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CATALOGUE
BIRDS
BRITISH MUSEUM.
VOLUME XXIV
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1896.
Ill rights reserved. |
CATALOGUE
LIMICOLiE
COLLECTION
BRITISH MUSEUM.
R. BOWDLER. SHARPE.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTEB ROW ;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.;
KEG AN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.
1896.
PRINTED BT TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED I.ION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
The causes of the delay in the publication of this, the twenty-
fourth volume of the Catalogue of Birds, are explained in the
Author's Introduction.
In such a group as the Limicolse, which have widely extended
ranges of distribution, and migrate to almost all parts of the world,
the references in ornithological literature are naturally extremely
numerous, and the collection is also a remarkably extensive one.
When the volume was nearly completed, the great series of
Wading-Birds which formed part of the collection of the late much-
lamented Mr. Henry Seebohm came to the Museum by his bequest.
These had to be incorporated either into the text in the part still
unfinished, or as Addenda to the earlier portions of the work.
As in the case of the former volumes, Dr. Giinther has revised
the proofs, the greater part of which passed through the press
during his Keepership of the Zoological Department.
W. H. FLOWER,
Director.
British Museum (N. H.).
July 10th, 1896.
INTRODUCTION.
The delay in the publication of the present volume has been
caused by the fact that the labour involved in its preparation has
far exceeded my expectations. The specimens arranged and cata-
logued in it are 13,440, exclusive of many hundreds of duplicates.
The references quoted in the synonymy are 18,892. With the
exception of a few books, which proved to be inaccessible, the
whole of this mass of literature has been actually consulted.
The collection of specimens is a truly wonderful one. Of the 255
species recorded, the British Museum contains 250, and the types
are 68 in number. It is in connection with the distribution of
birds like the Limicola? that one is able to estimate the value
of those great donations which have been made to the Museum
by Mr. A. 0. Hume, Major Wardlaw Ramsay, and Messrs. Salviii
and Godman. In many instances the entire range of a species is
demonstrated by the series of skins in the collection. The Wading-
Birds were also special favourites with the late Mr. Henry Seebohm,
whose work on the geographical distribution of the Charadriida? is
the most important treatise on the group. His untimely death last
year deprived the Museum of one of its best friends ; but by his
generous bequest the collection of Limicolaj has been greatly
enriched, as will be seen by the long list of ' Addenda,' which
consist chiefly of specimens presented by Mr. Seebohm.
In the preparation of the present volume I have received help
from many friends, amongst whom I must especially number the
following, who have contributed to its completeness by donations
INTRODUCTION.
or by the loan of specimens :-Hon. Walter Rothschild, Sir H. H.
Johnston, K.C.B., Colonel Irby, Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton,
Professor Robert Collett of Christiania, Dr. Bassett-Smith, Dr. H.
Forbes, and Messrs. St. George Littledale, G. Caton Haigh,
J. E. Darting, W. B. De Winton, W. T. Blanford, F. W. Styan,
C. B. Rickett, and C. W. Campbell.
The same symbols are employed as have been customary in
previous volumes of the < Catalogue.' « [P.] " means » Presented
D y » ; « [C] » means » Collected by " ; " [E.] " means « Received in
exchange."
It. BOWDLER SDARPE.
British Museum (N. H.).
May 10, 1896.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Order XII. LI.UICOL.E.
Fam. I. (Edicnejiid*.
Page
1. CEdicnemus, Temm 3
1. cedicnemus (L.) . ... 4, 721
2. senegalensis, Swains. 10, 721
3. vermiculatus, Cub. 11, 721
4. bistriatus ( Wagl. ) . . 12, 721
5. dominicensis, Cory . . 14
6. superciliaris, Tschudi. . 14
7. capensis, Licht. . . 15, 722
8. afhnis, Riipp 17, 722
2. Burhinus, lllig 18
1. grallariua {Lath.). . 18, 722
3. Esacus, Less 20
1. recurvirostris (Cuv.) 20, 722
4. Orthorhamphus, Salvad. . 22
1. m.ignirostris ( V.). . 22, 722
Fam. II. Cursoriid^e.
1. Dromns, Payk 27
1. ardeola, Payk 28, 722
2. Orfcyxelus, V. '. 30
1. meirl'reni ( V) .... 30, 722
3. Pluvianus, V. 32
1. c-egyptius (L.) 32, 723
4. Cursorius, Lath 34
1. jiallicus (Gm.) 34,723
2. somalensis, Shelley 37, 723
3. rufus, Gould 38, 723
4. coromandelicus (Gm.) 39,
723
5. temminclri, Swains. 41, 723
5. Rhinoptilus, Strickl 43
1. biciuctus, Temm. . .4-'!, 724
2. bisigpatus, TEartl.. .4"). 724
3. hartmgi, Sharps . .48, 724
4. ductus, Ileuyl 46, 721
5. seebohmi, Sharpe . .47, 724
6. chalcopterus, Temm. 48, 724
7. albofasciatiH,67i«r/je 4 ( ), 725
8. bitorquatus (Blyth) 50,725
0. Stiltia, Up 51
1. Isabella | F.) .... ,-,], 725
VOL. XXIV.
Pag"
7. Glareola, Briss 53
1. pratincola (L.) . . . .53, 725
2. melanoptera, No rdm. 57,725
3. orientals, Leach. . 58, 726
8. Galactochrj'sea, Bp 62
1. ocularis ( Verr.). . . .62, 726
2. marchei ( Oust.) 03, 726
3. emini (Shelley) 64, 726
4. nuchalis (Gray) 64
5. cinerea (Fraser) .... 64, 726
6. lactea (Temm.) . . . .65, 727
Fam. III. PARitiDiE.
1. Hydrophasis, Sharpe 69
1. chirurgus (Scop.) . .60, 727
2. Aletopidius, Wagl 72
1. indicus (Lath.) . . . .72,727
3. Phyllopezus, Sharpe .... 76
1. africanus (Gin.) . . . .76, 727
2. albinuclia(Z Geoff.) 78,727
4. llvdralector, Way! 79
1. gallinaceus (Temm.) 79, 728
2. novas guinese, Rams. . . 81
5. Jacana, Schaeffer 81
1. jacana (Z.) 82, 728
2. melanopygia (Scl.) . . 84
3. nigra (Gm.) 84
6. Asarcia, Sharpe 86
1. variabilis (Z.) 86, 728
7. Microparra, Cab 88
1. capensis (Smith) . .88, 728
Fam. IV. Charadriidje.
Subfam I. Arexaiui.we.
1. Arenaria, Briss 9]
1. interpret (Z.). . . . 92.728
2. melanocepbala ( Viy.) 103,
729
Subfam. II. II^ematopodix^e.
2. Hsematopus, Z 105
1. ostralegus, Z 107, 729
2. osculans, Swinh. . . Ill, 730
6
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
3. longirostris, V. .. 112,730
4. leucopus, Garn... 113,730
5. palliatus, Temm. 114, 730
6. galapagensis, Ridyw.. 116
7. frazari, Brewst. .. 117,730
8. dunifordi, Skarpe 117, 731
9. unicolor, Wagl... 118,731
10. moquini, Bp 119,731
11. niger, Pall 120.731
12. ater {Less.) 121,731
Subfam. III. Lobtvanellin^e.
8. Oreophilus, J. $ S. 123
1. ruticollis ( Wagl.) 123, 731
4. Erythrogonys, Gould .... 124
1. cinctus, Gould . . 125,731
5. Detilippia, Salvad 126
1 . crassirostris(DeJYZ.) 1 26,732
2. leucoptera(i2eicAera.)127,732
6. Sarciopborus, Gould .... 128
1. tectus (Bodd.) .. 128, 732
2. latifrons, Reichen 130
7. Lobipluvia, Bp 130
1. malabarica (Bodd.) 131,732
8. Microsarcops, Skarpe .... 133
1. cinereus (Blyth).. . 133, 732
9. Hoploxypterus, Bp 135
1. cayanus (Lath.) ..135,732
10. Ptiloscelis, Bp 137
1. resplendens {Tschudi). 137,
733
11. Lobivanellus, Strickl 138
1. lobatus (Lath.). . . 139,733
2. miles (Bodd.) .... 140, 733
3. seoegalus (L.) 141, 733
4. lateralis (Smith) 144, 733
Subfam. IV. Chaeadriin^e.
12. Xiphidiopterus, Reichenb. . 146
1. albiceps (Gould) . .147,734
2. cucullatus {Temm.) . . 148
13. Sarcograrumus, Reichenb. . 148
1. indicus (Bodd.) . . 149, 734
2. atrinucbalis (Jerd.) 152, 734
14. Tylibyx, Reichenb 153
1. melanocephalus(_R//££>.) 153,
734
15. Zonifer, Sharpe 154
1. tricolor (V.) .... 154, 734
16. Anomalophrys, Sharpe . . 156
1. superciliosus (Reichen.) 156
17. Hoplopterus, Bp 157
1. spinosus (L.) .... 157, 734
2. ventralis ( Wagl.) 159, 734
3. speciosus ( Wagl.) 161,735
18.
19.
20.
21.
22
23.
24.
Page
Belonopterus, Reichenb.. . 163
1. cayennensis (Gm.) 163, 735
2. chilensis (Mol.) . . 165, 735
Vanellus, Briss 166
1. vanellus (L.) .... 166,735
Eubyas, Sharpe .... 171, 736
1. leucura (Licht.).. 171,736
Chsetusia, Bp 174
1. gregaria (Pall.) . . 174,736
Stepbanibyx, Reichenb. . . 177
1. coronatns (Bodd.) 178, 736
2. melanopterus
(Cretzschm.) . . . . 180,736
3. mntn&X\\»(Swains.) 181,737
Squatarola, Leach 182
1. helvetica (L.).... 182,737
Charadrius, L 191
l.pluvialis, L 191,737
2. dominicus, P. L. S.
Miill. 195, 738
Aphriza, Audub 208
1. virgata, (Gm.) .. 208,739
Ochthodromus, Reichenb. . 209
1. obscurus {Gm.)... 211,739
2. bicinctus (/. § S.) 212,739
3. wilsoni (Ord) .. 214,739
4. geoffroyi ( Waql.) 217, 740
5. mongolus ( Pa'll.) 223, 740
6. pyrrliothorax
(Gould) 226,740
7. asiaticus (Pall.) . . 230, 741
8. veredus (Gould) . . 232, 741
Eudromias, Brehm 234
1. morinellus (L.) . . 234, 741
Zonibvx, Reichenb 238
1. modesta (Licht.). . 238, 742
Podasocys, Coues 240
1. montanus (Tozvns.) 240,742
Oxvechus, Reiche?ib 242
1. Vociferus (L.) 242, 742
2. tricollaris (V.) .. 247, 743
3. bifrontatus, Cab. 249, 743
4. forbesi (Shelley).. 250, 743
/Egialeus, Reichenb 250
1. sernipalmatus^.) 250,743
yEgialitis, Boie 254
1. biatieola (L.) 256,743
2. placida ( Gray) . . 262, 744
3. dubia (Scop.) 263, 744
4. peronif^.) .... 213,745
5. alexandriua (L.) 275, 746
6. marginata ( V.) . . 282, 747
7. pallida (Strickl.) 284, 747
8. venusta (Fischer Sf
Reichen.) 286, 747
9. ruficapma(7ew>wi.) 286, 747
SYSTEMATIC 1NDKX.
Pngc
10. eollaris(F.) .... 288,747
11. nivosa (Cass.). . . . 290, 748
L2. meloda(0/Y*).... 292,748
IS. occidentalis, Cab. 295, 748
14. falMandica (Latii.) 295,748
15. pecuaria (Temm.) 297,749
15a. thnracica, Itichm 749
1(5. sanctaj helense, Hurt-
ing) 299, 749
17. melanops (V.) .. 300,749
18. cucullata(F.).... 302,749
33. Pluvianellus, Jacr/. $•
Pitcher 303
1. sociabilis, Jacg. fyPueher. 303
34. Thinornis, Gray 304
1. novJB Zealand ise
(Gm.) 304, 750
2. roan, Gray 305
35. Aimrhynchus, Quoy 8f
Gaim 306
1. frontalis, Quoy §
Gaim 306,750
Subfam. V. Peltohyatinje.
36. Peltohyas, Sharpe 307
1. australis (Gould) 307, 750
Subfam. VI. Himantopodin^;.
37. Himantopus, Briss 309
1. himantopus (Z.). . 310, 750
2. melanurus, V. . . 316, 750
3. leucocepbalus, Gould 317,
751
a. picatus, Ellman 319,751
4. mexicanus (P. L. S.
Mull.) 320, 751
5. knudseni (Stej?i.) 323,751
0. melas, Hombr. §•
Jarq 323,751
38. Cladorhynchus, Gray. . . . 324
1. leucocepbalus ( V.) 324, 751
39. Kecurvirostra, Z 326
1. avocetta,Z 326,751
2. americaua, Gm. . . 330, 752
3. novas hollandire, V. 333, 752
4. andina,PA.<§" Landb. 334,752
Subfam. VII. Ibidorhynchin.£:.
40. nridorhynchus, Yiq 335
1. strUtherai, Vig. . . 335, 752
Subfam. VIII. Totamx.e.
41. Numenius, Bria 340
1. arquatus(Z.) 341,753
Page
2. tenuirostris, V. . . 348, 753
3. cyanopus, V. .... 350, 753
4. longirostris, Wils. 352,753
5. phseopus (L.) .... 355, 753
a. variegatua (Scop.) . . 361,
754
6. hudsonicus, Lath. 364, 754
7. tahitiensis ( Gm.) 367, 754
8. borealis (Forst.) . . 368, 755
42. Mesoscolopax, Sharpe. . . . 371
1. minutus (Gould) . .371,755
43. Limosa, Briss 372
1. lapponica (L.) . . 373, 755
a. uovae zealandiae,
Gray 377, 755
2. limosa (L.) 381,756
3. hudsonica (Lath.) 388, 756
4. fedoa(Z.) 391,756
44. Macrorkamphus, Leach . . 393
1. griseus (Gm.) .... 394, 757
2. taczanowskii( I e/r.) 400,757
45. Micropalama, Baird .... 401
1. himantopus (Bp.) 401, 757
46. Symphemia, Bafin 405
1. semipalmata (Gm.) 405, 757
47. Totanus, Bechst 409
1. fuscus (L.) 409, 758
2. calidria (L.) 414,758
3. stagnatilis, Bechst. 422, 759
4. melanoleucus (G r ?/i.)426, 759
5. rlavipes (Gm.) . . 431,759
48. Helodromas, Kaup 437
1. ochropus (Temm.) 437,759
2. solitarius ( Wilson) 444, 760
a. cinnainomeus
(Brewst.) 760
49. Heteractitis, Stejn 449
1. brevipes, V. .... 449,761
2. incanus (Gm.) . . 453, 761
50. Tringoides, Bote 456
1. hvpoleucus(Z.) .. 456,762
2. macularius (Z.) . . 468, 762
51. Terekia, Bp 474
I. cinerea (Guldenst.) 474, 763
52. Pseudoglottis, Stejn 479
1 . ijuttifer ( Nordm.) 479, 763
53. Glottis, Ivoch 480
1. nebularius((?tmn.) 481,763
54. Rhyacophilus, Kaup .... 490
1. glareola (Gm.) . . 491,764
55. Pavoncella, Leach 499
1. pugnax (Z.) 500,764
56. Hartramia, Less 509
1. longieauda (Be(hst.)o09,7Go
57. Ereunetes, ZWper 514
1. pusillus (Z.) .... 514,766
STSTKMATrC INDEX.
(14
65
Page
Subfam. IX. Scolopacinje.
Tringites, Cab 521
1. subruricollis ( V.). .521, 766
^Echmorhynchus, Coues. . 524
1. cancellatus (Gm.) .... 524
Prosobouia, Bp 525
1. leucoptera (Gm.) .... 525
Calidris, Illiger 526
1. arenaria (L.) .... 526, 766
Eurynorhynchus, Nilss.. . 535
1. pygmseus (L.) .... 535, 766
Limonites, Eaup 537
1. niinuta (Leisl.) . . 538, 766
2. ruficollis (Pall.) . . 545, 767
3. minutilla (F.) .. 548,767
4. damacensia Horsf. 553, 767
5. temmincki (Leisl.) 555,767
Heteropygia, Coues 561
1. maculata (V.) .. 562,767
2. acuminata (Horsf.) 566, 767
3. bairdi(C'owes) 570, 768
4. fuscicollis (V.) . . 574, 768
Arquatella, Beard 578
1. maritiina (Gm.) . . 578,768
a. couesi, Ltidgw 583
2. ptilocnemis (Coues) . . 584
Ancylochilus, Eaup .... 585
1. subarquatus(G-'«/d.) 586, 768
Tringa, L 593
1. canutus, L 593, 768
2. crassirostris, T.$ S. COO, 708
Pelidna, Cuv 602
1. alpina (L.) t'02,768
2. americana (Cass.) 008, 760
Limicohi, Koch 612
1. platyrhyncha (T.) 612,760
Gallinago, Leach 616
1. fctenura (Bp.) 619
2. megala, Swinh. . . 624, 769
3. major (Gm.) 626
4. nigripenni.", Dp 631
5. gallinago (L.) 6.'i3
6. delicata ( Ord) 642
7. frenata (Illiger) 646
8. andina ( Tacz.) 648
9. nobilis, Scl 648
10. macrodactyla, Bp 640
11. paraguayse (V.) 650
12. australis (Lath.) 653
13. solitaria, Hodi/s 6-54
14. nemoricola, Hodgs. . . 657
15. gigantea (Temm.) .... 658
16. imdulata (Bodd.) 659
Pag«
17. stricklandi, Grag .... 660
18. jamesoni (Bp.) 661
19. aucklandica, Grag. . . , 661
a. huegeli, Tristr 663
/3. pusilla, Buller .... 663
20. imperialis, *SW. §■ Salv. <iii4
71. Limnocryptes, Kaup .... 665
' 1. galliiiula (L.) 665
72. A'eoscolopax, Salvad 670
1. rochusseni (Schl.) .... 670
73. Scolopax, L 671
1. rusticula, L 671
2. saturata, Horsf. 678
74. Philohela, Gray 679
1. minor (Gm.) 679
75. Pbegorms, Gray 681
1. mitchelli (Fraser) .... 682
76. Postratula, V C83
1. capensis (L.) 683
2. australis, Gould 690
3. semicollaris (V.) 690
Subfam. X. Phalaropinje.
77. Crvmopliilus, V. 693
1. fulicarius (L.) 693
78. Phalaropus, Briss 698
1. hyperboreua (L.) 698
79. Steganopus, V. 705
1 . tricolor, V. 705
Fam. V. Chionididje.
1. Chionis, Forst 710
1. alba(<?m.) 710
2. Chionarchus, Kidder §•
Coues 711
1. minor (Hartl.) 712
2. crozettensis, Skarpe . . 713
Fam. VI.
THIXOCOEYTHIBi
1. Attagis, Less. $ Is. Geoffr. 714
1. gayi, Less 715
2. chimborazensis, Scl. . . 716
3. malouinus (Bodd.) .... 716
2. Thinocorus, Esch 717
1. orbignianus, Geoffr. $.
Less 718
2. rumicivorus, Esc/i 719
CATALOGUE
or
BIRDS.
Order XII. LIMICOL,E.
Palate schizognathous.
Nostrils schizorhinal (except in the (Eclicnemidce and the genus
Pluvianus).
Bill simple (except in the Chionididce).
Cervical vertebra 15 (except in the (Edicnemido? and the Parndce).
Coraco-humeral groove distinct.
Furcula with hypocleidium.
Primaries eleven. Fifth secondary wanting (hence the wing
aquintocubital).
Oil-gland tufted. „.,.«.
Aftershaft to the contour-feathers present. Spinal feather-tract
well-defined on the neck and forked on the upper body, with lateral
l")3.r6 tructs
Hallux, if present, connected with the flexor longus hallucis, and
never with the flexor perforata digitorum.
Toes only partially webbed, or not webbed at all.
Young covered with close and fluffy down, and able to run shortly
after bcimr hatched.
Eggs variable in colour, generally clay-brown, mottled or spotted
or scribbled all over with black, but in Dromas white !
{Of. Gadow, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 246.)
2 CEDICNEMID^!.
Key to the Families.
a. Nostrils holorhinal ; tarsus covered on both
aspects with hexagonal scales (Edicnemidae, p. 2.
b. Nostrils schizorhinal *.
a . Crop not globular.
a". Ehamphotheca simple.
a'". Without basipterygoid processes . . Cursoriidae, p. 26.
V" . With basipterygoid processes.
a 4 . Lateral occipital fontanelles
absent Parridae, p. 68.
6". Lateral occipital fontanelles [p. 90.
present Charadriidae,
b". Rhampotheca complex Chionididae, p. 710.
b'. With a globular crop Thinocorythidae,
[p. 714.
Although the above characters may be of great importance in an
arrangement of these birds, they are not of much assistance in the
determination of specimens. Other external characters are given
below under the headings of the respective families.
Family I. (EDICNEMIDAE.
Palate schizognathous.
Nasals holorhinal.
Basipterygoid processes absent.
Spinal feather-tract not forked on the upper back.
Feet not webbed.
Hind toe absent ; middle claw not pectinated.
Tarsus entirely reticulated, both in back and front.
Nest none.
Eggs two in number, stone-colour, with sparse black lines and
markings.
Nestling covered with dense down, of a sandy colour, with two
black lines down the black.
Of. Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 37 ; Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 73 (1891).
The great resemblance which these birds present to the Bustards
(Otides), and the fact that in both families the nostrils are
" holorhinal," have led to their close association in many systems
of classification. Among the Limicolce, the (Edicnemidce stand
somewhat isolated, but their nearest allies are undoubtedly the
Oyster-catchers, their eggs very much resembling those of the last-
named birds.
* Except Pluvianus, which is referred to the Cursoriidce.
1. (EDICNEMUS.
Fig. 1. — Foot of (Edicnemus oedicnemus, to show scaling, i nat. size.
Fig.
-Front and bind aspect of tarsus of (Edicnemus oedicnemus,
to show scaling.
1. (Edicnemus, p. 3.
18.
Key to the Genera.
a. Bill shorter than the head, the apical portion
swollen, forming a marked dertrum, and
the apical curve of the genys ascending
gently.
a'. Tail somewhat short, only equal to the
length of the head and bill
b'. Tail much longer, considerably exceeding
the length of the head and bill 2. Bukhinus, p
b. Bill as long as or longer than the head,
e'. Apical portion of bill slightly swollen,
forming a scarcely evident dertrum ; the
tip of the upper mandible gently curved,
and the genys abruptly ascending, the
distance from the gape to the angle of the
genys exceeding the distance from the
latter to the tip of the lower mandible . . 3. Esacus, p. 20.
a". Culmen perfectly straight ; angle of genys
very abrupt, its distance from the tip of
lower mandible about equal to its dis- [p. 22.
tance from the gape 4. Orthohhamphus,
1. (EDICNEMUS.
Type.
CE. oedicnemus.
(Edicnemus, Tcmm. Man. d"Orn. p. 321 (1815)
Fedoa, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. $ Birds Brit. Mus.
P- 28 ( 181 6) (E. oedicnemus.
Range. Temperate portions of the Palaearctic Region, and nearly
the whole of the Ethiopian, Indian, and Australian Regions. South
America, from Amazonia and Peru northwards to Mexico and San
Domingo.
b2
4 CEDICNEMLM2.
Key to the Species.
a. Centre tail-feathers uniform or slightly ver-
miculated or barred, but the bars very narrow
and not equal in width to the interspaces.
a. No black patch on the sides of the hinder
crown ; throat, breast, and flanks conspicu-
ously streaked with black.
a". Upper surface of the body not vermicu-
lated.
a'". A white band across the line of the
median coverts, bordered above and
below by a line of black feathers .... cedicnemus, p. 4,
b'". No white band across the median
coverts, which are grey like the
major-coverts, with longitudinal black
centres senegahnsis, p. 10.
b". Upper surface of body vermiculated, a
narrow line of white across the median
coverts, plainly bordered above, but
scarcely below, by a line of black ; rest
of median coverts pale ashy grey, like
the greater series venniculatus, p. 11.
b . A black patch on the sides of the hinder
crown ; throat, breast, and flanks not
streaked with black. , u s f r j a i us p \2
c". Upper surface mottled, tawny and black. . •} , ■ • ' '■' ' -, A
,,, rT " „ . , ' < , . j _-ii dommicensis, p. 14.
a . Upper surface greyish, vermiculated with ' ' r
dusky and dull sandy buff super ciliar is, p. 14.
b. Centre tail-feathers broadly barred across with
rufous and black ; upper surface of body
coarsely spotted and barred with black, but
not streaked.
c'. Larger; bands on median wing-coverts broad
and coarse ; tarsus 3 - 7 capensis, p. 15.
d'. Smaller ; bands on median wing-coverts
narrower; tarsus 3'2 affinis, p. 17.
1. (Edicnemus cedicnemus.
The Stone Curlew, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. G6, pi. 69 (1738:
Norfolk).
Le Grand Pluvier, appelle" vulgairement Courly de Terre, Briss.
Orn. v. p. 77, pi. vii. fig. 1 (1760).
Charadrius cedicnemus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 255 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 689 (1788).
Charadrius scolopax, S. G. Gmel. Pels. Russl. iii. p. 87, pi. 16 (1774).
Le Grand Pluvier, D'Aubenton, PI. Enl. ix. pi. 919 (1765-1781) ;
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 105 (1781).
Charadrius illyricus, Filler, It, Poseg. Sclav, p. 26 (1783).
Thick-kneed Bustard, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 806 (1783).
Otis cedicnemus. Lath. Ind, Orn, p. 661 (1790).
(Edicnemus crepitans, Tenwi. Man. d'Om. p. 332 (1815) ; Werner,
Atals, Coureurs, pi. 6 (1827) ; Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 54
(1832) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vii. p. 92, pi. 172 (1834) ; Gould,
B. Eur. iv. pi. 288 (1838) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer.
p. 45 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 350 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias.
1. (EDICNEMUS. 5
Wirb. Eur. p. lxix (1840) ; Nordm. in Dfanid. Voy. Russ. M6rid.
iii. p. 230 (1840 : Odessa, March to Oct.) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxxi
(1844); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. \}. 94 (1844) Gray, Gen.
B.m. p. 535 (1844); id. List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844);
Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 247, pi. lxvii. (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B.
3Ius. As. Soc. p. 260 (1849 : Calcutta) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 82
(1850); Macyill. Brit. B. iv. p. 77 (1852); Schl. Voy. Nederl.
pis. 209, 210' (1854) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ; Jaub. et
Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 441 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859,
p. 36 (S.Palestine); E. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 51 (Egypt); Salvin,
t. c. p. 354 (Eastern Atlas); Linderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 132
(1860) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 76 (N. Sahara) ; Powys, t. c. p. 338
(Corfu & Epirus) ; Schl. Bier. Nederl., Voy. pi. 21. figs. 1, 1 a
(1861) ; Irbi/, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh) ; Gray, List Brit. B.
p. 135 (1863) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 28 (Egypt) ; Wriyht, t. c.
p. 141 (Malta: breeds); Sperliny, t. c. p. 286; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 654 (1864) ; Giyl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa : resident) ; More, t. c.
p. 430; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 20 (1865); Lilford,
Ibis, 1866, p. 178 (Madrid) ; Chambers, Ibis, 1867, p. 101 (Tripoli);
Blyth, t. c. p. 166 ; Drake, t. c. p. 429 (Tangier) ; Deyl. et Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 115 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii.
p. 258 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 322 (Jericho : breeding) ;
Beavan, t. c. p. 391 (Maunbhoom) ; Smith, t. c. p. 452 (Portugal) ;
Boryyr. Voqelf. Norddeutschl. p. 108 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil.
p. 173 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 35 (1869) ; Saunders,
Ibis, 1869, p. 173 (Spain) ; Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330
(Turkey) : Blanf. t. c. p. 470 (Irawadi Valley) ; Gurney, Ibis,
1871, p. 298 (Algeria); Saunders, t. c. p. 386 (S. Spain) ; Salvad.
Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 119 (1871) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 251
(1871 : St. Andrew's) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.iii. p. 9, no. 9939 (1871);
Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 220 (Teneriffe : breeding) ; Harting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 42 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 230 (1872);
Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 416 (Kathiawar) ; Brooke, t. c. p. 337
(Sardinia) ; Antin. §• Salvad. Viayy. Boqos, p. 142 (1873 : Assab) ;
Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 985, pt. (*]873: Egypt and Nubia) ;
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873 : breeding) ; Hume, Str. F.
i. p. 232 (1873 : Sindh) ; Adam, t. c. p. 395 (Sambhur) ; Hume,
Str. F. iii. p. 182 (1875 : Thayetmyo) ; Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 323
(S. India) ; Danf. fy Harvie-Brown, t. c. p. 419 (Transylvania) ;
Irby, B. Gibr. p. 153 (1875) ; Fallon, Ois. Bely. p. 147 (1875) ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 326; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 14 (1876:
Mount Aboo) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 154 (1877:
Poland) ; Danford, Ibis, 1878, p. 34 (Asia Minor) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1882, p. 221 (Astrakhan) ; id. Ibis, 1833, p. 28 (Caucasus) ;
Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 78 (Spain) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B.
ii. p. 596, pi. xxi. figs. 6, 7 (1884) ; Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp.
Ross. fasc. i. p. 66 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 412
(1884 : breeds up to 3000 ft.) ; Koeniy, J. f. O. 1886, p. 523
(Isl. of Capri) ; Seebohm, Geoar. Distr.' Charadr. p. 174 (1888) ;
Koeniy, J.f. O. 1888, p. 268 (Tunis) ; Li/ford, Ibis, 1889, p. 338
(Cyprus) ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 88
(1889: Gulran) ; Koeniq, J. f. O. 1890, pp. 312, 451 (Madeira) ;
Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1890, pp. 430, 432 (Canary Isl. : breeding);
Frivaldszky, Av. Sung. p. 119(1891) ; Reiser, Vogels. Landesmus.
Sarajevo,-^. 105 (1891 : Herzegovina, Mav, Oct.) ; Madardsz, Ausst.
Ungar. Voy. p. 101 (1891) ; Seebohm, Ibi's, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland) ;
Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 202 (Canary Isl. : breeding).
b (EDicNEiiiD-a:.
CEdicnernus griseus, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 266 (1816).
Fedoa cedicneinus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mas. p. 28
(1816).
CEdicnemus europaeus. Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. p. 230
(1818).
CEdicnemus belonii, Ronx, Orn. Prov. pi. 266 (1825) ; Flem. Brit.
Animals, p. 114 (1828).
CEdicnemus desertorum, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 539 (1831).
CEdicnemus arenarius, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 539 (1831).
./Edicnemus crepitans, Selys-Lonqch. Faun. Bely. p. 120 (1842) ;
Fritsck, Vbg. Eur. Taf. 39. fig. 8 (1870).
The Great Plover, Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 380 (1843).
CEdicnemus indicus, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 381
(1866) ; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 581 (1873) ; id. Str. F. i.
p. 96 (1873 : Sindh) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 430 (1874 : Chota Nagpur);
Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 263 (1876: Khandala) ; Armstrong, t. c.
p. 340 (China Ba-keer).
CEdicnemus crepitans /3. senegalensis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 59
(1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327.
CEdicnemus scolopax, Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 401, pi. 512 (1876) ;
Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 458 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Davids.
# Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 88 (1878 : Deccan) ; Ball, t. c. p. 227
(Ganges to Godavery) ; Hume, t. c. p. 483 (Calcutta) ; id. Str. F.
viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Finsch, Verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 242
(1879 : N. Saissan) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 59 (1879) ; id.
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 969
(1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 82 (1880 : S. Konkan) ; Butler, Str.
F. ix. p. 427 (S. Mahratta Country) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 67
(1881 : Lucknow); Davidson, t. c. p. 319 (1882: W. Khandeish);
Parker, t. c. p. 482 (Ceylon : breeding) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 591 (1882, pt); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 155 (1883); Saunders,
ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 225 (1883); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 388
(Pyrenees) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 356 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun.
$ Flor. Palest, p. 128 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 41
(Corsica) ; Sioinhoe $■ Barnes, t. c. p. 133 (Mhow Distr.) ; Reid,
t. c. p. 252 (Morocco) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden) ; Sharpe,
t. c. p. 167 (Muscat); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 366 (1886); Salvad.
Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 206 (1886); Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 74 (E.
Pyrenees) ; Tait, t. c. p. 384 (Portugal : breeding) ; Reid, Ibis, 1888,
p. 77 (Teneriffe: breeding); Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vbg. Deutschl.
p. 51 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 515 (1889) ; Eagle
Clarke, Ibis, 1889, p. 551 (Mediterranean) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1890,
p. 403 (Ireland) ; Gigl. 1st Resoc. Avif. Ital. p. 502 (1889) ; id.
2nd Resoc. p. 656 (1890) ; id. 3rd Resoc. p. 514 (1891) ; Heine $
Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein., Orn. p. 333 (1890) ; Evans, Ibis,
1891, p. 79 ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 169 (Aden : cold season).
CEdicnemus crepitans indicus, Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr. Charadr. p. 77
(1880). ' *
CEdicnemus cedicnemus, Brusina, Motr., etc. (Orn. Croatia), p. 86
(1890); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892,
p. 516 (E. Prussia).
CEdicnemus cedicnemus saharae, Reichen. J.f. 0.1894, p. 102.
Adult male. General colour above sandy buff, streaked with
blackish centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts a little more
tawny than the back, with broad black streaks ; median coverts
greyish, with brown bases and mesially streaked with black, with a
1. CEDIC.NEMUS. 7
broad white band along the upper row, the feathers having blackish
tips witb a broad subterminal bar of white ; greater coverts for the
most part white, with ashy bases and a broad subterminal band of
black; bastard-wing blackish, with a narrow white fringe ; primary-
coverts and quills blackish, the outer primary white along the
middle of the outer web and across the inner web, the second
primary with a white spot on the outer web and a certain amount
of white on the inner web, which becomes less on the inner
primaries, the latter tipped with white and with a white bar across
the base of the feathers, the inner secondaries elongated and tinged
with tawny ; central tail-feathers ashy brown, barred with black
at the end and across the feather before the white subterminal bar,
the outer feathers more broadly barred with black and white, the
two terminal bars becoming gradually broader towards the outer-
most feather, which is almost entirely white with a black tip;
crown of head like the back, but with narrower stripes ; lores,
eyebrow, and a band below the eye white, extending across the
ear-coverts, the upper margin of which is blackish brown continued
into a black line underneath the eye and ending in front of the
latter ; cheeks and throat white, with some black-streaked feathers
along the upper margin of the former; lower throat and fore neck
tawny buff streaked with black, these streaks becoming narrower
on the breast and sides of body, which are paler tawny buff; breast,
abdomen, and thighs white ; under tail-coverts tawny ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, with the small coverts round the edge
of the wing ashy brown, tinged with tawny ; primary-coverts
blackish, with white bases forming a speculum ; quill-lining for
the most part black, with the white markings like those of the
upper surface of the wing : " bill black at the point, greenish yellow
at the base ; feet yellow ; iris very large and golden yellow "
(i/. Saunders). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 9 - 35,
tail 4 - 7, tarsus 3 - l.
Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour or markings.
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 9-5, tail 4*9, tarsus 2-75.
Nestling. Clothed with sandy-coloured down, paler on the throat
and abdomen, and streaked with the following bands and lines of
black : — a narrow line from eye to eye across the forehead ; over
the eye a small line, and another in the middle of the crown, these
markings being indistinct ; another small spot on the lores, and a
distinct line along the upper margin of the cheeks ; from behind
the eye a narrow line of black, continued down the side of the hind
neck, and extending in a broader line down each side of the spine ;
another broad band of black extending from the middle of the
flanks and uniting at the base of the tail ; on the carpal bend of the
wing a faintly indicated line of black.
The characters of the Indian bird, which ITr. Seebohm has
kept distinct under the name of (Edienemus crepitans iadicus, are
supposed to consist of the shorter wing, and the continuance of
the white patch on to the third quill. In European specimens of
(Edienemus cedicnemus tho length of wing ranges from 9 to 10
inches, while in the Indian specimens it varies from 8 to 9 inches,
s
CEDICNEMID.E.
and in the latter bird the third primary is marked with white like
the first and second ; whereas in (E. cedicnemus only the first and
second primaries show any white (cf. Seebohm, Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 77). Even these small distinctions, however, cannot be
maintained, for in the series in the British Museum there is a
specimen from Italy and another from Sussex which have a white
mark on the third primary ; while, on the other hand, there are
several specimens in the Hume Collection which show the white
marks on the first and second primaries only. Young birds appear
to be invariably of a lighter rufous and more tawny colour than the
adults, which are decidedly greyer.
The race which Dr. Reichenow has described as (Edicnemus
cedicnemus saharce is founded on an adult bird, and has apparently
been compared only with young birds. The principal difference
between young and old individuals lies in the colour of the greater
wing-coverts, which in young birds are dusky blackish or greyish
at the base, and have broad white ends ; whereas in the old birds
the bases are white, and the tips are also white with a very broad
subterminal bar of black.
Hab. Central and Southern Europe, as far east as Central
Asia. The countries bordering the Mediterranean to N.E. Africa,
as far south as Aden. Indian Peninsula and Burmese countries, in
suitable localities.
a. cJ ad. st.
b. Imm. ; c, d.
Pull. st.
e. Juv. sk.
/, g. Ad. ; h, i.
Pull. st.
A-w. Pull. sk.
o. Pull. sk.
p, cJ ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. 3 juv. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u, v, w. Ad. et
imm. sk.
x, $ ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
s. (J ad. sk.
a. Juv. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. st.
d', e'. Ad. et
juv. sk.
f. c? ad, sk.
g\ d ad. sk.
h', i'. Ad. sk.
k'. 2 a d- sk.
V. $ ad. sk.
Cambridgeshire, May.
Cambridgeshire, May.
Norfolk.
Merton, Norfolk.
Norfolk.
Scotts Hall, Suffolk.
Brandon, Suffolk, July (J. E.
Hurting).
Warwickshire {J. E. H.).
Sussex.
Near Chichester, Sussex, Nov. 6
(J. E. H.).
Wiltshire.
Hungary, Sept., Oct.
Tuscany, Sept. 3.
Italy.
Malta, Feb. 1854.
Tunis.
Ghuelma, Algeria.
Ghuelma.
Tangiers, June {A. von Hiigel).
Andalucia, Spain, Jan.
Orotava, Teneriffe, April 29
(F. D. <?.).
Egypt, March (G. E. Shelley).
Egypt, March (G. E. Shelley).
Shoohra near Cairo.
Harting Coll.
Purchased.
J. Scales, Esq. [P.].
Lord Walsimrham
[P.].
Gould Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Montagu Coll.
Hungarian National
Museum [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Fraser Coll.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.
Colonel Irby [P.J.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
1. (EDICNEMTTS.
9
m'. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
o'. 2 ad. sk.
p'. Juv. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.
r\ s'. <3 ad. ; t'.
2 ad. sk.
u'. cJ ad. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
w'. Ad. sk.
a - '. Ad. sk.
y'. $ ad. sk.
z'. 2 ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
b". Ad. sk.
c". 5 ad. sk.
<£". 2 fl d. s ^.
c". c? ad. sk.
f'-i". Ad. et
imm. sk.
k". Ad. sk.
I". Ad. sk.
w". c? j l|v - ? k.
w", o". 2 ad.
et juv. sk.
p". 2 ad. sk.
q". 2 ad. sk.
r", s", t". Ad.
et imm. sk.
«". Ad. sk.
v", to", x". Ad.
sk.
y", z". Ad. sk.
a 3 . Juv. sk.
J 3 . Ad. sk.
c 3 . Juv. sk.
d 3 . Ad.sk.
#,f,f. 2 ad.
et juv. sk.
A 3 , c? ad. sk.
P. 2 ad. sk.
yfc 3 . Ad. sk.
P. 2 ad. sk.
in 3 . Sternum.
n 3 . Skull.
Suakin.
Beersheba, Palestine.
Wilderness of Judea.
Erzeroum (Pavilion).
Bagdad, Persia.
Mesopotamia (Commander
Jones).
Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. 27.
Muscat.
Gulran, Northern Afghanistan,
March 11.
Baluchistan (Griffith).
Sbarpur, Sindh, Nov. 25 (A.
O. H.).
Larkhana, Jan. 7 (A. O. H.).
Kutch, Jan. (F. Stoliczka).
Eajkote, Kathiawar, June 13.
Deesa, March 30 (E. A. Butler).
Sambhur, May (R. M. Adam).
Delhi, May; 21 (C. T. Bingham).
Sirsa, Punjab, Dec. to Feb.
Murdan, Dec.
Lahore.
Peshawur.
Umbala, Sept., Feb. (R. C. Bea-
van).
Kumaon Bhabur, March 22 ((?.
King).
Etawah. April 1.
Oudh, Dec, Jan.
Gondah, Oudh (S. Pimoill).
Nepal.
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).
Mauubhoom, March (R. C. Bea-
ran).
Raipur, January.
Dhiilia, Khandeish, Oct. 4 (J.
Davidson).
Deccan (Capt. Btirgess).
Seegore, Mysore, Dec, Feb.,
May ( W. Davison).
China Ba-keer, Rangoon, Dec. 20
(J. Armstrong).
Pegu, Jau. 9 (JB. W. 0.).
Ava, British Burma.
Theinzeik, Thatone, Tenasserim,
Dec. 13 ( W. Davison).
England.
England.
Surgeon-Capt. R. H
Penton [P.].
Canon Tristram [C.l
Canon Tristram [C.J.
Seebohm Coll.
Kenneth Loftus, Esq.
[P.].
India Museum.
W. D. Cumming,
Esq. [P.].
Colonel Mills [P.l
Dr. Aitchison [Cij.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Hayes Lloyd
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Oates Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Joh
Job
n Ray, Esq. [P.l.
iu Ray, Esq. [P.J.
10 (EDICNEMID^:.
2. (Edicnemus senegalensis.
CEdicneme du Senegal, Temm. Man. ii. p. 520 (1820).
CEdicnemus senegalensis, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 228 (1837 :
Senegambia) ; Gray, List Grallee Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844 : Gambia,
R. Quorra) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 535 (1844) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 208 (1857 : Casamance ; Gaboon) ; Brehm, J.f. 0. 1857, p. 383;
Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 172 (Ogowe River ; Camma
River) ; Hartl. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 268 (Bissao ; Galam) ; Hartm.
J.f. 0. 1864, p. 227 ; Qurney, Ibis, 1868. p. 254 (critical remarks);
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 9, no. 9940 (1871) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1871,
p. 145 ; id. $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 292 (Gold Coast) ; Pelz.
Verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 616 (1881 : Lado) ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. pp. 216, 274 (1884: Shoa) ; Hartert,
J.f. O. 1886, p. 609 (Loko) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 367 (1886: Tus-
cany); Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 206 (1886); Seeb. Geogr.
Distr. Charadr. p. 78 (1888) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 48 (Lado) ;
Gigl. Avif. Ital. i. Resoc. p. 564 (1889), ii. p. 656 (1890) ; Heine $
Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein., Orn. p. 333 (1890 : Abyssinia).
CEdicnemus crepitans (nee T.), Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kor-
dofan).
CEdicnemus assimilis, Bddeker, J. f. O. 1853, Suppl. p. 117 (ex
Brehm, MSS.), pi. v. fig. 3 (egg).
CEdicnemus crepitans, pt., Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 20
(1865 : Abyssinia ; Senegambia) ; Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss.
p. 428 (1870: Massowa); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 294 (1870:
Amba ; Zoulla) ; id. 8f Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 619 (1870).
CEdicnemus inornatus, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 381
(1866) ; Finsch $■ Hartl. Vug. Ostafr. pp. 621, 872 (1870) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9944 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.
Abth. i. p. 989, App. p. clxxix (1873) ; Hartl. Abhandh. nat,
Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 120 (1881 : Lado).
CEdicnemus crepitans senegalensis, Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1869,
p. 415.
CEdicnemus scolopax, pt., Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 390 (1882:
Khartoum).
CEdicnemus vermiculatus (nee Cab.), Biittik. Notes Ley den Mus. vii.
p. 232 (1885 : W. Liberia).
Adult. Similar to (E. oedicnemus, but distinguished by the absence
of the white band across the line of the median wing-coverts, the
latter being grey like the greater coverts with distinct black shaft-
lines ; the greater coverts with a black subterminal bar, a white
ending being occasionally present : " bill black, the base, eyebrows,
and feet pale yellowish green ; iris yellow " (J. Buttil-ofer). Total
length 14 inches, culmen 1-65, wing S - 5, tail 3-9, tarsus 2-95.
The connection between OH. senegalensis and OH. vermiculatus is
much closer than I supposed, for on more than one specimen of
01. senegalensis traces of vermiculations are apparent, and even in
two specimens there is a faint indication of a white wing-bar.
One of these slightly vermiculated birds is from the Quorra River,
and the others are from Accra. Of course these slight vermicu-
lations, and even the white on the wing-bar, might be caused by the
abrasion and bleaching of the feathers.
1. (EDICNEITUS. 11
Hah. West Africa from Scnegambia to Gaboon. North-eastern
Africa from the neighbourhood of Lado to Shoa, and north to Kor-
dofan, Senaar, and Egypt.
a. Ad. sk. Egypt. G. Tumbull, Esq.
[P.].
b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Tweeddale Coll.
c. Ad. sk. Near Massowa. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[0.1
d. <$ ad. sk. Amba, Abyssinia, Aug. 21 ( W. Tweeddale Coll.
Jesse).
e. 2 ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.].
March 15.
f. Ad. sk. River Quorra. Capt. Allen [P.!
g. Ad. sk. Accra (7*. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Accra (J. Smith). Seebohm Coll.
*. Ad. st. Gambia. Seebohm Coll.
k. Ad. sk. Gambia (Sir A. Moloney). Shelley Coll.
3. (Edicnemus vermiculatus.
CEdicnemus natalensis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844 :
nom. nudum).
CEdicnemus senegalensis (nee Sw.), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 331 (Zam-
besi) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 270 (Natal) ; Bocage, Jom. Lisb.
1867, p. 228, 1870, p. 350 ; Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, l. p. 52 (1876 : Landana) : Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr.
p. 6J6 (1884). rt 9 j
CEdicnemus vermiculatus, Cab. J. f. O. 1868, p. 413 ; id. in Von
dei- Decken's Reis. iii. p. 46, pi. 16 (1870) ; Finsch $• Hartl. Vog.
Ostafr. p. 622 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 9, no. 9942 (1871) ;
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 266 (1872: Orange River;
Namaqualand) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast) ;
Cab. J.f. O. 1878, p. 245 (Mombasa; Zanzibar) ; Fischer, J.f. 0.
1879, pp. 296, 303; id. $ Reichen. t.c. p. 338; Bocage, Orn
Angola, p. 423 (1881 : S. Angola ; Quillengues ; Humbe) ;
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 598 (Usambara Hills) ; Bohm, J. f. O.
1882, p. 185; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 362 (Quae Quae River):
Schalow, J.f. O. 1883, rh 339 (French Is.) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges.
Orn. i. p. 389 (1884: Pangani) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr.
p. 647 (1884); Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 116 (Wapokomoland:
Bagamoyo ; Zanzibar) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47 (Ka«-ehi) •
Matschie, t. c. p. 138 (Tanganyika) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 338
(Umgeni River ; Natal) ; id. Qeogr. Distrib. Charadr. p. 80 (1888);
Reichen. J. f. 0. 1889, p. 260 (Quaqua River) ; Emm, J. f. O.
1891, p. 339 (Victoria Nyansa) ! Reichen. J. f O. 1892, p. 8
(Bukoba) ; id. JH. Hamburg, tviss. A?ist. x. p. 6 (1893: Quaqua
River). *
Adult. General colour above distinctly vermiculated with dusky
cross bars, not only on the back, but also on the wings and tail, the
usual black centres to the dorsal feathers being present; lesser
wing-coverts brown, followed by a black band, which is again suc-
ceeded by a white band across the upper line of the median coverts,
the rest of the median and greater coverts ashy grey, with a black
band on the latter and well-marked black shaft-streaks on the
12 CEDICNEMID-ffi.
former; quills black, the first three, and sometimes the fourth
primary, having white marks on both webs ; inner primaries with
white bases, forming a speculum ; centre tail-feathers like the back,
similarly mottled and vermiculated, the rest of the feathers barred
with black and white near the ends, the terminal bars being very
broad ; head like the back ; lores, eyebrow, and a band below the
eye white ; hinder ear-coverts and cheeks brown, streaked with
black ; throat and underparts white, washed with tawny buff on
the lower throat and treast, which are also streaked with brown ;
the sides of the body with narrow shaft-stripes of the same colour ;
under tail-coverts light cinnamon ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white, the small coverts round the bend of the wing brown
like the upper surface : " bill black, with a patch round the nostrils
and the base of the lower mandible yellow ; tarsi and feet very
pale ashy green ; iris tawny yellow " (T. Ayres). Total length 14
inches, culmen 1*5, wing 7 - 9, tail 4, tarsus 2*75.
Hab. Southern Africa from the eastern districts of the Cape
Colony north to Loango on the west, and on the east extending as
far as the Victoria Nyanza.
a. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Major Trevelyan [P.].
b, c. Ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Krauss [C.].
(Types of CE. natalemis.)
d, e. Ad. sk. Natal (Gordge). Tweeddale & Seebohm
Colls.
/. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Mellar). Tweeddale Coll.
g. Ad. sk. Tette, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedi-
tion.
h. Ad. sk. Tshiromo, Nyasaland. H. H. Johnston, Esq.,
C.B. [P.].
i. Ad. sk. Usambara Hills (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.
k. Ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (Anchieta). Lisbon Museum [P.].
4. (Edicnemus bistriatus.
Charadrius bistriatus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 648 (Mexico).
CEdicnemus vocifer, L Herminier, Mag. de Zool. 1837, pi. 84 (U.S.
Colombia) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854).
(Edicnemus americanus, Sioains. An. in Menag. p. 349 (1837 ; inte-
rior of Guiana).
(Edicnemus bistriatus, Gray, List Grallcs in Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844:
British Guiana) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 535 (1844) ; Cab. in Schomb.
Reis. Guian. iii. p. 749 (1848) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ;
Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 68 (Guatemala) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 356 ; id. Ibis,
1865, p. 198 (Pacific coast of Guatemala) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 397 (Vera Cruz, Mexico) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 19
(1865 : Guadeloupe, Brazil) ; Scl. $ Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 60 (1867) ;
Franz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 378 (Nicaragua, Costa Bica) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. p. 296 (1871 : Forte de Rio Branco) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 10, no. 9945 (1871) ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142
(1873) ; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 389 (1883 : Nica-
ragua) ; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 (Venezuela) ; Salvin, Ibis t
1886, p. 177 (British Guiana) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr,
p. 85 (1888).
1. GEDICNEMUS. 13
CEdicnemus mexicanus, teste Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 19
(1665).
CEdicnemus ?, G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 314 (Honduras).
Adult female. General colour above tawny rufous, mottled with
black centres to the feathers, narrower and more longitudinal on
the head and neck ; upper tail-coverts washed with grey and centred
and barred with dusky; wing-coverts like the back, with conspicuous
blackish shaft-stripes, the greater series ashy brown edged with
tawny buff and having a sub-terminal' line of dusky, following the
outline of the feather; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dark brown, with a great deal of whito on the inner web, extending
over the outer web of the first primary ; the inner webs conspicu-
ously white at the base, forming a large speculum, the innermost
secondaries like the back ; centre tail-feathers brown, edged with
tawny and vermiculated with dusky, the remainder white, barred
across with dusky brown and tipped with a broad bar of black,
wider on the outer feather, which has a broad subterminal white
band ; lores and a broad eyebrow dull white, above which is a
broad black patch on the sides of the crown ; sides of face, cheeks,
and ear-coverts light tawny buff with narrow blackish shaft-lines ;
throat, breast, and abdomen pure white, the lower throat and upper
breast ashy brown tinged with tawny, with narrow blackish shaft-
lines ; sides of lower back tawny rufous with blackish centres ;
under tail-coverts pale cinnamon ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pure white, the lesser coverts tawny rufous like the upper series ;
the lower primary-coverts ashy : " feet greenish yellow : iris yellow "
(T. C. Nutting). Total length 15 - 5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 9 - 6,
tail 4-7, tarsus 3-8.
The Mexican specimens appear to be rather larger than those
from more southern localities, and have a tarsus measuring 4*7
inches. Some birds are much more rufous than others, and these
are apparently younger birds. An immature bird collected by
Mr. Salvin at San Geronimo is much more mottled than the adults,
all the feathers having sandy-coloured edges. The grey shade which
is apparent in most individuals of this species is also present in the
young bird.
Hab. From Mexico through Central America, in suitable locali-
ties, as far south as Venezuela, Colombia, Guiana, and the Rio
Branco.
a. c? ad. sk. Mizantla, Vera Cruz, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.
29 {Ferrari-Perez).
b. $ ad. sk. Torula, Chiapas, June 20 Salvin-Godman Coll.
( W. B. Richardson).
c. d. $ 2 a d- s k- Huamuchal, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Feb. (O.S.).
e. Juv. sk. San Gerouimo, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.
July (0. S.).
f. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.
g. Juv. sk. Bogota. S Ivin-Godinan Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela. Old Coll.
14 (EDICNEMID-E.
i, k. $ 2 a( i- sk. Aunai, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
March, May {H. Whitely).
1. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Old Coll.
m. Ad. sk. Forte de Rio Branco, Bra- Salvin-Godman Coll.
zil (J. Natterer).
n. Ad. sk. [South America.] Salvin-Godman Coll.
5. (Edicnemus dominicensis.
ffidicnemus dominicensis, Cory, Journ. Host. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 46
(1883 : San Domingo) ; id. Auk, i. p. 4 (1884) ; id, B. S. Domingo,
p. 140, pi. 19 (1884) ; F. J. Thompson, Auk, ii. p. 110 (1885) ;
Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 25 (1886 : S. Domingo) ; id. B. West
Ind. p. 225 (1889) ; id. Cat. B. West Ind. p. 95 (1892).
" Male. Top of the head, back, wing-coverts, and tail brown ;
feathers with very pale edgings, giving a mottled appearance to the
back, the tail-feathers showing a band of dull white, succeeded by
a broad black tip ; breast slaty, becoming dull white on the throat ;
abdomen white tinged with very pale rufous ; a line of black passing
from the top of the eye, along the sides of the head, to the neck ;
under surface of wings white, becoming dark brown at the tips ;
the shafts of the feathers on the breast and throat dark brown,
forming numerous hair-like lines on the surface of the plumage : " legs
and feet greenish yellow ; upper mandible black, under mandible
green at the base, shading into black at the tip" {Cory). Total
length 14-50 inches, wing 8 - 50, tail 3*75, tarsus 3*75, bill 1*50.
The sexes appear to be similar.
The single specimen in the British Museum was obtained by Salle
in San Domingo forty years ago, and is moulting, so that it is not
in good plumage for comparison. The only distinction that I can
see is the smaller bill and the somewhat stronger shaft-lines on the
chest-feathers. In both these characters it is approached by a
specimen from British Guiana, and I strongly doubt the distinctness
of the San Domingo bird.
Hah. San Domingo.
a. Ad. sk. San Domingo. A. Sall6 |"C.].
6. (Edicnemus superciliaris.
GMicnemus superciliaris, Tschudi, Arch. f. Nat. 1843, pt. i. p. 387
(coast of Peru) ; id. ty Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 49, 293
(1845-46) ; Scl. $ Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 59, pi. 30 (1867) ; iid. P. Z. S.
1868, pp. 176, 570 (W. Peru) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9946
(1871) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142 (1873) ; Taczan.
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 333 (1886: coast of Peru from Lima to
Tumhez).
Adult male. Similar to (E. bistriatus, and having a broad black
patch on the sides of the hinder crown, but distinguished from that
species by being ashy grey above, vermiculated with dusky cross
1. (EDICNEMUS. 15
bars and subterminal lines of dusky blackish, following the margins
of the feathers, which are sandy buff, there are also bars of a sandy
buff on the feathers of the upper surface ; the throat, lower breast,
and abdomen pure white ; under tail-coverts very pale cinnamon ;
the fore neck and breast pale ashy grey, the former with dusky
shaft-lines, the sides of the neck browner : " bill blackish, with the
basal half of the upper mandible green ; feet green ; iris white "
(Stolzmanri). Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 8 - 5, tail4 - 3,
tarsus 3 - 7.
Young. More thickly mottled with sandy-buff margins to the
feathers, especially the dark lesser wing-coverts ; the white eyebrow
continued in a ring round the nape ; the dark band on the hinder
side of the crown not so broad as in the adults ; a second band of
black behind the ear-coverts : " bill black, the base of the lower
mandible grey ; feet olive ; iris beautiful yellow " (Stolzmanri).
Hab. Western Peru, from Lima to Tumbez.
a. Juv. sk. Lima, Peru. Salvin-Godman Coll.
b. cf ad. sk. Northern Peru, Dec. 18 Count Branicki [P.].
(J. Kalinoicski).
c. Ad. sk. Western Peru. Zool. Society.
7. (Edicnemus capensis.
CEdicnemus capensis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 69 (1823: Cape);
Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 624 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 9, no. 9941 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 266
(1872 ; Great Namaqua and Dainara Land) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1874,
p. 104 (Potchefstroom) ; Hurting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 457; Ayres,
Ibis, 1880, p. Ill (Transvaal) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 424 (1881 :
S. Angola, Quillengues, Humbe, Caconda) ; Sharpe, in Oates's
Matabele-Land, App. B, p. 326 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363
(Spalding's, Hart R.) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 389 (1884 :
Nguruman) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard' s B. S.Afr. p. 645 (1884: Cape
Colony generally and Natal); Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 116;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 338 (Natal) ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 81 (1888); Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 243 (1888: Hum-
pata) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371 (Kilimanjaro) ; Heine fy
Beichen. Komenel. Mas. Hein., Orn. p. 333 (1890 : S. Africa) ;
Beichen. J. f. O. 1891, p. 141 (Yura, Uniamuesi) ; Hartl. Abh.
Ver. Brem. xii. pt. 1, p. 41 (1891 : Usambiro) ; Beichen. J. f. O.
1892, p. 8 (Victoria Nyanza).
CEdicnemus maculosus, Tenon. PL Col. v. pi. 292 (1824); Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 535 (1844) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 217 (Natal) ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 288 (1867 : Natal, Kaffraria) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868,
p. 254 ; Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 76 ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 104
(Potchefstroom) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. p. 219
(1891).
CEdicnemus macrocnemus, Licht. Vbg. Kaffernl. p. 19 (1842); Hartl.
J.f. 0.1854, p. 213.
CEdicnemus affinis {nee Biipp.), Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 245 (Ndi,
Teita) ; Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 185 (Tabora) ; Schahio, J. f. O.
1883, p. 339 (Tabora) ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47 (Schasche).
Adult 7nale. General colour above tawny or sandy rufous, mottled
16 CEDICNEMIDJE.
coarsely with black, which takes the form of bars and terminal
spots ; wing-coverts like the back ; the median coverts also with
large bars and spots of black, but the outermost greyish with irre-
gular bars of dusky black ; the greater series ashy grey, with a black
band at the end and narrowly tipped with white, the shafts promi-
nently black and the inner major coverts regularly barred across
with black ; primary-coverts and quills black, the inner primaries
narrowly tipped with white, the secondaries white at the base and
for a great part of the inner web, the three outer primaries with a
large white mark on both webs, and the seventh, eighth, and ninth
having a conspicuous white mark forming a speculum ; the innermost
secondaries barred across with black ; lower rump and upper tail-
coverts similar to the back, but a little more definitely streaked
longitudinally ; the centre tail-feathers with regular black bars, in-
creasing in width towards the outside of the tail, the external feathers
having a broad black band at the end, before which is an equally
broad white bar ; head like the back, the black predominating ;
lores whitish, as well as the feathers above and below the eye, and
a broad band across the sides of the face, this whitish band sur-
mounted by a line of black ; the cheeks and ear-coverts tawny,
streaked with black ; throat white ; the lower throat, fore neck, and
breast, as well as the sides of body, clear tawny or sandy buff, lon-
gitudinally streaked with black centres to the feathers ; abdomen
white; under tail-coverts orange-rufous or pale cinnamon ; under
wing-coverts white, but the lesser series and those round the bend
of the wing brown, lined with black so as to resemble the upper
series ; the lower primary- coverts black at the ends, forming a large
patch ; axillaries grey with a black shaft-streak : " bill yellow at
the base, black towards the tip ; feet yellow, dark along the front ;
iris bright yellow " (T. Ay res). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*35,
wing 9-1, tail 4*5, tarsus 3 - 7.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
15 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 8-7, tail 4-2, tarsus 3*65.
I have had no means of determining, from the series in the British
Museum, the precise differences between the old and young birds ;
but as some are very much darker than others, 1 take it that these
will probably be found to be less mature than the more rufous
specimens.
Hab. Cape Colony, extending on the west to Damara-land, and
throughout South-eastern Africa to Tabora and the Kilimanjaro
district in Eastern Africa.
a. Ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Damara- Tweeddale Coll.
land (C. J. Andersson).
b, c. Ad. sk. South Africa. Tweeddale Coll.
d. Ad. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].
e. Ad. sk. South Africa. Seebohm Coll.
/. J ad. sk. Berg Biver, S. Africa (E. Seebohm Coll.
L. Layard).
a. Ad. sk. Natal. Seebohm Coll.
1. (EDICNEMUS.
17
h. $ ad. sk.
Natal, May 25 (T. E.
Buckley).
Shelley Coll.
i. Ad. sk.
Natal (F Oates).
W. E. & C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
k. J ad. sk.
Newcastle (E. A. Butler).
Shelley Coll.
/. $ ad. sk.
Swaziland, June 17 (T. E.
Buckley).
Shelley Coll.
m,n. $ $ ad. sk.
Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
Dec. (T. Ay res).
Gurney Coll.
o. Ad. sk.
Marico District.
F. A. Barratt, Esq.
p. Ad. sk.
Tete, Zambesi (SirJ.Eirk).
Livingstone Expedi-
tion.
q. 2 a d. sk.
Tabora, Dec. 22.
Dr. R. Bohm [C.].
r. Ad. sk.
Kilimanjaro.
H. C. V. Hunter,
Esq. [P.].
s. Skeleton.
Purchased.
8. (Edicnemus affinis.
GDdicnemus affinis, Riipp. Mia. Senck. ii. p. 210 (1837) ; id. Syst.
Uebers. p. 117, Taf. 42 (1845); Strickl, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kor-
dofan); Reichenb. Handb., Grail. Nov. Taf. xxxvi. figs. 2440-41
(1851); Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 54 (1856: Abyssinian coast;
White Nile, south of 6°); Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. p. 209, note
(1857); Heuyl, Ibis, 1859, p. 344 (Habab ; Danakil; Tajura) ;
Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 248 (Somali) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 268 ;
Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 96 (1864: 11° N. lat.) ; Schl. Mus.
Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 21 (1865 : Nubia ; Kordofan ; Bissao ?) ;
Blanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 428 (1870 : Anseba Valley) ; Finsch,
Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 294 (1870 : Gabena-welt-Gonfallonf: Finsch $
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 626 (1870 : Somali) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 9, no. 9943 (1871)j Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 990 (1873 :
coast of Samhar ; E. Kordofan ; Upper Kir and Gazelle Rivers) ;
Antin, $ Salvacl, Viaqg. Boyos, p. 142 (1873: Samhar; Bogos ;
Barka) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 590 (1882) ; Shelley, P. Z. S.
1888, p. 49 (Lado) ; Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. Orn.
p. 333 (1890 : Abyssinia) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senck.
p. 219 (1891: Abyssinia).
GSdicneinus capeusis affinis, Seeb. Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 82
(1888).
Adult. Similar to (E. capensis, but more tawny rufous above, and
with the tarsus much shorter : " terminal half of the bill blackish,
the base yellow ; eyelids bare ; feet and iris bright yellow " {yon
Hewjlin). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 8 - 75, tail
4*85, tarsus 3 - 2.
Hub. North-eastern Africa, from Kordofan and Bogos, south to
Somali-land, and to Lado in Equatorial Africa.
a. Ad. sk. Bogos-laud. Mr. Esler [C.].
b. 2 ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Aug. 3. W.T. Blani'ord, Esq.[C.].
c. <j ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Aug. 6 Tweeddale Coll.
( Jl'. Jesse).
d. Ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emm Pasha [P.].
April 14.
1 8 (EDICNEMIDiE.
2. BURHINUS*. _,
Type.
Burhinus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 250 (1811) B. grallarius.
Range. The same as that of the single species.
1. Burhinus grallarius.
Atjstealian Thick-knee.
Great-billed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl.n. p. 319 (1801).
High-legged Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 319 (1801 : New South Wales).
Bridled Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 320 (New South Wales).
Charadrius magnirostris {nee Vieill.), Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppt. p. lxvi
(1801).
Charadrius grallarius, Lath. Lnd. Orn. Suppl. p. lxvi (1801).
Charadrius frenatus, Lath. op. cit. p. lxvii (1801).
CEdicnemus longipes, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. p. 232 (1818) ;
Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 386 (1826) ; Vieill. Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 84,
pi. 228 (1834) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. R. p. 35 (1888).
CEdicnemus magnirostris (nee Geoff")-.), Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool.
xi. pt. 2, p. 462 (1819 : New South Wales).
Himantopus grallarius, Stephens, in Slum's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 184
(1824: New Holland).
Burhinus nova? hollandi;e, Stephens, in Sha2v's Gen. Zool. xiv. pt. 1,
p. 342 (1826 : New Holland ).
Charadrius giganteus, Wagl. Lsis, 1829, p. 647 (Australia).
(Edicnernus grallarius, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844) ;
id. Gen. R. iii. p. 535 (1844); Gould, R. Austr. vi. pi. 5 (1848) ;
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Rerol. p. 93 (1854) ; Sehl. Mus. Pays-
Ras, Cursores, p. 18 (1865: Australia) ; Gould, Handb. R. Austr.
ii. p. 210 (1865) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 186G, p. 334 (Port Denison) ;
Gray, Hand-l. R. iii. p. 10, no. 9947 (1871) ; Hurting, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 459 (W. Australia, breeding, Sept.-Oct.) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 335 (Queensland) ; Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i.
p. 59 (1877 : Percy Is., N.E. Coast) ; Ramsay, op. cit. ii. p. 106
(1878); Masters, t. c. p. 275 (Tort Darwin'); Nehrk. J. f. O.
1879, p. 408; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 590 (1882); Meyer,
Sitzb. u. Abh. Ges. Isis, 1884, p. 215 (Timor-laut) ; North, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. TV. (2) i. p. 1170 (1886, eggs) ; Ramsav, op. cit.
(2) ii. p. 171 (N.W. Australia); id. Tab. List Austr." R. p. 19
(1888: nearly the whole of Australia) ; Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 83 (1888) ; North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. TV. (2) iii.
p. 1778 (1889 : Cumberland Co., N. S. W.) ; Cox # Hamilton, op.
cit. (2) iv. p. 419 (1890 : Mudgee Distr.) ; Salvad. Ayyiunte Orn.
Pap. iii. p. 198 (1891).
* This generic name is in general use and must therefore be employed ; but
in strictness it should be rejected, as it was not founded by Illiger on an
actual specimen, but on the description of Latham's 'Great-billed Plover'
(Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 319). This description is evidently taken from a
coloured figure and not from a bird, and, moreover, he describes the bill as
"very broad, resembling the Tody genus." It is on this statement that
Illiger founded the genus Burhinus. Latham further described his ' Great-billed
Plover ' as being of the size of the ' Golden Plover ' : further evidence that
Latham himself never saw the bird. For the rest, the description is evidently
that of the Australian Thick-knee.
2. BunniNus. 19
Burhinus grallarius, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvii, Taf. 184.
fig. 665, Taf. 186. figs. 2442-43 (1862) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416
(1856) ; Heine # Reichen Nomencl. Mm. Hein. Orn. p. 333 (1890).
GEdicnenius australis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 212 ; id. Ibis, 1859,
p. 336.
Adult. General colour above ashy grey, the crown, neck, and
mantle streaked with blackish stripes, much more emphasized on the
feathers of the back and scapulars, many of which have broad black
centres and tawny margins ; the lower back and rump ashy grey,
streaked with blackish shaft-stripes ; the upper tail-coverts similarly
marked, but having also some remains of bars like the tail-feathers,
which have narrow and irregular cross-bars, the outer ones with a
broad black band at tho tip, before which is a broad sub-terminal bar
of white ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown with tawny margins, the
median series dull white with broad black shaft-streaks, the greater
series dark ashy brown; bastard- wing, primary- coverts, and quills
black, the first four primaries with a broad band of white on both
webs, and the inner primaries with a white mark at the base ; second-
aries white towards the base of inner web, the innermost secondaries
like the back ; head ashy like the back, streaked with blackish shaft-
lines ; lores and a narrow eyebrow, as well as a spot below the eye,
white ; a band below the eye crossing the ear-coverts, black, slightly
washed with rufous, and extending in a line of black-streaked feathers
down the sides of the neck, this black line followed by a broad
white band stretching below the eye and losing itself in the brown
of the ear-coverts; cheeks reddish brown, streaked with black;
throat and under surface of body white, more or less tinged with
tawny on the lower throat, fore neck, breast, and sides of body, all
of which parts are streaked with black, the breast very broadly ;
under tail-coverts very pale cinnamon-buff; lesser under wing-
coverts blackish, the remainder as well as the axillaries and lower
primary-coverts broadly tipped with black : " bill black ; legs sickly
yellowish olive, gradually passing into the brown of the feet ; iris
yellow; eyelash black" (J. Gould). Total length 20*5 inches,
culmen 1*9, wing 10-5, tail 6, tarsus 4 - 6.
Hah. Australia. Said to have occurred also in Timor-laut.
a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.
c. Ad. sk. South Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.].
d. Ad. sk. South Australia. Seebohm Coll.
e. Ad. sk. Sydney, New South Wales. Australian Museum
[P.].
/. c? ad. sk. Sydney. Seebohm Coll.
</. ($ ad. sk. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll.
h, i. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll.
k. Ad. sk. Cape Upstart, Queensland, Voy. H.M.S. ' Fly.'
April 1 {J. B. Jukes).
1. 3 ad.sk. N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower
Bowyer Bower). [P.].
m. Skeleton. Purchased.
c 2
20 CEDICNEMID^!.
3. ESACUS. Type
Esacus, Lesson, Traite. p. 547 (1821) E. recurvirostris.
Carvanaca, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 775 (1836) . E. recurvirostris.
Pseudops, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. pt. 1, p. 27
(1841) E. recurvirostris.
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
1. Esacus recurvirostris.
(Edicnemus recurvirostris, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 500 (1829);
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 25 (1865: Bengal; Cambodia).
Esacus recurvirostris, Lesson, Traite, p. 547 (1831) ; Gray, List
Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1844: Nepal; Bootan) ; id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 535 (1844) ; id. Cat. Manxm. etc. Nepal jjres. Hodgs. p. 131
(1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 2C0 (1849 : Calcutta) ;
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudk) ; Jerd. B. 2nd. iii. p. 652 (1864) ;
Beavan, Ms, 1868, p. 391 (Sewalik Hills) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 10, no. 9949 (1871); Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 102, 232 (1873:
Sindb.) ; id. Str. F. ii. p. 482 (1874 : Attaran River) ; id. Str. F.
iii. p. 182 (1875 : Tbavetmyo) ; id. Nests § Eggs Ltd. B. iii. p. 576
(1875) ; Blyth fy Wold. B. Burin, p. 152 (1875 : Kyasoo Creek) ;
Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 14 (1876: Mount A boo); Ball, t. c. p. 234
(Sumbalpur); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877: Guzerat) ; Hume
$■ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 458 (1878 : Houngthraw and Attaran
Rivers) ; Davidson Sf Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 88 (1878 : Deccan) ;
Butler, t. c. p. 186 (Karacbi, breeding) : Ball, t. c. p. 227 (Ganges
to Godavery) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 301 (Faridpur) ; Butler, Cat. B.
Sind etc. p. 59 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p 112 (1879); Doig,
t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra, breeding) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 976
(1880); C. Swinh. Str. F. ix. p. 237(1880: R. Hub, breeding);
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 427 (Bbima R., Deccan) ; Reid, Str. F. x.
p. 67 (1881 : Lucknow) ; Barnes, t. c. p. 166 (Indus, near Kotri,
breeding) ; Davidson, t. c. p. 319 (W. Kbaudeisb, resident) ; Oates,
Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 357 (1883) ; Simnhoe fy Barnes, Ibis,
1885, p. 133 (Mbow district) ; Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 188 (Ceylon) ;
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genoa. (2) iv. p. 613 (1887: Bhamo): Hume,
Str. F. xi. p. 316 (1888 : Manipur) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests §■ Eggs
Lid. B. iii. p. 335 (1890).
Carvanaca grisea, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 776 (1836 : Nepal) ; id.
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 45, no. 118.
Pseudops griseus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Carvanaca recurvirostris, Reichenb. Av. Si/st. Nat. p. xviii, Taf. 185.
tig. 1071 (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856).
Pseudops recurvirostris, Heine §• Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn.
p. 333 (1890: Madras).
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, with slightly
indicated sandy-buff or whitish margins to the feathers ; wing-
coverts lighter and more pearly grey than the back, with narrow
white ends to the outer median and the greater series ; the lesser
wing-coverts blackish, followed by a narrow white line ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the outer primaries
crossed by a white band, the inner primaries white on the inner
web, the innermost white at base and tip and crossed with a sub-
terminal blackish band ; the secondaries blackish brown, white for
3. ESACUS. 21
the greater part of the inner web, the innermost secondaries brown
like the back ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and centre tail-
feathers brown like the back; the outer feathers with a black bar
at the ends, preceded by a bar of white, before which is a narrow
blackish bar ; crown of head and neck ashy brown like the back, with
narrow blackish shaft-lines; base of forehead and lores white, extend-
ing in a band across the sides of the face to the hinder cheeks ; above
the eye a line of white, extending backwards above the ear-coverts
to the sides of the neck ; above this a baud of black ; below the eye
a white patch, followed by a line of black, running to the black ear-
coverts ; from the angle of the mouth a black line along the upper
line of the cheeks ; the latter, as well as the under surface of the
body white, with an isabelline tinge on the lower throat and fore
neck ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, the lower
greater coverts tipped with black ; lower surface of quills white, the
tips black : " edges of eyelids, bill, and nostrils yellow ; remainder
of bill black ; feet plumbeous white, claws black ; iris yellow " ( E.
IT. Oateg). Total length 19 inches, eulmen 3, wing 10*3, tail
4 - 75, tarsus 3*1.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: "bill black, the
region of the nostrils, gape, and base of lower mandible pale green ;
feet very pale bluish green ; iris greenish yellow " ( W. Davison).
Total length 20 inches, eulmen 3 - 05, wing 10-3, tail 4*3, tarsus 3 - 25.
Hab. Rivers of the Indian Peninsula from Bind, south to Ceylon,
and eastwards to the Burmese countries, as far south as Tenasserim.
a. $ ad. sk. River .Iheluni, near Sharpur, Hume Coll.
Sind, Nov. 26 (A. O. H.).
b. Ad. sk. Sirza district, Punjab. Hume Coll.
c. <3 ad. sk. Gurgaon district, March 21 Hume Coll.
( W. N. Chill).
d. Ad. sk. Delhi. Hume Coll.
e ~i- 6 ? ad. sk. River Jumna, near Etawah, Hume Coll.
Dec.
k. $ ad. sk. River Jumna, March (Dr. Tweeddale Coll.
Scott).
I, m. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.
(Tvpes of Carvanaca grisea. )
n, o,p. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Rodysnn). India Museum.
q. <3 ad. sk. Futtehgurh, March 13 Hume Coll.
(A. Anderson),
r, s. Ad. sk. Bhotan Dooars, Feb., Mav Hume Coll.
(L. Mamlelli).
t. Ad. sk. Bhotan (Pemberton). India Museum.
u. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum.
*'» iv- d 2 ad. sk. Khandeish, April, Nov. Hume Coll.
(J. Davidson).
.r. Ad. sk. Shemogah district, April 20 Hume Coll.
(G. F. L. Marshall),
y. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll.
z. 2 ad. sk. Kvasoo Creek, Burmah, Tweeddale Coll.
Oct. (R. G. W. R. '.
a'. 2 ad. sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. 2d Tweeddale Coll.
(i?. G. W. AM
22
(EDICNEJflDJE.
b', <"'• d 2 a< i- sk.
a", e',f. 2 ad - sk.
</. c? ad. sk.
h'. Sternum.
Lower Pegu, Mav, Nov.
{E. TV. 0.).
Thatone, Tenasserim, Nov.,
Dec. ( W. Davison ).
Amherst, Dec. 30 ( W. D.).
Pegu.
Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Oates Coll.
4. ORTHORHAMPHUS. _
Type.
Burhiuus {nee Illig.), Lesson, Traite, p. 547 (1831) . O. magnirostris.
Esacus {nee Less.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 100
(1871) 0. magnirostris.
Orthorhamphus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 312 (1874) . . O. magnirostris.
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
1. Orthoramphus magnirostris.
CEdicnemus magnirostris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. p. 231
(1818: ex Geojfr. MSS.); id. Enc. Meth. i. p. 334, pi. 234. fig. 1
(1820) ; Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 387 (1826) ; S. Mull. Verh. Land-
en Volkenk. p. 23 (1839-44: Oetanata) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 363; Posenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv. p. 253 (1863:
Ceram) ; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 135; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 89 (1888) ; Everett, Journ. As. Soc. Straits Branch,
1889, p. 203 (Cape Simpangmengaio) ; Hose, Ibis, 1893, p. 424
(Baram Mouth).
Charadrius magnirostris, Wayl. Syst. Av. Charadrius, sp. 3 (1827).
Charadrius giganteus, Wayl. Isis, 1829, p. 647 (ex Licht. in Mus.
BeroL).
Burhinus magnirostris, Less. Traite oVOrn. p. 547 (1831 : New
Guinea) ; id. CompL de Buff., Ois. p. 677 (1838) ; Gray, List Gen.
B. p. 83 (1841) ; Licht. Nomencl.Av. Mus. BeroL p. 93 (1854).
Esacus magnirostris, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 83 (1841) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 535 (1844) ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 6 (1848) ; Maa/ill. Toy.
Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 187 (Am),
p. 196; Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 416 (1856); ScL Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.
p. 169 (1858) ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 359 (1858); Gray, Cat.
Mamm. # B. New Guinea, p. 50 (1859) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1861,
p. 438 (Salawatij ; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335, 346 (Sula
Isl.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 35 (Bouru) ; Gould, llandb. B. Austr.
ii. p. 213 (1865) ; Fiusch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865); Schl. Mus.
Pays-Bos, Cursores, p. 22 (1865) ; Posenb. Beis naar Zuid-
oostereil. p. 82 (1867) ; Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328
(1870: New Caledonia); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9948
(1871) ; Wold. Trans. Z. S. vi'ii. p. 91 (1872 : Celebes) ; Hume,
Str. F. ii. p. 290 (1874 : Andamans, breeding) ; id. op. cit. iii. p. 224
(1875) ; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 581 (1873) ; Wald.
Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 227 (1875 : Sooloo Is.); Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 293
(1876); ScL P. Z. S. 1876, p. 461 (Huon Gulf); Masters, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 59 (1877: Cape Grenville; Long Isl.) ;
Ramsay, t. c. p. 187 (Queensland) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 335
(Port Denison) ; Scl. t. c. p. 556; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 121 (1877) ;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 196 (1878) ; Masters, t. c.
4. ORTHOBHAMPHT/S. 23
1>. 275 (Port Darwin); E. L. $ E. L. C. Layard, Ibl*. 1878,
p. 262 (New Caledonia) ; Rosenb. Mala;/. Archip. pp. 277, 373,
396 (Mysol), p. 503 (1878-79); Hume' $ Davison, Str. E. vi.
p. 4.V.) "(1878: Mergui Is.); Hume, Str. E. viii. pp. 112, 384
(1879); Finsch, P. Z. 5.1879, pp. 9,14 (Duke of York Isl.) ; -E.Z.
.V S L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1881, p. 186 (Huon Is., New Caledonia) ;
Finsch, t. c. p. 540 (New Britain) ; Scl. Voy. ' Challenger,' ii. p. 38
(1881 : Pigeon Is.) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 996 (Louisiades) ; id.
Ibis, 1 882, pp. 140, 144 (Solomon Is.) ; E. L. Sf E. L. C. Layard, t. c.
pp. 532, 544 (Huon Is., breeding) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm.M.
p. 351 (1883) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan) ; Grant, P. Z. S.
1888, p. 201 (Guadalcanal') ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19
(1888); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan); Sharpe, t. c.
pp. 141, 284 (Abai, N. Borneo) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests § Eggs
Ind. B. iii. p. 334 (1890) ; I)e Vis, Ann. Rep. Brit. New Chan.
p. 02 (1890) ; id. Colon. Papers, no. 103, p. 116 (1890) ; id. Ibis,
L891, p. 41 (Fergusson Is.); Walker, R)is, 1892, p. 257 (Adele
Is., N.W. Australia) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 299 (Solomon Is.).
CEdicnemua giganteus, G ray, Gen. B. iii. p. 535 (1844).
CEdicnem.ua major, Brehm, teste Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9948
(1871).
Orthorhamphus magnirostris, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 312 (1874:
Borneo); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 121 (1877: critic.) ; Salvad. Ann.
Mus. Genov. ix. p. 47 (1876) ; id. op. cit. xiv. p. 605 (1879) ;
D'Alb. Nuooa Guin. p. 585 (1880) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov.
xviii. p. 323 (1882) ; Salvad. Orn. Pupuasia etc. iii. p. 290
(1882); Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 52, 195, 200 (Kirimoen; Larut;
Timor-laut) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 433 ; Nehrk. J.fO. 1885,
p. 35 (Waigiou) ; Guillem, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 (Mysol) ; Meyer,
Zeitsehr. ges. Orn. iii. p. 38 (1886: J obi) ; Heine ty Reichen.
Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 333 (1890) ; Salvad. Aggiunte Orn.
Pap. iii. p. 198 (1891).
yEsacus magnirostris, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. A 7 . S. W. vii. p. 40
(1860: Solomon Is.); Sharpe, Rep. Zool. Coll. Voy. H.M.S.
' Alert; p. 26 (1884).
Adult. General colour above ashy brown, with dusky shaft-lines
to the feathers ; scapulars like the back ; upper tail-coverts ashy
liko the back, but freckled and barred with dusky brown ; lesser
wing-coverts dark brown, the lower ones blackish at the ends
and forming a broad band across the wing, followed by another
band of white, formed by the median coverts, which are grey at
the tips, with a broad white band across the middle followed by
another bar of dusky blackish ; greater coverts entirely grey, fading
off into whitish at the ends; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
blackish, the smaller primary-coverts white like the quills they
cover ; primaries brownish black with white along the inner web,
extending across the outer web of the first two ; inner primaries
pure white ; the secondaries dark brown, externally grey, witli white
bases and small white tips, also white along the inner webs, on the
inner ones the white confined to the inner wob, the long inner-
most secondaries ashy brown like the back; tail-feathers ashy
brown, with a black band at the end, before which is a broad band
of white, precedod by a narrow black band, the two centre feathers
24 (EDICNEMIDJl.
light ashy brown freckled with dusky mottlings, the other feathers
also slightly freckled with dusky ; crown of head and neck like the
back ; lores blackish, as also a broad band along the sides of the
crown, extending to the sides of the neck, where it joins the black
ear-coverts and encloses the white of the face, which consists of a
white band above and below the eye extending above tbe ear-coverts ;
cheeks white, extending in a line along the base of the upper
mandible and forming a streak in front of the eye ; fore part of
cheeks black ; chin and throat white ; lower throat ashy brown,
streaked with darker brown, as also the sides of the neck ; breast
pale ashy ; remainder of the under surface of body white with a
slight tawny tinge ; under tail-coverts tawny buff ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, as also the quill-lining : " base of bill
sulphur-yellow, continued along the sides of the upper mandible
above the nostrils ; remainder of bill black ; tibia lemon-yellow ;
tarsi and feet wine-yellow ; upper ridge of scales of toes lead-colour ;
eyelids primrose-yellow ; iris pale yellow " (J. Gould). Total
length about 19 inches, culmen 3, wing 10-8, tail 4-3, tarsus 3-3.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length about
20 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 10-6, tail 4-3, tarsus 3-3.
Youtuj. Two specimens from the Duke of York Island and Guadal-
canar are apparently immature, having the feathers of the upper
surface tipped with sandy buff, especially on the wing-coverts, where
the white band on the median series is not so defined as in the
adults, but showing a broader band of brown-tipped feathers below.
There is, however, a second white band formed by the white tips
to the greater wing-coverts, and it is somewhat curious that this
should be a sign of immaturity.
Hah. Shores of Australia and throughout the Malayan Archipelago
to Borneo and the Andamans.
a. Ad. sk. Australia. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].
b. Imm. st. Australia. Sir E. Belcher [P.].
c. Ad. st. Australia. Earl of Derby [P.].
d. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godruan Coll.
e. 2 ad. sk. Port Molle, Queensland Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
(Dr. Coppinger).
f. Ad. sk. Rockingham Bay, May 24 Captain Owen Stanley
(J. Maajiltirrmi). [P.].
(j. $ ad. sk. Admiralty Island's.' Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
h. d juv. sk. Guadalcanal-, Solomon Isl., Gould Coll.
Dec. 26 (J. Macgillivray).
i. 2 J uv - s k- Duke of York Island, Oct. 15 Sharpe Coll.
(Dr. Klein schmidt).
k. Ad. sk. Huon Gulf, Eastern New Tweeddale Coll.
Guinea (Dr. Comrie).
l,m. Ad.sk. Am Islands. Wallace Coll.
w. Ad. sk. Aru Islands. Tweeddale Coll,
o. 2 ft d- sk. Khhnoen Isl., Tenimber Dr. H. O. Forbes [C.].
Group, Sept. 1.
4. ORTHOKHAMPHUS.
25
p. 2 ad. ek. Larat, Tenimber Group, Sept.
8 (H. O. Forbes).
q. 2 ad. sk. Baram Mouth, Borneo, Dec.
1893.
/•. 3 ad. sk. Andamans, July (R. J. Wim-
berley).
s. J ad. sk. Port Cornwallis, N. Anda-
mans, April 6 (S.J. Wim-
berley).
t, u. d 2 ad. Port Blair, Feb. (E. J. If'.).
sk.
r, w. cT ad. sk. Little Cocos Isl., March (A.
O. H.).
Tweeddale Coll.
C. Hose, Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume and Tweeddale
Colls.
Hume Coll.
26 cursorius.
Family II. CURSORIID^.
• Nostrils schizorhinal (except Pluvianus).
Palate schizognathous.
Basipterygoid processes absent.
Tarsus transversely scaled in front.
Young covered with down at birth and able to run in a few
hours.
Egg white {Dromas), or thickly blotched and scribbled (Cursorius
and Glareola).
On account of its holorhinal nostrils Pluvianus is associated
by Mr. Seebohm with the (Edicnemidce. Its relations, however, are
so manifestly with Cursorius that it is better to subordinate the
character of the nostrils and to place the genus with the other
Coursers, as has been done by Dr. Gadow.
Dromas is placed by both the above-named naturalists in this
same division, but to my mind it stands quite alone, its peculiar
mode of nesting proving that it is neither a Courser nor a Thick-
knee.*
Ortyxelus has been relegated to the Charadrii by my colleague
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, who considers that it is a Courser and not a
Turnicine form. It is, of course, impossible to determine this
question without an examination of the anatomy and osteology of
the genus, but I have placed it provisionally with the Coursers.
It is to be noticed, however, that Mr. F. J. Jackson, who
obtained Ortyxelus in Turquel, entered it in his field-notes as a
" Little Courser."
Key to the Genera.
a. Middle claw pectinated, the claw only
slightly extending beyond the end of
the toe itself; nostril pierced in the bill
itself; no operculum ; hill straight or
nearly so along the culmen ; the angle of
the genys placed very far hack, much
nearer to the gape than to the .apex of the
mandible ; quills pointed, the primaries
exceeding the secondaries in length, falling
short of the tip of the tail, which again
falls short of the outstretched legs ; black
dorsal feathers elongated 1. Dromas, p. 27.
b. No pectination on the middle claw, which is
slightly swoilen on its inner aspect ; wings
* Cf. Sharpe, Olassif. B. p. 72.
1. DR0MAS.
not pointed ; the secondaries as long as the
primaries and not extending beyond the
out-stretched feet.
a'. Nostrils situated in a narrow slit, shut in
by an operculum ; upper plumage rufous,
vermiculated and mottled with blackish
like a Quail ; no elongated plumes on
the upper back 2. Ortyxeltjs, p. 30.
b'. Nostrils ovate, shut in by an operculum;
plumage not vermiculated ; interscapular
plumes elongated and overhanging the
lower back 3. Pluvianus, p. 32.
Middle claw pectinated along its inner
margin.
'•'. "Wings long, the primaries pointed, but
not extending as far as the outstretched
feet, though they reach to the end of the
tail.
a". Bill long and curved, the culmen equal
to, or longer than, the middle toe and
claw; lower mandible curved at the
same angle as the upper one 4. Cursorius, p. 34.
b". Bill widened at the base, the culmen
not so long as the middle toe without
the claw ; lower mandible not de-
curved, the genys ascending towards
the tip
d'. Wings of extraordinary length, the
primaries pointed and reaching far be-
yond the outstretched feet to the tip of
the tail, or even beyond the latter.
c". Tarsus very long, the outstretched feet
far exceeding the tail ; first primary
produced far beyond tbe second, and
extremely attenuated towards the
tip
d". Tarsus only moderate or rather short,
the outstretched feet not reaching
beyond the tail.
a'". Tail very strongly forked, the outer-
most feather far exceeding the
others in length
b'". Tail emarginate and nearly square,
but the outer feather slightly ex-
ceeding the middle one in length . .
5. Rhinoptilus, p. 43.
6. Stiltia, p. 51.
7. Ulareola, p. 53.
[p. 62.
8. Galactochhyska,
1. DROMAS.
Type.
Droinas, Paykull, K. Vet.-Akad. Hand!. Stockholm, xxvi.
p. L82 (1806) D. ardeola.
Erodia, Salt, Voy. Abyss, App. iv. p. Ixi (1814) D. ardeola.
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
28
CtTRSOKIIU.^.
Fig. 3. — Left foot of Dromas ardeola, from the outside.
Fig. 4. — Middle claw of right foot of D. ardeola, from the inner side (enlarged).
1. Dromas ardeola.
Dromas ardeola, Paykidl, K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockh. xxvi.
pp. 182, 188, tab. 8 (1805 : India) ; Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 362
(1825) ; Dupont, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1826, p. 184, pi. 45 (Bengal) ;
Strickl. Ann. N. H. vii. p. 38 (1841) ; Gray, List Gralke Brit.
Mus. p. 73 (1844) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 121 (1845 : Red Sea) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 560 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. As. Soc. p. 276
(1849: Ceylon, S. India); Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall. p. xii,
Taf. 167. figs. 440-442 (1852) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxi. p. 352
(1852) ; id. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 27 (Ceylon) ; Layard, Ann. § Mag.
N. H. 1854, p. 270 (Ceylon) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 60 (1856 : Red
Sea) ; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 346 (Gulf of Aden) ; Hartl. Favn. Madag.
p. 85 (1801); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Sterna, p. 41 (1863: Red
Sea) ; Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 658 (1864) ; Pels. Reis. Novara, Vog.
p. 124 (1865: Nicobars); Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 270 (Natal
Coast) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 372 (1867 : Natal) ; Blyth, Ibis,
1867, p. 166; Beavan, t.c. p. 332 (Andamans); E. Newton, i.e.
pp. 351, 359 (Seychelles) ; Heugl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 285 (Dahlak) ;
van der Hoeven, Nova Acta Acad. Cces. Leop. xxxiii. no. 7 (1867) ;
Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 284 (Europa Is., Mozambique Channel) ;
Schl. $ Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. ii. p. 150 (1868); Cab. in Von
der Becken's Reis. iii. p. 46 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss.
p. 432 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 295 (1870 : Suakin ; Zoulla ;
Massaua) ; Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 627 (1870) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 41, no. 10237 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.n.
pt. 1, p. 1043 (1873) ; Hume, Nests §■ Eggs 'hid. B. p. 584 (1873) ;
Ball, Str. F. i. p. 85 (1873 : Andamans and Nicobars) ; Hume,
t. c. p. 234 (Karacbi) ; Salvad. &; Antin. Viagg. Bogos, p. 142
(1873 : Massaua) ; Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 146 (Andamans) ; Hume,
Str. F. ii. pp. 59, 293 (1874 : Andamans) ; Legge, Str. F. iii.
p. 220 (1875 : Ceylon) ; Le Messurier, t. c. p. 378 (Sindh) ; Hayes
Lloyd, Ibis, 1876, p. 280 (Katbiawar) ; Legge, Str. F. iv. p. 246
(1876: Ceylon); Hume, t. c. pp. 451, 464 (Laccadives), p. 496
(Mekran Coast) ; Butler, Str. F. v. pp. 212, 232 (1877 : Man-
davi) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 320 (1877) ; Otist. Bull. Soc.
Philomath. 1878, p. 184 (Se'ychelles) ; Butler, Str. F. vii. p. 186
(1878: Karachi Harbour) ;' Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879),
pp. 381-384 (Mekran Coast, breeding) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc.
1. DHOMAS. 29
p. 50 (1879: Coasts of Sindh and Cutch) ; Parker, Str. F. ix.
p. 482 (1880 : Ceylon, breeding) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 991 (1880) ;
Sri. P. '/,. S. | s,Sl, p. 174 (Sucotra): Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 617 (1882: Madras); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 694
(1884 : Natal) ; Milne-Edwards Sf Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois.
p. 614 (1885) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden) ; Shelley, Ibis,
1888, p. 304 (Latnu) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests 8f Egqs Ind. B. iii.
p. 327 (1891) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao, breeding-) ; Sihree,
Ibis, 1892, p. 273 (Madagascar) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden);
Finney, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii. pp. 320-322 (1893 : Aden,
breeding-).
Erodia ampbilensis, Salt, Trav. Abyss. App. iv. p. lxi, cum tab.
(1814 : Bay of Ampkila) ; Jard. fy Selby, III. Orn. pi. 75 (1820).
Abyssinian Erody, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ix. p. 137, pi. clxix. (1824).
Ammoptila charadrioides {nee Swains.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi
p. 216 (1840 : West Coast of India).
Adult male. Pure black and white, the entire mantle black, the
lower plumes elongated to a great extent, so as to overhang the
lower back ; scapulars, wing- coverts, and inner secondaries pure
white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the inner
webs of the primaries ashy white and the shafts white ; the
secondaries whitish on the inner web ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail-feathers ashy grey, the outer
ones white on the inner webs ; head and neck all round, as well as
the entire under surface, pure white, as well as the under wing-
coverts and axillaries ; anterior and posterior edge of eyelid black :
" bill black ; thighs, tarsi, and feet light bluish ash ; iris dusky "
(T. Ayres). Total length 16-5 inches, eulmen 2-2, wing 8-25 tail
4-8, tarsus 3-4.
Adult female. Exactly similar to the male, but somewhat smaller
and with the long mantle-plumes not so strongly developed. Total
length 13-5 inches, eulmen 2-3, wing 7'9, tail 2-5, tarsus 3-7.
Young. Distinguished from the adults by having the mantle
dusky grey, more or less mixed with black, the head and nape
streaked with black, or at least shaded with dusky grey on the top
of the head ; wing-coverts and inner secondaries also ashy grey.
Nestling. Covered with ashy-grey down above, slightly mottled
with dusky ; cheeks and under surface of body dingy "grey, the
general appearance of the bird being uniform.
Hah. The shores of Eastern Africa and Madagascar, north to the
Red Sea and Arabia, thence east along the shores of the Indian
Ocean to those of Southern India and Ceylon, as well as the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Nesting in burrows.
a. Iiirni. sk. N.E. Madagascar ( Van J. E. Ilartin" Esa
Dam). [P.]. c ' l
b. Ad. sk. Lamu, E. Africa. F. J. Jackson, Esq
[P.].
c. 3 ad. sk. Socotra, Feb. 15. Prof. Balfour |"C 1.
(I. Ad. sk. Jeddali, Red Sea. H. H. Calvert, Esq
[P.].
ft Ad.sk. Jeddah. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. $ ad. sk. Suakin, Sept. 1 ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll.
30
cursoriid^.
q-k. Ad. et imm.
sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Pull. sk.
n, o, p. Ad. et
imm. sk.
q. 5 a d. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. $ imm. sk.
t, u. 3 ad. ; v. 2
ad. sk.
w,.v. Ad. sk.
?/, z, a'. J ad. et
imm. sk.
&'. 5 imm. sk.
e'. J ad. sk.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct.
Persian Gulf.
Island of Tungistan, E. of
Bushire, June 2 [E. A.
Butler).
Mekran Coast, Jan. (A. O.
H.)
Mandavi, Kutch, Jan. 25 (E.
A. Butler).
Karachi, Oct. 23 (Col. Le
Messurier).
Andamans, Aug. (B. J.
Wimberley).
South Andamans, March 12
(B. J. Wimberley).
Macpherson's Straits, An-
daman?, March (B. G.
W. B.).
Jolly Boys Island, Anda-
mans, March 9 ( W. Davi-
son).
Aberdeen, S. Andamans,
June 5 ( W. Davison).
Port Blair, August.
W. D. Cummini, r ,
Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
2. ORTYXELUS.
Type.
Ortyxelus, Vieillot, Gal. Ois. ii. p. 91 (1834) O. meiff'reni.
Torticella (ubi?), teste Gloger.
Psilocnemis, Gloger, Hanalb. Nature/, p. 403 (1842). ... 0. meiffreni.
Helortyx, Agassiz, Index Univ. p. 176 (1846) O. meiffrehi,
Oxytelus', Beichenb. Av. Sgst. Nat. p. xxviii (1852) .... O. meiffreni.
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
1. Ortyxelus meiffreni.
Turnix meiflreni, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxxv. p. 49 (1818);
Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1869, p. 413 (Kordofan).
Hemipodius nivosus, Swains. Phil. Mag. lx. p. 353 (1822) ; id. Zool.
Blustr. iii. pi. 103 (1823) ; id. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 225 (1837).
Hemipodius meiffreni, Tenun. PI. Col. v. pi. 60. fig. 1 (1823).
Ortyxelus meiffreni, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 92, pi. 300 (1834) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 511 (1847); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kor-
dofan) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 204 (1857 : Senegal) ; id. J.f. O.
1861, p. 267 (Grand Bassam) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 271,
no. 9752 (1870) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 912 (1873:
Central and Southern Kordofan) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 543
(Turquel).
Ortvgis meiflreni, Jurd. Nat. Hist. Game-birds, p. 189, pi. xxvii.
(1834).
Psilocnemis meiffreni, Gloger, Handb. Nat. p. 403 (1842).
Torticella meiffreni, Gloger, Handb. Nat. p. 403 (1842).
Helortyx meiffreni, Agassiz, Index Univ. p. 176 (1846).
2. ORTYXELUS. 31
Oxytelus meiffreni, Eeichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall. Taf. 325. figs. 1801-
1803 (1852).
Ortyxelus isabellinus, Heuyl. Si/st, Uebers. p. 52 (1856) ; id. J.f. O.
1862, p. 414.
Adult male. General colour above variegated like a Quail or
Hemipode, vinous red, vcrmiculated with black and streaked with
white or sandy buff, the feathers being edged with the latter colours,
this light edging being accompanied by an internal line of black ;
wing-coverts white, the inner ones like the back, but with larger
markings of white and the other pattern rather more coarsely
indicated ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, the outer primaries
with a sandy-buff spot at the ends, vermiculated with black, and
having a white or sandy-buff band across the basal portion of the
feathers, increasing towards the outermost or first quill, which is
white for two thirds of its length, with a sub-terminal black patch ;
the inner primaries and secondaries black, with a broad white tip,
the innermost being sandy rufous, variegated like the back, but
much more coarsely ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more
uniform vinous red, with a few dusky cross-bars and concealed white
spots, the bars more distinct on the upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers
sandy buff, the centro ones distinctly barred across with dusky
brown, the remainder vcrmiculated but not barred, the outermost
feather for the most part white, with a wash of sandy buff on the
inner web and a dusky line in the centre ; head a little browner
than the back, less distinctly varied with sandy markings, the centre
of the crown streaked with creamy buff, forming a broad longi-
tudinal streak ; a broad eyebrow and the sides of the face creamy
white, with a brown streak behind the ear-coverts; throat and
under surface of body white, washed with creamy buff on the
throat and chest ; the fore neck and sides of upper breast sandv
rufous, vermiculated with dusky blackish and spotted with white
like the upper surface of the body ; under wing-coverts white ; the
lower primary-coverts blackish, forming a patch ; inner lining of
quills isabelline buff, followed by a broad black patch on the
primaries, which are tipped with white: "bill horn-yellow; feet
and claws pale horn-yellow, the claws of the middle toes marked
with blackish " {von Heugiin) : " feet white ; iris light brown "
(F. J. Jackson). Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3,
tail l - 25, tarsus - 65. (Mas. F. J. Jackson.)
Hah. West Africa, from the River Gambia to Grand Bassam, re-
occurring in North-eastern Africa in Kordofan as far south as
Turquel.
rt, b. Ad. sk. Senegambia, Purchased.
<•. Ad. sk. Senegambia. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
32 CUKSORIIDJE.
3. PLUVIANUS. ^
Pluvianus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 55 (1816) P. segyptius.
Cursorius, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 978 P. segyptius.
Hyas, Gloger in Froriep's Notizen, xvi. p. 279 (1827) . . P. aegyptius.
Ammoptila, Swainson, Classif. B. ii. p. 364 (1837) P. segyptius.
Cheilodromas, Eiipp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 208 (1837) . . P. segyptius.
Range. The greater part of West Africa, from the Coanza River
to Senegambia and across to N.E. Africa and Egypt, occurring as a
straggler in the countries of the Mediterranean.
1. Pluvianus aegyptius.
Charadrius segyptius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766).
Pluvian du Senegal, D'Aubenton, PL Enl. ix. pi. 918.
Le Pluvian, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 104 (1781).
Black-headed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 217 (1785).
Charadrius melanocephalus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788).
Green-headed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. 320 (1801).
Charadrius at'ricanus, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. lxvii (1801).
Pluvianus melanocephalus, Vieill. N. Diet, d Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 129
(1818) ; id. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. 233 (1825).
Pluvianus chlorocephalus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 130
(1818).
Cursor charadrioides, Way I. Syst. Av. Cursorius, sp. 6, p. 81 (1827).
Ammoptila charadrioides, Swains. Classif. 2?. ii. p. 364 (1837).
Cheilodromas melanocephalus, Rilpp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 208 (1837 :
Egypt and Nubia).
Pluvianus aegyptius, Strickl. Ann. §■ May. N. H. vii. p. 37 (1841),
xiii. p. 39 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 536 (1844) ; Eiipp. Syst.
Uebers. p. 117 (1845) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 ; Reichenb. Av.
Syst. Nat., Gall. p. xxx, Taf. 374. figs. 2120-2123 (1852) ; Bp. C. R.
xliii. p. 419 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 209 (1857) ; Taylor,
Ibis, 1859, p. 52 (Egypt); Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 268 (Bissao;
Gaboon ; Casainanse) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1862, p. 279 (Jordan Valley) ;
Mont. t. c. p. 336 (River Coanza) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 29 (Egypt) ;
Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 99 (1864) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 62
(1865); Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 121 (1867: Spain); Loche,
Expl. Sci. Alqer., Ois. ii. p. 276 (1867) ; Taylor, Lbis, 1867, p. 68
(Egypt) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 322 (Palestine) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 18, no. 10035 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 234 (1872) ;
Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 521, pi. 527 (1878); Hartl. Abh. not.
Verein. Brem. vii. p. 120 (1881 : Lado) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 600 (1882: Khartoum); Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 560 (Shonga);
Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 13] (1884) : Koenig, J.f. O. 1888,
p. 265, 1893, p. 79 (Algeria).
Pluvianus aegyptiacus, Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, Extraheft, p. 102 ;
Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 54 (1856).
Hyas aegyptia, Cab. J.f O. 1854, p. 70.
Hyas aegyptiaca, Brehm, J. f O. 1856, p. 329.
Cursorius aegyptius, Schl. Mus. Pay-Bas, Cursores, p. 14 (1865 :
Nile).
Pluvianus segypticus, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 976 (1873 :
Egypt, south from the Delta to Nubia, rarer on the Blue and
White Niles, and Djur River, 8° 25' 30").
Hyas aegyptius, Heine $■ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339
(1890 : Kordofan, Senaar).
:3. pi.uvianus. 33
Adult male. General colour above slaty brown ; crown of bead,
hind neck, and mantle glossy greenish black, the feathers of the
mantle elongated and lanceolate, so as to ovorhang the lower back,
concealing a white patch on the upper back ; the mantle bordered
on its upper part by a broad band of white on each side : wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series white with ashy bases ;
bastard-wing black, the feathers edged externally with slaty grey ;
primary-coverts black, edged with slaty grey, the inner ones white,
with black tips ; quills black, the outer primaries ashy at the base,
the remainder of the quills white at the base, the primaries tipped
with black, preceded by a broad white band, occupying nearly the
terminal third of the feather ; the secondaries crossed by a broad
black band before the white tips, this black band narrowing and
almost disappearing on the inner secondary quills ; the innermost
secondaries slaty blue like the back, with white ends, except on the
longer ones, which are entirely slaty blue ; tail-feathers slaty blue,
with broad white tips, preceded by a band of black on all but the
centre feathers ; crown of head greenish black, as also the lores,
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts, extending in a black band
down the sides of the neck and joining the black mantle ; from the
base of the bill a broad streak of white, passing over the eye and
joining on the sides of the nape, and forming a crest ; cheeks and
chin white, fading off into pale tawny buff on the lower throat and
fore neck ; across the chest a band of black, which continues upward
and joins the sides of the neck ; centre of the breast and abdomen
white, extending on the chest and joining the white band which
skirts each side of the scapulars ; sides of the body, tlanks, and
under tail-coverts tawny buff, deeper on the latter ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the quills also for the most part white
below, with the black band distinctly indicated across the feathers :
11 bill black; feet bright leaden grey; iris umber-brown" (von
Heugliri). Total length 8-3 inches, culmen OS, wing 5 - 4, tail 2 - 3,
tarsus 1*3.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but the long mantle-feathers
not so strongly developed. Total length 8"3 inches, wing 5 - 3,
tarsus 1*25.
Hub. The same as that of the genus.
a, b. Ad. sk. Egvpt. L. Cunningham, Esq.
[P.].
c, d. Ad. sk. Egypt. Victor Ames, Esq. [P.].
e. Ad. sk. Cairo, April 4. Gould Coll.
/. Ad. sk. 5th Cataract of the Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
g. Ad. sk. Senegal (D'Einville). Kiocour Coll.
h. J ad. sk. Shonira, It. Niger ( TV. Forbes Coll.
A. F.).
i. Ad. sk. River Coanza. Monteiro Coll.
34 CTJRSORIID.E.
4. CURSORIUS. T
Type.
Cursorius, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 751 (1790) C. gallicus.
Tachydromus, lllig. Prodi: p. 250 (1811) C. gallicus.
Cursor, Wagler, Syst. Av. p. 80 (1827) C. gallicus.
Fig. 5. — Foot of Cursorius gallicus.
Fig. 6. — Middle claw of right foot of C. gallicus (seen from inner side) to
show the pectination (enlarged).
