
1932 — He a Vache, Haiti (type in U. S. National Museum); Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 39, 1932— He a Vache; idem and
Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, pp. 11, 63, 1933— He a Vache.
Range. — He a Vache, off the south coast of Tiburon Peninsula,
island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles.
*Phaenicophilus pa 1m arum palm arum (Linnaeus). HlSPANIO-
LAN PALM TANAGER.
Turdus palmarum Linnaeus,2 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 295, 1766 — part,
based on "Le Palmiste" [and "Le Palmiste a teste noire"] Brisson, Orn.,
2, pp. 301, [303], pi. 29, figs. 1, [2]; "Cayenne" (errore) = Santo Domingo
(type in coll. of M. de Reaumur).
Phaenicophilus palmarum Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 104; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 127, 1902— Haiti (monog.); Dan-
forth, Auk, 46, p. 373, 1929 — Seibo, Santo Domingo, Haina, Monte
Cristi, and San Juan, Dominican Republic.
Phoenicophilus palmarum Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 84, 1856 —
Santo Domingo (part, descr. of male); Sall£, I.e., 25, p. 232, 1857—
Santo Domingo (habits); Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 152, 1881—
Le Coup, Haiti; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 198, 1882— Santo Domingo;
Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 — near Samana, Santo Domingo; Cory, Bds.
Haiti & San Domingo, p. 56, pi. [21], fig. 5, 1884— Puerto Plata (Santo
Domingo) and Le Coup (Haiti); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
234, 1886— Santo Domingo; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 200, 1886— "San Domingo"
(descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 87, 1889— Haiti and "San Domingo"
1 Phaenicophilus palmarum tetraopes Wetmore and Lincoln: "Similar to P. p.
poliocephalus, but gray of under parts, crown, and hindneck lighter; dorsal surface
lighter green; abdomen more whitish; bill slightly longer. Wing, 82-90, (female)
81H-84; tail, 68-72; bill, 20-23." (Wetmore and Lincoln, I.e.).
According to the describers, the lighter coloration of this race marks a step
in the direction of the still paler, white-bellied P. p. coryi.
2 It is perhaps somewhat doubtful if Linnaeus's name can stand for the present
form. While Brisson correctly distinguished between "Le Palmiste" (p. 301,
pi. 29, fig. 1), which is P. p. poliocephalus, and "Le Palmiste a teste noire" (p. 303,
pi. 29, fig. 2), which is indeed the black-capped eastern Palm Tanager, Linnaeus
confused them under one heading, his account giving, furthermore, rise to the
question as to which of the two components formed its principal basis. In the
initial diagnosis he says "capite nigro maculis utrinque tribus albis," which is
obviously taken from Brisson's "Le Palmiste a teste noire," whereas the last para-
graph reads "caput antice nigrum," which clearly refers to "Le Palmiste" (=T. p.
poliocephalus). It should also be noted that Linnaeus quotes only the page refer-
ence to Brisson's "Le Palmiste" (p. 301). In view of the confusion that would
result from transferring the name palmarum to the bird known as P. p. polioceph-
alus, I cannot bring myself to advocate this undesirable change in nomenclature.
362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(descr.); Tristram, Cat. Coll. Bds. Tristram, p. 222, 1889— Samana,
Dominican Republic; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 114, 1892 — San Do-
mingo and Haiti; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 14, 1896
— San Domingo (habits); Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 323 — Sanchez and La
Vega, Dominican Republic; Verrill and Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 61, p. 363, 1909— Dominican Republic; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1087, 1912— Haiti; Peters, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 61, p. 424, 1917— Monte Cristi, Bulla, Sosua, Choco, and
Rio San Juan, Dominican Republic; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
80, p. 518, 1928— Haiti east of the Trouin Valley (habits); Moltoni,
Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 326, 1929— Haina, Bonao, and San Juan,
Dominican Republic.
Arremon palmarum Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 92, 1866 —
Santo Domingo.
Phaenicophilus palmarum palmarum Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 155, p. 419, 1931 (monog.); idem and Lincoln, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 82, art. 25, p. 64, 1933 — Hispaniola (various localities).
Range. — Island of Hispaniola (excepting Tortue, the south-
western [Tiburon] Peninsula, and outlying islands), Greater Antilles.
266: Hispaniola (Le Coup, Haiti, 13; Kenscoff, Haiti, 3; Puerto
Plata, 30; Maniel, 38; Catare, 73; Aguacate, 38; Puerto Resoli, 1;
Honduras, 30; San Cristobal, 6; Santo Domingo City, 34).
Phaenicophilus palmarum eurous Wetmore.1 SAONA PALM
TANAGER.
Phaenicophilus palmarum eurous Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 81, No. 13,
p. 3, May, 1929 — Saona Island, Dominican Republic (type in U. S.
National Museum); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p.
421, 1931— Saona Island; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, p. 369,
1934— Saona Island (crit.).
Range. — Saona Island, off the eastern end of the island of
Hispaniola.
Genus TRICHOTHRAUPIS Cabanis
Trichothraupis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 23, 1851 — type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 72, 1855), Tachyphonus quadricolor
Vieillot = Muscicapa melanops Vieillot.
*Trichothraupis melanops (Vieillot). FOUR-COLORED TANAGER.
Muscicapa melanops Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 21, p. 452,
1818 — based on "Lindo pardo copete amarillo" Azara, No. 101; Paraguay.
1 Phaenicophilus palmarum eurous Wetmore: "Similar to P. p. palmarum, but
lighter in color; above brighter green, with gray of hindneck lighter, becoming
nearly white on sides of neck anteriorly; below with white more extended. Wing
(male), 90; tail, 67.5; bill, 20.7." (Wetmore, I.e.) Known from the type alone, a
male in somewhat worn plumage. Bond, who obtained additional specimens
from Saona, considers the form as inseparable from P. p. palmarum.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 363
Tachyphonus quadricolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32,
p. 359, 1819— "Bresil"; idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 803,
1822— "Bre'sil" (type in Paris Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th.
Bras., 3, p. 164, 1856 — Rio de Janeiro and Nova Friburgo.
Tanagra auricapilla Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 212 (ed. in 8vo, p. 211), 1821
— Arrayal da Conquista, Bahia (type in Wied Collection, now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 220, 1889); Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 39, pi.
52, fig. 1 (male), 2 (female), 1825— Rio de Janeiro; Wied, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 3, (1), p. 538, 1830— Bahia (Jiboya and near Barra da Vareda).
Muscicapa galeata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 56, 1823—
Sao Paulo (type in Berlin Museum).
Tachyphonus suchii Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci., Litt. & Arts Roy. Inst.,
20, No. 39, p. 66, Oct., 1825— southern parts of Brazil (type in coll. of
W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, England).
Trichothraupis quadricolor Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 23, 1851 — Brazil;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 117, 1856— Bahia to Sao Paulo,
and Paraguay (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 84, 1862 —
Brazil; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 408, 1867— Cantagallo, Rio (nest descr.);
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 426 — Minas
Geraes (Lagoa Santa), Sao Paulo (Campinas, Hytu, Sao Bento de Arara-
quara), and Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo, Macahe1); Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras., 3, p. 212, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Registo do Sai) and Sao Paulo
(Ypanema, Cimeterio); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 244, 1873 — Blu-
menau, Santa Catharina; Pelzeln, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova
Friburgo, Rio; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 82, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio;
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 513 — Amable Maria and
Ropaybamba, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 14 — Huambo, Peru; White,
I.e., 1882, p. 597 — Concepcion and San Javier, Misiones; Taczanowski,
Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 506, 1884— Peru (Amable Maria, Ropaybamba, Puma-
marca, Huambo) ; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 220, 1886— southern
Brazil (Nova Friburgo, Ypanema, "Pelotas"), Paraguay, and Misiones
(San Javier); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 40, 1888 — Misiones;
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 153, 1899— Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Itatiba,
Tiete); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 143, 1902— Sapucay,
Paraguay.
Trichothraupis melanops Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 120,
1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 115, 1887
— Paraguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 4,
1895 — Pirapo, Paraguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16,
p. 120, 1899— Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; Salvadori, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 17, 1900— Tebicuari, Paraguay;
Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 673, 1906
(crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 364, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba,
Itatiba, Tiet6, Sao Sebastiao, Bauru, Rio Frio, Alto da Serra, Bebedouro,
Itapura) and Parana (Ourinho); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 628 — Sapucay,
Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 377, 436,
364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1910 — Misiones (San Javier, Posadas, Santa Ana); idem, I.e., 23, p. 357,
1912 — Paso Yuvay, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1080, 1141, 1912— Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul),
Paraguay, Misiones, Peru, and Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Samaipata, Bueyes)
(crit.); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 250, 1913 — Santa Ana, Misiones;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Hellmayr,
Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 130, 1915 — Victoria, Espirito Santo (crit.);
Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 193, 1926— Parana
(Cara Pintada, Vermelho, Therezina, Candido de Abreu, Salto de Uba);
Laubmann, Wiss. Ergebn. Deuts. Gran. Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 274,
1930 — Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Trichothraupis melanops auricapilla Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 674, 1906— Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo (crit.).
Trichothraupis melanops melanops Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p.
173, 1909— Posadas, Misiones; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 322,
1928— Serra do Itatiaya.
Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, west to Matto Grosso; Misiones; Para-
guay east of the Rio Paraguay; eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Buena
Vista, Bueyes, Samaipata) ; eastern Peru, in departments of Junin
(Amable Maria, Ropaybamba, Pumamarca) and San Martin
(Huayabamba Valley).1
18: Brazil (Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 4; Rio das Velhas,
Minas Geraes, 1 ; Rio de Janeiro, 1 ; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 10) ;
Argentina (Bonpland, Misiones, 1; Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 1).
Genus CYPSNAGRA Lesson
Cypsnagra Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 460, 1831 — type, by monotypy, Tanagra
hirundinacea Lesson.
Leucopygia Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Classif. Bds., 2, p. 285 (June or July)
1837 ;2 idem, Anim. in Menag., p. 312, Dec. 31, 1837— type, by mono-
Leucopygia ruficollis Swainson = Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson.
1 The supposed distinction of a northern form (auricapilla), which we at one
time advocated, has not been corroborated by additional material since. Birds
from Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro seem to be precisely like others taken
in southern Brazil and Paraguay. Bolivian and Peruvian specimens merely
differ by very slightly paler under parts, but the divergency appears to me too
insignificant to justify its recognition in nomenclature, although there is obviously
a wide gap between the eastern and the Andean ranges of the species.
Additional material examined. — Espirito Santo: Engenheiro Reeve, 1; Victoria,
1. — Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 1; Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, 9; Rio de
Janeiro, 4.— Sao Paulo: Ypanema, 9; Cimeterio, 1; Alambary, 2; Victoria, 2. —
Paraguay: Bernalcue, 1. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 5; Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1;
Bueyes, Santa Cruz, 1; Samaipata, 1. — Peru: Huambo, 1.
2 Generic characters only given, the type species being at the time undescribed.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 365
*Cypsnagra hirundinacea hirundinacea (Lesson). RED-
THROATED TANAGER.
Tanagra ruficollis (not of Gmelin, 1789) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner
Mus., p. 30, 1823 — Sao Paulo (type in Berlin Museum).
Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., p. 460, 1831 — "Bresil" (types,
collected by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire somewhere in southern Brazil,1
in Paris Museum examined).
Leucopygia ruficollis Swainson, Anim. in Menag., p. 312, Dec. 31, 1837 —
interior of Bahia, Brazil (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University
Museum, Cambridge, England); Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 137, 1851 —
Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 162, 1856 — Lagoa
Santa, Minas Geraes (habits, song).
Tachyphonus ruficollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 29, 1837 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, examined); d'Orbigny,
Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 277, 1839 — Concepcion and Santiago, Chi-
quitos, Bolivia (descr. of adult male and "female" [= young]).
Cypsnagra ruficollis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 232, 1850 — Brazil;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 112, 1856— Bahia, "Rio," Sao
Paulo, and Chiquitos, Bolivia (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 86, 1862— "Rio de Janeiro"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 214, 1870—
Sao Paulo (Cimeterio, Itarare, Irisanga), Goyaz, and Matto Grosso
(Cuyaba) (descr. of young); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist.
Foren., 1870, p. 425 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Para-
catu) and Sao Paulo (Hytu, Sorocaba, Retire, Sao Bento de Araraquara,
Franca); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 601— Con-
cepcion and Santiago, Chiquitos, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll., p. 195, 1882— Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 221, 1886 — part, spec, c-f, Bahia, "Rio," and Bolivia (spec, examined);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 360, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso;
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 154, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 364, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Itapura, Rio Feio) and Matto Grosso
(Porto Faya).
Cypsnagra ruficollis ruficollis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 29, 1908 — Fazenda
Esperanga, Goyaz.
Cypsnagra hirundinacea Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1086, 1912— Brazil (Bahia, Goyaz, "Rio," Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso)
and Bolivia (Chiquitos).
Cypsnagra hirundinacea hirtindinacea Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 230,
1923 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (crit., range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 60, p. 380, 1930 — Matto Grosso (range); Laubmann, Anz.
Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 300, 1933— San Luis de la Sierra, Apa highlands,
Paraguay; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 788, 1932— Tres Lagoas,
Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 20, p. 140, 1936 — Fazenda Formiga, Goyaz.
Range. — Campo region of southern Brazil, from southern Bahia
(Caravellas) through Minas Geraes and southern Goyaz (Goyaz,
1 Sao Paulo suggested as type locality by Mrs. Naumburg (Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 60, p. 380, 1930).
366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Fazenda Esperanga, Veadeiros) west to southern Matto Grosso
(Cuyaba, Chapada, Porto Faya) and eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos),
and south to Sao Paulo and extreme northeastern Paraguay (San
Luis de la Sierra, Apa highlands).1
6: Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 3; Goyaz, Veadeiros, 3).
*Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula Hellmayr.2 BUFF-
THROATED TANAGER.
Cypsnagra ruficollis pallidigula Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 350, 1907 —
Humayta, Rio Madeira, Brazil (type in Tring Collection, now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 17, p. 278,
1910 — Humayta; Reiser, Denks. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw.
Kl., 76, p. 185, 1925 — Santo Antonio do Gilboez, Piauhy.
Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1086, 1142, 1912 — Humayta (Rio Madeira), Ceara, and Bahia
(crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926—
Grajahu, Maranhao; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12,
p. 285, 1929 — Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Ponto; Barra do Corda; Fazenda
Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba) and Goyaz (Philadelphia) (crit.); Naumburg,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 380, 1930— Campos Novos, Matto Grosso
(crit.).
Cypsnagra pallidigula Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 41, 1926— Ceara.
Cypsnagra ruficollis (not of Lesson) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 221,
1886 — part, spec, a, b, "Bahia" = Ceara (spec, examined); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889 — "Yungas," Bolivia (spec, examined);
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 84, 1910—
Santo Antonio do Gilboez, Piauhy.
Range. — Campo region of northern Brazil, from Bahia and
Ceara west through Piauhy, Maranhao, and northern Goyaz (Phila-
1 Birds from Chiquitos, hill-country of eastern Bolivia, agree with a Brazilian
series. The types of C. hirundinacea in the Paris Museum, obtained by A. de
Saint-Hilaire in the interior of southern Brazil, are very dark examples with deep
rufous throat and ochraceous buff flanks. According to Reinhardt, this species —
a typical campos dweller — does not occur in Rio de Janeiro; but it appears to extend
into the extreme south of Bahia State, since the British Museum has a specimen
sent by Wucherer from the vicinity of Caravellas.
Additional material examined. — Brazil: "Bahia," 2; Agua Suja, near Bagagem,
Minas Geraes, 2; Monte Alegre, Minas Geraes, 1; Goyaz City, 2; Fazenda Es-
peranca, Goyaz, 2; Irisanga, Sao Paulo, 1; Cimeterio, Sao Paulo, 5; Itarare, Sao
Paulo, 2; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1; Porto Faya, Matto Grosso, 1; Chapada,
Matto Grosso, 6.— Bolivia: Chiquitos, 2.
2 Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula Hellmayr: Similar in form to C. h.
hirundinacea, but throat much paler (warm buff to ochraceous buff instead of
deep tawny to chestnut-rufous); breast and abdomen less buffy with very little,
if any, ochraceous tinge on the flanks; rump white instead of cream-color; bill
generally stouter. Wing, 79-83, (female) 76-82; tail, 64-70; bill, 13^-15.
Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 2. — •
"Ceara," 2. — "Bahia," 2. — Amazonas: Humayta, Rio Madeira, 2. — Matto Grosso:
Campos Novos, foot of Cerro do Norte, 1. — Bolivia: "Yungas," 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 367
delphia, lower Tocantins) to the Rio Madeira (Humayta), extreme
northern Matto Grosso (Campos Novos, foot of the Serra do Norte,
near the headwaters of the Rio Jamary), and obviously into north-
eastern Bolivia.1
9 : Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 3 ; Canella, Ponto, Maranhao,
1; Barra do Corda, Maranhao, 2; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parna-
hyba, Maranhao, 1; Philadelphia, Goyaz, 2).
Genus PYRRHOGOMA Cabanis
Pyrrhocoma Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, 1851 — type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 72, 1855), Tachyphonus ruficeps
Strickland.
*Pyrrhocoma ruficeps (Strickland). CHESTNUT-HEADED TANAGER.
Tachyphonus ruficeps Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 419, 1844 —
habitat unknown (descr. of adult male; type in coll. of H. E. Strickland,
now in University Museum, Cambridge, England; cf. Salvin, Cat. Strickl.
Coll., p. 196, 1882).
Pipilopsis ruficeps Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 — Brazil;
Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exped. Amer. Sud, Ois., p. 69, pi. 20, fig. 2, 1856
— Brazil.
Nemosia ruficeps Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 159, 1856 — "inte-
rior of Brazil, near Pernambuco" (errore).
Pyrrhocoma ruficeps Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, 1851 — Brazil; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 108, 1856— Brazil (Sao Paulo, Ypanema)
and "Paraguay (Natterer)" (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 216,
1870 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo (descr. of female); idem, Nunq. Otios., 2,
p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Berlepsch and Ihering,
Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 120, pi. 6, fig. 1 (male), 2 (female), 1885 — Taquara,
Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 222, 1886—
southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro; "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul);
1 The range of this form is more northerly than that of C. h. hirundinacea.
Birds from northeastern Brazil agree well with the specimens from Humaytd
upon which pallidigula has originally been based. The alleged "Bahia" examples,
forwarded by Dr. Luschnath to the late 0. Salvin (now in the British Museum),
show the well-known "Ceara" preparation. There are, however, two unques-
tionable Bahia skins in the Berlepsch Collection at Frankfort, while another adult
sent by Dr. Wucherer from Carayellas is referable to typical hirundinacea. Both
races thus appear to occur in Bahia, though their exact ranges in that state remain
to be determined. An adult male from Campos Novos, northern Matto Grosso,
while slightly darker on the throat than the majority from the northeastern states,
cannot be distinguished from certain individuals. C. h. pallidigula obviously also
ranges into northeastern Bolivia. The American Museum of Natural History
has an adult bird collected by H. H. Rusby and labeled "Yungas, s. 18°, 6,000 ft.,"
which is precisely like specimens from Maranhao. The subtropical mountain
forests of Bolivia are an impossible locality for an inhabitant of the campos,
and the specimen is much more likely to have been secured in the plains of north-
eastern Bolivia around Reyes, where some open stretches of country are said
to exist.
368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899— Mundo Novo,
Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 154, 1899 — Sao Paulo
(Piracicaba, Piquete); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Nova Friburgo, Rio de
Janeiro; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 144, 1902 — Sapucay,
Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 379, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piraci-
caba, Salto Grande do Paranapanema, Itarar6, Rio Feio, Piquete), Parana
(Ourinho), and Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni); Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., 16, p. 172, 1909— Santa Ana, Misiones; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 628—
Sapucay, Paraguay (descr. of young male; habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 386, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Chrostowski,
Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 488, 500, 1912— Vera Guarany,
Parana; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1086, 1912—
southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul) and Paraguay;
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 364, 1914 — Misiones; Sztolcman, Ann.
Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 193, 1926— Parand (Fazenda Durski,
Banhados, Candido de Abreu); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 322,
1928 — Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil.
Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de
Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjoining districts of Para-
guay and Misiones.1
5: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 1); Argentina (Eldorado,
Misiones, 1; Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 3).
Genus NEMOSIA Vieillot
Nemosia Vieillot, Analyse d'une Nouv. Ornith. E16m., p. 32, 1816 — type, by
monotypy, "Tangara a coiffe noire, de Cayenne" Buffon = Tanagra pileata
Boddaert.
*Nemosia pileata pileata (Boddaert). HOODED TANAGER.
Tanagra pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 45, 1783 — based on "Tangara a
coeffe noire, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 720, fig. 2 (adult male),
Cayenne.
Hylophilus caeruleus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 731, 1831— Bahia,
Brazil (descr. of female; type formerly in coll. of Prince Wied; cf. Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 220, 1889).
Hylophilus cyanoleucus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 734, 1831 —
Bahia, Brazil (descr. of male; type formerly in coll. of Prince Wied; cf.
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 220, 1889).
Nemosia pileata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 109, 1856 — part, Cay-
enne, "Para," "Mexicana" [ = Mexiana Island], Bahia, and Venezuela
(Caracas); Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 —
Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 86, 1862— Cayenne and Para;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 571— "Para"; Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 214, 1870 — part, Forte do Rio Branco, Rio Amazonas,
1 Additional material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 1. — Sao
Paulo: Ypanema, 8. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 369
and Cajutuba (near Para), Brazil (spec, examined); Forbes, Ibis, 1881,
p. 334 — Pernambuco (Estancia and Cabo); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 223, 1886 — part, spec, c-1, Mexiana, lower Amazon, Pernambuco,
and Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 364, 1907 — part, Bahia and
Santarem; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 27, 1907 — Mexiana;
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 65, p. 295, 1907 — Marajo, Mexiana, and Monte
Alegre; idem, I.e., 66, pp. 10, 523, 1908— Rio Purus (Monte Verde, Bom
Lugar) and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p.
117, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 278, 1910— Marmellos, Rio
Madeira; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 455, 1910 — Surinam (nest and eggs);
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 84, 1910—
Bahia (Carnahyba and Solidade, near Joazeiro; Lag&a Boqueirao, Rio
Grande; Porto da Pedra, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Buritf, Bandeira,
Castellano); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1084,
1912 — part, Venezuela and Brazil (excl. Araguaya, Matto Grosso, and Sao
Paulo); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 520, 1913 (ecology); idem, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 456, 1914 — Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Purus
(Bom Lugar, Monte Alegre), Marajo (Rio Arary, Sao Natal, Livramento),
Mexiana, Arumanduba, Monte Alegre, Erer6, and Maranhao; Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 540, 1921 — upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisci
River, and Abary River; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6, p. 41, 1926— Ceara.
Nemosia pileata pileata Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 87, 101, 119, 127, 1912— Cajutuba (near Para),
Mexiana, and Marajo (Livramento); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 62, p. 88, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 286, 1929— Maranhao (Mangunga
Island; Codo, Cocos; Miritiba), Piauhy (Ibiapaba), and Ceara (Jua, near
Iguatu).
Nemosia pileata coerulea Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 89,
1918— Bahia (crit.).
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela (Caracas
region and Carabobo), and northern Brazil, south to Bahia and
west to the Rio Madeira and Rio Purus.1
22: Dutch Guiana (near Paramaribo, 2); Brazil (Mangunca
Island, Maranhao, 2; Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 6; Ibiapaba, Piauhy,
1 Birds from south of the Amazon, as a rule, have the pale loral spot (white
in the male, buffy in the female) more prominent and the greater upper wing
coverts exteriorly more distinctly edged with white. There are, however, too
many exceptions to this rule to warrant the recognition of a separate race ( N. p.
coerulea). Specimens from Marmellos, Rio Madeira, while slightly brighter above,
do not seem to be properly separable from a Guianan series.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 5. — Dutch Guiana:
Paramaribo, 2. — Venezuela: Caracas, 1. — Brazil: Mexiana Island, 1; Marajo
Island (Livramento, Sao Natal), 2; Monte Alegre, 1; Forte do Rio Branco, 2;
Marmellos, Rio Madeira, 6; Miritiba, Maranhao, 1; Buriti, Piauhy, 1; Bandeira,
Piauhy, 1; Castellano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, 1; Rio Preto, Bahia, 2; Lagoa
Boqueirao, Rio Grande, Bahia, 1; near Joazeiro, Bahia, 4; Bahia, 13.
370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1; Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 5; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 5; Rio do Peixe,
near Queimadas, Bahia, 1).
Nemosia pileata paraguayensis Chubb.1 SOUTHERN HOODED
TANAGER.
Nemosia pileata paraguayensis Chubb, Ibis, (9), 4, p. 629, 1910 — Sapucay,
Paraguay (type in British Museum); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1084, 1141, 1912— Paraguay and (?)Bolivia (San
Miguel, San Jose, Chiquitos); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 226, 1923—
Chiquitos, Bolivia (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p.
381, 1930 — Paraguay (Trinidad) and Matto Grosso (Urucum, Belvedere
de Urucum) (crit., meas.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco
Exp., Vogel, p. 275, 1930 — La Crecencia, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.).
Nemosia pileata (not Tanagra pileata Boddaert) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,
Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 28, 1837— Chiquitos, Bolivia; d'Or-
bigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 261, 1839 — San Miguel and San Jose,
Chiquitos; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 158, 1856 — southern
Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 109, 1856— part, Bolivia
(Chiquitos) and Paraguay; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 214, 1870 — part, Sao
Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), Goyaz (Araguay), and Matto Grosso
(Cuyaba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 425—
Minas Geraes (Paracatu, Mocambo); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 602 — San Miguel and San Jose", Bolivia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 223, 1886 — part, Paraguay, Bolivia, and southern
Brazil (spec, m, Araguay); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 7, 1887 — Lam-
bare, Paraguay; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 361, 1891 — Chapada
and Corumba, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 364, 1907 —
part, Sao Paulo (Itapura) and (?)Espirito Santo; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1084, 1912 — part, Matto Grosso and Sao
Paulo, Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 — Paraguay (Chaco and
Asuncion).
Nemosia paraguayensis Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913 —
Argentine Chaco; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 364, 1914 — Argentine
Chaco (ex Bertoni).
Range. — Southern Brazil, in states of Matto Grosso, Goyaz,
Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, and (?)Espirito Santo; Paraguay; eastern
Bolivia (Todos Santos; La Crecencia, Santa Cruz; Chiquitos),
and adjoining parts of the Argentine Chaco (Embarcacion, Salta).
1 Nemosia pileata paraguayensis Chubb: Similar to N. p. pileata, but larger.
Wing, 70-75, rarely 68-69; tail, 47-52, rarely 45-46.
Birds from eastern Bolivia and southern Sao Paulo agree with Paraguayan
topotypes. While in most cases recognizable by larger size, there occur in the
range of this form occasionally individuals that cannot be distinguished from the
typical race.
Material examined. — Eastern Bolivia: Todos Santos, Cochabamba, 3; La
Crecencia, Santa Cruz, 2; Chiquitos, 2. — Argentina: Embarcacion, Salta, 1. —
Paraguay: Sapucay, 2; Bernalcue, 1; Trinidad, 1. — Brazil: Pirapora, Rio Sao
Francisco, Minas Geraes, 1 (adult male; wing, 74); Araguay, Goyaz, 3; Itapura,
Sao Paulo, 1 (adult female; wing, 72); Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 5; Chapada, Matto
Grosso, 4; Urucum, Matto Grosso, 7.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 371
Nemosia pileata nana Berlepsch.1 SMALL HOODED TANAGER.
Nemosia pileata nana Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1084, 1141, Feb., 1912— Rio Samiria, northeastern Peru (type in coll. of
H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Nemosia pileata (not Tanagra pileata Boddaert) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 109, 1856— part, Nauta, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1866,
p. 180— Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977— Pebas,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 263— Pebas, Nauta, and Sarayacu, Peru; Tac-
zanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 513, 1884— Peru (Sarayacu, Pebas).
Range. — Northeastern Peru (Rio Samiria, Nauta, Pebas; Sara-
yacu, Rio Ucayali).
*Nemosia pileata hypoleuca Todd.2 WHITE-BELLIED HOODED
TANAGER.
Nemosia pileata hypoleuca Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 95, June,
1916 — Tucurinca, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 487, 1922—
Fundacion and Tucurinca, Santa Marta (crit., habits).
Nemosia pileata (not Tanagra pileata Boddaert) Salvin and Godman, Ibis,
1880, p. 121— Valencia, Santa Marta, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 223, 1886— part, spec, a, Valencia, Colombia; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 167, 1900 — Valencia (ex Salvin and Godman);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1084, 1912— part,
Colombia (Valencia, Santa Marta).
Range. — Northern Colombia, from Cartagena east to the Santa
Marta region (Aracataca; Fundacion; Tucurinca; Valencia de Jesus).
2: Colombia (Lorica, Bolivar, 2).
Nemosia rourei Cabanis.3 ROURE'S TANAGER.
Nemosia rourei Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 18, p. 459, 1870 — Muriahie, north bank
of Rio Parahyba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum
1 Nemosia pileata nana Berlepsch: Differs from N. p. pileata by decidedly
darker, more purplish blue upper parts, darker bluish gray sides, and markedly
smaller bill. The last-named character and the darker upper surface are also
noticeable in the female sex. Wing, 65-66, (female) 63; tail, 43-44; bill, 11 H-
Material examined. — Peru: Rio Samiria, 1 (the type); Nauta, 1; Pebas, 1.
2 Nemosia pileata hypoleuca Todd: Nearest to N. p. pileata and about the same
size, but under parts pure white with mere traces of, if any, grayish tinge on the
flanks; the buffy color on throat and breast in the females much paler. Wing,
66-70; tail, 45-49; bill, 11^-12.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Cartagena, 4; Aracataca, 1; Tucur-
inca, 2.
3 Nemosia rourei Cabanis, a very distinct species, is immediately recognizable
by large size, bright red throat and foreneck, pale cinerous upper parts, absence
of the white loral spot and bluish edges to the wings, restriction of black on the
crown to the forehead, etc.
The type of this remarkable bird is still unique in the Berlin Museum.
372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
examined); idem, I.e., 20, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1872; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 365, 1907 — Rio Parahyba do Sul; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1084, 1912— Muriahie.
Nemosia rourii Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 224, 1886 — Brazil.
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in State of Rio de Janeiro (Muria-
hie', north bank of Rio Parahyba do Sul).
Genus HEMITHRAUPIS Cabanis
Hemithraupis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 21, Oct., 1851 — type, by orig. desig.,
Hylophilus ruficeps Wied.
*Hemithraupis ruficapilla1 ruficapilla (Vieillot). RUFOUS-
HEADED TANAGER.
Nemosia ruficapilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 22, p. 493,
1818— "apporte du Br£sil par M. de Lalande fils"=vicinity of Rio de
Janeiro (type in Paris Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. Ill, 1856 — part, Rio de Janeiro (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 87, 1862— Rio de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 215,
1870 — Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, and Sao Paulo (Ypanema); Reinhardt,
Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 424— Rio de Janeiro, Sao
Paulo (common), and Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; one male); Pelzeln,
Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874— Nova Friburgo, Rio; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 225, 1886 — southeastern Brazil (Nova Friburgo, Sao
Paulo); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 155, 1899— Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo
and Iguape); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo,
Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 365, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Franca,
Ubatuba) and Santa Catharina (Colonia Hansa) (range, excl. Bahia).
Hemithraupis ruficapilla Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 82, 1874 — Cantagallo,
Rio de Janeiro; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1081,
1912 — part, Espirito Santo (Victoria) to Santa Catharina.
Hemithraupis ruficapilla ruficapilla Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, pp.
131, 132, 1915 — Victoria, Espirito Santo (char., meas., range).
Hylophilus ruficeps Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 725, 1831 — part,
Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro.
1 Hemithraupis ruficapilla closely resembles H . guira, the females of the two
species being practically indistinguishable, and their ranges, in general, supplement
each other, since H. ruficapilla is chiefly found in the coast districts, while H. guira
seems to replace it in the interior of Brazil. There are, however, several records
which do not conform to the theory of their being conspecific. H. ruficapilla is
listed by Ihering from Franca (in the northeastern corner of Sao Paulo) and by
Reinhardt from Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, that is, from the distributional area
of H. guira, whereas among the localities of the latter in "As Aves do Brazil"
Itarare figures, where we should have expected the rufous-headed bird. Still,
certain individuals that we have seen are so decidedly intermediate (they will
be discussed under H. g. guira) that further field-work in southern Brazil appears
to be imperative to determine the nature of their relationship.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 373
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Espirito Santo and southern
Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) to Santa Catharina (Colonia Hansa,
Joinville).1
2: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 2).
Hemithraupis ruficapilla ruficeps (Wied).2 LESSER RUFOUS-
HEADED TANAGER.
Hylophilus ruficeps Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 725, 1831 — part,
"im Sertong der Provinz Bahia" (type, from Bahia, in coll. of Prince Wied,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 221, 1889).
Nemosia ruficapilla (not of Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. Ill,
1856 — part, Bahia; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 161, 1856
—Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 365, 1907 — part, Bahia.
Hemithraupis ruficapilla Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1081, 1912— part, Bahia.
Hemithraupis ruficapilla ruficeps Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, pp. 131,
132, 1915 — Bahia (diag., meas.).
Range. — Eastern Brazil, in State of Bahia (exact limits unknown).
"Hemithraupis guira fosteri (Sharpe).3 FOSTER'S TANAGER.
Nemosia foster i Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 15, p. 96, June, 1905 — Sapucay,
Paraguay (type in British Museum examined); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 630
— Sapucay (crit., habits).
Nemosia guira (not Motacilla guira Linnaeus) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 25, p. 143, 1902 — Sapucay, Paraguay.
