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ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS
PART IX
TERSINIDAE - THRAUPIDAE
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 365
&ICAOO,
K
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
OCTOBER 6, 1936
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS
IN
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA,
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES, AND
ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO,
AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON
ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS
PART IX
TERSINIDAE - THRAUPIDAE
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 365
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
OCTOBER 6, 1936
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OK AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
v. 13 1' 10
PREFACE TO PART IX
The present part of the "Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas"
is devoted mainly to the enumeration of the species and subspecies
of the birds known vernacularly as tanagers. The limits of this
family, which is very closely related to the finches, are much disputed
among ornithologists, and the assignment of certain genera to one
group rather than to the other is largely arbitrary, owing to the
absence of information as to their anatomical structure. For the
sake of convenience the author has closely followed the late Robert
Ridgway's definition of the family. Consequently, a number of
genera of finch-like appearance, such as Arremon, Buarremon,
Atlapetes, Pselliophorus, Saltator, and others, have been excluded
from the tanagers, although the last word on their classification
has not yet been said. It is even possible that some other groups,
which find a place in this Part, on further research may prove to
be of Fringilline affinities.
Much care has been taken in ascertaining, whenever it was
feasible, the present location of type specimens which served for
the description of new species and subspecies.
The rejection of Brissonian genera, in consequence of a vote
passed by the International Zoological Congress of Padua, entails
only one nomenclatorial change: namely, the substitution ofCalospiza
for Tangara.
Although the author has had a part of Field Museum's material
for reexamination while completing his manuscript in Vienna, he has
relied to some extent upon assistance from Mr. E. R. Blake of the
resident staff of the Museum for allocations in the lists of specimens.
Several institutions and private individuals have again rendered
material help, either by the loan of material or by information
regarding specimens in their care. I wish to acknowledge particularly
my indebtedness to M. J. Berlioz, of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,
Paris; Dr. F. M. Chapman and Mr. J. T. Zimmer, of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York; Mr. N. B. Kinnear, of the
British Museum; Professor A. Laubmann, of Munich; Mr. James L.
Peters, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts; Dr. Robert Mertens, of the Senckenberg Natural History
Museum, Frankfort; Dr. Moriz Sassi, of Vienna; and Professor E.
Stresemann, of Berlin.
C. E. HELLMAYR
June 25, 1934
iii
CONTENTS
Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part IX
ORDER PASSERIFORMES
SUBORDER OSCINES
FAMILY TERSINIDAE
(Swallow-Tanagers)
Tersina Vieillot . .
PAGE
1
FAMILY THRAUPIDAE
(Tanagers)
Chlorophonia Bonaparte 6
Tanagra Linnaeus 14
Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte 69
Tanagrella Swainson 70
Chlorochrysa Bonaparte 74
Pipraeidea Swainson 77
Pseudodacnis Sclater 80
Calospiza G. R. Gray 81
Iridosornis Lesson 175
Delothraupis Sclater 180
Stephanophorus Strickland 181
Poecilothraupis Cabanis 182
Buthraupis Cabanis 190
Bangsia Penard 194
Dubusia Bonaparte 197
Tephrophilus Moore 198
Compsocoma Cabanis 199
Thraupis Boie 205
Spindalis Jardine and Selby 239
Ramphocelus Desmarest 244
Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin . 269
Calochaetes Sclater 270
Piranga Vieillot 271
Cyanicterus Bonaparte 295
Orthogonys Strickland 296
Chlorothraupis Salvin and Godman 297
Habia Blyth 300
Lento Vieillot 316
Tachyphonus Vieillot 321
Heterospingus Ridgway 344
Creurgops Sclater 345
Malacothraupis Sclater and Salvin. 346
Eucometis Sclater 347
Mitrospingus Ridgway 352
Rhodinocichla Hartlaub 354
Calyptophilus Cory , . . . 357
Phaenicophilus Strickland 359
Trichothraupis Cabanis 362
Cypsnagra Lesson 364
Pyrrhocoma Cabanis 367
Nemosia Vieillot 368
Hemithraupis Cabanis 372
Chrysothlypis Berlepsch 385
Erythrothlypis Berlepsch 386
Thlypopsis Cabanis 387
Compsothraupis Richmond 394
Sericossypha Lesson 395
Nesospingus Sclater 397
Chlorospingus Cabanis 397
Cnemoscopus Bangs and Penard. . . 417
Hemispingus Cabanis 418
Pseudospingus Berlepsch and
Stolzmann 429
Urothraupis Taczanowski and
Berlepsch 431
Microspingus Taczanowski 431
Neothraupis Hellmayr 432
Conothraupis Taczanowski 433
Chlorornis Reichenbach 433
Orchesticus Cabanis 436
Oreothraupis Sclater 436
Lamprospiza Cabanis 437
Cissopis Vieillot 438
Schistochlamys Reichenbach 442
LIST OF NEW NAMES PROPOSED IN PART IX
Tanagra imitans sp. nov 63
Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris nom. nov 256
Habia rubica bahiae subsp. nov 301
Neolhraupis gen. nov 432
CATALOGUE
OF
BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
PART IX
Order PASSERIFORMES Continued
Suborder OSCINES Continued
Family TERSINIDAE. Swallow-Tanagers
Genus TERSINA Vieillot 1
Tersina Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 33, p. 401, 1819 type,
by monotypy, Tersina caerulea Vieillot = Hirundo viridis Illiger.
Procnias (not of Illiger, 1811) Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 1, p. Ixiii,
1820 type, by subs, desig. (Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4,
p. 880, note b, 1907), Hirundo viridis Illiger.
Chelidorhamphus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 102, Jan., 1901
type, by monotypy, Chelidorhamphus orycterus Bertoni.
*Tersina viridis viridis (Illiger). EASTERN SWALLOW-TANAGER.
Hirundo viridis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 229, 1811 based on
"L'Hirondelle verte" Temminck, Cat. Syst. Cab. d'Orn. Quadr., p. 245,
1807; "Sandwich Islands" (p. 136), errore = eastern Brazil (descr. of
female).
Tersina coerulea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 33, p. 401, 1819
part, Brazil (descr. of male and female).
Procnias cyanotropus Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 187 (8vo ed., p. 184), 1820
Barra do Jucu, Espirito Santo, Brazil (descr. of male; type now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 218, 1889).
1 As pointed out by Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 880, note
b, 1907), the above appears to be the earliest tenable generic name for the Swallow-
Tanager. Tersa Vieillot (Anal. Nouv. Ornith. 616m., p. 38, 1816), in spite of the
fact that the morphological characters have evidently been taken from the present
bird, cannot well be adopted, since "La Tersine" of Buffon [=Ampelis tersa Lin-
naeus, 1766), an unidentifiable species of unknown habitat, is given as its genotype.
2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ampelis nigrogularis Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 7, pi.' 1, 1820 Brazil
(descr. of male; type in Munich Museum examined).
Procnias ventralis (Illiger MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 1, pi. 5,
Aug., 1820 Brazil (type probably in Leiden Museum); Wied, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 385, 1831 Rio Parahyba, Brazil.
Procnias hirundacea Swainson, Zool. Illust., 1, No. 4, pi. 21 (male), Jan.,
1821 Bahia, "Minas Geralis" (sic), and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Ampelis fasciata Thunberg, Dissert. Ampelis cuj. nov. spec., p. 3, 1823
Brazil (descr. of female; type probably in Upsala Museum).
Chelidorhamphus orycterus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 102,
Jan., 1901 banks of Parana River, Paraguay, and interior of Misiones
(type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Procnias coerulea 1 Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 41, 1837 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (spec, in Paris
Museum examined); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 243 (nomencl.); Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 345, 1907 Sao Paulo (Mogy-guassu, Piquete, Sao
Carlos do Pinhal, Itarar6) and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1009, 1122, 1912 (range, excl.
of Bolivia); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Sci. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 486,
499, 1912 Rio Claro, Parana; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98,
1913 Misiones; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 462, 1914 "Para (?)."
Tersina tersa (not Ampelis tersa Linnaeus) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid.,
Ois., p. 299, 1839 Rio Pyray, near Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Procnias tersa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 30, 1851 (synon.); Burmeister, Syst.
Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 191, 1856 Nova Friburgo, Rio, and Lag6a Santa
(Minas Geraes); Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 411, 1867 Cantagallo (nesting
habits, egg); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 132, 1868 Rio de Janeiro (Rio
de Janeiro, Luiz d' Almeida, Araras), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Goyaz, and
Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren.,
1870, p. 434 Minas Geraes (Lag6a Santa, Sete Lag6as, Paracatu, Car-
velho); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 597 part, Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 50, 1886
part, subsp. typica, spec, a-k, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and
Sao Paulo; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 17; idem, Ibis, 1893, pp. 193,
196 Estancia del Espartillar, near Ranches, Buenos Aires; Boucard and
Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892 Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899 Porto Alegre,
Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 143, 1899 Sao Paulo
(Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Piquete); idem, I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900 Cantagallo
and Nova Friburgo.
Procnias viridis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 349, 1891 Chapada,
Matto Grosso; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 620 Sapucay, Paraguay.
Tersina caerulea Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 1, p. 372,
1910 Alto Parand (Misiones) and Estancia del Espartillar (Buenos Aires);
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 Alto Parana.
1 Sometimes spelled "caerulea."
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 3
Tersina viridis viridis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 13, 1925 Santa Cruz,
Bolivia (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 191,
1926 Parana (Candido de Abreu, Salto de Uba); Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 366, 1930 (range).
Tersina caerulea caerulea Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 319, 1928
Monte Serrat, Itatiaya, Sao Paulo.
Range. Eastern and southern Brazil, from Pernambuco, Bahia,
Goyaz, and Matto Grosso (excepting the Amazonian drainage)
south to Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; eastern
Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra); northeastern Argentina (Misiones;
accidental at Estancia del Espartillar, Buenos Aires). 1
17: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 5); Brazil ("Bahia skin," 1;
Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4; Goyaz, Veadeiros, 3; Joinville, Santa
Catharina, 2; Sao Paulo, 1); Paraguay (Rio Tebicuary, 1).
Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sclater). 2 WESTERN SWALLOW-
TANAGER.
Procnias occidentalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 249, pub.
April, 1855 "Nova Grenada" = Bogota collections (types in coll. of P.
L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 23, p. 153, 1855 Bogota;
idem, I.e., 26, pp. 74, 452, 1858 Rio Napo and Zamora, Ecuador; idem,
I.e., 28, pp. 275, 292, 1860 Babahoyo and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55, 1862 part, spec, a-c, New Grenada and
Babahoyo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 566 Rio
1 Specimens from various parts of Brazil (Bahia, Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina,
and Cuyaba, Matto Grosso) agree in size and coloration, and those from eastern
Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra) appear to be likewise inseparable. Thirty adult
males from eastern Brazil measure, on the wing, from 90 to 93, rarely up to 95;
two from Santa Cruz, 90 and 91, respectively.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 10; Rio de Janeiro, 2; Theo-
philo Ottoni, Minas Geraes, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 17; Iguape', Sao Paulo, 2;
Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 1; Cascata, Sao Paulo, 6; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1;
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 2. Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 3.
2 Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sclater) : Similar to T. v. viridis, but decidedly
smaller; plumage of adult males generally of a deeper, less greenish blue. Wing
(adult males), 81-87, very rarely 89; tail, 50-57, rarely 58.
Although occasional individuals regardless of locality sometimes match
typical viridis in coloration, the large majority of males from the range assigned to
the present form are of a deeper, less greenish blue tone, while the distinctly smaller
size serves to distinguish occidentalis in nearly every case. Further subdivision
appears to be impracticable, and I am unable to separate an Amazonian series
from another collected on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. Birds from
the Yungas of La Paz, northern Bolivia, and Roraima are also referable to this
small, deeply colored race.
Additional material examined. Venezuela: inland of Cumana, 2. British
Guiana: Roraima, 2. Brazil: Bar cellos, Rio Negro, 2 (adult males); Villa Bella
de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, 2; Santa Isabel, Rio Preto, 10; Maroins, Rio
Machados, 2. Colombia: Noanama, 1; Novita, Rio Tamana, 5; "Bogota," 5.
Ecuador: Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 10; Chimbo, 2; Archidona, 1; Rio Napo, 5.
Peru: Yurimaguas, 1; Chaquimayo, Dept. Puno, 3. Bolivia, Yungas of La
Paz: Songo, 2; San Antonio, 2.
4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 749, 977 Xeberos and Pebas, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1868, p. 167 Caripe [Sucre], Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
2, p. 132, 1868 [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso and Barcellos (Rio Negro),
Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869,
p. 597 Cosnipata, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 260 Nauta, Xeberos, and
Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 518 Monterico, Peru; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1876 Coroico, Bolivia; Oustalet, in
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 246 (in text), 1883
Gulf of Darien, Panama; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 437, 1884
Peruvian localities.
Tersina coerulea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 33, p. 401, 1819
part, Peru; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857
Cayenne.
Procnias ventralis (not of Temminck) Tschudi, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 196, 1846 Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p.
671, "1848" Canuku Mountains, British Guiana.
Tersa ventralis Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 257, 1866 Trinidad (rare visitant).
Procnias tersa (not Ampelis tersa Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 497 Remedies, Colombia; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 597
part, Tilotilo (Yungas), Bolivia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 Roraima;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 50, 1886 part, subsp. occidentalis,
spec, a-k, n-r, Roraima, Cayenne, Venezuela (Caripe"), Bogota, Remedios,
Babahoyo, Sarayacu, Santa Rita, Peru, and Bolivia; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899 Zamora and In tag,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 458 Santo Domingo, Gualea, and
Archidona, Ecuador (crit.).
Procnias coerulea occidentalis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 288, 1884
Bucaramanga, Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, p. 544 [Chimbo], western Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 76
Yaguachi, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1010, 1122, 1912 (range, excl. of Santa Marta).
Procnias viridis (not Hirundo viridis Illiger) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
2, pp. 69, 80, 1889 "Quito," Ecuador, and "falls of the Madeira," Bolivia.
Procnias viride Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tobago, 20, p. 129, 1922
Maracas Valley, Trinidad.
Procnias viridis occidentalis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 295, 1889 Yuri-
maguas, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 271, 1910 Santa Isabel (Rio
Preto) and Maroins (Rio Machados), Brazil; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr.
Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 88, 1911 Santo Domingo,
Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 82, 1922
Gualea, Nanegal, and near Mindo, Ecuador.
Procnia tersa occidentalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 338 San Emilio, Vitoc, Peru; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897
San Antonio, Bermudez [= Sucre], Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Ornis, 13, p. 108, 1906 Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Peru.
Procnias coerulea Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 112, 1908 Cayenne; idem,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1009, 1912 part, Songo and
San Antonio, Bolivia.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 5
Tersina viridis occidenlalis Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1099
Noanama and Novita, Pacific Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 587, 1917 Juntas de Tamana, Novita, Caldas, San
Antonio, Miraflores, Popayan, near Honda, and Villavicencio, Colombia;
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 15, 1920 Chaquimayo, Peru;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 648, 1926 Bucay, Punta
Santa Ana, Cebollal, Alamor, Zamora, Rio Suno, and below San Jose,
Ecuador; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 186, 1929 Cana,
Darien; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 366, 1930 western
Matto Grosso; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 435,
1930 Vista Alegre, Peru.
Tersina occidentalis Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 487, 1921 Canuku
Mountains and Roraima.
Range. Tropical zone (and rarely lower Subtropical zone) of
French and British Guiana (Roraima, Canuku Mountains), northern
Venezuela, Colombia (except Santa Marta region), eastern Panama
(Darien), western and eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru south to the
northern foot of the Bolivian Andes (Yungas of La Paz), and northern
Brazil (Rio Negro; Rio Preto, Rio Machados, and Rio Guapore,
western Matto Grosso); rare visitant on the island of Trinidad.
13: Venezuela (Maracay, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1); Colombia (Buena-
ventura, 2; Carmen de Jacopi, 1; Rio San Juan, Cauca, 2); Ecuador
(Puente de Chimbo, 1); Peru (Vista Alegre, 4; Yurimaguas, 1).
Tersina viridis grisescens Griscom. 1 SANTA MARTA SWALLOW-
TANAGER.
Tersina viridis grisescens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 186, 1929
La Conception, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Procnias tersa (not Ampelis tersa Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879,
p. 199 Manaure, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 50,
1886 part, subsp. occidentalis, spec. 1, m, Manaure and Minca.
Procnias occidentalis (not of Sclater) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55,
1862 part, spec, d, Santa Marta.
Procnias tersa occidentalis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 179, 1898
Palomina, San Miguel, and San Francisco.
Procnias viridis (not Hirundo viridis Temminck) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 13, p. 173, 1900 Minca and Valparaiso.
Procnias caerulea occidentalis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1010, 1912 part, Santa Marta.
1 Tersina viridis grisescens Griscom: Very near to, and indistinguishable from,
T. v. occidentalis in the male sex; but females with the green portions of the plum-
age duller, more of a grayish green instead of bright parrot green, the difference
being especially noticeable on the lower parts. Size the same as in occidentalis.
Ten specimens from the Santa Marta region examined.
6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tersina viridis occidentalis Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p.
438, 1922 La Concepci6n, Chirua, Minca, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, La
Tigrera, Mamatoco, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo (habits, nest, and eggs).
Range. Tropical and lower Subtropical zone of the Santa
Marta region in northern Colombia.
Family THRAUPIDAE. Tanagers
Genus GHLOROPHONIA Bonaparte
Chlorophonia Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 type, by
subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855), T. viridis Vieillot.
Chloreuphonia Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, part 3, p. 94, July, 1851
(emendation).
Triglyphidia Cabanis, 1 Journ. Orn., 8, p. 331, 1860 no type specified. 2
Acrocompsa Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, pp. 88, 89, 1861 type, by subs, desig.
(Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 53, 1886), T. callophrys Cabanis.
*Chlorophonia cyanea cyanea (Thunberg). BLUE-BACKED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Tanagra viridis (not of P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist.
Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 426, 1819 "1'Amerique me'ridionale" (descr. of
female; type in Paris Museum); Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr.
6, pi. 36, fig. 3, 1821 Brazil.
Pipra cyanea Thunberg,* M6m. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 8, p. 284, pi. 8, fig. 1,
1822 Rio de Janeiro (descr. of male and female; types lost, formerly in
Upsala Museum; cf. Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 241).
Pipra chlorocapilla Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (2), p. 255, Feb., 1826
based on Latham, Gen. Hist. Bds., 7, p. 228, pi. 108 (=adult male),
1823; "South America" (type in coll. of Lord Stanley, now probably in
Liverpool Museum).
Euphonia galotii Descourtilz, Orn. Bres., livr. 3, p. 29, pi. 33, fig. 1, 1856 (?)
Brazil (location of type not stated).
Euphonia cyanoblephara Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 96, Jan.,
1901 Djaguarasapa, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Chlorophonia viridiceps Sharpe, Handlist Bds., 5, p. 354, 1909 new name for
Pipra chlorocapilla Stephens.
1 Triglyphidia Reichenbach (Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 63, March, 1850) may have
been intended for the same group, but as no species is indicated and the figures are
not wholly conclusive, I hesitate to employ this doubtfully applicable name in
place of Chlorophonia, over which it would have priority.
2 Originally proposed to include C. callophrys, C. viridis, C. frontalis, C. longi-
pennis, and C. occipitalis, this generic term was subsequently restricted by the
author (Journ. Orn., 9, p. 89, 1861) to the smaller South American forms, though
he did not bother to designate any genotype.
3 Thunberg's description corresponds minutely to the characters of the Bra-
zilian Chlorophonia, if one remembers that the term "uropygium" was used by
the early authors for what we now call "crissum."
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 7
Euphona viridis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 233, 1850 Brazil.
Euphonia viridis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 88 Brazil.
Euphone viridis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 197, 1856 Nova
Friburgo, Rio.
Chlorophonia viridis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 part,
Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 269, 1856 part, Brazil
(Sao Joao d'el Rey, Ypanema); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn.,
2, p. 117, 1885 near Sao Sebastiao, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 54, 1886 Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Pelotas
(Rio Grande do Sul), Brazil; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16,
p. 118, 1899 Sao Sebastiao do Cahy, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 143, 1899 Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape 1 ); idem, I.e.,
4, p. 152, 1900 Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Chlorophona viridis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 202, 1870 Rio de Janeiro and
Ypanema (Sao Paulo), Brazil.
Triglyphidia viridis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio.
Chlorophonia chlorocapilla Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 144,
1902 Sapucay, Paraguay; Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p.
346, 1907 Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape 1 , Santos) and Rio Grande do
Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 620 Sapucay, Paraguay;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 372, 1910 Alto
Parana; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1010, 1912
Brazil and Paraguay; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913
Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 Alto Parana and central
Paraguay; idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 286, 1919 Rio Paraguay (nest descr.);
Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 11, p. 7, 1919 Villa Lutetia, Misiones;
Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 191, 1926 Salto do
Cobre, Parana.
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Bahia 1 to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina. 2
6: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 1); Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 3;
Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 2).
*Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis (Du Bus). 3 LONG-WINGED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Euphonia longipennis Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts
Belgique, 22, (1), p. 155, 1855 Antioquia, Colombia (type in Brussels
Museum).
1 Beebe's record (in Zoologica, N. Y., 2, p. 99, 1916) of C. chlorocapilla from
Utinga, Para, must be a mistake.
2 Birds from Paraguay and Misiones agree perfectly with a Brazilian series.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 4; Ypanema,
Sao Paulo, 4; Santos, Sao Paulo, 1; unspecified, 2. Paraguay: Sapucay, 4.
3 Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis (Du Bus) is closely allied to C. c. cyanea, but
even adult males with a large amount of blue on the upper back may be distin-
guished by the brighter and clearer green of the subbasal portion of the dorsal
8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Chlorophonia longipennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855
Bogota (crit.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 270, 1856 Bogota (diag.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55, 1862 Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn.,
p. 82, pi. 41, fig. 2, 1868 Bogota; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 54, 1886 Colombia (Bogota) and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Berlepsch,
Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 "Bogota"; idem, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1010, 1122, 1912 Colombia, Venezuela (Merida),
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 648, 1926 eastern Ecuador.
Euphonia viridis (not Tanagra viridis Vieillot) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10,
(1), p. 284, 1844 Peru.
Procnias viridis Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 197, 1846 Peru.
Chlorophonia viridis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 part,
Ecuador; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 269, 1856 part, eastern
Peru (ex Tschudi); Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 225 Montana de Palto,
Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598 Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas,
Bolivia.
Chlorophonia torrejoni Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 9, pi. 1,
fig. 1 Chirimoto, Peru (type lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf.
Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p.
180, 1927); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 438, 1884 Montana de Palto and
Huayabamba, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 55, 1886
feathers, green instead of blue scapulars and edges to the upper wing coverts, and
much brighter green external margins to the remiges and rectrices. The female
differs by lacking the turquoise blue tinge on the rump and upper tail coverts.
C. torrejoni, which Carriker recently sought to revive as a distinct species, is
clearly but the first annual plumage of the male sex. One of the original speci-
mens, taken by Stolzmann at Chirimoto on August 16, 1880, is indistinguishable
from Colombian individuals in corresponding state. This plumage presents a
good deal of individual variation, the rump being either grass green or mixed with
turquoise blue to a varying degree, while breast and abdomen show considerable
differences in the shade of the yellow color along the median line. It is a well-
known fact that various species of Tanagra (Euphonia) breed in immature plum-
age, and there is no reason why such should not be also the case with the members
of the present group, which is indeed barely separable generically from the true
Euphonias.
Two adult males from Huaynapata, Peru, and three from Bolivia, moreover,
are just as blue-rumped (with more or less blue shading on the back) and as bright-
bellied as the most vividly colored examples from "Bogota." While birds from
Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia seem to be perfectly alike in coloration,
those from the two latter countries incline to have shorter tails. A male (in first
annual plumage) of the ordinary "Bogota" preparation differs from all others by
possessing a fairly distinct, though narrow, yellow frontal band. This specimen,
which the late Count Berlepsch doubtfully referred to C. c. roraimae, I regard as a
mere individual mutant of longipennis, and while superficially resembling Guianan
examples, it may be distinguished by decidedly narrower blue nuchal collar and
grass green rump and upper tail coverts, both of which are turquoise blue in all
plumages of roraimae. The occurrence of a yellow-fronted bird within the range
of longipennis furnishes one more bit of evidence for the close genetic relationship
of these Chlorophonias.
Additional material examined. Venezuela, Merida: Escorial, 5; Culata, 1;
Merida, 2. Colombia: "Bogota," 19. Peru: Chirimoto, 1; Garita del Sol, 1;
Huaynapata, 2. Bolivia: Chaco (La Paz), 2; San Antonio, 1; Songo, 1; Yungas
of La Paz, 1; San Mateo, 1; Quebrada Onda, Cochabamba, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 9
Colombia (Bogota), Peru (Chirimoto), and Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 338 Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin,
Peru; Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 83, p. 466, 1932 La Oroya,
Rio Inambari, Dept. Puno, Peru (crit.).
Chlorophonia viridis longipennis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13,
p. 108, 1906 Huaynapata, Peru.
Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran
Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 265, 1930 Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.).
Chlorophonia longipennis torrejoni Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912 northwestern Peru (crit.).
Chlorophonia frontalis roraimae (not of Salvin and Godman) Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912 part, Bogota
(spec, examined).
Range. Subtropical zone of the Andes from western Venezuela
(MeVida) and eastern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador and
Peru to Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz).
5: Venezuela (Sierra Nevada, MeYida, 2; M<;rida, 2); Peru (La
Merced, Chanchamayo, 1).
Chlorophonia cyanea psittacina Bangs. 1 SANTA MARTA
CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia frontalis psittacina Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p.
88, 1902 La Concepcion, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia (type in
coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 397, 1930);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1011, 1912 Santa
Marta region; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 499, 1922
Onaca, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and San Miguel (habits,
nest, and eggs); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924
Santa Marta region (diag.).
Chlorophonia frontalis (not Euphonia frontalis Sclater) Salvin and Godman,
Ibis, 1879, p. 199 Valley of Chinchicua and San Jose; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 55, 1886 part, spec, d, e, Sierra Nevada and
Valley of Chinchicua, Santa Marta; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13,
p. 104, 1899 Chirua, La Concepcion, and San Miguel; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 170, 1900 Onaca, Las Nubes, Valparaiso, and
El Libano.
1 Chlorophonia cyanea psittacina Bangs: Similar to C. c. frontalis, but distin-
guished in the male sex by much less sharply defined as well as more greenish blue
nuchal band (which is much duller and more greenish than the turquoise blue
rump) and by lacking the narrow light green frontal margin. Besides, the yellow
band across the forehead is wider, and, as a rule, of a deeper tone, while the crown
is more yellowish green. The female differs, in addition to the last-named charac-
ter, by having a distinct, though narrow, yellow frontal band, pale turquoise blue
(instead of grass green) rump and upper tail coverts, and more obsolete, at the
same time paler greenish blue nuchal collar. Wing, 61-63, (female) 61-64; tail,
32-36; bill, 8-9.
Material examined. Colombia, Santa Marta region: Tagua, 1; Onaca, 3;
Las Nubes, 1; Valparaiso, 3.
10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Subtropical (and upper Tropical) zone of the Santa
Marta region in northern Colombia.
*Chlorophonia cyanea frontalis (Sclater). YELLOW-FRONTED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Euphonia frontalis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 3, July, p. 89 "Ecuador,"
errore, = Caracas, Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum, examined).
Chlorophonia frontalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 270, 1856 Caracas
(diag.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55, 1862 Venezuela; Sclater
and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 81, pi. 41, fig. 1 (=male), 1868 Caracas; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 55, 1886 part, spec, a-c, Venezuela; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912 part, Caracas
and "Puerto Cabello."
Chlorophonia frontalis frontalis Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78,
A, Heft 5, p. 54, 1912 Cumbre de Valencia and Las Quiguas, Carabobo
(crit., range in part); Hellmayr, I.e., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 174, 1924 Galipan
(Cerro del Avila) and Loma Redonda, Venezuela (crit.).
Range. Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, in Dept. Federal
(Loma Redonda; Caracas; Galipan, Cerro del Avila) and in states
of Aragua (Maracay) and Carabobo (Las Quiguas; La Cumbre de
Valencia). 1
3: Venezuela (Loma Redonda, Dept. Federal, 1; Maracay,
Aragua, 1; unspecified, 1).
Chlorophonia cyanea minuscula Hellmayr. 2 LESSER YELLOW-
FRONTED CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia frontalis minuscula Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, No. 6,
p. 46, June, 1922 mountains near Cumana, Venezuela (type in Munich
Museum); idem, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924 northeastern
Venezuela (crit.); Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12, 1925 Neveri
and Cuchivano, Sucre.
Chlorophonia frontalis (not Euphonia frontalis Sclater) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912 part, Campos Alegre
Valley, Venezuela (crit.).
1 The type of C. frontalis agrees with specimens from the Caracas region in
coloration and dimensions (wing, 67; tail, 41). Birds from Carabobo, by darker
forehead, form the passage to C. c. psittacina.
Additional material examined. Venezuela, Dept. Federal: Caracas, 1; Loma
Redonda, 3; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 15; Las Quiguas, Carabobo, 3; La Cumbre de
Valencia, Carabobo, 6; "Puerto Cabello," 1; unspecified, 1 (the type).
2 Chlorophonia cyanea minuscula Hellmayr: Nearest to C. c. frontalis, but
smaller; yellow forehead paler and duller, less strongly defined; under parts dingier
yellow with an olivaceous tinge; female with very little, if any, yellowish suffusion
on the forehead. Wing, 59-63 (against 64-67 in frontalis), (female) 58-59 (against
60-63); tail, 35-37, (female) 33; bill, 8-9.
By the less pronounced yellowish frontlet this form approaches C. c. roraimae.
Material examined.-^-Venezuela, Sucre: Campos Alegre Valley, 8.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 11
Range. Subtropical zone of northeastern Venezuela, in State
of Sucre (Neveri, Cuchivano, Campos Alegre, etc.).
Chlorophonia cyanea roraimae Salvin and Godman. 1 RORAIMA
CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia roraimae Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 444, 1884 Roraima,
British Guiana (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum,,
examined); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 Roraima; Sclater, Cat. Bds,
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 56, pi. 6, fig. 1 (male), 1886 Roraima; Chubb, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Cl., 31, p. 39, 1913 east bank of Essequibo River; idem,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 489, 1921 Roraima, Quonga, and Bonasica
River.
Chlorophonia frontalis roraimae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1011, 1123, 1912 part, Roraima (crit.); Hellmayr, Arch.
Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924 Roraima (crit.).
Chlorophonia cyanea roraimae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 124,
1931 Mounts Roraima (Philipp Camp) and Duida (Caiio Seco, Agiiita,
First Peak, Cumbre No. 6), Venezuela.
Range. Subtropical (rarely Tropical) zone of British Guiana and
southern Venezuela (Mount Duida).
Chlorophonia flavirostris Sclater. 2 YELLOW-BILLED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Chlorophonia flavirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 129 Ecuador,
probably from the eastern slope of the Andes (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 55,
1 Chlorophonia cyanea roraimae Salvin and Godman: Adult male agreeing with
C. c. minuscula in restricted yellow frontlet, but blue nuchal collar much wider,
and dorsal feathers tipped with blue, giving the back a uniform blue effect; female
with much wider blue collar and bright blue (instead of grass green) rump and
upper tail coverts; size larger, about the same as in C. c. frontalis. Wing, 64-68.
(female) 60-66; tail, 39-41, (female) 34-39; bill, 7^-8^.
The male of this form passes through a stage similar to C. c. longipennis, and
the first annual plumage (bright blue collar across the hind neck; edges to upper
wing coverts and remiges olive green; under parts greenish yellow) resembles the
so-called "C. torrejoni," from which it merely differs by blue rump and upper tail
coverts, a racial character of C. c. roraimae.
Two adult males from Quonga agree in every respect with others from Roraima.
Material examined. British Guiana: Roraima, 10; Quonga, 2.
2 Chlorophonia flavirostris Sclater is known from the unique type in the British
Museum. It is a very peculiar bird immediately recognizable among its affines by
the yellow bill and feet, and the yellow rim round the eye. As it has no blue what-
ever in the plumage, the type is probably a female. The whole upper surface,
including wing coverts and inner secondaries, is bright grass green; the other
remiges are dusky, exteriorly margined with bluish green; sides of head, throat,
foreneck, and sides of body bright grass green like the back; an extensive zone
along the middle of the belly and under tail coverts bright yellow, this area ab-
ruptly contrasted with the green of the foreneck and sides; a narrow rim around
the eye and a small chin-spot bright yellow; tail dusky, median pair and outer
web of the other remiges green like the back; axillaries pale yellowish. Wing, 60;
tail, 30; bill, 7.
12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1862 Ecuador; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 56, pi. 6, fig. 1, 1886
Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1011, 1912
Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 649, 1926 Ecuador.
Range. Supposedly Ecuador (eastern side of the Andes).
*Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys (Sclater). CHESTNUT-BELLIED
CHLOROPHONIA.
Tanagra (Euphonia) prelrei (not Tanagra pretrei Lesson, 1839) Lafresnaye,
Rev. Zool., 6, p. 97, 1843 Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 398, 1930); idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, pi.
42 (male), 1843 Colombia.
Euphonia pyrrhophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 89, pi. 75, fig. 2 (=female)
"Columbia?" = Bogota (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum).
Euphona pretrii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 233, 1850 Colombia.
Euphonia pretrei Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 89 Colombia (descr.
of male).
Chlorophonia pretrii (ei) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 158, 1851
Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 Bogota;
idem, I.e., 24, p. 270, 1856 Bogota (diag.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 55, 1862 Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 780 Merida, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 498 Santa Elena, Anti-
oquia, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 56, 1886 Colombia
(Bogota, "vicinity of Medellin") and Venezuela (Me>ida); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1011, 1912 Colombia and Me>ida;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 587, 1917 Cerro Munchique,
Santa Isabel, and Santa Elena, Colombia.
Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63,
p. 34, 1919 (nomencl.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 649,
1926 Baeza, eastern Ecuador.
Range. Subtropical zone of western Venezuela (Cordillera of
Me"rida), Colombia (except Santa Marta region), and eastern
Ecuador (Baeza). 1
1: Venezuela (MeYida, 1).
*Chlorophonia occipitalis occipitalis (Du Bus). MEXICAN
CHLOROPHONIA.
Euphonia occipitalis Du Bus, Esq. Orn., livr. 3, pi. 14, 1847 Mexico (descr.
of female; type in coll. of B. Du Bus, now in Brussels Museum); Sclater,
Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 90 (crit.); Jardine, Ibis, 1860, p. 103 Guatemala.
1 No Ecuadorian material is available for examination. Birds from Merida,
Venezuela, are identical with Colombian skins.
Additional specimens examined. Venezuela, Merida: Montana de Culata, 4.
Colombia: Bogota, 6; Santa Elena, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 13
Chlorophonia occipitalis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 158, 1851
southern Mexico (crit.); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Nav. Astron. Exp., 2,
p. 182, pi. 20, fig. 2 (male), 1855 Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 270, 1856 southern Mexico (diag.); idem, I.e., 25, p. 205, 1857
Jalapa, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, p. 364, 1859 vicinity of Jalapa; Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 17 Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 55, 1862 Mexico (Jalapa, Orizaba) and Guatemala (Coban);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 173 "vicinity of City of Mexico";
Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 83, pi. 42 (male, female), 1868 southern
Mexico and Guatemala; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 550,
1869 Dept. Vera Cruz; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 18, 1876
Gineta Mountains, Chiapas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 253, 1883 southern Mexico and Guatemala (Coban, Choc-
turn); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 57, 1886 Mexico (Jalapa
and "near City of Mexico") and Guatemala (Coban, Choctum); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 6, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903 Ceiba, Honduras (crit.);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1012, 1123, 1912
(range, crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 372, 1932 Guate-
mala (Finca Sepacuite, Volcan Zunil, San Lucas).
(?) Euphonia cyaneidorsalis Dubois, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 11, p. 49, pi. 2,
1859 Guatemala (type in coll. of C. F. Dubois, present location unknown;
cf. Berlepsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 179). 1
(?) Chlorophonia cyanodorsalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 255, 1883 Guatemala (ex Dubois).
Range. Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of
Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba) and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains),
Guatemala, Honduras (Ceiba), and northern Nicaragua. 2
5: Mexico (Monte Verde, 1); Guatemala (unspecified, 1); Hon-
duras (San Pedro Sula, 2); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 1).
*Chlorophonia occipitalis callophrys (Cabanis). 3 COSTA RICAN
CHLOROPHONIA.
1 This "species," of which the type has disappeared, is probably an individual
variation. Dubois's plate represents a bird much like C. o. occipitalis, but with
the back mainly blue. No specimen corresponding to this character has been
found again.
2 With only a single Mexican female (from Orizaba) available for comparison
I cannot be certain that Guatemalan birds are really the same. While Bangs notes
some differences in specimens from Honduras, Griscom expressly states that Nica-
raguan examples are not separable from those of Guatemala.
Nine additional specimens from Guatemala (Coban) and one from Orizaba,
Mexico, examined.
Chlorophonia occipitalis callophrys (Cabanis), though readily distinguished
by its bright chrome yellow forehead and superciliaries, much larger and deeper
(campanula) blue coronal patch, and other characters, is certainly but a strongly
marked southern race of the Mexican Chlorophonia.
Veraguan birds seem to agree with others from Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Triglyphidia callophrys Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 331, 1860 Costa Rica
(type in Berlin Museum; descr. of male).
Acrocompsa callophrys Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 88, 1861 Costa Rica
(descr. of immature).
Chlorophonia calophrys Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 135, pi. 68 (male
and female), 1868 Costa Rica and Veragua (Calovevora).
Chlorophonia callophrys Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98,
1868 Rancho Redondo, San Jose, and Birris, Costa Rica; Salvadori,
Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 173, 1868 Costa Rica (crit.); Frantzius,
Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo, Cervantes,
Candelaria); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 185 Veragua
(Calovevora, Cordillera del Chucu) and Volcan de Chiriqui; Boucard,
I.e., 1878, p. 54 Navarro and Candelaria, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 254, 1883 Costa Rica and Panama (Volcan
de Chiriqui, Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, Calovevora, Calobre); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 58, 1886 Costa Rica (Irazu) and Panama
(Calovevora and Volcan de Chiriqui); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Costa Rica (San Jose, Cartago, Alajuela, Rancho
Redondo de San Jose, Naranjo de Cartago); Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 3, 1899 Chiriqui; Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902 Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 7, 1902 Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and
Veragua; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 873, 1910 Costa Rica
(habits); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 277, 1910 Costa
Rica (Guayabo, Coliblanco, Volcan de Turrialba); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1012, 1912 Costa Rica to Veragua; Bangs
and Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 13, p. 52, 1932 San Pedro,
Costa Rica (color variety).
Range. Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and western Panama
(Chiriqui and Veragua).
12: Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 2; Guayabo, 1; La Estrella de
Cartago, 1; Peralta, 2; Volcan Irazu, 4; Volcan Turrialba, 1;
unspecified, 1).
Genus TANAGRA Linnaeus
Tanagra Linnaeus, Mus. Adolph. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 30, 1764 type, by subs.
desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35, p. 644 [note], 1908), Fringilla
violacea Linnaeus.
Euphonia Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, livr. 10, table [pi. 27], 1806
type, by monotypy, Euphonia olivacea Desmarest.
Euphone Lichtenstein, Zweites Preis-Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., 1820 (cf.
Oken's Isis, 1821, Beylage No. 1, p. 6) type, as here designated, Fringilla
violacea Linnaeus.
Euphona Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 317, 1847 emendation of Eu-
phonia Desmarest.
Cyanophonia Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 138, 1851 type, by subs.
desig. (Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 58, 1886), Pipra musica
Gmelin.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 15
Phonasca Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 330, 1860 type, by subs, desig. (Cabanis,
Journ. Orn., 9, p. 90, 1861), Fringilla violacea Linnaeus.
Acroleptes 1 (Schiff MS.) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 90, 1861 type, by subs,
desig. (Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 58, 1886), Tanagra chlorotica
Linnaeus.
Acroleptus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 90 [footnote], 1861 substitute for
Acroleptes Cabanis.
Hypophaea 1 Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 91, 1861 type, by orig. desig., Tan-
agra chalybea Mikan.
Iliolopha 1 Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 type, by monotypy, "Ilio-
lopha pectoralis (Lath.)" = Pipra pectoralis Latham.
*Tanagra musica musica (Gmelin). HISPANIOLAN EUPHONIA.
Pipra musica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 1004, before April 20, 1789 2 -
based on "L'Organiste" Buffon and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 809, fig. 1;
Santo Domingo.
Euphonia caeruleocephala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 286, 1837
based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 809, fig. 1.
Euphone musica Lembeye, Aves Isl. Cuba, p. 42, 1850 "Cuba," errore (cf.
Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 409, 1861).
Tanagra musica Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 92, 1866 Port au
Prince and Jeremie, Hispaniola; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80,
p. 515, 1928 Haiti and Gonave; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68,
p. 325, 1929 San Juan de la Maguana, Monte Viejo, and Rio Manade,
Haiti; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 422, 1931
Hispaniola (monog.).
Euphonia musica Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 82 Santo Domingo and
"Cayenne?" ; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 271, 1856 Santo Domingo
and "Cuba" (ex Lembeye) (monog.); Salle", I.e., 25, p. 231, 1857 Santo
Domingo; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 152, 1881 Pe"tionville, Haiti
(descr. of young); Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 Santo Domingo; Cory,
Bds. Haiti San Dom., p. 61, col. pi., 1884 Santo Domingo (La Vega,
Samana, Magua) and Haiti (Le Coup); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 59, 1886 Santo Domingo (Samana); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 79,
1889 Haiti and Santo Domingo; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 131,
1892 same localities; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn., 1, p. 13, 1896
Honduras and Maniel, Santo Domingo; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 324 La
Vega; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 13, 1902 Haiti
(monog.); Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 363, 1909 San-
chez, Santo Domingo (habits); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1012, 1912 Haiti.
Range. Island of Hispaniola (including Gonave Island), Greater
Antilles.
1 Acroleptes, Hypophaea, and Iliolopha, as published by Bonaparte (Ann. Sci.
Nat., (4), Zool., 1, p. 127, 1854) are nomina nuda without nomenclatorial
standing.
2 Cf. Hopkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, pp. 1035-37.
16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
32: Haiti (Le Coup, 1); Santo Domingo (Honduras, 7; La Vega,
10; Magua, 2; Maniel, 1; Samana, 11).
*Tanagra musica sclateri (Sundevall). 1 PORTO RICAN EUPHONIA.
Euphonia sclateri (Bonaparte MS.) Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl.,
26, p. 596, 1869 based on Euphonia ftavifrons (not Emberiza flavifrons
Sparrman) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 271, 1856 (type, from
Porto Rico, collected by Maug6, in Paris Museum); Gundlach, Journ.
Orn., 22, p. 311, 1874 Porto Rico; idem, I.e., 26, p. 169, 1878 Porto
Rico (habits, nest); idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 191, 1878
Porto Rico (Mayagiiez, Aguadilla); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 194, 1886 Porto
Rico (descr.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 60, 1886 Porto Rico;
Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 81, 1889 Porto Rico; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds.,
pp. 16, 113, 132, 1892 Porto Rico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 15, 1902 Porto Rico (monog.); Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 14,
1903 Ponce and Mayagiiez, Porto Rico; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1012, 1912 Porto Rico.
Pipra musica (not of Gmelin) Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., livr. 1, pi. 19
(male), 20 (female), 1805 part, Porto Rico.
Cyanophonia musica Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 138, 1851 (descr.).
Euphonia flavifrons (not Emberiza flavifrons Sparrman) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 271, 1856 Porto Rico, "Trinidad, and Cayenne,"
errore (descr. from Mauge's Porto Rico specimens in the Paris Museum).
Tanagra sclateri Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 123, 1916 Porto
Rico (habits); idem, Auk, 33, p. 419, 1916 Vieques (attempt at intro-
duction); Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 478, 1923 Mayagtiez, Porto Rico;
Wetmore, N. Y. Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9,
p. 549, 1927 Porto Rico (monog.).
Range. Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
3: Porto Rico.
*Tanagra musica flavifrons (Sparrman). GREEN EUPHONIA.
Emberiza flavifrons Sparrman, Mus. Carlss., fasc. 4, pi. 92, 1789 2 no locality
indicated; St. Bartholomew suggested by Sundevall (type in Stockholm
Museum; cf. Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 26, p. 583, 1869). 3
Euphonia flavifrons Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 26, p. 583, 1869
St. Bartholomew; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 13 Santa
Lucia; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 56, 190, 269, 1878
Dominica, St. Vincent, and Grenada; idem, I.e., 1, pp. 354, 455, 1879
Martinique and Guadeloupe; idem, I.e., 3, p. 256, 1880 Dominica
1 Tanagra musica sclateri (Sundevall), in the female sex, closely resembles
T. m. flavifrons, from which it mainly differs by smaller bill and lighter, more
yellowish under parts. The male, by the reduction of the black on the head, like-
wise marks a step in the direction of the green-backed races.
2 Exact date unknown, possibly earlier than Gmelin's Syst. Nat., 1, Part 2.
3 Not listed, however, in Gyldenstolpe's "Types of Birds in the Royal Natural
History Museum in Stockholm" (Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, pp. 1-116, 1926).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 17
(Roseau Valley) ; Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 5, p. 166, 1880 Santa Lucia;
Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 613, 1886 Grenada (habits); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 63, 1886 Martinique, Santa Lucia, and
Guadeloupe; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 475 Grande Terre; idem, Auk, 3,
p. 193, 1886 St. Bartholomew, Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent,
Grenada, and Santa Lucia; idem, Auk, 4, p. 95, 1887 Martinique;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 395 Santa Lucia; Cory, Bds.
W. Ind., p. 80, 1889 St. Bartholomew to Grenada; idem, Cat. W. Ind.
Bds., p. 113, 1892 same range; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 8, p.
339, 1892 Dominica (habits, nest, and eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 15, 1902 St. Bartholomew to Grenada (monog.);
Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 574 Antigua; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p.
291, 1904 Barbuda and Antigua; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1013, 1912 St. Bartholomew to Santa Lucia.
Euphonia flavifrons viscivora Clark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 19, 1905
Kingstown, St. Vincent (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 398, 1930); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
32, pp. 288, 303, 306, 1905 St. Vincent and Grenada; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1013, 1124, 1912 St. Vincent and
Grenada (crit.).
Euphonia flavifrons flavifrons Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 387,
1916 Matouba, Guadeloupe (crit.).
Tanagra flavifrons. Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 543, 1928
Santa Lucia.
Range. Islands of St. Bartholomew, Barbuda, Antigua, Guade-
loupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada,
Lesser Antilles. 1
21: Dominica, 1; Martinique, 4; St. Lucia, 6; St. Vincent, 8;
"West Indies," 2.
Tanagra musica intermedia (Chubb). 2 BLACK-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
1 Subdivision of the Green Euphonia into two races, as has been proposed by
Clark, seems unwarranted, the supposed characters of viscivora being individual
rather than geographic.
2 Tanagra musica intermedia (Chubb): Similar to T. m. aureata in coloration,
but slightly smaller. Wing, 61-65, (female) 61-64; tail, 36-39.
This form is hardly worth maintaining, since various individuals from northern
Venezuela are very nearly as large as southern examples. In the male sex, the
Black-throated Euphonia comes very near to T. m. musica, and differs chiefly by
somewhat paler rump and under parts, less purplish back, and black instead of
orange forehead. The female is brighter both above and below, with the sides
of the head greenish instead of blackish.
Additional material examined. Trinidad, 1 (type of P. cyanocephala).
Venezuela: San Antonio (inland of Cumana), 6; Caracas, 1; Galip&n, Cerro del
Avila, 10; Me>ida, 5. Colombia: "Bogota," 8; Medellin, 1. British Guiana:
Roraima, 1. Brazil: Monte Alegre, 1 (young male).
18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pipra cyanocephala (not Tanagra cyanocephala P. L. S. Miiller, 1776) Vieillot,
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 19, p. 165, 1818 Trinidad (type in
Paris Museum examined ; 1= female).
Euphonia nigricollis intermedia Chubb, Ibis, (9), 4, p. 624, 1910 "Guiana" =
Roraima, British Guiana (type in British Museum).
Euphonia nigricollis (not Tanagra nigricollis Vieillot) Sclater, Contrib. Orn.
1851, p. 83, pi. 75, fig. 1 part, "Bogota" and Trinidad; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 272, 1856
part, Trinidad, Venezuela (Caracas), and New Grenada ("Bogota");
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 56, 1862 part, spec, a, d-e, "Bogota"
and "Trinidad"; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 81 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 Caripe and Caracas, Venezuela;
Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 579 "Trinidad"; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p.
780 south of Merida, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 498
Medellin, Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 Roraima; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 61, 1886 part, spec, a-f, m-p, Colombia (Medellin,
"Bogota"), Venezuela (Caripe), Trinidad, and Roraima; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 29, 1894 Trinidad (ex Leotaud and Taylor);
Penard, Voy. Guyana, 2, p. 418, 1910 Surinam; Piguet, Mem. Soc.
Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914 Medellin, Colombia.
Euphonia aureata (not Tanagra aureata Vieillot) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad,
p. 310 Trinidad.
Euphonia cyanocephala Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1013, 1124, 1912 part, Colombia, Venezuela (Merida), Trinidad, and
British Guiana (Roraima); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 438, 1914
Monte Alegre, north bank of Amazon, Brazil.
Euphonia cyanocephala cyanocephala Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 232, 1923
(range).
Tanagra cyanocephala Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 493, 1921 Roraima.
Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 588, 1917 part, Caldas, Antioquia, and Buena Vista, Colombia.
Tanagra aureata intermedia Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63,
p. 35, 1919 (range, diag.); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p.
172, 1924 Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.).
Range, British Guiana (Roraima); Surinam; northern Brazil
(one record from Monte Alegre, lower Amazon) ; Trinidad; mountains
of Venezuela, Sucre west to Merida; Colombia (except extreme south).
3: Venezuela (Escorial, MeYida, 2); Colombia ( Amain",
Antioquia, 1).
*Tanagra musica aureata Vieillot. SOUTHERN BLACK-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra nigricollis (not of Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. ed., 32, p. 412, 1819 "Bresil," coll. Delalande, Jr.=Rio de Janeiro
(type in Paris Museum).
1 Vieillot omits to mention the orange forehead, which the type shows, how-
ever, just as well-marked as in Venezuelan females with which it was compared.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 19
Tanagra aureata Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 782, 1822 based
on "Lindo azul y oro" Azara, No. 99, Paraguay; Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 23, 1920 Uruguay.
Tanagra chrysogaster Cuvier, Regne Anim., nouv. 6d., 1, p. 366, 1829 based
on Azara, No. 99, Paraguay.
Euphone musica (not Pipra musica Gmelin) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3,
(1), p. 443, 1830 Fazenda de Pitanga, near Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro.
Euphonia nigricollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
p. 30, 1837 Corrientes, Argentina; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 83
part, Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro), Corrientes (Rincon de Luna),
Paraguay, and Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 272, 1856
part, Brazil (Rio), Paraguay, and Corrientes; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 56, 1862 part, spec, b, c, Ecuador and Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 433 Minas Geraes (Rio da Prata,
near Paracatu; Lapa Vermelha, near Lagoa Santa); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 260 Rio Ucayali, Peru; Taczanowski,
I.e., 1874, p. 518 Paltaypampa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 225 Tambillo,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 194 Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 10
Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 439, 1884 Peru (Ucayali, Pal-
taypampa, Tambillo, Callacate, Huambo, Chachapoyas) ; Berlepsch and
Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 117, 1885 Arroio Grande, Rio Grande
do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 61, 1886 part, spec. 1,
q-v, Peru (Tambillo) and Brazil (Bahia, Ypanema) ; Sclater and Hudson,
Arg. Orn., 1, p. 37, 1888 Corrientes; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 338 Garita del Sol and Chontabamba, Dept.
Junin, Peru; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899
Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 144, 1899 Sao Paulo
(Piracicaba, Iguape); idem, I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900 Cantagallo, Rio; Salva-
dori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 4, 1900 Urucum, Matto
Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902 Tucuman;
idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 Tucuman; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 346, 1907 Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape) and
Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., 16, p. 170, 1909 Tucuman; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 623 Sapucay,
Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 373, 1910
Tucuman and Corrientes; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay; idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 286, 1919 Puerto Bertoni.
Euphone nigricollis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 193, 1856
southern Brazil and Paraguay.
Euphona nigricollis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 202, 1870 Ypanema, Sao
Paulo; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro.
Cyanophonia aureata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 138, 1851
Paraguay, Bolivia, and Ecuador (diag.).
Euphonia aureata d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame"r. Merid., Ois., p. 267, 1839 Rincon
de Luna, Corrientes.
Euphonia cyanocephala (not Pipra cyanocephala Vieillot) Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1013, 1124, 1912 part, Brazil ("Para"
to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Peru, and Bolivia (Quebrada Onda,
Chaco, Omeja), and Argentina (Corrientes).
20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia cyanocephala aureata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, pp. 231, 232, 1923
Corrientes (range).
Tanagra aureata aureata Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 35,
1919 (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 367, 1930
Matto Grosso.
Range. Southeastern Brazil, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul;
Uruguay; Paraguay; northern Argentina (Tucuman; Misiones;
Rincon de Luna, Corrientes) ; southwestern Matto Grosso (Urucum,
near Corumba); eastern Bolivia; eastern Peru; eastern Ecuador
("Ambato"). 1
6: Brazil (Bauru, Sao Paulo, 1); Argentina (Iguazu, Misiones, 4);
Peru (Hacienda Limon, ten miles west of Balsas, 1).