Range. The whole of Africa, the Mediterraneo-Persic Sub-region,
and the whole of India and Northern Ceylon.
Key to the Species.
a. No black patch on the belly. Hinder part of
crown pale bluish or pearly grey.
a' Axillaries and under wing-coverts black
like the quill-lining gallicus, p. 34.
b' . Axillaries ashy ; under wing-coverts also
light brown, the least series isabelline like
the breast somalensis, p. 37.
b. A black patch on the belly.
c '. Hinder head grey ; secondaries with a grey
base rufus, p. 38.
d'. Hinder head rufous or chestnut, like the
rest of the crown.
a". A white band across the upper tail-
coverts ; secondaries ashy, tipped with
white, subterminally marked with black, coromandelicus, p. 39.
b" . No white band across the upper tail-
coverts ; secondaries ashy brown, ex-
ternally black, with a small white tip. . temmincki, p. 41.
1. Cursorius gallicus.
Le Courvite, D'Aubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 795.
Le Coure-vite, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 128 (1781).
Cream-coloured Courser, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 217 (1785) ;
Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 376 (1843).
Charadrius gallicus, Gm, Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788) ; Webb $ Berth.
Orn. Conor, p. 31 (1841) ; Bolle, J.f. O. 1855, p. 175 ; id. J.f. O.
1857, p. 335.
Cursorius europseus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 751 (1790) ; Bp. Comp.
List B. Eur. $ N. Am. p. 45 (1838) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxx
(1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. (2nd ed.) ii. p. 431 (1845) ; Macgill. Brit.
4. cursokius. 35
B. iv. p. 42 (1852); Yarr. Brit. />'. (:3rd ed.) ii. p. 460 (1856);
Heuyl. Syst. Uebera. p. 54 (1856) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 28 (Eygpt) ;
Wright, i. c. p. 140 (Malta) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 105
(1869); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 250 '(1871 : near Lanark);
Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 220 ; Saunders, ed. Tan: Brit. B. iii. p. 238
(188:!): LUford, Ibis, 1884, p. 124 (Spain); liadde, Orn. Cauc.
pp. 44, 42.'! ( 1884 : Black & Caspian Seas).
Charadrius corrira, Bonn. Erie. Meth, i. p. 23 (1791 ).
Cursorius isabellinus, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 328 (1810) ; Temm.
Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 513 (1820); Werner, At la", Coureurs, pi. 5
(1827) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 303 (1828) ; Brehm, Tog. Deutschl.
p. 536 (1831 I ; Mi-net r. Vat. I!, lis. Cauc. p. 52 (1832); Gould, B.
Bur. iv. pi. 266 (1887); Cresp. Orn, 6-W, p. 340 (1840); Bogd.
B. Cauc. p. 154 (1879); Koenia, J. f. O. 1888, p. 200 (Tunis);
Alessi, J.f. O. 1892, pp. 316, 317 (Tunis) ; Albarda, t. c. p. 424
(Netherlands).
Tachydromus gallicua, Hliger, Prodr. p. 250 (1811); Bou.r, Orn.
Prov. pi. 269 (1825) ; Lickt. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol.?. 94 (1854) ;
Brehm, Vogelf. p. 279 (1855); Heine Sf Iteichen. Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. Orn. p. 339 (1890).
Tachydromus europsBUS, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist, Nat. viii. p. 29-'!
(1817).
Cursor isabellinus, Wagl. Syst, Av. Cursor, p. 80, sp. 1 (1827) ; Nordtn.
in Demid, Voy. Bus's. Mind, iii. p. 230 (1840).
Cursor europreus, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vii. p. 77, pi. 171 (1834).
Cursorius gallicus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mas. p. 60 (1844); id.
Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844) ; Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall. p. xxx,
pi. 374. tigs. 2124-20 (1852) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapmnm. Rich. Orn.
p. 442 (1859) ; Hetoits. Ibis, 1859, p. 79, pl.ii. tig. 3 (egg) ; Salvin,
t. e. p. 354 (Eastern Atlas): Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 79 (Sahara) ;
Grai/, List Brit. B. p. 136 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores,
p. 12 (1865: Tripoli); Heuyl, J. f. O. 1865, p. 99 (resident in
Egypt, Nubia, and Kordofan) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 44
(1866) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 67 (Egypt) ; Bli/t/i, t. c. p. L63
(Delhi) ; Drake, i.e. p. 429 (Morocco) ; Deql. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 118 (1867) ; Loehe, Expl, Sri. Alyer.,'Ois. ii. p. 274 (18671 ;
Hume, Ibis, 1868, p. 239 (Punjab) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 322 (Palestine);
Fritsch, Vog. Ear. p. 330, Taf. 32. figs. 7, 8 (1870) ; Gray, lluwl-l.
B. iii. p. 19, no. 10036 (1871) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit'. B. p. 131
(1872) ; Shelley, li. Egypt, p. 229 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
ii. pt. 1 , p. 905 ( 1 873 : Arabia Petrca ; Coast of lied Sea) ; Hume,
Str. F. i. p. 228 (1873: Sind) ; Adam, t. c. p. 393 (Sambhur,
winter); Dresser, B. Ear. vii. p. 425. pi. 514 (1875); Irby, Orn.
Straits Gibr. p. 155 (1875); Gurney, Ibis, 1875, p. 142 (Ti'brem) ;
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 281 (1876); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1876,
p. 280 (Kathiawar); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 11 (1876: Guzerat) ;
id. op. cit. v. p. 232 (Is77: Deesa); Hume. Str. F. viii. p. 112
(1879); Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 346 (Malaga); Butler, Cat. Ii. Sind
etc. p. 57 (i879); Gigl. Ibis, L881, p. 208 (Italy); Sel. P. Z. S.
1881, p. 173 (Sucotra): Salvia, Cat. Strickl. Co]'/, p. 593(1882:
Susa, Tunis); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. L56 (1883J ; Seebohm,
Ibis. 1888, p. 29 (Caucasus^ ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 368 (1886);
Seebohm, Ibis, L886, p. ll«i ; Salvad. Elmo Fee. Ital. p. 205
(1887); Ileid, Ibis, 1888, p. 77 (Teneriffe) ; Seebohm, Geogr.
Distrib. Charadr. p. 235 (1888); Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 44
(1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll. p.22(1889: Yorkshire); Sharpe, Tr.
Linn. Sue.. Zool v. pt.8, p. 88 (1889 : Gulran) ; Meade- Waldo, Ens.
d2
36 CURS0RIID.E.
1889, pp. 11, 505 (Fuerteventura) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 25 (Gran
Canaria) ; St. John, t. c. p. 175 (Pishin Valley) ; Seebohm, Ibis,
1892, p. 21 (Heligoland) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 203 (Canary
Is.); Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. iii. p. 5 (1893: Suakin); Lilford,
Col. Fig. Br. B. part xxviii. (1894).
Cursorius pallidus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 279 (1855).
Cursorius brachydactylus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 279 (1855).
Cursorius jaraesoni, " Jerd.," Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 250
(1872 : Kutch) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 219 (1873).
Cursorius isabellinus, var. bogolubovi, Zarudn. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mosc. (7) lxi. p. 327 (1885 : Murgab River).
Adult male. General colour above isabelline-buff ; wing-coverts
like the back, the greater coverts and inner secondaries a little more
sandy rufous ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black ;
the secondaries black, sandy-coloured externally, fringed with white
at the ends ; tail-feathers sandy rufous, tipped with white, before
which is a black sub-terminal band ; fore part of crown sandy rufous ;
the hinder crown and nape bluish grey, concealing a black nape-
patch ; loral feathers isabelline-white ; from above the eye a broad
white band joining on the nape, followed by a black band from
behind the eye above the ear-coverts to the nape ; feathers below
the eye whitish ; ear-coverts sandy rufous ; fore part of cheeks and
upper throat white ; lower throat and under surface of body sandy
isabelline, becoming whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining black ; the lesser
wing-coverts round the edge of the wing sandy rufous : " bill dusky
black, angle of mouth and base of mandible white ; feet livid yellow ;
iris umber-brown " (yon Heuglbi). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1,
wing 6-35, tail 2-35, tarsus 2-25.
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length
9 inches, culmen G'95, wing 6 - 2, tail 2-3, tarsus 2-1.
Young. Reproduces the colours of the adult, but has wavy bands
all over the upper surface.
Specimens from Western localities are rather more sandy in colour,
and have often less black on the sub-terminal band of the tail.
Hah. Desert countries of the Mediterranean, and the Canary and
Cape Verd Islands ; eastwards to Arabia, Socotra, Persia, Afghan-
istan, and N.W. India.
a. Ad. sk. Sicily. Seebohm Coll.
b. Ad. sk. Cape Verd Islands. M. A. Bouvier [C.].
c. d. Ad. ; e, f. Fuerteventura. E. G. Meade- Waldo,
Pull. st. Esq. [P.].
g. Ad.sk. Algerian Sahara (J.H. Gurney). Hume Coll.
h. Juv. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser [C.].
i. Imm. sk. Tripoli. Purchased.
h, I. Ad. sk. Egypt. Hon. C.Berkeley [P.].
m. Ad. sk. Egypt, Feb. 4 (G. E. S.). Seebohm Coll.
n. <3 ad. sk. Upper Egypt, Dec. (Stafford Seebohm Coll.
Allen),
o, p, q. Ad. sk. Near Cairo, Feb. Dr. Worthington
[P.].
r. Ad. sk. Suakin, Red Sea. Capt. R. H. Penton
Dp.].
4. CCKSORIUS.
37
*. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
». c? ad. sk.
w. $ ad. sk.
X. 2 ad. sk.
?/. cf ad. sk.
s. d ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
b' . $ ad. sk.
c'. S ad. sk.
<T. Imni. sk.
e . 3 ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
//, h', i'. Ad. sk.
k', I', m'. 2 ad. sk.
n'-r'. Ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
t'. $ ad. sk.
«', v', vi. 2 ad.
sk.
x ,y' .<$ 2 ad. s ^-
s', a '. 3 ad. sk.
b". 2 ad. sk.
c", d". <$ ad. ;
e"-k" . 2 ad.sk.
l"-p" . Ad. sk.
q"-t" . (fad.; «",
y", to". 2 ad-
sk.
.r". 2 ad. sk.
y". Skeleton.
Khartoum.
Socotra, Feb. 27.
Near Gundwa, S. Persia, Nov.
Karez, Khorasan, June 8.
Gulran, N. Afghanistan.
Chaman, S. Afghanistan, Aug. 4
(Sir O. St. John).
Gwadar, Baluchistan, Nov.
Pishin, Aug. 20 (Sir O. St.
John).
Kathiawar, Feb. 22.
Karachi, Sind (Dr. H. Gould).
Near Tatta, Sind, Dec. 3 ( W. T.
Blanford).
Dil Murad, N. Sind, Dec. 23
(A. O. H.).
N. of Jacobabad, Nov. 20 (Sir
O. St. John).
Punjab, Feb.
Sirza district, cold season 1870-
71.
Sirza district, Nov. (A. O. H.).
Sirza district, Dec.
Hissar, Punjab, Dec. 15 (A. 0.
H.).
Gurgaon district, Feb. 10.
Sultanpur, (-iurgaon, Jan., Feb.
(TV. N. Chill).
Ajmir, Dec. (A. O. H.).
Jodhpur, Feb. (A. O. H.).
Maidan, near Erinpura, Dec. 29
(G. King).
Sambhur Lake, Dec. 15 (A. 0.
II).
Sambhur, Dec. (A. O. H.).
Sambhur, Dec. to Feb. (R. M.
Adam).
Mukrana, Dec. 14 (.4. 0. H.).
2. Cursorius sornalensis.
Consul Petherick
[P.].
Prof. I. B. Balfour
[C.]
Hume Coll.
Dr. Aitchison [P.].
Dr. Aitchison [P.].
iluuie Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.].
Hume Coll.
Col. Hayes Lloyd.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Purchased.
Cursorius gallicus somalensis, She/let/, Ibis, 1885, p. 41o.
Cursorius somalensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 116; id. Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 237, pi. xi. (1888).
Adult. Similar to C. gallicus, but distinguished by the ashy-grey
axillaries, the lighter under wing-coverts, and the much larger patch
of black on the inner web of the outer tail-feathers. Total length
7 - 5 inches, culmen 1, wing 5-25, tail 1-3, tarsus 2-2.
Hub. Somali-land.
a. Ad. sk.
Somali-land (E. Lort Pfiillijis).
Seebohm Coll.
(Type of .species.)
CUBSOEIIDJE.
'J. Cursorius rufus.
Cursorius rufus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 81 ; id. Icones Av. pi. 10
(1837); Schley. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 13 (1865); Ayres,
Ibis, 1869, p. 299 (Transvaal, breeding); id. Ibis, 1871, p. 269
(Transvaal) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 347 (Potchefstroorn) ; id. Ibis,
1880, p. Ill (Rustenberg) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard" s B. S. Afr. p. 653
(1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 347 (Transvaal, June to Sept.;
breeding) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 117; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 238 (1888) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1888, p. 334 (Kroonstadt).
Tacbydroinus capensi-s, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 201 (1837).
Tachvdromus burclielli, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 364 (1837) ; id. An.
inMenag.-p. 340 (1837).
Cursorius burebelli, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844) ; Layard, B.
S. Afr. p. 289 (1867 : Karoo ; Nel's Toort ; Beaufort ; Colesberg) ;
Gray,Hand-l.B. iii. p. 19, no. 10037 (1871) ; Holub $ Pelz. Beitr.
Orn. Sildafr. p. 246 (1882 : High plateau of S. Africa to Orange
River and Vaal River) ; Butler, Feilden, §• Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 340
(Natal).
Tacbydroinus rufus, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn.
p. 339 (1890: S. Africa).
Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, the wings like
the back, with a slight shade of ashy over the wing-coverts, the
greater series decidedly more ashy ; bastard-wing, primaiy-coverts,
and primaries black ; the secondaries ashy with broad white ends,
forming a broad terminal band ; the white increasing on the inner
web of the inner secondaries, which are somewhat rufescent ex-
ternally ; the innermost secondaries rufous-brown like the scapulars ;
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers ashy grey, the latter
tipped with a black band, which becomes sub-terminal on the outer
feathers, which have white ends ; the outermost feather almost
entirely white, with a gre} T base and a sub-terminal spot near the end
of the. inner web ; forehead cinnamon-rufous, as well as the fore part
of the crown ; centre and hinder crown bluish grey, with a black patch
on the nape, surrounded by a broad band of white, which extends to
the hinder part of the eye ; lores and feathers below the eye whitish
Avith a rufescent tinge ; cheeks and ear-coverts cinnamon-rufous,
separated from the white eyebrow by a line of black ; throat white ;
remainder of under surface of body rufous-drab, paler on the chest ;
a black patch on the lower breast; abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts white ; axillaries ashy brown, white at the ends ; under
wing-coverts black, the inner ones rufous-brown ; the long inner
greater coverts white for their terminal half : " bill dusky, the
lower mandible pale at the base ; tarsi and feet white ; iris verv
dark hazel " (T. Ayres). Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 1, wing
5-25, tail 1-8, tarsus 1-85.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
9 inches, culmen 1, wing 5-4, tail 2-15, tarsus 1"9.
Hab. South Africa, below the Orange River on the west, but
ranging as high as Matabele-land on the east.
a, b. Ad. etjuv. Cape Colony {Layard ; Anders- Seebohm Coll.
sk. son).
c.
2 ad. sk.
d,
e. Ad. sk.
/,
y,h. 2 ad.
sk.
i.
S ad. sk.
k,
/. Ad. sk.
m
. Ad. sk.
n.
cJ ad. : o,
2 ad. sk.
P-
r.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
s.
d ad. sk.
t.
Ad. sk.
4. CUR80RIU8. 39
Hope Town, May ( T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.
Kingwilliamstown, S.E. Africa. MajorTrevelyanTP.].
Kingwilliamstown, May (C. MajorTrevelyan[P.].
Newhj).
Ktnuman. Seebohm Coll.
Natal. Tweeddale Coll.
Natal (T. Ayres). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Orange Free State, June 12 Shelley Coll.
( T. E. Buckley).
Transvaal, Sharpe Coll.
Potchef stroom, Nov. 18 ( T. Gurney Coll.
Ayres).
Rustenberg, July 14 (T. Ayres). Gurney Coll.
Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad- Seebohm Coll.
s/iaw).
4. Cursorius coromandelicus.
Courvite de la Cote de Coromandel, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 892.
Coroinandel Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 217 (1785).
Chaiadrius coromandelicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788).
Cursorius asiaticus, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 751 (1790) ; Less. Man.
d'Orn. ii. p. 302 (1828).
Tachydromus corornaudelicus, Illiyer, Prodr. p. 250 (1811) ; Heine
8/ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339 (1890).
Cursor frenatus, Wayl. Syst. Av. p. 80, sp. 2 (1827).
Tachydromus asiaticus, flei/l. Gal. Oh. ii. p. 90, pi. 232 (1830).
Tachydromus orientalis, Swains. An. in Menay. p. 339 (1837).
Cursorius tarayensis, Hodys. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pis. 44,
44 a (no. 574) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Cursorius coromandelicus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844) ; id. List
Grallm in Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1844: Nepal); id. Cat. Mamm. etc.
Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 131 (1846) ; Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall.
Tat". 374. fig. 2128 (1852) ; Lrby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh) ;
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 13 (1865) ; Gould, B. Asia,
vii. pi. 65 (1866) ; B/yth, Ibis, 1867, p. 163 ; Hume, Lbis, 1868,
p. 239 (Sirsa, Ferozepur) ; Beavan, t. c. p. 388 (Umbala) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10039 (1871) ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beny.
xli. p. 250 (1*71 : Kutch) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 41o
(Kathiawar) ; Hume, Nests $ Eqys Ind. B. p. 564 (1873) ; Adam,
Sir. F. i. p. 393 (1873 : Sambhur) ; Hume, t. c. p. 421 (Sindh) ;
Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 429 (1874 : Chota Nagpur) ; Parker, Str. F. iii.
p. 26 (1875: Muddapur): Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 10 (1876;
Guzerat: migrant); Fairb. t. c. p. 262 (Kliandala) ; Butler, Str.
F. v. p. 232 (1*77: l>e.>a. Sept. to April); Blanf. t. c. p. 247
(Sind) ; Butler, t. c. p. 327 (Karachi): Ball, t. c. p. 41'.) (Sum-
balpur, Raipur. < Wesa) ; Hume Str. F. vii. p. 67 (1878 : Jodhpur) ;
Davidson if Wenden, t. e. p. 87 (Deccan) : Ball, t. e. p. 226
(Ganges to Godaverv) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879) ; Doiy,
t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra: breeding in Julv) : Let/ye, B. Ceylon, iii.
p. 977 (1880); Butler, Cat. />'. Mud etc. p. 56 (1879) : id. Cat. B.
5. Bomb. Pres. p. 71 (1880); Tidal, Str. Fix. p. 77 (1>80: 8.
Konkan): Reid, Str. F. x. p. 61 (1881: Lueknow) ; Davison,
f. c. p. 412 (1883: S.W. Mysore); Swmh. A- Barnes, Ibis. 1885,
]». 132 (Mhow); McGregor, Str. F. \. p. 441 (1887: E. of
Belgaum) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadr. y. 241 (1888).
40. CURSORIIDiE.
Adult male. General colour above cindery grej r with a faint sandy
wash ; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills purplish black ; secondaries not
so black, broadly tipped with wbite, and more greyish brown on
the inner web ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail-feathers ashy-grey,
tipped with white, before which is a sub-terminal black band,
indistinct on the central feathers and only visible to a slight degree
on the outer feather, where there is black on the inner web only, the
outer one being pure white ; crown of head bright chestnut, con-
cealing a large occipital patch of black ; a loral band of black
reaching to the fore part of the eye ; a superciliary band of silvery-
white, encircling the nape and followed by a band of black, which
extends from behind the eye round the nape ; feathers below the
eye white ; cheeks and throat whitish washed with rufous, deepen-
ing into cinnamon on the lower throat and chest, and becoming
deep chestnut on the breast, the chestnut patch followed by a large
abdominal patch of black ; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-
coverts white ; sides of body and flanks, as well as the inner under
wing-coverts and axillaries, ashy brown ; under wing-coverts and
under surface of primaries black : " bill blackish, the gape and base
of lower mandible yellowish ; feet yellowish white or whitish, the
joints dark; claws black: iris dark brown" (W. V. Legge). Total
length 8-8 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 5 - 8, tail 2-1, tarsus 2-1.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 9 P 8
inches, culmen 09, wing 6-1, tail 2-1, tarsus 2-1.
Young. Differs from the adults in being mottled all over with
brown and yellowish buff as well as being centred with fulvous ; the
secondaries and end of the tail varied in the same manner ; head
like the back ; the white eyebrow indistinct and washed with sandy
buff; the facial markings visible but indistinct; the throat sandy
white ; the fore neck and breast pale cinnamon, freckled with sub-
terminal spots and bars of brown ; lower surface of wing as in the
adults, but the axillaries lighter and more ashy brown.
Hub. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon.
Butler
a. S ad. sk.
Ghiznee, Sind [Dr. H. Goidd).
Gould Coll.
b. Ad. sk.
Bare plains near Johee, Sind,
Dec. 25 {A. 0. H.).
Hume Coll.
c. Ad. sk.
Mooltan {Major Txceedie).
Gould Coll.
d. Ad. sk.
Deesa.
Colonel E. A.
[C.].
e. d ad. sk.
Deesa, Nov. 21 (E. A. Butler).
Hume Coll.
/. S ad. ; g, h.
Sambhur Lake, Dec. [A. 0. H.).
Hume Coll.
2 ad. sk.
i /,-, I. J ad.
Sambhur Lake, April, May, Aug.
Hume Coll.
sk.
(R. M. Adam).
m. d ad. sk.
.Todbpur, Feb. 6 {A. 0. B.).
Hume Coll.
n, o, p. 6 2
Gurgaon district, Jan., Feb. {A.
Hume Coll.
ad. sk.
0. II.).
g, r, s. J ad. ;
Gurgaon, Jan., June, Aug.. Oct.
Hume Coll.
t, v. $ ad.
sk.
( W. N. Chill).
4. CURSORIUS.
41
v. Ad. sk.
w, x, y. Ad. ;
z. Pull. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
V. Ad.sk.
c',<2'. c? ? ad.
sk.
e',/\ d2 ad.
sk.
#'. Ad. sk.
h'-n'. Ad. sk.
o". Ad. sk.
p' , (/. Ad. sk.
/•'. Ad. sk.
s'. c? ad. sk.
t',u',v'. Jad.;
W . $ ad. sk.
y-//'. Ad.ak.
c". Ad. sk.
d". Ad. sk.
t" . Ad. sk.
f". rf ad. sk.
V". $ ad. sk.
A". Ad.sk.
»'", fc". d 2
ad. sk.
/'', m". $ ad. ;
n",o",p". 2
ad. sk.
</". (J ad. sk.
r", s". Ad. sk.
£", k". d 2 ad.
sk.
r", w". Ad. sk.
a;". Ad. sk.
Sirza district, cold season lb70-71. Hume Coll.
Sirza, Nov., Dec, March. Hume Coll.
Hissar, Oct. 8.
Ferozepur ( W. Griffith).
Umbala, Nov. (R. C. Beavan).
Muttra, Jan. 19 {A. O. II).
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Biddulph.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
(Type of C. tarayensis.)
Mainpuri, Marcli 7 (A. Anderson), Hume Coll.
Muddapur, Jan. ( W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll.
Kumaun Terai, Marcli.
Ktawah, Dec, March (A. O. H.)
Oude.
Behar.
Nepal Terai.
Grwalior {S. Pimoill).
Saugor (Ilooper).
Saugor.
Mundla district, April (R. Thomp-
son).
M how, Nov. 28.
Khandeiah, July 28 (J. Davidson).
Deccan (Co/. Sykes).
N. of Ahmednuggur, Jan. (S. B.
Fail-bank).
Ahmednuggur, Dec. (S. B. Fair-
bank).
Belgaum, Jan. 25 (E. A. Butler).
Madias (R. G. W. R.).
Madras.
Mysore (R. G. W. R.).
Jaffna, N. Ceylon (A. IV/iyte).
5. Cursorius teinmincki.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Cursorius teminincki, Swains. Zool. Ilhtstr. ii. pi. 106 (1822); Less.
Man. WOrn. ii. p. 303 (1828).
Tachydromus senegalensis, Licht. Vent. Doubl. p. 72 (1823) ; Heine
$ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339 (1890 : Gaboon).
Cursor temmincki, Wagl. Syst. Av. Cursor, p. 80, sp. 3 (1827).
Cursorius senegalensis. Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. pi. 24 (1837) ; Gray,
List Grallf in Brit. Mas. p. 60 (1844 : Gambia) ; id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 537 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 117 (1845) ; Reichenb. Av.
Syst. Nat., Gall. Taf. 375. ligs. 2129-30 (1852); Heugl. Sust. Uebers.
p. 54 (18o6: E. Senaar); Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 209 (1857:
Senegarubia ; Ashantee ; Sierra Leoue) ; Mo/it. Ibis, 1865, p. 335
(Cambambe) ; Ibayl J. f. O. 1866, p. 99 (E. Kordofan ;
Senaar ; C. Abyssinia to 6000 feet) ; Schl. Mas. Pays-Bos,
Cursores, p. 13 (1805 : Gold Coast ; Senegal); Hartl. P. Z. S.
L866, p. 61 ; Laj/ard, li. S. Afr. p. 290 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869,
f. 375 (Daggaboer'e Nek, Eastern Cape Colony) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
869, p. '.70; dray. Hnad-1. B iii. p. 19, 'no. 10038 (1871) J
42
CURSORIID.E.
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 433 (Transvaal) ; Gurney in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 261 (1892: Ondonga); Heugl. Om. N.O.-Afr. ii.
pt. 1, p. 968 (1873 : Tana Lake, April, May ; E. Kordofan, Oct.) ;
Bocage, Om. Angola, p. 419 (1881 ; Novo Redondo ; Quillengues ;
Caconda ; Garnbos ; Humbe ; Capangombe ; Bongo ) ; Shelley,
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 598 (Melinda) ; Rolub fy Pelz. Beitr. Om.
Siidafr. p. 246 (1882 : Orange Free State ; S. Transvaal ; Betchu-
analand to Zambesi) ; Butler, Feilden, fy Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 341 ;
Salvad. Ann. Mas. Genov. (2) i. p. 216 (1884: Shoa); Sharpe,
ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 654 (1881 : general throughout Cape
Colony) ; Bbhm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 51 (Gonda) ; Fischer, t. c.
p. 115 (Lindi) ; MaUchie, J.f. O. 1887, p. 138; Seebohm, Geogr.
Distr. Char ad. p. 239 (1888) ; Biittik. Notes LeydenMus. x. p. 243
(1888 : Katinga) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Lamu) ; Emin, J.f. O.
1891, p. 58 (Usagara : not on coast) ; Reichen. t. c. p. 141 (Ugogo ;
Mpapwa ; Tabora in Uniamembe).
Cursorius capensis (nee Swains.), Gray, List Grallce in Brit. Mus.
p. 61 (1844 : S. Africa).
Cursorius burehelli (nee Swains.), Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 217 (Natal),
1869, p. 299.
Adult. Similar to C. coromandelieus, and having the same
chestnut head and black and white facial markings ; no white
bar across the upper tail-coverts ; a large black patch on the upper
abdomen : " bill dusky, under mandible pale ; shanks, tarsi, and
feet white ; iris dusky " (T. Ayres). Total length 6 # 6 inches, culmen
0-9, wing 4-8, tail 1-7, tarsus 1-5.
Hah. The greater part of Tropical Africa in suitable localities.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. f. Ad. et
imm. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. (j 1 ad. sk.
i. Imm. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. st.
m, n. cJ $ ad.
sk.
o, p. rj ad. sk.
q. 5 ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
River Gambia.
Bathurst (Quin).
Bissao.
Accra, April (Smith).
Cambambe, Angola.
Loanda, May (J. J. Monteiro).
Ondonga, Ovampo4and, Nov. 22,
(C. J. Andersson).
South Africa.
South Africa.
South Africa.
Kingwilliamstown, May 7 (C.
Newby).
Colenso, Natal, Nov. 21.
Governor Rendall
[0.1
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Monteiro Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Macamac, Transvaal,
(T. Ayres).
Transvaal (T. Ayres).
Lamu, E. Africa, Jan. 10
Melinda (Sir J. Kirk).
Gould Coll.
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Major Trevelyan
[C.].
Capt. Savile Reid
[0.].
July 24 Gurney Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
F. J. Jackson,
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Esq.
."). iniiNoiTiu s. 43
5. RHINOPTILUS. T
Type.
Rhinoptilus, Strivhl. V. Z. S. l.-w(), p. 220 P. chalcopterus.
Macrotarsiua {nee Lacvp.), Hh/tk, J. A. S. Beng. xvii.
pt. I, p. 254 (1848) li. bitorquatus.
Chalcopterus, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. Fog. p. xxx
( 1 852) li. chalcopterus.
Bemerodromus, Hettgl. Ibis, 1863, p. 131 R. ductus.
Range. The whole of Africa ; Central India.
Key to the Species.
Primaries not crossed with a 'white band before
the tips; uo white on outer end of first
primary.
a . With two bands across the fore neck.
a". Inner primaries aud secondaries for the
most part chestnut ; both upper and
lower bands on fore neck black.
a'". Under surface of body sandy bull',
including the under winy-coverts and
axillaries : size larger, tarsus 2— 2'3 ;
wing over 6 inches bicinctus, p. 43.
b'" . Size smaller, wing not exceeding 5 . , . . ._
inches: tarsus not exceeding 2 inches. J 7^°-' P i 6 .
b". Inner primaries and secondaries brown ' ' "*''' P'
like the rest of the quills, narrowly-
edged with huff or white ; upper band
on fore neck black, lower one chestnut.
c". Penultimate tail-feather with broad
bars of black and white on the outer
web cindus, p. 46.
a"". Outer web of penultimate tail-feather
uniform brown seebohmi, p. 47.
//. "With one black band across the fore neck;
quills tipped with metallic purple.
c". Tail-feathers tipped with white; no white
bands across the ends of the major
coverts chalcopterus, p. 48.
d". Tail-feathers not tipped with white; a
distinct white band across the wing,
formed by the white tips to the major
coverts albofasciatus, p. 49.
Primaries with a white band ; first primary
externally white bitorquatus, p. 50.
1 . Rhinoptilus bicinctus.
Cursorius africanu8, Temm. Cut. Syst. Cab. Orn. pp. I7">. 263
(18071.
Tachydromus collaris, J'iei/l. X. Diet. cTSist. Nat, viii. p. 298
(1817).
■44 CUES0E1IDJE.
Cursorius bicinctus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 515 (1820) ; Jard. #
Selby, III. Orn. i. pi. 48 (c. 1839) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. 3Ius.
p. 61 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844) : Sold. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Oursores, p. 11 (1863 : S. Africa) ; Marti. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 61
(Damara-land) : Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 290 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1869,
p. 76 (Nieuw Veldt) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10040 (1871) ;
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 263 (Transvaal); Gurney in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 261 (1872: Gt. Namaqua; Damara-land); Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 975 (1873); Barratt, Ibis, 1876,
p. 212 (Orange Free State) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 347 (Potchef-
stroom, breeding) ; id. Ibis, 1880, p. 266 ; Holub $ Pelz. Beitr.
Orn. Siklafr. p. 247 (1882: Orange River ; Molapo) ; Sharpe,ed.
Layard 's B. S. Afr. p. 654 (1884 : Hope Town ; Grahainstown ;
Free State ; Cape Colony) ; Sytnonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 334 (Kroon-
stadt) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadr. p. 242 (1888).
Cursorius grallator, Leadb. Trans. Linn. Soc. n. s. xvi. p. 92 (1825).
Cursor bicinctus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Cursor, p. 80, sp. 4 (1827).
Tachydronius bicinctus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 231 (1837) ;
Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall. p. xxx, Taf. 375. nos. 2133-34
(1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854).
Rhinoptilus bicinctus, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Siklogolo River;
Hart River) ; Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339
(1890: Cape).
Cursorius bicinctus bisignatus {nee Hartl.), Sevbohm, Ibis, 1886,
p. 118; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 243 (1888).
Adult male. General colour above sandy buff, mottled ; the
feathers of the upper surface brown, edged with sandy buff, before
which is a sub-terminal bar of black ; wing-coverts like the back,
but the sub-terminal black bars rather broader ; bastard-wing black,
the outer feathers edged with sandy rufous ; primary-coverts and
outer primaries black, with a shade of rufous on the inner web ; the
inner primaries and secondaries cinnamon-rufous, with narrow
whitish tips, before which is a broken vermiculation of narrow
blackish bands, which is more distinct on the outer web of the inner
secondaries, which have more brownish shading on the inner webs ;
the innermost secondaries brown, with sandy- coloured margins,
rufescent towards the ends, which are sandy-coloured and separated
from the sub-terminal rufous shade by a zigzag line of black, which
extends along the outer web, forming a sub-terminal line of black ;
feathers of the lower back and rump brown, edged with sandy
rufous, before which is a sub-terminal bar of black ; upper tail-
coverts white ; tail-feathers blackish, rufescent towards the ends,
with brown bars and white notches or bands ; the two outer tail-
feathers white, with a slight rufous shade near the ends, and with
a brown bar, the penultimate feather mottled with brown on the
inner web ; crown of head like the back, and squamated in the
same way, but more minutely ; lores and a broad eyebrow sandy
buff ; sides of face and throat sandy buff, narrowly streaked with
blackish ; across the fore neck a narrow black band, extending on
each side to the sides of the neck, followed by a broad band of sandy
buff on the lower fore neck, which is followed by a second band of
5. RHINOPTILUS. 45
black on the chest ; remainder of undor surface of body sandy buff,
paler and more isabelline on the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries blackish, broadly tipped with sandy buff, the greater
coverts blackish, tipped with white ; axillaries like the breast ; quills
below resembling the upper surface : " bill black ; tarsi and toes
white ; iris dark hazel " ( T. Ayres). Total length 8 inches, culmen
0*6, wing 6"1, tail 2-35, tarsus 2%i.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
8 inches, culmen OG5, wing 6 - 15, tail 2-45, tarsus 1 # 95.
The specimens from Great Namaqua-land in the Seebohm col-
lection are paler and more sandy-coloured than those from the
south-eastern part of Africa. The example from Ondonga mentioned
by Mr. Seebohm (Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 243) is still paler, but
the light colour is evidently due to bleaching in a desert land, for
the new feathers which the bird is acquiring are not much paler
than the ordinary rufous form of the species. Mr. Seebohm has
called this western form Cursorius bieinctus bisignatus, but as the
tarsus measures 2 - 05-2 - 15 inches, it cannot be of this race (vide
infra). A freshly moulted specimen from ]\ T am aqua-land (June)
can scarcely be distinguished from the eastern specimens, and there-
fore I cannot regard the Narnaqua and Damara birds as constituting
more than a pale race, which, moreover, it is not necessary to
name. The wing in the series of R. bieinctus varies from 5-7 to
6 # 15 inches, and it will thus be seen that it is always a larger bird
than li. bisignatus.
Hah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Mashona, and to
Damara-laud and Ovampo on the west.
a-e. $ 2 a( b sk« Beaufort, Karoo, S. Africa Seebohm Coll.
{E. L. La yard),
f, g. 3 $ ad. st. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].
h, i. <$ $ ad. sk. Hope Town, Griqualand, May R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
(T. C. Atmore). [P.].
k. Ad. sk. Sandy River, Orange Free F. A. Barratt, Esq.
State. [P.].
I. $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Gurney Coll.
m. <$ ad. sk. Hountop River, Great Na- Tweeddale Coll.
maqua-land, June 3 (C. J.
Andersson).
n. Ad. sk. Great Namaqua-land fC. Seebohm Coll.
J. A.).
o. 2 ad.sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Seebohm Coll.
Feb. 15 (G J. A.).
2. Rhinoptilus bisignatus. (Plate I.)
Cursorius bisignatus, Ilartl. P. Z. S. I860, p. 87 (Benguela) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10042 (1871) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola,
p. 422 (1881) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 655 (1884).
Cursorius gracilis, Fischer fy Reichen. J.f. O. 1884, p. 178 (Masai-
land); Fischer, Zeitschr. gcs. Orn. i. p. 390(1884: Little Aruscha;
Donjo Ngai; ParS; Rongo River); id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 115;
46
CTJRsoBims:.
Reichen. J.f. O. 1837, p. 46 (Magala) ; Emin, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 58;
Reichen. J.f. 0. 1891, p. 141 (Ugogo).
Cursorius bicinctus gracilis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 118; id. Geogr.
Distr. Charadr. p. 244 (1888).
Cursorius bicinctus (nee Temm.), Emin, J.f. O. 1891, p. 337 (Ussongo
Steppes).
Rhinoptilus gracilis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. iii. p. xiv (1893).
Rhinoptilus bisignatus, Sharpe, t. c. p. xiv (1893).
Adult (type of species). Similar to R. bicinctus, but much smaller;
the edges of the feathers of the upper surface whitish or pale sandy
rufous ; tail-feathers tipped with white ; outer feathers pure white ;
under surface and under wing-coverts and axillaries white: "bill
brownish black ; feet white ; iris brown " (G. A. Fischer). Total
length 7 - 2 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 5*3, tail 2- 15, tarsus 1*9.
Two female specimens from Eastern Africa have the wing 5 - 05-
5T5 inches, and the tarsus T8-U85 inch.
Hub. Masai-land and Ugogo in Eastern Africa, ranging into
Benguela in South-western Africa.
a. Ad. sk.
Benguela.
Monteiro Coll.
(Type of species.)
b. £ ad. sk.
Magala,Ussukcouiitry,Nov.4,
(Dr. Fischer).
Seebohm Coll.
c. 5 a d- sk.
Muhalala, Ugogo, July 11
Berlin Museum
(Emin Pasha).
[P.].
3. Rhinoptilus hartingi. (Plate II.)
Rhinoptilus prracilis (nee Cab.), She/let/, Ibis, 1885, p. 416 (Somali).
Cursorius bicinctus gracilis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 244
(1888, pt.).
Rhinoptilus hartingi, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. iii. p. xiv (1893).
Adult. Similar to R. bisignatus, and of the same small size, but
the tint entirely cinnamon-rufous, with a strong tinge of isabelline
ou the abdomen ; the lower black chest-band narrower. Total
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 5*1, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*8.
There are three specimens of this very distinct form in the See-
bohm collection. All have the tarsus 1*8 inch, and the wings vary
from 4 - 9-5'6 inches.
Hub. Somali-land.
a-c. Ad. sk. Somali-laud (E. Lort Phillips). Seebohm Coll.
(Types of species.)
4. Rhinoptilus cinctus. (Plate III. fig. 2.)
Cursorius cinctus, Beugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 54 (1856: descr. nulla) ; id.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. pt. l,p. 792 (1873) ; Gray, Hatid-l. B.ui. p. 19,
no. 10043 (1871) ; Fischer 8? Reichen. J.f. O. 1879, p. 337 (Massa);
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 390(1884: Pare" ; Ngaruka; N^u-
ruman) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 115 (Masai) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1886, p. 118
(pt.) ; Reichen. J. f O. 1887, p. 46 (Masai Steppes) ; Seeb. Geogr.
Distr. Charadr. p. 245 (1888, pt.) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371
(Useri River).
5. RHINOPTILUS. 47
Hemerodromus cinctus, lleugl. Ibis, 1803, p. 31, pi. i. (Gondokoro :
descr. princeps) ; id. J. f. 0. 1805, p. 99 (Belenia Bits.); Finsch
Se llartl. Tog. Ost-Afr. p. (530, note (1870).
Hemerodronius (Cursorius) cinctus, Ilewjl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 25
(Gondokoro).
Cursorius bicinctus, pt., Schl. Mus. Pays-Bets, Cursores, p. 11 (1855).
Rhinoptilus cinctus, Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 416 (hills near Berbera) :
Sharpe, Bull. 11. 0. C. iii. p. xiv (1893).
Cursorius bicinctus (nee Temm.), Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i.
p. 273 (1884: Somali Desert).
Atl >ilt. Similar to II. seebohmi (fully described below*), but
differing in the band of bright chestnut, which extends from the
hinder ear-coverts down the sides of the neck to the fore neck ; the
outside tail-feather is regularly chequered with broad black bars
along the outer web. Total length 9 inches, culmen - 8, wiDg 6,
tail 3*1, tarsus 2*5.
Huh.. Upper "White Nile to Somali-land and Masai-land.
a. Ad. sk. Near Berbera, Somali-land Seebohm Coll.
(B. Lort Phillips).
b. rf ad. sk. Useri River, Kilimanjaro. II. C. V. Hunter, Esq.
[P.]-
5. Rhinoptilus seebohmi. (Plate III. fig. 1.)
Cursorius cinctus (nee Heugl.), Gurney in Anders*. B. Dnm.-Ld.
p. 263 1 1872 : Ondonga) ; Bocage, Or//. Angola, p. 421 (Humbe) ;
Sharpe, ed. LayanVs B. S. Afr. p. 656 (1884) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1886,
p. 118 (pt.) ; id. Geogr. Distr. Char air. p. 245 (pt.), pi. xii.
(1888).
Rhinoptilus seebohmi, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C iii. p. xiii (1893).
Adult female. General colour above pale sandy rufous, the feathers
broadly centred with dusky blackish ; scapulars like the back, with
whitish margins ; lower back and rump uniform ashy brown, slightly
washed with sandy rufous ; upper tail-coverts white, forming a
broad band : wing-coverts brown, with sandy-rufous edges, the
median and greater coverts broadly margined with white ; bastard-
wing blackish, with broad white tips to the feathers ; primary-
coverts and quills dark brown, narrowly fringed at the end with
white, the inner secondaries with sandy buff like the back; tail-
feathers ashy brown, broadly tipped with white, before which is a
distinct sub-terminal bar of black, the outer feather white, with a
few spots of brown towards the end of the inner web ; crown of
head pale sandy rufous, streaked with blackish centres to tho
feathers; on the nape a concealed blackish patch; hind neck like
the back, but rather lighter ; base of forehead whitish ; lores and a
broad eyebrow white, uniting on the nape ; feathers round eye also
white ; ear-coverts pale sandy buff ; a few blackish spots near the
gape; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure white ; sides
* I have given a full description of R. seebohmi, as the specimen is in better
condition than either of those of S. cinctus.
48 CURSOKIID.B.
of neck sandy buff like the hind neck ; on the lower throat a blackish
collar, slightly tinged with rufous, extending from the ear-coverts
on each side, and forming a complete band, which is rather more
rufous in the centre ; this collar is followed by a broad white collar,
extending on each side to the hinder ear-coverts and encircling the
throat ; this again is followed by a broad band of sandy buff across
the chest, which is mottled with longitudinal spots and streaks of
blackish ; from behind the eye a crescentic line of black extending
to the fore neck, and below the white band a second somewhat
interrupted band of black ; across the breast a band of light chest-
nut; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with three broad
black bars near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy
whitish towards the base of the inner web. Total length 9 inches,
culmen 08, wing 6-5, tail 3-4, tarsus 2 - 5.
Hah. South-western Africa, from Ovampo-land to the Cunene
River.
a. 2 a d. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Jan. 25 Seebohm Coll.
(C. J. Andersson). (Type of species.)
6. Rhinoptilus chalcopterus. (Plate IV. fig. 1.)
Cursorius chalcopterus, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 298 (1824: Sene-
gambia) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 303 (1828) ; Riijyp. Mus. Senck.
ii. p. 211 (1837 : Senegambia) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus.\>. 61
(1844 : S. Africa) ; id. Sr Mitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 537, pi. 143 (1844) ;
Heuc/l. Syst. Uebers. p. 54(1856 : Blue Nile; E. Senaar) ; Hartl.
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 210 (1857: Senegambia); Hartl. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 268 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 134 (Natal) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 12 (1865 : Senegambia) ; llvwjl. J.f. 0. 1865, p. 100
(Senaar and Kordofan) : Hartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 62 ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 290 (1867); Heugl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 304; Fmsch,
Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 295 (1870) ; id. # Hartl. Vby. Ostafr. p. 629
(1870); Ai/res, Ibis, 1871, p. 263 (Rhinoster River); Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19. no. 10U44 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
ii. pt. 1, p. 970 (1873: Fazogloa ; Rahad, mouth of Blue Nile ;
Upper White Nile ; Kidj-Negro Land) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 245
(Mombasa) ; Bbhm, J. f O. 1882, p. 184 (Kakoma) ; Schalow,
J. f. O. 1883, p. 340 (Mugonga) ; Skarpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr.
p. '656 (1884, pt.); Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 389(1884:
Little Aruscha) ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 115 (Usaramo) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1886, p. 118 (pt.) ; Matschie, J.f O. 1887, p. 138 (Tangan-
yika) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 246 (1888); Emin,
J. f. O. 1891, p. 58 (Steppes of Ugogo) ; Reichen. t. c. p. 141
(Kinjakungi) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1894, pp. 25, 274 (Nyasa Laud).
Cursor chalcopterus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Cursor, p. 81 (1827).
Tachydromus chalcopterus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 233 (1837).
Rhinoptilus chalcopterus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kordofan) ;
Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 98 (1864 : Blue Nile) ; Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll. p. 504 (1882).
Chalcopterus teniminckii, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall. p. xxx,
Taf. 3656. fig. 3543 (1852) ; Heine $ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
Orn. p. 339 (1890 : Senaar).
Cursorius superciliaris, Heugl. J.f. O. 1865, pp.98, 100 (Kidj-Negro
Land); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10045 (1871).
5. BHIirOFTILUS. 49
Adult. Brown abovo, with a broad band of white formed by the
upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the
back ; the edge of the wing white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and primaries black, with metallic violet tips, before which is a
subterminal bar of metallic steel-blue with a coppery line in
between ; the greater coverts narrowly edged with white at the
ends ; secondaries ashy brown with black ends, and a great deal of
white on the inner web; tail-feathers brown, tipped broadly with
white, before which is a broad sub-terminal band of black ; crown of
head like the back ; lores white, as also the base of the forehead ;
the fore part of the crown parted with a line of creamy-buff
feathers ; a broad white eyebrow, followed by a narrow line
of black above the eye ; lower eyelid chestnut, as also a shade
behind the eye ; ear-coverts and sides of face sandy buff, varied
with black, which occupies the hinder part of the ear-coverts ;
behind the eye a spot of white ; cheeks and throat white, with a
creamy-buff tinge near the gape ; the sides of the upper throat
marked with a broad nioustachial band of brown, varied with black ;
fore neck and chest ashy brown, the latter paler brown, followed
by a black band ; breast and remainder of under surface of body
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, tinged with creamy
buff ; several patches of black feathers along the outer edge of the
wing, the lesser coverts of which are black below : " bill blackish,
the basal half and angle of the mouth orange- red ; feet brick-red ;
iris umber-brown " (von Heuglbi). Total length 9*7 inches, culmen
0-8, wing 6-6, tail 3-4, tarsus 2.9.
Hab. From Senegambia to N.E. Africa, and down the eastern
side of the continent to Natal and British Caffraria ; occurring also
in Damara-land and on the Coanza River.
a. <$ ad. sk. Waliko, Bogos-land, Aug. 2 Tweeddale Coll.
( W. Jesse).
b. Ad. sk. River Coanza. Seebohm Coll.
c. 2 ad- sk. Damara-land, Feb. 3 (C. J. Seebohm Coll.
Andersson).
d. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped.
e. Ad.sk. Tschiromo, Nyasa-land, Sept. H.H.Johnston, Esq.,
(A. Whyte). C.B. [P.].
/. 2 ad.sk. Lake Shirwa, Jan. 1 (A. H.H.Johnston, Esq.,
Whyte). C.B. [P.].
g. Ad.sk. Kei Road, about 18 miles east Major Trevelyan
of Kinpwilliamstown. [P.].
h, i. Ad. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].
7. Rhinoptilus albofasciatus. (Plate IV. fig. 2.)
Cursorius chalcopterus (nee T.), Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld.
p. 263 (1872, pt. : Damara-land); Reichen. Mitth. Afrik. Ges.
i. p. 1 (1875 : Malange) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 420 (1881 :
Capangombe and Humbe) ; Butler, Feilden,$ Rod, Zool. 1882,
r. .341 ; Ayre*. Ihi*. 1884, p. 232 (Potchefstroom) ; Sharpe, ed.
Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 6ofi (1884, pt.) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Bistrib.
VOL. xxiv. K
50 CURSORITD2E.
Charadr. p. 246 (1888, pt.) ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. (2) ix. p. 15
(1893 : Interior of Benguela).
Rhinoptilus albofasciatus, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. iii. p. xiv (1893).
Adult female. Similar to H. chalcopterus, but distinguished by the
white bar down the wing, formed by the broad white margins of
the greater wing-coverts, by the dull bronzy green, scarcely purple
ends of the quills, and by the absence of the white band at the tip
of the central tail-feathers. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0'85,
wing 6-8, tail 2-85, tarsus 2-85.
Hah. S. Africa, from Natal and the Transvaal to Damara-land and
Benguela.
a. Ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayves). Seebohm Coll.
b. J ad. sk. Colenso, Natal, Nov. 20. Capt.Savile Reid[C.].
c. Imm. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Jan. 21 Gurney Coll.
(T. Ayres).
d. 2 ad- sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Jan. Tweeddale Coll.
18, 1865 (C. J. Andersson).
e. cJimm.sk. Ondonga, Jan. 22 (C. J. Andersson). Seebohm Call.
8. Rhinoptilus bitorquatus.
Macrotarsins bitorquatus, Blyf.h, J. A. S. Beng. xvii. p. 254 (1848).
Rhinoptilus bitorquatus, Striekl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 223 ; Jerd. B. Lid.
iii. p. 628 (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 228 ; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng.
xxxviii. p. 190 (1862) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112* (1879) ; Salvtn,
Cat. Striekl. Coll. p. 294 (1882).
Cursorius bitorquatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10041 (1871) ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 119; id. Geogr. Distrib. Charadr. p. 247,
pi. xiii. (1888).
Adult male. General colour above brown, with faint traces of
sandy margins to the feathers ; wing-coverts more ashy brown,
fringed with whitish or sandy buff, before which is a sub-terminal
line of brown; along the wing a broad white band, commencing at
the carpal bend, and formed of the outer median and greater
coverts and continued by means of the white base to the outer
secondaries ; the inner secondaries resembling the other ashy-brown
wing-coverts and similarly edged with white or sandy buff: pri-
mary-coverts and primaries black, the four outer quills marked
with white as follows — the fourth has only a small spot of white
near the end of the inner web ; the third has a large white spot
near the end of the inner web ; on the penultimate feather the
white spot on the inner web is larger and extends across the outer
web also, forming a broad sub-terminal patch ; on the first primary
the white mark on the inner web is very large, and is extended on
to the outer web for some distance along the middle of the feather :
upper tail-coverts white, forming a broad band ; tail-feathers brown,
with a white spot at the end of the inner web, the base also white,
increasing in extent towards the outermost feather, where the
brown colour only forms a sub-terminal band ; crown of head dark
brown, parted down the centre by a broad band of creamy buff,
6. STILTIA. 51
becoming sandy-coloured towards the nape ; lores and base of
forehead also white ; followed by a broad eyebrow of creamy white ;
ear-coverts rufous-brown, with a streak of black below the eye ;
cheeks and throat buffy white, followed by a patch of chestnut-
brown on the lower throat ; this is followed by a band of white,
circled by a fringe of blackish brown, and succeeded on the fore-neck
by a broad band of brown ; this is followed in its turn by a second
band of white, below which is another less distinct brown shade on
which are sub-terminal lines of black ; remainder of under surface
of body creamy white, including tho under wing-coverts and
axillaries ; the flanks and under wing-coverts with a rufescent tinge,
with patches of black near the edge of the wing ; the greater series
black edged with white : " bill yellow at base, horny at the tip ;
feel, pale fleshy yellow; iris dark brown" (T. C. Jerdon). Total
length 10 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 6-65, tail 2-25, tarsus 2-25.
Hab. Central India.
a. cjad.sk. Badrachallum, Godavery Valley, March 7 Hume Coll.
( W. T.Bkmford).
6. STILTIA. Tvpe
Stiltia, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419(1850) S. Isabella.
Rhimphalea, Heine vij- Reichen.. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 338 (1890) S. isabella.
Range. Australia and Celebes, and the Moluccas, as far as Java
and Borneo.
1. Stiltia isabella.
Glareola isabella, Vkill. Analyse, p. 09 (1816); id. N. Diet. d'Hist.
Nat. xiii. p. 221 (1817) ; Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 132 (1820) ;
Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 159, pi. 263 (1825); Less. Traitf, p. 541
(1881 : Timor) ; Vorderm. N. T. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 264 (1884 :
Java).
Glareola grallaria, Temtn. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 503 (1820) ; S. Mull.
Verh. Nat. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 23 (1839-44 : Oetanata) ;
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 22 (1848) ; Reiehenb. Handb., Gallin. Nov.
tab. cccx. figs. 2499-2501 (1851); Svhl. Handl. Dierk. i. p. 445
(1857); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. B. New Guinea,
p. 62 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 18(50, p. 363, 1861, p. 348 (Waigiou ;
Bfaji
(1865) ; Rosenb. Rcis naar Zu idoosterett. p. 53 (1867 : Aru), p. 82
(Keilsl.), p. 89 (Tijor) ; Gray, Hand-/. B. hi. p. 18, no. 10032
(1871); Walden, Tr. Zoo/. Soc. viii. p. 117 (1872: Celebes);
Mr,/,;-, J. f. O. 1873, p. 405 ; Masters, Proc. Linn. 8oe. N. 8. W. ii.
}.. (98(1877); Rosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 278 (1878-79 : Celebes),
p. 396 fWaigiou) ; Salvad, Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 66(5 (1879) ;
Legge, II. Ceylon, p. 981 (1880); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 263 (1888); Everett. Journ. Straits />/: As. Soc 1889, p. 204.
B 2
52 CUR80RIID.B.
Giareola australis, Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 132, pi. 14, d $
(1820) ; Reichenb. Syn. Av., Gall. Taf. 293. figs. 2499-2501 (1848).
Giareola isabellina, Less. Compl. Buff., Ois. p. 665 (1838).
Stiltia grallaria, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856).
Stiltia isabella, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 322 (1882) ; id.
Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 286 (1882) ; id. Agg. iii. p. 198 (1891).
Rhimphalea isabella, Seine 8{ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn.
p. 338 (1890).
Adult. General colour above brown with a slight olive wash, all
the feathers more or less washed with sandy rufous ; wing-coverts
like the back and margined with sandy rufous ; the outer coverts,
as well as the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black ;
the first primary-covert and first primary with white shafts ; rump
darker brown than the back ; upper tail-coverts white, forming a
white band ; tail-feathers black, white at base, increasing in extent
towards the outermost, which are almost entirely white, all the
feathers tipped with ashy brown, with a white spot at the end of
the inner web ; crown of head brown, with sandy-rufous edgings to
the feathers ; the hind neck, sides of neck, and sides of face uniform
sandy buff, with a lighter shade above the eye ; lores black ; cheeks
and throat isabelline buff ; fore neck and chest sandy rufous ; abdo-
men, thighs, sides of vent, and under tail-coverts white ; sides of
lower breast and flanks deep chestnut; under wing-coverts and
axillaries black : " bill red at the base, black at the tip ; feet
brown " (J. Gould). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0'G5, wing 8*3,
tail 2-4, tarsus 1-85.
Young. Differs from the adult in having a much more distinct
rufous edging ; the chestnut of the flanks paler and obscured by
whitish edgings ; sides of face and lower throat streaked with
dusky blackish, and the fore neck also mottled with dusky
markings.
Hah. Australia, New Guinea, Aru Islands, Kei Islands ; and the
Moluccas as far as Celebes, Flores, Java, and Borneo.
a. Ad. sk.
Australia.
Old Coll.
b. Ad. sk.
Australia.
Purchased.
c. Ad. sk.
S. Australia.
Goidd Coll.
d, e, f. Ad. sk.
Queensland (J. T. Cock-
erell).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
g. 5 ad. sk.
Cape York.
Seebohm Coll.
h,i. Ad. et juv.
N.W. Australia (T. H,
Capt. Bowyer Bower
fro-
sk.
Bowyer Bower).
k. Ad. sk.
New Guinea.
Seebohm Coll.
1. cJ imm. sk.
Bouru.
Wallace Coll.
m. J juv. sk.
Aru Islands {von Rosen-
berg).
Seebohm Coll.
n. Ad. sk.
N. Celebes.
Tweeddale Coll.
o. Ad. sk.
N. Celebes {A. B. Meyer).
Seebohm Coll.
p. Ad. sk.
Celebes.
Gould Coll.
q. Ad. sk.
S. Celebes {A. B. Meyer).
Tweeddale Coll.
GLAREOLA.
53
7. GLAREOLA.
Type.
(ilareola, Brianon, Orn. v. p. 141 (17(50) G. pratincola.
Trachelia, Scop. Ann. 1. p. 110 (176SJ) G. pratincola.
Pratincola (nt-c Koch), Der/l. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 107
(1843) ' G. pratincola.
Dromochelidon, Landb. Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Wiirttemb.
1846, p. 212 G. pratincola.
Fig. 7. — Left foot of Glareola orientals (from the outside).
Fig. 8. — Middle claw of right foot (from inner side) to show the pectination
(enlarged).
Range. Africa and Madagascar ; Southern Europe, eastwards to
Central Asia, India, the Burmese countries, China ; south through
the Moluccas to Australia.
Key to the Species.
a. Axillavies chestnut.
a'. Tail greatly forked ; secondaries broadly
tipped with white pratincola, p. 53.
b'. Tail less forked ; secondaries not tipped
with white orientalis, p. 58.
b. Axillaries black like the under wing-coverts. . melanoptera, p. 51
1. Glareola pratincola.
Le Perdrix-de-Mer, Briss. Orn. v. p. 141, pi. xii. fig. 1 (1760);
VAubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 882. (fig. pess.) ; Buff. Hi*t. Nat. Ois.
vii. p. 542 (1780).
Le Perdrix-de-Mer 1 collier. Brim. t. c. p. 145 ; Buff. His*. Nat. Oil.
vii. p. 646 (1780).
Le Perdrix-de-Mer tachetee, Briss. t. e. p. 147.
Le Perdrix-de-Mer da Senegal, Briss. t.e. p. 1 18.
Hirnndo pratincola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 845 1 1766),
Tringa fusca, Linn. 9yst. Nat. i. p. 252 ( 1 7t >»'•. w Briss.).
Trachelia pratincola, Scop. Ann. I. p. 110 (1769).
54 CURSORIIDdS.
La Perdrix de Mer grise, Buff Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 544 (1780).
La Perdrix de Mer brune, Buff. t. c. p. 544.
La Giarole, Buff. t. c. p. 545.
Austrian Pratincole, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 222, pi. lxxxv.
(1785: fig. pess.).
Collared Pratincole, Lath. t. c. p. 223 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B. iii.
p. 1 (1843).
Senegal Pratincole, Lath. t. c. p. 224.
Spotted Pratincole, Lath. t. c. p. 225.
Glareola austriaca, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 695 (1788).
Glareola senegalensis, Gm. t. c. p. 696 ; Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 566
(1831).
Glareola nrevia, Gm. t. c. p. 696.
Glareola torquata, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 404 (1816) ; Temm. Man.
■ d'Orn. ii. p. 500 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Alectorides, pi. i. (1828) ;
Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 566 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. rais. Cauc.
p. 52 (1832) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 265 (1837) ; Naum. Yog.
Deutschl. ix. p. 437, Taf. 234. figs. 1, 2 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard,
p. 339 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 274
(1840) ; Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxvii, Taf. 291. figs. 1619-
1625 (1852) ; Gray,B. W. Scotl. p. 251 (1871) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg.
p. 141 (1875).
Glnreola pratincola, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 131 (1820) ;
Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 505 (1831) ; Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur.
p. 66 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844); Miihle, Beitr.
Orn. Griechenl, p. 88 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crib. p. lxxx (1844) ; Rilpp.
Syst. Uebers. p. 117 (1845); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 81 (1850);
Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 49 (1852) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 54
(1856); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 210 (1857: Senegal; Gambia;
Gold Coast ; Gaboon) ; Jaub. et Barth-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.
p. 433 (1859) ; Salvin, Ms, 1859, p. 354 (Eastern Atlas) ; Linderm.
Vdg. Griechenl. p. 126 (I860) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79 (N. Africa);
Powys, t. c. p. 239 (Ionian Id. ; Corfu and Epirns) ; Hartl. J.f. O.
1861, p. 268 (Galam ; Bissao) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 137 (1863) ;
Sperling, Ibis, 1864, p. 285 (Palestine) ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc.
p. 99 (1864 : Senaar and Kordofan) ; Filipypi, Yiagg. Pers. p. 351
(1865) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 15 (1865 : Senegambia ;
Gold Coast ; Accra) ; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429 (Tangiers) ; Loche,
Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 278 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 322
(Palestine) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 571 (Ambriz) ; Borggr. Yogelf.
Norddeutschl. p. 104 (1869) ; Ehces $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330
(Dobrudscha) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 46 (1870) ; Fritsch, Yog.
Eur. pi. xxxiii. figs. 6, 8 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 431
(1870) ; Finsch Sf Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 630 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans.
Zool. Soc. vii. p. 295 (1870 : Gabana-weldt-Gonfalon) ; Saunders,
Ibis, 1871, p. 385 (S. Spain) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 18, no. 10026
(1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 133 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 227 (1872) ; Antin. ty Salvad. Yiagg. Bogos, p. 141 (1873 : R. An-
seba) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 338 (Sardinia) ; Severtz. TurJcest.Jevotn.
p. 69 (1873) : Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 73 (Gold Coast) ; Dresser, B.
Eur. vii. p. 411, pi. 153. fig. 1 (1874) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 154
(1875) ; Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, p. 183; Kruper, t. c. p. 283 (Asia
Minor); Danf. $ H.-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 419 (Transylvania) ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 282 (1876) ;
id. Str. F. iv. p. 507 (1876 : S.W. of Kotri, Sindh) ; Hume, Str. F.
v. p. 329 (1877: Sindh); Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 271 (Asia Minor,
7. GLAREOLA. 55
from Inje-su to Kaizarieh) ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 33 ; Butler, Str. F.
vii. p. 186 (1878); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 163 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Doig, t. c. pp. 371-375 (E. Narra, breeding) ;
Butler, Cat. B. Sindetc. p. 57 (1879) ; Goebel, J.f 0. 1879, p. 274
(Uman); Fimch, Reis. U'.-Sibirien, p. 134 (1*7'.): Ala-lvul) ;
Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 78 (1880: S. Konkan; Ratnagiri) ; Butler,
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 72 (1880) ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 120
(Afghanistan); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 592 (1882: Smyrna;
Kartoum) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 155 (1883) ; Saunders,
ed. Yarrell, Brit. B. iii. p. 231 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 29
(Caucasus) ; Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 128 (1884) ; Radde,
Orn. Cauc. pp.42, 422(1884: breeding); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's
B. S. Afr. p. 052 (1884) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 09, pi. 24
(1885) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1880, p. 492 (Fao) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 410
(1886) ; Salvad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital. p. 204 (1886) ; Koenig, J.f. O.
1 888, p. 200 (Tunis) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 256
(1888) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 517 (1889) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital.,
1st Resoc. p. 625 (1889) ; id. 2nd Resoc. p. 652 (1890) ; Gates, ed.
Hume's Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 318 (1890) ; Koenig, J. f O.
1890, pp. 312, 451 (Madeira) ; Heine $ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. p. 338 (1890); Brasilia, Motr. (Orn. Croatica), p. 80
(1890); Frivaldsky, Ave* Hunqarice, p. 124(1891); Sharpe, Set.
Res. 2nd York. Miss., Ares, p. 139 (1891: Sarikol) ; Emin,J.f. O.
1891, p. 338 (Ussongo to Lake Victoria) ; Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst.
Unqar. Vogelf. p. 103 (1891); Albarda, J. f. O. 1892, p. 424
(Holland);' Blaauw, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv, p. 224 (1893: N.
Brabant) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xxviii. (1894) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1894, pp. 25,274 (Nyasa-Ld.).
Pratincola glareola, Degland, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 107 (1849).
Dromochelidon natrophila, Landbeck, Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Wiirttemb.
1846, p. 228.
Glareola limbata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844, ex Riipp. MSS.) ;
Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 113, pi. 12 (1845) ; Strickl. Ann. Sf Mag.
Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 348 (1852 : Kordofan).
Adult male. General colour olive-brown with a slight, greenish
gloss ; wing-coverts liko the back, as well as the long inner second-
aries ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills greenish-black ;
the secondaries externally olive-brown and inclining to ashy whitish
at the ends ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail greatly forked, the
feathers blackish, with a green gloss and paler brown tips, the base
white, gradually increasing in extent towards tbe outer ones, the
whito occupying the basal two-thirds of the outermost ; head like
the back ; feathers below tho eye whitish ; fore part of cheeks and
throat sandy buff, surrounded by a white line, which is followed by
a black line running from the front part of the eye, which is
followed by a whitish shade; ear-coverts, hinder cheeks, sidos of
neck, fore neck, and breast dark ashy brown ; lower breast, abdomen,
thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and inner under
wing-coverts chestnut, the former with black bases ; remainder of
wing-coverts blackish, with a little patch of white near the lower
priinary-coverts : " bill dark brown, red at base behind the nostril ;
tarsi black ; iris brown ; no eye-ring '' (F. H. If. Guilleward).
Total length 8*8 inches, culuien - 8, wing 7'5, tail 3-8, tarsus
1-25.
56
CTTRSORIID.E.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
9'2 inches, culmen 07, wing 7*15, tail 4-2, tarsus 1*2.
Young. Distinguished from the adults by the numerous white
edgings to the feathers of the upper surface ; all the light margins
accentuated by a sub-terminal bar of black ; quills and tail-feathers
similarly fringed and tipped with black; cheeks and throat creamy
white, with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; fore neck and lower throat
ashy grey, edged with white and mottled with sub-terminal bars of
black ; chest creamy buff ; remainder of under surface of body
white.
Hab. Southern Europe and the countries of the Mediterranean
eastwards to Turkestan and the Indian Peninsula. "Wintering also
in Africa.
a, b. c? ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Imin. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i, k. Ad. sk,
I. Ad. sk.
m. cJ ad. sk.
n, o. Ad. sk.
p, q. $ ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s, t. $ ad. sk.
m, v, w. 3 ad. ;
x. 5 ad. sk.
y, a. <S 2 ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
b'. ? ad. sk.
c. Ad.; d'-f.
Imm. sk.
g'. 5 ad.sk.
K. Ad.sk.
i'. 2 ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk.
V. 2 ad-sk.
m'-s'. $ ad. ; t'.
2 ad. sk.
ii . $ ad. sk.
Malaga, S. Spain, April
(H. Saunders).
Seville, June 12 (H. Saun-
ders).
Tangiers.
Marocco.
Marocco, Aug.
Zana, Algeria, June (0. S.).
Algeria.
Tunis.
Greece.
Missolonghi, May 30 (H.
S).
Egypt, April (G. E. S.).
Egypt, April 19 (G.E.S.).
Fayoum, Egypt (von Heu-
glin).
Palestine.
Cyprus. May 21 (Dr. Guil-
lemard).
CaBsarea, Asia Minor, May 3
(C. G. Danford).
Mesopotamia ( Commander
Jones) .
Sbiraz, June (4750 feet).
Fao, Persian Gulf.
Sarakhs, May 15 (Mvs.
Petrop.).
Turkestan, May 2 (Mus.
Petrop.).
Sarikol, May 9 (Dr. Stolicz-
ka).
Bibinani, Afghanistan,
May 18.
Kandahar, April 23 (Sir
0. St. John).
Eastern Narra, Sind, May
to June (S. Doig).
Allahabad, Mav 10 (A. O.
#).
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Canon Tristram [C.].
Lord Lilford [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Sir 0. St. John [C.],
W. D. Cumming,
Esq. [P ]
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Second Yarkand
Mission.
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll,
1. C.LAKKOI.A.
57
J''.
Jttv. sk.
Deccan (Lieut. Burgess).
Gould Coll.
to'
. Jut. sk.
Ratnagiri, Aug. 22 (G.
Vidal).
Hume Coll.
x-'.
Ad. sk.
Madras.
African specimens.
Gould Coll.
y'-
Ad. sk.
Cape Verd, Senegal (L.
Laglaize).
Purchased.
z .
Ad. sk.
Senegsmbia.
Governor Rendall
[C.].
Old Coll.
a"
. Ad. sk.
River Gambia.
b"
, c". Ad. sk.
Fantee (H. T. Ussher).
Shelley Coll.
d"
. Juv. sk.
Djeddah, Red Sea.
Dr. E. Riippell [C.].
(( >ne of the types of G. limbata.)
e"
. J juv. sk.
Rairo, Bogos, Aug. 13.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
f"
. Ad. sk.
Lion Camp, Anseba Val-
ley ( W. Jesse).
g"
, h". Ad. sk.
Melinda, E. Africa (Sir J.
Kirk).
Seebohm Coll.
i".
Ad. sk.
Lake Nyasa (Sir J. Kirk).
Livingstone Exped.
k"
. Ad. sk.
Upper Shire River, Nov.
II. H. Johnston, Esq..
(A. Whyte).
C.B. [P.J.
'",
m". <$ ad. ;
Lake Shirvva, May, June
H.H.Johnston, Esq.,
>i"-g". J ad. ;
r". Juv. sk.
(A. Whyte).
C.B. [P.].
s".
Skeleton.
Tunis.
L. Fraser [C.].
f".
Skeleton.
Algiers.
Eyton Coll.
2. Glareola melanoptera.
Glareola pratincola (nee L.), Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 150
(1831).
Glareola melanoptera, ISordm.Bidl. Soc. Imp. 2Xat. Moseou, ii. p. 314,
pi. ii. (1842); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 63 (1850); Heugl. Syst.
Uebers. p. 55 (1856) ; Schl. Mus. Paus-Bas, Cursores, p. 15 | L866 :
Crimea ; Ural ; Red Sea) ; Finsch |- Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 633
(1870) ; Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 982 (1871) ; Gray,
Hand-IB. iii. p. 18, no. 10027 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 264 (1872 : Otjimbinque) ; Dresner, B. Eur. vii.
p. 419, pi. 513. fig. 2 (1874); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 212 (Pre-
toria) ; Stntenis, J. f. O. 1877, p. 67 (Dobrudscha ) ; E. von
Homeyer, t. c. p. 73 (Bulgaria) ; Fi?isch, Verh. z.-b. Gtt. Wien,
xxix. p. 53 (1879: Nor-Saissan) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 221 (Afitra-
chan) ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus) ; Ayres, Ibis. 1884, p. 232
(Transvaal) ; SeeboIi7n, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 261 (1888) ;
Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 233 (Togo-land) ; Bocaqe, Jorn. Lisb.
(2) ix. p. 15' (1893 : Caharta, Benguela).
Glareola uordmanni, Fischer, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat, Moseou, ii. p. 814
(1842); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844): Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 211 Q857: Gaboon); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1864, p. 354 (Natal) ;
Layard,B. S. Afr. p. 291 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 254.
pi. viii. ; Layard, Ibis, 1869. p. 75 (S. Africa : breeding) ; Ehoei
£ Buckley, 'ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Bosphorus) ; Ayres, Ibi*. 1*71,
p. 263 (Transvaal); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 220 (1872); Buckle,/,
58
CTR80RIID.S:.
Ibis, 1874, p. 388 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 347 (Transvaal) : Bogd.
B. Cauc. p. 153 (1879): Jlohib § Von Pet. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr.
p. 241 (1882) ; Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 422 (1884 : breeding).
Glareola pallasi, Bruch, MSS. in Mia. MogtaO.', 8ckl Rev. Cnt.
pp. lxxxi, 94 (1844); Frwatdtafy, Ares Hung. p. 124 (1891);
Madardsz, ErUiut. Ausst. Ungear. Vog. p. 104 (1891).
Adult. Similar to G. pratincola, but easily distinguished by its
black axillaries and under wing-coverts ; the under surface paler
than in G. pratincola. the throat having scarcely any ochreous
colour : " bill black, with the base and the edges of the mandible
red; feet dusky" (T. Ayres)', "iris dark hazel" (T. E. Buckley).
Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 76, tail 3'25, tarsus 1*5.
Hah. S.E. Europe, especially the Volga and lowlands of the
Caucasus, as far west as the Dobrudscha and even Hungary. Win-
tering in Africa.
a. $ ad. sk. Constantinople, July
Pearce).
b, c. Ad. sk. River Volga.
d. Ad. st. Altai Mountains.
e. J ad. sk. Maiterek, Turkestan, June 4
(Dr. 0. FtTUseh).
f. cS ad. sk. Irgis River, May 18 (. 1/iw.
1'rtrof).).
g. Inim. sk. Calabar River, W. Africa.
h. Ad. st. South Africa.
». Ad. st. South Africa.
k. Ad. sk. South Africa.
/. Ad. sk. South Africa.
m. Jad.sk. Damara-land (C. J. Anders-
n, o. Ad. sk. Damara-land ( C. J. Anders-
son) .
P,q. Jad.sk. Transvaal, Dec. 8 (7". E.
Buckley).
r. Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres).
s. Ad.sk. Marico, Eastern Transvaal
t, u. cS 2 *d> s k- Branslow's Farm, Transvaal,
Dec. 8 (F. Oates).
v. d ad. sk. Potchefetroom, Dec. (T.
Ayres).
W. 2 a( l- $ k- Grahanistown.
X. $ ad. sk. Queenstown, S.E. Africa
(T. C. At more).
(C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Mr. Brandt.
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. Alex. Smith [C.].
General Hardwicke.
Purchased.
Earl of Derby [P.].
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
F. A. Barratt, Esq.
W.E.&C.G. Oates,
Eaqrs. [P.].
Gurney Coll.
Hume Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
3. Glareola orientalis.
Perdrix de Mer, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 216 (1782V
Maldivian Pratincole, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt l.p. 224 (1785).
Coromandel Pratincole. Lath. t.c. p. 224 (1785).
Madras Pratincole, Lath. t. c. p. 224 (1785).
Glareola orientalis, Leach. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 132, pi. xiii.
S 2 (1820 : Java) ; Llorsf. t. c. p. 187 (1821) ; Less. Traite,
p. 541 (1831); id. Oompl Buff., Ois. p. 065 (1838); Gray,
7. GLAREOLA. 59
Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844); id. List Grallce in Brit. Mus.y. 62
(1-44 : Java); i#. Cat. Mamm. etc. Xejxd pres. Hodgson, p. 131
(18415); Gotdd, B. Austr. vi. pL 23 (1848); Reichenb. Syn.
Av., Gad. Taf. 292. figs. 1627-2- (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mtu.
As. Soc. p. 259 (1849: Agra): Reichenb. t. c. Taf. 310.
figa 2504-2506 (1851) ; Kelaart, Faun. ZeyL, Prodr. Cat. p. 132
(1852); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856); 8<M. Handl. Dierk. i.
pp. 445, 481, tab. 7. hV. 79 (1857-5- i : Sicinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 342
( Formosa) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 631 i l-'>4t ; Schl. Mtu. Pays-Bas,
Cnisores, p. 16 (1835: Banka ; Java; Timor) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. ii. p. 245 (1865); Finsch. Neu-Gianea, p. 181 (1865:
Ceram; Ternate ; Halmahera ; Batchian : Amboina; Timor);
Blyth, pji<. \-y;~. p. 163 (breeding near Calcutta); Swinh. P. Z. S.
1-70, p. 603 (Luzon), 1871, p. 403 (China) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 18, no. 10031 il-71): WaULen c\ Bayard, Ibis, 1872, p. 105
i Negros) : Ball, Str. F. i. p. 83 (1873 : Andamans) : Hume, Str.
F. ii. p. 2-4 (1-74: Andamans and Nicobars) : Walden, Ibis,
1874, p. 146 (Coeos 1.4. r. Salvad. Uce. Born. p. 319 (1874): C.
H. T. Marshall, Str. F. iii. p. 415 (1875: Hissar); Wald. Trans.
Z. S. ix. pp. '22$, 251 (1875 : Philippines) ; Hume, Xests 4" Eggs
Ind. B. p. o(J8 (1875) ; Blyth $ Wald. B. Barm. p. 154 (1875) ;
Cockbum, Sir. F. iv. p. 511 (1876: Allahabad); Sharpe, Pais,
1876. p. 51 (Matn ; Sibu) : Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zw,l. France, i. p. 1'47
(1876): David He Oust.' Ois. Chine, p. 431 (1877); Sharpe,
Ibis, 1877, p. 2-i (Bintnln; Marup) ; Tweedd. torn. cit. 1877,
p. 322 (Lampongs) ; Wardl. Ramsay, t. c. p. 460 (Tonghoo) ;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales, ii. p. 199 (1877) ;
Hume $■ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 454 (1878: Tenasserim) ; Oates,
Str. F. vii. p. 49 (1878); Davidson $ Wenden, t. c. p. 86 (Dec-
can); Hume, t. c. p. 482 (Calcutta): Bfsenberg, Malay. Arch.
p. 109 (1878-79: Sumatra), pp. 220. 27- (Celebes), p. 324
(Ceram), p. 563 (Lakahia) : Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 69 (Singapore),
112 (1879); Doiy, t.c. p. 371 (E. Xarra) : Bud. t.c. p. 387 : id.
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 71 (1880); Legge. B. Ceyl. p. 980
(1880); Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 196 (1880: Kaukarvit) ; Nichols.
Ibis, 1881, p. 156 (Java): Bad, Str. F. x. p. 64 (1881: Luck-
now) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 322 (1882 ) : id. Orn.
Papuasia, iii. p. 284 (1882); Eelham, Ibis. 1—2. p. 6 (Perak) ;
Blasius, J.f. O. 1882, p. 253 (Sarawak); Oates, Handb. B. Brit.
Burm. ii. p. 261 (1883); Slater, Ibis, 1—2. p. 435 (Hankow);
Vorderm. X. T. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884); Seeb.Ibis, 1—4.
p. 267 (Yangtze Kianar) : id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 258
(1888) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan) ; Everett, Journ.
Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 204 : Oates, ed. Hume's Xests $
Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 319 (1890); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59
(Palawan) : Sharpe, t. c. pp. 143. 284 (Labuan) ; Steere, List Birds
and Mamm. Philipp. p. 25 (1890: Luzon); Styan, Ibis, 1891,
?p. 3:i0, 503 (Lower Yangtze : migrant) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn.
Papuasia, iii. p. 198 (1891 T; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. xiv.
p. 490 (H91 : new to Japan); De La Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 496
(Foochow : migrant).
Glareola torquata {nee Bris*.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 216 (1840).
Glareola thermophila vel longipes, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mtu.,
Gralla, pi. 46. fig. 1 (no. 799) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86
I 1-44).
Glareola pratincola (nee Linn.), Radde, Reis. Sibir. ii. p. 307 (1863:
Argun River).
60
(.'Uksoriidj:.
Adult male. Similar to G. pratincola, but having the lores black,
the throat more rufous-buff, and the chest decidedly more rufous ;
no greyish-white tips to the secondaries, which are narrowly fringed
with white at the ends ; the tail much less forked and less broadly
tipped with black : " bill black, the gape in the adult vermilion,
brightest in the male, paler and duller in the female ; feet brownish ;
iris umber-brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 10 inches, culmen
0-65, wing 7*3, tail 3'15, tarsus 1*2.
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8 - 7 inches,
culmen 07, wing 6-95, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-15.
Young. Differs from the adult in having the entire upper surface
blackish, mottled with broad edgings of sandy buff to all the feathers,
especially the quills and tail-feathers ; the head mottled like the
back ; cheeks and under surface of body isabelline buff, the fore
neck and chest mottled with black, the feathers with a broad sub-
terminal bar or heart-shaped spot of black.
The sandy-buff margins to the feathers become bleached to white,
and in many respects abraded, so that the sub-terminal black
markings of the young plumage remain as margins to the dorsal
feathers. The adult plumage is apparently gained by a moult, and
the new feathers have a slight indication of a sandy-buff fringe on
the upper parts, while the chest is mottled with ashy, the feathers
having sandy-coloured margins ; the throat is at first irregularly
spotted or streaked with blackish, and has scarcely any signs of a
black crescent.
There is considerable variation with regard to the rufous colour
of the throat and breast, this being sometimes very rich in tint. I
imagine that this is a sign of nesting plumage to a great extent; but
it may also indicate the age of the bird, the plumage becoming more
richly coloured as the bird gets older.
Bab. N.W. India and Sind, over the northern part of the Indian
Peninsula, extending to Ceylon and through Burmah and Tenasserim,
the Malay Archipelago, to Northern Australia. Breeding also in
Eastern Siberia and migrating through China.
a, b. J 2 a d- sk.
c, d. $ ad. sk.
e, f, g. d ad. et
juv. ; h. 2 imm.;
i. Pull.sk.
k-n. $ ad. et juv. ;
o-v. 5 ad. sk.
iv, x. Imm. sk.
y, z. Ad. sk.
a'. S imm. sk.
b',c. Ad. sk.
d',e'. 3 $ ad. sk.
Eastern Narra, May {S.
Doig).
Hissar, Punjab, Oct. 1 (G.
F. L. Marshall).
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Julv,
Sept. {W.N. Chill).
Delhi, March to June {C. T.
Bingham).
Etawah, August.
Calcutta, Jan. 24.
Kandelay, N.E. Ceylon,
August 4.
Little Cocos, Andaman?,
April 5 (R. G. W. R.).
Table Island, Cocos, April
(W. Davison).
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. W. V. Legge
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
61
/'. Ad. sk.
g'. $ ad. sk.
h', f. <3 ad. ; k', I'.
$ ad. sk.
rri. $ ad. sk.
ri . Ad. sk.
o'. $ ad. sk.
/>',?'■ 6 2 ft d. sk -
r',s'. d 5 ad. sk.
f'-M>'. Ad. sk.
x'. Ad. sk.
y'-b". 2 ad.; c ",
rf". Ad. sk.
e". d ad. sk.
f",ff". d ad. sk.
h", i". d 2 ad- sk.
k", I". <$ 2 ad. sk.
m". d ad. sk.
n". $ ad. sk.
o",p". d $ ad. sk.
q". 2 ad. sk.
r". 2 ad- sk.
s". Ak. sk.
t". Ad. sk.
u",v". d 2 ad- sk.
u>". d ad. sk.
x",y",z". d imm.;
a 3 -e 3 . 2 ad. et
imm. sk.
f\ Ad. sk.
q 3 , h 3 . Ad. et imm.
sk.
i 3 , k\ Ad. sk.
P. d imm. sk.
i»*. Imm. sk.
»'. Imm. sk.
o 3 . J inim. sk.
p\ Ad. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.
r 3 -w\ Ad. et imm.
sk.
Andamans.
S. Andamans, Nov. 30 (R.
J. Wimberley).
S. Andamans, March (R. O.
W. R.).
Camorta Island, Nicobars,
Dec. (R. J. Wimberley).
Camorta Island, March ( W.
Davison).
Nairn iwrv Island, Nicobars,
Dec. (M.J. Wimberley).
Kyonk Phyon, Burma, April
(J. Armstrong).
Pegu, March, April (E.
W. Gates).
Pegu, March (E. W. O.).
Rangoon (E. W. O.).
Tonghoo, Oct., April, May
(11. G. W.R.).
Kaukaryit, May (C. T.
Bingham).
Thatone, Nov. ( W. Davison).
Moiuenzeik, Moulmein,
March ( W. Davison).
Khobang, Attaran Distr.,
March ( W. Davison).
Amherst, March ( W. Davi-
son).
Yea, March ( W. Davison).
Tavoy, March ( W. Davison).
Siam (<S7/ - R. Schotnburgk).
Bangkok, April 2 (Capt.
Conrad).
Penang.
Malacca, Oct. (Dr. Main-
gay)-
Johore, March ( W. Davison).
Singapore, Sept. 24 ( W.
Davison).
Singapore Island, Sept. to
Dec. ( W. Davison).
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E.
C. Buxton).
Java.
Borneo (Rajah Brooke).
Labuan, Oct. 19.
S.W. Formosa (R. Sivinhoe).
S.W. Formosa (R. Swinhoe).
Shanghai, Sept. 28 (Capt.
I nee).
Australia.
Queensland.
< Jape York.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Oates Coll.
Hume Coll.
Some Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Dr. Sharpe [P.].
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Gould Coll.
A. EL Everett, Esq.
[C.].
Salvin-Oodman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Mrs. Ince [P.].
Linnean Society.
Lord Leiprh [P.].
Gould Coll
62 CTTRS0RTID.5:.
t>\ Ad. sk. Cape York. Seebohm Coll.
w 3 , x 3 . Imm. sk. Cape York (/. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll.
y\ Ad. sk. Cape York (J. T. Cocker ell). Tweeddale Coll.
z 3 , a\ Skeletons. Java. Purchased.
8. GALACTOCHRYSEA. Type
Galachrysia, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856) G. lactea.
Galactochrysea, Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 338 (nom. emend., 1890) G. lactea.
Range. Africa and the Indian Peninsula.
Key to the Species.
a. Axillaries chestnut like the breast ; a white mark
under the eye and another behind it ; legs black. . ocularis, p. 62.
b. Axillaries slaty grey or ashy brown like the sides of
the body ; feet yellow in skin, red in life.
a'. Hind neck with a rufous collar liberies, p. G3.
b'. Hind neck with a white collar.
a". No white on outer base of secondaries emini, p. 64.
b". Outer edge of base of secondaries white' .... nuchalis, p. 64.
c. Axillaries white ; feet yellow in skin ; hind neck
with a pale rufous collar ; a black patch on ear-
coverts ; back ashy grey cinerea, p. 64.
d. Axillaries black; feet black; back ashy grey; no
collar on hind neck lactea, p. 65.
1. Galactochrysea ocularis.
Glareola ocularis, Terr. S. Afr. Q. Journ. ii. p. 80 (1833) ; Hartl.
Faun. Madag. p. 71 (1861) ; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867,
Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 645, pis. cclvi.-eclviii. (1882) ; Seebohm,
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 260 (1888) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 304
(Lamu) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115.
Glareola geoft'royi, Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 51 ; id. Mag. de Zool.
1845, pi. lvii. ; Reichenb. Syn. Av., Gall. Taf. 291. tig. 1626
(1848); Rock fy E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 169; E. Newton, t.c.
p. 455.
Glareola nordmanni (nee Fischer), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (Zambesi).
Adult male. General colour above brown with a slight olive
gloss, the wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back ; outer
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown,
with a narrow whitish fringe at the end of the secondaries and
greater coverts ; rump rather darker than the rest of the back ;
upper tail-coverts white, forming a broad white band ; tail-feathers
black, with a good deal of white on the basal half of the feathers,
increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is white with a
broad band of black at the end, the middle tail-feathers tipped with
8. QALACTOCURYSKA. 63
ashy brown or whitish ; crown of head dusky blackish brown,
forming a cap ; the lores and feathers round the eye black; a spot
of white below the eye, and a second spot of white behind the
latter ; ear-coverts, throat, and chest dark ashy brown ; entire
breast pale chestnut, the flanks inclining to ashy brown ; abdomen,
lower hanks, thighs, and under tail-covcrts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries chestnut, the outer coverts dark brown with a
spot of white at the base of the primary-coverts : " bill black, the
base vermilion; claws reddish brown; iris brown" (E. Newton).
Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7 - 5, tail 2*65, tarsus 1.
Hab. Madagascar, and Eastern Africa from the Zambesi to Lamu.
a. Ad. st. Madagascar. Purchased.
b. Ad. st. Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard [C.].
c. Ad. sk. Zambesi ( Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition.
rf.Ad.sk. Lamu, Sept. 1 1. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].
2. Galactochrysea liberiae.* (Plate V. fig. 1.)
Glareola megapoda, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mtis. p. 62 (R. Quorra :
descr. nulla!) ; id. lland-l. B. iii. p. 18, no. 10029 (1871 ); Biittik.
Notes Leyden Mm. vii. pp. 233, 256 (1885 : descr. princeps), x.
p. 99 (1888), xi. pp. 127, 136 (1889) ; Seeb. Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 267 (1888).
Glareola nuchalis {nee Gray), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 211 (1857) ;
Reichen. J.f. (). L877, p. 11 (Loangob
Glareola marchei, OustaUt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 104 (1877).
Glareola nuchalis liberia>, Schl. Notes Leyden Mas. p. 58 (1881 ).
Adult. General colour above dark ashy brown with a slight
olive gloss. Wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back ;
outer coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish
brown, with a little white at the base of the inner web and the
secondaries. Upper tail-coverts white, forming a band ; tail-
feathers blackish, white at base, increasing in extent towards the
outermost, which have only the terminal third black, tho centre
feathers edged with white at the end of the inner web. Crown of
head darker and more blackish brown than the back, with a collar
of bright cinnamon on the hind neck and sides of neck ; lores
blackish, as well as the chin ; below the eyes a streak of white ;
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast dark ashy grey,
becoming lighter on the sides of the body and flanks ; abdomen and
thighs whitish, slightly washed with grey : vent and under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts blackish, axillaries greyish :
" bill coral-red, the point black ; feet coral-red ; iris dark brown "
* Following the absurd custom of earlier days, that the naming of a specimen
in a museum was sufficient to set up a specific designation for the whole world
to recognize, Mr. G. R. Gray called this species Glareola megapoda in 1844,
but gave no description by which it could be identified. The best description
is that of Mr. Biittikofer, and it would hare been a pleasure to have followed
his recognition of the species, but for the fact that, in the meantime, the late
Professor Schlegel had named it G. nuchalis liberue, eo that one has no option
but to adopt the latter name.
64 CURS01UID.E.
(J. Biittikofer). Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 5-65,
tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95.
Young. Similar to the adult, but freckled on the back, wings, and
chest with fulvescent tips to the feathers, which have a blackish
sub-terminal bar.
Hab. West Africa, from the Niger to Liberia.
a. Juv. sk. River Niger (Dr. Baikie). Tweeddale Coll.
b, c. Ad.; d. Juv. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [C.].
sk.
e. Juv. sk. River Niger. Mrs. Heywood [P.].
(Type of G. megapoda.)
f. Ad. sk. Scarries River, Gold Coast. H. F. Blissett, Esq.
3. Galactochrysea emini. (Plate V. fig. 2.)
Glareola emini, Shelley, P. Z, S. 1888, p. 49 ; Seebohm, Geogr.
Distr. Charadr. p. 209 (1888).
Adult male (typo of species). Similar to G. liberies, but larger,
with no white at the base of the secondaries, and at once distin-
guished by the white collar on the hind neck : " bill black, with
the basal half vermilion-red ; feet vermilion ; iris umber-brown "'
(Emin Pasha). Total length 8 inches, culmen 055, wing 6, tail 2*5,
tarsus 0*7.
Hab. Equatorial Africa.
«. cJ ad. sk. Foda, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.].
Oct. 18, 1885. (Type of species.)
4. Galactochrysea michalis.
Adult (type of species). Similar to G. liberice, but with a white
collar round the hind neck, and further distinguished by the white
on the outer web of the base of the secondaries. Total length
5*7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 5 - 45, tail 1-85, tarsus 0*7.
Hab. Upper White Nile region.
a. Ad. sk. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
(Type of species.)
5. Galactochrysea cinerea.
Glareola cinerea, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 26; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 538, pi. 144 (1844) ; id. List Grallce Brit. Mm. p. 62 (1844 :
R. Quorra); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 211 (1857); Cassin, Proc.
Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 173 (Camma R.) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1867,
p. 268; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 18, no. 10034 (1871); Meichen.
J.f. O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 422
(1881); Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 299 (Manyanga) ; Seebohm,
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 265 (1888).
8. 8ALACX0CHRTSEA. 65
Galachrysia cinerea, Bp. C. K. xliii. p. 41!) (1856).
Glareola (Galachrysea) cinerea, Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 610
(R. Niger).
Adult. Similar to G. lactea, but paler and more of a pearly grey,
and differing in the cinnamon-rufous collar on the hind-neck and
sides of neck, the while eyebrow, white cheeks and sides of face,
with a line of black crossing the ear-coverts to the sides of the
throat ; it has also white axillaries and a yellow base to the bill.
Total length 0-5 inches, oilmen Oo, wing 5-6, tail 2*1, tarsus - 85.
1 1 ah. West Africa, from the Niger to the Congo.
a, b. Ad. sk. River Niger (Z. Fraser). Capt. Allen [P.].
(Types of species.)
<■,'/. Juv.sk. River Niger (Z. Fraser). Eyton Coll.
e. Ad. sk. River Higer. Dr. Baikie [C.].
f. Ad. sk. River Niger (Dr. Baikie). Tweeddale Coll.
>/. Ad. sk. Ogowe River. II. T. Ansell, Esq.
[P..
h. Skeleton. Gaboon. Purchased.
6. Galactochrysea lactea.
Glareola lactea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 503 (1820) ; id. VI. Vul. v.
pi. 399 (1826) ; Gray, List Grail,,- Brit. Mus. p. 02 (1844) ; id. Gen.
B. iii. p. 538 (1844) ; B/i/th, Cat. B. Mas. As. Sue. p. 259 (1849 :
Calcutta); Jcrd. B. Ind. iii. p. 032 (1804); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos,
Cursores, p. 17 (1805) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 64 (18010 : Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 18, no. 10033 (1871); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 440
(1873); id. Nests S( Eyys, p. 568 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 429
(1874) : Ilarting, P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 00. fig. 1 (egg) ; Hume, Mr. F.
iii. p. 179 (1875); Blyth $ II aid. B. Burnt, p. 154 (L->75i ;
Armstr. Str. F. iv. p. 338 (1876); Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 469;
Hume §■ Darison, Str. F. vi. p. 454 (1878) ; Davidson §■ Wenden,
Str. F. vii. p. 88 ( 1878) : Bui', t. c p. 226; Cripps, t. c. p. 299;
Hume, t.c. p. 482 ; Butler, Cat. />'. S. Bomb. Pies. p. 72 (1880);
Oates.Haudb. B. Barm. ii. p. 363(1883) : Hume, Sb: F. xi. p. 312
(1888); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 264 £888); Oates,
ed. Hume's Nests >Y Eggs, iii. p. 320 (1890) : Barnes, Journ. Bomb.
Nat. Hist. Soc. iii. p. 205, iv. pp. 2, 83, 237. v. pp. 1. '.»7. 315, vi.
pp. 1 . 29.
Glareola orientalis (nee Leach), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 215
(1840).
Glareola nipalensis vel cinerascens, Hodgs. Icon, hied, in Brit. Mas ,
QraUce, pi. tfi (no. 658) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (18-14).
Glareola grangetica, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., GralUe, pi. 10
(no. 825) ; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 86 1 1844).
Galachrysia lactea, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419(1856).
< lalactochrysea lactea, Heine §■ Reichen. Nomencl. M us. Hem. p. 338
(is: i0).
Adult male. General colour above light ashy grey ; wing-coverts
like the back, tin- greater scries edged with white ; outer wing-
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, mid quills black, with white
near the base of the inner web, increasing towards the centre of
the wing; the secondaries white, with a black bar at the end, the
VOL. XXIV. F
66
CUHSORIIUJC.
inner ones ashy grey like the back; upper rail-coverts white; tail-
feathers black, white at base, increasing in extent towards the outer
ones, which are white with black tips ; the centre tail-feathers
tipped with white or ashy ; head like the back, with a line of black
from the gape to the lores ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of
neck light ashy grey ; the cheeks and entire throat rufescent buff ;
fore-neck and chest pale pearly grey ; remainder of breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
black, with a white spot at the base of the outer primaries : " bill
black, gape and basal part of margins red; feet neutral brown or
plumbeous brown ; iris dark brown "'( W. V. Legge). Total length
6-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 5-8, tail 205, tarsus - 65.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
6 inches, culmen 055, wing 5-6, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-7.
Young. Only seems to differ from the adult in having some
obsolete light margins to the feathers of the upper surface, and in
having the throat spotted with dusky brown.
Hub. Indian Peninsula and Cevlon.
a, 2 ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.
d, e,f. Ad. sk.
g, h. d 2 ad. sk.
i-m. Ad. ; n, o.
Juv. sk.
p, q, r. Ad. sk.
s, t. Ad. sk.
vr-x. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
2. Ad. sk.'
a'. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
c, d', e'. Ad. sk.
f',ff'. Ad. sk.
A'. 2 ad. sk.
i . Ad. sk.
k'. c? ad. sk.
I'. $ ad. sk.
tri , n. Ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p'-ti'. Ad. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
xv',r',y'. Ad. sk.
z\ a". Ad. sk.
Kotri, Sind, Feb. 20 (H. E.
Barnes).
N.W. frontier of India ( W.
Griffith).
Murdan, March.
Gurgaon District, March 12
(A. O. H.).
Etawah, Feb., Oct.
Nepal.
Beliar.
Dinapur.
Darjiling Terai.
Sikhini Terai.
Bhotan Terai, Jan. (L. Man-
delli).
Lower Hills, Bhotan Dooars
{L. M.).
N. Khasia Hills {A. W. Chen-
nell).
Dacca.
Calcutta. Dec.
Calcutta.
Godaveri Vallev, Jan. ( W. T.
Blanford).
Bilaspur District, April 5 ( W.
T. Blanford).
Damoodah River, Feb. (R. C.
Beavan).
Saugor.
Baipur, Jan., Feb.
South Canara.
Khandeish.
Deccan (Sykes).
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
(Types of G. nipalensis.)
Hodgson Cull.
Pinwill Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col.J.Biddulph[C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
O. 9ALACT0( ilKYSEA.
/>". Ad. Bk. Madras {Jerdon). Gould Coll.
c". Pad.sk. S.E. Ceylon, June 80. Col. Vincent Le;
</ ' 1/ '. (J ; h", Tonfjlioo, Burma, Feb., April, rweeddale Coll.
i'\ $ ad.sk. May ( /,'. G. W. A'.).
k". Ad. sk. Shway-g-ween, Jan. 1 (li. G. Tweeddale Coll.
ir.'R).
I". <$ ad. Bk. Palow, Pegu, April 14 (J£ Oates Coll.
(('. 0.).
»»". <£ ad. Bk Elephanl Point, Dec. 1 [J.Arm- Hume Coll.
sfronff).
n'\ <J imm. ; o", Theinzeik, Tenasserim, Dec. 12 Hume Coll.
/>",</". 2 ad. ( W. Duriauii).
.sk.
r". $ ad. Bk. Phagat, Not. 26 (If. IK). Hum- (',.11.
.« /-'. " ad. ; c*- Tliatone, Nov., Dec. ( JC 7>. ). Hume Coll.
//'. ',' ail. el
JUV. sk.
o*,p s . Skeletons. Khasia Hills (A. W.ChenneU). Tweeddale Coll.
</'. Skeleton. Purchased.
68
Family III. PARRIDiE.
Palate schizognathous.
Dorsal vertebrae opisthocoelous.
Basipterygoid processes present.
No occipital foramina.
Spinal feather-tract forked on back.
General aspect that of a Kail. Toes enormously long, and armed
with straight spur-like claws, the hind toe very long with a claw
exceeding it in length.
Nest a floating mass of grass and weeds.
Eggs pear-shaped, elossy, uniform olive in Hydrophasis and Meto-
pidius; in the other genera thickly scrawled over with black.
Key to the Genera.
a. No frontal shield or lappet ; centre tail-
feathers greatly elongated, exceeding the
length of the body ; primaries attenuated
towards the ends, the shafts of the outer
ones, at all ages and seasons, produced in
such a manner as to form a kind of elon-
gated terminal plume in continuation of
those quills ; a small sharp spur on the
carpal joint 1. IIydhophasis, p. 69.
b. With a frontal shield or lappet ; primaries
not produced at the ends.
a . With a frontal shield, rounded or trun-
cate posteriorly.
a". Frontal shield large, not leaf-like
and unattached, but occupying the
anterior part of the crown to behind
the line of the eve ; spur obtuse and
feebly developed 2. Mktopidius, p. 72.
V' . Frontal shield very small, not extend-
ing as far as the line of the eye, and
unattached posteriorly to the skull,
leaf-like in character ; spur on the
winp: obtuse and scarcely developed
at all 3. Phyllopkzus, p. 70.
b'. With a frontal lappet, leaf-like, with an
erect central comb 4. Hydealector, p. 79.
c . With a frontal lappet, leaf-like and
divided posteriorly.
r". Frontal lappet with a single median
indentation behind ; a small pendent
lappet at the antrle of the mouth ;
spur on wing well developed and
very sharp 5. Jacaxa, p. 81.
d". Frontal lappet with a double inden-
tation behind, with no pendent rictal
lappet ; spur on wing strongly deve-
loped, long, and very sharp 6. Asarcia, p. 86.
1. iiTiiiaii'HAsis. 69
d'. Forehead feathered, withou! any frontal
;-lii''ld ; primaries ordinary, not pro-
duced ;ii the ends. Size very small:
total Infill 6-5 inches 7. Aphalus, p. 88.
1. HYDROPHASIS. T
ffydrophasianus, \Ya : ,lvr, lata, 1832, p. 270 H. sinensis.
Range, [ndian Peninsula from Cashmere and Bind, south to
Ceylon, easl through tin- Burmese countries to South China, and
southwards bo Malacca, Java, and the Philippine Islands.
1 . Hydrophasis chirurgus.
Le Chirurgien de I'isle de Lueon, Sown. Voy. N. Chan. p. 82, pi. 45
1776).
Tringa chirurgus, Scop. Del. Flor. et Fawn. Insubr. li. p. 92 (1/86).
Luzonian Jacana, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. I, p. 246 (1786).
Chinese Jacana, Lath. t.c. p. 246 (1785); id. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i.
p. 256, pi. 117 (1787).
Parra luzoniensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 709 (1788); Viritt. N. Diet. xvi.
p. 447 ( 1817).
Parra sinensis, Gm. t. e. p. 709 (1788); Vieill. t. c. p. 4->l (1817) ;
id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 166, pi. 265 i L826 34) , Less. TraitS, p. 539
i L831 ) : Gray St BarAw. 111. Ind. Zoo!, ii. pi. ','> (1832J : Hodgs.
In,,,, ined. in Brit, Mas., Gratia, pi. Mis (no. 563); id. in Gray's
Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Schl Mus. Pays-Bos, Kalli, p. 71 (1866 :
Luzon; Java); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 185(Perak).
Hydrophasianua sinensis, Waaler, Ists, 1832, p. 270; Gray, List
Gratia Brit. Mus. p. 114 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 689 (1846) ; id.
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 142 (1846) : Eeiehenb. Av.
Syst. Nat., Fulicarue, Taf. 112. figs. 1130-1132 (1862) ; Gould, B.
Asia, vii. pi. OS (1855); Blyth y Ibis, 1867, p. 170; Sunnh. t. c.
p. 389 (Amov); Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 2o4 (1872:
Cutch) ; Hume $r Menders. Lahore to Turk. p. 290 (1873); Blyth
a- Wald. 1>. Burnt, p. L57 (1876: Axakan).
Parra indica (nee Lath.), Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.. GraUa,
pi. 109. fig. ; (no. 719); id. in Gray's Zuol Misc. y. 86 | IS44).
Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Blyth, Cat. li. Mus. As. Soc. p. 271
p. 414 (Hankow; Amm coast); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 70
no 10540(1871); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 475 (Ceylon) ; Hume,
Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 592 (1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 249 (1873 :
Sind) ; Adam, t. c. p. 897 (Samhhur) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, l v 7-"..
p. 418 (Kathiawar); Salvad. Uee. Horn. p. 843 (1874); Ball,
■si,-. F. ii. p. 432 (I --7 1: Chota Nagpur); Hume. Str. F. iii.
p, 1-.", (1875: Pegu) ; id. t. e. p. 381 (E. Narra); Butler, Str. F.
,\ p. 20(1876: I 3&)\ Fairb.t c. p. 263(Deccan); Cocfcftwn,
t c. p. 609; U'uhlm, /V. Z. n. i\. p. 232 i 1875 ; Luzon) ; Hume,
si,-. F. v. p. 46 (1877: Cachar) ; David Br Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 183
(1877: S. China); Hume ,v Davis. Str. F. vi. p. 464 (1878:
Tenaaserim) ; Davidson $ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 1878: Dec-
can); Bull. t.c. p. 229 (Rajmehal Hills; Lohardugga); Oi>/«
70 PARR] ll -E.
t. c. p. 304 (Faridpur) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 914 (1879) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879) ; Doiy, t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra) ; Tiraut,
Bull. Comm. Agric. Cochin Chine, (3) i. p. 159 (1879 : Cochin
China); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 6H (1879); id. Cat. B. S.
Bomb. Pre*, p. 79 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 86 (1880 : S. Kon-
kan); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 640, 642; Butler, Str. F. ix.
p. 431 (1881) ; Beid, Str. F. x. p. 72 (1881 : Luc-know) : Scully,
Ibis, 1881, p. 590 (Gilgit River) ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 321
(1882: Khandeish) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burnt, ii. p. 360
(1883); Blasius, J. f. O. 1884, p. 216 (Bangkan Lake) ; Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 259 (1884); Vorderm. Nat, Tijdschr.
Nederl.Ind.xMy. Ail. 3, p. 204 (1884) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884,' p. 268
(KiuMang); C. H. T. Marshall, t. c. p. 424 (Chamba) ; Sicinh. fy
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 134 (Depalpur) ; Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 188
(Ceylon: breeding): Cordeaux, Ibis, 1888, p. ^22 (Cashmere);
Elliot, Auk, y. p^ 303 (1888); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 326 (1888:
Manipur) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch. Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 203
(S.E.Borneo) ; Steere, List B.8f Mantm. Philipp.y. 26 (1890: Min-
doro) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests cy Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 358 (1890) :
Beid, Cat. B. Luchrtow Mus. p. 254 (1890) ; Sharpe, Bep. Set.
Results 2nd Tark. Miss., Aves, p. 136 (1891: Woolar Lake);
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 502 (Lower Yangtze).
Adalt male in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark
chocolate-brown with a bronzy gloss ; scapulars like the back ;
entire wing-coverts creamy-white ; primary-coverts white ; bastard-
wing feathers also tipped with black ; primaries blackish ; the outer
one entirely so, the next one white at base of inner web, the white
gradually increasing, until on the inner primaries there is only a
black tip ; secondaries entirely white except the inner ones, which
are brown like the back ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail blackish
brown ; crown of head and face, as well as the entire throat, pure
white ; occiput and nape black, extending in a line down the sides
of the neck, separating from the throat the golden patch which
occupies the whole of the hind-neck ; entire under surface of body
blackish chocolate ; under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the
quill-lining, white. Total length 20*5 inches, culmen 1 - 15, wing 7'8,
tail 2-4, centre feathers 12, tarsus 2-1.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage: "bill bluish;
feet pale plumbeous, claws horn-colour ; iris brown " (E. W. Oates).
Total length 21 inches, culmen L15, wing 9 - 5, tarsus 2.
Adalt male in winter plumage. Different from the summer plumage.
General colour above bronzy-brown, rather more dusk} - on the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts for the most part
white, but the inner, median, and greater coverts browner and
crossed with wavy blnck lines, more or less obsolete on the outer
coverts ; inner secondaries also slightly varied on the outer web
with white and black bars ; upper tail-coverts white, freckled and
barred with brown or black on the inner web, the longer coverts
brown like the centre tail-feathers ; remainder of the tail-feathers
white ; crown of head dark brown ; the forehead freckled with
hoary white edgings to the feathers ; down the hind-neck a band
of brown feathers tipped with white and flanked with golden yellow
1. UYDKOPUASIS.
'1
from tin' hinder part of the eyebrow down the sides of the neck;
lores white, us also the eyelids : from the gape a line of black
passing through the eye and joining a black line which traverses
the sides of the neck and unites in a somewhat broad collar on the
fore-neck ; sides of face and entire under surface of body white,
tinged with creamy-buff on the throat : " bill dark brown, the
basal half of the lower mandible bright yellow ; feet dull greenish,
claws horn-colour ; iris pale yellow" (E. W. Oatcs). Total length
11*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 7'1, tail 3.