Hemithraupis guira Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1083,
1912 — part, Paraguay (Sapucay); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 —
1 Additional material examined. — Espirito Santo: Braco do Sul, Victoria, 2. —
Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, 11; Sapitiba, 2. — Sao Paulo: Sap Sebastiao, 3;
Ypanema, 3. — Parana: Roga Nova, Serra do Mar, 1. — Santa Catharina: Joinville, 1.
2 Hemithraupis ruficapilla ruficeps (Wied): Differs from the nominate race by
decidedly smaller size and paler coloration; rufous of head lighter, orange of rump
paler, and posterior under parts paler yellowish ; female also paler beneath. Wing,
60-63, rarely 64, (female) 59; tail, 48-51, rarely 53; bill, 10-11.
Twelve specimens of the well-known Bahia "make" examined.
3 Hemithraupis guira fosteri (Sharpe) : Very close to H. g. guira, but on average
larger with stronger bill; adult males with superciliaries and yellow patch on sides
of neck more extensive, the former often confluent so as to form a continuous band
across the forehead. Wing, 67-72, (female) 65-67; tail, 56-60; bill, 11^-12^.
This is not a strongly marked race. Certain individuals with the least amount
of yellow on the head dp not differ at all from the Brazilian average, and while
size holds in most cases, it cannot be denied that occasional specimens from Brazil,
notably one from Agua Suja, Minas Geraes, attain even larger measurements
(wing, 73; tail, 61). On the other hand, the yellow color on the head, in Para-
guayan males, sometimes reaches an unusual development, covering the whole
front part of the crown up to the eyes. Birds from Misiones are identical.
Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 12. — Misiones: Santa
Ana, 1.
374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Alto Parana, Paraguay; idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 190, 1918 — Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay (crit., nest and eggs).
Hemithraupis fosteri Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 364, 1914 — Santa Ana,
Misiones (crit.; spec, examined).
Hemithraupis guira forsteri (lapsus) Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1083, 1912— Paraguay (Sapucay).
Hemithraupis guira fosteri Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr.
Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 102, 1912— Paraguay (crit.); Menegaux, Rev.
Franc. d'Orn., 11, p. 7, 1919 — Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones
(crit.).
Range. — Paraguay, east of the Rio Paraguay, and the Argentine
territory of Misiones.
3: Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1); Misiones (Eldorado, 1; Puerto
Segundo, 1).
*Hemithraupis guira guira (Linnaeus). GUIRA TANAGER.
Motadlla guira Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 335, 1766 — based on
"Guiraguacu-beraba" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212; northeastern
Brazil =Pernambu co (auct. Berlepsch, 1912).
Hylophilus guira Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 729, 1831— south-
eastern Brazil.
Nemosia nigricollis (not Tanagra nigricollis Gmelin) Lafresnaye and d'Or-
bigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 27, 1837 — Guarayos, Bolivia
(spec, examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. MeYid., Ois., p. 260, 1839 —
Bolivia (Rio Tanampaya, Yungas; San Xavier, Chiquitos; Guarayos;
Yuracares).
Nemosia guira Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 109, 1856 — part, south-
eastern Brazil and Bolivia (monog.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 161, 1856— Brazil (range in part); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 87, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1870— part, Sao Paulo
(Porto do Rio Parana), Goyaz, and Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama);
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 425 — Porto do
Rio Parana (ex Pelzeln); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 602 — Caguarani, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 224,
1886 — part, spec, p-v, Bolivia ("Kawarani") and Brazil (Bahiaand "Pelo-
tas, Rio Grande do Sul"); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889—
Mapiri, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 3, p. 361, 1891 — Chapada, Matto Grosso;
Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 365, 1907 — part, Sao Paulo (Avanhandava, Itarare,
Rio Feio) and Piauhy; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 295, 1907 — Para and
Rio Moju, Brazil; idem, I.e., 56, p. 523, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins;
Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 44, 1909 — Ledesma, Jujuy; Reiser, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 84, 1910— Bahia (Fazenda
de Santo Antonio, Rio Preto; near Santa Rita) and Piauhy (Buriti, Caste-
llano, Therezina, Queimadas).
Nemosia guira guira Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 30, 1908 — Goyaz.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 375
Hemithraupis guira Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 377,
1910 — Tucuman and Jujuy (Ledesma); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1083, 1141, 1912— part, Brazil and Bolivia (Kagua-
rani, Chiquitos, San Mateo, Quebrada Onda); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis,
1, p. 364, 1914 — Tucuman and Jujuy (Ledesma); Reiser, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 184, 1925— Bahia and Piauhy
(habits).
Hemithraupis guira guira Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 87, 1912— Rio Moju, Para; idem, I.e., p. 101 (in text),
1912— part, Brazil, south of the Amazon, and Bolivia (crit.); Beebe,
Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 101, 1916— Utinga, Para; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.,
30, p. 225, 1923— Chiquitos, Bolivia; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
133, p. 392, 1926 — west of Puerto Pinasco, western Paraguay (crit.);
Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 193, 1926 — Parana
(Card Pintada, Serra da Esperanca, Therezina, Candido de Abreu, Porto
Mendes); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 175, 1928— Rio
Capim and Para; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 286,
1929 — Maranhao (Tury-assu; Codo, Cocos), Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Rio Julgua,
above Castellano) and Goyaz (Philadelphia); Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 384, 1930— Uructim, Matto Grosso (crit., meas.);
Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 274, 1930—
Caraparicito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.).
Hemithraupis guira nigrigula (not Tanagra nigrigula Boddaert) Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 456, 1914— part, Para, Rio Moju, and Rio Tocan-
tins (Cameta, Baiao, Ilha Pirunum, Arumatheua); idem, Bol. Mus.
Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 41, 60, 1926— Ceara and Tury-assu,
Maranhao.
Range. — Brazil, south of the Amazon, from Par£ (west to the
Tocantins) southward to Minas Geraes, northern Sao Paulo, Parand,1
and Matto Grosso; eastern Bolivia; Paraguay west of the Rio
Paraguay; and extreme northern Argentina (provinces of Jujuy and
Tucuman).2
1 The locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," is altogether untrustworthy.
2 Specimens vary somewhat in size as well as in the tone of the orange pectoral
area. According to the available material, this variation seems individual rather
than local though there is a certain tendency to larger dimensions among birds
from the southern parts of the range. Some males from Minas Geraes, Goyaz,
and Matto Grosso are, in fact, fully as large as the Paraguayan form (fosteri),
which they also approach by the extent of the yellow on the forehead. Bolivian
specimens do not appear to be separable, though two or three males have the chest
of a darker orange tint. Sztolcman records the present form from the interior of
Parana, but it is not impossible that these birds may be nearer to H. g. fosteri.
Dabbene determines the inhabitants of northwestern Argentina as guira, to which
Wetmore also refers a single male from west of Puerto Pinasco, western Paraguay.
Two males from the interior of Sao Paulo that we have seen strongly suggest
intergradation or hybridization with H. ruficapilla. The one collected by E.
Garbe at Sao Jeronimo, Avanhandava, Museu Paulista, No. 4353, resembles H.
g. guira except in having the throat and sides of the head russet as in H. ruficapilla.
The other bird, American Museum of Natural History, Mus. Paul., No. 5172,
secured by F. Gxinther at Coredeiras, northwestern Sao Paulo, has the upper part
of the head not citrine like the back, but of very nearly the same deep brown as
376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
9: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1); Brazil (Chapada,
Matto Grosso, 2; Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 4; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1;
Philadelphia, Goyaz, 1).
*Hemithraupis guira nigrigula (Boddaert).1 GUIANAN GUIRA
TANAGER.
Tanagra nigrigula Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 45, 1783 — based on "Tangara
olive a gorge noire, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 720, fig. 1;
Cayenne.
Tanagra nigricollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — based on "Tan-
gara a gorge noire" Buff on and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 720, fig. 1; "Guy-
ane" = Cayenne (coll. [Sonninij de Manon court).
Nemosia nigrigularis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 87, 1862 — new name
for Tanagra nigrigula Boddaert and Tanagra nigricollis Gmelin; Cayenne.
Nemosia guira (not Motacilla guira Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 109, 1856— part, Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1870—
part, "Rio Negro" = Manaos (spec, in Munich Museum examined);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 224, 1886— part, spec, b, c, n, Cayenne
and Venezuela (San Esteban); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 52,
the throat, and lacks the bright yellow superciliary streak, there being in that
region merely small reddish brown tips to the feathers. The Coredeiras specimen
corresponds in general with the description of Nemosia fuscicapilla Dubois (Mem.
Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 403, 1894), based on a single male from "Bresil" in the
Brussels Museum, but the latter appears to differ by paler brown head ("d'un
brun assez clair") and by having less yellow on the sides of the hind crown. While
I cannot offer any plausible explanation for the plumages described in the preceding
lines, I feel pretty certain that they do not represent distinct species. They are
either individual variants of H. g. guira, or may be the result of hybridization
between the yellow-browed species and H. ruficapilla.
Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Therezina, 1; Buritf, near Paniagua,
2; Rio Julgua, 1; Queimadas, 1; above Castellano, Rio Parnahyba, 1. — Bahia:
Fazenda de Santo Antonio, 2; near Santa Rita, Rio Preto, 2; "Bahia," 4. — Goyaz:
Goyaz, 4. — Minas Geraes: Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 2. — Sao Paulo: Rio Parana,
3; Fazenda Cayoa, Salto Grande do Rio Paranapanema, 2; Sao Jeronimo, Ayan-
handava, 2; Coredeiras, 1. — Matto Grosso: Chapada, 1; Urucum, 5. — Bolivia:
San Mateo, 1; Todos Santos, 7; Chiquitos, 1.
lHemithraupis guira nigrigula (Boddaert): Very close to H. g. guira, but
yellow patch on sides of neck more extensive and often extending across the fore-
neck, so as to separate the dark brown throat from the raw sienna chest. Wing
(males), 62-67; tail, 49-54; bill, Wy2-l2.
The characters of this form are rather unstable, though the greater extent of
yellow on the sides of the neck generally holds good. As to the yellow jugular
band, it is well-marked in many skins from French and Dutch Guiana, but nearly
obsolete in others from the same regions. Males from the north coast of Venezuela
are of the latter type and they also agree in size with the Guianan average, although
one from Carabobo (wing, 71; tail, 58) is just as large as H. g. fosteri. The few
specimens examined from Manaos and Mexiana Island, while somewhat inter-
mediate to H. g. guira, seem more properly referable to the northern race. More
adequate material should, however, be studied.
Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 4; Saint Laurent du Maroni,
1. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 5. — Brazil: Fazenda Nazareth, Mexiana, 3;
Manaos, 1. — Venezuela: Loma Redonda, Caracas, 2; Cumbre Chiquita, Cara-
bobo, 7; San Esteban, 1; Las Quiguas, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 377
1892— El Pilar, Sucre, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 365,
1907— part, Surinam; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 117, 1908— Cayenne;
Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 456, 1910 — Surinam.
Hemithraupis guira guira Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5,
p. 64, 1912 — Cumbre Chiquita and Las Quiguas, Carabobo (crit.); Hell-
mayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 101,
119, 1912 — part, Mexiana (Faz. Nazareth), Manaos, and Venezuela
(Cumbre de Valencia).
Hemithraupis guira nigrigula Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1083, 1912— part, Cayenne; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr.
Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 102, 1912— Cayenne and Surinam (crit.);
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 456, 1914 — part, Arumanduba, Rio
Maecuru (Cachoeira Muira), and Rio Jamunda (Faro); Bangs and
Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 89, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo,
Surinam; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 191, 1924— Loma
Redonda, Caracas region, Venezuela.
Hemithraupis guira guirina (not Nemosia guirina Sclater) Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1083, 1912— part, Venezuela (Puerto
Cabello).
Range. — Northeastern Brazil, north of the lower Amazon, west
to Manaos; French and Dutch Guiana; north coast of Venezuela
(from the vicinity of Cumana west to Tachira).
3: Venezuela (Caracas, 2; Colon, Tachira, 1).
Hemithraupis guira roraimae (Hellmayr).1 RORAIMA GUIRA
TANAGER.
Nemosia guira roraimae Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 25, p. 88, 1910 — Ro-
raima, British Guiana (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frank-
fort Museum).
Hemithraupis guira roraimae Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 103, 1912 — Roraima and Merume Mountains (crit.);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1083, 1912— Roraima.
Hemithraupis roraimae Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 542, 1921 — Roraima
and "Abary River."
Nemosia guira (not Motacilla guira Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 —
Merume Mountains and Roraima; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 224, 1886 — part, spec, d-h, Roraima.
Range. — Highlands of British Guiana (Roraima and Hemme"
Mountains).
1 Hemithraupis guira roraimae (Hellmayr): Similar to H. g. nigrigula in
amount of yellow on sides of neck and in having a more or less distinct yellow
jugular band below the dark brown gular area, but larger with heavier bill; female
as large as H. g. fosteri, but brighter yellowish beneath and darker olive above.
Wing, 70-74, (female) 67-68; tail, 56-60, (female) 52-56; bill, 11^13.
Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima (alt. 3,500 ft.), 10.
378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Hemithraupis guira guirina (Sclater).1 WESTERN GUIRA
TANAGER.
Nemosia guirina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 110, 1856 — "New
Grenada, Bogota, and eastern Peru" (cotypes in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now
in British Museum); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 87, 1862 — "Guaunco"
[?=Huanuco], Peru, and Bogota; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 547 — Chimbo, Ecuador (crit.); Berlepsch, Journ.
Orn., 32, p. 292, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia (crit.); Taczanowski,
Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 554, 1884— Ecuador (Chimbo) and Peru (Santa Lucia).
Nemosia guira (not Motacilla guira Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
23, p. 155, 1855— "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 180— Sara-
yacu, Ucayali, Peru (spec, examined); idem, I.e., 1873, p. 263 — Sarayacu;
Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 744 — Santa Lucia, Department of Tumbez,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 15— Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 510,
1884 — Huambo and Sarayacu, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 224, 1884 — part, spec, j-m, o, Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador, and
Peru ("Guaunco"); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 297, 1889 — Yurima-
guas, Peru (crit.); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 469 — "Archidona," eastern
Ecuador.
1 Hemithraupis guira guirina (Sclater), as understood here, apparently com-
prises two races, one of which inhabits Colombia west of the eastern Andes (? and
western Ecuador), while the other ranges from the eastern base of the east Colom-
bian Andes through eastern Ecuador to northern Peru. Adult males from the
western Andes and the Magdalena slope of the eastern Andes of Colombia
(Bucaramanga), when compared to H. g. guira and H. g. nigrigula, are decidedly
larger, darker on the chest, and darker (less yellowish) citrine on the upper parts,
while the much narrower superciliary streak is strongly tinged with, often wholly,
raw sienna instead of bright yellow. Quite similar examples also occur in native
"Bogota" collections. An adult male from Chimbo, Ecuador, agrees in coloration,
but is much smaller (wing, 64 against 69-72; tail, 50 against 55-59) and has the
brown color of the throat remarkably pale.
Two males from eastern Ecuador (Macas region), three from Peru, and three
"Bogota" skins, on the other hand, have bright yellow superciliaries at best slightly
shaded with reddish above the loral region, and closely resemble guira, from which
they merely differ by darker upper parts and chest. One from Yurimaguas even
recalls H. g. nigrigula by having the dark brown throat separated from the orange
pectoral area by a narrow yellowish band. Intermediates between the western
and eastern types are met with in "Bogota" collections.
The question now arises as to which one is entitled to the name N. guirina.
Sclater, when separating it from guira, had two "Bogota" skins and one from
"Guaunco" [?=Huanuco], Peru, before him, and gives as its principal features
the larger size and the greater extent of yellow on the sides of the neck. Dimen-
sions (wing 2.9 in.) point to the large western form, but the statement as regards
the color of the superciliaries ("flavis") is more properly applicable to the eastern
birds. Although Berlepsch (1912, p. 1083) selected "Bogota" as type locality,
reexamination of Sclater's original examples in the British Museum seems impera-
tive. It is quite possible that H. g. guirina may prove to be referable to the form
named huambina by Sztolcman, in which case the large, ochraceous-browed race
of western Colombia would require a new name. The status of the small birds of
southwestern Ecuador (Chimbo) also needs investigation with the help of ade-
quate material.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 14; Bucaramanga, 1; western
Andes (San Isidro, Media Luna), 3. — Ecuador: Chimbo, 1; Macas region, 1;
"Archidona," 1. — Peru: Loretoyacu, 1; Sarayacu, 2; Yurimaguas, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 379
Hemithraupis guira Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1083, 1141, 1912— part, Ecuador (Chimbo) and Peru (Sarayacu, Yuri-
maguas, "Guanuco," Huambo).
Hemithraupis guira guira Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 101, 1912— part, Peru; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p.
461, 1918— Perico, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 682,
1926 — eastern Ecuador (Macas region, Rio Suno, below San Jose") and
Peru (Rio Chinchipe).
Hemithraupis guira guirina Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 103, 1912— Colombia and eastern Ecuador (crit.);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1083, 1912— part,
Colombia ("Bogota," Bucaramanga) ; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
36, p. 617, 1917— La Frijolera, Puerto Valdivia, Rio Frio, west of Honda,
and La Candela, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 683, 1926 — Chimbo, Ecuador.
Hemithraupis guira huambina Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,
5, p. 233, 1926— Huambo, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum).
Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru.
4: Colombia ("Bogota," 1; Rio Cauca, 1; Rio Lima, 1); Ecuador
(Puente de Chimbo, 1).
Hemithraupis flavicollis insignis (Sclater).1 YELLOW-BACKED
TANAGER.
Nemosia insignis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 110, Aug., 1856 —
South Brazil (the type, examined in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum, is a skin of the well-known "Rio" preparation); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 87, 1862— southern Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 215, 1870 — Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro (spec, in Vienna Museum ex-
amined); idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Nemosia flavicollis (not of Vieillot, 1818) Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois.,
1, (2), p. 99, pi. 75, 1823— "Bresil"; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 225, 1886 — part, subsp. N. insignis, southern Brazil; Ihering, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 4, p. 153, 1900— Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 365, 1907 — part, Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo.
Hemithraupis flavicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 82, 1874 — Cantagallo.
Hylophilus melanoxanlhus (not Sylvia melanoxantha Lichtenstein) Wied,
Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 736, 1831— Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro.
1 Hemithraupis flavicollis insignis (Sclater): Exceedingly similar to H. f.
melanoxantha, but perhaps separable in the male sex by paler yellow throat,
greater extent of the paler yellow dorsal area, and more restricted blackish barring
on the sides of the chest; female not distinguishable. Wing, 74-77, (female)
66-69; tail, 57-60, (female) 55-58; bill, 13-15.
This is rather an ill-defined form, whose characters need corroboration by a
more satisfactory series of properly labeled specimens. The type and "Rio"
trade-skins agree with birds collected by Natterer at Sapitiba, not far from Rio de
Janeiro. The figure in the "Galerie des Oiseaux" appears to have been drawn from
a male obtained by Me'ne'tries in that same region, still preserved in the French
National Collection at Paris.
Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Corcovado, 1; Porto Real, 1; Sapitiba,
4; Rio de Janeiro, 1; "Rio" trade-skins, 10.
380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Nemosia melanoxantha Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43,
1892 — Porto Real, Rio (spec, in Paris Museum examined).
Nemosia flavicollis insignis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 352, 1907 — Rio de
Janeiro (char.).
Hemithraupis melanoxantha insignis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1082, 1912 — Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio,
Sapitiba).
Range. — Wooded coast region of southeastern Brazil, in states
of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro.
*Hemithraupis flavicollis melanoxantha (Lichtenstein).1
BAHIAN YELLOW-RUMPED TANAGER.
Sylvia melanoxantha Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 34, 1823 —
Bahia (type in Berlin Museum).
Hemithraupis melanoxantha Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 21, 1851 — Bahia;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1082, 1912— Bahia to
Pernambuco.
Nemosia flavicollis (not of Vieillot) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3,
p. 160, 1856— Bahia (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 140,
1856 — Brazil; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 87, 1862 — Brazil; idem,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 225, 1886 — part, spec, k-o, Pernambuco and
Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 365, 1907 — part, Bahia.
Nemosia flavicollis melanoxantha Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 352, 1907 —
Bahia (char.).
Range. — Wooded coast region of eastern Brazil, in states of
Bahia and Pernambuco.
1: Brazil (Bahia, 1).
Hemithraupis flavicollis centralis (Hellmayr).2 Rio MADEIRAN
YELLOW-RUMPED TANAGER.
Nemosia flavicollis centralis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 350, 1907 — Humayta,
Rio Madeira, Brazil (descr. of male; type in Tring Collection, now in the
1 Hemithraupis flavicollis melanoxantha (Lichtenstein): Nearest to H. f. flavi-
collis, but considerably larger, with heavier longer bill; male with yellow portions
of plumage decidedly paler; the yellow dorsal area carried up to a line drawn
between the tips of the greater upper wing coverts; the sides of the chest more
strongly barred with blackish; female much brighter, nearly strontian yellow,
underneath with more greenish sides and flanks. Wing, 71-75, (female) 65-71;
tail, 56-60, (female) 53-58; bill, 12^-14.
Material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 21.
2 Hemithraupis flavicollis centralis (Hellmayr) : Similar to H. f. flavicollis, but
larger; head and back of a much deeper, nearly velvety, black than in any of the
other races; white alar speculum absent or merely suggested; chest more strongly
barred with blackish brown; female more deeply yellow below, more like H. f.
melanoxantha, but not quite so bright. Wing, 72-76, (female) 65-70; tail, 55-58,
(female) 52-57; bill, 12-13 y2.
In the males, the yellow parts of the plumage vary between the intense tone of
melanoxantha and the light hue of flavicollis. In size, this form closely approaches
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 381
American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., p. 352,
1907 — western Brazil (Humayta; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso) and
Bolivia ('Tilotilo").
Hemithraupis flavicollis centralis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 278, 1910 — •
Calama, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1082, 1912— central Brazil and Bolivia ("Tilotilo"); Chapman, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 121, 1921— Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru (crit.);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 383, 1930— Utiarity, Rio
Duvida, and Rio Roosevelt, northern Matto Grosso.
Nemosia flavicollis (not of Vieillot) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1870 —
Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, in Vienna Museum examined);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 602 — Simacu, Bolivia
(spec, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 225, 1886 — part,
spec, j, Simacu, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889 —
Yungas, Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 365, 1907 — part, Bolivia
and Matto Grosso.
Range. — Central Brazil, from the Rio Madeira (Humayta and
Calama) south to northern and western Matto Grosso (Rio Guapore";
Rio Roosevelt; Utiarity); northern Bolivia (Simacu, Yungas of La
Paz); and extreme southeastern Peru (Rio Cosireni, Urubamba).
Hemithraupis flavicollis flavicollis (Vieillot). YELLOW-THROATED
TANAGER.
Nemosia flavicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d.t 22, p. 491,
1818 — "1'Amerique me>idionale" = Cayenne (type1 in Paris Museum
examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 225, 1886 — subsp. typica,
part, spec, c-f, Cayenne and Oyapock, French Guiana; Berlepsch, Nov.
Zool., 15, p. 117, 1908 — Cayenne and Oyapock; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2,
p. 457, 1910— Dutch Guiana.
Tanagra speculifera Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 6, pi. 36, figs. 1, 2,
Jan., 1821 — "a la Guyane et au Bresil" (location of type not stated).*
certain individuals of the Bahian race, but differs by the deeper black pileum
and upper back.
Material examined. — Brazil: Humayta, 1; Calama, 1; Engenho do Gama, Rio
Guapore, 3; Rio Roosevelt, 1. — Bolivia: Simacu, 1.
- ' The Paris Museum has a mounted specimen (adult male) labeled: "No.
9251. Remis sur pied en juillet 1859. L'ancien plateau portait pour renseigne-
ment par ^change de la Lionne, Cayenne," to which in another handwriting is
added, "pourrait §tre un des types de N. flavicollis Vieillot." This, the only exam-
ple which, according to the Museum registers, entered the collection prior to 1818,
is obviously the individual described by Vieillot. It corresponds in every detail
to his original diagnosis, being, furthermore, identical in dimensions and coloration
with two others sent by Fabre from French Guiana.
In comparison to the east Brazilian races (melanoxantha and insignis), adult
males from French Guiana have the yellow of the back less extended towards the
nape as well as of a deeper tone; the throat likewise darker yellow; the dusky
barring on the sides of the chest more restricted; wings and tail shorter; the bill,
much smaller. The type of N. auricollis, a trade-skin from Cayenne, is similar.
Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 8.
2 The figures seem to have been taken from Cayenne specimens.
382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Nemosia auricollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. Ill, 1856 — part,
Cayenne (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined) ;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 87, 1862— Cayenne.
Nemosia flavicollis flavicollis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 351, 1907 — part,
Nos. 1-3, French Guiana (Cayenne, Oyapock); Menegaux, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 9, 1908— French Guiana.
Hemithraupis flavicollis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1082, 1912— part, Cayenne and Oyapock, French Guiana.
Range. — French and Dutch Guiana.
*Hemithraupis flavicollis hellmayri Berlepsch.1 HELLMAYR'S
YELLOW-THROATED TANAGER.
Hemithraupis flavicollis hellmayri Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1082, 1141, 1912— Merume Mountains, British Guiana (type
in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum).
Hemithraupis hellmayri Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 542, 1921 — Merume
Mountains.
Range. — Western British Guiana (Merum4 Mountains, Caramang
River).
2: British Guiana (Caramang River, 2).
Hemithraupis flavicollis aurigularis Cherrie.2 GOLDEN-THROATED
TANAGER.
Hemithraupis flavicollis aurigularis Cherrie, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35,
p. 389, June, 1916 — Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela (type in the Ameri-
1 Hemithraupis flavicollis hellmayri Berlepsch: Similar to H. f. flavicollis, but
markedly larger. Wing (of males), 74-79 (against 70-72); tail, 55-60 (against
52-54); bill, 13-13 H (against 11-12).
Material examined. — British Guiana: Merum6 Mountains, 4.
2 Hemithraupis flavicollis aurigularis Cherrie: Nearest to H. f. flavicollis, but
somewhat smaller, and the breast, in adult males, marked with numerous blackish
transverse bands. Wing, 63-68, (female) 58-63; tail, 48-52, (female) 46-50;
bill, 11-12.
The small size serves to separate this race from typical flavicollis, of French
Guiana. Besides, there is, as a rule, a greater amount of blackish barring on the
breast in the males, though variation in this respect is unusually large. In certain
individuals, both from the Caura and from Marabitanas, the whole breast is closely
barred with blackish, the dusky markings being considerably wider than the white
interspaces, while others, from the same localities, have these dusky bands much
less numerous and chiefly confined to the sides of the chest, though still more
prominent than in the nominate race. The tone of the yellow on throat and lower
back does not differ from Cayenne examples, but the under tail coverts appear to
be of a deeper lemon-chrome. One specimen from Suapure, Caura, and several
from Marabitanas show suggestions of a yellow supraloral streak, and one of the
latter exhibits an even closer approach to H. f. albigularis by having the middle
of the lower throat conspicuously white. Two males from Chamicuros, Peru,
agree with the Venezuelan average. Both have the whole throat yellow and no
trace of yellow above the lores. Females of aurigularis differ from flavicollis only
by their smaller size.
Material examined. — Venezuela, Caura Valley: Suapure, 6; Nicare, 3. —
Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 7. — Peru: Chamicuros, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 383
can Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Sci. Bull., Mus.
Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 182, 1916— SuapurS, Caura River.
Nemosia auricollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. Ill, 1856 — part,
Ucayali River, eastern Peru (spec, in British Museum examined); Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 750 — Xeberos and Chyavetas,
Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1870 — Marabitanas, Rio Negro,
Brazil (spec, examined).
Nemosia flavicollis (not of Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 264,
1857— Rio Javarri; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 263— Xeberos, Chya-
vetas, Chamicuros, and Rio Javarri, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 2,
p. 511, 1884 — Peru (Xeberos, Chyavetas, Moyobamba); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 225, 1886 — subsp. typica, part, spec, i, Ucayali,
Peru; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 22, 1902— SuapurS and
Nicare, Caura, Venezuela.
Nemosia flavicollis (subsp.?) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 297, 1889 —
Yurimaguas, Peru (crit.).
Nemosia flavicollis flavicollis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 351, 1907 — part,
spec. No. 4-21, Venezuela (Caura Valley), northwestern Brazil (Mara-
bitanas, Rio Negro), and eastern Peru (Chamicuros).
Hemithraupis flavicollis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1082, 1912 — part, Venezuela (Caura), Brazil (Marabitanas, Rio Javarri),
and eastern Peru.
Range. — Southern Venezuela (Caura Valley; Rio Cunucunuma,
upper Orinoco), northwestern Brazil (Marabitanas, Rio Negro),
and eastern Peru south of the Maranon (Rio Javarri, Yurimaguas,
Chamicuros, Chyavetas, Xeberos, Moyobamba).
*Hemithraupis flavicollis peruana Bonaparte.1 YELLOW-SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Hemithraupis peruana Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 173, 1851— Peru
(location of type unknown; not in Paris Museum [fide J. Berlioz, in litt.];
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1082, 1912— Colombia
("Bogota" and Rio Putumayo), eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu), and north-
eastern Peru (Pebas); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 617,
1917 — Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia.
1 Hemithraupis flavicollis peruana Bonaparte: Similar to H. f. aurigularis
in small size, but adult male immediately distinguished by having a large bright
yellow patch on the wings formed by the apical portion of the median upper
wing coverts. Wing, 64-68, once 72, (female) 62-65; tail, 48-52, once 55, (female)
48-53; bill, 11-12.
Adult males of this form have the breast heavily banded with blackish,
as is frequently the case in H. f. aurigularis, and the yellow supraloral streak
is generally well-marked, though we have seen a few specimens without any
trace of it. The whole throat is bright yellow like the rump. The female closely
resembles that of aurigularis. Specimens from Colombia and eastern Ecuador
agree with Peruvian skins.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 15; Cuembf, Rio Putumayo, 1. —
Eastern Ecuador: Sarayacu, 2; Chiquinda, 3. — Peru: Pebas, 1; Iquitos, 3.
384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Nemosia peruana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. Ill, 1856 — eastern
Peru (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 87, 1862 — "Upper
Amazon"; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 512, 1884 — Peru (descr.); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 227, 1886— Colombia, eastern Ecuador
(Sarayacu), and Peru (Pebas).
Hemithraupis flavicollis peruana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55,
p. 682, 1926 — Rio Napo, below San Jos6, and Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (Florencia, Rio
Caqueta; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo), eastern Ecuador, and north-
eastern Peru (Pebas and Iquitos, north bank of the Maranon).
3: Colombia ("Bogota," 3).
Hemithraupis flavicollis albigularis (Sclater).1 WHITE-THROATED
TANAGER.
Nemosia albigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 109, pi. 99, pub.
Aug. 13, 1855 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now
in British Museum); idem, I.e., p. 155, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24,
p. Ill, 1856— "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 87,
1862— "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 503
— Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 292,
1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia (descr. of female); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 227, pi. 12, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota," Remedies).
Hemithraupis albigularis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1083, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota," Bucaramanga, Remedios).
Range. — Tropical zone of the Magdalena River and its tribu-
taries (Remedios, Rio Ite"), Colombia.
Hemithraupis flavicollis ornata Nelson.2 ORANGE-THROATED
TANAGER.
Hemithraupis ornatus Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p. 19, Sept.,
1912 — Rio Truando, northwestern Colombia (type in U. S. National
Museum examined).
Nemosia auricollis (not of Sclater) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,
p. 143 — Rio Truando, Colombia.
1 Hemithraupis flavicollis albigularis (Sclater): Similar in size to H. f. peruana,
but adult male without yellow on the wing and with the throat white; female
with edges to upper wing coverts much duller, and posterior under parts much
more whitish and contrasting with yellow of throat and foreneck. Wing, 64-65,
(female) 59-61; tail, 49-53, (female) 46-48; bill, 11-12.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 14; Bucaramanga, 2.
2 Hemithraupis flavicollis ornata Nelson: Male similar to H. f. flavicollis in
having the whole throat yellow, no yellow above the lores, and but a limited
number of dusky bars on the upper chest, but yellow portions of the plumage
much darker, rich cadmium yellow instead of light cadmium. Size smaller,
about that of H. f. aurigularis. Female unknown. Wing (adult male), 66; tail, 48.
The reversion of this form to the characters of the eastern races is a note-
worthy fact, and supports the conception that all the yellow-throated Hemi-
thraupis are members of a single taxonomic unit.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 385
Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Colombia (Rio Truando)
and extreme eastern Panama (Cana, Darien).
Genus CHRYSOTHLYPIS Berlepsch1
Chrysothlypis Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1080,
Feb., 1912— type, by orig. desig., Tachyphonus chrysomelas Sclater and
Salvin.
Chrysothlypis chrysomelas chrysomelas (Sclater and Salvin).
BLACK AND YELLOW TANAGER.
Tachyphonus chrysomelas Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869,
p. 440, pi. 32 (male and female) — Cordillera del Chucu, Veraguas (types
in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Salvin, I.e., 1870,
p. 188 — Cordillera del Chucu; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 311, pi. 21, fig. 1 (male), 1883— Cordillera del Chucu; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 210, 1886— Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu);
Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— Costa Rica.
Hemithraupis chrysomelas Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 106,
1902 — Costa Rica (Talamanca) and Veragua (monog.); Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 852, 1910— Caribbean Costa Rica (Bonilla, Carrillo,
Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, and Volcan de Turrialba).
Chrysothlypis chrysomelas Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1081, 1912— Costa Rica (Talamanca, Carrillo) and Veragua (Cordillera
del Chucu).