Tanagra musica pelzelni (Sclater). 2 PELZELN'S BLACK-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
[Euphonia nigricollis] subsp. pelzelni (Berlepsch MS.) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 61 (in text), 1881 spec, g-k, Ecuador (type from Govinda,
Ecuador, in British Museum).
Euphonia nigricollis (not Tanagra nigricollis Vieillot) Jardine, Edinb. New
Phil. Journ., (n.s.), 2, p. 118, 1855 valley of Chillo, below Quito; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 551, 1858 Matos, northeast of Riobamba,
Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, pp. 65, 87, 1860 Pallatanga, Perucho, and
Puellaro, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 288 Cayan-
deled, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357,
p. 14, 1899 Tumbaco and Chillo Valley, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis,
1901, p. 459 Guapalo (near Quito) and west side of Pichincha, Ecuador;
M6ngaux, Miss. Serv. Gogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
89, 1911 Tumbaco and Quito, Ecuador.
Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala (not Pipra cyanocephala Vieillot) Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 588, 1917 part, La Sierra, western
Andes, Colombia.
Euphonia cyanocephala pelzelni Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1013, 1912 western Ecuador (Govinda, Intag, Quito, Pichincha,
Cayandeled, Matos, Pallatanga, Pesillo, Perucho, Puellaro).
1 The few Bolivian specimens examined appear to be indistinguishable from
a Brazilian series, and two males from Tucuman do not differ either. Two from
"Ambato(?)," Ecuador, and one from Peru (Hacienda Limon) have the black fore-
head distinctly wider, while the rump and under parts are not quite so intense,
though very much darker and more orange than in T. m. pelzelni. Additional
material may possibly show the inhabitants of these countries to be separable.
Additional specimens examined. Brazil: Bahia, 2; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 10.
Paraguay: Sapucay, 1. Bolivia: Quebrada Onda, 1; Chaco, 1; Omeja, 1;
Yungas of La Paz, 1. Argentina: Tucuman, 2.
2 Tanagra musica pelzelni (Sclater) : Similar to T. m. aureata, but on average
larger, and adult males with rump and lower parts decidedly paler, lemon chrome
to light cadmium instead of deep cadmium yellow. Wing, 66-70; tail, 42-45.
Nineteen specimens from western Ecuador, mostly from the Quito region
(Cumbaya, Tumbaco, Pichincha), examined.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 21
Tanagra aureata pelzelni Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mlis. Comp. Zool., 63,
p. 35, 1919 western Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 649, 1926 Cumbaya, Yaguarcocha, Quito, Tumbaco, and Mocha,
Ecuador (crit.).
Euphonia cyanocephala pelzelni Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 82, 1922 Tumbaco and Cumbaya, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.,
30, p. 232, 1923 (range).
Range. Temperate (rarely Subtropical) zone of extreme southern
Colombia (La Sierra, headwaters of the Rio Patia) and western
Ecuador south to Chimborazo.
Tanagra musica insignis (Sclater and Salvin). 1 ORANGE-FRONTED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia insignis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 521,
pi. 52, fig. 1 (male) "Jina" = Jima, Ecuador (type in Salvin-Godman
Collection, now in British Museum, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 60, 1886 Jima; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1013, 1912 Jima.
Tanagra insignis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 649, 1926 Jima.
Range. Temperate zone of southern Ecuador (Loja; Jima).
Tanagra musica elegantissima (Bonaparte). BLUE-HOODED
EUPHONIA.
Pipra elegantissima Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 112,
pub. June 14, 1838 Mexico (type in coll. of Messrs. Paris, present location
unknown).
Euphonia coelestis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 42, 1839 Mexico (types in coll.
of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux; descr. of male and female).
Pipra galericulata Giraud, Descr. Sixt. New Spec. N. Amer. Bds., fol. [21],
pi. [5], fig. 2, 1841 "Texas," errore (type in U. S. National Museum);
cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 66, 1855 (crit.).
Euphonia elegantissima Du Bus, Esq. Orn., livr. 2, pi. 8 (male, female), 1846
San Pedro, near Oaxaca, Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 272, 1856 Mexico (Oaxaca, Jalapa, Cordoba), Guatemala, and "Texas"
(monog.); Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 185 Calovevora, Veraguas; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 256, 1883 Mexico to Veraguas;
1 Tanagra musica insignis (Sclater and Salvin) : Similar to T. m. aureata in
size and general coloration, notably in deep cadmium yellow rump and under
parts, but forehead in adult male deep cadmium yellow to mars yellow bordered
posteriorly by a narrow blackish line. The female is not certainly separable,
and except for its less shining green back, it also resembles that of T. m. sclateri,
of Porto Rico, thus showing the close affinities of all the blue-capped euphonias.
Wing, (four males) 66-67, (two females) 65-66; tail, 38-41, (female) 37, 40; bill, 7.
The typical examples of this form are said to be from "Jima" in the Temperate
zone of Azuay Province. They agree with a series collected in June, 1899, by
P. 0. Simons at Loja, in the Vienna Museum. This form obviously represents
the pale-bellied, black-fronted T. m. pelzelni in southern Ecuador.
Material examined. Ecuador: "Jima," 2; Loja, 6.
22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 62,4886 southern Mexico to Vera-
guas; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 3, p. 65, 1902 Boquete, Chiriquf ;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 12, 1902 Vera Cruz to
Veraguas (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21,
p. 366, 1905 Juan Lisiarraga Mountains, Sinaloa; Carriker, Ann. Car-
negie Mus., 6, p. 872, 1910 Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1012, 1123, 1912 Mexico to
Veraguas (crit.).
Tanagra elegantissima Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 390, 1929
Mountain Cow, British Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
64, p. 372, 1932 Finca Conception, Finca El Soche, Volcan San Lucas,
Tecpam, and Quezaltenango, Guatemala (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 75, p. 409, 1934 Chilpancingo, Guerrero.
Euphonia elegantissima vincens Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 33, p. 77, Dec.,
1913 San Jose, Costa Rica (type in Tring Collection, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. Southern Mexico (from southern Sinaloa, Guanajuato,
and Vera Cruz southwards), Guatemala, British Honduras, Costa
Rica, and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas). 1
5: Guatemala (Tecpam, 1); Costa Rica (La Estrella, 1; Limon,
1; San Jose", 1; unspecified, 1).
*Tanagra xanthogaster xanthogaster (Sundevall). ORANGE-
BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphone xanthogaster Sundevall, Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1833, p. 310, pi.
10, fig. 1 (=adult male), 1834 Brazil (type in Stockholm Museum; cf.
Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 14, 1926).
Euphonia xanthogastra Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 73 part, Brazil;
Sclater, I.e., 1851, p. 85 part, Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 275, 1856 part, southern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 195, 1856 "upper Amazon and Rio Negro," errore (ex Sundevall);
Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 part, spec, d, g, Brazil;
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886 part, spec, a-c, Nova Friburgo,
Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 144, 1899 "Sao Paulo"; idem,
I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900 Nova Friburgo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347,
1907 Rio Jurua, Brazil (range in part).
Euphonia ochrascens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 202, 328, 1870 Registo do
Sai, Rio de Janeiro (types in Vienna Museum examined).
1 Though there appears to be a gap in the distribution of this form, I am
inclined to agree with Griscom in suppressing the name vincens proposed by
Hartert for the birds of Costa Rica and southwards. The latter average rather
darker, more purplish blue on the crown, but the variation is insignificant. The
other points of distinction claimed by the describer are altogether unreliable,
as has been shown by Griscom. Birds from Sinaloa are stated by Miller to be
paler below.
Additional material examined. Mexico (Vera Cruz), 8; Guatemala, 5; Costa
Rica, 9; Chiriqui, 6.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 23
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Ihering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905 Rio Jurua, Brazil (spec, examined).
Euphonia aurea aurea (not "Parus aureus" Vroeg) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17,
p. 271, 1910 Maroins, Rio Machados, Brazil (spec, reexamined).
Euphonia xanthogaster Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1016, 1126, 1912 eastern Brazil, from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro and (?)
Sao Paulo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 439, 1914 Rio Jamauchim
(Conceicao, Tucunare); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920
Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Euphonia xanthogaster xanthogaster Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10,
p. 17, 1920 eastern Brazil (Bahia to Rio de Janeiro).
Tanagra xanthogaster xanthogaster Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,
p. 369, 1930 Rio Roosevelt, Broken Canoe Rapids, Matto Grosso.
Range. Brazil, from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro and (?) Sao Paulo, 1
west through Amazonia (Rio Jamauchim, tributary of the Tapajoz;
Maroins, Rio Machados) to the Rio Jurua and northern Matto
Grosso (Rio Roosevelt). 2
2: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 2).
Tanagra xanthogaster exsul (Berlepsch). 3 VENEZUELAN RUFOUS-
CAPPED EUPHONIA.
1 Whether T. x. xanthogaster really ranges as far south as Sao Paulo remains
to be confirmed, though Cabanis (Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409 [in text], 1865) claims
to have seen examples from that state.
2 With the limited Brazilian material at my command I am not in a position
to speak with confidence about the range of this form. Birds from Rio de Janeiro,
regarded by Berlepsch (1912, p. 1016) as type locality, and others from Bahia
agree. Two adult males from Amazonia, while nearly similar in coloration, are
somewhat smaller, the tail is particularly shorter, and the yellow of the crown
slightly paler. In these notoriously variable birds nothing can be gained from
the study of a few specimens and, until an adequate series becomes available,
the inhabitants of Amazonia may provisionally be referred to typical xanthogaster.
The wing of adult males from eastern Brazil varies from 60 to 64, the tail from
34 to 36. One from Maroins, Rio Machados, measures: wing, 55% tail, 30;
one from the Rio Jurua: wing, 59; tail, 31 K-
Additional material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 2; Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, 2;
Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro, 2; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Maroins, Rio Machados, 1;
Rio Jurua, 1.
3 Tanagra xanthogaster exsul (Berlepsch) : Exceedingly close to the widely
separated T. x. ruficeps, of Bolivia, but distinguishable in the male sex by paler
rufous as well as more extensive crown patch, with the bluish black spotting in
the posterior portion of this area less conspicuous. Wing, 64-68, (female) 60-62;
tail, 34-38, (female) 32-34; bill, 8-9.
This form is easily recognizable by the much darker color of the forecrown
and under parts, when compared to T. x. brevirostris, but is sometimes hard to
tell from the Bolivian ruficeps. Females are not distinguishable at all. Its range
appears to be limited to the coast mountains of Venezuela from Caracas west-
wards. In the Tring Museum is a specimen collected by A. Mocquerys at "Caripe,"
but this locality requires confirmation by more substantial evidence.
Material examined. Venezuela: Loma Redonda (alt. 3,000 ft.), Caracas re-
gion, 2; "Caracas," 1; San Esteban, 4; Las Quiguas, Carabobo, 6; La Cumbre
de Valencia, 1; mountains near Bucarito, Tocuyo, Lara, 2.
24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia ruficeps exsul Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1017, 1127, 1912 San Esteban, near Puerto Cabello [Carabobo], Vene-
zuela (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Euphonia ruficeps (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 276, 1856 part, Caracas, Venezuela (crit.); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 68, 1886 part, spec, f-i, San Esteban,
Venezuela.
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627 Venezuela.
Euphonia xanthogaster exsul Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A,
Heft 5, p. 53, 1912 San Esteban, Las Quiguas, and Cumbre de Valencia,
Carabobo (crit.).
Tanagra xanthogaster exsul Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 173,
1924 Loma Redonda, Caracas, Venezuela (crit.).
Range. North coast mountains of Venezuela, from the Caracas
region west to Lara (near Bucarito, Tocuyo).
*Tanagra xanthogaster brevirostris (Bonaparte). 1 SHORT-BILLED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia brevirostris Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851
"Columbia" = BogotS. collections (type in coll. of M. Parzudaki, present
location unknown).
Acroleptes brevirostris Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 408, 1865 "Bogota"
and Llanos de Casanares, Colombia (crit.).
Euphonia xanthogastra (not Euphone xanthogaster Sundevall) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., 1851, p. 85 part, Anolaima, Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 Quijos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p. 159, 1855
"Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 275, 1856 part, Ecuador (Quixos) and
"Bogota" (descr.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 74, 1858 Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem,
I.e., p. 452, 1858 Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 57, 1862 part, spec, a-c, Rio Napo, Anolaima, and "Bogota"; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 179 Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 260 Sarayacu; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 518
1 Tanagra xanthogaster brevirostris (Bonaparte) : Similar to T. x. xanthogaster,
but larger, and the yellow cap in the males darker, more ochraceous or orange.
Birds from British Guiana are inseparable from "Bogota" skins, as far as I can
judge from the small number of accessible specimens. The inhabitants of eastern
Ecuador and northern Peru have been much discussed and, whereas certain
authors (Nelson and Zimmer) identified them with T. x. quitensis, Chapman
(Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1931), in agreement with my own view, is
inclined to refer them to brevirostris. While admitting that they are not quite
identical with specimens from eastern Colombia, the males having the forepart
of the crown on average slightly paler, yet their bills are distinctly smaller than
in birds from western Ecuador. The coloration of the females (more buffy breast
and bright yellowish green sides), insisted upon by Chapman, holds in most
cases, though it must be stated that two (one each from Moyobamba and Hua-
chipa) cannot be distinguished from western examples (quitensis).
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 21; Cuembf, Rio Putu-
mayo, 6. Eastern Ecuador: San Jose, 4; El Loreto, 4; Sarayacu, 1. Peru:
Huambo, 1; Pina, 1; Nuevo Loreto, 1. British Guiana: Atapurow River, 1;
Camacusa, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 25
Monterico and Amable Maria, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 10 Huambo,
Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 444, 1884 part, Peru (Monterico, Amable
Maria, Sarayacu, Iquitos, Huambo, Chirimoto); idem and Berlepsch,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77 Machay, Ecuador; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 208 Merume Mountains, Camacusa, and Atapurow River, British
Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886 part, spec, d-1,
n-s, w, x, British Guiana (Atapurow River, Merum6 Mountains, Cama-
cusa), Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Napo, Sarayacu), and Peru
(Iquitos); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 part, Rio Napo;
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 338 La Mer-
ced and Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899 part, Rio Zamora, eastern Ecuador.
Tanagra xanthogaster Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 494, 1921 Merume
Mountains, Camacusa, and Caramang River.
Euphonia xanthogaster brevirostris Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,
p. 1101 (in text) "Bogota" (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1016, 1126, 1912 part, Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern
Ecuador, Peru (excl. of Santa Ana), and British Guiana; Hellmayr, Arch.
Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 17, 1920 eastern Andes of Colombia to Peru.
Tanagra xanthogastra brevirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
589, 1917 Colombia (La Palma and La Candela, east slope of central
Andes; Andalucia, Caqueta Trail, La Morelia, Florencia, Quetame, and
Buenavista, eastern Andes); idem, I.e., 63, p. 126, 1931 Agiiita, Mount
Duida, Venezuela (crit.).
Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis (not of Nelson) Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35,
p. 459, 1918 west of Perico, Peru.
Tanagra xanthogastra quitensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 650,
1926 part, eastern Ecuador (Zamora, Sabanilla, Macas, Rio Suno,
below San Jose, lower Sumaco, below Oyacachi) and Peru (Pomara,
Chaupe, Chelpes, Utcuyacu); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen,
17, p. 436, 1930 Vista Alegre and Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of eastern Colombia
(eastern Andes and east slope of central Andes), eastern Ecuador,
and eastern Peru, south to Junin; also southern Venezuela (Mount
Duida) and British Guiana.
17: British Guiana (Caramang River, 4); Colombia ("Bogota,"
4; Andalucia, Huila, 1); Peru (Rioja, 1; Moyobamba, 3; Huachipa,
2; Vista Alegre, 2).
Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis (Nelson). 1 NELSON'S EUPHONIA.
1 Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis (Nelson): Very similar to T. x. brevirostris,
but with larger bill; males with yellow of crown and under parts generally paler;
female with foreneck and chest mostly grayish, the buffy abdominal area paler
and less extensive, and the sides and flanks darker green, less yellowish.
If maintained at all, this form should be restricted to western Ecuador.
Additional material examined. Western Ecuador: Rio Verde, Prov. Esmeral-
das, 1; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 3; Lita, Prov. Imbabura, 2; Pallatanga, 1;
Gualea, 8; Nanegal, 1; Porvenir, Bolivar, 2; Chimbo, 1.
26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra xanthogastra quitensis Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p. 16,
Sept., 1912 "Quito," Ecuador 1 (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 650, 1926 part, western Ecuador
(Rio de Oro, Gualea, Bucay, Naranjo, Chimbo, Coco and Chimbo, La
Chonta, El Chiral, Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Salvias, La Pinas, San
Bartolo, Alamor, and Cebollal).
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27,
p. 140, 1859 Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1860 Nanegal,
Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 part, spec, e, f, Palla-
tanga; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 544
Chimbo; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 288 Cayandeled and Pedregal; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886 part, spec, t-v, "Quito" and Palla-
tanga; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 part, Gualea;
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898 Cachavi and Chimbo; Salvadori and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899 part, Gualea
and Intag; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 Santo Domingo and Gualea;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
90, 1911 part, Gualea and Santo Domingo.
Euphonia xanthogaster brevirostris (not of Bonaparte) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1016, 1126, 1912 part, western Ecuador
(Chimbo, Cayandeled, Pedregal, Pallatanga).
Euphonia xanthogaster quitensis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p.
17, 1920 western Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No.
25, p. 82, 1922 Gualea and Nanegal.
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador.
5: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 5).
*Tanagra xanthogaster chocoensis (Hellmayr). 2 Cnoc6
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia xanthogaster chocoensis Hellmayr, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 23, 1911
Rio Cajon, Choco, western Colombia (type in Munich Museum); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1100 Noanama, Rio Cajon, and Sipi,
Pacific Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1017, 1126, 1912 western Colombia (Choco and San Pablo; crit.); Hell-
mayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 17, 1920 (range).
1 No representative of this group being found on the plateau of Quito, Chap-
man (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 127 [in text], 1931) suggests Gualea as type
locality of T. x. quitensis.
2 Tanagra xanthogaster chocoensis (Hellmayr): Nearest to T. x. brevirostris,
but adult male with cap and under parts decidedly paler, light cadmium; breast
and middle of the belly not tinged with ochraceous; female underneath even
more grayish with a lesser amount of buffy on the abdominal line than that of
T. x. quitensis.
Birds from the Pacific lowlands are remarkable for their small dimensions
(wing, 57-61), while those from higher altitudes in the western and central Andes
are decidedly larger (wing, 63-66). Two adult males from San Pablo, Prov.
Tuqueres, in extreme southern Colombia, approach T. x. quitensis by having a
faint ochraceous tinge on the abdomen and a darker yellow forecrown.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Noanama, 1; Rio Cajon, 2; Sipi>
2; Barbacoas, 4; San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 2; San Antonio, 3; Miraflores, 2-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 27
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 498 Concordia, western Andes, Colombia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 67, 1886 part, spec, m, Antioquia.
Tanagra xanthogastra chocoensis Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p.
17, 1912 western Colombia and eastern Panama; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 588, 1917 Colombia (Alto Bonito, Juntas de Tamana,
Novita, San Jose', Barbacoas, La Frijolera, Novita Trail, Las Lomitas,
San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Gallera, Cocal, Ricaurte, Miraflores,
and Salento; crit.).
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of Colombia, from the
Pacific coast to the western slope of the central Andes, and north
to eastern Panama.
1: Colombia (El Roble, west of Salento, Quindio Andes, 1).
Tanagra xanthogaster brunneifrons (Chapman). 1 BROWN-
FRONTED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia xanthogastra (er) brunneifrons Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
14, p. 226, 1901 Inca Mine [ = Santo Domingo], Marcapata, Peru (type
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1017, 1127, 1912 Marcapata,
Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 15, 1920
Yahuarmayo, San Gaban, Chaquimayo, and Chirimayo, Carabaya,
Peru (crit.).
Euphonia xanthogastra (not of Sundevall) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 185 Cosnipata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1873,
p. 780 Cosnipata; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 444, 1884 part, Cosni-
pata, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 78, 108, 1906 Idma
(Urubamba), Huaynapata, Rio Cadena, and Escopal (Marcapata), Peru.
Euphonia xanthogaster brevirostris (not of Bonaparte) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1016, 1912 part, "Santa Ana" [ = Idma],
Urubamba, Peru.
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of southeastern Peru,
in depts. of Cuzco (Urubamba) and Puno (Carabaya).
Tanagra xanthogaster ruficeps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
BOLIVIAN RUFOUS-CAPPED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia ruficeps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 30, 1834 Yuracares, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined);
d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame"r. Me>id., Ois., p. 268, pi. 22, fig. 2, 1839 Yura-
1 Tanagra xanthogaster brunneifrons (Chapman) : Similar to T. x. brevirostris,
but adult males with forecrown darker in color, deep ochraceous-orange, and
chest as well as abdominal line more strongly tinged with ochraceous. Although
single specimens are not always distinguishable, the majority from southeastern
Peru may be separated by the above characters, which mark a decided step in
the direction of T. x. ruficeps, with rufous cap and still more rufescent under parts.
Material examined. Peru: Cosnipata, 1; Yahuarmayo, 6; San Gaban, 5;
Chaquimayo, 4; Chirimayo, 1; Marcapata, 6.
28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
cares; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 85 Yuracares (ex d'Orbigny);
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 276, 1856 part, Bolivia (crit.); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 Yuracares, Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 598 Bolivia (Yuracares; Tilotilo, Yun-
gas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 68, 1886 part, spec, a-e,
Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1017, 1912
Bolivia (Yuracares, Chaco, San Mateo, Songo, San Antonio, Tilotilo).
Euphone ruficeps Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851
Bolivia (diag.).
Euphonia xanthogaster ruficeps Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 235, 1923 Yura-
cares, Bolivia (note on types).
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of Bolivia (depts. of La
Paz and Cochabamba). 1
*Tanagra anneae 2 anneae (Cassin). COSTA RICAN TAWNY-
CAPPED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia anneae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172 Santa
Rosa, Costa Rica (descr. of male; type in U. S. National Museum); Law-
rence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 Angostura and Santa
Rosa, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 "San Jose,"
Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 17, 1902
part, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 871, 1910 Guayabo,
Bonilla, La Vijagua, Carrillo, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Turrialba, La Hon-
dura, and Las Mesas, Caribbean Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1017, 1912 part, Costa Rica.
Euphonia annae Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 265,
1883 part, Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 72, 1886
part, spec, g-j, Costa Rica (Angostura, Turrialba); Zeledon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Naranjo de Cartago and Rio Sucio,
Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65, 1902 Boquete
and Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama.
Range. Caribbean side of Costa Rica and extreme western
Panama (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui). 3
6: Costa Rica (Tuis, 2; Peralta, 2; Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 1);
Panama (unspecified, 4 1).
1 Material examined. Bolivia: Yuracares, 2; Songo, Dept. La Paz, 4; Chaco,
Dept. La Paz, 3; San Antonio, Dept. La Paz, 1; San Mateo, Dept. Cochabamba,
3; unspecified, 3.
2 Tanagra anneae is allied to T. xanthogaster, but differs, aside from its larger
bill, by its tawny cap, which is also farther extended posteriorly, and white under
tail coverts, while the female is more tawny on the forecrown and less buffy in
the abdominal region. According to Griscom, representatives of both species
live side by side in eastern Panama, a fact that would seem to exclude conspecific
affinity.
3 Five specimens from Boquete, Chiriqui, appear to me inseparable from a
Costa Rican series.
4 Obviously a "Chiriqui" trade-skin.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 29
Tanagra anneae rufivertex (Salvin). 1 VERAGUAN TAWNY-CAPPED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia rufivertex Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 71, pi. 7 (male,
female) Veraguas 2 (types from "Santiago de Veraguas" in British
Museum).
Euphonia annae (not of Cassin) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 137
Santa Fe, Veraguas (crit.); idem, I.e., 1870, p. 186 Cordillera del
Chucu and Calovevora, Veraguas; idem, Ibis, 1874, p. 329 Veraguas;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 265, 1883 part,
Veraguas (Santa F, Calobre, "Santiago," Calovevora, Cordillera del
Chucu); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 72, 1886 part, spec, a-f,
Veraguas ("Santiago," Santa Fe, Calovevora).
Euphonia annae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 17, 1902
part, Veragua; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1017,
1912 part, Veragua.
Tanagra anneae ruficeps Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 280, p. 17, 1927 Rio
Calovevora, Veraguas (crit.).
Range. Tropical zone of Panama, from the Veraguas east to
Mount Tacarcuna, Darien.
*Tanagra fulvicrissa fulvicrissa (Sclater). FULVOUS- VENTED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 276, pub.
Jan., 1857 "Santa Martha in New Grenada" (descr. of male; type in
coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); (?)Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 143 Falls of the Truando, Colombia; Sclater,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 "Santa Martha"; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 349 Panama Railroad (descr. of female);
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 171 Angostura and Pacuare\
Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 264, pi.
16, fig. 2 (=male), 1883 part, Panama (Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui,
Lion Hill, San Pablo Station); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 73,
1886 part, spec, a, f-k, "Santa Marta," Panama (Lion Hill, San Pablo,
Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, Veragua), (?) and Rio Truando; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 18, 1904 part, "Santa Marta" and
Panama to Chiriqui; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1018, 1912 part, "Santa Marta" and Panama to Costa Rica.
1 Tanagra anneae rufivertex (Salvin) : Very close to T. a. anneae, but on average
slightly smaller; under parts of males medially, particularly on the chest, more
strongly tinged with orange; female with deeper gray under parts and less yellow-
ish flanks.
The distinctive features are not strongly pronounced in the three available
specimens from Veraguas, and some of the males from Costa Rica are very nearly
as orange on the chest. A single example from the base of Mount Tacarcuna,
Darien, is stated by Griscom to be decidedly larger (wing, 70) than those from
Veragua.
2 The immature male from Turrialba, incidentally mentioned by Salvin, per-
tains, of course, to T. a. anneae.
30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra fulvicrissa fulvicrissa Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
65, p. 226, 1922 Mount Sapo, Darien; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Car-
negie Mus., 14, p. 497, 1922 (not in Santa Marta); Griscom, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 69, p. 187, 1929 Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932
Perme, Obaldia, and Ranchon, eastern Panama.
Euphonia gouldii (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7,
p. 332, 1861 Panama Railroad; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 186 Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.
Range. Tropical zone of eastern Costa Rica and Panama, south
to Darien and possibly extreme northwestern Colombia (Rio
Truando). 1
1: Panama (unspecified, 1).
Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa (Hartert). 2 COLOMBIAN FULVOUS-
VENTED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia fulvicrissa omissa Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, p. 77, Dec.,
1913- "Bogota," Colombia (type in Tring Collection, now in the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York, examined).
Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 590,
1917 Quibdo, Bagado, Juntas de Tamana, Noanama, and San Jose,
Pacific Colombia.
Euphonia fulvicrissa (not of Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 498 Remedies (Rio Ite) and Rio Neche, Antioquia,
Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 264, 1883
- part, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 288, 1884 Bucaramanga
(descr. of female); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 73, 1886 part,
spec, b-e, Colombia (Remedies, Neche, "Bogota"); Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 18, 1904 part, Antioquia; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1018, 1912 part, Colombia (Bucara-
manga, "Bogota," Antioquia).
1 Males from Panama and Chiriqui have the upper parts, but especially the
throat and sides of the head, decidedly greenish blue. According to Hartert,
the type, said to be from "Santa Marta," where no representative of the Fulvous-
vented Euphonia has ever been found again, agrees with "birds from Panama
and Costa Rica."
Additional material examined. Panama: Boquete, 2; Bugaba, 1; Panama
Railroad, 5.
2 Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa (Hartert) : Similar to T. f. fulvicrissa, but adult
male with upper parts, sides of head, and throat decidedly steel blue without
any greenish tone. Wing (males), 52-56; tail, 28-30.
The metallic gloss of the head and upper side is just intermediate in tone
between the bluish bottle-green of fulvicrissa (most strongly pronounced in Chiri-
qui birds) and the bright purplish blue of purpurascens.
While "Bogota" and Bucaramanga specimens have the white patch on the
inner web of the outermost rectrix very nearly as extensive as in the nominate
race, an adult male from Noanama, Pacific Colombia, resembles purpurascens in
having but a narrow oblique white streak on that feather.
Material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 4; Bucaramanga, 2; Noanama, 1;
El Tigre, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 31
Euphonia fulvicrissa (subsp.) Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1100
Noanama and El Tigre, Pacific Colombia (crit.).
Range. Tropical zone of Colombia (Pacific coast south to San
Jose"; Remedies and Rio Neche, Antioquia; Magdalena Valley).
Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens (Hartert). 1 PURPLISH FUL-
VOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia fulvicrissa purpurascens Hartert, Nov. Zool., 8, p. 377, 1901
Pambilar, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1018, 1912 "Paramba"
and San Javier, Ecuador.
Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 590, 1917 Barbacoas, Narino, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 652, 1926
Ecuador (ex Hartert).
Range. Tropical zone of southwestern Colombia (Barbacoas,
Narino) and northwestern Ecuador (Prov. Esmeraldas).
*Tanagra minuta minuta (Cabanis). WHITE- VENTED EUPHONIA.
'Euphonia olivacea (not Tanagra olivacea Gmelin) Desmarest, Hist. Nat.
Tang., livr. 10, pi. 27, 1806 Cayenne (descr. of female; type in Paris
Museum examined).
Euphona minuta Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 671, 1849 British Guiana (descr. of female; type in Berlin Museum);
Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 Cayenne; Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 203, 1870 part, Barra do Rio Negro (spec, examined).
Euphonia minuta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 "Bogota,"
Colombia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 274, 1856 Cayenne, British Guiana, Barra
do Rio Negro, and "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 57, 1862 "Bogota" and Cayenne; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 180,
1882; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 258, 1883
part, Colombia to Guiana and Amazonia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208
Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 71, 1886 part, spec, a-1, Cayenne, British Guiana (Camacusa,
Bartica Grove), and Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn.,
4, p. 184, 1887 "Bogota"; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 422, 1910
Surinam.
Euphonia strictifrons Strickland, Contrib. Ornith., 1851, p. 72 Cayenne
(descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);
Sclater, I.e., p. 84 Cayenne.
1 Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens (Hartert) : Similar to T. f. omissa, but
upper parts and throat glossed with purplish blue inclining to violet, and outer-
most rectrix without, or with very little, white on the inner web; female not dis-
tinguishable. Wing (male), 53; tail, 28-29.
Material examined. Western Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas: Pambilar, 1 (the
type); San Javier, 5.
32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphone pumila Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 Cayenne
and "Nuova Granada" (descr. of male; type in coll. M. Parzudaki,
present location unknown). 1
Euphonia olivacea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 91 (crit.); Berlepsch and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 17, 1902 Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347, 1907 part, Rio Negro, Guiana,
Colombia ("Bogota"), and Venezuela; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113,
1908 Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015,
1912 part, Colombia ("Bogota"), Venezuela, British Guiana, Surinam,
Cayenne, and Rio Negro.
Tanagra olivacea olivacea Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171,
1916 Nicare, Venezuela; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 86, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam.
Tanagra minuta Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 497, 1921 Cotinga River,
Ituribisci River, Bonasika, Great Falls of Demerara, Bartica, and
Camacusa.
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana, south to the north
bank of the Brazilian Amazon (Manaos), west through southern
Venezuela to the eastern foot of the eastern Andes of Colombia
("Bogota" collections). 2
2: British Guiana (Demerara River, 1); Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Tanagra minuta mellea Bangs and Penard. 3 WESTERN WHITE-
VENTED EUPHONIA.
Tanagra olivacea mellea Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 87, 1918 Iquitos, Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.).
1 Although no mention is made of the white crissum, the other distinctive
characters given in comparison to E. chlorotica clearly point to T. m. minuta.
2 Several native "Bogota" skins agree in every respect with Guianan birds.
They doubtless came from the eastern base of the east Colombian Andes, since
another recognizable form occurs on the lower Cauca and along the Pacific coast.
A single adult male from Manaos and another from the Caura Valley, Venezuela,
are similar.
Additional material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 5. Dutch Guiana:
Paramaribo, 2. British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 1; Camacusa, 6. Venezuela:
Nicare, Caura River, 1. Brazil: Manaos, 1. Colombia: "Bogota," 4.
3 Tanagra minuta mellea Bangs and Penard: Exceedingly close to T. m. minuta,
but upper parts of adult males with a more purplish, less greenish blue gloss,
this being particularly noticeable on crown and hind neck.
Rather an unsatisfactory race, which needs corroboration by more adequate
material. An adult male from Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, and some from
Teffe and Iquitos are indeed more purplish, but other Peruvian specimens hardly
differ from the nominate race. In the absence of material from lower Amazonia,
I am unable to say how far east the range of this form, if it can be maintained
at all, should be extended.
Material examined. Brazil: Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 2; Bom Lugar, Rip Purus,
1; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1. Peru: Iquitos, 5; Nauta, 1; Yurimaguas,
1. Bolivia: Rio San Mateo, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 33
Euphonia minuta (not of Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 179 Nauta and upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 749
Xeberos, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 260 Nauta, upper Ucayali, and
Xeberos; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 203, 1870 part, Engenho do Gama,
Matto Grosso (spec, examined); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 442,
1884 Peru (Nauta, Ucayali, Xeberos, Moyobamba); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 71, 1886 part, spec, n, o, Nauta and upper Ucayali,
Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 Tarapoto and Yurima-
guas, Peru.
Euphonia olivacea (not of Desmarest) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347,
1907 part, Matto Grosso and Amazonia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14,
p. 43, 1907 Teff6, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56,
p. 9, 1908 Bom Lugar, Rio Purus; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912 part, Rio Purus, Engenho do Gama (Matto
Grosso), Peru (Nauta, Ucayali, Xeberos, Moyobamba), and Bolivia
(San Mateo); (?)Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 439, 1914 Provi-
dencia (Para), Rio Tocantins (Baiao), Rio Tapaj6z (Boim, Pinhel), and
(certe) Rio Purus (Bom Lugar).
(l)Euphonia olivacea olivacea Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr.
Akad., Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 8, 87, 1912 Souza, Para.
Tanagra minuta minuta Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 369,
1930 Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama).
Range. Upper Amazonia, from the Maranon (Nauta, Iquitos)
and the Rio Solimoes (Teffe*) through eastern Peru and western
Brazil south to northern Bolivia (San Mateo) and western Matto
Grosso (Engenho do Gama), and possibly along the south bank of
the Amazon to the Para region.
Tanagra minuta humilis (Cabanis). 1 NORTHERN WHITE- VENTED
EUPHONIA.
Phonasa humilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 334, 1860 Costa Rica (descr.
of young male; type in Berlin Museum).
Acroleptes humilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 89, 1861 Costa Rica (descr.
of adult male; crit.).
Euphonia humilis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868
San Jos6, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 San
Jos6; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 373, 1883 San Juan del
Sur, Nicaragua.
1 Tanagra minuta humilis (Cabanis) differs from the two southern races by
larger size and, in the male sex, by much wider, deeper yellow frontal band. Crown
and hind neck are as strongly purplish as in T. m. mellea, while the remainder
of the upper parts shows a decided greenish blue gloss, more like T. m. minuta.
A specimen said to be from "Sarayacu" is essentially like one from Gualea
and others from Central America, and doubtless came from the western slope of
the Andes, as is the case with many of Buckley's skins provided with the same
locality.
Nineteen specimens (none from Guatemala or Nicaragua) examined.
34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia minuta (not Euphona minuta Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,
1860, p. 275 Coban, Guatemala; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
7, p. 332, 1861 Panama Railroad; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
p. 186 Calovevora (Veraguas) and Bugaba (Chiriqui); Sclater, Ibis,
1873, p. 373 Chontales, Nicaragua; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, p. 498 Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 258, 1883 part, Guatemala (Coban),
Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica, and Panama (Chiriqui, Bugaba,
Calovevora, Panama Railroad); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 71,
1886 part, spec, m, p-w, Ecuador ("Sarayacu"), Colombia (Remedies),
Panama (Bugaba, Chiriqui, Calovevora), Costa Rica, Nicaragua (Chon-
tales), and Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 San Jose, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 14, p. 531, 1891 Costa Rica (crit.); idem, Auk, 9, p. 25,
1892 San Jose, Costa Rica; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899 Gualea, Ecuador.
Euphonia minuta humilis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 23,
1902 Guatemala to Panama; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 Boruca,
Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 869, 1910 Costa Rica
(San Jose, Pozo Azul de Pirrls, Escazu, Volcan de Irazu, Carrillo, San
Miguel, San Sebastian, El Hogar, Boruca).
Euphonia olivacea humilis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1016, 1912 Guatemala to Panama.
Tanagra olivacea humilis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 590,
1917 Colombia (Quibdo, Baudo, Juntas de Tamana, Noanama, Barba-
coas, Puerto Valdivia); idem, I.e., 55, p. 652, 1926 Ecuador; Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 187, 1929 Cana, Darien; Austin, I.e.,
p. 391, 1929 Mountain Cow, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 340,
1931 Almirante, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932 Obaldia,
Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 373, 1932 Guatemala.
Range. Guatemala (two records from Coban) ; British Honduras;
Nicaragua (two records); Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Remedies
and Puerto Valdivia, Antioquia; Pacific coast); and western
Ecuador (Gualea).
4: Costa Rica (San Jose, 2; Limon, 2).
Tanagra godmani (Brewster). 1 GODMAN'S EUPHONIA.
Euphonia godmani Brewster, Auk, 6, p. 90, 1889 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and
Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (type, from Mazatlan, in U. S. National Museum) ;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 24, 1902 western Mexico
(monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 366, 1905 Escuinapa
and Mount Juan Lisiarraga, Sinaloa; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1016, 1912 (range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 16, p. 48, 1927 near Point Camaron, San Bias, Nayarit.
1 Not having seen this species, I cannot say whether it is more nearly related
to T. affinis or to T. minuta. The white under tail coverts would seem to place
it in the neighborhood of the latter, while the slate gray crown and hind neck
of the female suggest affinities to T. affinis.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 35
Euphonia affinis (not Tanagra [Euphonia] affinis Lesson) Lawrence, Mem.
Boston Soc. N. H., 2, p. 273, 1874 Mazatlan (Sinaloa) and Sierra Madre
(Colima), Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 257, 1883 part, Mazatlan and Sierra Madre, Colima.
Range. Western Mexico, in states of Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa
(Mazatlan, Plomosas, Escuinapa, Mount Juan Lisiarraga), Colima
(Sierra Madre), and Nayarit (San Bias, Rosa Morada).
Tanagra affinis Lesson. LESSON'S EUPHONIA.
Tanagra [Euphonia] affinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 175, 1842 Realejo,
Nicaragua (descr. of male; 1 location of type not stated, probably in the
author's private collection). 2
Euphonia affinis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 274, 1856 Mexico
(Orizaba), Guatemala, and Nicaragua (Realejo) (monog.); idem, I.e.,
p. 303, 1856 Orizaba; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16 Guatemala;
idem, Ibis, 1860, p. 33 Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 57, 1862 Orizaba; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9,
p. 98, 1868 San Juan, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 9, p. 200, 1869 Merida,
Yucatan; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 550, 1869 hot
region of Vera Cruz, Mexico; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 San
Jose, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 18, 1876
Tehuantepec and Barrio, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.),
25, p. 42, 1878 Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 442
Merida, Yucatan (habits); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 257, 1883 part, Mexico (excepting Mazatlan and Sierra
Madre), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa
Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 65, 1886 Mexico (Orizaba,
Yucatan), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Calderas, Duenas,
Savanna Grande, Retalhuleu), and Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Liberia and Alajuela, Costa Rica;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 210 between Tunkas and
Shkolak, Yucatan; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 631, 1896
Altamira, Tamaulipas; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 435 Miravalles, Costa
Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 21, 1902 Mexico
to Costa Rica (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 142, 1906
Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 121, 1907 Gualan, Patulul, Mazatenango, and San Jose, Guatemala;
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 870, 1910 Costa Rica (Pigres,
Miravalles, Bolson, Tenorio, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Bebedero); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912 southeastern
Mexico to Costa Rica.
Phonasca affinis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 332, 1860 San JosS, Costa
Rica (crit.).
1 The description makes no mention of the extensive white area on the inner
webs of the lateral rectrices, but the passage, "capite dimidio parte, thorace,
. . . aureis," seems to exclude T. luteicapilla.
2 The type may yet exist in the Museum of the Medical School at Rochefort
(France), where part of Lesson's collection was deposited.
36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra affinis Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927
Presidio, Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem, I.e., 68, p. 403, 1928 Chivela and
Tapanatepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64,
p. 373, 1932 Guatemala (Finca El Cipres, Hacienda California, Carolina,
San Felipe); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 337, 1932 Can-
tarranas, Honduras.
Range. Southeastern Mexico (in states of Tamaulipas, Vera
Cruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Yucatan), British Honduras, Guate-
mala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northwestern Pacific slope of
Costa Rica. 1
15: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 1; Yucatan, 3); Guatemala (Gualan,
Zacapa, 1; Patulul, Solola, 1; Mazatenango, 2; San Jose 1 , Esquintla,
1); Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 1; San Geronimo, 1); Costa Rica (Las
Canas, 3; San Jose", 1).
*Tanagra luteicapilla (Cabanis). 2 YELLOW-CROWNED EUPHONIA.
Phonasca luteicapilla Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 332, 1860 Costa Rica
(descr. of adult male; type in Berlin Museum).
Phonasca gracilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 333, 1860 San Jose, Costa
Rica (descr. of female and young male; type, No. 14743, in Berlin Museum
examined). 3
Euphonia gracilis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 359, 1862 Costa Rica;
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172 Costa Rica (young
birds); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 San Jose,
Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 San Jose, Costa
Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 259, 1883
part, descr. of female and San Jose, Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 69, 1886 part, spec, a, b, Costa Rica.
1 Additional material examined. Mexico, Yucatan: Merida, 3; unspecified,
1. Guatemala: Duenas, 3. Honduras: San Pedro, 2; Chamelicon, 2. Nicaragua:
Managua, 1. Costa Rica: Bebedero, 3.
2 T. luteicapilla (Cabanis) seems to be allied to T. chlorotica, but the inter-
relations of the small, yellow-crowned euphonias offer a very complicated problem,
which cannot be attacked without a monographic study of the whole group.
3 Reexamination of the female type and a young male in the Berlin Museum,
which formed the basis for the description of Phonasca gracilis Cabanis, shows
conclusively that they pertain to T. luteicapilla. Both agree with Costa Rican
specimens in dimensions and in proportion of bill, being much smaller than, and
quite differently colored from, the species to which Cabanis's name had been
misapplied. The female (wing, 54; tail, 31) is plain yellowish olive green above;
the wings and tail feathers are dusky, margined with the color of the back; the
under parts somewhat duller than wax yellow, washed with olivaceous on the
sides and flanks. The specimen cannot be told from Field Museum No. 7143, female
adult, Buenos Aires, Costa Rica, Mar. 12, 1892, Geo. K. Cherrie. The other
example, No. 14742, is a young male in change of plumage. It still wears the
female dress, but yellow feathers already appear on the forehead and in the anterior
superciliary region, while a few scattered glossy black feathers may be noticed
in front of the eye and on the throat; the under parts are somewhat brighter
yellow. Its measurements are: wing, 54; tail, 30.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 37
Euphonia luteicapilla Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868
Costa Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869
Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 186 Boquete de
Chitra (Veraguas), Bugaba (Chiriqui), and Paraiso Station, Panama
(descr. of female); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 260, pi. 16, fig. 1 (male), 1883 Costa Rica (San Jose", Turrialba) and
Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del
Chucu, Chepo, Paraiso Station); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 68,
1886 Costa Rica (Turrialba) and Panama (Bugaba, Boquete de Chitra,
Cordillera del Chucu, Paraiso Station, Chepo); Zeled6n, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Costa Rica (San Jos6, Las Trojas de
Puntarenas, Pacaca, Monte Redondo de San Jos6); Cherrie, Auk, 9,
p. 24, 1892 San Jose, Costa Rica (descr. of young male); idem, Anal. Inst.
Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893 Lagarto, Boruca,
TeYraba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Bangs, Auk, 18,
p. 369, 1901 Divala and David, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 20, 1902 Nicaragua to the Isthmus of Panama
(monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 Boruca and Paso Real, Costa
Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 869, 1910 Costa Rica (Pigres,
Bonilla, Alajuela, San Jose, El General, Buenos Aires de Te>raba, Tenorio,
Miravalles, Boruca, El Hogar, Peralta; habits); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 277, 1910 Guayabo, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1910 Costa Rica to Panama;
Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 32, 1919 Pacora, Panama.
Tanagra luteicapilla Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 462,
1928 Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 340,
1931 Changuinola and Almirante, Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932 Eden, Nicaragua.
Range. Eastern Nicaragua, all of Costa Rica, and Panama
east to the Canal Zone. 1
7: Costa Rica (Guayabo, 1; El Pozo de TeYraba, 2; TeYraba
Valley, 2; Boruca, 1; Buenos Aires, 1).
Tanagra chlorotica trinitatis (Strickland). 2 TRINIDAD
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia trinitatis Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 72, March,
1851 Trinidad, Venezuela ("Cumana"), and "St. Thomas" (errore)
1 Twenty-five additional specimens, including five from Boquete, Chiriqui,
have been examined.
2 Tanagra chlorotica trinitatis (Strickland), in the male sex, merely differs
from the nominate race by having the yellow color extended over the occiput
instead of restricted to the fore-crown; generally less purplish gloss on the upper
parts; and the white at the base of the primaries and on the inner web of the
lateral rectrices more extensive. The female does not seem to be distinguishable
with certainty, unless the flanks be somewhat duller, less yellowish.
T. trinitatis has always been treated as a distinct species, and the late Count
Berlepsch even went so far as to separate a supposed race of T. chlorotica, occurring
side by side with it in the Orinoco Valley. His principal arguments for the specific
38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
(type, from Trinidad, in coll. of H. E. Strickland, now in University Mu-
seum, Cambridge, Engl.; cf. Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 179, 1882) ; Sclater,
I.e., p. 84 same localities; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 274, 1856
Trinidad (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 Trinidad;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 Caracas, Vene-
zuela; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 498 Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 66, 1886 Trinidad, Venezuela (Caracas),
and Colombia ("Bogota," Remedios, Santa Marta); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 4, p. 51, 1892 northeastern Venezuela; Chapman, I.e.,
6, p. 29, 1894 Trinidad (ex Leotaud); idem, I.e., 7, p. 322, 1895 Caura
Valley, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 San Antonio [Bermudez],
Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898 Santa Marta,
Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 170, 1900 Bonda,
Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 17, 1902 Ciudad
Bolivar, Altagracia, and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 293, 1905 Bonda, Colombia (nest and eggs
descr.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 13, 1906 Chaguaramas and Pointe
Gourde, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1014, 1125, 1912 Trinidad, Venezuela (Puerto Cabello, Caracas, Maturin,
"Cumana," Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, Maipures, Caicara), and Colombia
(Santa Marta, Barranquilla, "Bogota," Antioquia).
Euphonia (Tanagra) chlorotica (not of Linnaeus) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 460,
1831 Trinidad.
Euphonia chlorotica Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 part, spec, c,
Santa Marta; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 308, 1866 Trinidad; Berlepsch
distinctness of these birds were the varying extent of white at the base of the
remiges, the gloss of the upper parts, and the coloration of the under parts in
the females, supposed to be uniform greenish yellow in chlorotica (and violaceicollis) ,
and grayish white in the middle in trinitatis. As we have already shown on another
occasion (Nov. Zool., 30, p. 234, 1923), the last-named distinction does not exist,
since adult females of chlorotica and violaceicollis have the median under parts
just as extensively grayish white as trinitatis. The (more bluish or purplish)
gloss of the dorsal surface in the male sex is subject to as much individual variation
as in other euphonias, though it cannot be denied that birds from Trinidad and
the Caribbean districts of Venezuela and Colombia are generally less purplish
above than those from more southern localities. As to the extent of the white
patch at the base of the remiges, I cannot see in this character a specific distinction,
since certain individuals from Trinidad and Bermudez (trinitatis') have just as
much white as others from Brazil (violaceicollis). Birds from the upper Orinoco
("pileata") possibly have the white on the inner webs of the lateral rectrices
and the yellow cap slightly more restricted than a series from Trinidad, but as
Count Berlepsch himself mentions intermediates, this variation seems to suggest
intergradation to chlorotica rather than specific difference. While I have yet to
see plain yellow-bellied "females" from the range of trinitatis as outlined above,
such a stage believed to represent "the Juvenal dress" is described by Todd
and Carriker as occurring in the Santa Marta region, which is solely inhabited
by trinitatis. Cherrie's remarks (Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 169, 1916)
on the female plumages of trinitatis in the Orinoco Valley are also somewhat
significant, and may account for Berlepsch's conception of the characters of his
"pileata" in the female sex.
Additional material examined. Trinidad: Chaguaramas, 2; Pointe Gourde,
1; Aripo, 4; Carenage, 6; Santa Cruz, 1; unspecified, 1. Venezuela: Maturin, 1;
Bermudez (Santa Ana, San Antonio, etc.), 10; Ciudad Bolivar, Rio Orinoco, 5;
Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, 4. Colombia: Aracataca, Santa
Marta, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 39
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 17, 1902 Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara,
Maipures, and Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 1, p. 102, 1909 Rio Guarapiche, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela.
Tanagra chlorotica Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 169, 1916
Orinoco River, Venezuela (ex Berlepsch and Hartert).
Tanagra trinitaiis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 210, 1913
Cariaquito, Paria peninsula, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 169, 1916 Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, and Caura, Venezuela
(nest and eggs descr.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14,
p. 498, 1922 Fundacion, Bonda, Onaca, Santa Marta, Mamatoco,
Tierra Nueva, and Fonseca, Colombia (habits); Darlington, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 71, p. 418, 1931 Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia.
Euphonia aurea pileata Berlepsch, 1 Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1014, 1124, 1912 Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela
(type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum).
Tanagra aurea cynophora Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 126,
1918 new name for Euphonia aurea pileata Berlepsch, preoccupied.
Tanagra aurea pileata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 588, 1917
Buena Vista, above Villavicencio, eastern base of eastern Andes, Colombia.
Range. Island of Trinidad; northern Venezuela south to the
Orinoco basin, west to the eastern base of the eastern Andes of
Colombia (Buena Vista, above Villavicencio); northern Colombia
(Santa Marta region and lower Magdalena Valley).
7: Venezuela (Caracas, 3; Maracay, Aragua, 1; Encontrados,
Zulia, 1); Colombia (Fundacion, Santa Marta, 1; Puerto Zapote,
Bolivar, 1).
*Tanagra chlorotica chlorotica Linnaeus. PURPLE-THROATED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 317, 1766 based
on "Le Tangara noir et jaune de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 34, pi. 2,
fig. 3; Cayenne (type in Reaumur Collection).
Tanagra elegans P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 160, 1776 based on
"Tangara, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 114, fig. 1 (male adult).
Euphonia chlorotica Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 84 Cayenne and
Demerara; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 273, 1856 Cayenne
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 part, spec, b, f,
Cayenne; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 64, 1886 part, subsp.
typica, Cayenne and Demerara; Chapman and Riker, Auk, 7, p. 267,
1890 Santarem, Brazil (crit.); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908
Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 418, 1910 Surinam.
Euphone chlorotica Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1856 part,
Para, Guyana, and "Columbien" (errore).
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 6, 1907 Itaituba,
Rio Tapajoz; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26,
1 Not Tanagra pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 45, 1783.
40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
No. 2, p. 125, 1912 Cachoeira, Marajo; idem, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 234,
1923 Cayenne and Brazil (Marajo; Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz).
Euphonia aurea Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 345, 1905 based on
"Parus aureus" Vroeg, Cat. Rais. Coll. Ois., p. 18, 1764; Surinam (cf.
Stone, Auk, 29, pp. 207-208, 1912).
Euphonia aurea Ihering, Cat. Faun., Braz., 1, p. 346, 1907 part, Para;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1013, 1124, 1912
Cayenne, Surinam, British Guiana (Demerara), and northern Brazil
(Para, "Teffe, Rio Negro" 1 ); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 438,
1914 Rio Guama (Itaguao), Rio Iriri (Santa Julia), Rio Tapajoz (Pinhel),
Marajo, and Monte Alegre, Brazil.
Euphonia minuta (not of Cabanis) Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 Miritiba, Maranhao (spec, examined).
Euphonia aurea violaceicollis (not Acroleptes violaceicollis Cabanis) Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 186, 1925 part,
Miritiba, Maranhao.
Tanagra chlorotica violaceicollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 278, 1929 part, Maranhao (Tury-assu, Mangunca Island, and
Codo, Cocos).
Tanagra chlorotica Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 496, 1921 Supinaam
River and Demerara.
Tanagra chlorotica chlorotica Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 367,
1930 Tapirapoan and Juruena, northern Matto Grosso.
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northern Brazil,
east to Maranhao, south to northern Matto Grosso (Tapirapoan;
Juruena River). 2
4: Brazil, Maranhao (Tury-assu, 2; Mangunca Island, 1; Codo,
Cocos, 1).
*Tanagra chlorotica serrirostris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). 3
GREATER PURPLE-THROATED EUPHONIA.
1 1 do not find any record in literature from either of these localities.
2 In birds from French Guiana (topotypical) the wing ranges from 51 to 55,
the tail from 31 to 34 mm. Specimens from northern Brazil are slightly more
violaceous on the crown and hind neck, and sometimes attain larger measure-
ments (wings of males, 53-56, one from Maranhao even 57). They thus verge
to the southern form, but as a whole seem better referred to chlorotica.
Additional material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 8. Brazil: Cacho-
eira, Marajo, 1 (wing, 56); Monte Alegre, 1 (wing, 51); Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz,
1 (wing, 55); Miritiba, Maranhao, 2; Boa Vista, Maranhao, 1; Juruena, Matto
Grosso, 1 (wing, 54 Y-i).