Ail nit female in winter plumage. Similar to ths male, but somewhat
larger. Total length 14 inches, wing 7 '.).
Young. Generally resembles the winter plumage of the adults,
but is always distinguished by its rufous head, and in the first
stage of plumage by the sandy-rufous margin to the feathers of the
upper surface ; the dusky band of the sides of the neck is feebly
indicated and the horseshoe collar on the fore-neck is marked by a
few spots of dusky blackish. The white on the primaries is more
restricted, but the elongated tips are present.
Hull. The same as that of the genus.
a. ($ ad. sk.
Wbolar Lake, Cashmere,
July (F. Sfo/iczka).
India Museum.
h. Ad. sk.
Deesa, Aug. 24 (E. A.
Butler).
Hume Cull.
c. jj juv. sk.
Erinpoorah, Nov. (Dr.
Eddowes).
I In me Coll.
d. 3 ad. ; e, f, q.
Delhi District. June, Julv
Hume Coll.
2 ad. sk. '
( /(". A". Chill).
h. 3 hiem. sk.
Qurgaon, July 6 ( W. N.
Chill).
Hume Coll.
t, k. <$ $ sestiv. sk.
Meerut.Sept. [A. O. II.).
Hume Coll.
/. Ad. sk.
Allahabad, July.
Hume Coll.
m, a. Ad. ; o, />.
Etawah.
Hume Coll.
Juv. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
Eta wah, July 24.
Hume Coll.
/•, *. d ad. ; t. 2
Oudh, .May. Aug.
Hume Coll.
hiem. sk.
it, v. J ad. ; iv, X.
Oudh.
Piu will Coll.
(3 2 hiem. ; y. Juv
sk.
z. (S ad. sk.
Lucknow, May 27.
Colonel Way [P.].
a'. (3 ad. sk.
Mogul Serai, Jan. 8 | W.
E. Brook-:).
Hume Coll."
b'. 2 hiem. sk.
Mogul Serai.
1 lume Coll.
c\ d'. J 2 ad. sk.
Bewur, Aug. 13 (A. An-
derson).
Seebohm Coll.
f ,/'. Ad. hiem. ;
Debar.
Hodgson Coll.
</'. Jut. sk.
//,'/'. Ad.; k',l'.
Nepal.
Hodgson Coll.
Jut. sk.
>/)', it' . Ad. sk.
Nepal i/.'. //. Hodgson).
India Museum.
o . Ad. hiem. sk.
Daijeeling Tend, Dec.
('/.. MtinHrlli).
Hume Coll.
}' .</ \d. et hiem.
St
East Bengal [Blyth).
India Museum.
72
r' . Hiem. sk.
s'. $ hiem. sk.
t' , u'. Ad. sk.
»', w'. 3 ad. sk.
x' . <$ juv. sk.
y'. S ad. ; a'. 5
hiem. sk.
«". <5 ad. sk.
6". 2 juv. sk.
c". Ad. sk.
d", e". Ad. et juv. si
f",g". Ad. sk.
/>". i". Ad. et juv.
sk.
fc", I". 6 2 ad. sk.
m", ?*". 5 ad. sk.
o"-g". 2 ad. hiem. ;
r '. S juv. sk.
s" , t". <$ 2 idem. sk.
a" . 2 juv. sk.
v" . 2 hiem. sk.
w". 2 ad. hiem. sk.
-r". 2 fid. sk.
y" . S ad. sk.
z". 2 a d. sk.
a 3 , 6 3 , c*. Ad. sic.
d\ 2 ad. sk.
e 9 . Pones of trunk.
Cachar.
Logtak Lake, Manipur,
March 16 (.4. 0. 11.).
Dacca.
Calcutta, May.
Depalpur, Jan. 7.
Saugor, July 5.
Raipur.
Khandeish.
Satpura Hills, Northern
Khandeish, May.
. Deccan (Sykes).
Madras.
Ceylon, June, July (S.
Chapman).
Cotta, Northern Province,
Ceylon, April 10 (Hart).
Lower Pegu, April, Aug.
Tonghoo, Dec. to Feb. (R.
G. W. R).
Thatone, Jan. 9.
Amherst, Dec.
Malacca, Nov. (Dr. Main-
gay)-
Java (Diard).
Hankow, China (R. Sunn-
hoe).
Hankow (R.S.).
Hankow (M.S.).
Formosa, April,
(R. S.).
Takow, Formosa,
(R. S.).
Nepal.
Aus-.
Hume ( 'oil.
Plume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Swinkoe[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Oates Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sahin-fiodman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
June Seebohm Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
2. METOPIDIUS.
Type.
Metopidius, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 279 M. indicus.
Range. Indian Peninsula, not extending to Ceylon. From the
N.W. Provinces throughout India to Travancore, east through the
Burmese provinces to Siam,reoccurring in Java, Sumatra, and Celebes.
1. Metopidius indicus.
Indian Jacana, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 2.57 (1787).
Parra indica, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 765 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. xvi.
p. 447(1817); Sehl. Mus. Pays-Ras, Ralli, p. 67 (1865: Java;
Celebes) ; Gray, Hand-l. R. iii. p. 70, no. 10538 (1871) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Rom. p. 343 (1874) ; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 46 (1877 : Cachar) ;
Oates, t. c. p. 165 (Pegu); Hume §• Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 464
(1878: Tenasserim); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 229 (1878: Ganges to
Godaveri) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 304 (Faridpur) ; Tiraut, Bull. Comm.
Agric. Cochin Chine, (3) i. p. 159 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113
(1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sindetc. p. 66 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb.
2. MF.Toi'imrs. to
ftv*. p. 79 (1880); Bingh. sir. /'. ix. p. 197 (1880: Thoungyeen
Vallej ); Butler,t.c.v. 430(1881 : Mahratta country) ; Reid,Str.F.
x. p. 72(1881: Lucknow) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1882, p. -170: Bavwon,
Str. F. x. p. 416 (1883 : Wynaad) : McGregor, t. c. p. Ml | L88i :
Deccan); Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 323(1888: Manipurj; Reid, Cat.
Lucknow Mus. p. 262 (1893).
Parra cuprea, VaUntyn. Shrift. Naturh. Setik. 1793, ii. p. 51.
he (irnnil .liicaiui vnl ;"i civic, Temm. Cut. Si/xf. p. 177(1807);
Hartf. Cb«fc\ Orw. [849, p. 4.
Parra cristata, Vieill. N. Diet. xvi. p. 460 i 1817).
Parra amea, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 498 (1817) ; ies.s. Traite.y. 539
( 1831 ) : /•'.,/•/„■,•. P. Z. & L881, p. 643.
Parra superciliosa, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 194 (1821); id.
Zool. Research. Java, pi. 64 (1824); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit.
Mus., Gralla, pi. 110 (no. 670); itf. /« Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 8(1
(1844).
Parra phcenicura, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. Ill
(no. 572) ; erf. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 8G (1844).
Metopidiua seneus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 279; Reiehenb. Av. Syst.
Nat., FulicaricE, Tat', ill. tigs. 1124-1125 ( L852).
Hydralector cristatus, Wagler, t. c. p. '280.
Parra arata, TVc/be//, J. A. S. Ben;/, ii. p. r,S2 i is:}:',).
Parra melanochloria, Vieill. Gal. Oix. ii. p. 264 1 1834).
Parra melanoviridis, Vieill. t. c. p. 164.
Metopidiua indicus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1844) ; id.
Gen. B. iii. p. 58!) (1846) ; id. Cut. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs.
p. 142 (1846); Bb/th, Cat. B. Mux. As. Soc. p. 273 (1849: Cal-
cutta); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 242 (Oudh); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 708
(1864); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 170; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 396
(Manbhoom) ; Godunn-Aust. J. A. S. Benu. xxxix. p. 274 1 1870 :
Khasia Hills); Blanf. op. at. xl. p. 276 ( 1S71 : Wardha Valley) :
Hume, Nests $ Eggs Bid. II. p. 591 (1873); Bull. Str. F. ii.
]i. 43] ( 1874 : Chota Nagpur) ; Hume, t.c. p. 483; id. str. F. iii.
p. L83 (1876: Pegu); Bh/th ,V Wold. B. Burm. p. lo7 (1675:
Arakan); But/. Str, F. iv. p. 19 (1876: Laugrez) ; Fairb. t.c.
p. 263 (Deccan) ; Armstrong, t. c. p. ">48 (Elephant Point) ; An-
derson, Hep. Zool. Coll. Yun-nan, Aves, p. 083 (1878: Bhamo) ;
Oates, Handb. It. Br. Burm. ii. p. 368 (1883) ; Elliot, Auk, v.
p. 299 (1888); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) iv. p. 613 (1887:
Teinzo) ; id. op. cif. v. p. (>21 (1888: Kaukaryit) ; Gates, ed.
Humes Nests % Eggs Ind. />. iii. p. 366 (1890).
rlydrophasianus sinensis (nee Gm.\ Schomburgk, Ibis, 18i;4, p. 266
(Siam) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 293.
Adult untie. GeneraJ colour above glossy olive-bronze, with a
slight shade of oil-green ; wings glossy oil-green, the tips of the
feathers somewhat ashy in worn plumage ; bastard-wing, primary-
Coverts, and quills blue-black, the inner secondaries externally oil-
green, ami the innermost ones bronzy like the hack; lower back,
rum]), and upper tail-coverts deep maroon, with a gloss of purple ;
tail chestnut; head all round, neck, and entire underparts black,
with a greenish gloss, appearing somewhat purple under certain
lights ; hinder neck and upper mantle decidedly glossy purple ; a
broad white atreak from above the eye bo the sides of the nape;
lower Hanks maroon like the rump ; thighs dingy brown ; under
tail-COVerts chestnut ; under wing-coverts like the breast : quill-
74 PAKR1DJE.
lining glossy blue-lilack : " basal half of upper mandible and frontal
shield livid blue, tbe portion near the gape pink ; remainder of upper
and whole lower mandible green ; a rose-coloured spot on either
side of the base of the upper mandible ; legs, toes, and claws bluish
slate-colour; iris brown " (E. W. Gates). Total length 10 inches,
culmen D4, wing 6, tail 1*7, tarsus 25, middle toe and claw 3 - 6.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but larger. Total
length 11-5 inches, culmen l - 45, wing 7, tail 2, tarsus 2-7, middle
toe and claw 3'9.
Young. Differs from the adult in colour and in the hairy texture
of its plumage, the general colour being oily-green, with sandy-
rufous edgings to the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back ; lower
back and rump barred with rufous and dusky black; crown of head
chestnut, with a dusky-black patch from the nape to the mantle ;
sides of face white, as also the throat ; breast and abdomen, the
ear-coverts, lower throat and fore neck cinnamon-buff; some of the
wing-coverts with hoary whitish edgings.
This seems to be the first plumage of the young bird, the descrip-
tion being taken from a specimen still in nestling plumage, in which
the tail has not yet appeared. The sandy-coloured edgings to the
feathers of the upper parts appear to wear off gradually ; the black
on the hind neck becomes more denned and shaded with green,
inclining to purple on the mantle ; the lower back and rump become
more definitely purple, the rufous bars being confined to the rump ;
and the tail is white, varied with zigzag bars of black, the sub-
terminal one following the margin of the feather all round, some
few feathers being olive-green externally. The bars on the tail are
often found broken up, and a chestnut appearance overspreads them,
as the moult approaches : this does not take place till the bird is a
year old, according to Mr. Hume.
There is no sign of a winter plumage in this species, and, so far
as I can see, the change from the young plumage to that of the
adult is effected by a direct moult, without any change in the
pattern of the feather whatever.
Hah. The same as that of the genus.
a, h. cfjuv. ; e. 2 Sankheira, Dec. Hume Coll.
juv. sk.
d. 5 imm. sk. Langrez, North Guzerat, Hume Coll.
Dec. 28 (E. A. Butler).
e> f,ff- 6 ad. ; h. Gurgaon District, May 4, Hume Coll.
9 ad. sk. (A. O.H.).
i,k. 2 ad. sk. Jhansie, Sept. Hume Coll.
l,m. d $ ad. sk. Allahabad, Aug. {J.Cock- Hume Coll.
burn) .
n, o. Ad. et juv. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll.
P> 1- <3 2 a( i- s k- Kheree District, Feb. 14 Seebokni Coll.
{A. Anderson).
r, d ad.; s,t. 2 Oudh. Pmwill Coll.
ad. ; u. S juv. :
v, w. 2 juv. sk.
x. 2 ad. sk. Mogul Serai, Jan. 8 ( W. Hume Coll.
E. Brooks).
2. 1IET0P1DIU3.
i/, x. J ad. el i >ii 11 1 . ;
a'. $ ad. sk.
//, r. Ad. sk.
r/', <■'. Juv. sk.
/'.//'. Ad. ; A'. Juv.
sk.
*'. Ad.sk.
A',/', c? ad. et iniin. ;
m', n'. 2 ad. sk.
</, //', j'. Ail. ; r'.
Juv. sk.
g'. Juv. sk.
/.'. cJjuv.sk.
u'. 2 juv. sk.
/■'. Juv. sk.
»/•', x', //'. $ ad. ; z,
a", 'j ad.; b",c".
1 in in. sic.
r/",e". Ad. sk.
/",!/". Ad. etjuv.
sk.
h",i". Ad.et juv.sk.
k". Ad. sk.
/". Ad.sk.
m". Ad. sk.
»''. Ad. sk.
o", p". Ad. sk.
<?". c? ad. sk.
/•", s". Juv. sk.
f, u", v". $ ad. et
juv.; w"-z". $
juv. sk.
a*, b\ d ad. sk.
c 3 . Ad. sk.
d\ J ad. sk.
e 3 . S ad. sk.
/*,/. cJ ad.; P.
2 ad. sk.
»\<J ad.; A 3 . 2
juv. sk.
l\ m*. d ad. ; »».
2 ad. sk.
oW. J ad.; /'.//'.
2 ad. et iniin. sk.
J' 3 . 2 id. sk.
w». 2 "<•• sk.
.<".//'. y ad. sk.
Behar.
Nepal.
Nepal.
Nepal (B. II. Hodgson),
1 larjiling.
Buxa l)oars, Jan., Feb.
(L. Mandelli).
Bliotan Doars, Nov. to Jan.
(A. Mandelli).
Bhotan Terai, Nov. (L.
Mandelli).
Dibrughur, Dec. 21 [J.
It. (Jrijijis).
North Kbasia Hills. Feb.
(A. W. Chennell).
Oachar {J. Inglis).
Manipur, Feb. (A. O. II.).
1 lacca.
Maunbhum, March ( A.
C. Beavan).
Raipur.
Mirzapur, March (A.
Thompson).
Saugor.
Kamptee.
Coorg.
Madras.
Trevandruni , Travanci ire,
Feb. 7.
Bhamo,UpperBurma,Feb.
Tonghoo, Oct. to Feb. (.R.
G. W. I'.).
ToDghoo.
Rangoon, June 10 (E. IP.
Oates).
Promc Dislr., March 10
(E. W. O.).
Pegu, August 14.
Kaukaryit, Tenasserim,
June to August (J.
Darling).
Beeling, Jan. i".> ( //'.
Davison).
Tkeinzeik, Dec, .Jan.
( W. D.).
Thatone, Sept., Dec, Jan.
( IP. I). ).
Khayin,Dec.,Jan.( W.D.).
Ngabeemab, Mar. B| li'.I>.
Yeal Attaran River,
Dec, March ( If. I).).
I lodgson ( 'nil.
II dgson ( 'oil.
HodgsonCoU. (Types
of P. phcenicura,
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
1 lame ( 'oil.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume ( 'oil.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Dr. R. B. Hinde [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Rev.H.H.Bahcr P. .
F. Bourdillon, Esq.
[C.].
Dr. J. Anderson [('.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Cull.
Gates Coll.
Hume Cull.
Hume Coll.
I [time I '< '11.
I lume Coll.
Hume ( loll.
I [time Coll.
I lume Coll.
~'j par kid .e.
s 3 . d 1 ad.; a 4 , b*. $ Assoon, March 3 ( W.D.). Hume Coll.
ad. et imm. sk.
c\ d}. (J ad. et , juv. Assoon, Feb. (IF. Lint- Tweeddale Coll.
sk. horg).
e\f*. 6 $ juv. sk. Amherst, Dec.20( W.D.). Hume Coll.
g ', // ■'. Ad. et j iiv. sk. Siam (Sii-R.Schomburgk). Gould Coll.
«\ Ad. sk. ' Cambodia, May. M. Pierre [P.].
/.',/'. Ad. sk. Java {Dr. Horsfield). India Museum.
(Types of Parra siiperciliosa.)
m\ Ad. sk. Java. Tweeddale Coll.
w 4 . 5 ad. sk. Java (Diard). Salvin-Godman Coll.
o i . Ad. sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll.
p*, g i , r*. Bones of Nepal. Hodgson Coll.
trunk.
3. PHYLLOPEZUS. gen. now
Range. Nearly the whole of Africa and Madagascar.
Key to the Species.
a. Hinder neck black africanus, p. 76.
b. Hinder neck white albinucha, p. 78.
1 . Phyllopezus africanus.
African Jacana, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 246, pi. lxxxvii. (178-5).
Parra africana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 709 (1788) ; Vieill. A T . Diet J Hist.
Nat. xvi. p. 447 (1817) ; Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2nd ser. pi. 6 (1829) ;
Less. TraiU, p. 539(1831); Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 126 (1845);
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 509 ( 1846 ) ; Seichenb. A v. Si/st. Nat., Fulicariee,
Taf. 111. fig. 1121 (1852) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 64 (1856 : Tana
Lake); Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 240 (1857 : Gaboon; Mozambique);
Brehm, J.f. O. 1858, p! 470; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859,
p. 174 (Camraa River) : Gurnet/, Ibis, 1859, p. 249 (Natal), I860,
p. 221; Eartl. J.f. 0. 1861, 'p. 271 (St. Thomas; Bissao) ; id.
Faune Madag. p. 79 (1861 : AY. Madagascar) ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1862,
p. 38; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 110 (1804: Rozeres) ; Kirk,
Ibis, 1864, p. 334 (Zambesi) ; Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. xvi.
p. 327 (1865) ; Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 90 (Benpuela) ; Schl. Mas.
Pays-Bas, Ralli,p. 69 (1865: Gold Coast; Elmina; Algoa Bav); id.
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425; Layard, II. S. Afr. p. 335 (Cape Colony) ;
Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de. Zoul. 1868. p. 4 (N.W. coast of Mada-
gascar) ; Schl. $ Poll. Faune Madag.. Ois. p. 137 (1868) : Sharpe,
Ibis, 1869. p. 388 (Fante.-) : Fimch $ Hartl. T%. Ostafr. p. 781
(1870) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 70. no. 10535 (1871) ; Gurney in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 328(1872: Damara to Lake Ngami) ;
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 469, 641 ; Hetu/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.
pt. 1, p. 1216(1873: N.E. Africa to 140° N. lat.1 ; Ussher, Ibis,
1874, p. 74 ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1874, p. 375 ( Wuri River) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1875, p. 86 (Durban) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 348 ; Reichen.
J. f. O. 1877, p. 12 (Loango); Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 354 (1877) ;
Fischer $ Reichen. J.f. O. 1878, p. 248' (Malindi), 1879. p. 338
(Tschara); Oust. Nonv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 115 (1879:
Lake Sil6) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 477 (1881) ; Hartl. Abhandl.
not. T'er. Brem. vii. p. 119 (1881 : Lado) ; Milne-Edw. $ Grandid.
N. H. Madag., Ols. p. 581 (1882) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 640,
642 ; Holub # von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 296 (1882 : Panta-
.i. I'll yLLOPEZtrs. i i
matenka) : Shelley, Ibis, L882, p. 367 (Kooroomoorooi Pan); Bohm,
J.J. <). 1882, p. 188 (Kakoma); Schalow, J. f. <>. 188-% p. 340
(Zanzibar) : Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Sue, Zool. jtvii. p. (II (1884 ■.
Muschra Req); id. ed. Layard'a A'. 8. Afr. p. 648 ( 1884) ; Fischer,
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 387 (1884: Naiwascha Lake); Salvad.
Am,. Mus. t'ir. Qenov. (2) i. i>. 225 (1884: 8hoa>; />'«/,/«. ./. /". 0.
1885, i'. 88 (Gonda); Fischer, /. c. p. 117 (Kipini ; Barawa;
Uu<ru); Hnrtert. ././'. O. INSO, ,,. CO 7 (limue I!.); .l,/,v:<, Ibis,
L887, p. 62 (Mashupan R.) ; Eeic/ien. J. f. <>. 1887, p. 48 (Victoria
Nyanza) ; Matschie, t. c. p. 145 (E. ofKagehi; Lufira; M'buga;
Luvule; CJpamba Lake); Reichen. t. c. p. 299 (Manyanga);
,s7»//,-y, TV,/*, lsss, p. :«)4 (.Jipi) ; Reichen. J. f. <). L889, p. 268
(Quilimane), L890, p. L08 (Cameroons).
Sdetopidius amcanus, Wmjlt-r. Tsis, L832, p. l'7'.»: Cray, A/*/ QraUce
Bra. Mus. p. 114 (1844: Gambia); Otirt. //«//. &c. Philom. (7)
i. p. 107 (1877) ; SAeJfcy, P. Z & 1881, p. 601 (Pangani); .Etftb*,
.!«/., v. p. 301 (IMSS).
Ai/nfi. (iencral colour above cinnamon-rufous or chestnut ; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts maroon-chestnut ; wing-coverts
like thr back, the bastard-wing feathers blackish, externally more
or less chestnut; primary-coverts blackish, with chestnut bases;
primaries black, the secondaries blackish, with rufous bases, the
rufous colour increasing towards, the innermost secondaries, which
are entirely chestnut like the back ; tail maroon-chestnufc, with
dusky ends : lores, eyebrow, hinder crown, nape, and hind-neck
black, forming a narrow band down the latter ; sides of face and sides
of neck white, as well as the throat, gradually shading off into the
golden straw-colour of the sides of the neck and fore-neck, the sides
of the bitter barred with black ; remainder of the under surface of the
bodj deep maroon-chestnut ; the under wing-coverts like the breast,
the lower primary-coverts blackish ; quill-lining black, with a steel-
blue gloss : ■• frontal shield, bill, and feet beautiful leaden blue : bare
orbits pale yellow ; iris sometimes pearly white, sometimes brown "
( //. uylin ). Total length 1<> inches, culmen with frontal shield 2*3,
wing 6*5, tail L - 85, tarsus 2 - 6, middle toe and claw 3"5.
Young. Differs from the adult in being bronzy oil-green above,
with rufuis edges to the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts
dingy bronze, washed with maroon ; tail bronzy brown ; head and
neck brown, becoming a little blacker on the latter; facial markings
as in the adult, but the lora] streak brown instead of black ; under
surface entirely white; the sides of the body and flanks as well as
the under wing-coverts maroon-ohestnut ; sides of the fore-neck
straw-colour, but not so golden as in the adult.
South-African birds seem to be rather larger than those from
Weal Africa and North-east Africa ; the female is perceptibly larger
than the male. Thus a female from Lamu measures : total length
'.)•;; inches, culmen and frontal shield 2*1, wing 5-6, tail 2*6 tarsus
I'- 1, middle foe and claw 3-15.
A female from Durban measures: total length 10*5 inches, culmen
and frontal shield 2-2, wing 68, tail 2-25, tarsus 2-8, iddle toe
and claw 3*2.
Hab. The greater pari of Africa.
78
a. Ad. st.
b. Juv. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e,/, y. Ad. sk.
h. Juv. sk.
i. _<5 ad. ; k. $
juv. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. ; ;j. Juv.
sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. 3 ad. s l f -
«. Ad. st.
;!. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
v, iv. Ad. sk.
x. 3 ad. sk.
y, z. Ad. sk.
«', b'. Ad. et
imm. sk.
c\ Ad. sk.
rf'. Ad.; e', /'.
Imm. sk.
9', A'. Ad.etjuv.
sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
A-.'. $ ad. sk.
Z', vi . Ad. sk.
m'-i?'. Ad. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.
Gambia.
Gambia.
Gold Coast.
Fantee (H. T. Usslier).
Amissah River (H. T. Ussher).
Accra, May {J. Smith).
River Volta (II. T. Ussher).
Shonga, River Niger.
Gaboon (P. B. Dtwhaillu).
Rio Rande, Angola, Jan. 23
(Sala).
Benguela.
Shoa, July (Sir W. Harris).
Fazogloa.
White Nile (Consul Petherick).
Muschra Req, Niam-niam
Country, Rec.
Muschra Req, Rec. (F. Bohn-
dorff).
Lake Jipi.
Pangani (Sir J. Kirk).
Upper Shire River, Nov. (A.
Whyte).
Lake Shirwa, Rec. 10 (A.
Whyte).
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk).
Zambesi.
Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad-
shaw).
Mashupan River, Transvaal,
July 3 (T. Ay res).
Natal (T.Ayres).
Durban, Natal (Gordge).
Kingrwilliamstown.
Old Coll.
Rev. R. Morgan [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shellev Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Capt. Ferryman [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Monteiro Coll.
India Museum.
Old Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
F. Rohndorff [C.].
H. O. Forbes, Esq.
[P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.],
Shelley Coll.
11.11. Johnston. Esq.,
CM. [P.].
II. II. Johnston. Ksq.,
OB. [P.].
Livingstone Exped.
Sir J. Kirk [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Gurney ( 'oil.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Major Trevelyafl [C],
2. Phyllopezus albinucha.
Parra albinucha, Is. Geoffr. Ecu. et May. de Zool. 1832, Ares, pi. 6;
Guirin, Iconogr. ReyneAnim., Ois. pi. Ivii. tig. 1 (1844) ; Gray, den.
B. iii. p. 589 (1846)'; Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Fulicariee, Taf. Ill .
fig. 1123 (1852) ; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 78 (1801); Roch Sr E.
Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 172 ; E. Newt. t. e. p. 458 ; Schl. Mas. Pays- Bus,
Ralli, p. 70 (1865) ; id. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 ; Grand id. Rev. et Ma;/.
de.Zool. 1868, p. 4 ; Schl. $ Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 136 (1868) ;
Mnsch §■ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 783, note (1870); Gray, Haml-l.
B. iii. p. 70, no. 10537 ( 1871 ) : Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 352 (1877) ;
Milne-Edw. 8f Grandid. N. H. Madag., Ois. p. 579, pis. 237, 238,
239 (1882).
Farra atricollis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 334 (1837).
Metopidius albinucha, Gray, List Grallte Brit. Mas. p. 114 (1844);
Cab. in Von den Decken's Reis. iii. p. 50 (1869) : Bartlett, P. Z. S.
1875, p. 68 (Tamatave); Elliot, Auk, v. p. 300 (1888).
4. iiYDK.u.i cion. 7'- 1
Adult. General colour above cinnamon-rufous, the wings like the
back ; bastard-wing feathers blackish with rufous centres, the
primary-coverts entirely rufous ; primaries black, the secondaries
rufous like the back, the outer ones blackish at the end of the outer
wrli; rump white, somewhat mixed with rufous where it adjoins
the back; upper tail-coverts and tail chestnut, with blackish tips to
the feathers; head for the most part bare, the hinder crown and
occiput black; nape, hind-neck, and fides of neck pure white, the
latter washed with st ra w-colour ; a small black patch on the top of
the mantle; sides of face and ear-coverts, as well as the entire
throat and fore-neck, black ; chin whitish ; remainder of under
Surface deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut, with a large patch of
white on the lower Hanks ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like
the breast, the latter with ashy brown bases: "bill, frontal shield,
and feet pearly grey; iris clear brown'' (A. Gfrandidier). Total
length 10*5 inches, culmen and frontal shield 2'1, wing (i, tail 1*9,
tarsus 2-4, middle toe and claw 3*3.
Young birds, according to MM. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier,
ire paler in colour, have the top of the head and nape black varied
with white ; the neck white, as well as the greater part of the face ;
the hack and tail-coverts are rufous, slightly washed with greenish.
The frontal shield is smaller than in the adult.
Huh. Madagascar.
a. Ad. st. Madagascar. M. Guerin [P.].
h. Ad.sk. Madagascar. M. Guerin [P.J.
c. .Iuv.sk. Madagascar {Bewsher). Shelley Coll.
</. skeleton. Madagascar. Purchased.
e. Skeleton. Madagascar. Salvin-Godman Coll.
4. HYDRALECTOR.
Type.
Hydralecl ir, Wogler, Isis, L832, p. 280 II. gallinaceus.
Range. Australia and New Guinea ; Celebes; S.E. Borneo.
1 . Hydralector gallinaceus.
Parra gullinacea, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 464 (c. 1831); Lrss. Traiti
p. 639 (1881 ) : Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 589 (18J6) ; Gould, li. . lustr
vi. pi. 75 (1843); Gray, P. '/.. S. I860, pp. 366, 488 (Banda*);
Govid, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 330 (1865); Ramsay, Ibis, 1866'
p. :;t)") (Rockhauipton ; Clarence River); id. Ibis, 1867, p. 417
1.1. ix. fig. •'! (egg): id. /'. /.. s. L877, p. .-ill (Qi nslandj ; id.
I'm,-. I.i, in. Soc. N 8.W. ii. p. l!»i) (1878); Masters, t.c. p. 275
I Pert Darwin); Ramsay, Tab. ListAvstr.B.^.2] (1888) • North
Wests \ Effffs Austr. /.'. p. 327 (1889); Cox # Ramilton, Proc
Linn. Soc. MS. W. (2) iv. p. 421 1 1889 : Mudgee district | ; Biittik.
hi Max Weber, Zool. Ergeh. Reis. Nederl. Ost-Ind. p. .'lor. | [893V
Hydralector gallinaceus, Wagler, Tsis, 1832, p.280; Walden, '/'>■
/.. S. \ili. p. 92 (1872: Menado; Makassar); Meyer, Ibis, 1879,
p. 1 11 (Limbotto); Forbes, 1\ /.. S. 1881, p. 647; Blasius,J. t. 0.
* I have not found Mr. Gray's authority lor this locality.
80 rARRID.E.
1834, p. 216 (Lake Baiikan, S.E. Borneo) ; Kutter, t. c. p. 226
(egg); Elliot, Auk, v. p. 302 (1888); Everett, Joum. Straits
Branch Asiat. Sou. 1889, p. 204.
Metopidius gallinaceus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 114 (1844).
Hvdralector cristatus (nee V.); Reichenb. A v. Si/st. Nat., Fulicariee,
Taf. 112. figs. 1126-29 (1852) : Garrod, P. Z.'S. 1873, p. 34.
Parra cristata {nee. V.), Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 68 (1865:
Gorontalo ; Liinbotto ; Wawouj ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 70,
no. 10539 (1871).
Hvdralector novaB-hollandire, Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 309
"(1881) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21, note (1888).
Adult. General colour above bronzy brown, more dingy on the
lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, all but the
ceutre tail-feathers white at base; wing-coverts like the back;
marginal coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black,
with a slight bluish gloss; inner secondaries bronzy brown like the
back ; forehead behind the lappet to centre of crown, sides of face,
and sides of neck golden straw-colour; throat white, inclining to
golden straw-colour on the fore-neck ; an Lnfra-loral streak of black
from the fore part of the cheeks to the fore part of the eye ; hinder
crown black, extending in a broad line down the hind-neck and
overspreading the upper mantle ; chest, breast, and sides of body,
as well as the under wing-coverts and axillaries, sooty black; entire
abdomen, lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; quills
glossy black below : " bill greenish grey at the extreme tip, then
black to near the nostrils ; the basal portion of the upper mandible
and the helmet aurora-red ; base of the lower mandible light
primrose-yellow ; fore part of tibia red, with a mixture in patches
of yellow and greenish grey : iris light sulphur- yellow : eyelash
light ash-grey " (J. Gould). Total length 9 inches, culrnen with
frontal lappet 1"8, wing 5"0, tail 1*6, tarsus 2-4, middle toe and
claw 3"6.
Adult female. Resembles the male in colour, but is decidedly-
larger ; a male from Tort Essington measures 7 inches in length
and has the wing 4*7, while a female from the same place measures
8-5 inches in length and has the wing 5-6.
Young. Differs considerably from the adult. General colour
olive-brown above, the feathers with sandy-rufous margins ; crown
of head bright rufous ; under surface of body entirely white.
Hub. Australia ; Celebes ; S. Borneo.
a. Ad. ; b. Juv. st.
Australia.
J. Gould, Esq.
c, d. Ad. st.
New South Wales.
Australian Museum.
e,f, g. Ad. sk.
Queensland (J. T. Cockvrell).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. Juv. sk.
Queensland.
Tweeddale Coll.
i, k. cJ 2 ad. sk.
Port Essington, Nov.
J. B. Jukes, Esq.
[P.].
1. 2 ad. sk.
N.W. Australia (T. 11. Bmoyer
Capt. Bowyer Bower
Bower).
[P.].
7)i. Ad. sk.
Menado, Celebes.
Tweeddale Coll.
n, o. 3 ad. ; p,
Makassar.
Wallace Coll.
q, r. $ ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
Makassar.
Tweeddale Gil.
5. JACANA.
81
2. Hydralector novae-guineae.
Parra gallinacea (nee T.), D' Albert. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 30 ; id. Ann.
Mus. Genov. viii. p. 799 (1875).
Parra cristata (nee V.), Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xii. p. 505
(1877 : Laloke River).
Parra novae-guineas, Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. iii. p. 298
(1878 : Port Moresby), iv. p. 102 (1879) ; Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 327.
Hydralector gallinaceus (nee 71), Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii.
p. 308 (1882).
Adult. Similar to II. gallinaceus, but darker and more olive-green
above, without the bronzy shade ; the blue-black colour of the
hind-neck overspreading not only the mantle but the upper back as
well ; the wing-coverts sooty black, nearly as dark as the breast.
Total length 7*8 inches, culmen with frontal lappet 1*7, wing 5,
tail 1-135, tarsus 2'1, middle toe and claw 3*1.
According to Mr. Ramsay, the female is one fifth larger than the
male.
Young birds differ in the same way as in H. gallinaceus, being
white underneath with a rufous head.
Hab. New Guinea.
a, b. Ad. et juv.
Port Moresby.
A. Goldie [C.].
5. JACANA.
Type.
Parra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 259 (1766, pt.) J. jacana.
Jacana, Schaffer, Elem. Orn. fol. 2 B, pi. vii. figs. 1, 2 (1774 :
ex Briss.) J. jacana.
(Cf. Stejneger, Auk, ii. p. 338, 1885.)
mm
Fig. 9.— Ilead of Jacana Jacana, to show form of lappet and facial wattles.
Range. The greater part of South America, north of Patagonia
and Chili, extending into Panama.
VOL. XXJV. q
82
Key to the Species.
a. Back and wing-coverts rufous ; under surface of
body blackish ; sides of body and under wing-
coverts rufous, all the inner secondaries being
rufous like the back jacana, p. 82.
b. Back and wing-coverts deep maroon chestnut ;
inner secondaries with blackish centres, the
longer ones entirely purplish black ; under
surface of body blackish, dark maroon on the
sides of the body, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts ; the marginal coverts and the lower
primary-coverts black melanopygia, p. 84.
c. Entirely greenish black above and below, includ-
ing the inner secondaries and under wing-
coverts nigra, p. 84.
1. Jacana jacana.
The Spur-winged Water-hen of Brazil, Edzcards, Gleanings, iii.
p. 805, pi. 357 (1764).
Le Chirurgien brun, Briss. Orn. v.. p. 125, pi. xi. tier. 1 (1760).
Parra jacana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 259 (176(3) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 707
(1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 762 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. xvi.
p. 446 (1817) ; Nemoied, Beitr. Naturq. Bras. iv. p. 786 (1833) ;
Gray, List Gralhc Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 589 (1846); Hartl. Lnd. Azara, p. 24 (1847); Burm. Th.
Bras. iii. p. 394 (1856) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 282; id. P. Z. S.
1860, p. 290 (Babahoyo) ; Burm. Reis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 506
(1861: Tucuman); E. C. Taylor, Lbis, 1864, p. 96 (Orinoco);
Scl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 66 (1865 : Cayenne ; Demerara) ;
Leot. Ois Trinid. p. 486 (1866) ; Scl. S; Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 200 (Nauta) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas), 1869,
p. 252 (Venezuela) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 313, 458 (1871) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 70, no. 10530 (1871) ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 142 (1873); Lee, Lbis, 1873, p. 137 (Argentina); Scl.
fy Salv. Lhis, 1873, p. 309 (Upper Amazonia) ; Layard, Lbis, 1873,
p. 396 (Para); LLudson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 103 (habits); Taczan.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 329 (Pozo de Lambedero, Peru) ; Bumf. Lbis,
1877, p. 196 (Buenos Avres) ; W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 642, 647 (anatomy) ; 'id. Ibis, 1881, p. 359 (Pernambuco) ;
Wliite, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 627 (Tucuman) ; Berl. Ibis, 1884, p. 440
(Angostura) : Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 331 (1884); Barrows,
Auk, i. p. 277 (1884 : Uruguay) ; Salvin, Lbis, 1886, p. 177 (Brit.
Guiana) ; Macfarlane, Lbis, 1887, p. 309 (Guavaquil) ; Scl. Sr
Hudson. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 163 (1889) ; Graham Kerr, Lbis, 1891,
p. 270 (Rio Pilcomayo) ; Aplin, Lbis, 1894, p. 205 (Bio Negro,
Uruguay).
Jacana, Daubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 322 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii.
p. 186 (1781).
Chesnut Jacana, Lath. Gen. Hist. iii. pt. 1, p. 241 (1785).
Aguapeazo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 257 (1802).
Aguapeazn b'anco de baxo, Azara, t. c. p. 262 (juv.).
Parra jassan°, Cab. in Schomburqk' 's Reis. Guian. iii. p. 759 (1848).
• Parra intermedia, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 252; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 70, no. 10534(1871).
5. JACANA.
83
Parra spinosa (nee L.), ffidgtu. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 175 (1884).
.Tacnna spinosa, 8/ejn. Auk, ii. p. 338 (1885, ex Linn.).
Jacana jacana, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 294 (1888) ; Hiker fy Chapm. Auk,
viii. p. 163 (1891 : Santarem).
Adult. General colour above rich chestnut, inclining to maroon
on tho mantle ; wing-coverts all maroon ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black ; quills sulphur-yellow, with black margins at the
ends, tho primaries also margined with black for the greater part of
the outer web ; inner secondaries like the back ; rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail maroon-chestnut, the latter with dusky-brown
margins to the feathers ; head all round and neck black, with a
green gloss, extending over the mantle on the upper parts ; entire
under surface of body greenish black, under wing-coverts and axil-
liaries as well as the sides of tho body maroon-chestnut : " bill
bright orange ; wing-spur wax-yellow ; feet lead-colour, washed
with olive-green near the feathered part ; lappets on head dark lake-
red; iris pale yellow " (Xeuwied). Total length 7'8 inches, culmen
with frontal shield 1'65, wing 4'9, tail D45, tarsus 2'2, middle
toe and claw 2"9.
Young. Different from the adult. Above dull bronzy brown,
with sandy-rufous edgings to many of the feathers ; rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail dusky brown ; wing-coverts ashy brown, the
greater series edged with sandy rufous, the marginal ones chestnut ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; qui]ls paler yellow than
in the adult, and with broader dusky tips ; inner secondaries like
the back ; head dusky brown ; neck blackish, slightly overspreading
the mantle ; a broad eyebrow and sides of face white, with a black
line skirting the ear-coverts from behind the eye ; entire under
surface of body white, with a sandy-buff shade on the fore-neck and
chest ; under wing-coverts and sides of body maroon ; marginal
coverts and lower primary-coverts dusky brown edged with white :
"upper mandible green, the lower one yellow; legs verditer ; iris
yellow" (E. L. Layard).
Hab. South America, from the Argentine Republic north to
Ecuador and British Guiana.
a. Ad. st. South America.
b. Ad. st. British Guiana.
0. Ad. sk. British Guiana.
d. c? ad. sk. Cariinang River, British Guiana,
Nov. (//. Whitdy).
e. $ ad. sk. Quonga, British Guiana, Oct. (H.
Wllifrhl).
f. Ad. sk. River Amazon (.4. 22. Wallace),
y. S ad. sk. Para, Nov. (W. Harrison).
/;, i. o" ad. et Para, Dec. (E. L. Layard).
jiiv. sk.
/.-. Ad. sk. Mavanham (/'. Wvndehorri).
1. Ad. sk. 1 liver Tocantins, Sept. (.4. R.
Wallace).
Purchased.
Sir R. Schoniburcrk
[C.I.
Col. Strachan [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Vov. II. M.S. 'Ame-
thv<t."
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
g2
84
m. c? ad. sk.
w. Pull.sk.
©. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. Juv. sk.
r. Juv. sk.
8. 2 ad. sk.
£. <J ad. sk.
u, v. Ad.; w,x.
Juv. sk.
y. J ad. sk.
a, a'. Ad. ; b'.
Juv. sk.
Pebas, Upper Amazonia, July 13
(J. Hauxwell).
Elvira, Upper Amazonia (/.
Hauxwell).
Yauayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley).
Salinas, Bolivia, May 9 (R. Pearce).
Brazil.
Chapada, Matto Grosso, Nov. 17
(D. W. Smith).
Cackocira, Feb. (D. W. Smith).
Corumba, March 11 (D. W. Smith).
Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes).
Caicara, Nov. (/. Natterer).
Bahia (Dr. Wucherer).
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
M. Claussen [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
2. Jacana melanopygia.
Parra melanopygia, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283 (Santa Marta) ; id. Sf
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 372 (Panama) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 161 (Santa Fe", Veragua); id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 (Calobre ;
Castillo); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 70, no. 10533 (1871).
Adult male. Similar to J. jacana in colour, but much darker and
more maroon-chestnut above, and differing in the greater amount
of black, which overspreads the lower breast, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts ; the axillaries and under wing-coverts deep maroon,
but the marginal lower coverts and lower primary-coverts black ;
inner secondaries centred with black, the longer ones entirely
purplish black. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen and frontal shield
1*9, wing 8 - 4, tail 1*7, tarsus 2-4, middle toe and claw 2*9.
This species closely resembles Asarcia variabilis, and is approached
by examples of the latter bird from Guatemala and Nicaragua, which
are darker in colour than the majority of specimens from Mexico.
It shows, moreover, a decided approach to J. nigra, as regards the
colouring of the under surface, but is not so entirely black as the
last-named species.
Hab. Panama to U.S. Colombia.
cJ ad. sk. Castillo, Veragua (E. Arce).
$ ad. sk. Calobre, Veragua (P. Arce).
d. Juv. sk. Santa F<§, Veragua (P. Arce).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
3. Jacana nigra *.
Le Chirurgien noir, Briss. Orn. v. p. 124 (1760).
Black Jacana, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 242 (1785).
* Parra brasiliensis of Gmelin is sometimes quoted as a synonym of this
species, but, I think, wrongly. It is founded on the " Jacana armi " of Brisson,
which is in turn derived from Marcgrave. The bird is said to be entirely
5. JACAWA. 85
Parra ni"ra, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 708 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.
p. 762°(1790) ; Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 450 (1817) ;
Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 112 (1844) ; Schl. Mus. Pays- Bus,
Ralli, p. 66 (1865).
Parra hypomelrena, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 589, pi. clix. (1846) ; Scl.
P Z S 1856, p. 283 (Bogota, Carthagena, Chiriqui) ; Salvin,
P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 218 (Calobre) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 116, 383 ;
Scl. 8c Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 142 (1873); iid. P. Z. S.
1879, p. 546 (Antioquia) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1884, p. 320 (Lake
Paturia, Buearramanga) ; id. J.f. O. 1889, p. 320 (Ucayali E.).
Jacana nigra, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 296 (1888).
Adult male. General colour above greenish black, with more or
less of a chocolate-brown tinge on the wings, scapulars, and inner
secondaries ; bastard- wing and primary-coverts black, quills sulphur-
yellow fringed with blackish at the ends, the outer primaries also
edged with blackish ; the innermost secondaries like the back ;
head all round and entire under surface of body black with a
greenish gloss, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries.
Total length 7'5 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1-65, wing 5,
tail 1-7, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 2-9.
Adult female. Similar to the male but larger. Total length
10 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1-8, wing 5-3, tail 1-9, tarsus
2'25, middle toe and claw 3.
The typical specimens of this species from Bogota show little or
no trace of either purplish brown or chestnut- colour on the back
and wings. This, however, is somewhat visible in an example from
Antioquia, but is much more evident in the specimens from Veragua,
which are strongly tinged with purplish or reddish brown on the
upper surface.
Hob. From Panama to Colombia and Venezuela.
a. Ad. ; b. Juv. Lion Hill, Panama (J. McLean- Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. nan).
c. Juv. sk. Panama. Tweeddale Coll.
d, e,f. Ad. ; g. Calobre, Veragua (JB. Arci). Salvin-Godman Coll.
(5 juv. sk.
h. $ ad. sk. Antioquia, U.S. Colombia (T.K. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salmon).
i. $ ad. sk. Bogota (Crowther). Salvin-Godman Coll.
k, I. Ad. ; m. Bogota. Purchased.
Juv. sk.
black, but no mention is made of the colour of the wings, or of the spur. If
a Jacana at all, it is probably the Brazilian species, but the name is too doubtful
to be quoted as a synonym," and had better be dropped altogether. Equally
uncertain is the name of Parra viridis of Gmelin, which may perhaps belong
really to Iononus martinica. The following is the sj-nonymy which pertains
■to it: —
Le Jacana, Briss. Orn. v. p. 121 (1760).
Jacana vert, Buff. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 18» (1781).
Green Jacana, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 243 (1785).
Parra viridis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 708 (1788).
86 P ABRIDGE.
6. ASARCIA.
Fig. 10. — Head of Asarcia, to show form of lappet.
1. Asarcia variabilis.
The Spur-winged Water-hen, Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, i. p. 48, .
pi. 48 (1743).
Parra variabilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 260 (1776).
Jacana du Bre'sil, Daubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 846.
Le Jacana varie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 192 (1781).
Parra jacana (nee Linn.), Shaw, Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 263 (1824) ;
I)' Orb. in Ramon de la Sayra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 249
(1840) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860) ;
Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 338 (Cuba) ; id. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.
vii. p. 385 (1878: Porto Rico).
Parra gymnostoma, Wayler, Isis, 1831, p. 517; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 589 (1846) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283, 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa),
1858, p. 360 (Honduras) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 64 (Belize, &c.) ;
Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 231 (Belize; Peten) ; G. C. Taylor,
Ibis, 1860, p. 314 (Honduras) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 66
(1865) ; Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 116 (Costa Rica) ; id. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 218; Gray, Hand-l. B. p. 70, no. 10532 (1871); Scl. $ Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142 (1873) ; Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.
ii p. 312 (Mazatlan ; Manzanillo Bay ; Zacatula River ; Rio de
Coahuajana) ; Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 88 (1876: S.
Texas) ;' Lawr. Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 50 (1876) ; Merrill,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 167 (1878) ; Ridrjw. t. c. p. 167, pi. iii.
figs. 1, 2 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 642, 646; Ridyw. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 221, 223; Nuttiny, op. cit. v. p. 409 (1882:
Costa Rica), vi. pp. 390, 396 (1883 : Nicaragua) ; Salvin, P. Z. S.
1883, p. 428 (Acapulco) ; Baird, Brewer, $ Ridyw. Water-B. North
Amer. i. p. 176 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd edit. p. 669
(1884) ; Cory,B. St. Dominqo, p. 159, pi. 20 (1885) ; Ridyw. Man.
N. Amer. B. p. 183 (1887); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, pp. 89, 379
(Cozumel).
Parra cordifera, Less. Rev. Zool, 1842, p. 135 (Acapulco) ; Des Murs,
Icon. Orn. pi. 42 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 589 (1846).
Parra punicea, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854).
6. ASARCIA. 87
Parra violacea, Cory, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club, vi. p. 130 (1881).
Jacana gymnostoiua, Bidyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 183(1887: Lower
Uii) Grande).
Jacana spinosa (?iec L.), Elliot, Auk, v. p. 297 (1888) ; Cory, B.
W. Tnd. p. 262 (1889); id. Cat. B. West Indies, p. 92 (1892);
Bichm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. xvi. p. 530 (1893 : Nicaragua).
Jacaua violacea, Cory, Auk, v. p. 51 (1888).
Adult )H<ile. Dark maroon-chestnut on the back and wings ;
the throat and chest greenish black ; remainder of the under surface
dingy maroon, sooty blackish in the centre of the breast, abdomen,
and thighs ; under wing-coverts deep maroon-chestnut, those
round the edge of the wing blackish : " bill, alar spurs, and
frontal leaf bright yellow; upper base of bill bluish white, the
space between it and the nasal leaf bright carmine ; feet greyish ;
iris dark brown " (Sumichrast MS., teste Lawrence). Total length
7 - 5 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1*8, wing 4 - 8, tail 1'5, tarsus
.2*1, middle toe and claw 2-8.
Adult female. Similar to the male but larger. The inner second-
aries are like the back, but those adjoining the yellow primaries
are purplish brown, and most of the rufous secondaries have purplish-
brown bases ; the greater coverts also are purplish brown edged with
rufous, or rufous with brown bases. Total length 8 - 5 inches, culmen
with frontal shield 1*9, wing 5"1, tail 1*7, tarsus 2 - 8, middle toe
and claw 2-7.
Mr. Cory says that the bare skin at the base of the lower mandible
is pale bluish white. As, however, the plate represents this white
skin at the base of the upper mandible, Mr. Cory probably intended
to refer to the latter. The colour of the feet, moreover, differs
from that observed by Mr. Sumichrast, as Mr. Cory writes " legs
and feet dull olive." The 8. Domingo bird may yet be found to
belong to a distinct species.
Nestling. Covered with down of a remarkable pattern. The
crown orange tawny ; the nape and hind neck dusky black ; the
mantle and back orange-tawny, the latter a little the darker, and
having a line of black on each side of the central tract, this being
followed by a broad band of ochreous buff down the sides of the
back, this being again enclosed by a broad black band, which joins
at the tail ; wings orange-tawny, the manus white ; a narrow
frontal line, sides of face, and under surface, covered with white
down ; a black line extending from behind the eye and joining the
black of the hind-neck ; the downy wing with black edgings, and a
zig-zag line of black on the flanks, and the upper part of the thighs
also black.
Hab. From Southern Texas throughout Central America to Costa
Rica. Cuba ; Porto Rico ; 8. Domingo.
a-d. cJ ad; e,f, Brownsville, Texas, March to Salvin-Godman Coll.
g. Juv. sk. July (F. B. Armstrong),
h. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
t. Pull. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq.
/.-,/. Ad. otimm. Mazatlan. Capt.Ki'llott& Lieut.
sk. Wood [P.].
88 PABRID.2E.
w. cJ ad. ; n. $ Mazatlan, Dec. {A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk.
o. (S ad. ; p. ? Presidio, Feb. (A. Foirer). Salvin-Godman CoU.
juv. sk.
q. <$ ad. ; r. 2 Zapotlan, Jalisco, Dec. ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk. Richardson),
s, i. t?ad. ; u, v, Tepic, June (. W. B. B.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
w. 2 ad. s ^-
x, y. c? ad. et Santiago, Tepic, May (W. B. R). Salvin-Godman Coll.
mm. sk.
2. cJ ad. sk. San Bias, Tepic, April ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.
R.).
a'. Ad. sk. Acapulco, Guerrero, Nov. {A. Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Markham).
b'-g'. <^ ad. et Altamira, Tamaulipas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. h'-m'. $ May (W. B. Richardson).
ad. et imm. sk.
ri. S juv. sk. Tampico, June ( W. B. R.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
o'. c? ad. sk. Santa Ana, Jalapa, Nov. ( Fer- Salvin-Godman Coll.
rari-Perez).
p'. £ ad. ; q', r'. Jomotla, Vera Cruz, June (M. Salvin-Godman Coll.
5 ad. sk. Trujillo).
s'. 2 ad. sk. Teapa, Vera Cruz, Jan. (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Smith),
f. (J ad. sk. Yucatan (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
«'. Ad. sk. Buctzotz, Yucatan (G. F. Gau-
mer).
v'-c". Ad. sk. Cozumel Island, Feb. (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gaumer).
d". Ad. sk. Orange Walk, British Hon- Salvin-Godman Coll.
duras (F. Blancaneaux).
e". c? ad. sk. Belize River, British Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll.
April (F. Blancaneaux).
f". Ad. ; ff". 2 Huamuchal, Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.
ad. sk. (0. Salvin).
h". cS ad. ; i" . Lake Peten, April (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Ad. sk.
k"-n". rj ad.sk. Momotombo, Nicaragua, May Salvin-Godman Coll.
( W. B. Richardson),
o", p", q'. cS 2 Escondido River, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. Nov. (C. W. Richmond).
r". Ad. sk. Honduras. D. Dyson [C.].
s". 2 a d. sk. Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll.
t". Imm. sk. Haiti, W. I. Baron Maltzan [C.].
7. MICROPARRA *.
Type. _
Microparra, Cab. J. f. O. 1877, p. 349 M. capensia.
Aphalus, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 301 (1888) M. capensis.
Range. Confined to Southern and South-eastern Africa.
* In Key, p. 69, for Aphalus read Microparra.
7. MICRO PARKA. 89
1. Microparra capensis.
Parra capensis, Smith, III. Zool. 8. Afr., Birds, pi. 32 (1839 : Algoa
liiy,; Cray, Gen. B. iii. p. 5«9 (1846) ; Reichenb. Grail. Taf. cxi.
fig. 1122 (1852) ; llaril. Orn. TV.- Afr. p. 240 (1867 : Ashantee) ;
Ayres, Ibis, 18154, p. GO (Natal); Gurnet/, t. c. p. 360; Layard, B.
S. Afr. p. 330 (1807) ; Finsch # Hart*. Vog. Ostafr. p. 783 note
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 70, no. 1053(5 (1«71); Gurney in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 330 (1872 : Lake Regions) ; Sharpe in
Oatess Matabele Land, App. B, p. 324 (1881); Holub § von Pelz.
Beitr. Orn. Siulafr. p. 297 (1882: Pantamatenka River); Sharpe,
ed. LayarWi B. S. Afr. p. 649 (1884) ; Tristram, Ibis, 1888, p. 206
(Shirts' River) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 474 (Lake Shirwa, Feb.).
Microparra capensis, Cab. J.f. O. 1877, p. 350; Ileichen. JB. Hamb.
Wimentch. Anst. x. p. 8 (1893 : Quilimane).
Aphalus capensis, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 301 (1888) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891,
p. 545 (Lake Naiwascha).
Adult. General colour above brown, the inner secondaries like
the back ; wing-coverts brown with hoary-whitish margins ; primary-
coverts and bastard-wing blackish with slightly paler tips ; quills
blackish, browner at the ends, the secondaries with broad white
tips forming a band ; crown of head bright chestnut, followed by a
broad black patch down the neck, which becomes shaded with
purple on the mantle, and flanked with a patch of bright chestnut
on each side of the latter ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
bright chestnut, the plumes of the lower back long and parti-coloured,
being either edged or tipped with purplish brown ; tail-feathers
bright chestnut, with obsolete sub-terminal spots of blackish ; lores
and base of forehead golden yellow ; a distinct eyebrow, sides of
face and throat white, washed with golden yellow on the sides of the
neck and sides of the upper breast ; the remainder of under surface
white ; axillaries and sides of body bright chestnut ; under wing-
coverts black : " bill and claws yellowish brown ; feet livid greenish
yellow " {A. Smith) : " bill bright brown ; tarsi and feet light
greenish brown; iris light hazel" (T. Ayres). Total length 6
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-4, tail 1*2, tarsus 1-35, middle toe and
claw 2-1.
llaU. South Africa, north to the Lake Regions and the Zambesi,
extending to the Shire River and Lake Naiwascha in Central East
Africa.
a, b. Ad. et Kingwilliamstown. Major Trevelyan[C.].
imm. sk.
c. Ad. st. Natal. J. EL Gurney, Esq.
[P.].
d. 6 ad. sk. Natal. Tweeddale Coll.
e,f. Ad.sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Bradthmo). Shelley Coll.
g. Ad. sk. Pantamatenka River (F. Gates). W. C.'& C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
h. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Mdh-r). Tweeddale Coll.
i. £ ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Nvasaland, Feb. Sir H. II. Johnston,
(A. Whyte). [P.].
90
CHAEADRIID^;.
Family IV. CHARADRIIDiE.
Palate schizognathous.
Nostrils schizorhinal.
Basipterygoid processes present.
Dorsal vertebrae opisthoccelous.
Spinal feather-tract forked on the upper back.
Toes webbed or unwebbed.
Hind toe present in some, absent in others.
Tarsus usually reticulated, but sometimes scutellated.
Nest a slight structure of grass, or none at all.
Eggs generally four in number, pear-shaped : of various colours p
usually of a clay-brown ground-colour, with numerous blotches,
spots, and lines of black.
Nestling covered with thick down of various patterns and colours,,
and able to run in a few hours.
Key to the Suhfamilies.
a. Toes not laterally scalloped ; no serrated
edge to the planta tarsi.
a'. Nasal groove not extended beyond half
the length of the culmen ; tarsus reti-
culated on the hinder aspect.
a". No dertruni or marked swelling of
the bill at the tips of the mandibles
a". Tarsus transversely scaled in
front, reticulated on its hinder
aspect ; toes without any con-
necting-web 1. ARENARIINJE, p. 91.
b'". Tarsus reticulated on both front
and hinder aspect ; the angle
of the genys situated far back
near the base of the bill, its
distance from the tip of the
lower mandible being twice as
great as the distance from the
angle to the base of the man- [p. 105.
dible 2. HALMATOPODIXM,
b". Bill with the dertrum always more
or less conspicuous.
c'". Tarsus transversely scaled in [p. 122..
front, but reticulated behind. . 3. LOBIVANELL1NA?,
d'". Tarsus reticulated, or with hexa-
gonal scales both in front and [p. 145.
behind 4. CHARADRIINjE,
e"'. Tarsus transversely scaled both [p. 307.
in front and behind 5. PELTOHYA TINsE,
c". With no dertrum at all ; the bill
straight or curved upwards : feet
extremely long when outstretched, [p. 309.
far exceeding the tail 6. HIMANTOPODINJE,.
1. AEENAIUA. 91
b'. Nasal groove extending along the
greater part of the upper mandible.
d". Tarsus reticulated in front and
behind 7. IBIDORIIYNCHIN&,
e". Tarsus with transverse plates both [p. 335.
before and behind.
f". With a web connecting both toes
with the inner one 8. TOTANINAi, p. 337.
g'". Toes not webbed at all, but cleft
to the base 9. SCOLOPACIN&,
b. Toes with a scalloped web, and with a [p- 520.
serration along- the planta tarsi (as in
Grebes) 10. FHALAROPlNAt,
' [p. G93.
Subfamily I. ARENAMIN^.
1. ARENARIA.* Type.
Arenaria, Bri&s. Orn. v. p. 132 (1760) >v A. interpres.
Morinella, Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. Vbg. Deutschl. ii.
p. 383 (1810) A. interpres.
Strepsilas, Illiger, Prodr. p. 263 (1811) A. interpres.
Cinclus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 85 (ex Mwhring) . . A. interpres.
Range. Cosmopolitan.
im
Fig. 11. — Front aspect of tarsus of
Arenaria interpres, to show pattern
of scaling.
Fig. 12. — Side view of tarsus of A.
interpres, to show reticulation
of planta tarsi.
* Aphrica virgata, often considered to be a Turnstone, is a Plover, cf.
Shufeldt, Journ. Morph. ii. pp. SI 1-340, pi. xxv., et infra, p. 208.
92 CHARADEIID^!.
Key to the Species.
a. Head white, streaked with black ; eye-
brow, ear-coverts, and lores white, the
latter separated by a black band from the
crown ; mantle, scapulars, and wing-
coverts for the most part chestnut, with
black patterns interpres ad., p. 92.
b. Head blackish brown.
a'. Throat white, followed by a broad black
band interpres hiem., p. 92.
V. Throat and breast blackish or dusky
brown.
a". Lores white ; forehead, sides of face,
sides of neck, and sides of breast
spotted with white melanocephala ad., p. 103.
b" . Lores dusky; no white spots on sides
of neck melanocephala juv., p. 103,
1. Arenaria interpres.
The Turnstone or Sea-Dottrel, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 72,
pi. 72 (1731).
The Turnstone from Hudson's Bay, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii.
p. 141, pi. 141 (1750).
Le Coulon-chaud, Briss. Orn. v. p. 132 (1760) ; Daubent. PI. Enl.
ix. pi. 856.
Le Coulon-chaud cendre\ Briss. Orn. v. p. 137 (1760).
Tringa interpres, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 671 (1788) ; Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 32, pi. 57. fig. 1
(1813); Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 416 (1868); Gatke,
Voyelw. Helgoland, p. 524 (1891).
Tringa morine'lla, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766), ex Catesby ; Gm.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 671 (1788).
Coulon-chaud de Cayenne, Daubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 340.
Coulon-chaud gris de Cavenne, Daubent. t. c. pi. 857.
Tringa hudsonica, P. L. S. Mull. S. N, Anhang, p. 114 (1776) ; Cass.
Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 246.
Le Tourne-Pierre, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 130, pi. x. (1781).
Turnstone, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 188 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B.
ii. p. 422 (1843).
Morinella collaris, Meyer 8f Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 383, note (1810).
Strepsilas collaris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 349 (1815) ; ul. op. cit.
1820, p. 553 ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 18 (1827) ; Brehm,
Tog. Deutschl. p. 558 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 318 (1837) ;
Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 372 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss.
Merid. iii. p. 237 (1840) ; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 297 (1846) ;
Kjarb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxxi. fig. 1, Suppl. 14. fig. 3 (1852) ; Schl.
Voy. Nederl. pi. 218 (1854); id. Diet: Nederl. Vog. pi. 22. figs. 1,
2, 2 a (1861) ; F.Sr P. Godm. Ibis, 1861, p. 86 (Bbdo : breeding) ;
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant).
Arenaria interpres, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 345 (1819) ;
Moux, Orn. Provenc. pis. 280, 281 (1825); Stejn. Auk, i. p. 229
(1884) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 102 (1885 : Bering Isl.) - t
A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 165 (1886) ; Turner, Contr. N. H.
Alaska, pp. 150, 190 (1886) ; Cory, Auk, iii. p. 502 (1886 : Grand
1. AEENAEIA. 93"
Cayman); Towns. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: Kowak R., N. Alaska) ;
Dioiqht, t. c. p. 16 (Cape Breton) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Alaska,
p. 128 (1887: S. Mathew's Id.; S. Lawrence Isl; breeding);
Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 180 (1887) ; Warren, B. Pennsylv.
p. 237 (1888: Lake Erie on passage) ; Smith fy Palmer, Auk, v.
p. 147 (1888: R. Columbia) ; Sennett, t. c. p. 110 (Texas ; July) ;
Stejn. Proa. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 381 (1889: Kauai); Cory,
Auk, vi. p. 31 (1889: Cayman Brae) ; Dutcher, t. c. p. 129 (Little
Gull Isl., N.Y.); Scott, t.c. p. 159 (Gulf Coast of Florida; S.
John's Pass, June) ; Cantioell, t. c. p. 240 (Minnesota) ; Reichen.
Syst. Verz. Voy. Deutsehl. p. 62 (1889) ; Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 231
(i889); Scott, Auk, vii. p. 309 (1890: Dry Tortugas) ; Eagle
Clarke, t. c. p. 221 (Ft. Churchill, Hudson's Bay) ; Allen, Auk,
viii. p. 164 (1891: Nova Scotia, summer migrant); Ridgxv. t. c.
p. 337 (Watling Isl., Bahamas, March) ; Cory, t. c. pp. 351, 352
(Magna Isl.; Anguilla Isl.); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (Jamaica);
Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida) ;
Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Nantucket) ; Rhoads, Auk, x. p. 17 (Wash-
ington Terr.).
Charadrius cinclus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 148 (1826 : Siberia ;
Kamtschatka).
Tringa oahuensis, Blo.rham in Byron's Voy. ' Blonde,' p. 251 (1826).
Strepsilas borealis, Brehm, Voy. Deutsehl. p. 559 (1831).
Strepsilas littoralis, Brehm, t. c. p. 5G0 (1831).
Cinclus morinellus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 85 (1841).
Cinclus interpres, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 85 (1841) ; Riipp. Syst.
Uebers. p. 118 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 549 (1846); id. Cat.
B. Trap. Lsl Pacific Ocean, p. 48 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 363 (E. Gilolo) ; id. List Brit. B. p. 143 (1863) ; Laxjard, B.
S. Afr. p. 301 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 22, no. 10068
(1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 276 (1872 ; Walvisch
Bay); Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 1037, iv. p. clxxxiii (1873:
Egyptian Sea-coast ; Red Sea ; ? breeding) ; Hume, Str. F. i.
?i. 233 (1873: Karachi; Mekran Coast); id. op. cit. ii. p. 292
1874: Andamans; Nicobars).
Strepsilas minor, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 285 (1855).
Strepsilas collaris vulgaris, etc., etc. (!), A. E. Brehm, Verz. C. L.
Brehm, p. 12 (1863 ; teste Dresser).
Charadrius interpres, Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 12, pi. 24. figs. 1, 3
(1885).
Morinella interpres, Sfejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 34 (1881).
Arenaria cinerea, Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid.
fasc. xii. p. 47 (1889).
Strepsilas interpres. Bliger, Prodr. p. 263 (1811); Leach, Syst. Cat.
Mamm & B. p. 29 (1816); Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccciv. ; Sioains.
S? Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 371 (1831 : Hudson's Bay to
75° N. lat. ; breeds) ; Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 324,
pi. 57. fig. 1 (1832) ; Naum. Voy. Deutsehl. vii. Taf. 180 (1834) ;
Audub. Orn. Bioyr. iv. p. 31 (183.S) ; Kci/s. # Bias. Wirb. En-.
pp. lxxi, 209 (1840) ; Gould in Darwin, Voy. ' Beagle,' ii. p. 132
(1841) ; Audub. B. Amer. v. p. 231, pi. 323 (1842); Selys-Longch.
Fume Beige, p. 122 (1842) ; Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chili I ;
Webb $ Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 34 (1841) ; Heicits. E</as Br. B. ii.
p. 263, pi. lxxi. (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847) ; Cab.
in Schomb. Rris. (iuian. iii. p. 751 (1848); Peale, U.S. Expl.Exp.,
ZhVrf«,p.322(1848); Gould, B. Austral, vii. pL 89 (1848) ; Beiehenb.
Vog. Neuholl. p. 206 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Ircl. ii. p. 177 (1850);
.94 CHAKADRIID^.
Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 100 (1850); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 146 (Madeira) ; Midd. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 213 (1851 : 75° N.
lat. ; Taimyr River ; Bogauida River, May ; Schantar Isl., Aug.) ;
Reichenb. Grail. Taf . 104. tigs. 656, 660(1852) ; Marti. Arch.Naturg.
1852, p. 121 ; Strickl. $ Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 ; Bolle, J.f. O.
1855, p. 176 (Canaries), 1857, p. 337 ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 364
(1856 : Santa Catarina) ; Heual. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1856) ; Sundev.
Sv. Fogl. pi. xxxvii. fig. 6 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 217
(1857: Gambia: Casamance; Gaboon ; Mozambique) ; Cass.inB.N.
Amer. p. 701 (1858) ; id. U.S. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 322 (1858) ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia) ; Jaub. $ Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich, Orn. p. 452 (1859 : spring & autumn migrant) ;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. fy B. New Guinea, p. 51 (1859) ; Bryant, Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 121 (1859 : Bahamas) ; A. $ E. Newt.
Ms, 1859, p. 256 (S. Croix, Sept., April) ; Walker, Pois, 1860, p. 166
(Godhavn, July) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist. vii. p. 309 (1860 :
Cuba); Linderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 136 (1860: spring & autumn
mio-rant) ; Poioys, Ibis, 1860, p. 339 (Antivari, Dec, Jan.) ; Sivinh.
t. c. p. 359 (Amoy) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 342 (Peking), 1862, p. 255
(Foochow, Dec), 1863, p. 414 (Formosa) ; Albrecht, J.f. O. 1862,
p. 205 (Jamaica) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 315 (Amoy)*; A. Newt.
in Baring-Gould' 's ' Iceland,' p. 411 (1863 : breeding) ; Layard,
Pois, 1863, p. 250 (Cape St. Francis, Dec.) ; Blakist. t. c. p. 130
(York Factory, Aug.; Mackenzie R.) ; E. Newt. t. c. p. 455
(Madagascar) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 656 (1863 : 200 miles inland in
Deccan) ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 66 ( Jamaica :
breeding) ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 301 (Anjouan Isl.) ; Wright, t. c.
p. 148 (Malta, May, Aug., Dec.) ; Kirk, t. c. p. 332 (Lake
Nyasa) ; Gurney, t. c. p. 355 (Natal) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 385 (Brit.
Honduras, April) ; Schl. Mas. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 43 (1865) ;
Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa) ; E. Newt. t. c. p. 150 (Rodriguez,
Oct.) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 191 (Guatemala, Jan.) ; Wright, t. c. p. 466
(Malta, May) ; A. Newt. t. c. p. 505 (Spitsbergen, July) ; Gould,
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 269 (1865) ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181
(1865) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Yog. p. 117 (1865 : Stewart Isl.,
Sept.) ; Godm. Ibis, 1866, pp. 100, 107 (Azores, June) ; Salvin,
t. c. p. 190 (Guatemala, both coasts) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425
(Mayotte; Reunion) ; Degl. S,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 154 (1867);
Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 28 (1867 : migrant) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1867, p. 339 (Chili) ; Hartl. t. c. p. 83 (Pelew Isl.) ; Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 100 (1867 : Sombrero) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867,
p.' 286; Beavan, t. c. p. 332 (Andamans) ; E. Newt, t. c. pp. 350,
359 (Sevchelles, Feb.) ; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 831 ; Finsch $
Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 197 (1867); Brown, Ibis, 1868,
p. 453 (Portugal); Dyb. '$■ Parvex, J.f O. 1868, p. 337 (Dauria) ;
Schl. 8r Poll. Faune Maday., Ois. p. 130 (1868) ; Hartl. $ Finsch,
P. Z.S. 1868, pp. 8, 118 (Pelew Isl.); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl.
p. Ill (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil, p. 179 (1869: on passage) ;
Malmqr. life, 1869, p. 230 (Amsterdam Isl., Spitsbergen) ; Droste,
Vogelw. Borkum, p. 157 (1869) ; Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh.
Stockh. 1869, p. 588 (S. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Rico) ; Ball
8f Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 290 (Yukon mouth) ; Dole,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 304 (1869 : Sandwich Isl.) ; Godman,
Azores, p. 33 (1870 : probablv breeds) ; Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 34
figs. 2, 8 (1870) ; Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Turkey) ;
Sivinh. t. c. p. 361 (Hainan) ; Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
xxvii. p. 328 (1870) ; Finsch # Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 662 (1870) ;
1. AEENAKIA. 95
Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable and Bindloe Isls.) ;
Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 200 (1^71) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc.
p. 207 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (S. Spain) ; Scl.t.c.
p. 3i id (Sandwich Tsl.) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 297 (1871: Piehy,
Feb.; Oajutuba, Feb.; Garape, March; Para, Nov.); Hartl. 8f
Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 89 (Mackenzie Isl. ), p. 104 (Uap) ;
Martina, Handb. Brit. B. p. 45 (1872) ; Eeugl. Ibis, 1872,
p. 02 (Novava Zemlva) ; Godman, t. c. p. 221 (Mores, Azores);
Finsch, Abhandl. vat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 62 (1872: Alaska);
Cows, Keu N. Amer. B. p. 246 (1872); Finsch, J.f.O. 1872,
p. 52 (Samoa); Holdsw. P. /.. 8. L872, p. 472: Scl. Sf Salv.
Nomencl. As. Neotr. p. 143 (1*73); Hull,;-, Ii. X. Zeal, p. 221
(is::; | : Qotdd, B. Ot. Brit. iv. pi. CO (1873) ; Tacz. J.f. 0. 1873,
p. 101 (Kultuk; Darasun), 1874, p. 336; AM. fy Harvie-Brown,
Ihis, 1873, p. <!7 (Archangel) ; Walden, t. c. p. 317 (S. Andaman) ;
Brooke, t. C. p. 338 (Sardinia) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Kathia-
war); Elliot, Sep. Prybilov Isl. no. 406 (1873: not breeding);
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 500 (Chorillos, Peru); Sundev. CEfv. K.
Vet.-Akad. Siockh. 1874, p. 20 (Spitsbergen); Cones, B. N.-West,
p. 459 (1874); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 238 (Gozo, May); Burnf.
t. c p. 404 (N. Frisian Isl.) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. X. H. ii.
p. 308 (1874; Rio Zacatula) ; Sa.rby, B. Shetl. p. 170 (1874:
breeding) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 91 (1874 : Celebes) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Born. p. 320 (1874 : Sarawak) ; Le Messur. Str. F. iii. p. 3S0
(1875: Chinnee Creek, Sind) ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 154 (1875:
Arakan); Finsch, Jonrn. Mns. Godeffr. Heft viii. p. 32 (1875);
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 155 (1875) ; Irby, Orn. Gibr. p. 103 (1875) ;
Dresser. B. Eur. vii. p. 555, pi. 532 (1875) ; Ban/. $ Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 420 (Stall River) ; Whitmee, 1. c. p. 440;
Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 331 (Cuba) ;' Layard, P. Z. S. 1875,
p. 440 (Vita Levu) : id. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 503 (Friendly Isl.),
p. 505 (Fiji) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 152 (Koro Isl., Fiji), p. 393
(Viti Levu) ; Sirink. t. c. p. 334 (Yezo) ; Dresser, Pois, 1876,
p. 328; B/anf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 281 (1876: Mekran Coast);
Lawr. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. 4, p. 46 (1876: Tehuantepec,
A u -. ) ; Gundl. Orn. Cubatta, p. 179 (1876) ; Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 464
(1876: Laccadives) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. viii. p. 384(1876 :
Bourou); Salvin, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 502 (1876: Indefatigable and
Bindloe Isl.); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 247 (1876), ii.
p. 156 (l s 77: Poland, very rare); Feilden, Ibis, 1>77, p. 405
(Lat, 82° 30' X.) ; id. P. Z. 8. 1877, pp. 29, 30, 31 (Lat. 82°-83°,
Sept. 19; Cape Union, 82° 15'); Hartl. Tog. Madag. p. 293
(Is77: resident); E. Newt. P. Z. S. 1>77, p. 301 (Anjouan);
Bnmsai/, t. c. p. 338 (N.E. Queensland) ; Finsch, t. c. p. 770
(Eua),'p. 781 (Ponape), p. 784 (Niuafou Isl.) ; David $ Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 488 (1-77): Beid, /W. L877, p. 475 (Bermudas, Dec.) ;
Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 187«, p. 188 Seychelles); Sharpe, Phil.
Trans, vol. 108, Ares, p. 4 (1S7S: Rodriguez); Lawr. Proc
U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 67 (1878: Dominica), p. 197 (S. Vincent) ;
Blakist. X Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 21!) (Japan) ; R L. .V L. C. Layard,
t. c p. 280 (New Hebrides: Santo); F. C. Taylor, t. c. p. .".7.-;
(Danuetta); F. Adams, t. c. p. 487 (MichalasM) ; Tim, hi. I'.X.s.
1878, p. 711 (N. Bohol); Scl t. c. p. 557; Forbes, t. c. p. 127
(Raine \<\.): Maynard, />'■ Fast. X. Amer. p. 866 (1879); MUne-
F.d wants a- a, -undid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 512 (1879) : !■■ gge,
/;. < ; ,/!<>», p. 900 (l>7'.>): //»""'. Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879);
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 59 (1879); Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 26
96 CHAKADEIIDJ5.
(Yokohama) ; Meyer, t. c. p. 141 (Menado, March) ; Sharpe, t. e,
p. 270 (Lumbidan) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 154 (1879) ; Finsch, P. Z. S.
1879, pp. 9, 14 (Duke of York Isl.) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 351 (Labuan,
Sept.); Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 190 (Siberia; 70^° N. lat.); Finsch,
t. c. pp. 220, 330, 332 (Jaliut Isl., Aug.), p~ 432 (Gilbert Isl.) ;
Elliot, Monogr. Seal Isl. p. 129 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 151
(1880) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 576 (Ruk Isl.) ; Butler, Cat.
B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880: cold weather visitant); Vidal,
Str. Fix. p. 82 (1880 : S. Konkan, April) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 15 (Talcakuano) ; Scl. t. c. p. 451 (Roturueh) ; Meyer, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 767 (1881 : Surnba) ; Scl. Pep. Voy.
' Challenger,' 1 ii. Birds, p. 33 (1881 ; Admiralty Isl.) ; W. A.
Forbes, t. c. p. 92 (Raine Islet) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 434
(1881 : Loango) ; A. fy E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) ;
Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 105, 109 (Kushai), p. 115 (Ponape, March),
p. 246 (Nwalabo, July) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 298 (1882) ;
Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 533, 544 (New Caledonia) ; Kelham,
Pois, 1882, p. 11 (Moar River, Malacca, April ; Pulo Nongsa,
Sept.); Seeb. t. c. p. 380 (Archangel; rare summer visitor);
II. W. Elliot, t. c. p. 478 (Prybilov Isl.; July) ; E. L. Sf L. C.
Layard, t. c. pp. 533, 544 (Duck Isl., N. Caledonia); Bean, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. hi. p. 163 (1882) ; Cocks, Zool. 1882, p. 24 (Is
Fjord, Spitsbergen, Aug.) ; Elliott, Pep. Fur Seal Isl. Alaska,
p. 129 (1882 : not breeding ; seen at sea 800 miles W. of Straits
of Fuca); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 339 (1883:
Kamtschatka) ; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 161 (1883) ; Booth, Rough
Notes, vol. iii. (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 289
(1883) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Shores of Black Sea) ; Irby, t. c.
p. 187 (Santander, May, June, Nov.) ; Oates, Handb. B. Burm. ii.
p. 376 (1883 : Pegu, Sept.) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Paracas
Bay, Oct.) ; Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884 : Japan
generally); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Poss. p. 77 (1884); Radde,
Orn. Cauc. p. 421 (1884 : Lenkoran, April, May) ; Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 233 (1884: Karachi); Finsch, Vog. der
Siidsee, p. 86 (Marshall, Gilbert Isl., Carolines) ; Chapm. Ibis,
1884, p. 99 (Spain, Sept.) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 168 (S. Domingo) ;
Sharjie, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 671 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, <§•
Pidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 119 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.
B. 2nd ed. p. 609 (1884) ; Stejn. Auk, i. p. 173 (1884) ; Young,
t. c. p. 339 (At sea ; Lat. 52° N., Long. 25° W.) ; Merriam, Auk,
ii. p. 63 (1885: Point Barrow, June, Aug.) ; Turner, t. c. p. 157
(Nearer Isl., Alaska : summer) ; Murdoch, Rep. Polar Exp. Pt.
Barroio, p. 108 (1885 : ? breeding) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885,
p. 417 (Libarran Isl., N. Borneo) ; Yerbury, Pois, 1886, p. 20
(Aden ; cold weather) ; Slater qr Carter, t. c. p. 49 (North
Iceland, breeding) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 178 (Brit. Guiana) ; Gigl.
Avif. Ital. p. 377 (1886) ; Pleske, Uebers. Seiug. u. Vog. Kola
Halbinsel, p. 329 (1886) ; Tacz. Orn. Perm, iii. p. 349 (1886) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego Garcia, Oct.) ; Tail, Ibis,
1887, p. 386 (Portugal, April, Sept.: breeds); Salvad. Elench.
Ucc. Ital. p. 213 (1887) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 452 (1887 : Lucknow,
cold weather) ; Hume, t. c. p. 452, note (regular migrant) ; Gigl.
$ Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 585 (Olga Bay, Corea, Sept.) ; Butler,
B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 14 (1888) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr.
B. p. 20 (1888) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan) ; Seeb. t. c.
p. 348 (Gt. Liakorl'Isl., June) ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 410
(1888) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel Isl.) ; Feilden, t. c.
'/■.
1. AKENAKIA. 97
. 492 (Barbados, Aug., Sept.) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. Imp. St.
tyersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 60 (1888 : Tschinas, Sept.) ; Everett, Journ.
Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 205 ; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 22-5
(Palawan) ; Milne-Edwards $r Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) x. p. 288
(1880: Anjouau Isl.) ; Saunders, Man. p. 541 (1889) ; Giyl.Arif.
Ital. pt. 1, p. 579 (1889), pt. 2, p. 6(31 (1890), pt. 3, p. 517
(1801); Brusina, Motor. (Om. Croatica), p. 88 (1890); Seeb. B.
Japan. Emp. p. 331 (1800: Kuriles, probably breeding; S. Japan,
winter) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 50 (Palawan, Sept.) ; Sharpe, t. c.
pp. 14.'), 284 (Lawas River, April, May); Grant, t. c. p. 442
(.Madeira); Eagle Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 12 (Jan Mayen) ; Steere,
List B. ,y Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 ( 1890: Mindanao, Xegrosj : Koeniy,
J. f. O. 1891, p. 313 (Canaries)'; Buckley fy liarvie Brown, Faun.
Orkney Isl. p. 204 (1891: breeding); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, -p. 115(Fao,
June); Sminders, t. c. p. 187 (Switzerland); Styan, t. c. p. 330
(Lower Yangtze), p. 504 (Shanghai, May); Frivaldsku, Av. Huny.
p. 125(1S91) ; Sharpe, Sci. Res. 2nd Yark. Miss. p. 139 (1891 : Nubia
Valley, Oct.) ; Macfarlane, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 430 (1891) ;
Salvad. Aqq. Orn. Papuasia, pt. iii. p. 198 (1891) : Schalow, J.f. O.
1891, p. 258; Wiglesic. Abhandi. Mus. Dresd. no. 6, p. 63 (1891) ;
Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar) ; Kendall, t. c. p. 229
(Gambia) ; De La Touche, t. c. p. 497 (Foochow ; Swatow, Sept.) ;
Scott- Wilson § Evans, Aves Ilawaiienses, pt. iii. (1892) ; Barnes,
Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden) ; Meade-Waldo, t. c. p. 204 (Canaries) ;
Hartert, t. c. p. 307 (Aruba) ; Styan, t. c. p. 436 (Hainan) ; Munn,
Ibis, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta distr.) ; Pearson fy Bidioell, t. c. p. 234
(Norway : breeding).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black,
mixed -with chestnut or partly chestnut feathers on the centre of
the mantle ; scapulars for the most part chestnut, but the outer
ones black at the ends or irregularly marked with black ; accessory
scapular plumes white ; entire hack below the mantle and rump
pure white ; upper tail-coverts black, the longer ones pure
white ; lesser wing-coverts blackish, the innermost rather broadly
edged with wbite, as also those near the edge of the wing :
median coverts for the most part chestnut, slightly mottled with
black; greater coverts blackish, narrowly margined and broadly
tipped with white ; bastard- wing and primary- coverts black, the
innermost of the latter with white tips ; quills black with white
shafts, and white bases to the inner primaries, the secondaries for
the most part white, blackish towards the ends of the feathers,
these black markings decreasing gradually towards the inner
secondaries, some of which are pure white, the innermost second-
aries black, mottled with chestnut like the scapulars ; tail-feathers
black with white bases, all but the centre tail-feathers tipped with
white, the black diminishing in size and forming a band towards
the outer feathers, which are almost white; crown of head and
hind neck white, the former streaked, the latter mottled with
black ; base of forehead and a narrow frontal line black, followed
by a band of white, which unites with a broad eyebrow and is
extended over the ear-coverts ; lores white, as well as the fore part
of the cheeks ; feathers round the eye and eyelid white, separated
vol. xxix. H
98 CHAKADRIID^.
from the white loral patch by a narrow line of black, which unites
the frontal band to a square black patch beneath the eye, which is
also joined to a malar line of black, which is connected with the
sides of the neck and with the fore-neck and sides of breast, all
these parts being black, but nearly divided by a semi-lunar band of
white, which reaches from the sides of the neck almost to the breast ;
throat white, as also the rest of the under surface of body from the
centre of the chest downwards ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
also pure white ; quills below ashy whitish along the inner web :
" bill black ; feet deep orange-red, claws black ; iris hazel " (J. J.
Audubon). Total length 8 inches, culmen 09, wing 6-2, tail 2'3,
tarsus 095, middle toe and claw 1*1.
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Much duller than the male,
and having the same pattern of black and white about the face, but
never developing the same amount of chestnut about the back, the
head and hind neck being brown, mottled with blackish centres to
the feathers. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 6 - 3,
tail 2'45, tarsus 0-95, middle toe and claw 1.
Young. General colour above dusky brown, all the feathers
edged with sandy buff or rufous ; wings and tail as in the adult ;
crown of head dark brown, streaked with sandy buff, the margins
of the feathers being of this colour ; tail-feathers white, with a
broad sub-terminal band of black, decreasing in extent towards the
outermost feathers, all the feathers tipped with sandy buff ; throat
and under surface of body white ; the lower throat, fore-neck, sides
of neck, and sides of breast mottled with dusky blackish centres to
the feathers, marking the black pattern of the adults, even the
semi-lunar neck-band of the adults being indicated by a broad
crescentic band of sandy buff in the young.
Winter plumage of the adidt. Above nearly uniform dusky brown,
but not showing the tawny-rufous margins to the feathers of the
upper surface, the edges being ashy brown. The head is uniform
brown like the back ; the hind-neck and sides of neck are ashy,
mottled with dusky centres to the feathers ; sides of face brown,
with more or less white on the ear-coverts ; the black markings on
the cheeks and throat as in the breeding bird, but the white semi-
lunar band on the sides of the neck replaced by a patch of light
brown.
The difference between the whiter plumage of tlie adult and the
first full plumage of the young birds consists in tho sandy-buff
margins to the feathers of the upper surface, which are very
distinct in the latter at first. Afterwards they become abraded,
and then there is scarcely any distinguishing mark between the
winter plumages of the adult and young. In the spring the red
plumage is very rapidly acquired, and I believe that it is gained
quite as much by the change in the pattern of the feather as by a
direct moult.
Hab. IN early the whole of the world.
1. ARENAKIA.
99
Specimens from the Old World.
a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. ; d. Jr. st.
e. Ad. sk.
f. .Juv. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
A. Juv. sk.
?'. c? imm. sk.
ft. Juv. -1>.
/. Ad. sk.
m, J ad, sk.
w. $ imm. sk.
o. J ad. sk.
p, q. <$ ad. sk.
r. $ ad. sk.
s. Imm. sk.
/. Imm. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
B. c? juv. sk.
"■. Ad. st.
x. 2 a d. sk.
ij. c? ad. sk.
r. Ad. st.
a', V, c'. Juv. sk.
d'. $ imm. ; e',f.
Juv. sk.
y. $ imm. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
*'. $ juv. sk.
k', I', c? juv. ; m'.
$ ad.; «'. $ juv.
st.
o' } ;''• cJ ? ad. sk.
</'. Ad. sk.
r'. $ ad. sk.
.•>■'. /'. u'. Ad, sk.
v'-z'. Ad.elimm.sk.
Faeroe Islands (S. Mutter).
Ballinahinch, Ireland.
Great Britain.
Orkney Islands, Aug. 29
[R.O. ir. R.).
Strmmiess, Orkney (Dunn).
Island of Mull.
Island of Tiree.
Isle of Grain, Sept. 8 (R. G.
W. R.).
North Berwick, Nov. (/. H.
Yule).
Beadnell, Northumberland,
May is.
Newbiggen, Northumber-
land, Aug. 1876 (W. F.
Brooks).
Wells, Norfolk, Feb. 31.
Great Yarmouth, May 21.
Great Yarmouth, May 21.
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Aug.
Aldeburgb, Sept. 12.
Banks of the Thames.
Bomney Marsh, Kent, Aug.
Bomney Marsh, Sept.
Bagham, Sussex, July 30
{R. B. S.).
Bagham, May 14 {J. E.
starting).
Bagham.
Bagham, Aug. (R. B. S.).
Bagham, Aug., Sept. 3.
Christchureh Harbour,
Hants, Sept. 9.
Christchureh, Hants, April
17 (A. von Iliigel).
In^t.^y, North Devon,
Sept. 23.
St. Bride's, South Wales,
Dec, April.
Bodii, Norway, June 15
^ ( F. D. Godmun).
North Bussia.
Siberia.
Japan.
Yokohama, May (//. Fryer).
II. Durnford, Esq.
C. Coningham, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebobm Coll,
Lord Colin Campbell
[B.].
Colonel Irbv [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
J. E. Harting, Esq.
[C.].
Hume Coll.
E.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.]
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Theodore Fisher,
Esq. [P.].
Colonel Irby [P.l
Sahin-Godman Coll.
B. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
B. B. Sharpe. Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Tweeddale Coll.
B. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[B.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hon. W. Edwardes
[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mo8cowMuseum[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
u 2
100
CHABADRIID^.
a", b", c". Imm.
sk.
d". Ad. sk.
e". 2 j uv - s ^-
f". c? jr. sk.
g" . $ imm. sk.
h". Imm. sk.
i". Juv. sk.
ft", c? ad. ; I", m".
Ad. sk.
n". c? imm. sk.
o". Juv. sk.
p". Ad. sk.
q",r". Ad. etimm.
sk.
a". <3 imm. sk.
<". Juv. sk.
u". -Imm. sk.
v". d" imm. sk.
w". c? ad. sk.
.v",y",z". d imm.;
a 3 ,b 3 . Jimm.sk.
c 3 . c? imm. sk.
d 3 . Ad. sk.
ft 3 . cJ ad. sk.
/". Ad. sk.
g 3 . (5 imm. sk.
h 3 . Imm. sk.
i' 3 -p 3 . c? ? ad. sk.
g- 3 ; r 3 , s 3 . 2 imm.
< 3 . Ad. sk.
u 3 , v 3 , iv 3 . c? 2 ad.
sk.
X s . Ad. sk.
y 3 , z 3 , a*. 3 ad. sk.
b\ 3 ad. sk.
c 4 . 2 ad. sk.
d i . c? ad. sk.
e*. <S ad. sk.
Kurile Islands, Aug., Sept.
(Snow).
Amoy, May (B. Swinhoe).
Yarkand, Sept. 2 (Dr. Sen-
der son).
Posgarn, Yarkand, Sept. 6
(Dr. Henderson).
Algeciraz, Spain, March 20.
Marocco.
Marocco.
Flores, Azores, May (F. D.
Godman).
Near Funckal, Madeira,
April 26.
Gambia.
Gambia.
Gold Coast.
Mouth of Swakop Eiver,
Damara-land, Dec. 27
(C. J. Andersson).
Lake Nyasa.
Gloriosa Island, May (Dr.
Coppinger).
Seychelles, March (Dr.
Coppinger).
Seychelles.
Rodriguez.
Aden, Oct. 16 (E. L. Layard).
Khora Muska Creek, Aden,
May 5 (Major Yerbury).
Damietta, Egypt (Philipponi).
Fao, Persian Gulf, June 18.
Sonmiani, Mekran Coast,
Feb. 24 ( W. T. Blanford).
Ormarra, Mekran Coast
(E. A. Butler).
Karachi, Feb. (A O.H.).
Karachi, April 14 (E. A.
Butler).
Balacherry,Kathiawar,Oct.24.
Sambhur, Sept., Oct. (B. M.
Adam).
Madras.
Betrapar, Laccadives, Feb.
{A. O.H.).
Bingaroo, Laccadives, Feb. 21
(A. 0. H).
Cardamum Is., Laccadives,
Feb. 18 (A. O.H.).
Cherbaniani, Laccadives,
Feb. 12 {A. O. H).
Paumbeu, Laccadives,
March 15 (A. O. H).
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Irby [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
W.R. Ogilvie-Grant,
Esq. [P.l
Seebohm Coll.
Old Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sir J. Kirk [C.].
Voy.H.M.S. 'Alert.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Seebohm Coll.
" Transit of Venus "
Exped.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
W. D. Cumming,
Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Haves Lloyd
[P.]. "
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
1. ARENARIA.
101
/*, g*. 2 ad. sk. N.W. coast of Ceylon,
March 10 ( W. V. Legge).
h\ J iinm. sk. S.E. coast of Ceylon,
March 29 (W. V. Legge).
i\ $ ad. sk. Pegu, Sept. 23 (K W. 6.). Oates Coll.
k x . 2 ad. sk. Great Cocos Islands, Hume Coll.
March 24.
I*. 5 ad. sk. South Andamans, Feb. 14
(R. 6. W. R.).
f»*. 2 ad. sk. Aberdeen, S. Andamans,
April 29 ( W. Davison).
»*. 2 ad. sk- Montshull Isl., Nicobars,
March 14 (A. O. H.).
o\.p 4 . 2 ad- sk. Camorta, Nicobars, Feb.,
March ( W. Davison).
q*. 2 a ^- sk. Preparis Island, Nicobars,
March (A. O. H.).
r 4 -y 4 . c? ad. ; z 4 -& 5 . Jerome, Salangore, Dec,
2 ad. sk. March, Aug. ( W. D.).
k 5 , I 5 . Ad. sk. Sumatra (Sir S. Raffles).
m s , n s , o 5 . Ad. sk. Labuan, Oct., Jan., Feb.
(A. H. E.).
P*i ?*• c? 9 ad- sk. N. Bohol, Philippines, Nov.
(A. H. Everett).
r\ Ad. sk. E. Gilolo.
s i . 2 ad. sk. N. Ceram.
**j w 5 - c? 2 ad. sk. Raine Island.
v 5 , w*. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerett).
X s . Ad. sk. N.E. coast of Australia.
y^, z 5 . Ad. sk. W. Australia.
a 8 . 2 ft d- sk. Troughton Island, N.W.
Australia, Aug. (Dr.
Basset t Smith).
b 6 . c? ad. sk. Isabella Island, Bass' Straits, Gould Coll.
Jan. 12.
c a . 2 ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides,
Sept. 27 (J. Macgillivray).
tP, e 8 . 3 ad. sk. Admiralty Islands.
f s . 2 ad. sk. Tongataboo, Nov.
g". Ad. sk. Rotuma Island (Rev. G.
Brown) .
Specimens from the New World.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
A. H. Everett, Esq.
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. B. Jukes, Esq.
[P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [ C.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Pen-
guin.'
Voy. H.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
Dr. Coppinger [P.],
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
A 6 , i°. Ad. sk.
A 8 , P. d ad. ; m%
n e , o 6 . Jr. sk.
p°. d ad. sk.
q n . Pull. sk.
r 8 . Ad. sk.
s 8 . Ad. sk.
t e , u e . Ad. et imm.
sk.
Greenland, May.
Discovery Bav, June, August
(If. C. Hah).
Arctic America, Lat. 82° 32'
(H. W. Feilden).
Bellot Island, Aug. 13
(H. W.F.).
Labrador ( Moeschler).
Labrador ( C. Linden : Hensh.
Coll.).
Repulse Bay.
Hume Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Disco-
very.'
Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Dr. Rae [P.].
102
CHAEABRIID^E.
v 6 , to e . Ad. sk.
X s , y 6 . Ad. et jr.
sk.
s 6 , a 7 , c? ad. sk.
b 7 , c 7 . S ad. ; d 7 .
2 ad. sk.
e 7 . 2 ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
£r 7 . Juv. sk.
h 7 . Ad. sk.
f. c? ad. sk.
k 7 . Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
m 7 , n 7 . c? ad. sk
o 7 ,^ 7 . c? ad. sk.
g- 7 . Ad. sk.
r 7 . 2 ad. sk.
s 7 , f, u 7 . c? ad. ; v 7 ,
w 7 . $ ad. sk.
x 7 . 2 ad. sk.
y 7 , z 7 , a 9 . I mm. sk.
b 9 , c 8 . c? ad. sk.
d*. Juv. sk.
e 8 . Ad. sk.
f 9 . J ad. ; (f, h\
2 ad. sk.
i 9 -w 9 . Ad. et imm.
sk.
x 8 . Ad. sk.
y 8 , s 8 . c? 2 ad. sk.
a 9 , c? ad. sk.
6 9 . J ad. sk.
c 9 . Ad. sk.
d 3 . Ad. sk.
e 9 . Ad. sk.
f\ Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
N.W. America.
Alaska (Hensh. Coll.).
St. Michael's, Alaska, July,
Aug. (E. W. Nelson:
Hensh. Coll.).
St. George's Isl., Alaska (H.
W. Elliott : Rensh. Coll.).
Kotlik, Alaska, May 19
(E. W. Nelson : Hensh.
Coll.).
Pikmiktalik River, Alaska,
Aug. (E. W. Nelson:
Hensh. Coll.).
Albany River, Canada.
New Jersey.
Massachusetts {Hensh. Coll.).
Ipswich, Mass.
Philadelphia (C. Drexler).
Waukegan, Illinois, May 24
(E. W. Nelson: Hensh.
Coll.).
Ainsworth, Illinois, Sept. 17
(E. W. Nelson : Hensh.
Coll.).
Pennsylvania (J. Krider).
Cobb's Island, Virginia,
Aug. 1 (H.W.H.).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov.,
May (F. B. Armstrong).
Cedar Keys, Florida, Nov.
(Hensh. Coll.).
Bermuda, Dec.
Mustique Island, W. I.,
June 7 (D. W. S7iuth).
Anguilla, March 25 ( W. R.
Elliott).
Barbados.
Indefatigable Isl., Galapagos,
Aug., Sept. {Dr. Habel).
Cozumel Island (G. F.
Gaumer) .
Mugeres Island (G. F.
Gaumer).
Saw-pit Kev, British Hon-
duras, May (O. S.).
Turneff Laud, British Hon-
duras, May (0. S.).
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.
(0. S.).
Veragua (Arcf).
Babia (Dr. Wucherer).
Bahia (Dr. Wucherer).
Bahia.
Cajutuba, Brazil (J. Nat-
ter er).
Capt. Collinson [P.],
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
G.Branston,Esq.[P.].
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt. Savile Reid
Salvin-Godman Coll.
West Indian Com-
mittee [P.].
Sir R. Schomburgk
[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
1. ARENAKIA.
103
h\ ft cf 2 ad. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(A. 11. Murkham). n n _ „
*• ft Ad. sk. Chili, Feb. (E. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman „ .
J. 2 ad. sk. ( l.ili, Feb. (jE. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll.
»ft cf ad. sk. TaL-ahuano, Chili, Sept. 9. Dr. Coppmger [P. J.
o 9 Ad.sk. Winter Island. Antarctic Expedi-
tion.
«ft Sternum. England. John Kay, Esq. [P.].
f, r». Skeletons. Chili. Purchased.
2. Arenaria rnelanocephala.
Strepsilas melanocephalus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 356 (1829) ;
J. Voy. • Blossom,' p. 29 (1839); Cass. B.N. Amer. j>.m,&w.
(1858) ; CWr £ Buckley, N. E- Wash. Terr. p. 234 (1860) ;
Brown] Ms, 1868, p. 424 (Vancouver Isl.) ; D«H ft .»«««. ZVon*.
CJlicaoo ^carf. i. p. 2'JO (1869: Alaska, breeding); Coues,Keij
X. Am,;: 11. 2nd ed. p. 609 (1884); Baird, Brewer, $ Lidgw.
Water-B. X. Amer. i. p. 124 (1884) ; Murdoch, Rep. Exped. Bt.
Barrow, p. 109 (1885 : not observed) ; Seeb. Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
CSnclus melanocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 549 (1846) ; id. Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 22, no. 10069 (1871).
Strepsilas interpres, var. melanocephalus, Owes, Aey iv. .dwr. £>.
p. 217 (1872) ; id. B. X.- West, p. 459 (1874).
Strepsilas interpres melanocephalus, S&reefo, !?«//. U.H.Jyat. XLUS,
no. 7, p. 17 (1877 : San Geronimo Isl.) ; Coues, Check-l. A. Amer. h.
ArenSamtkiiocephala, Stejn. Auk, i. p. 229 (1884) ; id. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mm. no. 29, p. 102 (1885) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N Amer. B.
p. L65 (1886); BAdgw. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 181 (188i); Turner,
Contr. X. H. Alaska, p. 150 (1887 : breeding) ; Nelson, Nat Hist.
Coll. Alaska, p. 129 (1887: St. Michael's Isl; Lower Yukon ;
breeding); Townsend, Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: kowah River, JN.
Alaska |; Blake, t. c. p. 329 (Santa Cruz Isl.) ; Lawrence, Auk, ix.
p. 354 (1892). ... 10 ,, QQK v
Charadrius melanocephalus, Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. m. p. 12 (lb&o).
Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above blackish
brown, with slightly indicated black centres to the feathers; back
pure white, with a dark brown patch on the rump; sides of rump
and upper tail-coverts pure white : wings dark brown, the greater
coverts edged and also broadly tipped with white, forming a broad
wing-band; inner primary-coverts also tipped with white ; quills
with while ma mins to their ends, and with white shafts, the bases
of all the quills -white, which increases on the secondaries while the
brown colour diminishes, till the median secondaries are entirely
white; the innermost secondaries brown like the back; tail-
feathers brown, narrowly edged with white at the tip and with a
broad white base ; crown of head, sides of face, throat, and upper
breast dark brown, many of the leathers of the sides of the neck,
foro-neck, and ear-coverts spotted with white, imparting a Bfcre
appearance; the feathers of the upper breast adjoining the brown
fore-neck being white with centres of brown, or horse-shoo marks
of the Bame colour ; frontal plumes also spotted with white ; a mark
104
CHARADEIIDjE.
behind the upper part of the eye and a large loral spot white ; all
the rest of the uuderparts from the lower breast downwards pure
white, except the thighs, which are brownish. Total length 8
inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5 - 7, tail 2 - 4, tarsus 095, middle toe and
claw 1*1.
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5*9, tail 2-4, tarsus 1, middle toe
and claw 1*15.
Young male after first moult. Differs from the adult in having
broad white edgings to the scapulars, wing-coverts, and inner
secondaries, and in having a streak of whity brown behind the eye,
without any sign of white spots on the head or sides of neck.
According to Eidgway, the old and young birds in winter plumage
" have the anterior parts of the head smoky-brown, much lighter
than the body, with no trace of white markings about the head and
jugulum."
Hah. Western North America from Alaska to Monterey in Cali-
fornia.
a. Ad. st. N.W.America.
b. Ad. sk. N.W. America.
c-ff. J 1 ad. et St. Michael's, Alaska, June, July,
juv. sk. Aug. (E. W. Nelson : Hensh.
Coll.).
A. 5 ad. sk. Xotlik, Alaska, May 20 (E. W.
Nelson : Hensh. Coll.).
i. cJ ad. sk. Camp Simiamu, Nov. 19 (C. B.
Kennedy),
k. Ad. sk. San Juan de Fuca.
1. Ad. sk. Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound,
Aug. 29 (O. Buckley),
m, n, o. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island.
p. 2 imm. sk. Esquimalt, Aug. (G. Mathew).
q, r. Ad. sk. Esquimalt Harbour.
s, t. c? ad. sk. San Fraucisco, California, Aug.
u. Ad. sk. San Francisco (Hensh. Coll.).
v-y. <$ ad. sk. San Luis Obispo, California, Oct.
(H. W. Heiishaiv).
z. $ ad. sk. Sau Miguel Island, California,
Aug. 2 ( Capt. Homey : Hensh.
Coll),
a'. <3 ad. sk. Farallone Islands, California
(Hensh. Coll.).
Purchased.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt. Kellett & Lieut.
Wood [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
J.K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
2. H.3BMATOPU9.
105
Subfamily II. HiEMATOPODIN^.
2. KEMATOPUS.
Type.
Ostralega, Briss. Oni. v. p. 38 (1760) H. ostralegus.
Hrematopus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1766) II. ostralegus.
Melanibyx, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. Fog. p. xii (1852) .... II. tuoquini.
Fig. 13. — Foot of Hcematopus ostrale-
gus to show reticulation of tarsus
and webbing of foot.
Range. Almost cosmopolitan.
Fig. 14. — Side view of tarsus of H.
ostralegus to show reticulation of
t\\e planta tarsi.
Key to the species.
a. With a white belly.
a'. Primaries -with white on the inner webs, forming
a white quill-lining.
a". With white alon>r the outer web of the fourth
quill adjoining the white shaft-mark ; some-
times the third and second quills similarly
marked ostralegus, p. 107.
106
CHARADKIID.E.
b". No white extending on to the outer web of
the first to the fifth quills ; sixth quill with
a little white adjoining the white shaft-
mark ; upper tail-coverts white, tipped with
black osculans, p. 111.
b'. Quill-lining blackish, with no white markings
on the inner webs of the primaries.
c". Back glossy black like the head ; edge of
wing black.
a'". Lower back and rump pure white like
the upper tail-coverts, the latter broadly
tipped with black ; some of the inner
secondaries edged with white, but none
of them entirely pure white ; feet pink., longirost ris, p. 112.
b'" '. Lower back and rump black like the rest
of the upper surface ; upper tail-coverts
pure white with small black tips ; median
secondary quills pure white ; feet yel-
lowish leucopus, p. 113.
Back brown, contrasting with the black head,
c'". With some of the median secondaries en-
tirely white ; white band on wing very
broad and formed by the greater wing-
coverts, which are almost entirely white ;
thighs pure white.
a 4 . A distinct white eye-spot ; under wing-
coverts almost entirely white, with dusky
tips to the lower primary-coverts ; sixth
and seventh primaries marked with
white on the shaft pnUiatm, p. 114.
J 4 . White eye-spot less distinct or absent ;
under wing-coverts mottled with black
along the bend of the wing ; lower
primary-coverts almost entirely dusky ;
sixth and seventh primaries not marked
with white ; chest mottled with black
spots frazari, p. 117.
d ' . None of the median secondaries entirely
white, but always marked with blackish ;
white wing-band much smaller and nar-
rower ; thighs marked with black.
c 4 . Upper tail-coverts white, mottled with
brown ; inner greater coverts white
with brown bases ; no white eye-spot ;
under tail-coverts pure white ; axillaries
pure white ; a large patch of black
above the lower primary-coverts, which
are dusky ; bend of wing mottled with [p. 1 16.
black galapagensis,
d l . Upper tail-coverts entirely brown like
the rump, the lateral ones with a little
white near the base ; no white eye-
spot ; under tail-coverts white, with a
great deal of sooty brown towards the
ends, the longest ones almost entirely
sooty brown ; axillaries white, mottled
with brown ; bend' of wing black, as
2. n.EM.vropus. 107
also a large patch above the lower
primary-coverts ; -white on wing very
restricted, the greater coverts brown
with a narrow white tip to the feathers,
forming a band across the wing durnfordi, p. 117.
b. With the belly black or blackish.
c'. Above glossy black like the under surface; head
like the bach ; iris red ; feet red.
e". Nasal sulcus extending far beyond the line of
the angle of the genys ; feet "brick-red unicolor, p. 118.
/'. Nasal buIcub scarcely extending beyond the
angle of the genys ; feet deep crimson moquini, p. 119.
d'. Back brown, contrasting with the black head ;
under surface sooty black; iris yellow; feet
flesh-coloured.
g". Bill somewhat slender, the genys nearly
straight ; the angle scarcely indicated .... niger, p. 120.
h". Bill very deep, the angle of the genys
strongly marked ; the bill compressed and
knife-like towards the end ater, p. 121.