Chrysothlypis chrysomelas chrysomelas Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., 38, p. 463, 1928 — Boquete Trail, Almirante Bay, Panama;
Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 342, 1931— Boquete Trail.
Range. — Tropical zone of eastern (Caribbean) Costa Rica and
western Panama, east to Veraguas.2
Chrysothlypis chrysomelas ocularis Nelson.3 CANA BLACK AND
YELLOW TANAGER.
Chrysothlypis chrysomelas ocularis Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3,
p. 19, Sept., 1912 — Cana, eastern Panama (type in U. S. National
Museum).
1 Chrysothlypis Berlepsch is nearly related to Hemithraupis, but differs by
slenderer, more elongated bill and proportionately much shorter tail.
2 Birds from Chiriqui (Boquete) agree with others from eastern Costa Rica.
Although no topotypical material is available, the males resemble the published
figures of the type in having but a narrow rim of black around the eye. Some
females are decidedly yellowish on the belly, a character supposed to be diag-
nostic of the Darien race. Twelve specimens examined.
3 Chrysothlypis chrysomelas ocularis Nelson is described as similar to the
nominate race, but differing in the males having a broader black rim around
the eyes, which extends forward so as to form a well-marked loral spot, while
the females are said to be brighter as well as more uniform greenish yellow under-
neath. This form we know only from Nelson's description.
386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Tropical zone of extreme eastern Panama (Cana,
Darien).
Genus ERYTHROTHLYPIS Berlepsch1
Erythrothlypis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1081,
Feb., 1912 — type, by orig. desig., Nemosia rosenbergi Rothschild =Dacnis
salmoni Sclater.
Erythrothlypis salmoni (Sclater).2 SALMON'S TANAGER.
Dacnis salmoni Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1886—
Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in
British Museum, examined ;= female); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 317,
1906 (crit.).
Nemosia rosenbergi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. vi, Oct., 1897—
Cachabf, Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined ;= adult
male) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, pi. 2, fig. 1 (=male), 1898— Cachabi.
Hemithraupis salmoni Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1116 —
Novita and near Sipi, Choco, Colombia (crit., descr. of female and young
male).
Erythrothlypis salmoni Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1081, 1912— western Colombia (Remedios, Antioquia, and Novita, Choco)
and northwestern Ecuador (Cachabi); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
36, p. 617, 1917 — San Jose (Choco) and Buenavista (Narino), Colombia;
idem, I.e., 55, p. 682, 1926— Cachabi, Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Ecuador (Cachabi,
Province of Esmeraldas) and western Colombia, east into Antioquia
(Remedios, Rio Ite").
1 Genus Erythrothlypis Berlepsch: Exceedingly close to Chrysothlypis, but
bill much more slender, and feathers of sides and flanks of a fluffy, silky texture,
particularly in the male sex.
2 Erythrothlypis salmoni (Sclater). — Adult male: Whole head, including the
chest, and back bright scarlet, lower back and rump slightly paler; a broad band
along the middle of the breast and abdomen as well as the under tail coverts
somewhat lighter, flame-scarlet; sides and flanks silky white; upper wing coverts
Brazil red, dusky basally; primary coverts and alula dusky, exteriorly edged
with dull reddish; remiges clove brown, exteriorly margined with deep bitter-
sweet orange, more rufous on the inner secondaries; upper tail coverts dull Brazil
red; tail-feathers dusky with a reddish tinge and margined with rufous along
the outer web; axillaries and under wing coverts pure white like the flanks; inner
web of remiges conspicuously edged with bitter-sweet pink. Maxilla dark brown,
mandible pale brownish. Female: Upper parts dull orange-citrine, hind crown
sometimes shaded with grayish; remiges dusky, exteriorly edged with brighter
olive-citrine; tail dull medal bronze; lores and auriculars slightly duller than
the crown; throat, foreneck, and under tail coverts pale buffy, remainder of
under parts buffy white; axillaries and under wing coverts very nearly as white
as in the male; inner margin to remiges baryta yellow. Wing, 68-72, (female)
57-58; tail, 50-53, (female) 41-43; bill, 12-13, (female) 11-12.
Material examined. — Ecuador: Cachabi, 1. — Colombia: Remedios, 1 (type
of D. salmoni) ; Novita, Rio Tamana, 10.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 387
Genus THLYPOPSIS Cabanis
Thlypopsis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, Oct., 1851 — type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855), Nemosia fulvescens Strickland
= Nemosia sordida Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.
*Thlypopsis sordida sordida (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER.
Nemosia sordida Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl.
2, p. 28, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (descr. of young; type in Paris Museum
examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Meiid., Ois., p. 261, pi. 18, fig. 2
(-young), 1839— Yuracares; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 112,
1856— Bolivia (descr.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 88, 1862— Pernam-
buco, Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 216, 1870— Cuyaba, Matto Grosso
(spec, examined ;= young); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren.,
1870, p. 423 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (=young); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 602 — Yuracares, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny).
Nemosia fulvescens Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 420, 1844 —
"Brazil?" (descr. of adult; type in coll. of H. E. Strickland, now in Uni-
versity Museum, Cambridge, England; cf. Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 196,
1882); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1870— part, Cidade de Goyaz (Rio
Bacaljau) and Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd.
Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 423 — Lag6a Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas
Geraes; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 334— Quipapa and Garanhuns, Pernambuco.
Thlypopsis fulvescens Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, 1851 — Brazil; idem,
Journ. Orn., 14, p. 232, 1866 — southeastern Brazil and Venezuela (crit.;
= adult); idem, I.e., 22, p. 84, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio.
Nemosia fulviceps (not Emberiza fulviceps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Burmeis-
ter, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 159, 1856 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes.
Thlypopsis sordida Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 232, 1866 — Bolivia (crit.;=
young); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 228, 1886— Bolivia and Brazil
(Pernambuco, Bahia); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 361, 1891—
Chapada, Matto Grosso (plumages); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 153,
1900 — Cantagallo, Rio (ex Cabanis); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
9, p. 23, 1902— Capuchin, El Fraile, and Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Vene-
zuela; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902— Tan Viejo,
Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905— Tafi Viejo;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 366, 1907— Bahia and Minas Geraes
(Marianna); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 171, 1909— San
Vicente, Chaco, and Tafi Viejo, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 436, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Reiser, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 84, 1910— Piauhy (Nova
York, Caietu and Sao Gongalinho, Rio Parnahyba); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1085, 1912 — part, Venezuela (Capuchin),
Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Goyaz, Minas Geraes, Cuyaba), and Bolivia
(Yuracares, San Mateo); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 364, 1914 (range
in Argentina) ; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — "Paraguay" (ex Azara) ;
Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5, p. 87, 1917— Pocon6, Matto Grosso;
(?)Luderwaldt and Pinto da Fonseca, Rev. Mus. Paul., 13, p. 493,
388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1923 — Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 41, 60, 1926— Ceara and Maranhao (Sao Bento).
Thlypopsis sordida sordida Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 311, 1906 — part,
Bolivia (Yuracares, San Mateo), Brazil (excl. Rio Madeira), and Vene-
zuela; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 377, 1910 —
Tucuman and Chaco (San Vicente, Ocampo); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus.
Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 183, 1916— middle Orinoco, Venezuela; Dinelli, El
Hornero, 1, p. 62, 1918 — Tan Viejo, Tucuman (habits, nest and eggs);
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 226, 1923— Yuracares, Bolivia (note on type,
range); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 287, 1929— Jua,
near Iguatu, Ceara; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 386,
1930 — Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb.
Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 276, 1930— Buena Vista, Santa Cruz,
Bolivia.
Thlypopsis amazonum Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 229, 1886 — part,
spec, e, Cuyaba, Matto Grosso.
Range. — Brazil, from Maranhao (Sao Bento), Piauhy (Rio Parna-
hyba), and Ceara south to Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes, Goyaz,
and Matto Grosso; eastern Bolivia and northern parts of Argentina
(from Tucuman to the Chaco; Misiones); southern Venezuela
(middle Orinoco from Ciudad Bolivar to the falls of Atures).1
4: Brazil (Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso,
1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2).
Thlypopsis sordida chrysopis (Sclater and Salvin).2 AMAZONIAN
ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER.
1 Birds from various parts of Brazil appear to be inseparable from a typical
Bolivian series. I am, however, not quite so certain that those from the Orinoco
basin are exactly the same. The few specimens, mostly in rather worn plumage,
that we have been able to examine are on average smaller and less whitish in
the middle of the abdomen, but their unsatisfactory condition makes them unfit
for definite decision. At all events, Venezuelan birds are, however, not referable
to T. s. amazonum.
1 cannot help questioning Luderwaldt and Fonseca's record from the Ilha
dos Alcatrazes, off the coast of Sao Paulo — rather a remarkable occurrence for
this species, otherwise only known from the interior districts as far as southern
Brazil is concerned.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: San Mateo, north foot of Sierra de
Cpchabamba, 10; Yuracares, 2; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3.— Argentina: Tafi
Viejo, Tucuman, 2; San Vicente, Chaco, 1. — Brazil, Piauhy: Bomfim, above
Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, 1; Caietu, Rio Parnahyba, 1; Sao Gonc.alinho,
Rio Parnahyba, 2; Bahia, 9; Rio Tocantins, 1; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas
Geraes, 5; Matto Grosso, Cuyaba, 5; Chapada, 1. — Venezuela, Orinoco River:
Ciudad Bolivar, 1; Altagracia, 1; Capuchin, 1.
2 Thlypopsis sordida chrysopis (Sclater and Salvin) : Similar to T. s. sordida,
but upper parts purer gray, less shaded with olivaceous, and under surface much
less buffy, the chest and sides being pale grayish brown with a faint, if any, creamy
tinge on the foreneck. Wing, 64-68; tail, 51-58; bill, 11-12.
Birds from Ecuador and Peru agree well together, while two from the Rio
Madeira, Brazil, are slightly more buffy on foreneck, flanks and crissum, thus
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 389
Nemosia chrysopis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 155 —
Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in
British Museum, examined ;= young); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 310,
1906 (crit.).
Thlypopsis amazonum Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 229, 1886 — part,
lower Ucayali, Pebas, and Nauta, Peru (type, from lower Ucayali, in Brit-
ish Museum examined); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 345 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (spec, examined).
Nemosia sordida (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 — lower Ucayali, Peru (crit.); Taczanowski,
Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 508, 1884— Peru (lower Ucayali and Tambillo).
Nemosia fulvescens (not of Strickland) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1870 —
part, Rio Madeira=Sao Joao do Crato, below the junction of the Rio
Mahissy (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 263 — Nauta and lower Ucayali, Peru (spec,
examined).
Thlypopsis chrysopis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 229, 1886 — Ecuador
(Sarayacu) and Peru (Santa Cruz).
Thlypopsis sordida sordida (not Nemosia sordida Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 310, 311, 1906— part, Rio Madeira, Brazil,
and Sarayacu, Ecuador.
Thlypopsis sordida Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1085,
1912 — Rio Madeira, Brazil, Sarayacu, "northeastern Peru" [ = Ecuador).
Thlypopsis sordida amazonum Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 311, 1906 — Peru
(Pebas, Nauta, Santa Cruz, lower Ucayali, La Merced); idem, I.e., 17,
p. 278, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Rio Madeira, Brazil (crit.); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1085, 1912 — Peru (range);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, pp. 683, 736, 1926— junction of
Curaray and Napo rivers, eastern Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 387,
1930— Calama, Rio Madeira.
Range. — Upper Amazonia, from eastern Ecuador south to eastern
Peru (Nauta and Pebas, Rio Maranon; Santa Cruz, lower Huallaga;
lower Ucayali ; Rio Perene", La Merced, Chanchamayo, Department
of Junin), east to the Rio Madeira and its tributary, the Rio
Machados, in western Brazil.
pointing to T. s. sordida. Recent comparison of the type with more adequate
material shows Nemosia chrysopis to have been based on the juvenile plumage
of amazonum (and not of sordida, as I formerly believed), the newly growing
feathers on the chest having exactly the same tone as the corresponding parts
of adults of that form. Furthermore, specimens lately received (from the junction
of the Curaray and Napo) by the American Museum of Natural History are
unquestionably the upper Amazonian form.
Material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: Sarayacu, 1; mouth of the Curaray,
2. — Peru: Pebas, 1; Nauta, 1; Santa Cruz, 1; lower Ucayali, 2; Rio Peren6, De-
partment of Junin, 1; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 4. — Brazil: Sao Joao do Crato,
Rio Madeira, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 1; Maroins, Rio Machados, 1.
390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Thlypopsis fulviceps fulviceps Cabanis.1 FULVOUS-HEADED
TANAGER.
Thlypopsis fulviceps Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, Oct., 1851 — Caracas,
Venezuela (types in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Hal-
berstadt); idem, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 233, 1866 — Caracas (crit.); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 229, 1886— Caracas; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1085, 1912— Caracas.
Tachyphonus ruficeps (not of Strickland, 1844) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, p.
173, 1848 — Caracas, Venezuela (types in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 411, 1930).
Nemosia ruficeps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 112, 1856— Caracas
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 88, 1862 — Caracas; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Caracas; idem, I.e., 1870,
p. 780 — south of Merida, Venezuela.
Thlypopsis fulviceps fulviceps Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 192,
1924 — Loma Redonda and Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Caracas, and Los
Palmales, Monagas, Venezuela (crit.); Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov.,
191, p. 13, 1926 — Neveri and Carapas, northeastern Venezuela.
Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of northern Venezuela,
from the mountains inland of Cumana west to the Caracas region
and south to Me>ida.
Thlypopsis fulviceps intensa Todd.2 COLOMBIAN FULVOUS-
HEADED TANAGER.
Thlypopsis fulviceps intensa Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 128, July,
1917 — La Palmita, Santander, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the western slope of the eastern
Andes of Colombia (La Palmita, Santander).
1 Thlypopsis fulviceps fulviceps Cabanis, though allied to T. sordida, differs
nevertheless very markedly by lesser dimensions, smaller bill, and much darker
coloration. Top and sides of the head are deep orange-rufous, the throat some-
what paler rufous (in sordida only the pileum and hindneck are ochraceous-
orange, the other parts empire yellow); the dorsal surface is much darker and
grayer, deep grayish olive rather than grayish olive; the chest and sides pale
neutral gray instead of buffy with the middle of the abdomen pure white, etc.
There is apparently no local variation in this bird, a single specimen from
the Me>ida region being inseparable from others of northeastern Venezuela.
Material examined. — Venezuela: Los Palmales, Monagas, 8; Loma Redonda,
near Caracas, 12; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 3; Antimano, near Caracas, 2; Rio
Mam^ra, near Caracas, 1; Alto de Estanques (alt. 3,000 ft.), Me>ida, 1.
2 Thlypopsis fulviceps intensa Todd: Similar to T. f. fulviceps, but much more
deeply colored; head and neck all around chestnut rufous rather than deep orange
rufous; dorsal surface more blackish, near deep neutral gray; under tail coverts
more shaded with buffy. Size the same.
A well-marked race examined, some years ago, in the Carnegie Museum.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 391
"Thlypopsis inornata (Taczanowski).1 FULVOUS-BELLIED
TANAGER.
Nemosia inornata Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 228 — northern
Peru, no locality specified (type, from Tambillo, Department of Caja-
marca, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 186, 1927); idem, I.e., 1880, p. 195— Callacate;
idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 509, 1884— Tambillo and Callacate.
Thlypopsis inornata Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 230, pi. 13, fig. 2,
1886— Tambillo and Callacate; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1085, 1912— same localities; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 461,
1918 — Perico, Tabaconas, and Bellavista, Maran6n, Peru; (?)Chapman,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 121, 1921— San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba,
Peru.
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Peru in the drainage of
the upper Maranon, from the Rio Huancabamba (Tabaconas)
south to the vicinity of Balsas; (?)also in southeastern Peru (San
Miguel Bridge, Urubamba Valley).
6: Peru (Hacienda Limon, ten miles west of Balsas, 5; Rio
Utcubamba, 1).
Thlypopsis ornata2 ornata (Sclater). RUFOUS-CHESTED TANAGER.
Nemosia ornata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 138, 1859 — Pallatanga,
western Ecuador (types in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 88, 1862— Pallatanga; Berlepsch and
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 290 — Cayandeled, Pedregal,
and Bugnac, Ecuador.
Thlypopsis ornata Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 233, 1866 — Ecuador (crit.);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 230, pi. 13, fig. 1, 1886— Ecuador
(Pallatanga, Monji); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898— Ibarra; Sal-
vadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 18, 1899— Niebli
1 Thlypopsis inornata (Taczanowski), a very peculiar species, is obviously
quite distinct from T. ornata, a representative of which occurs in the same parts
of Peru. The general coloration of the upper parts recalls T. f. fulviceps, but
the rufous of the pileum passes into warm buff on the frontal edge, lores, and
subocular region, while the entire under surface (from chin to crissum) is nearly
uniform ochraceous buff or warm buff, slightly paler on upper throat and ab-
dominal line. The larger upper wing coverts are externally edged with pale
brownish, which is not the case in T. fulviceps, and the bird is altogether larger,
with a longer, slenderer bill. The juvenile plumage lacks the rufous on the head,
the pileum being buffy olive tinged with yellow on the forehead, and has the
back much more strongly washed with olivaceous. Wing, 70-72, (female) 68;
tail, 61-64; bill, 11-12.
Our specimens agree with an adult male from Callacate, thus nearly topo-
typical. It remains to be determined by an adequate series whether birds from
the Urubamba region, whence a single example was recorded by Chapman, are
really the same as the Maraflon form.
2 Thlypopsis ornata is possibly conspecific with T. sordida. Determination
of their relationship depends on the status of the supposed east Ecuadorian
race of the former.
392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
and (?)Pun, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 469— Mindo (alt. 7,000
ft.), Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1085,
1912 — western Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 683,
1926 — part, Huigra and Pagma Forest, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical and humid Temperate zone of western
Ecuador (excepting the extreme south) and (?)northeastern Ecuador
(Pun).1
*Thlypopsis ornata media Zimmer.2 INTERMEDIATE RUFOUS-
CHESTED TANAGER.
Thlypopsis ornata media Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p.
452, Dec., 1930 — Cullcui, Maranon River, Peru (type in Field Museum).
Nemosia ornata (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 227— Tambillo; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 195— Cutervo; idem, Orn. Per., 2,
p. 507, 1884 — part, Tambillo, Cutervo, and Paucal.
Thlypopsis ornata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 683, 1926 — part,
Taraguacocha and Loja, Ecuador.
Thlypopsis ornata macropteryx (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1085, 1142, 1912 — part, northern
Peru (Tambillo, Cutervo, Paucal, Leimabamba, San Pedro).
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of northern Peru, south to the
sources of the Rio Maranon, and extreme southern Ecuador (Prov-
ince of Loja).
1: Peru (Cullcui, Rio Maranon, Dept. Huanuco, 1).
Thlypopsis ornata macropteryx Berlepsch and Stolzmann.3
LONG-WINGED RUFOUS-CHESTED TANAGER.
Thlypopsis ornata macropteryx Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 345 — Maraynioc, Department of Junm, Peru (type in
1 All the specimens we have seen are from western Ecuador. They are charac-
terized by small size and rather dull rufous of the head. Their measurements
are: wing, 55 (female) to 61 (male); tail, 50-58.
Salvador! and Festa recorded a single specimen in juvenile plumage from
Pun, eastern Ecuador. Berlepsch (in MS.), who has examined it, noticed certain
peculiarities. Its exact identification should be confirmed by adult birds.
Material examined. — Western Ecuador: Bugnac, 1; Cayandeled, 3; Huigra,
3; Chunchi, 2.
2 Thlypopsis ornata media Zimmer: Similar in coloration to T. c. ornata, but
larger. Wing, 63 (female) to 70 (male); tail, 53-58.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Leimabamba (alt. 9,000 ft.), 2; San
Pedro, 9. — Southern Ecuador: Taraguacocha, 1; Loja, 1.
3 Thlypopsis ornata macropteryx Berlepsch and Stolzmann : Agreeing in size
with T. o. media, but top of the head darker (Sanford's brown) ; throat and breast
deeper in tone (between ochraceous-orange and ochraceous-tawny) ; the middle
of the belly more extensively white; bill larger. Wing, 68-72, (female) 65-67;
tail, 55-60; bill, 12-13.
Material examined. — Peru, Department of Junin: Maraynioc, 5; Chipa, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 393
Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol.
Hist. Nat., 6, p. 187, 1927); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1085, 1142, 1912— part, central Peru (Maraynioc, Pariayacu,
Auquimarca).
Nemosia ornata (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 515 — part, Auquimarca; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 507, 1884— part, Maray-
nioc and Auquimarca.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of central Peru, in Department
of Junin (Auquimarca, Maraynioc, Pariayacu, Chipa, Rumicruz).
*Thlypopsis pectoralis (Taczanowski).1 BROWN-FLANKED
TANAGER.
Nemosia pectoralis Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 508, 1884— Acancocha [above
Pumamarca, Province of Tarma, Department of Junfnj, Peru (type in
Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol.
Hist. Nat., 6, p. 187, 1927).
Thlypopsis pectoralis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 230, 1886— Peru
(descr. of type); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1086, 1142, 1912— Acancocha; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 17, p. 454, 1930 — mountains near Huanuco and Panao, Huanuco,
Peru (descr. of young).
Nemosia ornata (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 515 — part, "Arancocha"= Acancocha, Peru.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of central Peru, in departments
of Huanuco (Huanuco Mountains; Panao) and Junin (Acancocha).
8: Peru (Huanuco Mountains, 7; Panao, 1).
Thlypopsis ruficeps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). RUFOUS-
CAPPED TANAGER.
Sylvia ruficeps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2,
p. 20, 1837 — Ayupaya, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined; descr.
of male).
Hylophilus ruficeps d'Orbigny, Voy. Amei. Merid., Ois., p. 219, pi. 13, fig. 1,
1838 — near Palca, Prov. Ayupaya, Bolivia.
Nemosia ruficeps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 602—
Bolivia (Palca, Province of Ayupaya; Sorata and Tilotilo, Yungas; San
Baldomero).
1 Thlypopsis pectoralis (Taczanowski) closely resembles T. ornata and differs
principally by having the lighter rufous (ochraceous-orange) color below re-
stricted to throat and foreneck, while the sides and flanks are by no means rufes-
cent, but Isabella color, often with a touch of buffy olive. Besides, the head
is darker (somewhat darker than xanthine orange on the crown, mars yellow
on the sides), and the back much more olivaceous, between grayish olive and
citrine-drab instead of deep olive-gray to dark olive-gray. Wing, 67, (female)
64; tail, 56-58; bill, 11-12.
One would be tempted to associate this bird specifically with T. ornata,
were it not for the fact that T. pectoralis and T. o. macropleryx are both found
in the humid Temperate zone of the Junfn region.
394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Thlypopsis ruficeps Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 231, 1886 — Bolivia
(Tilotilo, Sorata) and Tucuman; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 40,
1888— Tucuman; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902—
Cumbre del Cerro de la Hoyada, Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. y Cienc.
Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 — Cerro de la Hoyada; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Ornis, 13, pp. 82, 111, 1906— Idma (Santa Ana Valley) and Huaynapata
(Marcapata), Peru; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 172, 1909—
Cumbre de la Hoyada, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 378, 1910 — Sierra de Tucuman and La Hoyada; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1086, 1912— southern Peru (Santa
Ana, Huaynapata, Marcapata), Bolivia (Tilotilo, Sorata, Chaco, San
Cristobal, Cocapata, Chicani, Ayupaya), and Tucuman; Hellmayr, Arch.
Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 29, 1920— Chuhuasi, Limbani, and Marcapata,
Carabaya; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 122, 1921— Urubamba
Valley, Peru (Idma, San Miguel Bridge, Torontoy, Calca); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 28, p. 245, 1921 — Ayupaya (note on type).
Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru (Urubamba
Valley and Sierra of Carabaya), Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina
(Province of Tucuman).1
Genus COMPSOTHRAUPIS Richmond
Lamprotes (not of "R. L.," 1817)2 Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 283,
1837 — type, by monotypy, Tanagra rubrigularis Sp\x=Tanagra loricata
Lichtenstein.
Compsothraupis Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 180, 1915 — new
name for Lamprotes Swainson, preoccupied.
*Compsothraupis loricata (Lichtenstein). SCARLET-THROATED
TANAGER.
Tanagra loricata Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for
1816-17, p. 159, 1819 — based on "Jacapu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras.,
p. 192 (= adult male), northeastern Brazil = Ceara (auct. Hellmayr,
1929); idem, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 31, 1823— part, descr. of
male [= female] ,s Brazil.
Tanagra bonariensis (not of Gmelin, 1789) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 179,
1821— Rio Ressaque, tributary of the Rio Pardo, northeastern Minas
Geraes; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 530, 1830 — Ressaque (plum-
ages, habits).
Tanagra rubricollis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 43, 1825 — "in sylvis
campestribus Bahia inter et Rio de Janeiro" (descr. of immature male;
1 There is no local variation observable in this species.
Material examined. — Peru: Limbani, Carabaya, 1; Chuhuasi, Carabaya, 2;
Marcapata (alt. 6,000 ft.), 15.— Bolivia: Ayupaya, 1 (the type); San Cristobal,
2; Chicani, 2. — Argentina: Cumbre de la Hoyada, Tucuman, 4.
2 Lamprotes "R. L.," Allgem. Lit. Zeit., 1817, (1), p. 287 (Lepidoptera).
3 Lichtenstein's alleged female, described as "mare paulo minor, supra cin-
namomea, subtus ferruginea," does not belong here at all.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 395
type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl.
Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 677, 1906).
Tanagra rubrigularis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, pi. 56, fig. 1 ("female"
= immature male), 1825.
Tachyphonus loricatus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 167, 1856 —
northern Minas Geraes, Sertao of Bahia, and "north to the Amazon"
(errore).
Lamprotes loricatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 121, 1856 — Bahia
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 82, 1862 — Brazil; Reinhardt,
Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., p. 428, 1870 — Minas Geraes (not in
the southern parts of the state); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 211 (note 2),
1870— Bahia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 231, 1886— Bahia;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 366, 1907 — Minas Geraes, Bahia, and
Piauhy; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 30, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goyaz;
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 84, 1910—
Bahia (near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy (Parnagua, Buriti,
and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1087, 1912 — Minas Geraes to Piauhy; Reiser, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 184, 1925— Bahia and
Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926
—Ceara.
Compsothraupis loricata Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p.
288, 1929 — Maranhao (Sao Francisco), Ceara (Serra de Baturite; Jua,
near Iguatu), and Bahia (Macaco Secco and Rio do Peixe).
Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Maranhao (Sao Francisco), Piauhy,
and Ceara south to Goyaz (Rio Araguaya), Bahia, and extreme
northern Minas Geraes (Ressaque, near the Rio Pardo).1
9: Brazil (Sao Francisco, Maranhao, 2; Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara,
2; Serra de Baturite', Ceara, 1; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy,
Bahia, 3; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, 1).
Genus SERICOSSYPHA Lesson2
Sericossypha Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, lime annee, 2me sem., No. 13,
col. 302, Aug. 15, 1844— type, by orig. desig., Sericossypha somptuosa
Lesson =Tana0ra (Lamprotes) albo-cristatus Lafresnaye.
*Sericossypha albo-cristata (Lafresnaye). WHITE-CAPPED
TANAGER.
Tanagra (Lamprotes) albo-cristatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 132, 1843 —
Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com-
1 Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 2; Buriti, near Parnagua,
2; below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, 1. — Bahia: island near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Fran-
cisco, 2; "Bahia," 5. — Goyaz: Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, 1. — "Brazil," 1 (type
of T. rubricollis).
2 The late Jean Stolzmann considers this genus as being referable to the
Chatterers (Cotingidae).
396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 412, 1930).
Lamprotes albo-cristatus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 6, pi. 50, 1844 — Colombia.
Sericossypha somptuosa Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., lime annee, 2me
sem., No. 13, col. 302, Aug. 15, 1844— "le Perou, a Quito" = Ecuador
(type in Abeille Collection, Bordeaux).
Lamprotes albicristata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 156, 1855 —
"Bogota."
Lamprotes albicristatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 121, 1856 —
Colombia ("Bogota" and "Santa Marta," errore) (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 82, 1862— "New Granada."
Lamprotes albocristatus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 24 —
Tamiapampa, northern Peru.
Sericossypha albocristata Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 387, 1884 — Peru
(Tamiapampa and Gualama); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 345 — Tendalpata and Tambo de Aza, Department of
Junfn, Peru; Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 2, p. 11, 1911 — Cumpang,
near Tayabamba, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 618,
1917 — Almaguer, central Andes, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 483, 1922 ("Santa Marta" record questioned);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 684, 1926 — above Baeza and
lower Sumaco, Ecuador.
Sericossypha albicristata Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 232, 1886 —
Colombia ("Bogota") and Ecuador (Yanayaca); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 18, 1899— Pun, eastern Ecuador;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 469 — "Baeza," eastern Ecuador; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1087, 1912— Colombia ("Bo-
gota"), eastern Ecuador, and eastern Peru (Tamiapampa, Huayabamba,
Chachapoyas, Vitoc, Tendalpata); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool.,
14, No. 25, p. 86, 1922— "Baeza road to Napo, 6,000 ft.," Ecuador.
Range. — Temperate zone of eastern Colombia (central and
eastern Andes), eastern Ecuador, and eastern Peru (Tamiapampa
and Chachapoyas, Department of Amazonas; Cumpang, near
Tayabamba, Department of Libertad; Tendalpata and Tambo
de Aza, Department of Junin).1
4: Colombia (Paramo de Tama, 3); Peru (Cumpang, near Taya-
bamba, Libertad, 1).
1 Fontanier's skin in the Paris Museum is simply labeled "Colombie," and
there is no reason for Sclater's statement that it came from "Santa Marta."
Whether this bird really occurs at Baeza and on the "Baeza road to Napo" appears
somewhat doubtful, since it is an inhabitant of the Temperate zone.
Peruvian specimens agree well with others from Colombia and Ecuador.
Additional specimens examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 5; unspecified, 1. —
Ecuador: "Baeza, 5,500 ft.," 3; "Quito," 2.— Peru: Chachapoyas (alt. 7,300-
9,000 ft.), 2; Cumpang, 2; Tendalpata, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 397
Genus NESOSPINGUS Sclater
Nesospingus Sclater, Ibis, (5), 3, p. 273, July, 1885 — type, by monotypy,
Chlorospingus speculiferus Lawrence.
Nesospingus speculiferus (Lawrence). PORTO RICAN TANAGER.
Chlorospingus(1) speculiferus Lawrence, Ibis, (3), 5, p. 383, pi. 9, fig. 1, 1875
— Porto Rico (type in U. S. National Museum); Gundlach, Anal. Soc.
Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 190, 1878— Porto Rico (ex Lawrence).
Chlorospingus speculiferus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, pp. 159, 168, 1878 —
Porto Rico (descr.); idem, I.e., 30, p. 161, 1882— Porto Rico (nest and
eggs descr.) ; Stahl, Fauna Puerto Rico, pp. 60, 140, 1883 — Porto Rico.
Nesospingus speculiferus Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 273 — Porto Rico (crit.); idem,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 272, 1886— Porto Rico; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 199,
1886 (ex Lawrence); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 86, 1889— Porto Rico (descr.);
idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 114, 1892— Porto Rico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 156, 1902— Porto Rico (monog.); Bowdish, Auk,
20, p. 14, 1903 (ex Lawrence); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1088, 1142, 1912— Porto Rico; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric., 326, p. 120, pi. 10, 1916 — El Yunque, Cayey, and Maricao, Porto
Rico; Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 477, 1923 — Maricao, Porto Rico; Wetmore,
N. Y. Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 544, pi. 65, 1927
— Porto Rico (habits, food, song).
Range. — Island of Porto Rico (middle slopes of El Yunque and
near Maricao), Greater Antilles.
Genus CHLOROSPINGUS Cabanis
Chlorospingus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 139, Oct., 1851 — type, by virtual
monotypy, Chlorospingus leucophrys Cabanis=Arrew(m ophthalmicus
Du Bus.
Hylospingus Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p. 18, 1912 — type, by
orig. desig., Hylospingus inornatus Nelson.
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus ophthalmicus (Du Bus).
BROWN-HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts
Belg., 14, (2), p. 106, 1847 — Mexico (type in Brussels Museum); Lafres-
naye, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 247, 1848 (reprint of original description).
Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 12, 1848 — "in Colom-
bia," errore= Mexico (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 412, 1930).
Poospiza olivacea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 473, end of 1850 —
"Brazil?" (descr. of young; type in Paris Museum examined).1
1 The type is a young bird in fluffy plumage with pale brown, underneath
almost whitish bill. The olive yellow chest band and the more greenish lateral
area are not yet developed and merely suggested by a faint buffy tinge, only the
398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus leucophrys Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 139, Oct., 1851 — Jalapa,
Vera Cruz, Mexico (types in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum,
Halberstadt).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 89, 1856 —
Jalapa and Cordoba, Mexico (monog.); idem, I.e., p. 302, 1856 — Cordoba;
idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859— vicinity of Jalapa (Vera Cruz) and
Totontepec (Oaxaca), Mexico; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 88, 1862
— part, spec, c, d, Jalapa and Orizaba; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 162,
1866— Mexico (crit.); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 549,
1869— Vera Cruz, Mexico; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 186, 1882— San
Pedro, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 314,
1884 — southeastern Mexico; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 238,
1886 — Mexico (Orizaba, Jalapa); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10,
p. 27, 1898— Jalapa; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 160,
1902 — southeastern Mexico (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1089, 1912 — southeastern Mexico; Bangs and Penard,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 37, 1919— Mexico (crit.).