3 Tanagra chlorotica serrirostris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) : Similar to T. c.
chlorotica, but somewhat larger; adult males with forehead and under parts rather
paler yellow and generally with more purplish head and throat; female distin-
guishable only by larger size.
On once more comparing good series from Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina I
find it impossible to maintain the distinctness of serrirostris and violaceicollis. It
is admitted that males from western Argentina show more variation in the inten-
sity of the yellow on the under parts than those from Brazil, but in agreement with
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 41
Euphonia serrirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 30, 1837 Guarayos, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (type in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 398, 1930); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 267,
pi. 21, fig. 2 (female), 1839 Pacu, on the Rio Grande, Santa Cruz de
la Sierra, Bolivia; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 90 Guarayos, Bolivia
(ex d'Orbigny); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 273, 1856 part,
Guarayos, Bolivia; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870,
p. 243 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 621 Sapucay,
Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1014,
1124, 1912 Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina.
Euphone serrirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 202, 1870 Rio de Janeiro
(Sapitiba, Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio
Parana), and Goyaz (Goyaz City).
Euphone chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Liechtenstein, Verz.
Doubl. Berlin Mus., p. 29, 1823 Brazil; Sundevall, Vetensk. Akad.
Handl. for 1833, p. 310, pi. 10, figs. 2 (young male), 3 (adult male), 1834
Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1856 part, Pernam-
buco and Bahia.
Euphonia chlorotica Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 part, spec,
a, d, e, Bolivia and Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 598 Bolivia (Guarayos; Tilotilo, Yungas); White, I.e., 1882,
p. 596 Concepcion, Misiones, and Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 64, 1886 part, subsp. violaceicollis,
Brazil (Pernambuco), Argentina (Catamarca), and Bolivia (Tilotilo);
Dabbene I cannot satisfactorily separate birds from Tucuman, Salta, and eastern
Bolivia on one side and a series from Misiones on the other. The latter are, be-
sides, quite identical with typical violaceicollis, of eastern Brazil. The applicability
of the name serrirostris to the present form is perhaps open to doubt. Since
writing about the original examples in the Paris Museum (Nov. Zool., 30, p. 232,
1923), when I noticed certain discrepancies between the description of the adult
male and the young male in the French National Collection, I had the opportunity
of examining in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, Mass., a
specimen from Guarayos secured by d'Orbigny. This bird corresponds in every
detail to the characters of the "adult male" given by Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,
and undoubtedly must be the actual type. While resembling adult males from
Buenavista, Santa Cruz, in dimensions, color of the yellow frontal patch and under
parts, and extent of white on the inner web of the lateral rectrices, it differs markedly
by having all parts that are purplish or steel-blue in the normal plumage (viz.,
hind crown, sides of head, throat, back, and upper tail coverts), dull olive with a
brassy sheen, and the flight feathers dull brownish (instead of deep black) with
olive greenish instead of steel blue margins. The rump and tail coverts are much
brighter, more yellowish olive than the back. The brassy gloss on the dorsal feath-
ers reminds one of T. chrysopasta, but is, of course, much less brilliant. I can
hardly believe that another species of euphonia exists in Bolivia, which never
becomes black (the bird has all the appearance of being fully adult), and am
inclined to regard the type as an individual in "retarded" plumage of the ordinary
purple-headed species.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Boca da Ipueirp, Rio Grande, Bahia, 5;
Bahia, 12; Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Parnagua, Piauhy, 1; Lagoa Missao,
Piauhy, 1; Goyaz, 5; Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, 1; Ypan-
ema, Sao Paulo, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 6. Paraguay: Villa Rica, 1; Cam-
byreta, 1. Argentina: Concepcion, Misiones, 1; Santa Ana, Misiones, 1; Ocampo,
Chaco, 2; La Rioja, 2; Tucuman, 3; Metan, Salta, 2. Bolivia: Guarayos, 3; Santa
Cruz, 1; unspecified, 3.
42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 37, 1888 Conception and Catamarca,
Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 124 Puerto Vermejo, Chaco; Boucard
and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892 Porto Real, Rio;
Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 5, 1897 Aguairenda,
Bolivian Chaco; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 144, 1899 Piracicaba,
Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 152, 1900 Cantagallo, Rio; Kerr, Ibis, 1901,
p. 223 Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8,
p. 175, 1902 Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904
Salta, Rio Vermejo; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905
Tucuman; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 92 Curuzu Chica, Paraguay.
Acroleptes violaceicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409, 1865 Brazil (descr.
of male; type in Berlin Museum); idem, I.e., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo,
Rio de Janeiro.
Euphona (Acroleptes) violaceicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 195, 1878
Sierra de Cordoba (crit.).
Euphonia chlorotica serrirostris Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 6, 1887
Lambar6, Paraguay (crit.); Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 3, p. 3,
1904 Alto Parana, Paraguay (nesting habits); Hartert and Venturi,
Nov. Zool., 16, p. 170, 1909 Tucuman and Salta; Hellmayr, I.e., 30,
p. 232, 1923 Guarayos (crit., note on types).
Euphonia chlorotica violaceicollis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 350,
1891 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910 Bahia (Boca da Ipueiro and Santa
Rita, Rio Grande) and Piauhy (Parnagua and Lagda Missao); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 15, p. 26, 1908 Goyaz, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 41, 1926 Ceara.
Euphonia violaceicollis Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 4,
1900 Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 621 Sapucay,
Paraguay.
Euphonia aurea serrirostris Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 346, 1907
Avanhandava, Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18,
p. 373, 1910 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914
Paraguay (Alto Parana, Asuncion); idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 285, 1919
Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay (nest descr.); M6negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn.,
11, p. 7, 1919 Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones.
Euphonia chlorotica subsp. Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 170, 1909
San Vicente, Chaco.
Euphonia aurea violaceicollis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
Berlin, pp. 1014, 1124, 1912 Brazil (Goyaz and Bahia to Sao Paulo 1 );
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 350, 1912 Villa Rica,
Paraguay; Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 9, p. 87, 1917 Pocone, Matto
Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 233, 1923 Brazil (crit.); Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 186, 1925 part,
Bahia and Piauhy.
Tanagra chlorotica serrirostris Smyth and Serie, El Hornero, 3, p. 52, 1923
Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 68, 1923 La Rioja.
1 Berlepsch also cites "Rio Purus," whence I cannot find any published record.
The localities "Rio Jurua" and "Rio Madeira" belong to T. x. xanthogaster.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 43
Tanagra chlorotica violaceicollis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 391,
1926 Las Palmas, Chaco; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 278, 1929 part, Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Parnagua, Lagoa Missao)
and Ceara (Varzea Formosa; Jua, near Iguatu; Serra de Baturite 1 ) (crit.);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 368, 1930 Paraguay (Trini-
dad) and Matto Grosso (Descalvados, Agua Blanca de Corumba); Laub-
mann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 266, 1930
Argentina (Lapango, Terr. Formosa) and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija).
Range. The greater part of eastern Brazil, from Piauhy and
Ceara south to Sao Paulo, west to Matto Grosso; Paraguay; northern
Argentina south to Entre Rios, Santa Fe", Cordoba, and La Rioja;
eastern Bolivia.
34: Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 1;
Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1; Serra de Baturite", Ceara, 2; Rio do
Peixe, Queimadas, Bahia, 1; Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa,
Minas Geraes, 3 ; Bauru, Sao Paulo, 1 ; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4) ;
Argentina (Caraguatay, Misiones, 1; Rio Iguassu, Misiones, 7; Los
Vasquez, Tucuman, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 6); Bolivia (Buena-
vista, 3; Santa Cruz, 1).
"Tanagra chlorotica taczanowskii (Sclater). 1 TACZANOWSKI'S
EUPHONIA.
[Euphonia chlorotica] subsp. taczanowskii Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 65, 1886 Callacate, Peru (type in British Museum).
Acroleptes serrirostris (not Euphonia serrirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409, 1865 Peru (crit.).
Euphonia serrirostris Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 194
Callacate, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 440, 1884 Guajango (Maranon)
and Callacate, Peru.
Euphonia chlorotica serrirostris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 339 La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru.
Euphonia minuta (not of Cabanis) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 226 Tambillo, Peru.
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Berlepsch, Journ.
Orn., 37, p. 295, 1889 Tarapoto, lower Huallaga, Peru (crit.).
1 Tanagra chlorotica taczanowskii (Sclater) : Differs in the male sex from the
other races by more purplish upper parts, the rump and tail coverts being but
slightly more bluish than the back, and by decidedly paler yellow forehead and
under parts; female not distinguishable. Wing (males), 57-59; tail, 34-36.
While two males from Callacate, like ours from Moyobamba, are distinctly
paler yellow on forehead and under parts than even the pale-bellied examples from
Argentina, one from Tarapoto, lower Huallaga, can be matched by numerous
individuals from various parts of Brazil. The purplish color of the dorsal surface,
which involves even the rump and tail coverts, serves, however, to separate the
Peruvian males from the allied races.
Additional material examined. Peru: Callacate, 3; Tarapoto, 1; Juanfue,
upper Huallaga, 1.
44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia taczanowskii Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1014, 1125, 1912 Peru (Callacate, Tambillo, Guajango, Tarapoto, La
Merced) (crit.).
Tanagra taczanowskii Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 Perico and
Bellavista, Rio Maranon, Peru.
Range. Tropical zone of northern Peru, from the upper Maranon
south to Junin (Chanchamayo Valley).
3: Peru (Moyobamba, 2; Chanchamayo, 1).
Tanagra concinna finschi (Sclater and Salvin). 1 FINSCH'S
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia finschi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 19
Demerara, British Guiana (descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now
in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 70, pi. 8, fig. 1,
1886 Demerara; Penard and Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 419, 1910
Surinam; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912
British Guiana and northern Brazil (Rio Branco).
Tanagra finschi Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 86, 1918
vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 495,
1921 Takutu Mountains and Rupununi River; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 63, p. 127, 1931 Arabupu, Roraima.
Euphonia concinna (not of Sclater) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 203, 1870
Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, in Vienna Museum examined) ; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 69, 1886 part, spec, n, Cayenne; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347, 1907 part, Rio Branco.
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and the adjoining
parts of Venezuela (Roraima) and Brazil (upper Rio Branco).
4: Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Serra da Lua, near
Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 3).
*Tanagra concinna concinna (Sclater). YELLOW-FRONTED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia concinna Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 98, pi. 65,
fig. 2 (=male), pub. April, 1855 Nova Grenada = "Bogota" (type in coll.
of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 23, p. 159, 1855
"Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 275, 1856 "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 57, 1862 "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
1 Tanagra concinna finschi (Sclater and Salvin) : Closely similar to T. c. con-
cinna, but adult male with frontal cap slightly more extended and deeper in tone,
cadmium yellow to deep chrome instead of lemon chrome; upper parts more pur-
plish; lower parts much darker, abdomen and under tail coverts mars yellow; female
with hind crown and nape less grayish; cheeks and auriculars olivaceous instead
of grayish; forehead and under parts generally somewhat duller yellow. Under
tail coverts decidedly longer.
Specimens from the Rio Branco agree with others from Guiana.
Additional material examined. French Guiana: "Cayenne," 2.- British
Guiana: Quonga, 1; unspecified, 2. Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 5.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 45
p. 69, pi. 7 (male, female), 1886 part, spec, a-m, "Bogota"; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347, 1907 part, Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1015, 1912 Colombia ("Bogota").
Tanagra concinna Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 589, 1917 near
Honda, Magdalena Valley, Colombia.
Range. Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (near Honda, Mag-
dalena Valley; common in native "Bogota" collections). 1
2: Colombia ("Bogota," 2).
Tanagra concinna saturata (Cabanis). 2 ORANGE-CROWNED
EUPHONIA.
Phonasca saturata Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 336, 1860 "New Granada"
(type, collected by J. Warscewicz, in Berlin Museum).
Acroleptes saturatus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 407, 1865 Babahoyo, Ecua-
dor (crit.).
Euphonia saturata Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 744
Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 443, 1884 Tumbez; Berlepsch and
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 288 Surupata, Ecuador;
idem, I.e., 1885, p. 76 Yaguachi, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 70, pi. 8, fig. 2 (=male), 1886 Ecuador (Balzar) and Peru (Tum-
bez); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 Ecuador; Salvadori
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 14, 1899 Vinces and
Balzar, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 "Archidona," Ecuador,
errore (spec, examined); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1015, 1126, 1912 western Colombia (Jime'nez Cauca), Ecuador
(Balzar, Yaguachi, Surupata, Guayaquil), and Peru (Tumbez) (crit.);
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 83, 1922 road to
Nanegal, Ecuador.
Euphonia xanthogastra(t) (not Euphone xanlhogaster Sundevall) Sclater, Proc.
Zopl. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 275, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador.
Tanagra saturata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 590, 1917
Caldas and Cali, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 651, 1926 Ecuador
(Esmeraldas, Manavi, Chongoncito, Santa Rosa, Rio Pindo, Cebollal,
1 Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 22.
2 Tanagra concinna saturata (Cabanis) : Nearest to, and agreeing with, T. c.
finschi in intense coloration of crown and under parts, but yellow cap extended
over the whole pileum; female similar on the upper parts to T. c. finschi, but sides
of head not quite so olivaceous (though not so conspicuously grayish as in T. c.
concinna), and under surface markedly duller yellowish. Under tail coverts as
long as in T. c, finschi.
The presence of a small white spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix
is a purely individual character. I find it in three (out of twelve) Ecuadorian and
in one (out of five) Colombian examples. It also occurs occasionally in "Bogota"
skins of T. c. concinna, but I have never noticed it in the allied T. c. finschi. Two
males collected by Goodfellow at "Archidona" do not differ in the least from west-
ern specimens. The labeling is probably erroneous, the occurrence of the species
on the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador being open to serious doubt.
Material examined. Colombia: Jime'nez (alt. 1,600 ft.), 1; Cauca, 1; Cali, 1;
Caldas, 2. Ecuador: Vinces, 12; Balzar, 8; unspecified, 4; "Archidona," 2.
Peru: Tumbez, 2.
46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pullango) and Peru (Milagros); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
(2), 4, p. 235, 1932 La Palma, Ecuador.
Range. Tropical zone of western Colombia (Jime'nez; Caldas;
Cali, Rio Cauca), western Ecuador, and extreme northwestern Peru
(Tumbez; Milagros).
*Tanagra melanura (Sclater). 1 BLACK-TAILED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia melanura Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 86 "Barra do Rio Negro"
[ = Manaos], Brazil (type in coll. of Sclater, now in British Museum, exam-
ined); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 "Bogota," Colom-
bia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 278, 1856 Barra do Rio Negro and "Bogota"
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862 same localities;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 179 upper and lower
Ucayali, Peru (crit.); idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977 Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e.,
1873, p. 260 Ucayali and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p.
447, 1884 Peru (Iquitos, Ucayali, Pebas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 78, pi. 9, 1886 part, spec, a-i, k, 1, Brazil (Barra do Rio Negro),
Peru (Iquitos, Pebas, Sarayacu), and Colombia ("Bogota"); 2 Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 Sarayacu (Ucayali) and Tarapoto (Hua-
llaga), Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357,
p. 15, 1899 Rio Zamora, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
9, p. 18, 1902 Maipures, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 347, 1907
Borba, Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 9, 1908 Monte
Verde, Rio Purus; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910 Borba; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912 (range);
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914 Monte Verde, Rio Purus.
Tanagra melanura Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916
Maipures, Rio Orinoco; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 591,
1917 Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 652, 1926 Napo
and Zamora, Ecuador.
1 Tanagra melanura (Sclater) is very nearly related to T. laniirostris, but dif-
fers by its entirely black tail, lighter (less orange) yellow color of the under parts
and of the slightly more restricted frontal cap, and the presence of a well-developed
black margin to the gonydeal angle in the male sex. The female is only distin-
guishable by its duskier lateral rectrices without trace of a pale inner margin.
The supposed divergency in the shape of the tail (even in melanura, emarginate
in laniirostris) does not seem to exist. Considering the similarity of the females,
and the intermediate characters of T. I. zopholega, I can hardly believe that this
bird is more than subspecifically distinct, but unless the black-tailed Borba male
(with deep yellow crown and under parts) be an individual mutant of laniirostris,
the ranges of the two "species" would seem to overlap on the Rio Madeira.
The type differs from all other specimens examined by slightly smaller size,
markedly shorter bill, and lesser extent of the yellow cap; but as birds from
"Bogota" and Maipures and others from Peru are identical among themselves,
this can hardly be more than an individual variation. The locality "Barra do Rio
Negro" is perhaps a little doubtful.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 8. Ecuador: Rio Zam-
ora, 1. Peru: Iquitos, 7; Pebas, 4; Ucayali, 2. Venezuela: Maipures, Rio Orinoco,
2. Brazil: Borba, Rio Madeira, 2.
2 Spec, j, Maranura, Peru, pertains to T. I. zopholega, the female from Demer-
ara (spec, m) to some other species, probably T. v. violacea.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 47
Range. Upper Amazonia, from the eastern base of the eastern
Andes of Colombia (Florencia, Caqueta) and the upper stretches of
the Orinoco (Maipures) south through eastern Ecuador to north-
eastern Peru (Pebas; Iquitos; Tarapoto and Moyobamba, Huallaga
River; Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali), and east to western Brazil (Monte
Verde, Rio Purus; Borba, Rio Madeira). 1
8: Colombia ("Bogota," 1); Peru (Moyobamba, 7).
*Tanagra laniirostris laniirostris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
SHRIKE-BILLED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia laniirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 30, 1837 Yuracares, Bolivia (descr. of male and female;
types in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois.,
p. 266, pi. 22, fig. 1 (=male), 1839 Yungas, Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
Yuracares, and Guarayos, Bolivia; Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3,
p. 136, 1851 Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p.
86 part, Bolivia (d'Orbigny's localities); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 277, 1856 Bolivia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598
Bolivia (d'Orbigny's localities); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 262, 1883 part, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 76, 1886 part, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 81,
1889 Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (crit.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 351, 1891
Abrilongo and Chapada, Matto Grosso (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 part, Bolivia and Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov.
Zool., 14, p. 347, 1907 Humayta, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 Bolivia (Yuracares, Guarayos,
Santa Cruz, Omeja, Songo, Suapi, Espirito Santo) and Brazil (Calama,
Humayta, Villa Maria, Sao Vicente, Villa Bella de Matto Grosso) ; Sneth-
lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914 (range).
Euphoria laniirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 Villa Maria, Villa
Bella de Matto Grosso, and Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso (spec, examined).
Euphonia laniirostris laniirostris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910
Calama, Jamarysinho, and Maroins (Rio Machados), Rio Madeira
(crit.); idem, I.e., 30, p. 230, 1923 Yuracares and Guarayos (note
on types).
Tangara laniirostris laniirostris Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p.
369, 1930 Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso.
Range. Eastern Bolivia and the adjacent parts of western Brazil
in Matto Grosso, north to the upper Rio Madeira and its tributaries
(Humayta; Calama; Jamarysinho; Maroins, Rio Machados). 2
1 Messrs. Penard (Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 426, 1910) are certainly mistaken in
including this species in the fauna of Dutch Guiana, and Beebe's record (Zoologica,
N.Y., 1, p. 102, 1909) from Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, based on a mangled female
example, cannot be accepted either.
2 Specimens from Matto Grosso agree well with those from Bolivia. There is
generally a suggestion of a blackish border to the gonydeal angle, though this
marking is never so "solid" as in melanura. Only the outermost rectrix shows an
48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
4: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1); Brazil (Chapada, Matto
Grosso, 3).
Tanagra laniirostris zopholega Oberholser. 1 PERUVIAN SHRIKE-
BILLED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia laniirostris peruviana (not Tanagra peruviana Desmarest, 1806)
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 77, 1906 La Merced, Dept.
Junin, and Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru (type, from La Merced, in Bran-
icki Collection, now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski,
Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 181, 1927); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912 Peru (La Merced, Santa Ana).
Tanagra laniirostris zopholega Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 126,
1918 new name for Euphonia laniirostris peruviana Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, preoccupied.
Euphonia laniirostris (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 76, 1886 part, spec, h', Maranura, Peru; Berlepsch
and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 339 La Merced, Chan-
chamayo, Peru.
Range. Tropical zone of central-eastern Peru, in depts. of Junin
(La Merced, Chanchamayo) and Cuzco (Maranura and Santa Ana,
Urubamba).
Tanagra laniirostris hypoxantha (Berlepsch and Taczanowski). 2
PALE-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia hypoxantha (Stolzmann MS.) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 544 Chimbo, Ecuador (type in Warsaw Mu-
extensive white patch on the inner web, but one male from Villa Bella de Matto
Grosso and the type from Yuracares have a smaller white spot also on the penul-
timate tail feather. It is somewhat significant that the white tail spot is smallest
in a bird from Humayta, left bank of the Rio Madeira, in a region that adjoins the
distributional area of T. melanura.
Additional material examined. Bolivia: Yuracares, 1; Guarayos, 2; Omeja, 1;
Espiritu Santo, 1. Brazil, Matto Grosso: Sao Vicente, 1; Villa Maria, 1; Villa
Bella, 1; Rio Madeira, Humayta, 1; Calama, 4; Maroins, Rio Machados, 2.
1 Tanagra laniirostris zopholega Oberholser: Very similar to T. I. laniirostris,
but with slightly longer wings and markedly larger bill; yellow frontal cap of males
less extended posteriorly (not more, as stated by the describers) and together with
the under parts somewhat paler (more like melanura) ; black gonydeal margin more
pronounced. Wing (males), 66-68; tail, 38-40; bill, 10-11.
The white spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix has about the same
extent as in laniirostris, while the penultimate tail feather is black, at best with a
faint suggestion of a small whitish dot. Excepting the tail markings, this form
betrays an undeniable tendency in the direction of T. melanura, and casts serious
doubts on the specific distinctness of the Black-tailed Euphonia.
Material examined. Peru: La Merced, Chanchamayo, 2; Santa Ana,
Urubamba, 3.
2 Tanagra laniiroslris hypoxantha (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) : Similar to T. I.
crassirostris, but adult male with yellow cap extended to the nape; upper parts
much more violaceous; yellow of crown and under parts decidedly paler; female
not distinguishable with certainty.
Material examined. Ecuador: Chimbo, 5; Rio Peripa, 1; Punta Santa Ana, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 49
seum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,
6, p. 181, 1927); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 445, 1884 Peru (Lechu-
gal, Paucal); idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77
Yaguachi, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 77, 1886
Ecuador (Chimbo, Babahoyo, Santa Rita) and Peru; Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898 Chimbo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 (range).
Euphonia crassirosiris (not of Sclater, 1857) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
28, p. 275, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
58, 1862 part, spec, e, Babahoyo; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 277 Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, Part 2, p. 28, 1902 part, western Ecuador and Peru.
Tanagra hypoxantha Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 652, 1926
Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Chone, Chongocito, Rio de Oro, Bucay, Rio
Jubones, Santa Rosa, Portovelo, Punta Santa Ana, Casanga, Rio Pindo,
Salvias, Lunama, Guainche, Las Pinas, Cebollal, Alamor) and Peru
(Paletillas, Palambla).
Range. Tropical zone of western Ecuador and northwestern
Peru, south to Paucal.
Tanagra laniirostris crassirostris (Sclater). THICK-BILLED
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia crassirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 277,
pub. Jan., 1857 "New Grenada, Bogota" (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum); 1 idem, I.e., 25, p. 19, 1857 "Bogota"; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 part, spec, a-d, "Bogota" and Cara-
cas, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 349
Panama Railroad; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 138 Davfd, Panama; idem,
I.e., 1870, p. 186 Veraguas (Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora);
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 Cucuta Valley and Bucaramanga, Colombia;
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 54 Cartago, Costa Rica;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 Bucaramanga, Colombia
(crit.); idem, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 "Bogota"; Robinson,
Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 161, 1895 Magdalena River, Colombia;
Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 Cumanacoa, San Antonio, and Caripe",
Monagas, northeastern Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12,
pp. 141, 179, 1898 Santa Marta and Palomina, Colombia; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 170, 1900 Bonda, Onaca, Minca, and Caca-
gualito, Colombia (crit.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 28, 1900
Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901 Divala, Chiriquf;
idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902 Boquete, Chiriquf;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 28, 1902 part, Costa
Rica to Colombia and Venezuela (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308,
1907 [Boruca], Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 867,
1 In the Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 77, a specimen from Santa Marta is
erroneously listed as type.
50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1910 Costa Rica (Coralfllo and Boruca); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 Colombia ("Bogota," Bucaramanga).
Phonasca brachyptera Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 410, 1865 "Caracas (Porto
Cabello)" (descr. of young male and female; types in Berlin Museum).
Euphonia laniirostris (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., 1851, p. 86 part, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 199
Atanquez, Colombia (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1880, p. 119 Santa Marta,
Minca, and Atanquez, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 262, 1883 part, Costa Rica (Angostura), Panama,
and Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 76, 1886 part,
spec, a-g', Costa Rica (Angostura), Veraguas (Santa Fe, Calovevora,
Chitra, Cordillera de Tole), Chiriqui, Panama (railroad line, Paraiso
Station), Colombia (Minca, Santa Marta, Atanquez, "Bogota"), and
Venezuela (San Esteban, Caracas).
Euphonia hirundinacea (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
22, p. 98, 1854 part, Chiriqui and Nova Grenada; Lawrence, Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 298, 1861 Panama Railroad.
Euphonia crassirostris(l) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 175,
1865 David, Chiriqui (crit.).
Euphonia sp.(?) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 138 Cordillera de
Tole, Veraguas.
Euphonia crassirostris brachyptera Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1019, 1128, 1912 Costa Rica to Colombia and
Venezuela (crit.).
Euphonia violacea (not Fringilla violacea Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627 San Esteban, Venezuela.
Euphonia laniirostris crassirostris Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78,
A, Heft 5, p. 164, 1912 San Esteban, Venezuela.
Tanagra crassirostris crassirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
591, 1917 Colombia (Puerto Valdivia, La Manuelita, Cauca Valley,
Puerto Berrio, Honda, El Consuelo, and Chicoral; crit.); Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 370, 1932 Perme and Obaldia, Darien, Panama.
Tanagra crassirostris Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 277, 1918
Gatun, Mindi, Toro Point, and Mount Hope, Panama; Todd and Car-
riker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 496, 1922 La Conception, Chirua,
Fundacion, Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Cincinnati, La
Tigrera, and Don Diego, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit.); Darling-
ton, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 418, 1931 Rio Frio, Magdalena,
Colombia.
Range. Tropical zone of Costa Rica (four or five records),
Panama, Colombia (Santa Marta region; Cauca and Magdalena
valleys), and northern Venezuela (from Tachira and Zulia east to
Monagas). 1
1 Birds from the Cauca and Magdalena valleys ("Bogota") are on average
larger (wing of adult males, 62-67 against 59-63), but, contrary to Berlepsch's
statement, they do not constantly differ in the gloss of the upper parts from a
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 51
12: Panama (Colon, 1); Colombia (Fundacion, 1; "Bogota," 2);
Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 1; La Azulita, MeYida, 1; El Escorial,
MeYida, 1; Orope, Zulia, 2; Catatumbo River, Zulia, 2; La Ceiba,
Trujillo, 1).
*Tanagra lauta 1 lauta Bangs and Penard. BONAPARTE'S
EUPHONIA.
Etiphonia hirundinacea (not Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, 1831) Bonaparte,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 117, pub. June, 1838 Guatemala
(descr. of young male; type in coll. of Velasquez de Leon, subsequently
in Derby Collection [now in Liverpool Museum]; cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 22, p. 98, 1854); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 98,
pi. 65, fig. 1 (adult male), 1854 [ = April, 1855] part, Guatemala (descr.);
idem, I.e., 24, p. 278, 1856 Guatemala and C6rdova, Mexico (monog.);
idem, I.e., p. 303, 1856 Cordova, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 378,
1859 vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico;
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16 Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862 Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz), "New Granada,"
and Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 550, 1869
hot region of Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 836 Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 18,
1876 Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25,
p. 42, 1878 Guatemala; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 180, 1882 Guate-
mala; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 443 Chable, Izalam,
and Tizimin, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
1, p. 261, 1883 part, Mexico to Nicaragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 75, 1886 Mexico (Orizaba, Yucatan) to Honduras (San
Pedro); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893 Rio Escon-
dido, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 18, p. 631, 1896 Altamira, Tamaulipas;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 279, 1896 Chichen Itza, Yu-
catan; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899 Rinconada,
Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 25, 1902
part, Mexico to Nicaragua (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
50, p. 142, 1906 Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 121, 1907 Mazatenango, Guatemala; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 Mexico to Nica-
ragua; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo.
Tanagra lauta lauta Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 35,
1919 new name for Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte, preoccupied;
series of Venezuelan and Panama examples. The slight variation in size appears
to me altogether insufficient grounds for maintaining the race brachyptera.
Additional material examined. Panama: Lion Hill, 6. Colombia: Mamatoco,
2; Bonda, 6; Barranquilla, 1; Rio Cauqueta, Cauca, 2; Cauca Valley, 3; Bucara-
manga, 2; "Bogota," 14. Venezuela: Me>ida, 6; mountains inland of Cumana
(San Antonio, Cumanacoa, etc.), 10.
1 1 should have been inclined to consider Bonaparte's Euphonia conspecific
with T. laniirostris were it not for the fact that races of both, T. lauta gnatho and
T. laniirostris crassirostris, have been reported to occur in extreme western Panama
(Chiriqui) and eastern Costa Rica.
52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 373, 1932 Guatemala (Finca
Chama, Finca Cipres, and San Felipe) (crit.).
Euphonia sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 303, 1856 Cordova,
Vera Cruz (descr. of female).
Tanagra hirundinacea Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 391, 1929
Camp Six and Mountain Cow, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., p. 469,
1929 Progreso and Tela, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
84, p. 337, 1932 Cantarranas, Honduras.
Range. Southeastern Mexico (in states of Tamaulipas, Vera
Cruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo) south through
British Honduras, Guatemala, and Honduras to eastern Nicaragua.
11: Mexico ("Mexico City," 1; Tampico, 1; Teapa, Tabasco,
3); Guatemala (Mazatenango, 3; San Felipe, Retalhuleu, 2;
unspecified, 1).
Tanagra lauta proba Bangs and Penard. 1 THICK-BILLED
EUPHONIA.
Phonasca gnatho (not Tanagra gnatho Lichtenstein, 1830) Cabanis, Journ.
Orn., 8, p. 335, 1860 Costa Rica (descr. of adult male; type in Berlin
Museum).
Tanagra lauta proba Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 35,
1919 new name for Phonasca gnatho Cabanis, preoccupied.
Phonasca hirundinacea (not Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte) Cabanis,
Journ. Orn., 8, p. 334, 1860 Costa Rica (young male).
Euphonia hirundinacea Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172
Turrialba, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98,
1868 Turrialba and San Juan, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17,
p. 297, 1869 San Jose, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 261, 1883 part, Costa Rica (Turrialba, San Juan);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 75, 1886 part, Costa Rica; Zeledon,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Costa Rica (San JosS,
Naranjo de Cartago, Monte Redondo de San Jose); Cherrie, Auk, 9,
p. 24, 1892 San Jose and Pacific side of Costa Rica (nest and eggs);
Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 435 Miravalles, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc.
New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902 Boquete, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 25, 1902 part, Costa Rica.
Euphonia gnatho Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 Costa
Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 297, 1869 San Jose;
1 Tanagra lauta proba Bangs and Penard differs from the nominate race by
larger, more swollen bill; more bottle green, less bluish gloss of the upper parts in
the male, and more yellowish under parts in the female sex.
These characters are most strongly pronounced in specimens from the Pacific
side of Costa Rica, although a male from San Juan (collected by A. von Frantzius)
is also exceedingly typical. My material from the Caribbean side being very
inadequate, consisting as it does of only three males, I cannot decide whether it is
more correct to refer them to T. I. lauta, as Griscom proposes to do, or to call them,
with Bangs, T. L proba.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 53
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 262, 1883 Tempate,
Nicoya (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 76, 1886 Costa
Rica (Turrialba, Tempate); Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 225,
1905 Costa Rica (descr. of female); Bangs, I.e., 22, p. 37, 1909 Costa
Rica (crit.).
Euphonia hirundinacea gnatho Carriker (and Todd), Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 867, 1910 Costa Rica (crit.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1019, 1912 Costa Rica and Chiriquf.
Range. Northwestern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and extreme
western Panama (Chiriqui).
3: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 1); Costa Rica (Las
Canas, 1; Miravalles, 1).
"Tanagra violacea violacea (Linnaeus). VIOLACEOUS EUPHONIA.
Fringilla violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 182, 1758 "in calidis
regionibus"; Surinam designated as type locality by Berlepsch and Hart-
ert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902) 1 (type in Museum Adolphi Friderici).
Euphoria violacea Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 670,
"1848" [ = 1849] British Guiana; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Nor-
mandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 Cayenne.
Euphone violacea var. minor Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berlin Mus., p.
29, 1823 Cayana (type in Berlin Museum).
Parus cyanochlorus Pallas, in Vroeg, Cat. Rais. Coll. d'Ois., Adumbrat., p. 3,
1764 Surinam (descr. of adult male).
Euphonia violacea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 86 part, Trinidad, Cay-
enne, and British Guiana; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 277, 1856
part, same localities (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862
part, spec, a, b, g, Cayenne and Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82
Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 306, 1866 Trinidad; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 208 British Guiana (Bartica Grove and Roraima); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 74, 1886 part, subsp. typica, Trinidad, Cayenne,
and British Guiana (Roraima, Bartica Grove) ; Riker and Chapman, Auk,
7, p. 266, 1890 Santarem, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
6, p. 28, 1894 Trinidad; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18,
1902 Suapure, La Pricion, and La Union, Caura, Venezuela; Goeldi,
Ibis, 1903, p. 398 Rio Capim, Para; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 10, p. 181, 1904 Kourou and Saint Jean du Maroni, French
Guiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 Marajo (Jutahizal),
Para, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Capim, Rio Maracafia, and Cussary;
idem, I.e., 56, p. 522, 1908 Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Ber-
lepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 112, 316, 1908 Cayenne and French Guiana
localities; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 422, 1910 Surinam (habits);
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910
Miritiba, Maranhao; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1018, 1127, 1912 Guianas, Trinidad and northern Brazil; 2 Snethlage,
1 Cf. also Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1018, 1127, 1912.
1 The locality "Teffe" appears to be a pen-slip.
54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 439, 1914 Para, Providencia, Benevides, Peixe-
Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Itacuao, Rio Capim (Araproaga), Rio
Moju, Cussary, Rio Tocantins (Ilha Pirunum, Arumatheua), Rio Iriri
(Santa Julia), Rio Tapajoz (Boim, Goyana, Ilha do Papageio), Marajo
(Pindobal, Chaves), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Rio Jamunda
(Faro), and Maranhao; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 60, 1926 Maranhao (Anil, Tury-assu); Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric.
Trin. Tob., 20, p. 129, 1922 Port-of-Spain and Maracas, Trinidad
(nesting).
Euphone violacea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 part,
Guiana.
Phonasca Lichtensteinii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 331, 1860 Cayenne (type
in Berlin Museum).
Euphonia purpurea Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 466, 1867
"South America" (descr. of adult male; type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Solater,
Ibis, 1885, p. 272 (crit.; = Cayenne specimens). 1
Euphona lichtensteinii Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 Para and Borba,
Rio Madeira (spec, examined).
Euphonia violacea lichtensteinii Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906
Trinidad (Caparo, Pointe Gourde, Valencia, Chaguaramas) ; idem, I.e.,
13, p. 356, 1906 Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 14, p. 6,
1907 Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz; M6negaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
14, p. 8, 1908 French Guiana; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
1, p. 357, 1908 Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; Snethlage, Journ. Orn.,
56, p. 498, 1908 Rio Tapajoz (Ilha do Papageio, Goyana); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910 Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-
phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 8, 87, 1912 Peixe-Boi, Para
(Para localities).
Tanagra violacea lichtensteinii Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 99, 1916
Utinga, Para; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928
Rio Guama and Castanhal, Para.
Tanagra violacea Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916
El Llagual, Suapure, Maripa, and La Union, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb,
Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 498, 1921 British Guiana.
Tanagra violacea violacea Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 87, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 278, 1929 Maranhao (Tury-assu, Rosario, Tran-
queira) and Goyaz (Santo Antonio, Boa Vista) (crit.).
Tanagra violacea rodwayi Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 7, p. 30, 1919
Mount Roraima, British Guiana (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 399,
1930 (crit.). 2
1 Mr. J. T. Zimmer (in litt.) corroborates Sclater's identification with typical
violacea.
2 Birds from Roraima, while identical in coloration, average slightly larger
(wing of males, 60-63; tail, 32-35), some individuals being hardly inferior in
dimensions to the smaller examples of T. v. aurantiicollis, but I agree with Bangs
that it serves no practical purpose to maintain T. v. rodwayi.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 55
Range. Island of Trinidad; northeastern Venezuela (from the
Paria Peninsula south to the Orinoco Delta and the Caura Valley) ;
British, Dutch, and French Guiana; northern Brazil, north of the
Amazon west to the Rio Jamunda, and south of the river from the
lower Rio Madeira (Borba) east to Maranhao. 1
14: Trinidad (Valencia, 1); Venezuela (Guanoco, Orinoco Delta,
1); British Guiana (Potaro, 1; Mazaruni River, 1); Dutch Guiana
(Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Utinga, Para, 1; Tury-assu, Maranhao, 4;
Sao Luiz, Maranhao, 1; Rosario, Maranhao, 1; Tranqueira, Maran-
hao, 1; Santo Antonio, Boa Vista, Goyaz, 1).
Tanagra violacea aurantiicollis (Bertoni). 2 GREATER VIOLA-
CEOUS EUPHONIA.
Euphonia aurantiicollis Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 94, Jan.,
1901 Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W.
Bertoni).
Euphone violacea (not Fringilla violacea Linnaeus) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl.
Berlin Mus., p. 29, 1823 Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1),
p. 439, 1830 southeastern Brazil; Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3,
p. 136, 1851 part, Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 195,
1856 Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Euphonia violacea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 86 part, Rio de Janeiro;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 277, 1856 part, southeastern Brazil;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862 part, spec, c-f, Brazil; Rein-
hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 433 Lagoa Santa,
Minas Geraes; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 331 Pernambuco (Recife) and
Parahyba; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 117, 1885
Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 74,
1886 part, subsp. "lichtensteini," Pernambuco, Bahia, Nova Friburgo,
"Rio Claro, Goyaz," Sao Paulo, and "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899 Mundo Novo;
1 Additional material examined. Trinidad, 18. British Guiana: Roraima, 4;
Bartica Grove, 1; Demerara, 6. Surinam: Paramaribo, 4. French Guiana:
Cayenne, 12; Roche Marie, 1; Approuague, 2. Venezuela: Guanoco, Orinoco
Delta, 3; Caura Valley, 5. Brazil: Miritiba, Maranhao, 3; Para region, 12;
Borba, Rio Madeira, 2.
2 Tanagra violacea aurantiicollis (Bertoni): Similar to T. v. violacea, but larger;
adult males with yellow frontal band decidedly wider; hind crown and nape
frequently more strongly glossed with violaceous. Wing (adult males), 62-67;
tail, 35-41.
A good series from Santa Catharina (thus topotypical magna) cannot be dis-
tinguished from two Paraguayan examples (aurantiicollis). They all have the
same large size, and agree in the decidedly violaceous gloss on the hind neck.
Birds from Sao Paulo no adult males from Rio de Janeiro are available are
similar to those from the south, whereas Bahia skins, by slightly smaller size, form
the transition to typical violacea, though they are much nearer to aurantiicollis.
Additional material examined. Paraguay: Sapucay, 4. Brazil: Joinville,
Santa Catharina, 11; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Rio Parani, Sao Paulo, 3; Sapitiba,
Rio de Janeiro, 1; Bahia, 9.
56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 145, 1899 Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Piracicaba,
Iguape); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio;
Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 347,
1907 Sao Paulo (Santos, Alto da Serra, Ubatuba, Iguape, Piracicaba),
Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Bahia, and Rio Grande do Sul (Nova Ham-
burgo); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910
Paraguay (Alto Parana); Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913
Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni
and Iguassu).
Euphoria violacea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapi-
tiba, Registo do Sai) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio Parana).
Phonasca violacea Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio.
Euphonia violacea aurantiicollis Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 622 Sapucay, Paraguay
(crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1018, 1128,
1912 Paraguay; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 285, 1919 Paraguay
(nest descr.).
Tanagra aurantiicollis Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 Paraguay
and Misiones.
Tanagra violacea aurantiicollis Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 Misiones.
Euphonia violacea magna (not Tanagra magna Gmelin, 1789) Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1018, 1127, 1912 Blumenau, Santa
Catharina (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum);
Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920 Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Tanagra violacea pampolla Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 126,
1918 new name for Euphonia violacea magna Berlepsch, preoccupied.
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Parahyba,
Pernambuco, Bahia, and southern Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) to
Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent districts of Argentina (Misiones)
and Paraguay.
4: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3); Argentina (Iguazu,
Misiones, 1).
Tanagra catasticta Oberholser. 1 BLACK-THROATED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia vittata (not Tanagra vittata Temminck, 1821) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 129 Brazil (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in
British Museum, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862
1 Tanagra catasticta Oberholser, resting upon a single South Brazilian trade-
skin, is a very peculiar bird. It generally resembles T. rufiventris, but the black
gorget is farther extended posteriorly; the feathers of the chest and sides have
wide bluish black sub terminal bars or spots; the median portion of the under
parts is duller, more ochraceous; the forehead back to the anterior edge of the
eye is dull yellow, this color being confined to the very tips of the frontal feathers;
the inner web of the outermost rectrix is marked with a small white subapical spot.
Wing (adult male), 63; tail, 36; bill, 11.
The type is a skin of the unmistakable "Rio" preparation. It is hard to
believe that no second specimen should have been obtained in such an easily
accessible region as the vicinity of the Brazilian capital, if it were a distinct
species. Its color characters are just what might be expected from the result of
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 57
Brazil; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 80, pi. 10 (male), 1886 Brazil;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912 Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro?).
Tanagra catasticta Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 125, 1918
new name for Euphonia vittata Sclater, preoccupied.
Range. Southeastern Brazil (exact locality unknown).
Tanagra rufiventris rufiventris Vieillot. RUFOUS-BELLIED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 32, p. 426,
1819 no locality indicated (type, collected by Sonnerat, in Paris Museum). 1
Tanagra chrysogaster (not of Cuvier, 1829) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 461,
1831 "Amerique" (descr. of male; type probably in Paris Museum).
Euphonia tricolor Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1850, p. 48, pi. 49, fig. 2 (male),
1850 Peru (location of type unknown).
Euphone rufiventris Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 135, 1851
Brazil (diag.).
Euphonia rufiventris Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 87 Peru; Cassin, in
Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exped., 2, p. 182, pi. 20, fig. 1 (= male), 1855
Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 279, 1856 Peru (Maynas,
Ucayali) and Brazil (Rio Negro, Barcellos, San Carlos); idem, I.e., 26,
p. 74, 1858 Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59,
1862 Peruvian Amazon and Rio Napo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 749, 977 Xeberos and Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e.,
1873, p. 261 Xeberos, Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn.
Per., 2, p. 447, 1884 Peru (Chamicuros, Xeberos, Pebas, Tarapoto);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 79, 1886 Peru (Ucayali, Pebas),
Brazil (Ega), Ecuador ("Intaj," Sarayacu), and "Oyapock, Cayenne";
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 339 La Gloria,
Chanchamayo, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 Coca, upper Rio
Napo, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902
Munduapo (Rio Orinoco), Nicare and La Pricion (Caura), Venezuela;
hybridization between T. pectoralis and T. xanthogaster, two species known to
occur in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. The shape of the bill and the greater
extent of the glossy black gorget point to T. pectoralis, while the blackish barring
of the sides, the suggestion of the yellow frontal spot, and the white marking
on the outer tail feather recall T. xanthogaster. Another argument in favor of the
theory just advanced is that T. pectoralis, T. rufiventris, and T. cayennensis appear
to be geographical representatives, which leaves hardly room for a second species
of the same group in southeastern Brazil.
1 Vieillot's description, based on Spnnerat's specimen from an undetermined
locality in the Paris Museum, refers without any question to the present species.
The second example mentioned by Vieillot "appprte du Bresil, qui differe du
precedant en ce qu'il a la poitrine et toutes less parties inferieures d'un roux fonce"
is clearly T. pectoralis (Latham), a South Brazilian species, and we learn indeed
from the text of "L'Euphone a ventre marron du Bresil" in Vieillot and Oudart's
"Galerie des Oiseaux," 2, Suppl., that it was obtained towards the close of the
year 1816 by the naturalist Delalande, Jr., who worked exclusively in the vicinity
of Rio de Janeiro. Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 53, note, 1902) were,
therefore, mistaken in suggesting Rio de Janeiro as type locality for T. rufiventris,
a purely Amazonian species, and we have, accordingly, substituted Iquitos, Peru,
as a more appropriate patria (cf. Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 18, note 1, 1920).
58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 113, 1908 "Oyapock, Cayenne"; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 427,
1910 "Cayenne"; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 272, 1910 Calama, Rio
Madeira; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1020, 1129,
1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914 Boa Vista,
Rio Xingu, Brazil (spec, examined).
Euphona rufiventris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 Rio Negro (above
Lamalonga, Barcellos, Marabitanas, San Carlos) and Rio Icanna, Brazil.
Tanagra rufiventris Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916
Munduapo, Orinoco; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 653, 1926
Rio Suno, Ecuador.
Tanagra rufiventris rufiventris Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 370,
1930 mouth of Rio Cherrie (Rio Roosevelt) and Monte Cristo,
Matto Grosso.
Range. Amazonia, from the Orinoco basin and southeastern
Colombia (Cuembi, Rio Putumayo) south to central-eastern Peru
(as far south as the Chanchamayo Valley, Dept. Junin) and western
Brazil (east to the Rio Negro and Rio Xingu, south to northern
Matto Grosso). 1
Tanagra rufiventris colorata Todd. 2 SOUTHERN RUFOUS-BELLIED
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra rufiventris colorata Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 169, 1913 Rio
"Turutu" [= Surutu], Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum).
1 Specimens from various localities exhibit certain peculiarities which, if
corroborated by larger series, might lead to further subdivision. Males from the
Orinoco region, Rio Negro, Rio Madeira, and Rio Xingu, when compared to a
series from eastern Ecuador and Peru, have the median under parts and the lower
tail coverts deeper orange rufous, and the sulphine yellow lateral area in females
is brighter as well as more extensive, though there is some variation in both sexes.
Birds from as far south as Chuchurras, Dept. Huanuco, seem to be inseparable
from others taken at Cuembi, Colombia, and El Loreto, Ecuador.
This is strictly an Amazonian species, and the locality "Intag" on one of
Buckley's skins in the British Museum is doubtless due to a confusion of labeling.
I must also question the location "Oyapock, Cayenne," since French Guiana is
tenanted by another nearly related species (T. cayennensis) .
Additional material examined. Colombia: Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, 2.
Ecuador: El Loreto, 3; Coca, 1; Sarayacu, 3. Peru: Rio Ucayali, 3; Chuchurras,
Dept. Huanuco, 2. Brazil: Lamalonga, Rio Negro, 1; Barcellos, Rio Negro, 7;
Rio Icanna, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 2; Boa Vista, Rio Xingu, 1 (male). Vene-
zuela: San Carlos, Rio Guainia, 1; Munduapo, Orinoco, 2; Caura Valley (Nicare,
La Pricion), 8.
2 Tanagra rufiventris colorata Todd: Similar to T. r. rufiventris, but with mark-
edly larger bill ; median under parts of males somewhat duller, mars yellow rather
than orange rufous; female brighter green above and on under parts clearer gray,
with the sulphine yellow lateral area much more restricted and the crissum paler
honey yellow. Wing, 62-64, (female) 59; tail, 38-41, (female) 32; bill, 10-11.
Although the type appears to be aberrant by reason of its unusually dark
belly, five specimens may be distinguished by the above characters from the
series of typical rufiventris.
Material examined. Peru: Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Dept. Puno, 4. Bolivia
(unspecified), 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 59
Euphonia rufiventris (not Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot) Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg.,
85, A, Heft 10, p. 18, 1920 Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Peru.
Range. Tropical zone of southeastern Peru (Carabaya) and
northern Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Dept. Santa Cruz).
"Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin. 1 CAYENNE EUPHONIA.
Tanagra cayo.no. Linnaeus, 2 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 based
primarily on "Le Tangara noir de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 29, pi. 2,
fig. 1; Cayenne (type in Reaumur Collection).
Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 based on "Le
Tangara noir de Cayenne" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 1), "Le
Tangara negre" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 297), and "Tangara, de
Cayenne" Daubenton (PI. Enl., pi. 114, fig. 3); Cayenne.
Euphona cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 671,
"1848" [= 1849] British Guiana.
Euphone cayana Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 135, 1851
Guiana (diag.).
Euphonia cayana Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 88 Cayenne and Guiana;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 278, 1856 Cayenne, British Guiana,
and lower Amazon (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862
Cayenne and River Amazon; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 570 Para, Brazil; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 Bartica Grove and
Camacusa, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 81, 1886
Cayenne, British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Demerara), and
lower Amazon; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 Para and Santo
Antonio do Prata, Para; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908 Cayenne;
Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 427, 1910 Surinam.
Euphone cajana Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 197, 1856 Guiana
and northern Brazil.
Euphona cayana Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 Barra do Rio Negro
[= Manaos] and Para, Brazil (spec, examined).
Euphonia cayennensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 357, 1906 Santo Antonio
do Prata, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 348, 1907 (range); M6ne-
gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 8, 1908 French Guiana; Ber-
lepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 321, 1908 (nomencl.); idem, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 Guianas and northern Brazil (Para,
Barra do Rio Negro); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 9, 87, 1912 Ipitinga, Rio Acara, and Para localities;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 440, 1914 Para, Providencia, Bene-
vides, Santa Isabel, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Guama (Santa Maria
1 Tanagra cayennensis is probably conspecific with T. rufiventris. While the
male is easily recognizable by its bluish black under parts, the female differs merely
by gray instead of honey yellow lower tail coverts and duller, less yellowish sides
of the body.
Additional material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 5. British Guiana:
Camacusa, 1; Bartica Grove, 1. Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 6. Brazil:
Para, 3; Bemfica, 1; Santo Antonio do Prata, 3; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 2; Manaos, 2.
2 Preoccupied by another Tanagra cayana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1,
p. 315, 1766.
60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
do Sao Miguel), and Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Brazil;
idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 Tury-assu,
Maranhao.
Tanagra cayennensis Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 99, 1916 Utinga, Para;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928 Para; Chubb, Bds.
Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 492, 1921 Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Kamakabra
Creek, Bonasika River, Anarica River, Arawai, Great Falls of Demerara,
Tiger Creek, Essequibo, Camacusa, and Bartica Grove; Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 277, 1929 Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil,
west to Manaos, south of the Amazon from Para east to northern
Maranhao (Tury-assu).
2: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 1); Brazil (Murutucu,
Para, 1).
Tanagra pectoralis (Latham). 1 CHESTNUT-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Pipra pectoralis Latham, Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. Ivii, 1801 based on "Gold-
breasted Manakin" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., Suppl., 2, Add., p. 374;
Brazil (descr. of male).
Tanagra chlorocyanea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 427,
1819 'TAmerique meridionale" (descr. of female; type in Paris Museum);
Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 355, 1855 (crit.).
Pipra frontalis Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 8, p. 286, 1822
Brazil (descr. of female; type in Upsala Museum); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903,
p. 241 (crit.).
Euphone rufiventris (not Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot) Lichtenstein, Verz.
Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 30, 1823 Bahia, Brazil (descr. of male and
female; types in Berlin Museum).
Euphone rufiventris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 447, 1830 Marica,
Rio de Janeiro.
Tanagra umbilicalis Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 460, 1831 "Bresil (Delalande)"
= Rio de Janeiro (descr. of female; type in Paris Museum).
Euphone pectoralis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 135, 1851 Brazil
(diag.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 196, 1856 Nova
Friburgo, Rio.
Euphonia pectoralis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 87 Brazil; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 279, 1856 southeastern Brazil and "Goyaz"
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 59, 1862 Brazil; Pelzeln,
Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 91, 1865 mountains near Rio de Janeiro;
1 Tanagra pectoralis (Latham) is another close ally, differing from T. cayen-
nensis in the male sex by chestnut posterior under parts, while the female may
be separated by deep tawny instead of gray lower tail coverts. It is also some-
what larger.
Two birds from Paraguay are identical with a Brazilian series.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 1; Taveira, Espirito Santo, 2;
Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 4; Praya do Sai, Rio,
3; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 5; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3. Paraguay: Sapucay, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 61
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 433 Minas
Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 80, 1886 southeastern Brazil (Nova Friburgo; Registo do Sai; "Pelo-
tas, Rio Grande do Sul"); Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird,
2, p. 42, 1892 Porto Real, Rio; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul,
16, p. 118, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul (occurrence extremely doubtful);
idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 145, 1899 Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Iguape",
Sao Sebastiao); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 Nova Friburgo and Cantagallo,
Rio; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 143, 1902 Sapucay, Para-
guay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 Sao Paulo (Alto da
Serra, Ubatuba, Itapura, Iguape) and Parana (Ourinho); Chubb, Ibis,
1910, p. 623 Sapucay, Paraguay (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910 Alto Parana, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1020, 1912 Bahia to Santa Catharina,
(?)Goyaz, and (?)Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun.