1. Hseinatopus ostralegus.
The Ovstercatcher.
Sea-Pie or Olive, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 74, pi. 78 (1738).
L'lluitrier appelle vulgaireinent Pie de Mer, Briss. Orn. v. p. 38,
pi. Hi. fig. 2 (1760).
Hasmatopus ostralegus, Lam. Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1766); Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 694 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xv. p. 408
(1817); Temm. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 531 (1820) ; Boux, Orn. Prov.
pi. 268 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 10 (1827) ; Mcnetr.
Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 52 (1832) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vii. p. 325,
pi. 181 (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 300 (1837); Bp. Comp.
List Ii. Bur. §■ X. Amer. p. 46 (1838) ; Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 356
(1840); Keys. \ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. lxxi (1840); Nordm. in
Demid. I'm). Russ. Merid. iii. p. 257 (1840) ; Jerd. Madr. Jo/urn.
xii. p. 201 (1840); Selys-Bomjch. Faune Beige, p. 122 (1842);
Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxx'v (1n44): Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Gruchenl.
p. 98 (1844) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mix.. Grallee, pi. 56
(no. 807); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844 1: Gray, Bist
Gralla in Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844); Mupp. Syst. Uelers.f. 118
(1>45: Kirvptian Coast & Red Sea); Illicit*. Eggs Brit. i?. ii.
p. 265, pi. lxxii. (1846) ; Gray, Cat. Mamrn. etc. Nepal fret.
Rodq*. p. 133 (1846) j id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Blgth. Cat.
11. Sin*. As. Soc. p. 264 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Bel. ii. p. 125 (1850) :
Man,i/L Brit. B. iv. p. 152 (1852) : Kjasrb. Orn. Damn. Taf. 31.
fig. :'; (1854) : Schl. Vog. Nederi. pi. 219 I 1-54) ; Layard, Ann. \
Ma,,. N. 11. xiv. p. 110 (1854: Cevlon) ; Ileugl. Syst. 1',-bers.
p. .-.7 (1856: RedSea); Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 217 (1SJ7:
Senegal; Mozambique); Sunder. Si: Eogl. pi. 36 (1856 72);
.hud,. ,t Barth.-Lapomm. Rick. Orn. p. 454 (1859) ; Linderm. Fog.
Griechenl. p. 136 (18(50); Pnn,*, Ibis. 1S60, p. :Y.)\) (Corfu &
Epirus); SfcW. Dier. Nederi Vogeh, pi. 22. ligs. 3, 3 a (1861) j
Brinh. I/nS. IStil, p. <l ((iivonland); F. \ P. Godm. t. c. p. 86
(Bodo); Haiti. J. f. <>. L861, p. 269 (Somali Coast); Newton in
Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 411 (1863); Gray, Lift Brit. P.
p. 142 (1868); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 141 (Malta, accidental) ;
108 CHAEADRITD^;.
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 659 (1864) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores,
p. 70 (1865 ; Holland) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 ; More, t. c. p. 432 ;
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 151 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci.
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 283 (1867); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 69
(Suez) ; Blyth, t. c. p. 166 ; Baird, t. c. p. 282 (Iceland & Green-
land) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal) ; Borggr. Vogelf.
Norddeutschl. p. Ill (1869) ; Dbderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 179 (1869) ;
Elwes Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Gulf of Salonica) ; Fritsch,
Vbg. Eur. tab. 34. fig. 9 (1870) ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. iv. pi. 45
(1870); Finsch $ Marti. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 665 (1870); Salvad.
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 207 (1871) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 268
(1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (S. Spain, winter) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 21, no. 10057 (1871) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit.
B. p. 45 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 243 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. l039 (1873) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 234 (1873 :
Karachi ; Mekran Coast ; Muscat) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69
(1873) ; Alston <§• Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel) ;
Brooke, t. c. p. 338 (Sardinia) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Kathia-
war) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 397 (N. Frisian Isl.); Saaby, B.
Shetl. p. 172 (1874); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 163 (1875);
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 149 (1875); Danf. «.y Harvie Brown, Ibis,
1875, p. 420 (Transylvania) ; Le Messxirier, Str. F. iii. p. 380
(1875: Manora Point) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 329 ; Blanf. East.
Pers. ii. p. 281 (1876 : Hormuz Isl., Persian Gulf) ; Seeb. Sf Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 290 (Ust Zvlma, breeding); Dresser, B.
Eur. vii. p. 567, pi. 533 (1877) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 49 (Semi-
palatinsk) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 156 (1877 : Poland) ;
Butler, Sir. F. v. p. 212 (1877 : Mandavee) ; Bogdanoff, B.
Cauc. p. 154 (1879); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix. p. 246
(1879: Irtisch); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Butler, Cat.
B. Sind etc. p. 60 (1879: Sind; Cutch; Kathiawar) ; id. Cat.
B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880 : Bombay ; Ratnagiri) ; Vidal, Str.
F. ix. p. 83 (1880: S. Konkan) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 987
(1880 : N. half of West Coast) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 222
(Astrakhan) ; id. t. c. p. 380 (Archangel) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B.
p. 162 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus) ; Severtz.
t. c. p. 74 (Pamir-Alichur, near Boolma-Kul) ; Irby, t. c. p. 187
(Santander) ; Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 294 (1883) ;
id. Ibis, 1884, p. 389 (Bidassoa R., Dec.) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp.
Boss. p. 77 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, $■ Bidgio. Water-Birds N.
Amer. i. p. 110(1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 423 (1884:
S.W. of Caspian ; Lenkoran ; breeding) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B.
iii. p. 4 (1885); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21 (Aden); Gigl. Avif.
Ital. p. 378 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital, p. 214 (1886) ; Tait,
Ibis, 1887, p. 387 (Portugal) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 543
(1889) ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vbg. Deutschl. p. 53 (1889) ; Lilford,
Ibis, 1889, p. 339 (Cyprus) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Besoc. p. 580
(1889), '2nd Besoc. p. 652 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 512 (1891) ; See-
bohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 409 (Great Saltee Isl.) ; Brusina, Motr. etc.
(Or?i. Croat.) p. 88 (1890) ; Turk, Ibis, 1891, p. 6 (Blasket Isl.,
breeding) ; Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 514 (1891) ; W. Evans,
Ibis, 1891, p. 80; Sharpe, t. c. p. 114 (Fao, Oct.); Madardsz,
Ausst. Unqar. Vogelf. p. 104 (lb91) ; Frivaldsky, Aves Hung.
p. 125 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland); Hartert,
t. c. p. 517 (E. Prussia) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden) ;
Blaqq, t. c. p. 355 (Shetland) ; Blaauw, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv.
p. 226(1873: Holland).
Scolopax pica, Scop. Ann. I. p. 95 (1769).
2. H^JIATOPUS. 109
L'Huitri.r, UAubmton, PL Enl. ix. pi. 929; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.
viii. p. 119, pi. ix. (1781).
Pied Oystercatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 219, pi. 84 (1785).
Ostralega pica, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 20 (1790). .
Ostralega europtea, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 300 (1828) ; id. Traite
d'Orn. p. 548(1831).
Hsematopus bathicus, Brekm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 5G2 (1831).
Heematopus orientalis, Brehm, t. c. p. 563.
Ostralegus vulgaris, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 47.
Ostralegus luematopus, Maegill. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 59 (1842).
The Oyster-catcher, Tarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 432 (1843).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy
black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white ; wing-
coverts black, the bastard-wing feathers and the median series with
white tips, the greater coverts pure white, with only a little blackish
patch concealed near the base ; primaries black, with the greater
part of the inner web white, except near the ends and for some
distance parallel to the shaft, the latter with a sub-terminal white
streak, widening into a broad white streak on the inner primaries,
the white extending on to the outer web ; secondaries puro white
with black tips, the central ones white, the long inner ones black ;
tail white, with the terminal third black, forming a broad band ;
head all round with the entire throat black ; undfer the eye a white
spot ; remainder of under surface of body, from the lower throat
downwards, pure white ; the feathers of the fore-neck which
adjoin the black throat being half white and half black, to corre-
spond with the adjacent plumage ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white : " bill vermilion, tinged with yellow as far as the end of the
nasal groove, the attenuated part dull yellow ; feet pale lake or
purplish red ; edges of the eyelids vermilion ; iris crimson " ( W.
Macgillivray). Total length 16 inches, culrnen 2-9, wing 9 - 7,
tail 3'9, tarsus 1*95.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
17 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 10*1, tail 4, tarsus 2.
Young. Browner on the back than the adults, and with more or
less sandy-brown vermiculations and margins to the ends of the
feathers ; across the middlo of the throat a broad band of white ;
quills with a larger expanse of white, the white on the outer web
of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth quills continuous with the
white on the inner web.
The white band on the throat is lost during the first winter, dis-
appearing sooner in the females than in the males. In Eastern
birds this white on the throat not only persists longer than
in European birds, but is much more extended on the throat,
being spread over the whole throat up to the chin. Every one
ot the young birds from Karachi shows this peculiarity. A bird
obtained by Colonel Butler in August, with a perfectly black throat
and with no trace of immaturity about it, has the white patches
on both webs of the quills united -, but as some of the latter show
indications of the black extruding down the centre of the quills, it
is evidently impossible to find specific differences between European
110
CHARADEIID2E.
and Indian Oystercatchers : though I expect to find my views as to
the greater persistence of the white on the quills in Eastern birds
confirmed by further material. There is considerable variation in
the white shaft-markings and white quill-lining. In the adult
female, however, described from Wales, there is an absence of white
on the inner web of the first primary, as is usual in H. osculans !
Nestling. Clothed with down of a sandy-grey colour, not much
mottled with black, of which two lines run down each side of the
back, with a single narrow line down the rump to the tail, and a
lateral stripe along the lower flanks ; the head has some irregular
black stripes and patches ; throat dusky black ; remainder of under
surface of body white, as also the edge of the wing ; thighs dusky
blackish. As the bird increases in size the plumage becomes
darker, and is strongly barred with sandy-buff tips and edges to the
feathers, but the black dorsal patches are retained in full force for a
long time.
Hah. Europe generally, extending south in winter to Egypt and
the Red Sea, eastwards to Central Asia, wintering in N.W. India.
a. Pull. sk.
b. Pull. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. c? ad. sk.
/, g, h. Ad. sk.
i. cJ ad. sk.
k. 2 ad.sk.
I, m. <$ ; n. 2
ad. sk.
o,p. 2 ad. sk.
q. 2 j uv - sk-
r. Juv. sk.
s. Juv. sk.
t. Imm. sk.
u. rf ad. sk.
v. <5 juv. sk.
w, x. $ ; y-a'.
2 juv. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.
c', d' . S imm.
sk.
e',f. Juv. sk.
ff'. Juv. sk.
/*'. Juv. sk.
{'. Juv. sk.
k'. Skeleton.
Orkneys.
Orkneys, June 26 (J. H. Dunn).
St. Andrew's, N.B., Sept. (_R. G.
W. E.).
Lincolnshire, Sept. 14.
Romney Marsh, Kent, Sept.
Paglmm, Sussex, Sept. 5.
Pagham, Sept. 20.
S. Bride's, S. Wales, April.
Bodo, Norway, May 7 (F. D. G.).
Heligoland, Sept. 26 {E. B. S.).
Morocco.
Suakin, Red Sea.
Erzeroum (Hurt de Pavilion).
River Volga, May.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct. 15.
Karachi, Sind, Feb. {A. O. H.).
Karachi, Aug. (E. A. Butler).
Karachi, Feb., March (E. A. B.).
Kutch, Jan. (F. Stoliczka).
Balacherry, Kathiawar, Oct. 15.
Nepal.
Patna.
England.
Gould Coll.
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
J. H. Caton Haigh,
Esq. [P.].
Dr. R. B. Sharpe
[P.].
Dr. Giinther [P.].
J. E. Harting, Esq.
[P.]
Hon. W. Edwardes
PP.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
F. Nicholson, Esq.
[P.].
J. E. Harting, Esq.
[P.].
Surgeon-Capt. R. H.
Penton [P.].
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
W. D. Camming, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Hayes Lloyd
[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
Pinwill Coll.
Purchased.
2. H.XHMOPUS. Ill
?■ Skull. England John Ray, Esq. [P.].
ml. Sternum. England. G. Ingall, Esq. [P.].
»'. Bones of Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
trunk. [P.].
2. Hsematopus osculans.
ILematopus kypoleuca, Pall. Zooyr. Boss.-Asiat. ii. p. 129 (1811, pt.:
Kamtchatka ; Kurile Isl.).
II;euiatopu< ostralegus (nee L.), Middend. Seise Sibir., Zool.u. p. 213
(1851: Gt. Shantar rsl., Aug.) ; Casein, Pr. Acad. Nat. Set. Phil.
1858, p. 19(1 (Japan); Schn-nck, Reis. Amurl. p. 413 (1859:
Ussuri River : Amur River); Swinh. Ibis, ISliO, p. 63 ; id. Ibis,
I861,p.261 (TaJienBay),p.342(Tako* : Pelrin); Przew. JPutesch.
Ussuri, no. 157 (1870)'; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 154 (1875: Arakan) ;
Oates, //. Brit. Burm, ii. p. 377 (1883).
ILvmatopus longirostria (nee V.), Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 406 (Ape's
Hill Creek, Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 310.
Hffimatopua osculans, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 405 ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.
Ver. Wien, 1872, Extraheft, p. 6; Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 426
(Chefoo); id. Ibis, 1875, pp. 129, 453 (Hakodadi); Taez. Bull.
Soc. Zool. Franco, i. p. 249 (1876) ; David # Oast. Ois. Chine,
p. 432 (1877 : N. China, especially near Chefoo) ; Blakist. fy Fryer,
Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Yezo, Yokohama ): Seehohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 26
(Yokohama) ; Blakist. fy Pn/er. Trans. As. Soc. viii. p. 193 (1880) ;
iid. op. cit. x. p. 109 (1882) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii.
p. 339 (1883) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. p. 11 (1884 : Japan
generally); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, pp. 100, 138 (1885 :
Kamtchatka); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 159 (Corea); Seebohm,
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 303 (1888) ; id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 319
(1890 : Kurile Isl. ; Yezo ; Yokohama) : Sti/an, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330,
504 (Lower Yangtse, winter) ; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Corea);
De La Touche, t.c. p. 497 (Foochow and Swatow).
Hsematopus ostralegus osculans, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29,
p. 100 (1885).
Adult male. Similar to H. ostralegus, but with a decidedly longer
bill, and distinguished by the white pattern of the primary quills,
the shafts of which arc white towards the ends, as in H. ostralegus,
but the white begins to extend on to the outer web of the quill only
from the si.vth onwards. The difference of the white occurring on
the second quill is not constant, as we have seen European birds
which have tho first primary entirely dark on the inner web, as in
H. oscidans : " bill bright orange-red ; legs tine pink, with pale
brownish claws ; iris crimson, eyelid bright orange-red " (R.
Swinlioe). Total length 18 inches, culmen 3-S, wing 10 - 3, tail 4-2,
tarsus 1"85.
Adult female. Similar to the female of //. ostralegus, but dis-
tinguished by the white markings on the quills, the white extending
on to the outer web from the white shaft-streak only from the sixth
quill onwards. The first primary has no white on the inner web.
Total length 18 inches, culmen 37, wing 10-4, tail 4-2, tarsus 2.
Young. Differs from the adult in having the black feathers mar-
gined with white, and in having a white patch across the throat,
though Dr. Stejneger states that the young birds procured by him in
a.
2 ad.sk.
Corea.
b.
2 ad. sk.
Yezo, Japan
St. John).
c.
Ad. sk.
Shanghai.
d.
Ad. sk.
Fokien.
e.
d ad. sk.
N aab River,
112 CHAEADRIID.E.
Kamtchatka had no white bar across the throat : " bill orange-red, the
tip dusky ; feet pale bluish Hesh-colour ; iris raw-umber ; naked
eye-ring orange " (Dr. Stejneger).
Hah. Eastern Siberia and Kamtchatka, south to China and the
Burmese provinces in winter.
C. W. Campbell, Esq. [P.].
(Admiral Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Arakan, Oates Coll.
Jan. 15 (Shopland).
3. HaBmatopus longirostris.
Hsematopus longirostris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Uist. Nat. xv. p. 410
(1817: Australia); Gray, List GralUe Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844);
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 7 (1845) ; Gray, Voy. Ereb. $■ Terror,
Birds, p. 12 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1846) ; Reichenb. Vbg.
Neuholl. p. 30, no. 311 (1849) ; id. Handb. Grail., Novit. tab. clxix.
figs. 2412-14 (1851) ; MacGilliv. Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852:
N.E. Australia ; Torres Straits) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 420 (1856) ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (Aru Is.) ; Scl. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc,
Zool. ii. p. 169 (1858 : New Guinea) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. $■ Birds
New Guin. pp. 51, 62 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 ; id. Ibis,
1862, p. 235 ; Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv. p. 253
(1863) ; id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 136 (New Guinea; Aru Isl.) ; Gould,
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 215 (1865) ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181
(1865) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 73 (1865 ; Oetanata) ;
Rosenb. Rets naar Zuidoostereil. p. 53 (1867 : Aru Isl.) ; Mutton,
Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 21,
no. 10062 (1871); Finsch, J.f. O. 1874, p. 194 (New Zealand);
Uarvie- Brown, Ibis, 1874, p. 96 (Otaio R., N. Z.) ; Rosenb.
Reistocht. Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875: Ternate) ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. fy
Terror, Birds, App. p. 30 (1875) ; D'Alb. Ann. Mus. Gen. x. p. 20
(1877) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 372 (Fly River) ; Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. i. p. 60 (1877 : Cape Grenville & Cocoanut Isl.) ; Ramsay,
t. c. p. 187 ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1878 : Australia generally) ;
Rosenb. Malay. Archip. pp. 373, 563 (1878-79 : Aru Isl.) ; D'Alb.
fy Salvad. Ami. Mus. Gen. xiv. p. 128 (1879 : Katau) ; Salvad. op.
cit. xviii. p. 323 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 287 (1882) ; Sharpe,
Rep. Zool. Coll. Voy. ' Alert; p. 27 (1884: Wednesday Isl.);
Matheiv, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. x. p. 254 (1886 : Claremont
Is.) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 304 (1888) ; Ramsay,
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888 : nearly the whole of Australia) ;
Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 16 (1888) ; North, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. (2) iii. p. 1778 (1889 : Cumberland, N. S. W.) ; id.
Nests S,- Egc/s Austr. B. p. 299 (1889) ; Salvad. Ago. Orn. Pap.
iii. p. 198 (1891); Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 257 (Adele Isl., N.W.
Australia).
Haeinatopus picatus, Vigors in King's Voy. Austr. ii. App. p. 420
(1826) ; Gray in Diefenb. Trav. N. Zeal. ii. App. p. 196 (1843 :
New Zealand) ; Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7469.
Hjematopus australasianus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 155.
Haeinatopus ostralegus (nee L.), S. Mull. Verh. Land- en Volkenk.
p. 22 (1839-44 : New Guinea).
2. H^MATOPUS.
113
Adult male. Similar to //. ostralegus, but having no white on the
inner webs of the primaries ; the back glossy black like the head,
and the edge of the wing black ; lower back and rump pure white,
like the upper tail-coverts, the latter broadly tipped with black ;
some of the inner secondaries edged with white, but none of them
entirely pure white : " bill and eyelash deep orange-scarlet ; feet
light brick-red; iris crimson " (J. Gould). Total length 17 inches,
culmen 3*4, -wing lOl, tail 4, tarsus 1*95.
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 17 inches,
culmen 3-4, wing 10-5, tail 4-4, tarsus 2-05.
ffab. Australia, New Zealand, and the Papuan and Moluccan
Islands.
a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.
d. 3 ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i, k. Ad. st.
/. Ad.sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. $ ft d- s k-
s, t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
v. Skeleton.
w, X. Skulls.
New Zealand.
Oomaru, N. Z.
Hummock Is]., Bass' Straits
(F. M. Rayner).
Green Island, Bass' Straits.
Australia.
Australia.
New South Wales.
S. Australia.
S. Australia.
S. Queensland.
Queensland (J. T. Cockerel!) .
Duuk Island, N.E. Australia
(J. MacgUlivray).
Sandy Island, N.E. Australia
(J. B. Jukes).
Wednesday Island, Torres
Straits {Dr. Coppinger),
Port Essington.
Aru Islands.
New Zealand Co.
Hume Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Herald.'
Purchased.
Old Coll.
Gould Coll.
AustralianMuseuni[P.~L
Dr. Woodward [P.].
Sir G. Grev [P.J.
Tweeddale'Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'
Toy. H.M.S. 'Fly.'
"Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Capt. Chambers [P.].
Wallace Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'
4. Haematopus leucopus.
Haematopus leucopodus, Gam. Am/, des Set. Nat. vii. p. 47 (1826 :
Falkland Islands) ; Bidyiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 182 (1887).
Oatralega leucopus, Gam. §• Less. Voy. Coquille, i. p. 721 (1820) ;
Leas. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 301 (1828) ; id. Traite, p. 548 (1831).
Haematopus luctuosus, Cut: Reyne Anim. i. p. 504 (1829); Schl.
Mus. Pai/s-Bas, Cursores, p. 74 (1865: Falkland Is.): Gray,
Hand-l. B. Hi. p. 21, no. 10058 (1871).
Haematopus arcticus, Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. 0>"n. iii. p. 35, pi. Ixiv.
fig. 2 (1832) ; id. $• Selbi,, III. On,, pi. 125 (1833) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 547 (1847) ; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 420 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 21,no. 10061 (1871).
Haematopus leucopus, Gray, List Gralhe Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844 :
Tierra del Fuego) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Set. P. Z. S.
1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland
Is., breeding): <SW. >y 8alv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 143 (1873);
iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 437 (Penguin Lai.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881,
VOL. XXIV. I
114
CHAEADEIID^:.
p. 15 (Cape Sambo, Trinidad Channel ; Torn Bay ; Hugh Bay) ;
Scl. 8f Salv. Voy. ' Challenger; ii. p. 108 (1881 : Penguin Isl. ;
Elizabeth Isl. ; Tom Harbour) ; Seeb. Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 306
(1888) ; Eidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 136 (1889 : Elizabeth
Isl.) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 121 (1891).
Adult male. Black with a white belly, like H. ostralegus and its
allies, but distinguished by its black lower back and rump, the
upper tail-coverts and base of tail being white ; the greater part of
the under wing-coverts also are black ; primaries entirely black,
without any white along the shaft or on the inner web : " bill
orange-red ; feet grey ; iris and eyelid brilliant yellow " (Dr. Cop-
jpinger). Total length 16*5 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 10-2, tail 3*8,
tarsus 1*65.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour : " legs and feet
flesh-coloured, claws black; iris bright yellow; eyelid yellow"
(Dr. Coppinger). Total length 16 inches, culmen 2*7, wing 10,
tail 4, tarsus l - 7.
Young. Similar to the adults, with a white breast and abdomen,
but more dusky black, with rusty margins to all the feathers of the
upper surface.
Hah. Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. 2 a| i. et
pull. sk.
e. c? ad. sk.
f. $ ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h, i. S ad. sk.
k. c? juv. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Juv. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o, p. Ad. sk.
q. Juv. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. Skeleton.
South America.
Tierra del Fuego.
Tom Harbour, Straits of Ma-
gellan, Jan. 6.
Elizabeth Island.
Penguin Island, Messier
Channel.
Hermit Island, Oct. 11 (Dr.
McCormick).
Tom Bay, Jan. 10 (Dr. Cop-
pinger).
Hugh Bay, Feb. 27 (Dr.
Coppinyer).
Cape Sambo, March 3 (Dr.
Coppinger).
Falkland Islands.
Falkland Islands.
Falkland Islands (Leconte).
S. Salvador Bay, Falklands,
Dec.
Berkeley Sound, Falklands,
. May (Dr. McCormick).
Patagonia.
The Admiralty [P.].
Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
AntarcticExpedition.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
AntarcticExpedition.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
McCormick Bequest.
Antarctic Expedi-
tion.
Dr. Coppinger [P.].
5. Haematopus palliatus.
The American Oystercatcher.
The Oyster-catcher, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 85, pi. 85 (1731).
Hrernatopus ostralegus (nee L.), Wils.Amer. Orn. viii. p. 15, pi. Lxiv.
fig. 2 (1814, pt. nee tab.).
Hsmatopus palliatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 532 (1829) ; Audub.
BUEMAT0PU8.
115
B. Amer. pi. 223 (c. 182G) ; Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 746
(18:i:J) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 181 (1835), v. p. 580(1839);
Gould, Voy. ' Beagle,' Birds, p. 128 (1841 : Rio Plata) ; Audub.
B. Amer. v. p. 23(3, pi. 324 (1842) ; Jard. S[ Selbi/, III. Orn. (n. s.)
pi. 7 (183G: Florida Keys) ; Giraud, B. Long isl. p. 222 (1844) ;
Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547
(1847); Lcmbeye, Av. Cuba, p. 104 (1850) ; Burin. Th. Bras. iii.
p. 306 (1856) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1856, p. 423 (Cuba) ; Casein in
BaircTe B. N. Amer. p. 699 (1858) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. vii.
p. 121 (1859 : Bahamas) : Brewer, t. c. p. 308 (1860 : Cuba) ;
Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 115 (St. Thomas) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1863,
p. 190 (Guatemala) ; Seal. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 74 (1865:
pt.) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 34 (Galveston Bay) ; Gundl. Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 358 (1866) ; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 339 ;
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 141 (1868 : Costa Rica), p. 210
(Yucatan) ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1869, p. 588 (St.
Bartholomew) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 298 (1871 : JIatto Grosso ;
Cujutuba) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 21, no. 10059 (1871); Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. p. 246 (1872) ; Scl. § Salv. Nomenrl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 143 (1873); Gundl. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 379
h.878: Cuba); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 160(1878:
Padre and Brazos Isl., Texas; breeding) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv, iv. p. 53 (1878: Texas); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer.
p. 365 (1879); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 150 (1880: resident);
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880); Belding,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 527 (1882: Coronados Is.) ; Zeledon,
Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer.
B. p. 98 (1882); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 351
(1883: Lower California); Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 145 (1884);
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 606 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, $
Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 112 (1884) ; Brewster, Auk,
ii. p. 384 (1885: Massachusetts); Turner, Proc. U.S. Nut. Mus.
viii. p. 245 (1885 : Labrador) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B.
p. 165 (1886); Evermann, Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886; Ventura Co.,
California) : Dutcher, t. c. p. 439 (Long Isl.) ; Cory, Auk, iv.
p. 230 (1887 : Bahamas ; Cuba ; Haiti ; S. Domingo ; Porto Rico ;
St. Bartholomew) : Scott, t. c. p. 270 (Florida) ; Ridgw. Man. N
Amer. B. p. 182 (1887) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 305
(1888); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 160 (1889: Florida); Cory, B. West
Indies, p. 230 (1889) ; Salv. Pbis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel) ; Northrop,
Auk, viii. p. 76 (1891 : Andros Isl.) ; Witmer Stone, t. c. p. 245
(Delaware); Cory, t. c. p. 297 (Caicos Isl.), p. 334 (Abaco Isl.),
p. 351 (Inagua) ; id. Auk, ix. p. 48 (1892 : Marasruana) : Scott, t. c.
p. 212 (Florida) ; Bertepsch, J.f. O. 1892, pp. 104, 121 (Curacao
Is.); Cory, Cat. W. Ltd. B. p. 95 (1892: Greater and Lesser
Antilles; Bahamas); Dutcher, Auk, x. p. 272 (1893: Long
Island) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 308 (Aruba), p. 325 (Curacao).
Fhematopus brasiliensis, Licht. Verz. Doabl. p. 73 (1823) ; Allen,
Hull. Amer. Mus. ii. p. 27] (1889).
Ostralega palliata, Less. TraiU, p. 548 (1831).
The Oyster-catcher, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 15 (1834).
'' male. General colour above earthy brown from the hind
neck downwards, and including the lower back and rump ; the sides
of the latter and the upper tail-coverts pure white, the latter tipped
with brownish; tail white, with nearly the terminal half blackish
brown, forming a very broad hand, decreasing in extent towards
r2
116 CHAEADKIID^:.
the outermost ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series pure
white, with only black at the extreme base ; bastard-wing feathers
broadly tipped with white ; primary-coverts and quills blackish
brown, the first five quills unmarked with white, the remainder
with white near the end of the shaft extending on to the outer web
in a longitudinal patch, the base of the inner web white ; second-
aries pure white, the innermost ones brown like the back ; head
and neck all round black ; a white spot below the eye ; remainder of
under surface of body from the fore-neck downwards pure white,
including the under wing-coverts and axillaries : " bill (in life) rich
vermilion ; legs and feet pale dull fleshy white ; eyelids rich ver-
milion ; iris bright yellow " (Baird, Braver, 6f Ridgway). Total
length 15-5 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 9-7, tail 3 - 9, tarsus 2-1.
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 17
inches, culmen 3-2, wing 10, tail 3-9, tarsus 2-2.
Young. Marked as in the adult, but the whole of the dark
feathers tipped or margined with rusty-buff spots or bars ; the
white upper tail-coverts also tinged with rust-colour ; black of the
head and throat dusky, with rusty edgings to the feathers of the
crown ; the chin white.
Hab. North America, the West India Islands, and Central
America, as far as Southern Brazil in Eastern South America.
a, b. S : c - 2 j Cobb's Island, Virginia, Julv, Salvin-Godman Coll.
d,e. Pull.sk. Sept. (H. W. Henshmv).*
f-l. 3 2 ad.et Corpus Christi Pass, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. May, June (F. B. Arm-
strong).
m. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
n, o, p. Imm. Cozuniel Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. Gaumer).
q, r. Ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(O. &).
s. Ad. sk. Veragua {E. Arce). Salviu-Godman Coll.
t. 2 a( h g k. Santa Catarina, Brazil (TT. Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Rogers) .
6. Haematopus galapagensis.
Haematopus palliatus (nee Temm.), Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323
(Indefatigable Is.) ; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125 (Galapagos) ;
Salv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 502 (1875 : Indefatigable Is.).
Haematopus galapagensis, Ridgiv. Auk, hi. p. 331 (1886: Chatham
Is.) ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 325 (1886) : id. Man. N.
Amer. B. p. 187 (1887) ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 116,
128 (1889 : James Is.).
Haematopus leucopus galapagensis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 307 (1888).
Adult male. Similar to H. palliatus, but much darker and more
blackish above, with the tail almost entirely blackish except for a
little white at the extreme base, and a white edging to the outer
feather ; there is no white shaft-mark on any of the primaries, and
none of the secondaries are pure white, as all of them have some
dark markings near the ends ; the upper tail-coverts are very
2. n^MATOPUS.
117
broadly tipped with dark brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white, but the lateral ones near the bend of the wing and the outer
lower greater coverts black ; the lower primary-coverts sooty
blackish ; the outer aspect of the thighs blackish : " bill red ; feet
pale flesh-colour ; iris golden yellow ; eyelids red " (R. Ridgivay).
Total length 15 inches, culmen '3:5, wing 9-9, tail 3'5, tarsus 2-15.
Hah. Galapagos Islands.
a. <$ ad. ; b. $ ad. Indefatigable Island, Gala- Salvin-Godnian Coll.
sk. pagos, Sept. 18 (Dr. A.
Habel).
c. J ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Gala- Dr. A. Habel [C.].
pagos.
7. Haematopus frazari *.
Hsematopus palliatus (nee Temm.), Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499
(Straits of Magellan) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 748 (Peru) ; Salv.
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Paracas Bay) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 350
(1880) ; Macf. Ibis, 1S87, p. 205 (San Lorenzo Is., Peru) ; Brewster,
Auk, v. p. 86 (1888 : Isabella Isl., W. Coast of Mexico, Tehuan-
tepec).
Hsematopufl frazari, Breivster,Auk,\\ p. 84 (18S8 : Carmen Is., Gulf
of California) ; Towmend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 138 (1890:
Concepcion Bay).
Adult male. Similar to H. palliatus, but much darker brown on
the back and with no white on the primaries ; the axillari.es and
under wing-coverts white, but mottled with spots of black along
the edge of the wing and shown g a small blackish patch above the
lower primary-coverts, which are dusky like the quill-lining ; chest
mottled with black spots forming a kind of band : " bill dark
carmine; legs pale flesh-colour, in skin" (W. Brewster). Total
length 17 inches, culmen 3-15, wing 10-4, tail 3-8, tarsus 2-15.
Hah. S. California, and probably the whole western coast of
Central and Southern America to Chili.
a. 2 ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, "West Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mexico, March 17 (A.
Forrer).
I. $ ad. sk. Arauco, Tarapaca, Aug. 10 Berkeley James Coll.
(L. Lane).
c. 2 ad. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct. (A. H. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Markham).
d. S ad. sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili (Let/bold). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e-h. Ad. et imm. Central Chili. Berkeley James Coll.
8. Haematopus durnfordi. (Plate YI.)
Hffimatopus palliatus | nee Temm.'), Durnf. Pji's, 1878, p. 403 (Tambo
Point . ( Jhuput River Mouth ; breeding) ; Scl. h} Huds. Argent. Orn.
ii. p. L76 | L889: Tambo Point).
* I have never seen a really typical H.fra:ari from Southern California,
but I expect tbat the specimens here enumerated will be found to belong to
that species.
118 CHA.RADEIID.ffi.
Adult. Very similar to II. galapagensis aud of the same dark
chocolate-brown colour, but with a remarkably small bill. None
of the inner primaries white-shafted, agreeing in this respect with
H. galapagensis and H. frazari, but differing from both in the
colour of the upper tail-coverts, which are blackish brown, and of the
under tail-coverts, which are smudged with sooty brown for the
greater part ; the greater coverts are tipped with white only,
forming a very narrow band, and none of the inner secondaries are
entirely white, but they have on the contrary a great deal of black
at the ends on the outer webs : " bill dark pink ; legs and feet
greenish yellow ; iris light orange " (27. Durnford). Total length
16 inches, culmen 2 - 55, wing 9-7, tail 3-6, tarsus 1*9.
Hah. Patagonia.
a. Ad. sk. Tambo Point, Patagonia, Jan. 3. H. Durnford, Esq.
[0.].
9. Hsematopus unicolor.
Hsematopus unicolor, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1230 ; Forster, Descr.
Anim. p. 112 (1844) ; Gray, List Grallce Brit.Mus. p. 73 (1844);
id. Voy. Ereb. # Terr., Birds, p. 12, pi. 10 (1846) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 420 (1856) ; Gray, Ibis,
1862, p. 235 (New Zealand) ; Scld. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores,
p. 75 (1865: K.E. Australia) ; Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auck-
land) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 22, no. 10063 (1871) ; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1872, p. 170 (New Zealand) ; Butter, B. New Zeal. p. 225
(1873) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 120 ; Harvie-Broim, Ibis, 1874, p. 96
(New Zealand) ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr., Birds, App. p. 30,
pi. 10 (1875) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878) ;
Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 18 (1888); Seebokm, Geoyr.
Distr. Charadr. p. 308 (1888); Bamsay, Tab. List Austr. B.
p. 19 (1888 : Australia generally) ; North, Nests # Eggs Austr.
B. p. 300, pi. xx. fig. 2 (1889) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 545 (Chatham
Isl.).
Hsematopus fuliginosus, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 8 (1845) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847) ; ReicAenb. Vog. Neuholl. no. 319
(1849) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. Mamm. $ B. New
Gain. p. 62 (1859) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 217 (1865) ;
Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 60 (1877 : Palm Isl.) ;
Ramsay, t. c. p. 187 ; Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 257 (Adele Isl., N.W.
Australia).
Hsematopus niger (nee Pall!), Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7469 (New
Zealand) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1882, p. 399 (Wanganui, N. Z.). _
Hsematopus opthalmicus, Castelnau § Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. i. p. 385 (1877 : Bountiful Isl., N. Australia) ; Ramsay,
op. cit. ii. p. 187 (1878 : Gulf of Carpentaria) ; id. Tab. List Austr,
B. p. 19 (1888).
Melanibyx fuliginosus, Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337
(1882-90 : W. Australia).
Aclidt male. Entirely glossy black above and below, including
the wings and tail : " bill and eyelash extremely rich orange-yellow ;
legs and feet dull brick-red ; iris red " (J. Goidd). Total length
18 inches, culmen 3-3, wing 11-5, tail 4-4, tarsus 2*1.
2. HiEMATOPUS.
119
Adult female. Similar to tho male but somewhat moro sooty
brown and not so glossy black. Total length 17 inches, culmen3-2,
wing 11-2, tail 4-7, tarsus 2.
Young. More dusky than the adults, and mottled with sandy
edgings to the feathers.
Hal. Australia and New Zealand.
a. Ad. st.
6. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. <$ ad. sk.
e. f. c? ad. et
iinm. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
t, k. c? ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
ii. Ad. sk.
<>. Ad. st.
p. Juv. St.
(j. 2 ad. sk.
r, s, t. Ad. sk.
u. j ad. sk.
v. Skull.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
Hardy Bay, Derby Is., N. Z.
Flinders' Is., Bass' Straits
(F. 31. Bayner).
Tasmania.
Australia.
New South Wales.
New South Wales.
Sydney.
South Australia.
South Is., Houtmans'Abrolhos.
Rottness Is., W. Australia,
Aug. 12.
Queensland (J. T. Cocker ell).
Trough ton Is.,N.W. Australia.
Percy Earl, Esq.
[P.].
New Zealand Co.
Sir E. Home [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
Voy.H.M.S.'Herald.'
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Australian Museum
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dr. Bassett Smith
[P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Battle-
snake.'
10. Haematopus moquini.
Hsematopus niger (nee Pall.), Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 533 (1820) ;
Webb v.V Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 33 (1841) ; Gray, List GraUas
Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1844: Cape) ; Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 118 (1845 :
Dahalak Is.) ; Gray 8/ Mitchell, Gen. B. iii. pi. 146 (1847) ; Bolk,
J. f. O. 1855, p. 175 (Canary Is.); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 57
(1856: Dahalak, ex Biipp.) ; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 420 (1856, pt.);
Bolle, J. f. 0. i857, p. 337 (Canary Is.) ; Schl. Mws. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 76 (1865, pt.) ; Chapman, Trav S. Afr. ii. App. p. 416
(1868).
Ostralega capensis, Licht. Vers, Doubl. p. 73 (1823: nom. nudum).
Hsematopus capensis, Gray, Gen. Ii. iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Sharpe, ed.
Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 672 (1884); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1689.
pp. 13, 508 (Canary Is.), 1890, p. 437, 1893, p. 204 (Canary Is.,
breeding).
Hsematopus moquini, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 1020 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn.
W.-Afr. p. 218 (1857: Gaboon); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1862, p. 34
(Natal) : Lat/ard, B. S. Afr.y. 300 (1807) ; Gray, Hand-/. B. iii.
p. 22, no. L0064 (1>71) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 277
(1872: Walwisch Bay); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 220 (Tenerife,
breeding) : Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt, l,p. 1041 (1873) ; Koenig,
J. f. O. 1890, p. 297 (Madeira)."
Melanibyx moquini, Reichenb. Grail, pi. 168. figs. 1042-43 (1651).
120 CHAEADEIID^!.
Hsematopus unicolor (nee Wagl.), Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol.
p. 93 (1854 : Kaffernland).
Melanibyx capensis, Heine §■ JReichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337
(1882-90).
Adult, Similar to H. unicolor, and scarcely to be distinguished
from it, but the nasal groove not quite so prolonged and extending
only just beyond the angle of the genys, the feet being more
yjurplish red in colour : " bill orange-red ; feet carmine-red ; iris
bright red; ring round the eye orange-red" (C J. Andersson).
Total length 20 inches, culmen '6, wing 11-6, tail 4-7, tarsus 1*9.
Hab. South Africa, to the Red Sea on the East, and Gaboon on
the West coast ; Canaries ; Madeira.
a, b. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [C.].
•c. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].
d. Skeleton. S. Africa. Eyton Coll.
11. Haematopus niger.
Hsematopus niger, Tall. Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. ii. p. 131 (1811 : Kurile
& Kodiak Is.); Cass, in Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 700 (1858:
Alaska; California) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 76 (1865,
pt.) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 424 (Vancouver Is.) ; Ball § Bann.
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 290 (1869 : Sitka ; Kodiak) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 22, no. 10067 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 246
(1872 : Pacific coast) ; Ball, Notes Avif. Aleut, Isl, p. 4 (1873 :
breeding) ; Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 7, p. 17 (1877 : S.
Martin's Island, Lower California) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B.
p. 98 (1882) ; Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 163, 173 (1882:
Alaska) ; Belding, t. c. p. 528 (Lower California) ; Baird, Brewer,
8f Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 116 (1884) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 607 (1884); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr.
Charadr. p. 310 (1888) ; id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 313 (1890 : Kurile
Isl.) ; Rhoads, Atik, x. p. 17 (1893: British Columbia).
Hsematopus bachmam, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 427. fig. 1 (c. 1826) ; id.
Orn. Biogr. v. p. 245 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 243, pi. 325
(1842 : Regent's Sound) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Stejn.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 102 (1885 : Aleutian Is.) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 166 (1886) ; Evermann, Auk, iii. p. 92
(1886 : Ventura Co., Cal.) ; Turner, Nat. Hist. Alaska, ii. p. 151
(1886) ; Blake, Auk, iv. p. 329 (1887 : Santa Cruz Is., Cal.,
breeding) ; Ridrjiv. Man, N. Amer. B. p. 183 (1887) ; Nelson, Nat.
Hist. Alaska, Birds,?. 130 (1887).
Melanibyx niger, Heme §■ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337
(1882-90 : Kodiak Is.).
Adidt. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, including the
wings and tail, which are blackish towards the ends ; head and
neck all round black, scarcely contrasting with the brown of the
rest of the body, but more conspicuous than in the Old World Black
Oystercatchers : " bill vermilion, fading to yellow towards the end ;
feet white, slightly tinged with flesh-colour ; claws yellowish, dusky
towards the ends ; edges of eyelids vermilion ; iris yellow " (J. J.
Audubon). Total length 17*5 inches, culmen 2-9, wing 10 - 5, tail
4-1, tarsus 2*1.
2. HiEMATOPUS. 121
Hah. N.W. America, from the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, south
to California.
a. Ad. st. N.W. America. Purchased.
b. limn. sk. Aleutian Islauds ( Wossne- Seebohni Coll.
sensky) .
c. Ad. sk. Puget Sound (Sm. Inst). Salvin-Godman Coll.
d. Ad. sk. Denmanlsl., Straits of Georgia. Dr. Lvall [P.].
e. Ad. sk. Ilaro Channel. Dr. Lyall [P.].
f. Ad. sk. San Juan de Fuca. Capt. Kellett& Lieut.
Wood [P.].
g. 2 ad. sk. Santa Cruz Is!., California, Salvin-Godman Coll.
June 4 (Hensh. Coll.).
12. Hsematopus ater.
Hseruatopus niger (wee Pall.), Quay fy Gabn. Toy. ' JJranieJ Zoul.
i. p. 129, pi. 24 (1824 : Falkland Is.) ; Cuv. BJegne Anim. i.
p. 504 (1829).
Hrematopus townsendi, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 427. fig. 3 (c. 1826) ;
id. Orn. Bioqr. v. p. 247 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 245,
pi. 326 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847).
Ostralega atra, Less. Traite (FOrn. p. 548 (1831).
Hrematopus ater, Vieill. et Oudart, Gal. Ois. ii. p. 88, pi. 230 (1834) ;
Cass, m Baird's B. K Amer. p. 700 (1858 : Coast of Chili) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861,
p. 155 (Falkland Is.) ; Schl. Mas. Pat/s-Bas, Cm-sores, p. 76
(1865, pt.) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 331, 339 (Chili) ; id. §■ Sale.
Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Port Laguna) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 22,
no. 10066 (1871); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 143
(1873) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 377 (Masafuera Isl.) ; Durnf. Ibis,
1878, p. 403 (Tambo Point) ; Scl. $• Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 438
(Elizabeth Isl.) ; iid. Voy. ' Challenger,'' ii. p. 109 (1881) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15 (Port Henry) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429
(San Lorenzo Is., Peru) ; Tacz. Orn. Peron, iii. p. 351 (1886) ;
Ridqiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 183 (18S7) ; Macf. Ibis, 1887,
p. 205 (San Lorenzo Isl.) ; Scl. # Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 176
(1889 : Tambo Point) ; Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. xii. p. 136
(1889: Elizabeth Isl.) ; Lucas, op. cit. xiii. p. 130 (1890) ; Oust.
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 119 (1891).
Hfernatopus unicolor {nee Wagl.), Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96
(Falkland Is.).
Htematopus niger ater, Baird. Brewer, §• Ridqw. Water-Birds N.
Amer. i. p. 109 (1884) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 311
(1888).
Melanibvx ater, Heine $• Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337
(1882-90: Chili).
Adult. Similar to H. niger, and with a brown back, but rather
darker on the under surface than that species, the breast being
black like the head and neck. The bill, however, is very much
deeper and is compressed towards the end, almost to the same
extent as the Scissor-bill (Bhynchojis). The angle of the genys is
very strongly marked, as is also the dertral portion of the culmen :
" bill dark pink ; legs and feet greenish yellow ; iris dark orange "
122
CHAEADKIXDiE.
(H. Dumford). Total length 16 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 10'7,
tail 3-7, tarsus 2.
Young. Much browner than the adult, but the head and neck
all round and the breast sooty black, the whole of the brown
plumage, including the breast and abdomen, mottled with sandy-
buff edges to the feathers.
Hah. Falkland Islands, S. America to Tambo Point on the east,
and to Peru on the western side.
a, b. Ad. sk.
c. Imni. sk.
d. Imm. sk.
e,f. Ad. et imm.
*st. ; g, h. Ad. et
imm. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. 2 a d. sk.
I. 2 ad. sk.
m-p. Ad. sk.
q. 5 ad. sk.
r, s. Ad. sk.
t, u. 2 ad. sk.
v. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
.t. Skeleton.
Falkland Is. (Leconte).
Falkland Is.
Johnson Harbour, Falkland Is.,
May.
Berkeley Sound, Falkland Is.,
May 19 (Dr. McCormick),
Tambo Point, Patagonia, Jan. 3.
Elizabeth Isl., Straits of Magel-
lan.
Port Henry, Straits of Magel-
lan, Jan. 29 (Dr. Copjnnyer).
Central Chili.
Chili (E. C. Reed).
Masafuera Isl. (Leybohl).
Callao, Peru.
Molle, S. Peru, August (H.
Saunders).
San Lorenzo Isl., Peru (A. H,
Markham).
Chili.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
McCormick Bequest.
Antarctic Exped.
H. Durnford, Esq.
[C.].
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Berkeley James Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Subfamily III. LOBIVANELLINvE.
Key to the Genera.
a. With no spur on the wing, and no facial
wattle ; toes with scarcely any con-
necting web.
a'. No hind toe ; bill very long and slender,
with the dertrum scarcely indicated ;
bill longer than inner toe and claw,
the nasal groove produced for more
than half the bill, as in Totanus .... 3. Obeophilus, p. 123.
V. Hind toe well-developed ; culmen long,
equal to the middle toe and claw ; [p. 124.
dertrum scarcely evident 4. Erttheogonys,
c'. A well-developed hind toe ; toes very
long, the middle toe and claw nearly
twice the length of the culmen ; der-
trum swollen 5. Defilippia, p. 126.
b. With no spur on the wing ; a wattle on
the lores.
d'. A tufted crest ; no hind toe ; wattle
minute 6. Sabciophoeus, p. 128.
3. OREOPHILUS. 123
e'. No crest ; no hind toe ; wattle large . . 7. Lobipluvia, p. 130.
f . No crest ; a small liind toe and claw ;
wattle minute 8. Micbosabcops, p. 133.
c. With a small spur on the wing ; no facial
wattle on the lappet ; no hind toe.
g' . Tarsus very long, double the length of [p. 135.
the middle toe and claw 9. Hoploxyptebus,
h'. Tarsus shorter and stouter, not twice
the length of the middle toe and claw. 10. Ptiloscelis, p. 137.
d. With a well-developed spur on the wing;
a distinct facial wattle or lappet ; a small
hind toe 11. Lobivanellus, p.138.
3. OREOPHILUS.
Type.
Oreophilus, Jard. $,- Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi. 151 (1835) . . O. ruficollis.
Dromicus, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, col. 616. . 0. ruficollis.
Eancje. Uplands of Patagonia, Chili, and Peru ; Falkland Islands.
1. Oreophilus ruficollis.
Charadrius ruficollis, Wagl. Ms, 1829, p. 653 (ex Licht. in Mus.
Berol.) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 361 (1856 : Coast of Southern
Brazil).
Oreophilus totanirostris, Jard. <§■ Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi. 151 (1835 :
Andes of Chili); Gould -in Darwin s Voy.' Beagle,' Birds, p. 125
Dromicus lessoni, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, col. 617.
Hoplopterns ruficollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1844).
Oreophilus ruficollis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1S54) ;
Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 597 (1856) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 331, 339 ;
Scl. cy Salv. t. c. p. 989 (Islay, Peru) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 570 ;
iid. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Bay) ; iid. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Gallegos
Iviver) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10046 (1871) ; Scl. §•
R Z. S. 1886, p. 403 (Tarapaca); id. $ Huds. Argent. Orn. ii.
p. 17 \ I 18M9 : Kio Negro ) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 116
(1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia
Espartilla) ; James, New List Chilian Birds, p. 11 (1892).
Moriuellus totanirostris, Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 47 (1865 :
Bolivia).
Charadrius totanirostris, Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr. Charadr. p. Ill, id 4
(1888). n
Adult male. General colour above sandy buff, broadly streaked
with black centres to tho feathers, which have sandy-white margins :
hiud-neck and mantle more ashy grey, the former uniform, the
latter with black centres to the feathers ; lesser and median coverts
like the back ; greater coverts dark brown, margined with sandy
buff, inclining to whitish at the end of the feathers, and forming an
124 CHAEADEIIDiE.
indistinct wing-bar ; edge of wing white : bastard-wing and
primar}--coverts dark brown ; quills also dark brown, the primaries
white along the inner web, with narrow white fringes to the ends
of the quills and with conspicuous white shafts, the white confined
to the shaft alone on the outer primaries, but on the inner ones
accompanied by a patch of white, at first longitudinal and
increasing in size on the inner primaries ; secondaries dark brown,
tipped with white and with white bases ; the inner secondaries
externally sandy buff and resembling the back ; lower back and
rump ashy olive-brown ; the lateral upper tail-coverts sandy buff,
with indistinct dusky cross-bands ; tail-feathers slaty grey, with
tawny-buff bases, and a band of pale buff at the ends, before
which is a black band, wider and more distinct on the outer feathers,
which have also more tawny at the bases ; crown of head uniform
ashy, with an olive tinge ; base of forehead and a broad eye-
brow white, tinged with tawny, especially above the ear-coverts,
where the superciliary band almost forms a nuchal collar ; a black
streak from the base of the bill, traversing the lores and passing
through the eye ; chin and fore part of cheeks white, the ear-
coverts ashy ; remainder of cheeks and throat bright orange-
chestnut ; lower throat and fore-neck light ashy, tinged with olive ;
remainder of under surface, from the fore-neck downwards, creamy
buff, becoming whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; on
the breast a large patch of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pure white : " bill black ; feet flesh-colour ; toes and claws black "
(H. Dumford) ; " iris dark hazel-brown " (JelsJci). Total length
9-5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 103, tail 2 - 7, tarsus l - 9o.
Hah. Falkland Islands ; Patagonia to the Eio de La Plata ;
Chili; Peru.
a. 2 a d. sk. Falkland Is. (Dr. McCor- Antarctic Expedition.
mick).
b. Pull. sk. Tambo Point, Patagonia, H. Durnford, Esq. [C.].
Jan. 3.
c,d. Ad.sk. Chuput, Patagonia, Sept., H. Durnford, Esq. [C.].
Nov.
e,f. Ad. sk. Bio Negro, Patagonia ( W.H. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hudson),
ff. Ad. st. La Plata. M. Bravard [C.].
h. Ad. sk. Chili. C. Crawley, Esq. [P.].
i. Ad. sk. Chili ( Weisshaupt). Salvin-Godman Coll.
A', I. Ad. sk. Central Chili (Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll.
m. <3 ad. sk. Tarapaca, Jau. 23 (Rahmer). Berkeley James Coll.
n. d ad. sk. Islay, S.W. Peru, Sept. 2 Salvin-Godman Coll.
{IF. Whitely).
4. ERYTHROGONYS.
Type.
Erythrogonvs, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 133 E. cinctus.
Range. Confined to Australia.
4. EETTHROGOXYS. 125
1. Erythrogonys cinctus.
Erythrogonys cinctus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 155 ; id. B. Austr.
vi. pi. 2l (1841) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 66 (184 1 :
Murray River) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Reichenb. Grail.
tab. 180. figs. 1950-60 (1848) ; id. Vbg. Neuholl. p. 32 (1850) ;
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856) ; Gould, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 233
(Central Australia) ; id. Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 240 (1865) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9968 (1871) ; Runway, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 188 (1877: Queensland; New South Wales;
Victoria ; S. Australia) ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1878 : Gulf
of Carpentaria ; Richmond and Clarence Rivers) ; id. op. cit.
vii. p. 412 (1883 : New South Wales, breeding) ; id. op. cit. (2)
i. p. 1099 (1887 : Derby, N.W. Australia) ; North, t. c. p. 1167 ;
Ramsay, op. cit. (2) ii. p. 171 (1888: Derby) ; id. Tab. List Austr.
B. p. 20 (1888 : Derby, N.W. Australia ; Gulf of Carpentaria ;
Richmond and Clarence Rivers ; New South Wales ; Interior ;
Victoria ; S. Australia) ; North, Nests § Eggs Austr. B. p. 307,
pi. xvi. fig. 5 (1889) ; Cox $ Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
(2) iv. p. 419 (1890 : Mudgee Distr.).
Vanellus rufiventer, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 207.
Erythrogonys cinctus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 :
Australia).
Vanellus cinctus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 59 (1865 :
Australia).
Adult male. General colour above bronzy brown, slightly washed
•with ashy ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series fringed
with white at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish brown, the inner primaries and all the secondaries broadly
tipped with white, forming a wide band ; innermost long secondaries
brown like the back ; centre of lower back, rump, and median upper
tail-coverts blackish brown, the sides of the back and of the rump,
as well as the lateral upper tail-coverts, pure white ; centre tail-
feathers brown, the rest pure white, with a little brown on the
outer edge of the external feather ; a small patch below the eye,
cheeks, throat, and sides of neck pure white ; crown of head and
sides of face black, extending over the hind-neck and down the
sides of the neck, and joining a broad band of black which occupies
the whole of the fore-neck and chest and extends along the sides of
the latter ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, the latter
being streaked with brown, slightly tinged with rufous ; on each of
tlie flanks a patch of bright chestnut ; sides of body, under wing-
coverts, and axillarics pure white, the coverts round the bend of the
wing black: "bill pulpy, pink-red at base, black at the tip; thigh,
knee, and for a quarter of an inch down the tarsus pink-red, the
remainder of the tarsus and the toes bluish lead-colour" (J. Gould).
Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-S5, wing 4-3, tail D85, tarsus 1*6.
Sexes alike in colour, according to Mr. Gould. Many specimens,
with the black chest and chestnut flank-patch, have the crown of
the head bronzy brown. It may, however, be some time before the
full black head is assumed, as the lores are partly whitish, which 1
take to be a sign of immaturity.
126 CHAKADRILD^l.
Young. Above brown, a little more dusky on tbe mantle and
greater coverts ; quills and tail-feathers as in the adult, but several
of the latter with brown marks near the end of the outer web ;
sides of face brown ; cheeks and throat white ; chest-band brown,
with a band of blackish feathers across the fore-neck ; the chestnut
patch on the sides of the body less extended and paler : under tail-
coverts spotted with brown ; remainder of under surface of body
white, the coverts round the bend of the wing dark brown.
Hah. Australia only. South Australia to New South "Wales and
north to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and N.W. Australia. Mr. Gould
says that this species is a summer visitor to New South Wales, and
Mr. Seebohm states that it winters in Queensland, on what authority
I have been unable to discover. Mr. Eamsay does not include it
in the Queensland list at all.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
Australia.
Australia.
River Murray, S. Australia,
Nov.
New South Wales.
Boolgat, N. S. W.
Eiver Darling, Oct.
[Queensland.]
[Queensland (J. T. Cockerell).]
Gould Coll.
Sir D. Cooper [P.].
Gould Coll.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
f. Juv. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h, i. Ad ; k
sk.
/, m. (J?a
Juv.
Gould Coll.
Lord Leigh [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
l.sk.
Derby, N.W. Australia ( T. H.
Boayer Boiver).
Capt. Bowyer Bower
[P.].
5. DEFILIPPIA.
Type.
Nomusia, Heugl. MSS. 1859 (teste Heugl. 1873:
nomen nudum).
Hemiparra, Be Filippi, Atti Soc. Ital. viii. p. 270
(1865 : nomen nudum) D. crassirostris.
Defilippia, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. viii. p. 373 (1865). D. crassirostris.
Limnetes, Finsch fy Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 640 (1870). D. leucoptera.
Range. From the Upper White Nile district throughout the whole
of Eastern Africa as far south as Natal.
Key to the Species.
a. Secondaries blackish, with a little white at
the extreme base crassirostris, p. 126.
b. Secondaries pure white leucoptera, p. 127.
1. Defilippia crassirostris. (Plate VII. fig. 2.)
Chettusia crassirostris, Be Filippi in Hartl. J.f. O. 1855, p. 427 ;
Antin. Cat. descr. Vcc. p. 98 (1864 : Khartoum ; Sobat River) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9958 (1871, pt.).
Vanellus lnacrocercus, Heugl. Sxjst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856: White
Nile, from 10°S.lat.) ; id. J.f. 0. 1863, p. 163 (Gazelle River).
Chettusia macrocerca, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 419 (1856).
Hemiparra crassirostris, Be Filippi, Atti S'oc. Ital. Sri. Nat. viii.
p. 370 (1865 : descr. nulla) ; Heugl. inPeterm. Mitth. 1869, p. 415 ;
5. DEFILIPPIA. 127
id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 994, pi. xxxiii. (1873 : Sobat R.;
Gazelle R. ; Lower Kir R., from 10°-7° N. lat.) ; Fischer, J.f. 0.
1885, p. 110 (Tschara ; Nguruman).
Defilippia crassirostris, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 373
(1805).
Vanellus crassirostris, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. GO (1805 :
White Nile) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 214 (1888, pt).
Chettusia nivifrons, Ogden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1871, p. 196,
pi. 1.
Limnetes crassirostris, Fischer, J. f. 0. 1879, p. 290 (W apokomo-
laud) ; id. Sf Tteichen. t. c. p. 337 (Tschara) ; id. Zeitsehr. yes. Orn.
i. p. 393 (1885 : Masai-land, breeding) ; Eeichen. J. f. O. 1887,
p. 47 (Kagehi; E. from Victoria Nyanza) ; id. J.f. 0. 1892, p. 7
(Murchison Bay, Victoria Xyanza).
Adult. Similar to D. leucoptera, described in full below, but
differing in tbe less extent of tbe black on the hind-neck, and in
the quills being almost entirely black, the secondaries having a
little white at the extreme base : " basal half of bill violet flesh-
colour, the apical half black ; naked orbital skin coral-red ; feet
scarlet, the scutes marked with violet-black; soles of feet vermilion ;
iris scarlet" (Heuglin). Total length 11-5 inches, culmeu 1-3,
wing 8'2, tail 3-7, tarsus 2-85.
Hub. N.E. Africa, from the Upper "White Nile to the Victoria
Nyanza and east to Witu.
a. Ad. sk. Equatorial Africa. Purchased.
2. Defilippia leucoptera*. (Plate VII. fig. 1 .)
Chettusia crassirostris {nee De Fil.), Kirk, Ibis, 1804, p. 331 (River
Shirfi).
Limnetes crassirostris (nee De Fil.), Finseh $• Hartl. Voy. Ostafr.
p. 041 (1870) ; Bohm, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 184 (Kakoma, in Ugalla) ;
Matschie, J. f. 0. 1887, p*. 144 (Upaniba Lake).
Hoplopterus crassirostris (nee De Fil.), Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 106
(S. Luci 13aya).
Lobivanellus albiceps (nee Goirfd), Holttb <§• Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn.
Siidafr. p. 240 (1882 : Zambesi ; Albert Land) ; Sharpe, ed.
Layard 's B. S. Afr. pp. 007, 855 (18S4) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 96
(Tschiromo ; Upper Shir6).
Defilippia crassirostris (nee I)e Fil.), Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr.
p. 069 (1884 : S. Lucia Bay).
• Vanellus leucopterus, Reichen. J. f. O. 1889, p. 265 (Quilimane) ;
id. JB. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. p. (1893) ; id. Voy. Ueutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 30 (1894).
Hemiparra crassirostris, Uartert, Kat. Voy els. Senchenb. Mus.
p. 215 (1891: Senaar).
* Dr. Reichenow has pointed out to me that my D. burrowsii is the same as
his Vanellus leucopterus from Quilimane. He writes to me that the Berlin
Museum contains a specimen from Kakoma in Ugalla, collected by the late
Dr. R. Buhm, which he considers to be a young bird of D. leucoptera and not of
D. crassirostris. It has the white primaries and secondaries varied with black
markings, which would apparently disappear and leave the whole of these
quills white. Dr. Reiehenow considers it probable that all specimens obtained
south of the Pangani and the southern end of the Victoria Nyanza will be found
to belong to I). leucoptera.
128 CHAEADEIID^:.
Vanellus crassirostris (nee De Fil), Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 474.
Defilippia burrowsii, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. no. xx. p. iv (Oct. 1894).
Defilippia leucoptera, Shaiye, Bull. B. 0. C. no. xxi. {p. vii (Nov.
1894).
Adult. General colour above light ashy brown, greyer on the
scapulars ; lower back darker brown, succeeded by a black band
across the rump ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white ; tail-
feathers glossy black, white at the extreme base ; wing-coverts
entirely white, as also the quills, excepting the three outer primaries,
which are black, and the inner secondaries, which are brown, with a
slight gloss of metallic green ; forehead and fore part of crown, eye-
brow, entire sides of face, and ear-coverts white, like the throat ; the
middle of the crown, nape, and hind-neck glossy blue-black, united to
a broad pectoral band which occupies the fore-neck and entire upper
breast ; remainder of under surface of body, including the under tail-
coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries, pure white : " feet rosy
violet, with the large scales of the tarsus blackish ; base of bill violet,
the end black ; eyelid bright carmine ; iris scarlet '" (B. Bohm). Total
length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 7"9, tail 3-7, tarsus 3-1.
Hah. South-eastern Africa, from S. Lucia Bay to the Zambesi,
and north to the Ugalla Country, and perhaps to the Pangani.
a. Ad. sk. Lower Shire" Valley (Sir J. Livingstone Expedition.
Kirk).
b. Ad. sk. Elephant Marsh, Shire" Livingstone Expedition.
Valley, Jan. (Sir J. Kirk).
c. d. Ad. sk. Upper Shire River, Nov. H. H. Johnston, Esq..
(A. Whyte). C.B. [C.].
e. Ad. sk. Tschiromo, Sept. (A. Mliyte). H. H. Johnston, Esq.,
C.B. [C.].
/. J ad.; g-h. Lake Shirwa, May, June H. H. Johnston, Esq.,
2 ad. sk. (A. Whyte). C.B. [C.]. (Types of
D. burroiosii.)
6. SARCIOPHORUS.
Type.
Sarciophorus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 32 S. tectus.
Range. Africa, from Senegambia to N.E. Africa, south to Equa-
torial Africa ; Somali-land and the Teita district in Eastern Africa.
Key to the Species.
a. White frontal band narrow tectus, p. 128.
b. White frontal band broad latifrons, p. 130.
1. Sarciophorus tectus.
Pluvier du Se"ne"gal, D'Aubenton, PL Enl. ix. pi. 834.
Le Pluvier coiffe, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 100 (1781).
Charadrius tectus, Bodcl. Tabl. PI. Enl, p. 51 (1783).
Hooded Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 215 (1785).
Charadrius pileatus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 691 (1788) ; Wagl. Syst.
Av., Charadrius, sp. 6, p. 57 (1827).
Sarciophorus pileatus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Gray, List
Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1844 : Abyssinia) ; BMpp. Syst. Uebers.
6. 8AIICIOPHOKU9. 129
p. 118 (1845 : Nubia) ; Strickl. P. Z. -S'. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan);
Licht. Nomencl. Ao. Mm. lierol. p. 95 (1854 : Senegal; Nubia);
Sp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856); Harti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 215 (1857:
Senegal; Casamance); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 97 (1864: Kor-
dofan) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 296 (1870: Koomayli; Ailat).
Hoplopterus tectus, Gfray,Gen. B. iii. p. 542 i L847) ; id. Hand-IB. iii.
p. 13, no. 9975 (187 i) ; Keugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1008
(1873 : Takah ; Southern Nubia ; not rare on Abyssinian coast-land
and the islands of the Hahlak Aivhip. ; on the lower Mareb and
Takazie ; Bogos; Qalabat ; Senaar; Kordofan; south to Sobat
River); Marti. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 231 (1883:
Equatorial Africa).
Hoplopterus pileatus, Reichenb. Handb. Grail, tab. xcix. fig. 702
(1848).
Sarkiophorus pileatus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856: Nubia;
Kordofan; Senaar).
Lobivanellus pileatus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 65 (1865 :
Senegal; Nubia).
Sarciophorus tectus, Blnnf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 430 (1870 :
Anseba Valley); Antin. Sf Salvad. Viagy. Bogos, p. 144(1873:
Keren; Samhar; Barka) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 602(1882 :
Kordofan 1 ; Heine \ Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Ileal, p. 335 (1890 :
Senaar ; Abyssinia).
Chettusia (Sarciophorus) pileata, Finsch, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872,
p. 32.
Lobivanellus tectus, Seebohm, Geoff r. Distr. Charadr. p. 19< (1888).
Adult male. General colour above light brown, somewhat sandy
in tint, the lower back rather more dusky brown ; wing-coverts
like the back, the median series with narrow white ends, the
greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a broad wing-
bar ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts white ; quills black, both
primaries and secondaries with white bases, the secondaries for the
most part white with black ends, but none of them entirely white ;
the innermost secondaries light brown like the back ; rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail white, the latter with a broad terminal band of
black, decreasing in width on the outer feathers, which have a
narrow white tip; crown of head black, extending in a narrower
band down the hind-neck to the mantle ; a narrow frontal line of
white; lores black; fore part of cheeks and chin white; ear-coverts
and -ides of neck black, with a broad band of white above the
ear-coverts; throat black, narrowing into a band of black feathers
which extends on to the chest ; sides of fore-neck and remainder of
Dnder surface of body white, including the under wing-coverts and
axillaries; sides of upper breast light brown: " loral membrane
small, rounded in front, crimson ; bill rosy-scarlet, with a broad
black tip ; feet bright rosy-crimson ; iris bright yellow " (//. uglin |.
Total length 10 inches, eulmen 1-05, wing 7 - 4o, tail 3"6, tarsus 2-3.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 10
inches, eulmen 1. wing 7"5, tail 3*5, tarsus 2-3.
Bab. Ftanegambia ; N.E.Africa from Taka and Southern Nubia
to the Sobat t&ivex and Shoa.
VOL. XXIV. K
130 CHARADR1ID-E.
«, b, c. Ad. sk. River Gambia (Sir A. Shelley Coll.
Moloney).
d, e. Ad. et jr. sk. Abyssinia, Dr. Riippell [C.].
f 9 ad. sk. Anneslev Bar, June 6. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
a. <S ad. sk. Koomayli Plain, Abyssinia, Salvin-Godman Coll.
June 4 (W. Jesse).
h. A ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Julv. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.I.
t. 2 ad. sk. Ailat, Bogos-land, June 25 Tweeddale Coll.
( W. Jesse).
k. Ad. sk. Shoa. Br. Riippell [C.].
2. Sarciophorus latifrons.
Sarciophorus latifrons, Reich en. J. f. 0. 1881, p. 334 (Berbera) ; id.
Tog. Deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 36 (1894 : Teita).
Similar to S. tectus, but having a broader white band on the
forehead.
Hah. East Africa from Somali-land to the Teita district.
I have not seen a specimen of this species, but Dr. Reichenow, in
answer to my enquiries, tells me that he still looks upon it as a
distinct form, geographically well defined.
7. LOBIPLUVIA.
lype.
Lovipluvia, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856) L. malabarica.
Dilobus, Heine # Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 335
(1890) L. malabarica.
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
1. Lobipluvia malabarica,
Pluvier de la Cote de Malabar, D'Aubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 880.
Pluvier a lambeaux, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 160 (1781).
Charadrius malabaricus, Bodd. Tubl. PL Enl. p. 53 ( 1783).
Wattled Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 216 (1785).
Charadrius bilobus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 691 (1788) ; Less. Traiti
d'Orn. p. 540 (1831).
Charadrius myop^, Less. Traiti dCOrn. p. 546 (1831) ; Pucher. Rev.
Zool. 1851, p. 570.
Vanellus bilobus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 166 (Deccan) ; Jerd. Madr.
Joum. xii. p. 213 (1840 : India generally).
Sarciophorus bilobus, StrickL P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Gray, List
Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1844) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres.
Hodys. p. 132 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 261
(1849 : Calcutta) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 :
Bengal) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 649
(1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 165 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 390
(Maunbhoom ; Umbala) ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 470 (Thayetmyo);
id. J- A. S. Bena. xl. p. 276 (1871 ; Wardha Valley) ; Stoliczka,
op. cit. xli. p. 251 (1872 : Kutch) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 416
(Kathiawar); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 153 (1875: Thayetmyo);
Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 323 (S. India, breeding) ; Salvin, 'Cat
7. LOBIPLUVIA. 131
Slrickl. Coll. p. 602 (1882) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 230,
(1884).
Sarciophorus fuscus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Grail, pi. 50.
no. 810; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844).
Hoplopterua malabaricus, Gray, Qm. B. iii. p. 542 (1847); id.
Hnnd-l. B. iii. p. )2, no. 9978 I 1-71).
Hoplopti'rus myops, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p 542 (1847).
Lobipluvia biloba, Bj>. C. E. xliiL p. 418 (1856).
Lobivanellus bilobus, Schi. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursor 68, p. 64 (1865 :
Nepal).
Sarciophorus malabaricus, Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 472 (Ceylon).
Lobipluvia malabarica, Hume, Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 577 (1873);
Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 340 (1874: Chota Nagpnr) ; Le Messurier,
Str. F. iii. p. 418 (1875: Sindb) ; Butler $ Hume, Str. F. iv.
p. 14 (1876; Mount Aboo ; N. Guzerat); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232
(1877: Deesa, Oct. to March): Davidson 8f Wenden, Str. F. vii.
p. 88 (1878: Deccan) ; Ball, t. c. p. 227 (Ganges to Godaverv) ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p.* 59
(1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomh. Pres. p. 74 (1880) ; Legqe, B. Ceylon,
iii. p. 966 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 82 (1880: S. Konkan) ;
Butler, t. c. p. 427 (Deccan); Parker, t. c. p. 4-2 (N.W. Ceylon,
breeding); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 06 (1881: Lucknow, breeding);
Davidson, t. c. p. 319 1 1882 : West Khandeish, breeding) ; Hume,
t. c. p. 413 (1883; Mysore); Oates, Hundb. B. Brit. Burm. ii.
p. 375 (1883); Strinhoe $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 133 (Mhow
district) ; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 405 ( 1887 : Manzeerabad, Mysore) ;
Oates, ed. Hume's Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 345 (1890).
Lobivanellua malabaricus, Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 198
(1888).
Dilobus malabaricus, Heine $■ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 335
(1890).
Adult male. General colour above light brown, the lower back
more dusky brown ; wing-coverts rather more ashy brown than the
back, the median series with narrow white edgings ; the greater
coverts white, with brown bases : bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills black, the primaries white at the base of the inner web;
secondaries white at the base of both webs, the white increasing
towards the inner secondaries, until the black forms only a
gradually diminishing mark at the end, and finally disappears,
leaving the inner quills of this series entirely white; the innermost
secondaries brown like the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure
white ; tail-feathers for the most part pure white, the centre
feathers with a median shade of light brown, followed by a
broad black baud before the tip, which is also light brown ;
remainder of the tail-feathers pure white, and with broad white
ends, lief ire which the black band is more or less strongly deve-
loped, but diminishes in extent towards the outer feathers, the two
outermost being entirely white ; crown of head and nape glossy
black ; sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and fore-neck light ashy
or drab-brown ; a narrow band of white above the ear-coverts ;
chin black, extending a little way on the upper throat; tho brown
of the fore-neck bordered below by a band of black ; remainder of
under surface of bodv pure white, including the under wing-coverts
k2 '
132 CHARADEIID-E.
and axillaries : " bill black, pale lemon-yellow at base ; feet,
wattles, and eyelids pale lemon-yellow ; iris brownish grey "
(E. A. Butler). Total length 9'5 inches, culmen 1/1, wing 8"1,
tail 3*1, tarsus 2 - 55.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour.. Total length 10
inches, culmen 1*1, wing 8-2, tail 3-3, tarsus 2-55.
The adult male described from the Futtehgurh district certainly
has the two outer tail-feathers pure white ; but this does not seem
to be always the case, as other birds, equally adult, have the outer
feathers brown along the outer web, while the band is represented
on the penultimate tail-feathers by two dots, which are also
sometimes seen on the outermost feathers.
Yowkj. Pale brown like the adult, but the whole of the upper
surface mottled with transverse dusky bars, the feathers with pale
sandy margins, the central tail-feathers also barred with brown and
sandy colour at the extreme tip; a streak behind the eye slightly
indicated ; chin white ; throat ashy.
The winter plumage is apparently exactly like the full plumage,
with the exception that the head is brown and the throat ashy
brown, paler on the chin, which is whitish.
The young bird, when full-grown, resembles the adults, but shows
remains of the sandy margins of the upper surface, the sides of the
crown being marked with blackish ; the wattles are also smaller
than in the adults.
Hub. Indian Peninsula generally, and N.W. Ceylon.
a. Ad. sk India. Purchased.
b. Ad. sk. Below Mount Aboo. Hume Coll.
c. (/. 2 ad. sk. Umbala, Jan., Nov. (Dr. Seebohm Coll.
Scutt).
e. J ad. sk. Siwalik Distr., March (B. C. Tweeddale Coll.
Bea van).
f. Ad. sk. Delhi, May. Hume Coll.
g. h. Ad. sk. Oudh, Jan., Feb. (A. An- Hume Coll.
demon).
i, k, 1. Ad. et imm. Oudh. Pinwill Coll.
sk.
m, n. Ad. sk. Lucknow, May 14. Colonel Way [P.].
o-r. Ad. sk. Etawah, Dec. Hume Coll.
s-x. S 2 a d- sk. Futtehgurh Distr., Jan., Feb. Hume Coll.
(A. Anderson),
y. Ad. sk. Behar. Hodgson Coll.
s, a. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.
b'. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Co/. Sharpej. Seebohm Coll.
c'. Ad.sk. Dacca (Col. Tytler). India Museum.
d'. rf ad. sk. Raipur, Feb. 15. Hume Coll.
e'. d ad. sk. Nagpur, April 13. Hume Coll.
f, g. Ad.sk. Saugor (Hooper). India Museum.
ti '. 9 imm. sk. ' Mhow, Dec. 23. Colonel Swiuhoe
[P-J-
t'. 2 ad.sk. Dhulia, Khandeish, July 15. Hume Coll.
k',/'. <S ad.; m'- Ahmeduuggur Distr., Nov. Tweeddale Coll.
p'. 2 ad. et imm. to April {S. B. Fairbank).
sk.
MICKOSAKCOPS.
13:3
q', ?■', s'. Ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
«'. 2 *d- s k.
»'. 5 ad. sk.
»'. 2 ad. sk.
.r'. Ad. sk.
y'. S ad. sk.
z'. ? ad. sk.
o". Ad. sk.
b". 2 ad. sk.
c". Ad. sk.
<?'. c? ad. sk.
e". $ ad. sk.
/'. Jr. sk.
<j". Ad. sk.
Deccan (Sykes).
Mysore (i?. G. W. It).
Bandipur, Mysore, May l'4
( W. Davison).
Seepore, Feb. 22 (W.
Davison).
Sultan's Battery, Wynaad,
Jan. 31 ( W. Davison).
Bangalore, April 4 (It G.
W. It).
Secunderabad, Oct. (G. M.
Slaughter).
Madras, June (7?. G. W. R.).
Madras.
Belgamn, April 15 (S. A.
Butler).
Anjan«-o, Travancoe, Dec.
Trevandrum, June 20 (F.
Bourdi/bm).
Kolachul, Jan. 23.
Ceylon (Nevill).
[Java.]
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
F. W. Bourdillon,
Esq. [0.1.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
8. MICROS ARCOPS.
Range. Eastern Siberia, south to British Burma and Eastern
Bengal.
1 . Microsarcops cinereus.
Pluvianus cinerea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xi. p. 587 (1842 : Calcutta).
Lobivanellus inoraatus (nee Swains.), Temm. $r Schl. Faun. Jap.,
A vex, p. 100, pi. 63 (1847) ; Swinlne, Ibis, I860, p. 359 (Amov) ;
Blakist. % Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Tokio Bay) j ad. B. Jaj).
p. 108 (1882: Susaki, Tokio, breeding) ; Blakist. Amended List
li. Jap. p. 23 (1884 : not found in Yezo or the Kuriles) ; Taczan.
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 (Seoul and Chimulpo, Corea).
Lobivanellus cinereua, Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 261 (1849:
Calcutta) ; Irby, Ibis, if<61. p. 238 (Oudh) ; Schl. Mas. Pays-Bos,
Cursores, p. 69 (1865 : Bengal; Amoy ; Japan); Seebohm, Geogr.
Distr. Charadr. p. 183 (1888) ; id. B. Jap. Emp. p. 311 (1*90:
Yokohama); Styan, Ibis-, 1891, pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse ;
Kiukiang); W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1892, p. 87 (Calcutta) ; Campbell,
t. c. p. 246 (Seoul, Corea).
Sarcogrammus inornatus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856).
Chettusia inornata, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 04 1 J (1864: Purneah ;
Dacca).
Chettusia cinerea, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 309 (Yang-tse and
Central China); Blunt'. Ibis, L870, p. 470 (Bassein) ; Su-inhoe,
P. Z. S 1871, p. 403 "(Hanks of Yangtse to Pekin; Mongolia);
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. Woo (1871); Hume, Str. F.
ii. p. 482 (1874: Ye, Tenasserim) : id. np. cit. iii. p. 180 (1875:
Pegu); Blyth 8f Wald. B. Barm. p. 152(1875: Tonghoo); Hume,
Str. F. v. p. 347 ( lr>77 : Andamans) ; David S[ Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 4l ) l ) (1877)5 Bume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 456 (1878: Tenas-
serim) ; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 300 (1878: Faridpur) ; Hume, t. c.
p. 483 (Calcutta) ; id. Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1S79) ; Tiraut, Ois.
I'M CHARADRIID.K.
Basse-Cochinchine, Bull. Agric. Cochin. (3) i. p. 146 (1879) : Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 238 (1882: Pegu); id. Hcmdb. B. Brit. Burm. ii.
p. 372 (1883) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 315 (1888 : Manipur) ; Oates,
Ibis, 1888, p. 73 (Bbamo) ; Be la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 496 (Foo-
chow, spring).
Chsettusia cinerea, Blxjih, Ibis, 1867, p. 165.
Adult male. General colour above light brown, with a slight
bronzy gloss ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and base of tail white ;
terminal third of the tail black, forming a broad band, the tips
white with a slight sub-terminal shade of brown ; the black band
vanishing towards the outer tail-feather, which is entirely white ;
wing-coverts brown like the back, but a little paler ; the median
coverts with narrow white tips, except the outer ones, which are
pure white ; greater coverts nearly entirely white, with brown at
the extreme base, increasing in extent on the inner ones ; bastard-
wing dark brown ; primary-coverts and quills black ; secondaries
pure white, the outer ones dusky near the ends, the inner ones
externally light brown, and the innermost brown like the back ;
crown of head, nape, and hind-neck, as well as the entire sides of
the face and neck, throat, fore-neck, and chest light pearly grey,
with a narrow black band across the upper breast ; chin rather paler
grey ; remainder of under surface of body, including the under
wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white: "basal two-thirds of bill
deep yellow, the terminal third black ; feet dull yellow, claws
black; edges of eyelids and lappets deep yellow " (£". W. Oates).
Total length 14 inches, culmeu 1*4, wing 9 - 2, tail 4, tarsus 2-65.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 14-5
inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9-4, tail 4-2, tarsus 2 # 7.
Adults in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
having the grey of the head and throat washed with brown, espe-
ciallv on the chest ; the black band on the chest obscured by ashy
or whitish tips to the feathers.
Young. Distinguished from the adults by the want of the black
band across the upper part of the breast ; the entire head and
throat brown, instead of grey, the centre of the chin and upper
throat white, with dusky streaks on the sides of the throat.
Hab. From Corea and the Southern Japanese islands to Mongolia
and Northern China, wintering in Southern China, the Indo-
Burmese countries, and N.E. Bengal.
a. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. India Museum.
b, c. Ad sk. Dipur Bheel, Assam, Nov. Tweeddale Coll.
(A. W. Chennell).
d, e, f. Ad. sk. Purneah. Pinwill Coll.
a. Ad. st. Calcutta (E. Blytli). India Museum.
h-.v <S £ ad. sk. Calcutta. Oct. to Jan. (A. O. Hume Coll.
H. 8r W. T. Blanford).
y. z. Ad. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll.
a'. 2 ad. sk. Faridpur, Feb. 4 (J. R. Hume Coll.
Cripps).
b'-f. Ad. sk. Manipur, March {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.
q'-k'. 3 2 a d- sk. Tonghoo, Nov. to Jan. Tweeddale Coll.
{R. G. W. R.).
9. H0PL0X1P1ERU9. 135
r. Ad. sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. 29 Tweeddule Coll.
(R. G. W. R.).
rri. Ad. sk. Bassein, P< sgu. W. T. Blauford, Esq.
[P.].
n'. Ad. sk. Pegu, Dec. 26 (R. G. W.R.). Tweeddale Coll.
o', ?'■ d 2 ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. (E. W. O.). Oates Coll.
q' . Ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans. Hume Coll.
r'-v . S 2 ad. sk. Tkatoue, Tenasserim, Oct. to Hume Coll.
Dec. ( W. Davison),
w'-a". cf 2 a( i- sk. Sittang River, Feb. ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.
son) .
b". Ad. sk, Yeaboo, Dec. 20 (J. Darling). Hume Coll.
c". Ad. sk. Ye, March ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.
d". Ad. sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [C.].
e". Ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll.
/". Ad. sk. Chekiang, April. Tweeddale Coll.
g". Ad. sk. Shanghai. Purchased.
h" . $ ad.sk. Corea, March 17. C. W.Campbell, Esq.
t"-m". Ad. sk. Yokohama, Oct. (//. Pryer). Seebohm Coll.
9. H0PL0XYPTERUS.
Type.
Hoploxypterus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856) H. cayanus.
Range. South America, excepting the western aud southern
portions.
1 . Hoploxypterus cayanus.
Pluvier arni(5 de Cayenne, DAuhent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 833 ; Buff.
Hist. Nat. Oia. viii. p. 102 (1781).
Spur-winged Plover, var. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 215 (1785).
Charadrius spinosus, -var. y, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. ii91 (1788).
Charadriua cayanus, Lath. Ind, Orn. ii. p. 749 (1790) ; Licht. Verz.
Doubl. p. 70 (1823) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 358 (1856: Lagoa
Santa).
Mbatuitui armado, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 289 (1805).
Charadrius stolatus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Charadrius, p. 59, sp. 12 (1827).
Charadrius spinosus (nee L.), Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 764
(1833: Rio Belmonte).
Hoplopterus cayanus, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1844:
S. America) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara,
p. 24 (1847); Reichenb. Grail. Taf. xcix. tig. 701 (1851);
Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 750 (1848) ; Licht. Nomencl.
Av. Mies. Berol, p. 95 (1854: Brazil; Guiana); Moore, P. Z. S.
1859, p. 63 (Aloor River, Honduras); Scl. <y Salv. Ibis, 1859,
p. 228 (Honduras) ; Scl. P. Z. S. I860, p. 290 (Babahovo, Ecuador) ;
Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (Lower Ucayali) ; iid. P. Z. S.
1867, p. 591 (South bank of Lower Amazons), p. 979 (Pebas) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9972 (1871) ; Pelz. Om. Bras.
?ip. 296, 454 (1871: Ytarare ; Rio Parana; Goiaz ; Cuyaba;
iarra de Rio Neirro); Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 142
(1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Santa Cruz) : Zeledon, Cat.
Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1832) ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii.
p. 113(1885); Tacz. $ Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 119 (Baba-
hoyo) ; Tacz. Orn. Pirnu, iii. p. 335(1886); Salvin, Ibis, 1886,
p. 177 (Roraima) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. v. p. 149
(1*93: Cuyaba).
136 CHARADPaiDJE.
Hoploxypterus cayanus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 418 (1856).
Vanellus cayanus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 62 (I860 :
Brazil) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 229, pi. x. (1888).
Adult male. General colour above light brown, varied with black
and white markings ; the mantle black ; the upper back brown ;
the lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail white, the latter
with a broad black band at the end, fringed with white again at
the tip ; this black band decreasing in width towards the outermost
feathers, which are, curiously enough, narrower than the other
rectrices ; the scapulars white, or white washed with brown, form-
ing a longitudinal band on each side of the back, which is further
accompanied by a broad external band of black, consisting of the
scapulars and adjoining feathers : wing- coverts light brown, the
median series more ashy, the greater coverts pure white, with ashy
bases ; primary-coverts and quills black, the outer secondaries
white, tipped with black, the inner secondaries pure white, and the
long innermost ones light brown : forehead and anterior part of
crown black, extending backwards in a broad line over the eyes and
joining the black of the sides of the face, which is continued to the
black mantle and prtepectoral collar ; the lores, feathers below
the eye, and ear-coverts all black ; cheeks, throat, and under
surface of body pure white, excepting for the broad band of black
which occupies the fore-neck and is joined to the black of the
mantle : under wing-coverts and axillaries white : " bill blackish
brown, lower mandible yellowish or fleshy red at the base ; claws
black ; spur on wing greyish brown ; iris grey-brown ; edge of
eyelid cinnabar-red" (Neuwied). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-15,
wing 5-4, tail 2'8, tarsus 1*75.
Adult female,. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
95 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5 - 6, tail 2'3, tarsus 1*05.
Hah. Central America [?] from Honduras*, sotith to South
America, where it ranges from British Guiana to Southern Brazil.
a. <S ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana, Salviu-Godman Coll.
May 11 (II. Whitely).
b. 2 a d. sk. Ourumi, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dec. (II. Whitely).
c. d. Ad.sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {C.fiuck- Salvin-Godman Coll.
ley).
e. Ad.sk. [Peru.] Berkeley James Coll.
f, g. <S 5 ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru, May, June Salvin-Godman Coll.
(J. Hau.rioell).
h. Ad.sk. Omega, south side of R. Ama- Salvin-Godman Cull.
zon (A. B. Wallace).
i. Ad. sk. Corumha, Matto Grosso (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Smith),
k. cT ad. sk. Rio Parana, Brazil, April 23 Salvin-Godman Coll.
(J. Natterer).
* After a prolonged search in the Liverpool Museum with Dr. Forbes I
have been unable to find Lev hold's specimen, nor do the registers afford any
clue. There is, therefore, no positive evidence that the specimen came from
the "Aloor River,'' Central America.
10. PTILOSCEUS. 137
10. PTILOSCELIS.
Tvpe.
Ptiloscelis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1850) P. resplendens.
Range. The uplands of Western South America.
1 . Ptiloscelis resplendens.
Charadrius resplendens, Tschudi, Arch. f. Nat. 1848, p. 388; id. Sf
Cab. Farm. Peruan., Aves, pp. 49, 295 (1845 46).
Vanellua ptiloscelis, Gray fy Mitch, (leu. B. iii. p. 541, pi. 145
(1847); Reiahenb. Grail. Taf. ccxcix. fig. 2434 (1848); Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9952(1871).
Vanellua resplendens, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); Lieht.
Nomencl. Ar. Mas. BeroL p. '.)■'> ( Is54 : Peru) ; Ncl. P. Z. S. 1858,
p. 556 (Punin, Ecuador) ; id. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 82 (Quito) ; id. #
Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 156 (Tinta, Peru); iid, Nomencl. Av. Neo-
trop. p. 142 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 500 (Junin; Marav-
nio;); id. $ Berlepxch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 110 (Ecuador); Sol.
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 40-'J (Sitana and Sacaya, Tarapaca) ; Taczan. Orn.
Perou. iii. p. 336(1886: Tarina); Seebohm, Geoqr. THstr. Charadr.
p. 228 (1888); 8d. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 130 (Tarapaca); Berkeley
James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892: Tarapaca).
Ptiloscelys resplendens, Bp. C. It. xliii. p. 419 (1850).
Adult male. General colour above brown, glossed with metallic
green or purplish bronze ; scapulars like the back ; lesser wing-
coverts brown, the lower row bronzy green ; median coverts blacker,
and more distinctly glossed with metallic purple; greater coverts
pure white, with concealed dusky bases : bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, the primaries with concealed white base's,
but the secondaries white at the base, increasing on the inner ones,
where the white occupies quite half of the feathers, as well as the
whole of the outer web of the interior quills; the innermost second-
aries brow n like the back ; lower back and rump more dusky
brown than the rest of the back ; sides of rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail white ; the tail-featlurs with a broad sub-terminal band of
black preceded by a brown shade, the ends of the feathers being
white, the black hand decreasing in width towards the outermost;
head and sides of face, throat, and sides of neck light ashy brown,
with a white collar round the bind neck; upper throat whitish;
the lower throat and fore- neck rather darker ashy, followed by a
narrow black band on the chest ; remainder of under surface white,
including the thighs, under wing- and tail-coverts, and the axil-
laries : " hill pink at the base, reddish brown at the tip; feet and
toes pink: eyelid and iris pink" (ff. WTiitely). Total length 18
inches, cnlmen 1-25, wing 89, tail 4-1, tarsus' 2-05.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 13
inches, culmen L-3, wing 8-8, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-9.
llah. \\ estern South America, from Ecuador to Tarapaca.
•» Ad.sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.
b. o ad.sk. Ecuador (Buckley). Seebohm Coll.
e. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
138 rjJARADRIID^.
d, e. <$ ad. sk. Maravnioc, Ecuador, Mav Warsaw Museum
(Jelski). [E.].
/. Ad. ak. Peru. Salvin-Godman Coll.
ff, h. J 2 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, Mav, June Salvin-Godinan Coll.
(H. Whitehj).
i, k. d 2 rid. sk. Tinta, Peru, May, June Seebohm Coll.
(H. Whitely).
I, in. tf; n. <S ad. Sitani,Tarapaca, Jan. (A. A. Berkeley James Coll.
sk. Lane).
o, p, q. <$ ; r. J Sacaya, Tarapaca, Feb., Berkeley James Coll.
ad. sk. March (A. A. Lane).
11. LOBIVANELLUS*. T
Lobivanellus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841 , p. -33 L. lo'batus.
Lobibvx, H?ine fy Rrichen. Nomencl. Mus. Jiein. Orn.
p. 334 (1890) L. lobatus.
Range. Africa generally, below the deserts of the Soudan.
Australia and the Papuan Islands.
Key to the Species t.
a. Sides of face and hind neck white ; throat white ;
forehead and crown black.
a'. Sides of chest black ; a black band also crossing
the hinder neck above the mantle and joining
the black crown, so as to interrupt the white
collar lobatus, p. 139.
* There is some difficulty about the adoption of this name, and according
to Dr. Stejneger these birds ought to bear the name of Parra of Linnaeus (Syst.
Nat. i. p. 259, 1766). This is a radical change, however, which I cannot bring
myself to adopt ; but I have dropped the name of Parra for the Jacanas, in
consequence of the confusion which surrounds it.
Dr. Stejneger (Auk, ii. p. 339) has shown that the genus Parra of Linnaeus
is a composite one with 5 species, as follows : — 1. P. dominica ; 2. P. senegalla ;
3. P.jacana; 4. P. variabilis; 5. P. chavaria.
Admitting the Brissonian genus Jacana, which is additional to Parra of
Linnaeus, Nos. 3 and 4, which are identical, become eliminated, and the type
of the genus Parra, L., must be sought for in Nos 1, 2, and 5. Chauna was
created by Illiger in 1811 for P. chavaria, and therefore, as Dr. Stejneger
admits, the type must be restricted either to Nos. 1 or 2, which, he snys, are
'Old World' CharadriidcB. The name Parra dominica,^., is founded on the
' Vanneau arme de S. Domingue' of Brisson (Orn. v. p. 118), and that of
P. senegalla, L., founded on the ' Vanneau arme du Senegal ' of Brisson {t. c.
p. Ill, pi. s. fig. 2). My conclusion is that Lobivanellus of Strickland must be
retained for L. lobatus, though the most typical species in his mind in 1841
was probably L. goensis. This, however, was made the type of Sarcogrammvs
by Reichenbach in 1852 ; and all the other specie9 enumerated by Strickland
have had some generic name given to them, with the exception of Parra domi-
nica of Linnaeus, a species which 1 have not been able to identify, and for
which I propose that the generic name of Parra, L., now surrounded by so
much uncertainty, shall be retained by those who wish to do so.
t The form of the facial lappet varies somewhat in the Australian and
African species ; but the Australian birds themselves do not entirely agree in
this respect.
] 1. LOBIVANELLTTS. 139
b' . Sides of chest brown; the rest of the under
Burface white j a complete white collar on the
hind neck : no black bund across the latter . . miles, p. 140.
b. Sides of face whitish, .streaked with brown ; throat
black; a white frontal patch; hind neck brown
like the back, with no white collar.
c'. Sides of breast and flanks ashy brown like the
breast itself; no black patch on the sides of
the abdomen sener/alus, p. 141.
d'. A blackish patch on the sides of the abdomen . . lateralis, p. 144.
1. Lobivanellus lobatus.
Wattled Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 313 (1801 : New
South Wales).
Tringa lobata, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. lxv (1801 : Australia).
Vanellus lobatus, Vieill. X. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 209 (1819) ;
id. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1075 (1823).
Vanellus novffi-hollandise, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 510
(1819), ex Lath.
Charadrius lobatus, Waal. Syst. Av. Charadrius, sp. 51, p. 76 (1S27).
Charadrius gallinaceus, Wagl. t. c. sp. 50, p. 75.
Vanellus gallinaceus, Jard. 8f Setby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 84 (1829).
Lobivanellus gallinaceus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33.
Lobivanellus iobatus, Gould, B.Austr. vi. pi. 9 (1842) ; Gray, List
Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 63 ( 1844 : B. Australia ; Murray R.) ; Reichenb.
Grail. Taf. ciii. tigs. 1057-1058 (1848); Bp. C. R. xliii.
p. 418 (1856); Sehl. Mas. Pays-Has, Cursores, p. 67 (1865: S.
Australia; Sydney); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 218(1865);
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (18<'>5: X. Australia); Ramsay, Ibis,
1866, p. 334 (Port Denison) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 419, pi. ix. fig. 2
(egg) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc X. S. IF. i. pp. 187, 217 (1877 : New
South Wales) ; id. op. eit. ii. p. 197 (1878) ; North, op. fit. (2) i.
p. 1168 ( 1887 ) ; Buller, Ibis, 1888, p. 283 ; id. B. New Zeal. ii.p. 13
(1888: Wanganui, X. Z.) : Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19
(1888: Rockingham Bay; Port Denison; Wide Ray Distr.;
Richmond and Clarence Rivers ; X. S. W. : Iuterior ; Victoria and
S. Australia): Seebohm, Geogr. Distr.' Char adr. p. 190 (1888);
T. W. Kirk, Ibis. 1889, p. 297 (Xew Zealand): North, Nests #
Eggs Austr. 11. p. 300 (1889); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. X.S. W. (2)
iii. p. 177.s (1889: Cumberland, N. S. W.) ; Cox # Hamilton, op.
eit. (2) iv. p. 419 (1890 : Mudiree Distr.).
Chettusia lobata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); id. Iland-l. B.
iii. p. 11, no. 9901 (1871).
Chettusia frallinacea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541.
Lobivanellus personatus (wee Gould), T. 17". Kirk, Ibis, 1888, p. 45
(New Zealand).
Lobibvx lobatus, Heine <$■ Reichen. Xomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 334
i 1883-1890: Xew South Wales).
Adult male. (Icncral colour above light brown, with a slight
olive gloss ; wing-coverts like the back, but the greater series more
of a drab-brown, with an obsolete fringe of white at the ends ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries
drab-brown at the base of the outer web and white at the base of
the inner web, the inner secondaries with less black, this being
140
CHARADRIID.K
confined to a black terminal band ; lower back and rump brown,
like tbe back, the sides of the rump and upper tail-coverts pure
white : tail white, with a broad black band at the end, this black
band decreasing in width towards the outer feathers, which have
the white band at the tip rather broader ; crown of head black, ex-
tending backwards and joining a black band which extends across
the hind-neck, and descends on the sides of the neck so as to unite
with a black patch on the sides of the upper breast ; base of fore-
head, lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts, as well as the entire under
surface of the body, white, including the under wing-coverts and axil-
laries ; quill-lining black : " bill pale yellow, with a horn-coloured
tip ; tarsi purplish red ; scales black ; spur yellow ; iris rich primrose-
yellow ; wattles primrose-yellow " (J. Gould) Total length 14
inches, culmen 1/4, wing 9-6, tail 4-2, tarsus 3.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 14
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 92, tail 4, tarsus 3.
Hah. Australia generally. Accidental in New Zealand.
a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.
b. J ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll.
c. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.J.
d. e. $ ad. sk. Port Lincoln, S. Australia. Hume ("oil.
/. Ad. sk. Port Philip. Gould Coll.
g, h. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum [P.].
i. Ad. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
k,l. Ad.sk. Gippshmd Lakes. Seebohm Coll.
m. Ad. sk. Wide Lay, Queensland, Seebohm Coll.
Nov.
7i,o. Ad.sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll.
2. Lobivanellus miles.
Le Yanneau arme" de la Loidsiane, Briss. Orn. v. p. 114, pi. viii.
lig. 2 (1760) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 65 (1781); DAubent.
Ft. Enl. viii. pi. 835.
Tringa miles, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 51 (1783).
Louisiaue Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 164 (1785).
Parra ludoviciana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 700 (1788).
Tringa ludoviciana, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 727 (1790).
Vanellus ludovicianus, Vieill. N. Diet, d 1 Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 203
(1819) ; id. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1075 (182.3).
Charadrius callaeas, Wagl. Syst. Av. Charadrius, p. 76, sp. 52 (1827).
Charadiius ludovicianus, Nitzsch, in Ersch ty Grub. Encycl. xvi.
p. 150 (1827).
Lobivanellus ludovicianus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33.
Lobivanellus personatus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 113 (N. coast of
Australia) ; id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 10 (1842) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit.
Mus. p. 66 (1844: Port Essington); Reichenb. Grail. Taf. ciii.
figs. 1055-56 (1848) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 220 (1865) ;
Finsch, Neu-Giiinea, p. 181 (1865: Amboinaj; JRosenb. Reis naar
Zuidoostereil. pp. 53, 82 (1867: Aru ; Kei) ; D'Alb. Ann. Mus.
Gen. x. p. 20 (1877 : Ely & Katau Livers) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 187 (1877: N. Australia); Seebohm, Geogi-.
Distr. Charadr. p. 188 (I
11. LOBIVANELLUS. 141
Chettusia personata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847).
Chettusia miles, dray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); id. Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 12, no. 9962 (1871).
Lobivanellus miles, Up. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1850) ; Sc/i/. Mus. Pays-
Baa, Cursores, p. (iii ( 1865 : Amboina) ; id. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk.
iii. p. 349 (1866: Am Is.) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Stic. N. S. If. i.
p. 384 (1877 : Gulf of Carpentaria); Sharpe, Jburn. Linn. Soc,
Zool. xiii. p. 504 ( 1877 : Port Moresby) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. >S<,c.
N.S. 11'. ii. p. 197(1878: Port Darwin) ; id. op. cit. iii. p. 2913
(1879: Laloki River; Boiara) ; Sharpe, Jburn. Linn. Soc. xiv.
p. 688 ( 1879 : Laloki River) ; Rosenb. Malm/. Archip. p. 373
(1878-79: Am: Kei) ; LfAlb. et Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xiv.
p. 128 (1879 : Katau R.) ; Salvad. t. e. p. 666 (Kei Is.) ; Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. IV. iv. p. 101 (1880: Port Moresby: 8.
Cape; Louisiades) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 326 (1882) ;
id. Om. Pap. iii. p. 306 (1882); Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 206
(Larut, Timor Laut) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 433 ; id. Natural.
Wand. East. Archip. p. 367 (1885 : Timor Laut) ; Ramsay, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2) i. p. 1099 (1887: N.W. Australia); id.
op. cit. (2) ii. p. 171 (1S88) ; id. Tab. List B. p. 19 (1888) ; North,
Nests c\ Eyqs Austr. B. p. 301 (1889) ; Salvad. Agg. Om. Pap.
iii. p. 201 (1891).
Lobibyx miles, Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 334 (1890:
N. Australia).
Adult. Similar to L. lobatus, and having almost identically the
6ame pattern of the wings and tail, but distinguished by its larger
and differently shaped lappet, and by having the black of the head
confined to a cap, and not extending backwards down the hind
neck, as in L. lobatus; the black cap separated from the brown of
the back by a collar of white round the hind neck : " bill lemon-
yellow at base, black at the tip ; legs and feet carmine-red, the
scales in front blackish green ; iris primrose-yellow ; wattles leinon-
yellow " (J. Gould). Total length l2-o inches, culraen To, wing
B*9, tail '<i'7, tarsus 3.
Hah. Australia generally, New Guinea, and the Papuan Islands
to Timor Laut.
a. Ad. sk. Cape York. Tweeddale Coll.
b, c. Ad.sk. Cape York (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.
d,r. Ad.sk. Port Essington. ('apt. Chambers [P.].
/. rfad.sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. (P. J.
y,h. Ad. sk. Victoria River, N.W. Aus- J. R. Elsey, Esq.[C.J.
tralia.
i, k. c? $ ad. N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower
sk. Bowyer Bower), [*-l
/. Ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. Xew Mr. K. Broadbent
(iuinea. [C. 1 .
m. $ ad.sk. Larat, Timor Laut, Sept. 29. Dr. H. J Q. Forbes [C.].
3. Lobivanellus senegalus.
Le Vanneau nrm6 du Senegal, Briss. Om. v. p. Ill (1760) ; Buff.
Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. j. 62 (1781).
Farra senegalla, Linn. Xyst. Nat. i. p. 259 (1766).
142 CHARADEIID^;.
Vanneau arme" du Senegal, D'Aubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 362.
Tringa senegalen-is, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 113 (1776) ;
Cass. Proc. Acad. Phil. 1864, p. 246.
Senegal Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 166 (1785 : Senegal).
Tringa senegalla, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 728 (1790).
Vanellus albicapillus, Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 205 (1819) ;
Less. TraitS d'Om. p. 542 (1831) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 1 (JO, pi. 236
(1834).
Vanellus senegalus, Vieill. N. Lief. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 209 (1819).
Vanellus senegalensis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 515 (1819).
Charadrius albicapillus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Charadrius, sp. 53, p. 77
(1827).
^ anellus strigilatus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 241, pi. (1837).
Lobivanellus senegallus, StricM. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Blanf. Geol.
§• Zool. Abyss, p. 431 (1870 : Agula below 7000 ft. ; Anseba
Valley).
Lobivanellus albicapillus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33 ; Reichenb.
Grail. Taf. c. figs. 682-683 (1848) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221
(Kordofan) ; Finsch # Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 642 (1870) ; Finseh,
Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 296 (1870: Kokai ; Gabena AYeldt
Gonfalon).
Lobivanellus senegalus, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1844:
Gambia) ; Licht. Xomencl. Av. Mus. Berul. p. 95 (1854 : Senegal) ;
Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 418 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 213 (1857:
Senegambia ; Casamanse ; Gaboon) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cur-
sores, p. 68 (1865 : Senegambia; Gold Coast) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872,
p. 73 (Plains of Accra) ; Pelz. Verhandl. z.-b. Gts. Wien, xxxi.
p. 155 (1881: Majningo) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xvii.
p. 441 ,1884: Kutchugali) ; Hartert, J.f. O. 1886, p. 609 (Anas-
sawara).
Lobivanellus senegalensis, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 117 (1845; Al>vs-
sinia) ; Heugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 55 (1856 : Abyssinia; White Nile) ;
Ant in. Cat. des'cr. Ucc. p. 97 (1864: Obeid) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1000 (1873 : E. & C.Abyssinia to Bogos, at 3000
to 8000 feet ; E. Kordofan, from the Bender and Rabad rivers
westward to Qualabat; Upper White Nile and tributaries);
Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 143 (1873: Anseba); Hartl.
Abhandl. nat. Verein. Bremen, vii. p. 127 (1881 : Equatorial Africa) ;
id. op. cit. viii. p. 231 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. p. 274
(1884 : Shoa) ; id. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 310 (1888 : Cialalaka) ; Seebolnn,
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 191 (1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 544
(Victoria Nyanza).
Cbettusia senegalla, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 12, no. 9964 (1871) ; Kendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Senegambia).
Cbettusia albicapillus, Gray. Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847j.
Lobibvx senegalus, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Llein. p. 334
(1890: White Nile).
Vanellus albifrons, Riipp. MSS. (teste Heuglin).
Adult male. General colour above brown, with a faint gloss of
olive-green, the lower back and rump slightly darker ; wing-coverts
lighter, ashy or drab-brown, the median series with narrow whitish
edges, the greater coverts white, with ashy-brown bases ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries white at the
base of the inner web, the secondaries white at the base of both
webs, the white increasing on the inner secondaries till only the
11. L0B1VANELLCS.
143
euds are black, but there are no pure white secondaries, the inner-
most being brown like the back ; sides of rump, upper tail-coverts,
and base of tail pure white ; the terminal half of the tail black,
forming a very broad band, shaded above and below with light
brown, the tips of the feathers white, forming a well-marked ter-
minal bar ; forehead and centre of fore part of crown white, followed
by a shade of uniform dark brown, which extends from above the
lores and across the centre of the crown ; rest of the crown and
nape ashy brown, streaked with dusky brown ; lores, sides of face,
ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat ashy white, streaked with dusky
brown ; in the centre of the throat a longitudinal black patch ;
fore-neck and breast drab-brown, extending down the thinks ; lower
abdomen, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure
white ; quill-lining black : " bill yellow, the dertrum blackish ; feet
yellow ; loral membrane elevated beyond the forehead, thence pen-
dulous, and ending in a point, above cinnabar-red, below yellow,
like the bare eyelids ; iris pearly white " {Heuglin). Total length
12 - 5 inches, culmen T4, wing 9*2, tail 4 - 2, tarsus 6-2.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 12
inches, culmen 1*5, wing 9*1, tail 3"9, tarsus 3-2.
Young. Differs from the adult in having the head brown with
dusky streaks, but no white frontal patch, the black on the throat
wanting, this part being white with dusky-blackish streaks.
Hah. West Africa : Senegambia, Accra, the Niger, and Gaboon.
X.E. Africa, from Kordot'an and Bogos-land south to the Victoria
Nyanza.
a. Ad. st.
6. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/. $ ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.
•'. $ ad. sk.
*. 2 ad. sk.