Chlorospingus sumichrasti Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 150, 1901 —
Montana Azul, near Orizaba [Vera Cruz], Mexico (type in U. S. National
Museum examined); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 162, 1902
— Orizaba (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1089, 1142, 1912 — Montana Azul; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 293,
p. 6, 1928 — Potrero, Vera Cruz (spec, examined).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus ophthalmicus Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 640 —
southeastern Mexico (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of
Vera Cruz (Montana Azul, Orizaba, Mirador, Jico, Jalapa, Cordoba,
Potrero), Puebla (Huachinango), and Oaxaca (Mount Zempoaltepec,
Totontepec).1
2: Mexico (Jalapa, 2).
lower flanks and under tail coverts being greenish yellow as in the adults. The tail
feathers are apically pointed. The green color of the back has almost completely
disappeared through exposure to light. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the
type pertains to the Mexican and not to the Coban form. The pileum, though the
feathering is still that of the juvenile dress, is but slightly duller brownish than in
Jalapa birds (e.g., No. 27831, Field Museum), and only above the large white
postocular spot is there a suggestion of a dusky streak, whereas Coban specimens
have the upper part of the head slate gray laterally bordered by a blackish stripe
widening posteriorly. The type has no collector's label and was acquired in 1839
with a miscellaneous lot of birds. There is no evidence of its having been col-
lected by Delattre in Guatemala. Its measurements are: wing, 68; tail, 61; bill, 11.
1 C. sumichrasti was based upon a freshly molted individual of ophthalmicus,
and the alleged specific characters prove to be seasonal differences. The late C.
Eliot Underdown having fully explained the case, I need not dwell any further on
the subject beyond saying that I have independently studied the same material
(and some in addition) and thoroughly agree with his conclusions.
Material examined. — Mexico, Vera Cruz: Jalapa, 11; Mirador, 1; Jico, 2;
Potrero, 2; Orizaba, 4; Oaxaca, Mount Zempoaltepec, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 399
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus albifrons Salvin and Godman.1
WHITE-FRONTED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus albifrons Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (6), 1, p. 237, 1889 —
Omilteme, Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico (type in Salvin-
Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 162, 1902— Guerrero (Omilteme, mountains near
Chilpancingo) ; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1089,
1142, 1912— southwestern Mexico.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus albifrons Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 642 — Omil-
teme and Chilpancingo, Guerrero (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Mexico, in State of
Guerrero (Omilteme, mountains near Chilpancingo).
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus dwighti Underdown.2 DWIGHT'S
CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus dwighti Underdown, Auk, 48, p. 612, 1931 — Finca
Sepur, Vera Paz, Guatemala (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York) ; idem, Ibis, 1932, p. 643 — Atlantic slope of Chiapas
and Guatemala (monog.).
Chlorospingus olivaceus (not Poospiza olivacea Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 90, 1856 — Central America? = Atlantic Guatemala
(monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 315,
1884 — Guatemala (Coban, Kamkhal, San Geronimo); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 240, 1886— Guatemala (Coban, Kamkhal); Nelson,
Auk, 15, p. 157, 1898— Tumbala, Chiapas; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
1 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus albifrons Salvin and Godman: Differs from the
nominate race by much broader, abruptly defined white frontal band; warm buff
(instead of nearly whitish to pale buffy) throat and malar region, the latter more
strongly spotted with dusky; and much darker, yellow ocher pectoral band. Wing
(adult female), 69; tail, 61.
This form presents an interesting case of parallelism by its striking resemblance
to the geographically remote C. o. argentinus, from which it may, however, be
separated by the conspicuous white frontal band (just faintly suggested by a
narrow line of buff in argentinus), darker sides of the head (especially the
auriculars), greener (yellowish-citrine rather than sulphine yellow) color of sides
and flanks, and grayish (not nearly pure white) middle of the lower parts. The
pileum is just as warm brown as in newly molted specimens of C. o. ophthalmicus.
Material examined. — Mexico, Guerrero: mountains near Chilpancingo, 1.
1 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus dwighti Underdown: Similar to C. o. ophthal-
micus, but pileum slate-gray, becoming blackish laterally, producing two rather
broad, though not abruptly defined lateral stripes; back somewhat darker and more
citrine, less greenish; middle of belly more grayish, etc. Dimensions about the
same, but tail on average longer.
Birds from Chiapas (Tumbala) are precisely similar to the series from Vera
Paz. Specimens from Nebaj (Province of El Quich6), Barrillos (Province of
Huehuetenango), and San Mateo (same province) are also indistinguishable from
Vera Paz skins, but differ very markedly by their particolored heads from post-
ocularis, to which they were referred by Griscom.
Material examined. — Mexico, Chiapas: Tumbala, 5. — Guatemala: San Mateo
(forty-five miles east of Nenton, Huehuetenango), 2; Barrillos, 1; Nebaj (El
Quiche1), 2; Finca Sepur, Vera Paz, 1; Finca Sepacuite, Vera Paz, 4; Coban, 1;
Vera Paz, 8.
400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 159, 1902— Guatemala (Coban, San Geronimo,
Kamkhal), and Chiapas (Tumbala); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1088, 1912 — Chiapas and [eastern] Guatemala.
Chlorospingus olivaceus olivaceus Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 384,
1932— eastern Guatemala (Finca Sepacuite, Finca Sepur).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (not Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus) Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 32— Coban, Vera Paz; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 88, 1862 — part, spec, a, b, Coban; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn.
Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 43, 1878— Guatemala= Vera Paz (spec, examined).
Chlorospingus olivaceus postocularis (not of Cabanis) Griscom, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 64, p. 385, 1932— part, Barrillos, Nebaj, and San Mateo,
northern Guatemala.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the Atlantic slope of Chiapas
(Tumbala) and Guatemala (Finca Sepur, Finca Sepacuite, Coban,
San Geronimo, Khamkal, Nebaj, Barrillos, San Mateo).1
1: Guatemala (Vera Paz, 1).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus postocularis Cabanis.2 DUSKY-
HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus postocularis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 163, 1866 — "Guatimala"
= Sierra above Costa Cuca, Pacific slope (type in Berlin Museum ex-
amined); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 314,1886 —
Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 240,
1886 — Guatemala (Duenas, Volcan de Fuego); Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 157,
1898— Pinabete, Chiapas (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 160, 1902— Guatemala (Duenas, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de
Fuego) and Chiapas (Pinabete, Chicharras); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1089, 1142, 1912— western Guatemala ("Costa
Cuca," Duenas, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego) and Chiapas.
Chlorospingus atriceps Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 65, 1897 — Pinabete, Chiapas,
Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum examined).
1 A closely allied race from the Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala, has recently
been separated by Griscom (Ibis, 1935, p. 816) as C. o. richardsoni.
2 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus postocularis Cabanis: Very similar to C. o. dwighti,
but white postocular spot smaller and pileum without the blackish lateral stripes,
the entire top of the head being nearly chaetura drab, sometimes flecked with
blackish anteriorly. Wing, 71-76, (female) 68-73; tail, 59-62, (female) 56-58.
Birds from San Lucas and Antigua are identical with one of Cabanis's topo-
types in the Berlepsch Collection. The Chiapas form (atriceps) does not seem to be
separable. The type, it is true, has the pileum darker (almost wholly fuscous
black) than any other example, but a second example (female) is not so dark, and
another male does not differ at all from the Antigua bird. While Chiapas birds
thus may average slightly darker on the head, this slight variation needs corrobora-
tion by more adequate material from both Guatemala and Chiapas than is at
present available. C. o. postocularis, which replaces the preceding race on the
Pacific slope, connects dwighti with the southern honduratius.
The type is labeled "Costa Cuca," which means doubtless the mountain range
above the coast strip known under that name. ., »
Material examined. — Mexico: Pinabete, southwestern Chiapas, 3. — Western
Guatemala: "Costa Cuca," 2; Volcan de Fuego, 1; Antigua, 1; San Lucas, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 401
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus postocularis Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 644 —
Pacific slope of Chiapas and Guatemala (monog.).
Chlorospingus olivaceus postocularis Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p.
385, 1932 — part, western Guatemala ("Santa Ilania," Volcan de Agua,
San Lucas) (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the Pacific slope of Chiapas (Pina-
bete, Chicharras) and Guatemala (Duenas, Antigua, Volcan de
Agua, Volcan de Fuego, San Lucas).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus honduratius Berlepsch.1 HON-
DURAN CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus honduratius Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1088, 1142, 1912— Volcan de Puca, Honduras (type in coll. of H. von
Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Chlorospingus schistaceiceps Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
41, p. 190, 1928 — Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, El Salvador (type in
coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
84, p. 339, 1932 — San Juancito, Honduras (spec, examined).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus honduratius Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 645 — El
Salvador and Honduras (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of El Salvador and Honduras (Volcan
de Puca; San Juancito).
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus regionalis Bangs.- COSTA RICAN
CHLOROSPINGUS.
1 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus honduratius Berlepsch: Nearest to C. o. postocu-
laris, but distinguished by much lighter and clearer gray (deep neutral gray)
pileum (without dusky spots anteriorly); much brighter green (near Warbler
green) back; clearer gray auriculars; much deeper yellow and more compact
pectoral band, sides, and flanks. Wing, 71-75, (female) 67-70; tail, 60-65, (female)
59-62.
Berlepsch's original description is disfigured by a pen-slip, since the pileum is
clear gray and not pale brown, as I have lately ascertained by reexamining the
type and a second specimen from the Volcan de Puca. A series from San Juancito,
Honduras, is similar. Six skins from Los Esesmiles, El Salvador (schistaceiceps),
when compared to the latter, agree in every detail (clear gray pileum; rich, nearly
Warbler green back; extent of white postocular streak sometimes encroaching on
both the upper and lower eyelid; nearly pure white throat freckled with dusky,
etc.) and differ but very slightly by having the yellow pectoral area not quite so
bright. In the palest individual this band is just a faint shade darker than in cer-
tain specimens of C. o. dunghti, but the brightest bird is hardly distinguishable
from the lightest colored Honduras example. This average difference seems alto-
gether too insignificant to warrant recognition by name.
Material examined. — Honduras: Volcan de Puca, 2; San Juancito, 7. — El
Salvador: Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, 6.
2 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus regionalis Bangs differs from C. o. honduratius
by brighter (wax-yellow) pectoral band; more buffy throat with heavier dusky
streaking, and hair-brown (not gray) pileum.
Ten specimens from Nicaragua are indistinguishable from Costa Rican exam-
ples, though some have the pileum a faint shade more grayish brown.
Additional material examined. — Nicaragua: San Rafael del Norte, 5; Mata-
galpa, 1. — Costa Rica: Azahar de Cartago, 2.
402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus regionalis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 112, 1906 —
Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 413, 1930); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Orn. Ser., 1, p. 279, 1910— Coliblanco, Costa Rica.
Chlorospingus albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye) Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101, 1868— part, San Jose, Turrialba,
Barranca, and San Mateo, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299,
1869 — Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 55 — La
Laguna, Naranjo, and Navarro, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 315, 1884 — part, Costa Rica (San Jose, Turrialba,
Barranca, San Mateo); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 239, 1886—
part, spec, a-e, Costa Rica (Volcan de Cartago, Irazu); Zeledon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 — La Palma de San Jose and Naranjo
de Cartago, Costa Rica.
Chlorospingus albitempora Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 163,
1902 — part, Costa Rica (Navarro, Barranca, San Jose, Turrialba, San
Mateo, Volcan de Cartago, Volcan de Irazu, Rio Sucio).
Chlorospingus novicius regionalis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 839,
1910 — Costa Rica (crit., range, habits).
Chlorospingus albitempora regionalis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1090, 1143, 1912— Costa Rica (excl. Dota).
Chlorospingus venezuelanus regionalis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2,
p. 194, 1924 — Costa Rica excepting southwestern section (diag.).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus regionalis Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 646 — Nicara-
gua and Costa Rica (monog.).
Chlorospingus postocularis (not of Cabanis) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892,
p. 326- — Matagalpa, Nicaragua.
[Chlorospingus} intermedius (Cabanis MS.) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1143 (in text), 1912— Costa Rica.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Nicaragua and Costa Rica (ex-
clusive of southwestern section).
25: Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 6); Costa Rica (Coli-
blanco, 13; "Limon," 1; Naranjo, 1; Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 2;
Peralta, 2).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus novicius Bangs.1 CniRiQUf
CHLOROSPINGUS.
1 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus novicius Bangs: Very near to C. o. regionalis,
but with much larger, thicker as well as longer bill; pileum deeper brown; throat
deeper buffy and more heavily speckled with dusky; pectoral band deeper, lemon
chrome to aniline yellow instead of wax yellow. Wing, 64-68, (female) 65-69;
bill, 13-14.
Two specimens from Ujurras de Terraba are identical with a topotypical
series. No material is available from the Dota Mountains.
Material examined. — Panama, Chiriqui: Boquete, 10; "Chiriqui," 1. — Costa
Rica: Ujurras de Terraba, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 403
Chlorospingus novicius Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 67, Jan., 1902 —
Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now
in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 412, 1930).
Chlorospingus albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye) (?)
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101, 1869 — part, Dota,
Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 188— Volcan de Chiri-
qui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 315, 1884—
part, Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 239, 1886 — part, spec, f, g, southern slope of Volcan de Chiriqui.
Chlorospingus albitempora Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 163,
1902— part, Chiriqui (Boquete, Volcan de Chiriquf) and (?)Dota, Costa
Rica.
Chlorospingus albitempora novicius Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1089, 1143, 1912— Chiriqui, Panama.
Chlorospingus novicius novicius Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 839, 1910
— southwestern Costa Rica (Ujurras de TeYraba; (?)E1 Copey, La Lagu-
naria and Santa Maria de Dota).
Chlorospingus venezuelanus novicius Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2,
p. 194, 1924 — Chiriqui and southwestern Costa Rica (crit.).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus novicius Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 648 — south-
western Costa Rica and Chiriqui (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica and
extreme western Panama (Chiriqui).
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus jacqueti Hellmayr.1 JACQUET'S
CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus venezuelanus jacqueti Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, No. 4,
p. 28, 1921 — Galipan, Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, Venezuela (type in
Munich Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, pp. 193, 195,
1924 — Galipan, Venezuela (crit.).
1 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus jacqueti Hellmayr: Differs from C. o. novicius by
much smaller bill; much lighter greenish back; deeper yellow pectoral band;
decidedly grayish middle of the belly, etc. Wing, 65-76, (female) 61-70; tail,
56-63, (female) 53-60; bill, 11-12.
The distinction between C. o. jacqueti, of the Caracas region, and C. o. cum-
breanus, of Carabobo, cannot be maintained, as has been pointed out by the late
C. E. Underdown. Although birds from the extreme eastern area of the range
average paler on the pileum and brighter yellow on the breast, so many individuals
in a series from the eastern Andes of Colombia are indistinguishable from what I
called jacqueti that further subdivision of the race becomes impracticable. A single
adult female from Lagunita de Aroa, Yaracuy, closely approaches C. o. venezuelanus
in its very dark brown head, and series from Lara and the Paramo de Rosas
(Trujillo) also show more or less intermediacy towards that form.
Material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 22; El Lim6n, 4;
Pico Naiguata, Miranda, 1; Colonia Tovar, Aragua, 5; La Cumbre de Valencia,
Carabobo, 23; Guarico, Lara, 4; Anzoategui, Lara, 3; Lagunita de Aroa, Yaracuy,
1; Paramo de Rosas, Trujillo, 2; Guamito, Trujillo, 11. — Colombia: Bucaramanga,
1; La Palmita, 25; Las Ventanas, 7; Ramirez, 2; Cachiri, 2.
404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus venezuelanus cumbreanus Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1,
No. 4, p. 29, 1921 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (type in
Munich Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 196, 1924 —
Cumbre de Valencia (crit.).
Chlorospingus albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye) Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 89,
1856 — part, "Bogota" and Venezuela; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, pp. 627,
630 — Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 — Alto,
between Ocana and Bucaramanga, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32,
p. 293, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia (spec, examined); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 239, 1886 — part, spec, h, j, Caracas, Venezuela.
Chlorospingus albilempora Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 163,
1902 — part, Colombia and Venezuela (Cumbre de Valencia); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1089, 1142, 1912— part, Co-
lombia ("Bogota," Bucaramanga) and Venezuela (Cumbre de Valencia).
Chlorospingus albitempora albitempora Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg.,
78, A, Heft 5, p. 65, 1912— Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus jacqueti Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 649 — Venezuela
and Colombia (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, from the
Caracas region west to Lara and Trujillo, and of the northern
part of the eastern Andes of Colombia (Santander).1
4: Colombia (Cachiri, Santander, 2); Venezuela (Guamito,
Trujillo, 2).
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus venezuelanus Berlepsch.2
MERIDA CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus albitemporalis venezuelanus Berlepsch, Ornith. Monatsber., 1,
p. 11, 1893 — MSrida, Venezuela (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now
in Frankfort Museum).
Chlorospingus albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye) Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780— Merida.
Chlorospingus albitempora venezuelanus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1090, 1912— Merida.
Chlorospingus venezuelanus venezuelanus Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A,
Heft 2, p. 196, 1924— Merida (crit.).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus venezuelanus Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 651 —
Andes of Merida, Venezuela (monog.).
1 There is no record from Cundinamarca in literature. Sclater's locality
"Bogota" was given under the assumption that the type of Tachyphonus albitempora
Lafresnaye came from there.
2 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus venezuelanus Berlepsch: Nearest to C. o. jacqueti,
but pileum very much darker brown, nearly black; throat deeper buff and much
more profusely spotted with dusky; pectoral band darker, more orange yellow.
Wing, 66-73, (female) 63-68; tail, 57-61, (female) 54-58; bill, 11-12.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela, Merida: Merida, 4; El Valle, 5;
Pedregosa, 1 ; Culata, 1 ; Heights of Tabay, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 405
Range. — Subtropical zone of extreme western Venezuela (in
states of MeYida and Tachira).
5: Venezuela (near Me"rida, 1; El Valle, 1; Nevados, 1; Culata,
1; Paramo de Tama, Tachira, 1).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus nigriceps Chapman.1 BLACK-
HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31,
p. 166, 1912 — Miraflores, west slope of central Andes, Cauca, Colombia
(type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem,
I.e., 36, p. 618, 1917— Miraflores, Salento, Santa Elena, Rio Toche", El
Eden, La Candela, and Andalucia, central and eastern Andes, Colombia.
Chlorospingus venezuelanus nigriceps Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2,
p. 197, 1924— Colombia (diag.).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus nigriceps Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 651 — central
Andes and west slope of eastern Andes, Colombia (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the central Andes (both slopes)
and west slope of eastern Andes (Andalucia) of Colombia.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus bolivianus Hellmayr.2 BOLIVIAN
CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus venezuelanus bolivianus Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, No.
4, p. 29, 1921 — San Cristobal, Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in
Munich Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 198, 1924—
Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba, Bolivia (diag.).
Chlorospingus albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitermpora Lafresnaye)
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 89, 1856— part, Bolivia;3 idem,
I.e., 26, p. 293, 1858 — "from some district in the interior of Peru, if not
from Bolivia"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862— part, spec, a,
Bolivia;3 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 602— Sorata,
1 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus nigriceps Chapman : Agrees with C. o. venezuelanus
in blackish crown and sides of the head, but differs by lacking all trace of
the white postocular spot; dingy whitish instead of deep buffy ground-color of the
throat, and decidedly paler, more lemon yellow pectoral band. The black of the head,
besides, is rather deeper, less brownish. Throat and jugular band are about
the same color as in C. o. jacqueti, but the former is just as profusely freckled with
dusky as in C. o. venezuelanus. Wing, 69-75, (female) 67-69; tail, 59-64.
Material examined. — Western Andes of Colombia: Santa Elena, 6; El Eden, 1;
La Candela, Huila, 1.
2 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus bolivianus Hellmayr: Nearest to C. o. jacqueti
and with equally developed white postocular spot, but middle of abdomen nearly
pure white instead of grayish; throat paler buff and less spotted with dusky, and
sides of the body brighter, more yellowish green. Similar also to C. o. fulvigularis,
but pileum sooty instead of sepia brown; throat much paler (whitish to light buff) ;
pectoral band likewise lighter, less ochraceous. Wing, 66-70, (female) 63-65;
tail, 58-62 H, (female) 54-58.
Material examined. — Bolivia, Yungas of La Paz: Chaco, 2; Sandillani, 1;
Songo, 1 ; Yungas of Cochabamba, San Crist6bal, 3; Cocapata, 6; Quebrada Onda, 2.
'The specimens collected by T. Bridges may pertain to C. o. fulvigularis.
406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Nairapi, and Tilotilo, Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 239, 1886— part, spec, j-p, Bolivia (Tilotilo, Sorata, Nairapi).1
Chlorospingus albitempora Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889 —
Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1089, 1142,
1912 — part, Bolivia (Tilotilo, Sorata, Nairapi, Tanampaya, Songo, San-
dillani, Cocapata, San Cristobal, Chaco, Quebrada Onda).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus bolivianus Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 652 — Bolivia
(monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the 'northern slopes of the Sierra
de Cochabamba and the Cordillera of La Paz.
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus fulvigularis Berlepsch.2 FUL-
VOUS-THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus fulvigularis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 49, p. 86, 1901 — Samaipata,
Province of Valle Grande, Bolivia (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in
Frankfort Museum, examined).
Chlorospingus albitempora (not Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye) Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 196, 1882— "Brazil?" = Bolivia (spec, examined).
Chlorospingus albitempora fulvigularis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1090, 1912 — eastern Bolivia (Samaipata, San Jacinto).
Chlorospingus venezuelanus fulvigularis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Keft
2, p. 199, 1924 — south slope of Sierra de Cochabamba, Bolivia (crit.).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus fulvigularis Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 653 —
Bolivia (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the southern slope of the Sierra
de Cochabamba (Samaipata, San Jacinto, Roquefalda), in central
Bolivia.
3: Bolivia, Cochabamba (Roquefalda, 1; Incachaca, 2).
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus argentinus Hellmayr.3 ARGEN-
TINE CHLOROSPINGUS.
1 The specimens collected by T. Bridges may pertain to C. o. fulvigularis.
2 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus fulvigularis Berlepsch: Nearest to C. o. bolivianus,
but differs by much paler (dark hair brown or sepia brown instead of sooty)
top and sides of head, deep Isabella color throat, and much darker, deep ochraceous
pectoral band. Wing, 67-68, (female) 60-64; tail, 54-59.
Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Samaipata, 1 (the type); San Jacinto,
2; Roquefalda, 5; unspecified, 1.
3 Chlorospingus ophthalmicus argentinus Hellmayr: Closely related to C. o.
fulvigularis, but distinguished by much lighter, grayish brown head, buffy white
(faintly freckled) throat, and much paler, lemon to yolk yellow pectoral band.
Wing, 67-70, (female) 62-67; tail, 57-64.
A single specimen from Caraparicito, southern Santa Cruz, Bolivia, resembles
an Argentine series, though by slightly darker throat it verges in the direction
of C. o. fulvigularis.
Material examined. — Argentina: Metan, Salta, 2; Ledesma, Jujuy, 3; San
Francisco, Cerro de Calilegua, Jujuy, 2. — Bolivia: Caraparicito, Santa Cruz, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 407
Chlorospingus venezuelanus argentinus Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, No. 4,
p. 30, 1921 — San Francisco, Cerro de Calilegua, Jujuy, Argentina (type
in Munich Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 200, 1924 —
Salta and Jujuy, Argentina (diag.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran
Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 276, 1930 — Caraparicito, Department of Santa
Cruz, Bolivia (spec, examined).
Chlorospingus albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye) Salva-
dori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 6, 1897— San Lorenzo, Jujuy.
Chlorospingus albitempora Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p.
378, 1910 — Salta and Jujuy (San Lorenzo); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1089, 1142, 1912— part, Salta, Argentina.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (not Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus) Lillo, Rev.
Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905— Salta.
Chlorospingus fulvigularis (not of Berlepsch) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool.,
16, p. 172, 1909 — Ledesma, Jujuy, and Metan, Salta.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus argentinus Underdown, Ibis, 1932, p. 654 — north-
western Argentina and southern Bolivia (monog.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Argentina (provinces
of Salta and Jujuy) and the adjacent parts of extreme southern
Bolivia (Caraparicito, Department of Santa Cruz).
1: Argentina (Ledesma, Jujuy, 1).
Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin.1 DOTTED
CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869,
p. 440 — Cordillera del Chucu, Veraguas (type in Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion, now in British Museum); Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 188 — Cordillera del
Chucu; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 316, pi. 22,
fig. 1, 1884— Cordillera del Chucu; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
241, 1886— Cordillera del Chucu; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 2, p. 166, 1902— Veraguas (Cordillera del Chucu; Cascajal); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1090, 1912 — Veraguas.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Panama (Cordillera del
Chucu, Veraguas; Cascajal, Code").
*Chlorospingus zeledoni Ridgway.2 ZELED6N's CHLOROSPINGUS.
1 This species I have not seen and cannot say anything about its relationship.
According to descriptions, it resembles C. pileatus in the black head, but has
the chin and throat yellow thickly flecked with blackish brown. In place of the
long white superciliaries so characteristic of C. pileatus, it is said to have merely
an elongated white postocular spot like C. ophthalmicus and allies. The figure
in the "Biologia Centrali-Americana," however, shows even more extensive,
though yellowish-tinged superciliaries than C. pileatus, but it might have been
based upon an immature bird. But even if so, it strongly suggests affinities to
the sooty-capped Chlorospingus, which C. punctulatus seems to replace in Veraguas.
2 Chlorospingus zeledoni Ridgway: Similar to C. pileatus pileatus, but color
of chest, sides, and flanks pale yellowish olive, not distinctly contrasted with
the pale gray of the throat and abdomen; sometimes the entire under parts nearly
uniform pale gray excepting an olive-greenish tinge on the flanks. Juvenile
408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus zeledoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 212, 1905 —
Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 33, 1908— Volcan de Irazii (crit.); Car-
riker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 837, 1910 — volcanoes of Turrialba and
Irazii, Costa Rica (crit.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Ber-
lin, p. 1088, 1912— Irazu and Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Chlorospingus pileatus (not of Salvin) Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, p.
531, 1891 — part, Volcan de Irazu (descr. of young).
Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica (volcanoes of Turrialba
and Irazu).
1: Costa Rica (El Roble, Irazu, 1).
*Chlorospingus pileatus pileatus Salvin. SOOTY-CAPPED
CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus pileatus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 581 — Volcan
de Cartago [ = Irazu), Costa Rica (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now
in British Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101,
1868 — Poas and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 6, p. 412, 1884 — Birris, Costa Rica (descr. of young); Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 316, pi. 22, fig. 2, 1884— Costa
Rica (Volcan de Irazu, Poas, Rancho Redondo) and Panama (Chiriqui);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 241, 1886— Costa Rica (Irazu) and
Chiriqui; Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 531, 1891— part, Volcan
de Poas, Costa Rica (descr. of young); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl.,
3, p. 67, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 165, 1902— Costa Rica and Chiriqui
(monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 837, 1910 — Costa Rica
(Volcan de Turrialba, San Juan de Irazu, Las Vueltas de Dota, La Estrella
de Cartago, Burgos de Irazu, Achiote de Poas, Volcan de Barba, Azahar
de Cartago, "Cariblanco de Sarapiquf," and Ujurras de Terraba; habits);
Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 279, 1910— Coliblanco and
Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1088, 1912— Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and extreme western
Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui).1
31: Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 10; Volcan de Turrialba, 16; Volcan
de Irazu, 5).
plumage very different by light brownish olive (instead of citrine) back, and
grayish white (instead of olive-yellow) under parts with buffy brownish suffusion
across chest and along sides and very conspicuous dusky striations on breast
and upper abdomen.
The association of this species with C. p. pileatiis on the volcanoes of Turri-
alba and Irazu is remarkable, and the theory of their being possibly color phases
of the same thing has been advanced by Carriker. Without thorough investi-
gations in the field the problem will be difficult to solve satisfactorily.
1 Nine specimens from Boquete, Chiriqui, agree with those from Costa Rica.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 409
Chlorospingus pileatus diversus Griscom.1 EASTERN SOOTY-
CAPPED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus pileatus diversus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 141, p. 11, 1924
— Cerro Flores, eastern Chiriquf, Panama (type in the American Museum
of Natural History, New York).
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Panama (Cerro Flores,
eastern Chiriqui).
Ghlorospingus inornatus (Nelson).2 MOUNT PIRRI
CHLOROSPINGUS.
Hylospingus inornatus Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p. 18, Sept.,
1912 — Mount Pirri, eastern Panama (type in U. S. National Museum).
Chlorospingus inornatus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 190, 1929—
Cana, Darien (crit.).
Range. — Tropical zone of Mount Pirri (alt. 2,600 to 4,200 ft.),
Darien, eastern Panama.
Chlorospingus flavovirens (Lawrence).3 YELLOW-GREEN
CHLOROSPINGUS.
1 Chlorospingus pileatus diversus Griscom: "Similar to C. p. pileatus, but
yellow of under parts much deeper and brighter (bright yellowish green on chest
and sides, changing to deep yellowish olive on flanks and under tail coverts);
middle of breast and abdomen on the other hand much lighter, nearly white,
less gray, giving a more contrasted effect." (Griscom, I.e.).
We are not acquainted with this form, which replaces the nominate race
in eastern Chiriqui.
2 Chlorospingus inornatus (Nelson): "Top and sides of the head including
lores and suborbital area to angle of gape blackish slate color, darkest on fore-
head, lores, and below eyes; posterior part of crown becoming greenish and shading
into the nearly olive green covering rest of upper parts, but becoming a little
brighter greenish on edgings to wings and on rump; chin, throat, and breast
dull gamboge yellow, a little paler on throat and darker and more greenish on
breast; feathers of chin and throat marked with inconspicuous, small arrow-
shaped black spots on tips as in some [other] species of Chlorospingus; sides of
breast and flanks yellowish olive green shading into dull lemon yellow on ab-
domen; under tail coverts dull gamboge yellow; primaries dark slate except for
greenish edges; tail olive green; bill blackish; feet dusky horn color. Wing (adult
male), 82; tail, 66; culmen, 15; tarsus, 27." (Nelson, I.e.).
This species we have not seen. Griscom points out that there is no need
for generic separation, since it agrees in structural details with C. flavipectus,
C. hypophaeus, and others, which may well be kept in the genus Chlorospingus.
In coloration, C. inornatus appears to present many similarities to C. /. tacar-
cunae, its chief distinctions being the blackish slate (instead of olive green) head
and the dull lemon yellow (instead of grayish white) center of the belly. It is
only known from two specimens, both taken on Mount Pirri at different altitudes.
3 Chlorospingus flavovirens (Lawrence), in general form, resembles the C.
flavigularis group, especially C. /. hypophaeus, though the bill is very slightly
slenderer. The upper parts are olive green, somewhat more yellowish than in
hypophaeus; the lores and subocular region much darker than in that bird,
sooty rather than grayish white; auriculars darker green than the back; entire
410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Buarremon flavovirens Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 467, 1867
— Ecuador (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York, examined).
Chlorospingus flavovirens Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 274 — Ecuador (crit.); idem,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 244, 1886— Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1092, 1143, 1912— Ecuador (crit.); Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 685, 1926— Ecuador (crit.); Griscom,
Auk, 52, p. 94, 1935 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador.
Range. — Western Ecuador (Santo Domingo).
Chlorospingus flavigularis hypophaeus Sclater and Salvin.1
DRAB-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus hypophaeus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,
p. 389 — Calovevora, Veraguas, Panama (type in Salvin-Godman Col-
lection, now in British Museum); Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 188 — Calovevora,
Chitra, and Boquete de Chitra, Veraguas; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 317, pi. 22, fig. 3, 1884— same localities; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 243, 1886— Veraguas (Calovevora, Chitra);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 167, 1902— Veraguas
(monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 67, 1902— Caribbean
slope of Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama.
Chlorospingus flavigularis hypophaeus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1091, 1912 — Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).
Range. — Upper Tropical zone of western Panama, from the
Volcan de Chiriqui east to Veraguas (Calovevora, Chitra, Boquete
de Chitra).
Chlorospingus flavigularis tacarcunae Griscom.2 MOUNT
TACARCUNA CHLOROSPINGUS.
under parts deep yellowish olive, brightest on the throat and becoming gradually
duller towards the abdomen, tinged with greenish on the flanks; very small chin
spot sooty; under tail coverts dull olive with buffy olive yellow edges; bill black,
base of lower mandible more grayish. Wing, 86; tail, 62; tarsus, 19; bill, 13 ^.
The type of this very distinct species is a skin of the well-known "Quito"
make. The British Museum has a specimen from Santo Domingo, in the Trop-
ical zone of western Ecuador.
1 Chlorospingus flavigularis hypophaeus Sclater and Salvin differs from C. /.
flavigularis by paler grayish (nearly whitish) lores; more extensively buffy whitish
chin; darker yellow throat; and especially by having the chest, sides, and flanks
strongly washed with drab or dull buffy brown.
Material examined. — Panama: Volcan de Chiriquf, 2; Boquete de Chitra, 2.
2 Chlorospingus flavigularis tacarcunae Griscom: Nearest to C. /. hypophaeus,
but chin yellow like the throat; breast yellowish green passing into bright olive
green on the flanks and under tail coverts, center of lower breast and abdomen
grayish white; lores darker, more brownish; size the same.
The yellowish green chest and the green flanks render this form easily recog-
nizable from C. /. hypophaeus, in which these parts are dull drab or buffy brownish
with some greenish only on the lower flanks. Yet inspection of two specimens
from Tacarcuna tends to show that it is merely a strongly marked race of the
Yellow-throated Chlorospingus.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 411
Chlorospingus tacarcunae Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 141, p. 11, 1924 — Mount
Tacarcuna, eastern Panama (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).