Parag., p. 62, 1914 Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni, Iguassu); idem, El Hor-
nero, 1, p. 286, 1919 Paraguay (nest descr.); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
12, (2), p. 101, 1920 Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Euphone umbilicalis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851 Brazil
(descr. of female).
Euphona pectoralis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 Rio de Janeiro
(Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio Parana).
Iliolopha pectoralis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio.
Euphonia berlepschiana Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 98, 1901
Alto Parana, Paraguay (types in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni).
Tanagra pectoralis Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 Misiones;
Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 191, 1926 Salto do
Cobre, Parana; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 319, 1928 Serra
do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo.
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Bahia to Santa Catharina, 1 and the adjacent parts of Argentina
(Misiones) and Paraguay.
3: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3).
"Tanagra gouldi gouldi (Sclater). GOULD'S EUPHONIA.
Euphonia gouldi(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 66, pi. 124, 1857
Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Gould, present location unknown); idem,
I.e., 25, p. 229, 1857 Santecomapam, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 17 Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 194 San
Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60,
1862 Choctum, Guatemala; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9,
p. 98, 1868 Costa Rica (Angostura, "Payua" [= Pacuare], and "Dota
Mountains"); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 eastern Costa
Rica (Angostura, Pacuare, Tucurriqui, "Dota Mountains"); Sumichrast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 hot region of Vera Cruz; Salvin,
1 The records from "Goyaz" and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," are extremely
questionable.
62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Ibis, 1872, p. 315 Chontales, Nicaragua; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon,
(n.s.), 25, p. 42, 1878 Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 54 San Carlos, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 263, 1883 part, Mexico to Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 81, 1886 part, spec, a-i, Guatemala (Choctum, Kam-
khal), British Honduras (Belize), Nicaragua (Chontales), and Costa Rica
(Angostura, La Valsa); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 585,
1887 Segovia River, Honduras; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
1, p. 109, 1887 Jimenez, Costa Rica; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 488, 1893
Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad.
Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899 Santo Tomas, Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 29, 1902 part, southern Mexico to Costa Rica;
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903 Ceiba, Honduras;
Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 121, 1907 Los Amates,
Guatemala; Ferry, I.e., p. 278, 1910 Guayabo, Costa Rica; Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 866, 1910 Caribbean Costa Rica (excluding
Port Limon); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021,
1912 part, southern Mexico to Costa Rica; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379,
1913 Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo.
Tanagra gouldi Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927
Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 391,
1929 Mountain Cow, British Honduras.
Tanagra gouldi gouldi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 470, 1929
Lancetilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 375, 1932
Guatemala (Finca Chama, Chimoxan, Secanquim, Finca Sepacuite);
Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932 Eden and Great
Falls of Pis Pis River, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 337, 1932 Lance-
tilla and Segovia River, Honduras.
Range. Caribbean side of southeastern Mexico (in states of
Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Quintana Roo), British Honduras, Guate-
mala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (excepting extreme
southeastern section south of Port Limon).
14: British Honduras (Twelve Mile Station, Stann Creek Rail-
road, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1; Bobos, Izabal, 1;
Escobas, Izabal, 3; unspecified, 4) ; Costa Rica (Guayabo, 1 ; Limon, 1;
Siquirres, 1); "Central America," 1.
*Tanagra gouldi praetermissa Peters. 1 CHIRIQU! LAGOON
EUPHONIA.
Tanagra gouldi praetermissa Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 470,
1929 Western River, Almirante Bay, Panama (type in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, I.e., 71, p. 340, 1931
Changuinola, Almirante, Guabo, and Crimacola, Panama.
1 Tanagra gouldi praetermissa Peters: Similar to T. g. gouldi, but much smaller,
the male with the chestnut abdominal area on average less extensive. Wing,
52-56 (against 55-60), (female) 49-53 (against 54-59) (Peters, I.e.).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 63
Euphonic gouldi (not of Sclater) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 866,
1910 part, Port Limon, Costa Rica.
Tanagra gouldi Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, p. 462,
1928 Almirante, Panama.
Range. Southeastern Costa Rica, from Port Limon southward,
and northwestern Panama (Chiriqui Lagoon, Almirante Bay).
1: Costa Rica (Limon, 1).
Tanagra imitans sp. nov. 1 TAWNY-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia gracilis (not Phonasca gracilis Cabanis) Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 186 Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Panama (descr. of male);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 259, pi. 16, fig. 3
(=male), 1883 part, Panama (Volcan de Chiriquf, Bugaba); Sclater,
1 Tanagra imitans sp. nov.
Type from El P6zo, Rio Te>raba, Costa Rica. No. 72680 Field Museum of
Natural History. Adult female. Collected December 17, 1923, by Austin P. Smith.
Characters. Similar in form, proportions, and shape of bill to T. gouldi, but
adult male with upper parts, throat, and foreneck glossy blue black, forepart of
the crown empire yellow, and remainder of under parts rich lemon chrome; female
with forehead chestnut (instead of yellow), gloss on hind crown and nape more
bluish, green of throat, chest, and sides more yellowish, and abdomen medially
decidedly paler, ochraceous tawny rather than tawny.
Description. Adult male: Forehead and crown empire yellow, the feathers
with partially exposed central triangular spots of black, the yellow area rounded
posteriorly; rest of upper parts, together with sides of head and neck, chin, throat,
and upper chest (the latter with strongly convex posterior outline) glossy blue
black; remiges and rectrices black with greenish steel blue edgings, broad on
tertials and rectrices, narrow on primaries; inner webs of remiges (except two
outer primaries) with basal half white; no white on rectrices; under parts rich lemon
chrome; axillaries and under wing coverts white, slightly tinged with yellowish;
bill black, more grayish at base of lower mandible. Wing, 56-60; tail, 30-33;
bill, 9. Adult female: Forehead (extending backward to above middle of eyes)
chestnut rufous; rest of upper parts olive green, becoming more yellowish on rump
and tail coverts, the crown, occiput, hind neck, back, and scapulars glossed with
metallic bluish green; remiges and rectrices dusky with yellowish olive green
edges, broadest on tertials, narrowest and palest on primaries; sides of head and
most of under parts rich pyrite yellow, palest on chin and anterior malar region;
an extensive zone along the middle of breast and abdomen, together with tibial
feathers and under tail coverts, ochraceous tawny; basal portion of remiges less
extensively white than in the male; axillaries and under wing coverts yellowish
white. Wing, 58-60; tail, 30-32; bill, 9.
Remarks. This very distinct Euphonia is the E. gracilis auct., but not of
Cabanis, as reexamination of this author's original examples plainly shows. In
the male sex, it presents some superficial resemblance to T. luteicapilla, but aside
i from its much heavier bill is easily distinguished by the greater extent of the
I bluish black area down the foreneck and the much more restricted yellow frontal
cap with the black basal portions of the feathers showing through. The female,
i on the other hand, approaches that of T. gouldi, with which the natural affinities
i of T. imitans appear to lie. It is by no means impossible that it may be merely
a geographical race of that bird with strongly developed sexual dimorphism.
Birds from Chiriqui (Bugaba) agree with those from the T6rraba Valley. The
' latter region is evidently the center of its distribution in Costa Rica, though there
are also two single records from San Jose and Miravalles.
Additional material examined. Panama: Bugaba, Chiriquf, 3. Costa Rica:
Boruca, 6.
64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 69, 1886 part, spec, c-f, Bugaba, Volcan
de Chiriqui, and "Veragua"; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1,
p. 109, 1887 Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 14, p. 530, 1891 Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica (descr. of female) ;
idem, Auk, 9, p. 24, 1892 San Jose, Costa Rica (one male taken Dec.
30); idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893
Boruca, Costa Rica; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901 Divala, Chiriqui;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 19, 1902 Costa Rica and
Chiriqui (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 Boruca, Paso Real,
Barranca, and Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 871, 1910 Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris, El
General de Terraba, Miravalles); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1016, 1912 Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
Range. Pacific lowlands of extreme western Panama (Bugaba
and Divala, Chiriqui) and southern Costa Rica (TeYraba Valley;
one record each from San Jose" and Miravalles).
6: Costa Rica (Boruca, 4; El Pozo de TeYraba, 1); Panama
(Chiriqui, 1).
Tanagra mesochrysa 1 mesochrysa (Salvadori). BRONZE-GREEN
EUPHONIA.
Euphonia mesochrysa Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 8, p. 193, 1873
locality unrecorded, but obviously "Bogota," Colombia (descr. of male;
type in coll. of Count Turati, now in Milan Museum); idem, Ibis, 1878,
p. 200 "Bogota" (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 82, 1886
part, spec, a-e, Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 part, Colombia ("Bogota") and eastern
Ecuador.
Tanagra mesochrysa mesochrysa Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
653, 1926 below Oyacachi, Ecuador.
Euphonia chalcopasta Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 18, 157,
Dec., 1873 "Columbia int. "= "Bogota" (descr. of male; type in coll.
of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum).
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia ("Bogota") and
eastern Ecuador (below Oyacachi).
1 Tanagra mesochrysa is easily distinguished from T. chrysopasta in the male
sex by having a broad yellow postf rental band; the lores and anterior malar region
bronze green like the auriculars, not dingy white; the chin as well as the throat
greenish, etc. It closely resembles the male of T. gouldi, but has a much smaller
bill and differs, besides, by lacking the rufous patch on the abdomen and the green
banding of the flanks, while the yellow on the forepart of the crown is duller as
well as much less extended. We have not seen any female of the nominate race,
but that of T. m. tavarae may readily be separated from T. chrysopasta by having
no grayish white on either lores or malar region (these parts being greenish like
the auriculars) and by having the throat, foreneck, and a broad zone along the
sides of the body to the under tail coverts bright greenish yellow, contrasting with
the grayish buff center of the abdomen.
Material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 13 (all males).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 65
*Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae Chapman. 1 PERUVIAN BRONZE-
GREEN EUPHONIA.
Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 9, Feb.,
1925 Rio Tavara, southeastern Peru (type in the American Museum
of Natural History, New York); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 17, p. 437, 1930 Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, Peru.
Euphonia chalcopasta (not of Sclater and Salvin) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 10 Chirimoto and Huambo, Peru (descr. of young);
idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 449, 1884 Huayabamba, Peru; idem, I.e., 3,
p. 510, 1886 (crit.).
Euphonia mesochrysa (not of Salvadori) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
82, 1886 part, spec, f, Chirimoto; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis,
13, p. 108, 1906 Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 part, Peru (Chirimoto,
Huambo, Huayabamba, Huaynapata, Rio Cadena).
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern Peru, from Jaen Province
(Dept. Cajamarca) south to Marcapata, Dept. Puno.
1: Peru (Huachipa, 1).
Tanagra chrysopasta chrysopasta (Sclater and Salvin).
GOLDEN-BELLIED EUPHONIA.
Euphonia chrysopasta Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p.
438, pi. 30, figs. 1, 2 (male, female) "in Peruvia orient, in ripis fl. Ucayali
et in ripis fl. Napo, reipubl. Aequatorialis" (type, from the lower Ucayali,
eastern Peru, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem,
I.e., 1873, p. 260 upper and lower Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p.
598 Simacu, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 448, 1884 lower
and upper Ucayali, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 82, 1886
part, spec, a-g, i-k, Peru (lower Ucayali, Sarayacu), Ecuador (Rio Napo),
and Bolivia (Simacu); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 338 La Merced and Borgona, Chanchamayo, Dept. Junln,
Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 part, Peru, Bolivia,
and Colombia ("Bogota"); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 273, 1910
Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 part, Colombia to Bolivia, and Salto do
Girao, Brazil.
1 Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae Chapman: Male very similar to T. m. mesochrysa,
but frontal band and median portion of the posterior under parts deeper yellow
(bright aniline yellow) ; throat and foreneck paler and more yellowish green. Wing,
58-62; tail, 32-34.
The above characters are pronounced in a male from Marcapata, thus topo-
typical. Four birds from northern Peru differ by having the frontal edge dark
green, the yellow postfrontal band consequently narrower, and the throat and fore-
neck darker greenish. In all of these points they resemble T. m. mesochrysa from
"Bogota," but have the center of the belly brighter as well as more extensively
yellow.
Additional material examined. Peru: Huambo, 3; Chirimoto, 2; Marcapata, 1.
66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Euphonia sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 lower
Ucayali, Peru.
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 202, 1870 part, Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (spec, examined).
Tanagra chrysopasta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 591, 1917
Buena Vista and Villa vicencio, eastern base of eastern Andes, Colombia;
idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 117, 1921 Rio Cosireni, Urubamba,
Peru; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 267,
1930 Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Tanagra chrysopasta chrysopasta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
653, 1926 Rio Suno, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 370, 1830 Rio
Roosevelt, Matto Grosso (crit.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 17, p. 437, 1930 Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, and Rio Colorado,
Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin, Peru.
Euphonia mesochrysa (not of Salvadori) Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p.
184, 1887 "Bogota" (crit.).
Range. Upper Amazonia, from the eastern base of the eastern
Andes of Colombia through eastern Ecuador and Peru south to
eastern Bolivia and the adjacent parts of western Brazil (Salto do
Girao, Rio Madeira, and Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso). 1
3: Peru (Huachipa, 1; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, 2).
Tanagra chrysopasta nitida Penard. 2 LESSER GOLDEN-BELLIED
TANAGER.
1 Specimens from "Bogota," Peru, and Bolivia agree in coloration as well as
in dimensions. A single female example from the upper Rio Madeira, on the con-
fines of Matto Grosso, cannot be separated either. Males from Upper Amazonia
("Bogota" to Bolivia) measure on the wing from 59 to 63, while the tail varies from
36 to 40 mm. In females, the respective measurements are 56-59 and 33-38. The
figure of the female in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. for 1869 is incorrectly colored.
All specimens seen by us have the lores and anterior malar region grayish white,
the loral spot being bordered above by a narrow dusky line.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 16. Peru: Rio Ucayali,
1; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 3; Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, 1. Bolivia: San Mateo,
1; Buena Vista, 2. Brazil: Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira, 1.
2 Tanagra chrysopasta nitida Penard: Similar to T. c. chrysopasta, but smaller;
the occipital area, particularly in the male sex, decidedly plumbeous and strongly
contrasted with color of forehead and back; under parts of males on average
brighter yellow with less olivaceous clouding. Wing, 53-55, (female) 52-54;
tail, 31-34.
I find considerable variation in the amount of greenish suffusion underneath,
and some individuals are not distinguishable on this score from the nominate race.
Birds from Manaos are unquestionably the same as a single male from Surinam.
Venezuelan specimens are slightly larger (wing, 56-58; tail, 34-36), but by color
characters seem to be nearer nitida.
Measurements are apparently somewhat variable, and as some of those given
by Mrs. Naumburg for Peruvian and Matto Grosso examples are hardly larger
than the dimensions of T. c. nitida, more material should be examined to sub-
stantiate the claims of this form.
Material examined. Surinam (unspecified), 1. Brazil: Manaos, 6. Vene-
zuela: Caura Valley, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 67
Tanagra chrysopasta nitida Penard, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p.
63, June, 1923 Lelydorp, Surinam (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 202, 1870 part, Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], Brazil (spec,
examined).
Euphonia chrysopasta (not of Sclater and Salvin) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 82, 1886 part, spec, h, "Rio Negro" = Manaos; Berlepsch
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902 Maipures and Munduapo (Orinoco
River), Suapure and La Pricion (Caura Valley), Venezuela; Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 part, Rio Negro and Venezuela (Orinoco);
Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 428, 1910 Surinam (occurrence probable);
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 part,
. Venezuela (Caura, Maipures, Munduapo, Suapur6, La Prici6n) and
Manaos, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 441, 1914 Rio Jary
(Santo Antonio da Cachoeira).
Tanagra chrysopasta Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 171, 1916
above the falls of the Orinoco, Venezuela.
Range. Dutch Guiana, probably also French and British Guiana;
northern Brazil (Rio Jary and Manaos, north bank of the Amazon) ;
southern Venezuela (Orinoco basin and its tributaries).
"Tanagra plumbea (Du Bus). PLUMBEOUS EUPHONIA.
Euphonia plumbea Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts Bel-
gique, 22, (1), p. 156, 1855 "la Nouvelle Grenade," errore (descr. of
male^-type in Brussels Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 280, 1856 Rio Negro (descr. of male and female); Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 208 Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, and Roraima, British
Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 83, 1886 same localities;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 (range); Penard, Vog. Guyana,
2, p. 429, 1910 British Guiana; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1021, 1912 British Guiana and Rio Negro; Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 441, 1914 (range).
Euphona plumbea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 Barra do Rio Negro
[ = Manaos] and Marabitanas, Rio Negro (spec, examined).
Tanagra plumbea Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 500, 1921 lower Mazaruni
River, Kamakabra Creek, Great Falls of Demerara, Roraima, Merume"
Mountains, and Bartica.
Range. British Guiana and northern Brazil (Manaos; Marabi-
tanas, Rio Negro). 1
2: British Guiana (Demerara River, 2).
1 This peculiar species is still very rare in collections. Birds from the Rio
Negro appear to agree with others from British Guiana.
Material examined. British Guiana: Roraima (alt. 3,500 ft.), 4; River Cara-
mang, 3. Brazil: Manaos, 3; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 2.
68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra chalybea Mikan. 1 GREEN-THROATED EUPHONIA.
Tanagra chalybea Mikan, Del. Faun. Flor. Bras., livr. 4, pi. [21], figs. 1, 2,
1825 Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil (types in Vienna Museum examined);
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 Paraguay and Misiones
(Santa Ana).
Euphonia aenea Sundevall, Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. for 1833, p. 309, pi. 11,
fig. 4 (= adult male), 1834 Brazil (type in Stockholm Museum; cf.
Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 14, 1926); Bonaparte, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 Brazil (diag.).
Tanagra (Euphonia) pardalotes Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., llth annee, 2nd
sem., No. 2, col. 31, July 7, 1844 locality unknown (type in coll. of Dr.
Abeille, Bordeaux; descr. of male).
Euphonia chalybea Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 71 Brazil; Sclater,
I.e., 1851, p. 85 Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 276, 1856
Rio Grande do Sul (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 58, 1862
Brazil; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118, 1885 Taquara
and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 354, 1912 Paso Yuvay, Paraguay.
Euphone chalybaea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1856
Sao Paulo, "southern Minas" [Geraes], and Santa Catharina.
Euphona chalybea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 204, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema,
Sao Paulo, Rio Parana); idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 Nova
Friburgo, Rio.
Hypophaea chalybea Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 91, 1861 (crit.); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 84, 1886 Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo) to
Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118,
1899 Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p.
146, 1899 Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 Nova Friburgo,
Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 349, 1907 Sao Paulo (Ypiranga,
Iguap6) and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910 Alto Parana, Paraguay;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1022, 1912 Brazil
(from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul) and Paraguay; Bertoni,
Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 98, 1913 Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag.,
p. 62, 1914 Alto Parana, Paraguay.
Euphonia egusquizae Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 99, Jan.,
1901 Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni). 2
Euphonia (Ipophaea) chalybea Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 286, 1919 Para-
guay (crit.).
Hypophaea chalybea caerulescens Sztolcman, Anal. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 5, p. 191, 1926 Candido de Abreu, Parana, Brazil (type in Warsaw
Museum).
1 1 agree with Mr. Ridgway that there is no reason for separating this species
generically (Hypophaea Cabanis).
2 Birds from Rio Grande do Sul do not differ in any way from a series from
Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Both the shade of the metallic gloss of the upper
parts and the suggestion of a white spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 69
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil (from Rio de
Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul) and adjacent districts of Paraguay
and Argentina (Misiones).
3: Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 1; Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 2).
Genus PYRRHUPHONIA Bonaparte
Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 423, 1850
type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855), Frin-
gilla Jamaica Linnaeus.
*Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica (Linnaeus). JAMAICAN EUPHONIA.
Fringilla Jamaica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 323, 1766 based on
"Passer coeruleo-fuscus" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 311, pi. 257, fig. 3;
Jamaica.
Fringilla jamaicana Schreber, in Linnaeus, Amoen. Acad., 3rd ed., 1, p. 489,
1785 based on "Passer coeruleo-fuscus" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p.
311, pi. 257, fig. 3; Jamaica.
Euphonia cinerea Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 277, 1846 "Colombie,"
errore (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 399, 1930); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 91 (ex Lafresnaye).
Euphonia Jamaica Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 238, 1847 Jamaica (habits);
idem, Illust. Bds. Jam., pi. 59, 1849; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1861, p. 73 Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60, 1862 Jamaica;
March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 296 Jamaica (nest and
eggs); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 194, 1886 Jamaica (monog.); idem, Bds. W.
Ind., p. 81, 1889 Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 180, 1893 Jamaica (Stony
Hill, Constant Springs, Priestman's River); Field, Auk, 11, p. 127,
1894 Port Henderson, Jamaica (nest).
Euphonia jamaicae Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 91 Jamaica.
Euphonia jamaicensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 280, 1856
Jamaica (monog.).
Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851
Jamaica (diag.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 85, 1886 Jamaica
(Moneague, Metcalfe Parish, St. Ann's); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp.
16, 113, 130, 1892 Jamaica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part
2, p. 31, 1902 Jamaica (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1022, 1912 Jamaica; Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928
Jamaica (Kingston, Lumsden, Jackson Town).
Pyrrhuphonia cinerea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 137, 1851
"Columbia" (ex Lafresnaye).
characters that gave rise to the separation of caerulescens Sztolcman and egus-
quizae Bertoni are purely individual features and not connected with partic-
ular areas.
Additional material examined. Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 1; Nova Friburgo,
1. Sao Paulo: Ypanema, 6 (including the types); Sao Paulo, 1; Rio Parana, 1.
Santa Catharina: Blumenau, 1. Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara, 3.
70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
22: Jamaica.
Genus TANAGRELLA Swainson
Tanagrella Swainson, 1 Anim. Menag., p. 313, Dec. 31, 1837 type, by mono-
typy, Tanagrella multicolor Swainson Tanagra cyanomelas Wied.
Hypothlypis Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 316, 1847 new name for
Tanagrella Swainson.
*Tanagrella velia velia (Linnaeus). GUIANAN TANAGRELLA.
Motacilla velia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 188, 1758 based on
"The Red-bellied Blue Bird" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 22, pi.
22 ; 2 Surinam.
Tanagra varia (not of P. L. S. Miiller, 1776) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool.,
14, (1), p. 7, 1826 based on Motacilla velia Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang.,
pi. 2, 1805; Cayenne and Surinam.
Hypothlypis iridina (not Tanagra iridina Hartlaub) Cabanis, in Schomburgk,
Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 667, "1848" [= 1849] Roraima, British Guiana.
Tanagrella velia iridina Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1022, 1129, 1912 part, Roraima (crit.).
Tanagrella velia Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 97 Cayenne and Demerara
(diag.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 267, 1856 Cayenne and
British Guiana (descr.); Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32,
1857 Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60, 1862 Cayenne,
British Guiana, and "Rio Negro" (errore); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209
Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa, and Roraima; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 87, 1886 Cayenne and British Guiana;
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908 Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1022, 1129, 1912 Cayenne and British Guiana
(Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa, Caramang River)
(crit.); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 502, 1921 British Guiana (Itu-
ribisci, Supenaam, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika, Arawai, Great
Falls of Demerara, Roraima, Merume" Mountains, and Caramang River).
Tanagrella velia velia Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 87,
1918 Lelydorp, Surinam.
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana. 3
1: French Guiana (Saint Jean du Maroni, 1).
1 Tanagrella Swainson (Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 286, June, 1837) seems
hardly more than a nomen nudum. The only species mentioned, T. multicolor,
was undescribed at the time, while the characters of the genus, placed as it is
between Euphonia and Pipilo, "Bill very slender, compressed, and much length-
ened; the lateral toes equal," are practically worthless for its identification.
2 The figure is rather unsatisfactory. Edwards did not himself see the bird,
but made the drawing from a colored sketch supplied by the Duke of Richmond.
3 Birds from the lowlands of British Guiana ("Demerara" preparation) appear
to be inseparable in coloration from two (unsexed) Cayenne skins, but average
slightly larger. Specimens from Roraima are still a little larger and fully as long-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 71
Tanagrella velia iridina (Hartlaub). 1 AMAZONIAN TANAGRELLA.
Tanagra iridina Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 4, p. 305, 1841 "Prov. Mogobamba,
Peru" = Moyobamba, Dept. San Martin, Peru (type in Bremen Museum).
Tanagrella elegantissima J. and E. Verreaux, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 195,
1853 "le Perou" (location of type not stated); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 267, 1856 "Bogota,"
Rio Xi (Brazil) and "Porto Cabello," errore (monog.).
Tanagrella iridina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 264, 1857 Rio
Javarri; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60, 1862 "New Granada";
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 Rio Xie, Brazil (spec, examined);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 261 Rio Javarri;
Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 453, 1884 Moyobamba and Rio Javarri;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 88, 1886 Peru (Iquitos, Ucayali,
Rio Javarri), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Colombia ("Bogota"), and "Oyapock,
Cayenne" (errore); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902
Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 113, 1908
"Oyapock, Cayenne" (errore); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 90, 1911 eastern Ecuador; Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 442, 1914 (range); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916 La Union, Caura, Venezuela; Berlioz, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 Canelos, Ecuador.
Tanagrella velia iridina Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350,
1907 (range); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1022,
1129, 1912 range, excl. Roraima (crit.); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85,
A, Heft 10, p. 19, 1920 Yahuarmayo, Dept. Puno, Peru (crit.); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 653, 1926 Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador.
Hypothlypis velia (not Motacilla velia Linnaeus) Heine and Reichenow,
Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 16, 1890 "Porto Cabello," Venezuela (errore).
winged as certain individuals of T. v. iridina, and the humeral area as well as the
edges to the flight-quills in adult males are intermediate between the greenish blue
of velia and the violet blue of iridina, being of a pure prussian blue. As females,
however, do not differ in that respect from Cayenne skins of the same sex, I hesi-
tate to follow Count Berlepsch in referring Roraima birds to iridina, and prefer to
keep the inhabitants of the whole of British Guiana under velia. Nevertheless,
the study of a fuller series from French and Dutch Guiana might lead to somewhat
different conclusions. Care must be taken in comparing only specimens of the
same sex, as there is considerable variation between males and females in the shade
of the blue areas of the plumage. Wing of adult males: Cayenne, 70, 72; Demerara,
73, 75; Roraima, 77, 79.
Additional material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. British Guiana:
Demerara, 3; River Caramang, 1; Roraima, 4.
1 Tanagrella velia iridina (Hartlaub): Similar to T. v. velia, but front and sides
of the head and neck, humeral area, and margins to wing and tail feathers in adult
males decidedly purplish blue.
Birds from southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo) are larger than a series from
the Rio Xie, Colombia, and Ecuador, but are closely approached in size by two
from Venezuela (Caura Valley). In coloration, I am unable to perceive any con-
stant difference between specimens from various parts of the range.
Additional specimens examined. Venezuela: Suapur6, Caura Valley, 2.
Brazil: Rio Xie (Rio Negro), 5. Colombia: "Bogota," 3; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo,
1- Ecuador: Sarayacu, 3. Peru: Yahuarmayo, 4.
72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Amazonia, from southern Venezuela (Caura Valley) and
northwestern Brazil (Rio Xie", tributary of the Rio Negro) west to
the eastern foot of the eastern Andes in Colombia and Ecuador,
and south through eastern Peru to the Bolivian boundary. 1
*Tanagrella velia signata Hellmayr. 2 PARA TANAGRELLA.
Tanagrella velia signata Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 15, p. 90, 1905
Par& (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907 Par4;
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2,
pp. 9, 87, 1912 Para; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 442, 1914
Para, Providencia, Peixe-Boi, and Marajo (Rio Macujubim); Beebe,
Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 100, 1916 Utinga, Para; Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928 Para.
Tanagrella signata Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023,
1912 Para, Providencia, Rio Macujubim.
Tanagrella velia (not Motacilla velia Linnaeus) Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379
Pard (spec, examined); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 Para.
Range. Northeastern Brazil, in State of Para (Para, Souza,
Utinga, Providencia, Peixe-Boi; Rio Macujubim, Marajo Island).
3: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 3).
Tanagrella velia cyanomelaena (Wied). 3 EAST BRAZILIAN
TANAGRELLA.
Tanagra cyanomelas Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 453, 1830 Rio
Ilhe'os, Bahia, Brazil (type lost, formerly in Wied Collection; cf. Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 218, 1889).
1 The specimen from "Puerto Cabello" in the Heine Collection is no doubt
incorrectly labeled, while that from "Oyapock, Cayenne" formed part of a lot
containing various species peculiar to the Rio Negro and the upper stretches of
the Orinoco and certainly never came from French Guiana, where another race
is found.
2 Tanagrella velia signata Hellmayr: Similar to T. v. iridina in decidedly pur-
plish blue coloration of front and sides of the head and margins to wing and tail
feathers, but smaller and with a silvery greenish spot on the forepart of the crown.
Wing, 70-72; tail, 49^-51^-
Additional material examined. Brazil: Para, 5; Providencia, 1.
3 Tanagrella velia cyanomelaena (Wied), though readily distinguished from the
preceding forms by the pale bluish gray coloration of the breast and sides, is, never-
theless, connected with T. v. velia and T. v. iridina by the intervening T. v. signata,
which resembles it in possessing an ochreous or silvery greenish spot behind the
blue forehead. I have, therefore, no hesitation in referring it to the same specific
group.
Its range appears to be restricted to the wooded coast region from Rio de
Janeiro to Pernambuco. The locality "Rio Claro, Goyaz" is without question
erroneous. The specimen so labeled in the British Museum looks like an ordinary
Bahia trade-skin.
Additional specimens examined. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (trade-skin), 1; Bahia,
15; Sao Lourenco, Pernambuco, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 73
Tanagrella multicolor Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 313, Dec. 31, 1837 forests
of "drupe, near Bahia, Brazil (type in Swainson Collection, now in Uni-
versity Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Tanagrella cyanomelas Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 236, 1850
Brazil; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 97 Brazil (diag.); idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 268, 1856 southeastern Brazil (crit.); Bur-
meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 178, 1856 coast region of Brazil
between Cabo Frio and Bahia; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 60,
1862 Bahia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205 (note 2), 1870 Bahia.
Tanagrella cyanomelaena Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 88, 1886
Pernambuco, Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz" (errore), Brazil; Ihering
and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907 Bahia and Espirito
Santo; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023, 1912
Pernambuco, Ilheos, Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz" (errore); Lima,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920 Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia.
Range. Wooded coast region of eastern Brazil from Rio de
Janeiro to Pernambuco.
Tanagrella callophrys (Cabanis). BLUE-BELLIED TANAGRELLA.
Hypothlypis callophrys Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
p. 668 (note), "1848" [ = 1849] "Brazil" (type probably in Berlin
Museum).
Tanagrella callophrys Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 130, 1851 Rio
Napo, Ecuador (diag.); idem, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 77,
1851 Rio Napo; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 28, p. 19, 1878
Rio Napo; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 510, 1886 Iquitos, Peru;
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 9, 1908 Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus, Brazil;
idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 442, 1914 same locality; Hellmayr, Arch.
Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 18, 1920 Yahuarmayo, Dept. Puno,
Peru (crit.).
Tanagrella calophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 98, pi. 74 Rio Negro,
Brazil, and Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 268,
1856 Quixos, Ecuador, and Rio Ucayali, Peru; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 61, 1862 Rio Napo and Rio Negro; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot.
Ges., 24, p. 173, 1874 eastern Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 89, 1886 Ecuador (Sarayacu) and Peru (Iquitos, Rio Ucayali);
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 459 mouth of the Coca, upper Napo, Ecuador;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907 (range); M6ngaux, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 110, 1908 Rio Napo; idem, Bull. Soc. Philom.
Paris, (9), 10, p. 93, 1908 Rio Napo; idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 91, 1911 Rio Napo; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023, 1912 (range); Berlioz, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 Canelos, Ecuador; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 653, 1926 Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Range. Tropical zone of Upper Amazonia from eastern Ecuador
and the adjoining parts of Brazil (Rio Negro; Rio SolimSes; Rio
74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Purus) through the lowlands of eastern Peru to the Bolivian
boundary. 1
Genus CHLOROCHRYSA Bonaparte
Chlorochrysa Bonaparte, 2 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 76, "Jan.,"
1851 type, by subs, desig. (Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129,
1851), Tanagra [=Callospiza] calliparaea Tschudi (ex Lichtenstein MS.).
Calliparaea Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129, 1851 substitute
name for Chlorochrysa Bonaparte.
*Chlorochrysa phoenicotis (Bonaparte). GREEN CHLOROCHRYSA.
Calliste phoenicotis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 76,
"Jan.," ,1851 Ecuador =Nanegal (type in Paris Museum); idem, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129, 1851 Ecuador.
Chlorochrysa phoenicotis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 100, pi. 72, fig. 2
Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 266, 1856
Nanegal; idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1860 Nanegal; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 61, 1862 Nanegal; idem, Ibis, 1875, p. 466 Nanegal (monog.);
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 90, 1886 western Ecuador (Nanegal,
"Quito," "Napo" and "Sarayacu," errore) and Colombia ("Pasto");
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899
Gualea; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 460 above Nanegal; Menegaux,
Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 91, 1911
Gualea and Pacto, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1024, 1912 Ecuador ("Quito," Nanegal, Gualea, Santo
Domingo, "Sarayacu," "Rio Napo") and Colombia ("Pasto"); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 592, 1917 Novita Trail, Cerro Munchique,
and Gallera, western Andes of Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark.
Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 83, 1922 Nanegal; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 654, 1926 Gualea.
Chlorochrysa sodiroi Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 28, p. 19, 1878
Ecuador (type in Vienna Museum examined;=juv.).
Chlorochrysa nitidissima (not of Sclater) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
p. 71, 1889 "Rio Napo" (errore).
Range. Subtropical zone of the western Andes of Colombia and
western Ecuador. 3
2: Ecuador (Rio Saloya, 1; unspecified, 1).
1 Material examined. Ecuador: Rio Pastaza, 2; Sarayacu, 2; Rio Napo, 1.
Brazil: Santa Rita, Rio Solimoes, 1. Peru: Iquitos, 6; Yahuarmayo, Dept.
Puno, 3.
2 Chlorochrysa Bonaparte appears to have slight priority over the same author's
name Calliparaea published in the March number of the "Revue et Magasin de
Zoologie," which was probably issued several months after its ostensible date.
3 Two birds from Gallera, Colombia, seem to agree with others from Ecuador.
The localities "Rio Napo" and "Sarayacu" attached to certain specimens of
Buckley's are obviously erroneous.
C. sodiroi was based upon juvenile plumage, as examination of the type shows.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Gallera, 2. Western Ecuador:
Gualea, 4; Pacto, 1; Nanegal, 2; unspecified, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 75
"Chlorochrysa calliparaea bourcieri (Bonaparte). 1 BOURCIER'S
CHLOROCHRYSA.
Calliste bourcieri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 76, "Jan.,'*
1851 Ecuador (type in Paris Museum).
"Call" bourcieri Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 129, "March," 1851
type stated to be from "des bois de Bagnos, pres du Tonguragua"=
Banos, eastern Ecuador.
Chlorochrysa calliparaea (not Callospiza calliparaea Tschudi) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., July, 1851, p. 99, pi. 73, fig. 1 part, Anolaima, Colombia; idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 266,
1856 part, descr. et hab. Banos (Ecuador) and Anolaima (Colombia);
idem, I.e., 26, p. 74, 1858 Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 61, 1862 Anolaima, Colombia.
Chlorochrysa calliparia Sclater, Ibis, 1875, p. 465 part, Ecuador and Colombia
(descr.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 90, 1886 part, Ecuador
(Sarayacu, Rio Napo, "Quito," errore) and Colombia (Bogota).
Chlorochrysa bourcieri Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 77 Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador (crit.); Goodfellow, Ibis,
1901, p. 459 Baeza, Ecuador; M6n6gaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arme
Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 91, 1911 eastern Ecuador (crit.).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea bourcieri Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1023, 1912 Colombia (Bogota, Anolaima) and eastern Ecuador
(Banos, Mapoto, Machay, Sarayacu, Rio Napo, Baeza); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 591, 1917 near San Agustin and La
Candela, Magdalena Valley, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 654, 1926 eastern
Ecuador (Zamora, Sabanilla, Macas region, below San Jos6, lower Sumaco,
Baeza) and northwestern Peru (Chaupe).
Tanagrella dubusi Dubois, Arch. Cosmol., 1, No. 4, p. 118, pi. 7, 1867
Ecuador (type in coll. of C. F. Dubois, present location unknown);
Newton, Ibis, 1868, p. 112 (crit.).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea calliparaea (not Callospiza calliparaea Tschudi)
Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 438, 1930 Huachipa,
Peru (crit.).
1 Chlorochrysa calliparaea bourcieri (Bonaparte) : Similar to C. c. calliparaea,
and resembling it in the black throat, but lacks the well-defined violet blue area
underneath, the lower parts being shining grass green like the back and merely
tinged with bluish (beryl green to cendre blue) in the middle and less so on the
under tail coverts; forehead and sides of the head more greenish blue. Size about
the same.
Two "Bogota" skins agree with others from Ecuador, and I am not able to
satisfactorily separate two adult males from Peru. One has the median portion
of the under parts, I admit, more deeply bluish (nearly oxide blue, when held
against the light), but the other example hardly differs from Ecuadorian speci-
mens. They are, however, quite distinct from calliparaea, of the Junfn district.
Material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 2. Ecuador: El Topo, Rio Pastaza,
1; Alpayacu, Rio Pastaza, 1; Machay, 4; Rio Napo, 3; San JosS, 1; "Ambato,"
1; unspecified, 3. Peru: Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, 3.
76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia (Magdalena
Valley), eastern Ecuador, and northern Peru (Chaupe, east of
Huancabamba, Prov. Jaen; Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco).
3: Peru (Huachipa, 3).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea calliparaea (Tschudi). 1 PERUVIAN
CHLOROCHRYSA.
Callospiza calliparaea (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1),
p. 286, 1844 Peru (the type examined in the Berlin Museum, No. 5655,
was obtained by B. Philippi in the "Chinchon forests" of Dept. Junin);
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 202, 1846 Peru.
Calliste calliparaea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 Peru
(ex Tschudi).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea Sclater, Contrib. Orn., July, 1851, p. 99 part,
Peru; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 266, 1856 part, eastern Peru
(ex Tschudi); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 515- Amable Maria and Puma-
marca; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 452, 1884 same localities; Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 Garita del Sol, Vitoc,
Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1023, 1912
Peru (Chinchon forests, Amable Maria, Pumamarca, Garita del Sol,
"Chanchamayo").
Chlorochrysa calliparia Sclater, Ibis, 1875, p. 465 part, Peru (Amable Maria,
Pumamarca); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 90, 1886 part, Peru.
Chlorochrysa calliparaea caeruleipectus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
82, p. 375, Dec., 1930 Enenas, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia).
Range. Subtropical zone of central Peru, in Dept. of Junin
(Amable Maria, Pumamarca, Enenas, Garita del Sol).
Chlorochrysa calliparaea fulgentissima Chapman. 2 HEDWIG'S
CHLOROCHRYSA.
1 Chlorochrysa calliparaea calliparaea (Tschudi), in the coloration of the under
parts, is exactly intermediate between C. c. bourcieri and C. c. fulgentissima, the
throat being black as in the former, while the median portion of the breast and the
abdominal line are brilliant violet blue strongly contrasted with the grass green of
the sides and under tail coverts, exactly as in fulgentissima. Size and color of the
orange spots on the anterior crown and sides of the neck as well as the bright orange
uropygial patch are the same as in bourcieri.
Examination of Tschudi's type shows C. c. caeruleipectus to be an absolute ;
synonym of calliparaea, the Huachipa specimens used by Mr. Carriker for com-;
parison being C. c. bourcieri.
Material examined. Peru: Chinchon forests of Junin, 1 (type of C. calli-\
paraea); Garita del Sol, 1; Amable Maria, 1.
2 Chlorochrysa calliparaea fulgentissima Chapman: Similar on the under parts
to C. c. calliparaea, but throat violet blue like the median pectoral area instead ol
black; spot on the anterior crown much smaller and paler, nearly straw yellow
uropygial patch deeper, more reddish orange; spot on sides of neck much smaller,
deeper in color, reddish orange to coral red, and composed of lengthened, rather rigic
feathers. Wing, 70-73, (female) 67-69; tail, 42-46, (female) 39-43; bill, 12-13
Material examined. Peru: Huaynapata, 5; Marcapata, 6.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 77
Chlorochrysa fulgentissima Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 14, p. 225,
Sept. 7, 1901 Inca Mine [ = Santo Domingo], southeastern Peru (type
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Berlepsch,
Ibis, 1903, p. 135 (crit.).
Chlorochrysa hedwigae Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (8), 1, p. 716, pi. 15,
Oct., 1901 Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum;
cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6,
p. 181, 1927); idem, Ornis, 13, p. 108, 1906 Huaynapata; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1024, 1912 southeastern Peru.
Range. Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru, in Dept. of Puno
(Huaynapata, Marcapata; Santo Domingo).
*Chlorochrysa nitidissima Sclater. SALMON'S CHLOROCHRYSA.
Chlorochrysa nitidissima Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 728
State of Antioquia, Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); idem, Ibis, 1875, p. 466, pi. 10 Antioquia; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 498 Jerico, Colombia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 91, 1886 Jerico, Antioquia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1024, 1912 Antioquia and "Bogota";
Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1101 Siato, Rio Siato, and
Pueblo Rico, Colombia (descr. of young); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 592, 1917 Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Gallera, and Salento,
Colombia.
Range. Subtropical zone of the western and central and probably
also of the eastern Andes of Colombia. 1
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Genus PIPRAEIDEA Swainson
Pipraeidea Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 173, 1827 type, by monotypy,
Pipraeidea cyanea Swainson =T<ma0ra melanonota Vieillot.
Pipridea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 265, 1856 (emendation).
*Pipraeidea melanonota melanonota (Vieillot). DARK-BACKED
TANAGER.
Tanagra melanonota Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 407,
1819 Brazil, coll. Delalande, Jr., = Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum).
Tanagra vittata Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 8, pi. 48, March, 1821
Brazil (type probably in Leiden Museum).
Tanagra melanotha Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., livr. 91, p. 773, 1822
emendation of T. melanonota Vieillot.
1 Though definitely recorded only from the western and central Andes, this
isolated species probably also occurs in the eastern Andes, as it is occasionally
met with in native "Bogota" collections.
Additional material examined. Western Andes: Riolima, 2; Siato, 1; Pueblo
Rico, 1; Antioquia, 1. "Bogota," 2.
78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Pipraeidea cyanea Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 174, 1827 Brazil (type in coll.
of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Aglaia vittata Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 98, 1841 Maldonado,
Uruguay.
Procnopis melanota Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 80,
1851 Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 190, 1856
Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Calliste melanonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., July, 1851, p. 60 (monog.).
Pipridea melanonota Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 265, 1856 Brazil,
Uruguay, and Paraguay (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 Rio
de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Cimeterio), and Parana (Curytiba); Ca-
banis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Ber-
lepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118, 1885 Taquara, Rio Grande
do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 92, 1886 part, spec, a-i,
Bahia, "Rio Claro, Goyaz," and Pelotas, Brazil; Boucard and Berlepsch,
The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892 Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro; Salvadori,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 4, 1895 San Pablo, Tucuman;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 118, 1899 Mundo Novo;
idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 146, 1899 Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iporanga);
idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; Chubb,
Ibis, 1910, p. 624 Sapucay, Paraguay; Me"negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn.,
11, p. 7, 1919 Villa Lutetia, Misiones; [Anonymous], El Hornero, 3,
p. 427, 1926 Moreno, Prov. Buenos Aires.
Pipraeidea melanonota Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 351, 1891
Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 350, 1907
Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Campos de Jordao, ItararS, Sao Jose do Rio Pardo,
Iporanga) and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 374, 1910 part, Buenos Aires (Barracas
al Sud); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1024, 1912
Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul and "Goyaz"; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend.
Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 486, 499, 1912 Vera Guarany, Parana;
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 361, 1914 Barracas (Buenos Aires)
and Santa Ana (Misiones); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 Alto
Parana; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920 Uruguay (Canelones,
Florida); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 192, 1926
Parana (Rio Claro, Fazenda Firmiano); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 27,
1927 Moreno (F.C.O.), Argentina.
Pepraeidea [sic] melanonota Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
13, p. 186, 1905 Morro dos Carneiros and Retire do Ramos, Itatiaya.
Pipridaea melanonota melanonota Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320,
1928 Itatiaya; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 371, 1930 Matto Grosso (range).
Pipridea melanonota melanonota Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 170,
1909 Barracas al Sud, Prov. Buenos Aires.
Pipraceidea [sic] melanonota Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
24, p. 254, 1923 Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya.
Pipraeidia melanonota Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 656,
1924 Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 79
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil from Bahia to
Rio Grande do Sul, west to Matto Grosso; Uruguay; Paraguay;
northeastern Argentina (Misiones; Barracas al Sud and Moreno,
Buenos Aires). 1
12: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Joinville, Santa
Catharina, 5; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay
(Carayeni, 1); Argentina, Misiones (Caraguatay, 2; Eldorado, 2).
*Pipraeidea melanonota venezuelensis (Sclater). 2 WESTERN
DARK-BACKED TANAGER.
Pipridea venezuelensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 265,
pub. Jan. 26, 1857 Caracas, Venezuela (type in Paris Museum); idem,
I.e., 28, p. 65, 1860 Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 61, 1862 Nanegal, Ecuador, and Caracas, Venezuela; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780 Merida, Venezuela; Wyatt,
Ibis, 1871, p. 325 Canuto, Colombia.
Pipridea melanonota (not Tanagra melanonota Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 226 Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e.,
1879, p. 598 Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882,
p. 10 Huambo, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 92, 1886
part, spec, j-g, Bolivia (Tilotilo), Venezuela (Caracas), Ecuador (Intag,
Nanegal, "Quito"); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 37, 1888
Tucuman; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902 Tucuman
(Tafi Viejo, Yerba-buena, San Pablo); idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc.,
3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 same localities; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat., 18, p. 374, 1910 part, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis,
13, pp. 78, 109, 1906 Idma (Urubamba), Iscaybamba and Huayna-
pata (Marcapata), Peru.
Pipridea melanota Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 215, 1904 Santa Ana, Tucuman.
Pipridea melanonota venezuelensis Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 289 Cayandeled, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per.,
1 The few Argentine specimens that I have seen are extremely typical of
the present form, and compare well with others from Brazil.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 3; Rio de Janeiro, 8; Sao Paulo,
Ypanema, 5; Fazenda Cayoa, Rio Paranapanema, 2; Parana, Curytiba, 2; Ro?a
Nova, Serra do Mar, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1. Argentina: Barracas al
Sud, Prov. Buenos Aires, 1.
2 Pipraeidea melanonota venezuelensis (Sclater) differs from the typical race
by decidedly paler, buffy rather than deep ochraceous under parts and darker,
more blackish blue interscapular region. I cannot, however, corroborate either
the smaller bill or the shorter tail. Birds from Peru (Huaynapata), Bolivia, and
Argentina average very slightly larger than those from more northern localities.
Additional material examined. Venezuela: mountains inland of Cuman&, 1;
Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 1 ; Las Quiguas, San Esteban Valley, Carabobo, 2 ; Sierra
of Merida (Merida, Valle, Escorial, Culata), 28. Colombia: "Bogota," 3.
Ecuador: Ibarra, 1; west side of Pichincha, 1; Papallacta, 2; "Ambato," 1. Peru:
Idma, Urubamba, 1. Bolivia: San Mateo, Cochabamba, 4. Argentina: San
Francisco, Jujuy, 1; Villa Nougues, San Pablo, Tucuman, 4; Tafi Viejo, 4; Cerro
de Tucuman, 1.
80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
2, p. 450, 1884 Peru (Tambillo, Cutervo to Socota, Huambo); Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898 Ibarra, Ecuador; Hartert and Venturi,
I.e., 16, p. 170, 1909 Cerro de Tucuman and Tucuman; Chubb, Ibis,
1910, p. 624 (in text) Ecuador (crit.); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geog.
Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 92, 1911 Gualea, Ecuador.
Pipridea melanota venezuelensis Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 460 Pichincha
and Papallacta, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 592,
1917 Colombia (Rio Lima, Popayan, Aguadita, Tenasuca).
Pipraeidea melanota venezuelensis Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117,
p. 117, 1921 San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru.
Pipraeidea melanonota venezuelensis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1024, 1912 Venezuela to Bolivia and Tucuman (excl. Para-
guay); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 175, 1924 Galipan,
Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 654, 1926 Zamora, Ecuador.
Range. Subtropical zone of Venezuela (north coast mountains
from Sucre to MeYida), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and
northwestern Argentina (Jujuy to Tucuman).
8: Colombia ("Bogota," 3); Venezuela (Escorial, 1; Montanas
Sierra, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 2; Villa Nougues,
San Pablo, Tucuman, 1).
Genus PSEUDODACNIS Sclater 1
Pseudodacnis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 138, 1886 type, by mono-
typy, Dacnis hartlaubi Sclater.
Pseudodacnis hartlaubi (Sclater). HARTLAUB'S PSEUDODACNIS.
Dacnis hartlaubi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 251, pub.
April, 1855 "Nova Grenada" (type in Bremen Museum).
1 The systematic position of this peculiar genus is doubtful and cannot be
determined until its anatomy has been studied. Although originally described as
a Dacnis, it was afterwards referred to the tanagers by both Cabanis and Sclater.
The late Count Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1003, 1912),
however, excludes it from this family without indicating its affinities. After exam-
ining a small series, I find that, compared to Dacnis, the bill is much shorter,
stouter, and more elevated, not unlike that of Calospiza in shape, though consid-
erably longer. In coloration, on the other hand, P. hartlaubi strikingly recalls
certain species of Dacnis. Viewed from above, it looks exactly like Dacnis lineata, \
but may be easily separated by the black gular patch and by lacking the white
area on the breast and sides. The heretofore undescribed female is dull brown j
above with pale greenish edges and tips, especially on rump and scapulars; the I
greater upper wing coverts are dusky, apically and externally margined with I
whity brown; wings and tail dusky brown, the inner secondaries with pale outer |
edges; lores and sides of head light olivaceous brown; under parts buffy grayish,
tinged with olive and passing into yellowish white along the middle line; under tail j
coverts buffy; axillaries and under wing coverts dingy white; bill black with ex-
treme base of lower mandible whitish.
The habitat of this bird is very imperfectly known. In addition to eight skins
of the common "Bogota" preparation, I have examined an adult male collected
by Raap at (or rather above) Juntas, Rio Dagua, at an elevation of 1,200 feet.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 81
Callispiza hartlaubii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 88, 1861 New Granada
(crit.).
Calliste hartlaubi Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 452 (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1876, p. 410
Bogota.
Pseudodacnis hartlaubi Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 138, 1886
Bogota.
Range. Tropical zone of Colombia (above Juntas, Rio Dagua;
"Bogota" collections).
Genus GALOSPIZA G. R. Gray 1
Calliste (not Callista Poli, 1791) Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974 type, by virtual
monotypy, Tanagra tricolor Gme\in=Tanagra seledon P. L. S. Miiller.
Aglaia (not of Renier, 1804) Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 347, 1827 type,
by orig. desig., Tanagra tatao auct.=Af/Zai'a paradisea Swainson.
Calospiza G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 44, 1840 type, by orig. desig.,
Tanagra tricolor Gme\m=Tanagra seledon P. L. S. Miiller.
Procnopis Cabanis, 2 Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 284, 1844 type, by orig.
desig., Procnopis atrocoerulea Tschudi.
Callospiza Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 (emendation of
Calospiza Gray).
Gyrola Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 77, 1850; Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
(2), 3, p. 139, 1851 type, by tautonymy, Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus.
Chalcothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 131, 1851 type, by
monotypy, Tanagra ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs.
Chrysothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851 type, by
subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 73, 1855), Tanagra arthus
Lesson.
Ixothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851 type, by subs.
desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 73, 1855), Tanagra punctata
Linnaeus.
Euschemon Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 95 type, by monotypy, Tanagra
flava Gmelin.
Euprepiste Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 96 type, by monotypy, Tanagra
brasiliensis Linnaeus.
Diva Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Specif., p. 16, 1854 type, by orig. desig., Tanagra
(Euphone?) vassorii Boissonneau.
Callispiza Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 87, 1861 (emendation of Calospiza Gray).
Calospiza chilensis paradisea (Swainson). PARADISE TANAGER.
Aglaia paradisea Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 286, 1837 based on
"Tangara du Bresil" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 127, fig. 1 [ = fig. 2], Brazil;
1 1 cannot make out Calliste catamenia Bonaparte (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p.
139, 1851), described as "Viridis, vertice crissoque rufescentibus." No locality
is indicated. Although the type is credited to the Leiden Museum, the name has
never been quoted again in literature. According to G. C. W. Junge (in litt.),
the specimen cannot be found in the collections at Leiden.
2 Cf. De W. Miller, Auk, 36, pp. 576-577, 1919.
82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
the specimen is much more likely to have come from Cayenne, French
Guiana.
Tatao paradiseus Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 141, 1851 Cayenne
and "Brazil" (diag.).
Calliste tatao (not Tanagra tatao Linnaeus?) 1 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1,
(2), p. 234, 1850 Cayenne and "Brazil"; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851,
p. 50 Cayenne; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 187, 1856
"lower Amazon, south to Pernambuco and Bahia," errore; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 244, 1856 part, Cayenne (diag.); idem, Monog.
Genus Calliste, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1857 part, Cayenne; idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 62, 1862 Cayenne; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38,
p. 128, 1874 Rio Negro and Guianas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 96, 1886 part, spec, a-d, Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 432,
1910 Surinam.
Calospiza tatao Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 part, "Guyana,
Amazonas, Rio Negro, Pernambuco" (errore).
Tanagra talao [sic] Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., text to pi. I, 2 1805 French
Guiana (lie de Cayenne).