I, tn. $ $ ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.
o. 3 ad. ;
p. 2 juv.sk.
Senegambia.
Senegambia.
Bathurst, R. Gambia (Sir
A. Moloney).
Dakar, Senegal, Jan. {L.
Laglaize).
Accra, (J old Coast, May
(J. Smith ).
Accra, Gold Coast, May
(J. Smith).
Lokoja, R. Niger.
Kutschugali, Niam Niam
Country.
Cialalaka, Shoa, June 13.
Dongolo, Abyssinia, May
17.
Bo^os-land, Aug. 6 ( W.
Jesse).
Kokai, Bogos-land, Aug.
10 ( IV. Jesse).
[Nubia.]
Governor Rendall [P.].
Governor Rendall [P.J.
Shelley Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Major Ewart [P.],
F. BohndorffLCj.
Turin Museum [P.].
"\\ . T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.J.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebobm Coll.
144 CEAUADR1ID.E.
4. Lobivanellus lateralis.
Vanellus lateralis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Aft:, Birds, pi. 23 (1839:
U'Tugela R.); Hart/. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 213, note (1857).
Lobivanellus lateralis. Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1844 :
Cape); Beichenb. Grallce, Taf. c. fig. 684 (1848); Mont.P.Z.S.
1865, p. 90 (Benguela); Finsch $r Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 643
(1870); Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 267 (1872: Oka-
vango & Teoughe Rivers ; Lake Ngami ; Ondonga) ; At/res, Ibis,
1873, p. 283 (Transvaal); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 428 (1881:
Caconda; Huilla ; Hurabe) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Masbona-
land) ; Holub $ Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 240 (1882 : Zambesi) ;
Bbhm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 39 (Gonda; "Urambo) ; Seebohm, Geogr.
Distt: Charadt: p. 193 (1888) ; Heine $• Beichen. Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. p. 334 (1890 : Damara-land) ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 7
(Victoria Nyanza) ; id. T'bg. Deutsch. Ost-Aft: p. 36 (1894:
Victoria Nyanza; Igonda; Wualaba; Ugalla; Ussambiro; Bukoba).
Chettusia lateralis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); Gurnet/ Ibis,
1864, p. 3 (Damara-land) ; Layard, B. S. Aft: p. 292 (1867) ;
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 387 (Transvaal).
Lobivanellus senegalensis (nee L.), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (River
Shire"; Zambesi); Emin, J. f. O. 1891, p. 339 (Ussanibiro-
Umpeke).
Lobivanellus senegalus inec L.), Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Aft:
pp. 666, 855 (1884) ; BUttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. xi. p. 199 (1889 :
Upper Cunene River) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 475 (Lake Shirwa ;
Palombi River).
Adult female. Very similar to L. senegalus, but distinguished by
its ashy-blackish flanks, which form a conspicuous dark patch on
the sides of the body, extending as a dusky shade across the abdomen,
just below the brown of the breast : " bill and feet greenish, the
tip of the bill black ; carpal spur and claws blackish ; inferior
lobe of anteocular caruncle yellow, the superior lobule orange-red : '
(Sir A. Smith). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 9-2, tail 4,
tarsus 3*3.
Adult male. Similar to the female in plumage. Total length
11-5 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 89, tail 3-5, tarsns 35.
Hab. S.E. Africa from Natal and the Transvaal, west to Benguela
and Mossamedes, north to the Zambesi and the Victoria Nyanza.
a. Ad. sk. Tugela River, Katal (Sir South-African Museum.
A. Smith). (Type of species.)
b. d ad. sk. Transvaal, Nov. 27 (T. Shelley Coll.
E. Buckley).
e. 3 ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll.
d Ad. sk. Lower Shire" Valley (Sir Livingstone Expedition.
J. Kirk).
e f Ad sk Upper Shire" River, Nov. II. II. Johnston, Esq.,
(A. Whyte). C.B. [P.].
a 9 ad sk. Lake Shirwa, May 6 (A. H. II. Johnston, Esq.,
Whyte). C.B. [P.].
h i d 2 ad e k Palombi Plains, Shirwa II. II. Johnston, Esq.,
Distr.,Oct. [A. Whyte). C.B. [P.l.
k. Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll.
CH UUIJKIID.K.
145
Subfamily IV. CHARADRIIN/E.
Key to the Genera.
a. With a large spur on the wing ; with a large [p. 146.
facial lappet 12. Xiphidiopterus,
(>. With no spur on the wing, but a facial
wattle present.
a'. With a hind toe.
a". Tarsus long, more than twice the length
of the middle toe and claw ; bare
portion of tibia equal to length of [p. 148.
middle toe and claw 13. Sarcogrammus,
b". Tarsus shorter and stouter, not twice
the length of the middle toe and claw ;
tibia feathered almost to the tarso-
^ metatarsal joint 14. Tylibyx, p. 153.
b ' . Without a hind toe.
c". Inner secondaries reaching nearly to
the ends of the primaries ; tibia
densely feathered almost to the tarso-
metatarsal joint 15. Zonifer, p. 154.
d" . Inner secondaries shorter than pri-
maries, the distance between them
being greater than the length of the
middle toe and claw ; tibia naked, the
bare part more than half the length [p. 156.
of the tarsus 16. Anomalopiirys,
r. With a visible spur on the wing, but no
facial wattle. [p. 157.
c'. Wing-spur black, very long and sharp . . 17. Hoplopterus,
</'. Wing-spur yellow, large and blunt; a
long civst of recurved slender feathers . . 18. Belonopterus,
'/. With no spur and no facial wattle. [p. 163.
ft. Inner secondaries broad and with the tips
rounded ; the distance from the shortest
secondary to the tip of the primaries not
equal to half the length of the wing.
e". With a recurved crest of long pointed
plumes 19. Vanellus, p. 166.
f". No crest.
a'". Hind toe present.
a*. Tarsus very long, twice the length [p. 171.
of the middle toe and claw 20. Eurypteris,
b l . Tarsus much shorter, not twice
the length of the middle toe and
• claw 21. Chjetusia, p. 174.
I'"'. No hind toe 22. Stepuanibyx,
/'. Inner secondaries very long and pointed, [p. 177.
tin' distance from the shortest secondary
to llw tip of the primaries more than
halt' the length of the wing.
ff". A black throat or breast in summer
plumage ; upper plumage spangled
( with gold, or with black and white. [p. 182.
A hind too present 23. Sqi'atarola,
'' ■ No hind too 24. Charadiuts,
[p. 191.
VOL. XXIV. L
146 CHARADRIID.E.
h". No black abdomen in summer, this
being white ; rarely a black throat ;
plumage of upper surface plain and
mostly uniform.
e'". Bill stout, or moderately so ; culmen
about equal to the length of the
middle toe and claw.
c 4 . A hind toe present 25. Aphriza, p. 208.
d 4 . No hind toe 26. Ochthodromus,
/'". Culmen shorter, less than length of [p. 209.
middle toe and claw.
e 4 . Tibia feathered nearly to the tibio-
tarsal joint 27. Eudromias,
/*. Tibia bare for some distance. [p. 234.
a 5 . Hind toe present 28. Zonibyx, p. 238.
b 5 . No hind toe.
« 6 . Tarsus long, twice the length
of exposed culmen 29. Podasocys, p. 240.
b". Tarsus shorter, never twice the
length of exposed culmen.
a'. Tail long and wedge-shaped,
more than half the length
of the wing 30. Oxyechus, p. 242.
b 1 . Tail shorter and more
square, not exceeding half
the length of the wing.
«\ Tarsus long, exceeding
middle toe and claw in
length.
« 9 . Outer toe joined to the
middle one by a web as
far as the second joint. 31. yEGiALEus, p. 250.
V. Outer toe not connected
with the middle one
near the base 32. ^Egialitis, p. 254.
b H . Tarsus very short, less
than middle toe and claw. 33. Pluyianellus,
g'". Culmen longer than middle toe and [p. 303.
claw.
(f. Bill straight, not deflected 34. Thinornis, p. 304.
h 4 . Bill deflected to the right 35. Anarhynchus,
[p. 306.
12. XIPHIDIOPTERUS.
Type.
Xiphidiopterus, Heiche?ib. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852). X. albiceps.
Bange. Western Africa to the Upper White Nile district. Java ;
Sumatra ; Timor.
Key to the Species.
a. Head grey, forehead and centre of crown white ;
throat grey ; wing-coverts black ; under surface
of body white albiceps, p. 147.
b. Head and throat black ; wing coverts ashy brown
like the back : breast ashy brown, the abdomen
black cucullatus, p. 148.
12. xxphidiopieeus. 147
1. Xiphidiopterus albiceps.
VaneUua albiceps, Gould, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 45 (Fernando Po).
Lobmii.ellus albiceps, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Ilartl. On,.
iqko '£'o,« ( ' : Fernan do Po); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad.
r 'I ' ]'/ '/''-- ftm ™ a ?•); Sar«. J./. O. 1801, p. 268; /ta'dien.
i .r ,10-V' P '- (Loango); Om«& AWy. Arch. Mus. (2) ii.
?i>- { lf- \ KlVer °" ow ' 5 ) J ^ A - Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 534
(River Niger); Bdttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. ix. p. 236 (1885;
Liberia); Marten, J. f. O. 1886, p. 609 (Iddali on tbe Niger
^oko on the Beniie) ; Bilttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. xi. p. 130 (1887) ;
beebohm, Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 195, pi. viii (1888)
Sarciophorus albiceps, Fraser, Zoo/. Ti/p. pi 64 (1849)
^H^opterus albiceps, Reichenb. Grail, tab. clxxxi. fio-. 2432
(18o0) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856).
Iloplopterus speciosus {nee Wayler). Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 97
(1 ®,T. : Render R); Salvad. Atti R. Accad, Sci. Torino, 1870,
1808 255 Aft ' P ' 293 (deSCr -' neC loc ^ '' Gieme !J> Ibis >
Iloplopterus aibiceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 13, no. 9974 (1871);
Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1007 (1873); Reichen. J. f. O.
187 / , p. 11 (Loango Coast) ; id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 217 (Stanley Pool) ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard s B. S. Afr. p. 667 (1884 : descr., nee foe.).
Adult .General colour above light brown, the lower back white
with a black band across it; rump and upper tail-coverts pure
white ; scapulars like the back, but the outer ones white, forming a
patch ; wing-coverts black ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts pure
white ; quills for the most part pure white, the three outer
primaries black, with white on the inner webs, the innermost
secondaries hke the back, the proximal ones white, externally
brown ; basal half of tail white, the terminal half black, forming a
very broad band, decreasing in size on the outer feathers ; forehead
and centre of crown white, bordered with blackish along the sides
ot the crown ; a broad eyebrow, as well as the whole of the sides
of face, cheeks, and sides of neck, bluish grey, followed by a white
patch on the upper part of the mantle ; centre of throat and under
sur ace of body pure white, including the under wing-coverts and
axillaris: "fore half of bill black, basal half clear citron-yellow;
the lappets dark citron-yellow, with a black spot on the inner
side; feet bright grass-green; iris clear sulphur-yellow" (E.
llartert) lotal length 11 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 8-1, tail 3-7,
tarsus 2-9.
Bab. West Africa from Liberia to the Congo, and along that
river eastwards to the Upper White Nile (Dender River).
a-e. Ad. sk. Ankobra River. Sir R.Burton & Capt.
f \a =1, t.- »■,. Cameron [P.].
' ,' \ ' l £ lver Nl " er - Dr- talkie [C.J.
g. Ad. sk. lernando Po (L. Fraser). Eyton Coll.
i ii j -, (Tvpe of species.)
I .Ad sk FernandoPo. C.-.pt.lUon fp.l.
••$ad.ak. Ogowe River. II. T. Ansell, Esq.
*■ Ad. st Gaboon. PtSased.
i2
148 charadriid^e.
2. Xiphidiopterus cucullatus.
Vanellus tricolor (nee V.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 186
(1820: Java).
Cliaradrius macropterus, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, sp. 54, p. 77
(1827: ex Cuv. Mus. Paris).
Vanellus cucullatus, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 505 (1830: Java; Timor).
Tringa macropterus, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 542 (1831).
Lobivanellus cucullatus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33 ; Fimch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 181 (1865 : Timor ; Sumatra) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 187 (1888).
Lobivanellus tricolor, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Bp. C. R. xliii.
p. 418 (1856); ScM. Mus. Parjs-Bas, Cursores, p. 67 (1865:
Sumatra ; Timor ; Java) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tij'dschr. Nederl. Ind.
xliv. pp. 204, 248 (1884 : Java), xlvi. p. 21 (1886), xlix. p. 415
(1889: Sumatra).
Chettusia cucullatus, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1844:
Java) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847).
Chettusia macroptera, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847).
Chettusia tricolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9963 (1871).
Adult (type of V. tricolor, Horsf. ). General colour above light brown,
including the whole of the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries ;
the greater coverts with slightly paler ends ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, the secondaries with pale bases, light ashy
brown on the outer web and white on the inner web ; upper tail-
coverts and base of tail white, forming a broad band, the rest of
the tail black, with a band of white at the end ; crown of head and
nape glossy black, followed by a greyish collar round the hind neck,
extending over the sides of the neck and over the lower throat ; the
sides of the face and throat black like the head ; fore neck, breast,
and sides of body ashy brown or drab ; centre of the breast and
abdomen black ; thighs drab-brown, blackish anteriorly ; vent and
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries also
white : " bill black, light flesh-colour at the base ; an oblong white
lappet, dark at the point ; naked part of tibia fiery orange, changing
into clear yellow on the tarsus ; scales of tarsus and upper part of
toes dark sepia-brown ; iris brownish black " (/. Vorderman).
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 9-8, tail 33, tarsus 3-45.
Hah. Java ; Sumatra ; Timor.
a, b. Ad. sk. Java (Dr. Horsjield). India Museum [P.].
(Types of V. tricolor, Horsf.)
c. Ad. st. Java. Leiden Museum.
13. SARCOGRAMMUS. _
Type.
Sarcogrammus, Beichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852). . S. indicus.
Range. From Persia eastwards to Afghanistan and the Indian
Peninsula to Ceylon ; Burmese countries to Cochin China, the
Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra.
Key to the Species.
a. White band from behind the eye reaching to
the sides of the mantle ; no white collar round
the hind neck indicus, p. 149.
13. SAIU'OUKAMMUS. I l:»
b. White band from behind the eye only reaching
a little way down the .sides of the neck, which
are black like the crown and throat; white
collar on hind neck distinct atriiiuehalis, p. 152.
1 . Sarcogrammus indicus.
Vanncau arme* do Goa, D" Aubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 807.
Le Vannean arme des Indes, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 64(1781).
Tringa indica, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Mil. p. 50 (1783).
Goa Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 165 (1785).
l'arra goensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 700 (1788).
Tringa goensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 727 (1790).
VaneUus goensis, Vieill. N. Diet. cVIIist. Nat. xxxv. p. 208 (1810) ;
Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 124 (Ganges); Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832,
p. 105 (Deccan); Gould, Cent. B. Himal. M. pi. 78 (1832); Jerd.
Madr. Journ. xii. p. 214 (1840).
Charadrius atrogularis, Way/. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 75, sp. 49
(1827).
Lobivanellua goensis, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Hodys. Icon. ined.
in Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 51, no. 228 ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 86 (1844) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mils. p. 65 (J 844 : Nepal) ;
id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 132 (1840); Blyth, Cat.
B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 261 (1849 : Calcutta) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.
Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854: Bengal) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh);
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 648 (1864) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 390(Maun-
bhoom) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 60 (Naini Tal) ; Feilden, Ibis,
1870, p. 295 (Secunderabad, breeding) ; Blanf. J. A. S. Benq. xl.
p. 275 (1871 : Wardha Valley) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 416
(Kathiawar) ; C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 424 (Chamba) ;
W. W. Cordeaux, Ibis, 1888, p. 224 (Lindur Valley, Cashmere).
Chettusia indica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 11, no. 9959 (1871).
Sarcogrammus goensis, Reichenb. Grail, p. xviii, taf. ci. fig. 168,
t. cii. fig. 1050 (1852).
Lobivanellus indicus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, Cursores, p. 68 (1865 :
Bengal; Columbo) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 472 (Ceylon);
Stoliczka, J. A. S. Benq. xli. p. 251 (1872 : Kutch) ; Hume, Nests
S[ Eyys Ind. />. p. 574 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. i. p. 232 (1873 : Sind);
Adam, t. c. p. 394 (Sambhur); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 429 (1S74:
Chota Nagpur) ; Butler, >Str. F. iv. pp. 14,35 (1876: Northern
Guzerat ; Mount Aboo) ; Fairbank, t. c. p. 202 (Khandala); Blanf.
East. Persia, ii. p. 281 (1876: Shiraz ; Baluchistan) ; Hume, Str.
/'. v. p. 45 (1877 : Cachar); Butler, t. c. p. 280 (Gulf of Oman);
Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 39 (1878 : Travancore) ; id. t. c.p. 67 (Jodh-
pur) ; Davidson §■ tVenden, t. c. p. 88 (Ueccan, breeding) ; Hume,
I.e. p. !>7 (Oodeypur) ; Murray, t. e. p. 110 (Sind); Ball, t. c.
p. 227 (Ganges to Godavery) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 300 (Faridpur);
Hume, t.c. p. 483 (Calcutta) j Butler, Cat. />'. Sind etc. p. 59
( IS71>) ; Hume, str. F \iii. p. 112 ( L879); Scully, t. <•. pp. 352,
:!titi (Nepal) ; Doia, t. c. pp. 371, -">7<i (E. Nana, breeding); Legge,
/.'. Ceylon, iii. p. 962 (1880) j Vidal, str. F. i\. p. 82 (1380:
S. Konkan); Barnes, t. e. pp. 220, 4o!> (( "liaman, breeding);
Butler, t. e. p. 427 (S. Mahratta Country, resident ) ; id. Cat. /,'. .V.
Bomb. I'res. p. 71 (1880); lieid, Str. F!\. p. m ( 1881 : I. u -know;;
Biddulph, lias. 1881, p. '■»•"> (Gilgit) : ScuUy, t. c. \>. 587 ; SwmAoe,
Il>i.<. 1882. p. 120 (Candahar) ; Davidson, Str. F. \. p. 319 < L882;
W. Khandeiah) ; Davison, t.c, p. 418(1883: Wynaad); Taylor,
150 CHARADRIID.E.
t. c. p. 465 (Mysore) ; Terry, t. c. p. 480 (Palani Hills) ; Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 228 (1884) ; Sivinhoe $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885,
p. 133 (Mhow distr., breeding) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 167 (Mus-
cat) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 316 (1888) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 184 (1888) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (S. Afghanis-
tan) ; Heine §• Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 334 (1890) ; Oates,
ed. Hume's Nests 8f Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 340 (1890); Sharpe, Set.
Results 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 139 (1891: Srinagar).
Chsetusia goensis, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 203 (Simla to Masuri).
Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, glossed with
a metallic shade of oily green, and showing a slight violet iridescence
on the mantle ; lower back dusky brown ; sides of lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and base of tail pure white, followed by a
shade of light brown before a very broad black band across the
terminal third of the tail, followed by a broad band at the end of
the tail-feathers, brown on the two centre ones and white on the
rest ; wing-coverts glossy violet, the greater series light ashy brown
like the back, the outer ones white at the ends ; the greater coverts
pure white with ashy bases; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and
quills black ; the secondaries black, with white at the base of the
inner web, increasing towards the inner secondaries, which gradually
become pure white, the innermost ones brown like the back ; crown
of head and nape black, slightly crested ; lores and feathers below
the eye black, as well as the cheeks, throat, and upper breast ; from
the back of the eye a broad band of white extending over the ear-
coverts and down the neck, the sides of the neck being white, and
extending round the hind neck in a somewhat incomplete collar,
broken by blackish feathers in the centre and slightly tinged with
grey above the mantle ; sides of fore neck, chest, and entire
under surface of body below the upper breast pure white, including
the under wing- and tail-coverts: "bill black, reddish at base;
wattles rosy -red ; feet pale yellow ; claws dark horny-brown ; iris
brown" (C T. Bingham). Total length 13-5 inches, culmen P35,
wing 9 - l, tail 4-4, tarsus 2-95.
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 1 3
inches, culmen 1*3, wing 9, tail 4 # 5, tarsus 2*9.
Young. Distinguished from the adults by having pale sandy
margins to the feathers ; the crown of the head light brown, black
on the sides and hinder crown ; the throat white, as well as the
sides of the face ; the sides of the head from the hinder ear-coverts
dusky black, extending over the lower throat and chest.
This specimen above described is from Mhow, procured by Colonel
Swinhoe in October. The wattles are scarcely perceptible. By the
following spring the head and throat become black.
Hah. From Persia and Mesopotamia, N. Arabia (Muscat), to
Afghanistan and throughout the whole of the Indian Peninsula,
east to Assam, and south to Ceylon.
a. Ad. sk. " Roodklaneh Doozdee, a river Gould Coll.
in Roodan," Mav 27 (Keith
Abbott).
b,c,d. Ad.sk. Mesopotamia (Commander Jo?ies). Euphrates Exped.
e. Ad. sk. Muscat. Colonel Miles [P.].
13. SAKCOGRAMMUS.
I.'. I
/. cJ ad. sk.
g. Ad. ; h. Juv.
sk.
i. Ad. sk.
A, /. Ad. sk.
m. d ; n, o. 2
ad. sk.
p. <S ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
m. $ ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
iv, x. 6;y-V. 2
ad.; c . Pull.sk
d', e'. Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
!/', h'. Ad. sk.
f. d ad. sk.
k'. d ad. sk.
I', m', ri. Ad. sk.
°)P'> ?'• d 2 ad.
/•'. Ad. sk.
«', <', w'. Ad. sk.
v', w'. Ad. sk.
x'. d ad. sk.
y', z'. Ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
b", c". Ad. sk.
d". Ad. sk.
*"-6if",9". 2
ad. sk.
A". Ad. sk.
i". Ad. sk.
*", f. d 2 ad.
m", »". Ad. sk.
o". Ad.; />", q".
Juv. sk.
»'"»«"• d juv. et
2 ad. sk.
/", «", y". Ad.
sk.
to". Ad. sk.
it". Ad. sk.
y", z", a 3 . Ad.
ak.
b', e*. Ad. sk.
d». Ad.sk.
Sibb, Baluchistan, March 25.
Nal, Khelat, April, Aug.(0. T.
Duke).
Kozdar, May 15 (O. T. Duke).
Afghanistan (Griffith).
Candahar, Feb., March.
Sukkur, Sind, Dec. 28 (A. 0.
H.).
Roree, Nov. (Dr. F. Day).
Mooltan (Capt. Tweedie).
Dehra Ghazi Khan.
Peshawur, Feb. 4.
Sirza district, Punjab, Dec. 7
(A. O. H).
Srinuggur, Cashmere, Aug. 1.
Sanibhur, Feb.-June (11. M.
Adam).
Dhoon.
ilills N. of Masuri.
Kumaon (Strachey).
Kumaon Terai, March.
Delhi, March 25 (C. T. Bing-
ham).
Etawah.
Futtehgurh district, Feb., March
(A. Anderson).
Nepal.
Nepal.
Nepal (Hodgson) .
Hetoura, Nepal, Dec. 25 (/.
Scully) .
Native Sikhim, March, April
(J. Mandelli).
Darjiling (Col. Sharps).
Bootan (Pemberton).
Bootan Dooars, March (J.
Mandelli).
N. Khasia Hills, Feb. (A. W.
Chennell).
Cachar (J. Inglis).
Dacca.
Calcutta, Dec. 12.
Saugor (Hooper).
Kamptee.
Mhow, Oct.
Khandeish.
Deccan (fykes).
Deccan (Burgess).
Ahmednuggur district . March 23
(S. B. Fair bank).
Madras.
Anjango, Travancore.
\V. T. Blanford, Esq.
[0.].
ELume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Way [P.].
Hume Coll.
Dr. Stoliczka [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Col. Biddulph [C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume and Seebohm
Colls.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Dr. B. Hinde [P.].
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale CoD.
Rev. II. II. Baber
[P.].
Hume Coll.
152 CHARADRI1D-E.
e 3 . 2 ad. sk.
Vellarney Lake, June 21 (F.
Bourdillon).
f\ Ad. sk.
Ceylon.
g 3 , h 3 . $ ad. sk.
Cotta, Ceylon, Dec. (Hart).
i 3 , k 3 , I 3 . Ad. sk.
Ceylon (<S'. Chapman).
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
2. Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis *.
Sarcogramma atrogularis (nee Wagl), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxi.
p. 346 (1862) ; id. fy Wald. B. Burnt, p. 152 (1875).
Lobianellus atronuchalis, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 648(1864); Hume,
Nests # Eggs Ind. B. p. 576 (1873) ; id. Str. F. iii. p. 181 (1875 :
Pegu) ; Anderson, Zool. Res, Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 675 (1878 :
Bhamo : Tapeng River) ; Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 457
(1878: Tenasserim); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 69 (1879: Nealys,
Malacca) ; id. t. c. p. 112 ; Tiraut, Bull. Com. Agric. Cochinchine, (3)
i. p. 146 (1879) ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 196 (1880 : Thoungyeen
alley) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 530 (Perak River) ; id. Ibis, 1882,
p. 10 (Malay Peninsula) ; Muller, J.f. O. 1882, p. 434 (Salanga) ;
Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 374 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.
Gen. (2) iv. p. 613 (1887 : Teimzo) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 316
(1888: Manipur) ; Heine ty Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 334
(1890: Is. of Salanga).
Chettusia atronuchalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9960 (1871).
Lobivanellus indicus atronuchalis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. L'haradr.
p. 186 (1888).
Adult male. Similar to S. indicus, but easily distinguished by
the shortness of the white band above the ear-coverts, which extends
but a little way beyond the line of the latter, and is not continued
down the sides of the neck to join the white sides of the fore-neck ;
the white collar round the hind-neck is also more distinct than in
S. indicus : " bill for two-thirds of its length vermilion-red, rest of
bill black ; feet dirty yellow ; lappets and eyelids vermilion-red ;
iris dark brown " ( W. Davison). Total length 12-5 inches, culmen
1-35, wing 8-4, tail 4-3, tarsus 3*2.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
13 inches* culmen 1-3, wing 8-6, tail 4-3, tarsus 3.
Young. Like the adults, but with the throat white, and all the
brown feathers of the upper surface margined with sandy buff; the
crown of the head also browner.
Hob. Burmese countries east to Cochin China and south to the
Malayan Peninsula and Sumatra.
a b. 3 2 ad. sk. Pegu, Dec. 25 (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.
c, d. tf ad. et $ Lower Pegu (E. W. O.). Oates Coll.
juv. sk.
e 2 ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Dec. (E. W. O.). Hume Coll.
f Juv. sk. Thayetmyo, Sept. (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.
a. Ad. sk. Yaytho, June 10 (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.
h-l. 6 ad. et Tonghoo (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.
juv
. sk.
* The name is badly chosen as a distinctive one for separating the Burmese
species from the Indian, as the latter is equally ' black-naped.'
14. TYLIHYX.
153
m, n. d ad. sk.
o, p. Ad. sk.
q. 6; >;s. 2 ad.
sk.
t. 2 J llv - sk.
u,v. $ ; w, x, y.
2 ad. sk.
z, a', b'. (5; c',
d', e'. $ ad. sk.
/'. $ ad.sk.
(/', h', i' . $ ad.
sk.
k'. 3 ad. sk.
/', m'. 2 a< i. sk.
n'. $ ad. sk.
o', p'. 2 ad. sk.
q'. 6; r'. 2 ad.
sk.
«'. c? ad. sk.
t',u'. <5 2 ad. sk.
v'. <5 ad. sk.
w'. 2 ad. sk.
*■'• 6;y',z'. 2
ad. sk.
a", b". <j 2 ad.
sk.
c"j d". c? 2 ad.
^ sk.
e". c? ad. sk.
/". 2 ad. sk.
(/". 3 ad. sk.
h"-l". Ad. sk.
»". Ad. sk.
n", o". Ad. sk.
p". Ad. sk.
q", r". Ad. et
imm. sk.
Karen-nee, March 20 (B. G
W. 11.).
Tapeng River, Feb.
Thatone, Dec, Jan. (W.
Davison).
Kaukaryit, March 24 ( W. D.).
Pakchan, Jan. ( W. I).).
Bankasoon, Dec. to March
(W. D.).
Kossoum, May 8 (J. Darling).
Salang, Feb., March (/. D.).
Tapraw, April 18 (J. D.).
Assoon, Nov. 21 ( W. D.).
Karope, March 25 ( IV. D.).
Amherst, Dec. to March( W. D.).
Amherst-Mergui, March ( W.
D.).
Mergui, Nov. ( W. D.).
Hego, Houngthraw Eiver,
Jan. 2 ( W. D.).
Needong, Attaran River, Feb. 9
(W.D.).
Bopvin, Tenasserim, Dec. 10
(W.D.).
Pabyouk, March ( W. D.).
Kyouk Phyoon, Dec, March
'{W.D.).
Thamnoto, Nov. 13 ( W. D.).
Yea, March 26 ( W. D.).
Tenasserim Town, Nov. 25
( W. D.).
Malacca, Oct. 19 ( W. D.).
Malacca, Julv ( W. D.).
Malacca (X. G. W. R).
Malacca (Dr. Cantor).
Sumatra.
Saigon, Cochin China.
Tweeddale Coll.
Dr. Anderson [C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
H ume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Wallace Coll.
M. E. Pierre [P.].
Type.
14. TYLIBYX.
Tylibyx, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852) . T. melanocephalus.
Range. Mountains of N.E. Africa.
1. Tylibyx melanocephahis.
Lobivanellus melanocephalus, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 115, pi. 44
(1845 : Mountains of Simen, Abyssinia) ; Hewjl. Syst. Uebers.
p. 55 (1856: Highlands of Abyssinia); Blanf. Geol. <$" ZodL
Abyss, p. 430 (1870: Dalanta and Wadela Plateaus, above
10,000 feet); Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 328 (1870); Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1003 (1873: Highlands of Semien,
Tablelands of C. and S. Abyssinia from 9000-12,000 feet, Wogara,
Begeuieder, Zebid, Talanta, Lasta, south to Gala4and and the
154 CHARADRI1D2E.
Shoa district); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. p. 219 (1884:
Tuor-Hamesh, Shoa) ; Seebohm, Geogr, Distr. Ckaradr. p. 194
(1888).
Chettusia rnelanocephala, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847) ; id. Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 12, no. 9967 (1871).
Tylibyx melanocepliala, Reichenb. Grail, p. xviii, tab. ccxcix.
fig. 2433 (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856).
Vanellus nielanocephalus, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 745 (1877).
Adult. General colour above brown, with a lilac gloss ; the lower
back dusky brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the median series
tipped with white, the greater coverts pure white, the innermost
like the median coverts, brown with white tips ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black ; the secondaries with white
bases, extending gradually more on the inner web towards the
inner secondaries, which are entirely white ; innermost secondaries
brown, the outer ones with a broad white margin ; upper tail-
coverts and tail white ; the terminal band black, with again a
narrow white tip, the black band decreasing in width towards the
outer feathers, where it becomes very narrow ; crown of head and
nape black ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of
neck ashy brown, more ashy above the eye; throat black ; breast
and under surface of body, as well as the under tail-coverts, under
wing-coverts, and axillaries pure white ; the fore-neck spotted with
black ; quill-lining black, with the extreme base of the primaries
white, and the same pattern of white and black on the secondaries
as on the upper surface : " bill black, the base of the mandible
yellow; feet citron-yellow ; iris umber-grey" (von Heuglin). Total
length 11-5 incbes, culmeu 1, wing 9-1, tail 3-4, tarsus 245.
Hab. Mountains of N.E. Africa.
a, b. Ad. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum.
c. Ad. st. Shoa. Dr. Euppell [C.].
d. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Gould Coll.
15. ZONIFER*.
Range. Confined to Australia.
1. Zonifer tricolor.
Charadrius tricolor, Vieill. N. Diet. cTHist. Nat. xxvii. p. 147 (1818 :
Australia).
Charadrius pectoralis, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 58, sp. 8
(1827 : ex Cuv. in Mus. Paris) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 545 (1831).
Sarciophorus tricolor (V.), Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Cass. U.S.
Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 328 (1858).
Sarciophorus pectoralis, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 11 (1842) ; Gray,
List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1844 : S. Australia) ; Bli/th, Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc. p. 260 (1849: New South Wales)'; Reichenb.
Grail, tab. cii. figs. 1051-52 (1850); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418
(1856) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 222 (1865) ; Ramsay,
Ibis, 1867, p. 420, pi. ix. fig. 3 ; Hartinq, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 458 ;
Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 336 (N.E. Queensland) ; id. Proa. Linn.
* Z,<l)vr), band ; <pepw, I carry.
1"). ZO.MK1.R. 155
Soc. N.S.W.i. p. 187 (1877 : N.S.W., Victoria, and S. Australia,
Tasmania) ; id. i.e. p. 217 : id. op. tit. ii. p. 197(1878: Rockingham
Bay j Port. Denison; Wide Bay distr. ; Ilichinoiul and Clarence
Rivers) ; North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1173 (1887) ;
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. />'. p. 19 (1888: Interior; Victoria;
S. Australia ; W. & S.W. Australia) ; North, Rests 8f Eggs Austr.
B. p. 802, pi. xvii. flg. 6(1889); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. K. S. W. (2)
iii. p. 177s ( 1889) ; Cox $ Hamilton, op. tit. (2) iv. p. 419 (1890 :
Muclgee distr.); Let/ye, I'mc. Austr. Assoc. 1692, p. 43.
Hoplopterus tricolor (V.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847).
Charadrius vanelloides, Peak, U.8.Expl. Exped. Zool. p. 240 (1848 :
Argyle, N.S.W. ).
LobivanelluB pectoralis, Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 05 (1865 :
Port Essington ; Tasmania) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 200 (1888).
Hoplopterus pectoralis, Gray, Hand-!. B. iii. p. 13, no. 9976 (1871).
Chettuaia (Lobivanellus) pectoralis, Finsch, Proc. Acad. Philad.
1872, p. 32 (Australia).
Adult. General colour above brown, glossed with purplish
bronze ; wing-coverts like the back, the median series tipped with
white, before which is a sub-marginal bar of black ; the greater
coverts pure white, with a little brown at the base ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries white at the
extreme base ; secondaries black, white at the base, the white
gradually increasing towards the inner secondaries, which become
white with an oblique terminal mark of black, and finally the inner
ones are pure white ; the innermost brown like the back, but with
a white margin, preceded by a sub-marginal black line near the
end of the outer web ; lower back and rump dusky brown, duller
than the back ; sides of rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ;
basal half of tail white, the terminal half black with a white tip,
the black band decreasing in width towards the outer feathers ;
crown of head and nape glossy blue-black; the hind-neck and
upper mantle lighter and more ashy-brown than the back ; behind
the eye a broad streak of white; cheeks and entire throat white,
encircled by a broad band of black, which extends from the base of
the bill, below the eye, and across the ear-coverts down the sides
of the neck on to the fore-neck and breast, where it widens and
forms a very broad pectoral band ; remainder of under surface of
body, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white:
"tip of upper mandible horn-colour; the remainder of the bill
beautiful primrose-yellow ; naked parts of the thigh and knees
dark pink : tarsi and toes blackish brown, the latter inclining to
pink-red ; iris yellow, surrounded by a rim of deep primrose
extending in an oblique direction to the fleshy protuberance at the
base of the upper mandible, which is blood-red in the male, much
|ighter or flesh-red in the female" (J. Gould). Total length 10-5
inches, culmen L*05, wing 7 - 4, tail 3*2, tarsus L*9.
Nestling. Band; brown with black markings: a white collar
round the hind-neck; under surface white, with a broad black
collar on the breast.
//«/>. Australia and Tasmania.
156 CHARADRIIDJ2.
a. 2 a d. sk. Hamilton Plains, Tasmania, Hume Coll.
April.
b. c? ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].
c. Juv. sk. South Australia. Gould Coll.
d. e. Ad. sk. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll.
f,ff. Ad.sk. Queensland (J". T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. Pull. sk. Bred in captivity. Lord Lilford [P.].
16. ANOMALOPHRYS.
Range. Western Africa, east to Lake Tanganyika.
1. Anomalophrys super ciliosus.
Lobivanellus superciliosus, Reichen. J. f. O. 1886, p. 116, pi. hi.
fig. 2, imm. (Marungu) ; Matschie, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 136 (Karema),
p. 144 (Marungu); Reichen. J. f. O. 1890, p. 107 (Cameroons) ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1890, p. 109 ; Sharpe in Jameson's Story of the Rear
Column, App. p. 405 (1890: Stanley Pool); Reichen. J. f. O.
1891, p. 372 (Togo-land).
Sarciophorus superciliosus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 418 (Rio del Key).
Adult male. General colour above dark olive -brown ; the lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts light ashy
brown, white at the ends, forming a broad wing-band ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries white at the
extreme base ; secondaries white, with an oblique black mark at the
end, forming a band which increases in breadth towards the
primaries, the outer ones being black with white bases, the inner-
most secondaries olive-brown like the back, the proximal ones
white, ashy brown on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts and basal
two-thirds of tail white, with a broad black band at the end
increasing in width towards the outer feathers, which are tipped
with white, the external one entirely white with a black sub-terminal
spot on the inner web ; crown of head black as well as the nape ;
lores and forehead pale rufous ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides
of neck grey, this colour extending round the hind-neck ; throat
also grey, whiter in the centre ; the fore-neck dark maroon, forming
a collar ; remainder of under surface, from the fore-neck down-
wards, pure white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries :
"iris yellow" (Biittner). Total kngth 10-5 inches, culmen 0-85,
wing 7 - 6, tail 3-1, tarsus 2-1.
Young. Differs from the adult in having the feathers of the
upper surface margined with rusty, the cap only dusky brown, with
a broad frontal band ; a broad eyebrow, as well as the lores,
rust-coloured, the patch on the fore-neck much smaller and of a
rusty colour instead of maroon : " bill black, the base slightly
reddish ; eye-ring and loral lappet dusky j ellow ; feet dull rose-
red ; iris clear brown " (li. Bohm).
Hab. West Africa, from Togo-land to the Congo, and east to Lake
Tanganyika.
a, b. rj ad. sk. Rio del Rev, Cameroons. II. H. Johnston, Esq.,
C.B. [P.].
c. 2 i uv> s k- Stanley Pool, R. Congo (J. Mrs. J. S. Jameson
S. Jameson). [P.].
11. HOPLOPTEHUS. 1.37
17. HOPLOPTERUS.
Ivpe.
Hoplopterus, Bp. Saggio Distr. Met. Aniin. Vertebr.
p. 66 (1831) , II. gpinosus.
Range. S.E. Europe; N.E. and E. Africa; W. Africa from
Benegambia to the Congo. Indian Peninsula and Burmese countries
to Cochin China and Hainan.
Key to the Species.
a. Crown of head black from forehead lo nape ;
back brown or ashy brown.
a. Throat and entire breast black spinosus, p. 157.
//. Throat black ; chest light brown ; breast
and abdomen white, with a black patch
in the centre ventral/*, p. 169.
b. Crown of head white ; hinder crown and nape
black like the sides of the face, throat, and
breast ; wings dove-grey ; centre of back
and lower scapulars black speciosus, p. Mil.
1. Hoplopterus spinosus.
The Black-breasted Indian Plover, Edwards, Nat. Hist. i. p. 47,
pi. 47 (1743: Persia).
The Spur-winged Plover, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. ii. p. 146,
pi. 280. fig. 2 (1760 : Aleppo).
Le Pluvier hupe de Perse, Briss. Orn. v. p. 84 (1760 : Persia).
Charadrius spinosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 256 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st.
Nat. i. p. 690 (1788) ; Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, sp. 10, p. 68
(1827); Less. Traitc cFOm. p. 545 (1831) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn.
2nd ed. iv. p. 353 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Vol/. Russ. Merid,
iii. p. 232 (1843 : Odessa) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxxiv (1844).
Pluvier arme du Senegal, JJAubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 801.
Le Pluvier hupptS, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 98 (1781).
Le Pluvier a aigrette, Buff. t. c. p. 99.
Spur-winged Plover, Lath. Gen. Sy?i. iii. pt. 1, p. 213 (1785).
Spur- winged Plover, var. A, Lath. t. c. p. 214.
Charadrius persicus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 21 (1790).
Charadrius senegalensis (nee L.), Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi.
p. 482 (1819).
Charadrius cristatus (nee Meyer), Stiph. t. c. p. 483.
Hoplopterus spinosus, Bp. Sayyio TJistrib. Met. Anim. Vertebr.
p. 56 (1831) ; id. Camp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 46 (1838) ;
Keys Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxix, 207 (1840) ; Gray, List Grail.
Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844 : Egvpt ; Gambia) ; Miih/e, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl. p. 94 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 117 (1845); Scl.
Oontr. Orn. 1852, p. 126 (Red Sea) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 216
(Senegambia) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mm. Berol. p. 95 (1854) ;
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1866) ;
Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 214 (1857 : Guinea; Casamanse); TV-tor.
Ibis, 1859, p. 36(11. Jordan) ; Taylor, t. c. p. 51 (Egvpt) ; Linderm.
VSg. OrieebenL p. 132 (1860) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 268 (Bissao) ;
Stafford Allen. Ibis, 1863, p. 156 (Egvpt) ; Antin. Cat. descr. IW.
p. 97 (1864 : Egyptian Delta) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 29 (Nubia) ;
Stafford Allen, i.e. p. 240; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 68 (Egvpt);
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 142 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868,
158 CHARADRIIDJE.
p. 324 (Palestine, breeding) ; Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 246 (Malta,
Oct.) ; Blanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 431 (1870 : Lake Askangi ;
Ailat) ; Finsch, Trans. Zool. Son. vii. p. 295 (1870 : R. Araba) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9969 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 232 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1004 (1873),
App. p. clxxx, pi. xli. fig. 10 (Egypt; Nubia ; Atbara R ; Lower
White and Blue Nile ; E. Kordofan ; Abyssinian lowlands and
Red Sea coast; Ujur River); Hartinq, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 456;
Kriiper, J. f. O. 1875, p. 283 (Smyrna) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii.
p. 281 (1876); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 539, pi. 530 (1878);
Fischer $ Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 337 (Tschara) ; Miiller, t. c.
p. 391 (Cyprus) ; Gigl. Ann. Agric. 1881, no. 36, p. 118 (Dalmatia) ;
id. Ibis, 1881, p. 184 (Malta) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 601
(1882 : Kordofan); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 535 (R. Niger) ;
Tristr. Faun, ty Flor. Palest, p. 131 (1884) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn.
Soc, Zool. xvii. p. 441 (1884: Gazelle R.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mas.
Gen. (2) i. p. 219 (1884 : Lake Cialalaka), p. 274 (Lake Ota) ;
Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 116 (Kipini ; Barawa) ; Hartert, J.f. O.
1886, p. 609 (Madscbisari ; Kaura ; Kaschia) ; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb.
ii. p. 332 (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 376 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenco
Ucc. Ital. p. 207 (1886 : Malta) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47
(Kagehi) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 264 : Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi.
p. 310 (1888 : Cialalaka) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49 (Lado) ; id.
Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Jipi) ; Gigl. 1st Resoc. Avif. Ital p. 576 (1889) ;
Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 214; Lilford, t. c. p. 338 (Cyprus) ; Oust.
Bibl. Ecole Hautes Etudes, xxxi. Art. 10, p. 12 (1889: Somali) ;
Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 335 (1890) ; Brusina,
Motr. etc. {Orn. Croat.) p. 86 (1890) ; id. 0m. Jahrb. Heft i. p. 26
(1890 : S. Dalmatia ; Montenegro) ; id. Proc. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Croat. 1891, p. 22; Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Gambia); Scl.
Ibis, 1893, p. 277.
Vanellus melasomus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 237, pi. 26 (1837).
Pluvianus spinosus, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 293 (1837).
Pbilomachus spinosus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 65 (1840).
Hoplopterus persicus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Strickl.
P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan) ; id. Ann. $ Mag. N. H. (2) ix.
p. 348 (1852).
Hoplopterus armatus (nee Jard. fy Selby), Brehm, Vogelf. p. 284
(1855: S. Russia; Egypt).
Vanellus spinosus, Sclil. Mus. Pai/s-Bas, Cursores, p. 60 (1865 :
Egypt ; Senaar ; Abyssinia ; Kordofan ; Gold Coast ; Nubia) ;
Seebohni, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 219 (1888) ; Reichen. Vdg.
Deutsch.-Ost-Afrika's, p. 36 (1894: Masai-land; Victoria Nyanza).
Adult male. General colour above brown, with a slight purplish
gloss ; scapulars like the back, the feathers elongated and somewhat
pointed ; the lower back rather darker brown ; wing-coverts lighter
and more ashy, the outer median coverts white at the ends, and the
greater coverts white for tho most part, the innermost of both series
ashy brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the
secondaries with white bases and black tips, the white increasing on
the inner ones, the innermost secondaries brown like the back ;
upper tail-coverts and base of tail white ; terminal half of the tail
black, the outer feathers tipped with white and the black decreasing
in extent ; crown of head glossy purplish black, with a nucbal
crest ; sides of face, including the lower eyelid, white, as also the
17. iioi'i,(ii'Ti:i:rs.
L59
rides of the neck and a collar round the hind-neck descending
on the sides of the foro-neck ; throat, centre of fore-neck, and entire
breast Mack, descending on to the sides of the flanks ; sides of body,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axilluries
pure white ; quill-lining black : hill and feet black ; iris scarlet or
crimson. Total length 12 inches, culmen l - 25, wing 8"2, tail 3 - 9,
tarsus 2-85.
Hah. S.E. Europe; Palestine; N.E. Africa to Masai-land and
the Tana district, as far asMamboio ; West Africa from Senegambia
to the Niger.
a. Juv. sk. Island of Milo, Crete, Grecian
Archipelago.
6, Ad.sk. Sea of Galilee, Palestine.
e, d. Ad. st. Egypt.
c All. sk. Egypt,
/-, jr. Ad. sk. Egypt, Feb., March (G. E.
Shell vii).
h. 3 ad.sk. Lower Egypt (Stafford Allen).
i, k. J $ ad. sk. Upper Egypt (7/. Rogers).
/, in. Ad. sk. Cairo.
n. Ad. sk. Assiout.
o. 3 ad.sk. Lake Ashangi, Abyssinia, May.
p. 5 ad. sk. Ailat, Samhar, June 29.
q. J ad. sk. Amba, Aug. 21 ( W. Jesse).
r. ($ ad. sk. Cialalaka, Slioa, May 28.
s. $ ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa,
Oct. 10.
/. $ ad. sk. Lake Jipi, Aug.
", v. Ad. sk. Mamboio (Sir J. Kirk).
10, Ad. sk. Gazelle River.
' . \d. sk. ( ianibia.
//. Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal, Jan. (Z.
I.ui/htise).
i. Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal, Jan. (L.
Latjlaise).
a'. Skeleton.
Gould Coll.
Canon Tristram [C.J.
Sir J. Bowrinj* [P.J.
G. Turnbull,
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Ksq.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Capt. R. H. Penton
fp.J.
Tweeddale Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[CI
Tweeddale Coll.
Turin Museum [E.J.
Emin Pasha [P.J.
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
Seebohm Coll.
F. Bohndorff[C.l.
Old Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Purchased.
2. Hoplopterus ventralis.
Pluvier arme' du Senegal, Brim. Orn. y. p. 86, pi. vii. fig. 2 (17G0).
Charadrius ventralis, M'ai/l. Syst. Ai\, Cbaradrius, p. 59, sp, 11
(1827); Gray -\ Hardw. Ulustr. Lid. Zool. i. pi. 03 (1832).
Cbaradrius duvaucelii, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 333 (1828 : Calcutta) ;
id. Traite, p. 645 (1831) ; id. Compl. Buff., Ois. iii. p. 40< | 1887).
Cliaradriusbicolor, Temm. PL Col. v. livr. 89 (1832: Bengal).
Philomachus ventralis vel spinosus, ILodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.,
GraU. pi. 48. no. 227 ; id. in Gray's Zoo/. Misc. p. Hi ( 1>44 ).
Boplopterus ventralis, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Bftu.Ta.64 (1>44:
Nepal); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.-p. 182 (1846);
lihith, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 260 (1849: Dehra Dhoon) ;
toeichmb. Grail, tab. eexcix. tips. 2428-29 (18o2) ; Hp. C. R.
160 CHAEADEIID^.
xliii. p. 418 (1856); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh) ; Jerd. B.
Ind. iii. p. 650 (1864) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 361 (Hainan) ;
Blanf. t. c. p. 470 (PegH ; Ava) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 403
(Hainan) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9970 (1871) ; Hume,
Nests $ Egqs Ind. B. p. 578 (1873) ; id. Str. F. ii. p. 482 (1874 :
Tenasserim) ; Hart in g, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 455, pi. Lx. fig-. 3 (egg) ;
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 181 (1875 : Pegu) ; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burnt.
p. 153 (1875 : Tonghoo ; Karen-nee) ; Ball, Str. F. iv. p. 234
(1876 : Sambalpur) ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877 : N.E. Cachar) ;
David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 423 (1877: Cochin China; Hainan) ;
Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 457 (1878: Tenasserim): Ball,
Str. F. vii. p. 227 (1878 : Ganges to Godaveiy) ; Cripps, t. r.
p. 300 (Faridpur) ; Hume, t. c. p. 483 (Calcutta) ; Anders. Zool,
Res. West. Yunan Exped. p. 675 (1878 : Tsitkaw ; Maungla) ;
Tiraut, Bull. Com. Ai/ric. Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 146 (1879) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 112' (1879); Scully, t. c. p. 352 (Nepal Valley,
breeding) ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 197 (1880 : Thoungveen
Valley); Oates, Str. F. x. p. 238 (1882); id.Handb.B. Brit.
Burnl. ii. p. 373 (1883) ; Swinhoe fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 133
(Mhow District) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) iv. p. 613 (1887 :
Bhamo), v. p. 62 (1888: Kaukuyit) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 316
(1888 : Manipur) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests $■ Eggs Ind. B. iii.
p. 347 (1890).
Hoplopterus spinosus (nee Linn.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847).
Vanellus ventralis, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, Cursores, p. 61 (1865 :
Nepal) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 227 (1888).
Hoplopterus rualabaricus (nee Bodd.), Blanf. J. A. S. Benq. xl.
p. 276 (1871 : Wardha Valley).
Adult male. General colour above light brown ; lower back and
rump more dusky brown; upper tail-coverts and tail pure white,
the latter black for the terminal third, forming a broad black band ;
scapulars and all the inner wing-coverts light brown, like the
back ; the outer median and greater coverts pure white, the outer
lesser coverts black, forming a large wing-patch ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts black, with the extreme base white ; quills black,
white at the bases, increasing gradually on the secondaries until
they are entirely white, excepting a black tip, the succeeding inner
secondaries pure white, the innermost light ashy brown like the
back ; crown of head and nape black, the nape-feathers long and
narrowing to a point ; hind nock and sides of neck pale ashy grey,
extending over the sides of the neck and on to the ear-coverts, this
grey colour separated from the black crown by a narrow band of
white, extending from behind the eye round the nape ; lores and
fore part of face to about the middle line of the eye black, succeeded
by white, which extends downwards and skirts the black throat to
the sides of the neck ; entire throat black ; the lower throat white,
connected with the white of the sides of the neck ; fore-neck light
brown, forming a band ; remainder of under surface of body pure
white, except for a crescentic band of black on the lower breast ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white. Total length 11-5 inches,
culmen 1*35, wing 7*6, tail 3-35, tarsus 2-5.
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length
12*5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 7 - 6, tail 3-1, tarsus 2-45.
1 7. norLorxEKUs.
161
Hah. From North-western and Central India to the Burmese
countries and Siam, and as far east as Hainan.
a. Ad. sk.
b. 2 ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d-ff. Ad. sk.
h. 3 ad. sk.
i, k. cJ 5 ad. sk.
/, m. Ad. sk.
n-p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r-u. Ad. sk.
v, w. Ad. sk.
x. Ad. sk.
y, z. Ad. sk.
a'-c'. Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
(J. Ad. sk.
h'. <$ ad. sk.
t', k'. Ad. sk.
/'. $ ad. sk.
m'. rf ad. sk.
«'. c? ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p\ $ ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
>•', s'. cJ ad. sk.
/'. cJ ad. sk.
«'. (S ad. sk.
v'. $ ad. sk.
to', .r'. cJ 2 ad. sk.
y'. 2 ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
a". (J ad. sk.
6". Bones of trunk.
Dehra Dhoon.
Gurhwal, May 25 (G. King).
Kumaon.
Etawah, Dec. to March.
Futtebgur, Dec. {A. Anderson)
Futtehgur, April, Sept. {A.
Anderso7t).
Saugor.
Dinapur.
Behar.
Nepal.
Nepal (B. II. Hodgson).
Nepal.
Nepal Valley, May, Dec.
(J. Scully).
Sikhim, Feh.,
Mandelli).
Bhotan Doars, Jan. (L. 31.).
Siligoree, Bengal, April 11
(H. J. JElwes).
Kamroop, Assam, Feb. (A. W.
Chennell).
Assam (McClelland).
Logtak Lake, Manipur, March
18 (A. O. H.).
Tonghoo, Burma, Jan. (R. G.
W. R.).
Shuay-g-yeen, Jan. (R. G.
W. R.).
Sittang River, Sept. 30 (R. G.
W. R.).
Karen-nee, March 17 (R. G.
W. R.).
Tsitkau, Upper Burma, Feb. 6.
Houngthraw River, Tenas-
serim, Dec. 20 ( W. Limborg)
Younzaleen Creek, Feb. ( W.
Davison).
Kaukaryit, Oct., Nov. (/.
Darling).
Thatone, Jan. 15 ( W.Davison).
Myawadee, Jan. 20 ( W. D.).
Megaloon, Jan. ( W. D.).
Epo, Jan. 25 (W. D.).
Pakchan, Jan. 20 (IT. D.).
Siam.
Hainan, March (R. Stcinhoe).
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
March (Z. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Dr. J. Anderson [C],
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
M. E. Pierre [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
;3. Hoplopterus speciosus.
Charadrius speciosus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 649 (ex Licht. in Mm.
Berol. ; Caffraria).
VOL. XXIV. M
162 CHAEADEIID^;.
Charadrius albiceps (nee Gould), Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 526 (1832 :
S. Africa).
Pluvianus armatus, Jard. #■ Selby, III. Orn. i. pi. 54 (1828 : S. Africa).
. Hoplopterus armatus, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844 :
S. Africa) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.
Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 : Caffraria) ; Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 293
(1867 : Colesberg) ; Gitrney, Ibis, 1868, pp. 255, 468 (Potchef-
. stroom) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 299 (Transvaal, breeding) ; Buckley,
Ibis, 1874, p. 387 (Transvaal to Matabele) ; Barrett, Ibis, 1876,
p. 212 (Potcbefstroom).
Hoplopterus speciosus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Finsch Sf
Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 639 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12,
no. 9971 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 267 (1872 :
Damara to Great Namaqua Land ; Lake Ngami ; Teougbe and Oka-
vango Rivers) ; Bocage, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 296 (Rio Coroca ; Huilla) ;
id. Orn. Angola, p. 427 (1881 : Rio Cunene ; Humbe ; Benguela) ;
Sharjie, in Oates' Matabele- Land, App. B, p. 325 (1881 : Sasbe
River) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Great Chine Pan) ; Holub $
Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 239 (1882 : Matabele ; Transvaal ;
Hart's R.) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 667 (1884) ; Fischer,
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 391 (1884 : Pare" ; Naiwascha Lake) ;
. Bbhm, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 72 (Tanganyika) ; Fischer, t. c. p. 116
(Sigirari) ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47 (Soboro) ; Matschie, t. c.
p. 138 (Karema) ; Emin, J. f. O. 1891, p. 58 (Ugogo) ; Beichen.
t. c. p. 141 (Mette Mette, Uniamuesi).
Vanellus speciosus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 62 (1865 :
Caffraria) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.^. 221 (1888); Shelley,
P. Z. S. 1889, p. 372 (Kilimanjaro) ; id. Ibis, 1894, p. 475 (Lake
. Skirwa) ; Beichen. Vbg. Deutsch.-Ost-Afr. p. 36 (1894).
Charadrius armatus, Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 415 (1865 :
Lake Ngami).
Lobivanellus albiceps (nee Gould), Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 26 (Nyasa-
land).
Adult male. General colour above grey and black; the mantle,
back, scapulars, and parapteral plumes black ; the upper scapulars
•and the whole of the -wing-coverts lavender-grey, the greater wing-
coverts with white ends, the outer ones blackish on the inner webs ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries
with white bases, increasing in extent towards the innermost, which
are lavender-grey like the wing-coverts ; rump, upper tail-coverts,
and base of tail pure white ; the end of the tail black, decreasing
in extent towards the outer feathers, which have a uarrow white
tip ; crown of head pure white, succeeded by a broad black band,
which occupies the occiput and nape, joins the black sides of the
face, and separates the white crown from a broad white collar round
the hind-neck; lores and sides of face, passing in a narrow line
above the eye, as well as the sides of the neck and entire throat
and breast, black ; abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts,
under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure white ; quill-lining black :
"bill, feet, and toes black; iris red" (C. J. Andersson). Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 8*1, tail 3*3, tarsus 2-9.
Hah. S.E. Africa from Natal to Damara-land and the Zambesi,
north to Uniamuesi.
18. BELONOPTEETJS. 103
a 9 ad st South Africa. Zoological Society.
b. 1mm." sk. Cape of Good Hope. S^lff n ,1
c. Ad. sk. Natal. Tweeddale Coll.
d 2 ad. sk. Natal. Seebohrn Coll.
e. rf ad. sk. Transvaal ( T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll.
/. S ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Gurney Coll.
g cJ; h, i. 2 ad. Transvaal, Dec. {T. E. Buck- Shelley Coil.
k. Ad. sk. Transvaal. Capt. Savile Reid
[O.J.
1 2 ad sk Branslow's Farm, Transvaal, W. E. & C. G.Oates,
Dec. (F. Gates). Esqre. [PJ.
jti 2 ad sk Sashe River, Transvaal, Oct. W. E. & C. G. Oates,
(F. Oates). Esqrs. [PM.
n Ad. sk. Damara-land. Tweeddale Coll.
op. d? ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Seebohrn Coll.
Julv, Sept. ( C. J. Andersson).
4i 2 ad sk Lake'Shirwa, Xvasa-land, May H.H. Johnston, Esq.,
M. WA./fe). C.B. [P.].
r, «. (J 2 ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, June 24. DC. V Hunter,
18. BELONOPTERUS. Ty ^
Belonopterus, Beichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852). B. cayennensis.
Range. Confined to South America.
Key to tlie Species.
a. Smaller; sides of face brown; tail narrowly
tipped with white ; tarsus 32 inches cayennensis, p. lod.
b. Larger; sides of face ashy grey ; tail broadly _
tipped with white ; tarsus 2'75 inches chdensis, p. 165.
1. Belonopterus cayennensis.
Vanneau arme - de Cavenne, D'Aubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 836 ; Buff.
Hist. Nat. Ois. viii."p. G6 (1781). ,„,, ,i*o- n %
Cavenne Sandpiper, Ea*A. <?«». fyn. m. pt. 1, p. 164 Q78o : Cayenne).
Parra cayennensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 70(5 (1788 : Cavenne).
Tringa cayennensis, Lath. Inch Orn. a. p. 727 (1790 : Cayenne).
Terutero 6 Teteu, Azara. Apimt. hi. p. 264 (1805).
Vanelluscavanensis, Vieill. N. Diet. iB.vA.THat. xxxv. p. 20b (1819);
Groy, i;k Grail. Brit. Mu.s. V . 63 ( L844: Monte Video; Bnt.
Guiana), pt.; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. :MW (1 *■'«;>•
Charadrius cayennensis, LtcA*. T'«-.Z>o«6/.p. 70 (1823 : S. America).
Charadrius lampronotus, Wagl Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 4b, sp. /4
Vaneflus' cayennensis, Neuiried, Beitr. Natury. Bras. iv. p. 754
(1833: Bahia) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii n 541 (1847) ; Cab. in Sckomb. Bei<. Guian. in. p. /o0(184«) ;
Jlann. lieite La Plata-St. ii. p. 502 (1861 : Parana) pt; Scl. $
Salv P Z S. 1867, p. 591 (Mexiana) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144
(Conchitas); Wvatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 (Lake Paturia) ; Pelz.
Orn. Bras. pp. 296, 454 (1871: Sapitiba; Ypanema ; Jaguaribu;
Ytarart: Eaanga; Cuyaba; Caicara) ; Qray, JLmd-l. B. m.
p. 11. do. 9967(1871); Sudson,,P. Z. S. 1871, p. 6 (Buenoa
Uivs); Set. & Salt: Numeric!. Av. Neotrop. p. 142 (1873; pt.);
n l'
164 CHAEADRIIDJE.
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 167 (Buenos Ayres) ; Hurting, t. c.
pp. 450, 457 (Uruguay) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos-
Ayres) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, breeding) ; id. t. c.
p. 196 (Buenos Ayres) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 627, 628 ; Scl.
% Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 546 (Antioquia) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880,
p. 161 (Cape San Antonio) ; Durnf. t. c. p. 416 (Tucuman) ;
White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 627 (Buenos Ayres) ; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884,
p. 441 (Angostura) ; Barroivs, Auk, i. p. 278 (1884 : Lower
Uruguay, breeding Aug. to Dec.) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282
(Paysandu) ; Berl. fy Iher. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 85 (1885 :
Taquara) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (British Guiana) ; Seebohm,
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 216 (1888) ; Scl. 8c Hudson, Argent.
Orn. ii. p. 165 (1889) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Argent. Rep.) ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 160 ; -Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270
(Pilcomayo) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 150 ; Holland, t. c. p. 210 (Estancia
Espartilla, breeding) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. v. p. 149
(1893 : Cuyaba, Matto Grosso).
Philomachus cayanus {nee Lath.), Gould in Darwin's Voy. ' Beagle, r
Birds, p. 127 (1841 : La Plata).
Belonopterus cayennensis, Meichenb. Grallee, p. xviii, tab. ci. figs.
678-80 (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856) ; Heine Sr Reichen.
Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 334 (1890 ; pt.).
Adult male. General colour above ashy, with a metallic gloss of
oily green on the back and scapulars, the lower back and rump
dusky brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail pure white, the terminal
half black, tipped with white ; outer scapulars glossed with metallic
copper ; lesser wiug-coverts purplish black and metallic steel-green
in succession, with a slight purplish gloss ; median and greater
wing-coverts white, the inner ones ashy brown ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, the inner secondaries white or
ashy brown at the base, increasing in extent towards the innermost
secondaries, which are ashy brown with a metallic oily-green
lustre; forehead black to above the fore part of the eyes, and
including the base of the lores and a spot at the base of the cheeks,
followed by a whitish band across the fore part of the crown, the-
rest of which is light brown like the hind-neck, sides of neck, ear-
coverts, and sides of face to below the middle of the eye ; fore part
of the face white, forming a white patch between the black and
the brown colours, the fore part of the cheeks being white, the
hinder part brown ; chin and centre of throat black ; lower throat
light brown, like the sides of the neck ; fore-neck and upper breast
glossy black ; lower breast and abdomen, as well as tho under wing-
and tail-coverts white ; quills black below : " bill pale red at the base,
the tip blackish brown ; feet greyish brown, the joints red ; iris
sealing-wax red " (Neuwied). Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-3,
wing 9, tail 3-9, tarsus 3*2.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but having a shorter
crest : " bill reddish purple, the point black ; thighs reddish purple ;
feet, toes, and claws black ; eyelid reddish purple ; iris red " (ff.
Whitely). Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 9 -2, tail 3*8,
tarsus 2-9.
Hob. From Colombia and Guiana to Central and Southern Brazil.
18. DKLONOPTERUS.
165
«. Ad. sk.
b, c. $ ad. sk.
d, e. Ad. sk.
/. ? ad. sk.
9
h,
Carthagena.
Antioquia, U.S.
(T. K. Salmon).
British Guiana.
Colombia
<J ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
. Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Pull. sk.
Ad. sk.
t. 3 2 ad. sk.
Ad. st.
Quongo, British Guiana, Oct.
20 (II. IWiitely).
Aunai, British Guiana, April
(H. W.).
Brazil.
Island of Mexiana, Nov. (A. li.
Wallace).
Para (E. L. Layard).
Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes).
Bahia (Dr. Wucherer).
Bahia (Dr. Wucherer).
Bio de Janeiro.
Matto Grosso (II. H. Smith).
Buenos Ayres, Nov. G (E. W.
White).
Monte Video (Johnson).
Uruguay, Aug. 14.
Maldonado.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Sir R. Schomburgk
[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
M. Claussen [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Alan Peel, Esq. [P.].
Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
2. Belonopterus chilensis.
Parra chilensis, Molina, Saggio St. Chili, p. 239 (1789).
Vanellus cayennensis (nee Om.), Bridges, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 94 (Chili) ;
Gay, Farm. Chii, Zool. i. p. 400 (1847) ; Burm. Reise La Plata-St.
ii. p. . r )02 (1861 : Mendoza) ; Scl. $■ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 331, 339 ;
iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Gre^orv Bav) ; iid. Nomenel. An. Neotrop.
p. 142 (1873 ; pt.) ; Berk. James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892).
Philomachus chilensis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Chili).
Vanellus cayanensis, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mux. p. 63 (1844 :
Valparaiso).
Philomachus cayanus (nee Lath.), Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,'' Birds,?. 127
(1841, pt.).
Vanellus chilensis, Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 54 (Chili).
Hoplopterus cayanus (nee Lath.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 46 (Falkland
Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 (Stanley, E. Falklands) ; Omt. Miss.
Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 289 (1891).
Vanellus cayanus, Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 490 (Gregory Bay).
Vanellus occidentalis, Hurting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 451 ; Scl. § Salv.
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 437 (Elizabeth Isl.) ; iid. Voy. ' Challenger;
p. 108 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Peckett Harbour;
Talcakuano) ; Taczan. Orn. Pcrou, iii. p. 335 (1886).
Vanellus cayennensis chilensis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 218
(1888).
Adult male. Similar to B. cayennensis, but larger, with the head,
neck, and sides of face clear ashy grey, instead of brown, the
•white tips of the tail broader, and the black of the breast extending
further down and occupying the whole breast ; the tarsus much
shorter. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9-3, tail 4'7,
tarsus 2 - 75.
Aduli female. Resembles the male in colour. Total length
15-5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 9-5, tail 4-3, tarsus 2-6.
166 CHARADRIID^;.
Young. Browner than the adult, varied with cross-bars of sandy
brown all over the back and head ; the black on the throat
narrower and more restricted.
Hah. From the Falkland Islands to Patagonia, Chili, to Peru.
a. c? ad. sk. Chili. Salvin-Godman Coll.
b, c. Ad. sk. Chili. Seebohm Coll.
d. Pull. st. Chili. Bridges Coll.
e,f. c? 2 ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Seed). Salvin-Godman Coll.
g-k. Ad. ; I. Juv. Central Chili (Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll.
sk.
m. Ad. st. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett & Capt r
Fitzroy [P.].
n. 3 ad. sk. San Pedro, Tarapaca, July 7 Berkeley James Coll.
{A. A. Lane),
o. 9. ad. sk. San Antonio, Tarapaca (^4. Berkeley James Coll.
A, L.).
p. cJ ad. sk. Talcahuano, Chili, Nov. 22 Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
(Dr. Coppinger).
q. 3 ad. sk. Elizabeth Island, Straits of Voy. H.M.S. < Chal-
Magellan. lenger.'
19. VANELLUS.
Type.
Vanellus, Briss. Orn. v. p. 91 (1760) V. vanellus.
Range. Europe and Northern Asia, wintering in the Mediter-
ranean countries, N.W. India and China. Accidental in North
America.
1. Vanellus vanellus.
The Pewit.
The Lapwing or Bastard Plover, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 70, pi. 74
(1738).
Le Vanneau, Briss. Orn. v. p. 24, pi. viii. fig. 1 (1760) ; D'Aubent. PI.
Bid. viii. pi. 242 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 48, pi. iv. (1781).
Tringa vanellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 670 (1788).
Lapwing, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 161 (1785).
Vanellus capella, Schaeff. Mus. Orn. p. 49 (1789) ; Stejn. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 35 (1882) ; Baird, Brewer,^- Ridgiv. Water-
Birds N. Amer. i. p. 130 (1884) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 376 (1886) ;
Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 206 (1886) ; Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vbg.
DeutscM. p. 51 (1889) ; Gigl. 1st Resoc. Avif. Ital. p. 576 (1889),
2nd p. 663 (1890), 3rd p. 518 (1891).
Vanellus vulgaris, Bechst. Orn. Tasclienb. ii. p. 313 (1803) ; Dresser,
B. Eur. vii. p. 545, pi. 531 (1875) ; Danf. § Harvie-Brown, Ibis,
1875, p. 419 (Transylvania); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Butler,
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 58 (1879) ; Hume, Sir. R.y'ai. p. 112 (1879) ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 152 (Siberia) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 65
(1881: Lucknow); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94' (Gilgit, winter);
Scully, t.c. p. 587 (Gilgit, spring & autumn) ; B. O. U. List Brit.
B. p. 161 (1883); Samiders, ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. iii. p. 283
(1883) ; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 148 (Obedska Bara) ; Saunders,
t. c. p. 389 (St. Jean de Luz) ; Tristr. Faun. 8f Flor. Palest.
p. 131 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica, winter) ;
Reid, t. c. p. 253 (Morocco, winter) ; Pleske, Uebers. Stiug. und
Vbg. Kola-Halb. p. 329 (1886) ; Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 74
19. VANELLUS. 167
(]•:. Pyrenees); Tail, t. c. p. 386 (Portugal, Oct. to March) ;
Buckley § Harvie- Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 125
(1888) ; St. John, I his, 1881), p. 176 (S. Afghanistan) ; Feilden, t. c.
p. 495 (Barbados, Dec); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 539 (1889) ;
Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 47 (1890);
Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 409 (Ireland, nesting) ; W. Evans, Ibis,
1891, p. 80 (incubation) ; Dresser, t. c. p. 369 (Erzeroom) ; Buckley
$T Hai-vie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkneys, p. 204 (1891) ; iid.
Vert. Faun. Argyll, p. 166 (1892) ; Blagg, Ibis, 1893, p. 355
(Shetland Is., breeding).
Vanellus cristatus, Wolf Sf Meyer, Hist. Nat. Ois. de VAllem. i.
p. 110, cum tab. (1805) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 211
(1819); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 550 (1820) ; Boux, Orn. Prov.
pi. 278 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 17 (1827) ; Brehm,
Vbq. Deutschl. p. 555 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Bais. Cauc. p. 53
(1832 : Caspian) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 291 (1837) ; Bp. Comp.
List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 46 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 369
(1840); Keys. Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. lxix (1840); Nordm. in
Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 256 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faun.
Belg. p. 121 (1842); Schl. Bev. Crit. p. lxxxiii (1844); Miihle,
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 94 (1844) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus.
p. 63 (1844) ; Hodgs.Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, App. pi. 40,
no. 625 ; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Biipp. Syst.
Uebers. p. 117 (1845); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 261, pi. lxx.
(1846) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8,-c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 132 (1846) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 261
(1849) ; Thompa. B. Irel. ii. p. 110 (1850) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle,
pi. xxxi. fig. 2 (1852) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p'. 133 (1852) ; Schl.
Vog. Nederl. pi. 216 (1854) ;' Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 419 (1856) ; Jaub.
et Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 450 (1859) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1859,
p. 52 (Egypt) ; Schrenk, Bets. Amurl. p. 408 (1859 : Sungaria) ;
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 133 (1860) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79
(Chamba Country, Algeria, Dec.) ; Pouys, t. c. p. 339 (Ionian Is.) ;
Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 21. fig. 10 (1861); Bernhardt, Ibis,
1861, p. 9 (Greenland)'; lrby, t. c. p. 238 (Oudh) : Swinh. t. c.
p. 342 (Pekin, Nov.) ; Newton in Barinq-Goulils Iceland, p. 411
(1863) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 137 (1863) ; Badde, Beis. Sibir.,
Vbq. p. 321 (1863: Bureja Mts.) ; Collett, Overs. Christ. Om.
Orn. Faun. p. 180 (1864) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 30 (Egrypt) ;
Wright, t. c. p. 142 (Malta) ; Sperling, t. c. p. 286 ; Jerd. B. hid.
iii. p. 643 (1864) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 69 (Pisa) : Swinh. t. c.
p. 349 (Swatow, Nov. ) ; More, t. c. p. 432 ; FiUppi, Viagg. Persia,
p. 351 (1865) ; Gould, B. Great Brit. iv. pi. 33 (1865) ; Schl.
Mus. Paqs-Bas, Cursores, p. 56 (1865); Sundev. Si: Fogl. pi. 36.
fjg. 1 (1866); God/nan, Ibis, 1866, pp. 100. 107 (Azores); Legge,
t. c. p. 420; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 68 (Egypt) : /laird, t. c.
p. 282 (Inland and Greenland) : Stoinhoe, t. e. p. 399 (Oheo-bay,
Am. iv) ; Drake, t. r. p. 429 (Tangier.*) ; Degl. et Qerhe, Om. Eur.
ii. p. 148 (1867) : Loche, Expl. s,i. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 271 (1867);
Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 49 (1868); Dyb. J.f. O. 1868, p. 337
(Darasun); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 458 (Portugal); Borggr. Vogelf.
Norddeuteahl. p. 109 (1869); Dallfy Bona. Trans. Chtc. Acad. i.
p. 293 (1869: Norton Sound) : Doderl. Arif. Sicil. p. 178 (1869);
God man, Azores, p. :',2 (1870); Fritsch, Vbq. Eur. tab. 35.
Bg8. •". 5(1870); Ffir.s \ liuekleq. Ibis, 1870. p. ;!.",i) (Turkey);
Gray, Hand-/. 11. iii. p. L0, no. 9960 (1871) : Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 408 (Canton and Formosa, winter) : Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 298
(Algeria); Saunders, t. c. p. 386 (S. Spaiu)'; B. Gray, B. West
168 CHARADRIID-E.
Scotl. p. 263 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 199 (1871) ;
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 243 (1872) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1872,
p. 232 (Constantinople) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 43 (1872) ;
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 231 (1872) ; Hume fy Henders. Lahore to
Yark. p. 286 (1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 992, App.
p. clxxix (1873: Egypt, N. Arabia; White Nile); Brooke, Ibis,
1873, p. 337 (Sardinia); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873:
breeding) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 101 (Kultuk) ; Hume, Nests $
Eggs Ind. B. p. 573 (1873) ; id. Str. F. i. p. 231 (1873 : Sind) ;
Adam, t. c. p. 394 (Sambhur) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1874, p. 336; Saxby,
B. Shetl. p. 168 (1874) ; Dumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 397 (N. Frisian Is.) ;
Stoliczka, Str. F. iii. p. 220 (1875: Yarkand); Irby, Orn. Str.
Gibr. p. 158 (1875 : spring and autumn) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 154
(1875) ; Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 280 (1876) ; Radakof, Hand-
Atlas Nistend. Vbg. pi. 18 (1876); Sioinh. Ibis, 1876, p. 334
(Japan) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 41 (1876 : Sindh) ; Scully, t. c.
p. 186 (Yarkand) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 249 (1876) ;
id. ii. p. 155 (1877: Poland, March to Sept.); Prjev. in Moivley's
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 433 (1877 : S.E. Mongolia ; Yellow R. Valley ;
Dalai-nor ; Tsaiaam ; Koko-nor ; Lake Hanka) : David et Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 422 (1877) ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 33 (Zebil Taurus) ;
Blakist. fy Pryer, t. c. p. 219 (Tokio, Yokohama, Ilakodadi) ;
Butler, Str. F. vii. p. 186 (1878 : E. Narra) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges.
Wien, xxix. p. 242 (1879: Burgustai; Saissan ; Ala-kul ; Omsk);
Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1882) ; Blakist. # Pryer, B.
Japan, p. 108 (1882) ; iid. Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 108 (Yezo) ;
Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 120 (Kandahar) ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 187
(Santander) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 420'(1884: from 2000 to
3500 feet, breeding) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 68 (1884) ;
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 228 (1884) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884,
p. 267 (Central China) : Marshall, t. c. p. 423 (Chamba) ; Blakist.
Amended List B. Jap. p. 10 (1884: Japan generally) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 605 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii.
p. 57 (1885) ; Zarudn. Ois. Transcasp. p. 68 (1885 : Ahal-Tekke) ;
Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 87 (1887) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887,
p. 610; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 468 (Corea) ; Feilden, Zool. 1888,
p. 301 (Barbados, Dec.) ; Koenig, J. f O. 1888, p. 271 (Tunis) ;
Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) v. pt. 3, p. 88 (1889 : N. Afghan-
istan) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 339 (Cyprus, winter) ; Meade-
Waldo, t. c. p. 509 (Fuerteventura) ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Ftnp.
p. 312 (1890) ; Frivaldszky, Aves Hung. p. 120 (1891) ; Madardsz,
Frliiut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 102 (1891) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891,
pp. 330, 504 (Lower Yangtse, winter) ; Sharpe, Rep. 2nd Yark.
3Iiss., Aves, p. 138 (1891); Seebohm,' Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligo-
land) ; Campbell, t. c. p. 246 (Corea) ; De la Touche, t. c. p. 496
(Foochow and Swatow, winter) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 203
(Canary Is., winter).
Charadrius vanellus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 132 (1811) ;
Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 37, sp. 47 (1827) ; Naum. Vbg.
Deutschl. vii. p. 269, Taf. 179 (1834) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 222
(Astrakhan), p. 425 (Samarkand) ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 28 (Caucasus).
Vanellus gavia, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. Sfc. Brit. Mus. p. 29
(1816) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. pt. 2, p. 211 (1819) ; Licht.
Nomencl Ad. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 : Nubia).
Charadrius gavia, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 70 (1823 : Egypt, Nubia).
Vanellus bicornis, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 557 (1831).
Vanellus candidus, J. F. Naum. Vbg. Deutschl. vii. p. 276 (1834).
Vanellus pallidus, J. F. Naum. Vbg. Deutschl. vii. p. 276 (1834).
19. VANELLUS. 109
Vanellus varius, J. F. Naum. Vog. DeuUcM. vii. p. 27G (1834).
The Pewit or Lapwing, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 417 (1843).
Vanellus vanellus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 :
Europe) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. ICO (1886) ; Ridgw.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 172 (1887) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 297
(1889); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croatica), p. 88 (1890);
Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 516 (E. Prussia).
Vanellus cristatus communis, etc., A. E. Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. L.
Brehm, p. 11 (1866 ; teste Dresser).
Adult male. General colour above glossy olive-green, the scapulars
purple at their tips ; wing-coverts glossy steel-blue, with a greenish
shade, more conspicuous on the median series ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries with a sub-terminal
patch of ashy white, the secondaries white at the base of the inner
web ; innermost secondaries glossy green ; lower back and rump
dusky brown, the latter slightly glossed with green ; upper tail-
coverts cinnamon-rufous ; base of tail white, terminal half black,
the feathers being slightly tipped with white, the black band
decreasing in extent towards the outer feathers, which are entirely
white, excepting a black patch on the inner web ; crown black,
with a slight greenish gloss, and ornamented with an occipital crest
of elongated plumes ; lores, fore part of cheeks, entire throat, and
fore-neck black, with a slight greenish gloss ; eyebrow, sides of
face, sides of neck, and hind-neck as far as the occiput dull white,
the eyebrow mottled with black above the eye, and below the latter
a narrow streak of black extending along the upper edge of the
ear-coverts ; hind-neck slightly washed with brown, the lower
sides of the neck metallic-green, extending down the sides of the
fore-neck ; remainder of under surface of body, from the fore-neck
downwards, pure white, including the under wing-coverts and
axillaries ; the coverts on the outside of the wing as well as the
lower primary-coverts black, like the quill-lining ; under tail-
coverts light cinnamon : " bill black ; feet clear fleshy red ; iris
brown " (J. F. Naurnann). Total length 13 inches, culmen 1,
wing 8-8, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-7.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but the crest not so
long and the black on the throat not developed so soon. Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 8 - 5, tail 3 - S, tarsus 1*6.
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
having the throat white and the head brown, with the crest shorter;
across the fore-neck a very broad band of black ; feathers of the
upper surface with fulvous edgings, which gradually wear off.
Young. Coloured like the adults, but having all the feathers of
the upper surface edged with sandy buff, including the wing-coverts
and secondaries, the scapulars with a little purplish gloss ; the crest
very short ; the eyebrow and sides of face and throat washed with
sandy buff, with black marks before the eye, on the fore part of the
cheeks and upper line of tho ear-coverts.
Hob. Europe generally, occurring in tho southern countries in
winter only, or on migration. Across Siberia to Japan and N. China,
wintering in S. China and N.W. India.
170
CHAKADEIID^:.
a. Ad. st.
b, c, d. Ad., juv., et
pull. sk.
e, f. Ad. asstiv. ; g.
' Pull. sk.
h. Pull. sk.
i. $ ad. hiem. sk.
k. Pull. sk.
I. Juv, sk.
m, w. c? $ ad. hiem.
sk.
o. 5 juv. sk.
p. $ ad. hiem. sk.
q. dP ad. hiem. sk.
r. Ad. asstiv. sk.
a, t. c? imm. hiem.
sk.
u. Ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. hiem. sk.
to. (J ad. hiem. sk.
x. Juv. hiem. sk.
y, s. Ad. hiem. sk.
«'. 2 juv. hiem. sk.
b'. Imm. hiem. sk.
c'. c? imm. hiem. sk.
d '. c? imm. hiem.
sk.
c'. c? ad. hiem. sk.
/*'. Juv. hiem. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.
A'. Juv. sk.
£'. jj juv. hiem. sk.
k'. c? imm. hiem.;
T ', m '. 2 imm.
hiem. sk.
n! '. Juv. hiem. ; o'.
2 imm. hiem. sk.
p'. c? ad. aestiv. sk.
q' . S ad. hiem. sk.
?■', s'. Ad. hiem. sk.
t'. Ad. sk.
u'. $ ad. hiem. sk.
v', w'. Imm. hiem.
sk.
x'. <$ ad. hiem. sk.
y'-a". Ad.hiem.sk.
Europe.
British Islands.
British Islands.
Orkneys.
Yarmouth, Feb. (Gunn).
Norfolk Broads, May 27.
Xtomney Marsh, Kent, July
(K. B. S.).
Pagham Harbour, Sussex,
Sept., Feb. (J. E. Harting)
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 5
{R. B. S.).
Avington, Hants, Way 19.
Avington, Feb. 4 {G. E. S.).
Wiltshire.
St. Bride's, South Wales,
Dec., Jan.
Tangiers.
Egypt, Feb. 9.
Beersheba, Palestine.
Trebizond (Dickson 4" Boss).
Mesopotamia ( Commander
Jones).
Resht, Caspian Sea.
Samarkand.
Kashgar (Dr. Belleiv).
Kashgar, Oct. 23 (J.
Sadly).
Kashgar, Feb. 20.
Kashgar, Dec. 10.
Yarkand, May 24.
Yarkand, June 2 (J. Scully).
Zind-i-jan, Northern Afgani-
stan (Dr. Aitchison).
Candahar, Nov., Dec.
Quetta, Dec. {Sir O. St.
John).
Quetta ( Griffith).
Pisheen Valley, Dec. 19 {Sir
O. St. John).
Peshawur.
Mittencote, R. Indus
(Griffith).
R. Jhelum, Nov. 22 (A.
O. H.).
Murdan, Punjab, Dec.
Lower Hazara, Feb. 24 ( W.
H. Unwin).
Sirza Distr., Nov.
Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. Gunther [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Sir E. Shelley [P.l.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Montagu Coll.
(Type of V. gavia.)
Hon. W. Edwardes
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Canon Tristram [C.].
Gould Coll.
India Museum.
Sir O. St. John [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Biddulph
[C.].
Dr. Stoliczka [C.l.
Dr. Stoliczka [C.J.
Hume Coll.
Afghan Delimitation
Commission [P.]. ■
Colonel S\vinhoe[P.],
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Way [P.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
20. EURYPTERU8.
171
b",c". d'ad.; d". ?
ad. sk.
e". Ad. hiem. sk.
/'. ? ad. sk. _
g"-q". d ad. hiem. ;
;• '-u". 2 ac ^-
hiem. sk.
v", to", x''. <S ad.
hiem. ; y" ,~' , « 3 .
$ ad. hiem. sk.
b 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
c 3 , d 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
e 3 . Ad. sk.
]*'. Ad. sestiv. ; g 3 .
Juv. hiem. sk.
h 3 . J ad. hiem. sk.
P. Ad. hiem. sk.
k 3 . Juv. sk.
I 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
m 3 . Ad. sk.
n 3 . Imm. sk.
o*. S juv. hiem.sk.
^r 3 . Imm. hiem. sk.
q 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
r. Ad. hiem. sk.
s 3 . Juv. hiem. sk.
(?. S juv. hiem. sk.
m 3 , v 3 . Skeletons.
w 3 , x 3 . Skull &
sternum.
y 3 . Skull.
s\ «'. Sterna.
Gilgit (J. Biddulpli).
Ladak (Strachey).
Delhi, Jan. 5 (A. O. H.).
Gurgaon Distr., Dec. to Feb.
( W. N. Chill).
Etawah, Dec. to Feb.
Oudh, Jan.
Mynpuri, Nov. 21.
Banks of the Gogra.
Nepal.
Corea.
China.
China.
Ichang, Dec.
Kiukiang, Jan. 8.
Chinkiang.
Canton (Titckett).
Foochow, Jan. (R. Swinhoe).
Fokien.
Yeddo, Japan, Feb. 9 (T.
Blulciston).
Yokohama (H. Pryer).
Nagasaki, Nov. 15.
England.
England.
England.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pimvill Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
C. W. Campbell,Esq.
[P.].
J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Lieut. Davies [P.J.
A. Pratt, Esq. [C.].
F. W. Styan, Esq.
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.],
Purchased.
J. Ray, Esq. [P.].
Yarrell Coll.
M. Lefebvre.
20. EURYPTERUS.
Chettusia, pt., auct. recent.
Range. Egypt and Nubia, north to Southern Russia, and east to
Turkestan and North-western India.
1. Eurypterus leucunis.
Charadrius leucurus, Lie/it. in Eversm. Reis. Orenb. nach Buchara,
p. 1:37 (1823 : Kuwan ; Jan Darya) ; id. Verz. Doubl. p. 70 (1823) ;
Waal Syst. Ay., Charadrius, p. 73, sp. 46 (1827).
Vanellus villotaei, 8av. Descr. de rEgypte, pi. vi. fiof. 2: Andouin,
Exp!. 80mm. Dcxcr. de rEgypte, p. 388, pi. vi. fig. 2 (1826) ; Less.
Compl. Buff., Ois. iii. p. 388 (1837) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 117
(184") : Egypt \ Nubia); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856);
Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 87 (1887 : Afghan Turkestan).
Vanelhu flavipes, Less. TraxU cFOrn, p. 542(1831).
Yanjellus grallarius, Less. Traitc d'.Orn. p. 524 (1881) : Pucker. Rev.
et Mag. de Zool. 1861, p. 570; Lirht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol.
p. 95 (1854: Nubia; Syria) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1855, p. 421.
172 CHAKADEIIB^:.
Vanellus leucurus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 387 (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847) ; Vierth. Naum. 1852, p. 41 ; Licht.
Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 : Aral Lake) ; Brehm,
J.f. O. 1854, p. 78 ; id. 1855, pp. 365, 486 ; Hartl. Orn. West-
Afr. p. 211 (1857 : Senegal) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 52 (Egypt) ;
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 59 (1865 : Egypt ; Senaar ;
Senegal) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873 : breeding) ; Radde,
Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 419 (1884 : Caspian, winter) ; Seebohm, Geogr.
Distr. Charadr.y. 213 (1888).
Vanellus villototaei, Crespon, Faune Merid.ii. p. 50 (1844: He"rault).
Lobivanellus leucurus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 261 (1849 :
Calcutta).
Squatarola leucura, Reichenb. Grallce, tab. ci. fig. 676 (1852).
Vanellus aralensis, Eversm. Bull. Acad. Sci. Moscow, xxvi. pt. 2,
p. 497 (1853).
Cbettusia leucura, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856) ; Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 452 (1859) ; Cavafy, Ibis, 1861, p. 210
(Alexandria Market) : Loche, Expl. Sci. Alge~r., Ois. ii. p. 273
(1867 : accidental visitor) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 531, pi. 529
(1871) ; Severtz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 366 (Western Turkestan) ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 599
(1882 : Kirghis Steppes) ; C. Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 120 (Candahar,
winter) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 69 (1884 : Central and
lower valleys of the Rivers Syr-Daria and Amu Daria, towards
the shores of Lake Aral ; accidental near Sarepta) ; Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 229 (1884) ; Salvad. Elenco TJcc. Ital.
p. 375 (1886 : Malta) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (Southern
Afghanistan, winter).
Chettusia aralensis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856).
Cbettusia leucura, Antin. Cat. descr. TJcc. p. 98 (1864 : Blue Nile) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 646 (1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1865, pp. 459, 462,
466, pi. x. ; Brehm, J.f O. 1866, p. 386 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 165
(crit.) ; Deal, et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 146 (1867 : Herault) ;
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 390 (Umbala) ; Wright, Ibis, 1870, p. 491
(Malta) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 165 (1875) ; Zarudn. Ois. Trans-
casp. p. 68 ( Askabad).
Chettusia flavipes, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9956 (1871) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 998 (1873: Nile Delta;
Fayoum ; S. Kordofan) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 232 (1873 : Sindh ;
Punjab ; Oudh ; N. W. Prov. ; Rajputana) ; Adams, t. c. p. 394
(Sambhur) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 13 (1876: Ahmedabad; Deesa),
v. p. 232 (1877) ; Hartert, Eat. Vogels. Senckenb. Mus. p. 215
(1891: Schendi).
Vanellus (Chettusia) leucurus, Cab. J.f. O. 1873, p. 80 (Sarepta;
S. Russia).
Chaetusia villotsei, Salvad. Faun. Ital., TJcc. p. 201 (1871).
Chettusia villotaei, Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 233 (1872 : resident, Delta ;
Fayoum) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 280 (1876 : S. Persia ;
Baluchistan, not in north or on Caspian); Butler, Cat. B. Sind
etc. p. 58 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Giql. Ibis,
1881, p. 208 (Malta) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 65 (1881 : Lucknow) ;
Davidson, t. c. p. 319 (1882 : W. Khandeish) ; Swinh. fy Barnes,
Ibis, 1885, p. 132 (Kerbulla) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 375 (1886 :
Malta) ; id. 1st Resoc. p. 576 (1889).
Adult male. General colour above brown, with a shade of glossy
20. EURYPTERUS.
173
lilac on the back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, the latter
being like the back ; median wing-coverts ashy, with a broad white
tip, preceded by a black bar, wider on the outer web ; greater
wing-coverts white, the outermost entirely so, the inner ones ashy
grey at the base, with a black transverse mark across the outer web
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black ; the secondaries
pure white, the outer ones with a sub-terminal black band or a black
mark on the outer web ; tho inner secondaries with a grey base and
a black sub-terminal mark or band, the innermost secondaries like
the back ; upper tail-coverts and tail pure white ; crown of head
light brown like the back ; base of forehead and an indistinct eye-
brow isabelline white; lores, sides of face, and cheeks ashy brown;
throat white ; sides of neck and fore-neck ashy brown ; chest and
breast pale slaty grey, the feathers with whitish margins ; abdomen
and under tail-coverts pale vinous isabelline, the latter shading off
into white ; sides of body, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure
white ; quills below black : " bill black ; feet pale yellow ; iris
light red, with a tinge of orange " (67. E. Shelley.) Total length
10 - 5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 6-9, tail 2-9, tarsus 2*8.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage, but smaller.
Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 6-7, tail 2*7, tarsus 2-55.
Hal. From South-eastern Europe to Turkestan, Egypt, and
Nubia ; wintering in Southern Afghanistan and N.AV. India.
a-d. 6 2 a d.
sk.
e. 2 ad. s k-
f,9- 6 2 ad.
sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. 5 ad. sk.
Jc, I. 6 2 ad. sk.
m. 2 & &- sk.
w. Ad. sk.
o, p. Ad. sk.
q. Iram, sk.
r, s. 6 2 ad.
sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
u, v. 6 2 ad.
sk.
to. 2 ad. sk.
x. 6 ad. sk.
//, ;. Ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
Egypt, Feb. (G. E. Shelley).
Alexandria, Dec. 14 (Stafford
Allen).
Damietta, Feb. 21.
Suakin.
Ilor Tamanib, Nubia (J. K.
Lord) .
Marshes of Babylonia (Com-
mander Jones).
Shiraz Lake, S. Persia, June 8.
Turkestan (Russow).
Kashgar (I)r. Belleiv).
India (W. Ewer).
Candahar, Dec, March.
Jalk, Baluchistan, March 11.
Sindh, Jan. (A. 0. H.).
Cuniba, Upper Sind, Jan. (A.
O. II.).
Manchur Lake, Feb. 9 (A. O.
H.).
Loodiana ( Griffith).
Sambhur Lake (A'. M. Adam).
Seebohm ColL
Seebohm Coll.
Captain Shelley [C.].
Captain R. H. Penton
(P.].
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.l.
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
W. T. Blauford, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
174 CHAEADKIID^.
b'-f. 8 2 ad. Sultanpur, Gurgaon Distr., Oct. Hume Coll.
sk Dec, Feb. (A. O. H. Sf W.
N. Chill).
a. $ ad.; /*'. Delhi, March ( C. T. Bingham). Hume Coll.
Ad. sk:
i'. Ad.sk. Sirsa (A. O. H.). Hume Coll.
k'-q- 6 2 ad- Etawah, Nov., Jan. {A. O. H.). Hume Coll.
sk.
r'-t'. 2 aa "- s k- Futtehghur Distr., Nov. {A. An- Seebohm Coll.
derson).
u', v'. Ad. sk. Mogul Serai, Oudh, Nov. to Jan. Hume Coll.
w',x. Ad. sk. Oudh. Pinwill Coll.
«/'. 2 ad. sk. Darjeeling {Colonel Sharpe). Seebohm Coll.
z'. 2 ad. sk. Din'apur, Feb. ( W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll.
a". (Jad.sk. Depalpur, Jan. 5. Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
b"-d". $ 2 ad. Nandurbar,W.Kandeish,Dec.l8 Hume Coll.
sk. {J- Davidso?i).
21. CKETUSIA*.
Type.
Cbsetusia, Bp. Lconogr. Faun. Itul., Ucc. Intr. p. 17
(1841) C. gregaria.
Banqe. From South-eastern Europe, east to Turkestan and the
Altai Mountains, south to N.E. Africa and the Indian peninsula.
1. Chaetusia gregaria.
Charadrius gregarius, Pall. Beis. Buss. Beichs, i. p. 456 (1771 :
Volga) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 684 (1788) ; Eversm. Beis. Orenb.
nach Buchara, p. 136 (1823 : Steppes north of tbe Aral) ; Lieht.
Verz. Doubl. p. 70 (1823) ; Nordm. in Demid. Yoy. Buss. Merid.
iii. p. 235, tab. iii. (1840 : Steppes of Black Sea, Crimea) ; Bree,
B. Eur. iv. p. 162 (1875).
Tringa fasciata, S. G. Gmelin, Beis. Bussl. i. p. 194, tab. 26 (1774 :
Astrakhan ; Upper Volga).
Tringa keptuscbka, Lepech. Togeb. Beis. Bussl. Beichs, i. p. 229,
footnote b (1774: teste Dresser).
Gregarious Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 206 (1785).
Charadrius keptuschka, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 73, sp. 45
(1827).
Vanellus coronatus (nee Linn.), Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 117 (1845);
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856) ; Brehm, J.f O. 1857, p. 383.
Black-sided Sandpiper, Gray in Hardw. Ml. Lnd. Zool. i. pi. 50
(1835: Cawnpore).
Vanellus keptuschka, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 292 (1837) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. iv. p. 360 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 463.
Vanellus gregarius, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 46 (1838) ;
id. Iconogr. Faun. Ital. p. 115, tav. 41 (1838) : Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 450 (1859 : Schirolle, near Grenoble) ;
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 42 (not observed in Malta) ; Schl. Mus.
Pai/s-Bas, Cursores, p. 58 (1865 : Lower Volga ; Senaar) ; Borggr.
Vogelf. Norddndschl. p. 109 (1869) ; Wright, Ibis, 1869, pp. 251-
253 (Malta) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai) ; Severlz. Turkest.
Jn-otn. p. 69 (1873) ; Seebohm, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 416; id. Geogr.
* Cf. Salyad. Ibis, 188S, pp. 320-325, 1890, pp. 124-126.
21. CHiETUSIA. 175
Distr. Charadr. p. 211 (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 537
(1889 : Lancashire) ; Irlnj, Key List Brit. B. 2nded. p. 49 (1892).
Vanellus ventralis (nee Wagl.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 214,
no. 366 (1840: teste Jerdon).
Chettusia gregaria, Bp. Iconoyr. Faun. Ital. Introd. p. 17 (1841) ;
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. .541
(1847) ; Licht. Nomenel A r. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1864 : Aral Lake) ;
Irby, It/is, 1861, p. 238 (Oudb, Jan. to March) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 644 (1864: Jalna, Deccan ; Mhow, 0, India ; Loodiana) ; Degl.
et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 144 (1867) : Fritsch, Vdg. Fur. tab. 33.
fig. 11 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9963 (1871) ; Stoliczka,
J. A. S. Bern/, x'li. p. 250 (1872: C'utch); Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 233(1872: Girgeh-Siout) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1,
p. 996 (1873 : autumn and winter ; Kordofan ; Takah ; Senaar ;
sandv banks of Rahad and Atbara) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 231
(1873) ; Adam, t. c. p. 394 (Sambhur) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,
p. 416 (Kathiawar) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 527, pi. ~r2& (1875) ;
id. Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 12 (1876 : Mt. Aboo;
Guzerat) ; Hume, t. c. p. 13 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii.
p. 155 (1877 : Lublin, Sept.) ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877 :
Deesa) ; Davidson § Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 88 (1878: Deccan,
cold season) ; Boyd. B. Cave. p. 150 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind
etc. p. 58 (1879) ; Finsch, Verhandl. z.-b. Gesellseh. Wien, xxix.
(1879 : Semipalatinsk, Mav ; Steppes of Maitjerek, June) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 82 (1880 : Iiatnagiri) ;
Butler, t. c. p. 426 (Belgaum) ; Barnes, t. c. p. 459 (Chaman) ;
Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 73 (18S0) ; Biddulph,Ibis,1881,
p. 95 ; Scully, t. c. p. 587 (Gilgit) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 208
(Rome, Nov.) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 65 (1881 : Lucknow) ; Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 599 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 221
(Astrakhan, summer) ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 319 (1882 : Western
Khandeish) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 74 (Bash-Alai, Sept.) ; Boyd.
Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 69 (1884 : Steppes of Tchernozem, from
51-53° N. lat. ; Crimea ; Steppes of the Don, Volga, and Cau-
casus ; N. Aralao-Caspian region ; Russian Sungaria) ; Badde,
Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 419 (1884 : Ponto-Caspian region ; rare in
Trans-Caucasia, Chram River, Algetka, and Lenkoran) ; Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 229 (1884) ; Zarudn. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, 1885, p. 68 (Askhabo, Aug.); Giyl. Avif. Ital. p. 375
(1886: Rome; Nice); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 208 (1886);
Giglioli, Avif. Ital. 1st Besoc. p. 576 (1889) ; id. 2nd Besoc.
p. 647 (1890) ; Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat.) p. 93 (1890) ;
Sharpe, Set. Results 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 93 (1891 : Panjah) ;
Ht/rtert, Kat. J'ogels. Senckenb. Mm. p. 215 (1891 : Schendi).
Chaetusia gregaria, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Khartoum) ;
Reichenb. Grail. Taf. 181. figs. 2480-81, Suppl. xlvii. (cii.) figs. 1048-
49 (1852) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 68 (Egypt) ; Beavan, Lbi$, 1868,
p. 389 (Umbala).
Vanellus pallidus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. ^>~> (1856: Steppes of
East Senaar and Takah).
Chettusia wagleri, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9954 (1871).
Adult male. General colour above pale ashy brown, the centre of
the lower back rather darker ; sides of the lower back, lower rump,
and upper tail-coverts pure white, as well as the basal two-thirds
of the tail, which is tipped with white, before which is a broad band
176 CHARADRIID2E.
of black, gradually diminishing in size towards the outer feathers,,
and entirely disappearing on the two outermost rectrices, which
are entirely white ; wing-coverts light brown, a little darker than
the back, the greater series white, with brown bases ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries pure white, the
innermost light ashy brown like the back ; forehead, and a broad
superciliary band encircling the nape, creamy white ; crown of
head and nape black ; lores and a streak behind the eye black ;
below the eye a line of white ; cheeks and ear-coverts pale isabelline
brown, extending on to the sides of the neck and round the hind-
neck, as well as over the throat ; lower throat, fore-neck, and breast
dark ashy brown or stone-grey ; lower breast and abdomen black,
with a patch of chestnut on the lower abdomen ; lower flanks,
thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure
white ; primaries black below : " bill and feet black ; iris dark
brown " {G. E. Shelley). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 8,
tail 3 - 5, tarsus 2*35.
Adult female. Does not differ from the male in plumage. Total
length 12 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 7*8, tail 3 - 4, tarsus 2-35.
Young. Differs from the adults in being rather darker brown,
and in having sandy margins to the feathers of the upper surface ;
the head brown like the back ; lores white ; under surface of body
white, with no black on the breast or red on the abdomen, and the
chest mottled with black edgings to the feathers or by heart-shaped
spots in the centre of the latter : " bill black ; feet black, very
faintly tinged with lake in many specimens, though this colour is
scarcely observable ; iris blackish or very dark brown " (E. A.
Butler).
There is no evidence before me that this Plover has any winter
plumage, though I have not seen any black-breasted birds killed in
the autumn. All the birds in the Museum shot at that time of
year appear to be young ones, with remains of sandy margins on
the feathers ; these are still to be seen as late as February, by
which time, however, most of the birds are in full plumage, or are
engaged in moulting into it. The females are a little more back-
ward than the males in the moult. See Colonel Butler's remarks
(Str. F. iv. p. 13). It is probable that the old birds have sandy-
buff margins to the feathers in the winter plumage, as would appear
to be the case with the Common Pewit ( Vanellus vanellus).
Hah. The same as that recorded above for tbe genus.
a. Ad. sk. Lower Volga (Henhe). Gould Coll.
b, c. Ad. sk. Lower Volga (Henke). Seebohm Coll.
d. Ad. sk. Trebizond (Dickson 8? Ross). Gould Coll.
e. Ad. sk. Mesopotamia ( Co mmander Jones). India Museum.
/, g. Ad. sk. Samarkand. Seebohm Coll.
h. Ad. st. Altai Mountains. Brandt Coll.
i, k. Ad. sk. Omsk. St. George Littledale,
Esq. [P.].
1. $ ad. sk. Steppes of Maiterek, S. Altai, Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].
June 4.
SI. STEPHANIBYX.
177
m /■ Ad. etjuv.
Bk.
u. Ad. sk.
v, w- 6 2 a &-
ek. _
.v. cf imm. sk.
y, z. 2 imm.
sk.
a',l>. (3 $ imm.
Bk.
c'-h'. Ad. et
imm. sk.
i'. ft'. Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
B»', Ad. sk.
ri . Juv. sk.
o. 2 aa - sk.
/»'. Ad. sk.
q',r '■ 6 2 inuo.
6k.
«'. $ imm. sk.
<'. cf ad. sk.
u'-w'. c? $ ad.
et imm. sk.
a.-'. cJ ad. sk.
y'. Ad. sk.
z'-rf". Irani, sk.
e"-</". d 2 ad.
et imm. sk.
h",r. d2ad.
sk.
ft",/". cJ 2 ad.
sk.
Afghanistan {Griffith).
Peshawar, March 27.
Cumba, Upper Sind, Jan. (A. O.
II).
Jacobabad, Oct.
Deesa, Oct, 20 (A.E. Butler).
Sambhur, Dec, Oct. (R. M.
Adam).
Sirsa, March.
India Museum.
Colonel Way [P.].
1 1 UHiu Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Murdan, Feb., March. Hume Coll.
Ferozepur, Nov. 11 (A. O. II.). Seebohm I k»lL
Bhawulpur, Feb. {G. F. L. Mar- Hume Coll.
shall).
Moznfrurnuggar, Jan. 15 (G. F. Hume Coll.
L. Marshall).
Gilgit, April 7.
Umbala.
Urabala, Feb., Nov. (i?. C. Bea-
van).
Umbala, Feb. (Dr. Scott).
Kalpee, Bundelkund, Feb. 8
(G. F. L. Marsha//).
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, March, Oct.
(ir. x. chiii).
Gurgaon Distr., Feb. 19 {A. 0.
II.).
Delhi.
Etawah, Nov., Dec.
Futtehgurh Distr., Oct., Feb.
(A. Anderson).
Sh.iila. Khaudeish, Feb. (J.
Davidson).
Ahmednuggar, Feb., March
(•S'. B. Fairbank).
Colonel Biddulph
0.].
Colonel Marshall [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Cull.
Hume Coll.
Hume Cell.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
22. STEPHANIBYX.
Stephanibyx, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii
Range. Confined to Africa.
Key to tlie Specks.
a. Forehead black ; crown black, with a broad
line of white encircling it, followed by a
broad band of black
b. Forehead white j crown uniform ashy or dusky
brown.
a'. Larger: under wing-coverts entirely white;
throat whitish; lower throat ashy grey,
followed by a broad band of black on the
ft ire-neck
b' . Smaller: un lev wing-coverta white, but the
outer ones and the lower primary-Coverts
VOL. XXIV.
Type.
(1832). . S. corouatus.
coronatus, p. 178.
melanopterus, p. ISO.
ITS CHARAPRIHUK.
brown ; throat whitish : lower throat ashy
wu. with a narrow line of blackish on
the fore-neck monmtus, p. 183.
1. Stephanibvx coronatus.
riuvier du Cap d< B I an 1" • I ance, P'Anbent. PI. Fnl. ix. pi. BOO.
riuvier oouronne. Buif. Hist, Nat. Ois. viii. p. 101 1 1 7 > ".
Charadriu:- - Bodd, Tabl. Fl. BU. p. 49 (1788) ; Gm. Sust.
Nat. i. p. 691 ^17S5> : Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 740 (1700) : Bonn,
■. Mtth. i. p. 10 (1790).; Licht. Verz. Ihubi. y. 70 (185 \
Wayl, Syst. At:, Cliaradrius. p. 66, sp. 6 (1827); (?rt7/, Zoo/.
Anieel-n. pp. 11. 52 (IK _ town. Knysna).
wned Plover. JVwi. .-l p. 4n (1785: New
Ywk . ." - ■ >>». ii. pt. 1. p. 810 (17-"
Wreatl : . Plover, Lath, Oen. Syn, iii. pt. 1. p. 216 (178!
Gharadrius atricapillu- - . Nat. i. p. 686 ^lTSS ' ; Lath. Lnd.
Orn, ii. p. 74v> (17
Fluvianus coronatus. Step*, in Shaics Gen, 7 \ 188 B19).
Chettusia I ill. Brit. Mas. p. (4 ( 1>44 : Cape
I Lony) : Cab, m P<» «frr Dee-ken's Beis. iii. p. 40 (1869) : Finsch
j • :; - i . - - - B7 -«<></ t» Andens. B.