Range. — Upper Tropical zone of Mount Tacarcuna, head of
Tuyra River, Darien, eastern Panama.
Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus Chapman.1 WESTERN
YELLOW-THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33,
p. 189, 1914 — Buenavista, Narino, western Andes, Colombia (type in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36,
p. 619, 1917 — Cocal, Ricaurte, and Buenavista (Narifio), Colombia; idem,
I.e., 55, p. 685, 1926 — Mindo, above Naranjo, junction of Chanchan and
Chiguancay rivers, Chimbo, Bucay, and La Chonta, Ecuador.
Chlorospingus flavigularis (not Pipilopsis flavigularis Sclater) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 86, 1860 — part, Nanegal, western Ecuador; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862 — part, spec, a, Nanegal; Berlepsch
and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 547 — Chimbo, Ecuador;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 243, 1886— part, spec, d, e, "vicinity
of Quito" and Nanegal, Ecuador; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 19, 1899— Gualea, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis,
1901, p. 470 — part, "males," Gualea, Milligalli, and Canzacota, Ecuador;
Me'ne'gaux, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. Arme'e Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B.
105, 1911 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1091, 1113, 1912— part, western Ecuador ("Quito,"
Chimbo, Gualea, Nanegal); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No.
25, p. 86, 1922— near Nanegal, Ecuador.
Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of southwestern
Colombia (southern section of western Andes in State of Narino)
and western Ecuador.
"Chlorospingus flavigularis flavigularis (Sclater). YELLOW-
THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Pipilopsis flavigularis Sclater, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 8, 1852 — "Nouvelle
Grenade" = "Bogot&" (type in Paris Museum examined); idem, Contrib.
Ornith., 1852, p. 131, pi. 98 — New Granada (figure of type).
1 Chlorospingus flavigularis marginalus Chapman: Nearest to C. /. hypophaeus,
but upper parts brighter citrine; lores and subocular spot clearer grayish; chest
and sides light grayish olive, at best with a faint brownish cast, instead of decidedly
buffy brown or drab; under tail coverts brighter yellow; resembling C. /. flavi-
gularis in the color of the upper parts, but much smaller; yellow of throat darker
and restricted to the lateral portion; chest and sides of breast tinged with light
grayish olive or brownish gray instead of being clear pale neutral gray; loral
spot much paler gray; remiges internally margined with buffy. Wing, 72-76,
(female) 69-72; tail, 56-58, (female) 53-57.
Material examined. — Colombia: Buenavista, Narino, 2. — Ecuador, Prov-
ince of Imbabura: Rio Verde, 2; Lita, 1; Gualea, Province of Pichincha, 3;
Chimbo, Province of Guayas, 2.
412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus flavigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 —
"Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 91, 1856 — "Bogota" (monog.); idem, I.e.,
28, p. 86, 1860— part, Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 89, 1862 — part, spec, b, c, "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 750— Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 185—
Cosnipata, Department of Cuzco, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 263 — Chya-
vetas; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 602 — Simacu, Yungas, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn.
Per., 2, p. 514, 1884 — Peru (Chyavetas, Cosnipata); idem and Berlepsch,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 81 — Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador (crit.);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 243, 1886— part, spec, a-c, f-i, Co-
lombia ("Bogota"), Peru (Chyavetas, Cosnipata), and Bolivia (Simacu);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1091, 1912— part,
Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern Ecuador (Mapoto, Machay), and Peru
(Chyavetas).
Chlorospingus flavigularis parvirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 14,
p. 227, Sept., 1901 — Inca Mine [ = Santo Domingo], southeastern Peru
(type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Berlepsch
and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 82, 111, 1906 — Idma (Urubamba) and
Huaynapata (Marcapata), Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1091, 1912 — southeastern Peru ("Santa Ana," Cosnipata, Huay-
napata) and Bolivia (Simacu, Chaco).
Chlorospingus flavigularis breviroslris (lapsus) Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 85, p. 36 (in text), 1933.
Chlorospingus flavigularis flavigularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 619, 1917 — La Frijolera, La Palma, Andalucia, Monteredondo, and
Buena Vista, Colombia; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 122, 1921
— Idma and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 55, p. 685, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Guayaba, Zamora, Macas
region, below San Jose, lower Sumaco).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern and central Andes of
Colombia south through eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru to
western Bolivia (Simacu and Chaco, Yungas of La Paz).1
1: Peru (Pozuzo, Huanuco, 1).
Chlorospingus flavigularis huallagae Carriker.2 HUALLAGA
CHLOROSPINGUS.
1 Birds from southeastern Peru and Bolivia generally have the upper parts
slightly darker green and the yellow of the throat more extensive, while the
bills are frequently rather smaller. All these trifling differences, however, are
so completely bridged by individual variation that I agree with Chapman in
considering parvirostris as not worthy of recognition. The color of the throat,
independent of locality, varies from lemon yellow to orange yellow.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 6. — Eastern Ecuador: Alpayacu,
Rio Pastaza, 1; Machay, 2; Mapoto, 2; San Jose, 2. — Peru: Idma, Urubamba,
2; Marcapata (alt. 3,000 ft.), 15; Huaynapata, Marcapata, 1. — Bolivia: Chaco,
Department of La Paz, 1.
2 Chlorospingus flavigularis huallagae Carriker: Said to differ from C. f. flavi-
gularis by darker olive upper parts, dark olive (not dark ashy) loral spot, much
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 413
Chlorospingus flavigularis huallagae Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
85, p. 36, 1933 — Utcubamba, Department of Libertad, Peru (type in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia).
Range. — Northern Peru, in Department of Libertad (Utcu-
bamba; Rio Jelashte).
*Chlorospingus flavo-pectus flavo-pectus (Lafresnaye).
YELLOW-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Arremon flavo-pectus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840 — Santa Fe de
Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 413, 1930).
Tachyphonus flavopectus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 11, 1848 — Bogota
(descr.).
Pipilopsis flavipectus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 — Santa
F6 de Bogota.
Chlorospingus flavipectus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 139, 1851 — Bogota;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 24,
p. 90, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862—
Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 503, pi. 42,
fig. 6 (egg) — Retiro, Concordia, and Santa Elena, Colombia (eggs descr.);
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 197, 1882— Bogota; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 242, 1886— Colombia (Bogota, Santa Elena, Retiro, Medellin)
and "Ecuador (Jima)"; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1090, 1912— Colombia (Bogota, Retiro, Medellin) and "Ecuador
(Jima)"; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914— Medellin,
Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 618, 1917— El
Roble, eastern Andes of Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia.1
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Chlorospingus flavo-pectus phaeocephalus Sclater and Salvin.2
WESTERN YELLOW-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS.
darker gray breast and abdomen, and by having the gular area deeper, orange
yellow rather than lemon yellow, and centrally indented.
We are not acquainted with this race; but as all of the characters, notably
the orange yellow throat, occasionally occur in the range of typical flavigularis,
more information seems to be required regarding its status as well as its rather
singular geographical distribution.
1 We have examined only twelve native "Bogota" skins. The locality "Jima"
(ex Buckley) must be erroneous, since Ecuador is tenanted by the next form
(C. /. phaeocephalus).
2 Chlorospingus flavo-pectus phaeocephalus Sclater and Salvin differs from
the nominate race by buffy brownish throat and duller, more greenish pectoral
band and sides of the body. The variability in the color of the throat and breast
clearly indicates that this form is merely a race of flavo-pectus. Goodfellow's
so-called females of C. flavigularis pertain to the present species.
Material examined.— Western Ecuador: Mindo, 1; Gualea, 1; Cayandeled,
5; "Quito," 2.
414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus phaeocephalus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877,
p. 521, pi. 52, fig. 2 — "Jina" [=Jima] and Chillanes, Ecuador (type, from
Jima, in the British Museum); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 290 — Surupata, Cayandeled, and Chimbo, Ecuador;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 243, 1886— Chillanes and "Jima,"
Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Arme'e Mes. Arc Merid. Equat.,
9, p. B. 104, 1911 — Gualea and Mindo, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1091, 1912 — western Ecuador ("Quito,"
Chimbo, Chillanes, Jima, Gualea, Mindo, Surupata, Cayandeled); Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 684, 1926— El Chiral, Zaruma, Salvias,
and lower Sumaco, Ecuador.
Chlorospingus albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitempora Lafresnaye) Sclater,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862 — part, spec, c, Chillanes, Ecuador.
Chlorospingus flavigularis (not Pipilopsis flavigularis Sclater) Goodfellow,
Ibis, 1901, p. 470 — part, descr. of "female," Gualea, Milligalli, and Canza-
cota, western Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western and eastern Ecuador.
Chlorospingus flavo-pectus peruvianus Carriker.1 PERUVIAN
YELLOW-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus flavipectus peruvianus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
85, p. 35, 1933 — Oconeque, Department of Puno, Peru (type in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia).
Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru, in Department
of Puno (Oconeque; Santo Domingo).
*Chlorospingus canigularis olivaceiceps Underwood.2 OLIVE-
HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus olivaceiceps Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 5, p. lix, 1898 —
Carrfllo, Costa Rica (type in the British Museum) ; Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 166, 1902— Carrfllo; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 6, pp. 323, 838, 1910— eastern Costa Rica (Guayabo, Carrfllo, and
Volcan de Turrialba; descr.); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser.,
1, p. 279, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1091, 1912— Carrfllo, Costa Rica.
Range. — Subtropical zone of Caribbean Costa Rica (Carrillo,
Guayabo, Volcan de Turrialba).
2: Costa Rica (Guayabo, 2).
1 Chlorospingus flavo-pectus peruvianus Carriker: "Similar to C. /. flavo-pectus,
but yellow pectoral band brighter; throat even paler with more dusky freckling,
especially posteriorly and on lateral portion; breast slightly flammulated with
ashy; flanks darker, more greenish; size smaller. Wing, 63-68, (female) 63-65;
tail, 59-64, (female) 58-60." (Carriker, I.e.).
2 Chlorospingus canigularis olivaceiceps Underwood : Similar in form and
proportions to C. c. canigularis, but readily distinguished by having the top
of the head bright citrine like the back instead of neutral gray. Besides, the
auriculars are decidedly tinged with olivaceous, and the pectoral band is slightly
duller, more greenish yellow, while wings and tail appear to be rather longer.
Wing (male), 73-77; tail, 58-62.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 415
*Chlorospingus canigularis canigularis (Lafresnaye). ASHY-
THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Tachyphonus canigularis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 11, 1848 — "ad Bogotam
in Colombia" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 413, 1930).
Hemispingus veneris Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 922,
1853 — no locality indicated (the type in the Paris Museum is from
"Bogota," Colombia) ; idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 22, 1854 (reprint).
Pipilopsis canigularis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 —
Colombia (diag.).
Chlorospingus canigularis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 139, 1851 — Colombia;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 24,
p. 90, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862—
part, spec, b, Bogota; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 197, 1882— Bogota;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 242, 1886 — part, spec, a-c, Bogota,
Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1091, 1912
— part, Colombia (Bogota); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 619,
1917 — part, Miraflores, Salento, La Candela, near San Agustin,
Fusugasuga, and Subia, central and eastern Andes, Colombia.
Range. — Subtropical zone of the central and eastern Andes of
Colombia.1
3: Colombia (east of Palmira, Cauca, 1; Salento, west Quindio
Andes, Cauca, 1; "Bogotd," 1).
Chlorospingus canigularis conspicillatus Todd.2 WESTERN
ASHY-THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus canigularis conspicillatus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35,
p. 93, 1922 — Bitaco Valley, western Andes, Colombia (type in Carnegie
Museum).
Chlorospingus canigularis (not Tachyphonus canigularis Lafresnaye) Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 138, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862 — part, spec, a, Pallatanga; Berlepsch and
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 547 — Chimbo, Ecuador;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 242, 1886— part, spec, d, e, Pallatanga;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1091, 1912— part,
1 Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 12; Fusugasuga, 2.
2 Chlorospingus canigularis conspicillatus Todd: Exceedingly close to C. c.
canigularis, but yellowish pectoral band slightly deeper in tone and somewhat
wider; olive green of the sides more extended; size slightly larger. Wing (males),
74-78; tail, 63-65.
The racial characters are not very pronounced in the limited material at my
command, but Mr. Todd, who has evidently seen good series, believes the western
form to be separable. Two specimens from Chimbo agree with two others from
San Antonio, Colombia, while one from Pullango, Ecuador, which we have seen
in the American Museum of Natural History, has a distinct white postocular
streak, thus forming the transition to C. c. signatus.
416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
western Ecuador (Pallatanga, Chimbo); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 619, 1917 — part, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Gallera,
and La Florida, western Andes, Colombia.
Chlorospingus canigularis canigularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 684, 1926 — Rios Coco and Chimbo, La Chonta, Las Pinas, and Pullango,
Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador and of the western
Andes of Colombia.
Chlorospingus canigularis signatus Taczanowski and Berlepsch.1
EAST ECUADORIAN ASHY-THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus signatus Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 82 — Machay and Mapoto, eastern Ecuador (type, from Machay,
in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus.
Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 191, 1927); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 241,
1886 — Mapoto; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1090,
1912 — eastern Ecuador (Machay, Mapoto); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 684, 1926— eastern Ecuador (Guayabo, Rio Zamora; below
Oyacachi; lower Sumaco) and northwestern Peru (Chaupe).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador and northwestern
Peru (Chaupe).
Chlorospingus semifuscus semifuscus Sclater and Salvin.
DUSKY-BELLIED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus semifuscus Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 24,
157, 1873 — "Aequatoria occ. in vicin. urbis Quito" (type in Salvin-God-
man Collection, now in the British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 244, 1886— "Quito," Ecuador; Salvador! and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 19, 1899— Nanegal, Ecuador; Good-
fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 469 — both sides of the Andes at altitudes of from
7,000 to 11,500 feet, Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes.
Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 105, 1911— Palmito, Nanegal, Ecuador;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1092, 1912 — Ecuador
(Quito, Nanegal, Palmito, "Papallacta"); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 620, 1917— Novita Trail and Cocal, western Andes of Co-
lombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 86, 1922— below
Calacali and below Nono, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 686, 1926— Gualea, Nono, and Mindo, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador and of the western
Andes of Colombia.2
1 Chlorospingus canigularis signatus Taczanowski and Berlepsch: Similar to
C. c. conspicillatus in extent and color of the yellow pectoral band, but auriculars
darker, nearly blackish, and surmounted by a conspicuous white postocular
stripe; crown rather darker gray; white abdominal zone laterally darker grayish,
etc. Wing, 74-78, (female) 65; tail, 59-62, (female) 52.
Material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: Machay, 1; Mapoto, 2.
2 All definite records being from western Ecuador, I cannot help thinking
that Goodfellow is mistaken in asserting that he shot two specimens at Papallacta.
Material examined. — Western Ecuador: "Quito," 2; Gualea, 2; Palmito,
Nanegal, 2; below Nono, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 417
Chlorospingus semifuscus cinereocephalus Taczanowski.1
GRAY-HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus cinereocephalus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 132 — Chilpes, Department of Junfn, Peru (type lost, formerly in
Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus.
Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 191, 1927); idem, I.e., 1874, p. 516— Chilpes;
idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 515, 1884— Chilpes; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 244, 1886— Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 346 — Tambo de Aza, Maraynioc, Peru; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1092, 1912 — Peru (Chilpes;
Tambo de Aza, Maraynioc).
Range. — Subtropical zone of central Peru, in Department
of Junin (Chilpes; Tambo de Aza, below Maraynioc).
Genus CNEMOSCOPUS Bangs and Penard2
Cnemoscopus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 43, p. 38, 1919 —
type, by orig. desig., Arremon rubrirostris Lafresnaye.
*Cnemoscopus rubrirostris rubrirostris (Lafresnaye). RED-
BILLED CNEMOSCOPUS.
Arremon rubrirostris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840— Santa Fe de
Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 414, 1930).
Pipilopsis rubrirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 —
Santa Fe de Bogota.
Hemispingus rubrirostris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, 1851 (ex Lafresnaye);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1093, 1912— Colombia
(Bogota, Santa Elena, Medellin) and Ecuador ("Santa Rita," Oyacachi,
Papallacta); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat.,
9, p. B. 105, 1911 — Oyacachi, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 620, 1917 — Paramillo Trail, Almaguer, above Salento,
Laguneta, Santa Elena, and El Roble, Colombia.
Chlorospingus rubrirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 —
Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 92, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 504 — Santa Elena, Colombia (eggs descr.); Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll., p. 197, 1882— Bogota; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
1 Chlorospingus semifuscus cinereocephalus Taczanowski: Similar to C. s. semi-
fuscus, but considerably smaller with snorter bill; top of the head paler brownish
gray; throat and foreneck buffy; middle of breast and abdomen dingy (grayish)
white; flanks and under tail coverts more yellowish green. Wing (female), 64;
tail, 54; bill, 11 14
Material examined. — Peru: Tambo de Aza (alt. 8,000 ft.), below Maraynioc
Department of Junm, 1.
2 Genus Cnemoscopus Bangs and Penard: Similar to Hemispingus, but with
decidedly shorter tarsus and proportionately much longer wings; coloration quite
different, suggesting that of the genus Eucometis.
418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
p. 246, 1886 — Colombia (Bogotd, Medellin, Santa Elena) and Ecuador
("Santa Rita"); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 469 — Papallacta, eastern
Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 241, 1932—
Escuilla, eastern Ecuador.
Cnemoscopus rubrirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 686, 1926 —
eastern Ecuador (below Papallacta, above Baeza, Oyacachi, upper Sumaco) .
Range. — Temperate and upper Subtropical zones of Colombia
(except Santa Marta region) and eastern Ecuador.1
7: Colombia ("Bogota," 1; Paramo de Tama, Santander, 4;
west Quindio, above Salento, Cauca, 1; Almaguer, central Andes,
Cauca, 1).
Cnemoscopus rubrirostris chrysogaster (Taczanowski).2
GOLDEN-BELLIED CNEMOSCOPUS.
Chlorospingus chrysogaster Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 517 —
Tambapota, Department of Junfn, Peru (descr. of female; type lost, for-
merly in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 187, 1927); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 515, 1884
—Tambapota; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 246, 1886— Peru;
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 346 — Maray-
nioc, Peru (crit., meas.).
Hemispingus chrysogaster Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1093, 1912— Peru (Tambapota, Maraynioc, "Puyascu").
Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of central Peru, in
Department of Junin (Tambapota; Puyas-Yacu, below Maraynioc).
Genus HEMISPINGUS Cabanis
Hemispingus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, October, 1851 — type, by orig.
desig., Arremon superciliaris Lafresnaye.
Sphenopsis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 379 — type, by monotypy,
Sphenopsis ignobilis Sclater.
Sphenops Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 160, 1862 — emendation.
Dacnidea Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 131 — type, by mono-
typy, Dacnidea leucogastra Taczanowski.
Orospingus Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 61, 1922 — type, by orig.
desig., Chlorospingus goeringi Sclater and Salvin.
1 Some of the Ecuadorian specimens, by slightly larger size and darker bills,
form the passage to the Peruvian C. r. chrysogaster. The locality "Santa Rita"
(in the Tropical zone of western Ecuador), attached to some of Buckley's skins,
is undoubtedly erroneous.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 12; Santa Elena, 2. — East-
ern Ecuador: near Papallacta, 3; Oyacachi, 1; "Quito," 3.
2 Cnemoscopus rubrirostris chrysogaster (Taczanowski) : Similar to the nominate
race, but larger; bill and legs dark horn color instead of reddish; breast and abdo-
men brighter (clearer) yellow, etc. Wing, 91, (female) 80; tail, 72, (female) 64;
bill, 12.
Material examined. — Peru: Puyas-Yacu (alt. 8,000 ft.), Department of Junfn, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 419
*Hemispingus atro-pileus atro-pileus (Lafresnaye). BLACK-
CAPPED HEMISPINGUS.
Arremon atro-pileus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 335, 1842 — "Bolivie"=
Colombia, Bogotd (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 413, 1930).
Pipilopsis atripileus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 —
Santa F6 de Bogota (diag.).
Chlorospingus atripileus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 23, p. 155, 1855 —
Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 91, 1856 — BogotS. and vicinity of Quito (monog.);
idem, I.e., 28, pp. 76, 86, 1860 — Lloa and above Puellaro, Ecuador;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 89, 1862 — New Granada and Lloa, Ecuador;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 504 — Medellin and
Santa Elena, Colombia; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 197, 1882— Bogota;
Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 81 — San
Rafael, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 245, 1886— Colombia
(Bogota, Medellin) and Ecuador (Lloa, Jima); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 19, 1899— Pun and "Gualea,"
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 469 — west side of Pichincha.
Hemispingus atripileus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1092, 1912 — Colombia (Bogota, Medellin) and Ecuador (Lloa, Jima,
Quito, San Rafael).
Hemispingus atropileus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 620, 1917
— Andes west of Popayan, Cocal, above Salento, Laguneta, and Choachi,
Colombia; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— Pilon,
Ecuador.
Hemispingus atropileus atropileus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 686, 1926 — above Baeza, Oyacachi, and upper Sumaco, Ecuador.
(?) Hemispingus atripileus chlorigaster Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1092, 1143, 1912 — Antioquia, Colombia (type in
Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Range. — Temperate zone of (?)western Venezuela (Cordillera of
Merida), Colombia (except Santa Marta region) and Ecuador.1
9: Colombia (Paramo de Tama, 7; "Bogota," 2).
1 Birds from Ecuador appear to be inseparable from those of Colombia.
Berlepsch described a single trade-skin from somewhere in Antioquia (presumably
in the western Andes, since the same lot, among others, contained Oreothraupis
arremonops and Entomodestes coracinus) as H. a. chlorigaster on account of its
darker, more saturated under parts. The type certainly is darker beneath than
any other bird I have seen (in size it does not differ from certain individuals),
but as authentic specimens from the western and central Andes of Colombia in
the American Museum of Natural History show no tangible divergencies from
others taken in the Bogota region, it is hard to believe that it is anything but an
individual mutant, unless it represents a local form of very restricted distribution.
We have not seen any Venezuelan material.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 11; Choachi, 3; Laguneta,
central Andes, 2; Cocal, western Andes, 1. — Ecuador: "Quito," 3; Rio Yambi, 1;
Pichincha, 1; Pun, 1.
420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Hemispingus atro-pileus auricularis Cabanis.1 PERUVIAN
BLACK-CAPPED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Chlorospingus (Hemispingus) auricularis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 318,
1873 — Peru, locality not specified (type, from Maraynioc, formerly in
Warsaw Museum [teste Taczanowski, Warsz. Uniwers. Izv., 1889, No.
4, p. 28], now lost; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus.
Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 187, 1927).
Hemispingus auricularis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 516
— Maraynioc, Paltaypampa, and Sillapata, Peru (nest and eggs descr.);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1093, 1912— Peru
(same localities).
Chlorospingus auricularis Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 519, 1884 — Peru
(Maraynioc, Paltaypampa, Sillapata); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 245, 1886 — Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 345— Maraynioc.
Hemispingus atropileus auricularis Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117,
p. 122, 1921— Occobamba Valley, Urubamba, Peru.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of southern Peru, in departments
of Junin (Maraynioc, Paltaypampa, Sillapata) and Cuzco (Occo-
bamba Valley).2
Hemispingus atro-pileus calophrys (Sclater and Salvin).3
ORANGE-BROWED HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus calophrys Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876,
p. 354 — Tilotilo, Yungas (of La Paz), Bolivia (type in Salvi. -Godman
Collection, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 602 — Tilotilo;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 245, 1886— Tilotilo.
Hemispingus calophrys Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1093, 1912— Bolivia (Tilotilo, Cillutincara, Sandillani, Unduavi)
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Bolivia (Department f
La Paz).
1 Hemispingus atro-pileus auricularis Cabanis: Very similar to H. a. atropileus
but slightly smaller sex for sex; black color on the sides of the head more extensive
occupying the whole of the cheeks, subocular region, and auriculars, and like that
of the crown deeper in tone; buffy white superciliaries not reaching the base of
the bill; throat and foreneck more strongly tinged with yellow ocher, etc. Wing
(male), 76-78; tail, 73-75.
Material examined. — Peru: Maraynioc, Department of Junin, 3.
2 A race intermediate between H. a. auricularis and H. a. atro-pileus has been
described from northern Peru (Llui and Leimabamba, Department of Libertad)
asH. a. intermedius Carriker (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 331, 1934).
3 Hemispingus atro-pileus calophrys (Sclater and Salvin) : Agreeing with H. a.
auricularis in large extent of black on sides of head, but superciliaries, throat, and
foreneck bright ochraceous-orange.
Material examined. — Bolivia: Cillutincara, 2; Sandillani, 1; Unduavi, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 421
*Hemispingus superciliaris superciliaris (Lafresnaye). GRAY-
FRONTED HEMISPINGUS.
Arremon superciliaris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840 — Santa Fe
de Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 413, 1930).
Pipilopsis superciliaris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 —
Santa Fe de Bogota.
Hemispingus superciliaris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, 1851 — Colombia;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1093, 1912— part,
Colombia (Bogota) and northern Peru (Tambillo, Cutervo, Paucal).
Chlorospingus superciliaris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 —
Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 92, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 90, 1862 — part, spec, b, c, Bogota; Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 229— Tambillo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 195
— Callacate, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 517, 1884— Peru (Tambillo,
Cutervo, Paucal); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 197, 1882— Bogota;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 246, 1886— part, subsp. typica,
Bogota.
Hemispingus superciliaris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 621,
1917 — Palo Hueco and Cundinamarca, eastern Andes, Colombia.
Hemispingus superciliaris superciliaris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 687, 1926 — southwestern Ecuador (Salvias, Taraguacocha) and
Peru (El Tambo) (crit.).
Chlorospingus superciliaris nigrifrons (not of Lawrence) Taczanowski and
Bejlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 81 — San Rafael, eastern
F^uador.
Chlorospingus nigrifrons Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14,
No. 357, p. 19, 1899 — part, Papallacta, eastern Ecuador.
Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1093, 1912 — part, San Rafael and Papallacta, Ecuador; Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 687, 1926 — part, eastern Ecuador
(Zuna, Rio Upano; upper Sumaco).
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colom-
pia, eastern and extreme southwestern Ecuador, and northwestern
t^eru.1
2: Colombia ("Bogota," 2).
1 A large series from "Bogota" is very uniform in the neutral gray coloration
of the anterior crown, and two birds from northwestern Peru do not appreciably
differ. Two adults from above Banos, while very slightly darker than many
Bogota skins, can be matched by others, and appear to be much nearer to super-
ciliaris than to nigrifrons. I am, therefore, inclined to refer east Ecuadorian birds
to the nominate race, whereby the anomaly in distribution alluded to by Chap-
man is disposed of.
A single adult from Cocapata, Department of La Paz, Bolivia, closely resem-
bles H. s. superciliaris with the exception of having the posterior portion of the
superciliary streak tinged with yellow. Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1093, 1143, 1912) noticed the same peculiarity in specimens from Bolivia
422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons (Lawrence).1 SOOTY-
FRONTED HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus nigrifrons Lawrence, Ibis, (3), 5, p. 384, 1875 — Ecuador (type
in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1884, p. 290 — Cechce, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 19, 1899— part, western Ecuador (El Troje,
Huaca; Nanegal; Chinguil (Lloa); Frutillas; Niebli); Goodfellow, Ibis,
1901, p. 469 — Milligalli, Gualea, and Mindo.
Chlorospingus superciliaris (not Arremon superciliaris Lafresnaye) Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, pp. 65, 86, 1860— Chillanes and Nanegal,
Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 90, 1862 — part, spec, a, Ecuador.
[Chlorospingus superciliaris} subsp. nigrifrons Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 247, 1886— Ecuador (Sical, Jima).
Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 105, 1911— Lloa; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1093, 1912 — part, western Ecuador ("Quito,"
Sical, Jima, Frutillas, Milligalli, Gualea, Mindo, Nanegal, Lloa, Chillanes,
Cechce); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 621, 1917— Valle de
las Pappas, Laguneta, and Santa Isabel, central Andes of Colombia;
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 86, 1922— below Lloa,
Calacali, and Nono, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 687, 1926 — western Ecuador (Pagma Forest, Hacienda Garzon, Mo-
janda Mountains, Yanacocha, Verdecocha, above Gualea, "Quito");
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 28, p. 75, 1928— Curubi, Ecuador;
idem, I.e., (2), 4, p. 627, 1932— Las Palmas and El Portete de Tarqui,
Ecuador.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of the central Andes of Colombia
and of western Ecuador, south to Province of Azuay (Cuenca region).
*Hemispingus reyi (Berlepsch).2 KEY'S HEMISPINGUS.
(Cocapata, Sandillani), which may thus prove to be separable, together with the
inhabitants of southeastern Peru (Occobamba and above Torontoy, Urubamba)
recorded by Chapman (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 122, 1921), as H. super-
ciliaris nigrifrons.
1 Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons (Lawrence) merely differs from the
nominate race by having the anterior crown darker, sooty to blackish. This
character being often less pronounced in the females, caution must be used in
allocating unsexed birds of uncertain origin. All the (fourteen) specimens seen
of this form are from the northwestern section of Ecuador (Quito region and
Pichincha), but according to Chapman the inhabitants of the central Andes of
Colombia, notwithstanding considerable variation, belong likewise here. Berlioz
refers specimens from the Cuenca region (Las Palmas, Portete de Tarqui) to
nigrifrons, while those from extreme southwestern Ecuador (Zaruma region,
Province of El Oro) are identified by Chapman as being typical superciliaris.
2 Hemispingus reyi (Berlepsch): Nearly allied to H. s. superciliaris, but
differs by lacking the white superciliaries; more yellowish green upper parts;
deeper yellow ventral surface; by having the gray cap extended over the whole
pileum, etc. Wing, 66-68; tail, 62-65; bill, 13.
This little-known species inhabits the Cordillera of Merida, but its altitudinal
range and zonal distribution remain to be determined. It is probably a geo-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 423
Chlorospingus reyi Berlepsch, Ibis, (5), 3, p. 288, 1885— Merida, Venezuela
(type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 247, 1886— Merida.
Hemispingus reyi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1094,
1912 — Andes of Merida, Venezuela.
Range. — Cordillera of MeYida, western Venezuela.
2: Venezuela (Conejos, 1; Nevados, MeYida, 1).
"Hemispingus chrysophrys (Sclater and Salvin).1 YELLOW-
BROWED HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus chrysophrys Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, pp.
234, 235 — Me>ida, Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 247, 1886— Me>ida.
Hemispingus chrysophrys Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1094, 1912— Andes of Me>ida.
Chlorospingus xanthophrys (not of Sclater, 1856) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780— Me>ida.
Range. — Cordillera of Merida, western Venezuela.
6: Venezuela (Escorial, MeYida, 3; La Cuchilla, MeYida, 1;
La Culata, MeYida, 1; Nevados, MeYida, 1).
"Hemispingus frontalis frontalis (Tschudi). OLEAGINEOUS
HEMISPINGUS.
Hylophilus frontalis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 284, 1844— Peru (type
in Neuchatel Museum examined); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p.
194, pi. 13, fig. 1, 1846 — east slope of Peruvian Andes, probably in
Department of Junfn; Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 8, 1905
(crit. note on type).
Chlorospingus oleagineus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 110 —
"Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum,
examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 359, 1862— "Bogota";
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 517 — Pumamarca, Depart-
ment of Junfn, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 229 — Tambillo, Peru; idem, Orn.
Fe>., 2, p. 516, 1884 — Peru (Pumamarca, Tambillo); idem and Berlepsch,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 81 — Machay, eastern Ecuador.
Chlorospingus ignobilis (not Spheopsis ignobilis Sclater) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 504— Santa Elena, Colombia; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 248, 1886— part, spec, e-g, Colombia (Bogota,
Santa Elena), Ecuador, and Peru.
graphical representative of H. super ciliaris. Its resemblance in coloration to
Basileuterus griseiceps is remarkable.
Additional material examined. — Venezuela: "Me>ida," 2; El Escorial, Me>ida, 1.
1 Hemispingus chrysophrys (Sclater and Salvin) is readily recognizable from
the preceding species by the bright yellow superciliaries and (like the back) light
olive-green pileum.
Nothing is known about its range beyond its occurrence in the Cordillera of
Merida. Three specimens, all obtained by S. Briceno, have been examined.
424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus frontalis Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 517, 1884 — Peru; Ber-
lepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 8, 1905 (crit.); Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 83, 1906 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru.
HemispingiLS frontalis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1094, 1912— Peru (Pumamarca, Santa Ana).
Hemispingus frontalis oleagineus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1094, 1912 — Colombia ("Bogota," Santa Elena), eastern Ecuador
(Machay, "Quito"), and Peru (Tambillo); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 621, 1917— Colombia (Gallera, Salento, Santa Elena, Rio
Toche, El Eden, Aguadita, Subia).
Hemispingus frontalis frontalis Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 122,
1921 — San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 55, p. 688, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Baeza, Rio Sardinas, lower Sumaco).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Peru (south to the Uru-
bamba Valley), eastern Ecuador, and the whole of Colombia (except
Santa Marta region).1
2: Colombia (Subia, near La Mesa, Cundinamarca, 2).
Hemispingus frontalis ignobilis (Sclater).2 VENEZUELAN
OLEAGINEOUS HEMISPINGUS.
Sphenopsis ignobilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 379 — "Brazil,"
errore (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined).
Sphenops ignobilis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 160, 1862 — South America.
Chlorospingus ignobilis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp.
780, 784— Paramo of Merida, Venezuela (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 248, 1886 — part, spec, c, d, "South America" and Merida,
Venezuela.
Chlorospingus frontalis ignobilis Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p.
9 (in text), 1905— part, Merida (crit.).
Hemispingus frontalis ignobilis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1094, 1912 — Andes of Merida, Venezuela; Chapman, Amer.