Calliste coelicolor (not of Sclater) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 part,
Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos] (spec, examined).
Calospiza paradisea coelicolor Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1026, 1912 part, Manaos, Brazil.
Calospiza paradisea Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 113, 1908 Cayenne; idem,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1026, 1030, 1912 Cayenne
and (?)Surinam.
Range. French and Dutch Guiana, and northern Brazil
(Manaos). 3
1 1 am inclined to agree with Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18,
1902) that Tanagra tatao Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 315, 1766) is of ques-
tionable pertinence. While two of his references, "The Tit-mouse of Paradise" of
Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 289, pi. 349; "Guiana") and "Le Tangara" of
Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1; Cayenne) clearly describe the Paradise Tanager,
the "Tanagra brasiliensis" of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214, pi. 215) is not
that species, but possibly refers to C. fastuosa. From Linnaeus's ambiguous diag-
nosis it cannot be concluded with any degree of certainty which one of the three
references served as basis for his Tanagra tatao. Seba's "Avicula de Tatao,"
which supplied the specific name, is rather obscurely described and seems to point
to some species with green upper, and spotted under parts, perhaps C. punctata.
Tanagra viridis P. L. S. Miiller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 158, 1776) is based on
"Tangara" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 7, fig. 1, an artifact composed of the body of
Calospiza c. paradisea and the tail of a parrot ( Urochroma batavica).
2 The legend on the plate, "Tangara septicolor," is the French vernacular name.
3 Five specimens from French Guiana and one from Surinam agree well to-
gether. The only available Brazilian bird, an adult female from Manaos, is iden-
tical in all essential points, and differs merely by deeper cadmium yellow rump, the
absence of greenish yellow tips to the longest uropygial plumes, and by having
the golden green hood more extended posteriorly. In the last-named, though in
no other respect, the Manaos bird approaches the western C. c. coelicolor.
Material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 4; Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, 1.
Surinam: near Paramaribo, 1. Brazil: Manaos, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 83
"Calospiza chilensis coelicolor (Sclater). 1 WESTERN PARADISE
TANAGER.
Calliste coelicolor Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 "Anolaima," Colom-
bia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 245,
1856 "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 2,
1857 "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 62, 1862
"Anolaima"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 205, 1870 part, Marabitanas, Rio
Xie, and Rio Icanna, Brazil (spec, examined); Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy.
Belg., 38, p. 126, 1874 (crit.).
Tanagra tatao (not of Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 245,
1848 "Our Village," Kukenam Valley, south of Roraima.
Callospiza tatao Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 669,
"1848" [=1849] vicinity of Roraima.
Calliste tatao Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 244, 1856 part, British
Guiana (Schomburgk) and upper Rio Negro (Wallace); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 1, 1857 part, British Guiana and upper Rio Negro;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 Merume Mountains and Roraima, British
Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 96, 1886 part, spec, e-q,
British Guiana (Merume Mountains, Roraima), Marabitanas, and Co-
lombia ("Bogota," "Anolaima"); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351,
1907 part, Colombia ("Bogota").
Calliste tatao var. o coelicolor Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128,
1874 Colombia.
Calliste paradisea (not Aglaia paradisea Swainson) Berlepsch and Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902 Suapure and Nicare, Caura, Venezuela;
Andre, Naturalist in the Guianas, p. 190 (col. pi.), 1904 Nicare River,
Venezuela.
Tangara paradisea Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916
Caura Valley, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 504, 1921
British Guiana (Roraima, Merume Mountains, Ireng River).
1 Calospiza chilensis coelicolor (Sclater) : Nearest to C. c. paradisea, but larger
and with differently colored upper wing coverts. The smaller series, excepting
a half-concealed restricted yellow green spot at the humeral edge, are shining cendre
blue, forming a large pale blue area, whereas only the terminal row of the median
coverts is violet blue like the throat. The scarlet of the middle back as a rule is
somewhat darker and more extensive, the rump cadmium yellow rather than light
cadmium, etc. Wing, 76-81, (female) 74-77; tail, 52-60.
While birds from the upper Rio Negro agree with "Bogota" skins, those from
British Guiana and Venezuela (Caura Valley), in coloration, frequently show an
approach to C. c. paradisea, though, taken as a whole, they are nearer to C. c.
coelicolor, which they resemble in dimensions. The distribution of this form in
Colombia remains to be determined. Although common in "Bogota" collections,
it has not actually been collected at any definite locality, and its range in Colombia
is probably confined to the Tropical zone at the eastern base of the eastern Andes
north of the Guaviare River. The type locality "Anolaima" a place on the
Magdalena slope of the eastern Andes can hardly be correct.
Additional material examined. British Guiana: Roraima, 1; Merume Moun-
tains, 2. Venezuela: SuapurS, Caura, 2; Nicare, Caura district, 10. Brazil:
Marabitanas, 1; Rio Xie, 1; Rio Icanna, 1. Colombia: "Bogota," 25.
84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste tatao coelicolor Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 "Bogota."
Calospiza paradisea coelicolor Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1026, 1912 part, Colombia ("Bogota," "Anolaima"), British Guiana
(Roraima, Merum6 Mountains), Venezuela (Caura Valley), and Brazil
(Marabitanas, Rio Icanna, Rio Xie); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 443, 1914 Cassiquiare.
Tangara paradisea caelicolor Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 127,
1931 Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu), foot of Duida, and Rio Uaupes (crit.).
Range. Western British Guiana (Roraima and Merum Moun-
tains), southern Venezuela (Caura Valley; foot of Mount Duida;
Cassiquiare), and adjoining parts of Brazil (upper Rio Negro and
tributaries), extending obviously to the eastern base of the eastern
Andes of Colombia (common in native "Bogota" collections).
2: British Guiana (Roraima, 1); Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
*Calospiza chilensis chlorocorys (Zimmer). 1 PERUVIAN PARA-
DISE TANAGER.
Tangara chilensis chlorocorys Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 91, 1929
Vista Alegre, junction of the Chinchao and Huallaga rivers, Prov.
Huanuco, Peru (type in Field Museum); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 17, p. 439, 1930 Vista Alegre and Huachipa, Peru.
Calliste coelicolor (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882,
p. 11 Huambo (spec, examined); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 458, 1884
Huambo.
Calliste tatao (not Tanagra tatao Linnaeus) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 96, 1886 part, spec, r, Huambo.
Calospiza paradisea coelicolor Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1026, 1912 part, northeastern Peru (Huambo, Huayabamba).
Range. Eastern Peru, in the Tropical zone of the upper Huallaga
River, from the Huayabamba River and its tributaries south to
the Chinchao River.
10: Peru (Nuevo Loreto, near Tayabamba, 3; Vista Alegre,
Huanuco, 4; Huachipa, Huanuco, 3).
*Calospiza chilensis chilensis (Vigors). RED-RUMPED PARADISE
TANAGER.
Aglaia chilensis Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2, p. 3,
1832 no locality stated, but presumed to be "Chile" = Bolivia (as sub-
1 Calospiza chilensis chlorocorys (Zimmer) : Very similar to C. c. coelicolor,
but on average larger; black frontal band narrower, reduced to a mere edge; green
cap farther extended posteriorly and of a brighter, more yellowish green hue;
rump generally slightly paler yellow. Wing, 78-82, (female) 76-79; tail, 54
(female), 61 (male).
The range of this form, restricted to certain valleys of the upper Huallaga
basin, is entirely cut off from that of the Western Paradise Tanager by the inter-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 85
stituted by Hellmayr and Berlepsch) (type in coll. of H. Cuming, doubt-
less lost).
Aglaia yeni Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2,
p. 31, 1837 Yuracares, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined).
Tanagra yeni d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois., p. 270, pi. 24, fig. 2, 1839
Yungas and Yuracares, Bolivia.
Callospiza yeni Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 Peru; idem,
Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 201, 1846 wood region of eastern Peru.
Calliste yeni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 250, 1850 Bolivia;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 Bolivia and Peru; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 245, 1856 Bolivia (Yuracares, Yungas) and River
Ucayali, Peru (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 5, pi. 2, 1857
Bolivia and Peru (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 453, 1858
Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 180 upper
Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 749, 977 Xeberos, Chyavetas, and
Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870 Engenho do Gama,
Matto Grosso, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 261 upper Ucayali, Nauta, Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Pebas, Peru;
Sclater, I.e., 1873, p. 780 Cosnipata, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p.
514 Monterico, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598 Typuani
and Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 11 Yurimaguas,
Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 457, 1884 Peru (Monterico, Ucayali, Chya-
vetas, Xeberos, Pebas, Yurimaguas, Quebrada de San Gaban, Carabaya) ;
Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77 Machay,
Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 97, 1886 Bolivia (Ty-
puani, Tilotilo), Peru (Pebas), and Ecuador (Sarayacu, Rio Napo);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, pp. 71, 81, 1889 Rio Napo, Ecuador,
and Mapiri, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 Sarayacu
(Ucayali) and Cumbase, near Tarapoto, Peru; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 Gualaquiza and Zamora,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 460 Rio Coca, Ecuador, and
Iquitos, Peru.
Calliste tatao var. ft yeni Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128,
1874 (range).
Calliste chilensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p.
339 La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru.
Calospiza chilensis Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905 Rio Jurua,
Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906 Huaynapata
and Rio Cadena, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 Rio
Jurua (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 9, 1908 Cachoeira and Bom
Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 273, 1910 Calama,
Rio Madeira; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Gogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 92, 1911 Macas, Rio Napo, and Gualaquiza, Ecuador;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1026, 1912 from
position of C. c. chilensis, as has been explained at length by its describer. The
differences separating it from C. c. coelicolor, though slight and sometimes obliter-
ated by individual variation, are quite noticeable when series are compared.
Additional material examined. Peru: Huambo, 2: Huayabamba, 14.
86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
southeastern Colombia (Rio Putumayo) through eastern Ecuador and
Peru to Bolivia and western Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p.
443, 1914 Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 Canelos, Ecuador.
Tangara chilensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 593, 1917
Andalucia, head of Magdalena Valley, and Florencia, Caqueta, Colom-
bia; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 Charapi, Prov. Jaen, Peru;
Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 117, 1921 Rio Cosireni and
Rio Comberciato, Urubamba, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 236,
1923 Yuracares, Bolivia (note on types); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 655, 1926 eastern Ecuador (Guayaba, Rio Zamora; Zamora;
below San Jose; Rio Suno); Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 371, 1930 Rio Roose-
velt, Matto Grosso.
Tangara chilensis chilensis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17,
p. 439, 1930 Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, Peru.
Range. Tropical zone of Upper Amazonia, from southern
Colombia (Andalucia, head of Magdalena Valley; Florencia and
Rio Putumayo, Caqueta) through eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru
(excepting certain valleys of the upper Huallaga drainage) to
northern Bolivia and the adjacent districts of western Brazil (Rio
Jurua; Rio Purus; Rio Roosevelt and Rio Guapore*, northwestern
Matto Grosso; Calama, Rio Madeira). 1
15: Peru (Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, 4; Moyobamba, 8;
Yahuas, near Pebas, 1; Rioja, 1); Ecuador (Sarayacu, 1).
Calospiza fastuosa (Lesson). 2 SUPERB TANAGER.
Tanagra fastuosa Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 184, pi. 58, circa 1831 Brazil (type
in coll. of M. Parhuit, doubtless lost).
1 1 cannot make out any racial variation between a topotypical Bolivian
series and others from northern Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. C. c. chilensis,
while agreeing with C. c. chlorocorys and C. c. coelicolor in the large extent of the
cendre blue patch on the upper wing coverts and long cap, is readily distinguished
by having the rump scarlet like the lower back. Yet one of our Moyobamba
birds has these parts orange chrome, exactly intermediate between the normal
red of chilensis and the yellow of the two other western races. The occurrence
of this mutant, taken in conjunction with the fact that the Moyobamba series and
other individuals from northern Peru in the tone of the green hood connect typical
chilensis with C. c. chlorocorys, plainly indicates intergradation and leads us to
unite the red-rumped chilensis and the Paradise Tanagers with bicolored lower
back in a single specific entity, as has first been suggested by Zimmer.
Additional material examined. Colombia: CuembI, Rio Putumayo, 4.
Ecuador: San Jose, 2; Rio Napo, 1; Sarayacu, 3. Peru: Iquitos, 15; Huaynapata,
Marcapata, 3; Caradoc, Marcapata, 1. Bolivia: Yuracares, 2; San Mateo, 12.
Brazil: Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 1.
2 A very peculiar species with remarkably large bill. The only specimens
from precise localities that we have seen are those collected by the late W. A.
Forbes in the State of Pernambuco, all the others being either cage-birds or merely
marked "Brazil." Whether this species really extends south into Bahia is extremely
doubtful, but it may be expected to occur in Alagoas, Parahyba, and Rio Grande
do Norte, concerning which there are few published records.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 87
Calliste fastuosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 52 Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 246, 1856 Pernambuco, Brazil (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Cal-
liste, p. 9, pi. 4, 1857 Pernambuco (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 62, 1862 Pernambuco; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 331 Macuca,
Quipapa, and Cabo, Pernambuco; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
98, 1886 Pernambuco.
Calospiza fastuosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 Pernambuco;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1026, 1912 Pernam-
buco and (?)Bahia.
Range. Eastern Brazil, in State of Pernambuco (Macuca;
Quipapa; Cabo).
*Calospiza seledon (P. L. S. Muller). GREEN-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra seledon P. L. S. Miiller, 1 Natursyst., Suppl., p. 158, 1776 based on
"Tangara varie a tete verte de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 33,
fig. 1; "Cayenne," errore=Rio de Janeiro (auct. Berlepsch, 1912).
Tanagra tricolor Gmelin, 2 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 891, 1789 based on "Le Tan-
gara vari6 a teste verte de Cayenne" Brisson (Orn., 6, Suppl., p. 59, pi.
4, fig. 1), "Le Tricolor" Buffon and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 33, fig. 1;
"Cayenne" (errore).
Calliste septemcolora Bertoni, Revista de Agronomfa y Cienc. Aplic. (Bol.
Escuela de Agric. Asuncion), 1, p. 530, 1899 Paraguay (type in coll.
of A. de W. Bertoni); idem, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, p. 89, 1901 Alto
Parand, Paraguay.
Tanagra tatao (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 459,
1830 Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio, Gurapina, etc., Rio (habits); (?)d'0r-
bigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 270, 1839 St. Christophe, near Rio
de Janeiro (cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 236, 1923).
Calliste tricolor Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 246, 1856 Brazil (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 187, 1856 Rio de Janeiro to Bahia, Nova Friburgo (habits); Sclater,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 7, pi. 3, 1857 Rio to Bahia (monog.); Pelzeln,
Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 91, 1865 Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro;
Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 410, 1867 (nest and eggs); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 206, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Registo do Sai) and Sao
Paulo (Ypanema); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 99, 1886 Bahia,
Rio de Janeiro, "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," and "Rio Claro, Goyaz,"
errore; Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892
Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 146, 1899
Iguap^, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 Cantagallo and Nova
Friburgo.
1 Although Miiller's description is faulty ("der Riicken, die Kehle und der
Burzel sind gelb") as in other cases where similar evidences for the author's care-
lessness may be noticed, his name is clearly based on Daubenton's figure cited
above, a good representation of the Green-headed Tanager.
* Gmelin's variety "" does not belong here. This is C. cyanocephala (P. L.
S. Muller).
88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tatao tricolor Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 141, 1851 Brazil.
Callispiza tricolor Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio.
Calospiza tricolor Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 Sao Paulo
(Iguape, Alto da Serra, Santos, Ubatuba) and Espirito Santo (Irara,
Porto Cachoeiro) (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
(3), 11, p. 375, 1910 Misiones and Paraguay (Alto Parana).
Calospiza seledon Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1027,
1131, 1912 Brazil (Bahia to Santa Catharina) and Paraguay.
Tangara seledon Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 362, 1914 Misiones (Iguazu
and Santa Ana); Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 128, 1915 Vic-
toria, Espirito Santo; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 Misiones.
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
Bahia to Santa Catharina, and the Argentine Territory of Misiones,
including the adjacent stretches of eastern Paraguay (Alto Parana). 1
14: Brazil (Bahia, 2; Rio de Janeiro, 9; Joinville, Santa
Catharina, 3).
*Calospiza cyanocephala cyanocephala (P. L. S. Miiller). RED-
NECKED TANAGER.
Tanagra cyanocephala P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776
based on "Tangara varie a tte bleue de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 33, fig. 2; "Cayenne" (errore) = Rio de Janeiro (auct. Berlepsch, 1912);
Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 32, p. 425, 1819 Brazil and
"Peru," rare in "Guiana."
Aglaia cyanocephala Swainson, Ornith. Draw., Part 1, pi. 5, 1834.
Tanagra festiva Shaw and Nodder, Natur. Misc., 13, pi. 537, 1802 "Cay-
enne" (location of type not stated).
Tanagra trichroa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 30, 1823
based on Tanagra tricolor var. ft Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 891, 1789
(ex "Le Tangara varie a teste bleue de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 6, Suppl.,
p. 62, pi. 4, fig. 2, et Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 33, fig. 2; "Cayenne," errore).
Tanagra rubricollis (Temminck MS.) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p.
456, 1830 Fazenda Gurapina, near Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro (type now
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 219, 1889).
Tanagra multicolor Descourtilz, Ornith. Bresil., livr. 3, p. 30, pi. 34, fig. 3,
1856(?) Brazil (no locality specified, but probably vicinity of Rio de
Janeiro).
Calliste festiva Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
1 The localities "Rio Claro, Goyaz," and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," are
evidently erroneous.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 3; Victoria, Espirito Santo,
2; Nova Friburgo, Rio, 1; Registo do Sai, Rio, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanema,
Sao Paulo, 1; Curucatu, Sao Paulo, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 22. Paraguay:
Cambyreta, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 89
Th. Bras., 3, p. 188, 1856 Nova Friburgo, Rio; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 246, 1856 southeastern Brazil (descr.); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 11, pi. 5, 1857 Rio de Janeiro (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 63, 1862 Rio de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Reise Novara,
Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 91, 1865 Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn.
Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Registo do Sai, Corcovado);
Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 302 Sao Paulo (Serra south of Sao Paulo and
south of Itapetininga) ; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118,
1885 Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 100,
1886 part, spec, c-i, Rio, Nova Friburgo, and Sao Paulo; Ihering, Ann.
Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 147, 1899 IguapS, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153,
1900 Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio.
Tatao festivus Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 141, 1851 Brazil.
Callispiza festiva Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 83, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio de
Janeiro.
Calospiza festiva Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape,
Alto da Serra, Ubatuba, Estagao Rio Grande) and Parana (range excl.
Bahia and Pernambuco).
Calospiza cyanocephala Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1027, 1912 Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul.
Tangara cyanocephala cyanocephala Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p.
128, 1915 Victoria, Espirito Santo (crit.).
Tangara cyanocephala Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 Misiones.
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Espirito
Santo to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent parts of the Argentine
Province of Misiones. 1
15: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 13; "Rio skin," 2).
*Calospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch. 2 NORTHERN RED-
NECKED TANAGER.
Calospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsber., 11, p. 18, 1903
Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum);
idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1027, 1912 Bahia and
Pernambuco.
1 Birds from various parts of the range agree well together, although the few
seen from Espirito Santo possibly have the red collar of a very slightly lighter
tone. There is considerable individual variation in size.
Additional material examined. Espirito Santo: Victoria, 2. Rio de Janeiro:
Rio de Janeiro, 5; Registo do Sai, 1; Corcovado, 1. Sao Paulo: Sao Sebastiao,
2. Parana: Curytiba, 1. Santa Catharina: Joinville, 72.
2 Calospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch: Similar to C. c. cyanocephala,
but decidedly smaller; adult males with nuchal collar and sides of head paler, flame
scarlet to grenadine red rather than deep scarlet; the cadmium yellow wing band
narrower; the reddish line separating the blackish chin from the blue gular spot
markedly wider and paler, less scarlet; the green of the under parts generally of
a lighter, more yellowish hue. Wing, 60-64; tail, 41-46.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 12; Quipapa, Pernambuco, 1.
90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste f estiva (not Tanagra f estiva Shaw and Nodder) Forbes, Ibis, 1881,
p. 332 near Quipapa, Pernambuco; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 100, 1886 part, Pernambuco (spec, b) and Bahia.
Calospiza f estiva Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 351, 1907 part, Pernam-
buco and Bahia.
Range. Wooded region of eastern Brazil, from Bahia to
Pernambuco.
1: Brazil (Bahia, 1).
*Calospiza cyanocephala cearensis (Cory). 1 CEARA RED-
NECKED TANAGER.
Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 345, 1916 Serra de Baturite, Ceara (type in Field Museum); Hell-
mayr, I.e., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 279, 1929 Serra de Baturite" (crit).
Calospiza cyanocephala cearensis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
2, No. 6, p. 41, 1926 Ceara (crit.).
Range. Wooded hills of northeastern Brazil, in State of Ceara
(Serra de Baturit and other ranges).
4: Ceara (Serra de Baturite", 4).
Calospiza cyanoventris (Vieillot). BLUE-BREASTED TANAGER.
Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 426,
1819 "Bre"sil"; idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 781, 1822
Bresil (type stated to be in Paris Museum, where it is still preserved [fide
J. Berlioz, in litt.]); Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 10, p. 470,
1858 (crit.).
Tanagra elegans (not of P. L. S. MiiHeF, 1776) Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 187,
(8vo ed., p. 184), 1820 Barra do Jucu, Espirito Santo (type now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 219, 1889).
Tanagra citrinella Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 7, pi. 42, fig. 2, Feb.,
1821 "Bresil" (type, from Ypanema, Sao Paulo, in the Leiden Museum);
Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 464, 1830 Barra do Jucu,
Espirito Santo.
Aglaia citrinella Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 1, pi. 6, 1834.
Calliste citrinella Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 Brazil;
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 184, 1856 Espirito Santo to
Bahia "and Pernambuco."
Chrysothraupis cilrinella Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142,
1851 Brazil.
1 Calospiza cyanocephala cearensis (Cory) : A very distinct form, differing in
the male sex from the two other races by deeper, more purplish blue crown; blackish
upper throat; and particularly by the presence of long pale cerulean blue tips to
the shorter upper tail coverts, the last-named character being suggested even in
females and immature males. In dimensions, width of orange wing band, and
intensity of nuchal collar, it is nearer to C. c. cyanocephala than to C. c. corallina.
Wing (adult males), 64-69; tail, 47-50; bill, 10.
.936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 91
Calliste cyaneiventris Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 52 Brazil; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 247, 1856 southeastern Brazil (diag.); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 14, pi. 6, 1857 Espirito Santo (Rio Jucu) and
Sao Paulo (Ypanema); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 63, 1862 Rio-
de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870 Ypanema, Sao Paulo;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 100, 1886 Espirito Santo to Sao
Paulo (Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Piquete); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153,
1900 Cantagallo, Rio.
Calospiza cyaneiventris Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 Sao Paulo
(Piquete, Sao Carlos do Pinhal) and Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre,
Marianna); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1027,
1912 Bahia to Sao Paulo.
Calospiza cyaniventris Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
24, p. 254, 1923 Mont-Serrat, Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., p. 264, 1923 same
locality.
Tangara cyaneiventris Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320, 1928
Serra do Itatiaya (alt. 3,100 ft.).
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern
3ahia, Espirito Santo, and southern Minas Geraes (Marianna,
/argem Alegre) to Sao Paulo. 1
'Calospiza desmaresti (Vieillot). YELLOW-BREASTED TANAGER.
Tanagra desmaresti Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 32, p. 410,
1819 "Bresil"; idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 91, p. 774, 1822
"Bresil" (type, collected by Delalande, Jr., in the vicinity of Rio de
Janeiro, examined in the Paris Museum); Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 7, p. 354, 1855 (crit.).
Tanagra thoracica Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 7, pi. 42, fig. 1, Feb.,
1821 "Bresil" (type, collected by Delalande, Jr., in the vicinity of Rio
de Janeiro, in the Paris Museum). 2
1 Whether its range extends really as far north as Pernambuco, as is claimed
>y Burmeister (whose notes on distribution are frequently more or less imaginary)
emains to be confirmed.
Material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 2; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 8.
2 In the text to pi. 42, fig. 1, Temminck states that specimens were forwarded
)y M. Delalande to the Paris Museum, while those in the Leiden and Vienna
Elections are due to the researches of J. Natterer. According to the registers
>f the Vienna Museum, the examples which passed by way of exchange into the
Leiden Museum are a male and a female shot by Natterer on Sept. 18, 1820, at
Faguaraiba; but since we know from Josef Natterer's account (in Oken's Isis, 1833,
j. 546) that the collections made by his brother between July, 1820, and February 1,
1821, did not reach Vienna until October, 1821, whereas Temminck's plate was
ssued with livr. 7 in February, 1821, it is quite evident that Huet's figure must
lave been drawn from Delalande's specimen in the Paris Museum, which thus
nay be assumed to be the type. The same individual served as basis for the
iescription of T. desmaresti Vieillot, which, though faulty in several respects,
cannot refer to any other bird, as we have explained elsewhere (Verh. Orn. Ges.
Bay., 14, pp. 282-283, 1920). The text to pi. 42 of Temminck's "Nouveau
rlecueil" appeared more than a year later, together with livr. 21, in April, 1822,
hus allowing the author to include the specimens received in the meantime from
he Vienna Museum.
92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste thoradca Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 54 Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 247, 1856 southeastern Brazil (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 186, 1856 Nova Friburgo, Rio; Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 15, pi. 7, 1857 Brazil; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 63,
1862 Rio de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870 Sao Paulo
(Casa Pintada) and Parana (Jaguaraiba, Campo Comprido, Curytiba);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 101, 1886 southeastern Brazil
("Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" and Rio Claro, "Goyaz," errore); Ihering,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 147, 1899 Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900
Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro.
Calospiza thoradca Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 Sao Paulo
(Ypiranga, Alto da Serra, Itarare, Ubatuba, Campos de Jordao) and
Minas Geraes (Itatiaya); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1027, 1912 southeastern Brazil and "Goyaz" (errore); Miranda-
Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 254, 1923 Retiro do
Ramos, Itatiaya.
Calospiza (Calliste) thoradca Lxiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 356,
1909 Campo Itatiaya.
Tangara thoradca Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320, 1928 Serra
do Itatiaya.
Tangara desmaresti Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 283, 1920 (crit.).
Chrysothraupis thoradca Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851
Brazil.
Range. Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de
Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, Cantagallo, etc.) through
Sao Paulo to Parana (Jaguaraiba, Campo Comprido, Curytiba). 1
12: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 1; Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 11).
Calospiza gouldi (Sclater). 2 GOULD'S TANAGER.
!
1 The species is unknown in Goyaz and Rio Grande do Sul, the specimens in
the British Museum said to be from these provinces being doubtless incorrectly
labeled.
Additional material examined. Brazil: Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, 5;
Rio de Janeiro, 2; Nova Friburgo, Rio, 1; Casa Pintada, Sao Paulo, 2; Jagua-
raiba, Parana, 1; Campo Comprido, 1; Curytiba, Parana, 1.
2 Calospiza gouldi (Sclater) : Nearly allied to C. desmaresti, but readily dis-
tinguished by much larger black gular patch, which is, besides, bordered all round
by a narrow dark blue line, and correspondingly smaller, also more purely green
(less yellowish) submental spot; bright grass green instead of deep chrome pre-
pectoral area and smaller upper wing coverts; slightly more golden green edges
to the upper parts; by lacking the conspicuous pale yellow abdominal streak,
which is merely suggested by a few buffy edges in the middle of the lower belly.
Wing (unsexed adult), 69; tail, 52; bill, 12.
The unique type in the British Museum is a skin of the well-known South
Brazilian, so-called "Rio" preparation. No other specimen resembling it has
ever been found since its description. While there can be no doubt as to its con-
stituting a perfectly good form, C. gouldi may ultimately turn out to be a local
representative of C. desmaresti.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 93
Calliste gouldi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885 (Nov.), p. 849, pub.
(early in) 1886 southeastern Brazil (type in British Museum examined);
idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 102, 1886 Brazil.
Calospiza gouldi Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 southern Brazil;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912 south-
eastern Brazil.
Range. Southeastern Brazil (exact locality unknown).
"Calospiza schrankii (Spix). SCHRANK'S TANAGER.
Tanagra schrankii Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 38, pi. 51, figs. 1 (male),
2 (female), 1825 no locality indicated; we suggest Tabatinga, Rio
Solimoes, Brazil (types in Munich Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy.
Ame>. Mend., Ois., p. 270, pi. 24, fig. 1, 1839 Yuracares, Bolivia.
Aglaia schrankii Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 31, 1837 Yuracares, Bolivia; Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
5, p. 122, 1837 western "Brazil bordering on Peru" (crit.).
Aglaw melanotis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 355, Dec. 31, 1837 Peru
(descr. of female; type in coll. of W. Hooker, present location unknown).
Calliste schranki(i) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 Brazil
and Bolivia; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 54 Bolivia, Peru, etc.;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 Quijos, Ecuador; idem,
I.e., 24, p. 248, 1856 Peru (Maynas), Ecuador (Quixos), and Bolivia,
Yuracares (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 17, pi. 8, 1857
Ecuador (Quixos). Peru, and Bolivia (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 25, p. 264, 1857 Ega and Rio Javarri, Brazil; idem, I.e., 26,
pp. 74, 453, 1858 Rio Napo, Gualaquiza, and Zamora, Ecuador; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64, 1862 Peruvian Amazon and Bolivia;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 upper Ucayali,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 749, 977 Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Pebas,
Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206 (note 4), 1870 Tabatinga [Rio
Solimoes], Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p.
185 Cosnipata, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 upper Ucayali, Xeberos,
Chyavetas, Pebas, Ega, and Rio Javarri; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 514
Monterico (Ayacucho) and Amable Maria (Junin), Peru; Sclater and
Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 598 Yuracares, Nairapi, and Tilotilo, Bolivia;
Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 459, 1884 Peruvian localities; Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 102, 1886 Ecuador (Sarayacu, Rio Napo),
Peru (Pebas, Ucayali), and Bolivia (Nairapi); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37,
p. 296, 1889 Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 Rio Napo, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 339 La Gloria (Vitoc) and La Merced
(Chanchamayo), Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14,
No. 357, p. 15, 1899 Rio Zamora, Ecuador.
Callispiza schrankii Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 Peru;
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 201, 1846 forest region of eastern
Peru.
Chrysothraupis schrankii Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851
Brazil and Bolivia.
94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza schranki(i) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906
Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Peru; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr.
Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 673, 1906 (note on type); Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 352, 1907 Ucayali, Peru, and San Mateo, Bolivia (range);
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus, Brazil;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
93, 1911 Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911
Nuevo Loreto, near Tayabamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912 southeastern Colombia (Rio Putu-
mayo) to Bolivia and western Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 444, 1914 Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 Canelos, Ecuador.
Tangara schrankii Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 593, 1917
Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 117,
1921 Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 236,
1923 Bolivia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 655,
1926 Ecuador (Zamora, Macas region, below San Jose, Rio Suno);
Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 439, 1929 Huachipa,
Peru (crit.).
(lyTanagra graminea Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 40, pi. 53, fig. 2, 1825
no locality indicated (type lost; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr.
Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 675, 1906). 1
Range. Upper Amazonia, from southeastern Colombia (Cuembi,
Rio Putumayo; Florencia, Caqueta) through eastern Ecuador,
eastern Peru, and extreme western Brazil (Ega and Tabatinga, Rio
Solimoes; Rio Purus) south to northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz
and Cochabamba). 2
11: Peru (Chanchamayo, 1; Huachipa, 8; Nuevo Loreto, east of
Tayabamba, Libertad, 1; Yurimaguas, 1).
Calospiza johannae (Dalmas). 3 JOHANNA'S TANAGER.
Calliste johannae Dalmas, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 36, Dec., 1900 El
Paillon, near Buenaventura, Colombia (type in coll. of R. de Dalmas,
later in Tring Museum, now in the American Museum of Natural History,
1 What Tanagra graminea really is, will always remain in doubt, the type
having disappeared. The figure looks somewhat like the juvenile plumage of
C. schrankii, but lacks every trace of the sooty color on forehead and sides of head,
and has no yellow suffusion on the rump.
2 Birds from Colombia (Rio Putumayo) seem to be inseparable from series of
Peruvian and Bolivian specimens.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, 18.
Ecuador: Sarayacu, 3; San Jose, 2; Rio Napo, 1. Brazil: Tabatinga, 1. Peru:
Rio Cadena, Marcapata, 1; Huaynapata, 1; Marcapata, 27; Shanusi, Yurimaguas,
1. Bolivia: San Mateo, 15.
3 Calospiza johannae (Dalmas) is a very distinct species, which, though allied
to C. schrankii, differs readily by lacking the light cadmium occipital patch (the
whole crown being shining green, a little more yellowish than the lateral margins
to the dorsal feathers) and the greenish spot in front of the eyes; by having a
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 95
New York); Sclater, Ibis, 1901, p. 597, pi. 12, fig. 2 Paramba, Rio
Mira, Ecuador (crit.). 1
Calospiza johannae Hellmayr, Ibis, 1910, p. 328 Choc6, Colombia, and
northwestern Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1101
Tado, Novita, and Condoto, Choc6, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912 El Paillon, Colombia, and
Paramba, Ecuador.
Tangara johannae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 593, 1917
Andagueda (upper Atrato), Juntas de Tamana, Noanama, San Jos, and
Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 656, 1926 Paramba, Ecuador.
Range. Tropical zone of western Colombia and northwestern
Ecuador, from the upper Atrato (Andagueda) south to Paramba,
Prov. Imbabura.
*Calospiza florida 2 florida (Sclater and Salvin). EMERALD
TANAGER.
Calliste florida Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 416, pi.
28 Costa Rica (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Mu-
seum; descr. of female); Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 114 Costa Rica; Sclater,
Ibis, 1876, p. 409 Costa Rica and "Veraguas" (crit.); Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 267, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1883 Costa Rica
and Veraguas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 103, 1886 Costa
Rica and "Veraguas."
Calospiza florida Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028,
1912 Costa Rica.
Calospiza florida florida Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 39,
1902 Carrfllo, Costa Rica (monog.).
Calospiza florida arcaei Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 149, April,
1901 Veragua (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65, 1902 Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqul,
Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 40, 1902
Veragua (monog.).
Calospiza arcaei Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028,
1912 Veragua.
Tangara florida Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 863, 1910 Bonilla,
Carrillo, and Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica (crit., plumages, habits).
black gular patch bordered laterally and posteriorly by a bright blue margin;
blue tips to frontal feathers and a blue stripe along the upper edge of the auriculars;
pale grayish middle of the belly, etc. Wing, (male) 73, (female) 67; tail, 50-51,
(female) 46; bill, 10-11.
Material examined. Colombia: El Paillon, near Buenaventura, 1 (the type);
Tado, Rio San Juan, Choc6, 3; Novita, Rio Tamana, 1; Condoto, Rio Condoto,
1. Ecuador: Paramba (alt. 3,500 ft.), Prov. Imbabura, 1.
1 The Peruvian localities mentioned by Sclater are due to a misunderstanding
(cf. Hellmayr, Ibis, 1910, p. 328, footnotef).
1 Calospiza florida is possibly conspecific with C. schrankii, which it ap-
parently replaces on the Pacific coast of Colombia (auriceps) and in southern
Central America.
96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Tropical zone of the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and
western Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui; Rio CaloveVora, Veraguas). 1
1: Costa Rica (Peralta, 1).
Calospiza florida auriceps (Chapman). 2 SOUTHERN EMERALD
TANAGER.
Tangara florida, auriceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 188,
March, 1914 Buenavista, Narino, Colombia (type in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 593, 1917 Buena-
vista and Novita, Colombia.
Range. Tropical zone of Pacific Colombia, from Narino (Buena-
vista) north to extreme eastern Panama (Tacarcuna, Darien).
Calospiza punctata punctata (Linnaeus). SPOTTED TANAGER.
Tanagra punctata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 based on
"Le Tangara verd piquete des Indes" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 19, pi. 4, fig. 2;
"Indes orientales") and "The Spotted Green Tit-mouse" Edwards (Glean.
Nat. Hist., 2, p. 110, pi. 262; Surinam); Surinam (ex Edwards) accepted
as type locality.
Calliste punctata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 55 Cayenne; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 248, 1856 Cayenne (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste,
p. 19, pi. 9, 1857 Cayenne (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
64, 1862 Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870 Barra do Rio
Negro [= Manaos] and Rio Icanna, Brazil (spec, in Vienna Museum
examined); Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128, 1874 Cayenne;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume
Mountains, Roraima); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 104, 1886
Cayenne, Oyapock, and British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains,
Roraima); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 Para.
1 There do not seem to be any constant color differences between birds from
Costa Rica and Panama, if specimens of corresponding age are compared. Mr.
Todd (in Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 863, 1910) takes C. /. arcaei for the
first annual plumage of the male, and the available material, scanty as it is, tends
to substantiate this view. One of the males from Boquete, Chiriqui, has more
yellow on the crown than four from Costa Rica, and the figure in the "Biologia,"
drawn from one of Arce's Veraguan skins, likewise shows a distinct yellow occipital
patch, which is in direct opposition to Ridgway's diagnosis of C. /. arcaei.
Additional material examined. Costa Rica: Carrillo, 5. Panama: Boquete,
Chiriqui, 4; "Veragua" (ex Boucard), 1; Rio Calovevora, Veraguas, 3.
2 Calospiza florida auriceps (Chapman) : Similar to C. /. florida, but yellow
of crown much more extensive, reaching to the middle of the eyes; scapulars
with narrower, if any, greenish edges. Wing, 65, (female) 62; tail, 40; bill, 10.
A single adult male from Tacarcuna, Darien, in extent of the yellow crown
patch, is intermediate between florida and auriceps, though nearer the latter.
The green margins to the scapulars, however, are just as well developed as in
florida. Pending the receipt of further material, the bird is provisionally referred
to auriceps, mainly out of zoogeographical considerations.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Buenavista, Narino, 2; Novita, Rio
San Juan, 1. Panama: Tacarcuna, Darien, 1 (male).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 97
Ixothraupis punctata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851
Cayenne and Brazil; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32,
1857 Cayenne.
Calospiza punctata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 272, 1905 Igarape-Assu,
Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 "Trinidad" (errore)
and British Guiana (range in part, Guyana, Para, Rio Negro); Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 Cayenne and Oyapock, French Guiana;
idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1028, 1912 Cayenne,
British Guiana, and Brazil (Rio Negro, Rio Iganna, Para); Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 444, 1914 Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Peixe-
Boi, and Rio Jamunda (Faro).
Tangara punctata punctata Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-
phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 9, 1912 Peixe-Boi, Para (crit.); Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 2, p. 100, 1916 Utinga, Para; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2,
p. 505, 1921 British Guiana (numerous localities); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 128, 1931 Roraima (Paulo) and Mount Duida,
Venezuela (crit.).
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil
(north of the Amazon west to the upper Rio Negro, also in the
Para district); southern Venezuela (Mount Duida). 1
*Calospiza punctata zamorae (Chapman). 2 ECUADORIAN SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara punctata zamorae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 9, 1925
Zamora, eastern Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 656, 1926
Zamora and below San Jose', Ecuador.
Calliste punctata (not Tanagra punctata Linnaeus) Taczanowski and Ber-
lepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 77 Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador.
Calospiza punctata Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 part, Ecuador.
Calliste punctulata (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1876) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 104, 1886 part, spec, c, San Jose.
1 Specimens from Para and Manaos agree well with others from French and
British Guiana. Two adult males from the Rio Iganna (tributary of the upper
Rio Negro) form the passage to C. p. zamorae, agreeing with it in larger size (wing,
64-65; tail, 44-45). One resembles the typical form in the decidedly blue edgings
to primary coverts and outer primaries, while the other in that respect hardly
differs from Ecuadorian skins. Specimens from Roraima (and Duida, fide Chap-
man) are again larger (wing of males, 65-68; tail, 44-46) than lowland birds.
Material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 4. British Guiana: Bartica
Grove, 2; Roraima (alt. 3,500 ft.), 4; unspecified, 3. Brazil: Para, 4; Marco
da Legua, 1; Igarap6-Assu, 1; Peixe-Boi, 1; Manaos, 5; Rio Iganna, 2.
2 Calospiza punctata zamorae (Chapman) : Similar to C. p. punctata, but larger,
and the primary coverts and outer primaries margined with green instead of with
blue. Wing (males), 64-66; tail, 44-46 J^.
An unsexed adult from Huayabamba, while not quite typical, is provisionally
referred here rather than to the next form.
Material examined. Ecuador: San Jose, 2; Machay, 1; Mapoto, 1; Guayaba,
Rio Zamora, 2; Zamora, 1. Peru: Huayabamba, 1.
98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza punctulata Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 93, 1912 Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Calospiza punctata punctulata Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1029, 1912 part, eastern Ecuador (Machay, Mapoto, San Jose) and
northern Peru (Huayabamba).
Range. Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Zamora, San Jose",
Machay, Mapoto) and northern Peru (Huayabamba; Moyobamba).
1: Peru (Moyobamba, 1).
Calospiza punctata perenensis (Chapman). 1 PERUVIAN SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara punctata perenensis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 9, 1925
Utcuyacu, Prov. Junin, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).
Callospiza punctala (not Tanagra punctata Linnaeus) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg.,
10, (1), p. 286, 1844 Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 203,
1846 wood region of eastern Peru.
Calliste punctata Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 460, 1884 Peru (ex Tschudi).
Calliste punctulata (not of Sclater and Salvin) Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340 Garita del Sol, Vitoc.
Calospiza punctata punctulata Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1029, 1912 part, central Peru (Garita del Sol).
Range. Tropical zone of central Peru, in Dept. of Junin (Garita
del Sol, Tulumayo, Utcuyacu).
Calospiza punctata punctulata (Sclater and Salvin). BOLIVIAN
SPOTTED TANAGER.
Calliste punctulata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 353
Tilotilo, Bolivia (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Mu-
seum); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 598 Tilotilo; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 104, 1886 part, spec, a-b, Tilotilo, Bolivia.
Calospiza punctulata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906
Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1029, 1912 part, southeastern Peru (Huay-
napata, Marcapata) and Bolivia (Tilotilo, San Antonio).
Range. Tropical zone of extreme southeastern Peru (Marcapata
Valley and its tributaries) and northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz). 2
1 Calospiza punctata perenensis (Chapman) : About the same size as C. p.
zamorae, but under parts whiter, much less suffused with yellow on sides of neck,
chest, and sides of breast; dorsal surface darker, less yellowish green. Generally
similar to C. p. punctulata, but more coarsely spotted above, and the dusky streaks
on flanks and under tail coverts evanescent. Wing (male), 64-66; tail, 47-49.
Material examined. Peru, Dept. Junin: Garita del Sol, 2; Utcuyacu, 3.
2 Material examined. Bolivia: Yungas of La Paz, 1. Peru: Huaynapata, 3;
Marcapata, 3; Rio Inambari, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 99
Calospiza chrysophrys trinitatis (Todd). 1 TRINIDAD SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara guttata trinitatis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, No. 2, p. 203, May,
1912 Aripo, Trinidad (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 177 (in text), 1924
Trinidad (crit.).
Calliste chrysophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, pp. 24, 54 part, Trinidad.
Calliste guttulata (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19,
1856 part, Trinidad.
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 249, 1856 part, Trinidad; idem, Monog. Genus Calliste, p. 22,
1857 part, Trinidad; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64, 1862 part,
spec, c, d, Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82 Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois.
Trinidad, p. 305, 1866 mountain forests of Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579 Trinidad (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 105, 1886 part, spec, j, k, Trinidad.
Calospiza guttata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 Chaguanas, Trinidad;
Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906 Aripo.
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (not of Sclater) Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1029, 1912 part, Trinidad.
Range. Island of Trinidad (Subtropical zone of the northern
mountain ranges).
Calospiza chrysophrys guttata (Cabanis). 2 RORAIMA SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Callispiza guttata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 26, Oct., 1851 Roraima, British
Guiana (type in Berlin Museum).
1 Calospiza chrysophrys trinitatis (Todd): Nearest to C. c. chrysophrys, but
differs in both sexes by more extensive as well as deeper golden yellow about
forehead and superciliary region; brighter yellow sides of the head; more coarsely
spotted upper parts; larger black spotting on foreneck and breast, and more
conspicuous, frequently spot-like markings on the throat. In opposition to the
other races, in which there is a marked sexual difference in the amount of black
spotting both above and below and in the extent of yellow about the head, the
sexes in C. c. trinitatis are very nearly alike. In Trinidad females the yellow
color on forehead and superciliaries, though more restricted and paler than in
males, is still brighter than in the males of the mainland races. Wing, 70-73,
(female) 67-69; tail, 51-54, (female) 49-52; bill, 11-12.
Material examined. Trinidad: Aripo (alt. 1,800 to 2,000 ft.), 16;
Chaguanas, 1.
2 Calospiza chrysophrys guttata (Cabanis) : Very close to C. c. chrysophrys, but
throat plain (unstreaked) ; black spots on foreneck and breast smaller; the yellow
about the forehead and orbital region somewhat duller; the upper parts slightly
darker, less yellowish green. Wing, 70-72, (female) 66-69; tail, 52-54,
(female) 51-53.
Additional specimens from Roraima lately examined corroborate the slight
differences which we had noticed before, and seem to justify the recognition of
guttata, a conclusion independently reached by Chapman upon the study of
large series.
Material examined. British Guiana: Roraima, 7.
100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste guttulata (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 19, 1856 part, British Guiana.
Calliste guttata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 249, 1856 part, British
Guiana; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 21, 1857 part, Roraima; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 209 Roraima; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105,
1886 part, spec, a-c, Roraima.
Calospiza guttata Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1029,
1912 Roraima.
Tangara guttata Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 507, 1921 Roraima.
Tangara guttata guttata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mue. N. H., 63, p. 129, 1931
Mount Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu, Philipp Camp) and Mount Duida
(Laterite Valley), Venezuela (crit.).
Tanagra punctata (not of Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2,
p. 245, 1848 Our Village, Roraima.
Cattospiza punctata Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 669,
"1848" [=1849] Roraima.
Range. Subtropical zone of Mounts Roraima and Duida in
southern Venezuela.
*Calospiza chrysophrys chrysophrys (Sclater). YELLOW-BROWED
TANAGER.
Calliste chrysophrys Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 4, Part 1, p. 24, pi. 69, fig. 2,
Jan., 1851 part, Venezuela (type, from Venezuela, 1 in coll. of P. L. Sclater,
now in British Museum); idem, I.e., p. 54 part, Venezuela.
Calliste guttulata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, No. 3, p. 76,
1851 Ecuador 2 (type in Paris Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19, 1856 part, Venezuela.
1 The type was collected by the late H. Dyson "in the vicinity of Caracas"
(cf. Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 22, 1857).
2 Sclater (Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 54) gives "Mindo" as its locality. The
type, courteously forwarded by M. Mnegaux, is labeled: "de Quito, donne par
M. Bourcier en 1851. (Cat. No. 13.) Ixothraupis guttulata Bp. Type de 1'espece."
On comparison with good series of the various races, I find it indistinguishable
from specimens of the Venezuelan coast ranges, notably a male taken by S. M.
Klages at Las Quiguas, Carabobo (Munich Museum, No. 11. 2170). Bonaparte's
statement "croupion jaune" is incorrect, the lower back and rump being shining
green like the rest of the upper parts. It certainly is neither tolimae nor eusticta,
which are much more heavily spotted underneath with black shaft-streaks on
the under tail coverts, while from bogotensis the type is immediately separated by
the broad bright yellow frontal band, orbital ring, and superciliaries, as well as
by more yellowish green top and sides of the head. Whether the locality "Ecua-
dor," where no representative of this group of tanagers has since been obtained,
is correct, remains extremely doubtful, although it should be noted that, according
to Finsch (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579), the Bremen Museum also has
specimens from "Quito, Ecuador."
Sclater's name chrysophrys appears to have slight priority. The first number
of the "Contributions to Ornithology" was published in January, while Bona-
parte's paper, read at the meeting of January 20, is not likely to have been issued
before the end of the month. In any case, both these names have priority over
Callispiza guttata Cabanis, unless the advance sheets of the "Museum Heineanum,"
which were in circulation in Germany as early as October, 1850, be considered
as constituting actual publications.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 101
Ixothraupis guttulata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, pp. 130, 144, 1851
Ecuador (diag.).
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 249, 1856 part, Venezuela and "Ecuador (Bourcier)" (diag.);
idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 21, pi. 10, 1857 part, Venezuela (near
Caracas) and "Ecuador (Mindos)"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64,
1862 part, spec, a, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, p. 627 Caracas; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105, 1886
part, spec, d-g, i, Venezuela ("Puerto Cabello," Caracas); Phelps, Auk,
14, p. 364, 1897 Cumanacoa [Sucre], Venezuela.
Tangara guttata guttata Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5,
p. 55, 1912 Cumbre de Valencia, Cumbre Chiquita, and Las Quiguas,
Carabobo (crit.); Hellmayr, I.e., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 176, 1924 Silla de
Caracas, Loma Redonda, and Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (crit.);
Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12, 1925 Neveri, Latal, and Cara-
pas, Sucre, Venezuela.
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1029, 1131, 1912 part, Venezuela (Cumana to Caracas and "Puerto
Cabello") and "Ecuador (Mindos bei Quito)."
Range. Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela from Sucre to
Carabobo; 1 (?) western Ecuador (Mindo).
3: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 2; unspecified, 1).
*Calospiza chrysophrys bogotensis (Hellmayr and Seilern). 2
EAST-ANDEAN SPOTTED TANAGER.
Tangara guttata bogotensis Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5,
p. 57, 1912 "Bogota," Colombia (type in Munich Museum); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 594, 1917 Buena Vista, east slope of
eastern Andes, Colombia.
Calliste guttulata (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157,
1855 "Bogota."
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttala Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 249, 1856 part, New Grenada ("Bogota"); idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 21, 1857 part, "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64,
1 Specimens from Sucre appear to be identical with those from farther west,
showing no approach to the Trinidad race (C. c. trinitatis).
Additional material examined. Sucre: Santa Ana, 4; Quebrada Secca, 9;
Cumanacoa, 3. Dept. Federal: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 19; Loma Redonda,
7; Silla de Caracas, 1. Carabobo: Cumbre de Valencia, 7; Cumbre Chiquita, 7;
Las Quiguas, 6. Ecuador: "Quito," 1 (type of C. guttulata).
2 Calospiza chrysophrys bogotensis (Hellmayr and Seilern): Nearest to C. c.
chrysophrys, but pileum grass green like the back, not more yellowish than the
latter; the blackish central spots to the dorsal feathers smaller and less conspicu-
ous; no distinct yellow frontal band or superciliaries, these parts being hardly
a little more yellowish green than the crown; cheeks and auriculars nearly grass
green. Wing, 68-72, (female) 65-66; tail, 49-53, (female) 48-50.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 9; Bucaramanga, 1;
Buena Vista, 1.
102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
1862 part, spec, b, "Anolaima," Colombia; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325
Santa Rosa and Alto, near Ocana, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 237 San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 Bucaramanga, Colombia;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105, 1886 part, spec. 1-p, "Bogota,"
Colombia; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 "Bogota."
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (not Calliste chrysophrys Sclater) Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1029, 1131, 1912 part, Vene-
zuela (San Cristobal) and Colombia.
Range. Subtropical zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia and
the adjacent section of Venezuela (San Cristobal, Tachira).
1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1).
Calospiza chrysophrys tolimae (Chapman). 1 TOLIMA SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara guttata tolimae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 187, 1914
twenty miles west of Honda, Tolima, Colombia (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 594, 1917
west of Honda.
Range. Subtropical zone of the central Andes of Colombia
(twenty miles west of Honda).
*Calospiza chrysophrys eusticta (Todd). 2 COSTA RICAN SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Tangara guttata eusticta Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, No. 2, p. 202, May, 1912
Boruca, Costa Rica (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh) ; Hellmayr
and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 57, 1912 Chiriquf (crit.);
Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 462, 1928 Boquete
Trail, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 187, 1929 Cana,
eastern Panama (crit.); Peters, I.e., 71, p. 340, 1931 Boquete Trail,
Panama; Smith, Auk, 49, p. 497, 1932 El General, Costa Rica.
1 Calospiza chrysophrys tolimae (Chapman) : Similar to C. c. bogotensis in
greenish auriculars and subocular region, yellowish green supra-loral stripe and
orbital ring, and small black spots on the back; but throat and breast much
more heavily spotted with black and under tail coverts with broad black shaft
streaks. Wing (male), 70; tail, 51.
A very interesting connecting link, combining the heavily spotted under
parts of C. c. eusticta with the coloration of the upper surface and sides of the
head of C. c. bogotensis.
Material examined. Colombia: twenty miles west of Honda, 1.
2 Calospiza chrysophrys eusticta (Todd) : Resembles C. c. chrysophrys in yellow
frontal band, supra-loral streak, and orbital ring, but differs by much larger
black spots underneath, these markings extending up to the chin; black-streaked
under tail-coverts; grass green (not yellowish green) pileum and back with much
more prominent black central spots, etc. Wing, 68-70, (female) 64-66; tail, 45
(female) to 50 (male). Chiriqui birds are identical with others from Costa Rica.
Additional material examined. Costa Rica: Carrillo, 1; Boruca, 5. Panama:
Boquete, Chiriqui, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 103
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 Costa Rica (Angostura, Dota, Turrialba);
Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 187 Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 267, 1883 part, Costa Rica
(Tucurriqui, Angostura, Dota, Turrialba) and Panama (Volcan de Chiri-
qui); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 105, 1886 part, spec, q-n,
Volcan de Chiriqui and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui, Angostura); Zeledon,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Turrialba, Costa Rica;
Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893
Boruca, Costa Rica; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14,
No. 339, p. 3, 1899 Chiriqui.
Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (not Calliste chrysophrys Sclater) Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 40, 1902 part, Costa Rica; Bangs,
Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 Boruca and Barranca [de Terraba], Costa Rica;
Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 278, 1910 Guayabo, Costa
Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1029, 1131,
1912 part, Chiriqui and Costa Rica.
Tangara guttata chrysophrys Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 862, 1910
Bonilla, Guayabo, Buena Vista, Carrillo, El General de Terraba, Juan
Vinas, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, and Boruca, Costa Rica (habits).
Range. Tropical zone of Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and
TeYraba Valley) and Panama east to Darien (Cana).
5: Costa Rica (Peralta, 2; Guayabo, 1; Boruca, 2).
Calospiza varia (P. L. S. Miiller). SMALL SPOTTED TANAGER.
Tanagra varia P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 158, 1776 based on
"Tangara tachete, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 301, fig. I; 1
Cayenne.
Calliste virescens Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 22, pi. 69, fig. 1 Cayenne
(type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., p. 56
Cayenne.
Ixothraupis pusilla Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3 (March), p.
144, 1851 Cayenne (type in Paris Museum).
Calliste graminea (not Tanagra graminea Spix) 2 Sclater, Tanag. Cat. Spec.,
pp. 11, 15, 1854 (crit.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 250, 1856
Cayenne and Lower Amazon (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p.
25, pi. 12, 1857 Cayenne and Surinam; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 64, 1862 Cayenne; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 106, 1886
Cayenne and Lower Amazonia.
1 Daubenton's figure of the "Tangara tachete, de Cayenne," though rather
poor, appears to me unquestionably referable to the bird subsequently described
as C. virescens. The blue wings and scapulars, together with the nearly uniform
green body plumage, are characteristic features of the male of the present species,
and exclude all other Guianan Tanagers, even C. punctata, which is, moreover,
fairly well represented on Daubenton's pi. 133, fig. 1, under the name "Tanagra
verd tachete des Indes."
2 1 am unable to recognize the present species in Tanagra graminea Spix,
of which the type has disappeared. Cf. footnote on page 94.
104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza graminea Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 498, 1908 Villa Braga,
Rio Tapajoz, Brazil.
Calospiza virescens Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 Cayenne; idem,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1030, 1131, 1912 Cayenne,
Surinam, and Brazil (Rio Tapajoz); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p.
445, 1914 Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz.
Range. French and Dutch Guiana and northern Brazil (Villa
Braga and Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz). 1
*Calospiza xanthogastra (Sclater). 2 YELLOW-BELLIED SPOTTED
TANAGER.
Calliste xanthogastra Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 1, p. 23, Jan., 1851
"Rio Negro," Brazil (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Mu-
seum); idem, I.e., 1851, p. 55 same locality; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
22, p. 115, 1854 Quijos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p. 157, 1855 "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 249, 1856 Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern Peru, and
Quijos, Ecuador (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 23, pi. 11, 1857
Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Quijos), and Peru (Maynas); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 64, 1862 "Bogota" and "Upper Amazon";
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 180 Upper Ucayali,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977 Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 upper
Ucayali and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 514 Paltaypampa,
Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 11 Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 461,
1884 Peruvian localities; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 Roraima and Ku-
kenam, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 106, 1886
Pebas (Peru), Sarayacu and Rio Napo (Ecuador), Colombia, and Brit-
ish Guiana (Roraima, Kukenam); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2,
pp. 71, 81, 1889 Rio Napo, Ecuador, and Mapiri, Bolivia; Salvador!
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 Rio Zamora,
Rio Santiago, and Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 19, 1902 Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela.
Calliste punctata var. /3 xanthogastra Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p.
128, 1874 (range).
Ixothraupis chrysogaster Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3, p. 144,
March, 1851 Colombia (type in coll. of M. Eyroll, probably lost).
Calospiza xanthogastra Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 (range);
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 10, 1908 Antimary, Rio Acre, Brazil;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
1 In the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, I have examined a male just beginning
its juvenile molt. It was secured by S. M. Klages on Feb. 18, 1920, at Miritituba,
Rio Tapajoz. Comparison of adults from Brazil is desirable.
Material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. Dutch Guiana: Surinam,
1. Brazil: Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1.
2 Calospiza xanthogastra (Sclater) is a close ally and apparently the western
representative of C. varia, with which it may ultimately prove to be conspecific.
The two birds agree in proportions and general style of coloration, though C.
xanthogastra is much more spotted throughout and less bluish on the scapulars
and flight-quills.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 105
93, 1911 "Quito" (errore) and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1029, 1131, 1912 (range, crit.); Sneth-
lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 444, 1914 Antimary, Rio Acre.
Calospiza xanthogaster Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925
Canelos, eastern Ecuador.
Tangara xanthogastra Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916
Nicare, Caura, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 594, 1917 La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg.,
85, A, Heft 10, p. 20, 1920 Chaquimayo, Dept. Puno, Peru (crit.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 656, 1926 Zamora, Macas
region, Rio Suno, and below San Jose, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 440, 1930 Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo,
Peru (crit.).
Tangara xanthogaster Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 74, 1928
San Jos6, Ecuador.
Calliste xanthogastra rostrata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 339 La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (type in Warsaw
Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 6, p. 182, 1927).
Calospiza xanthogastra rostrata Mnegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911
Nuevo Loreto, near Tayabamba, Peru.
Range. Tropical zone of Amazonia, from eastern Colombia
(Cuembi, Rio Putumayo; La Morelia, Caqueta) south through
Ecuador and Peru to northern Bolivia (Mapiri) and east to Vene-
zuela (Nicare, Caura River) and extreme western Brazil (Antimary,
Rio Acre), and Subtropical zone of British Guiana (Kukenam and
Roraima, alt. 5,000-6,000 ft.). 1
2: Peru (Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, 1; Rioja, 1).
*Calospiza rufigula (Bonaparte). RUFOUS-THROATED TANAGER.
Tanagrella rufigula Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, No. 3
(se'ance du 20 Jan.), p. 77, 1851 Ecuador 2 (type in Paris Museum); idem,
Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3 (March), p. 130, 1851 Ecuador.
Calliste rufigula Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 55 Ecuador; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19, 1856 vicinity of Quito, Ecuador.
Calliste rufigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 250, 1856 vicinity
of Quito, Ecuador (descr.; substitute for T. rufigula Bonaparte); idem,
1 The proposed Peruvian race rostrata appears to be invalid. Some specimens
have indeed larger, stouter bills, but the majority cannot be separated in this
or any other way from more northern examples, so far as I can see. A single
adult male from Roraima is not different either.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 8; Cuembi, Rio Putu-
mayo, 1. Ecuador: Rio Napo, 1; El Loreto, 2; Sarayacu, 1; Canelos, 2. Peru:
Nuevo Loreto, 2; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1; Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 1.
British Guiana: Roraima (alt. 6,000 feet), 1.
J According to Sclater (Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 28, 1857; Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 27, p. 440, 1859), the type came from Calacali, twelve miles north of Quito.
106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 27, pi. 13, 1857 Ecuador (Calacali, vicinity of
Quito); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 440, 1859 "Rio Napo"; idem,
I.e., 28, p. 86, 1860 Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 65, 1862 Nanegal; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 107, 1886
Ecuador (Nanegal, "Quito," Intag, "Sarayacu") and Colombia (Pasto);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 Nanegal; Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898 Paramba, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 406
Mindo, Intag, and other localities in the western Andes between 5,000
and 6,000 feet, Ecuador.
Calospiza rufigularis M6negaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 94, 1911 Gualea, Ecuador.
Calospiza rufigula Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1102 La Selva
(alt. 4,600 feet), San Juan slopes of the western Andes, Colombia; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030, 1912 Ecuador
(Nanegal, Quito, Gualea, Intag, Paramba, "Sarayacu," "Rio Napo")
and southern Colombia (Pasto); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14,
No. 25, p. 83, 1922 Gualea, Ecuador.
Tangara rufigula Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 594, 1917
Gallera, Buenavista (Narino), and Ricaurte, western Andes of Colombia;
idem, I.e., 55, p. 656, 1926 Mindo and La Chonta, Ecuador.
Range. Western slope of the western Andes of Colombia and
Ecuador, chiefly in the Subtropical zone. 1
2: Ecuador ("Quito," 1; unspecified, 1).
Calospiza arthus arthus (Lesson). 2 VENEZUELAN GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Tanagra arthus Lesson, Illustr. Zool., livr. 3, pi. 9, Oct., 1832 "Nova His-
pania," we substitute Caracas, Venezuela (type in coll. of Florent Pre-
vost, probably lost).
Calliste arthus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 "Mexico"
(err ore).
Calliste arthusi Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 53 Venezuela; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 251, 1856 "Cariaco" and Caracas, Venezuela
(descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 35, pi. 16, 1857 Venezuela
(estate Curiana, above Cariaco; Caracas); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds.,
p. 65, 1862 Venezuela; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 109, 1886
Venezuela.
Calospiza arthusi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912 Venezuela.
Chrysothraupis arthus Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851 part
(excl. hab. Peru).
1 Records from "Rio Napo" and "Sarayacu" are unquestionably erroneous.
Additional material examined. Colombia: La Selva, San Juan slopes, 1.
Ecuador: "Quito," 3; Gualea, 5; Mindo, 5; Paramba, 1.
2 This and the seven succeeding races constitute a natural specific entity, rep-
resenting each other geographically and differing one from another merely in
intensity and details of coloration.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 107
Tangara arthus Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 58,
1912 Cumbre de Valencia, Cumbre Chiquita, Paso Hondo (San Este-
ban Valley), and Las Quiguas, Carabobo (crit., plumages); Hellmayr,
I.e., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 177, 1924 Silla de Caracas and Galipan, Cerro del
Avila, Dept. Federal, and near Bucarito, Tocuyo, Lara (crit.).
Range. Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, from the Cara-
cas region west to Lara (near Bucarito, Tocuyo). 1
Calospiza arthus sclateri (Lafresnaye). 2 SCLATER'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Carlisle] sclatteri [sic] Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 207, 1854
"Colombie" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 400, 1930).
Callisle sclateri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 251, 1856 "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Cal-
liste, p. 31, pi. 14, fig. 1, 1857 "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll.
Amer. Bds., p. 65, 1862 "Bogota"; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38,
p. 126, 1874 (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108, 1888
"Bogota."
Calospiza sclateri Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912 "Bogota."
Tangara sclateri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917 (crit.).
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater, Contrib. Orn.,
1851, p. 52 Colombia (in part).
Range. Eastern Colombia (only known from native "Bogota"
collections).
1 Its occurrence in northeastern Venezuela (mountains of Sucre) is open to
doubt. Sclater claims that the late H. Dyson obtained specimens on his estate
Curiana above Cariaco, and the Tring Museum has an adult male collected by
H. Mocquerys, said to be from "Carip6, Jan., 1894." However, both collectors,
who worked also in other parts of Venezuela, were not particularly careful about
labeling, and, as no other naturalist ever found the present species in that district
of Venezuela, more trustworthy evidence seems imperative.
There is no difference whatever between series from the Caracas region and
Carabobo, and two adult males from Lara (mountains near Bucarito) are also
similar.
Material examined. Venezuela, Dept. Federal: Silla de Caracas, 4; Galipan,
Cerro del Avila, 11. Carabobo: La Cumbre de Valencia, 10; Cumbre Chiquita,
3; Las Quiguas, 3; Paso Hondo, San Esteban Valley, 2. Lara: near Bucarito,
Tocuyo, 2.
2 Calospiza arthus sclateri (Lafresnaye) differs readily from C. a. arthus by
lacking the yellow color on throat and middle of belly, the entire under parts
being nearly uniform reddish brown (almost amber brown), much deeper than
the raw sienna of C. a. occidentalis or the golden aniline yellow of C. a. aurulenta
and C. a. goodsoni.
The range of this form remains to be determined, it being known only from
native "Bogota" skins. It probably replaces the allied races in the Subtropical
zone of the eastern slope of the eastern Andes of Colombia.
Material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 9.
108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza arthus aurulenta (Lafresnaye). GOLDEN TANAGER.
Tanagra (Aglaia) aurulenta Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 290, 1843 "Co-
lombie" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70,
p. 400, 1930).
Calliste aurulenta Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850 Colombia
(ex Lafresnaye); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 52 Colombia (in part);
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 157, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24,
p. 250, 1856 "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 29, pi.
14, fig. 2, 1857 part, New Grenada; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 65,
1862 part, spec, c, d, "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108,
1886 part, spec, a-e, "Bogota," Colombia; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4,
p. 184, 1857 "Bogota."
Chrysothraupis aurulenta Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851
Colombia (crit.).
Aglaia aurulenta Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 207, 1854 Colom-
bia (descr.).
Calospiza aurulenta Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 Ibague;
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1030, 1131, 1912
part, "Bogota."
Tangara aurulenta aurulenta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 594,
1917 La Candela, Fusugasuga, Aguadita, El Roble, and Subia, Colombia.
Range. Subtropical zone of the mountains bordering the Mag-
dalena Valley, viz., west slope of the eastern Andes (Fusugasuga,
Aguadita, El Roble, Subia) and east slope of the central Andes
(Ibague, La Candela) in eastern Colombia. 1
3: Colombia ("Bogota," 2; El Roble, 1).
*Calospiza arthus occidentalis (Chapman). 2 WESTERN GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Tangara aurulenta occidentalis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 188,
1914 San Antonio, western Andes, Colombia (type in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 595, 1917 part,
Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Gallera, Cocal, Miraflores, and La Frijolera,
western and central Andes of Colombia.
1 A single specimen from La Candela (eastern slope of the central Andes)
agrees well with Bogota skins, of which twelve have been available for
comparison.
1 Calospiza arthus occidentalis (Chapman) : Similar to C. a. aurulenta, but
under parts more richly colored, approaching raw sienna rather than golden
aniline yellow; edges to dorsal feathers darker, cadmium yellow like the crown
instead of paler; those of wing coverts and secondaries decidedly golden yellow,
not greenish ; bill on average larger.
Additional material examined. Colombia, western Andes: Pueblo Rico, 1;
Frontino, 1; San Antonio, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; Riolima, 2; Gallera, 2. Central
Andes: La Frijolera, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 109
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 498 Concordia and Frontino, Colombia;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108, 1886 part, spec, f-h, Frontino
and Antioquia, Colombia.
Calospiza aurulenta Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912 part, Frontino, Antioquia.
Calospiza aurulenta aurulenta Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1102
Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes of Colombia.
Range. Subtropical zone of western Colombia, in the western
Andes and on the west slope of the central Andes (on the Pacific
side south to the Rio Patia).
5: Colombia (Gallera, west of Popayan, Cauca, 1; Rio Lima, 3;
San Antonio, Cauca, 1).
Calospiza arthus goodsoni (Hartert). 1 GOODSON'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Tangara aurulenta goodsoni Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, p. 78, 1913
Gualea, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum
of Natural History, New York); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 657, 1926 western Ecuador (Gualea, Rios Coco and Chimbo, Palla-
tanga, El Chiral, Zaruma, Portovelo, Punta Santa Ana, Salvias, San
Bartolo, Alamor).
Calospiza aurulenta goodsoni Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 83, 1922 road to Nanegal, Ecuador.
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 29, 1857 part, "vicinity of Quito," Ecuador; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 140, 1859 Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28,
pp. 86, 87, 1860 Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 65,
1862 part, spec, a, b, Pallatanga; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 544 Cayandeled, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884,
p. 288 Cayandeled (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 108,
1886 part, spec, i-m, Ecuador ("San Jos6," Pallatanga); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 "near Quito," Ecuador; Salvador! and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 Intac and Gualea,
Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 Intag and Santo Domingo,
Ecuador.
1 Calospiza arthus goodsoni (Hartert) : Nearest to C. a. occidentalis, but crown
decidedly paler, less deeply cadmium yellow; rump clearer yellow; under parts
:less brownish, golden aniline yellow as in C. a. aurulenta. This form resembles
|C. a. occidentalis in the golden yellow edgings to the dorsal feathers, wing coverts,
and secondaries, but is nearer to C. a. aurulenta in the coloration of the ventral
surface, while the upper part of the head is paler, less orange than in either. Birds
from extreme southern Colombia (San Pablo), except by slightly darker rump,
agree perfectly with those from Ecuador.
Material examined. Colombia: San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 4. Western
Ecuador: Paramba, 2; San Nicolas, 1; Gualea, 6; Intag, 6; Santo Domingo, 2;
unspecified, 4.
110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza aurulenta Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Mend.
Equat., 9, p. B. 94, 1911 Gualea and San Nicolas, Ecuador; Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1030, 1131, 1912 part, western
Ecuador (San Pablo, Nanegal, Gualea, Pallatanga, "San Jose," Cayan-
deled, Intag, Santo Domingo).
(l)Tangara aurulenta occidentalis (not of Chapman, 1914) Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917 part, Ricaurte, Narino, Colombia.
Range. Subtropical zone of western Ecuador and extreme south-
western Colombia (San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres).
Calospiza arthus aequatorialis (Taczanowski and Berlepsch). 1
EAST ECUADORIAN GOLDEN TANAGER.
Calliste pulchra aequatorialis Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1885, p. 77 Machay and Mapoto, eastern Ecuador (type, from
Machay, Rio Pastaza, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Doman-
iewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 182, 1927).
Calospiza pulchra aequatorialis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1031, 1912 eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu, Machay,
Mapoto).
Tangara pulchra aequatorialis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 657,
1926 eastern Ecuador (Zamora, Sabanilla, below San Jose, lower Sumaco,
Archidona, Baeza, below Oyacachi, and Rio Sardinas).
Calliste pulchra (not Callospiza pulchra Tschudi) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 251, 1856 part, Quixos, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 33, pi. 55, 1857 part, Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 26, p. 74, 1858 Rio Napo; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
65, 1862 Rio Napo; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 126, 1874
Ecuador (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 109, 1886 part,
spec, a-f, eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu, Machay).
Calospiza pulchra Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 94, 1911 Gualaquiza, Ecuador.
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador.
"Calospiza arthus pulchra (Tschudi). TSCHUDI'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Callospiza pulchra Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844 Peru (type
in Neuchatel Museum examined); idem, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 200, pi. 18, fig. 2, 1846 wood region of eastern Peru; Lafresnaye, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 206, 1854 (ex Tschudi).
1 Calospiza arthus aequatorialis (Taczanowski and Berlepsch) differs from C.
a. pulchra by lacking the well-defined chestnut gular patch, the throat and fore-
neck being instead washed with xanthine orange or dull orange rufous, this color
passing gradually into the golden yellow of the belly. From C. a. goodsoni, of
western Ecuador, it may be distinguished by larger size, more extensively black
loral region and chin-spot, green margins to wing-coverts and secondaries, much
more orange upper part of the head, the orange tinge on throat and foreneck,
pure white instead of buffy under wing coverts, etc. Wing, 78-82; tail, 56-60.
Material examined. Ecuador: Rio Pastaza, 2; Rio Napo, 2; Gualaquiza, 1;
Machay, 1; Mapoto, 1; Sarayacu, 2; "Govinda," 2; unspecified, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 111
Chrysothraupis arthus (not Tanagra arthus Lesson) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag.
Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851 part, Peru.
Calliste aurulenta (not Tanagra aurulenta Lafresnaye) Sclater, Contrib. Orn.,
1851, p. 52 part, Peru.
Calliste pulchra Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 251, 1856 part, Peru;
idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 33, 1857 part, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 Amable Maria, Dept. Junin, Peru; idem,
I.e., 1882, p. 11 Huambo; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 462, 1884 part, Huambo,
Amable Maria, and Ropaybamba; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
109, 1886 part, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 340 La Gloria and Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin, Peru.
Calospiza pulchra Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 7, 1905 Peru
(note on type); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1030,
1912 Peru (Huambo, Huayabamba, Amable Maria, Ropaybamba, La
Gloria, Garita del Sol); M6n6gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911
Cueva Seca, near Tayabamba, Peru.
Tangara pulchra pulchra Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 Charapi,
Prov. Jaen, Peru.
Tangara aurulenta pulchra Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p.
440, 1930 Huachipa, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of Peru from Prov. Jaen
south to Dept. Junin. 1
5: Peru (Huachipa, 4; Chanchamayo, 1).
Calospiza arthus sophiae (Berlepsch). 2 SOPHIA'S GOLDEN
TANAGER.
Calliste sophiae Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 49, p. 83, 1901 Songo, Yungas of La
Paz, Bolivia (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Senckenberg Museum,
Frankfort).
Calospiza pulchra sophiae Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 109, 1906
Huaynapata and Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1031, 1912 southeastern Peru and Bolivia.
Tangara pulchra sophiae Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 21, 1920
Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru (crit.).
1 Specimens vary somewhat in the intensity of the chestnut gular patch as
well as in the tone of the orange crown and of the greenish yellow margins on the
mantle, but the series examined is much too small to ascertain the significance
of this variation.
Additional material examined. Peru: Huambo, 2; Huayabamba, 1; La Gloria,
Chanchamayo, 1; unspecified, 1 (the type).
1 Calospiza arthus sophiae (Berlepsch): Nearest to C. a. pulchra, but top of
the head, sides of neck, subocular region, and rump much paler, light cadmium
rather than cadmium yellow; edges to dorsal feathers more greenish yellow;
black auricular patch larger; chestnut gular patch duller; breast and abdomen
less orange, nearer to aniline yellow. Wing, 76-81, (female) 71-75; tail, 51-56,
(female) 50-54.
Birds from southeastern Peru agree with a topotype from Songo.
Material examined. Bolivia: Songo, 1. Peru: Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 2;
Huaynapata, Marcapata, 6; Marcapata, 6.
112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste pulchra (not Callospiza pulchra Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 185, 186 San Antonio, Cuzco, Peru (crit.)l
idem, I.e., 1879, p. 598 Tilotilo, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p.
462, 1884 part, San Antonio, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
109, 1886 part, spec, g-i, Peru (San Antonio, Cuzco) and Bolivia.
Range. Tropical zone of southeastern Peru (depts. of Cuzco and
Puno) and western Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz).
*Calospiza icterocephala (Bonaparte). SILVER-THROATED
TANAGER.
Calliste icterocephala Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, No. 3
(stance du 20 janv.), p. 76, 1851 Ecuador = Valley of Punta Playa, near
Quito (type in Paris Museum); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 53, pi. 70,
fig. 1 Ecuador (type stated to have been obtained in the valley of Punta
Playa); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 251, 1856 Punta Playa,
Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 37, pi. 17, 1857 same locality;
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 87, 1860 Nanegal, Ecuador; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 65, 1862 Nanegal; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, p. 138 Cordillera de Tole and Santa Fe, Veraguas (crit.);
idem, I.e., 1870, p. 186 Volcan de Chiriquf and Veraguas (Boquete de
Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, Calovevora); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 Costa Rica (San Jose, Barranca, Turrialba,
Dota); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 Costa Rica (Candelaria
Mountains, Dota, Turrialba, Barranca) ; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, p. 54 Naranjo and OrosI, Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879,
p. 498 Frontino, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 1, p. 269, 1883 Costa Rica to Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 110, 1886 Costa Rica, Veragua, Chiriqui, Colombia (Fron-
tino, "Pasto"), and Ecuador (Nanegal, "Napo"); Zeledon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Costa Rica (Cartago, Naranjo de Car-
tago, Santa Maria de Dota); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893 Boruca, Costa Rica; I.e., 6, p. 13, 1895 San
Marcos, Costa Rica; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 Santo Domingo,
Gualea, and Intag, Ecuador.
Chrysothraupis icterocephala Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 3
(March), pp. 129, 143, 1851 Ecuador 1 (diag.).
Callispiza icterocephala Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 174, 1868
Costa Rica (crit.).
Callispiza (Chrysothraupis) frantzii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 87, 1861
Costa Rica (type in Berlin Museum).
Calliste frantzii Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 451 Costa Rica; idem, Ibis, 1868, p.
72 Costa Rica (crit.).
Calospiza icterocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 37, 1902
Costa Rica to Ecuador (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3,
1 Ridgway's quotation (in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 39) of "Bois
de Bagnos, Tonguaragua" [sic] for this species is erroneous. The locality in
question refers to bourcieri, as is evident from the text in Bonaparte's paper.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 113
p. 65, 1902 Boquete and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; Ferry, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 278, 1910 Guayabo, Costa Rica; Hellmayr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1103 Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes,
Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1031, 1912
Costa Rica to Ecuador.
Tangara icterocephala Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 864, 1910 Costa
Rica (many localities; plumages, habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917 Gallera, western Andes of Colombia; idem, I.e.,
55, p. 658, 1926 "Quito," Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Las Pinas, and
Alamor, western Ecuador (crit.).
Range. Subtropical zone of Costa Rica, western Panama
(Chiriqui and Veraguas), and of the western Andes of Colombia
(Frontino, Pueblo Rico, Gallera) and Ecuador. 1
12: Costa Rica (Boruca, 3; Guayabo, 1; Limon, 1; Peralta, 2;
Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 3); Panama (unspecified, 1); Veragua(?), 1.
*Calospiza xanthocephala venusta (Sclater). 2 YELLOW-CROWNED
TANAGER.
Calliste venusta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 248, pub.
April, 1855 "in Nova Grenada et in rep. Equatorianae provincia Quijos"
(type from "Bogota" in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);
idem, I.e., 23, p. 158, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 264, 1856
"Bogota," Colombia, and Quixos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 26, p. 74, 1858
Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 101, pi. 44, fig. 2,
1857 Colombia ("Bogota") and eastern Ecuador (upper Rio Napo);
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 72, 1862 Bogota and "Rio Napo";
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 near Alto (Ocana), Colombia; Dubois, Bull.
Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128, 1874 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 Frontino, western Andes of Colombia; Ber-
lepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 289 Cayandeled, western Ecuador
(one female); idem, I.e., 1885, p. 80 Machay, Ecuador; Taczanowski,
Orn. Per., 2, p. 476, 1884 Tambillo, northwestern Peru; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 133, 1886 Colombia ("Bogota," Antioquia) and
Ecuador ("Quito"); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463 Canzacota (alt. 6,500
feet), western Ecuador, and Baeza (alt. 5,500 feet), eastern Ecuador.
1 1 am unable to perceive any differences sufficiently constant to justify the
retention of a separate Central American form (frantzii). Size is not of much
consequence, though birds from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, on average, are slightly
larger. The yellow or greenish color of the edges to the mantle feathers and the
intensity of the yellow portions of the plumage appear to depend largely on age
and sex.
Additional material examined. Costa Rica, 12; Boquete, Chiriqui, 10; Calo-
veVora, Veraguas, 1. Colombia: Pueblo Rico, 2. Ecuador ("Quito," Gualea,
Intac), 10.
2 Calospiza xanthocephala venusta (Sclater) differs from the typical race by
decidedly paler, light cadmium instead of cadmium yellow crown.
Specimens from M6rida, the three ranges of the Colombian Andes, and the
western and eastern slopes of Ecuador agree well together.
Additional material examined. Venezuela, Meiida: Valle, 3. Colombia (all
three ranges), 15. Ecuador: Cayandeled, 1; Canzacota, 3; Baeza, 4.
114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza venusta Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 98, 1911 "Quito," Ecuador; idem, Rev. Frang. d'Orn.,
2, p. 10, 1911 Cueva Seca, Peru; 1 Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, p. 1031, 1912 Colombia (Bogota, Antioquia, Ocana),
Ecuador (both sides), northwestern Peru (Tambillo), and Venezuela
(Merida); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922
Gualea, western Ecuador.
Tangara venusta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917 San
Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Andes west of Popayan, La Florida, Cocal,
Miraflores, Salento, La Candela, Aguadita, El Roble, and Subia, Colom-
bia; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 Charapi, Prov. Jaen, Peru.
Tangara xanthocephala venusta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 665,
1926 Baeza, below Oyacachi, and upper Sumaco, eastern Ecuador; Ber-
lioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 241, 1932 Mera, eastern
Ecuador.
Calliste xanthocephala (not Callospiza xanthocephala Tschudi) Sclater, Contrib.
Orn., 1851, p. 58 Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115,
1854 Quijos, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 227 Tambillo, Peru.
Range. Subtropical zone of extreme western Venezuela (Cor-
dillera of Me'rida), Colombia (except Santa Marta region),
Ecuador (both slopes), and northwestern Peru (Tambillo and Cha-
rapi, Prov. Jaen; Cueva Seca, near Tayabamba, Dept. Libertad).
5: Colombia (Cundinamarca, 1); Venezuela (Conejos, near Me'-
rida, 1 ; Montanas de la Sierra Madre, Me'rida, 1 ; Montanas Sierra,
Me'rida, 1; Sierra de Me'rida, Me'rida, 1).
Calospiza xanthocephala xanthocephala (Tschudi). 2 TSCHUDI'S
YELLOW-CROWNED TANAGER.
Callospiza xanthocephala Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844 Peru
(type in Neuchatel Museum examined); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 200, pi. 17, fig. 2, 1846 wooded region of eastern Peru.
Calliste xanthocephala Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 264, 1856 part,
Peru; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 99, 1857 part, Peru; Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 Ropaybamba, Junin, Peru; idem,
Orn. Per., 2, p. 475, 1884 Ropaybamba; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 134, 1886 part, spec, f, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru.
Calospiza xanthocephala Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 7, 1905
Peru (note on type); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1031, 1912 part, central Peru (Ropaybamba, Garita del Sol,
Chanchamayo).
1 Identical with specimens from eastern Ecuador (Berlioz, in litt.).
2 Calospiza xanthocephala xanthocephala (Tschudi), with its cadmium yellow
crown, stands just between the pale-headed C. x. venusta and the orange-crowned
C. x. lamprotis.
Tschudi's type agrees with specimens from the Vitoc Valley.
Material examined. Peru: Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 3; unspecified (the type), 1.
1936 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 115
Chrysothraupis xanthocephala Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143,
1851 Peru (ex Tschudi).
Tangara xanthocephala xanthocephala Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 665 (in text), 1926 Chanchamayo region (crit.).
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern-central Peru, in Dept.
Junin (Garita del Sol, Vitoc; Ropaybamba, etc.).
Calospiza xanthocephala lamprotis (Sclater). 1 ORANGE-
CROWNED TANAGER.
Calliste lamprotis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 65 Bolivia (type in British
Museum).
Calliste xanthocephala (not Callospiza xanthocephala Tschudi) Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 264, 1856 part (descr. et hab. Bolivia); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 99, pi. 44, fig. 1, 1857 part, Bolivia; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 294, 1858 "from some district in the interior of
Peru bordering on Bolivia"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, 1862
Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 599 Juanani
and Tilotilo, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 134, 1886
part, spec, a-e, Juanani, Bolivia.
Calospiza xanthocephala Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906
Idma, above Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1031, 1131, 1912 part, Santo Domingo and
"Santa Ana," Peru (crit.).
Calospiza xanthocephala subsp. Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 110,
1906 Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru (crit.).
Tangara xanthocephala xanthocephala Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117,
p. 119, 1921 Idma, San Miguel Bridge, and Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru.
Calospiza xanthocephala lamprotis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1031, 1131, 1912 Bolivia and southeastern Peru (crit.).
Tangara xanthocephala lamprotes [sic] Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 665 (in text), 1926 southern Peru (Urubamba Valley) to Bolivia.
Range. Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru (in depts. of
Cuzco and Puno) and Bolivia.
"Calospiza chrysotis (Du Bus). GOLDEN-EARED TANAGER.
Calliste chrysotis Du Bus, Esq. Ornith., livr. 2, pi. 7, 1846 Peru (type in
Brussels Museum); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 66 Peru; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 263, 1856 Peru (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen.
1 Calospiza xanthocephala lamprotis (Sclater) : Similar to C. x. xanthocephala,
but crown much deeper, orange to cadmium orange. Wing, 73-77, (female)
69-72; tail, 49-53, (female) 46-50.
Birds from Marcapata agree with a Bolivian series, while three from Idma,
Urubamba, have the crown slightly paler, orange rather than cadmium orange,
thus verging in the direction of C. x. xanthocephala.
Material examined. Bolivia: Chaco (Yungas of La Paz), 12; San Antonio,
1; Sandillani, 1; Songo, 2; San Cristobal, 7. Peru: Huaynapata, Marcapata, 3;
Santo Domingo, Marcapata, 5; Idma, Urubamba, 3.
116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste, p. 97, pi. 43, 1857 Peru; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 27, p.
440, 1859 Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, 1862
"Upper Amazon" and Rio Napo; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1882, p. 12 Chirimoto, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 475, 1884 Chiri-
moto; idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 79 Machay,
Ecuador (descr. of young); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 134, 1886
eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Machay, "Quito") and Peru.
Chrysothraupis chrysotis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 142, 1851
" Mexico" = Peru.
Calospiza chrysotis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 110, 1906 Huay-
napata, Marcapata, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1032, 1912 eastern Ecuador (Machay, Rio Napo) and Peru
(Chirimoto, Huaynapata).
Tangara chrysotis Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 119, 1921 Rio
San Miguel, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 665,
1926 eastern Ecuador ("Napo," Sabanilla, Zamora, below Oyacachi),
Peru (Chaupe; Santo Domingo), and Bolivia (crit.).
Tangara chrysotis cochabambae Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 121, 1924
Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum).
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Machay; El Topo,
Rio Pastaza; Rio Blanco; below Oyacachi; Sabanilla; Zamora),
eastern Peru (Chaupe; Chirimoto, Huayabamba Valley; Chancha-
mayo; Rio San Miguel, Urubamba; Huaynapata, Marcapata), and
northern Bolivia (Yungas of Cochabamba). 1
1: Peru (Chanchamayo, 1).
*Calospiza parzudakii parzudakii (Lafresnaye). PARZUDAKI'S
TANAGER.
Tanagra parzudakii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 97, 1843 "environs de
Santa-Fe-de-Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 402, 1930).
Tanagra (Aglaia) parzudaki Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, cl. 2, pi. 41, 1843
"Santa-Fe-de-Bogota," Colombia.
Calliste parzudakii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 235, 1850
"Bogota"; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 66 Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 Quijos, eastern Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p.
158, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 263, 1856 "Bogota," Colombia,
and Quixos, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 93, pi. 41, 1857
1 1 cannot perceive any difference in the sheen of the green portions of the
plumage between Ecuadorian specimens and others from southern Peru and
Bolivia (cochabambae), but those from the south, except one, have the rufous
abdominal area somewhat lighter, ochraceous tawny rather than tawny. Chap-
man, however, claims this character to be individual and not geographic.
Additional material examined. Eastern Ecuador: El Topo, Rio Pastaza, 1;
Machay, 1; Rio Blanco, 1; "Rio Napo," 2. Peru: Huaynapata, Marcapata, 4.
Bolivia: Yungas, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 117
same localities (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Eds., p. 71, 1862
"Bogota"; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 Chilpes
and Auquimarca, Dept. Junfn, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 474, 1884
same localities; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 132, 1886 Colombia
("Bogota") -and eastern Ecuador (Jima, Chiquinda, Rio Napo, "Quito");
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 Garita
del Sol, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463 Baeza, Ecuador.
Chrysothraupis parzudakii Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 143, 1851
"Bogota."
Calospiza parzudakii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 Idma,
Urubamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1032, 1912 Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and Peru; Lonnberg and Ren-
dahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922 Baeza, Ecuador.
Tangara parzudaki Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917
La Palma, Aguadita, El Roble, and Subia, Colombia.
Tangara parzudakii Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 118, 1921
Idma, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 664, 1926
Sabanilla and Baeza, Ecuador (crit.).
Tangara parzudakii florentes Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 Charapi,
northwestern Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 402, 1930 (crit.).
Range. Subtropical zone of Colombia (western slope of eastern
Andes and east slope of central Andes), eastern Ecuador, and eastern
Peru (Chaupe and Charapi, near Huancabamba ; Chilpes, Auqui-
marca, and Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin; Idma, Urubamba, Dept.
Cuzco). 1
1: Colombia ("Bogota").
Calospiza parzudakii lunigera (Sclater). 2 BLACK-EARED TANAGER.
Calliste lunigera Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 65, pi. 70, fig. 2 "Rio Negro,"
errore (type now in British Museum) ; 3 idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 263, 1856 vicinity of Quito, Ecuador (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 96, pi. 42, 1857 near Calacali, Ecuador (monog.); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 87, 1860 Nanegal; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 71, 1862 Ecuador (Nanegal and Calacali); Dubois, Bull. Acad.
1 A single female from Peru (Idma, Urubamba) agrees with specimens from
"Bogota" and Baeza. Chapman has shown T. p. florentes to be inseparable.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 10. Ecuador: Baeza, 3.
Peru: Idma, Urubamba, 1.
1 Calospiza parzudakii lunigera (Sclater) principally differs from typical C.
p. parzudakii by lacking the red color on the forehead and sides of the face, and
is clearly its western representative.
Material examined. Western Ecuador (Cayandeled, Canzacota, Gualea,
Milligalli, etc.), 14.
3 The type was apparently given to P. L. Sclater and passed with his collection
into the British Museum (cf. also Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 24,
1899). The original locality, "Rio Negro," was, of course, erroneous, this tanager
being restricted to western Ecuador.
118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Roy. Belg., 38, p. 128, 1874 (crit.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 289 Cayandeled; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 133, 1886 western Ecuador (Nanegal, "Quito"); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 Nanegal and "Millegala" [= Milligalli];
Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 16, 1899
Gualea, Nanegal, and Intag; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463 Canzacota,
Gualea, and lower western slopes of Pichincha (habits).
Calospiza lunigera M6negaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 97, 1911 San Nicolas; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1032, 1912 western Ecuador.
Tangara lunigera Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 664, 1926 near
Quito, Gualea, Milligalli, and El Chiral.
Calospiza parzudakii lunigera Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 84, 1922 near Gualea and Nanegal.
Range. Subtropical zone of western Ecuador.
Calospiza rufigenis (Sclater). 1 RUFOUS-CHEEKED TANAGER.
Calliste rufigenis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 311, pub.
March 11, 1857 Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 91, pi. 40, 1857 Venezuela
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, 1862 Venezuela; idem,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 132, 1886 Venezuela.
Calliste rufigena (lapsus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 66 (in text),
1857.
Calospiza rufigenis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1032,
1912' "Puerto Cabello," Venezuela.
Tangara rufigenis Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 60,
1912 Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo (crit.).
Range. Subtropical zone of the north coast mountains of Vene-
zuela, from the vicinity of Caracas west to Lara (near Bucarito,
Tocuyo).
"Calospiza cyanotis lutleyi (Hellmayr). 2 BLACK-CHEEKED
TANAGER.
Calliste melanotis (not Aglaia melanotis Swainson, 1837) Sclater, Ibis, (3), 6,
p. 408, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1876 Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L.
Sclater, now in British Museum); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1 Calospiza rufigenis (Sclater), though very distinct, seems to belong in the
neighborhood of C. labradorides and allies.
Material examined. Venezuela: Vicinity of Caracas, 3; Cumbre de Valencia,
Carabobo, 11; mountains near Bucarito, Tocuyo, Lara, 2.
2 Calospiza cyanotis lutleyi (Hellmayr) : Similar to C. c. cyanotis, but anterior
auriculars black like the rest of the sides of the head, not blue; back black like
the crown, not dusky green; superciliaries nearly uniform, lacking the golden hue
in the central portion, so conspicuous in three Bolivian specimens; bluish external
edges to primaries and rectrices narrower.
Birds from various parts of the range agree pretty well together. Calliste
melanotis Sclater being invalidated by Aglaia melanotis Swainson, a synonym of
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 119
1882, p. 12 Chirimoto and Achamal, Valley of Huayabamba, Peru;
idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 473, 1884 Peru (Paltaypampa, Chirimoto, Acha-
mal); idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 79 Machay,
Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 131, 1886 Ecuador (Rio
Napo) and Peru (Chirimoto); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 341 Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru.
Tangara lutleyi Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, Heft 2, p. 198, 1917
new name for Calliste melanotis Sclater, preoccupied; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 663, 1926 eastern Ecuador (Sabanilla and
lower Sumaco).
Calliste cyanotis (not of Sclater, 1858) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27,
p. 441, 1859 Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Ibis, 1863, p. 451 Rio Napo
(descr.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 Paltaypampa,
Peru.
Calospiza melanotis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 Idma,
Urubamba, Peru; MenSgaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 Nuevo
Loreto, near Tayabamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1032, 1912 Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Machay, Rio
Napo), and Peru (Chirimoto, Achamal, Huayabamba, Paltaypampa,
Garita del Sol, Chanchamayo, Idma).
Tangara melanotis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917 La
Palma, head of Magdalena Valley, Colombia; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
117, p. 118, 1921 Idma, Urubamba, Peru.
Tangara cyanotis lutleyi Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 441,
1930 Huachipa, Huanuco, Peru (crit.).
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia ("Bogota"; La
Palma), eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Machay, Sabanilla, lower
Sumaco), and eastern Peru, south to the Urubamba Valley, Dept.
Cuzco.
2: Peru (Huachipa, Huanuco, 1; Chanchamayo, 1).
Calospiza cyanotis cyanotis (Sclater). BLUE-CHEEKED TANAGER.
Calliste cyanotis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 294, Nov., 1858 "from
some district in the interior of Peru from the neighborhood bordering on
Bolivia" 1 (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 71, pi. 9, 1862 "Peru"; idem, Ibis, 1876, p. 409,
pi. 12, fig. 2 Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 599 Tilotilo; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 131, 1886 "southern Peru" and Bolivia.
Calospiza cyanotis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1032,
1912 Bolivia (Tilotilo, Quebrada Onda, Songo).
C. schrankii (Spix), I have proposed the new name T. lutleyi for the Black-cheeked
Tanager.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 2; La Palma, head of
the Magdalena Valley, 1. Ecuador: Sabanilla, 1; lower Sumaco, 1; Archidona,
2. Peru: Chirimoto, 1; Chanchamayo, 3; Idma, Urubamba, 2.
1 The collection, which among others contained such a purely Bolivian species
as Allapetes rufinucha, probably originated in the Yungas of La Paz.
120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Subtropical zone of Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and
Cochabamba). 1
*Calospiza labradorides labradorides (Boissonneau). METALLIC-
GREEN TANAGER.
Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 67, 1840 "Santa-
Fe-de-Bogota," Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 402, 1930).
Tanagra labradorides Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Atlas, Ois., pi. 5,
fig. 2, 1846; idem, I.e., Zool., 5, (1), p. 213, 1849 "Santa-Fe-de-Bogota."
Calliste labradorides Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 57 Colombia; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 262, 1856
"Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 89, pi. 39, 1857
"Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 70, 1862 "Bogota"; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 Concordia and Santa
Elena, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 130, 1886 Colom-
bia ("Bogota," Antioquia, Concordia, Santa Elena, "Pasto") and Ecua-
dor (San Lucas); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463 Gualea, Ecuador.
Chalcothraupis labradorides Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 144, 1851
"Bogota."
Calospiza labradorides Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 307, 1899
Ibague, Colombia; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1109
Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, and Riolima, western Andes, Colombia;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B.
97, 1911 Santo Domingo and Gualea, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th
Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1033, 1912 Colombia and western Ecua-
dor; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922 Gualea
and Mindo, Ecuador.
Tangara labradorides Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 600, 1917
Colombia (Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Miraflores,
Salento, Santa Elena, El Eden, La Candela, La Palma, Fusugasuga,
Aguadita, El Roble, Subia).
Tangara labradorides labradorides Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
663, 1926 western Ecuador.
Range. Subtropical zone of Colombia (except Santa Marta
region) and western Ecuador (Mindo, Gualea, Santo Domingo). 2
6: Colombia (Aguadita, above Fusugasuga, 1; "Bogota," 2;
Cauca, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 2).
1 Material examined. Bolivia: Songo, Yungas of La Paz, 1; Quebrada Onda,
Cochabamba, 1; Yungas of Cochabamba, 1.
2 Specimens from the western Andes of Colombia agree with others from
"Bogota," and five skins from western Ecuador I am likewise unable to separate.
The latter do not show any of the characters ascribed to C. I. chaupensis, a form
that we have not yet met with, and seem to pertain to typical labradorides.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 26; Concordia, 1;
Pueblo Rico, 1; Rio Lima, 1; San Antonio, 6. Ecuador: Santo Domingo, 1;
Gualea, 3; unspecified, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 121
Calospiza labradorides chaupensis (Chapman). 1 CHAUPE
METALLIC-GREEN TANAGER.
Tangara labradorides chaupensis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 160, p. 10,
Feb., 1925 Chaupe, northeast of Huancabamba, northern Peru (type in
the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Range. Subtropical zone of northwestern Peru (Chaupe, north-
east of Huancabamba).
*Calospiza cyanicollis cyanicollis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
BLUE-NECKED TANAGER.
Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 33, 1837 Yuracares, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Tanagra cyanicollis d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Merid., Ois., p. 271, pi. 25, fig. 1,
1839 Yuracares.
Callospiza cyanicollis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 Peru;
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 202, 1846 eastern Peru.
Calliste cyanicollis* Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 115 part, Bolivia and
Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, pp. 19, 262, 1856 part, eastern
Peru and Bolivia (Yuracares); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 87, 1857
part, Bolivia and eastern Peru (Tschudi); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 597 Cosnipata, Peru;Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 515
Monterico and Paltaypampa, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 599
Bolivia (Yuracares, Tilotilo, Ramosani); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2,
p. 472, 1884 part, Monterico, Paltaypampa, Cosnipata, and San Gaban,
Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 127, 1886 part, spec, a-e,
Bolivia (Tilotilo, Ramosani) and Peru (Cosnipata); Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 La Merced, Borgona, Garita
del Sol, and Esperanza, Dept. Junin, Peru.
Calospiza cyanicollis- Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907
part, Bolivia (San Mateo); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp.
79, 110, 1906 Idma (Urubamba) and Huaynapata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1033, 1912 part,
central and southeastern Peru and Bolivia.
Tangara cyanicollis cyanicollis Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p.
22, 1920 Yahuarmayo, Chaquimayo, and Marcapata, Peru (crit.); idem,
Nov. Zool., 30, p. 239, 1923 Bolivia (note on type); Zimmer, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 441, 1930 Huanuco (Vista Alegre, Chin-
chao, Buena Vista) and Junin (Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo), Peru (crit.).
Tangara cyanicollis gularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 41, p. 332,
Sept., 1919 Candamo, southeastern Peru (type in the American Museum
1 Calospiza labradorides chaupensis (Chapman) : Similar to C. I. labradorides,
but general coloration greener; abdomen much paler, the whitish area extending
to the breast and occupying most of the abdominal region; forehead with little
or no golden sheen; the primaries margined externally with golden green instead
of with blue (Chapman, I.e.).
We are not acquainted with this form.
2 Frequently spelled "cyaneicollis."
122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 118,
1921 Rio San Miguel, Urubamba, Peru.
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of eastern Bolivia and
southern Peru (as far north as Dept. Huanuco). 1
10: Peru (Chinchao, 2; Hacienda Buena Vista, Rio Chinchao, 2;
Vista Alegre, 4; Chanchamayo, 1; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, 1).
*Calospiza cyanicollis caeruleocephala (Swainson). 2 NORTHERN
BLUE-NECKED TANAGER.
Aglaia caeruleocephala Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 356, Dec. 31, 1837
"Peru," doubtless northern part of the country (type in coll. of W. Hooker,
now in Liverpool Museum). 3
Calliste cyan(e)icollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 Quixos,
Ecuador; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Nav. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 181, pi. 18, fig. 1,
1855 Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, pp. 19, 262, 1856 part,
Quixos, Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 87, 1857 part, Quixos,
Ecuador; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 452, 1858 Gualaquiza
and Zamora, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 12 Huambo and
Chirimoto, Peru (eggs descr.); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 472, 1884 part,
Huambo, Chirimoto, and Huayabamba; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 127, 1886 part, subsp. caeruleocephala, eastern Peru and Ecuador
1 As we have shown elsewhere (Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 22, 1920),
birds from southeastern Peru (gularis) cannot be separated from a Bolivian series,
the supposed characters being individual rather than geographic. Specimens
from Junin (Chanchamayo) and Huanuco form the transition to caeruleocephala,
but as a whole appear to be better referred to the typical race in view of the
preponderance of pale-headed individuals in these parts of Peru.
Additional material examined. Bolivia: San Mateo, Cochabamba, 6; Songo,
Yungas of La Paz, 5; Yuracares, 1 (the type). Peru: Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, 2;
Chaquimayo, Carabaya, 3; Marcapata Valley, Cuzco, 4; Santo Domingo,
Carabaya, 2; Chanchamayo, Junin, 5; Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Junin, 1; Pozuzo,
Huanuco, 1.
2 Calospiza cyanicollis caeruleocephala (Swainson) : Closely similar to C. c.
cyanicollis, but blue of the head darker, the forehead tinged with purplish blue,
and middle of the throat purplish blue, this area being more or less contrasted
with the pale blue lateral portion and jugular region.
Birds from Moyobamba and the Valley of Huayabamba are perfectly identical
with those from eastern Ecuador. Specimens from the eastern base of the east
Colombian Andes seem to be also alike. Three adults from the upper Huallaga
(Pina, Nuevo Loreto), by paler head and throat, approach typical cyanicollis.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 3; Buena Vista, 2.
Ecuador: Machay, 1; Sarayacu, 1; San Jos6, Rio Suno, 4. Peru: Valley of
Huayabamba, 5; Nuevo Loreto, 2; Pina, 1.
3 The type (Liverpool Museum, No. D. 5201), labeled "Peru. Mathews.
Dr. W. Hooker, February, 1843," was kindly reexamined, on my request, by Mr.
N. B. Kinnear. This obliging gentleman writes that the specimen is in very
poor condition, many of the throat feathers being missing and others in molt.
It looks more like the typical Bolivian form (cyanicollis), showing hardly any
trace of the "rich violet gloss on the front and chin" mentioned in the original
description. However, this may be due to fading, and in view of Swainson's
explicit statement it seems undesirable to alter the name of the purplish-throated
form.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR
(Chiquinda, Sarayacu, Rio Napo, Jima); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
2, p. 71, 1889 "near Quito," errore; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463
Baeza, Ecuador.
Calliste caeruleocephala Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 79 Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 16, 1899 Zamora, Ecuador.
Calospiza caeruleocephala Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1033, 1912 part, Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern Ecuador, and northern
Peru.
Calospiza cyan(e)icollis caeruleocephala Me'ne'gaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, No.
21, p. 9, 1911 Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba, Rio Huallaga, Peru;
idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 96,
1911 Rio Napo; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925
Canelos, Ecuador.
Tangara cyaneicollis caeruleocephala Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 598, 1917 part, Quetame and Buena Vista, Colombia; Bangs and
Noble, Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 Perico and Tabaconas, upper Maranon,
Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 661, 1926 eastern Ecua-
dor (Sabanilla, Zamora, Macas, Rio Suno below San Jose, Baeza, and
below Oyacachi).
Range. Chiefly Subtropical zone of eastern Colombia (east slope
of eastern Andes), eastern Ecuador, and northern Peru (south to
the latitude of Tayabamba).
1: Peru (Moyobamba, 1).
Calospiza cyanicollis melanogaster (Cherrieand Reichenberger). 1
BLACK-BELLIED TANAGER.
Tangara cyaneicollis melanogaster Cherrie and Reichenberger, Amer. Mus.
Nov., 58, p. 1, Feb., 1923 Utiarity, near Salto Bello, Papagaio River,
Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, examined); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 372,
1930 Utiarity, Tapirapoan, and Doze Octobre, Matto Grosso.
Calliste cyanicollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208, 1870 Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (spec,
examined).
1 Calospiza cyanicollis melanogaster (Cherrie and Reichenberger) : Nearest to,
and agreeing with, C. c. caeruleocephala in bright blue, on forehead and nape-
border, purplish-tinged head, deep bronze to golden humeral area, and purplish
j blue median gular stripe, but distinguished by the absence (or mere suggestion)
! of the blue abdominal zone and by having the rump strongly suffused with light
jblue instead of uniform silvery green. Wing, 65-70, (female) 65-68; tail, 44-48.
From C. c. hannahiae, which it resembles in the purplish blue median throat
and lack of blue on the belly, this well-marked race may be separated by con-
Ssiderably darker blue crown with purplish blue forehead, pale blue suffusion of
ithe rump, and much more golden or coppery humeral patch.
Material examined. Matto Grosso: Engenho do Gama, 5; Utiarity, 4; Tapi-
irapoan, 1; Doze Octobre, 1.
124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza cyaneicollis Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907
part, Matto Grosso; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1033, 1912 part, Matto Grosso.
Range. Tropical zone of western (Amazonian) Matto Grosso
in central Brazil.
*Calospiza cyanicollis granadensis (Berlepsch). 1 COLOMBIAN
BLUE-NECKED TANAGER.
Calliste caeruleocephala subsp. granadensis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 290,
1884 Bucaramanga and "Bogota," Colombia (type, from "Bogota," in
the Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfort Museum, examined).
Calliste coeruleocephala granadensis Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184,
1887 "Bogota."
Calliste cyan(e)icollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 115 part, Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 262, 1856 part,
"Bogota"; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 87, 1857 part, "Bogota" ; idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 70, 1862 part, spec, b-e, "Bogota" ; Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 325 on the mountain chain between Bucaramanga and the Mag-
dalena; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 Con-
cordia and Frontino, Antioquia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 127,
1886- part, subsp. granadensis, Colombia ("Bogota," Medellin, and
Concordia).
Calospiza cyaneicollis granadensis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p.
307, 1899 Ibague, Colombia.
Calospiza caeruleocephala granadensis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn.
Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1033, 1132, 1912 Colombia ("Bogota," Bucaramanga,
Antioquia).
Tangara cyaneicollis granadensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p.
599, 1917 Colombia (Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cocal, Miraflores, La
Frijolera, El Consuelo, Fusugasuga, Aguadita, Tenasuca).