Datn. Ld. p. ifOS (1872: Daman and Great Namaqua Lands;
ivansoK.: Otjiinbinque, resident i : 2 ■ :. Angola, p. 4-0
^>Sl : BTombe); Sharif, in < " ■ .-.bele-Land . A pp. B,
6 85(188 a Famil : Sheik*, Hit, 1882, p. 368 Bart
iver) ; Sairin. Cat, Stri L88S ; &fcarpe,
«*. Layanfs B. S. Afr. p. 670 (1884: throughout th< I
P rt FJiiabeth. and East London : Brit CafEraria, to the we>: of
the Fish River: Natal: Transvaal): Fischer, Zeitschr. pts. Orn.
i. p. 391 1884: Little Aruscha; Pare: ranprni and
Errors) : fiSfan, J./. O. 1885, p. 51 ; Fischer, t. c, p. 110 (Steppes
from Pare to Ngoraman); SheQew, 1 t, 1885, i U7 Somali-
land) : Oust, Bibl. Ilaut. Etudes, xxxi. art. 10, p. 12 (1 886 : Soniali-
land); Beichen. J. -". ~~" p. 47 (Kijunsru): Biittik, Notes
V • v. "- 1889: Hunipala, Cunene) : Beichen. J. f, O.
892, p.7
11 m '.opterus coronates, Gray. Gen, B. iii. p. -Mi? (1S47) : Blvth,
-'. B. Mas. As. Sac p. 260 (1S40^ ; Stri ■ 5 Jr. Orn.
1852, Damara4and) ; Licht. Nam A.-. Mas. BeroL
fL854); Lavard. B. >. ! I 1867 ronghout the
olony); Gray. Hand-L B. Hi. p. IS, no. 9977 (1871) ; Buckley,
Lbis,\-~ 37 Natal) ; Barrair. 1 BJ . v. 101 (Transvaal);
Butter, Feilden, .V Be id. Zool I882jj Est >
iris coronatus, Eeichenb. Grail. Tat" scix. fig. 704 1853
- pbanibyx coronates, Beichenb. Ar. Sust. Nat, p. xviii^>". .
J5j>. a Jt xliii. p. 410 > , Sal ad. Ann, Mus. Gen, (S I
p. 220 1884: Paiuibi. Shoa).
Yanellns dinghaini. J'erreaujr, B L855, 2S
- | hanibyx diiurhanii. £/>. C P. xliii. p. 41
Vanellus coronates, ^cA/. J/»t*. Fays-Bas, Cnrsores, p. B2 (1865);
Gurnet*. Lbis. 1SOS. p. 40 (Natal) :' Ayres, Lbis. lSt>0. p. ;^0(.) (T: -
.. breeding : Seebohm. GexMrr. Distr. Charadr. p. 223 1888 :
Beichen. Vby. DemtsdL-Ost-Afr. p. i>> tTS04 : Massai-land;
- ha; Xgurunian: Ugogt : I_ ada; (Tnyanyembe; Mpapwa ;
Bnkomfi).
Adult male. General colour above brown, including the scapulars
22. RBFEAXEBIX. J 79
and wing-coverte, the greater series with inroad white tips, Cora
a band on the wing; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, the
inner feathers white; <juills black, the primaries white at the I
of the inner web, the secondaries white at the base of both webs,
increasing towards the inner one--, which are white with a black
tip and then become entirely white; the innermost secondai
brown like the back ; upper tail-coverts and base of tail pure white,
the terminal half of the tail black with a white tip. the bla/;k
decreasing in extent towards the outer feathers, where it forn
sub-terminal band only; lores and a frontal band black, continued
in a broad eyebrow to the nape, where it joins and forms a band,
encircling another white band which surround- a black patch on
the top of the head ; ear-coverts, sides of neck, fore-neck, and chest
a-l y brown, darker i" the latter, and succeeded by a narrow band
of black across th< breast; fore part of face and throat whitish;
lower breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, under
wing-coverts, and axillaries, pure white: "bill bright red, e.
the points of the mandibles, which are horn-coloured; feet bright
red, but the toes are tinged with dark purple on the upper surface ;
iii- yellow")'''.'. ./. Andereson). Total length 12*5 inches, culmen
1*35, win;' 8*4, tail 3*6, tarsus 'j.
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 11*5
inches, wing 7 - 7.
Young. Similar to the adults, but browner, and having the
feathers of the upper parts barred and margined with sandy buff,
before which is a sub-terminal dark bar; crown of head brown, with
handy edges to the feathers, the ring round the coronal patch being
sandy buff, white only round the occiput; lower throat and foe-
neck ashy brown, strongly washed with sandv buff.
//«/-. South Africa, to East Africa as far north as Shoa and
Sornali-land, on the west to Damara-land.
«. Ad. sk. South Africa. Tweeddale ColL
b. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. Lord LiJiord 'I'.".
c $ ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. Atmore). Seebohm Colt
i. Ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). J ireeddale ColL
e. 2 ad- i-k. Natal, Nov. (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll.
/. o 7 ad. sk. Natal, May ] i i T.E. Buckley). Shelley ColL
if. d ad.sk. Newcastle, Natal, May 18. Capt. Savile Beid
f>, i. 6 2 ad. sk. Burg Mount, Durban, June Seebohm Coll.
{Gordge).
k. Juv. sk. Elephant River. Purchased.
/. 2 ad. sk. Transvaal i 7'. Ayres). Seebohm Coll
m. 2 juv. sk. 1'otcbef-troom, ./an. ( T. Ayres). Ournev Coll.
w. cT ad. sk. Tati, Maiabele-land, March W. E. ft C. G. Oates
[F. Oates). I .- . 1'. .
/ ' 2 ad. Damara-land, March, Sept. Seebohm Coll.
sk {<'. J. Andaman).
r. Ad. sk. Otjimbuique, Daman-land, Tweeddale Coll.
j t ( C. J. Anderuon).
«. Ad fk. Shoa [Sir 11'. /,'. J J arris). India Museum.
v2
ISO CHAEADEnD^I.
2. Stephanibyx melanopterus.
Charadrius melanopterus, Cretzschm. in Hupp. Atlas, p. 46, pi. 31
(1826) ; Less. Compl. Buff. ix. p. 409 (1837) ; RUpp. Syst. Uebers.
p. 118 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Heugl. Syst.
Uebers. p. 66 (1856) ; Hart I. Orn. Westafr. p. 212, note (1857) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23 (British Kaffiaria).
Charadrius spixii, Wagler, Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 57, sp. 7 (1827).
Chettusia? melanoptera, Gray, List Grallm Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844).
yEgialitis melanopterus, Reichenb. Grail. Taf. xcix. fig. 705 (1846).
Hoplopterus spixii, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847).
Charadrius frontalis, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockholm,
1850, p. 110.
Hoplopterus melanopterus, Lieht. Nomenel. Av. Berol. p. 95 (1854) ;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 294 (1867: Natal; Mossel Bay); Gray,
JIand-l. B. iii. p. 13, no. 9978 (1871) ; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.
pt. i. p. 1010 (1871 : Mensa ; from Hamasien south to Galla-land ;
not west of Lake Tana) ; Hartert, Kat. J'ogels. Mus. Sencke?ib.
p. 216 (1891 : Jeddah).
Stephanibyx spixii, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856).
Yanellus melanopterus, Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 217 (Xatal) ; id.
op. cit. 1862, p. 38 ; Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. iv. p. 52
(1865) ; Hurting, Ibis, 1869, p. 309 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 344
(Xatal) ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 224 (1888).
Vanellus spixii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 63 (1865).
Chettusia melanoptera, Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 429 (1870 :
7000-10,000 feet) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 328 (1870) ; id. 8f
Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 638 (1870) ; Antin. Sf Salvad. Viagg.
Bogos, p. 144 (1873 : Assu?, Samhar) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard' s B.
S. Afr. p. 669 (1884 : Grahamstown ; Eland's Post ; Pt. Eliza-
beth ; British Kaff raria) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47 (Ugaia) ;
Sharpe, Lbis, 1892, p. 544 (Machako's).
Stephanibyx melanoptera, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 220
(1884 : Shoa) ; id. op. cit. (2) yi. p. 310 (1888 : Sboa).
Vanellus inornatus (nee Swains.), Shelley, Ibis, 1893, p. 29 (Mpinibi),
1894, p. 26 (Tschiromo).
Adult female. General colour above dark brown, with a slight
gloss of coppery lilac ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back,
the latter tipped with white and having a sub-terminal line of black
on the lowest series ; the greater coverts pure white, the inner ones
brown at the base and finally marked, like the median series, with a
sub-terminal line of blackish; bastard-wing brown; primary-coverts
and quills black, the outer secondaries white at the base, the white
increasing on the adjoining ones till the ends of the outer web only
are marked with black; inner secondaries pure white, but the
innermost brown like the back ; lower back and rump rather more
dusky brown than the back ; upper tail-coverts and tail pure white,
with a broad sub-terminal band of black, followed by a narrow
white tip, the black band decreasing in width towards the outer
feathers, and even becoming imperfect on the outermost feather;
bead and neck all round ashy grey, shading off into the brown of
the mantle, and becoming darker and more slaty grey on the lower
throat and fore-neck, and followed by a distinctly-marked band of
blue-black on the chest ; chin whitish ; lores and a broad frontal
22. STEPHAXIBTX.
181
band white ; remainder of under surface of body, from the chest
downwards, white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries:
44 bill black ; feet dark scarlet, the toes more dusky ; iris pale
yellow; eyelids scarlet" (Th. von IJeuglin). Total length 10
inches, culmen 1'15, wing 8 - 5, tail 2-75, tarsus 2*3.
Young. Differs from the adult in having the head brown like the
back, without any white on the forehead ; throat and fore-neck
also light brown, followed by an indistinctly-marked band of black
on the chest ; wings aud tail as in the adult.
Hub. Prom Arabia, Abyssinia, and Shoa south to Xyasa-land
and the Eastern Cape Colony.
a. J imm. sk.
b. cf ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. <3 ad. sk.
e. 3 ad. sk.
f. $ ad. sk.
ij, h, i. Ad.
imm. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
et
Ali\ ssinia.
Tekounda, Tigre, March 4.
Tscliiromo, Nyasa-land, Sept.
(.4. Whyte).
Mpimbi, Upper Shire River,
Feb. 20 (A. Whyte).
Natal (T. Ai/res).
Eland's Post (T. C. At more).
Kingwilliauistown, April, -May.
Cape Colony, Oct. 6 (Sir A.
Smith).
Seebohm Coll.
W. T. Blanford.Esq.
[P.].
H. II. Johnston, Esq.,
C.B. [P.].
II. EL Johnston, Esq.,
C.B [P ].
Seebohm L'oll.
Sharp'' Coll.
Major TrevelyanjT.].
Gould CoU.
3. Stephanibyx inomatus.
Vanellus inomatus, Swains. B. JV. Afr. ii. p. 239 (1837) : Hartl.
Oni. W.-Afr. p. 212 (1857: Gambia; Ashantee; Aguapim ;
Elmina); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursor •>. p. 63(1865: Elmina);
Btittik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 236 (1885: Buluma, W.
Liberia), viii. p. 205 (1880) ; Seebohm. Ibis, 1887, p. 350 (Durban) :
Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 100 (1888), xi. p. 136 (1889);
Seebohm, Geogr. jjistr. Charadr. p. 225 (IssS: Durban, Natal);
Reichen. Fog. Deutseh.-Ost-Afr. p. 35 (1894: Ugalla).
Hoplopterus iuornatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847).
Hoplopterus spinosus, juv. ?, Bp. C. It. xliii. p. 418 (1850).
Charadrius melanopte'roides, Temm., teste Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 63 (1865)
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 598 (Melinda).
Adult. Similar to S. melanopterus, but very much smaller, browner,
and with an oily-green gloss on the upper parts ; head brown like
the back, with a small frontal patch of white; lores, sides of face,
throat, and fore-neck ashy grey, darker on the fore-neck, and
followed by a bind of black across the chest; chin and upper throat
whiti.-h. The wings are differently coloured to those of S. melano-
fttrus, the wing-coverts being brown like the back, with only a
narrow white tip to the greater series; the outer secondaries are
182 CHAEADKIirj^.
white, with brown bases, which decrease in extent towards the
inner quills ; the tail is similarly coloured to that of S. melanopterus,
but the black band disappears on the outer feathers, which are
entirely white ; the under wing-coverts and axillaries are white, but
those along the edge of the wing and the lower greater coverts are
brown like the lining of the quills, which have no white bases :
" bill black ; feet reddish brown ; iris orange-yellow " (J. Butti-
hofer). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 6-5, tail 2-3,
tarsus 2*4.
Hah. West Africa, from Liberia to the Loango coast. East Africa,
from the Zanzibar district, south to Natal.
a. 2 ad. sk. Accra, Gold Coast. Purchased.
b. Ad. sk. Accra (Aubinn). Sharpe Coll.
23. SdUATAROLA.
Type.
Squatarola, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fy Birds Brit.
Mus. p. 29 (1816) S. helvetica.
Range. Almost cosmopolitan.
1. Squatarola helvetica.
The Grey Plover, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 72, pi. 76 (1738) ;
Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 413 (1843).
Le Vanneau gris, Briss. Orn. v. p. 100, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1760) ;
UAubent. Pi. Enl. viii. pi. 854.
Le Vanneau varie\ Briss. Orn. v. p. 103, pi. ix. fig. 2 (1760) :
LfAubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 923.
Le Vanneau de Suisse, Briss. Orn. v. p. 106, pi. x. fig. 1 (1760) :
D'Aubent. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 853 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 60
(1781).
Tringa helvetica, Linn. Syst. Is at. i. p. 250 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Aat.
i. p. 676 (1788).
Tringa varia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 252 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 682 (1788).
Tringa squatarola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 252 (1766) ; Scop. Ann. L.
p. 101 (1769) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 682 (1788) ; Chapm. Trav.
S. Afr. ii. p. 416 (1868).
Charadrius hvpomelas, Pall. Beis. Buss. Beichs, iii. p. 699 (1773) ;
Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 71, sp. 43 (1827).
Le Vanneau-Pluvier, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 68 (1781).
Swiss Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 167 (1785).
Grey Sandpiper, Lath. t. c. p. 168.
Grey Sandpiper, var. A, Lath. t. c. p. 169.
Charadrius naevius, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788) ; Less. Man.
<TOrn. ii. p. 324 (1828).
Vanellus ruelanogaster, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 356 (1809) ;
Temm. Man. a" Orn. ii. p. 547 (1820) ; Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc.
xiii. p. 186 (1821) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 15 (1827) ;
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 370 (1831 : Hudson's Bay) ;
Holboell, Orn. Beitr. Faun. Groenl. p. 37 (1846) ; Crespon, Orn.
Gard, p. 367 (1840) ; Fallon, Ois. Belcj. p. 153 (1875).
23. SQUATAROLA. ] -)'.
Charadriua hyponvlanus, rail. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 138 (1311);
Surd in. in Dimid. Voy. Ritas. MSrid. iii. p. 235 (1840).
Charadriua pardela, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 142 (1811).
Charadriua apricarius (nee L.), Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 41, pi. 57.
fig, 4 (1814).
Squ ttarola grisea, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mus. p. 29
(1816: Bristol); Less. Traitl dOrn. p. 543 (1831): Olpke-Gal-
liard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Ootid, fasc. xiii. p. 5 (189U).
Squatarola sqiiatarola, Car. R'egne An. i. p. 467 (1817) ; Less. Man.
d'Om. ii. p. 808 (1828).
Van llus helveticus, Vieill. X. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 215
(1819); id. Enc. Mcth. iii. p. 1077 (1823); Rou.v, Orn. Prov.
pi. 279 (1825); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 449
(1859) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 142 (Malta, spring and autumn).
Squatarola varia, Bote, /sis, 1822, p. 558; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl.
p. 553 (1831) : id. Vogelf. p. 284 (1855) : Gurneg in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 270 (1872) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 286 (1877).
Charadriua helveticus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 70 (1823) ; Audub. B.
Amer. pi. ccexxxiv. (c. 1826) ; id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 280 (1838) ;
id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 199, pi. 315 (1842) ; Nordm. J.f. O. 1858,
p. 311 (Kajana, below <i4 J A.) ; Collett, Overs. Christ. Omegnt
Om. Faun. p. 179 (1864) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 222 (Astra-
khan) ; id. t. c. p. 390 (Archangel) ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 28 (Caucasus):
TrrAr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 129 (18.84: S. of Bevrout) ;
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 44 (1885) ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 102 (18S8) ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 347 (Great Liakoff Isl., June) ;
Ramsay, Tab. List Aitstr. B. p. 19 (1888: Richmond and
Clarence Rivers ; Victoria : S. Australia ; Tasmania ; W. Aus-
tralia) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan, Oct.) ; Seebohm.
B. Japan. Emp. p. 304 (1890) ; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246
(Corea).
Squatarola cinerea, Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. Ill (1828) ; Gould, B.
Eur. iv. pi. 290 (1837) ; Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail.
pi. 47. no. 672 ; id. in Grains Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Thomps.
B. Irel ii. p. 106 (1850) : R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 262 (1871) ;
Sa.vbg, B. Shetl. p. 187 (1884).
Squatarola helvetica, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 554 (1831) : Bp.
Comp. List B. Eur. 8c X. Amer.\>. 46 (1838) : R'n/s.S- Bins. Wirb.
Eur. pp. Ixx, 207 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Be'lg. p. 121 (1842) ;
Miih/e, Beitr. Orn. Grieche'nl. p. 95 (1844) ; Gray, List Gratia
Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1844) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Xcpal pres. Hodgs.
p. 131 (1846); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847); Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 543 (1847) ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 12 (1848) ; Bti/th, Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849 : Calcutta) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850,
p. 220 (Kordofan) ; Rcichenb. Yog. Xeuholl. no. 549 (1851 i ;
id. Grail. Taf. ci. figs. 673-675 (1852) ; Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852,
p. 126 (Red Sea); Strickl. fy Scl. t. c. p. 158 (Damara-land) ;
Kjm-b. Damn. Fugle, pi. xxx. fisr. 3 (1852) ; WaUengr. Navm.
1863, p. 87, 1854, p. 249 (Scandinavia); Motl. 8c Di/'lu: Contr.
Xat. Hist. Labuan, p. 56 (1855) ; Ileugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 55
(1856); Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. pp. 218, 276 (1867 : Ashanti);
Baird, li. N. Amer. p. 697 (1858) ; Bryant. Proc. Lost. Soc. Xat.
IIi<t. vii. p. 121 (1859 : Bahamas); Schrenck, Riis. Amur/, p. 409
(1869); Liuderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 133 (1860); Swinhoe, Ibis,
18ti0, y. 63 (Amov) : Newt. t. c. p. 201 (Mauritius) : Potoys, t. c.
i>. 339 (Epirus and Corfu); Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 363 (Halma-
ht5ra); Hartl. Faun. Madagasc. p. 72 (1861); id. J.f. O. 1861,
184 CHAEADPJID^;.
p. 268 (Senegal) ; Bernhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 9 (Greenland) ; Sivinhoe,
t. c. pp. 51, 342 (Canton ; Pekin) ; Newton, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 398,
pi. 39. fig. 2 (egg) ; Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, p. 205 (Jamaica) ;
Gray, List Brit. B. p. 138 (1863) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 130
(Hudson's Bay) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 404 (Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 309 (China) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Yog. p. 322 (1863) ; Sundev.
Sv. Foffl. pi. 36. tig. 4 (1856-72); March, Proc. Philad. Acad.
1864, p. 66 (Jamaica) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 178 (Mexico) ; Jerd.
B. Ind. iii. p. 635 (1864) ; Sperling, Ibis, 1864, p. 286 (Mediter-
ranean, winter); Nordm. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 372 (Lapland) ; Salvad.
J.f. 0. 1865, p. 284 (Sardinia) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 190 (Guate-
mala) ; Gurney, t. c. p. 271 (Monocusi River) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. ii. p. 224 (1865) ; Gundl. Bepert, Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i.
p. 358 (1866) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1866: iSew
York) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 34 (Texas) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 196
(Chiapam) ; Locke, Expl. Set. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 260 (1867) ; Baird,
Ibis, 1867, p. 286; Neict. t. c. p. 359 (Seychelles); Drake, t. c.
p. 429 (Marocco); Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 359 (Zanzibar);
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 295 (1867) ; Grandid. Bev. et Mag. de Zool.
1867, p. 419 (E. Coast Madagascar) ; Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 291
(Zanzibar) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 322 (Palestine) ; Smith, t. c. p. 453
(Portugal) ; Vollett, Norges Fugle, p. 48 (1868) ; Di/b. $ Parvex;
J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (Darasun) ; Borggr. Yogelf. Norddentschl.
p. 109 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif.Sicil. p. 177 (1869) ; Droste, Vogelw.
Borkum, p. 141 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 173 (Spain);
DaU Sf Bonn. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 290 (1869 : Yukon River,
breeding); Cab. in von der Deekeris Beise, iii. p. 46 (1869);
Ehves $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Turkev) ; PriUch, Vbg. Eur.
tab. 38. figs. 7, 8 (1870) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 360 (Hainan,
March) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 386 (Malaga, May) ; Fritsch, J.
f. O. 1871, p. 383 (Bohemia); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 202
(1871) ; Sorting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 117 (Arctic America) ; Swinh.
t. c. p. 403 (Coast of China in winter) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 296,
454 (1871: Cajutuba) ; Gray, Hand-l, B. iii. p. 13, no. 9980
(1871) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 455, pis. 515. fig. 2, 517. fig. 2,
518. fig. 2 (1871), App. p. 465, pi. 519. fig. 1 (1876) ; Wald. if
Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 105 (Negros, March) ; Cones, Key N. Amer.
B. p. 243 (1872); Sorting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 43 (1872);
Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3245 (Faeroes) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv.
pis. 36, 37 (1872) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1872, p. 101 (East Siberia, May
to Sept.); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 236 (1872); Alston <$• Harvie-
Broivn, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel, June) ; Brooke, t. c. p. 337
(Sardinia, winter); Scl. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 142
(1873); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 228 (1873: Karachi); WaJd, Ibis,
1874, p. 146 (Andamans) ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 287 (1874 : Anda-
mans) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 448 (1874 : critical) ; Durnf. Ibis,
1874, p. 398 (N. Frisian Isl.) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 313 (1874) ;
Lawr. Journ. Bost. Soc. K. H. ii. p. 307 (1874 : Mazatlan) ;
Danf. Sf Harrie- Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 419 (Transvlvania) ;
Swinh. t. c. p. 452 (Hakodadi) ; Blyth Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 153
(1875 : Arakan ; Toughoo) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 232 (Cuba) ;
Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 226 (1875 : Philippines) ; Irby,
Orn, Straits Gibr. p. 159 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 11
(1876: Karachi) ; Scully, t. e. p. 184 (Kashgar) ; Legge, t. c. p. 245
(Ceylon) : Fairb. t. c. p. 262 (Deccan) ; Armstrong, t. c. p. 338
(Elephant Point ; China-Ba-Keer) ; Gundl. Orn, Cubana, p. 180
(1876: Cuba; Jamaica; Barbados); Seebohm 4" Harvie-Brown,
23. SQUATAROLA. L89
Ibis, 1876, p. 222, pi. v. eggs (Lower Petchora) ; Dresser, t. c.
p. 327; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 27S (1876: Gwadar, Baluchis-
tan) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zoul. France, i. p. 249 (1876: E. Siberia) ;
id. op. cit. ii. p. 155 (1877: Poland) ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 121 (1877); Butler, Str. F. v. p.222(1877: Mandavee, Coast
of Cutch); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 838 (Placer; S. Leyte) ;
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiii. p. 320 (1877: Yule Isl.);
Salvad. Ann. Mas. Gen. x. p. 163 (1877: Emberbaki) ; Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 330 (Cbimbote, Peru) ; Streets, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mits. no. 7, p. 16 (1877 : San Geroninio Isl.) ; Reid, Zool.
1877, p. 47-4 (Bermudas, autumn) : Oust. Bull. Soc. Philomath.
1878, p. 181 (Seychelles) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii.
p. 297 (1878 : Port Moresby) ; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 455
(1878: Tenasserim) ; Davidson $■ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 95
( 1878 : Deccan); Hume, t. c. p. 482 (Calcutta) ; Gundl. J. f. O.
1878. pp.162, 188 (Porto Rico); Later. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
i. p. 179 (1878: St. Vincent); Blakiston # Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 219 ( Yezo) ; Boyd. B. Caws. p. 151 (1879) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b.
ges. Wien, xxix. p. 243 (1879 : Omsk) ; Maynard, B. Fast. N.
Amer. p. 357 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Tirauf,
Bull. Com. et Ayric. Cochin-Chine, (3) i. p. 147 (1879) ; Sharpe,
Ibis, lb79, p. 270 (Moera Isl., Borneo) ; Butler, Cat. B. Bind etc.
p. 57 (1879) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 101 (1879:
S. Cape ; Duke of York Group ; Solomon Is.) ; Giyl. Iconoyr.
Avif. Ital. fasc. vii. (1880) ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 72
(1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 79 (1880 : S. Konkan) ; Hume, t. c.
p. 118 (Malay Peninsula) ; Leyye, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 929 (1880) ;
Cory, B. Bahainas, p. 114 (1880) ; A. § E. Newton, Handb. B.
Jamaica, p. 115 (1881 ) ; Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 425 (1881 : Ratnagiri) ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 (Sandakan) ; Bocaye, Orn. Anyola,
]i. 429(1881 : Rio L'oroca, Mossamedes) : Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen.
xviii. p. 324 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 293 (1882) : Kelham, Ibis,
1882, p. 7 (Malay Peninsula, Oct. to March) ; Blakiston ^- Pryer, B.
Japan, p. 108(1882: Yezo; Yokohama) ; Zeledon, Cat. Ave* Costa
Rica, u, 30 (1882) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 96 (1882);
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 158 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Yarrell's Brit.
B. iii. p. 278 (1883) ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 187 (Santander, May, June,
Nov.) ; Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vi. p. 118 (1883: Labrador,
apring and autumn) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 365
(1883) : Vorderm. Nat Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliii. p. 120 (1883) ;
Nelson, Cruise ' Cot-win^ p. 84 (1883 : Bering Sea, May): Sharpe. ed.
Lauard's B. S. Afr.ji.iA58 (1884) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.
Ink. xliv. p. 204 (1884 : Java) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 598 (1884); Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer.
l. p. 132 (1884) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. p. 11 (1884 :
Japan generally); Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 70 (1884);
Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43. 414 (1884; Lenkoran) : Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 224 (1SS4); Reid, Ibis, 1S85, p. 253
(Marocco, winter) ; Murdoch, Rep. F.iped. Point Barrow, p. 109
(188-5: rare): Con/, B. West Ltd. p. 25(1885); Wells. List II.
Grenada, p. 7 (18S6); Giyl. Avif. Ital. p. 370 (1886); Sharpe,
Ibis, L886, p. 167 (Muscat); Salvad. Flenco Ucc. Ital. p. 209
(1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 338 (1886); Vorderm. Nat.
Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. xlvi. Ail. 3, p. 21 (InjSO: JWn.-o) ; Pleske,
Vebers. Sain/, und Vbgel Kola-Halb. p. 323 (1886); Reid,
str. F. x. p. 452 (1887: Lucknow); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1—7,
p. 133 (Paraguay) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 386 (Portugal, winter)
1S6 CHARADEIID^;.
Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186 (1887 : W. Texas) ; Gigl. # Salvad. P. Z. S.
1887, p. 885 (Olga Bay, Sept. ; Gensan, Aug. ; Corea) ; Buckley
fy Harvie-Broion, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides, p. 124 (1888 :
occasional) ; Koenig, J. f. 0. 1888, p. 270 (Tunis) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1888, p. 456 (Seoul, Corea) ; E. Newt. Tr. Norf. $ Norw. Soc.
iv. p. 552 (1888: Reunion; Mauritius; Seychelles); Salvad. fy
Gigl. Mem. R. Accad. Torino, xxxix. p. 114(1888: Olga Bay),
p. 139 (Corea) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889,
p. 204 ; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225 ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 415 (1889 : Sumatra) ; Feilden, Ibis,
1889, p. 490 (Barbados) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 535 (1889) ;
Gigl. Avif. Hal, 1st Resoc. p. 567 (1889), 2nd Resoc.
p. 661 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 516 (1891); Koenig, J. f. 0. 1890,
p. 312 (Madeira) ; Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 335 (1890) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 141, 284 (Labuan) ; Steere,
List B. SfMamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 25 (1890: Siquijor) ; Buckley
8f Harvie-Broivn, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 202 (1891 : occa-
sional) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao, Sept., Oct.) ; Payton, t. c.
p. 465 (Mogador) ; Sharpe, Sci. Res. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves,
p. 136 (1891: Kashgar, Nov.); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 121
(1891) ; Hagerup, B. Gree.nl. p. 56 (1891) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn.
Pap. iii. p. 200(1891); lrby, Key List Brit. B. 2nd ed. p. 47
(1892) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar) ; Rendall, t. c.
p. 229 (Gambia) ; Be la Touche, t. c. p. 496 (Foochow and
Swatow) ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 331 (1892 :
Hainan) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. Advafic. Sci. 1892, p. 30
(Tasmania) ; Buckley $• Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll #
Inner Hebr. p. 164 (1892) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 169, 181
(Aden) ; Meade- Waldo, t. c. p. 203 (Canary Is., winter) ; Hose,
t. c. p. 424 (Borneo, winter) ; Koenig, J.f. O. 1893, p. 83 (Tunis) ;
Blaauio, Notejs Leyd. Mus. xv. p. 225 (1893: Holland, spring and
autumn). »^
Charadrius squatarola, Nautn. Vog. Deutschl. vii. p. 249, pi. 178
(1834) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba) ;
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 69 (1873 : migrant) ; Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 113
(1883: Costa Rica) ; Everm. Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886: Ventura Co.,
Cal.) ; Seton, t. c. p. 152 (West. Manitoba) ; Smith, t. c. p. 285
(Colorado); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 149 (1886:
St. Michael's, June to Sept.) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B.
p. 160 (1886) ; Ridgiv. Man. N Amer. B. p. 173 (1887) ; Nelson,
Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. Alaska,?. 122 (1887: R. Yukon, May);
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 126 (1887 : Commander Is.) ;
Toivns. t. c. p. 198 (California) ; Stejn. t. c. p. 394 (Liu Kiu Isl.) ;
Merriam, Auk, v. p. 110 (1888) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 29, p. 104 (1888 : Bering Isl.) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 227
(1889); Scott, Auk, xi. p. 158 (1889': Florida); Warren, B.
Pennsylv. 2nd ed. p. 97 (1890); Eagle Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321
(1890: Hudson's Bay) ; Ralph $ Bagq, t. c. p. 230 (New York) ;
Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 506 (1890: Manitoba);
Macfarlane, op. cit. xiv. p. 429 (1891 : Franklin Bay, breeding) ;
Gnt'ke, Vogelw. Helaol. p. 486 (1891); Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 76
(1891: Andros Isl.): Schalow, J. f. O. 1891, p. 259 (Sitka;
Aleutian Is.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland); Cory,
Cat. B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892:
Jamaica) ; Mackay, t. c. p. 143 (Massachusetts) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212
(Florida) ; Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Cape Cod) ; Anthony, t. c. p. 360
(S.W. Mexico) ; Mackay, Auk, x. p. 79 (1893 : Prince Edward
23. SQUATAROLA. 187
Isl.) ; Reichen. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wissensch. 1893, p. 6 (Zanzibar) ;
id. Voy. Deutsch.-Ost-Afr. p. 83 (181)4: E. African coast).
Vanellus grisous, Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 181 (1885).
Vanellus squatarolus, D'Orbir/n. in Ramon dc la Sayra, Hist. Nat.
p. 242 (1839) ; Schl. Rev. Chit. p. lxxxiv (1844) ; Temm. $ Scht.
Faun. Jap. p. 106 (1845-50); Schl. Voy. Nederl. pi. 217 (1854);
id. Dier. Nederl. Voyels, pi. 21. figs. 11, 12, 12 a (1861) ; Gundl.
J.f. O. 1871, p. 278 (Cuba).
Squatarola nielanogaster, Malherbe, Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 166 (1840).
Charadrius (Squatarola) squatarola, Middend. Reise Sibir., Zool.
p. 209, pi. xix. fig. 1 (1851 : egg).
Pluvialis squatarola, Macyill. Brit. B. iv. p. 80 (1852). _
Squatarola helvetica australis, Reichenb. Grail. Novit. tab. 178.
figs. 2683-84 (1852).
Squatarola wilsoni, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854).
Charadrius longirostris, Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 79 (Menzaleh
Lake).
Vanellus griseus, Bolle, J.f. O. 1855, p. 176 (Canary Is.).
Squatarola megarhynchos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 284 (1855) ; Olphe-
Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 5 (1890).
Squatarola rhynchomega, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856: Abyssinia).
Pluvialis varius, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 53 (1865) :
Deql. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 127 (1867) ; Schl. fy Poll. Faune
Maday., Ois. p. 416 (1868) ; Rose?ib. Malay. Arch. p. 278 (1878-
79: Celebes).
Charadrius varius, Finsch fy Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 644 (1870):
Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1012 (1873), App. p. clxxx ;
Reichen. J.f. O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast) ; Milne-Edwards 8f
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Maday., Ois. p. 506 (1882).
Squatarola subtridactyla (Hasselq.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 13,
no. 9981 (1871).
Charadrius (Squatarola) helveticus, Ramsai/, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. IV.
i. p. 187 (1876) ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1877) ; id. Tab. List Austr.
B. p. 19 (1888 : nearly the whole of Australia).
Charadrius megalorhynchus, Reichen. J.f. O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango).
Squatarola australis, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid.
fasc. xiii. p. 6 (1890).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above mottled
with bars of black and ashy white, the feathers being black, notched
with whito and broadly tipped with the latter ; scapulars and wing-
covorts like the back, the greater series edged externally with
white, the inner ones distinctly notched with the same ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts black, the former slightly, the latter more
plainly, tipped with white ; quills black, with the shaft white about
the middle, the first two primaries whito for the greater portion of
the inner web, decreasing in extent on the succeeding quills, which
also have the median portion of the shaft white, but after the fourth
this white shaft is accompanied by an increasing amount of white
on the outer web ; secondaries browD, with white edges and tips,
the bases also white to the inner webs ; innermost secondaries
resembling the back, and notched with ashy brown and blackish;
lower back and rump dusky brown, with white spots and fringes to
the feathers; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers white, barred with
black or blackish brown, the bars decreasing towards the outer
feathers, where they are broken up into spots on the outer web ;
1S8
CHARADRIID.E.
crown of head like the hack, but more minutely mottled and more
hoary white ; forehead and a broad eyebrow white, extending down
the sides of the neck, and forming a large patch on the sides of the
upper breast ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of
body black, excepting the abdomen and under tail-coverts, which
are pure white ; thighs white, streaked with black ; under wing-
coverts white ; axillaries black, with slightly indicated fringes of
brown at the tips ; quills below dusky, with white on the inner
webs ; lower primary-coverts pale ashy : " bill, legs, feet, and claws
black; iris dark hazel" (H. Seebohm). Total length 105 inches,
culmen 1*3, wing 8*1, tail 2 - 9, tarsus L8.
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Not so strongly mottled with
black on the upper surface as the male, and consequently rather
browner, especially on the head ; the black on the face and under-
pays not so much developed, these parts being mottled with
irregular black markings. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-3,
wing 8, tail 2-9, tarsus l - 8.
Adtdt in winter plumage. Differs chiefly from the summer
plumage in wanting the black on the face and breast, but, from the
absence of the black mottling on the back, the whole upper surface
appears more uniform, being ashy brown with narrow whitish
edgings to the feathers, before which is a blackish sub-terminal
shade ; the lores are white, but the base of the forehead is like the
crown ; a line of white appears above and below the eye, but the
white eyebrow is scarcely visible above the ear-coverts, which are
dingy blackish; the sides of the face white, streaked with dusky, the
throat and underparts pure white, the lower throat and fore-neck
being pale ashy brown, slightly mottled with dusky markings ; the
under wing-coverts are white, except the lower primary-coverts,
which are dusky ashy, and the axillaries are Hack.
Young. Like the winter plumage of the adults, and always to be
distinguished by the black axillaries, though it is spangled with
golden buff on the upper surface, so as to resemble a young Golden
Plover ( Charadrius pluvialis).
Hob. Nearly the whole of the World, breeding in summer on the
tundras or barren grounds, and visiting the extreme south of both
the Eastern and Western hemispheres in winter.
a. Ad. sestiv. sk.
b. Ad. sestiv. sk.
c. Juv. sk.
d. Juv. sk.
e. c? juv. sk.
/,
g. Ad. sestiv.
h. Ad. hiem.
i. Juv. sk.
/.-. <$ juv. sk.
I, m. $ sestiv. sk.
Great Britain.
Great Britain.
St. Andrew's, N.B., Nov. (R.
G. W. R.).
Grangemouth, Stirlingshire,
Oct.
Lincolnshire.
Cambridgeshire (0. Salvin).
Yarmouth, Sept. 23.
Yarmouth, May (J. E. Hurt-
ing).
Gould Coll.
Montagu Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
J. H. Caton-Haigh,
Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
23. SQUAT.AROLA.
189
n. 2 juv. sk.
0. (J ad. ; p, q. 2
ad. sestiv. ,-k.
r. $ ad. sk.
g. Ad. lustiv. sk.
f. 5 ad. sestiv. sk.
u. $ ad. sestiv. .-k.
v. $ ad. sestiv. sk.
«•,.!'. J juv. sk.
y, ;. J ad. sestiv. ;
a'-c'. Jad.sastiv.
d'. Ad. kiem. sk.
e'. J kium.sk.
^. c? ad. vix sestiv.
sk.
g '. Ad. hiem. sk.
h '. Ad. hieui. sk.
1. Ad. hiem. sk.
k', I'. cJ ad. aestiv.
& hiern.; w'.Juv.
, sl V
n',o. Juv. sk.
])'. Ad. aestiv. sk.
<l . Ad. sestiv. .sk.
r. Juv. Idem. sk.
s'. Juv. kiem. sk.
' ')"'• 6 $ ad. kiem.
sk.
v'-y'. <S J ad. hiem.
sk.
z'. $ ad. sestiv. sk.
a". 2 iinm. kiem.
sk.
b". Ad. hiem. sk.
c". Juv. hiem. sk.
d". (J ad. hiem. sk.
e". Juv. hiem. sk.
y". c? ad. aestiv. sk.
y". $ ad. kiem. sk.
h". Ad. hiem. 8k.
t". 2 R d. hiem. sk.
A". $ ad. hiem. sk.
Pagham Harbour, Oct. 15 Gould Coll.
(J.E.M.).
Pagham Harbour, Aug. (J. Seebohm Coll.
E. H.).
Pagham Harbour, Sept. Dr. Giinther [P.].
Bristol. Montagu Coll.
(Type of S. grisea, Leach.)
St. Vigors, near Havre, May Seebohm Coll.
(V. Pluche).
Valencia, May 16 (II. Saun- Tweeddale Coll.
ders).
Marocco. Seebohm Coll.
Heligoland, Oct. (R. B. S.). F. Nicholson, Esq.
[P.].
Lower Petchora, June, Julv Seebohm Coll.
(//. S. & /. A. Haruie-
Broicn).
Ancobra River, Gold Coast. Sir R. Burton &
Capt. Cameron P. .
Walvisch Bay, Damara-land Tweeddale Coll/
Dec. 28 (C.'J. A.).
Walvisch Bay, Oct. (C. J. Seebohm Coll.
A.).
Durban, Natal (Gordge).
Cape Colony (Layard).
Cape Colony.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept., Oct.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
W. D. Gumming,
Esq. [P.].
Muscat.
India.
India.
Kutch, Dec. 31 (F. Stoliczka).
Kathiawar, Oct. 19.
Karachi, March 20 (E. A.
Butter).
Karachi, Feb. (.4. O. H.).
M.
Colonel Mills [P.].
Hardwicke Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Haves Llovd
[P.]. '
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll
Sambhur, Sept. (JR.
Adam).
Gurgaon, Dec. 21 (W. X.
Chill).
Etawah, Dec. 8 (.4. 0. II.). Hume Coll.
Nepal Hodgson Coll.
Calcutta, Dec. 27 (A. 0. II.). Hume Coll.
.Madras (A\ <i. ]\\ R.). Tweeddale Coll.
.Madras, Sept. 1. Hume Coll.
Colombo, Ceylon, Nov. 29 R. B. Sharne. Esq.
(W.V.Legge). [P.].
S. Andamans, Feb. 12 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll.
W. R.).
Port Mouat. Andamans, Hume Coll.
Dec. 20 (W. Davis.,,,).
Tonghoo, Burmah, Dec. (R. Tweeddale Coll.
G. W.R.).
190
CHAKADRIID^.
I", m". 3 ad. et
juv. hiein. sk.
n" . 5 ad.hiem. sk.
o",p". dad.; q".%
ad. liiem. sk.
r"—u". 5 a d- hiem.
sk.
v". 2 ad. Liem.sk.
w". Ad. kiera. sk.
x". Ad. hiem. sk.
y". 2 ad. kieni. sk.
z". 2 ad. sk.
a 3 , 6 3 . Ad. sk.
c 3 . Ad. hieni. sk.
<Z 3 ,e 3 . Ad. liiera. sk.
f 3 . Ad. idem. sk.
g 3 . rf ad. kiem. sk.
^ 3 -A -3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
l\m 3 . Ad.hiem.sk.
w 3 , o 3 . Ad.sestiv.sk.
p 3 . Ad. sestiv. sk.
(f, r 3 . 2 j ll v- sk.
s 3 -v 3 . $ ad. uestiv.
sk.
to 3 . Juv. sk.
.f 3 . Juv. sk.
%f. Juv. sk.
s 3 , a 4 . Ad. kiem. et
juv. sk.
b l . cS ad. kiem. sk.
c^o*. c? 2 ad.hiem.
et aestiv. sk.
p 4 . cj ad.hiem. sk.
q i . 2 ad. hiem. sk.
r 4 . Ad. sestiv. sk.
s 4 . Ad. hiem. sk.
t l . Ad. aestiv. sk.
Elephant Point, Dec. (J. Hume Coll.
Armstrong).
Oyster Island, Dec. Oates Coll.
Amherst, Dec. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.
Jaram, Salangore, Dec. to Hume Coll.
Feb. ( W. D.).
Pulo Nongsa, Nov. 27 {W. Hume Coll.
D.).
Malacca [Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll.
Java {ex Mus. Lvgd.). Seebohm Coll.
Cujo Is., Philippines, Dec. Tweeddale Coll.
{A. B. Meyer).
Placer, July {A.H.Everett).
Halmahera.
Labuan.
Amoy,Oct., Jan. (R. Smnhoe).
Formosa, Feb. {R. Swinhoe).
South Yezo, Oct.
Yokohama, Oct. {H. Fryer).
Corea.
Arctic America.
Arctic America {Col. Drum-
mond).
St. Michael's, Alaska, Sept, 16
(E. W. Nelson: Hensh.
Coll.).
Kotlik, Mouth of Yukon
River, May 20 {E. W.
Nelson : Hensh. Coll.).
Fort Simpson, Sept. {R. Ken-
nicott).
Fort Resolution, Great Slave
Lake {A. McKenzie).
Vancouver Island.
British Columbia.
San Francisco, California,
Oct. 19 {H. W. II.).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Aug.,
Oct., Nov. {F. B. Arm-
strong) .
Tarpon Springs, Florida,
Dec. 11 {W. E. D. Scott).
Cedar Key, Florida, Nov.
{Hensh. Coll.).
Mexico {White).
Chiapam, Guatemala (0. 6'.).
Barbados.
m 4 . Ad. hiem. sk. Choco Bay.
v 1 . Skeleton.
w 1 . Sternum.
a. 4 . Sternum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
A. H. Everett, Esq.
[C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
C.W.Campbell, Esq.
[P.].
Capt. Collinson [C.].
Gould CoU.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sir R. Schoinburgk
[C.].
Capt. Kellett& Lieut.
Wood [P.].
Purchased.
M. Lefebvre.
J. Ingall, Esq. [P.].
24. CHARADRIUS. 101
24. CHARADRIUS. _
Type.
Charadrius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766) C. pluvialis.
Pluvialis, Briss. Orn. v. p. 42 (1700) C. pluvialis.
Range. Nearly the whole of the world, excepting the extreme
south of South America.
1. Charadrius pluvialis.
The Green Plover, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 71, pi. 75 (1738).
Le Pluvier dor<5, Briss. Orn. v. p. 4.'!. pi. iv. tig. 1 (1760) ; U Aubent.
PI. Enl. be. pi. 904; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. si (1781).
Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766); Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 688 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'llist. Nat. xxxii. p. 131,
pi. 34. tig. 3 (1818); Temm. Man. a" Orn. ii. p. 535 (1820);
Jiou.i; Om. Prov. pis. 271, 272 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs,
pi. 10 (1827); Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 543 (1831); Me net r.
Cat. JRais. Cauc. p. 53 (1832) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 204 ( L837);
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 45 (1838) ; Crespon,
Orn. Gard, p. 358 (1840) ; Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxx, 208
(1840); Nordm.in Demid. Joy. Buss. Mirid. iii. p. 231 (1840:
spring & autumn) ; Selys-Lfinych. Faun. Belg. p. 121 (1842 :
spring & autumn migrant) ; Schley. Bev. Crit. p. lxxxi (1^44) ;
Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl. p. 90 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit.
Mus. p. 66 (1844) ; Hewits. Eyys Brit. B. ii. p. 249, pi. lxviii.
fig. 1 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 83 (1850) ;
Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Canary Is.) ; Brehm, J.f. O.
1854, p. 79; Burgess, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 80 (Karachi); Bolle,
J.f. O. 1855, p. 176 (Canary Is., winter) ; Heuyl. Syst. Uebers.
p. 56 (1856); Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 215 (1857: Gaboon);
Jaub. 8f Barth.-Lapomm. Bieh. Orn. p. 445 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis,
1859, p. 355 (Citv of Tunis, Feb., March) ; Linderm. Yog.
Grieehenl. p. 134 (I860) ; Walter, Ibis, 1860, p. 166 (Godhavn) ;
Poirys, t. c. p. 339 (Corfu & Epirus) ; F. 8? P. Godman, Ibis, 1861,
p. 86 (Norway, Mav) ; Schley. Bier. Nedcrl. Vogels, pi. 21. figs. 2,3
(1861) ; Hartl. J.f.O. 1861, p. 268 (Gaboon) ; Newton in Bariuo-
Gould's Iceland, p. 411 (1863) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 139 (1863);
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pis. 38, 39 (1864) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 450 (Palestine, winter) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 140 (Malta,
spring & autumn) ; Sperlitu/, t. c. p. 286 (Missolonghi marshes,
Isov.) ; Salvad. J.f. O. 1865, p. 284 (Sardinia) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865,
p. 59 (Pisa, winter); Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 178 (Spain) : Taylor,
Ibis, 1867, p. 68 (Alexandria market) ; Baird, t. c. p. 282 (ice-
land) ; Brake, t. c. p. 429 (Tangier*) ; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 296
(1867 : Lamu, E. Africa) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal) ;
Saunders, Ibis, lt>09, p. 173 (Spain) ; Bon/gr. I'cge/f. Norddeutschl.
p. 109 (1869); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 174 (1869: spring &
autumn) ; iJroste, Vogelw. Barium, p. 145 (1869) ; Finsch Sf
Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 662 (1870: note); Elwes § Buckley,
Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Macedonia); Gurneg, Ibis, L871, p. 298
(Algeria); Saunders, t. c'p. 386 (S.Spain); Salvad. Faun. Itul.
Ucc. p. 203 (1871); B. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 252 (1871);
Dresser, II. Eur. vii. p. 435, pi. 515. fig. 1 (1S71): Hartim/,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 42 (1872); G. C. Taylor. Ibis, 1872, p. 282
(Constantinople); Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 235 (1872: winter);
192 CHAEADEIID^:.
FeiMen, Zool. 1872, p. 3245 (Faroe Is., March to Aug.) ; Alston Sr
Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1878, p. 67 (Archangel) ; Brooke t. c. p. 337
(Sardinia, spring) ; Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873 : migrant);
Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 157 (1874: breeding); Irby, Orn. Straits
Gibr. p. 160 (1875) ; Fallon, Ois., Belff. p. 150 (1875) ; Seebohm fy
Harvie-Broicn, Ibis, 1876, p. 221 (Lower Petehora) ; Dresser, t. c.
p. 327 ; Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 278 (1876 : Gwadar ; Resht,
Baluchistan) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 154 (1877 :
Poland, spring & autumn) ; Danford, Ibis, 1878, p. 33 (Asia
Minor) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 152 (Banks of Kooray-i-ka, June ;
Vare-hinskv, July) ; Finsch, Verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix.
p. 248 (1879 : Shtschutschja, July ; Podarata, Aug.) ; Collett,
Norqcs Fuglefavna, p. 106 (1881) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 222
(Astrakhan) ; id. t. c. p. 388 (Archangel) ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 28
(Caucasus) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 157 (1883) ; Saunders, ed.
Yarrell's Brit. B. iii. p. 271 (1883) ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 98
(Spain) ; Tristr. Faun. # Flor. Palest, p. 129 (1884) ; Badde,
Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 412 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 600 (1884) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 225 (1884) ;
Sharpe, ed Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 657 (1884) ; Seebohm, Hist.
Brit. B. iii. p. 85 (1885) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 41 (Corsica) ;
Dieon, t. c. p. 85 (St. Kilda) ; Beid, t. c. p. 252 (Marocco) ; Giol.
Avif. Ital. p. 369 (1886) ; Salvad. Flenco Ucc.Ital. p. 210 (1886);
Pleske, Uebers. Sang, und Vbg. Kola-Halb. p. 320 (1886) ;
Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden, occasional) ; Backhouse, Lbis,
1887, p. 74 (E. Pyrenees) ; Tait, t. c. p. 384 (Portugal) ; Koenig,
J. f. O. 1888, p. 270 (Tunis) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 97 (1888) ; Buckley # Hanie-Broun, Vertebr. Faun. Outer
Hebrides, p. 141 (1888: resident) ; Saunders, Man. Brit.B. p. 531
(1889) ; Li/ford, Ibis, 1889, p. 339 (Cvprus) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital.,
1st Besoc. p. 565 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 647 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 509
(1891); W. Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 79 (incubation) ; Buckley $ Harvie-
Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 201 (1891 : resident) ; iid.
Vertebr. Faun. Argyll fy Inner Hebrides, p. 163 (1892) ; Irby,
Fey List Brit. 5.2nd ed. p. 47 (1892) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 22
(Heligoland) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 516 (E. Prussia) ; Blaauw, Notes
Leyd. Mus. xv. p. 225 (1893: Holland); Barnes, Ibis, 1893,
pp. 169, 181 (Aden) ; Blagg, t. c. p. 355 (Shetlands, breeding) ;
Pearson Sf Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 233 (Norway, breeding) ; Chap-
man, t. c. p. 344 (West Jutland).
Charadrius apricarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766, pt.) ; Pall.
Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 146 (1811, pt.) ; Brehni, Vbg. Deutschl.
p. 541 (1831) ; Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxx. fig. 6 (1852) ; Sundev.
Sv. Fogl. pi. xxxvi. figs. 2, 3 (1856-72) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 13, no. 9982 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1014
(1873 : Nile delta, winter) ; Palmen, Finlands Foglar, p. 91
(1873) ; A.O.U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 160 (1886 : Greenland) ;
Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 173 (1887) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun.
Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 12 (1890) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung.
p. 121 (1891).
Charadrius aureus, P. L. S. Midi. S. N., Anhang,Tp. 118(1776:
e.r Briss.) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 71 (1884).
Golden Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 193 (1785) ; Yarrell,
Brit. B. ii. p. 385 (1843)'; Graham, B. lona # Mull, p. 238
(1890: resident).
Charadrius auratus, Suckow, Naturq. der Thiere, ii. p. 1592 (1801) ;
Meyer 8f Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 318 (1810) ; Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl.
24. CHARADRIUS. 193
p. 542 (18.31) ; Naum. Vbg. Deutsckl. vii. p. 138, pi. 173 (1834) ;
Schl. Voy. Nederl. pi. 211 (1864).
Charadrius altifrons, Brehm, Vbg. Deutsckl. p. 542 (1831).
Pluvialis apricarius, Less. Trait 6 iVOrn. p. 543 (1831) ; Bp. Cat.
Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 57 (1842) ; id. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ;
Schl. Mus. Pays-Has, Cursores, p. 49 (1865: Holland, Sweden,
Archangel) ; Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 123 (1867) ; Locke,
Erpl. Set. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 262 (18G7); Fritsck, Vbg. Eur.
tab. 37. figs. 1,2 (1870).
Pluvialis aurea, Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 94 (1852).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above mottled
with black, golden-bun , and ashy-whitish markings ; the ground-
colour of the feathers black, -with spots of golden buff, the whitish
spots being mostly at the tips, and probably only the remains of
winter plumage; the scapulars and wing-coverts more distinctly
notched and barred with golden, the lateral marks being often
triangular and of irregular shape ; lesser wing-coverts brown, with
very little golden mottling, the median and greater series like the
back, and distinctly mottled with golden and black in the form of
frequent bars ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark
brown, fringed with white at the ends, the secondaries with
inconspicuous whity-brown bases ; the innermost notched or barred
with golden ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like the rest
of the upper surface, but rather more plainly barred with golden ;
tail-feathers brown, barred with lighter brown or golden, the outer
feathers externally notched with white, the light bars tinged with
golden ; head like the back and similarly mottled with golden ;
a frontal band and a distinct eyebrow white, extending down the
sides of the neck and joining the white along the sides of the body ;
base of forehead, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat
smoky black ; centre of fore-nock, breast, and abdomen deep black,
flanked with white for its entire length : the golden and black
plumage of the sides of the neck descending on to the sides of the
breast ; thighs black ; under tail-coverts white, marked with black
on tlie vent ; uuder wing-coverts white, mottled with ashy browu
round the bend of the wing ; axillaries pure white ; quills ashy
below, as also the lower primary-coverts : " bill, legs, feet, and
claws nearly black ; iris dark hazel" (H. Seehohm). Total length
10 inchos, culmen 1, wing 7'45, tail 2-9, tarsus 1*6.
Adult female in breeding- plumage. Similar to the male, but
never having tho black so uniformly distributed on the breast, but
always in patches. Total length 10 inches, wing 7*4.
Young in Jirst winter plumage. Similar to the adults, but much
more plentifully spangled with golden, the crown of the head some-
what blacker ; throat white ; lower throat, fore-neck, and breast
ashy brown, mottled with pale golden-buff edges and bars, the
feathers on the lowor throat and fore-neck being mottled with
triangular spots of dusky brown ; the breast and side.- of the
body ashy brown, with dusky-brown bars: abdomen and under
vol. wiv. o
194
chakadriim;.
wing-coverts white, the outer ones round the bend of the wing
mottled with brown ; lower primary-coverts ashy brown ; axillaries
white.
Nestling. Thickly covered with golden down, mottled with black,
which scarcely forms any distinct patterns ; on each side of the
back is a streak of ashy-whitish down, and the wings are marked
by a golden patch, the lores and eyebrow being emphasized by a
spot of bright golden yellow ; below the eye a spot of ashy whitish,
of which also there are certain markings on the hind-neck and sides
of neck ; cheeks and under surface of body ashy whitish, with a patch
of dusky blackish underlying the down of the breast.
Hah. Europe generally, extending to Western Siberia and
migrating south in winter to North Africa, and even extending as
far east as Sind.
a-c. Pull. sk.
d. Ad. hiem. st.
<\ Ad. aestiv.
sk.
f. d ad. aestiv.
sk.
g. cf ad. hiem.
sk.
A. Pull. sk.
i. Pull. sk.
k, I. Pull, st,
m. $ ad. hiem.
sk.
n, o. Ad. aestiv.
st.
p, q. Ad. hiem.
sk.
r. Ad. hiem. sk.
s. Ad. aestiv. st.
t. Imm. sk.
u. $ ad. hiem.
sk.
v, w. cJ 2 ad.
aestiv. st.
-2\ Ad. aestiv. sk.
y, z. S 2 ad.
hiem. et aestiv.
ak.
a . <$ ad. hiem.
sk.
b', c'. Ad. hiem.
sk.
■d', e'. Ad. hiem.
st.
Europe.
Ballynacuick, Ireland.
Orkneys.
Clestron, Orkneys, May 27.
Stromness, Orkneys.
Bridge of Broisgar, Stennis,
Orkneys (J. H. Dunn).
Orkneys {Hubbard).
Orkneys.
Island of Tiree, Jan. 16.
Beauly Castle, N.B.
WhitehiU, N.B. (R. G. W. R.).
Isle of Grain, N.B., Sept.
(R. G. W. R.).
Northumberland, May.
Newbiggin, Northumberland,
Aug.
Teesmouth, Durham, March.
Yorkshire.
White Pass Moss, Derbyshire,
June (O. 8.).
Ulceby, Lincolnshire, March,
Jan. (J. Cordeaux).
Breydon Harbour, Norfolk,
Oct. {J. E. Harting).
Harwich, Jan. 28.
Epping, Essex.
Gould Coll.
C. Coningham, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hargitt Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Colonel Irby [P.].
Lord Lovat [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Harting Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Lord Walsingham
[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
H. Whitehead, Esq.
[P.].
H. Doubleday, Esq.
/'-/*'. c? ad.
hiem. ; {. $
ad. hiem. sk. ;
k'. Ad. hiem.
sk.
t, rri. c? ad.
sestiv. ; ri, o'.
2 ad. restiv.
sk.
p'. Pull. sk.
q'. 3 ad. sestiv.
sk.
>•'. Ad. a?stiv. sk.
«', P. Ad. sestiv.
sk.
l»'. Ad. a?stiv. sk.
v'. tf ad. sestiv.
sk.
w'. 2 ad. sestiv.
sk.
.(•'. $ ad. sestiv.
sk.
y. Pull. sk.
a', «". (5 ad.
sestiv. ; b". 2
ad. restiv. sk.
c", rf." <5 ad.
a -tiv. ; e". 2
ad. sestiv. sk.
/". 2 a d- hiem.
sk.
g". <5 ad. hiem.
ak.
h" . Ail. hiem.
i". 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
k 1 '. 2 ad. hiem.
I". 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
»»". S ad. hiem.
sk.
n". 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
o". Skeleton.
24. cuAiuDKirs.
Shelley Plain, Sussex, April.
Bodo, Norway, May to July
(P. God man).
Dovref jeld, Norway, Jul}'.
Kistrand, Norway, June.
Russia.
Archangel.
Archangel, June (Alston).
Petchora.
Stranavoilacha, Lower Pet-
chora, June 28.
Schtschutscha, July 25 (Dr.
O. Finsch).
Tundra of Podarata, Aug. 5
(Dr. 0. Finsch).
Yen-e-sai, June, July (H. S.).
195
Yen-e-sai, June, July (S.
Seebohm).
Heligoland, Oct.
Heligoland, Sept. 30.
Galicia.
Oudena, Tunis, Feb. 18 (0. S.).
Tripoli (Dickson Sf Ross).
"Wilderness of Judsea.
Gwadar, Baluchistan, Dec.
Sehwan, Sind, Jan. 27.
England.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe
[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Old Coll.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Colonel Feilden &
J. A. Harvie-
Brown, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
F. Nicholson, Esq.
[P.].
Dr. V. Seoaue [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Canon Tristram [C.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
2. Charadrius dominions.
The Spotted Plover, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. pi. 140 (1750).
I a' Pluvier dore de S. Domingue, Driss. Orn. v. p. 48, pi. vi. fig. 1
(1760}.
I. Planer dore - de la Bave de Hudson, Driss. Orn. v. p. 51 (1700).
o2
196 CHAKADRIID.E.
Charadrius apricarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766 : pt.) ; Gm.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 687 (1788).
Charadrius dorninicus, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat., Anhany, p. 116
(1776 : S. Domingo) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 246 ;
A. $ E. Nexoton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) ; Coues, t'heck-l.
N. Amer. B. p. 96 (1882) ; Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 164,
173(1882: ley Cape); Stearns, op. cit. vi. p. 119 (1883: Fox
Isl., Lewis Sound) ; Nelson, Cruise E.S. Coricin, p. 84 (1883 :
Alaskan Coast) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Ridyio. Water-Birds N. Amer.
i. p. 139 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 599 (1884) ;
Dutcher, Auk, i. p. 179 (1884: Long Island) ; Drew, Auk,n. p. 18
(1885 : Colorado) ; Ayersb. t. c. p. 285 (S.E. Dakota) ; Murdock,
Exped. Point Barrow, Alaska, p. 109 (1885) ; Turner, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 246 (1885 : Labrador) ; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 152
(1886: Manitoba, spring & autumn) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer r
B. p. 161 (1886) ; Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 627 (1886 :
Grenada) ; Nelson, Pep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 123 (1887) ;
Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. pp. 642, 654 (1887 : S.W. Texas);
Giyl. Sr Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 585 (Olga Bay, Corea, Sept.) ;
Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 174 (1887) ; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186
(1887 : West Texas) ; Cory, t. c. p. 227 (Antilles, winter) ; Scott,
Auk, vi. p. 159 (1889 : Piinta Rassa) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 490
(Barbados) ; Cory, B. West hid. p. 227 (1889) ; Scl. $ Ruds.
Aryent. Orn. ii. p. 170 (1889) ; Eayle Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321
(1890 : Hudson's Bay) ; Cherrie, t. c. p. 332 (Costa Rica) ; Warren,
B. Pennsylv. 2nd ed. p. 98 (1890) ; Thompson, Proc. U.S. Nat.-
Mus. xiii. p. 506 (1890: Manitoba); Mackay, Auk, viii. p. 17
(1891: Massachusetts); MacFarl. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
p. 429 (1891 : Arctic America) ; Berl. §• Stoh. P. Z. S. 1892,
p. 399 (Peru) ; Berkeley James, New List Chilian B. p. 11
(1892) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892: Jamaica), p. 212 (Florida);
Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texas) ; Cherrie, t. c. p. 329
(Costa Rica, Oct. to Dec.) ; Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 94 (1892) ;.
Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 96 (1892: Trinidad).
Le Pluvier dore a gorge noire, Buff. Hut. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 85 (1781).
Alwargrim Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 198 (1785 : pt.).
Fulvous Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 211.
Charadrius fulvus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 687 (1788) : Gray, List
Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 67 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; id.
Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean, p. 47 (1859) ; Cass. Proc. Philad.
Acad. 1862, p. 321 (Liu-Kiu Is.) ; Finsch fy Hartl. Faun. Central-
polyn. p. 188 (1867) ; Hartl. Sf Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 117
(Pelew Is.) ; Finsch 8> Hartl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 548 (Tonga Is.) ;
Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 175 (1869) ; Bole, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.
xii. p. 304 (1869 : Oahu, Molokai) ; Fmsch # Hartl. J. f. O.
1870, p. 122 (Tongatabu ; Vavao ; Hapai) ; Hartiny, Ibis, 1870,
p. 205; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 14, no. 9985 (1871); Swinh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 403 ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 443, pi. 516, pi. 517.
figs. 2, 3 (1871); Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 88 (1872:
Celebes) ; Hartl. $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 89, 104 (Mackenzie
Group) ; Holdsw. t. c. p. 470 (Ceylon) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1872,
p. 52 (Samoa) ; Wald. §■ Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 105 (Negros,
March) ; Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 316 (Andamans) ; Sivinh. t. c.
p. 427 (Shanghai) ; Tacz. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 101 (E. Siberia) ; Bailer,
B. New Zeal. p. 212 (1873) ; Hume, Nests $ Eyys Ind. B. p. 570
(1873) ; id. Str. F. i. p. 228 (1873 : Larkhana, Sindh) ; id. t. c.
p. 462 (Acheen, Sumatra) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 313 ( 1874) ;
24. CHAR.YDRIUS. 19'
Taos. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 336 ; Button, Ibis, 1874, p. 39 (New
Zealand);' Duller, t, c. p. 118; Swinhoe, t. c. p. 162 (Hakodadi) ;
Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 287 (1874 : Andamans) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.
Gvnov. vii. p. 793 (1875); lilyth is Wald. B. Burnt, y. 153 (1875:
Thavetmvo, Ton<rkoo) ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 179 (1875 : Pegu) ;
Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. viii. p. 31 (1875 : Pelew Islands) ;
Wall. Tnms. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 226 (1875: Luzon) ; Sharpe, Voy.
Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, App. p. 29 (1875 : N. Z.) ; Irby, Orn. Straits
(New Hebrides) ; Layard, t. e. p. 3i»3(Fiji Is.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 497 (Samoa), p. 503 (Friendly Is.); Cab. § Reichen. J.f. O.
1876, p. 327 (Samoa) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. viii. p. 384 (1876 :
Bouru) ; Briiggem. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 536 (1876 :
Celebes) : Butler % Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 11 (1876 : N. Guzerat) ;
Fairb. t. c. p. 262 (Deccan) ; Armstrong, t. c. p. 339 (Akyab) ;
Hume, t. c. p. 462 (Laccadives) ; Taez. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i.
p. 247 (1876); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877 : Karachi); Ball,
t c -p 419 (Godaverv) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiii.
p. 504 (1877: Port Moresby) : Sclat. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113 (Duke
of York Id.); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. x. p. 163 (1877); Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 155 (1877 : Poland, Nov.) ; Prjev.
in Soil-leys Orn. Misc. iii. p. 434 (1877 : S.E. Mongolia, May ;
Iloanf-ho Valley, April ; Northern Ala-shan, Sept. ; Lake
Hanka Aug.) ; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 424 (1877) ; Streets,
American Naturalist, 1877, p. 71 (Christmas Isl., Fanning Group);
T/ceedd, Ibis, 1877, p. 322 (Sumatra) ; Wardlau- Ramsay, t. c.
p. 468 (Burma) ; Tu-eedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 550 (Zamboanga) ;
Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 218 (Yezo; Tokio : \okohama) ;
E.L. $ L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 264 (New Caledonia, breeding); Salvad.
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 82 (Amboina) : Hume S,- Davison, Str. F. vi.
p 455 (1878: Tenasseritn) ; Davidson fy Wenden.Str. F. vii. p. 88
(1878: Deccan) ; Ball. t. c. p. 226 (Ganges to Godavery) ; Cripps,
t c p 299 (Faridpur) : Hume, t. c. p. 482 (Calcutta) ; Anderson,
Sci. Ses. Eiped. West Ytman, p. 675(1878: Tapeng ; Tsitkaw) ;
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 57 (1879: winter visitant) ; Sosenb.
Malay. Archip. p. 373 (1878-79 : Kei Isl.) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879,
p 14 (Duke of York Isl.) : Sclat. t. c. p. 447 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.
Gen. xiv. p. 665 (1879); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 146 (Toman Is.);
Tiraut, Bull. Com. et Agric. Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 147 (1879) ;
Wutne, Str. F. viii. pp. 61. 101 (1879: Malay Peninsula), p. 112;
8adhi,t. c. p. 350 (Nepal Valley, Sept. & Oct.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1879, p. 350 (Labuan): Maunard, B. East. .A. Amer. p. 3o8
(1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 25 (Japan); Gdtke, t. c. p. 104
(Heligoland) : E. I. &■ L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 107 (New Caledonia);
Seebohm, t. c. p. 153 (Koo-rav-i-ka, Siberia) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 270
(Lawas R.) ; Irby, t. c. p. 345 (Malaga) : Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb.
Pres. p. 72 (1880: winter) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 79 (Honolulu,
July); id. t. c. pp. 220, 330-32 (Marshall Is.), p. 432 (Kings-
mill Group, Gilbert Is.) : E. L. % L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 232
(Loyalty Is.), p. 304 (New Hebrides) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 934
(1880); Vidal.Str. F. ix. p. 79 (1880: S. Konkan) ; Bingham,
t. c. p. 196 (Thoungypen Valley) : Butler, t. c. p. 425 : Parker,
t. r. p. 482 (Ceylon) ; Tweedd. Voy. ' Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 23
(1881: Zamboanga, Mindanao); Salvad. t. c. p. 63 (Amboina);
Meyer, FerA. z.-b. gee. Wicn, 1881, p. 767 (Sumba) ; Reid, Str. F.
198 CHAEABEIID^E.
x. p. 64 (1881 : Lucknow) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 996; Bid-
dulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit) ; Finsch, t. c. p. 109 (Kusliai) ;
id. p. 115 (Ponape) ; E. L. $• L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 135 (New-
Hebrides) ; Giylioli, t. c. p. 184 (Malta) ; Finsch, t. c. p. 246
(Pleasant Isl.) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 251 (Marquesas) ; Kelham, t, c.
p. 530 (Perak P., Jan.) ; Scully, t. c. p. 586 (Gilgit, Sept., Oct.) ;
Kelham, Ibis, 1882, pp. 8, 189 (Singapore, Oct.) ; Seebohm, t. c.
p. 222 (Astrakhan), p. 380 (Archangel) ; E. L. #Z. C. Layard, t. c.
p. 532 (New Caledonia), p. 544 (New Hebrides ; Fiji Is.) ; Cheese-
man, Trans. Neio Zeal. Inst. xiv. p. 264 (1882 : Auckland Distr.) ;
Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 318 (1882 : W. Khandeish) ; Salvad. Ann.
Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 324 (1882 : Geogr. distr.) ; id. Orn. Papuasia,
iii. p. 294 (1882) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 200 (Maroe, Tiinor-
Laut) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 364 (1883) ; B. O. U.
List Brit. B. p. 157 (1883) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1883, p. 47 (Fanning Is.) ;
Robson, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. xvi. p. 308 (1884 : Portland Isl.,
N. Z., Jan.) ; Finsch, Vbg. der Siidsee, p. 55 (1884 : Marshall &
Gilbert Isl.) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 43 (Tenimber Isl.) ; Snell.
in VetKs Midden Sumatra, Vog. p. 50 (1884) ; H. O. Forbes,
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 433 (Tinior-Laut) ; Pleske, Bull. Acad. Petersb.
xxix. p. 536 (1884: Ternate) ; Blakiston, Amended List B. Jap.
p. 10 (1884 : Japan generally) ; Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 71
(1884) ; Eadde, B. Cauc. pp. 43, 413 (1884 : winter) ; Nehrk.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 35 (Waigiou) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 40
(1885) ; Sivinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 (Mhow Distr.) ;
Kirk, Trans. Neiv Zeal. Inst. xvii. p. 59 (1885 : Worser Bay) ;
Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 559 (Gorontalo, Sept.) ; id, p. 664
(Momos, Waigiou, Oct.) ; Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. ix. p. 79
(1886 : W. Sumatra) ; Blasius, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. iii. p. 140
(1886: Celebes); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 79 (Sidney Isl.,
Phoenix Group) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 167 (Muscat) ; Vorderm.
Nat, Tijdschr. Nederl, Ind. xlvi. An. 3, p. 21 (1886 : Borneo) ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 180 (Liu Kiu Is.) ; McFarl. t. c. p. 212
(Sandwich Isl., Aug.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) iv. p. 613
(1887 : Bhamo) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 349 (Great Liakoff Isl.) ;
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 313 (1888 : Manipur) ; Bamsay, Tab. List
Austr. B. p. 19 (1888 : Australia generally, except the north-
west) ; Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 6 (1888) ; Seebohm,
Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 99 (1888) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 456
(Seoul, Corea, Sept.) ; Giyl. ty Salvad. t. c. p. 585 (Olga Bay,
Corea, Sept.) ; North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iii. p. 1778
(1889: Cumberland, N. S. W.) ; Hartert, J.f. O. 1889, p. 377
(Sumatra) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 204
(Sarawak) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 415
(1889 : Sumatra) ; St, John, Ibis, 1889, p. 175 (S. Afghanistan)
Tristr. t. c. p. 558 (Rossel Isl.) ; Everett, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225
(Palawan) ; Steere, List B. fy Mamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 25 (1890
Paragua ; Balabac; Mindanao; Negros; Siquijor) ; Whitehead.
Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan) ; Seebohm, t, c. p. 104 (Bonin Is.)
Sharpe, t, c. pp. 142,284 (Benkoka; Labuan) ; Seebohm, B. Japan
Em]), p. 303 (1890) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 827 (1891
Killerton Isl.) ; id. Ayg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 200 (1891)
Sharpe, Sci. Pes. 2nd York. Miss., Aves, p. 156 (1891) ; Buckley
fy Har vie- Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 202 (1891 : Nov.)
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse, spring migrant)
Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 299 (Phcenix Is.) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892,
p. 22 (Heligoland, June, July) ; De la Touche, t. c. p. 496
(Foochow, spring & autumn ; Swatow, winter) ; Scott- Wilson 8f
24. CHAEADKIUS. 199
Evans, Aves Haioaiiensis, pt. iii. (1892) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc.
Advanc. Sci. 1892, p. 32 (Tasmania, Oct-March) ; Irby, Key List
Brit. B. 2nd ed. p. 47 (1892) ; Ilurtl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xii. p. •'!-'!l (Hainan, Dec.) ; Wiglesw. Abhandl. Zool. Mas. Dresd.
1890-91, no. 0, p. 63 (1892) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu Kiu
Is. ) ; Wiglesw. t. c. p. 213 (Gilbert Is.) ; Hose, t. c. p. 424 (Borneo,
winter) ; Styan, t. c. p. 430 (Hainan) ; Rothschild, Avif. Laysan,
pt. i. p. 11 (1893) ; Meyer $ Wiglesw. J.f. O. 1894, p. 250 (Talaut
M.).
Mbatuitui pecho listado, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 283 (1803).
Mbatuitui de niarmol, Azara, t. c. iii. p. 286.
Charadrius pluvialis (nee L.), Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 141
(1811) ; Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 71, pi. 59. fig. 5 (1814 : New
York; New Jersey, Sept., Oct.) ; Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii.
p. 187 (1820: Java); E. Sabine in Parry's Voy., App. p. excix
(1821 : N. Georgian Is., breeding) ; id. in Franklin's Journ.
p. 683 (1823 : N. Georgian Is.) ; Richardson in Parry's 2nd Voy.,
App. p. 350 (1825) ; J. C. Ross in Parry's 3rd Voy., App. p. 102
(1826: Port Bowen, May); Swauis. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds,
p. 369 (1831: Hudson's Bay); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 166
(Deccan) ; Nuttall, Man.Orn. ii. p. 16 (1836) ; Vigors in Beechey's
Voy. ' Blossom,' Birds, p. 29 (1839 : Chamisso Is., Sept.) ; Hodys.
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pis. 53, 96, nos. 535, 536; id. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Peale, U.S. Expl. E.iped. p. 239
(1848) ; Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 210 (1851 : Tainiyr Kiver,
May ; Boganida [71° N.], Aug.) ; Kittl. Denkw. Reis. ii. pp. 32,
55 (1858) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 410 (1859) ; Radde, Reis.
Sibir.,Voy. p. 322(1863: Bureja Mts., Sept.) ;Pelz. Reise Novara,
Voy. p. 115 (1865 : Nicobars) ; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 297, 454 (1871 :
Ypanema ; Curytiba ; Cuyaba ; Villa Maria ; Eugenho do Cap
Gama ; Barra) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1871, p. 360 (Sandwich Islands);
Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 437 (Michalaski, May).
Charadrius pectoralis {necWagl.),Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii.
p. 145 (1818).
Charadrius pluvialis, var., Raffl., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328
(1820: Sumatra).
Charadrius virginicus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 70 (1823 : Montevideo) ;
Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 761 (1833 : Brazil) ; Meyen,
Nova Acta Acad. C. L.-C. xvi. Suppl. p. 106, pi. 18 (1834 :
S. America) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 67 (1844) ; id. Cat.
Mamm. $c. Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 132 (1846) ; Hart I. Ind. Azara,
p. 24 (1847) : Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849:
Calcutta); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854); Motl.
Sf Dilhc. Contr. Nat. Hist Labium, p. 57 (1855) : Gundl. J.f. O.
1856, p. 423 (Cuba, Sept. to April) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 690
(1858) ; Sclat. Sf Salt: Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (Duenas, April) ; A.$E.
Newt. t. c. p. 255 (St. Croix) ; Cooper $ Buckley, N. H. Washing-
ton Territory, p. 229 (1860) ; Reinh. Pois, 1861, p. 9 (Greenland) ;
Irby, t. r. p. 238 (Banks of Gogra & Choka) ; Blakiston, Ibis,
ISti:;. p. 129 (Hudson's Bay ; Mackenzie R.) ; Wright, Ibis, 1865,
p. 463 (Malta) ; Sd. -Y Salv. I'. /.. S. 1866, p. 567 (R. Ucayali);
Dresser, Ibis, L866, p. 33 (Texas); Lcot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 394
(1866); Sri. p. /. S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili) ; id. $ Salv. P. Z. S.
1869, p. 598 (Cosnipata, Peru) ; Dall <§■ Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad.
i. p. 289 (1869 : St. Michael's) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 587
(Triiuulad); Xt evens, U.S. Geol. Sun. TV/r. 1870, p. 465 (Rock
Creek, Wyoming) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 14, no. 99S3 (1871)
200
CHARADRIID^.
Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xv. p. 240 (1872 : Southern Iowa,
spring & autumn) ; Sclat. ty Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Nauta) ;
iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142 (1873) ; Snoiv, B. Kansas, p. 9
(1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 559 (Chorillos) ; Sivinh. Ibis,
1875, p. 452 (Hakodadi) ; Gundl. Orn. Cabana, p. 296 (1876) ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 165 (Heligoland) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 197
{Buenos Ayres) ; Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 474 (Bermudas, autumn) ;
Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 257 (1880 : Dominica) ; Zeledon,
Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628
(Buenos Ayres) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1883, p. 198 (Leadenhall Market,
Nov.) ; Barrows, Auk, i. p. 313 (1884 : Bahia Blanca) ; Tacz.
Orn. Perm, iii. p. 340 (1886) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (R.Yurauni,
Brit. Guiana) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lornas de Zamora);
Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland).
Charadrius xanthocheilus, Way I. Si/st. Av., Charadrius, p. 68, sp. 36
(1827) ; Gray, in Diefenb. Trav. New Zeal. ii. App. p. 195 (1«43) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 13 (1848) ;
Macyill. Toy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858,
pp. 187, 197 ; Cass. U.S. Expl. E.vped. p. 325 (1858) ; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. § B. New Gain. pp. 51, 62 (1859 : Am Is.) ; id. P. Z. S.
1861, p. 438 ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 234 ; Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.
Ind. xxv. p. 253 (1863) ; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 135 (Am Is.) ;
Finsch, Neu-Gvinea, p. 181 (1865) ; Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.
xxvii. p. 314 (1870 : New Caledonia) ; Gray, Hatid-l. B. iii. p. 14,
no. 9986 (1871); Layard, Ibis, 1884, p. 123 (Norfolk Isl.) ;
Etheridge, Lord Howe Island, Zool. p. 17 (1889).
Charadrius marnioratus, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 70, sp. 42
(1827, ex Temm. MSS.) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 575 (1839) ;
id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 203, pi. 316 (1842) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba,
p. 105 (1850) ; Putnam, Proc. Ess. Inst. i. p. 216 (1856 : Massa-
chusetts) ; Breiver, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860 : Cuba).
Charadrius taitensis, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 321 (1828).
Charadrius virginianus, Jard. § Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 85 (1830);
Gould in Darwin's Toy. 'Beaqlel Birds, p. 126 (1841 : La Plata) ;
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chili) ; Gray, Toy. Ereb. $ Terr.,
Bii-ds, p. 11 (1846) ; Cab. in Scho?nb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 750
(1848); Hartl. Archiv fur Nat. 1852, p. 134 (Fiji; Tonga;
Samoa; Society Is. ; Paumotu; Kingsmill Is.) ; Burm. Th. Bras.
iii. p. 357 (1856 : Santa Catarina) ; id. Reise La Plafa-St. ii. p. 501
(1861) ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 66 (Jamaica) : Later.
Ann. Lye. N.Y. viii. p. 98 (1864: Sombrero) ; Finsch, P. Z. S.
1870, p. 587 (Trinidad) ; Later. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 67
(1878: Dominica), p. 197 (St. Vincent), p. 238 (Antigua), p. 241
(Barbuda), p. 265 (Grenada), p. 461 (Guadaloupe), p. 488.
Charadrius glaucopus, Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 176 (1844 : Otaheite).
Charadrius pluvialis orientalis, Temm. Sf Schl. Faun. Jaj). p. 104,
pi. 62 (1845-50).
Charadrius virginianicus, Tschudify Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 49,
296 (1845-46).
Charadrius auratus longipes, Schl. Vogels van Nederl. p. 211
(1854-58).
Pluvialis fulvus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Schl. Mtis. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 50 (1865); Degl.§ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 125 (1867)';
Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 76 (1882 : Batavia).
Pluvialis virginicus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
Pluvialis longipes, Bp. t. c. p. 417; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois.
ii. p. 264 (1867).
24. CHARADRIUS. 201
Pluvialis xanthocheilus, Bp. t. c. p. 417.
Pluvialis taitensis, Bp. t. c. p. 417.
Cbaradrius mongolicus {nee Fall.), Blakist. Ibis, 18G2, p. 830 (Ilako-
dadi).
Charadrius longipes, Temm. Mus. Luffd. ; Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 71
(Heligoland) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 321 (Bonin Is.) ;
Blakust. Ibis, 1863, p. 100 (Ilakodadi) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 404
(Formosa, breeding); Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 17 (Banjarmassing) ;
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 141 (Malta) ; Hartl. t. c. p. 232 (Fiji Is.) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 636 (1864) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 355
(Takow) ; Wright, t. c. p. 462 (Malta) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 134
(Formosa, July) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 163 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868,
p. 389 (Julpigoorie) ; Shrink. Ibis, 1870, p. 360 (Hainan) ; Blanf.
t. c. p. 470 (Bassein distr., Pegu) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S.Beny.
xxxix. p. 273 (1870: Khasia Hills) ; Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 269
(1871 : Wardka Valley ; not observed) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 14, no. 9984 (1871) ; Hume # Headers. Lahore to York. p. 284
(1873 : Yarkand, Aug.) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 165 (Heligo-
land) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 76 (1S77 : Fiji
Is.), p. 218 (N. S. W.) ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1S78) ; Midler,
J. f. O. 1882, p. 82 (Salanga) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,
p. 224 (1S84).
Pluvialis fulvus americanus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 53
(1865: Labrador; Mexico; Venezuela; Brazil).
Cbaradrius orientalis, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 225 (1865) ;
Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 60 (1877 : Cocoanut Isl. ;
Cape Grenville ; Bet Isl.).
Cbaradrius pluvialis americanus, Sundev. CEfv. Yet.-Akad. Forh.
1869, p. 588 (St. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Rico).
Charadrius fulvus, var. virginicus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 243
(1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 449 (1874).
Charadrius pluvialis, var. virginicus, Later. Ann. Lye. N. T. x. p. 383
(1874: Illinois).
Charadrius fulvus virginicus, dues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sun. iv. p. 663
(1878 : Mouse It., Dakota) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1883, p. 278 (Portage
Bay, Alaska, June, July).
Charadrius dominicus fulvus, Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198
(1880) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 96 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise
R.S. ' Corwin,' p. 84 (1883 : Norton Sound) ; Baird, Brewer, $
Ridyw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 144 (1884); Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 599 (1884) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 29, p. 104 (1885 : Bering Isl.) ; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 157 (1885:
Nearer Isl., Alaska) ; A. O. U. Check-l, N. Amer. B. p. 161 (1886) ;
Ridqw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 174 (1887) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Muk xii. p. 380 (1889 : Kauai).
Charadrius fulvus americanus, Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 100 (1888).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to C. pluvialis, but
smaller, with slenderer tarsi, aud distinguished by its smoky-brown
axillarics : " bill dark olive ; feet leaden grey ; iris dark brown "
(J. Gould). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 0-5, tail 2'4,
tai-us P05.
Adrdt female. Similar to that of C. jpZuviaKs, but distinguished by
its Mnoky-brown axillarics. Total length 9 inches, wing 6-25.
Winter and immature plumage. Corresponds with that of
202
CHAKADPaiDiE.
C. pluvialis, but the smoky-brown axillaries distinguish the species
at all ages.
It has been the usual custom amongst ornithologists to recognize
two races of the Smaller Golden Plover — an Eastern form, C. fulvus,
and a Western one, 0. dominions. The latter form, which inhabits
America, is, according to Mr. Seebohm, a slightly larger bird, with
a wing measuring 6 - 8 to 7'5 inches, whereas in the Asiatic species,
which visits Alaska also, the wing does not exceed 6 - 7 inches. The
distance between the tips of the long secondaries and the tip of the
wing is said by Mr. Seebohm to be shorter in Asiatic specimens than
in American ones. On examination this proves to be the case in
the majority of specimens, but it is by no means a constant cha-
racter, and, as Mr. Seebohm himself allows, intermediate forms
occur. In Mr. Bidgway's ' Manual ' it is stated that C. dominions
has longer wings, relatively shorter tarsi and toes, and less golden
coloration, especially in immature and winter plumages. The wing
is given as 6 - 8-7'4 inches, and the tarsus P55-1-82. In C. fulvus
the wing is stated to be 6-1-6-8 and the tarsus P6-1-8. It may,
therefore, be admitted that there is a slight difference in the size of
the two races, but they seem to overlap to such an extent that
I have thought it best to unite them. The supposed more golden
coloration of the Asiatic bird is not confirmed by our large series in
the Museum.
Hob. The northern portions of both the Old and New "Worlds in
summer, winteriug far to the South in both hemispheres. Its place
in Europe, where it is only an occasional visitor, is taken by
C. pluvialis. Specimens from Eastern North America are some-
what larger (vide supra).
a, b. 5 ad. et irnm. Siberia.
c-d. Jad. sestiv. ;
e-h. 2 ad.sestiv.
sk.
z. J imm. sk.
k. d imm. sk.
/. Imm. sk.
m. Ad. hiem. sk.
n. Ad. hiem. sk.
o. cJ ad. hiem. ;
P , q, r. 5 ad.
hiem. sk.
s. Ad. hiem. sk.
t. 5 ad. sestiv.
sk.
u. 3 ad. hiem. sk.
v. Ad. hiem. sk.
w. Ad. hiem. sk.
x. Ad. ffistiv. sk.
y. 3 ad. sestiv.
Valley of the Yen-e-sai,
June, July (H. S.).
Lake Baikal, Nov. 29 {Dy-
boivsky).
Zaidam, Sept. (Prjevcdsku).
N.E. Siberia, Sept.
Muscat.
Mekran Coast (E.A. Sutler) .
Karachi, Nov., Dec. (E. A.
Butler).
Rajkote, Kathiawar, Sept. 24.
Yarkand, Aug. 26 (G. Hen-
derson).
Yarkand, Nov. 12 (J". Bid-
dulph).
Afghanistan {Griffith).
Kotegurh.
Etawah.
Allahabad, May 29 (J. Cock-
bum).
Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Colonel Mills [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Hayes Lloyd
PP.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
24. CnAEADRIUS.
203
z. c? ad. hiem. sk.
a', b', d . § ad.
hiem. sic.
d', e'. (S ad. hiem.
sk.
f'-i. Ad. hiem.
J sk.
k'-q'. Ad. hiem.
et festiv. sk.
r'. Ad. hiem. sk.
«',/'• dad. sestiv.
sk.
m'. Ad. hiem. sk.
v'. Ad. hiem. sk.
w'-z. J 2 ad.
hiem. et aestiv.
sk.
a",b". Ad. hiem.
sk.
c",d". Ad. hiem.
sk.
e"-h". cJ 5 ad.
hiem. et aestiv.
sk.
i". Ad. asstiv. sk.
/,•", I". tf $ hiem.
sk.
m"-b 3 . rf $ ad.
hiem. et sestiv.
sk.
c 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
d 3 , e 3 . Ad. hiem.
sk.
/ 3 -* 3 *. d $ ad.
hiem. sk.
k 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
P. Ad. hiem. sk.
my. (J $ ad.
hiem. sk.
q 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
r 3 , s 3 . Ad. hiem.
sk.
t 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
u 3 . $ ad. hiem.
sk.
v 3 , w 3 . cJ $ ad.
hiem. Bk.
•i- 1 , w 8 . Ad. hiem.
z 3 -e>. tf? ad.sk.
/'. 5 ad- hiem.
sk.
ff*. c? ad. hiem.
sk.
Futtehgurh,Nov. 21 (^4. An-
derson).
Futtehgurh, Nov. (A. An-
derson).
Mogul Serai, Oudh, Dec. 4
(W.E. Brooks).
Oudh.
Nepal.
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).
Nepal Valley,Sept. (J.Scidly).
Sikhhn, Sept. (L. Mandelli).
Bootan (F. W. Montairo).
Shilloug, Assam, Aug., Sept.
(J. Cockburn).
N. Khasia Hills, Dec {A.
W. ChenneU).
Dacca.
Calcutta, April, Dec. {W. T.
Blanford).
Calcutta (E. Blyth).
Calcutta, Feb.
Raipur, Feb. to April.
Seoni.
Deccan (Sykes).
Madras.
Ahmednuggur Distr. (F. B.
Fairbank).
Bombay, Feb. 7.
Laccadives, Feb. March {A.
O. H.).
Malabar Coast.
Ceylon (Nevill).
Ceylon.
Salt Lake, Ceylon, Nov. 6
( W. V. Leg go).
Cotta, Ceylon, Sept. (Hart).
South Andamans, Dec, April
(R. G. W. R.).
Port Blair, April, June, Sept.
(R. J. Wimberley).
Aberdeen, S. Andamans,
Dec. ( JF. Davison).
Preparis Island,Cocos, March
( //". Davison).
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Colonel J. Biddulph
[C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
204
CHAEADRIID^;.
A 4 , « 4 . 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
k*. S ad. hiem.
sk.
I*. <5 ad. aastiv. sk.
m 4 , n 1 . <S $ ad.
hiem. sk.
o 4 . § ad. liiem.
sk.
p4_ r 4 > 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
s 4 . $ ad. hiem.
sk.
P-.r*. d 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
y 4 . cJad. hiem.sk.
s 4 -a 5 . (J ad. hiem.
sk.
6 6 . Jad.hiem.sk.
c 6 . $ ad. hiem. sk.
rf 5 -/ -5 . J ad. hiem.
sk.
g 5 . rf ad. hiem. sk.
h h . S ad. hiem. sk.
i 5 )k 5 . Ad. sestiv.
sk.
P-s 6 . <5 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
t\ f. 6 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
i) 5 ,w 5 .c?ad.hiem.
sk.
X s . c? ad. hiem.
sk.
y 5 -a 6 . Ad. hiem.
sk.
b r '-hj. tf 2 ad.
hiem. sk
/". Ad. hiem. sk.
k e . Ad. sestiv. sk.
P-p*. 6 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
(/'. Ad. hiem. sk.
r 6 . J ad. hiem. sk.
s 6 . Ad. hiem. sk.
£ B . c? ad. sestiv. sk.
j/' 1 . J ad. sestiv. ;
y 8 . 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
«c 6 . Ad. hiem. sk.
,i R . Ad. aestiv. sk.
y e -a' ! . Ad. hiem.
et aestiv. sk.
W. Ad. hiem. sk.
c 7 . Ad. hiem. sk.
oV-g 1 . Ad. hiem.
et sestiv. sk.
Elephant Point, Dec. (/.
Armstrong).
Akyab, April (J. Arm-
strong).
Pegu, May 2 (E. W. O.).
Lower Pegu, Sept. (E. W.
0.).
Thavetmyo, Sept. (R. G.
W. JR.).
Tonghoo {R. G. W. R.).
Kaukaryit, Tenasserim, Oct.
(J. Darling).
Thatone, Oct. to Dec. (W.
Davison).
Moulmein, Dec. ( W. D).
Amherst, Dec. ( TV. D.).
Sittang Piver, Feb. ( W. D.).
Yea, March ( TV. D.).
Mergui, Nov. to Jan. ( TV.
D.).
Pakchan, Jan. {TV. D.).
Bankasoon, April ( TV. D.).
Saigon, Cochin China.
Salang, Feb. (J. Darling).
Tonkak, Salang, Jan. (J.
Darling).
Nicobars, Jan., Feb. {TV.
Davison).
Trinkut Island, Nicobars,
Dec. (R. J. Wimberley).
Penang (Cantor).
Salangore,Dec, March, April,
Aug., Oct. ( W. Davison).
Malacca (Cantor).
Malacca (Maingay).
Singapore Island, Oct., Nov.
(fF.il.).
Singapore, Oct.
China (S. Bligh).
China (J. Reeves).
Shanghai, May ( W. Cooper).
Canton, May (R. Stoinhoe).
Canton.
Tientsin.
Amoy, May, Sept., Nov. (R.
Swinhoe).
Amoy (R. Swinhoe).
Amoy, Sept. (R. Stoinhoe).
S.W. Formosa (R. Stvinhoe).
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Oates Coll.
Oates Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
M. E. Pierre [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Capt. H. J. Kelsall
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
24. C1IARADRIUS.
205
h 7 -k 7 . Ad. hiern.
sk.
P. Ad. hiem. sk.
m 7 ,n 7 . £ ad. hiem.
et aestiv. sk.
o 7 . 2 ad. Mem. sk.
p 7 . rf'ad. hiem.sk.
g 7 ,r 7 ,s 7 . Ad. hiem.
et sestiv. sk.
< 7 , m 7 . Ad. hiem.
et iustiv. sk.
v 7 . Ad. hiem. sk.
w 7 , .r 7 . c? 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
y 1 , z 7 . Ad. hiem.
sk.
«\ Ad. hiem. sk.
b H -d H . Ad. hiem.
sk.
e",f H . Ad. hiem.
et aestiv. sk.
(/% A\ Ad. hiem.
sk.
i\ k\ 8 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
P. Ad. hiem. sk.
7)^-0". Ad. hiem.
sk.
p*. Ad. hiem. sk.
<f. Ad. hiem. sk.
r 8 . Ad. hiem. sk.
B*, T. 5 ad. hiem.
sk.
w'» »"< d $ ad.
hiem. sk.
w 8 . Ad. hiem. sk.
.V-z". 8 2 ad.
sestiv. sk.
a 9 . 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
6". $ ad. hiem.
sk.
< , </'. rf $ ad.
hiem. sk.
Ad. hiem. sk.
/■ .'/'• c?2 ad.
Idem. sk.
/' . Ad. hiem. sk.
i°. $ ad. hiem. sk.
k'-n'. Ad. Idem.
sk.
a . Ad. hiem. sk.
p . Ail. Idem. sk.
ij . Ad. hiem. sk.
S.W. Formosa (Ii. Swinhoe).
Takow, Formosa, Dec. (R.
Swinhoe).
Ilakodadi, Japan, May, Oct.
(L'lakiston).
Hakodadi,Oct.3(2f. Whitely).
South Yezo,Se\rt. (L'lakiston).
Yokohama (II. Fryer).
Tweeddale and Sal-
vin-Godman Colls.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Liu Kiu Islands, Aug., Jan. Seebohm Coll.
Sumatra.
Acheen, Sumatra, Feb. 5
( W. Davison).
Ayer Angat, Sumatra, Nov.
(C. Hock).
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E.
C. Buxton).
Java (Horsfield).
Java.
Java (Ley den Museum).
Java.
Flores.
East Timor.
Borneo.
Labuan, Sept.
Sarawak.
Luzon, Feb. (A. B. Meyer).
San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. (A.
H. Everett).
Manila (Maitland Heriot).
Cebu, April (A. H. Everett).
S. Leyte, Sept. (A. H. Eve-
rett).
Butuau, May (A. H. Eve-
rett).
Zamboauga.
Celebes.
Makassar.
Menado.
Sanghir Isl., Dec. 4.
Batchian.
Marty Island.
Ceram.
Amboina.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godraan Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
A. H. Everett, Esq.
[C],
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Voy. II.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Tweeddide Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
206
CHARADEIID^;.
;- 9 . c? ad. hiem.
sk.
•s 9 . Ad. kiem. sk.
t 9 . Ad. kiem. sk.
m 9 . Ad. hiem. sk.
y 9 . Ad. kieru. sk.
w 9 , .r D . Ad. kiem.
sk.
?/ 9 . Ad. sk.
z v -b 10 . Ad. kiem.
sk.
r 10 . Ad. sk.
^ 10 . Ad. kiem. sk.
e 10 . Ad. kiem. sk.
/ 10 . Ad.hiem.sk.
V 10 . Ad. sk.
A 10 ,* 10 . Ad. kiem.
Amboina.
Tenimber Islands, Sept.
Salawatti.
Aru Islands.
Raine's Island.
Port Essington.
Cape York.
Queensland.
Queensland.
Moreton Bay.
Moreton Bay.
Gippsland Lakes, Australia.
New Soutk Wales.
New Soutk Wales.
7l 10 . Ad. kiem. sk. West Austraka.
I 10 , m w . cJ 2 ad.
kiem. sk.
n 10 . Ad. hiem. sk.
o 10 ,^ 10 . Ad. kiem.
sk.
y 10 ,r 10 .Ad.kiem.
sk.
,f 10 -M 10 .Ad.kiem.
sk.
y 10 ^/ 10 . Ad. kiem.
sk.
s 10 . 5 ad. kiem.
sk.
a. $ ad. sk.
j3, y. 5 ad. kiem.
sk.
8. Ad. kiem. sk.
f. Ad. hiem. sk.
£. Ad. kiem. sk.
r). Ad. sestiv. sk.
6. J ad. kiem. sk.
i, k. Ad.kiem.sk.
A. Ad. kiem. sk.
/i, v. Ad. sestiv. sk.
£. Ad. sestiv. sk.
o. Ad. sestiv. sk.
77. $ ad. sestiv.
sk.
p, a. t. & $ ad.
sestiv. ; v, <£, x-
Juv. sk.
ty. 2 ad. sestiv.
sk.
Lord Howe Island, Sept. (/.
Macgillivray).
New Zealand.
Duke of York Island (G.
Brown).
Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
Samoa.
Samoa.
Nairai, Fiji Is., Nov. (F.
M. Rayrier).
Ovalau, Sept. 21 (E. L.
Layard).
Suva, Fiji Is., Oct. (Dr. Cop-
ping er).
Taviuni, Fiji Is. (Liardet).
Tongatabu, Friendly Is. (Dr.
Coppinger).
Society Islands.
Bow Island.
Claremont Is., Aug. 31 (J.
Macgillivray) .
Hawai (Knudsen).
Soutk Greenland.
Arctic America.
Arctic America.
Arctic America.
Kotlik, Alaska, May 18 (E.
W. Nelson : Hensh. Coll.).
St. Michael's, May, Aug. to
Oct. (E. W.Nelson: Hensh.
Coll.).
Fort Reliance, Alaska, May
(E. W. Nelson : Hensh. Coll.).
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Dr. H. 0. Forbes [C.].
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Gould Coll.
Capt. Chambers [P.].
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Australian Museum
[P.].
Government of West
Australia [P.].
Gould Coll.
Miss R. Stone [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
J. Macgillivray [C.].
Purchased.
Rev. J. S. Whitmee
[P.].
Voy.H.M.S.'Herald.'
Tweeddale Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.'
Gould Coll.
Sir E. Belcker [P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'
Prof. R. Collett [P.].
Dr. R. B. Skarpe
[P.].
Capt. Collinson.
Sir G. Back.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
24. CHAltADKIUS.
207
<o, a. c? ad. et
imm. ak,
£'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
y'. Ad. restiv. sk.
8'. Ad. a'stiv. sk.
('. Ad. hiem. sk.
£'. Ad. hiem. ; rj'.
Ad. ;i'stiv. sk.
#', ('. cJ $ imm.
sk.
k'. Ad. aestiv. sk.
X'. cJad.sestiv.sk.
p'. <3 ad. hiem. sk.
v, £', o'. d 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
w'. c? ad. hiem.
sk.
p'. d ad. hiem.
sk.
<r', t'. cJad. hiem.
sk.
v. Ad. hiem. sk.
<j>'. $ ad. hiem.
sk.
X- 5 ad. hiem.
sk
\|/-«". Ad. hiem.
sk.
j$"-t". Ad.etjuv.
hiem. sk.
- . \d.hiem.; 77".
Ad. sestiv. sk.
0". Ad. hiem.sk.
t". Ad. ajstiv. sk.
k". J ad. sestiv.
sk.
\ . Ad. liiem. sk.
p", v". cJ $ ad.
hiem. sk.
£". $ ad. a'stiv.
ak.
o". $ ad. hiem.
ek.
ir". $ ad. hiem.
ak.
P"i <r" c? 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
t". Ad. heim. sk.
u". $ ad. hiem.
ak.
<p". 2 ad. hiem.
ak.
Fort Simpson, Aug., Sept.
Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake,
June (L. Clarke).
Hudson's Bay.
Repulse Bay.
Moose Factory, Sept.
49th Parallel," May.
British Columbia.
Ontonagon, Michigan, Sept.
(A. J. Day an: Hensh.
Coll.).
Massachusetts (Hensh. Coll.).
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Sept.
23.
San Antonio, Texas, Jan.
(H. E. Dresser).
Brownsville, Texas, March
(F. B. Armstrong).
Papalote, Bee Co., Texas,
Feb. (F.B.A.).
Hidalgo, Texas, March (F.
B.A.).
Guatemala.
Duefias, Guatemala, April 12
«).s.).
Medellin, U.S. Colombia (T.
K. Salmon).
St. Vincent, W.I., Sept., Oct.
ill. H. Smith).
Grenada, Sept., Oct. (H. H.
Smith).
Barbados.
Trinidad.
Maroni River, Sarinam(J£ap-
pler).
Roraima, British Guiana,
Sept. (H. Whitely),
Amazons (Hensh. Coll.).
Nauta, Peruvian Amazons,
Jan. {E. Bartletf).
Villa Maria, Brazil, Sept.
(J. Natterer).
Cinvtiba, Brazil, Nov. («/".
Natterer).
Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sid
(Joyner).
Chapada, Matto Grosso, Oct.,
Nov. (II. H. Smith).
Bolivia (Forbes).
Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct.
(II. Whitely).
Tambo Valley, Peru, Nov.
(If. Whitely).
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hudson's Bay Co.
Dr. Rae [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
N.A. Boundary Com-
mission.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sir R. Schomburgk
[P.].
Old Coll.
Salvin-Godruan Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godmaa Coll.
208 CHAKADEIID-ffi.
x". J ad. hiem. Tambo Valley, Peru, Nov. Seebohm Coll.
sk. (H. Whitely).
\js". J ad. sestiv. Cosnipata, Peru, Sept. (H. Seebobiu Coll.
sk. Whitely).
a>". Ad. aestiv. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. (H. Tweeddale Coll.
Whitely).
a 3 . Ad. biem. sk. Central Chili (Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll.
/3 3 . Ad. hiern. sk. Moreno, Buenos Ayres,Feb.6. H. Durnford, Esq.
[P-l-
■y 3 . $ ad. biem. Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Sclater Coll.
sk. Ayres, Feb. ( Withinyton).
25. APHRIZA.
Type.
Apbriza, Audub. Syn. p. 225 (1839) A. virgata.
Cf. Sbufeldt, Journ. Morpb. ii. no. 2, pp. 311-340, pi. xxv.
Range. "Western America, from Alaska to Chili.
1. Aphriza virgata.
Streaked Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 180 (1785 : Sand-
wich Sound).
Boreal Sandpiper, Lath. t. c. p. 181 (1785 : King George's Sound).
Tringa virgata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 674 (1788).
Tringa borealis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 674 (1788).
Apbriza townsendi, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 428 ; id. Orn. Biogr. v.
p. 249 (1839) ; id. Syn. p. 226 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 228,
pi. 322 (1842) ; Gray, List Gralla Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844 :
Chili)
Cbaradrius winterfeldti, Tschudi, Arch. f. Natury. 1843, p. 388 ;
id. # Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p. 296,'Taf. xxxiv. (1845-46).
Apbriza virgata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 548, pi. 147 (1847) ; Cass. B.
Y A*"** r\ aUR MRSfil- Sr/nt P 7 S 18K9. -n O.Z(\ fVancmivOT
i)
p-
Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873) ; Lawr. Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. II. ii. p. 307 (1874 : Colima) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1881, p. 15 (Van Isl., Trinidad Channel) ; Coues, Check-l. N.Amer.
B. p. 98 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise E.S. ' Corivin,' p. 83 (1883) :
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 605 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer,
$ Ridyzv. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 126 (1884) ; Turner, Contr.
N. H. Alaska, p. 126 (1886 : Kadiak, Sannakb Isl.) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 164 (1886) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii.
p. 348 (1886 : Coast of Peru) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 180
(1887) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 294 (1891) ; Berkeley
James, Neiv List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892).
Strepsilas borealis, Gay, Faun. Chilen., Zool. i. p. 408 (1847).
Apbriza borealis, Bp. C. 11. xliii. p. 420 (1856).
Strepsilas virgatus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 45 (1865) ;
Seebh. Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 412 (1888).
Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above dark greyish
brown, with slightly indicated dusky centres to the feathers ; lower
rump and under tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts like the back, the
26, OCHTHoDHOMUS. UlJiJ
primary-coverts tipped with white ; greater coverts also white at
the ends, forming a broad wing-band ; primaries white at base, and
having white shafts ; secondaries also edged with white at the tips,
and having the bases white, this increasing towards the inner
secondaries, which are almost wholly white, with only a little
irregular black marking; tail-feathers black, fringed with white
at the ends, and having broad black bases, the white increasing
towards the outer feather ; head like the back, as also the sides of
the face and lores, the latter surmounted by a broad white streak,
which extends over the eye ; throat white ; lower throat and chest
dark ashy brown, mottled on the latter with a few dark cross-
bars ; remainder of under surface of body pure white, with a few
longitudinal streaks or arrow-head markings of black on the sides
of the body ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the lower
primary-coverts ashy grey, forming a patch : " feet olive-green,
Claws black ; iris black ; eyelids black " (Dr. C'oppinger). Total
length 9 - 5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 6 - 6, tail 2*0, tarsus 1-15,
middle toe and claw 1-2.
Adult in breeding-plumage. Seems to be darker than in winter.
Blackish, with white or rufous spots on the feathers, while the
under surface is spotted with arrow-head markings of blackish
brown.
Towng. Very much like the adults, but with narrow whitish
fringes to the feathers of the upper surface, these fringes having
sub-terminal lines of blackish ; throat and chest white, thickly
mottled with ashy cross-bars ; the flanks with small spots and
streaks of blackish.
Hub. Western North America, from Alaska south to Chili.
d,h. Ad.sk. N.W.America. Purchased.
c. cJ juv. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug. 19 Salvin-Godmau Coll.
(E.W.Nelson: Hensh. Coll.).
d. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq [C.].
e. Ad. sk. Orcas Island. Dr. Lyall [P.].
f. Ad.sk. Central Chili (Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll.
g. h. Ad.sk. Chili. Bridges Coll.
«'. Ad.sk. Chili ( T. Bridges). Salvin-Godman Coll.
k. (S ad. sk. Van Islands, Straits of Magel- Dr. Coppin*er |~P-]-
Inn, Feb. 13.
26. OCHTHODROMUS.
Type.
Ochthodromus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852). 0. wilsoni.
t Srrepidesmus, I>j>. C. R. xliii. p. 417 ( 1850) O. geoffroyi.
Pluviorhynchus, lip. ('. R. xliii. p. 417 (1866) O. obscurus.
Hyetoceryx, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hem. p. .'J3b'
I L890) O. obscurus.