1 1 am quite unable to distinguish Colombian and Ecuadorian birds (oleagineus)
from typical Peruvian skins. Dr. Chapman, who had far more comprehensive
material, came to the same conclusion.
Additional material examined. — Peru: "Bogota," 8; Calua, Cundinamarca, 1;
Santa Elena, 1. — Ecuador: Machay, 1; unspecified, 2. — Peru: Tambillo, 1; Santa
Ana, 1; unspecified, 1 (type of H . frontalis) .
2 Hemispingus frontalis ignobilis (Sclater) : Similar to H. f. frontalis, but with
well-defined superciliaries, ochraceous-orange above the lores and decidedly yellow
posteriorly; under parts darker, yellow-ocher, especially on throat and foreneck,
and more ochreous brown on the tail coverts. Wing (adult male), 75; tail, 70.
Specimens from the Cordillera of Merida differ markedly from Bogota skins
by more ochreous under parts and the conspicuous ochraceous-orange super-
ciliaries. The type of S. ignobilis (of unknown origin), although in rather poor
condition, seems to agree better with Merida birds than with one from Los Palmales
(iteratus).
Material examined. — Venezuela, Cordillera of Merida: El Valle (alt. 2,000
metr.), 1; Culata (alt. 4,000 metr.), 1; Paramo of Merida, 1. — "South America,"
1 (type of Sphenopsis ignobilis).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 425
Mus. Nov., 191, p. 13, 1925— Venezuela (Guamito, Trujillo; Paramo
de Rosas, Lara; La Cuchilla and Tabay, Merida).
Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of western Venezuela,
from Lara (Paramo de Rosas) to MeYida.
*Hemispingus frontalis hanieli Hellmayr and Seilern.1 HANIEL'S
HEMISPINGUS.
Hemispingus hanieli Hellmayr and Seilern, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, No. 1,
p. 87, May, 1914 — Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Federal District, Venezuela
(type in Munich Museum); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2,
p. 201, 1924— Galipan (Cerro del Avila), Loma Redonda, and Silla de
Caracas, Venezuela.
Hemispingus frontalis hanieli Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 13, 1925 —
Galipan (Cerro del Avila) and Cotiza, near Caracas, Venezuela (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, in Federal
District (Galipan, Cerro del Avila; Loma Redonda; Cotiza, near
Caracas; Silla de Caracas).
2: Venezuela (Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 1; Silla de Caracas,
Federal District, 1).
Hemispingus frontalis iteratus Chapman.2 TURUMIQUIRE
HEMISPINGUS.
Hemispingus frontalis iteratus Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 13, 1925 —
Carapas, Mount Turumiquire, northeastern Venezuela (type in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Chlorospingus frontalis ignobilis (not Sphenopsis ignobilis Sclater) Berlepsch
and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 9 (in text), 1905 — part, "Cumana"
[ = Los Palmales], Venezuela.
Range. — Subtropical zone of northeastern Venezuela (Los Pal-
males; Carapas, Mount Turumiquire).
1 Hemispingus frontalis hanieli Hellmayr and Seilern: Nearest to H.f. ignobilis,
but upper parts much duller, more of a grayish green ; superciliaries more sharply
defined and paler, being ochraceous-buff above the lores and creamy posteriorly;
sides of the head grayish or smoky olive; ventral surface much paler, the throat
and foreneck antimony yellow to cinnamon-buff, passing into brownish buff
abdominally. Wing, 73-77, (female) 68-70; tail, 64-71, (female) 61-64; bill,
13-14.
Material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 17; Loma Redonda,
1; Silla de Caracas, 7.
2 Hemispingus frontalis iteratus Chapman: Exceedingly close to H.f. ignobilis,
with which it agrees in coloration of upper parts and superciliaries, but under
surface more deeply ochraceous, particularly on the abdomen. Wing (male), 74;
tail, 70; bill, 13 Y2.
This form is so close to the MeYida race that we did not attempt to separate
it on the basis of a single specimen. Chapman, on the receipt of a series from
Mount Turumiquire, has cleverly pointed out its characters which, though slight,
appear to be constant. Its striking resemblance to H. f. ignobilis, of the M6rida
region, is a remarkable case of parallelism, the intervening Caracas section being
occupied by the strongly differentiated H. f. hanieli.
Material examined. — Venezuela: Los Palmales, 1; Carapas, 2.
426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Hemispingus leucogaster (Taczanowski). WHITE-BELLIED
HEMISPINGUS.
Dacnidea leucogastra Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 131, pi. 19,
fig. 2 — Maraynioc, Department of Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum;
cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p,
188, 1927).
Dacnidea albiventris (lapsus) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p
510 — Maraynioc.
Chlorospingus leucogaster Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 15 —
Tamiapampa and Chachapoyas, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 518, 1884 —
Peru (Maraynioc, Tamiapampa, Chachapoyas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit,
Mus., 11, p. 249, 1886— Chachapoyas; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 346 — Culumachay and Pariayacu (Maraynioc),
Department of Junln.
Hemispingus leucogaster Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1094, 1912 — Peru (Tamiapampa, Leimabamba, Chachapoyas, Maraynioc,
Pariayacu, Culumachay); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
17, p. 455, 1930 — Panao, Department of Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. — Temperate zone of northern Peru, from Province of
Jaen south to Department of Junin.1
4: Peru (Molinopampa, 3; Panao, 1).
*Hemispingus melanotis melanotis (Sclater). BLACK-EARED
HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus melanotis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 157,
pi. 68, pub. April, 1855 — "Bogota," Colombia (types in British Museum);
idem, I.e., 23, p. 155, 1855— Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 92, 1856— "Bogota"
(monog.); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p.
82 — Baiios, eastern Ecuador (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 250, 1886— "Bogota."
Hemispingus melanotis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1095, 1912— Colombia ("Bogota") and eastern Ecuador (Banos); Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 621, 1917 — above Salento, Santa
Elena, Fusugasuga, and El Roble, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 688, 1926 —
above Baeza, eastern Ecuador.
Hemispingus melanotis stresemanni Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 190, 1927— Banos, Ecuador (type in Warsaw
Museum ;= young).
1 The Panao birds agree well with a topotype from Maraynioc, while four
from northern Peru (Tamiapampa and Molinopampa) have much less grayish
suffusion on the chest and less blackish mottling on the crown.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Tamiapampa, 2; Maraynioc (Culu-
machay), 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 427
Range. — Subtropical zone of the central and eastern Andes
of Colombia and eastern Ecuador.1
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Hemispingus melanotis ochraceus (Berlepsch and Taczanow-
ski).2 OCHRACEOUS-BELLIED HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus ochraceus Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1884, p. 291, pi. 24, fig. 1— Cayandeled and Chaguarpata, western Ecuador
(type, from Cayandeled, in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort
Museum, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 251, 1886 —
western Ecuador.
Hemispingus ochraceus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1095, 1912 — Ecuador (Cayandeled, Chaguarpata); Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 55, p. 688, 1926— same localities.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador (Cayandeled and
Chaguarpata, Province of Chimborazo).
Hemispingus melanotis piurae Chapman.3 PIURA HEMISPINGUS.
Hemispingus piurae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 67, p. 11, 1923 — Palambla,
western slope of the Andes, Department of Piura, Peru (type in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Hemispingus castaneicollis chapmani Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 188, 1927— Tambillo, Province of Jaen,
Department of Cajamarca (type in Warsaw Museum).
1 The Banos specimen described by Sztolcman and Domaniewski is young,
and as adults from eastern Ecuador in the American Museum of Natural History
do not materially differ from others taken in Colombia, I believe stresemanni to
have been based on differences of age.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 8. — Ecuador: Banos, 1; above
Baeza, 2.
1 Hemispingus melanotis ochraceus (Berlepsch and Taczanowski), known from
two female examples, differs from H. m. melanotis by dusky (instead of black)
sides of the head without any white spots in the superciliary region; dark brown
back and wing edgings; more uniform reddish ochraceous under parts, etc. Wing,
76-77; tail, 70. This is clearly the western representative of H. m. melanotis.
Although the male yet remains to be discovered, the females present marked differ-
ences of coloration.
Material examined. — Ecuador: Cayandeled, 1; Chaguarpata, 1.
3 Hemispingus melanotis piurae Chapman: Nearest to H. m. castaneicollis,
but whole top and sides of the head jet-black; white superciliaries much wider and
reaching to the base of the bill; black color below restricted to the chin; under
parts nearly uniform orange-ochraceous; tail grayish fuscous without trace of
brown. Wing, 63, (female) 61; tail, 57, (female) 58; bill, 13.
There can be hardly any doubt that H. c. chapmani is identical with
piurae. The description agrees with a topotype from Palambla except that no
mention is made of the grayish nuchal band, which is, however, expressly noted
by Taczanowski when speaking of a bird from Nancho (west slope) in the Rai-
mondi Collection. The late Count Berlepsch, in a manuscript note on one of the
Tambillo specimens, furthermore states that the black pileum is separated from
the olivaceous back by a grayish collar. H. m. piurae would thus seem to inhabit
both slopes of the western Cordillera in northwestern Peru.
Material examined. — Peru: Palambla, 1.
428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus castaneicollis (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 229— Tambillo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 520, 1884—
Tambillo and Montana de Nancho; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 249, 1886 — part, Peru (references from northern Peru).
Hemispingus castaneicollis Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1094, 1912 — part, northern Peru (Tambillo, Montana de Nancho).
Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Peru on both slopes
of the western Cordillera (Palambla, western slope, Department of
Piura; Montana de Nancho, western slope, and Tambillo, eastern
slope, Department of Cajamarca).
Hemispingus melanotis berlepschi (Taczanowski).1
BERLEPSCH'S HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus berlepschi Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 195—
Ropaybamba, Department of Junin, Peru (descr. of female; type in
Warsaw Museum); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 521, 1884 — Ropaybamba;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 251, 1886— Peru.
Hemispingus berlepschi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1095, 1912 — Ropaybamba.
Chlorospingus castaneicollis (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1874, p. 517 — Ropaybamba.
Hemispingus castaneicollis berlepschi Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 67, p. 12,
1923 — Chelpes, Department of Junfn (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of central Peru (Ropaybamba and
Chelpes, Department of Junin).
Hemispingus melanotis castaneicollis (Sclater). ORANGE-
NECKED HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus castaneicollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 293, Nov.,
1858 — interior of Peru, bordering on Bolivia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 90, pi. 10,
1862— Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 602—
Ramosani and Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 249, 1886 — Peru (excl. of North Peruvian references) and Bolivia
(Ramosani).
Hemispingus castaneicollis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1094, 1912 — part, Bolivia (Tilotilo, Ramosani, Quebrada Onda, Chaco,
Sandillani); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 30, 1920—
Chuhuasi, Sierra de Carabaya, Department of Puno, Peru.
1 Hemispingus melanotis berlepschi (Taczanowski), according to Chapman, is
intermediate between H. m. castaneicollis and H. m. melanotis. It has less black
on the throat than the former, but like the latter barely traces of superciliaries,
while the under parts, on breast and crissum, are ochraceous-orange as in casta-
neicollis; on the abdomen ochraceous-buff as in melanotis.
We are not acquainted with this race, which has only been recorded from the
Department of Junin in central-eastern Peru.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 429
Hemispingus castaneicollis castaneicollis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 67,
p. 12, 1923— southeastern Peru (Santo Domingo) and Bolivia (Yungas
and Roquefalda, Cochabamba).
Range. — Subtropical zone of extreme southeastern Peru (Sierra
of Carabaya, Department of Puno) and Bolivia (Yungas of La
Paz and Cochabamba).1
*Hemispingus goeringi (Sclater and Salvin).2 GOERING'S
HEMISPINGUS.
Chlorospingus goeringi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp.
780, 784, pi. 46, fig. 2 [=1]— Paramo of Merida, Venezuela (type in coll.
of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 250, 1886— Paramo of Merida.
Hemispingus goeringi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1095, 1912— Andes of Merida.
Hemispingus (Orospingus) goeringi Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 67, p. 12,
1923 — Merida region (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of the Cordillera of MeYida, western
Venezuela.3
3: Venezuela (Escorial, MeYida, 3).
Genus PSEUDOSPINGUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann4
Pseudospingus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 346
— type, by subs, desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 710,
1902), Dacnis xanthophthalma Taczanowski.
*Pseudospingus verticalis (Lafresnaye). BLACK-HEADED
PSEUDOSPINGUS.
Nemosia verticalis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840 — Santa Fe de Bogota,
Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 414, 1930).
1 Birds from southeastern Peru are identical with Bolivian ones.
Material examined. — Peru: Chuhuasi, Sierra of Carabaya, 3; Santo Domingo,
2. — Bolivia: Chaco, Yungas of La Paz, 3; Sandillani, Yungas of Pa Paz, 2; Que-
brada Onda, Cochabamba, 2.
2 Hemispingus goeringi (Sclater and Salvin), though differing by stronger bill
and heavier feet, is obviously a near relative of H. melanotis, as manifested by its
striking similarity in coloration to H. m. piurae, and generic separation (Oro-
spingus) would merely serve to obliterate its natural affinities.
3 Seven specimens from the Cordillera of Merida examined.
4 Genus Pseudospingus Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Nearest to Hemispingus,
but with much slenderer, more compressed bill; proportionately longer tail, equal
to, or slightly exceeding, the wing; and plumage of a soft, silky texture.
430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorospingus verticalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 —
Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 93, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 90, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 504 — Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.,
p. 197, 1882— Bogota; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 248, 1886—
Colombia (Bogota, Medellin) and Ecuador (Jima).
Chlorospingus lichtensteini Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 30, June,
1856 — Bogota, Colombia (descr. of young; type in Berlin Museum); idem,
I.e., p. 93, 1856— Bogota (monog.).
Pseudospingus verticalis Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No.
357, p. 19, 1899— Pun, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1095, 1912 — Colombia (Bogota, Antioquia) and Ecuador
(Jima); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 622, 1917— Almaguer,
Laguneta, and Santa Isabel, central Andes of Colombia; idem, I.e., 55,
p. 689, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (above Baeza, Oyacachi, and upper
Sumaco).
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of the central and eastern
Andes of Colombia and eastern Ecuador.1
2: Colombia ("Bogota," 2).
*Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus (Taczanowski).2 YELLOW-
EYED PSEUDOSPINGUS.
Dacnis xanthophthalma (Jelski MS.) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1874, p. 131 — Maraynioc, Department of Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw
Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 6, p. 191, 1927); idem, I.e., 1874, p. 510— Maraynioc; idem, I.e.,
1882, p. 9 — Tamiapampa, Peru.
Chlorospingus xanthophthalmus Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 522, 1884 — Peru
(Maraynioc, Tamiapampa); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 249,
1886— Peru.
Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 346 — Maraynioc (crit., meas.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1095, 1912 — Peru (Tamiapampa, Maraynioc, Paria-
yacu); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 122, 1921— Occobamba
Valley, Urubamba, Peru.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Peru, from Department of
Amazonas (Tamiapampa, Molinopampa) south through Junin
(Maraynioc) to the Urubamba region, Department of Cuzco.
1: Peru (ten miles east of Molinopampa, 1).
1 Three specimens from Ecuador agree well with Bogota skins.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 17. — Ecuador: Pun, 3.
2 Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus (Taczanowski) is a near ally of P. verticalis,
from which it differs principally by lacking all black on the head, and may prove
to be conspecific.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Tamiapampa, 1 ; Pariayacu, Maraynioc, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 431
Genus UROTHRAUPIS Taczanowski and Berlepsch
Urolhraupis Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 83 —
type, by monotypy, Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski and Berlepsch.
Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski and Berlepsch. STOLZ-
MANN'S TANAGER.
Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 83, pi. 8— San Rafael (alt. 9,000 ft.), eastern Ecuador (type in
Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus.
Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 191, 1927); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 251,
1886— San Rafael; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 470— Papallacta, Ecuador;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1096, 1912 — San
Rafael; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 622, 1917— Santa Isabel
(alt. 12,000 ft.), central Andes, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 689, 1926 —
upper Sumaco, eastern Ecuador.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of eastern Ecuador (San Rafael;
Papallacta; upper Sumaco) and the central Andes of Colombia
(Santa Isabel).1
Genus MICROSPINGUS Taczanowski
Microspingus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 132 — type, by
monotypy, Microspingus trifasciatus Taczanowski.
Microspingus trifasciatus Taczanowski. THREE-STRIPED
TANAGER.
Microspingus trifasciatus (Jelski MS.) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1874, p. 132, pi. 19, fig. 1 — Maraynioc, Department of Junln, Peru (type
lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann.
Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 192, 1927) ; idem, I.e., 1874, p. 517— Maray-
nioc; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 602— Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia;
Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 523, 1884— Maraynioc; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 252, 1886— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1096, 1912— Peru* and Bolivia (Tilotilo,
Cocapata); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 123, 1921— Cedro-
bamba, Urubamba, Peru.
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of southern Peru (departments
of Junin and Cuzco) and western Bolivia (Department of La Paz).3
1 Material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: San Rafael, 2; Papallacta, 3.
2 I cannot find any previous record for the north Peruvian localities quoted
by Berlepsch, and believe they are due to an erroneous entry in his manuscript.
Jelski secured a single adult male at Maraynioc, though he reports having seen
the species in the Vitoc Valley as well as at Pumamarca, Junfn.
3 Material examined. — Bolivia: Cocapata, Department of La Paz, 3.
432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Genus NEOTHRAUPIS gen. nov.1
*Neothraupis fascia ta (Lichtenstein). WHITE-BANDED TANAGER.
Tanagra fasciata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 32, 1823 —
Sao Paulo, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,
3, (1), p. 493, 1830 — campos of Minas Geraes and Bahia.
Tanagra axillaris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 41, pi. 54, fig. 2, 1825 —
Brazil (descr. of first annual plumage; type lost, formerly in Munich
Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3,
p. 675, 1906).
Diucopis fasciata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 491, end of 1850 —
Brazil (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 68, 1856— Sao Paulo,
Minas [Geraes], and Bahia (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 97,
1862— Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p.
417 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) and Sao Paulo (Retiro and Franca);
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 219, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Cimeterio [do Lambari],
Itarare, Irisanga) and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.,
p. 201, 1882— Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 279, 1886—
Brazil (Bahia and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," errore); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 366, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso (descr. of
young); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 156, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 387, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Rincao, Itarare, Bauru) and
Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya, Chapada); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw.
Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 83, 1910— Piauhy (Santo Antonio de Gilboez,
Santa Maria, and Barroca de Maranhao, Rio Parnahyba); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1107, 1912— Bahia to Sao Paulo
and Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p.
289, 1929 — Maranhao (Barra do Corda, and Fazenda Inhuma, Alto
Parnahyba); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 388, 1930— Matto
Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 278,
1930 — Ipias, Chiquitos, Bolivia.
Diuca fasciata Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 279, 1856 — Lagoa
Santa, Minas Geraes.
Range. — Campo region of Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy
south to Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, west to Matto Grosso, and
the adjacent districts of eastern Bolivia (Ipias, Chiquitos).2
1 Genus Neothraupis Hellmayr, gen. nov.
Type: Tanagra fasciata Lichtenstein.
Not unlike Conothraupis Taczanowski, but bill decidedly shorter and stouter
as well as strongly incurved; feet stronger; coloration very different (no white
alar speculum; a broad white bar across the wing formed by the tips of the median
upper wing coverts) . Also related to Lamprospiza C abanis, but wings much shorter
and bill much smaller.
This group has long been known as Diucopis, a name that cannot be employed,
since it was originally proposed as a substitute of Schistochlamys Reichenbach.
2 Additional material examined. — Brazil, Piauhy: Santa Maria, 1; Santo An-
tonio de Gilboez, 1; Corrientes, 1; Barroca do Maranhao, 2. — Minas Geraes: Agua
Suja, near Bagagem, 2. — Sao Paulo: Itarare, 1; Cimeterio do Lambari, 9.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 433
13: Brazil (Barra do Corda, Maranhao, 1; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto
Parnahyba, Maranhao, 5; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4; Veadeiros,
Goyaz, 3).
Genus CONOTHRAUPIS Taczanowski1
Conothraupis (Sclater MS.) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 190
(read March 16, 1880) — type, by monotypy, Schistochlamys speculigera
Gould; Sclater, Ibis, (4), 4, No. 14, p. 253, April, 1850— same type.
*Conothraupis speculigera (Gould).2 BLACK-AND-WHITE
TANAGER.
Schistochlamys speculigera Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 69, pub.
May 16, 1855 — River Ucayali in Peru (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in
British Museum); idem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 15, p. 345, May, 1855
(reprint).
Diucopis speculigera Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 68, 1856 — River
Ucayali (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 263 — Rio Ucayali.
Conothraupis speculigera Sclater, Ibis, 1880, p. 253 (crit.); Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 198, pi. 21 (=male)— Callacate, Peru;
idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 546, 1884— Peru (Ucayali, Callacate, Huambo);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 280, 1886— eastern Peru (Ucayali,
Callacate); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1108,
1912 — Peru (Ucayali, Callacate, Huambo); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85,
A, Heft 10, p. 33 (in text), 1920— Callacate, Peru (crit.); Carriker, Auk,
51, p. 497, 1934 — Samne (west slope of western Cordillera), Department of
Libertad, Peru (descr. of female).
Range. — Tropical zone of northern Peru (River Ucayali; Calla-
cate; Huambo; Rioja; Samne).
2: Peru (Rioja, 2).
Genus CHLORORNIS Reichenbach
Chlorornis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 77, June 1, 1850 — type not
specified, but obviously Tanagra riefferii Boissonneau.3
1 The generic name should probably be credited to Sclater, for it seems un-
likely that Taczanowski's paper was actually published before the appearance of
the April number of "The Ibis."
2 This scarce species is nearly related to Lamprospiza melanoleuca (Vieillot),
but aside from certain structural characters, differs by much shorter wings; dark
gray rump; somewhat elongated occipital feathers with extensively white bases;
distinct white alar speculum; dark gray maxilla, etc. The female has but recently
been described. An adult male from Callacate is all I have seen of this rare bird.
3 Reichenbach's drawing shows the generic characters very well, and his name,
accompanied, as it is, by a recognizable figure, cannot be discarded as a nomen
nudum, although no type species is mentioned. Moreover, T. riefferii was subse-
quently designated as such by Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 281, 1886).
The part of Reichenbach's "Avium Systema Naturale" containing plate 77 was
issued on June 1, 1850, while Bonaparte's paper read at the meeting of September
16 must have been published considerably later.
434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Psittospiza Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, No. 12, p. 424
(seance du 16 sept.), 1850 — type, by orig. desig., Tanagra riefferii
Boissonneau.
*Chlorornis riefferii riefferii (Boissonneau). RIEFFER'S GRASS-
GREEN TANAGER.
Tanagra riefferii Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 4, 1840 — Santa Fe de Bogota,
Colombia (location of type unknown).1
Tanagra prasina Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., lOme annee, No. 40, col. 947,
May 29, 1843 — "Bolivia," errore= Colombia (type in Paris Museum).
Saltator riefferii Gray and Mitchell, Genera of Bds., 2, p. 363, pi. 89, 1844.
Psittospiza prasina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 492, 1850 (in part).
Chlorornis prasina Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 141, 1851 — Colombia.
Chlorornis riefferii Sclater, Tanagr. Cat. Spec., p. 4, 1854— part, Colombia;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 154, 1855 — Bogota.
Psittospiza riefferi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 78, 1856 — part,
New Grenada ("Bogota") and "forests of the Andes near Quito," Ecuador
(monog.); idem, I.e., 28, p. 76, 1860 — Lloa, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 94, 1862— "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 505, pi. 42, fig. 8 (egg)— Envigado, Concordia, Medel-
lin, Remedies, and Santa Elena, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 199, 1882— "Bogota"; Berlepsch and Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 292 — Chaguarpata and La Union, Ecuador;
idem, I.e., 1885, p. 84 — Banos, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 281, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota," Medellin, Envigado, Santa
Elena) and Ecuador (San Lucas); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
p. 72, 1889— "Quito," Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 21, 1899— Pun and "Nanegal," Ecuador; Good-
fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 472— Canzacota (alt. 6,500 ft.) and "below" Baeza
(alt. 5,000 ft.), Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1110, 1912 — Colombia and Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark.
Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 86, 1922— "Canchacoto, road to Chones (alt. 5,500
ft.)," Ecuador.
Psittospiza riefferii riefferii Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1120
— Tatama Mountain, western Andes, Colombia.
Psittospiza riefferi riefferi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p.
622, 1917 — Paramillo Trail, Andes west of Popayan, Cerro Munchique,
Cocal, Almaguer, Laguneta, Santa Elena, El Roble, and El Pinon, Colom-
bia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 689, 1926 — "Gualea," below Papallacta, above
Baeza, upper Sumaco, and Macas region, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of Colombia
(except Santa Marta region) and Ecuador.2
1 It is neither in the Vienna Museum nor in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2 Ecuadorian birds agree with those from Colombia.
Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 10; Medellin, Antioquia,
2; Tatama Mountain, 2. — Ecuador: Chaguarpata, 1; "Nanegal," 2; Pichincha,
4; Pun, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 435
3: Colombia ("Bogota," 1; Cerro Munchique, Coast range west
of Popayan, Cauca, 1; Laguneta, west Quindio Andes, Cauca, 1).
*Chlorornis riefferii elegans (Tschudi).1 PERUVIAN GRASS-GREEN
TANAGER.
Saltator elegans Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 288, 1844— Peru = wood
region east of the Cordilleras2 (type in Neuchfitel Museum).
Saltator riefferi (not Tanagra riefferii Boissonneau) Tschudi, Unters. Faun.
Peru., Aves, p. 210, 1846 — wood region of Peru east of the Cordilleras.
Chlorornis riefferii Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Spec., p. 4, 1854 — part, Peru.
Psittospiza riefferi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 78, 1856 — part,
eastern Peru.
Psittospiza prasina (not Tanagra prasina Lesson) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen.
Av., 1, (2), p. 492, 1850— part, Peru.
Psittospiza elegans Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 518 —
Maraynioc and Pumamarca, Department of Junfn (crit.); idem, I.e., 1882,
p. 16 — Tamiapampa and Ray-urmana (crit.); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 538,
1884 — Pumamarca, Maraynioc, Sillapata, Tamiapampa, Chachapoyas,
and Ray-urmana, Peru (habits); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
282, 1886 — part, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 348 — Maraynioc, Peru; Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 11,
1911 — Cumpang, near Tayabamba.
Psittospiza riefferi elegans Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1110, 1912— northern and central Peru.
Range. — Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of Peru from
Amazonas south to Junin.
3: Peru (Cumpang, near Tayabamba, Libertad, 2; Molino-
pampa, 1).
Chlorornis riefferii boliviana (Berlepsch).3 BOLIVIAN GRASS-
GREEN TANAGER.
Psittospiza riefferi boliviana Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1110, 1145, Feb., 1912— Cillutincara, Bolivia (type in coll. of H.
von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum).
1 Chlorornis riefferii elegans (Tschudi) : Differs from C. r. riefferii by the greater
extent of the rufous color on the face and by having a narrow bluish posterior
border to the rufous frontal band.
Additional material examined. — Peru: Ray-urmana, 1; Leimabamba, 3;
Levanto, 3; Chachapoyas, 2; Cumpang, 3; Maraynioc, 2.
2 Cf. Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 2, p. 254, 1846.
3 Chlorornis riefferii boliviana (Berlepsch) : Very similar to C. r. elegans, but
without the bluish border to the frontal band; rufous of face slightly more extensive;
general color on average darker green. Wing, 108-113, (female) 106-110; tail,
88-92, (female) 83-88; bill, 15^-16^.
Material examined. — Bolivia, Department of La Paz: Cillutincara (alt. 3,000
metr.), 5; Sandillani (alt. 2,500 metr.), 11; Chaco, 1.
436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Psittospiza elegans (not Saltator elegans Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 603— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 282, 1886— part, Bolivia (Tilotilo).
Range. — Humid Temperate zone of western Bolivia (Department
of La Paz).
Genus ORCHESTICUS Cabanis
Orchesticus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 143, Oct., 1851 — type, by monotypy,
Orchesticus occipitalis Cabanis= Pyrrhula abeillei Lesson.
*Orchesticus abeillei (Lesson). BROWN TANAGER.
Pyrrhula abeillei Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 40, 1839 — Brazil (type in Abeille
Collection, Bordeaux).
Diucop'is leucophaea (not Tanagra leucophaea Lichtenstein, 1823) Bonaparte,
Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 491, end of 1850 — Brazil (type in Paris
Museum).
Orchesticus occipitalis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 143, Oct., 1851 — based on
"Tangara roux" Lesson (Traite" d'Orn., p. 464, 1831) and Diucopis leu-
cophaea Bonaparte (type from Brazil, collected by A. de Saint-Hilaire,
in Paris Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 203, 1856
— "Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes."
Orchesticus abeillii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 66, 1856 — island
of Itaparica, Bahia (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 97, 1862
— Brazil; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 297, 1886 — southeastern
Brazil ("Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," errore).
Orchesticus abeillei Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p.
416 — Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo, Macahe'); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 220, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Malmeleiro, near Sao Roque) and Parand
(Pederneiras, Campo Comprido, Curytiba); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
3, p. 157, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900— Nova Friburgo,
Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 366, 1907— Itarare, Sao Paulo; Ber-
lepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1108, 1912— south-
eastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Parana, "Minas Geraes,"
and (?)Bahia).
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Bahia (island of Itaparica)
to Parana.1
2: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 2).
Genus OREOTHRAUPIS Sclater
Oreothraupis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 80, 1856 — type, by mono-
typy, Saltator arremonops "Jardine."
1 Although listed by Burmeister from "Sete Lagoas," Reinhardt positively
states that the Brown Tanager does not occur in Minas Geraes. The locality
"Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," affixed to one of Joyner's specimens in the British
Museum, is doubtless erroneous, while for its occurrence in Bahia we have only
the testimony of Verreaux, who claims to have shot it on the island of Itaparica.
Additional material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 1; Colonia Alpina,
Serra dos Orgaos, 1. — Parana: Pederneiras, 1; Campo Comprido, 2; Curytiba, 3. —
"Brazil," 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 437
Oreothraupis arremonops (Sclater). FINCH-LIKE TANAGER.
Solicitor arremonops Sclater,1 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 84, pi. 92, pub.
June 26, 1855— "eastern range of the Cordillera to the north of Quito,"
Ecuador (type in coll. of Sir W. Jardine, present location unknown);
Jardine, Edinb. New Philos. Journ., (n.s.), 2, No. 1, p. 119, July, 1855
— "eastern Cordillera" of Ecuador.
Oreothraupis arremonops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 80, 1856—
Andes in the vicinity of Quito, Ecuador (monog.); Sclater and Salvin,
I.e., 1878, p. 439 — "eastern valleys of the Andes of Quito"; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 298, 1886— Intac, Ecuador; Salvadori and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 22, 1899— Nanegal, Ecua-
dor; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 471 — below Mindo (alt. 6,000 ft.), Ecuador;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1104, 1143, 1912—
western Ecuador (Intac, "Quito") and Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 622, 1917— Cocal (alt. 6,000 ft.), western Andes,
Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 690, 1926 — road to Nanegal, Ecuador.
Range. — Subtropical zone of western Colombia (Cocal, western
Andes) and western Ecuador (Intac, Mindo, Nanegal).2
Genus LAMPROSPIZA Cabanis
Lamprospiza Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 246, 1847 — type, by orig.
desig., Psaris habia Lesson =Sa Itator melanoleucus Vieillot.
*Lamprospiza melanoleuca (Vieillot). RED-BILLED BLACK-AND
WHITE TANAGER.
Saltator melanoleucus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 105,
1817— "1'Amerique meridionale" (type, from Cayenne, in Paris Museum
examined ;= immature male).
Psaris habia Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 186, pi. 59 (= female), about 1831 —
Cayenne (type in coll. of M. Freire, doubtless lost).
Lamprospiza habia Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 246, 1847 (crit.);
Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 492, 1850— Cayenne.
Lamprospiza melanoleuca Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Spec., p. 4, 1854 — Cayenne;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 78, 1856 — Cayenne (monog.); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 94, 1862— Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 218, 1870— Para, Brazil (tongue, food); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.,
p. 199, 1882— Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 296, 1886
1 Sclater's account clearly has priority by a few days over Jardine's.
2 Though originally described from the "eastern Cordillera," this bird has
since been found only in western Ecuador.
A single adult from "Antioquia" (exact locality not recorded) does not appre-
ciably differ from Ecuadorian specimens. The systematic position of this remark-
able bird can only be determined by the study of its anatomy. It may prove to
be of Fringilline affinities.
Material examined. — Colombia: "Antioquia," 1. — Western Ecuador: below
Mindo, 1 ; Nanegal, 1 ; "Quito," 2.
©\
438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
—Cayenne; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890 — Diamantina,
near SantarSm, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 276, 1905 — Igarape-
Assu, Para (descr. of female); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 295, 1907
— Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 366, 1907 (range); Menegaux,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 10, 1908 — French Guiana (note on
type; descr. of young); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 118, 320, 1908 —
Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1111, 1145,
1912 — Cayenne, Surinam, and Para (crit.); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-
phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 14, 88, 1912— Ipitinga, Rio
Acard (crit., range, Para localities); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 458, 1914 — Para, Ananindeua, Peixe-Boi, Rio Guama (Santa Maria
do Sao Miguel), Rio Tapajoz (Villa Braga), and Rio Jamunda (Faro);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 33, 1920— Yahuarmayo,
Carabaya, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 388, 1930
— Rio Roosevelt, mouth of Rio Cherrie, Matto Grosso.