Tangara cyaneicollis caeruleocephala (not Aglaia caeruleocephala Swainson)
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598, 1917 part, west of Honda,
La Palma, La Candela, near San Agustin, Andalucia.
1 Calospiza cyanicollis granadensis (Berlepsch): Closely similar to C. c.
caeruleocephala, but humeral area and rump more silvery greenish, less golden,
and the blue abdominal zone generally more extensive.
After examining a goodly number of Colombian specimens I cannot bring
myself to split the inhabitants of that country into two forms, as has been proposed
by Chapman. Of six skins from the head of the Magdalena Valley not one has
the rump or humeral area so reddish golden as even the palest Peruvian bird
(caeruleocephala), and I do not see how they can be separated from the general
run of "Bogota" skins (including the type of granadensis). While admitting that
Magdalena Valley birds are more brassy than those from the western Andes and
the west slope of the central Andes, they seem to fit in much better with the in-
habitants of the rest of Colombia than with the form found on the east slope of
the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 21; Bucaramanga, 2;
near San Agustin, 4; La Candela, Huila, 1; Andalucia, Huila, 1; Concordia, 1;
Rio Lima, Cauca, 3; San Antonio, 2; Miraflores, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 125
Range. Subtropical zone of Colombia (excepting Santa Marta
region and east slope of eastern Andes).
11: Colombia ("Bogota," 2; east of Palmira, Cauca, 1; Rio Lima,
4; Rio Zapata, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 1; La Palma, Huila, 1; near
San Agustin, Huila, 1).
"Calospiza cyanicollis hannahiae (Cassin). 1 HANNAHIA'S
TANAGER.
Calliste hannahiae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 287, pi. 1,
fig. 2 Me>ida Mountains, Venezuela (type in coll. of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 290, 1884
Merida (crit.).
Calliste cyaneicollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, pi. 38, 1857 (fig. of "Bogota specimen" in coll. of P. L.
Sclater; cf. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 253);
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 Maruria, moun-
tains south of Lake Valencia, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 780 south
of Merida; idem, I.e., 1875, p. 237 San Cristobal, Tachira; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 127, 1886 part, subsp. hannahiae, "Bogotfi" and
Venezuela (San Cristobal, "Valencia"); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1899, p. 35 "Maracaibo" = Me>ida Mountains (note on Cassin's type).
Callispiza hannahiae Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 176 (in text),
1868 MSrida (crit.).
Calospiza hannahiae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1033, 1132, 1912 Andes of Venezuela and (?)Colombia ("Bogota").
C[allispiza] nigriventris (Parzudaki MS.) Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino,
4, p. 176 (in text), 1868- new name for C. hannahiae Cassin.
Range. Subtropical zone of northwestern Venezuela from the
mountain range south of Lake Valencia (Maruria) to Tachira.
5: Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 4; La Azulita, MeYida, 1).
*Calospiza cyanicollis cyanopygia (Berlepsch and Taczanowski). 2
BLUE-RUMPED TANAGER.
1 Calospiza cyanicollis hannahiae (Cassin): Agreeing with C. c. granadensis
in coloration of humeral patch, wing edgings, and purplish blue median throat
stripe, but distinguished by lacking every trace of the purplish blue abdominal
area, the breast and belly being uniform black. Wing, 67-69; tail, 46-50.
This well-differentiated race is evidently confined to the mountain ranges of
western Venezuela. Its occurrence in Colombia is altogether unlikely. The
alleged "Bogota" specimen in the British Museum, formerly in the collection of
P. L. Sclater and figured on pi. 38 of the "Monograph of the Genus Calliste,"
does not look like the trade-skins exported from the Colombian capital, or else,
if it really did come from there, may be an individual mutant of C. c. granadensis.
Additional specimens examined. Venezuela: San Cristobal, Tachira, 3; La
Ortiza, Tachira, 2.
2 Calospiza cyanicollis cyanopygia (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) is readily
distinguished from all the other races by having the rump pale blue like the
pileum and throat, the color of these parts being that of the head in C. c. cyanicollis.
Besides, the lesser and greater upper wing coverts are greenish blue, only the median
126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste cyanopygia (Sclater MS.) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 545 Chimbo, Ecuador (type lost, formerly in War-
saw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol.
Hist. Nat., 6, p. 182, 1927); Sclater, I.e., 1883, p. 653 Esmeraldas; idem,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 128, 1886 Esmeraldas; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 Nanegal; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481, 1898
Chimbo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p.
16, 1899 Gualea and Rio Peripa; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 464 Can-
zacota, Gualea, and west side of Pichincha.
Calliste cyaneicollis (not Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 292, 1860 Esmeraldas.
Calospiza cyanopygia Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1033, 1912 western Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee
Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 96, 1911 Santo Domingo and Gualea;
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922 Gualea.
Tangara cyaneicollis cyanopygia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
662, 1926 Esmeraldas, coast of Manavi, Chimbo, and Santa Rosa.
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador.
1: Ecuador (Pichincha, 1).
*Calospiza nigro-cincta nigro-cincta (Bonaparte). BLACK-
BANDED TANAGER.
Aglaia nigro-cincta Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 121, pub.
June, 1838 "that portion of Brazil bordering on Peru" (type probably
lost). 1
Calliste thalassina Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 419, 1844
"believed to be brought from Mexico" (type in Strickland Collection, now
in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.; cf. Salvin, Cat. Strickland
Coll., p. 186, 1882); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 57 (monog.); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 Quixos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23,
p. 158, 1855 "Bogota," Colombia.
Aglaia wilsonii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 71, 1847 "in Peruvia, Guanco"
(type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899); Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 10,
pi. 56, fig. 2, 1847 "Guaunco, Peru" (fig. of type).
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p.
182, p. 18, fig. 2, 1855.
series being golden or brassy yellow; the blue of the abdomen is lighter, passing into
greenish blue posteriorly and on under tail coverts, etc.
Additional material examined. Western Ecuador (Gualea, Santo Domingo,
Canzacota, Pichincha, etc.), 12.
1 The lot received by Leadbeater containing the type of this and other species
of Bonaparte's was purchased by the Earl of Derby, whose collection subsequently
passed into the Liverpool Museum. Sclater (Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 86, 1857),
however, did not succeed in finding the type of A. nigro-cincta in the Derby Collec-
tion. The original description, misleading in more than one respect, is hardly
sufficient to recognize the species, but it was identified by Bonaparte himself,
as we are told by Sclater (I.e.).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 127
Calliste nigricincta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 261, 1856 Upper
Amazonia ("Bogot"; Quixos, Ecuador; "Guaunco" and River Ucayali,
Peru; Marabitanas, Rio Negro); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 85, pi.
37, 1857 (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 70, 1861 "Bogota";
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 208, 1870 Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Brazil;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 185 Cosnipata, Peru;
idem, I.e., 1879, p. 599 Mapiri, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 12
Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 471, 1884 Huambo; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 210 Roraima, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 126, 1886 Bolivia (Mapiri), Peru (Ucayali), Ecuador (Sarayacu),
Colombia ("Bogota"), and British Guiana (Roraima); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 81, 1889 Mapiri, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 341 La Merced and Borgona, Chancha-
mayo, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357,
p. 16, 1899 Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 463 Rio
Tiputini (Napo), Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 20,
1902 Suapur6 and Nicare, Caura, Venezuela.
Calospiza nigricincta Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907 (range); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1034, 1132, 1912
Amazonia (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 445, 1914 (range);
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 Canelos, Ecuador.
Calospiza nigrocincta Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 348, 1907 Humayta, Rio
Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 274, 1910 Humayta.
Tangara nigrocincta Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 174, 1916
Suapure" and Nicare, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2,
p. 512, 1921 Bonasika River and Roraima; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 661, 1926 Rio Suno, Ecuador.
Range. Tropical zone of Amazonia from the eastern base of the
eastern Andes of Colombia, southern Venezuela (Caura Valley), and
British Guiana (Bonasika River and Roraima) south through eastern
Ecuador and Peru and western Brazil (Marabitanas, Rio Negro;
Humayta, Rio Madeira) to northern Bolivia (Mapiri). 1
2: Peru (Moyobamba, 2).
*Calospiza nigro-cincta 2 fanny (Lafresnaye). 3 FANNY'S TANAGER.
1 There is apparently no local variation in this species, birds from such widely
separated localities as Roraima, the Caura Valley, and "Bogota" agreeing with
others from northern Peru. No material is available from southern Peru or Bolivia.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 6. Ecuador: Rio Napo,
1; Gualaquiza, 1; Sarayacu, 2. Venezuela: Caura Valley, 3. British Guiana:
Roraima, 3. Peru: Iquitos, 1; Huayabamba, 1. Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio
Negro, 2; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1.
2 The members of the C. larvata group are clearly conspecific with C. nigro-
cincta, replacing it west of the Andes.
3 Calospiza nigro-cincta fanny (Lafresnaye) : Nearest to C. n. franeiscae, but
greater upper wing coverts and remiges either uniform black or with mere traces
of greenish fringes on their apical halves; rump and flanks much paler and more
greenish blue; blue postfrontal area more extensive; bill smaller.
Birds from northwestern Ecuador and western Colombia agree perfectly to-
gether. Des Murs's figure of the type unquestionably represents the form with
128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Aglaia Fanny Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 72, 1847 "in Nova Grenada
(Delattre)" = Buenaventura, Choco, Colombia (type in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
51, p. 51, 1899); Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 10, pi. 56, fig. 1, 1847 (fig.
of type).
Callisle francescae (not Calliste franciscae Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 83, 1857 part, New Grenada; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1860, p. 142 Turbo, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 7, pp. 298, 332, 1861 Lion Hill, Panama (descr. of young); Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350 Panama Railroad.
Calliste franciscae Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 359, 1862 Panama.
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 499 Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 274, 1883 part, Panama (railroad line) and
Colombia.
Calliste larvata b. subsp. francescae Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 125,
1886 part, spec. 1-q, Panama (Paraiso Station) and Colombia (Remedios,
Antioquia).
Calliste larvata francescae Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 482, 1898 Cachabi,
Ecuador.
Calospiza larvata fanny Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 30, 1900
Loma del Leon, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2,
p. 49, 1902 part, eastern Panama (railroad line) and Colombia; Hellmayr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1107 Noanam& and Novita, Colombia
(crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 277, 1918 Mindi and
Gatun, Panama.
Calospiza larvata fannyae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1034, 1912 western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador (crit.).
Tangara larvata fanny Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598, 1917
Buenavista (Narino), Barbacoas, Los Cisneros, San Jose, Noanama,
Novita, Bagado, Puerto Valdivia (Rio Cauca), and Honda (Magdalena
River), Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 661, 1926 Esmeraldas and Manavi,
Ecuador; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 188, 1929 Cana,
eastern Panama; idem, I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932 Perme and Obaldia, eastern
Panama.
Range. Tropical zone of northwestern Ecuador (south to Man-
avi), western Colombia (east into Antioquia and the Magdalena
Valley), and eastern Panama (Canal Zone).
4: Panama (Colon, 4).
plain black larger upper wing coverts, thus showing that Delattre's specimen
must have originated in western Colombia and not in "Veragua," as has once
been suggested by Sclater. Two adults from the Panama Railroad seem to be
decidedly referable to C. n. fanny.
Material examined. Panama: Lion Hill, 1; Paraiso Station, 1. Colombia:
Noanama, 6; Novita, 1; Remedios, 1. Ecuador: San Javier, 8; Pambilar, 1;
Lita (alt. 3,000 feet), 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAY& 129
*Calospiza nigro-cincta franciscae (Sclater). 1 FRANCISCA'S
TANAGER.
Calliste franciscae Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 142, 1856 Rio David,
Chiriqui, Panama; idem, I.e., p. 261, 1856 Rio David, Chiriqui (spec,
stated to be in coll. of J. Gould, its present location unknown) ; 2 Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868 Costa Rica (Angostura,
Turrialba, San Jose); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 298, 1869 Costa Rica.
Calliste francescae Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 83, 1857 part, David,
Chiriqui; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, pp. 176, 180, 1865
David, Chiriqui, and Greytown, Nicaragua; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 138 Santa Fe and Cordillera del Tole, Veraguas, and David,
Chiriqui; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 187 Veraguas (CaloveVora, Chitra, Laguna
de Castillo, Mina de Chorcha) and Chiriqui (Bugaba).
Callispiza franciscae Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 175, 1868
northeastern Costa Rica (crit.).
Calliste larvata b. subsp. francescae Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 125,
1886 part, spec, a-k, Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica (Turrialba,
Angostura), Veraguas (Cordillera del Tole, Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha,
Santa Fe, Castillo).
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 316 Chontales, Nica-
ragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 54 Costa Rica (Naranjo,
Orosi, San Carlos); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 274, 1883 part, Nicaragua to western Panama (Veraguas and Chiriqui);
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 585, 1887 Segovia River, Hon-
duras; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Costa Rica
(Naranjo de Cartago, Cartago, Jimenez, Puntarenas, P6zo Azul de Pirris);
Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 137, 1893
Costa Rica (Boruca, Terraba, Buenos Aires); Richmond, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 16, p. 488, 1893 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua.
1 Calospiza nigro-cincta franciscae (Sclater) : Differs from C. n. fanny in having
the greater upper wing coverts and remiges very distinctly margined with pale
green; the flanks more extensively as well as a darker blue, with a strong purplish
tinge anteriorly; the blue postfrontal patch more restricted; finally by larger,
stouter bill. In all of these points it resembles C. n. larvata, from which it is,
however, distinguished by coppery golden instead of deep coppery reddish throat,
paler blue cheeks with very little, if any, purplish tinge, and somewhat paler
crown and rump. Birds from the Terraba Valley are precisely similar to a series
from Chiriquf and two skins from Veraguas (CaloveVora). While the small number
of specimens examined from Caribbean Costa Rica and Nicaragua seem to be
more or less intermediate to C. n. larvata, I am inclined to follow Peters in referring
them to franciscae rather than Carriker, who places them with C. n. larvata.
While doubtless intended as a mere emendation of A. fanny Lafr., the name
C. franciscae of Sclater, accompanied as it is by a characterization of the Chiriqui
bird in comparison to C. larvata, will have to be adopted in place of C. n. centralis,
as has been pointed out by Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 340, 1931).
Additional material examined. Costa Rica: Carrfllo, 1; Rio Reventaz6n, 4;
San Carlos, 1; Turrialba, 1; Boruca, 8. Panama: Chiriquf, 12; Calovevora,
Veraguas, 2.
1 Bridges secured a single example. It did not come to the British Museum,
but may yet be found in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, where
part of the Gould Collection was deposited.
130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza larvata larvata Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 32, 1919 Costa
Rica (Talamanca, Sipurio) and Nicaragua (San Juan del Norte) (crit.).
Calospiza larvata fanny (not Aglaia fanny Lafresnaye) Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 369,
1901 Divala, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 49,
1902 part, Honduras to western Panama (Veraguas and Chiriqui); Bangs,
Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 Boruca and Paso Real de Terraba, Costa Rica;
Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 278, 1910 Guayabo and
Port Limon, Costa Rica.
Tangara larvata fanny Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 859, 1910 Pacific
lowlands of Costa Rica (Pigres, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Buenos Aires, El
General de Terraba, and Boruca; habits).
Tangara larvata larvata Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 858, 1910
Caribbean Costa Rica (Guayabo, Bonilla, Carrillo, Jimenez, Cachi, Sara-
piqui, Guacimo, Guapiles, El Hogar; crit., habits).
Calospiza larvata centralis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1034, 1132, 1912 Calovevora, Veraguas (type in coll. of H. von
Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum).
Tangara larvata centralis Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p.
462, 1928 Almirante, Panama (crit.).
Tangara larvata franciscae Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 340, 1931
Panama, Almirante Bay region (Changuinola, Almirante, Zegla, Crima-
cola); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932 Eden and
Bluefields, Nicaragua.
Range. Tropical zone of Central America, from southern Hon-
duras (Segovia River) through Nicaragua and Costa Rica to western
Panama (east to the Veraguas).
16: Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 2); Costa Rica (Boruca, 1; El Pozo,
TeYraba, 1; Guayabo, 2; Port Limon, 6; Peralta, 2; Santa Cruz de
Turrialba, 1); Panama (Veragua, 1).
*Calospiza nigro-cincta larvata (Du Bus). MASKED TANAGER.
Calliste larvata Du Bus, Esq. Orn., livr. 2, pi. 9, 1846 Tabasco, Mexico (type
in Brussels Museum); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 64 (crit.); idem,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 260, 1856 Mexico (Tabasco) and Honduras
(Chamelicon River); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 81, pi. 36, 1857
same localities (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 16 Chamelicon
River, Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 467 Izabal, Guatemala; Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 33 Izabal (habits); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.
Bds., p. 70, 1862 Choctum, Vera Paz; idem and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 836 Honduras [San Pedro]; Boucard, Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 42, 1878 Guatemala; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 274, 1883 part, Tabasco to Honduras;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 124, 1886 Mexico, British Honduras
(Belize), Guatemala (Choctum, Rio de la Pasion, Vera Paz, Izabal,
Chisec), and Honduras (San Pedro).
Calospiza larvata Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1034,
1912 southern Mexico to Honduras.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 131
Calospiza larvata larvata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 47,
1902 southern Mexico to Honduras (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903 Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras.
Tangara larvata larvata Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 391, 1929
Mountain Cow, Cayo District, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., p. 471,
1929 Lancetilla and Tela, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
64, p. 375, 1932 Guatemala (Finca Chama, Chimoxan, Secanquim).
Range. Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico (in states of
Tabasco and Chiapas), eastern Guatemala, British Honduras, and
Honduras. 1
1: Guatemala (unspecified, 1).
*Calospiza ruficervix ruficervix (PreVost and Des Murs). BUFF-
NAPED TANAGER.
Tanagra ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Atlas, Ois., pi. 5,
fig. 1, 1846.
Tanagra (Calliste) ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. V6nus, Zool., 5,
(1), p. 212, 1849 "Guatemala," errore (the type examined in the Paris
Museum is from Colombia).
"Procnopis atrocoerulea [not of Tschudi] et Tanagra ruficervix" Bonaparte,
Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 77, 1851 Ecuador (descr. of spec.
collected by Bourcier in the Paris Museum).
Calliste leucotis Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 58, end of April, 1851
based on Procnopis atrocoerulea Bonaparte ex Ecuador (type in Paris
Museum).
Chalcothraupis ruficervix Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 144, 1851
Colombia (descr.).
Calliste ruficervix Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 58 Colombia; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 259,
1856 Colombia ("Bogota") and Ecuador (vicinity of Quito); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 71, pi. 32, 1857 same localities (monog.);
idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 139, 1859 Pallatanga, Ecuador;
idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862 Pallatanga and "Bogota";
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 Concordia,
Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 288 Cayandeled,
Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 129, 1886 Colombia
("Bogota," Antioquia), Ecuador (Pallatanga), and "North Peru" (errore);
Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 "Bogota"; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889 Gualea and Batonago, Ecuador;
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 462 San Nicolas and Intag, Ecuador.
Calospiza ruficervix Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc M6rid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 96, 1911 San Nicolas and Santo Domingo, Ecuador;
Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1035, 1912 Colombia
("Bogota," Antioquia, San Pablo) and western Ecuador (Pallatanga,
"Quito," Cayandeled, San Nicolas, Intag).
1 Two specimens from Santa Ana, Honduras, agree with nine from Guatemala.
No Mexican material examined.
132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza ruficervix ruficervix Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1108
Pueblo Rico and Rio Lima, western Andes of Colombia.
Tangara ruficervix ruficervix Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 599,
1917 Colombia (San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Gallera, Ricaurte,
western Andes; Miraflores, Salento, La Candela, near San Agustin, central
Andes; Fusugasuga, Aguadita, El Roble, eastern Andes); idem, I.e., 55,
p. 662, 1926 western Ecuador (Gualea, Cayandeled, El Chiral, Zaruma).
Range. Subtropical zone of Colombia (excepting the Santa
Marta region) and western Ecuador. 1
3: Colombia (Rio Zapata, Cauca, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 1;
"Bogota," 1).
Calospiza ruficervix taylori (Taczanowski and Berlepsch). 2
TAYLOR'S TANAGER.
Calliste taylori Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885,
p. 78 Machay, eastern Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman
and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 183, 1927);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 130, 1886 eastern Ecuador (Machay,
Rio Napo).
Calospiza taylori Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1035,
1912 eastern Ecuador (Machay, Rio Napo).
Tangara ruficervix taylori Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 662,
1926 eastern Ecuador (below Oyacachi) and northern Peru (Chaupe).
Calospiza ruficervix fulvicervix (not Calliste fulvicervix Sclater and Salvin)
Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1109 (in text) part, Nuevo
Loreto, Peru.
1 Birds from western Ecuador (leucotis) I am unable to distinguish satisfac-
torily. As has been remarked by Chapman, they have generally longer bills and
the ochraceous occipital band sometimes wider, but neither of these average
variations seems constant enough to warrant their separation. The presence of
bluish white or golden buff feathers along the upper margin of the auriculars
appears to be inconsequential, such individuals also occurring in various parts
of Colombia. Sclater, when proposing the name leucolis, had no Ecuadorian
material before him, but relied on Bonaparte's rather superficial description. If
the prince called the "tectrices alarum minores" white, he doubtless meant the under
wing coverts.
Additional material examined. Colombia: San Antonio, western Andes, 4;
Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, 2; Rio Lima, Cauca, 2; "Bogota," 14. Ecuador:
San Nicolas, 3; Santo Domingo, 1; Cayandeled, 2; below Quito, 3.
z Calospiza ruficervix taylori (Taczanowski and Berlepsch) : Similar in the adult
male to C. r. ruficervix, but larger; postf rental band ultramarine blue instead of
dull purplish blue; occipital band much brighter, glossy golden yellow, and extend-
ing laterally to the upper margin of the auriculars, etc. Wing, 78; tail, 51; bill, 9.
An unsexed adult from northern Peru (Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba),
in general coloration resembles the adult male from Machay, from which the above
characters have been taken, but is smaller (wing, 70; tail, 45) and differs in certain
details, the occipital band being only half as wide and the postfrontal area as well
as the tips to the nuchal feathers being cendre blue. In dimensions and narrow-
ness of the golden yellow occipital band it corresponds to the characters of the
female of taylori, as given by the describers. Additional material is required to
determine the significance of the variation.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR
Range. Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Machay, below
Oyacachi, "Rio Napo") and northern Peru (Chaupe, east of Huanca-
bamba; Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba).
*Calospiza ruficervix fulvicervix (Sclater and Salvin). 1 ORANGE-
NAPED TANAGER.
Callisie fulvicervix Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 354, pi.
30, fig. 1 Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia (descr. of female; type in Salvin-
Godman Collection, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 599
Tilotilo; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 465, 1884 Paltaypampa and Ropay-
bamba, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 130, 1886 Bolivia;
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340 Garita
del Sol, Vitoc, Peru.
Calospiza fulvicervix Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 79, 1906 Idma,
Urubamba, Peru; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1035, 1912 Peru (Paltaypampa, Ropaybamba, Garita del Sol, Chan-
chamayo, "Santa Ana" [ = Idma], Marcapata, Ocobamba near Cuzco)
and Bolivia (Tilotilo).
Tangara fulvicervix Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 118, 1921 Idma
and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru.
Calliste ruficervix (not Tanagra ruficervix PreVost and Des Murs) Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 514 Paltaypampa and Ropaybamba, Peru.
Range. Subtropical zone of southern Peru (from Dept. Junin
to Cuzco) and northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz).
1: Peru (Chanchamayo, Junin, 1).
"Calospiza mexicana mexicana (Linnaeus). GUIANAN TUR-
QUOISE TANAGER.
Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 315, 1766 based
principally on "Le Tangara bleu de Cayenne" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 6, pi.
1, fig. 3); Cayenne. 2
1 Calospiza ruficervix fulvicervix (Sclater and Salvin) : Differs in the male sex
from the two preceding races by much brighter blue (not greenish blue) general
coloration both above and below; shining orange-rufous occipital band without
trace of blackish borders; nearly pure white (not buffy) middle of the breast, etc.
The female is much like ruficervix and taylori, but lacks the blackish borders to
the occipital band, the latter being, besides, hardly suggested by a narrow stripe.
Wing, 72-77, (female) 71; tail, 48-51; bill, 8^-9.
A single Bolivian male, when compared to others from Peru, is more intensely
blue throughout and has the orange-rufous band on the pileum markedly wider.
Specimens from Dept. Junin, whence we have no material, are stated by Berlepsch
and Stolzmann to be like those from Idma.
Material examined. Bolivia: Yungas of La Paz, 1. Peru: Idma, Urubamba, 6;
Ocobamba, near Cuzco, 1.
2 Linnaeus also cites "The Black and Blue Tit-mouse" of Edwards (Glean.
Nat. Hist., 3, p. 292, pi. 350), which is the same bird as that from Cayenne, but
his diagnosis is clearly taken from Brisson, though in a condensed form. The
"Touauhtotl" of Hernandez, an obscure Mexican species, referred by Brisson to
his "Tangara bleu de Cayenne," certainly is something different. Nevertheless,
the term mexicana, misleading as it is, cannot be rejected under existing rules.
134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tanagra flaviventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 410,
1819 part, Cayenne (ex "Tangara tachete, de Cayenne" Daubenton,
PL Enl., pi. 290, fig. 2).
Callospiza mexicana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 670, 1849 British Guiana.
Callospiza cayanensis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 169, 1851
new name for Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus and Tanagra flaviventris
Vieillot, ex Cayenne; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857
Cayenne.
Calliste flaviventris Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 69 Guiana; idem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 257, 1856 Cayenne and "upper Rio Negro
(Wallace)"; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 63, pi. 29, 1857 Cayenne,
Guiana, and "upper Rio Negro" (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 571 "Barra do Rio Negro"; 1 Dubois, Bull.
Acad. Roy. Belgique, 38, p. 127, 1874 (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210
Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 120,
1886 part (subsp. typica, spec, a-f; subsp. vieilloti, spec, a, b), Cayenne
and British Guiana, "Barra do Rio Negro"; 1 Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55,
p. 293, 1907 Maracd and Monte Alegre, Brazil (spec, examined); Penard,
Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 438, 1910 part, Guianas (habits).
Calliste brasiliensis var. a. flaviventris Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p.
129, 1874 (range).
Calospiza mexicana Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 Cayenne; idem,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1036, 1132, 1912 Guianas
and northern Brazil (Monte Alegre, Maraca); Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 445, 1914 Maraca and Monte Alegre. ,
Calospiza mexicana mexicana Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p.
8, 1908 French Guiana.
Tangara mexicana Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 511, 1921 British Guiana
(Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Takutu, Mazaruni River, Bonasika, Abary
River, Tiger Creek, Essequibo, Bartica Grove, Georgetown, etc.); Young,
Ibis, 1929, p. 249 coastland of British Guiana.
Tangara mexicana mexicana Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 87, 1918 Surinam (vicinity of Paramaribo, Javaweg).
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northeastern
Brazil, south to the north bank of the lower Amazon, west to Monte
Alegre. 2
6: British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; unspecified, 2); Dutch Guiana
(near Paramaribo, Surinam, 1); French Guiana (Cayenne, 1).
1 1 cannot help thinking that there must be some mistake about this locality.
Three adults from "Barra do Rio Negro" [=Manaos] in the Vienna Museum are
undoubtedly C. m. boliviano and by no means C. m. mexicana.
2 Two adult females from Monte Alegre agree in every detail, notably in
uniform calamine blue humeral patch and pale yellowish under parts, with typical
Cayenne birds.
Additional material examined. French Guiana, 9; Surinam, 4; British Guiana,
6. Brazil: Monte Alegre, 2; Maraca, 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 135
Calospiza mexicana media (Berlepsch and Hartert). 1 INTER-
MEDIATE TURQUOISE TANAGER.
Calliste mexicana media Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 19, 1902
Maipures, Orin6co River, and La Pricion, Caura River, Venezuela (type
from Maipures, in Tring Museum, now in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York).
Calospiza mexicana media Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
p. 1036, 1912 Venezuela (Maipures, Perico, Guanoco).
Tangara mexicana media Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 173,
1916 Orinoco (Perico and upwards) and Caura (La Union, Suapure),
Venezuela.
Calospiza mexicana vieilloti (not Calliste vieilloli Sclater) Beebe, Zoologica
(N.Y.), 1, p. 102, 1909 Guanoco, Orinoco Delta (spec, examined).
Tangara mexicana vieilloti Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 174,
1916 Guanoco (ex Beebe).
Range. Southern Venezuela, in the valleys of the Orinoco and
its tributary, the Caura, and doubtless other rivers.
*Calospiza mexicana vieilloti (Sclater). 2 VIEILLOT'S TURQUOISE
TANAGER.
Calliste vieilloti Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 257, pub.
Jan., 1857 Trinidad (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Mu-
seum); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 65, 1857 Trinidad (monog.);
Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579 Trinidad (crit.); Dubois,
Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874 Trinidad (crit.).
Calliste vieillotii Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862 Trinidad;
Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82 Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 303, 1866
Trinidad.
1 Calospiza mexicana media (Berlepsch and Hartert) : Similar to C. m. mexicana,
but median under parts darker, barita yellow instead of massicot yellow; blue
of face and throat slightly deeper; humeral patch also somewhat darker, cendre
blue rather than calamine blue. Size the same.
This race forms the transition to C. m. vieilloti. The humeral patch shows
about the same tone as in the Trinidad form, and the blue of the head and throat,
while not quite so purplish, nevertheless marks a decided step in the direction of
the insular birds. The majority of the Orinoco birds, in the tone of the yellow
underneath, occupy an intermediate position between mexicana and vieilloti.
However, the most deeply-colored individuals (one from La Pricion, Caura, and
i one from Guanoco, Orinoco Delta) are just a trifle paler than Trinidad birds,
' whereas the palest specimen (an adult male from the Caura Valley) cannot be
separated from mexicana. Examples from the Caura and the Orinoco Delta are
identical with a series from the upper Orinoco, presenting very nearly the same
amount of variation.
Material examined. Venezuela: Perico, Orinoco River, 2; Maipures, Orinoco
River, 10; Caura Valley (Suapure, La Pricion), 7; Guanoco, Delta Amacuro, 4.
2 Calospiza mexicana vieilloti (Sclater) : Nearest to C. m. media, but still more
deeply colored, the blue of the face and throat being darker and of a more purplish
hue, and the under parts bright pinard yellow.
Material examined. Trinidad: Caparo, 14; Icacos, 1; Caroni River, 1;
Maracas, 1; Aripo (alt. 1,500 feet), 1.
136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste brasiliensis var. /3. vieilloii Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 Trinidad.
Calliste flaviventris b. subsp. vieilloti Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 121,
1886 part, spec, d-h, Trinidad. 1
Calliste flaviventris vieilloti Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 29,
1894 Princestown, Trinidad.
Calospiza mexicana vieilloti Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 Caparo,
Laventille, and Valencia, Trinidad (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906 Aripo; idem, I.e., 1, p. 358, 1908 Carenage and
Aripo, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1036,
1912 Trinidad. 1
Tanagra flaviventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 32, p. 410,
1819 part, Trinidad.
Callospiza mexicana (not Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 80, 1851 "Antill. mer."= Trinidad
(crit.); idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 169, 1851 "Antill. mer."
= Trinidad (crit.).
Range. Island of Trinidad.
1: Trinidad.
*Calospiza mexicana boliviana (Bonaparte). BOLIVIAN TUR-
QUOISE TANAGER.
Callospiza boliviana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, No. 3,
p. 80, 1851 Guarayos, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); idem,
Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, No. 4, p. 169, Apr., 1851 Guarayos (repr. of
orig. descr.).
Aglaia mexicana (not Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,
Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 Yuracares, Bolivia.
Tanagra flaviventris (not of Vieillot) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p.
271, 1839 Yuracares and Guarayos, Bolivia.
Calliste flaviventris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870 Rio Madeira (Ponto
do Rio Guapore, Borba) and Barra do Rio Negro (spec, in Vienna Museum
examined); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 Para.
Calospiza flaviventris Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907 Santarem.
Calliste boliviana Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 69 (crit.); idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 258, 1856
Colombia ("Bogota"), eastern Peru, Brazil (Ega), and Bolivia (descr.);
idem, I.e., 25, p. 264, 1857 Rio Javarri; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste,
p. 67, pi. 30, 1857 (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 69, 1862
Ega, Capim River, and "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1866, p. 180 upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 571 Capim
River; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977 Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 Peru
(Sarayacu, upper Ucayali, Pebas, Rio Javarri); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 599
1 The record of this form from Bartica Grove, British Guiana, refers doubtless
to unusually bright-bellied individuals of C. TO. mexicana. Vieillot's Turquoise
Tanager is strictly confined to Trinidad.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 137
Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874
(crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 464, 1884 Peruvian localities;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 121, 1886 Colombia ("Bogota"),
Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Pebas, Ucayali), and Brazil (Ega and Capim
River); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 296, 1889 Tarapoto, Peru; Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 81, 1889 Yungas, Bolivia; Riker and Chap-
man, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890 Diamantina, Santarm; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340 La Merced, Chanchamayo,
Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 462 Rio "Tiputini" (Rio Napo), Ecua-
dor; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 293, 1907 Par& and Cussary, Brazil.
Calliste brasiliensis var. 7- boliviano, Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 (range).
Calospiza boliviano Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1906 Rio Jurua,
Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 9, 522, 1908 Bom Lugar (Rio
Purus) and Alcobaca (Rio Tocantins); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1036, 1133, 1912 Colombia ("Bogota" and Rio
Putumayo) to Bolivia and western Brazil (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 445, 1914 Para, Providencia, Rio Moju, Rio Tocantins
(Baiao, Alcobaca, Arumatheua), Cussary, Rio Jamauchim (Santa Helena,
Conceicao), Rio Tapajoz (Boim), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Brazil;
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 Canelos, Ecuador.
Calospiza mexicana boliviano Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907 Rio
Jurua (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 7, 1907 Itaituba, Rio Tapa-
J6z (crit.); idem, I.e., 14, p. 43, 1907 Teffe, Rio SolimSes; idem, I.e., 14,
p. 348, 1907 Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 274, 1910 Rio
Madeira (Calama; Santa Izabel, Rio Preto; Marmellos).
Tangara mexicana boliviano Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-
phys. KL, 26, No. 2, pp. 10, 87, 1912 Souza, Par& (Pai& localities;
crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598, 1917 La Morelia,
Caqueta, Colombia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 239, 1923 Guarayos,
Bolivia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 660, 1926
"Napo" and Rio Suno, Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80,
p. 174, 1928 Castanhal, Para; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran
Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 267, 1930 Buena vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 372, 1930 Ponto do Rio
Guapore, Matto Grosso.
Tangara boliviano lateralis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 91, 1922
Apacy, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum).
Range. Amazonia, from southeastern Colombia (La Morelia,
Caqueta; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo) south through eastern Ecuador
and Peru to eastern Bolivia and Brazil (north of the Amazon to
Manaos, south of the river as far east as Para). 1
1 Having once more compared good series from various parts of the range, I
fail to find sufficient grounds for subdividing C. m. boliviano. Birds from Lower
Amazonia (lateralis) are on average paler yellow below with more heavily black-
spotted flanks, but so many individuals are indistinguishable from those of Bolivia
that I do not see any practical advantage in maintaining the distinction by a sepa-
rate name. The presence of pale (greenish) blue feathers in the (mainly light
138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
4: Colombia ("Bogota," 1); Brazil (Capoeira, Para, 1; Utinga,
Para, 1); Peru (Moyobamba, 1).
Calospiza brasiliensis (Linnaeus). 1 BRAZILIAN TURQUOISE
TANAGER.
Tanagra brasiliensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 based on
"Le Tangara bleu du Bresil" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 4; Brazil
(type in Reaumur Collection); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 477,
1830 eastern Brazil (habits, nest, and eggs).
Tanagra barbadensis ("Brisson") Kuhl, Buff, et Daub. Fig. Av. Nom. Syst.,
p. 3, 1820 based on "Tangara bleu, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 155, fig. 1; Cayenne (errore).
Calliste brasiliensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 Brazil;
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 68 Brazil; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 256, 1856 southeastern Brazil (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 180, 1856 Nova Friburgo, Rio; Sclater, Monog. Gen.
Calliste, p. 61, pi. 28, 1857 eastern coast of Brazil (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 68, 1862 Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870
Sapitiba, Rio; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 119, 1886 Bahia
and (?)Cayenne; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 153, 1900 Nova
Friburgo.
Calliste albiventris G. R. Gray, Genera Bds., 2, p. 366, 1844 based on "Tan-
gara bleu, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 155, fig. 1, "Cayenne,"
errore; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 68, 1862 "Cayenne."
Callospiza brasiliensis Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 168, 1851
Brazil (crit.).
Calospiza brasiliensis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907 Bahia and
Espirito Santo (Rio Doce); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908
"Cayenne"; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1037, 1133,
1912 Bahia to Rio de Janeiro (crit.).
grayish violet blue) humeral patch is subject to much individual variation, though
it appears that such specimens are less common in Upper Amazonia (Colombia
to Peru) than they are in Lower Amazonia and on the Rio Madeira. Three adults
from Manaos, however, have the smaller upper wing coverts strongly suffused
with squill blue, much more so than any specimen from south of the Amazon,
and thereby form the passage to C. m. mexicana, while in other respects (such
as deep yellow belly and bright blue face and throat) they do not differ from the
general "run" of boliviano.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, 1;
"Bogota," 6. Ecuador: Sarayacu, 2; Rio Siputini (Napo), 2; unspecified, 1.
Peru: Iquitos, 2; Loretoyacu, 1; lower Ucayali, 1; upper Ucayali, 5; Yahuarmayo,
Carabaya, 2. Bolivia: Guarayos, 1 (the type); Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 4;
San Mateo, 4. Brazil: Ponto do Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso, 1; Calama, Rio
Madeira, 2; Santa Izabel, Rio Preto, 2; Marmellos, Rio Madeira, 1; Humayta,
Rio Madeira, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 2; Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 2; Manaos, 3; Cussary,
1; Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Santarem, 2; Alcobaga, Rio Tocantins, 1; Para, 5.
1 Though probably conspecific with C. mexicana, as claimed by Dubois (Bull.
Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, pp. 127, 129, 1874), I hesitate to reduce it to subspecific
rank on account of the constancy of its characters and its widely separated range.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 139
Range. Wooded coast region of southeastern Brazil, from
southern Bahia (Caravellas) to Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Nova
Friburgo). 1
Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater). 2 CABANIS'S TANAGER.
Calliste s. Callispiza sclateri (not Calliste sclateri Lafresnaye) Cabanis, Journ.
Orn., 14, p. 163, 1866 Costa Cuca, western Guatemala (type in Berlin
Museum examined).
Calliste cabanisi Sclater, Ibis, (n.s.), 4, p. 71, pi. 3, 1868 new name for Calr-
liste sclateri Cabanis (fig. of type); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 271, 1883 Costa Cuca; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 123, 1886 Costa Cuca.
Calospiza cabanisi Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1037,
1912 Costa Cuca; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 42,
1902 Costa Cuca.
Tangara cabanisi Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 376, 1932
Costa Cuca.
Range. Tropical zone of western Guatemala (Costa Cuca).
*Calospiza palmeri Hellmayr. 3 PALMER'S TANAGER.
Calospiza palmeri Hellmayr, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1, p. 49, Aug., 1909 Sipi,
Rio Sipi, Choc6, Colombia (type in Munich Museum); idem, Ibis, 1910,
1 The occurrence of C. brasiliensis in French Guiana is altogether unlikely.
A specimen in the British Museum (from the collection of the late P. L. Sclater)
has all the appearance of the skins exported from "Cayenne," and differs from
Bahia skins by decidedly smaller size (wing, 74}^; tail, 55), but, as remarked by
Berlepsch, it is extremely doubtful if it was really shot in French Guiana. An
adult female obtained by Natterer at Sapitiba (near Rio de Janeiro) on March 26,
1818, presents the same small dimensions (wing, 75; tail, 53), suggesting the possible
existence of a recognizable race in southern Brazil.
Material examined. Brazil: Bahia, 18; Sapitiba, 1.
2 Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater), known only from the type specimen secured
by Bernoulli many years ago, is allied to C. palmeri, but differs in various important
points. The black on the face is much less extended, being restricted to the lores
: and a narrow line across the forehead and round the base of the lower mandible;
i the pileum is of a dull dark blue with the bases of the feathers largely black;
I the interscapular region is metallic grass green; the lower back and rump are dull
j azure blue instead of light neutral gray; the sides of the head and the throat dingy
bluish green instead of pure white; the remainder of the lower parts is bluish
white, more whitish in the middle, decidedly tinged with bluish green on the
flanks; the feathers of the chest are black with the slightly attenuated tips bluish
I white, but without trace of the (silvery or golden) yellowish color, so conspicuous
a feature in C. palmeri; the smaller wing coverts and the edges to the greater series
are azure blue instead of pallid neutral gray; the base of the lower mandible pale
brownish. Wing, 86; tail, 58^; bill, 12.
J Calospiza palmeri Hellmayr, being well figured in the Ibis for 1910, pi. 5,
' need not be described here.
An adult from Darien (Mount Sapo) agrees perfectly with birds from Chocp,
while a single example obtained by F. Spillmann in December, 1925, on the Rio
Saloya, Ecuador, is somewhat less yellowish on the chest.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Sipi, Rio Sipi, Choc6, 5. Ecuador:
Rio Saloya, Prov. Pichincha, 1 (Vienna Museum).
140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
p. 330, pi. 5 Sipi, Colombia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1107
Sipi, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1037,
1912 Rio Sipi.
Tangara palmeri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 597, 1917 San
Jose, Colombia; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 226,
1922 Mount Sapo, eastern Panama.
Range. Tropical zone of the Pacific coast of eastern Panama
(Mount Sapo, Darien), western Colombia (Sipi, Rio Sipi; San Jose"),
and western Ecuador (Rio Saloya, Prov. Pichincha).
1: Panama (Mount Sapo, Darien, 1).
Calospiza inornata inornata (Gould). PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER.
Calliste inornata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158 (footnote), Dec.
15, 1855 "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British
Museum); Sclater, I.e., 24, p. 258, 1856 "Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 103, pi. 45, 1857 "Bogota" (fig. of type); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499 Nichi, Antioquia, Colombia;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 273, 1883 part,
Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 291, 1884
Bucaramanga (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 120, 1886
part, spec, h-m, Colombia ("Bogota," Remedies, Nichi, Antioquia).
Calospiza inornata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 51, 1902
part, Colombia ("Bogota," Remedies, Nichi, Bucaramanga); Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1037, 1912 part, Colombia
(Bucaramanga, "Bogota," Remedies, Nichi).
Tangara inornata inornata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 598,
1917 Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia.
Range. Tropical zone of Colombia (Magdalena Valley, west to
the lower Cauca). 1
*Calospiza inornata languens (Bangs and Barbour). 2 PANAMA
PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER.
Tangara inornata languens Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65,
p. 227, 1922 Loma del Leon and Mount Sapo, Panama (type, from Loma
del Leon, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Gris-
com, I.e., 69, p. 188, 1929 Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932
Perme and Obaldia, eastern Panama (crit.).
Calliste inornata (not of Gould) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p.
142 Turbo, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 298,
1 Material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 3; "Bucaramanga," 3; Remedies,
Antioquia, 1.
2 Calospiza inornata languens (Bangs and Barbour) : Similar to C. i. inornata,
but coloration above decidedly paler, neutral gray rather than deep neutral gray,
with the bluish tinge on forehead and rump much less pronounced; throat and
sides of body much paler gray with hardly any bluish tone. Size about the same.
Additional material examined. Panama: Paraiso Station, 1; Lion Hill, 2;
Punta de Sabana, 2; Laguna Pita, 1; "Veragua," 2.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 141
1861 Lion Hill, Panama Railroad; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
359, 1862 Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1864,
p. 350 Panama Railroad (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 1, p. 273, 1883 part, Panama ("Veraguas," Panama City,
Lion Hill Station, Turbo); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 121, 1886
part, spec, a-g, "Veraguas" and Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso Station);
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899
Punta de Sabana and Laguna della Pita, Darien, Panama.
Calospiza inornata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl. f 2, p. 30, 1900 Loma
del Leon, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 51, 1902
part, "Veragua" and Panama; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1037, 1912 "Veragua," Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso) and
Turbo, Colombia.
Calliste ornata (lapsus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 332
(in text), 1861 (cf. Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65,
p. 227, 1922).
Tangara inornata Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 278, 1918
Gatun, Panama; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 New Culebra, Canal
Zone, Panama.
Range. Tropical zone of eastern Panama (west to the Canal
Zone) and the adjacent portion of extreme northwestern Colombia
(Turbo, Gulf of Uraba).
4: Panama (Colon, 3; unspecified, 1).
"Calospiza gyrola albertinae (Pelzeln). 1 ALBERTINA'S TANAGER.
Calliste albertinae Pelzeln, Ibis, (4), 1, p. 337, 1877 Salto do Girao, Rio
Madeira, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 118, 1886 (ex Pelzeln).
Calospiza albertinae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 273, 1905 Igarap6-Assu,
Par& (crit.); idem, I.e., 13, p. 357, 1906 Santo Antonio do Prata, Para;
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907 (range); Snetblage, Journ. Orn.,
56, p. 522, 1908 Alcobaca, Rio Tocantins (descr. of female); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 17, p. 273, 1910 Maroins, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso
(crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1038, 1912
Para to the Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446, 1914
Peixe-Boi (Para), Rio Tocantins (Alcobaca), and Rio Jamauchim
(Santa Elena, Tucunar).
1 Calospiza gyrola albertinae (Pelzeln) : Nearest to C. g. catharinae, but top
and sides of the head and the chin spot decidedly lighter (burnt sienna rather
than chestnut); no bright yellow posterior border to the rufous hood; hind neck
and upper back much more yellowish, javel green instead of shining grass green;
lesser upper wing coverts rufous (Sanford's brown) instead of lemon chrome;
remainder of wing coverts, tertials, and outer webs of remiges shining yellowish
oil green instead of grass green, etc. Wing, 70-73, (female) 69; tail, 45-49;
bill, 10-11.
Additional material examined. Santo Antonio do Prata, Para, 1; Igarap6-
Assu, Para, 1; Santa Elena, Rio Jamauchim, 2; Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira,
1 (the type); Maroins, Rio Machados, 1.
142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tangara albertinae Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL,
26, No. 2, p. 87, 1912 Para region (Igarape-Assu, Santo Antonio);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 372, 1930 Barao Melgago,
northern Matto Grosso.
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 207, 1870 part, Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira.
Range. Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Para region west
to the Rio Madeira and south to northern Matto Grosso (Barao
Melgaco).
1: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 1).
*Calospiza gyrola gyrola (Linnaeus). BUFFON'S GREEN TANAGER.
Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 181, 1758 based on
"The Red-headed Finch" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 23, pi. 23; Suri-
nam (type in coll. of the Duke of Richmond).
Aglaia chrysoptera Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 356, Dec., 1837 Demerara,
British Guiana (location of type not stated, probably in the University
Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Tanagra gyrola Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, livr. 11, text to pis. 6, 7,
1807 Cayenne, Surinam, and "Bresil."
Calliste gyrola Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 234, 1850 "Brazil";
Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 67- Guiana; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 255, 1856 Cayenne and British Guiana (descr.); idem, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 55, pi. 25, 1857 same localities (monog.); idem, Cat.
Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 67, 1862 Cayenne; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,
38, p. 129, 1874 Guianas; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 British Guiana
(Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa, Roraima); Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 116, 1886 Cayenne and British Guiana; Penard,
Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 437, 1910 Surinam.
Callospiza gyrola Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 669, 1849 British Guiana.
Gyrola chrysoptera Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851 "Brazil."
Calospiza gyrola Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 114, 1908 Ipousin, Rio Appro-
uague, French Guiana; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1037, 1912 (range).
Tangara gyrola Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 510, 1921 British Guiana
(many localities).
Tangara gyrola gyrola Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 131, 1931
Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu).
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana. 1
1 Birds from the lowlands of British Guiana agree with others from Cayenne,
while those from Roraima (alt. 3,000-3,500 feet) are slightly larger (wing of male,
76-77; of female, 73-74).
Additional material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 2; Ipousin, 1.
Surinam: near Paramaribo, 1. British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 9; Demerara, 3;
Roraima, 4.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 143
5: British Guiana (Caramang River, 1; Demerara River, 2;
Mazaruni River, 1; unspecified, 1).
*Calospiza gyrola catharinae Hellmayr. 1 CATHARINA'S GREEN
TANAGER.
Calospiza gyroloides catharinae Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p.
1106 Chaquimayo, Carabaya, southeastern Peru (type in Munich Mu-
seum); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1038, 1134,
1912 Upper Amazonia from eastern Colombia and northwestern Brazil
to Bolivia (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446, 1914 (range).
Tangara gyroloides catharinae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 597,
1917 Buena Vista, eastern Colombia; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL,
6, p. 76, 1917 (range); idem and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 Charapi
(east of Tabaconas), northern Peru; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A,
Heft 10, p. 21, 1920 Yahuarmayo and Chaquimayo, southeastern Peru;
idem, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 239, 1923 Yuracares, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 659, 1926 eastern Ecuador (Zamora, Macas
region, Rio Suno, below San Jose, and below Oyacachi); Zimmer, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 442, 1930 Huachipa and Vista Alegre,
Dept. Huanuco, Peru.
Aglaia gyrola (not Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn.
Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 Yuracares, Bolivia (spec, in
Paris Museum examined).
Tanagra gyrola d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 272, 1839 Yuracares.
Callospiza gyrola Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844 Peru; idem,
Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 202, 1846 wooded region of eastern Peru.
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye 2 ?) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
1 Calospiza gyrola catharinae Hellmayr: Similar to C. g. gyrola in size and in
possessing a shining lemon chrome humeral patch, but yellow nuchal collar much
wider, the head much darker (chestnut rather than burnt sienna), a light cerulean
blue patch on the rump, and the under parts much more extensively blue. Differs
from the other blue-rumped races by smaller size with a weaker, slenderer bill;
by having the rufous cap bordered posteriorly by a broad, bright lemon chrome
nuchal band; the upper throat dark sulphate green, separating the rufous chin
spot from the blue foreneck; and the lesser as well as the adjoining median upper
wing coverts bright lemon chrome, forming an extensive humeral patch about twice
as large and much deeper yellow than in C. g. nupera and C. g. bangsi. Wing
(male), 70-77; tail, 49-54; bill, 10-11.
Three birds from the upper Rio Negro have the cap very dark, chestnut
rather than mahogany red, but they are matched by one (out of two) from the
Rio Putumayo, Colombia, while others from eastern Colombia are not different
from other Amazonian skins.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Cuembl, Rio Putumayo, 2;
"Bogota," 5. Ecuador: Sarayacu, 2; San Jos6, 2. Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio
Negro, 1; Rio Xi6, 2. Peru: Huambo, 2; Huayabamba, 1; La Merced, Chan-
chamayo, 1; Chanchamayo Valley, 4; Marcapata, Dept. Cuzco, 3; Chaquimayo,
Carabaya, 2; Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Dept. Puno, 2. Bolivia: San Mateo,
Cochabamba, 2; Yuracares, 2.
* Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye (Rev. Zool., 10, p. 277, 1847) is a new name
for Aglaia peruviana Swainson (Anim. Menag., p. 356, Dec., 1837), preoccupied
by Tanagra peruviana Desmarest, 1805, a species (of the genus Calospiza) peculiar
144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 Quijos, eastern Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23,
p. 158, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 255, 1856 part, New Granada
("Bogota"), Ecuador (Quixos), eastern Peru, and Bolivia (Yuracares);
idem, I.e., 25, p. 264, 1857 Rio Javarri, Brazil; idem, I.e., 26, pp. 74, 453,
1858 Rio Napo and Zamora, eastern Ecuador; idem, Monog. Gen. Cal-
liste, p. 57, pi. 26, 1857 part, Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Rio Napo),
eastern Peru, and Bolivia (Yuracares); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p.
67, 1862 "Bogota" and eastern Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 749 Chyavetas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207,
1870 part, Marabitanas (Rio Negro) and Rio Xie, Brazil (spec, in Vienna
Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 185 Cosnipata, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 261 Chyavetas and Rio
Javarri, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 514 Monterico, Ayacucho,
Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 599 Yuracares, Bolivia; Taczan-
owski, I.e., 1882, p. 11 Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 465, 1884
Peru (Chyavetas, Rio Javarri, Monterico, Cosnipata, Huambo, Chan-
chamayo); idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 78
Mapoto, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117, 1886 part,
spec, q, r, u-a', Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (San Jose, Sarayacu, Rio
Napo), Brazil (Ega), and Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, pp. 71,
81, 1889 Rio Napo, Ecuador, and Mapiri, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 340 Peru (La Merced and La
Gloria, Chanchamayo, and Garita del Sol, Vitoc); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 part, spec, a-e, eastern
Ecuador (San Jose and Rio Zamora; crit.).
Calospiza gyroloides Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Onus, 13, pp. 78, 110, 1906
Idma, Urubamba, and Marcapata (Huaynapata, Saniaca), Dept. Cuzco,
Peru; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9,
p. B. 95, 1911 part, Gualaquiza, eastern Ecuador; idem, Rev. Frang.
d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 Nuevo Loreto, Peru; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 Canelos, Ecuador.
Calliste gyrola var. a. gyroloides Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 part, Peru and Bolivia.
Gyrola cyanoventris (not Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot, 1819) Bonaparte, Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851 Peru (diag.).