Range. With the exception of Western Europe, Western Africa,
the extreme south of South America, and Oceania, nearly cosmo-
politan.
vol.. xxiv. p
210 CffARADRHDJE.
Key to the Species.
n. Summer plumage.
a. Axillaries and under wing-coverts white.
a'. Entire under surface of body rufous ; no
bands of black or chestnut obscurus, p. 211.
b' . With a band of black or rufous on the fore-
neck or chest.
a". With a single band of black ( 3 ), or more or
less rufescent ashy brown ( 5 ), across the
fore-neck ; no chestnut or cinnamon band ;
forehead and eyebrow separated from the
head by a band of black {3), often absent
(2) ■wilsoni, p. 214.
b". With a black band across the fore-neck,
followed by a white band on the chest, and
by a second band of chestnut across the
breast bicinctus, p. 212.
c'. No black band on the fore-neck ; a chestnut or
cinnamon band on the chest, bordered above
with a line of black (in O. mongohts), or
below (in O. asiaticus).
c". Bill stout ; head rufescent ; forehead white,
with a black band on the fore part of the
crown, or else entirely black ; a streak from
the bill and along the ear-coverts black ;
hind-neck rufous.
a'". Size large : culmen 1 inch ; forehead
white ; no black line above the rufous
chest-band . geoffroyi, p. 217.
b'" . Size smaller : culmen not exceeding 09
inch.
a*. Forehead black ; a p:ile cinnamon
collar on the hind-neck ; no black line
above the chest-band, which is pale
cinnamon pyrrhothorax, p. 226.
b A . Forehead white; a chestnut or rufous
collar on the hind-neck ; a black line
alonjr the upper margin of the chest-
nut chest-band, often absent (? 2 ) . . mongohts, p. 223.
c l . Forehead white ; no rufous collar on
hind-neck, the head being like the
back ; sides of face white ; no black
on forehead or ear-coverts ; a black
band on the lower margin of the rufous
chest-band asiaticus, p. 230.
b. Axillaries and under wing-coverts smoky brown,
as also the quill-lining ; forehead broad, white,
and extending to the sinciput ; a distinct black
horse-shoe below the chestnut band on the
chest veredus, p. 232.
/3. Winter plumage.
a. Axillaries white (with occasionally a slight shade
of ashy near the base, in O. mongohts and
O. asiaticus); under wing-coverts white.
26. OCHTHODROMUS. 211
a . A collar of ashy brown across the fore-neck or
lower throat.
a" . Wing exceediug 5 inches.
a'". Feet dark brown; collar confined to
throat and very narrow ; quill-lining
distinctly white obscurus, p. 211.
b'" . Feet lighter and more yellowish brown ;
lower throat, fore-neck, and chest ashy
grey ; quill-lining dark, dull ashy .... asiaticus, p. 230.
b". Wing less than 5 inches.
c'". Feet yellow ; collar on fore-neck well-
defined ; bill very stout wilsoni, p. 214.
d'". Feet dark ; collar ill-defined on fore-
neck ; bill slender.
«\ Central upper tail-coverts dark brown,
not tipped with white; lateral upper
tail-coverts tipped or edged with white,
not conspicuous bicinctus, p. 212.
b 4 . Central upper tail-coverts tipped with
white; lateral upper tail -coverts
entirely white pyrrhothorax, p. 226.
b'. Xo complete collar across the fore-neck, which
is white like the rest of the under surface ;
sides of chest with a brown patch.
c". Larger : culmen 1 inch geoffroyi, p. 217.
d". Smaller : culmen - 75 inch mongolus, p. 223.
b. Axillaries, under wing-coverts, and quill-lining
smoky brown veredus, p. 232.
1. Ochthodromus obscurus.
Dusky Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 208 (1785: Dusky
Bay, N. Z.).
Charadrius obscurus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 686 (1788) ; Vieill. N.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 143 (1818: New Zealand); Wagl.
Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 68, sp. 35 (1827) ; Gray in Dieffenb.
frar. N. Zeal. ii. App. p. 195 (1843) ; id. List Grail. Brit. Mm.
p. 67 (1844: Mount Egmont, N. Z.); id. Voy.Ereb. $ Terr.,
Birds, p. 11, pi. ix (1846: Waikonati, Sept.); id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 544 (1847); Reiche?ib. Grail, tab. cv. fig. 1068 (1851): Gray,
Ibis, 1862, p. 234; Potts, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. ii. p. 68 (1870 :
Dog Range, Ashburton distr., breeding); Gray. Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 14, no. 9988 (1871); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 168 (N. Z.) ;
Ilulicr, B. New Zeal. p. 208 (1873 : Mountains of New Zealand) ;
Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, p. 193; Sharpe, Voy.Ereb. Sf Terr., Birds,
App. p. 29 (1875); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 151, pi. vi.
(1888); Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 1, pi. xxv. fig. 1
(1888).
Charadrius glareola, Licht. ed. Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 109 (1844).
Pluviorhvnchus obscurus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
Hvetoeervx obscurus, Heine §■ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 336
"(1890:* New Zealand; New Ireland).
Adult in hreeding-plumar/e. General colour above brown, with a
slight greenish gloss, most of the feathers with rufous margins ; the
head like the back ; the hind-neck only slightly paler ; rump and
212 CHAEADRIID-E.
upper tail- coverts dusk)- brown, the latter fringed with white at
the ends, the lateral ones white along the outer webs ; wing-coverts
more ashy brown than the back, the median and greater series
margined with hoary white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills blackish, with white fringes at the ends ; tbe primaries white-
shafted and lighter brown along the inner web, inclining to whitish
at the base, leaving the outer web and the tips blackish, the inner
primaries white at the base externally, forming a wing-patch ;
secondaries brown, white at the base, and edged with white, this
white gradually increasing on the outer web, till it occupies the
whole of it on the inner quills, which are also white at the ends ;
the innermost long secondaries brown like the back ; tail-feathers
dark brown, whitish at the ends, the outer feathers smoky-brown,
white at the tip and along the margins of both webs ; base of fore-
head dingy white, as well as a broad eyebrow ; lores, fore part of
cheeks, and sides of face dusky brown, mottled with buff below the
eye ; hinder cheeks, throat, and under surface of body cinnamon-
rufous, white on the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining white ; lower
primary-coverts light ashy, like the quills below : " bill black ; feet
leaden-grey; iris black "' ( W. L. Butler). Total length 10 inches,
culmen 1-1, wing 6 - 5, tail 2 - 7, tarsus 1'5.
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
being darker ashy brown above, without the rufous margins to the
feathers : lores and eyebrow, as well as the under surface of the
body, white, with a band of ashy brown across the lower throat.
Hab. New Zealand. Drs. Heine and Eeichenow record a speci-
men in the " Museum Heineanurn " from New " Ireland," but this
is doubtless a mistake for New " Zealand."'
a, b. Ad. hiem. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].
st.
c . Ad. festiv. st. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [C.].
d. Imm. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co.
[P.].
e. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Seebohm Coll.
/, g, k. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir George Grey [P.].
i. Ad. asstiv. sk. New Zealand. Tweeddale Coll.
k. 5 ad. asstiv. Otago, N. Z., Nov. Hume Coll.
sk.
/. Ad. hiem. sk. Port Cooper, N. Z. Capt. Stokes [P.].
2. Ochthodromus bicinctus.
Charadrius bicinctus, Jard. 8? Selly, III. Orn. i. pi. 28 (1825) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Schl.
Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 37 (1865: Tasmania; Lord Howe
Id.) ; Potts, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. ii. p. 67 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l.B.
iii. p. 16, no. 10013 (1871) ; Finseh. J. f. O. 1873, p. 169 ; Bailer,
B. N. Zeal. p. 211 (1873) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, p. 193 ; Sharpe,
Voy. Freb. $■ Terr., App. p. 29 (1875); Finsch, Ibis, 1882, p. 399
(X.' Zeal.); id. Voq. der Siidsee, p. 84 (1884: N. Zealand);
L ; 0. 0CHTH0JDB0MU8. 213
Butler, B. New Zeal, 2nd ed. p. 3 (1888) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Di&tr.
Charadr. p. 149 (18S8) ; Etheridye, Lord Howe Isl. p. 17 (1889) ;
Forbes, Ibis, L898, p. 528 (Chatham Id.).
Eudronrias xaiithocheilus (nee WayL), Gray, List Grallm Brit.
Mus. p. 08 (1844 : Tasmania).
vEgialitis bicincta, Gould, Syn. Ii. Austr. pt. ii. pi. 82. fig:. 3 (1837) ;
Hurting, Ibis, 1870, p. 202 ; Ramsay, 1'. Z. 8. \<7. p. 337 (Card-
well) ; id. Proc. Linn. Sue. -V. .V. II'. ii. p. 197(1878); Salvad.
Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 305, note (1882) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. >S'. //". vii. p. 88 (1883 : Lord Howe Isl.) ; id. Tab. List Austr.
B. p. 19 (1888 : nearly the whole of Australia ; S.E. New Guinea) ;
Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 270 (Norfolk Isl.); Legye, Proc. Austr.
Assoc. Sci. 1892, p. H8.
Hiaticula bicincta, Gray, J'oy. Ereb. § Terr., Birds, p. 12 (1840) ;
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 10 (1840) ; Reichenb. Vbg. Neuholl. p. 41
(1850).
Ochthodromus bicinctus, Heine 4" Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 337 (1890).
Adult male in breeding-plvmuige. General colour above brown,
with a very evident green gloss, some of the feathers edged with
sandy rufous : wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts with
a narrow white tip, forming a narrow wing-bar; bastard-wing and
primary -coverts dark brown, the latter with white tips ; quills
brown, darker brown along the outer webs and at the ends ; the
primaries white-shafted, the inner oues also having a white base
to the outer web, forming a small wing-patch ; secondaries also
brown, the inner oues fringed with white near the end of the
outer w eb and white-shafted, the innermost ones like the back - y
rump and upper tail-coverts brown, the sides of the rump and the
lateral coverts white ; tail-feathers brown, tipped with white,
before which is a sub-terminal shade of darker brown, less distinct
on the outer feathers, the outermost white, with a shade of smoky
brown on the inner web ; crown of head brown like the back,
separated from the white forehead and eyebrow by a band of black :
lores and feathers round the eye black ; sides of face and sides of
neck brown ; throat white, separated from the brown face by a
line of black, which skirts the throat along the cheeks and down
the sides of the neck, and joins a broad band across the fore-
neck ; the sides of this band brown ; across the chest a broad
white band followed by another broad crescentic band of deep
chestnut ; remainder of under surface of the body, as well as the
under wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white ; lower primary-
coverts and quill-lining ashy grey : " bill black, slightly tinged with
olive ; feet pale sickly yellowish white, the joints of toes and knees
browner; iris blackish brown; eyelid scarlet" (./. Gould). Total
length 7'.~> inches, culrnen 0-8, wing 4*95, tail 2'15, tarsus 1-25.
Adult in winter 'plumage. Differs from the summer plumage iu
wanting tho bands of black and chestnut on the under surface, the
place of the black band on the fore-neck being indicated by a shade
of brown across this part ; entire upper surface dark brown, in-
cluding the head ; forehead white, but without the black band of
214
CHARiDRIID.E.
the breeding-plumage ; an indistinct white eyebrow ; ear-coverts
blackish ; lores with a dusky streak.
Young. Similar to the adult in winter plumage, but having all
the feathers of the upper surface edged with sandy buff, with a
rufescent tinge on the sides of the face and eyebrow ; under surface
of body white, with a tinge of sandy buff on the lower throat and
fore-neck, the lateral feathers mottled with black bases, indicating
the position of the black band in the adults ; the sides of the lower
breast also tinged with sandy buff, where the chestnut band is
developed in the adult bird.
Nestling. Feathers of the upper parts brown, largely margined
with fulvous; underparts white, with fulvous markings on the
breast ; the sides of the head and the lower part of the back and
rump covered with down of a dull sandy yellow, spotted with
black, and with fluffy down still adhering to other parts of the
body : bill dark brown ; feet brownish grey ( W. L. Buller).
Hob. Nearly the whole of Australia, Tasmania, Norfolk Island,
and Lord Howe Island. Dr. Ramsay gives Southern New Guinea as
a habitat also, but I have not found any confirmation of this locality.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Ronald Gunn, Esq.
[P.].
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e-g. Ad. sk.
h. d imm. sk. ;
t. Imm. st.
k. Imm. sk.
/. cJ ad. sk.
m-o. Ad. et imm.
sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q, r. 6 2 imm. sk.
s. 2 a( b s k
Australia.
Australia.
Queensland.
Moreton Bay, Queensland.
Tasmania.
Tasmania.
Lord Howe Island, Sept. 10
(J. MacgiUwray).
New Zealand.
Canterbury, N. Z., July.
Fort Cooper, N. Z.
Otago, N. Z., Oct.
3. Ochthodromus wilsoni.
Purchased.
J. H. Gurney, Esq.
[P.].
Captain Stokes [P.].
Hume Coll.
Charadrius wilsonia * Orel in Wilson '« Am. Orn. ix.'p. 77, pi. lxxiii.
fig. 5 (1814 : Cape Isl., New Jersey).
Charadrius wilsonius, Vieill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xxvii. p. 418
(1818); At/dub. B. Amer. pi. ccix. (c. 1826); id. Orn. Biogr. iii.
p. 73 (1835), v. p. 577 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 214, pi. 319
(1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (\U1) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba.
p. 106 (1850) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860:
Cuba) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores. p. 30 (1865) ; Peh. Orn.
Bras. pp. 297, 455 (1871 : Cujutuba, Feb.; Rio Muria) ; Gray,
Hand-L B. iii. p. 16, no. 10012 (1871) ; Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
i. p. 450 (1878: Guadeloupe).
Charadrius crassirostris, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 77, pi. cxiv. (1825)
Cab. Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 750 (1848).
^Egialitis wilsonia, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 45 (1828) ;
Cass, in Baird's B. N. Amer. p. 693 (1858 : Cape May, New
Jersey); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 121 "(1859:
* Certainly a misprint for wilsonii.
26. OCE THODROAUS. 215
Bahamas) ; Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. I860, p. 378 (St. Thomas) ;
March, Proc. Acad. Phi lad. 1864, p. 66 (Jamaica) ; Dresser, Ibis,
L866, p. 84 (Galveston Id., Texas); 8ahm,t. c. p. 197 (British
Honduras) ; Luwr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 294 (1867) ; Scl. $f
Hair. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 109 (Venezuela); Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll.
ii. p. 856 (1871) ; Coves, Key N. Amer. B. p. 244 1 1872) ; Scl. #
Sato. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); £atw. TV. Bost. Soc.
N. H. ii. p. 307 (1874 : .Mazatlan) ; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
i. p. 160 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 147
(1880) ; A. $ E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) ; Coues,
Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 97 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 601 (1884) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 143 (1885) ; Butcher,
Auk, iii. p. 438 (1886 : Shinnecock Bay ; Long Island) ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (British Guiana); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer.
B. p. 163 (1886: south from Long I.-l. : Nova Scotia); Tacz.
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 343 (1886) ; Cory, Auk, iv. pp. 228, 229 (1887) ;
Hidgic. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 175 (1887) ; Scott, Auk, vi. p. 159
(1889: Tarpon Springs, Florida) ; Robinson, t. c. p. 195 (James R.,
Virginia); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 228 (1889 : Bahamas & Greater
Antilles) ; id. B. Bahamas, 2nd ed. p. 147 (1890) ; id. Auk, vii.
p. 374 (1890: Anegada), p. 375 (Virgin Gorda) ; Northrop. Auk,
viii. p. 76 (1891: Concepion Id., Bahamas); Cory, t. c. p. 350
(Great Bahamas), p. 351 (Inagua Id., Bahamas) ; id. Cat. B.
West Ind. p. 95 (1892) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (1892 : Port
Henderson, Jamaica, apparently resident); Cory, t. c. p. 48
(Maraguana, Bahamas) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida).
Hiaticnla wilsoni, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 70 (1844: N.
America).
Ochthodromus wilsonius, Reichenb. Grail, p. xviii ; Bp. C. R. xliii.
p. 418 (1856) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1874, p. 313 (Porto Rico), 1875,
p. 333 (Cuba) ; id. Orn. Cuba, p. 180 (1876) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880); B elding, op. cit. v. p. 545 (1883) ;
Baird, Breicer, $ Ridgic. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 168 (1884) ;
Zeledon, P>: U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 113 (1885: Costa Rica);
Heine $ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337 (1890 : Cuba ;
Colombia).
^Effialitis wilsoniana, Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 387 (Grassy Cay, British
Honduras), 1866, p. 191 (Guatemala, Pacific Coast) ; Tacz. P.Z.S.
1877, p. 330 (Tumbez; Santa Lucia. Peru).
/Egialitis wilsonius, var. rufinuchus, Ridgic. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 109
(1874: Jamaica, Dec. & April).
. Egialitia wilsi ini, Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882) ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel).
. 1 :-ialitis wilsonius rufinuchus, Ridgic. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 177
(1884: Sabanilla, New Granada).
Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus, Baird, Brewer, 8f Ridgw. Water-
Birds N. Amer. i. p. 168 (1884).
.1 _ri:ilitis wilsonia rufinucha, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 175
(1887).
Charadrius wilsoni, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. lo4(1688:
Cape Orange ; Camanu ).
/Egialitis rufinucha, Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 335 (Bonaire).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above uniform
dark brown, with a slight gloss of olive-green, the wing-coverts
like the back, the greater series narrowly tipped with white;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, the first
primary white-shafted, the rest with a part of the shaft white, and
216
charadkiidj:.
the inner ones having an inconspicuous mark of white at the base
of the outer web ; the secondaries brown with white shafts, and
paler bases to the inner webs, the innermost long secondaries brown
like the back ; rump brown, with a dusky patch ; upper tail-coverts
also brown, the lateral ones white, like the sides of the rump ; tail-
feathers light brown with white tips, before which is a sub-terminal
shade of darker brown, evanescent towards the outer feathers,
which are white, the penultimate one shaded with pale smoky
brown ; crown of head brown like the back, separated by a band
of black from the forehead, which is white, as also the eyebrow ;
a streak of black from the base of the bill to the eye ; ear-coverts
light brown ; cheeks and throat white, like the rest of the under
surface; across the fore-neck a broad band of black; under wing-
coverts and auxiliaries white : " bill black ; feet pale flesh-colour ;
iris brown; eyelids greyish" (Ji. Ridgway). Total length 6 - 3
inches, culmen 0'85, wing 4'6, tail 1*85, tarsus 12.
The full summer plumage of this Plover is apparently developed
before the return of the species to its breeding-quarters ; in full
plumage the eyebrow, ear-coverts, and hind-neck are bright cinna-
mon rufous, and there is a good deal of rufous mixed with the
black collar on the fore-neck. This rufous colour can be traced in
a few examples from North America, but it woidd seem to fade
very quickly, and in most of our series, procured in May and June,
it has disappeared entirely.
Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, hut
differing in the praepectoral collar being brown instead of black,
often with a tinge of rufous ; the black band on the forehead never
fully developed as in the male, and often entirely absent.
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
wanting the black on the lores and the fore part of the crown,
these parts being brown like the rest of the back ; the band on the
fore-neck also ashy brown instead of black.
Hub. North America, from Nova Scotia, south through Central
America, to Brazil and Peru.
a, b. Ad. sestiv. sk. North America.
c. Ad. aestiv. sk.
d. S ad. a?stiv. sk.
c,f. J ad. etpull.
sk.
g, <$ ad. aestiv. sk.
h-p'. .6 2 ad.
83stiv.etpull.sk.
q'-v'. _ c? $ ad.
aestiv. sk.
»//. cJ «d. sk.
.)'. 3 ad. hiem. sk.
y'-a". Ad, hiem.
Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Pennsylvania (Krider).
Cobb's Isl., Virginia, July
(Hensh. Coll.).
Fort Macon, X. Carolina, May
(E. Cones).
Tarpon Springs, Florida, May,
June ( W. E. D. Scott).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May
(F. B. Armstrong).
San Bias, Tepic, Mexico, April
( W. B. Richardson).
Progreso, Yucatan, Nov. (G.
F. Gaumer).
Cozumel Island (G. F. Gate
mer).
J. J. Audubon, Esq.
[P.l.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Salvin-G odmau Coll.
b'. Ad. hiem. sk.
c", d". S 2 ad.
sestiv. sk.
e"~g". Ad. hiem.
sk.
/;". 5 ad. hiem. sk.
/", k". Ad. sk.
/". Ad. sk.
hi". <3 ad. sk.
n". $ ad. sk.
o". Ad. hiem. sk.
26. OCHTHoDROMUS.
Jolbox Island (G. F. Gau-
mer) .
Grassy Cay, British Honduras,
May (0. &).
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.
(O.S.).
Anegada Is., W. I., Dec. 9
(C. S. WvncA).
Puna Is., Ecuador ( Yilla-
gomez).
\ enezuela.
Carupano, Venezuela (A.
Goering).
River Oyapoc, Cayenne
(Jelski).
Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer).
217
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mr. T. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
4. Ochthodromus geoffroyi.
Charadrius asiaticus (nee Pali), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 187
(1821 : Java).
Charadrius hiaticula (nee L.), Savigny, Descr. de VEqvute Oh
pi. 14. fig. 1 (1825). yJI '
Charadrius geoffroyi, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p, 61, no 19
(1827); Kittlitz, Kupfert. Yog. p. 26, pi. 34. fig. 2 (1833: Red
Sea) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 181 (1843 : S. India) ; Gray
Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Heugl. Ibis, 185!), p. 345 ( R ed Sea
# Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. pp. 129, 172 (1868) ; Hartl. & Finsch
P. Z. 8. 1868, pp. 117, 118 (Pelew Islands) ; Finsch, Trans. Zool
Soc. vn. p. 279 (1873 : Zoulla, March ; Massowah, June & Auo- ) •
Finsch $ Hart I. Yog. Ostafr. p. 648 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. Bm
p. 14, no. 9993 (1871) ; Hartl. $■ Finsch, P. Z. 8. 187'? p 89 ■
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1020, pi. xxxiv. fig. 3 '(1873 •
Egypt, winter; Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, July to Nov.) ; Finsch
Jmirn. Mas. Godeffr. viii. p. 31 (1875: Pelew Is.); Bosenb
Beistocht. Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875) ; Hartl. Ibis, 1877, p. 335 • id
Yog. Madag. p. 286 (1877) ; Bosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 277 W
407, 563 (1878-79: New Guinea; Mvsol); Da„f. U,i<. \>so
p. 94 (Asia Minor) ; Milne-Edwards > Grandid. Hist Nat'
Madag., Ois. p. 507 (1882) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 80 (Pamir not
Ocean); Scebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.-p. 146 (1888); Reichen
J.f. O. 1889, p. 265 (Zanzibar, Nov.) ; Seebohm, B. Japan Etna
p. 310 (1890); Emm, J.f. O. 1891, p. 338; Hartl. Abiwndl not
I , r. Bremen, xii. p. 332 (1892 : Tientsin) : Beichen. Jahrb. Hamburg
Wtssensch, Anst. x. p. 6 (1893: Zanzibar, Nov.); id V&n
lh utsch-Ost-Afr. p. 33 (1894 : Useguha).
Charadrius leschenaulti, Less. Man. a" Orn. ii. p. 322 (1828) • Swinh
J. A. 8. Beng. xxix. p. 259 (I860: Amov): Wallace. P. Z 8
1868, p. 48, (1 lores); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 299 (1867: Salt
River, Cape Town): Cab. § Reichen. J. f. O. 1876, p. 327
218 CHARADRIID.K.
Charadrius columbinus, Wagl. Isis, 1829. p. 650 (e.v Hempr. 8f Ehr.
MS.) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847).
Charadrius griseus (nee Leach), Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 544 (1831).
Charadrius rutinus, Blyth, Ann. Sf May. N. H. xii. p. 169 (1843:
Calcutta) ; Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 54. no. 669,
App. pi. 41 ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 544 (1847).
Hiaticula geoffroyi, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 118 (1845: Red Sea);
Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 132 (1846) ; Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849 : 'Calcutta) ; Swinh. Ibis,
1866, p. 134 (Formosa).
Hiaticula inornata, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 19, large figure (1846 :
pt., Oomaga Isl., Torres .Straits ; Port Essington).
Charadrius fuscus, Pucheran, Bev. Zo<jI. 1851, p. 282 {e.v Cuv. Mus.
Paris).
Ochthodromus geoffroyi, Reichenb. Grail. Taf. cv. tig. 1061 (1852).
Hiaticula columbina, Licht. Nomencl. A v. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854:
Arabia).
^Egialitis gigas, A. $ L. Brehm, Voyelf. p. 283 (1855).
Charadrius gigas, L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 289.
Cirrepidesmus geoffroyi, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 (1856); Hume, Str.
F. i. p. 229 (1873: Karachi), ii. p. 288 (1874: Andamans &
Nicobars), iv. p. 12 C1876 : Northern Guzerat) ; Midler, J. f. 0.
1882, p. 83 (Salanga) ; Heine 8e Beichen. Nomencl. Mas. Hein.
p. 336 (1890: Abyssinia).
^EgiaLitis geoffroyi, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856) ; Swinh. Ibis,
1861, p. 51 (Amoy), 1863, p. 405 (Formosa); Scl. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 222 (Banjarniassing) ; Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 638 (1864) ; E.
Newton, Ibis, 1867, pp. 343, 359 (Seychelles); Godwin- Austen,
J. A. S. Beny. xxxix. p. 273 (1870 : Khasia Hills) ; Hurting, Ibis,
1870, p. 378, pi. xi.; Swinh. t. c. pp. 360, 361 (VV. Hainan,
Shanghai); Blanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 429 (1870: common
on the sea-coast) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 238 (1872 : Lake Mareotis,
Feb. ; Damietta, March) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 404 (China :
Formosa, winter) ; Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 316 (Andamans) ; Hayes
Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Gulf of Kutch) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 318
(1874) ; Antmori #• Salvad. Viagg, Boyos, p. 143 (1873 : Massowa) ;
Legye, Ibis, 1875, p. 400 (Ceylon, June & July) ; Wald. Trans.
Zool. Soc. ix. p. 227 (1875 : Philippines) ; Salvad. Ann. 31us.
Gen. ix. p. 63 (1876 : Sanghir) ; Armstr. Str. F. iv. p. 339 (1876 :
Elephant Point) ; Hume, t. c. p. 463 (Laccadives) ; Tweedd. Lbis,
1877, p. 322 (Sumatra); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 426
(1877) ; Dresser, B. Eur. yii. p. 475, pi. 520. fig. 2, pi. 521 (1878) ;
Hume Sr Davison, Str. F. \i. p. 455 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Oust.
Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1878, p. 181 (Seychelles) ; Ball, Str. F. yii.
p. 226 (1878 : Orissa, N. of Mahauadi) : Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. ii. p. 197 (1878: Port Darling; Port Essington; Gidf
of Carpentaria ; Cape York ; Rockingham Ray) ; Salvad. P. Z. S.
1878, p. 82 (Amboina) ; Shame, Report Trans. Venus [Rodriguez),
p. 462 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879), p. 157 (Tonka;
Elan?; Singapore); Tiraut, Bull. Comm. Ayric. Cochinchine, (3)
i. p. 147 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 57 (1879) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 350 (Labuan, July) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. iii. p. 297 (1879 : S.E. Guinea), iv. p. 101 (1880 : Port
Moresby distr. ; S. Cape ; Duke of York Group : Solomon Is.) ;
Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 73 (1880) : Vidal, Str. F. ix.
p. 81 (1880: Gahagar; Ratnagiri, S. Konkan) ; Legye, B. Ceylon,
I'll. IHUTHODKOMUS. 219
p. 9;j£) (1880); Salvad. Voy. H.M.8. ' Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 64
(1881); Sharps, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 800 (Sandakan) ; Kelham,
Jin's, 1882, p. '•• (Malay Peninsula, Nov.); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia
etc. iii. ]). i".»S (issi'j; id. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 325 (1882 :
Geogr. distr.) ; Harting, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 335 ; Oates, Handb. B.
Brit. Burm. ii. p. 366 (1883); Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 200
(Maroe, Timor-Laut) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 322 (Palawan);
Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 129 (1884; ; Meyer, Sitzb. u. Abb.
Gesellsch. Isis, 18S4, Abb. i. p. 55 < Pouru) ; //. O. Forbes, P. Z. 8.
1884, p. 433 (Timor-Laut) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tij'dschr. Nederl. hid.
xliv. p. 284 (1884: Java) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 226
(1884); Skarpe, ed. lauard's B. S. Afr. p. 664 (1884: Port
Elizabeth); Nehrk. J. f. <). lss.1, p. :',.-> (Waijriou); Guillem.
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 (Waigiou, Oct.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 188(5, p . 167
(Muscat) ; Giyl. Arif. Ital. p. 371 (1880) ; Salvad. ElencoUcc. Ital.
p. 211 (1880: Sardinia); Ramsay, Tab. List Ausbr. Ii. p. 19
(1888 : N.W. & X. Australia to Rockingham Bay) ; Hume. Str. F.
xi. p. 313 (1888: Manipur) ; Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.
(2) ii. p. 171 (1888: Derby); Guillem. Ibis, 1888, p. 104 (Cyprus,
March); Sharpe, t. e. p.* 203 (Palawan); Shelley, t. c. p". 305
(Manda Ial., Nov.) ; Vbrderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xlix.
p. 415 (1889 : Sumatra) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc.
1889, p. 205 ; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225 (Palawan) ; Dresser, Ibis,
1889, p. 92 (Transcaspian region, April); Lilford, t. c. p. 338
(Cyprus); Gigl. Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 570(1889); Whitehead,
Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan, Aug.); Sharpe, t. c. pp. 143, 284
(Labuan, Jan.) ; Steere, List B. 8t Mamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 25
(1890: Paragua); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao, Aug.) ; Styan,
t. c. pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia,
etc.iu. p. 200 (1891); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar);
De la Touehe, t. c. p. 496 (Foochow) ; Leqge, Proc. Austr. Assoc.
Advanc. Set. 1892, p. 36; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 430 (Hainan);
Blanf. Ibis, 1894, p. 574 (crit.) ; ? W. W. Cordeau.v, t. c. p. 373
(Cashmere) ; Meyer <$■ Wiglesw. J. f. O. 1894, p. 250.
.Ejrialitis leschenaulti, Swinh. Ibis, 1861,p. 342 (Pekin), 1802, p. 255
(Foochow) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 309 (Formosa, resident) ; Hyatt,
Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai).
Charadrius asiaticus (nee Pall.), Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 450
(Palestine); id. Ibis, 1864, p. 230; Myth. Ibis, 1865, p. 34 ;
Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 98 (Dead Sea), 1808,' p. 323 (Acre).
Orlithodromus inornatus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 2",7
(1866).
Eudromias crassirostris (nee Spiv), Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 146
( 1878 : Fort Peroflaky, June ; Lake Chatir-Kul [11,000 ft.], July ;
E. ( 'mist of ( Jaspian, Aug.) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327, note.
Eudromias geoffroyi, Severtz. j.f. O. 1873, p. 346 (Turkestan), p. 354
(Yarkand); Meyer, t. c. p. 405 (Celebes); Severtz. J. f. O. 1875,
p. 182 (Turkestan) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 327 ; Lenz, J.f 0. 1877,
p. 379 (Ceram) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 288 (Dumaguete,
Aug.), p. 844 (S. Leyte, Sept.), p. 624 (Palawan. Nov.), p. 711
(N. Unhol, Oct., Nov.) ; Meyer, Ibis. 1879, p. 141 (Lake of Ton-
dano, June: Lambotto, July); B/asius, J.f. O. 1883, p. L50
(Celebes); Boyd. Consp. Ac. Imp. Ross. p. 74(1884: Western
Thian Shan; Caspian); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, Il<i (1884:
( 'a-pian, winter).
Eudromias magnirostris, Severtz. J.f. O. 1875, p. 182 (Turkestan).
220
CHAKADRIID.F..
Adult in breeding -plumage. General colour above light brown,
with a slight olive-greenish gloss, the wing-coverts like the back,
with obsolete indications of paler fringes to some of tbe feathers,
the greater series tipped with white, forming a narrow wing-bar ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries
darker brown along their outer webs and at the tips, and having
white shafts, the inner primaries also having a white mark
towards the base of the outer web ; secondaries brown, with white
fringes to the end of the outer web and white tips, the shafts also
white, with a little extension along the sides of the shaft in the
inner secondaries, the innermost long secondaries like the back,
the outer ones white along their outer web ; rump and upper tail-
coverts a little lighter and more ashy brown than the back, with
white fringes to most of the feathers, the sides of the rump also
white : tail-feathers ashy brown, with a broad white tip, before
which is a sub-terminal shade of darker brown, forming an obsolete
sub-terminal band ; the outer feathers with more or less white near
the base of the inner web, the outermost one almost entirely white,
except for a slight shade of smoky brown and a slightly indicated
sub-terminal shade of darker brown ; hinder part of crown of head
light brown, entirely surrounded by pale cinnamon-rufous, which
occupies the fore part of the crown and extends down the sides of
the neck round the hinder neck, where it forms a broad collar of
pale cinnamon-rufous ; base of forehead white, followed by a narrow
black bland ; lores also black, as well as the feathers in front of
and below the eye, which unite with a black band along the top of
the ear-coverts ; sides of face and under surface of body white ;
across the fore-neck and chest a broad band of cinnamou-rufous or
light chestnut, which extends a little way down the sides of the
upper breast ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining
white. Total length 8 - 5 inches, culmen 1, wing 5 - o, tail 2,
tarsus 1*45.
Adult in ivinter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
wanting the rufous chest and in the absence of all facial markings.
General colour above uniform brown, the head like the back, the
hind-neck paler and more ashy brown ; lores, forehead, and a broad
eyebrow white, as well as the eyelid ; feathers below the eye brown,
extending in a streak along the ear-coverts ; cheeks and entire
under surface of body pure white, with a patch of brown on each
side of the upper breast : "bill black ; tarsus greenish grey or pale
olive ; toes dusky or blackish ; iris brown " (A. 0. Hume).
Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but dark brown,
with faint edges of sandy buff to the feathers of the upper surface ;
eyebrow and sides of face washed with sandy rufous, a strong
shade of which colour pervades the chest and sides of the upper
breast.
Bab. Probably breeds in Japan, Formosa, and Hainan, according
to Mr. Seebohm. Heuglin believes that it also breeds on the Red
Sea coast. Winters in Africa, India, and Australia.
ix'irriioDKOMi's.
221
a. AJ. sk.
b. S ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. cS ad. sk.
e. £ ad. sk.
/. rf ad. hieru.
sk.
g. Ad. hiem. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
I. <J inun. sk.
*. $ ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
m, n. Jnd. hiem.
sk.
o. 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
/>. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r ~ v - d 2 ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
.r, u. Ad. hiem.
sk.
I c'. Ad. hiem.
sk.
d'-k'. cJ $ ad. et
juv. sk.
l'-t'. S 2ad.sk.
m'. Ad. hiem. sk.
v. <3 ad.; w ',.r',
y'. 2 juv. sk.
»', «"• d 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
b". 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
<*". c? ad. hiem.
sk.
d", e". J ad. sk.
f",g". 6 ad.
hiem. sk.
h", i", k". 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
/". 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
m", n", o". (J 2
ad. sk.
ft', o ad. hiem.
sk.
q". 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
r". ■■<". 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
Plain of Acre, Palestine.
Beersheba.
Smyrna.
Tor, Peninsula of Sinai, May.
Near Suez, Feb.
Alexandria, Feb.
Arabia (Sempr. $ Ehr).
(Co
Massowah, Aug. 24 ( IV. Jesse)
Massowah, June ( JV. Jesse).
Massowah, Aug. ( JV. Jesse).
Zoulla, Annesley Ray, Jan. 1 7.
Manda Island, E. Africa,
Nov. 13.
Durban, Natal, March (Gordge)
Cape Colony (Lai/ard).
Madagascar.
N.E. Madagascar ( Van Dam).
Rodriguez ( //. II. Sl<iter).
Muscat.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug.
Karachi, July, Aug., Nov. (E.
A. Butler).
Karachi, Feb. {A. O. H.).
Balacherrv, Kathiawar, Oct.
22.
Sambui Lake, Aug. (i?. .1/.
Adam).
Laceadives, Feb. (.4. 0. H.).
S.E. coast of Ceylon, July
( W. V. Legge).
Calcutta, Jan. 11.
Kyouk Phvon, April (J. Arm-
strong).
Elephant Point, Dec. {J. Arm-
strong).
Amherst, Tenasserim, Dec. to
Feb. ( JV. Davison).
Wijipitan, Dec. (J. Darlimj).
S. Andamans, Jan. to March
^ {It. G. JV. R.).
Groyns Cove, S. Andamans,
Oct. (F. A. de Roepstorf).
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, April
I IV. Davison).
Maepherson's Straits, March
( JV. Davison).
Canon Tristram [C.J.
Canon Tristram L C. r
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
•type of C. cotumbinus.)
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
W. T. Blanford. Esq.
„£?■]■ ,
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.
Transit of Venus
Expedition.
Colonel Miles [P.].
W. D. dimming,
Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Haves Llovd
[P.]. •
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
222
charadriid.t:.
t". d ad. hiem.
sk.
u". 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
v' '. rf ad. hiem.
sk.
w"-c 3 . tf 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
d 3 . 2 ad. sk.
e 3 . $ ad. hiem.
sk.
/ 3 . Ad. hiem.
sk.
g 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
h 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
i 3 . Ad.sk.
k 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
^ 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
wi 3 . 5 ad. sk.
n 3 , o 3 . Ad. hiem.
sk.
j9 3 . Ad. sk.
q 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
r 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
s\ t 3 , u 3 . Ad. sk.
v 3 . Ad. sk.
w? 3 . Ad. hiem. sk.
x 3 . Ad. sk.
«/ 3 . cJ ad. ?estiv.
sk.
z 3 . $ ad. sk.
a 4 , cf ad. hiem.
sk.
£ 4 . $ ad. hiem.
sk.
e 4 , <P. d 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
e*. d 1 ad. hiem.
sk.
f i . Ad. hiem. sk.
g 1 . Ad. hiem. sk.
A 4 . 2 a( l- hi em -
sk.
t 4 . Ad. hiem. sk.
k*,P,m\ Ad.
hiem. sk.
n i . Ad. hiem. sk.
o\ Ad. sk.
j» 4 , q*- 6 2 ad. sk.
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. ( W.
Davison).
Montshall Is., Nicobars, March
14 ( W. Davison).
Tonka, Malay Peninsula, Jan.
(J. Darling).
Salangore, Jan., Feb., Aug.
( W. Davison).
Singapore, April (Kelham).
Java.
Java (Hor-sfield).
Lanipong, S.E. Sumatra (E.
C. Buxton).
Labuau.
Labuan.
Sarawak.
Banjar massing (J. Motley).
Matu Beach, Maj' 8.
Cochin China.
China.
Canton (Tuckett).
Canton (Bligh).
Amoy, July, Nov. (R. Swin-
hoe).
Amoy, July (R. Swinhoe).
N.W. Formosa (R. Swinhoe).
Hainan, March (R. Swinhoe).
Dumaguete, Negros, March 12.
Dumaguete, Aug. (A. If.
Everett).
Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 20.
S. Leyte, Oct. (A. H. Everett).
N. Bohol, Oct. (A. H. Everett).
Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Oct.
(A. H. Everett).
Flores.
Solor.
Moloe Island, Tenimber Group,
Sept. 1.
Batchian (Wallace).
Halinahera.
Ceram.
Amboina.
Amboina (Leyden Museum).
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Governor Ussher
[P.].
A. H. Everett, Esq.
[C].
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
A. H. Everett, Esq.
[C.].
M. E. Pierre [P.].
J. R. Reeves, Esq.
[P.J.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
E. L. Moselev, Esq.
[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
E. L. Moselev, Esq.
[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Dr. II. O. Forbes
[P.].
Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
2G. OCHTHODBOMUS.
Ainbuiua.
223
r*. Ad. sk. Amboina. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
*\ Ad. sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll.
£*, u'. Ad. .sk. New Guinea. Wallace. Coll.
t) 4 . $ ad. hiein. Troughton Is., X.W. Australia. Dr. Baseett-Smith
sk. [P.].
w*. Ad. liiem. N. Australia. Hume Coll.
sk.
x\ Ad. hiem. Port Darwin. Gould Coll.
V 1 . Ad. sk. Cape York.
z\a 5 ,b 5 . Ad.sk. Queensland.
c 5 . $ ad. sk. Solitary Island.
Gould Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
5. Ochthodroinus mongolus.
Charadrius mongolus, Pall. Reis, Rnss. Reichs, iii. p. 700 (1776 :
Salt Lakes of Mongolia); Gm. Syst. Nut. i. p. 685 (1788); Lath.
Ind. Om. ii. p. 746 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 22 (1790) ;
Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xxvii. p. 143 (1818) ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Blasius, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 126 (Celebes).
Mongolian Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 207 (1785).
Charadrius mougolicus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 136 (1811 :
Onon R. ; Argun) ; Middend. Reis Sibir., Zoo!, p. 211, pi. xix.
figs. 2, 3 (1851: Udskoi-Ostrog ; Mouth of Uda River, July);
Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 411 (1859 : Amur-land) ; Radde,
Reis. Sibir., Vbg. p. 324 (1863: Tarei-nor, May); Schl. Mus.
Pays- Bas,C\irsores, p. 41 (1865 : Amur-land ; Philippines ; Ceram ;
Morotai; New Guinea); Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113 (Duke of York
Is.), p. 576 (Admiraltv Isl.) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 278
(1878-70); Scl. Voy. "' Challenger, ,' ii. Birds, p. 33 (1881:
Admiraltv Isl.) ; See'bohm, Geogr'. Distr. Charadr. p. 147 (1888,
pt) ; id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 308 (1890) ; Sti/an, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330,
503 (Lower Yangtse); Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Corea) ;
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436 (Hainan).
Charadrius cirrhepidesmus, Wagl. Syst. Ai\, Charadrius, p. 61, sp.
18 (1827) ; Gran, Gen. B. iii. p. - 544 (1847); id, P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 363 (East Gilolo).
Charadrius gularis, Waul, Syst. Ai\, Charadrius, p. 09, sp. 40
(1827).
Charadrius sanguineus, Less. Man. d Om. ii. p. 330 (1828) ; id.
Truited'Orn. p. 544 (1831).
Iliaticula mongola, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mas. p. 69 (1844 : China;
Philippines).
Iliaticula inornata, Gonld, B. Austr. vi. pi. 19, right-hand figure
(1846); Reichenb. Vbg. NeuhoU. no. 331 (1851); MacgiU. Narr.
Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852: N.E. Coast Australia; Torres
Straits).
.Eirialitis inornata, Reichenb. Grail., Novit. tab. ccxeviii. n>s. 2426-
27 (1851) ; Ramsai/, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 375 (1877) •
W. A. Forbes P. Z. S. 1878, p. 127 (Wednesdav Isl., Torres
Straits) ; id. Voy. ' Challenger,' ' ii. Birds, p. 92 (1881).
Pluviorhynchus mongolus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (18561.
Charadrius inornatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 187, 197 (Am Is.) ;
id. Cat. Mamm. Sf B. S'eir Gain. p. 62 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S, I86l|
p. 188 (Aru Is.); Rosenb. Nat. Tifdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv. p. 258
224 CHARA.DRIID.E.
(1863) * ; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 135 ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181
(1865) ; Roserib. Malay. Archip. p. 563 (1878-79).
^Egialitis mongolica, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 310; id. Ibis, 1870,
p. 300 (Hainan, March) ; Hurting, t. c. pp. 202, 384 (pt.) ; Wold.
Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 227 (1875 : Philippines) ; David $• Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 427 (1877) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 291)
(1882) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 325 (1882) ; Blakiston,
Amended List B. Jap. p. 10 (1884 : Yezo & Japan generally) ;
Sharpe, Rep. Zool. Coll. H.M.S. 'Alert; p. 27 (1884: Pt. Molle;
Channel Rock) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 (Batanta, Oct.) ;
Nehrk. J.f. O. 1885, p. 35 (Waigiou) ; Gigl. 8f Salvad. P. Z. S.
1887, p. 585 (Olga Bay, Corea, Sept.) ; Salvad. $ Gigl. Mem. R.
Acead. Torino, xxxix. p. 114(1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr.
B. p. 19 (1888 : Cape York to Rockingham Bay) ; Salvad. Aqq.
Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 200 (1891) ; Be la Touche, Ibis, 1892,
p. 496 (Foochow, April, May, Sept.) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc.
Advanc. Sci. 1892, p. 37, pt.
Ochthodromus inornatus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 237 (1865,
pt.) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337 ; G. F. Mathew, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. x. p. 355 (1886 : Claremont IsL).
^Egialitis mongolus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 140, 428 (Shanghai,
May) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 404 (China Coast, winter) ; Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 197 (1878 : Cape York ; Rocking-
ham Bay), iii. p. 115 (1879 : Katau), iy. p. 92 (1880 : Teste Is.),
p. 101 (Port Moresby).
yEgialitis mongola, Sicinh. Pbis, 1873, p. 425 (Shanghai) ; Baird,
Breioer, fy Ridgic. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 167 (1884) ;
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 105 (1885 : Bering & Copper
Islands, May to Oct.); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 163
(1886: Alaska); Ridgw. N. Amer. B. p. 179 (1877); Nelson,
Report Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 127 (1887 : Choris Peninsula) ;
Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 126 (1887 : Commander I?.) ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 456 (Chimulpo, Corea, June).
Eudromias mongolicus, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 248
(1876) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 344 (S. Leyte, Sept.); Tacz.
op. cit. vii. p. 397 (1882: Bering Isl) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp.
Ross. p. 73 (1884 : East Siberia ; Dauria ; Bering Isl., Ussuri-
laud).
/Egialitis mastersi, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 135 (1877 :
Rockingham Bay to Cape York), ii. p. 197 (1878) ; id. Tab. List
Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Gulf of Carpentaria, Rockingham Bay) ;
Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. Advanc. Sci. 3892, p. 38.
.Egialitis ruticapilla (nee Temm.), Blakist. 4" Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 219 (Yokohama) : cf. Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 25.
Charadrius pyrrhothorax (nee Temm.), Fritsch. Vbg. Eur. tab. 33.
fig. 18 (1870) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 373 (1878-79 : Aru
Islands).
Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to 0. geoffroyi, but smaller,
and with a much shorter bill and tarsus ; a broader black line
along the sides of the face, the ear-coverts being entirely black ;
the white throat separated from the rufous chest-band by a narrowly
indicated line of black : " bill black ; feet somewhat bluish black,
* Layard (Ibis, 1863, p. 249) records Charadrius inornatus as having been
seen by him at sea in lat. 30°, long. 38° ; but I think there must be some mistake
in the identification.
26. ocnxiioDROMus. 22o
toes darker ; iris dark brown " (L. Stejneger). Total length
7 - 5 inches, culmen - 75, wing 5 - 2, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*2.
Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but less
richly coloured, the rufous chest-band never so pronounced, and
the facial markings less developed, the black bands on the forehead
often obsolete : "bill black; feet dark grey, with an olive tinge;
toes darker, blackish; iris dark hazel" (L. Stejneger). Total length
7 inches, culmen OS, wing 5 - 5, tail 1'85, tarsus 1*2.
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
wanting the facial markings and the rufous chest. Very similar to
the winter plumage of 0. geoffroyi, and distinguished chiefly by its
smaller size, shorter bill, and shorter tarsus. There is also a
little moro brown on the ear-coverts.
Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but darker
brown, all the feathers edged with sandy brown, the eyebrow, sides
of face, and under surface of the body with a strong tint of sandy
buff: "bill, angle of mouth, and ring round the eyes black; legs
clear grey; tarsus tinged with yellowish, toes with blackish, and
soles with reddish; iris dark brown" (L. Stejneger).
The exact method by which the rufous chest of the summer
plumage is gained is not easy to discover. In some specimeus in
winter dress there is a distinct narrow line of brown across the
fore-neck; in most of the series of skins in the Museum this is
wanting, as it is also in young birds. It may therefore be a sign of
very old birds only, as there are traces of brown feathers in an old
bird which has not quite attained its full summer plumage. In
the specimen in question it is also evident that the rufous breast is
being acquired by a change of colour in the feather, from brown to
rufous, as well as by a moult. Probably only very old birds go
through this double process, as in the majority of specimens the
rufous breast appears to be gained by a moult only. "When first
developed all the rufous feathers are edged with white.
A young bird is described by Dr. Stejneger as somewhat re-
sembling the adults. " The brownish grey of the back is paler, and
each feather narrowly edged with isabella colour, with which also
the lower parts are suffused. On the pectoral region a huffish
Sage replaces the rufous collar, and the black markings are absenl
from the head, the cheeks and ear-coverts being slightly dusky ;
the forehead between the bill and the eyes whitish, suffused with
isabella colour."
The winter plumage and young livery of the western and eastern
forms of 0. mongolus are, as might have been expected, very
difficult to distinguish, but the western form seems always to have
a longer tarsus (about T25 inch), whereas the eastern form has the
t irsus about 1*1 inch.
Hob. Breeds in Eastern Siberia and the Commander Islands, and
even extends its range to Alaska. Passes through China on migra-
tion to the Philippines and the Moluccas, wintering in these islands
and Australia.
VOL. XXIV. Q
226
CHARADRIID^.
a, b. J 5 ft d-
sestiv. sk.
c. Ad. sestiv. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. 9 ad. sk.
/. $ ad. sk.
#, h. <S ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
w, n. Ad. hiem.
sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sestiv. sk.
y, r, s. 3 2 • ad.
hiem. sk
<, m. Ad. hiem.
et sestiv. sk.
v. Ad. testiv. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
x. S ad. sk.
y. Ad. vix sestiv.
sk.
z. Ad. vix sestiv.
sk.
a'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
b'. Ad. hiem. sk.
c', d'. Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
/'. Ad. hiem. sk.
ff '. 2 ad. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.
i , k' . Ad. hiem.
sk.
V , m', n' . Ad. sk.
o. Ad. hiem. sk.
Amurland, July {Dr. Schrench). Seehohm Coll.
Japan.
Yokohama (H. Pryer).
S. Yezo ( T. Blakiston).
Kurile Islands (Snmc).
Shanghai, April (P. Swinhoe).
Canton.
Canton (S. Blujh).
Gutzlofflsl., China.
Malacca (Dr. Cantor).
Hainan (P. Swinhoe).
Philippine Islands.
N. Bohol, Nov. (A. H.
Everett).
Menado, N. Celebes.
2 ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Halm ah era.
Morotai.
Aru Islands.
Admiralty Islands.
Duke of York Isl. (G. Broion).
Troup-hton Isl., N. Australia,
Aug.
Port Albany.
Cape York (Cockerell).
Cape York.
Cape York.
Eagle Islet, Aug. (J. Mac-
gillivray).
Wednesday Isl., Torres Straits.
Channel Rocks, June (Dr.
Coppinger) .
Queensland (J. T. Cockerel').
Port Molle, Queensland, May
(Dr. Coppinger).
Moreton Bay (Stratiye).
Richmond River.
Professor Milne [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. McKinlay [P.],
India Museum.
Seebohm Coll.
Hun-h Cuming, Esq.
[0.1.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
Tweeddale Coll.
P. W. Bassett Smith,
Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Rat-
tlesnake.'
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert'
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
6. Ochthodromus pyrrhothorax.
Charadrius cantianus (nee Lath.), Horn/. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii.
p. 187 (1821 : Java).
Charadrius inconspicuus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 651 (e.v Licht. in Mus.
Berol.) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847).
Charadrius pyrrhothorax, Gould, B. Pur. iv. pi. 299 (1837 : e.v Tertun.
MSS.) ; Tetmn. Man. d'Om. iv. p. 355 (1840: Russia) ; Werner,
Atlas, part iv. Grail, pi. 2 ; Srhl. Per. Crit. pp. lxxxiii, 95 (1844)1
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Bree, B. Pur. iv. p. 18 (1868) ;
Tristr, Ibis, 18G8, p. 323 (Palestine) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15,
no. 9995 (1871).
yEgialitis pyrrhothorax, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 45
26. OCIITHODROMUS. 227
(1838) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. hex, 208 (1840) ; Jerd. B.
hid. iii. p. 039 (I.H04) ; Bearan, Ibis, 1*07, p. 332 (Andaman*) ;
Blyth, Ibis, 1808, p. 133; Pelz. t. c. p. 321 (Kyangsisa) ; Beavan,
t. c. p. 389 (Salween II., Sept.) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,
p. 220 (1884).
Charadriua leschenaulti (nee Less.), B/i/t/t, J. A. S. Boh/, xii. p. 81
(1848: Calcutta^; Adams, 1\ Z. S. 1859, p. 188 (Chimourari
Lake, Ladak, breeding) ; id. Wand. Nat. Ind. p. ^83 (1867).
Charadriua rufiuellus, Blyth, Ann. Sf May. N. II. xii. p. 109 (1843:
Calcutta).
Charadriua subrufinus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844).
Charadriua ruticollis, Schl. Rev. Grit, part ii. p. 95 (1844 : ex
i'uoicr) ; Pueheran, Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 282.
Hiaticula Bubruima, Gray, Cat. Mamm.Sfc. Nepal pres, Hodys. -p. 133
(1840).
Hiaticula leschenaulti {nee Less.), Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 203 (1849 : Calcutta) ; Layard, Ann. Sf May. N. H. (2) xiv.
p. 109(1854: Ceylon).
Hiaticula inconspicua, Licht. Nomencl. Ac. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854:
Bengal).
Cirrhipideamus pyrrhothorax, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (185G).
Charadriua rnong-olicus {nee Pall.), Tristr. P. Z. 8. 1804, p. 450 (Banks
of Kishon, winter) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1805, p. 34 ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 41 (1865: Borneo); Deyl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii.
p. 139 (1807) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1023, pi. xxxiv.
tig. 4 (1873 : Adel and Somali Coasts) ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 33
(Asia Minor) ; Serertz. Ibis, 1883, p. 72 (Alai ; Pamir; Kara-Kul
& Ran-Kul, 12,000 to 13,000 ft., breeding-) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886,
p. 167 (Muscat) ; Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 147 (1888,
pt.) ; Beicken. J. f. O. 1889, p. 205 (Zanzibar, Nov.) ; id. Jahrb.
Hamburg. Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 6 (1893: Zanzibar).
yEgialites mongolicus {nee Pall), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 164 ; Hartiny,
P. Z. S. 1871, p. Ill (Choris Peninsula) ; Hume Sf Haiders. Lahore
to York. p. 283 (1873 : Gokra, 16,000 ft., July) ; Salvad. Ucc.
Born. p. 316 (1874).
JSgialitia mongolica {nee Pall.), Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 239 (1872);
Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 410 (Kathiawar) ; Hume, Str. F. iii.
p. 179 (1875 : Pegu) ; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 153 (1875) ; Hume, Sir.
F. iv. p. 293 (1876: Andamans, May, July, Sept.); Armstrong,
t. c. p. 339 (Elephant Point ; China-Ba-Keer) ; Hume, t. c. p. 463
(Laccadives) ; Iilanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 279 (1870 : Persian Gulf) ;
Dresser, B. Eur. vii. pp. 476, 477 (1878) ; Legge, II. Ceylon, iii.
p. 943 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 81 (1880 : S. Konkan) ; Kelham,
Ibis, L882, p. 10 (Singapore, Nov.) ; Oates, Sandb. B. Brit. Burm.
ii. p. 368 (1888)5 Tnstr. Faun. S,- Flor. Palest, p. 129 (1884:
winter) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884:
Java); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 314 (1888: Manipur) ; Shelley, Ibis,
1888, p. 305 (Manda IsL, Nov.); Everett, Jourfi. Straits Branch
As. Soc. 1889, p. 205; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 226 (Palawan);
Vorderm. Aid. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 415 (1889 : Sumatra) ;
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan); Sharpe, Set. Bis. -2nd
York. Miss., Aves, p. 137 (1891: Barikol, May); Barnes, Ibis,
L898, pp. 169, 181 (Aden).
.l'.jialitis mongola [nee Pall.), Wald. Ibis, 1 873, p. 317 (Andamans);
Legge. Ibis, 1876, p. 401 (Ceylon); Hull. Str. F. vii. p. 227 1 1.-7- :
Singhbhum; Orissa); Cripps, t.c.y 299 (Faridpur) ; Hume,t.c
ft 2
228
CHAEADEIinE.
p. 483 (Calcutta) ; id. Str.F. viii. p. 69 (1879: Singapore), p. 112;
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 57 (1879: cold weather visitant) ; id.
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 73 (1880).
Eudromias ruongolicus, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873 :
breeding) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327.
Cirrepidesmus mongolicus, Hume, Nests fy Fr/gs Ind. B. p. 571
(1873: Tibetan Lakes); id. Str. F. i. p. 230 (1873: Karachi ;
Mekran Coast, Feb.), ii. p. 209 (1874: Andaman? & Nicobars), iv.
p. 12 (1876: Northern Guzerat, -winter) ; Heine fy Reichen.N amend.
Mus. Hem. p. 336 (1890 : Java).
iEgialitis mongolus, Hume <$r Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 455 (1878:
Tenasserim, winter) ; Tiraut, Bull. Comm. Agric. Cochinehine, (3)
i. p. 147 (1879).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to 0. mongolus, but
paler in general colour, and especially on the chest-band, which is
lighter than in the last-named species. Specially distinguished by
the black band on the forehead being united to the black ear-coverts,
the white of the lores becoming gradually merged in the black of
the forehead, which is therefore completely black with no white
loral patch at all : " bill black ; feet ashy black ; iris brown "
(F. Stoliczka). Total length 7'5 inches, culmen - 7, wing 4*85,
tail 1-8, tarsus 1-25.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
7 inches, culmen - 7, wing 5'15, tail 1*8, tarsus 1*25.
Adidt in winter plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of
0. mongolus, but with a slightly longer tarsus.
Hab. Breeds in the Kirghis Steppes, and probably throughout
Central Asia, wintering in Africa, India, and the Malay Peninsula
and Islands.
«. Ad. sk.
b, c. 2 a d. sk.
d, e. Ad. hiem. sk.
f, a - 6 2 ad. aestiv.
'sk.
h. Ad. aestiv. sk.
i, k. Ad. aestiv. sk.
/, m. Ad. aestiv. sk.
h, o. <3 2 ad. aestiv.
sk.
p, g. d 2 a( i- aestiv.
sk.
r. rf ad. aestiv. sk.
s, t. Ad. aestiv. sk.
u. Juv. sk.
v-k'. $ J ad. hiem.
sk.
I'. 2 ad. aestiv. sk.
m' . Ad. hiem. sk.
»', o'. Jad.hiem.sk.
Egypt.
Manda Isl., E. Africa, Nov.
Muscat.
Sirikol, Yarkand, May 9.
Great Pamir.
Western Tibet.
Eastern Tibet, May, June
(L. Mandelli).
Kokonor, June, July (Frje-
valsky).
Karakash, July, Aug. (G.
Henderson).
Above Zogri, Ladak, Julv
19 (G. Henderson).
Ladak.
Sind.
Karachi, Feb. (A. 0. H.).
Karachi, Aug. 3 (F. A.
Butler).
Kathiawar, Oct. 19.
Etawah, Nov.
G.Turnbull,Esq.[P.J.
F.J.Jackson.Esq.rP.J.
Col. Miles [P.].
Dr. F. Stohczka [C.].
St. George Littledale,
Esq.
Earl of GifTord [P.].
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Purchased.
T.C.Jerdon,Esq.[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Hayes Lloyd [P.].
Hume Coll.
26. ocnmoDROMrs.
229
p'. 2 ad. hiem. sk.
q. J juv. sk.
»•'. Ad. hiem. sk.
«'. 2 ad. hiein. sk.
/'. Ad. hiem. sk.
u, v',w'. Ad.aestiv.;
.(', j/'. Juv. sk.
z',a",b" . Ad.ffistiv.;
c"-i". 6 2 ad.
hiem. sk.
k". Ad. hiem. sk.
¥', m". tf $ ad.
hiem. sk.
« . o",p". J $ ad.
hiem. sk.
</". J ad. hiem. sk.
»•". $ ad. hiem. sk.
s"-w". <$ 2 ad. et
juv. sk.
.(•". 2 ad. hiem. sk.
y". £ imm. sk.
z', a % . $ ad. hiem.
sk.
b 3 , c 3 . $ ad. Idem.
sk.
<P, e 3 . ad. hiem. ;
/*. <Jad.aestiv.sk.
&-*?. 2 ad.hiem.sk.
P, m 3 . 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
n\ $ ad. hiem. sk.
"\/''.d $ad. hiem.
8k.
V -» . V ad. ; v 3 ,
w 3 . Juv. sk.
^»y*-cJ 2 ad. hiem.
-I..
J 3 . J ad. hiem. sk.
a*, d ad. hiem. sk.
b\c*. d 2 ad. hiem.
sk.
«J'. 2 ad. hiem. 3k.
< •'. f*. d ad. hiem.
sk.
if. Juv. sk.
Cardamum Isl., Laccadives,
Feb. 18 (A. O. H.).
Colombo, Ceylon, April
{W. V. Legge).
Madras (It. U. W. R.).
Madras.
Bengal.
Calcutta (Blyth).
Calcutta, Dec. to April (A.
O. H.).
Dacca.
Moirang, Manipux, Feb. 19
{A. O. H.).
Elephant Point, Dec, April
(J. Armstrong).
China-Ba-Keer, Dec. (J.
Armstrong).
Phagat, Nov. (J. Arm-
strong).
Pegu, Sept. to May (E. Jf".
Sittang River, Tenasserim,
Feb. 14 ( W. Davison).
Kaukaryit, Aug. 27 (J.
Darling).
Wippitan, Dec. (J. Dar-
hng).
Amherst, Jan. ( W. Davi-
son).
Thatone, Nov., Aug. (W.
D.).
Mergiri, Nov. ( W. D.).
Pakchan, Dec. ( W. D.).
Great Cocos Isl., March
( W. D.).
S. Andamans, Jan. (R. G.
W. R.).
Port Blair, S. Andamans,
May to Sept. {R. J.
JViniberley).
Aberdeen, S. Andamans,
Dec, April ( W. Davison).
Mount Augusta, S. Anda-
mans, Jan. 18 ( W. D.).
Montshull Isl., Nicobara,
March 4 (IF. D.).
Preparis, Nicobara, March
26 ( JC. D.).
Camorta, Nicobars,Feb. 26
( W. D.).
Tonka, Malav Peninsula,
Jan. 24 (J. Darling).
Penang (Dr. Cantor).
Hume Coll.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume ColL
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum,
230 CHAEADEIID^:.
h % -n". $ ad. hiem.; Salanffore, Aug., Dec, Jan. Hume Coll.
o'-tK 2 ad. hiem. (IF. I).).
sk.
w 4 . Juv. sk. Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll.
v *. Ad. sestiv. sk. Malacca. Seebohm Coll.
w'. $ juv. sk. Singapore, Sept. ( W. D.). Hume Coll.
.r 1 . $ ad. sestiv. sk. Kula, Pahang, Sept. 1. Capt. Kelsall [P.].
y',z l . Ad. hiem. sk. Java (Horsjield). India Museum.
n'-e~\ S 2 ad. Labuan, Sept., Nov. A.H.Everett,Esq.[C.].
f s . 2 juv. sk. Baram, Sarawak, Sept. 30. A.H.Everett,Esq.[C.].
(f. 2 ad. sk. Borneo (Diard). Seebohm Coll.
7. Ochthodromus asiaticus.
Charadrius asiaticus, Pall. Beis. Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 715 (1773: S.
Tartary) ; Gm. Sust. Nat. i. p. 684 (1783) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii.
p. 746 (1790) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxxii (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 544 (1847) : Blasius ty Bald, in Nautn. Toy. Deutschl. xiii.
pt. 2, p. 225, pi. 386. tigs. 1, 2 (1860) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 18
(L863) ; Schl. Mvs. Pays-Das, Cursores, p. 38 (1865 : Tartary; S.
Africa ; Orange River) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 299 (1867 : Coles-
berg) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 323 (Palestine) ; Finsch, Trans. Zo»t.
Soc. vii. p. 328 (1870); id. fy Hartl. Toy. Ostafr. p. 649 (1870);
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 14, no. 9990 (1871)': Dresser, P. Z. S.
1875, p. 97 (Kirghis Steppes, breeding ; e°:g) : Bocaqe, Orn.
Anyola, p. 430 (1881: Rio Bengo ; Benguela) ; Reid, Zo'ol. 1882,
p. 342 (Mouth of Umgeni R., Dec.) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 460 (Ben-
nett's Drift Camp, Newcastle, Nov.) ; Holub fy Pelz. Beitr. Orn.
Siidafr. p. 241 (1882 : Panta-ma-tenka) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 28
(Caucasus), 1884, p. 429 (Lenkoran) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn.
i. p. 392 (1884 : Little Aruscha) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 115 (Use-
giiha) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 47 (Ruwana River) ; Seebohm,
Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 144 (1888) ; Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus.
xi. p. 78 (1889: Cunene R.) ; Reichen. Toy. Deutsch-Ost-Afr.
p. 33 (1894: Ugalla R. ; "Wualaba R.; Usegiiha ; Kareina ; Victoria
Nyanza). *
Asiatic Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 207 (1785).
Charadrius caspius, Pall. Zooar. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 136 (1811 : Cas-
pian and Salt Lakes of S. Tartary) ; Giitke, Voyelw. Itelyol. p. 491
(1891).
Charadrius jugnlaris, Wayl. Syst. Av. p. 69, sp. 39 (1827) ; Nord?n.
in Demid. Toy. Russ. Mcrid. iii. p. 233 (1840: Odessa, April).
Eudrornias asiaticus, Keys. # Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxx, 208 (1840) ;
Bp. Cat. Met. Uec. Eur. p. 57 (1842) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit.
Mus. p. 68 (1844 : Northern Asia & Altai Mountains) ; Bp. Rev.
Crit. p. 181 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mm. Berol. p. 95 (1854 :
Aral Lake) ; Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1856 : Coast of Red
Sea, winter) ; Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, p. 315 (Heligoland) ; id.
Ibis, 1862, p. 71 ; Darting, Ibis, 1870, p. 202, pi. v. ; Blanf. Geol.
$ Zool. Abyss, p. 429 (1870: Rairo. Aug.); Ayres, Ibis, 1871,
p. 263 (Transvaal) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 271
(1872: Otjimbinque) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 237 (1872); Swinh.
Ibis, 1873, p. 365 (Syr Darva) ; Cordeau.r, Ibis, 1875, p. 185
(Heligoland); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 279 (1876); Seebohm,
Ibis, i877, p. 165 ; Pelz. Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, xxxi.
p. 155 (1881 : Lado, March) ; Hartl. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen,
viii. p. 231 (1882 : Lado) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard 's B. S. Afr. pp. 665,
26. OCnTDODROMUS. 231
866 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 4:5, 415 (1884 : Caspian, \\n\) :
id. Ornis, v. p. 106 (1889).
Charadrius damarensis, Sh-ickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 158 (Damara-
land) ; Fmsch, Ibis, 1872, p. 14ti: Heugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1,
p. 1018, pi. xxxiv. figs. 1, 2 (1873), App. p. clxxxi (X. Coast of
Egypt : Gulf of Suez ; Swamps of S. Kordofan ; Lower White &
BlueNiles; Qalabat; Tana Lake).
/Egialitis ruficollia (nee Cuv.), Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1856).
Morinellus caspius, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (185b').
Eudromas asiaticus, Newt. Lid B. Eur. Blasius, p. 17 (1862).
Charadrius geoflroyi (nee Wagl.), Mont. P. Z. S. 18b"5, p. 95 (Ben-
guela).
Eudromias caspius, Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 361 (1865: Enzeli, Cas-
pian) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 327; Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Rosa.
p. 74 (1884 : Aralo-Caspian region ; Western Thian Shan ;
M(
Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 479, pis. 520, 522, fig. 1 (1878) ; Hume,
Sir. F. vii. p. 438 (1878), viii. p. 112 (1879) ; At/res, Ibis, 1880,
p. 267 (Transvaal); Salitin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 595 (1882:
Kirghia Steppes; Damara-land) ; Salvad. Atti R. Acead. Sci.
Torino, xxiii. p. 44 (1887) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 CNianda Isl.) ;
id. P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 49 (Lado) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1889, p. 92 (Len-
koran) ; Butler, Ibis, 1890, p. 463 (Great Yarmouth); Southwell,
P. Z. S. 1890, p. 4bl (Great Yarmouth, May); Sharpe, Ibis,
L891, p. 113 (Fao, Aug.): Irby, Key List Brit.' B. 2nd ed. p. 48
(1892); Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 544 (Victoria Nyanza); Lilford,
Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xxi. (1892).
Adult mah' in summer plumage. Similar to 0. veredus, and
having a dark quill-lining like that species, but the axillaries
white ; crown of head brown, like the back : the forehead, eyebrow,
sides of face, and throat white, like the underparts ; across the fore-
neck a.broad band of bright chestnut, followed by a narrow band
of black : quills dark brown, the primaries white-shafted, but other-
irise with no white on any of the quills ; tail as in O. asiaticus, but
with only a narrow white edging to the outer feather: " bill black ;
feet greenish olive, toes dusky; iris dusky hazel " (Emin Pasha).
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'9, wing .3-65, tail 2*15, tarsus 1-35.
Adult in winter 'plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
wanting the rufous breast and the facial markings. Dark brown
above, including the hoad, the sides of face, forehead, and eyebrow
tinged with Bandy buff, a shade of which colour is evident round
the hind-neck; throat isabelliue white, divided from the white of
the breast by a broad band of ashy brown, extending from the
lower throat to the fore-neck and chest and the sides of the upper
breast.
Young. Resembles the winter plumage of the adult, but has the
feathers of the upper surface edged with sandy buff, and a more
pronounced tinge of this colour on the sides of the face and on the
chest-band.
Hub. Breeds in the Kirghis Steppes and Central Asia, wintering
in Africa and the western portion of the ludiau Peninsula.
232
CHAEABEIID^:.
a. Ad. sk.
b. 5 ad. sk.
c. Imm. sk.
d. $ iinm. sk.
e. Imm. sk.
f. 5 imm. sk.
y, h. $ ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. {J ad. sk.
mi, w. Imm. sk.
o, i>. d" $ ad.
9, r. c? 2 ad -
sk.
s. J ad. sk.
£. c? ad. sk.
u, v. Ad. sk.
to. Ad. sk.
Altai Mountains.
River Irtisch.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 11.
Ratnagiri, S. Konkan, Oct. (G.
Tidal).
600 miles from land between
Aden and Galle.
Massowa, Aug. 24.
Lado, Equatorial Africa,
March 30.
Manda Island, Nov. 13.
Benguela.
Damara-land.
Damara-land (C. J. Atidersson).
Oljimbinque, Damara-land, Feb.
(C.J. A.).
Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Nov.
(C.J. A).
Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Jan.
(T.Ayres).
Durban, Natal, Dec. (8. G.
Reid).
Kingwilliamstown.
Near Frankfort, British Kaf-
fraria.
Mr. Brandt.
Mr. Brandt.
W.D. Cumming, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].
Emin Pasha [P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
Monteiro Coll.
C. J. Andersson, Esq.
[0.].
Gurney Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gurney Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Major Trevelyan [P.].
Major Trevelyan [P.].
8. Ochthodromus veredus.
Cursorius isabellinus (nee Temm.), Hoisf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii.
p. 187 (1821 : Java).
Charadrius veredus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 38 (Northern Australia) ;
id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 14 (1848 : Port Essington ; Sydney) ; Reichenb.
Grail. Novit. tab. lxxvii. fig. 2679-80 (1851)"; Gray, P. Z. S.
1858, p. 197 (N. Australia to 14° S. lat. ; Islands of Torres
Straits) ; Finsc/i, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. 8.
1870, p. 430 (Pekin) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 14, no. 9992 (1871) ;
David et Oast. Ois. Chine, p. 425, pi. 120 (1877) ; Dresser, B. Bur.
vii. p. 480 (1878: China; Japan); Rvsenb. Malay. Archip. p. 373
(1878-79: Kei Isl.) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 425 (Samarkand);
Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 319 (Palawan) ; Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 115 (1888) ; id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 311 (1890), note ;
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse, spring migrant).
Pluvialis xantbocheilus (nee Wayl.), Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
Charadrius xanthocheilus (nee Wayl.), Bh/th, Ibis, 1865, p. 34;
Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 563 (1878-79).
Cirrepidesmus asiaticus (nee Pall.), Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii.
p. 229 (1865).
Charadrius asiaticus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 38 (1865 :
Ternate, pt.).
yEgialitis veredus, Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 141 (Shanghai) ; Salvad.
Orn. Papaasia, iii. p. 290 (1882) ; id. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 325
(1883) ; ii. Ayg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 200 (1891).
26. ochtiiodromus. 233
Eudromias veredua, Harting, Ihis, 1870, p. 209, id. vi. ; Swinh.
P. Z. .S'. 1871 , p. 403 (Shanghai ; Pekin) ; Wakl. Trans. Zool. Soc.
viii. p. 88 (1872: Makassar); SurinA. Ibis, 1873, pp. 305, 424
(Cheloo); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 315 (1874); Prjev. in Roivley's
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 434 (1877: S.E. Mongolia, breeding;, June);
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. 11'. i. p. 187 (1877), ii. p. 197
(1878)'; Salcad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 82 (Amboma) ; id. Ann. Mus. Gen.
xiv. p. 666 (1879: Kei Isl.) ; id. Voy. ' Challenger J ii. Birds, p. 64
(1881) ; Boyd. C'onsp. Av. Imp. Runts, p. 73 (1884: Samarkand);
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Port Darling; Port
Essington ; Wide Bay distr. ; Richmond and Clarence Rivers; New-
South Wales) ; Ererett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889,
p. 204 ; Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 336 (1890 :
Puerto Princesa, Palawan).
Charadrius asiaticus (nee Pall.), Finsch, Ibis, 1872, p. 144 (Saigon) ;
Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875).
Adult in summer plumage. Similar to O. rjeoffroyi, but with a
longer and more slender bill, and distinguished by its smoky -brown
axillaries, under wing-coverts, and quill-linings. Upper parts
uniform brown, with slightly indicated rufous edgings to many of
the feathers; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown,
the first primary only having a white shaft, and no white present
on the inner webs of the quills ; the secondaries also uniform dark
brown, with an obsolete white fringe to the tips ; innermost second-
aries like the back ; tail-feathers brown, with white tips and a
sub-terminal shade of darker brown, the outer feather white along
the outer web ; crown of head brown like the back, slightly washed
with rufous, as also the hind-neck, where, however, there is no
distinct collar as in 0. rjeoffroyi ; the forehead white to the middle of
the eye ; eyebrow, sides of face, and throat white : lower throat,
fore-neck, and chest bright chestnut, extending down the sides of
the upper breast and followed by a horse-shoe mark of black ;
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dark smoky brown, with ashy-whitish tips to
the feathers; quill-lining also dark smoky brown: "bill deep
olive-brown, blacker on the terminal portion ; feet light brownish
flesh-colour ; toes washed with grey, blackish on joints ; claws
black ; eyelids greyish black " (It. Swinhoe). Total length 8-5
inches, culmen 1, wing 6-5, tail 2-4, tarsus 1-75.
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
wanting the rufous chest-band. Above dark brown, including the
crown of the head ; forehead and eyebrow isabelline white, the
hinder part of trie latter shaded with sandy buff, which colour also
pervades the sides of the face and sides of neck, and forms a faint
collar round the hind-neck; throat isabelline white ; lower throat,
fore-neck, and chest pale brown ; remainder of under surface of
body white ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining smoky
brown.
Il<d>. Breeds in Mongolia, wintering in the Moluccas and Aus-
tralia.
234 CHAKAT)RIIDJ5.
a. Ad. ak. Shanghai (Reeves). Gould Coll
b. $ ad. sk. Shanghai, March (Capt. Ince). Mrs. Ince [P.].
c. cJad.sk. Shanghai, April 3. Shanghai Museum.
d. Ad. sk. Penang. "Wallace Coll.
e,f. Ad.sk. Java (Horsjield). India Museum.
g, h. Ad. sk. W. Java (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.
i-m. <3 2 ad. Labuan, May, June, Sept. A. H. Everett, Esq.
sk. [C.].
n. Ad. sk. Baram, Sarawak. Charles Hose, Esq.
[C.].
o, p. Ad.sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.
q. Ad. sk. Celebes. Gould Coll.
r. J ad. sk. Makassar (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll.
s. Ad. sk. Amboina. Wallace Coll.
t. 3 imm. sk. Amboina. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
u. 2 ad.sk. Derby, N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower
Bowyer Bower). [P-]-
v. Ad. st. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.].
to. Ad. sk. South Queensland. Tweeddale Coll.
.r. Ad. sk. Melbourne. Salviu-Godman Coll.
27. EUDROMIAS.
Type.
Eudromias, Brehm, Toy. Deutschl. p. 544 (1831 : e.r Bote
MSS.) E. morinellus.
Morinellus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) E. moriuellus.
Mange. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
1. Eudromias morinellus.
The Dotterell from Lincolnshire, Albin, Not. Hist. ii. p. 58, pi. G3
(1738).
Le Petit Pluvier ou Le Guignard, Briss. Orn. v. p. 54, pi. iv. fig. 2
(1760).
Le Guignard d'Angleterre, Briss. Orn. v. p. 58 (1760).
Charadrius morinellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766); Gm. Si/st.
Nat. i. p. 680 (1788); Pal/as, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 134.
tab. lvii. (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 326 (1815) ; Leach, Syst.
Cat. Mamm. $ B. Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1816) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist.
Nat. xxvii. p. 140 (1818) ; Temm. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 537 (1820) ;
Ron.r, Orn. Prov. pis. 273, 274 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Coureics,
pi. 5 (1827) ; Waql. Syst. Av. p. 69, sp. 38 (1827) ; Naum. Vby.
Deutschl. vii. Tai 174 (1834) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 295(1837) ;
Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 3(50 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Russ.
Merid. iii. p. 232 (1840: Odessa); Selys-Longch. Faun. Bebi.
p. 121 (1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxxii (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 544 (1847); Kjcerb. Damn. Fuqle, pi. 30. fig. 4 (1852);
Schl. Voy. Nederl. pi. 212 (1854) ; Cass. Proc. Phi/ad. Acad.
1858, p. 195 (Japan) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 446
(1859) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 21. fig. 4 (1861) ; Malmqr.
CEfv. K T'et.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1863, p. 115; Gray, List Brit.
B. p. 140 (1863) ; Sundev. Sv.Fogl. p. 334, pi. xxxvii. tig. 1 (1856-
72) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 14, no. 9989 (1871) ; R. Gray, B.
West Scoil. p. 254 (1871) ; Pa/men, Finlands Foglar, p. 78 (1873) ;
Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1016 (1873: Blue Nile and
27. EUDROMI.VS. 285
Lower Egypt), App. p. clxxx ; Sunder. (Efo. K. Vet.-Alcad. Fork.
Stocfch. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen) ; Fallon, Ois. Belt;, p. 151 (1875) :
Finseh, Verhandl. z.-h. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 244 (1879:
Scht8cb.ut8cb.ja) ; Bunge, Mel. Biol. Bull. Acad. Imp. St. Peter*/).
xii. livr. 1, p. 62 (1884: Lena Delta) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii.
p. 30, pi. 2(5. figs. 1-3 (1885) ; Booth, Bough Notes, ii. cum tab.
(1887) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadr.y. 113(1888) ; Reichen.
Verz. Yog. Deutschl. p. 51 (1889) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp.
p. 305 (1890) ; Friraldskg, Ares Hung. p. 122 (1891) ; Madardsz,
Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p.'l02 (1891).
Cbaradrius tartaricus, Pallas, Pels. Puss. Reiclis, ii. p. 715 (1773).
Le Guignard, DAubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 832 ; Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois.
viii. p. 87 (1781).
Charadrius anglus, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 117 (177G) ;
Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 246.
The Dotterel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 208 (1785) ; Yarrell, Brit.
B. ii. p. 392 (1843).
Cbaradrius sibiricus, Lepech. Iter. ii. pi. vi. (1771-86) : Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 690 (1788).
Eudromias montana, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 546 (1831).
Eudromias stolida, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 547 (1831).
Eudromias morinellus, 2?reAm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 545 (1831); Bp. Comp.
List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 45 (1838) ; Keys. # Bias. Wirb. Eur.
p. 208 (1840) ; Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 96 (1844) ; Gray,
List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 67 (1844) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 98
(1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. At: Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 : Khirghia
Steppes) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856: Egypt and Red Sea
in winter) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 78 (N. Africa) ; Linderm. Vog.
Griechenl. p. 134 (1860); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 43 (1862);
Radde, Pels. Sibir., Vog. p. 323 (1863 : E. Siberia) ; Borggr. Vogelf.
Norddeutschl. p. 110 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 175 (1869);
Saunders. Ibis. lst!9, p. 1 73: Drosfe, Vogelw. Borhum,]).U8 (1869) ;
Gitlett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 (Novava Zemlva) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.
tab. 33. figs. 16, 17 (1870) ; Stevenson, B. Norf. ii. p. 76 (1870) ;
Salrad. Faun, ltal, Ucc. p. 204 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 386
(S. Spain) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 43 (1872); Heugl. Ibis,
1872, p. 62 (Novava Zemlva) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 236'(1872) ;
Dyh. J. f. O. 1873, p. 101 (Danria, nesting) ; Severtz. Tarhest.
Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p, 337 (Sar-
dinia) ; Sarin/, B. Shetl. p. 102 (1874) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii.
p. 507, pi. 526 (1875); lrby, Orn. Straits Gihr. p. 161 (1875):
Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 184 (Heligoland) ; Blanf. East. Persia,
ii. p. 278 (1876: Kagnin, ~\V. of Shiraz); Seebohm 8[ Harvie-
Broicn, Ibis, 1876, p. 289 (Lower Petchora) : Dresser, t. c. p. 327
(Turkestan) j Tacz. Bull. Soc: Zool. France, i. p. 248 (1876: nests
in Baikal, Dauria), ii. p. 155 (1877 : Poland, spring and autumn) ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 155 (R. Kooravika. Int. 71); Cdlett,
Norges Fugle, p. 359 (1881) ; Seebohm, Ibis. 188;?. p. 221 (Astra-
khan ; Kirghis Steppes, breeding); Salrin, Cat. Strichl. Coll.
p. 595 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 160 (1883): Saunders,
Ibis, 1883, p. 349; id. ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. iii. p. 246 (1883);
Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 130 (1884: Beersbeba) ; Boyd.
Consp. Ar. Imp. Ross.u. 72 (1884); Radde, Orn. Caws. pp. 13,
415 (1884: Caspian): Chapman. Ibis, 1885, p. 175 (Lapland);
(Hal. Avif. Ital. p. 371 (1886) ; Sa'vad. Elenco T'cc. ltal. p. 21 1
(1886); heske, Uebers. Saug. u. Vog. Kola-Halbins. p. 326 (1886) ?
Tait, Ibis. L887, p. 386 (Portugal); Buckley $ Harvie-Broicn,
236 CHAEADEIID^:.
Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 125 (1888) ; Koenig, J.f. O. 1888,
p. 83 (Tunis); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 515 (Canary Is.);
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 521 (1889) ; Gigl. 1st Resoc. Avif.
Ital. p. 569 (1889) ; 2nd Resoc. p. 561 (1890) ; 3rd Resoc. p. 511
(1891); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Oraatica), p. 86 (1890);
Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 403 (Ireland) ; Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl.
Mus. Hein. p. 336 (1890: Lapland); Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun.
Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 23 (1890) ; Reiser, Vogeh. Landesm.
Sarajevo, p. 106 (1891); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 79 (incubation);
Buckley ty Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkneys, p. 203 (1891) ;
iid. Vertebr. Faun. Arqyll, p. 166 (1892) ; Macph. Vertebr. Faun.
Lake-land, p. 348 (1892); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 203
(Canaries) ; Grant, Bull. B. 0. C. i. p. lv (1893 : Scotland, nesting) ;
id. op. cit. iii. p. iii (1894) ; Whitaker, Ibis, 1894, p. 99 (Tunisj ;
Pearson fy Bidwill, t. c. p. 232 (N. Norway, breeding - ).
Pluvialis morinellus, Macuill. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 50 (1840) ; id.
Brit. B.iv.y- 104(1850).
Charadrius (Eudromias) morinellus, Middend.Reis. Sibir., Zooh p. 211
(1851 : Taimyr R., June, 73|°; Bogauida, May, Aug.).
Morinellus sibir'icus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 ( 1856) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Cursores, p. 46 (1865) ; Degl. 8f Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 129
(1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 265 (1867).
Adult male. General colour ashy brown, streaked with sandy buff,
with which colour the feathers are edged ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown, with lighter fringes, and a
slightly indicated dusky sub-terminal shade ; wing-coverts like the
back, and margined with sandy butf in the same manner ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, the first primary
with a broad white shaft, the outer web also white ; the other
primaries blackish along the outer web and at the ends ; the second-
aries fringed with whitish, the innermost edged witli sandy buff
and resembling the back ; crown of head blackish brown, slightly
varied with sandy-buff margins to the feathers ; base of forehead
and lores white, mottled with black spots ; a broad white eyebrow,
extending as far back as the sides of the nape ; sides of face and
ear-coverts white, spotted and streaked with dusky brown, the ear-
coverts brown along the upper and hinder margin ; throat white,
with dusky streaks on the lower throat ; sides of neck and a broad
band across the fore-neck light ashy brown, washed with sandy
buff, and bordered on its lower edge by a narrow band of black ;
this black band followed by a band of white across the chest ;
breast and sides of the body orange-chestnut ; the centre of the
lower breast and abdomen black ; lower abdomen, thighs, and
under tail-coverts pure white ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and
quill-lining pale smoky grey. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*75,
wing 5*8, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*4.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but less brightly coloured
and the black patch on the abdomen not so strongly developed. Total
length 8-8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 5-75, tail 2-65, tarsus 1-25.
Adults in winter ■plumage. Somewhat similar on the upper surface
to the summer plumage, but the head not so blackish, the crown
being brown with sandy-buff streaks ; sides of face ashy fulvous,
El'DROMIAS.
237
streaked with dark brown; chin white; throat ashy brown, streaked
with dusky brown, with a faintly indicated band of white on the
chest ; remainder of under surface of body isabelline white, with the
sides of the body tinged with sandy buff.
Young. Differs from tho winter plumage of the adults, which it
otherwise resembles, in having the mantle blackish brown, with
whitish edgings to the feathers ; the eyebrow and the throat and
underparts washed with sandy ochreous.
Nestling. Black above, mottled with spots of rufous or sandy
buff; head patterned with black, with a conspicuous white forehead
and eyebrow, with a black loral streak and line of black down the
centre of the forehead ; round the back of the head a creamy-
white band.
Hah. Nests in Northern Europe and across Siberia, wintering in
the countries of the Mediterranean and North-eastern Africa.
a, b. d 2 ad.
st. [group].
c. cJ ad. st.
d, e. $ ad. sk.
f,ff- 6 2 ad.
sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.
t, k. $ ad. sk.
/, m, ??. Ad. st.
<>. Ad. st.
p. Juv. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Juv. sk.
». Pull. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
u, v. cf ad. et
juv. sk.
to. (S ad. sk.
S, y. <$ hiem.
sk.
z, a. d hieiu.
sk.
V. Ad. sk.
c'. Imin. sk.
(/'. Skeleton.
e'. Sternum.
/'. Sternum.
S. Banffshire, N.B., June.
S. Banffshire, N.B., July.
Lancashire.
Melbourne, Cambridgeshire,
May 10 (H Saunders).
Cambridgeshire, May 18 (0.
Salvin).
Cambridgeshire, May 14 (F. D.
Godman).
Cambridgeshire.
Yarmouth, Aug.
Sussex.
Near Brighton, autumn.
Pembrokeshire, Nov. 23.
Quickiock, Lapland (H. Wheel-
wriyht).
Jutland, Denmark, June 25 {A.
Benson ) .
Russia.
Valley of the Yen-e-sai, N. lat.
71°, July 26 (//. &).
Beersheba, Palestine, Feb.
Wilderness of Judssa, Feb. (//.
A 7'.).
Morocco (Olccse).
Granada, Spaiu, Dec. (H. Saun-
ders).
England.
England.
St. Bride's.
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.].
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.].
Montagu Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
J. E. Harting, Esq.
[C.].
Old Coll.
J. E. Harting, Esq.
[CI
Hon. W, Edwardes
[0.1
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Moscow Mus.
Seebohm Coll.
Canon Tristram [C.].
Salvin-Godman and
Tweeddale Colls.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Purchased.
John Kay, Esq. [P.].
Hon. W. Edwardes
DP-].
238 CHAEADEIID^:.
28. ZONIBYX.
Zonibyx, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvhi (1852) Z. inodesta.
Range. South America, from Tarapaca on the west and Buenos
Ayres on the east, to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands.
1. Zonibyx modesta.
Charadrius modestus, Licht. Verz. Doubt p. 71 (Montevideo) ;
Wayler, Syst. Av. p. 36, sp. 44 (1827) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. Hi. p. 15,
no. 9996 (1871) ; Seeb. Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 105 (1885 :
Santa Lucia, La Plata).
Tringa urvillii, Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. p. 26 (1826).
Yanellus cincta, Less. Voy. Coquille, i. p. 120, pi. 43 (1826) ; id. Man,
d'Orn. ii. p. 309 (1828).
Charadrius uebulosus, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 315 (1828).
Charadrius rubecola, King, Zool. Jonrn. iv. p. 96 (1829) ; Seeb.
Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. pi. i. (J 888).
Squatarola rubecola, Jard. fy Selby,IU. Om. ii. pi. 110 (1830).
Squatarola cincta, Gould, Voy. ' Beagle,' ii. p. 12b' (1841) ; id. P. Z. S.
1859, p. 195 (eggs).
Squatarola fusca, Gould, Voy. ' Beayle,' ii. p. 126 (1841 : Maldonado).
Squatarola urvillii, Bridyes, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 18 ; Gray, List Gralla>.
Brit. Mus. p. 63 (1844) ; Gay, Hist. Jis. Chile, Zool. i. p. 401
Squatarola modesta, Gray, Gen. B. lii. p. 543 (1847) ; Licht. Nomencl.
Av. p. 95 (1854).
Zonibyx cincta, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852).
Yanellus modestus, Burnt. Th. Bras. iii. p. 362 (1856) ; id. Reis. La
Plata-St. ii. p. 363 (1861 : Pampas ; Rio Quarto).
Iliaticula fusca, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp., Zool. p. 328 (1858 : Tierra
del Fuego).
Eudromias urvillii, Set. P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 386 (Falklands) ; Abbott,
Ibis, 1861, p. 155 (Falklands).
Morinellus modestus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 48 (1865).
Eudromias modesta, <SW. $• Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 14-1 (Conchitas) ;
iid. Puis, 1868, p. 188 (Sandy Point, Dec. ; Peckett Harbour, Jan.) ;
Hartiny, Ibis, 1870, p. 202; Scl. t.c. p. 500 (Straits of Magellan) ;
id. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); Dumf. Ibis, 1876,
p. 164 (Buenos Ayres) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 197, 1878, p. 402
(Chupat) ; Ski. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 438 (Gray Harbour ; Tom
Harbour ; Puerto Bueno ; Port Famine ; Falkland Isl.) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 55 (Tom Harbour ; Puerto del Morro ; Port
Henry; Cockle Cove); Scl. fy Salv. Voy. ' Challenger^ ii. Birds,
p. 108 (1882) ; Barrows, Auk, i. p. 313 (1884 : Concepcion, April,
May) ; Withinyton, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora) ; Set. fy
Hudson, Aryent. Om. ii. p. 171 (1889) ; Berkeley James, List
Chilian B. p. 11 (1892) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia
Espartilla, March to Aug.) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 206 (Uruguay,
winter).
Squatarola durvillii, Martens, J. f. O. 1875, p. 440 (Chili).
Adult male. General colour above brown, including the scapulars
and parapteral plumes, some of the latter being broadly edged with
white ; rump blackish brown ; upper tail-coverts a little darker
brown than the back ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries blackish on the
28. zosibyx. 239
outer web and at the tip, having also white shafts ; inner small
secondaries tipped with white; tail-feathers brown, shaded with
blackish sub-terminally and fringed with white, developing on the
outer tail-feathers, the ante-penultimate one broadly tipped and
edged with white, the penultimate one almost entirely white, with
only a small brown spot beyond the half of the inner web ; outer
tail-feather entirely white ; head brown like the back ; lores, base
of forehead, and sides of face and ear-coverts ashy grey, separated
from the crown of the head by a broad band of white, which crosses
the forehead and is continued into a broad eyebrow, extending
to the sides of the occiput ; upper throat paler ashy grey, the chin
whitish ; lower throat, fore-neck, and chest orange-chestnut, fol-
lowed by a broad pectoral band of black ; sides of upper breast pale
brown like the sides of the neck ; remainder of under surface of
body pure white ; thighs brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white ; outer wing-coverts and lower primary-coverts light ashv
brown, like the quill-linings : " bill black ; feet greenish grey "
( 11. Burnwister) ; " iris brown " (J. Bridges). Total length 7 inches,
culmcn - 8, wing 5*4, tail 2-3, tarsus 1*2.
Adult female. Resembles the male. Total length 7*3 inches,
culmen - 9, wing 5*45, tail 2 - 2, tarsus 1"15.
Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage above,
but differing in the colour of the underparts ; throat white : lower
throat, fore-neck, and chest ashy brown washed with sandy buff,
and only a slight indication of a line of black below.
Young. Distinguished by its black upper surface, streaked with
buffy-white margins to the feathers, the wing-coverts brown with
sandy margins ; chest-band sandy brown, mottled with subterminal
bars of blackish.
Hab. Falkland Islands ; South America from Tierra del Fuego
to Buenos Ayres on the east and Tarapaca on the west.
a. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Salvin-Godman Coll.
b, c. Ad. ; d, e,f. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedi-
Juv. sk. tion.
g. d ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Voy. II.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
h. $ ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, E.Falklandfl, McCormici Bequest
Not. 23 (JR. McCormick).
i,k. Ad.sk. Tierra del Fuego (C. bar- Zoological Society.
""<"). I Types of 8. cincta.)
I. Ad. sk. Hermit Island. Antarctic Expedi-
tion.
tn. cj juv. >k. Port Famine, Straits of Ma- Voy. II.M.S. ' Chal-
geUan. fenger.'
w. $ ad. sk. Gray Harbour, Messir Chan- Voy. J I. M.S. ' Chal-
nel. lenger.'
o. Ad. sk. Porto Bueno, Jan. 9. Voy/H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
p. cj juv. sk. Puerto del Morro, Feb. 5 (Dr. Voy. II.M.S. ' Alert.'
Copping) r).
q, r. & 2 ad. sk. Cockle Cove, Straits of Magel- Salvin-Godman Coll.
Ian, Oct. 1C> ( Dr.Coppingt p).
t. Ad.sk. TomBay,Feb.(Z>r.G»ppB»yer). Voy. II.M.S. "Alert.'
240 CHARADRIIM3.
t. 2 ad. sk. Tom Bay. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
u,v,w. Ad. et juv. Chupat, Patagonia, April. H. Durnford, Esq.
sk.
x. S ad. sk. Chili {Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll.
y. $ ad. sk. Pampas Argentinas(Z«/io&7). Salvin-Godman Coll.
z, a . 2 ad. sk. Tarapaca, July, Aug. (A. A. Berkeley James Coll.
Lane),
b'. 3 ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, May (W. H. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hudson).
c. Ad. hiem. sk. Maldonado. Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
(Type of S. fusca.)
d, e. 3 $ juv. sk. Lomas de Zamora ( With- Sclater Coll.
• ington).
29. P0DAS0CYS.
T.ype.
Podasocys, Cones, Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1866, p. 96 ... . P. montanus.
Range. Western States of North America, from Montana to
Mexico.
1. Podasocys montanus.
Charadrius montanus, Toums. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. p. 192 (1837 :
Central tableland of Rocky Mountains) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 350 ;
id. Om. Biogr. iv. p. 362 (1838) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 213,
pi. 318 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 15, no. 9997 (1871) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 153
(1888).
Ochthodromus montanus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
iE°:ialitis montanus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 693 (1858) ; Blakist.
Ibis, 1863, p. 130 (Upper Missouri) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 159
(Arizona) ; Dresser, t. c. p. 317 (S. Texas) ; id. Ibis, 1866, p. 33
(San Antonio) ; Cones, t. c. p. 266 ; Snow, B. Kansas, p. 13 (1872) ;
Hensh. Rep. Zool. Eipl 100th Merid. p. 447 (1875) ; Belding,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 440 (1878 : Stockton & Marysville,
California) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 164 (1886) ; Ridgw.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 176 (1887); Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x.
p. 637 (1887 : Bexar Co., Texas) ; Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 91 (1887 :
Sacramento Valley; San Francisco) ; Lloyd, t.c. p. 186 (Western
Texas) ; Allen, Auk, x. p. 134 (1893).
Charadrius asiaticus,pt, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 38 (1865).
Podasocys montanus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 96 ; Elliot,
Neio # Unfig. B. N. Amer. pi. 39 (1869) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll.
iii. p. 181 (1872: Middle Kansas ; plains of Colorado & Wyoming ;
South Park) ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1882); Baird,
Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 172 (1884) ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 604 (1884).
Eudromias montanus, Sorting, Ibis, 1870, p. 202 ; Coues, Check-list
N. Amer. B. p. 135 (1873); id. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 600 (1874:
Montana, breeding); id. B. N.-West, p. 456 (1874); id. Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 634 (1878 : Frenchman's River, breeding ;
Milk River).
iEfialitis asiaticus, var. montanus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 245
(1872).
Adult male. General colour above pale brown, 'with a faint tinge
2'J. i'odasocys. 241
of sandy buff, especially about tbe hind-neck and mantle ; rump a
little more dusky brown ; upper tail-coverts light ashy brown ;
wing-coverts like the back, the lesser coverts darker brown, forming
a band along the edge of the wing ; greater series also somewhat
darker brown and tipped with white ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, the primaries with white shafts
and having a darker outer web and tip ; secondaries slightly fringed
with whitish, the innermost like the back ; tail-feathers light ashy
brown, with white tips, preceded by a broad sub-terminal band of
blackish brown ; crown of head brown ; forehead white, extending
backwards over the eye and separated from the crown by a broad
band of black ; a loral streak of black from the base of the bill to
the eye ; eyelid, cheeks, and under surface of body white, with a
tinge of isabelline buff on the fore-neck and chest : " bill black ;
feet light dull brownish yellow " (J. J. Audubon). Total length
8*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 5, tail 2*4, tarsus 1-55.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the black frontal
band not so defined. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0'9, wing 5*8,
tail 2 - 5, tarsus 1-55.
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
wanting the black band on the crown. The hind-neck is washed
with sandy buff, and there are slight evidences of sandy colour on
the edges of the feathers.
Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but distinguished
by having distinct sandy edgings to all the feathers of the upper
surface : the sides of the face and eyebrow washed with sandy
rufous, which extends over the chest and sides of the body : on
each side of the fore-neck a large patch of ashy-brown feathers,
edged with sandy rufous.
X(Stling. Covered with sandy-buff down, beautifully mottled
with black on the head and back, the priucipal features being a
black line down the centre of the back and spots of black on each
side of the rump ; owing, however, to the general distribution of
the black spots, none are particularly prominent ; round the neck
an isabelline collar ; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face, as well
as the under surface of the body, isabelline buff, with a tinge of
yellow on the chest ; a bare line on each side of the lower throat.
The downy pattern is retained on the lower back and rump till
the bird is of good size, and the black markings become very dis-
tinct. The first feathers are brown, with sandy-rufous margins.
l/ul,. Western United States from Montana and Dakota, south
to Texas, Lower California, and Mexico.
a, b. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, June (G. Bate- N. Amer. Boundary
son). Commission.
c. Pull. sk. Frenchman's River, July 9 Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Dr. Ooues).
d. cJ imm. ; e,f. San Antonio, Texas, June Salvin-Godman Coll.
$ imm. sk. (//. E. Dresser).
y->n. 6 $ ad. et Corpus Ghiisti, Nov. (F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk. Armstrong).
VOL. xxiv. B
242 CHAEADEIID^:.
n. Ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah. Salvin-Godman Coll.
o, p, q. Imm. sk. Pueblo, Colorado, July (H. Salvin-Godinan Coll.
W. H).
r-z. $ ad. ; «'-/'. Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 ad. ; g'-s'. June (H. W. Henshaiv).
Pull. sk.
t'. Pull. sk. Algodones, New Mexico, June Salvin-Godman Coll.
(H. W. H.).
«'. Ad. sk. Mizpah Creek {Dr. F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hay den).
v'-z'. £ $ juv. sk. San Francisco, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.
a". Juv. sk. Fort Tejon, Cal. (C. B. Mol- Salvin-Godman Coll.
hausen).
b". 3 juv. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dec. 26 (A. Forrer).
c", d". cJ ad. sk. Hermosillo, Sonora, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Ferrari- Perez) .
e" >/",</"• 6 2 ad - Zacatecas, Feb. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. Richardsoit).
30. OXYECHUS.
Type.
Oxyechus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. A at. p. xviii (1852) .... O. vociferus.
Range. North America generally, migrating into South America.
Africa.
Key to the Species.
a. Rump and upper tail-coverts cinnamon vociferus, p. 242.
b. No cinnamon colour on the rump and upper tail-
coverts.
a'. One dark band on the inner web of the outer
tail-feather.
a". Forehead entirely white, not continuous
with the eyebrow tricollaris, p. 247.
b". Base of forehead grey, like the throat, fol-
lowed by a white band, which is con-
tinuous with the white eyebrow bifrontatus, p. 249.
b'. Three dark bands on the inner web of the
outer tail-feather ; forehead entirely grey,
like the throat forbesi, p. 250.
1. Oxyechus vociferus.
The Chattering Plover, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 71, pi. 71
(1730).
Le Pluvier a, collier de Virginie, Briss. Orn. v. p. 68 (1760).
Le Pluvier a. collier de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. v. p. 70, pi. vi.
fig. 2 (1760).
?Le Pluvier a, collier de Jamaique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 75 (1760).
Charadrius vociferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 685 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 742 (1790) ; Wilson,
Amer. Orn. vii. p. 73, pi. 59. fig. 6 (1813) ; Audub. B. Amer.
pi. cexv. (c. 1826) ; id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 191 (1835) ; Jard. ed.
Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 365, pi. lix. fig. 6 (1832) ; Audub. Orn.
Biogr. v. p. 577 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 207, pi. 317
30. oxtechus. 243
(1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 544 (1847); id. List Brit. B. p. 142 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Oursores, p. 23 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 14, no. 9987
(1871) ; Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 450 (1878 : Guadeloupe) ;
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 28, pi. 20 (1885); id. Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 120 (1888).
Charadrius torquatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 255 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 255 (1788).
? Charadrius jamaicensis, P. L. S. Midi. Syst. Nat., Anhany, p. 117
(1776) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 685 (1788) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad.
1864, p. 246.
Noisy Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 199 (1785).
Noisy Plover, var. A, Lath. 1. c. p. 200.
? Collared Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 201.
^Egialitis vocifera, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 45 (1838) ;
Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 330 (1847); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 692
(1858) ; Xantus, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 192 (Fort Tejon) ;
Sclat. $■ Sale. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (Dueiias) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H. vii. p. 121 (1859 : Bahamas) ; A. Neicto?i, Ibis, 1860,
p. 307 (St. Thomas) ; Taylor, t. c. p. 313 (Tigre IsL, Honduras) ;
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 8 (Saskatchewan); Sclater, t. c. p. 276
(Christchurch, Hants) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 129 (Fort Carlton) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 178 (City of Mexico) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865,
p. 158 (Arizona) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 191 (Guatemala) ; Dresser, Ibis,
1866, p. 33 (Galveston, S. Texas) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix.
p. 209 (1868 : Sisal, Yucatan) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 428 (Van-
couver Isl.) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 176 (Tambo Valley,
Peru) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 (Volcan de Chiriqui) ; Hartinq,
List Brit. B. p. 134 (1872) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. iii. p. 855
(1872) ; Snow, B. Kansas, p. 13 (1872) ; Cows, Key N. Amer. B.
p. 244 (1872) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 143 (1873) ;
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 452 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost, Sue. N. H.
ii. p. 307 (1874 : Mazatlan) ; Hensh, Rep. Zool. Eipl, 100th
Merid. p. 445 (1875) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 46
(1876 : Tehuantepec, Aug., Feb.) ; Ridgw. Rep. Survey AOth
Par. p. 603 (1877: Carson, Nevada; Gt. Salt Lake); Semiett,
Bull. U.S. Geol. Sun. iv. p. 53 (1878 : Brownsville, Texas) ;
Coues, t. c. p. 634 (Dakota & Montana) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Hits. i. p. 160 (1878 : S.W. Texas) ; Belding, t. c. pp. 391, 440
(Murphy's, Cal.); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 244; Scl. % Salv. t. c.
p. 547 (Medellin) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 145 (1880) ; A. # E.
Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) ; Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa
Rica, p. 30 (1882) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1882) ;
Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. iii. p. 266, note (1883) ; B. O. U.
List Brit. B. p. 160 (1883) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 141 (1884) :
Cornish, Zool. 1885, p. 113 (Scilly Isl.); Tacz. Orn. P6rou, iii!
p. 342 (1886 : Pacasmayo) ; Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix.
p. 178 (1886: Puebla; Jalapa) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B.
p. 161 (1886) ; Everm. Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886: Ventura Co.); Seton,
t. c. p. 152 (\V. Manitoba) ; Anthony, t, c. p. 104 (Oregon) ; Fox,
t. c. p. 319 (Tennessee) ; Scott, t. c. p. 387 (Arizona) ; Rith/ic.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 174 (1887) ; Beckh. Auk. iv. p. 124 (1887 :
Pueblo, Colorado) ; Langdon, t. c. p. 129 (Tennessee); Lloyd, t. c.
p. 186 (W. Texas) ; Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 199 (1887 :
N. California) ; Beckh. t. c. pp. 637. 654 ( Bexar Co., S.W. Texas) :
Richm. Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: District Columbia): Merrill, t. ,-.
p. 145 (Fort Klamath) ; Chapm. t. c. p. 270 (Gainesville, Florida) ;
b2
244 CHARADRIID-S:.
Everm. t. c. p. 349 (Indiana) ; Brown, Auk, vi. p. 69 (1889 : Maine) ;
Scott, t. c. p. 159 (Florida) ; Hasbrouck, t. c. p. 237 (Eastland Co.,
Texas) ; Torrey, t. c. p. 274 (New England, winter) ; Pindar, t. c.
p. 313 (Fulton Co., Kentucky) ; Thompson, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii.
p. 506 (1890 : Manitoba) ; Meams, Auk, vii. p. 52 (1890 : Arizona
Mts.) ; Mackay, t. e. p. 295 (Muskeget Isl., Mass.); Cherrie, t. c. p. 333
(Costa Rica); Cory, t. c. p. 374 (Anegada Isl.), p. 375 (Virgin
Gorda) ; Mcrriam, N. Amer. Faun. no. 3, p. 89 (1890) ; id. op. eit.
no. 5, p. 92 (1891: Idaho); Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 76 (1891:
Andros Creek) ; Cory, t. c. p. 296 (Bimini Isl., Bahamas), p. 351
(Inagua Isl.) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892 : Jamaica) ; Cory, t. c.
p. 48 (Maraguana Isl. ; Watling Isl., Bahamas) ; Dwiyht, t. c.
p. 413 (Pennsylvanian Alleghanies) ; Coombs, t. c. p. 204 (Louis-
iana) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida) ; Attwater, t. c. p. 233 (San
Antonio, Texas) ; Cory, t. c. p. 272 (Cuba) ; Cherrie, t. c. p. 329
(San Jose, Costa Rica) ; Anthony, t. c. p. 360 (Apache, S.W. New
Mexico) ; Irby, Key List Brit. B. 2nd ed. p. 48 (1892) ; White,
Auk, x. p. 223 (1893 : Mackinac Isl., Mich.) ; Wayne, t. c. p. 337
(Suwanee R.) ; Richm. Pr. U.S. Nat. 31us. xvi. p. 526 (1893:
Nicaragua) ; Li/ford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxv. (1893) ; Fisher,
N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, p. 24 (1893).