Lamprospiza charmesi Penard and Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 463, 1910 —
Pararakweg, Surinam (cotypes in Tring Collection, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana,
2, p. 544, 1921— Bartica Grove.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil
(Para district, west to the Tapajoz River; Rio Jamunda; Rio
Roosevelt, northern Matto Grosso) ; southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo,
Carabaya).1
3: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 3).
Genus CISSOPIS Vieillot
Cissopis Vieillot, Analyse d'une Nouv. Orn. Ele'm., p. 40, April, 1816 —
type, by monotypy, Lanius leverianus Gmelin.
Bethylus Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 341, Dec. 7, 1816 — type, by monotypy,
Lanius leverianus "Shaw" [ = Gmelin].
Brachyrliamphus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 46, Jan., 1901 —
type, by orig. desig., Brachyrhamphus elegans Bertoni = Cissopis major
Cabanis.
*Cissopis leveriana leveriana (Gmelin). MAGPIE TANAGER.
Lanius leverianus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 302, 1788 — based on "Magpie-
Shrike" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 1, (1), p. 192, 1781; locality not given2
(type in Leveranian Museum, present whereabouts unknown).3
1 Specimens from near Paramaribo (L. charmesi) are absolutely identical with
topotypes, and birds from the Para district do not differ either. A single adult
male from Peru (Yahuarmayo) is very slightly larger (wing, 99 against 94-97; tail,
73 against 65-71), but otherwise similar.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Saint Laurent du Maroni,
1; Cayenne, 3. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 3. — Brazil: Para, 3; Benevides,
2; IgarapeXAssu, 2; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 1. — Peru: Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, 1.
2 Cayenne has been substituted as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert
(Nov. Zool., 9, p. 24, 1902).
3 Not in the Vienna Museum.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 439
Lanius picatus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 73, 1790 — based on "Magpie-Shrike"
Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 1, (1), p. 192, 1781, and Suppl., 1, p. 54, 1787;
Cayenne.
Corvus collurio Daudin, Traite d'Orn., 2, p. 246, 1800— based on "La Pie
Piegrieche" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Afr., 2, p. 26, pi. 60, 1799; Cayenne.
Cissopis bicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 26, p. 417, pi. M.
33, fig. 2, 1818— "a la Guyane et au Br6sil" (location of type not stated);
idem and Oudart, Galerie Ois., 1, (2), p. 226, pi. 140, circa 1824. l
Saltator bicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl.
2, p. 36, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (spec, examined).
Bethylus picatus d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois., p. 269, 1839 — Yuracares,
Bolivia; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 288, 1844— Peru.
Cissopis minor Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 211, 1846 — Peruvian
wooded region (type in Neuchatel Museum); Cabanis, in Schomburgk,
Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 677, "1848" [=1849]— British Guiana (Pome-
roon, Barima, Barama, Aruka); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23,
p. 154, 1855— "Bogotd," Colombia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 79, 1856— Bolivia
(Yuracares), eastern Peru, and "Bogota" (monog.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 454,
1858— Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 94, 1862—
"Bogota"; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 517 — Monterico,
Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1875, p. 237— San Cristobal, Tachira,
Venezuela; idem, 1879, p. 603 — Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Taczanowski,
Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 536, 1884 — Peru (Monterico, Yurimaguas, Moyobamba).
Bethylus leverianus Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 200, 1847—
Manari, Barima River.
Bethylus minor Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 491, end of 1850 — Peru
and Bolivia (crit.).
Bethylus medius Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 491, end of 1850 —
[British] Guiana (type in Berlin Museum).
Cissopis media Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 79, 1856 — Guiana (crit.);
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— Rio Ucayali, Peru; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 181 (in text)— Ucayali River, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 750, 977 — Xeberos, Yurimaguas, and Pebas, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1873, p. 185— San Antonio, Department of Cuzco, Peru; idem,
I.e., 1873, p. 263 — Peru (Sarayacu, Xeberos, Chamicuros, Yurimaguas,
Pebas); Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 16 — Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, Orn.
Pe>., 2, p. 538, 1884 — Peru (Ucayali, Xeberos, Yurimaguas, Sarayacu,
Chamicuros, San Antonio); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 213 — Bartica Grove,
British Guiana.
Cissopis leveriana Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 181 —
Peru (locality not specified); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 299,
1886 — Guiana (Bartica Grove), Venezuela (San Crist6bal), Colombia
("Bogota"), Ecuador (Sarayacu, "Intaj" [errore], San Jose'), and Peru
(Pebas, Ucayali); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889— lower
Beni, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 298, 1889— Sarayacu, Ucayali
1 Vieillot's description ("le dos . . . d'un blanc pur") as well as the plate
clearly refers to the Guianan form.
(gv
440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
River, Peru (crit.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No.
357, p. 22, 1899 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 471—
Archidona and mouth of the Coca, upper Napo, Ecuador; Berlepsch and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 24, 1902 — La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela (spec,
examined); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 — Rio Purvis (Cach-
oeira, Monte Verde, Bom Lugar); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 118, 1908
— Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1111, 1912 —
Cayenne, British Guiana, and Venezuela (La Pricion, Caura); Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 459, 1914 — Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar,
Monte Verde) and (?)Maranhao; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
2, p. 183, 1916 — Suapur£, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2,
p. 545, 1921 — Mazaruni River, Ituribisci River, and Bartica Grove.
Cissopis leveriana minor Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896,
p. 348 — La Merced and Garita del Sol, JunJn, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13,
p. Ill, 1906 — Marcapata and Rio Cadena, Peru; Menegaux, Rev. Franc.
d'Orn., 2, p. 11, 1911— Nuevo Loreto, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1111, 1912 — eastern Colombia ("Bogota") and
western Venezuela (San Cristobal) to Bolivia and western Brazil (Rio
Purus); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 622, 1917— Florencia,
La Morelia, Villavicencio, and Buena Vista, eastern Colombia; Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 32, p. 10, 1925 — Yuracares, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 55, p. 690, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Sabanilla, Zamora, Rio
Suno, below San Jos6, and Macas region).
Cissopis leveriana leveriana Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17,
p. 456, 1930 — Puerto Bermudez, Huachipa, and Vista Alegre, Peru
(crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 388, 1930— Tapirapoan,
northern Matto Grosso (crit.).
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and eastern Vene-
zuela (Caura Valley); also in the Tropical zone of Colorr>bia (east
of the eastern Andes) and the adjoining section of Venezuela
(Tachira) south through eastern Ecuador and Peru to i orthern
Bolivia and the adjacent districts of Brazil (Rio Purus; Rio Madeira;
Tapirapoan, northern Matto Grosso).1
18: Colombia (Florencia, Caqueta, 2); Peru (Moyobamba, 5;
Huachipa, 1; Puerto Bermudez, t; Vista Alegre, 2); Venezuela 'La
Ortiza, Tachira, 2; La Uraca, Tachira, 1; San Cristobal, Tachira, i);
1 After comparing seven specimens from the Guianas (including two from th
Caura Valley, Venezuela) with a considerable series from upper Amazonia, I full,
agree with Mr. Zimmer's contention that, in spite of the apparent gap in tht
distribution, there is no constant difference between the two sets. C. minor
Tschudi thus becomes a synonym of L. leverianus. Snethlage (I.e., p. 459, 1914)
records this bird from Maranhao, rather a strange locality, which seems to require
confirmation.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2. — British Guiana;
Bartica Grove, 1. — Venezuela: La Pricion, Caura River, 2. — Colombia: "Bogota,"
7. — Eastern Ecuador: Gualaquiza, 2; Archidona, 2; San Jose, 2; unspecified, 3.—
Peru: Yurimaguas, 2; La Merced, 2; Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 1.— Bolivia: Yura-
cares, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 441
British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River, 2) ; Brazil (Porto Velho,
Rio Madeira, 1).
*Cissopis leveriana major Cabanis.1 GREATER MAGPIE TANAGER.
Cissopis major Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 144, Oct., 1851 — based on Bethylus
picatus (not Lanius picatus Latham) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1,
(2), p. 491, [end of] 1850, Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 204, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 84,
1874— Cantagallo, Rio; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 300, 1886—
southeastern Brazil (Bahia; Rio; "Rio Claro, Goyaz"; "Pelotas, Rio
Grande do Sul"); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 157, 1899 — Piquete,
Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio;
idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 367, 1907— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Caconde,
Bauru, Franca, Itarar6); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 630 — Sapucay, Paraguay;
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 365, 1914— Santa Ana, Misiones; Miranda-
Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Monte-Serrat,
Serra do Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., p. 264, 1923— Monte-Serrat.
Lanius picatus (not of Latham) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 211, 1821 — Siboya,
near Arrayal da Conquista, Bahia.
Bethylus picatus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 545, 1830 — Arrayal
da Conquista, Bahia; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 491, 1850 —
Brazil (diag.); Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 190, 1867— Cantagallo.
Cissopis leveriana (not Lanius leverianus Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 78, 1856 — southeastern Brazil (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 94, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 217, 1870—
Rio de Janeiro (Pirahy), Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema), and Parana
(Pederneiras) ; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p.
420 — Minas Geraes (Resaquinha, near Barbacena; Lag6a Santa; Lagoa
dc Pitos; Sete Lag6as; Andrequece'; Uberaba), Rio de Janeiro (Nova
Fnburgo; MacahS), and Sao Paulo (Jacarehy); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn.,
rtf, p. 245, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina.
BraJiiyrhamphus elegans Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 46, Jan.,
1901 — Djaguarasapa, Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W.
Bertoni).
( 'issopis leveriana major Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, 1908 — Fazenda
Esperanga and Goyaz, Goyaz; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 378, 1910 — Misiones and Paraguay (Alto Parana); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1111, 1912— Brazil (Bahia to Santa
Catharina and Goyaz) and Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914
— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 322,
1928 — Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo.
1 Cissopis leveriana major Cabanis differs from the nominate race by larger size,
heavier bill, and the extension of the black color over the middle of the back .
Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Sao
Francisco, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio Jordao, Minas Geraes, 2; Agua Suja, near Baga-
gem, Minas Geraes, 4; Goyaz, 4; Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz, 1; Alambary, Sao
Paulo, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 7; Pederneiras, Parana, 1; Joinville, Santa Catha-
rina, 11.
442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Bahia, Minas Geraes, and
Goyaz south to Santa Catharina, and the adjacent districts of Argen-
tina (Misiones) and Paraguay (Sapucay; Alto Parana).1
3: Brazil (Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 1; Candido
de Abreu, Parana, 1); Argentina (Iguazu, Misiones, 1).
Genus SCHISTOCHLAMYS Reichenbach
Schistochlamys Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 57, June 1, 1850 — type, by
subs, desig. (Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 301, 1886), Tanagra
capistrata Wied.
Diucopis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 491, end of 1850 — substitute
name for Schistochlamys Reichenbach.2
*Schistochlamys ruficapillus ruficapillus (Vieillot). BROWN-
CAPPED TANAGER.
Saltator ruficapillus Vieillot,3 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 108,
1817 — "1'AmeYique meridionale"4 (type in Paris Museum examined);
idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 793, 1822 (reprint); Pucheran,
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 355, 1855 (crit.).
Tanagra leucophaea Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 32, 1823 —
"Brasilien" = Sao Paulo (type in Berlin Museum examined).
Schistochlamys leucophaea Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 141, 1851 — Brazil;
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 209, 1856— Lagoa Santa, Minas
Geraes.
Tanagra capistrata (not of Wied) Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 41, pi. 54,
fig. 1, 1825 — Rio de Janeiro (spec, in Munich Museum examined).
Diucopis capistrata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 491, 1850 — Brazil.
Orchesticus capistratus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 24, p. 67, 1856 — part,
Rio de Janeiro (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 220, 1870 — Sao Paulo
(Sao Paulo, road to Sorocaba, Unaiva, Ypanema) and Parana (Fazenda
Nova, Rio Sapucahy); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren.,
1870, p. 416 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes.
Schistochlamys capistratus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 301, 1886 —
part, spec, h-j, 1, Rio, Nova Friburgo, Sao Paulo, and "Pelotas, Rio Grande
do Sul"; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 158, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga,
Itatiba, Piracicaba); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 367, 1907 — Sao Paulo
1 There is no reliable record from Rio Grande do Sul.
2 Diucopis Bonaparte, although generally used for Tanagra fasciata Lichten-
stein, was proposed as a substitute of Schistochlamys Reichenbach, and Gray's
action (Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 73, 1855), in selecting T. fasciata Lichtenstein as
type, seems to me inadmissible.
3 As pointed out elsewhere (Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, pp. 281-282, 1920),
Vieillot's description is disfigured by a misleading misprint.
4 Rio de Janeiro suggested as type locality (cf. Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay.,
14, p. 282, 1920).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 443
(Ypiranga, Piracicaba, Itarare, Avanhandava, Batataes, Jundiahy, Ita-
tiba) and Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre).
Schistochlamys capistrata Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22,
No. 3, p. 675, 1906— Rio de Janeiro (crit.); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
57, p. 322, 1928— Bemfica and Monte-Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya, Sao
Paulo.
Schistochlamys capistratus leucophaeus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1109, 1145, 1912 — Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes, and Sao
Paulo.
Schistochlamys ruficapillus ruficapillus Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14,
p. 282, 1920— Minas Geraes to Sao Paulo (crit.).
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from southern Minas Geraes (Cam-
panha; Lagoa Santa; Agua Suja, near Bagagem; Vargem Alegre,
Marianna) to Sao Paulo and Parana.1
4: Brazil (Campanha, Minas Geraes, 1; Therezopolis, Rio de
Janeiro, 2; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 1).
*Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied).2 NORTHERN
BROWN-CAPPED TANAGER.
Tanagra capistrata Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 179, 1821 — Fazenda Ilha, near
Ressaque, southern Bahia (type now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 222, 1889);
idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 500, 1830— between Ilha and Res-
saque, Bahia.
Orchesticus capistratus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 67, 1856 — part,
Bahia (ex Wied); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 334 — Pernambuco (Vista Alegre,
between Quipapa and Macuca; Garanhuns).
Schistochlamys capistratus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 301, 1886 —
part, spec, a-g, k, Pernambuco, Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz"; Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 83, 1910— Piauhy
(Serra of Santa Philomena and Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1109, 1912— Pernambuco,
Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz" (errore).
1 Birds from Minas Geraes agree with those from more southern localities and
the type of T. leucophaea. The typical example of S. ruficapillus, though badly
faded through exposure to light, still shows sufficient remains of its original colora-
tion on the crown and the concealed basal portion of the gular and pectoral feather-
ing to be referred to the southern form. The locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do
Sul," is an obvious error.
Additional material examined. — Minas Geraes: Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 2. —
Rio de Janeiro: 6. — Sao Paulo: Ypanema, 6; Sao Bernardo, 1; Cascata, 1. —
Parana: Fazenda Nova, 1; Rio Sapucahy, 1.
2 Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied): Differs from the nominate
race by duller, less reddish (drab to hair brown instead of snuff brown) pileum,
and much paler cinnamon color of throat and breast; size smaller, especially the
tail shorter. Wing, 73-82; tail, 72-84.
Joyner's specimen from "Rio Claro, Goyaz" proves to be a Bahia trade-skin.
Additional material examined. — Bahia, 19. — Pernambuco: Vista Alegre, 2;
Macuca, 1. — Piauhy: Serra of Santa Philomena, 1; Corrientes, Alto Parnahyba, 1.
444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14,
p. 282, 1920 — Bahia, Fernambuco, and Piauhy; Reiser, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 182, 1925— Piauhy; Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 289, 1929— Maranhao (Barra do Corda
and Fazenda Inhuma) (crit.).
Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Bahia and Pernambuco west
to Piauhy and Maranhao.
6: Brazil (Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1; Barra do Corda, Maranhao, 3;
Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 2).
*Schistochlamys melanopis melanopis (Latham). BLACK-
FACED TANAGER.
Tanagra atra (not of Meuschen, 1787)1 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (2), p. 898,
1789 — based on Buffon's "Le Camail ou la Cravate" and "Tangara a
cravate noire, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 714, fig. 2; Cayenne.
Tanagra melanopis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 422, 1790 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl., pi. 714, fig. 2; Cayenne.
Saltator melanopis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 103,
1817— Cayenne.
Saltator ater Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 301, "1848"
[=1849]— British Guiana.
Nemosia atra Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 236, 1850— Guiana.
Diucopis atra Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 492, 1850 — Guiana.
Schistochlamys atra Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 141, 1851 — part, Surinam;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 154, 1855— "Bogota," "Trinidad,"
and Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 301, 1886 — part, spec,
a-k, u-x, "Trinidad," British Guiana (Roraima, Merume Mountains,
Corentyne River), Cayenne, and Colombia ("Bogota"); Phelps, Auk,
14, p. 364, 1897 — San Antonio and Cumanacoa, Monagas, Venezuela;
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 104, 1899 — La Conception and
San Antonio (Santa Marta), Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 24, 1902 — Maipures and Perico, Orinoco River, Venezuela;
Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 118, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana; Beebe, Zoolog-
ica (N.Y.), 1, p. 103, 1909 — near Guanoco, Orinoco delta, Venezuela;
Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 465, 1910 — Surinam (habits); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1109, 1912 — part, Colombia,
"Trinidad," Venezuela, Guianas, and northeastern Brazil (Para, San-
tarem); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 458, 1914— Santa Isabel (Para)
and Maranhao; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 183, 1916 —
Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar and above the falls of Atures, Orinoco,
Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 623, 1917 — Colombia
(Quetame, Buena Vista, Villavicencio, near San Agustin); Chubb, Bds.
Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 547, 1921 — Roraima, Ituribisci River, Bartica, Bona-
sika, Abary River, Berbice, Corentyne River, and Merume' Mountains.
1 Tanagra atra Meuschen (Mus. Gevers., p. 64, 1787), an indeterminable
species, "black with blue shoulders." Cf. Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 5, p. 92,
1926.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 445
Orchesticus ater Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 67, 1856 — part, British
Guiana, Cayenne, "Trinidad," and New Granada ("Bogota"); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 98, 1862— "Trinidad," Cayenne, and "Bogota";
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 — near Canta, below Bucaramanga, Colombia;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 237 — San Cristobal,
Tachira, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 505 — Antioquia, Colombia; idem,
I.e., 1881, p. 213 — Corentyne River, British Guiana (crit.); Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 32, p. 294, 1884— Bucaramanga, Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 213 — British Guiana (Merume Mountains, Roraima).
Schistochlamys ater Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 367, 1907 — part, Santarem.
Schistochlamys atra aterrima Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 203, 1912 —
Guarico, Lara, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum).
Schistochlamys atra atra Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 482,
1922 — Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 63, p. 133, 1931— Paulo, Roraima.
Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela; eastern
Colombia (Santa Marta region; Magdalena Valley; eastern slope
of eastern Andes) ; and northeastern Brazil (from northern Maran-
hao west to Santarem, Rio Tapajoz).1
7: Venezuela (Caracas, 2; Colon, Tachira, 4); Colombia
("Bogota," 1).
*Schistochlamys melanopis grisea Cory.2 PERUVIAN BLACK-
FACED TANAGER.
Schistochlamys atra grisea Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 346,
Aug., 1916 — Rioja, northern Peru (type in Field Museum).
Saltator melanopis (not Tanagra melanopis Latham) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg.,
10, (1), p. 288, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 210,
1846 — wood region east of the Cordilleras, Peru.
Orchesticus ater (not Tanagra atra Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 67, 1856— part, eastern Peru (ex Tschudi); Sclater and Salvin, I.e.,
1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata, Department of Cuzco, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873,
p. 1873, p. 185 — Cosnipata; idem, I.e., 1876, p. 16 — Potrero and Huiro,
Urubamba, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 547, 1884 — Peru (Huiro,
Cosnipata, Potrero, Maranura, Moyobamba, and "Lechugal").
1 There is no authentic record of this species from Trinidad, although trade-
skins are sometimes ascribed to this island. No difference seems to exist between
seven Cayenne specimens and a good series from Venezuela and Colombia. A
single adult male from Maranhao (Miritiba) is also decidedly referable to the pres-
ent form, according to size (wing, 81) and the blackish color of the facial mask.
Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 7. — British Guiana:
Merum6 Mountains, 2. — Venezuela: San Antonio, Monagas, 4; La Cumbre de
Valencia, Carabobo, 4. — Colombia: "Bogota," 8; Bucaramanga, 4.
2 Schistochlamys melanopis grisea Cory: Very similar to S. ra. melanopis, but
slightly darker gray with the black of the crown more extensive and less sharply
defined posteriorly; size larger.
A single adult male from Santa Ana, though of slightly paler coloration,
agrees in the head-characters with birds from northern Peru.
446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Schistochalmys alra Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 301, 1886 — part, spec.
r, s, Cosnipata, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 348 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, p. 83,
1906— Idma, Santa Ana, Peru; (?)Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 353, 1907
—Humayta, Rio Madeira;1 (?)idem, I.e., 17, p. 279, 1910— Humayta;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1109, 1912— part,
Peruvian localities.
Tanagra olivina (not of Sclater, 1864) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp.
185, 186, pi. 21 (fig. pessima) — part, Cosnipata, Peru (crit.); Sclater and
Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 16 — Maranura, Peru.
Schistochlamys atra olivina Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 123, 1921 — •
Santa Ana and Idma, Peru (crit.).
Schistochlamys melanopis grisea Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17,
p. 455, 1930 — Vista Alegre and Chinchao, Department of Huanuco,
Peru (crit.).
Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Peru, from the Department
of San Martin south to the Urubamba Valley.
6: Peru (Rioja, 1; Moyobamba, 2; Vista Alegre, 2; Chinchao, 1).
*Schistochlamys melanopis olivina (Sclater).2 BRAZILIAN BLACK-
FACED TANAGER.
Tanagra olivina (Natterer MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864 (Nov.
22), p. 607— Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum; descr. of young); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 210,
1870— Cuyaba; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 186— part,
Cuyaba.
Tanagra melanopis (not of Latham) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 504,
1830 — southeastern Brazil (Rio Parahyba and Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro;
Espirito Santo, etc.).
Saltator melanopis d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 291, 1839 — Concep-
cion, Moxos, and San Jose de Chiquitos, Bolivia.
Schistochlamys melanopis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 209, 1856
— Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and "Santa Catharina."
1 The proper identification of the birds found on the upper Rio Madeira
(Humayta) cannot be undertaken without an adequate series.
2 Schistochlamys melanopis olivina (Sclater) : Similar to S. m. grisea in dimen-
sions, hence larger than S. m. melanopis, but differing from both by paler gray
body plumage, and less intense (more brownish black) color of the head and throat.
Wing, 82-88.
Birds from eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz and Chiquitos) agree with a Brazilian
series. For the occurrence of this species in the coast region of southeastern
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Espirito Santo) we have only the testimony of Prince
Wied. All the specimens that we have been able to examine are from the interior
districts.
Additional material examined. — Goyaz: Goyaz, 7; Fazenda Esperanga, 3;
Abrantes, 1. — Minas Geraes: Pissarao, 2; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 2. — Matto
Grosso: Sao Vicente, 1; Cuyaba, 4; Chapada, 12. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 2; Buena
Vista, 6; Rio Surutu, 2; Rio Quiser, Chiquitos, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 447
Sallator atra (not Tanagra atra Gmelin) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn.
Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 36, 1837— Chiquitos, Bolivia.
Schistochlamys atra Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 141, 1851 — part, Brazil;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 301, 1886— part, spec. 1-q, Pernam-
buco, Cuyaba, and Ramosani (Bolivia); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
p. 83, 1889 — "Valparaiso" (errore) and Bolivia (Mapiri, Reyes); idem,
I.e., 3, p. 367, 1891 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (plumages, eggs descr.);
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 158, 1899— Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Verb.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1109, 1912— part, eastern and southern
Brazil and Bolivia (Ramosani, Songo, San Antonio, Suapi); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 15, p. 31, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanca and Goyaz, Goyaz; idem,
I.e., 32, p. 9, 1925— Chiquitos, Bolivia.
Orchesticus ater Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 67, 1856 — part, southern
Brazil (Goyaz; Albuquerque, Rio Paraguay; Rio; Espirito Santo); Rein-
hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 416 — Paracatu, Minas
Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 220, 1870— Sao Paulo (Rio das Pedras),
Minas Geraes (Jose" Dias), Goyaz (Abrantes, Goyaz, Estrella), and Matto
Grosso (Cuyaba, Sao Vicente); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 604 — Ramosani, Yungas, Bolivia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 334 —
Parahyba and Pernambuco (Vista Alegre).
Schistochlamys ater Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 367, 1907 — part, Itapura,
Sao Paulo.
Schistochlamys atra olivina Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb. Deuts. Gran Chaco
Exp., Vogel, p. 278, 1930— Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.).
Schistochlamys melanopis olivina Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,
p. 389, 1930— Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso.
Range. — Eastern Bolivia and table-land of Brazil, from Para-
hyba and Pernambuco south to Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and
Matto Grosso.
4: Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2; Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 2).
INDEX
Bold-faced type denotes names adopted in this work.