Range. Upper Amazonia, from the eastern slope of the eastern
Andes in Colombia (Buena Vista, above Villavicencio; Cuembi, Rio
Putumayo) and from northwestern Brazil (Marabitanas, Rio Negro;
to southeastern Brazil. Swainson based his description on a specimen from
"Peru" in "Mr. W. Hooker's Collection," and it may be presumed that, like the
types of other species named by him in the same work from the same collection,
it was secured by the orchid hunter Andrew Mathews somewhere in northern Peru,
viz., in the range of C. g. catharinae. However, the describer, in comparing his
new bird with A. chrysoptera [=C. g. gyrola} of the Guianas, expressly insists on
the "shoulder covers being green, instead of golden yellow," a statement that forbids
the use of the name for the Upper Amazonian form I have called C. g. catharinae.
Until the type comes to light, I am afraid the term A. gyroloides will remain inde-
terminable. Unfortunately, Mr. Kinnear's efforts to locate it have been unsuccess-
ful; it is apparently neither at Liverpool nor at Cambridge.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 145
Ega [= Teffe"]) south through eastern Ecuador and Peru to northern
Bolivia (Mapiri; San Mateo, Dept. Cochabamba; Yuracares).
14: Peru (Huachipa, 8; Vista Alegre, 6).
*Calospiza gyrola nupera (Bangs). 1 WEST ECUADORIAN GREEN
TANAGER.
Tangara gyroloides nupera Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 6, p. 76, Dec.,
1917 Nanegal, western Ecuador (type in Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 401,
1930).
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 27, p. 139, 1859 Pallatanga; idem, I.e., 28, pp. 87, 292, 1860
Nanegal and Esmeraldas; Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874
(crit.): Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 545
Chimbo; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117, 1886 part, western
Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 482, 1898 Chimbo; Salvadori and
Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 15, 1899 part, spec, f-k,
Gualea, western Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 Canzacota,
San Nicolas, and Gualea (seasonal migration).
Calliste gyrola var. a. gyroloides Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 part, Ecuador.
Calospiza gyroloides Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6og. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 95, 1911 part, western Ecuador (Santo Domingo, San
Nicolas, Gualea).
Calospiza gyroloides bangsi Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1105
part, western Ecuador (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, pp. 1038, 1133, 1912 part, western Ecuador (crit.); Lonnberg
and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922 Gualea and below Mindo.
Tangara gyroloides bangsi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 597,
1917 Ricaurte, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 659, 1926 western Ecuador
(Esmeraldas, Rio de Oro, Naranjo, Bucay, Chimbo, La Chonta, Porto-
velo, Punta Santa Ana, Rio Pindo, Salvias, Las Pinas, Guainche, Alamor,
and Cebollal; crit.).
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador and
extreme southwestern Colombia (Ricaurte and San Pablo, State of
Narino).
1: Ecuador (Chimbo, 1).
1 Calospiza gyrola nupera (Bangs) : Immediately distinguished from C. g.
catharinae by much larger, stouter bill; paler rufous (Sanford's brown) cap with
the yellow posterior border much narrower and less conspicuous; absence of
the dark green gular area, the paler blue of the under parts extending to the
rufous chin spot; and especially by having the yellow humeral patch much less
extensive as well as of a much lighter tone (lemon yellow instead of deep lemon
chrome). In fact, this form is much nearer to C. g. bangsi and differs merely by
somewhat paler (Sanford's brown instead of burnt sienna to mahogany red)
head and slightly lighter, more greenish blue of the under parts. Wing (male),
78-81; tail, 51-55, once 58; bill, 12-13.
Additional material examined. Western Ecuador: Paramba, 5; San Nicolas, 2;
Gualea, 8; Chimbo, 1. Colombia: San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 1.
146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza gyrola deleticia Bangs. 1 GREEN-SHOULDERED
TANAGER.
Calospiza gyroloides deleticia Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, p. 160, 1908
San Antonio, western Andes of Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O.
Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;
cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 400, 1930).
Callisie gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye?) 2 Lawrence, Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 332, 1861 Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 350 Isthmus of Panama; Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 325 mountain chain between Bucaramanga and the Magda-
lena, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 499
Concordia (western Andes) and Remedios, Colombia; Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 270, 1883 part, Panama Railroad
and Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 Bucaramanga,
Colombia (spec, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117,
1886 part, spec, k, 1, s, t, Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia (Remedios,
Concordia).
Calospiza gyroloides Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 Ibagiie,
Colombia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 43, 1902 part,
Panama and Colombia.
Calospiza gyroloides gyroloides Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, pp.
1104, 1005 western Andes of Colombia (Jimenez, Pueblo Rico, Siato,
Rio Lima, etc.; crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin,
pp. 1038, 1131, 1912 Colombia (crit.).
Tangara gyroloides gyroloides Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 596,
1917 western Andes (San Antonio, Las Lomitas, Cocal, Gallera), La
Frijolera (lower Cauca), and west slope of eastern Andes (Andalucia;
Aguadita; El Consuelo, above Honda), Colombia; Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 76, 1917 Colombia to line of Panama Railroad;
idem and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 226, 1922 Mount
Sapo, Darien; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 188, 1929 Cana, Darien (crit.); idem,
I.e., 72, p. 370, 1932 Obaldia, Panama.
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of Colombia, including
the west slope of the eastern Andes, but excluding the Santa Marta
1 Calospiza gyrola deleticia Bangs: Nearest to C. g. nupera and C. g. bangsi,
but yellow border to rufous cap absent or merely suggested, and lesser upper wing
coverts bright green like the larger ones or very slightly more yellowish than the
latter. The color of the rufous cap varies from the Sanford's brown of C. g. nupera
to the mahogany red of C. g. bangsi. Wing (male), 75-82; tail, 52-57; bill, 12-13.
Birds from the Canal Zone are intermediate to C. g. bangsi.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes,
western Andes, 3; Siato, Rio Siato, near Pueblo Rico, 2; Jimenez, western Andes, 1;
Rio Lima, Cauca, 2; Bucaramanga, 1; "Bogota," 7. Panama: Panama Railroad, 2.
2 Though I had formerly applied the name Aglaia gyroloides Lafr. to the present
form, I now prefer, for reasons given on page 143 (footnote 2), to revert to Bangs's
term deleticia, whose pertinence is beyond question, whereas Swainson's statement
that "the rufous on the head is terminated on the nape by a yellow margin"
(as in C. g. gyrola) is not in agreement with the west Colombian race.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 147
region and the extreme southwestern section south of the Rio Patia,
and extending north through eastern Panama to the Canal Zone.
13: Colombia (Rio Lima, 4; Andalucia, Huila, 2; "Bogota," 7).
"Calospiza gyrola bangsi Hellmayr. 1 BANGS'S GREEN TANAGER.
Calospiza gyroloides bangsi Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1105
Boquete, Chiriquf, Panama (type in Munich Museum); Berlepsch,
Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1038, 1133, 1912 part, Costa
Rica, Chiriqui, and Veraguas.
Tangara gyroloides bangsi Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 76, 1917
Costa Rica to Veragua; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., 38,
p. 462, 1928 Boquete Trail, Panama.
Calliste gyroloides (not Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 24, p. 142, 1856 David, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., p. 255, 1856 part,
David, Chiriquf; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 57, 1857 part, David;
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 138 Santa F6 (Veraguas) and
David (Chiriqui); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 98, 1868
Costa Rica (Barranca, Guaitil, Dota); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p.
298, 1869 Costa Rica (Sabanilla de Pirris, Guaitil, Dota, Barranca);
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 186 Veraguas (CaloveVora,
Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu) and Chiriquf (Bugaba, Volcan
de Chiriqui); Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 54 Navarro, Costa Rica; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 270, 1883 part, Costa Rica,
Chiriqui, and Veragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 117, 1886
part, spec, a-j, Costa Rica (Guaitil, Turrialba), Veragua (Santa Fe,
CaloveVora), and Chiriqui (Bugaba); Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 1, p. 109, 1887 Costa Rica (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo
Azul de Pirris, Sarchi de Alajuela, Los Anonos de San Jose); Cherrie,
Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 136, 1893 Boruca,
Teiraba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 13, 1895 Pozo
Pital and San Marcos, Costa Rica; Salvadori and Festa", Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 3, 1899 Chiriqui.
Callispiza gyroloides Salvadori, Atti. Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 174, 1868
Costa Rica.
Calospiza gyroloides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 43, 1902
part, Costa Rica to Veragua; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 65,
1902 Boquete, Chiriqui; idem, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907 Costa Rica (Bo-
ruca, Barranca de T6rraba); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 278, 1910 Guayabo, Costa Rica.
Tangara gyroloides gyroloides Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 861, 1910
Costa Rica (range).
1 Calospiza gyrola bangsi Hellmayr: Similar to C. g. deleticia, but lesser upper
wing coverts lemon yellow and yellow nuchal collar more conspicuous. Wing
(male), 75-81; tail, 52-56; bill, 12-13.
Additional material examined. Costa Rica: Naranjo, 1; Boruca, 30; Buenos
Aires, 2. Panama: Boquete, Chiriqui, 5; Calovevora, Veraguas, 1.
148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Tropical and Subtropical zones of Costa Rica and
western Panama, east to Veraguas.
10: Costa Rica (Boruca, 4; Guayabo, 2; Santa Cruz de Turrialba,
2; Peralta, 2).
Calospiza gyrola viridissima (Lafresnaye). 1 DESMAREST'S GREEN
TANAGER.
Calliste desmaresti(i) (not Tanagra desmaresti Vieillot, 1819) G. R. Gray,
Genera Bds., 2, p. 366, 1844 based on Tanagra gyrola Swainson, Zool.
Illust., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, pi. 28, 1829; locality not indicated, Trinidad sug-
gested by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906); Sclater, Contrib. Orn.,
1851, p. 67 (crit.); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 182, pi. 19,
fig. 2, 1855 "the more southern of the West Indies"; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 24, p. 256, 1856 Venezuela and Trinidad (descr.); idem,
Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 59, pi. 27, 1857 part, Trinidad (monog.); idem,
Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 68, 1862 Trinidad and Venezuela; Taylor,
Ibis, 1864, p. 82 Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 302, 1866 Trini-
dad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 579 Trinidad; Dubois,
Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 127, 1874 (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 11, p. 118, 1886 part, spec, d, f-i, "Venezuela" and Trinidad;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 7, p. 322, 1895 Caura Valley, Trini-
dad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 San Antonio [Sucre], Venezuela;
Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 129, 1922 Maracas
Valley, Trinidad.
Aglaia viridissima Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 277, 1847 based on Tanagra
gyrola Swainson, Zool. Illust., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, pi. 28, 1829.
Gyrola viridissima Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851 "Antilles"
= Trinidad (diag.).
Calospiza desmaresti Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 part, Trinidad
(Caparo and Chaguaramas) and northeastern Venezuela (near Cumana);
Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 188, 1906 Aripo, Trinidad;
idem, I.e., p. 357, 1908 Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verh.
5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912 part, Trinidad and "Cum-
ana," Venezuela.
Tangara desmaresti Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 210, 1913
Cariaquito, Sucre, Venezuela.
Calliste gyrola var. /3. desmaresti Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, p. 129,
1874 Trinidad and Venezuela.
Tangara viridissima viridissima Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 12, 1925
Neveri, Sucre, Venezuela.
1 Calospiza gyrola viridissima (Lafresnaye) and the closely allied C. g. toddi
differ from C. g. gyrola principally by lacking the well-defined bright blue area
along the median portion of the under parts and the shining lemon chrome humeral
patch. In the latter respect, they closely resemble the otherwise very different
(blue-bellied and blue-rumped) C. g. deleticia, of Colombia. Although no inter-
mediates to the neighboring "species" are known, both are clearly derivatives of
a common ancestral stock, from which C. gyrola and the blue-rumped group
("gyroloides" auct.) have developed.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 149
Range. Tropical zone of Trinidad and northeastern Venezuela
(State of Sucre). 1
"Calospiza gyrola toddi (Bangs and Penard). 2 TODD'S GREEN
TANAGER.
Tanagra viridissima toddi Bangs and Penard, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, p.
92, 1921 San Francisco, Santa Marta region, Colombia (type in Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 494, 1921 Santa Marta region of Colombia (La
Conception, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Miguel, Las Taguas, Las
Nubes, Jordan, Onaca, Cincinnati, Don Diego, Las Vegas; crit., habits);
Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 178, 1924 Loma Redonda and
Galipan, Venezuela (crit.).
Calliste desmaresti (not of Gray) Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 59, 1857
part, Caracas, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,
p. 627 San Esteban, Carabobo; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 120
Guallabal and Minca, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
118, 1886 part, spec, b, e, j, San Esteban, Venezuela, and Minca.
Calospiza desmaresti Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898 "Santa
Marta"; idem, I.e., pp. 159, 179, 1898 Pueblo Viejo and Palomina,
Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 169, 1900 Bonda,
Agua Dulce, Onaca, Cacagualito, and Valparaiso, Colombia; Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 13, p. 14, 1906 part, Las Estanques, near Merida; Berlepsch,
Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912 part, Venezuela
("Puerto Cabello," Las Estanques) and Colombia (Onaca, Valparaiso,
Las Nubes, "Santa Marta").
Tangara desmaresti Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p.
58, 1912 San Esteban, Las Quiguas, Cumbre Chiquita, and Cumbre de
Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (descr. of female).
1 Birds from northeastern Venezuela (San Antonio, Quebrada Secca, etc.)
are identical with those from Trinidad.
Material examined. Trinidad: Caparo, 13; Santa Cruz, 3; Aripo (alt. 1,200
feet), 3. Venezuela: Sucre (San Antonio, Quebrada Secca, etc.), 9.
1 Calospiza gyrola toddi (Bangs and Penard): Similar to C. g. viridissima,
but rufous of head paler; under parts brighter, less bluish green (near Scheele's
green); bill slightly longer. Wing, 73-77, (female) 71-73; tail, 49-53, (female)
45-50; bill, 10^-12.
While the differences are quite noticeable in series, single specimens cannot
always be distinguished. Birds from the Santa Marta region are fairly uniform
in their characters, not one of the ten specimens examined having the head so
dark maroon or the body plumage so bluish green as typical viridissima. Speci-
mens from the Venezuelan coast ranges (Caracas district and Carabobo) show
more variation. The majority agree more or less with Colombian birds, but a
few are just as dark-headed and bluish-bellied as any from Trinidad. Two adults
from Las Estanques (Merida) and one from Tachira (San Cristobal) I am unable
to separate from those of Santa Marta.
Additional material examined. Colombia: Don Amo, 2; Onaca, 3; Valparaiso,
2; Las Nubes, 3. Venezuela: San Cristobal, Tachira, 1; Las Estanques, Merida,
2; San Esteban Valley, Carabobo, 10; Cumbre Chiquita, Carabobo, 1; Cumbre
de Valencia, Carabobo, 2; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 8; Loma Redonda, north of
Caracas, 3.
150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Range. Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of northern Colom-
bia (Santa Marta region) and northwestern Venezuela (from Tachira
to the Caracas region).
3: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 3).
*Calospiza lavinia lavinia (Cassin). 1 LAVINIA'S TANAGER.
Calliste lavinia Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10, p. 178, 1858 "Isth-
mus of Darien, New Grenada" (type apparently lost, formerly in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 51, p. 35, 1899); Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 451 Isthmus of Darien
(ex Cassin).
Calliste laviniae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 142 Rio Tru-
ando, Colombia; idem, I.e., 1864, p. 286, pi. 1, fig. 1 (fig. of type); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 271, 1883 part, Rio
Truando.
Calliste emiliae Dalmas, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 35, 1900 San Jose and
El Paillon, near Buenaventura, Choco, western Colombia (type in coll.
of R. de Dalmas, subsequently in Tring Collection, now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1901, p. 596, pi. 12,
fig. 1 San Javier, Rio Cachabi, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Calospiza lavinia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 46, 1902
part, Isthmus of Darien (Rio Truando); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern.
Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912 (range).
Calospiza lavinia lavinia Hellmayr, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1, p. 162, 1910
western Colombia, from Darien to Choco, and northwestern Ecuador
(crit.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1103 Sipi, Rio Sipi,
Colombia.
Tangara lavinia lavinia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 596, 1917
western Colombia (Juntas de Tamana, Novita, Noanama, Buenaven-
tura, San Jose, and Buenavista, Narino); idem, I.e., 55, p. 658, 1926
Ecuador (San Javier).
Tangara lavinia Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 New Culebra, Panama,
Canal Zone.
1 Calospiza lavinia appears to be specifically distinct from C. gyrola. Races
of both groups occur in Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia, and western
Ecuador, though not in exactly the same life-zones. C. lavinia and allies are
strictly confined to the lower Tropical zone, whereas C. g. deleticia and C. g. bangsi
chiefly inhabit the Subtropics, but, according to Griscom, descend to the Tropical
zone after the breeding season.
As pointed out by us in another connection (Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. 162,
1910), C. emiliae is merely C. I. lavinia redescribed. This form is characterized
by having the upper wing coverts uniform chestnut and a broad light blue stripe
along the middle of throat and foreneck, this feature being plainly shown in Cassin's
figure of the type of C. lavinia.
Additional material examined. Ecuador: San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, 1.
Colombia: San Jose, Choco, 4; Sipi, Rio Sipi, Choco, 5; Condoto, Rio Condoto, 2;
Juntas, Rio Dagua, 1.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 151
Range. Tropical zone of northwestern Ecuador (San Javier,
Prov. Esmeraldas), western Colombia, and eastern Panama (west
to the Canal Zone).
1: Colombia (Condoto, Rio Condoto, Choco, 1).
Calospiza lavinia dalmasi Hellmayr. 1 DALMAS'S TANAGER.
Calospiza lavinia dalmasi Hellmayr, Rev. Franc.. d'Orn., 1, p. 162, 1910
"Veraguas," western Panama (type in Munich Museum).
Calospiza cara dalmasi Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1039, 1134, 1912 part, "Veragua."
Tangara lavinia dalmasi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 341, 1931
Boquete trail, Almirante, western Panama.
Calliste lavinia (not of Cassin) Sclater, Ibis, 1876, p. 409 part, "Veragua"
(descr. of female); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1,
p. 271, 1883 part, "Veraguas"; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 116,
1886 part, spec, g-i, "Veragua."
Calospiza lavinia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 46, 1902
part, "Veragua."
Range. Tropical zone of western Panama (Chiriqui and
Veraguas).
*Calospiza lavinia cara Bangs. 2 CEIBA TANAGER.
Calospiza lavinia cara Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 155, 1905
Ceiba, Honduras (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 400, 1930).
Calospiza cara Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1039, 1912
Honduras (Ceiba) and Nicaragua (Chontales).
Tangara lavinia cara Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 13, p. 52,
1932 Volcan Miravalles, Costa Rica (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 375, 1932 Santo Tomas, Guatemala.
Calliste lavinia (not of Cassin) Sclater, Ibis, 1876, p. 409 part, Costa Rica
and Chontales, Nicaragua; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223,
1899 Santo Tomas, Guatemala.
Calliste laviniae Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 315 Chontales, Nicaragua, and Costa
Rica; idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 271, 1883
part, Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 116, 1886 part, spec, a-f, Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica;
Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, p. 326 Matagalpa, Nicaragua.
1 Calospiza lavinia dalmasi Hellmayr: Similar to C. I. lavinia, but without any
blue on throat and foreneck except a small spot on the chin; upper wing coverts
partly olive-green. Wing (male), 69-72; tail, 45-48; bill, 11.
Material examined. Panama: "Veragua" (all collected by E. Arc6), 9.
2 Calospiza lavinia cara Bangs: Similar to C. I. dalmasi, but larger, with
considerably larger, stouter bill. Wing (male), 72-75; tail, 50-53; bill, 12-13.
Additional material examined. Costa Rica: Carrfllo, 2.
152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calospiza lavinia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 46, 1902
part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39,
p. 155, 1903 Ceiba, Honduras.
Tangara lavinia lavinia Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 860, 1910 eastern
Costa Rica (Reventazon, Jimenez, La Vijagua, Carrillo, and Guapiles;
habits).
Tangara lavinia dalmasi (not of Hellmayr) Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 84, p. 244, 1932 Eden, Nicaragua.
Range. Tropical zone of eastern Guatemala (Santo Tomas),
Honduras (Ceiba), and Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (chiefly on the
Caribbean side; one record from Miravalles).
2: Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 2).
*Calospiza ruficapilla (Sclater). 1 RUFOUS-HEADED TANAGER.
Calliste ruficapilla Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 61, end of April,
1851 "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British
Museum); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 158, 1855 "Bogota";
idem, I.e., 24, p. 19, 1856 "New Granada."
Callispiza vitriolina Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, Oct., 1851 Colombia
(type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt).
Calliste vitriolina Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 139, 1851 Santa-
Fe-de-Bogota (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 252, 1856
"Bogota" (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 39, pi. 18, 1857 "Bogo-
ta" (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 86, 1860 Perucho and
Puellaro, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862 Perucho
(Ecuador) and "Bogota"; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 Ocana and Bucara-
manga, Santander, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 498 Medellin and Concordia, Antioquia, Colombia; Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 32, p. 289, 1884 Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. Ill, 1886 Colombia ("Bogota," Medellin,
Pasto) and Ecuador ("Baisa," Perucho); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 481,
1898 Ibarra, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14,
No. 357, p. 15, 1899 La Conception, Chota Valley, Ecuador; Good-
fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 461 around Popayan, Colombia, and western
Ecuador (Gualea, Nono, Intag, Chota Valley).
Calospiza vitriolina Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 307, 1899
Ibagiie, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p.
1042, 1912 Colombia ("Bogota," Ocana, Bucaramanga, Antioquia,
Pasto) and Ecuador ("Baisa," Perucho, Puellaro); Piguet, Mem. Soc.
Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914 Cafetal La Camelia, near Angelopolis,
Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 84, 1922
road to Nanegal, Ecuador.
Tangara vitriolina Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 595, 1917 part,
Colombia (Peque, Caldas, Cali, San Antonio, Gallera, Popayan, La
1 Apparently a distinct species, occurring side by side with a form of C.
cayana (fulvescens) on the west slope of the east Colombian Andes (Ocana, Bucara-
manga). Sclater's name ruficapilla obviously has priority.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 153
Sierra, La Manuelita, Rio Frio, Salento, Barro Blanco, La Frijolera,
Honda, Chicoral, La Candela, La Palma, San Agustin, Andalucia, Agua-
dita, Fusugasuga, Subia, Tenasuca, El Carmen, and El Alto de la Paz); 1
idem, I.e., 55, p. 658, 1926 Ibarra and Quito region, Ecuador.
Range. Arid and semi-arid regions (from the Tropical to the
Temperate zone) of Colombia (west to the eastern Andes) and
northwestern Ecuador (south to the Quito region). 2
15: Colombia (Aguadita, 1; Andalucia, Huila, 1; Los Jambos, 1;
Rio Lima, 1; near San Agustin, Huila, 1; "Bogota," 10).
*Calospiza cucullata cucullata (Swainson). 3 HOODED TANAGER.
Aglaia cucullata Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 1, pi. 7, 1834 no locality given,
supposedly "Brazil" (type probably in Swainson Collection, now in Uni-
versity Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).
Calliste cucullata Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851 "Brazil"
(crit.); Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 63 "Brazil"; idem, Tanag. Cat.
Spec., p. 12, 1854 "St. Thomas"; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p.
253, 1856 "Angostura, Venezuela" (descr.) ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th.
Bras., 3, p. 183, 1856 "Pernambuco" (ex Swainson!) or "St. Thomas"
(ex Sclater); Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 45, pi. 20, 1857 "Santo
Thomas [ = Angostura], Venezuela" (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 113, 1886 "Venezuela"; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 157, 1888 Grenada;
idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 289, 1889 Grenada; idem, Cat. Bds. W. Ind.,
pp. 114, 151, 1892 Grenada; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 566 Grand Etang,
Grenada.
Calospiza cucullata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 52, 1902
"Venezuela (Angostura)" and Grenada (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 32, pp. 289, 306, 1905 Grenada (habits, nest, and eggs); Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1041, 1912 Grenada.
Calliste versicolor (not of Lawrence, 1878) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1, p. 269, 1878 Grenada; idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879 part, Grenada;
Wells, I.e., 9, p. 613, 1886 Grenada (habits, nest, and eggs); Sclater,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 113, 1886 part, spec, b-e, Grenada and
"Venezuela."
Range. Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. 4
7: Lesser Antilles (Grenada, 7).
1 1 suspect that the two specimens from east of the Andes (Villavicencio and
Barrigon) stated to have "the crown paler and to be browner both above and
below" will prove to be females of C. cayana fulvescens.
Birds from Colombia and Ecuador agree. The locality "Baisa" [= Baeza]
resting on one of Buckley's skins is unquestionably erroneous.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 10; Bucaramanga, 8;
Concordia, Antioquia, 1. Ecuador: Ibarra, 5; Chota Valley, near Quito, 8;
Nanegal, 4; unspecified, 3.
J Nearly related to C. cayana and possibly conspecific.
4 The presumed occurrence in Venezuela (Angostura) was clearly a mistake.
154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza cucullata versicolor (Lawrence). 1 ST. VINCENT
TANAGER.
Calliste versicolor Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1, p. 153, June, 1878 St.
Vincent (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1, p. 190, 1878 St. Vincent; idem, I.e., 1, p. 269, 1878 part, St. Vincent;
idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879 part, St. Vincent; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 473 St.
Vincent (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 113, 1886 part,
spec, a, St. Vincent; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 82, 1889- St. Vincent; Ridg-
way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 53, 1902 St. Vincent (monog.);
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 288, 1905 St. Vincent (habits, song).
Tangara versicolor Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 543, 1928 St.
Vincent (nest).
Calliste cucullata (not Aglaia cucullata Swainson) Cory, Auk, 3, p. 195, 1886
St. Vincent (descr.).
Range. Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
7: Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, 7).
>
Calospiza arnaulti (Berlioz). 2 ARNAULT'S TANAGER.
1 Calospiza cucullata versicolor (Lawrence) differs from its ally by greater
dimensions, much larger bill, less bluish under parts, and much lighter rufous
(Sanford's brown to Burnt Sienna instead of deep chestnut brown) pileum. It
is a very well-marked race.
Eleven additional specimens from St. Vincent have been compared with
twenty from Grenada.
2 Calospiza arnaulti (Berlioz) : Not unlike C. castanonota on the upper parts,
but hind neck and mantle decidedly paler than the crown, about ochraceous
tawny, with broad, brass green apical margins to the feathers (instead of shining
amber brown like the crown without any or but slightly suggested greenish edges) ;
rump and tail coverts ochraceous buff as in C. cayana flava, but with long silvery
bluish tips (in castanonota paler ochraceous buff tipped with silvery green) ; smaller
wing coverts, instead of buff with silvery green tips, decidedly bluish, paler and
more glossy than in C. c. flava; greater wing coverts deep greenish blue on the
outer webs (like flava); sides of head black, the lower and posterior auriculars
tipped with amber brown, the coloration being thus intermediate between casta-
nonota and flava; throat, foreneck, and median portion of the abdomen down to
the anal region sooty black, the feathers terminally broadly edged with "dusky
green blue," these edges laterally as well as on the throat brighter, nearer "dark
gobelin blue"; middle of lower abdomen suffused with dingy gray; sides of breast
and abdomen ochraceous buff as in C. c. flava, but the ground color partly con-
cealed by shining greenish tips; under tail coverts and tibial feathers ochraceous
tawny; axillaries and under wing coverts sooty gray with dingy whitish edges
(like castanonota, but darker); bill short and stout. Wing (adult male), 80; tail,
60; bill, 10.
While similar to C. castanonota in size and form, C. arnaulti differs from
that species by partly black auriculars; paler back with silvery green tips; bluish
smaller upper wing coverts; the broad blackish, bluish green-edged median zone
of the under parts; deep ochraceous tawny, greenish-tipped sides of the body,
etc. By the dark-colored stripe underneath C. arnaulti approaches C. c. huberi,
but this area is more extensive with the blue tips wider and more intense. Other-
wise, it is, however, very different, huberi resembling C. c. cayana on the upper
parts and having uniform black sides of the head.
C. arnaulti is known from a single cage-bird of uncertain origin. The type
is in perfect plumage and is said to have undergone no change while kept in con-
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 155
Tangara arnaulti Berlioz, L'Oiseau, 8, No. 3, p. 95, March, 1927 South
America, precise locality unknown (type in Paris Museum examined).
Range. South America (locality unknown).
*Calospiza castanonota (Sclater). CHESTNUT-BACKED TANAGER.
Calliste castanonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 63, end of April,
1851 Brazil (part, descr. of adult male in coll. of H. E. Strickland; type
now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.); idem, Tan. Cat. Spec.,
p. 12, 1854 southern Brazil; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 185, 1882. 1
Callispiza preciosa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 27, Oct., 1851 Rio Grande
[do Sul], Brazil (types in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum,
Halberstadt).
Tanagra gyrola (not Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,
3, (1), p. 471, 183.0 part, descr. of male, Rio Grande do Sul.
Aglaia cayana (not Tanagra cayana Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn.
Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837 Corrientes, Argentina.
Tanagra cayana d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 272, 1839 Corrientes
City (descr. mala).
Calliste preciosa Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 182, 1856 (range
imaginary).
Calliste pretiosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 254, 1856 southern
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Curytiba), Paraguay, Uruguay (Monte-
video), and Corrientes; idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 49, pi. 22, 1857
(monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862 Rio Grande do Sul;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870 Sao Paulo (Capivari, Parnapitanga)
and Parana (Curytiba) (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); Berlepsch
and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 118, 1885 Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara,
Arroio Grande); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 114, 1886 southern
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Curytiba) and Paraguay; Holland, Ibis, 1896,
p. 315 Est. Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 8,
p. xxiv, 1898 Santa Elena; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 148, 1898
Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899 Rio
Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Pelotas).
Calospiza pretiosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 Rio Grande do
Sul (Sao Joao do Monte Negro and Pelotas) (range); Chubb, Ibis, 1910,
p. 624 Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 375, 1910 Santa Elena, Entre Rlos; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend.
Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 486, 499, 1912 Vera Guarany, Parana; Ber-
lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1042, 1912 southern
Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, "Matto Grosso") and Paraguay;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 Alto Parana, Paraguay.
finement. Whether it represents a distinct species or is merely the result of
hybridization, as is suggested by the intermediacy of its characters, remains to
be determined by further material.
1 Though not designated as such, the specimen in the Strickland Collection
'is doubtless the type of Sclater's C. castanonota, based on the adult male. Sclater's
name has unquestionable priority, unless we regard the issue of the advance
sheets of the "Museum Heineanum" as signifying actual publication.
156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Tangara pretiosa Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 250, 1913 Misiones, Argen-
tina; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 189, 1918 Alto Parana, Paraguay;
Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 Uruguay (Rocha, Cerro Largo); Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 30, p. 238, 1923 Corrientes (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 192, 1926 Parana (Guarapuava, Invernadinha,
Cara Pintada, Vermelho); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 Mieiones.
Range. Southeastern Brazil, from southwestern Sao Paulo
(Capivari, Parnapitanga) to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay;
northeastern Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, and Misiones). 1
2: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1) ; Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1).
*Calospiza peruviana (Desmarest). BLACK-BACKED TANAGER.
Tanagra peruviana Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, livr. 9, text to pi. 11,
1806 "rapporte du Perou par Dombey" 2 (type in Paris Museum);
Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat:, nouv. ed., 32, p. 419, 1819 (ex Desmarest).
A[glaia] melanotus Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 3, pi. 31, 1836 (=adult male).
A[glaia] melanotis Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 4, pi. 43, circa 1837 (= adult
female).
Tanagra gyrola (not Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,
3, (1), p. 471, 1830 part, descr. of female, southern Brazil.
Calliste castanonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, Part 2, p. 63 part, descr. of
female (ex Wied).
Callisle peruviana Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851
"Peru" (diag.).
Calliste melanota Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 182, 1856 "in
middle Brazil, particularly north of Bahia and in the interior on the
Amazon"(!).
Calliste melanonota Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 254, 1856 south-
eastern Brazil (descr.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 51, pi. 23 (male,
female), 1857 (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 67, 1862 Brazil;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba) and Sao
Paulo (Mattodentro and Rio Parana) (spec, in Vienna Museum examined) ;
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 115, 1886 southern Brazil (Sao
1 Birds from southwestern Sap Paulo (Capivari), Parana, and Rio Grande
do Sul agree well together. A single apparently not quite mature male from
Paraguay has a decidedly shorter tail (56 mm.) and much more bluish under
parts than any from Brazil.
There is no reliable record from "Matto Grosso," included in the range of
this tanager by Berlepsch.
Additional material examined. Paraguay: Bernalcue (near Asuncion), 1.
Brazil: Capivari, Sao Paulo, 2; Fazenda Monte Alegre, Parana, 1; Curytiba,
Parana, 6; Jaguaraiba, Parana, 2; Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul, 3; Taquara
do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Rio Grande do Sul, 6.
2 From a remark by A. de Saint-Hilaire (Voyage dans le district des Diamans,
1, p. 255, note 1, 1833) it would appear that Dombey traveled in southeastern
Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro, which may thus be designated as an appropriate
type locality in place of the obviously erroneous habitat "Peru" given by
Desmarest.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 157
Paulo; "Rio Claro, Goyaz;" Santa Catharina; "Pelotas, Rio Grande do
Sul"); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 148, 1899 Iguap6, Sao Paulo.
Calospiza melanonota Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 354, 1907 Sao Paulo
(Ypiranga, Iguap6, Itarar6).
Calospiza peruviana Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1042,
1134, 1912 southeastern Brazil in states of Rio (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo
(Mattodentro, Iguape, Ypiranga, Santos, Itarar), Santa Catharina, and
"Goyaz (Rio Claro)."
Tangara peruviana Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 362, 1914 Misiones and
Buenos Aires (accidental).
Range. Southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro to Santa
Catharina; accidental in northeastern Argentina (Misiones and
Buenos Aires, fide R. Dabbene). 1
8: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 8).
"Calospiza cayana cayana (Linnaeus). RUFOUS-CROWNED
TANAGER.
Tanagra cayana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 315, 1766 based on
"Le Tangara verd, de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 21, pi. 4, fig. 3, 1760;
Cayenne (type in coll. of M. Reaumur).
1 Birds from Santa Catharina agree with those from Rio de Janeiro and
Sao Paulo in coloration, but are slightly larger (wing of males, 76-82 against
74-79; of females, 75-77 against 72-76), the dimensions being about the same
as in C. castanonota. The occurrence of C. peruviana in Rio Grande do Sul is
denied by Ihering (Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899), the female
so identified in the British Museum being doubtless referable to C. castanonota.
The locality "Rio Claro" refers, of course, to the place of that name in Sao Paulo,
and not to the river in Goyaz, where no representative of this group is found.
The interrelationship of C. peruviana and C. castanonota appears to require
careful investigation. As is well known, the only difference separating the males
of the two "species" lies in the coloration of the mantle, which is black in the
former, shining amber brown like the pileum in the latter. Between the females
I have not succeeded in finding any constant character of distinction. The rufous-
backed form (castanonota) is generally slightly larger, but, as stated above,
individuals of the black-mantled type from Santa Catharina are fully as long-
winged. Now as to the range: C. peruviana is the only form found in Rio de
Janeiro, while C. castanonota is the sole representative in Rio Grande do Sul,
Uruguay, and Paraguay. Santa Catharina is almost exclusively occupied by
the black-backed variety (peruviana); from Parana only the rufous-backed form
has been recorded; in Sap Paulo the first-named (peruviana) is widely distributed,
whereas the other one with rufous mantle has been met with only in the extreme
southwestern corner of the state. Considering the close resemblance of the birds,
I cannot believe that two species are involved, and would suggest that it might
be a case of dimorphism in the male sex, which to a certain extent is geographical,
in so far as one of the two color-types alone occurs at the extremities of the dis-
tributional area, the black-backed in the north, the rufous-backed in the south,
while the intervening territory is tenanted by mixed populations. Compre-
hensive material as well as studies in the field are needed to bring the problem to
satisfactory solution.
Additional material examined. Rio de Janeiro: Sapitiba, 5. Sao Paulo:
Itatiba, 1; Ypiranga, 1; Mattodentro, 1; Santos, 1; Rio Parana, 1. Santa
Catharina: Joinville, 1; Blumenau, 2; Ararangua, 10.
158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
t
Fringilla autumnalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 320, 1766 Surinam
(location of type not stated).
Tanagra mitrata P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776 based on
"Tangara a tete rousse, de Cayenne"; Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 290, fig. 7.
Callospiza cayana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 670,
"1848" [=1849] British Guiana.
Calliste chrysonota Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1850, pp. 50-58, 1 pi. 51 Cayenne
(type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1851,
p. 62 Cayenne.
Calliste cayana Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1850 Cayenne
(diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 19, 1856 Cayenne and
British Guiana; idem, I.e., p. 252, 1856 Cayenne (monog.); Bonaparte,
Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 32, 1857 Cayenne; Sclater, Monog.
Gen. Calliste, p. 41, pi. 19, 1857 part, British and French Guiana, and
"Trinidad" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862 "Trini-
dad" and Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1870 Forte do Sao
Joaquim (Rio Branco) and Santarem, Brazil (spec, examined); (?) Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 209 British Guiana (Merume Mountains and Roraima);
Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. Ill, 1886 part, spec, a-q, (?)z-c',
Cayenne, (?)British Guiana (Merum6 Mountains, Roraima), "Rio Negro,"
"Trinidad," and eastern Peru; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 267, 1890
Diamantina, near Santarein, Brazil; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
9, p. 19, 1902 Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, and Quiribana de Caicara,
Orinoco River, Venezuela (nest and eggs); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55,
p. 293, 1907 part, Monte Alegre, Brazil (spec, examined); (?)Dela-
cour, Ibis, 1923, p. 149 Calabozo and Camaguan, Venezuela.
Callispiza cayana Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 27, 1851 Cayenne and
"Venezuela."
Calospiza cayana Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 part, Santarem;
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 414, 1908 French Guiana (Cayenne, He le
Pere); idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1041, 1912 part,
Cayenne, Surinam, (?)British Guiana (Merume Mountains, Roraima),
Venezuela (Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Ori-
noco), (?)Peru (Moyobamba), and Brazil (Rio Negro; Rio Branco; San-
tarem; Humayta, Rio Madeira); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446,
1914 Monte Alegre, Brazil (spec, examined).
Calospiza cayana cayana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 347, 1907 Humayta,
Rio Madeira (females); idem, I.e., 17, p. 273, 1910 Humayta.
Tangara cayana cayana Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 126, 1912 part, Guianas, Orinoco Valley, and northern
1 The copy of Jardine's "Contributions to Ornithology" in the Bavarian
State Library at Munich contains two sets of pages 50-58. Both have the
description of a Calliste which reads the same except that in the second set of
pages 50-58 the last three paragraphs are omitted. The Latin name is chrysonota
on the first, luteola on the second set of pages 50-58. Whether the "luteola" page
was originally issued and subsequently replaced by the more complete account of
the species bearing C. chrysonota as head-line, or whether they came out simul-
taneously, I have no means of ascertaining. The plate, being inscribed "C.
chrysonota," seems to indicate that this was the specific name finally chosen
by Sclater.
I
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 159
Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 172, 1916 Orinoco
River (from Ciudad Bolivar to above the falls of Maipures) and Maripa,
Caura Valley, Venezuela.
Tangara cayana Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 508, 1921 British Guiana
(Ituribisci River, Abary River, Ireng River, (?)Roraima, (?)Upper Takutu
Mountains, (?)Merum6 Mountains); (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 63, p. 131, 1931 Mount Roraima (Rio Weiling, Paulo, Arabupu, and
Philipp Camp).
(l)Calliste cyanolaima Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851
"Peru" (location of type not stated).
(l)Calliste cyanolaema Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, pp. 19, 252, 1856
Rio Negro and "Trinidad" (monog.); idem, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 43,
1857 Rio Negro (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 66, 1862
Rio Negro; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 463, 1884 Moyobamba,
Peru.
Range. French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Venezuela
(Orinoco and Caura valleys); northern Brazil (Monte Alegre; Rio
Branco; Santar^m; Humayta, Rio Madeira); (?)eastern Peru. 1
11: French Guiana (Cayenne, 3); British Guiana (Georgetown,
2); Brazil (B5a Vista, Rio Branco, 5; Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1).
1 Birds from Monte Alegre (north bank of lower Amazon) and Santarem
(south bank) agree with a series from French Guiana, and others from the low-
lands of British Guiana (Georgetown; Annai) as well as those from the Orinoco
basin are not separable either, being the same size and of identical coloration.
There is considerable doubt as to the applicability of the name cyanolaima Bona-
parte. Though the describer speaks of Peruvian specimens, Sclater claims that
the birds, one of which he obtained from Parzudaki for his own collection, came
from the "Rio Negro." If this statement is correct, cyanolaima can hardly be
different from cayana, since series from the Rio Branco (an affluent of the Rio
Negro) and the middle stretches of the Orinoco are precisely like topotypical
Cayenne skins. The bluish tinge on throat and foreneck, in extent and intensity,
is extremely variable in specimens from the same locality, but according to
Sclater it is brighter in Peruvian birds, which are, furthermore, stated to differ
by larger size. Taczanowski's measurements for a male from Moyobamba
i (wing, 75; tail, 56) suggest, indeed, the existence of a slightly larger race, and,
! considering the variability of the bluish tinge on the throat, cyanolaima may
yet turn out to be an earlier name for C. c. fulvescens, a question that can only
be determined by the examination of an adequate series of Peruvian skins. We
j have not seen any material from the mountains of British Guiana. The late
! Count Berlepsch (in MS.), however, quotes unusually large dimensions for three
(males from Roraima and the Merum6 Mountains: wing, 78-80; tail, 57-59.
i Although these figures correspond to the maximum of C. c. fulvescens, I can hardly
i believe that the birds of Roraima really pertain to this form, and careful com-
parison might disclose certain differences in coloration.
As to the locality "Trinidad" based on trade-skins there is no authentic
record of this species from that island.
Additional material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 8; lie le Pere, 2.
Dutch Guiana: Paramaribo, 2. British Guiana: Annai, 1 (adult male: wing,
72; tail, 53). Venezuela: Caura Valley, 2 (wing, 72; tail, 50 K); Ciudad Bolivar,
Orinoco, 3; Altagracia, 1; Caicara, 1; Maipures, 1. Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim,
8; Monte Alegre, 4; Santarem, 1 (adult male: wing, 72; tail, 52).
160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
*Calospiza cayana fulvescens (Todd). 1 GREATER RUFOUS-
CROWNED TANAGER.
Tangara cayana fulvescens Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 92, July, 1922
Palmar, Boyaca, eastern Andes of Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum).
Calliste cayana (not Tanagra cayana Linnaeus) Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste,
p. 41, 1857 part, Venezuela (Caracas); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 780 Merida, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325
Ocana and Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. Ill, 1886 part, spec, r, s, u-y, Colombia ("Bogota," Ocana) and Vene-
zuela (Puerto Cabello); Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 San Antonio,
Bermudez, Venezuela.
Calospiza cayana Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 part, Merida,
Venezuela; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1041,
1912 part, Venezuela (Puerto Cabello, Merida) and Colombia ("Bogota,"
Ocana).
Tangara cayana cayana Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 126, 1912 part, Venezuela (coast mountains from
Cumana to Puerto Cabello) and Colombia ("Bogota").
Range. Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (west and east slope
of eastern Andes) and northern Venezuela (from Tachira and Merida
along the coast ranges east to the vicinity of Cumana).
14: Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 5; Valle, MeYida, 1; Rio Chama,
MeYida, 2; Valera, Zulia, 1; Maracay, Aragua, 5).
Calospiza cayana huberi Hellmayr. 2 HUBER'S TANAGER.
1 Calospiza cayana fulvescens (Todd): Similar to C. c. cayana, but somewhat
larger and paler, the coloration throughout, especially above, being more silvery
and less butfy. Wing (males), 74-78; tail, 54-58.
Birds from western Venezuela (Tachira to Zulia) are absolutely identical
with "Bogota" skins, which may reasonably be taken as representing fulvescens.
The inhabitants of the north coast districts (Aragua and Cumana region), while
on average smaller, seem likewise referable to this form.
Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 4. Venezuela, Merida:
El Valle, 3; Merida, 12; Bermudez (Quebrada Secca and Campos Alegre, inland
of Cumana), 9.
2 Calospiza cayana huberi Hellmayr: Nearest to C. c. flava, but adult male
with the median stripe of the under parts much duller, slaty blackish, the feathers
of the foreneck conspicuously, those in the middle of the breast and abdomen
rather indistinctly tipped with indigo-blue; sides, flanks, and under tail coverts
much lighter, pale tawny olive rather than ochraceous buff (exactly as in C. c.
cayana) ; axillaries and under wing coverts smoke gray edged with bluish green
(buffy white in cayana, deep black in flava) ; back paler, more like cayana; the
upper tail coverts more bluish. Female similar to that of C. c. flava, but wings
and upper tail coverts much more bluish. Wing, 71-72; tail, 50-53; bill, 11-12.
This form is more or less intermediate between C. c. cayana and C. c. flava.
The male differs from the former chiefly in lacking the tawny cap, and in haying
the throat as well as the middle of the under parts blackish, but resembles it in
the general coloration of the dorsal surface and the lateral portions of the lower
parts. The pale gray, bluish green-edged under wing coverts serve to distinguish
C. c. huberi from both of its allies.
Material examined. Brazil, Marajo: Rio Arary, 3.
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 161
Calospiza huberi Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 27, p. 34, Dec. 31, 1910
Cachoeira, Rio Arary, Marajo Island, Brazil (type in Munich Museum);
Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1041, 1134, 1912
Marajo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 446, 1914 Rio Arary,
Marajo.
Tangara cayana huberi Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys.
Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 125, 1912 Cachoeira, Marajo (crit.).
Calliste cayana (not Tanagra cayana Linnaeus) Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55,
p. 293, 1907 part, Marajo.
Range. Island of Marajo, in State of Para, northeastern Brazil.
*Calospiza cayana flava (Gmelin). YELLOW TANAGER.
Tanagra flava Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 896, 1789 based on "Le Tangara
jaune du Bresil" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 39), which in its turn rests exclusively
on "Guira-perea" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212, northeastern Brazil;
Ceara suggested as type locality by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 12, p. 279, 1929); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 467,
1830 Rio Mucuri, southern Bahia.
Aglafa flava Swainson, Zool. Illust., (n.s.), 1, Part 7, pi. 31, 1830 "in several
parts of Brazil, particularly round Pernambuco."
Calliste flava Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 140, 1851 part; Sclater,
Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 61 part; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 253,
1856 part, Brazil (Pernambuco); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 181, 1856 part, Bahia; Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 47, pi. 21,
1857 part, Brazil (Rio Murucf, Bahia); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 332
Recife to Garanhuns, Pernambuco; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p.
113, 1886 part, spec, a-h, Pernambuco and Bahia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904,
p. 40 Bahia and Itaparica, Bahia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 85, 1910 Pernambuco (Recife) and Bahia
(Bellevue near Bahia; Barra; above Barrocao, Rio Preto).
Calospiza flava Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 part, Pernambuco
and Bahia; Berlepsch, 1 Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1040,
1912 Pernambuco to Bahia; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
2, No. 6, p. 41, 1926 Ceara.
Calospiza flava flava Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 27, 1908 Bahia to Pernam-
buco (crit.); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920 Ilheos to Bel-
monte, Bahia.
Calospiza (Calliste) flava Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, 76, p. 186, 1925 northeastern Brazil.
Tangara cayana flava Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 279,
1929 Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Barra do Corda, Ponto; Grajahu; Sao
Francisco; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba; Tranqueira), Goyaz (Phila-
delphia), and Ceara (Varzea Formosa and Serra de Baturite) (crit.).
Range. Northeastern Brazil, from the southern boundary of the
State of Bahia (Rio Mucuri) north through Pernambuco to Ceara
162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
and west to Maranhao and the adjacent districts of extreme northern
Goyaz (Philadelphia, Rio Tocantins). 1
30: Brazil, Bahia (Bahia, 1; Santo Amaro, 2; Sao Marcello, Rio
Preto, 2); Ceara (Serra de Baturite 1 , 7; Varzea Formosa, 2); Maran-
hao (Codo, Cocos, 1; Barra do Corda, Ponto, 1; Grajahu, 4; Sao
Francisco, 1; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 1; Tranqueira, 4);
Goyaz (Philadelphia, 4).
*Calospiza cayana chloroptera (Vieillot). 2 SOUTHERN YELLOW
TANAGER.
Tanagra chloroptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 407, 1819
"Bresil" (type, collected by A. de Saint-Hilaire in southern Brazil, Sao
Paulo or Parana, examined in Paris Museum).
Tanagra formosa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 407, 1819
based on "Lindo bello" Azara, No. 96; Paraguay.
Calliste flava (not Tanagra flava Gmelin) Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2),
3, p. 140, 1851 part, Paraguay; Sclater, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 61
part; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 253, 1856 part, Paraguay;
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 181, 1856 part, Paraguay and
"Novo Friburgo 3 "; Sclater, Monog. Gen. Calliste, p. 47, 1857- part,
Paraguay, "Rio," and "Novo Friburgp"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207,
1870 part, Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Porto do Piauhy, Paciencia,
Rio Parana); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 432
Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Curvelo, Uberaba) and Sao
Paulo (Hytu, Sao Bento de Araraquara); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
11, p. 113, 1886 part, spec, i-m, "Novo Friburgo," Rio Claro ("Goyaz"),
Ypanema, Sao Paulo, and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul"; Ihering, Rev.
1 There is some variation in size observable in series from various parts of the
range, birds from Ceara being on average larger (wing of males, 75-80 against
70-76; tail, 56-60 against 50-57). In coloration, specimens from the area out-
lined above agree well together, even those from the lower Tocantins (Philadelphia).
Additional material examined. Bahia: trade-skins, 20; Bellevue (near Bahia
City), 2; Barra, 1; above Barrocao, Rio Preto, 1. Pernambuco: BeberibS (near
Recife), 1; Sao Lourenco, 2.
2 Calospiza cayana chloroptera (Vieillot) : Very similar to C. c. flava, but per-
haps separable by slightly paler coloration with the ochraceous tinge on the
pileum, particularly anteriorly, more pronounced in the male sex. Wing (adult
male), 74-78; tail, 52-59.
When compared with others from Bahia and Pernambuco, specimens from
Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes average slightly larger, but this seems of little con-
sequence in view of the fact that those from Ceara are even larger. The type
of C. chloroptera and an adult male from Paraguay (Sapucay) are absolutely
identical with Sao Paulo birds. Specimens from Minas Geraes somewhat tend
toward C. c. sincipitalis by slightly paler upper parts and deeper ochraceous
forehead. The advisability of maintaining chloroptera is open to doubt.
Additional material examined. Paraguay: Sapucay, 1. Sao Paulo: Campinas,
1; Victoria, 3; Ypanema, 5; Itarare, 1; Faxinas, 2; Paciencia, 1; Porto do Piauhy,
1; Rio Parana, 1. Minas Geraes: Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 3.
3 Probably error for Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (cf. Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 432).
1936 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR 163
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 148, 1899 Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900
"Nova Friburgo," Rio.
Calospiza flava Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 part, Sao Paulo
(Jundiahy, Itatiba, Itarare, Jaboticabal) ; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62,
1914 Paraguay.
Calospiza flava chloroptera Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 27, 1908 southeastern
Brazil (State of Sao Paulo) and Paraguay (crit.); Chubb, Ibis, 1910,
p. 625 Sapucay, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, p. 1040, 1912 southeastern Brazil (states of "Rio de Janeiro"
and Sao Paulo) and Paraguay.
Tangara flava chloroptera Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 320, 1928
Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Calospiza formosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355, 1907 part, Paraguay;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 part, Paraguay.
Range. Southeastern Brazil, in states of Minas Geraes, Sao
Paulo, and Parana, and Paraguay (Sapucay). 1
3: Brazil, Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa, 3).
*Calospiza cayana sincipitalis Berlepsch. 2 TAWNY-FRONTED
TANAGER.
Calospiza formosa sincipitalis Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 348, Feb., 1907 Leo-
poldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil (type in Berlepsch Collection, now
in Frankfort Museum, examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 355,
1907 Goyaz.
Calospiza flava sincipitalis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 26, 28, 1908 Goyaz
(crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1042, 1912
(range).
Calliste flava (not Tanagra flava Gmelin) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 207, 1870
part, Goyaz City and Jose Dias, Goyaz (spec, examined).
Calospiza flava Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 353, 1907 part, Goyaz.
Range. Central Brazil, in State of Goyaz (Jos4 Dias; Vea-
deiros; Goyaz City; Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya).
1: Brazil (Goyaz, Veadeiros, 1).
*Calospiza cayana margaritae (Allen). 3 MARGARITA'S TANAGER.
1 There is no reliable record from anywhere in the State of Rio de Janeiro,
and the locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," is unquestionably erroneous.
2 Calospiza cayana sincipitalis Berlepsch: Adult male approaching C. c.
margaritae in having the feathers of the back and rump slightly tipped with
silvery greenish, but with only the forehead (instead of the whole crown) light
tawny, this color passing gradually into the buff of the dorsal plumage; female
apparently not distinguishable from that of margaritae. Wing, 71-76, (female)
73; tail, 50-55; bill, 11-12.
Material examined. Brazil, Goyaz: Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, 1 (the type);
Goyaz City, 5; Jos6 Dias, 1.
J Calospiza cayana margaritae (Allen): Differs in the male sex from C. c.
flava and C. c. chloroptera by having the pileum light tawny, decidedly contrasting
with the color of the back; the dorsal feathers cream-buff or chamois tipped with
164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII
Calliste margaritae Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 351, 1891 Chapada,
Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York).
Calospiza margaritae Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp.
1041, 1134, 1912 Matto Grosso (Chapada).
Calospiza flava margaritae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 28, 1908
Chapada (crit.).
Tangara flava margaritae Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 371,
1930 Utiarity, Matto Grosso.
Calospiza formosa (not Tanagra formosa Vieillot) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 355, 1907 part, Matto Grosso; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914
part, Matto Grosso.
Range. Central B 