abbas, Tanagra 223
abbas, Thraupis 223
abbotti, Calyptophilus 358
abeillei, Orchesticus 436
abeillei, Pyrrhula 436
Acrocompsa 6
Acroleptes 15
Acroleptus 15
aenea, Euphonia 68
aequatorialis, Calliste 110
aequatorialis, Calospiza 110
aestiva, Tanagra 272
affinis, Eucometis 349
affinis, Euphonia 35
affinis, Habia 307
affinis, Phoenicothraupis 307
affinis, Ramphocelus 263
affinis, Tanagra 35
Aglaia 81
alamoris, Compsocoma 202
albertinae, Calliste 141
albertinae, Calospiza 141
albicollis, Eucometis 348
albicollis, Pyranga 348
albifacies, Piranga 283
albifrons, Chlorospingus 399
albigularis, Hemithraupis 384
albigularis, Nemosia 384
albirostris, Ramphocelus 256
albirostris, Tanagra 251
albispecularis, Tachyphonus 339
albitempora, Tachyphonus 397
albiventris, Calliste 138
• albiventris, Dacnidea 426
albo-cristata, Tanagra 395
albo-cristata, Sericossypha 395
alfaroana, Habia 306
alfaroana, Phoenicothraupis 306
amabilis, Habia 302
amabilis, Phoenicothraupis 302
amazonum, Thlypopsis 389
analis, Iridosornis 179
analis, Tanagra 179
Anisognathus 182
anneae, Euphonia 28
anneae, Tanagra 28
antioquiae, Compsocoma 201
aprica, Phlogothraupis 270
arcaei, Bangsia 194
arcaei, Buthraupis 194
arcaei, Calospiza 95
archiepiscopus, Tanagra 222
ardens, Phoenisoma 289
ardens, Piranga 289
argentata, Tanagra 217
argentea, Procnopis 172
argentea, Tanagra 174
argentinus, Chlorospingus 406
argyrofenges, Calliste 173
argyrofenges, Calospiza 173
arnaulti, Calospiza 154
arnaulti, Tangara 155
arremonops, Oreothraupis 437
arremonops, Saltator 437
art h us, Calospiza 106
arthus, Tanagra 106
aterrima, Schistochlamys 445
atra, Tanagra 444
atricapilla, Tanagra 171, 316
atricapillus, Tachyphonus 339
atriceps, Chlorospingus 400
atricrissa, Poecilothraupis 183
atrimaxillaris, Habia 315
atrimaxillaris, Phoenicothraupis. . . 315
atripennis, Thraupis 229
atrocaerulea, Calospiza 170
atrocaerulea, Procnopis. 170
atro-coccineus, Ramphopis 251
atro-pileus, Arremon 419
atro-pileus, Hemispingus 419
atrosericeus, Ramphocelus 248
aurantiicollis, Euphonia 55
aurantiicollis, Tanagra 55
aurantius, Lanio 319
aurea, Euphonia 40
aureata, Tanagra 18
aureata, Tanagra 19
aureocincta, Bangsia 196
aureocincta, Buthraupis 196
auricapilla, Tanagra 363
auriceps, Calospiza 96
auriceps, Tangara 96
auricollis, Nemosia 382
auricrissa, Dubusia 232
auricrissa, Thraupis 232
auricularis, Chlorospingus 420
auricularis, Hemispingus 420
aurigularis, Hemithraupis 382
aurinotus, Ramphocelus 266
auritus, Lanio 344
aurulenta, Calospiza 108
aurulenta, Tanagra 108
autumnalis, Fringilla 158
axillaris, Chlorospingus 341
axillaris, Tachyphonus 340
axillaris, Tanagra 432
Azarae, Pyranga 273
baezae, Compsocoma 200
bahiae, Habia 301
bangsi, Calospiza 147
Bangsia 194
448
INDEX
449
barbadensis, Tanagra 138
beauperthuyi, Tachyphonus 322
benedicti, Spindalis 241
Bergia 181
berlepschi, Calliste 165
berlepschi, Calospiza 165
berlepschi, Chlorospingus 428
berlepschi, Hemispingus 428
berlepschi, Tanagra 211
berlepschi, Thraupis 211
Bethylus 438
bicolor, Cissopis 439
bicolor, Euphonia 57
bidentata, Piranga 291
bilineatus, Spindalis 244
bivittata, Pyranga 288
bogotensis, Calospiza 101
bogotensis, Tangara 101
boliviana, Calospiza 136
boliviana, Callospiza 136
boliviana, Chlorornis 435
boliviana, Iridosornis 178
bolivianos, Chlorospingus 405
bonariensis, Loxia 235
bonariensis, Thraupis 235
bourcieri, Calliste 75
bourcieri, Chlorochrysa 75
brachyptera, Phonasca 50
Brachyrhamphus 438
branickii, Calospiza 169
branickii, Diva 169
brasiliensis, Calospiza 138
brasiliensis, Tachyphonus 331
brasiliensis, Tanagra 138
bresilia, Tanagra 244
bresilius, Ramphocelus 244
brevipes, Tachyphonus 334
brevirostris, Euphonia 24
brevirostris, Tanagra 24
brunnea, Tanagra 331
brunneifrons, Euphonia 27
brunneifrons, Tanagra 27
brunneus, Chlorospingus 343
brunneus, Tachyphonus 331
busingi, Sporathraupis 235
busingi, Thraupis 235
Buthraupis 190
cabanisi, Calliste 139
cabanisi, Calospiza 139
caerulea, Pyrrhula 181
caerulea, Tersina 2
caerulea, Thraupis 208
caeruleigularis, Bangsia 194
caeruleigularis, Buthraupis 194
caeruleipectus, Chlorochrysa 76
caeruleocephala, Aglaia 122
caeruleocephala, Calospiza .... 122
caeruleocephala, Euphonia 15
caeruleoventris, Iridosornis. . . . 175
caerulescens, Hypophaea 68
caerulescens, Poecilothraupis 189
caeruleus, Hylophilus 368
Calliparaea 74
calliparaea, Callospiza 76
calliparaea, Chlorochrysa 76
Callispiza 81
Calliste 81
Callithraupis 295
callophrys, Chlorophonia 13
callophrys, Hypothlypis 73
callophrys, Tanagrella 73
callophrys, Triglyphidia 14
Calospiza 81
Calochaetes 270
calophrys, Chlorospingus 420
calophrys, Hemispingus 420
Calyptophilus 357
cana, Tanagra 211
cana, Thraupis 211
Candida, Piranga 295
canigularis, Chlorospingus. . . . 415
canigularis, Tachyphonus 415
capistrata, Tanagra 443
capistratus, Schistochlamys . . . 443
capitalis, Ramphocelus 255
cara, Calospiza 151
(Carbo), Lanius 250
carbo, Ramphocelus 250
Cardinalis 271
carmioli, Chlorothraupis 297
carmioli, Phoenicothraupis 297
cassinii, Mitrospingus 353
cassinii, Tachyphonus 353
castaneiceps, Malacothraupis 347
castaneicollis, Chlorospingus 428
castaneicollis, Hemispingus. . . . 428
castaneoventris, Calliste 180
castaneoventris, Delothraupis. . 180
castanonota, Calliste 155
castanonota, Calospiza 155
catamenia, Calliste 81
catasticta, Tanagra 56
catharinae, Calospiza 143
cayana, Calospiza 157
cayana, Tanagra 59, 157
cayanensis, Callospiza 134
cayennensis, Tanagra 59
cearensis, Calospiza 90
cearensis, Tangara 90
centralis, Calospiza 130
centralis, Hemithraupis 380
centralis, Nemosia 380
centralis, Ramphocelus 248
chalcopasta, Euphonia 64
Chalcothraupis 81
chalybea, Tanagra 68
chapmani, Hemispingus 427
chaupensis, Calospiza 121
chaupensis, Tangara 121
Chelidorhamphus 1
chilensis, Aglaia 84
chilensis, Calospiza 84
Chloreuphonia 6
450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
chloricterus, Orthogonys 296
chloricterus, Tachyphonus 296
chlorigaster, Hemispingus 419
chlorocapilla, Pipra 6
chlorocyanea, Tanagra 60
Chlorochrysa 74
chlorocorys, Calospiza 84
chlorocorys, Tangara 84
chloronota, Buthraupis 193
Chlorophonia 6
chloroptera, Calospiza 162
chloroptera, Tanagra 162
Chlorornis 433
Chlorospingus 397
Chlorothraupis 297
chlorotica, Tanagra 39
chocoensis, Euphonia 26
chocoensis, Tanagra 26
chrysogaster, Cnemoscopus . . . 418
chrysogaster, Tanagra 19, 57
chrysolopha, Tanagra 176
chrysomelas, Chrysothlypis 385
chrysomelas, Tachyphonus 385
chrysonota, Calliste 158
chrysonotus, Ramphocelus 266
chrysopasta, Euphonia 65
chrysopasta, Tanagra 65
chrysophrys, Calliste 100
chrysophrys, Calospiza 100
chrysophrys, Chlorospingus 423
chrysophrys, Hemispingus 423
chrysopis, Nemosia 389
chrysopis, Thlypopsis 388
chrysoptera, Aglaia 142
chrysopterus, Ramphocelus 263
Chrysothlypis 385
Chrysothraupis 81
chrysotis, Calliste 115
chrysotis, Calospiza 115
Cichlalopia 355
cinerea, Euphonia 69
cinereocephalus, Chlorospingus 417
cirrhomelas, Tachyphonus 322
Cissopis 438
citrea, Piranga 294
citrinella, Tanagra 90
Cnemathraupis 190
Cnemoscopus 417
coccinea, Habia 304
coccinea, Phoenicothraupis 304
coccinea, Tanagra 271
coccineus, Calochaetes 270
coccineus, Euchaetes 270
coccineus, Ramphocelus 245
cochabambae, Tangara 116
coelestis, Euphonia 21
coelestis, Tanagra 207
coelestis, Thraupis 207
coelicolor, Calliste 83
coel icolor , Calospiza 83
coerulea, Tersina 1
collurio, Corvus . . . 439
colorata, Tanagra 58
columbiana, Tanagra 291
Comarophagus 322, 347
Compsocoma 199
Compsothraupis 394
concinna, Euphonia 44
concinna, Tanagra 44
confinis, Habia 306
confinis, Phoenicothraupis 307
connectens, Ramphocelus 250
Conothraupis 433
consobrina, Calospiza 167
consobrina, Tangara 167
constantii, Tanagra 183
cooperi, Piranga 273
conspicillatus, Chlorospingus.. 415
cooperi, Pyranga 273
coronatus, Agelaius 326
coronatus, Tachyphonus 326
corallina, Calospiza 89
coryi, Phaenicophilus 360
coryphaeus, Tanagra 326
costaricensis, Mitrospingus. . . . 353
costaricensis, Ramphocelus 264
cozumelae, Piranga 286
crassirostris, Euphonia 49
crassirostris, Tanagra 49
Creurgops 345
cristata, Eucometis 349
cristata, Habia 316
cristata, Phoenicothraupis 316
cristata, Pipilopsis 349
cristata, Tanagra 328
cristatellus, Tachyphonus 328
cristatus, Tachyphonus 327
cucullata, Aglaia 153
cucullata, Buthraupis 191
cucullata, Calospiza 153
cucullata, Pyranga 294
cucullata, Tanagra 191
cumbreanus, Chlorospingus 404
cyanea, Chlorophonia 6
cyanea, Pipra 6
cyanea, Pipraeidea 78
cyaneidorsalis, Euphonia 13
cyanescens, Calliste 168
cyanescens, Calospiza 168
cyanicollis, Aglaia 121
cyanicollis, Calospiza 121
Cyanicterus 295
cyanicterus, Cyanicterus 295
cyanicterus, Pyranga 295
cyanilia, Tanagra 218
cyanoblephara, Euphonia 6
cyanocephala, Aglaia 230
cyanocephala, Calospiza 88
cyanocephala, Pipra 18
cyanocephala, Tanagra 88
cyanocephala, Thraupis 230
cyanochlorus, Parus 54
cyanoleucus, Hylophilus 368
cyanomelaena, Tanagrella 72
INDEX
451
cyanomelas, Tanagra 72
cyanonota, Buthraupis 191
Cyanophonia 14
cyanoptera, Aglaia 174
cyanoptera, Calospiza 174
cyanoptera, Compsocoma 201
cyanoptera, Thraupis 216
cyanopterus, Saltator 216
cyanopygia, Calliste 126
cyanopygia, Calospiza 125
cyanotis, Calliste 119
cyanotis, Calospiza 119
cyanotropus, Procnias 1
cyanoventris, Calospiza 90
cyanoventris, Tanagra 90
cynophora, Tanagra 39
Cypsnagra 364
Dacnidea 418
dalmasi, Calospiza 151
darwinii, Tanagra 237
darwinii, Thraupis 237
delatrii, Tachyphonus 342
deleticia, Calospiza 146
Delothraupis 180
dentata, Malacothraupis 346
desidiosa, Piranga 280
desmaresti, Calospiza 91
desmaresti, Tachyphonus 332
desmaresti, Tanagra 91
desmarestii, Calliste 148
dextra, Piranga 284
diaconus, Tanagra 214
diaconus, Thraupis 214
diademata, Tanagra 181
diadematus, Stephanophorus. . 181
dilucida, Tanagra 216
dimidiatus, Ramphocelus 258
Diplochilus 271
discolor, Habia 312
discolor, Phoenicothraupis 312
Diva 81
diva, Tanagra 168
diversus, Chlorospingus 409
dominicanus, Phoenicophilus 360
dominicensis, Phoenicophilus 359
dominicensis, Spindalis 242
dominicensis, Tanagra 242
dorsalis, Ramphocelus 245
dowii, Calliste 164
dowii, Calospiza 164
dubusi, Tanagrella 75
Dubusia 197
dubusia, Tanagra 176
dunstalli, Rhamphocoelus 263
duvida, Thraupis 227
dwighti, Chlorospingus 399
edwardsi, Bangsia 196
edwardsi, Buthraupis 196
egusquizae, Euphonia 68
elegans, Chlorornis 435
elegans, Saltator 435
elegans, Tachyphonus 200
elegans, Tanagra 39, 90
elegantissima, Pipra 21
elegantissima, Tanagra 21
elegantissima, Tanagra 22
elegantissima, Tanagrella 71
emiliae, Calliste 150
ephippialis, Ramphocelus 246
episcopus, Tanagra 205
episcopus, Thraupis 205
erythrocephala, Piranga 294
erythrocephala, Spermagra 294
erythrolaema, Habia 314
erythrolaema, Phoenicothraupis. . . 314
erythromelaena, Pyranga 288
erythromelana, Pyranga 288
erythromelas, Pyranga 287
erythromelas, Tanagra 288
erythropis, Pyranga 291
Erythrothlypis 386
erythrotus, Aglaia 183
erythrotus, Poecilothraupis 183
Euchaetes 270
Eucometus 347
Euphona 14
Euphone 14
Euphonia 14
Euprepiste 81
eurous, Phaenicophilus 362
Euschemon 81
eusticta, Calospiza 102
eusticta, Tangara 102
Euthraupis 175
eximia, Buthraupis 193
eximia, Rhodinocichla 356
eximia, Tanagra 193
exsul, Euphonia 24
exsul, Spindalis 242
exsul, Tanagra 23
faceta, Piranga 278
Fanny, Aglaia 128
fanny, Calospiza 127
fasciata, Ampelis 2
fasciata, Neothraupis 432
fasciata, Tanagra 432
fastuosa, Calospiza 86
fastuosa, Tanagra 86
festae, Ramphocoelus 265
festiva, Tanagra 88
flglina, Piranga 283
fimbriatus, Lanio 318
finschi, Euphonia 44
finschi, Tanagra 44
flammea, Piranga 292
flammiceps, Tanagra 300
flammigerus, Ramphocelus. . . . 265
flava, Calospiza 161
flava, Piranga 273
flava, Tanagra 161
flavicollis, Hemithraupis 381
452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
flavicollis, Nemosia 381
flavifrons, Emberiza 16
fiavif runs, Tanagra 16
flavigularis, Chlorospingus 411
flavigularis, Pipilopsis 411
flavin iifha, Compsocoma 204
flavinucha, Tachyphonus 204
flavirostris, Chlorophonia 11
flaviventris, Chlorospingus 338
flaviventris, Tanagra 134, 136
flavi-vertex, Tachyphonus 200
flavo-pectus, Arremon 413
flavo-pectus, Chlorospingus. . . . 413
flavovirens, Chlorospingus 409
flavus, Saltator 273
florentes, Tangara 117
florida, Calliste 95
florida, Calospiza 95
formosa, Tanagra 162
fosteri, Hemithraupis 373
franciscae, Calliste 129
franciscae, Calospiza 129
frantzii, Callispiza 112
frenata, Chlorothraupis 298
frontalis, Chlorophonia 10
frontalis, Euphonia 10
frontalis, Hemispingus 423
frontalis, Hylophilus 423
frontalis, Pipra 60
frugilegus, Tanagra 238
frugivorus, Calyptophilus 358
frugivorus, Phoenicophilus 358
fucosa, Calospiza 165
fucosa, Tangara 165
fulgent issima, Chlorochrysa . . . 76
fulvescens, Calospiza 160
fulvescens, Nemosia 387
fulvescens, Tangara 160
fulviceps, Thlypopsis 390
fulvicervix, Calliste 133
fulvicervix, Calospiza 133
fulvicrissa, Euphonia 29
fulvicrissa, Tanagra 29
fulvigula, Calospiza 173
fulvigularis, Chlorospingus .... 406
fulvus, Lanio 316
fuscicauda, Habia 313
fuscicauda, Phoenicothraupis 313
galeata, Muscicapa 363
galericulata, Pipra 21
galotii, Euphonia 6
gigas, Buthraupis 192
gigas, Dubusia 192
glauca, Gracula 206
glaucocolpa, Thraupis 218
gnatho, Phonasca 52
godmani, Euphonia 34
godmani, Tanagra 34
goeringi, Chlorospingus 429
goeringi, Hemispingus 429
goodsoni, Calospiza 109
goodsoni, Tangara 109
gouldi, Calliste 93
gouldi, Calospiza 92
gouldi, Euphonia 61
gouldi, Tanagra 61
gracilis, Phonasca 36
graminea, Tanagra 81
granadensis, Calliste 124
granadensis, Calospiza 124
grisea, Schistochlamys 445
grisescens, Tersina 5
gubernatrix, Tanagra 328
guira, Hemithraupis 374
guirina, Hemithraupis 378
guira, Motacilla 374
guirina, Nemosia 378
gularis, Tangara 121
gustavi, Malacothraupis 346
guttata, Callispiza 99
guttata, Calospiza 99
guttulata, Calliste 100
gutturalis, Habia 315
gutturalis, Phoenicothraupis 315
Gyrola 81
gyrola, Calospiza 142
gyrola, Fringilla 142
gyroloides, Aglaia 143
Habia 300
habia, Psaris 437
haemalea, Piranga 279
hanieli, Hemispingus 425
hannahiae, Calliste 125
hannahiae, Calospiza 125
harterti, Rhodinocichla 356
hartlaubi, Dacnis 80
hartlaubi, Pseudodacnis 80
hedwigae, Chlorochrysa 77
heinei, Calospiza 171
heinei, Procnias 171
hellmayri, Hemithraupis 382
Hemispingus 418
Hemithraupis 205
Hemithraupis 372
hepatica, Piranga 285
Heterospingus 344
hirundacea, Procnias 2
hirundinacea, Cypsnagra 365
hirundinacea, Euphonia 51
hirundinacea, Tanagra 365
holobrunnea, Habia 309
honduratius, Chlorospingus... 401
huallagae, Chlorospingus 412
huambina, Hemithraupis 379
huarandosae, Tachyphonus.. . . 330
huberi, Calospiza 160
humilis, Phonasa 33
humilis, Tanagra 33
Hylospingus 397
hypoleuca, Nemosia 371
Hypophaea 15
hypophaea, Sporathraupis 233
INDEX
453
hypophaea, Thraupis 233
hypophaeus, Chlorospingus 410
Hypothlypis 70
hypoxantha, Euphonia 48
hypoxantha, Tanagra 48
icterocephala, Calliste 112
icterocephala, Calospiza 112
icteronotus, Ramphocelus 266
icteronotus, Rhamphocelus 266
icteropus, Pyranga 295
ictus, Lanio 319
ignescens, Tanagra 246
ignicapilla, Phoenicothraupis 308
ignicapillus, Iridosornis 177
ignicrissa, Poecilothraupis 184
igniventris, Aglaia 185
igniventris, Poecilothraupis.. . . 185
ignobilis, Hemispingus 424
ignobilis, Sphenopsis 424
Iliolopha 15
imi tans, Tanagra 63
indicus, Turdus 358
inexpectatus, Rhamphocoelus 268
inornata, Calliste 140
inornata, Calospiza 140
inornata, Nemosia 391
inornata, Thlypopsis 391
inornatus, Chlorospingus 409
inornatus, Hylospingus 409
insignis, Euphonia 21
insignis, Hemithraupis 379
insignis, Nemosia 379
insignis, Tachyphonus 334
insignis, Tanagra 21
insularis, Habia 312
insularis, Phoenicothraupis 312
intensa, Thlypopsis 390
intercedens, Poecilothraupis 185
intercedens, Tachyphonus 329
intermedia, Buthraupis 192
intermedia, Euphonia 18
intermedia, Tanagra 17
intermedius, Hemispingus 420
iridina, Tanagra 71
iridina, Tanagrella 71
Iridiornis 175
Iridornis 175
Iridosornis 175
isthmicus, Ramphocelus 257
iteratus, Hemispingus 425
Ixothraupis 81
Jacapa 244
jacapa, Tanagra 250
jacqueti, Chlorospingus 403
Jamaica, Euphonia 69
Jamaica, Fringilla 69
Jamaica, Pyrrhuphonia 69
jamaicana, Fringilla 69
jamaicensis, Euphonia 69
jelskii, Iridornis 178
jelskii, Iridosornis 178
johannae, Calliste 94
johannae, Calospiza 94
labradorides, Calospiza 120
labradorides, Tanagra 120
lacrymosa, Poecilothraupis. . . . 189
lacrymosa, Tachyphonus 189
laeta, Tanagra 238
Lamprospiza 437
Lamprotes 394
lamprotis, Calliste 115
lamprotis, Calospiza 115
languens, Calospiza 140
languens, Tangara 140
laniirostris, Euphonia 47
laniirostris, Tanagra 47
Lanio 316
larvata, Calliste 130
larva t a, Calospiza 130
lateralis, Tangara 137
latifasciata, Piranga 289
lauta, Tanagra 51
lavinia, Calliste 150
lavinia, Calospiza 150
lawrencii, Lanio 339
le"otaudi, Chlorospingus 339
leucocephala, Tanagra 181
leucogastra, Dacnidea 426
leucogaster, Hemispingus 426
leucophaea, Diucopis 436
leucophrys, Chlorospingus 398
leucoptera, Piranga 288
leucoptera, Pyranga 288
leucoptera, Tanagra 207
leucoptera, Thraupis 207
leucopterus, Oriolus 322
Leucopygia 364
leucothorax, Lanio 321
leucotis, Calliste 131
leveriana, Cissopis 438
leverianus, Lanius 438
lichtensteini, Chlorospingus 430
Lichtensteinii, Phonasca 54
limatus, Ramphocelus 258
littoralis, Habia 310
littoralis, Phoenicothraupis 310
livida, Pyranga 272
longipennis, Chlorophonia 7
longipennis, Euphonia 7
longirostris, Tachyphonus 343
loricata, Compsothraupis 394
loricata, Tanagra 394
luciani, Rhamphocelus 260
luctuosus, Tachyphonus 337
ludoviciana, Piranga 291
ludpviciana, Tanagra 291
lunigera, Calliste 117
lunigera, Calospiza 117
lunulata, Poecilothraupis 183
lunulata, Tanagra 183
lutea, Piranga 281
454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
luteicapilla, Phonasca 36
luteicapilla, Tanagra 36
lutescens, Chlorothraupis 298
luteus, Pithylus 281
lutleyi, Calospiza 118
lutleyi, Tangara 119
macconnelli, Piranga 277
macropteryx, Thlypopsis 392
madeirae, Tachyphonus 330
magna, Euphonia 56
magnirostris, Chlorothraupis. . 298
magnirostris, Ramphocelus. . . . 255
major, Cissopis 441
major, Tanagra 209
major, Thraupis 209
Malacothraupis 346
margaritae, Calliste 164
margaritae, Calospiza 163
margaritae, Sporathraupis 233
margaritae, Thraupis 232
marginatus, Chlorospingus . . . 411
martialis, Tanagra 332
maximiliani, Tanagra 231
media, Calliste 135
media, Calospiza 135
media, Thlypopsis 392
medius, Bethylus 439
melaleucus, Oriolus 322
melanochlamys, Bangsia 195
melanochlamys, Buthraupis 195
melanogaster, Calospiza 123
melanogaster, Ramphocelus. . . 259
melanogaster, Rhamphopis 260
melanogaster, Tangara 123
melanogenys, Poecilothraupis. . 186
melanoleuca, Lamprospiza .... 437
melanoleucus, Saltator 437
melanonota, Pipraeidea 77
melanonota, Tanagra 77
melanopis, Schistochlamys .... 444
melanopis, Tanagra 444
melanops, Muscicapa 362
melanops, Poecilothraupis 186
melanops, Trichothraupis 362
melanoptera, Tanagra 226
melanoptera, Thraupis 226
melanopygius, Lanio 320
melanotna, Tanagra 77
melanotis, Calliste 118
melanotis, Chlorospingua 426
melanotis, Hemispingus 426
melanotus, Aglaia 156
melanoxantha, Hemithraupis. . 380
melanoxantha, Sylvia 380
melanura, Euphonia 46
melanura, Tanagra 46
mellea, Tanagra 32
mesochrysa, Euphonia 64
mesochrysa, Tanagra 64
metallactus, Tachyphonus. ... 336
mexicana, Calospiza 133
mexicana, Tanagra 133
Microspingus 431
minor, Cissopis 439
minuscula, Chlorophonia 10
minuta, Euphona 31
minuta, Tanagra 31
misisippica, Tanagra. 271
mississippensis, Tanagra 272
mitrata, Tanagra 158
Mitrospingus 352
montana, Aglaia 190
montana, Buthraupis 190
multicolor, Tanagra 88, 240, 242
multicolor, Tanagrella 73
musica, Pipra 15
musica, Tanagra 15
nana, Nemosia 371
napensis, Tachyphonus 335
nattereri, Tachyphonus 332
nelsoni, Habia 308
nelsoni, Phoenicothraupis 308
Nemosia 368
Neothraupis 432
nesophilus, Thraupis 210
Nesospingus 397
nigerrima, Tanagra 322
nigricephala, Spindalis 243
nigricephala, Tanagra 243
nigriceps, Chlorospingus 405
nigricollis, Euphonia 19
nigricollis, Tanagra 18, 376
nigrifrons, Chlorospingus 422
nigrifrons, Hemispingus 422
nigrigula, Hemithraupis 376
nigrigula, Tanagra 376
nigrigularis, Nemosia 376
nigriventris, Callispiza 125
nigro-cincta, Aglaia 126
nigro-cincta, Calospiza 126
nigrogularis, Ampelis , 2
nigrogularis, Ramphocelus 246
nigrogularis, Tanagra 246
nigroviridis, Calospiza 166
nigroviridis, Tanagra 166
nitida, Tanagra 66
nitidissima, Chlorochrysa 77
nitidissimus, Tachyphonus. . . . 342
notabilis, Compsocoma 204
notabilis, Tanagra 204
novicius, Chlorospingus 402
nupera, Calospiza 145
nupera, Tangara 145
obscura, Thraupis 220
occidental!*, Calospiza 108
occidentalis, Procnias 3
occidentalis, Tangara 108
occidentalis, Tersina 3
occipitalis, Chlorophonia 12
occipitalis, Orchesticus 436
ochrascens, Euphonia 22
INDEX
455
ochraceus, Chlorospingus 427
ochraceus, Hemispingus 427
ochropygos, Tachyphonus 333
ocularis, Chrysothlypis 385
oleaginea, Eucometis 354
oleagineus, Chlorospingus 423
oleagineus, Mitrospingus 354
olivacea, Chlorothraupis 299
olivacea, Euphonia 31
olivacea, Piranga 287
olivacea, Poospiza 397
olivacea, Tanagra 287
olivaceiceps, Chlorospingus. . . . 414
olivaceiceps, Poecilothraupis. . . 188
olivaceus, Orthogonys 299
olivaceus, Tachyphonus 332
olivascens, Tanagra 225
olivi-cyanea, Tanagra 233
olivi-cyanea, Thraupis 233
olivina, Schistochlamys 446
olivina, Tanagra 446
omissa, Euphonia 30
omissa, Tanagra 30
ophthalmicus, Arremon 397
ophthalmicus, Chlorospingus. . 397
Orchesticus 436
oreophasma, Piranga 285
Oreothraupis . 436
ornata, Hemithraupis 384
ornata, Nemosia 391
ornata, Tanagra 222
ornata, Thlypopsis 391
ornata, Thraupis 222
Orospingus 418
Orthogonys 296
orycterus, Chelidorhamphus 2
pallida, Eucometis 352
pallidigula, Cypsnagra 366
pallidior, Tachyphonus 327
pallidirostris, Ramphocelus. . . . 256
pa I ma rum. Phaenicophilus. . . . 361
palmarum, Tanagra 224
pal mar um. Thraupis 224
palmarum, Turdus 361
palmeri, Calospiza 139
palpebrosa, Poecilothraupis. . . . 187
palpebrosa, Tanagra 187
pampolla, Tanagra 56
pan a men sis, Tachyphonus 339
paradisea, Aglaia 81
paradisea, Calospiza 81
paraguayensis, Nemosia 370
pardalotes, Tanagra 68
parvirostris, Chlorospingus 412
parvus, Lanio 318
parzudakii, Calospiza 116
parzudakii, Tanagra 116
passerinii, Ramphocelus 261
pectoralis, Pipra 60
pectoralis, Nemosia 393
pectoralis, Tanagra 60
pectoralis, Thlypopsis 393
pelzelni, Euphonia 20
pelzelni, Tanagra 20
penicillata, Eucometis 347
penicillata, Tanagra 347
peninsularis, Habia 311
peninsularis, Phoenicothraupis. ... 311
perenensis, Calospiza 98
perenensis, Tangara 98
peruana, Hemithraupis 383
peruyiana, Calospiza 156
peruviana, Euphonia 48
peruyiana, Habia 303
peruviana, Tanagra 156
peruyianus, Chlorospingus 414
peruvianus, Lanio 317
peruvianus, Phoenicothraupis 303
Phaenicophilus 359
phaecocephalus, Chlorospingus 413
Phlogothraupis 269
phoenicius, Tachyphonus 335
Phoenicophilus 359
Phoenicosoma 271
Phoenicothraupis 300
phoenicotis, Calliste 74
phoenicotis, Chlorochrysa .... 74
Phoenisoma 271
Phonasea 15
picatus, Lanius 439
pileata, Euphonia 39
pileata, Nemosia 368
pileata, Tanagra 368
pileatus, Chlorospingus 408
pinus, Spindalis 241
Pipraeidea 77
Pipridea 77
Piranga 271
piurae, Hemispingus 427
plumbea, Euphonia 67
plumbea, Tanagra 67
Poecilornis 175
Poecilothraupis 182
Pogonothraupis 316
poliocephalus, Dulus 359
poliocephalus, Phaenicophilus. 359
pompadura, Tanagra 251
porphyrio, Tanagra 300
porphyrocephala, Iridornis 179
porphyrocephala, Iridosornis. . 179
portoricensis, Spindalis 243
portoricensis, Tanagra 243
postocularis, Chlorospingus. . . . 400
praetermissa, Tanagra 62
prasina, Tanagra 434
preciosa, Callispiza 155
pretrei, Spindalis 240
pretrei, Tanagra 12, 240
proba, Tanagra 52
Procnias
Procnopis 81
propinquus, Tachyphonus 345
Pseudodacnis . . 80
456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pseudospingus 429
psittacina, Chlorophonia 9
Psittospiza 434
pulchra, Callospiza 110
pulchra, Calospiza 110
pumila, Euphone 32
punctata, Calospiza 96
punctata, Tanagra 96
punctulata, Calliste 98
punctulata, Calospiza 98
punctulatus, Chlorospingus. . . 407
purpurascens, Euphonia 31
purpurascens, Tanagra 31
purpurea, Euphonia 54
purpureus, Ramphocelus 251
pusilla, Ixothraupis 103
Pyranga 271
Pyrrhocoma 367
pyrrhophrys, Chlorophonia .... 12
pyrrhophrys, Euphonia 12
Pyrrhuphonia 69
Pyrrota 321
quadricolor, Tachyphonus 363
quaesita, Thraupis 213
quitensis, Tanagra 25
Ramphocelus 244
Ramphocoelus 244
Ramphopis 244
regionalis, Chlorospingus 401
reinhardti, Iridosornis 177
reversus, Lanio 321
reyi, Chlorospingus 423
reyi, Hemispingus 422
Rhodinocichla 354
Rhodinocincla 355
rhodinolaema, Habia 304
rhodinolaema, Phoenicothraupis . . 304
Rhodocincla 355
riefferii, Chlorornis 434
riefferii, Tanagra 434
rodwayi, Tanagra 54
rooensis, Habia 311
roraimae, Chlorophonia 11
roraimae, Hemithraupis 377
roraimae, Nemosia 377
rosacea, Piranga 275
rosea, Habia 309
rosea, Rhodinocichla 355
rosenbergi, Nemosia 386
roseo-gularis, Piranga 286
roseus, Furnarius 355
roseus, Phoenicothraupis 309
rostrata, Calliste 105
rothschildi, Bangsia 195
rothschildi, Buthraupis 195
rourei, Nemosia 371
ruber, Saltator 273
ruber, Tachyphonus 304
rubica, Habia 300
rubicoides, Habia . . . 308
rubicoides, Saltator 308
rubicus, Staltator 300
rubiginosus, Phoenicothraupis. ... 315
rubra, Fringilla 271
rubra, Habia 304
rubra, Piranga 271
rubra, Tanagra 287
rubriceps, Piranga 293
rubricollis, Tanagra 88, 394
rubrifrons, Heterospingus 345
rubrifrons, Tachyphonus 345
rubrigularis, Tanagra 395
rubrirostris, Arremon 417
rubrirostris, Cnemoscopus 417
rufa, Tangara 322
ruficapilla, Calliste 152
ruficapilla, Calospiza 152
ruficapilla, Hemithraupis 372
ruficapilla, Nemosia 372
ruficapillus, Schistochlamys . . . 442
ruficeps, Euphonia 27
ruficeps, Hemithraupis 373
ruficeps, Hylophilus 373
ruficeps, Pyrrhocoma 367
ruficeps, Sylvia 393
ruficeps, Tachyphonus 367, 390
ruficeps, Tanagra 27
ruficeps, Thlypopsis 393
ruficeryix, Calospiza 131
ruficeryix, Tanagra 131
ruficollis, Leucopygia 365
ruficollis, Tanagra 365
rufigenis, Calliste 118
rufigenis, Calospiza 118
rufigula, Calospiza 105
rufigula, Tanagrella 105
rufigularis, Calliste 105
rufistigmata, Pyranga 294
rufiventer, Tanagra 336
rufi ventris, Euphone 60
rufiventris, Tanagra 57
rufi-vertex, Arremon 176
rufivertex, Euphonia 29
rufivertex, Iridosornis 176
rufivertex, Tanagra 29
rufus, Tachyphonus 322
saira, Piranga 276
saira, Tanagra 276
salmoni, Dacnis 386
salmoni, Erythrothlypis 386
salvadorensis, Habia 307
sanguinolenta, Phlogothraupis 269
sanguinolenta, Piranga 292
sanguinolentus, Tanagra 269
salvini, Habia 309
salvini, Phoenicothraupis 309
salvini, Spindalis 241
saturata, Buthraupis 190
saturata, Phonasca 45
saturata, Tanagra 45
sayaca, Tanagra 218
INDEX
457
sayaca, Thraupis 218
schistacea, Rhodinocichla 357
schistaceiceps, Chlorospingus 401
Schistochlamys 442
schrankii, Calospiza 93
schrankii, Tanagra 93
sclateri, Calliste 139
sclateri, Calospiza 107
sclateri, Euphonia 16
sclateri, Tanagra 16, 210
sclatteri, Calliste 107
seledon, Calospiza 87
seledon, Tanagra 87
selleanus, Calyptophilus 359
selysia, Tanagra 197
semifuscus, Chlorospingus. . . . 416
septemcolora, Calliste 87
Sericossypha 395
seripptera, Tanagra 206
serrirostris, Euphonia 41
serrirostris, Tanagra 40
signata, Tanagrella 72
signatus, Chlorospingus 416
sincipitalis, Calospiza 163
sodiroi, Chlorochrysa 74
solanorum, Bergia 182
somptuosa, Cpmpsocoma 203
somptuosa, Sericossypha 396
somptuosus, Tachyphonus 203
sophiae, Calliste Ill
sophiae, Calospiza Ill
sordida, Nemosia 387
sordida, Thlypopsis 387
speculifera, Tanagra 381
speculiferus, Chlorospingus 397
speculiferus, Nesospingus 397
speculigera, Conothraupis 433
speculigera, Schistochlamys 433
Spermagra 271
Sphenops 418
Sphenopsis 418
Spindalis 239
spodocephala, Eucometis 351
spodocephalus, Chlorospingus 351
Spprathraupis 205
Spizampelis 239
stejnegeri, Spindalis 240
Stephanophorus 181
stictocephala, Dubusia 198
stictothorax, Eucometis 350
stolzmanni, Chlprothraupis. . . 300
stolzmanni, Phoenicothraupis 300
stolzmanni, Urothraupis 431
stresemanni, Hemispingus 426
striata, Tanagra 235
strictifrons, Euphonia 31
subcinerea, Tanagra 234
subcinerea, Thraupis 234
suchii, Tachyphonus 363
sulva, Tangara 316
sumichrasti, Chlorospingus 398
superciliaris, Arremon 421
superciliaris, Hemispingus 421
surinamensis, Tachyphonus 333
Surinam us, Tachyphonus 332
surinamus, Turdus 332
tacarcunae, Chlorospingus. . . . 410
Tachyphonus 321
taczanowskii, Euphonia 43
taczanowskii, Tanagra 43
taeniata, Dubusia 197
taeniata, Tanagra 197
Tanagra 14
Tanagrella 70
Tangara iii
tatao, Tanagra 82
tavarae, Tanagra 65
taylori, Calliste 132
taylori, Calospiza 132
tenuirostris, Tachyphonus 331
Tephrophilus 198
tersa, Procnias 2
tersa, Tersina 2
Tersina 1
tertius, Calytophilus 359
testacea, Piranga 282
tetraopes, Phaenicophilus 361
thalassina, Calliste 126
Thlypopsis 387
thoracica, Tanagra 91
Thraupis 205
toddi, Calospiza 149
toddi, Tanagra 149
tolimae, Calospiza 102
tolimae, Tangara 102
torrejoni, Chlorophonia 8
townsendi, Spindalis 239
transitus, Ramphocelus 260
Trichothraupis 362
trichroa, Tanagra 88
tricolor, Tanagra 87
trifasciatus, Microspingus 431
Triglyphidia 6
trinitatis, Calospiza 99
trinitatis, Euphonia 37
trinitatis, Tanagra 37
trinitatis, Tangara 99
tschudii, Pyranga 282
umbilicalis, Tanagra 60
unicolor, Ramphocelus 254
uropygialis, Rhamphocoelus 262
Urothraupis 431
valeryi, Pyrrota 326
valeryi, Tachyphonus 325
varia, Calospiza 103
varia, Tanagra 70, 103
varians, Ramphocelus 268
variegata, Tanagra 272
vassorii, Calospiza 168
vassorii, Tanagra 168
velia, Motacilla 70
458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
velia, Tanagrella 70
veneris, Hemispingus 415
venezuelana, Compsocoma .... 199
venezuelanus, Chlorospingus . . 404
venezuelensis, Pipraeidea 79
venezuelensis, Ramphocelus . . . 253
ventralis, Procnias 2
venusta, Calliste 113
venusta, Calospiza 113
venustus, Cyanicterus 295
versicolor, Calliste 154
versicolor, Calospiza 154
versicolor, Lanio 317
versicolor, Tachyphonus 317
verticalis, Creurgops 346
verticalis, Nemosia 429
verticalis, Pseudospingus 429
vicarius, Tanagra 223
victorini, Compsocoma 200
victorini, Tachyphonus 200
vieilloti, Calliste 135
vieilloti, Calospiza 135
vieillotii, Lanio 331
vigorsi, Tachyphonus 326
vinacea, Habia 305
vinacea, Phoenicpthraupis 305
vincens, Euphonia 22
violacea, Fringilla 53
violacea, Tanagra 53
violaceicollis, Acroleptes 42
violilavata, Tanagra 228
violilavata, Thraupis 228
virens, Loxia 205
virens, Turdus 358
virescens, Calliste 103
virginica, Loxia 271
viridiceps, Chlorophonia . 6
viridicollis, Calliste 172
vir idicollis, Calospiza 172
viridis, Hirundo 1
viridis, Orthogonys 296
viridis, Procnias 2
viridis, Tanagra 6, 296
viridis, Tersina 1
viridissima, Aglaia 148
viridissima, Calospiza 148
viscivpra, Euphonia 17
vitriolina, Callispiza 152
vittata, Euphonia 56
vittata, Tanagra 77
vulpinus, Turdus 355
wetmorei, Habia 313
wetmorei, Tephrophilus 198
whitelyi, Calliste 175
whitelyi, Calospiza 174
wilsonii, Aglaia 126
xanthocephala, Callospiza 114
xanthocephala, Calospiza 114
xanthochlorus, Diplochilus 274
xanthogaster, Euphone 22
xanthogaster, Tanagra 22
xanthogastra, Calliste 104
xanthogastra, Calospiza 104
xanthophrys, Chlorospingus ...... 423
xanthophthalma, Dacnis 430
xanthophthalmus, Pseudo-
spingus 430
xanthopygius, Heterospingus . . 344
xanthopygius, Tachyphonus 344
yeni, Aglaia 85
zamorae, Calospiza 97
zamorae, Tangara 9T
zeledoni, Chlorospingus 407
zena, Fringilla .239
zena, Spindalis '.'*. 239
zenoides, Tanagra 244
zopholega, Tanagra 48
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