Oxvechus vociferus, Beichenb. Grail, p. xviii, tab. clxxii. figs. 725,
726 (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Gundl. Orn. Cubana,
p. 181 (1876) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880) ;
Be/ding, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 351 (1883 : Lower California) ;
Nutting, t. c. pp. 379, 390 (Nicaragua) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw.
Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 148 (1884) : Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18
(1885 : Colorado) ; Zeledon, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 113 (1885 :
Costa Rica) ; Ridgw. t. c. p. 581 (Cozumel Isl.); Wells, op. cit.
ix. p. 627 (1886 : Grenada) ; Cory, Cat.B. West Ind. p. 95 (1892 :
Bahamas ; Greater & Lesser Antilles).
Hiaticula vocifera, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854).
Adult male. General colour above dark brown, the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts light cinnamon-rufous ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; the greater coverts darker
brown, with broad white ends, forming a distinct wing-band ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, with white tips, obso-
lete on the latter ; quills blackish, fringed with white at the ends,
the long primaries white on the inner web, till near the ends, which
are blackish brown ; a white mark along the shaft at a short
distance from the tip of the first four primaries, the rest of the
primaries with a white mark before the end of the outer web ; the
secondaries blackish, white at the base, on the inner web, and
along the tip, the white increasing on the inner secondaries, till the
black decreases to a spot on the outer web, and then disappears
altogether on the interior quills ; long innermost secondaries like
the back, the outer ones light ashy brown, dark brown along the
outer web, the tip of which is white ; centre tail-feathers light
brown, tipped with cinnamon-rufous, before which is a broad sub-
terminal shade of blackish brown ; outer tail-feathers cinnamon-
rufous, broadly tipped with white, with a distinct sub-terminal bar
of black ; crown of head dark brown, separated from the mantle by
a black collar ; forehead white, separated from the crown by a band
of black, which reaches to the middle of the eye ; a broad white
30. OXYECHCS.
245
eyebrow ; base of forehead black, as well as a broad streak from
the base of the bill to below the eye ; ear-coverts brown ; a black
streak from the eye along the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; cheeks
and throat white, extending backwards to the sides of the neck ;
across the fore-neck a broad black collar, united to the collar round
the hind-neck ; this black collar followed by a narrower one of
white, and again, on the chest, by a second black collar ; remainder
of under surface of body, as well as the under wing-coverts and
axillaries, pure white : quill-lining ashy whitish : " bill black :
feet pale pinkish or pale greyish yellow ; iris dark brown : eyelids
orange-red or scarlet" {Baird, Brewer, 4' Ridgway). Total length
9 inches, culmen 0-U5, wing 5 - 9, tail 3*8, tarsus 1-3.
Adidt female. Similar to the male. Total length 10 inches,
culmen 0-95, wing 6'5, tail 3*8, tarsus L*35.
Adidt in winter plumage. Rather browner than in summer, and
not quite so grey.
Young. Differs from the adult in having sandy-rufous margins to
the feathers of the upper surface.
Hab. Temperate North America, extending to Central and South
America in winter.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
f-k. Ad. etjuv.sk.
/. I m m. sk.
m. 3 juv. sk.
n. 3 juv. sk.
o. 3 ad. sk.
p. 2 ad. sk.
q. 3 ad. sk.
r. 3 juv. sk.
*. 3 ad. sk.
t, u. Inini. sk.
v. 3 ad. sk.
tc, x. 3 ad. sk.
y, z, a'. 3 ad. et
juv. ; b', c'. $
ad. sk.
d',e . 3 inini. sk.
North America.
North America.
Hudson's Bay (Sir G. Back).
New Jersey {H. E. Dresser).
Fort Dufferin, Manitoba (Sir
G. Dawson).
British Columbia.
Vancouver Island.
Umatilla Agency, Oregon,
Aug. 24 (Hensh. Coll.).
"Washoe Lake, Nevada
(Hensh. Coll.).
Washington, D.C., March 5
(Hensh. Coll.).
Louisiana, March (Hensh.
Coll.).
Ogden, Utah, July (C. H.
Merriam: Hensh. Coll.).
Florida, Oct. 30 ( Hensh. Coll.).
Tarpon Springs, Florida, Dec.
25 ( Jl'. E. D. Scott).
Bermuda, Nov., Dec.
Fort Benton (J. Eearsall).
Oakland, California, Dec.
(Hensh. Coll.).
Ballina, San Diego Co., Cali-
fornia, March to June (F.
Stephens).
San Jose del Cabo, Lower
California ( W. Brewster :
Hensh. Coll.).
J. J. Audubon, Esq.
Biocour Coll.
Arctic Land Exped.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
N. A. Bound. Com-
mission.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. IP.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sahin-Godman Coll.
Capt. Savile Reid
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman ColL
246
CHARADRITD^.
f',ff',h'. S imm.;
i'. $ ad. sk.
k'. c? ad. sk.
I'. 3 ad. st.
m'. Ad. sk.
n'. 5 ad. sk.
o', p'. <$ ad. et
imm. sk.
q',r',s'. $ Jad.sk.
t ', u', v. (3 2 ad.
sk.
w'. 2 a d- sk.
,i'. Ad. sk.
y'. (5 imm. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
a". <3 ad. sk.
b", c". c? imm. sk.
d", e". <S 2 ad. sk.
f". $ imm. sk.
g". <5 ad. sk.
h",i",k". (J $
imm. sk.
I". $ ad. sk.
m"-p". cJ 2 a( i. sk.
q",r'. 3 ad : ; 2
imm. sk.
*■". c? ad. sk.
t" . S imm. sk.
u". S ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
w"-z". Ad. sk.
a 3 , I 3 , c\ S 2 ad.
sk.
tP,e 3 ,f\ d 2 ad.
sk.
y 3 . tf ad. sk.
A 3 . 2 ad. sk.
P. Ad. sk.
Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct.,
Nov. (F. B. Armstrong).
Kendall Co., Texas, Dec. 27.
Mexico.
Rio de Iglesias, Chihuahua,
Dec. ( W. Lloyd).
Hermosillo, Sonora, Oct. 18
(Ferrari-Perez) .
Nuevo Leon, April, May (F.
B. Armstrong).
Tampico,Feb.( W.B. Richard-
son).
Aldama, Tamaulipas, March
(W. B. Richardson).
Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz,
Nov. (F. B. G.).
Patzcuaro, Vera Cruz, Jan.
(F. D. G.).
Vega del Casadero,Vera Cruz,
Dec. (M. Trujillo).
Oaxaca (Boucard).
S. Balthazar, Puebla, Nov. 4
( Ferrari-Perez) .
Mayorazzo, Puebla, May 14
( Ferra ri-Perez) .
Ixtapalapa, Valley of Mexico,
April, July (Ferrari-Perez).
Mexicalcingo,Valley of Mexico,
Feb. 20 {Fe/rari-Perez).
Chimalpa, Valley of Mexico,
March 6 (Ferrari-Perez).
Calvillo, Aguas Calientes,
Aug. ( W. B. Richardson).
Mazatlan, Dec. 24 (A. For-
rer).
Zacatecas, Feb., Aug. ( W.
B. Richardson).
Jerez, Zacatecas, Sept. ( W.
B. Richardson).
Calotlan, Jalisco, March ( TV.
B. Richardson).
Lake Chapala, Jalisco, Aug.
(TV. B. Richardson).
Teapa, Feb. (D. TV. Smith).
Peto,Yucatan (G.F.Gaumer).
Cozumel Isl., Jan. (G. F.
Gaumer).
Cayo, British Honduras (F.
Blancaneaux).
Panajachel, Guatemala, Dec.
( TV. B. Richardson).
Atitlan, Guatemala, Dec. ( W.
B. Richardson).
San Geronimo, Guatemala,
Oct. 29 (O.S.).
San Jose", Costa Rica (J.
Carmiol),
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe [P.].
J. Taylor, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
30. oxyechus. 247
ft*, P. c? ad. sk. Southern Slope, Volcan de Salvin-Godman Coll
Chiriqui, Panama (F.Arce).
»', n 3 . Ad. sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll.
o',p\ Imin.sk. San Cristobal, Cuba (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.
G awner).
a 3 . Ad. sk. St. Nevis. W. Cottle, Esq. [P.].
r\ J ad. sk. Medellin, U.S. Colombia ( T. Salvin-Godman Coll.
K. Salmon).
s 3 . Ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Coll.
t 3 . Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
u 3 . $ ad. sk. Tambo Valley, S.W. Peru, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Oct. 26 (HWhitely).
o*. Ad. sk. Chili. Berkeley James Coll.
2. Oxyechus tricollaris.
Charadrius indicus, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 750 (1790) ; Des Murs in
Lefebvre's Vay. Abyss, p. 150 (1845 : Gondar).
Charadrius tricollaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 147
(1818) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417
(1856) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 206 (1867 : common throughout
the Colony, breeding) ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 76 ; Finsch $• Hart I.
Vby. Ostafr. p. 655 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 10002
(1871); Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 'ii. pt. 1, p. 1027, pi. 34. tig. 5
(1873 : Samhar coast ; Tigre ; Amhara, westwards to Qualabat ;
resident between 1000 and 8000 feet); Reichen. J.f. O. 1877,
p. 11 (Loango) ; Holub § Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 240 (1882 :
throughout Central Africa) ; Schalow, J. f. O. 1883, p. 340 ;
Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 46 (Irangi) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 338
(mouth of Umgeni R.); id. Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 134 (1888:
Table Bay, Durban) ; Reichen. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wissensch.Anst. x.
p. 6 (1893 : Zanzibar, Oct.) ; id. Vdy. Deutsch-Osta.fr. p. 34
(1894: Usagara; Ugalla R. ; Tanganyika; Irangi); Shelley, Ibis,
1894, pp. 26, 475 (Lake Shirwa).
Charadrius bitorquatus, Licht. Verz. Doubt p. 71 (1823); Wagl.
Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 66, sp. 30 (1827) ; Less. Man. aVOrn. ii.
p. 320 (1828) ; Grill, Zoo I. Anteckn. p. 52 (1859).
Hiaticula tricollaris, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mas. p. 69 (1844 : Cape).
Hiaticula indica, lliijtp. Syst. Uebers. p. 118 (1845: Red Sea).
Hiaticula bitorquata. Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854).
. Egialitis cinereicollis, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856).
.Kgialitis indica, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856).
.Kgialitis tricollaris, Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (Elephant Marsh,
K. Shire); Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 271 (Natal); Schl. Mus. Bays-
Bat, Cursores, p. 24 (1865: Cape; Red Sea; Adoa) ; Blanf.
Geol. ty Zool. Abyss, p. 429(1870: near Massowah) ; Gurney in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 274(1872: Damara and Great Nama-
qua Lands) ; Sorting, I'. Z. S. 1874, p. 457, pi. lx. fig. 5 ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1875, p. 85 (Cape Colony ; Durban) ; Sharpe §■ Bouvier, Hull.
Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 313 (1876: Landana) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1877,
p. 348, 1880, p. 266 (Transvaal) ; Booage, Orn. Angola, p. 433
(1881: Benguela ; Quilleugues; Humbe) ; Shar/>e in Oafes's
Matabek land. A.pp. 15, p. 826 (1881 : Durban) ; Butler. Feilden,
A- Reid, /.<»>/. I8r^2, ji. .'!4l (throughout Natal, breeding) : Hurting,
Zool. 1883, p. 417 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 062 (1884:
Orange II. ; Port Elizabeth ; East London) ; Saivad. Ann. Mus,
248 CHARADKIID^.
Genov. (2) i. p. 218 (1884: Falls of Kora, Shoa) ; Shelley, Ibis,
1885, p. 417 (Somali) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 334 (Kroonstadt) ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Lake Jipi) ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49
(Kibiro 1 ! ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) vi. p. 309 (1888 : Cialalaka ;
Adda, Shoa) ; Sauza, Jam. Lisb. (2) ii. p. 117 (1889 : Catumbellat ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 544 (Ukambani) ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. (2)
1892, p. 187 (Dahome).
iEgialitis bitorquata, Heugl. in Peterm. MT. 1869, p. 417.
Adult male. General colour above uniform brown, with a bronzy
gloss, the wing-coverts like the back, the inner greater coverts
tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, with
white tips to the feathers : quills brown, the primaries with narrow
fringes of white at the ends, which are slightly darker brown like
the outer webs, tbe shafts brown; secondaries dark brown, with
broader white tips, increasing on the innermost till they occupy
one quarter of the feather; the innermost secondaries like the back ;
centre tail-feathers light brown, the rest brown at base, with a
broad white tip, before which is a black sub-terminal bar ; the two
outer feathers pure white, with a sub-terminal bar of black, not
extending on to the outer web of the outermost feather ; crown of
head like the back ; forehead white, as well as a narrow eyebrow,
which extends backwards and encircles the hind-neck ; below this
is a second collar of ashy brown, followed by a band of black, and
again by a second collar of white, which is interrupted by black in
the centre, so that the collar is not complete ; cheeks, sides of face,
and ear-coverts light ashy grey, the latter a little browner ; throat
ashy white, followed by a black band on the lower throat, con-
tinuous with the black collar on the hind-neck ; this is followed by
a broad white collar, which is continuous with the one on the
upper mantle ; this white band is succeeded by a broad band of
black across the chest ; the whole of the rest of the under surface
of the body pure white, including the under wing-coverts and
axillaries ; the edge of the wing mottled with blackish bases to the
feathers ; lower greater coverts and quill-lining ashy : " bill bluish
black, pale salmon-colour at the base of the lower mandible ; feet
straw-yellow, with a tinge of blue throughout, deepest on the joints :
iris very dark brown; eye bright brick-red" (0. J. Anderssori).
Total length 7'2 inches, culmen p 7, wing 4-45, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-8.
Adult female. Differs from the male in not having the white
collar so distinct on the nape, and the upper of the two black bands
on the throat narrower : " bill flesh-colour at base, black at tip ;
feet brownish flesh-colour ; iris light brown ; eyelid bright scarlet "
(G. Savile Reid). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-4,
tail 2-35, tarsus 0-85.
Hah. South Africa, extending to the Congo on the west, if the
specimens from Landana have been properly identified, and were not
0. forbesi. Throughout East Africa to Bogos-land.
a. Ad.sk. Cape Colony (E. L.Layard). Salvin-Godman Coll.
b, c. t$ 2 ad. sk. Paarl, Cape Colony, Jan. 23 Seebohm Coll.
(G. E. Shelley). "
30. 0XYECHU8.
249
d, e. Ad. sk.
f. d ad. sk.
a, Ad. sk.
'h. Ad. sk.
t, k, I. Ad. sk.
tn. $ ad. sk.
n. $ ad. sk.
o. J ad. sk.
p. <$ ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. (J ad. sk.
*, t, «. <J 2 a< i- sk.
v. $ ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
x-a'. Ad. sk.
6'. Ad. sk.
c'. 2 ad. sk.
d", e'. 3 2 a( i- sk.
ft 9', *'. $ ad. sk.
i, k'. cJ $ ad. sk.
f, »«', n. cJ ad. sk.
Kingwilliamstown
Orange River.
Natal [Ay res).
Natal.
Durban, Natal.
Ingagani River,
June 25.
Newcastle, Mav 14
Natal,
Kroonstadt,Orange Free State,
Nov. 27 (F. Symonds).
Transvaal.
Transvaal.
Transvaal, Dec. 9 (T. E.
Buckley).
Otjirubinque, Darnara-land,
June, Sept. ( C. J. Anders-
son).
Otjimbinque, Nov. (C. J.
Andersson).
Zambesi (Dr. Metier).
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk).
Tschirmo, Nvasa-land, Sept.
(A. W'hyte).
Lake Shirwa, Nvasa-land,
May 5 (A. Whyte).
Lamu, Sept. 26.
Kibiro, Equatorial Africa,
May.
Ailat, Bogos-land, June.
Ailat, June ( W. Jesse).
Major Trevel van [P.].
Dr.' Bradshaw [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. Gueinzius [C.].
Seebobm Coll.
Capt. Savile Reid
Capt. Savile Reid
[C.].
Gurney Coll.
Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.].
A. Foresman, Esq.
[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Livingstone Exped.
H. H. Johnston, Esq.
C.B. [P.].
H. H. Johnston, Esq.
C.B. [P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
Emin Pasha [P.],
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[CI.
Tweeddale & Salviu-
Godman Colls.
3. Oxyechus bifroxitatus.
yEgialitis tricollaris (nee Vieill.), Lieht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol.
p. 94 (1854) ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 67 ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892,
p. 115.
Charadrius tricollaris (nee Vieill.), Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 72 (1801) ;
Grand, llev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 419 ; Haril. Vbg. Maday.
p. 290 (1877).
Charadrius bifrontatus, Cab. Om. Centralbl. 1882, p. 14; id. J.f. O.
1882, p. 112; Milne-Edioards 8c Grandidier, N. H. Madao.', Ois.
p. 510 (1882) ; Cab. J.f. O. 1885, pi. vi. fig. 5; Seebohm,' Geo,/)-.
Distr. Charadr. p. 137 (1888).
Adult. Similar to 0. tricollaris, but having only one bar on the
outer tail-feather ; base of forehead grey, succeeded by a white
band, which is united to the white eyebrow and continued to the
hind-neck ; chin and throat ashy grey.
11(d). Madagascar.
250 CHARADRIID.aE.
4. Oxyechus forbesi.
? Le Petit Pluvier des Indes, Briss. Orn. 8vo, ii. p. 234 (1763).
? Indian Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supjil. i. p. 254 (1787).
^Egialitis tricollaris (nee Vieill.), Marti. Orn. West-Afr. p. 21(3
(1857; Elmina; Gaboon); id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 269 (Bissao) ;
Shelley 8f Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 293 (Cape Coast) ; W. A. Forbes,
Ibis, 1883, p. 526 (Shonga).
yEgialitis indica, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 25 (1865 : Nepal,
error) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 382 (Fantee).
iEgialitis forbesi, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 560, pi. xiv.
iEgialitis nigris, Harting, Zool. 1883, p. 418.
Charadrius forbesi, Seebohm, Geogr. I)istr. Charadr. p. 136 (1888).
Adult female (type of species). Similar to 0. tricollaris, but
larger ; forehead brown, with only a small whitish spot on the
lores ; sides of face brown, as also the throat, the chin alone being
ashy whitish ; the bands on the breast brown instead of black, the
white intermediate collar not continued round to the mantle ; the
eyebrow and collar round the nape buffy white, not very distinct.
The best characteristic, however, lies in the outer tail-feathers, which
have three or four black bars : " bill black, pink at base ; feet very
pale pink ; iris grey-brown ; a broad scarlet eyelid " ( W. A. Forbes) :
clear pink (G. E. Shelley). Total length 8-4 inches, culmen 0*7,
wing 5, tail 2*7, tarsus 12.
Bab. West Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon.
a. Ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, Feb. 2 (T. E. Shelley Coll.
Buckley).
b. Ad. sk. Shonga, Elver Niger, Dec. ( W. Forbes Coll. (Type of
A. Forbes). species.)
31. .EGIALEUS.
Type.
yEgialeus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852). iE. semipalmatus.
Range. North America, wintering in South America.
1. -ZEgialeus semipalmatus.
Tringa hiaticula, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 65, pi. 59. fig. 3 (1813).
Charadrius semipalmatus, Bp. Obs. Wilson, 1825, no. 219 ; Kaup,
Isis, 1825, p. 1376, pi. 14; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 330 (c. 1826) ;
Wagl. Syst. Av., Cbaradrius, p. 63, sp. 23 (1827); Sivains. Faun.
Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 367 (1831 : Hayes River, lat. 57° N.) ;
Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 355 (1832) ; Nutt. Man. ii.
p. 24 (1834) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 256 (1838), v. p. 579 (1839) ;
id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 218, pi. 320 (1842) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba,
p, 107 (1850) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860:
Cuba) ; Thienem. Abbild. Vogeleiern, Taf. lix. (1856) ; Schl. Mus.
Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 30 (1865 : Labrador) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid.
p. 392 (1866) ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1869, p. 588
(S. Bartholomew), p. 602' (Porto Rico) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 588 (Trinidad) ; Gray, Band-l. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10009 (1871) ;
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 123 (1888).
31. ^GIALEUS. 251
Charadrius hiaticula (nee L.), Ord, ed. Wilson Amer. Orn. vii. p. 69
(1814) ; Sabine in Frankl. Narr. Journ. Polar Sea, App. p. G84
(1823); Rich, in Parry's Second Voy., Suppl. p. 351 (1824).
./Egialitis senripalmatus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 45
(1838) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847) ; Reichenb. Grail. Nouit.
Taf. 173. figs. 2844-45(1851); Cab.J.f. 0. 1856, p. 425 ; Cass.
in Bawd's B. N. Amer. p. 694 (1858: Puget Sound); Bryant,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H. vii. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas, May) ; March,
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1804, p. 66 (Jamaica) : Dresser, Ibis, 1866,
p. 347 (Texas, winter) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 197 (Guatemala) ; Lawr.
Ann. $ Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 100 (1866 : Sombrero Isl.), ix. p. 238
(1868 : Puna Isl.) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 591 (Mexiana) ;
Dull $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 290 (1869: Nulato; St.
Michael's ; mouth of Yukon) ; Scl. | Salv P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323
(Indefatigable Isl.) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 297, 455 (1871 : Sapitiba,
Feb.; Restinga, March; Paranagua, Dec; Cajutuba, April);
Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 355 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.
p. 244 (1872) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873) ;
Snoiv, B. Kansas, p. 9 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 453 (1874) ;
Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 307 (1874 : Mazatlan ; Tres
Marias Isl.); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 501 (1875); Scl.
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 14 (St. Lucia) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba. p. 182 (1876) ;
Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 46 (1876 : Tehuantepec, Aujr.,
Feb.); Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 475 (Bermudas); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877,
p. 560 (Corillos) ; Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 197 (St. Vin-
cent), p. 241 (Antigua); Belding, t. c. p. 395 (C. California);
Lawr. t. c. p. 461 (Guadeloupe), p. 488 (Barbuda) ; Allen, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 169 (1880 : S. Lucia) ; Ridyw. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880) ; A. $■ E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica,
p. 115 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1882) ; Zele-
don, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882) : Belding, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. v. p. 528 (1882: St. Quentin Bay, L. California);
Nelson, Cruise R.S. ' Corwin,' p. 84 (1883: both shores of Bering
Sea to Point Barrow; coast of N.E. Asia; Norton Sound;
St. Lawrence Isl.); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422 (Paracas Bay;
Coquimbo ; Chili); Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 119
(1883 : Labrador) ; Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 351 (1883 :
Lower California) ; Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer.
i.p. 154(1884) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168~(S. Domingo) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 602 (1884) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
vii. p. 177 (1884 : Sabanilla, near Granada) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo,
p. 144 (1885 : winter) ; Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 113
(1885 : Costa Rica) ; Turner, t. c. p. 246 (Ungava) ; Murdoch,
Auk, ii. p. 201 (1885 : Point Barrow) ; Nelson, t. c. p. 241 ; Agersb.
t.c. p. 285 (S.E. Dakota); Tacz. § Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119
(Puna, Ecuador) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 345 (1886) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N.Amer. B. p. 162 (1886) ; Scott, Auk, iii. p. 387 (1886:
Tucson, Arizona); Cory, t.c. p. 502 (Grand Cavman) ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (British Guiana) ; Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm.
ix. p. 627 (1886: Granada); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska,
p. 150 (1886: St. Michael's, Oct.); Nelson, Rep. Nat. lli<t. Coll.
Alaska, Birds, p. 126 (1887: Nulato ; Yukon R.) ; Rid,/w.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 176 (1887) ; Towns. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887:
Alaska); Cooper, I. c. p. 91 (Ventura Co., Cal.) ; Scott, t. e.
p. 219 (Florida) ; Bcckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. pp. 837, 642, ''-54
(1887 : Bexar Co., Texas) ; Salvin, Lbis, 1889, p. 379 (L'ozuruel
252 CHAEADEIIDiE.
Isl.) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 491 (Barbados) ; Cory, B. West Indies,
p. 229 (1889) ; id. Auk, vi. p. 32 (1889 : Cayman Brae) ; Bishop,
t. c. p. 147 (Magdalen Isl.) ; Scott, t. c. p. 159 (Gulf Coast of
Florida); Bide/ ilk Proc U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 120, 123, 127
(1889 : Indefatigable Isl.), p. 138 (Abrolhos Isl.) ; Palmer, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 260 (1890 : Mingan Isl.) ; Thomps. t. c.
p. 507 (Manitoba) ; Scott, Auk, vii. p. 309 (1890 : Dry Tortugas) ;
Clarke, t. c. p. 321 (Hudson's Bay) ; Cory, t. c. p. 374 (Anegada) ;
id. B. Bahamas, p. 148 (1890) ; Macfarl. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. p. 430 (1891 : Anderson River, breeding) ; Cory, Auk, viii.
p. 48 (1891 : Guadeloupe) ; Allen, t. c. p. 165 (Bras d'Or region);
Gundl. t.c. p. 190 (Cuba); Cory, t.c. p. 298 (Abaco), p. 351
(Inagua) ; Berl. $ Stolz. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 305 (Ancon, Peru) ;
Cory, Cat. B. West Indies, p. 95 (1892 : Bahamas ; Greater and
Lesser Antilles) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (1892 : Jamaica), p. 212
(Florida) ; Laior. t. c. p. 354 (Gray's Harbour, Washington Terr.) ;
Hasbrouck, Auk, x. p. 92 (1893 : Distr. Columbia).
Charadrius brevirostris, Neuioied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 769
(1833) ; Tschudi fy Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 49, 296 (1845-
46) ; Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 750 (1848) ; Burm. Th.
Bras. iii. p. 359 (1856 : Central Brazil, especially on the coast).
Hiaticula semipalmata, Gould in Danvin's Voy. 'Beagle,' Birds,
p. 128 (1841: Galapagos); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 70
(1844 : Rio de Janeiro) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847).
iEgialeus semipalmatus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852)
Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 417 (1856) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 335 ; Heine
8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 336 (1890 : Labrador).
Charadrius hiaticula, var. semipalmatus, Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x.
p. 383 (1874 : Illinois).
Adult male. General colour above pale brown ; wing-coverts like
the back, the greater series tipped with white, forming a wing-bar ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries
blackish along the outer web and round the tip ; the shafts white,
the white increasing on the inner primaries and occupying the basal
part of the outer web ; the inner webs of the primaries whitish
from the base upwards ; the secondaries narrowly fringed with
white at the ends, the inner ones white externally, but none
entirely white, the innermost secondaries brown like the back :
tail-feathers light brown, tipped with white, with a sub-terminal
bar of black ; the penultimate feather white at the tip and on the
outer web, and the external feather entirely white ; crown of head
and nape light brown ; across the forehead a broad band of white ;
a line of black across the base of the forehead joining the lores and
the black coronal band ; the feathers below the eye and ear-coverts
black, with a small white line above the latter ; a small white spot
below the eye ; cheeks and throat white, as well as the sides of
neck and a collar round the latter, followed by a narrow black
collar across the upper mantle and joining a broad collar across the
fore-neck, which widens out into a patch on the sides of the
chest ; remainder of under surface of body, including the under
wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white ; edge of wing mottled
with ashy-brown bases to the feathers ; lower primary-coverts and
quill-lining light ashy brown : " bill black, the basal half rich
31. ^GIALEU8.
253
orange ; feet pale flesh-colour, claws black ; iris deep hazel " (J. J.
Audubon). Total length 6 - 5 inches, culrnen 055, wing 4*75, tail 2*1,
tarsus 0-95.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with the facial
markings not quite so strong, the ear-coverts brownish black, and
the sides of the prae-pectoral collar mixed with brown. Total
length ti'5 inches, culrnen 0-55, wing 5, tail 2- 15, tarsus <>9.
Young. Similar to the adults, but easily distinguished by the
narrow whitish edgings to the feathers, and by the absence of the
black frontal bands, only the white band being present and extending
in a narrow line over the eye ; ear-coverts and prae-pectoral band
brown ; the nape also surrounded by an indistinct shade of dusky,
of which colour a similar trace is perceptible on the upper mantle,
below the white collar.
Hah. Xorth America generally, from the Arctic regions and
Greenland, wintering in Central and South America.
Imm. sk.
c. Ad. ,-k.
<j> ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/. $ imm. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h, i. <$ ad. sk.
j. Pull. sk.
k, I. Ad. et pull.
sk.
m, n. £ $ ad. ;
o. Pull. sk.
et
p-t. 6 2 ad.
iiiim. sk.
«. $ ud. sk.
v. Ad. sk.
a-. Ad. sk.
x, y, z. $ ad. sk.
«'. $ ad. sk.
b'-d'. J ad. sk.
•*}/'. d 2 a d- sk.
ft. Ad. sk.
A'. cJ ad. sk.
i", It'. (5 J ad. sk.
Greenland. Seebohm Coll.
N.W. America. Capt. Collinson [P.],
Horton River, Arctic America, Salvin-Godman Coll,
June 29.
St. Michael's, Alaska, July
(E. W. Nelson : Hensh.
Coll.).
Fort Simpson, July.
Repulse Bay.
Hudson's Bay, May.
James Bay, Hudson's Bay
Terr. (C. Drexler : Hensh.
Coll.).
Digger Isl., Hudson's Bay,
July (A. H. Mark/mm).
Fort Chimo, Ungava, June,
July (L. M. Turner :
Hensh. Coll.).
Long Island, New York,
Aug. (Hensh. Coll.).
Ipswich, Mass., May (May-
nard).
Washington, D.C., June (C.
Drexler).
Florida.
Florida, Aug. ( W. Soxie :
Hensh. Cnll.).
Cedar Keys. Florida, Nov.
(Hensh.' Coll.).
Brownsville, Texas, April,
May (F. B. Armstrong).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov.
( /•'. II. Armstrong).
California.
( •aklaml. ( lalifornia.
San Jose" del Cabo, Lower
California, Sept. (Hensh.
Coll.).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Rae [P.].
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Colonel Feilden [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Be liolim Coll.
SSalvin-Goduiau Coll.
254 CHAEADRnD^I.
I'. 2 ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, March 14 Salvin-Godman Coll.
(A. Forrer).
m'. Ad. sk. Cozumel Isl. (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
n'-p'. Ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(O.S.).
g'-s <$ 2 a( i- e t Grenada, West Indies, March, Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. Sept., Oct. (D. W. Smith).
t'. 2 imm. sk. St. Vincent, Sept. 2 (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Smith),
u'. Imm. sk. Santa Lucia (Sernjxr). Salvin-Godman Coll.
v'. d ad. sk. Anegada, Dec. 20 (C S. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Wynch) .
w'. S a d- sk. Guadeloupe, Sept. 6 (C. S. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Wynch).
r' Imm. sk. Barbados. Sir R. Schomburgk
[C.j.
v' z' 9 ad. sk. Cartagena, U.S. Colombia. Capt. Milner [P.].
a"-c". Ad. sk. Trinidad. Old Coll.
a". Imm. sk. Cayenne. Seebohm Coll.
e". Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Dec. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll.
B. Wallace),
f". Ad. sk. Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.
g"-k''. Ad. sk. Babia (Br. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
I" Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
m". 2 ad. sk. Paranagua, Brazil, Dec. 12 Salvin-Godinan Coll.
(J. Natterer).
n". rj ad. sk. Coquimbo Lagoon, Chili, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Nov. (A. H. Markham).
o". Ad.sk. Coquimbo, June (Dr. Cop- Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
pingei').
p". cJ imm. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Markham).
q"-s" Imm.sk. Indefatigable Isl., Galapagos, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sept., Oct. (Dr. Habel).
32. 53GIALITIS. T na
^Egialitis, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 553 M. hiaticola.
Leucopolius, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 (1856) M. marginata.
^Fgialophilus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 234
(1865) -^- alexandrina.
Eange. Almost cosmopolitan.
Key to the Species.
a. Throat white.
a'. No black on the mantle, or, when present,
the black not continuous with the black
ear-coverts.
a". A black streak from the base of the bill
to the eye.
a'". A distinct white collar round the
hind-neck.
a*. A black band on the fore-neck.
a 5 . Both mandibles bright orange-
yellow at base hiaticola, p. 256.
32. -ffiGIALITIS.
255
b\ Bill black, or with a little yellow
at the base of the lower man-
dible only.
a G . Shafts of primaries dark, ex-
cepting the first, which may
be partly or entirely white.
a 1 . Larger; wing 6 - 5-o'6 inches
outer primary with the
shaft whity brown before
the end
b" '. Smaller ; wing 4 - 6 inches :
outer primary with the
shaft entirely pure white .
b 6 . Shafts of all the quills white ;
ear-coverts whitish, black
along the upper margin ; a
black collar, often interrupted,
on the fore-neck
b*. No black band on the fore-neck;
crown of head rufous, the nape
also of this colour, followed by a
white collar, which is sometimes
accompanied by a line of black . .
b'". No white collar round the hind-
neck.
c 4 . No black collar on the fore-neck.
c 5 . Ear-coverts with a line of black
along their upper margin, not
extending down the sides of
the neck ; hinder crown rufous ;
feet pale.
c 6 . With white inner secondaries
adjoining the long innermost
ones
d*. With the inner secondaries
brown, like the others.
c 7 . Breast shaded with rufes-
cent buff, a shade of white
is on the sides of the
neck
d 7 . Breast with a rufous band,
continued along the sides
of the neck to the eyebrow.
d % . Ear-coverts with a black line
along the upper margin, con-
tinued in a line down the sides
of the neck ; hinder crown, neck,
and mantle rufous ; feet black .
d*. A black collar on the fore-neck;
no black or white collars on the
hind-neck
b". No black streak from the base of the
bill to the eye, the lores perfectly
white.
c"\ Band on fore-neck either absent or
only a single one.
placida, p. 262.
dubia, p. 263.
peroni, p. 273.
alexatidrina, p. 275.
marginata, p. 282.
pallida, p. 284.
venusta, p. 286.
rujieapilla, p. 286.
collaris, p. 288.
256 CHAKADEIIB^;.
e 4 . White frontal band broad, but not
reaching beyond the anterior line
of the eye.
e 6 . Feet and toes yellow ; inner
secondaries pure white ; a white
collar on the hind-neck ; no
black streak on ear-coverts. . . . meloda, p. 292.
f 5 . Feet dingy yellowish, toes black ;
inner secondaries smoky brown
on the inner web, externally
white trivosa, p. 290.
</ 5 . Feet and toes black ; a broad
black band on the ear-coverts,
continuous with the black band
on the crown occidentalis, p. 295.
/ 4 . White frontal band very broad
and reaching to line of centre
of eye ; inner secondaries en-
tirely white ; a black bar above
and behind ear-coverts, con-
tinuous with black band on
head maryinata hiem.,
d'". A double black band on the under [p. 282.
surface, one across the fore-neck,
and another across the chest ; feet
black falklandica, p. 295.
b'. Black of upper mantle united to the black
ear-coverts, the white collar on the hind-
neok being thus separated from the white
of the sides of the neck and underparts
by a complete band of black.
c". Scapulars brown ; no black band on the
fore-neck.
e'". Smaller : secondaries reaching to
about the level of the primary-
coverts ; primaries with white
shafts, excepting on the third, which
is always blackish pecuaria, p. 297.
/'". Larger : secondaries reaching to
about an inch beyond the level of
the primary-coverts ; first primaries
only with white shafts sancta-helence, p. 299.
d". Scapulars vinous chestnut ; a broad
band of black on the fore-neck, ex-
tending down the centre of the chest . melanops, p. 300.
b. Throat black, like the crown and sides of
face cucullatus, p. 302.
1. iEgialitis hiaticola.
The Kinged Plover.
The Sea Lark, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 76, pi. 80 (1738).
Le Pluvier a collier, Briss. Orn. v. p. 60, pi. v. fig. 1 (1760) ; D'An-
bent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 920; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. pi. 90 (1781).
Le Petit Pluvier a collier, B?-iss. Orn. v. p. 03, pi. v. fig. 2 (1760).
Charadrius hiaticula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 683 (1788) ; Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 145 (1811) ;
32. iEGIALITlS. 257
Viei/I. ^-J^f'JSist.Nat. xxvii. p. 139 (1818); Sour, Orn.
n*"m Pl - W* (1825) / WagL 8 'J" t ' Av -> Charadrius, p. 31, sp. 21
Y> J',, n -''Z r, ,< L ^ Co « reur »> P 1 - 6 (1827); Nairn. Von.
Deutschl. vn. Taf. Lo (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. ?96 (1837) •
%l n Wl,Z £"*i *>,> 62 < 184 0); C reF «, (W Gard,
Fi'q.a i t7 ); - Ikordm - m Demid. Voi/. Buss. Mend, iii. p. 233
(L84U: b. Russia); Selys-Lonych. Faun. Bela. p. 120 (1842) • SWM
2fe»>. Crit. p. lxxxiii (1844) ; Hearts. Eggs Brit. B. ii p 256*
P J'/av/ ^ V^ 184 ^] ?>■«!/> Gen-B. in. p. 544 (1847); Z&nm.
( J 8iJ , 0) ; &%&*&.*• lv - P- 11G ( 185 °) i ««fai4 22cm. Sibir.,
Zool. p.213 (1861: Taimyr R.,74 u N. lat. ; Boganida R.) ; Kjcerb.
Damn, tuple, pi 30. fag. 2 (1852) ; &*£ Von. Nederl. pi. 213 (1854) ;
Brehm,Naum. 1855, p. 288; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) Jaub.
et Bajth.-Lapomm <, Rich. Orn. p. 446 (1859); Sundev. Sv. Font.
pi. 37. fig 2 (1856-72); Bowleg, Ibis, 1860, p. 101 (Brighton;
small race)^ Sckl. Dter. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 21. figs. 5, 6 (1861)
Malmgr. (hfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1863, p. lOOfSpit,-
*Ǥ2>! S-fv^/T"^' Cursores 'P' 26(1865): Lamrd,B.
^/>-P- 2?8 (1867); SartlRZ.S. 1867,p.827; Degli Gerbe,
(18b/); Stevens. B. Norf. n. p. 84 (1870); Fritsch, Via Eur
tab. 83. fig 1(1870); Finsch $Hartl. Vog.Ostafr. p/eoZ^sfo) |
Z ! -'^ a ",: L ~ m ' P'i 5 ' na 9998 ( 1871 ^ 5 22. f&oyfi?. IfW &»«.
£.- y8 ( 18/1 ); T 2/«^- Or«. N.O.-Afr. ii., Abth. i. p. 1026 (1873:
Nile Valley to Upper Kir district: Tana Lake; Aorssinia Q ua -
labatandSarago; Red Sea in May and June, breeding); Sarbu,
BShetl. P 162 (1874 ; Sundev. (Efv. E. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.
??« 7 V' £ P^r /^' &£ N - lat) > Fallm > 0is - Bel 0- P- 151
8KP ; SStiF* %?' £ 1877 ' P- 180 i ^'^ * 22«cW //. O.
1878, p. 248 ( Zanzibar ; Formosa Bay) ; Ft«cAo% t. c. p. 296 ; Finsch,
OK f&f \T f^f'^^P' 245 (1879: Sc&schutechja; Little
Ob; Obdorsk) ; Bohm J ,f. O. 1882, p. 184 (Zanzibar); Booth,
Rough Notes, vol. u. (1883) ; 2? tt ta*. j\v« Zwd. ilfos. vii. p 3<>7
(188o : Liberia), xi. p. 136 (1889) ; Meichen. J.f. O. 1887, p 47
(Kahili) : MaHchiei. c p 138 (Karema, March) ; Seebohm, Seoar.
?'S r vS^ r/ ' FLffr 8 ]; J * e£efe *- $* r<? «- Pfr- 2>««&
p. 51 (1689) ; //«>•(■/. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p 43 (1891 •
Bagamqjo; Tunguru) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland
spring and autumn) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1892, p. 7 (Bukoba) ; EmifL
t. e. p. 34o. "
Charadrius BBgypticus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 2->4 (1766) ; Gm Sust
Nati. p. 684 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet. cCKist. Nat.lxm. p. 139
Ringed Plover, lath. Gen. Sun. iii. pt. l,p. 201 (1785) • Yan-eii
Brit. Ii. ii. p. 401 (1848). ' P l jl /A
Cbaradriua hiaticola, '/«»/». 3fan. <f 0/-w. p. 328 (1815) "nd ed ii
P. 539(1820); fi«c^. J"./. O. 1889, p^; (ZanzSr)"^
Gratf. Lontr.laun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 30 (1890 : Xovava
Zemlya ; N Bnafflaand Siberia, south to 55° 55' N. lat.) ; Schatiu,,
J.f. O. 1891, p. 2o9 (S.tcha Isl.) ; Reichen. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wi,.
TZhtu'-Z P 'i 6 ( nf V Zanzibar ); «■ '%• DeutschTOstafr.
p. 34 (1894 : Ragehi ; Bukoba). ^
Cham.lrius torquata, I^acA, %««. C«^. Mamm. $c Brit. Mm. p. 28
.E-ialiti, hiaticula, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 558 ; Bp. Cbmp. List B. Eur
vY -\ . Amer. p. 45 (1838) ; A' t -y,-. .y 2?/« s . Wirb. Eur. p. 209 (1840) •
VOL. XXIV. * , v ' '
258 CHAEADEIID.E.
Heugl. Syst. Vebers. p. 56 (1856) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 218
(Natal) ; Neivton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 411 (1863) ; Gray,
List Brit. B. p. 140 (lb63) ; Gigl. Ibis, lb65,p. 59 (Pisa) ; Wright,
t. c. p. 465 (Malta) ; Newton, t. c. p. 504 (Spitsbergen) ; Gould,
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 231 (1865) ; Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 165 ;
Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 255 (S. Africa) ; fristr. t. c. p. 323 (Pales-
tine) ; Borggr. Vogelf Norddeutschl. p. Ill (1869) ; Doderl. Avif.
Sicil. p. 176 (1869) ; Cab. in Ton der Decken, Reis. iii. p. 46
(1869) ; Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 (Xovaya Zernlya) ; Ehves #
Buckley, t. c. p. 330 (Turkey); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 386 (S.
Spain) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 205 (1871) ; Hartinq, Handb.
Brit. B. p. 44 (1872) ; Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3245 (Faroes) ;
Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 62 (isovaya Zemlya, breeding-) ; Gurney in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 276 (1872: Walvisch Bay); Gould, B.
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 41 (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873:
breeding rarely) ; Alston fy Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Arch-
angel) ; Brooke, t. c. p. 337 (Sardinia) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 101
(Kultuk), 1874, p. 336 ; Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 398 (N. Frisian Isl.) ;
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 161 (1875) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 85
(Durban) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 467, pi. 525 (1876) ; id. Ibis,
1876, p. 327; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 280(1876); Wharton,
Ibis, 1876, p. 26 (Corsica) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 289 (Lower Petchora) ;
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 248 (1876 : Dauria; Kultuk),
ii. p. 155 (1877: Poland); Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 406 (Smith
Sound) ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 429 (1877 : Pekin) ; Kuml.
Bull. U.S. Nat.. Mus. no. 15, p. 83 (1879: Cumberland Sound) ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 197 (1879 : Gurgaon) ; Bogd. B. Cane. p. 152
(1879) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 155 (Siberia, lat. 7U°) ; Clifton,
t. c. p. 369; Ayres. Ibis, 1880, p. 267 (Transvaal) ; Ridgw. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880), p. 229 (Greenland and \Y. side
of Cumberland Gulf), iv. p. 217 (1881); Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital.
fasc. xi. (1881) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit) ; Scully, t. c.
p. 587; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 221 (Astrachan) ; Biddulph, t. c.
p. 268; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1882) ; Severtz. Ibis,
1883, p. 73 (Pamir) ; Irby, t. c. p. 287 (Santander) ; B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 159 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 257
(1883) ; Baird, Breu-er, $ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i.p. 157
(1884) ; Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 130 (1844 : breeding) ;
Bogd. Cvnsp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 75 (1884) ; Radcle, Orn. Caue.
pp. 43, 418 (1884 : Lakes of Armenia) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.
2nd ed. p. 603 (18.84) ; Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 99 (Spain) ; Saunders,
t. c. p. 389 (Pyrenees) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 660
(1834 : Cape Town ; Port Elizabeth ; E. London) ; Salvad.
Ann. 3Ius. Genov. (2) i. p. 217 (1884 : Shoa) ; Chapm. Ibis,
1885, p. 178 (Lapland) ; Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. vii. p. 237
(1885 : Liberia) ; Hartert, J.f. 0. 1886, p. 610 (Kaura) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 162 (1886 ; W. shore of Cumberland
Gulf, breeding) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 373 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenco
Ucc. Ital. p. 212 (1886) ; Pleske, Uebers. Siiug. und Vbg. Kola
Halbins. p. 324 (1886) ; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 385 (Portugal) {Ridgw.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 177 (1887) ; Koenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 84 (Tunis) ;
Buckley &,- Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 125
(1888) ; Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 78 (Teneriffe); Guillem. t. c. pp. 104,
113 (Cvprus) ; Shelley, t. c. p. 305 (Manda Isl.) ; Chapm. t. c. p. 445
(Spain) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 523 (1889) ; Guillem. Ibis, 1889,
p. 210 ; Liiford, t. c. p. 338 (Cyprus) ; Feilden, t. c. pp. 480, 491 (Bar-
bados) ; Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. xi. p. 136 (1889) ; Gigl. Avif.
32. -EGIALITIS. 259
Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 574 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 044 (1890), 3rd ltesoe.
p. 507 (1891); Chamberl. Auk, vi. p. 217 (1S8'J : Godhavn, S.
Greenland); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Crontica), p. 86 (1890);
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 79 (incubation); FrivaUlsky, Arcs Hung.
p. 122 (1891) ; Hayerup, B. Greenl. p. 56 (1891: breeds along
whole coast) ; Buckley § Harvie-Broicn, J'ertebr. Faun. Orkney
Is. p. 203 (1891 : resident) ; Madardsz, Erliiut. Ausst. TTngar.
VSg. p. 103 (1891) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xx. (1891) ;
Buckley is- liar viz- Brown, J'ertebr. Faun. Argyll, p. 165 (1892) ;
Fuyton, Ibis, 1892, p. 471 (Mogador) ; Berkeley James, New List
Chilian B. p. 11 (1892) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 203 (Canary
Is.) ; Blayy, t. c. p. 355 (Shetland Is.) ; Allen, Auk, x. p. 124
(1893) ; 1'razak, Orn. Jahrb. iii. p. 23 (1893 : Bohemia) ; Pearson
£ Bid-well, Ibis, 1894, p. 233 (N. Norway ; breeding).
/Egialitis septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 548 (1831).
lliaticula aiinulata, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 65 (1840J; Riijjp. Syst.
Uebers. p. 118 (1845 : Egypt & Red Sea).
Hiaticula torquata, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 68 (1844).
lliaticula hiaticula, Lie/it. Nomenel. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854).
lliaticula arabs, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854).
? Charadrius hoineyeri, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 268.
iEgialitis auritus, Meugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856).
yEgialitis hiaticuloides, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856).
-Linalitis intermedins (nee Menetr.), Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, p. 255;
Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 661 (1884).
Pluvialis hiaticula, Droste, Voyelic. Borkum, p. 150 (1869).
Charadrius hiaticula major, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 20, pi. 26.
tig. 6 (1885); id. Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 126 (^1888).
Adult male. General colour above light brown ; wing-coverts
like the back, the greater series tipped with white ; bastard-wiug,
primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries dark brown on the
outer webs and round the tips, with more or less white towards
the base of the inner webs ; the shafts white, increasing in extent
on the inner ones and forming a distinct patch on the outer web ;
the brown colour diminishing, and the white gradually extending,
till the inner secondaries become pure white, the innermost long
secondaries brown like the back ; lateral upper tail-coverts white,
the centre ones brown like the back ; tail-feathers pale brown,
tipped with white, with a sub-terminal black bar; the white
increasing towards the outer feathers, the penultimate one being
white with a pale brown inner web and a narrow black sub-
terminal bar ; the outermost tail-feather pure white ; crown of head
pale brown, separated from the white frontal band by a broad
band of black ; a narrow line across the base of the forehead,
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, with a narrow white-
st ripe from above the fore part of the eye to above the ear-coverts ;
cheeks and sides of neck white, continued in a collar round the
■bid-Deck, followed by an ill-denned blackish collar across tho
upper mantle ; under surface of body pure white, with a black
collar across the fore-neck, widening on the sides of the chest ;
under wing-coverts and axillarics white, the lower primary-coverts
pale ashy, like the quill-lining : " bill black at the end. orange for
the rest of its extent ; feet orange ; claws black ; iris brown *'
r 2
260
CHARADKIID^.
(J. Macgillivray). Total length 7 inches, culmen - 7, wing 5*1,
tail 2-3, tarsus 1"05.
Adult female. Not distinguishable from the male. Total length
7 # 7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 5-1, tail 2 - 25, tarsus 1.
Young. Paler than the adults, and distinguished by the pale
margins of ashy butf to the feathers of the upper surface ; ear-
coverts brownish black ; no black band on the fore part of the
crown ; the white forehead and eyebrow tinged with buff ; band on
the fore-neck brown, tinged with buff in the middle, the sides of the
collar blackish.
Mr. Seebohm has separated the British Ringed Plover as 2E. major,
but every link between this large form and the ordinary jE. hiati-
cola is found in a series of specimens.
Bab. From Greenland and Cumberland Gulf in Arctic America,
throughout Europe generally, wintering in Africa down to the Cape
Colony. Eastwards to Lake Baikal, and extending rarely to
N.W. India. Accidental in other countries (Barbados, Chili, &c).
a. 5 ad. sk.
b-f. Ad. sk.
<j. S ^d. sk.
/;. Ad. sk.
i-m. <$ 2 ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o-v. J 2 ad. sk.
iff. 2 ad. sk.
x. $ juv. sk.
?/, z. Imm. sk.
a'. Juv. sk.
b'. Imm. sk.
c'-f. 6 2 ad. ;
g', h'. Pull. sk.
i'-p'. d 2 ad. et
imm. sk.
q'. Pull. sk.
r', .<?'. Ad. sk.
t'-v. Ad. et
imm. sk.
w'-n" . S 2 ad-
et imm. sk.
o 1 '. 2 ad. sk.
%>", 2 imm. sk.
q"-s", Ad. et
imm. sk.
t". 2 ad. sk.
a", v". Imm. sk.
Twin Glacier Valley, Aug. 4
(H. W.Feilden).
Greenland.
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,
Aug. 17. _
Great Britain.
Orkney Islands.
Scotland [R. G. TV. E.).
"VVarkwor th , Northumberland,
June &Nov. (0. S.).
Holy Island, Northumberland,
June 19 (P. Godma»).
Newbigsjen, Northumberland,
Aug-. 24.
Lincolnshire, Sept. 5.
Salthouse, Norfolk, June 15.
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Sept. 19.
Dungeness, Kent, March, May.
Piomney Marsh, Kent, May,
Aug., Sept.
Lydd, May.
Sussex.
Brighton, Aug., Sept.
Pagham, Sussex.
Kingsbury, Middlesex, Aug. 21
(J. E. Hurting).
Kingsbury, autumn (J. E.
Hurting).
Carmarthen, Wales.
(Tvpe
St. Bride's, S. Wales, Dec. 12.
Heliogoland, Sept 2G.
Voy. H.M.S. « Alert.'
Dr. P. B. Sharpe
[P.].
Montagu Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hume Coll.
J. H. Caton Haigh,
Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Colonel Irby [P.].
Goidd Coll.
Dr. P. B. Sbarpe
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Montagu Coll.
of C. torquata, Leach.)
Hon. W. Edwardes
L P.].
F. Nicholson, Esq.
[P.].
35. .EGIALITIS.
201
w". cJ ad. sk.
x". 3 ad. sk.
y". $ imm. sk.
z". Pull. Bk.
« 3 . 2 ad. sk.
b\ $ ad. sk.
c 3 . Imm. sk.
tf 3 . Ad. sk.
e 3 . 2 ad. sk.
f\ S ad. sk.
0»-Jfe 3 . 2 ad.sk.
/ 3 . Imm. sk.
vi '. Ad. sk.
n 3 . 2 ad. sk.
o 3 , p 3 . Imm. sk.
y 3 . Ad. sk.
r 3 . Ad. sk.
s 3 , t\ 2 ad. sk.
m 3 . <3 ad. sk.
t? 3 , m? 3 . Ad. sk.
x 3 . Ad. sk.
y 3 . Ad. sk.
z 3 . cf ad. sk.
c 4 . Ad. sk.
d\ 3 ad. sk.
«'. 2 ad. sk.
/', 9*. 6 2 ad.
sk.
A*. 2 ad. sk.
i\ Ad. sk.
A 1 . cJ imm.sk.
I*. Ad. sk.
»«'. 6 ad. sk.
»'. Skeleton.
"'. Sternum.
Yovsah, Lower Petchora,
June 9.
Little Ob R., Aug. 17 (Dr. O.
Finsch).
Tatnprimpan, River Ob, Sept.
(Dr. 0. Finsch).
Schtschutscbja, July 24 (Dr.
(). Finsch).
Valley of tbe Yen-e-sai, June
23 (S. Seebohm).
Valley of tbe Yen-e-sai, June
22 \H. S.).
Wesel, on tbe Rbiue.
Genoa, Italy.
Corfu ( Wilson Saunders).
Valencia, Dec. (H. Saunders).
Gibraltar, March, April.
Portugal.
Marocco.
Tripoli, April 9 (Dickson §
Itoss).
Senegal.
Fantee (IT. T. Ussher).
Accra, Gold Coast.
Walvisch Bay, Oct. 22 (C. J.
Andersson).
Knyena, Nov. 29 (C. J. A.).
Soutb Africa,
lungwillianistown.
Zanzibar.
Manda Isl., Nov.
«', b 1 . 2 ad. sk. Lamu.
Equatorial Africa.
Egypt, Feb. 12 (G.E. «.)■
Damietta, May 9 (<S'. S. Alien).
Cyprus, Oct. (H. H. Guille-
mard).
Gennesaret, Palestine.
Persia.
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, India,
Nov. 28 ( W. X. Chill).
" Port Stevens, New South
Wales."*
Chancery Lane, Barbados,
Sept. 10.
England.
England.
Seebohm Coll.
Geogr. Soc. Bremen
[P.].
Geogr. Soc. Bremen
[P.].
Geogr. Soc. Bremen
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
E. Hartert, Esq. [0.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebobm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Colonel Irby [P.].
Dr. L. Vieira [P.J.
Seebobm Coll.
Gould Coll.
L. Laglaize [C.].
Capt. Shelley [P.].
Dr. R. B. Sharpe
[P.].
Seebobm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Major Trevelyan
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
Emin Pasha [P.].
Tweeddale Cod.
Gould Coll.
Lord Lilford [P.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
Kenneth Loftus,Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Colonel Feilden [P.].
Purchased.
Purchased.
* Tfaia specimen is the authority for including tbe species in the Australian
avifauna. A specimen of Leptendtm gularis ot Africa was also described by
Bould as Herodiat paMhostf from " Port Stevens." I have no doubt that the
locality is erroneous in both cases.
262 CHARADRI1DJE.
2. JEgialitis placida.
Charadrius placidus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodqs.
p. 70 0863) 5 id- Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 10001 (1871) ; Hartiny,
Ibis, 1873, p. 326; Seebohm, Geoyr. Dist. Ckaradr. p. 307 (1888) ;
id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 307 (1890) ; Sty an, Ibis, 1894, p. 336 (Kiu-
Kiaug, July).
Charadrius indicus {nee Lath.), Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 25
(1865).
Charadrius hiaticula {nee Linn.), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 165.
Charadrius longipes {nee T. fy S.), David, N. Arch, du 3Ius. 1867,
Butt. p. 38 (Pekin, winter).
JEgialitis hartingi, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870. p. 136, pi. xii. (Yangtse
Kiang), 1871, p. 404 ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 96.
JEgialitis hiaticula {nee L.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 404.
Charadrius hartingi, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 10003 (1871) ;
Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p.' 642 (1872).
Eudromias tenuirostris, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 17 (1873: Burma),
p. 417 (Darjiling); Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 217; Hartiny, t. c.
p. 326.
Eudromias (JEgialitis) tenuirostris, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 495
(1873).
JEgialitis placidus, Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 162 (Hakodadi), 1875,
p. 129; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 153 (1875); David $ Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 428 (1877) ; Blakist.S,- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Yezo) ;
Hume fy Davidson, Str. F. Vi. p. 455 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Jouy, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mvs. vi. p. 113
(1883 : Central Hondo, Japan) ; Oates, Handb.B. Brit. Burm. ii.
p. 369, note (1883) ; Blakisf. Amended List B. Jap. p. 107 (1884) ;
Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 76 (1884 : Askold) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1887, p. 610 (Corea, Jan.); Salvad. # Giyl. Mem. B. Acead. Torino,
xxxix. p. 128 (1888 : Kii Straits, Japan) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 314
(1888 : Dibrughur ; Cachar ; not observed in Manipur).
JEgialitis placida, Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 162 (Hakodadi), 1875, p. 452 ;
Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 351 (1879 : Nepal Valley) ; Hume, Str. F.
ix. p. 258 (1880 : Barak R., N.E. Cachar) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888,
p. 468 (Corea, spiing & autumn).
Adult male. Similar to JFj. Maticola, but with a perfectly black
bill, and only showing a narrow dusky line from the base of the
bill to the eye ; no pure white inner secondaries, these being brown,
with a narrow edging of white near the end of the outer web ;
primaries with dark shafts, the first primary only having a little
shade of whitish towards the sub-terminal portion : " bill blackish
brown, the basal third of the lower mandible orange-yellow ; eyelid
orange-yellow ; iris full and dark : feet pale ochreous, darker on
the toes; claws black" {R. Sivinhoe). Total length 8 inches,
culmen - 75, wing 5-55, tail 2-9, tarsus 1*25.
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male : " bill black, the
extreme base of the lower mandible yellow ; feet pure ochre-yellow ;
claws black ; iris dark brown ; margin of eyelid ochre-yellow "
{J. Scully). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 5-6, tail 3'1,
tarsus 1-2.
Young. Only differs from the adults in having rufescent margins
to the feathers of the upper surface, the forehead and eyebrow
32. JEGIALITIS. 203
tinged with sandy buff ; praepectoral collar brown, and not so broad
as in the adults.
Sab. From Manchuria, Corea, and the Japanese islands, south
throughout China to Cachar, and west to Nepal.
a, b, c. Ad. et Nepal. Hodgson Coll.
, J" v< j ', _ (Types of species.)
d. 2 ad. sk. Nepal Valley, Nov. 29 (D. Hume Coll.
Scully).
e. Juv. sk. Native Sikhim, Sept. (L. Man- Hume Coll.
delli).
f. Juv. sk. Sikhim (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll.
g. Ad. sk. P Darjiling (Dr. Jerdon). Hume Coll.
..,.,, „, „ (Type of -& tenuirostris.)
h, i, k. Ad. sk. Bhotan Doars (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll.
1. d ad. sk. Dibrughur, Assam (J. B. Hume Coll.
Cripps).
m. $ ad. sk. Bilkusha, Caohar (J. Lnglis). Hume Coll.
n, o. Ad. sk. Ichang, \V. China. A. Pratt, Esq. [P.].
p. d ad. sk. Szechuen, May 17 (B. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll.
. , , (Type of AS. hartingi.)
q. Ad. sk. S. Manchuria. Dr. H. M. James
[P.].
r, s, t. 2 ad. sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell,
Esq. [P.].
u. 2 ad.sk. Hakodadi, Japan, May (Capt. Tweeddale Coll.
Bldkiston).
v. Ad.sk. Yokohama (S. Pryer). Tweeddale Coll.
w. Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Snoiv). Seebohm Coll.
*j y. d 2 ad. sk. Nagasaki. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
3. JEgialitis dubia.
The Little Ringed Plover.
Petit Pluvier a collier de l'Isle de Lucon, So?m. Vou. Nouv. Gum
p. 84, pi. 46 (1776).
Le Petit Pluvier a collier, D'Aitbent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 921 ; Buff.
Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 90, note (1781).
Charadrius dubius, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 93 (1786) ;
Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 516 (E. Prussia).
Charadrius curonicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788); Vieill. N.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p." 137 (1818) ; Beseke, Vba. Kurt. p. 67
(1821) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Jaub. et Ba'rth.-Lapomm.
Bich. Orn. p. 447 (1859) ; Schrenck, Beis. Amurl. p. 412 (1859) ;
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, pp. 164, 170; Locke, Evpl. Sci. A Iyer., Ois. ii.
p. 2(i8 (1S67); Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 184 (Sikhim); Swinh
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 137 ; Fritsch, Tog. Eur. tab. 33. tigs. 3, 4 (1870) ;
Fines $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Bulgaria; Bosphorus) ;
Smnh. t. c. p. 361 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 73 (Fantee) ; Wald.
Ibis, 1873, p. 316 (Andamans); Cordeaia; Ibis, 1875, p. 185
(Heligoland); Dresser, Ibis, 187G, p. 328; Durnf. Ibis, 1878,
p. 33 (Asia .Minor); Beichen. Syst. Vcrz. Vbg. Deutschl. p. 51
(1889) ; Prazak, Orn. Jahrb. iii. p. 23 (1893: Bohemia) ; Beichen.
Toy. Deutsch-Ostafr. p. 34 (1894 : Ugalla River).
? Charadrius ervthropus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 684 (1788).
Charadrius phflippinus, Lath. 'lad. Orn. ii. p. 745 (1790) ; fykes,
P. Z. 8. 1832, p. L66; Jerd. Madr. Jour*, xii. p. 212(1840);
Stctnh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 260,342; Schl. Mus. Pays- Bas, Cursotes,
264 CHARADRIID.E.
p. 28 (1865) ; Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 136 (1867) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 10000 (1871) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xiii. p. 204 (1882 : Java).
Charadrius minor, Wolf 8f Meyer, Vbg. Deutschl. Heft xv. (1805) ;
Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. p. 324 (1810) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn.
p. 330 (1815), 2nd ed. ii. p. 542 (1820) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 276
(1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 7 (1827) ; Wagl. Syst. Av.,
Charadrius, p. 62, sp. 22 (1827) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vii.
Taf. 177 (1834) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 297 (1837) ; Macgill. Man.
Brit. B. ii. p. 53 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 363 (1840) ;
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 234 (1840 : Odessa) ;
Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 120 (1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit.-p. lxxxiii
(1844) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 258, pi. lxix. fig. 4 (1840) ;
Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 128 (1850) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. 30.
fig. i (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 214 (1854) ; id. Dier. Nederl.
Vogels, pi. 21. figs. 9, 9 a (1861) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 37. fig. 3
(1856-72) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 152 (1875) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit.
B. iii. p. 16, pi. 26. fig. 8 (1885) ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 130
(1888) ; id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 306 (1890: breeds) ; Stijan, Ibis,
1891, p. 330 (Lower Yangtse, spring & autumn) ; Seebohm, Ibis,
1892, p. 23 (Heligoland) ; Campbell, t.c. p. 246 (Corea) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu Kiu Is., Jan.).
Charadrius fluviatilis, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 422
(1809) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Tor, Sinai) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1029 (1873 : Red Sea ; Nile to the Equator ;
westwards to the Req swamps) ; Seebohm 8f Harvie-Broicn, Ibis,
1876, p. 290 (Lower Petchora) ; Oust. Bibl. Ecole Hautes-Etudes,
xxxi. Art. 10, p. 12 (1886 : Somali).
Charadrius hiaticula {nee Linn.), Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 144
(1811).
Charadrius minutus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 145(1811).
Charadrius pusillus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 187 (1821 :
Java).
Charadrius hiaticula, var., Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328
(1822 : Sumatra).
./Egialitis minor, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 558; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl.
p. 550 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 45 (1838);
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 355 (Zana) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79;
Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 29 (Egypt & Nubia); Gigl. Ibis, 1865,
p. 59 (Pisa) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1866, pp. 184, 378 ; Chambers, Ibis,
1867, p. 100 (Tripoli) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 323 (Kishon ; Lake
of Galilee) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1869, p. 347 (Formosa) ; Saunders, Ibis,
1871, p. 386 (S. Spain) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 42 (1871) ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 273 (Accra) ; Shelley # Buckley, t. c. p. 290;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 337 (Sardinia) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 69 (1873) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 392 (N. Frisian Is.) ; Lilford,
Ibis, 1875, p. 21 (Mediterranean) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 152 (1879) ;
Bp. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 76 (1884) ; Zarudn. Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, 1885, p. 68 (Teke, breeding) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887,
p. 610 (Seoul, Corea, April), 1888, p. 467 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 49
(Lado) ; Koenig,J.f O. 1888, p. 83 (Tunis) ; Guillem. Ibis, 1888,
pp. 104, 113 (Cyprus) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 338 (Cyprus) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1890, p. i69 (Yambuya, Aruwkimi R.) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr.
Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 37 (1890) ; Reiser, Vogels.
Mus. Sarajevo, p. 106 (1891) ; De la Louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 496
(Foochow, spring ; Swatow, winter).
^Egialitis fluviatilis, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 549 (1831); E. C.
Taylor, Bis, 1887, p. 68 (Egypt) ; Finsch §■ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr.
32. .egialitis. 2Go
p. 659 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 9999 (1871) ; Hume,
Nests $ Eyys Ind. B. p. 672 (1873) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 102,
1874, p. 336; Irby, Orn. Straits GSbr. p. 162 (1875); Blanf.
Bust. Persia, ii. p. 279 (1876) ; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 185 (1876) ;
Tacz. Bull. Hoc. Zool. France, i. p. 248 (1876: Dauria; Kultuk), ii.
p. loo (1877: Poland); Finsch, Verhundl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix.
p. 246 (1879 : Marka-kul) ; Ramsay, Proc. Binn. Sac. N. S. W. iv.
pp. 93, 101 (1880: Port Moresby); Pelz. Verhandl. z.-b. Ges.
U ten, xxxi. p. 166 (1881) ; M tiller, J.f. O. 1882, p. 83 (Salanga) ;
Madardsz, Ausst. Ungar. Vby. p. 103 (1891) ; Frivaldsky, Ac.
Hung. p. 122 (1891).
Charadrius hiaticuloides, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125 (Gan°e«) •
Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 63 (Amoy). ° '
Charadrius intermedins, Menitr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 63 (1832:
Lenkoran) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. $ X. Amer. p. 45 (183«).
Charadrius zonatus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 235 (1837).
/Egialitia curonicus, Keys. He Bins. Wirb. Eur. p. lxxi (1840) ; Bp.
C. It. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 141 (1863; ;
Boryyr. Voyelf Xorddeutschl. p. HI (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil.
p. 176 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 205 (1871); Coues,
hey X. Amer. B. p. 603 (1872); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 491,
pi. 524 (1876); Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 340 (1876); Prjev. in
Parleys Orn. Misc. ii. p. 435 (1877: 8.E. Mongolia; Urdos;
Alashan ; Lake Hanka, breeding) ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F.
vi. p. 456 (1878: Tenasserim); Davidson $ Wenden, op. cit. vii.
p. 88 (1878 : Deccan) ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 587 (Gilgit) ; Blakist.
\ Pryer, B. Japan, p. 106 (1882) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 120
(Kandahar, Feb.; Chaman, April; Quetta, May); Seebohm, t. c.
p. 2±2 (Delta of Volga ; Seal Is. in Caspian) ; Slater, t. c. p. 435
(Hankow) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 159 (1883) ; Saunders, ed.
Yarrelfs Brit. B. iii. p. 262 (1883) ; Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan,
p. 10 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, 8? Ridr/w. Water-Birds X. Amer.
i. p. 159 (1884) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1884, pp. 237, 238; Tristr. Faun.
§ Flor. Palest, p. 130 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 417
(1884: Lenkoran, Feb., March); Whitehead, Ibis, ]^r )t p . 40
(Corsica) ; Giyl. Avif. Ital. p. 373 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc.
Ital. p. 212 (1886) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. x. p. 394 (1887 :
Lm Kin I>1.) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 385 (Portugal); Scully, J. A,
S. Beny. hi. p. 87 (1SS7) : Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 525' | 1 S89);
St. John. Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (Kandahar) ; Eai/le Clarke, t. c. p. 552
(East Pyrenees); Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Gambia, April);
Mum, Ibis, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta distr.) ; Chapman, t. e. p. 847
^ (West Jutland) ; Ltlford, Col. Fiy. Brit. B. pt. xxx. (1895).
The Little Lin-red Plover, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 409 (1843).
Hiaticula curonica, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 68 fl844); id.
Cat. Mamm. \c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 133 (1846) ; Licht. Nomencl
Ar. Mus. li>nd. p. 94 (1864 : Nubia).
Hiaticula minor, Hodgs, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. Grail, pi. 55.
tig. 2, no. 628 : id. in Gray* Z-,,,1. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Riipp.Si/st.
Uebers. p. 1 18 (1846 : Egypt & Led Sea).
Charadrius alezandrinus (nee Linn.). Thienem. Abbild. Vogeleiern
Taf. lix. (1846-66) j Schalow, J. f O. 1891, p. 259 (Island of
Kodiak) ; Reuhen. Jahrb. Ilamb. Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 6 (1893:
Quilimane).
Hiaticula philippina, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 263 (1849 •
Calcutta).
Hiaticula pusilla, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 264 (1849:
liajniahal).
26G CHAKADRIID^;.
Hiaticula simplex, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854 :
E. India).
Charadrius gracilis, Brchm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 288.
Charadrius pygmseus, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 289.
^Egialitis pvgmrea, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 282 (1855).
^Egialitis gracilis, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 282 (1855).
/Egialitis zonatus, Kuril. Orn. West-Afi: p. 216 (1857: Gambia;
Elmina; Sacconde).
^Egialitis pusillus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 342.
^Egialitis philippinus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 342 (Pekin), 1862, p. 255
(Foochow), 1863, p. 406 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 222 ( Banjarmas-
sing) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 310; Hume, Str. F. Hi. p. 179 (1875:
Thayetmvo); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit), 1882, p. 287;
Bidqw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 330 (1881) ; Murray, Vertebr.
Faun. Sind, p. 227 (1884); Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur.
Ootid, fasc. xiii. p. 30(1890).
yEgialitis minutus, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 641 (1864) ; Bli/th, Ibis,
1867, p. 164 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 389 (Umbala) ; Wald. Ibis,
1873, p. 316 (Andamans) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Katliiawar) ;
Legge, Str. F. iii. p. 372 (1875 : Ceylon) ; Hume, op. cit. v. p. 212
(1877: Deesa) ; id. $■ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 546 (1878 : Tenasserim);
Ball, op. cit. vii. p. 227 (1878 : Raipur) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 300 (Farid-
pur) ; Hume, op. cit. viii. p. 112 (1879); Brooks, Ibis, 1884,
pp. 237, 238 ; Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 (Mhow distr.).
^Egialitis intermedins, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 361 (Hainan).
^Egialitis dubia, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 404 (breeding in N. China ;
S. China, Formosa, & Hainan in winter) ; Wald. Trans. Zool. Sot:
viii. p. 89 (1872: Ayer Pannas, Celebes); Salvad. Ucc. Born.
p. 316 (1874) ; Blyth 8f Wald. B. Burm. p. 153 (1875) ; Wald.
Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 227 (1875 : Philippines) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1875,
p. 452 (Hakodadi) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 51 (Sibu) ; Tweedd.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 701 (Monte Alban), p. 833 (Placer) ; David 8f
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 429 (1877): Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 227 (1878:
Ganges to Godavery) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 712 (N. Bohol) ;
Blakist. | Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 25
(Japan) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 147 (New Ireland) ; Vitlal, Str. F.
ix. p. 81 (1880 : S. Konkan) ; Bingham, t. c. p. 196 (Tkoungyeen
Valley) ; Barnes, t. c. p. 458 (S. Afghanistan) ; Beid, Str. F. x.
p. 65 (1881 : Lucknow) ; Kelham, Lbi^ 1882, p. 10 (Singapore,
Nov.) ; Oates, Hundb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 370 (1883) ; Davison,
Str. F. x. p. 412 (1883 : S.W. Mysore ; Nilghiris) ; Vorderm. Nat.
Tijtlschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884 : Java) ; C. Swinh. $
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 (Mhow) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 167
(Muscat), p. 492 (Fao, March); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B.
p. 162 (1886: California; Alaska); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 177 (1887) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) v. p. 621 (1887 : Kau-
karyit) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 394 (1887 : Liu Kin
Isl.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); Hume, Str. F. xi.
p. 315 (1888 : Manipur) ; Everett, J. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889,
p. 205; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 415 (1889:
Sumatra); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) v. pt. 3, p. 89 (1889:
Tirphul); Brusina, Motr. etc. {Orn. Croatica), p. 86 (1890);
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan) ; Sharpe, t. c. pp. 142, 284
(Pulo Tegu, April) ; Steere, List B. # Mamm. Exp. Philipp.
p. 25 (1890: Paraguay; Mindanao; Guimaras) ; Oates, ed. Hume's
Nests § Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 338 (1890) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891,
p. 113 (Fao) ; id. Sci. Pes. 2?id 1'ark. Miss. p. 137 (1891 : Yarkand,
May).
32. J3GIALTTIS. 207
Pluvialia fluviatilis, Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 15-3 (1889).
yEji'ialitis microrhynehus, ltidyw. Am. Nat. viii. p. 109 (1674: San
Francisco).
^Egialitis alexandrinu9 (nee Linn.), Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 308 (N.
Frisian Isl.) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1889, p. 20.3 (Quilimane).
^Eirialitis hiaticula (nee Linn.), Ramsay, PYoc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i.
p. 304 (1877 : Port Moresby), ii. p. 107 (1878 : S. New Guinea),
iii. p. 270 (1870 : Laloki Paver) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10
(1888: N.S.W.).
iEgialitis jerdoni, Leg ye, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 39; id. B. Ceylon,
p. 0-16 (1880); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 303 (1862);
Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 287 (Gilgit, May, Sept.) ; Davidson, Str.
F. x. p. 275 (1882: W. Kandeiah) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 315
(1888) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888) ; Salvad. Agg,
Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 200 (1891) ; id. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) xii.
p. 75 (1801 : Sumatra) ; Leyge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 41.
Charadrius minor jerdoni, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 132
(1888J.
Adult male. General colour above light brown, a little darker on
tho rump and central upper tail-coverts ; sides of rump and lateral
upper tail-coverts pure white ; wing-coverts like the back, the
feathers round the bend of the wing darker brown ; bastard-wing
feathers blackish with white tips; primary-coverts blackish ; primary
quills blackish, internally lighter brown, with dark shafts to all the
primaries except the first, where it is white ; secondaries dusky, lighter
and more ashy brown internally, inner secondaries smoky brown,
with a good deal of white on both webs, the long inner secondaries
like the back ; tail-feathers ashy brown, tipped with white, and
with a broad sub-terminal black bar, the outer feathers more distinctly
edged with white, the two outermost almost entirely white, with a
black patch on the inner web corresponding to the sub-terminal bar
on the rest of the feathers ; base of forehead, lores, feathers above
and below the eye, and ear-coverts black ; a broad frontal band of
white, followed by another broad band of black above the eye, which
is again succeeded by another black line, which widens out above
the eye and forms a distinct eyebrow ; hinder crown as far as the
nape ashy brown ; round the neck a broad white collar, continuous
with the white throat, and followed by a broad band of black on the
lower hind-neck, and continued right across the fore-neck, widening
out on the sides ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure
white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries : " bill dusky
black ; feet flesh-colour ; iris dusky brown ; ring round the eye
bright yellow " (Emin). Total length 6'8 inches, culmen 0*6,
wing 4-(>, tail 2'35, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 0*8.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the markings not so
well developed, especially the black markings of the face and the
black bands on the hind-neck and fore-neck, the Litter being much
mixed with brown : " bill black ; feet pale flesh-colour ; iris dark
brown; ring round tho eye bright yellow" (E. Hartert). Total
length fro inches, culmen 0-G5, wing 4-(i, tail 2-35, tarsus 1.
Ytomg. Differs from the adults in wanting the black on the head,
as well as the black collars on the mantle and fore-neck ; the general
tone of the plumage is more rufesceut than in the adults, and the
268
CHARADKIID^.
whole of the upper surface i3 varied with wavy lines of pale sandy
buff, before which is a sub-terminal dusky bar ; the forehead is pale
sandy buff ; ear-coverts dusky blackish ; the collar on the fore-neck
is composed of brown feathers, with generally a tinge of sandy buff
on the throat. The black markings on the head and the black collars
are gained by a moult in the following spring. There appears to
me to be also a change of feather, especially on the neck-collar.
I regret to say that I am unable to follow Colonel Legge in
recognizing M. jerdoni as distinct from jE. cttronicus, and for the
purpose of comparison, I have given the measurements of the large
series of skins possessed by the British Museum, but, as Mr. Seebohm
says, "tropical examples completely intergrade with those from
temperate regions." Neither do I find much difference in the extent
of the black frontal line, or of the swollen eye-ring, which Colonel
Legge considers to be specific characters for the Indian species ;
the only character which I can admit, and this, too, is a variable
one, is the more distinct yellow base to the under mandible, which is
invariably present in the adult breeding birds from the Indian region,
but is absent or only feebly developed in European specimens.
Hub. Europe generally, except the northern parts, across Siberia
to Japan, wintering in North-eastern Africa, India, the Moluccas,
even to New Guinea and the adjacent islands. Accidental in Great
Britain and western North America.
a. $ ad. sk. [w. 47].
b. Pull. sk.
c.Ad.sk. [w. 4-35].
d. Ad.sk. [w. 4-75].
e. 3 ad. ; /, g. Juv.
sk. [w. 4 - 65].
h. $ ad. sk. [w.
4-75].
i, 2 ad- fi k- [ w -
4-45].
&.$ad.sk.[w.4-55]
I. Ad. sk. [w. 4-25;
m. Ad. sk. [w. 4 - 6
n-q. S a d. ; r. $ ad.
sk. [w. 4-5-4-0].
s. 2 ad - sk. [w. 4-41.
t. d ad. sk. [w.4-5],
u. 5 ad. sk. [w. 4 - 4].
v, w. Ad. sk. [w. 4-3
-4-5].
x. 2 a d- sk. [w.
4-6].
y, z. Ad. sk. [w.
4-35-4-4].
a', b'. S ad. ; c'. £
ad. sk. [w. 4-6-
4-65].
Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
Aug. (H. Rogers).
Em-ope.
Holland.
Germany.
Germany.
Germany.
Halle, A.ug.
Wesel, Rhine, May 24.
Vienna.
Transylvania.
Hungary, May 25.
S.E. Russia.
Near Constantinople, May 7
{T. Robson).
riedmont, Italy, May (T.
Salvador i).
Malta, April, Sept. (C.
Wright).
Malta,' April (C. W.).
Granada, Spain, Oct. (H.
Saimders).
Gibraltar, March.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
E. Hartert, Esq. [C.].
Sharpe Coll.
C.G.Danford,Esq.[P.].
Hungarian National
Museum [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Colonel Irby [P.].
32. JEGUTJTIS. 2(59
d'. S ad. sk. [w. Biskra, Algeria, May 5 Seebokin Coll.
4-55]. (C. Dixon).
c',f. Ad. et juv. River Gambia. Governor RendalL
sk. [\v. 4'75].
g'. Juv. sk. [w. 4 - 6]. Dakar, Senegal (L. La- Seebolim Coll.
glaize).
h' . Juv. sk. [w. Cape Verd, Senegal. L. Laglaize [C.].
435].
i,k'. 3 ad. sk. [w. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.].
4*451 April.
/'. Imra. sk. [w. 4-7]. Socotra. Prof. I. B. Balfour [C.].
m . <3 inim. sk. [w. Amba, Sanihar, Aug. 21 Tweeddale Coll.
4-0.5]. ( W. Jesse).
ri. c? iram. sk. [w. Egypt, March 12. Capt. Shelley [P.].
4-5].
o', p. Ad. sk. [w. Egypt (E. Larkimj). Gould Coll.
4-:S].
q'. 2 ad. sk. [w. Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.].
4*36].
?•'. Ad. [w. 4'55] ; Fan, Persian Gulf, Aug., W. D. dimming, Esq.
s', t', u'. Juv. sk. Sept. [P.].
if. Imm. sk. [\v. Muscat. Colonel Miles [P.],
4*55].
to'. S ad. sk. [w. Near Tehran, Persia, Sir O. St. John [C.].
4-G]. March 28.
x'. c? ad. sk. Reslit, Caspian Sea, Nov. Sir 0. St. John [C.l.
y\ Ad. sk. [w. 3"95]. Rajkote, Kathiawar, June Major Hayes Lloyd[P.l
2o.
s'. 2 ad. sk. [w. Deesa, Nov. 4 (E. A. Hume Coll.
4-25]. Butler).
a",b". 2 j uv . sk. Jodhpur, Sept. (G. Kinr/). Hume Coll.
[w. 4"6-4 - 55].
c", d". 2 ad. [w. Jodhpur, Feb. (A. O. II.). Hume Coll.
4-S-4-55] ; e". 2
juv. sk.
f",ff". c? ad. et juv. Sambhur, Oct., Dec. (E. M. Hume Coll.
[w. 4'85~4'45] ; Adam).
h"-l". 2 ad. et
juv. sk. [w. 4-1-j-
4-4].
m". c? ad. sk. [w. Lawrencopur, Punjab, Tweeddale Coll.
4'35]. Feb. 20 (E. G. W. E.).
n", o". Ad. sk. [w. Sirsa Distr., Punjab, May. Hume Coll.
i r> 4-t>.">].
]>". <S ad. sk. [w. Rembara River, Cashmere, Hume Coll.
4-4.3]. May 16 ( W. E. Brooks).
«/"-r'.cJad.[w.4-45 Gilgit, April, May, Aug. Colonel Biddulph [C.l
-4-7J ; u", v". 2 to Oct.
ad. [w. 4-3-4-5] ;
w", .)". Juv. 8K.
y". S ad. sk. [w. Kumoon Bhabur, March 2G Hume Coll.
4-21 {Q.King).
l".Ad.8k.r
.[w.4-35]. Debra Dhoon. Hume Coll.
"'. b . Ad. sk. [w. Bareilly CYea£man\ Hume Coll.
4-2].
Ad. sk. [w. Sibjria, April, May. Moscow Museum.
4-5-4'U],
270
CHARADRIID.J:.
3 . Ad. sk. [w. 4 6].
f 3 . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-65],
g 3 . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-5].
A 3 , i 3 . Ad. sk. [w.
4-5].
k 3 . <S ad. sk. [w.
47].
P. ?ad.sk.[w.4-6].
■m 3 . d ad. sk. [w.
4-5].
n 1 . c? ad. sk. [w.
4-35].
o 3 . tf ad.sk. [w. 4-6].
p 3 . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-5].
q 3 . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-75].
r 3 .$ad.sk.[w.4-6].
s 3 . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-35].
t 3 , u 3 . c? ad. sk,
[w. 4-1 5-4-4].
v 3 , ic 3 . 2 H-d. sk.
[w. 4-3-4-45].
„r 3 , y 3 , s 3 . c? 2 imni.
sk. [w. 4-5-4-55].
a 4 . Ad. sk. [w. 4-5J.
b\ Ad. sk. [w. 4-5J.
c 4 -e l . cJ ad. [w. 4 2
-4-5] ;f i ,g i - 2
ad. et juv. [w.
4-6] sk.
h\ 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-35].
V-IK c? ad. [w. 4-25
-4-55] ; rrt-p*. 2
ad. [w. 4-1-4-65];
<? 4 , r 4 . 2 J uv - s ^-
s 4 -w 4 . Ad. [w. 41-
4-45] ; v\ w\
Juv. sk.
.r 4 . Ad. sk. [w. 4-45].
y\ z\ Ad. sk. [w.
4-0-4-25].
a h -h h .<3 ad. etimin.
[w. 4-05-4-55];
■P-iP. 2 a( i- e t
imm. sk. [w. 4'1-
4-7].
y 5 . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-25].
w 5 , .r 5 . c? 2 J 11V - s ^-
[w. 4-4-4-5].
Kashgar (Z)?-. Belleiv).
Yarkand, April 24 (J.
Scully).
Tirphul, Northern Afgha-
nistan, April 20.
Candahar (Griffith).
Candahar, April 23 (Sir O.
St. John).
Candahar, Feb. 21.
Chaman, April 7.
Chaman, Aug. 7 (Sir 0.
St. John).
Quetta, May 10.
Gwader, Mekran Coast,
Feb. 18(^4. O.H.).
Kulugan, Baluchistan,
March 12.
Sehwan, Sindh, Jan. 22
(A. O.H.).
Eiver Jhelum, Nov. 22
(A. O. H.).
Bhawulpur, Feb. (C. H.
T. Marshall).
Bhawulpur, Feb.
Karachi, March 29 (E. A.
Butler).
Kutch, Feb. (F. Stoliczka).
Kohtuk Distr., Feb. 16
(A. O. H.).
Sultanpur, Gurgaon Distr.,
Oct., Jan. (IF. N. Chill).
Delhi, Feb. 20 (C. T.
Bingham).
Etawah, Aug. to March.
Etawah, Sept. to Jan.
Gwalior — Cawnpore.
Cawnpore, May ( W. E.
Brooks).
Allahabad, Dec. to Feb.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Dr. Aitchison [C.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Futtehgurh, April 5 ( W. Hume Coll.
E. Brooks).
Mogul Serai, Sept. 11 ( W. Hume Coll.
E. Brooks).
o 6 , « 6
[w
32. ^:gi alius. 271
»/ 5 , z\ c? ad. [w. Nepal Valley, Dec, April, Hume Coll.
4-251 ; a", b*. 2 May {J. Scully).
ad. ek. [w. 4-3].
e 6 , d 6 . Ad. sk. [w. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.
4-06-4-46].
e"-// 6 . Ad. sk. [w. Nepal (B. 11. Hodgson). India Museum.
4-15-4-2].
a 6 . Ad. sk. fw. 4-2]. Darjiling {Colonel Sharpe). Seebohm Coll.
F. Ad. sk. [w. 4 - lJ. Buxa Boars, Jan. (L. Hume Coll.
Mandelli).
/AAd.sk.[w.4-15]. Bbotan Doars, Jan. (Z. Hume Coll.
Mandelli).
I 6 . Ad. sk. [\v. 4-0], Assam (McClelland). India Museum.
m r \ $ imm. sk. [\v. Assam, Feb. (A. W. Chen- Tweeddale Coll.
4-U5]. nell).
n r '. 2 juv. sk. [w. Bramahpontra River, Dec. Hume Coll.
4-4].' 2 ( W. Davison).
c$ 2 ad. sk. Manipur,March(A 0.7/.). Hume Coll.
_w. 4-4-4-45].
'/'■ 2 j uv - s ^- [ w - Magna River, March 21 Hume Coll.
4-4]. (A. O. H.).
r 6 . cj ad. sk. [w. Eastern Svlhet, Jan. 25 Hume Coll.
4-5J. (A. 0.11.).
s 6 , t 6 . cJad.sk. [w. Faridpur, April, May (J. Hume Coll.
4-05-4-35]. It. Cripps).
a". Ad, sk. [w. 4-45]. Dacca. Hume Coll.
'• , m". S ad. [w. Patna, Feb. 9 ( W. E. Hume Coll.
4-05-4-3] ; a*, y 6 , Brooks).
8°. 2 ad. sk.
a 1 . 2 juv. [w. 42] ; Assensole, Jan. 7 (IV. E. Hume Coll.
b~. cS ad. sk. [w. Brooks).
4-1].
c 7 . 2 ad. sk. [w. Chunar, Nov. 17 ( W. E. Hume Coll.
4-1], Brooks).
<T. 2 ad. [w. 4-2] ; Dinapur, Nov. ( W. E. Hume Coll.
e \f- d 2 ft d. sk. Brooks).
[w. 4-3-4-5].
_7 7 . Ad. [w. 445- Bebar. Hodgson Coll.
4 - 0]; h', 1 ?. Juv.
sk.
V,F. Ad. [w. 40- Calcutta, Dec, Jan. (.4. Hume Coll.
4-5]; wi 7 -//. cf O. -//.).
juv.fw. 4-1-4-5];
'/'. r . 2 j uv - S K-
.-t 7 . Imm.sk.[w.4-4]. Caleutta,Feb.(i?.C'..BmwH). Tweeddale Coll.
/ 7 , ?< 7 . Imm. sk. [w. Calcutta, Feb. Colonel Biddulph \CJ.
45-4-0].
» 7 , jo 7 . Ad. sk. [w. Manbboom, Dec, March Gould & Tweeddale
4 -2 4-31 (B. C. Beavan). Colls.
.'". >/'. Ad. sk. [w. Jubbalpur. Tweeddale Coll.
I.V.
: r . Ad. sk. [w. 4-31 Saugor. Hume Coll.
a\ 2 ad. sk. [w. 44J. Mbow, March 1. Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
b*-f\ d ad. [w. 4-1 Khandeisb, Nov. to May Hume Coll.
-4-3] ; rf, h\ 2 (J. Davidson).
ad. w.4-2-4-25];
i\ Pull. sk.
272 CHAEADRIID2E.
k 8 -m a . Ad. sk. [w. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum.
4-2-4-35].
n 9 . 2 ad. sk. [w. Badrachellum, Godavery W. T. Blanford, Esq
4-55]. River, Feb. 16. [P.].
o\ 2 ad. sk. [w. 4-7]. Cochin, Madras, Dec. 28 Hume Coll.
(F. Day),
f, q\ Ad. sk. O. Madras. Rev. H. H. Baber [P.].
4-4-46].
?- 8 . 2 ad. sk. [w. Mangalore, April 25 (F. Hume Coll.
4-5]. Dm/).
s\ Ad. sk. [w. 4-4]. Bangalore, April 3 (B. G. Tweeddale Coll.
W. JR.).
V. c? ad. sk. [w. Ahmednuggur, June 8 (<S. Tweeddale Coll.
4-15]. B. Fairbank).
u*. 2 ad. sk. [w. Ahmednuggur, April (H. Hume Coll.
4-1]. J. Bruce).
v s , w\ Ad. sk. [w. Mysore {B. G. W. II.). Tweeddale Coll.
4-0].
x s . (5 imm. sk. [w. Vin<rorla, S. Konkan, Hume Coll.
4-4]. Feb. 20 {G. Tidal),
y*. 2 imm. sk. [w. Vingorla. Tweeddale Coll.
4-3].
z", a 9 . Ad. sk. [w. Coorg. Tweeddale Coll.
4-6-4-65].
b*.d ad.sk. [w.4-01 N.E. Ceylon, Aug. 4. Colonel Legge [P.].
c 9 . Ad. sk. [w. 4-4]. Elephant Point, Burma, Hume Coll.
Dec. 10 (J. Armstrony).
d 9 . Ad.sk. [w. 4-25]. Thayetmyo. Tweeddale Coll.
e 9 ,/ 9 . 6 ad. [w. Pegu, March, Aug., Sept. Oates Coll.
4-4] ; f. Juv. sk. (E. W. O.).
h?. c? ad. [w. 405- Tonsfhoo, Nov., Jan., April Tweeddale Coll.
425] ; i 9 , k\ 2 (A &■ W. B.).
l\ d ad. sk. [w. Rangoon, Dec. 13 {B. G. Tweeddale Coll.
4-3]. W. B.).
m 9 . S imm. sk. [w. Bhamo, Upper Burmah, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
4-35]. Feb.
w 9 .Ad.sk.[w.4-25]. Mungla, Mav 22. Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
o 9 ->- 9 . cS 2 ad. [w. Thatone, Nov., Dec. (W. Hume Coll.
4-0-4-55] : s 9 , t 9 . Davison).
2 ad.sk. [w. 4-5
-4 65].
u 9 . 2 juv. sk. [w. Theinzeik, Dec. 21 (TF. Hume Coll.
4-6]. Davison).
v 9 . 2 ad. sk. [w. Moulmein, Feb. 24 {W. Hume Coll.
4-55]. Davison).
w 9 , x 9 . S ad. sk. Assoon, April (W. Davi- Hume Coll.
[w. 4-25-4-3]. so?i).
y 9 , z 9 . cJad. [w. 4-55 Tavov, March, April, Jan. Hume Coll.
-4-7] ; a, 0. 2 ad. ( W. Davison).
[w. 4-4-4-7]; y.
Juv. sk.
8. S ad. sk. [w. Yeahoo, March 9 ( W. Hume Coll.
4'6]. Davison).
e, C $ imm. ; v. 2 Mergui, Jan., Nov. (W. Hume Coll.
imm. sk. [w. 4'35 Daviso?i).
-4-6].
'.12. .EGIAUTIS.
273
6, i. ? juv.sk. w.
4 5-1-7].
k, X. Juv. ak. [w.
4-55 |t;.-, .
/*• cf juv. sk. [w.
4-45].
"i £, o. 2 inim. sk.
[w. 4-4-4-5].
ir, p. rf ad. [w. 4 - 45
-4 - 7] ; a. <Jimm.
sk.
r. Juv. sk.[w.4-25l
v. Ad. sk. [w. 4-6J.
<p. $ad.;^,^r. Juv.
sk. [w. 4-4-4-0].
<o. Ad.sk. [w.4-11
«'. Juv. sk. [w.4"46J.
0*. Juv.sk. [w. (■ I") .
y', S'. Juv. sk. [w.
4-3-4-45].
('-k'.(S $ad.et juv.
sk. [w. 4-3-4 : 6].
X'. 2 juv. sk. [w.
4-35].
/i'-f.(fad.[w.4-3];
o', 7r'. 2 a d. sk.
p'. cJ ad. sk. [w.
4-6].
a-'. Juv. sk. [w.4'11
f', v'. cJ 2 ad. sk.
[w. 4-4-4-55].
d»'. c? ad. sk. [w.
x'.Ad.sk.[w. 1-l-V.
^'.Juv.sk.[w.4-3].
*>'» a". 6 2 aa - s k-
[w. 4-25-4-4].
/3". 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-4].
y '. ham. sk. [w.
44].
8".Ad.sk.[w.4-4].
«". f". Ad. sk. [w.
H 4-5].
f". Juv. sk. [w.
1-45 .
, i . Juv. sk. [w.
I:' 4-5].
k". Juv.sk. [w.4-3].
X", p.". Skulls.
l'akchan, Jan., Fob. ( W.
Davison).
S. Andamans, Jan., Feb.
( W. Davison).
Aberdeen, S. Andamans,
Dec. 25 ( IV. Davison).
Tonka, Jan. (J. Darling).
Salang, Feb. (J. Darling).
Malacca (Cantor).
Malacca (R. G. W. R.).
Singapore Island, Nov.
( W. Davison).
Java (Horzfield).
Labuan, Dec.
Sarawak.
Sibu, Sarawak.
San Mateo, Luzon, Feb.
(A. II. Everett).
N. Bohol, Feb. (A. H.
Everett).
S. Leyte, Oct. (A. H.
Everett).
Fauav, Jan. (E. Moseley).
New Britain.
Seoul, Corea, May.
Hakodadi, Japan, April
(Blakistori).
Yokohama ( //. Fryer).
Liu-kiu Islands, Dec. (2f.
Pryer).
Shanghai, April, May (R.
Swinhoe).
Shanghai, March 17.
Hankow (R. Swinhoe).
Chilean (J. R. Reeves).
Amoy, Feb., May (R. S.).
Amoy, Nov. (R. 6'.).
Canton.
Formosa, Dec. (R. S.).
S. Germany.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum. (Type
of Charadrius pusillus. )
A.II.Everett,Esq.[C.].
A. II. Everett, Esq. [C.I.
A.II.Everett,Esq.[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Steere Expedition.
Rev. G. Brown [C.].
C. W. Campbell, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohni Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohni Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. Giinther [C.].
4. iEgialitis peroni.
Charadrius alexandrinus [nee Linn.), Motley \ DiUwyn, Nat. Hist.
I.dlniuii. ]>. 57 (1855).
VOL. XXIV, T
274 CHARADR1ID.E.
Chaiadrius peroni, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Cursores, p. 33 (1865 . Java ; Semao ; Borneo) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 16, no. 10005 (1871) ; Seebokm, Geogr. Distr. Ckaradr.
p. 166 (1888).
Charadiius philippinus, Pe/z. Reis. Novara, Tog. p. 116 (1865).
^Egialitis peroni, Suink. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 139 ; Wald. Trans. Zool.
Zsoc. viii. p. 90, pi. x. tig. 2 (1872) ; Salvad. Uee. Born. p. 315
(1874) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 344 (S. Leyte), p. 711 (N. Boliol) ;
Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 141 (Lirubotto, July); Vorderm.Nat. Tydschr.
Nederl.Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884: Java); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885,
p. 417: Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 205;
Vorderm. Sat. 1 ijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 415 (1889 : Sumatra) ;
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan, resident); Steere, List
Birds 4" Mamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 25 (1890: Mindanao : Siquijor ;
Nejiros) ; Sharpe, lb/s, 1890, p. 142 (Pulo Tega, X. Borneo) ; id.
Ibis, 1894, p. 243 (Sibutu).
Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, darker on the
rump and central upper tail-coverts, the sides of the rump and lateral
upper tail-coverts pure white ; wing-coverts like the back, with a
hand of dark sepia-brown along the marginal coverts ; greater
coverts broadly tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark brown, with white tips ; quills light brown, blackish on
the outer web and at the tips, the shafts conspicuously white, the
inner primaries white towards the base of the outer web ; secondaries
dark brown, white at the ends of the outer web, increasing in extent
towards the innermost, the long inner secondaries like the back; the
four centre tail-feathers dark brown, the next pair smoky brown, the
next pair white with a little smoky brown at the ends, the remainder
pure white ; crown of head rufous, with a nuchal collar of pure
white, this collar followed by a broad black band on the hind-neck
overspreading the mantle; forehead white, reaching to above the
eye and separated from the rufous of the crown by a tolerably broad
band of black ; a distinct loral streak of black ; sides of face and
ear-coverts with a black band along the upper margin of the latter ;
cheeks and under surface of body pure white, with a large black
patch on each side of the fore-neck ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white ; quills below ashy grey : " bill black, orange at base ;
feet grey, the claws black ; iris warm chocolate-brown ; orbital ring
pure orange " (A. H. Everett). Total length about 6 inches, culmen
0-65, wing 3-75, tail 1-55, tarsus 1-05, middle toe and claw 0-8.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but without the black band
across the forehead ; the black on the mantle and hind-neck repre-
sented by dark brown mixed with rufous, while the black patch at
the side of the fore-neck is replaced by dark brow n mixed with
rufous, with a tinge of the latter colour spreading across the fore-
neck : " bill black, the base yellowish ; feet purplish grey ; iris
dark brown " (A. H. Everett). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0"65,
wing 4. tail 1*5, tarsus 1-05.
In some specimens, apparently very old males, the black band is
continued right across the fore-neck.
Young birds resemble the adults, but have no facial black markings
or any black or rufous on the mantle or sides of the chest, the whole
32. ^gialitis. 275
of the upper surface being uniform M hy brown, with broad sandy-
BoSt, SiSSr *"***» ^ Java to the Philippines,
tfj^AAA. ?ir Seebohm Coll.
e/ <f Vd et inv fti Mn - A.H.Everett,Esq.[C]
sk J Ubuan. Sharpe Coll.
ft 2 ad'sk' Tp Island April. A. H.Everett, Esq. [C.j.
I » rf 2 od ,1- S 6ng V l8land ' April 4 - A - H " Everett Esq. [C. .
« Ad J Sarawak. Wal]ace CoU ; 1 L J
o 9 tl 4 Banjarmassing (J Motley | . WaUaee CoU.
V ad - sL >»• Bohol, Oct. (4. if. Tweeddale Coll.
JSoerett).
P- 6 ad. sk. Placer Mindanao, July Tweeddale Coll.
(A.. H. Eoerett).
f \d sk Sf Le r%°, Ct l ; ^- ^ *>• Tweeddale Coll.
'.-va.sk. Menado, Celebes (A.E.W.). Wallace Coll.
5. .ffigialitis alexandrina.
The Kentish Plover.
Charadrius alexandrinus, Linn. Syat. Nat. i. p. 258 (1766)- Gm
iJM 1: between Onon and Argon Rivers; Dauria; Yen-Lai)-
Charadm.s . cantianus Zadi. f«* Ora, %,p£ p. kvi (1801) ; TVmm
; iiv /siV'-y " ;11 (1 ^ ): is? rv»- *»**«£
Orn Pror pi 277 ( 1825 1 ; 0W, ^ cL^ri, S \SR '
p. -« (1640) Sdyg-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 120 (1642): Sckl
Zev. CrU. p Ixxxn (1844); ifc«.fo. 4»» JWfe A ii. p 257
Pi. hax. fag. 3 (840) : Gray, £■„,. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Ami'
>■ IreLn. p. 104 , 1850) ; J/„ tyl 7/. W B. iv p. 125 (£3?
pi. _!-, (1804) ; Lp. C. It. xlm. p. 417 (1856) ; Jaub. et Earth -
Lapomm. Bzch. Orn. p. 448 (1859); Awys,' Ibis, 1860, p 339
S ,'/ a^MR 1 t*- a ,! 14 ! (1863) ^ ^.JtaK*£
D 81 ^1 ( n V T'T'V *** *"■■ *V~^«, Cursored
a 31 (1865); DegLet Gerbe, On,. Eur. ii. p. 138 (1867); Loch
(18b7); ffety/. Or,,. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt, 1, p. 1035 (1873 -Red
S ,_: ,u , o f Aden : Dahlak Archip.) ; FaL, Oi, 1,1, 'j, ?g
U875); A.,,/, ,. Or, ( CV,«c. pp. 43. 418 (1884: Caspian)' Buttik.
Nogs LeyJ Mm.ro. p. 237 1 1885 : W. Liberia) ; leebLn, H^.
h d. B ni. p. 2o. pi. 26. figs. 7-9 (1885); id. Geoor Distr
ffS^S^ J *!f'^ 891 ^ ''• ^ ( Low "- Yan ^ J winter);
U>nt! Abh.,,,,11. not. Ver. Bremen, xu. p. 331 < ls92 : Tientsin) •
SaeAoAm, ^1892, p. 23 (Heligoland); tt,^, • ^1
'• c. p. i.)ii i Hainan |. •
r 2
276 cearadriidj;.
Charadrius albiirons, Wolf ij- Meyer, Vog. Deutschl. Heft 15, cum
tab. (1805) ; Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 33, sp. 32 (1827).
Cliaradrius littoralis, Bechst. Nature/. Deutschl. iv. p. 430 (1809) ;
Finsch §• Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 652 (1870) ; Finsch, Verhandl.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 246 (1879: Sassyk-Ala-Kul).
^Egialitis cautianus, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 558 ; Bp. Comp. List B.
Ear. $ N. Amer. p. 45 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 304 (1840) ;
Keys. fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 208 (1840); Miih'e, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl. p. 96 (1844); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 283 (1855); Heugl.
Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 134 (1860) ;
Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 63 (Amoy) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 78 (Sahara);
Swinh. t. c. p. 429 (Lam-yit Isl.) ; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 51 (Hong
Kong), 1862, p. 255 (Foochow) ; Blakist. t. c. p. 330 (Hakodadi);
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 310 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 405 ; Jerd. B. Ltd.
iii. p. 640 (1864) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 315; Godm. Ibis, 1866,
pp. 100, 107 (Azores) ; Lilford, t. c. p. 184 (Tagus) ; Taylor, Ibis,
1867, p. 68 (Cairo) ; Blyth, t. c. p. 104 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 323
(Palestine); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 110 (1869); Doderl.
Avif. Sicil. p. lH (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 182 (Spain);
Godman, Azores, p. 32 (1870); Sorting, Ibis, 1870, p. 208;
Elwes 8,- Buckley, t. c. p. 386 (Bulgarian Coast) ; Stvinh. P. Z. S.
1870, p. 138, 1871, p. 404 ; Gray, Hand-/. B. iii. p. 17, no. 10020
(1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 206 (1871); Gurney, Ibis,
1871, p. 298 (Laghouat); Saunders, t. c. p. 386 (Aranjuez) ;
Shelley, LI. Egypt, p. 2J0 (1872) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69
(1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 337 (Sardinia) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875,
p. 26; Stoinh. t. c. p. 452 (Hakodadi) ; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr.
p. 162 (1875) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 483, pi. 523 (1876) ; id.
Ibis, 1876, p. 328 ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 279 (1876) ; Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France,' i. p. 248 (1876) : David # Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 430 (1877); Tireedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 624 (Palawan);
Blakist. fy Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 218 (Japan) ; Bogd. B. Cave.
p. 152 (1879) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 947 (1880) ; Biddulph,
Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit, Sept.) ; Stcinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 120
(Kandahar, winter) : Seebohm, t. c. p. 222 (Kirghiz Steppes,
Miramer) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 73 (Ferghana, Pamir) ; Oates,
Handb. B. Brit. Burnt, ii. p. 369 (1883) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B.
p. 158 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p, 267 (1883) ;
Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 130 (1884) ; Murray. Vertehr.
Faun. Sind, p. 227 (1884) ; Salvad, Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. p. 218
(1884 : Shoa) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 322 (S. Palawan) ; Saunders,
t. c. p. 389 (Pyrenees) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Aft. p. 659
(1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 41 (Corsica) ; Swinh. §■ Barnes,
t. c. p. 132 (Mhow distr.) ; Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 213 (1880) ;
Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 372 (1886) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 385 (Portugul) ;
Guillem. litis, 1888, p. 113 (Cyprus); Sharpe, t. c. p. 203 (Pala-
wan) ; Chapm. t, c. p. 449 (Spain) ; Buckley Sf liar vie- Bn urn,
Vertehr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 125 (1888) ; Koenig, J.f O. 1888,
p. 84 (Tunis) ; Salvad. §■ Gigl. Mem. It. Accad, Torino, xxxix.
p. 103 (1888) ; Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 314 (1888 : Mauipur) ; Gigl.
Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 571 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 644 (1890), 3rd
Resoc. p. 527 ( 1891) ; Samiders, Man. Brit. B. p. 527 (1889) ; St.
John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (Kandahar, winter) ; Lilford, t. c. p. 338
(Cvprus) ; Eagle Clark, t. c. p. 559 (East. Pyrenees, breeding);
Whitehead, Ii,i.<, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan) ; Sharpe, t. c. pp. 142, 284
(Labuan; ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 403 (Ireland, not breeding) ; Gates, ed.
Hume's Nest <y Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 337 (1890) ; St cere, List Birds
$• Mamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 25 (1890 : Paragua : Bohol ; Panay) ;
'■VI. .lCCIAMTIS. 277
Seebohm, Ii. Japan. Emp. p. 309(1890); Frivaldsky, Av. Hum/.
p. 122 (1891); Madardsz, Ausst. Untjar. Vog. p. 103 (1891);
SAa»yc, I6w, 1891, p. 113 (Fao) ; id. Set. Pes. -2nd York. Miss.,
Aves, p. 137 (1891: Karghalik, May); Be La Touche, Ibis, 1892,
p. 496 (Foochow ; Swatow, winter) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 170,
181 (Aden); Meade-Waldo, t. c. p. 203 (Canary Id.) i Chapm.
Ibis, 1894, p. 347 (W. Jutland) ; Lilford, Col. Fig.' Brit. B. pt. xxx.
(1895).
Hiaticula cantiana, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 69 (1844 :
Nepaul) ; Pilpp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 118 (1845 : Egypt and Red Sea) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 263 (1849).
vEgialitis albifrons, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 551 (1831).
iEgialitia albismlaris, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 552 (1831).
The Kentish Plover, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 405 (1843).
Hiaticula elegans, Lichl. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 94 (1854).
/Egialitis cantiacus, Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 355 (Eastern Atlas) ; Irbi/,
Ibis, 1883, p. 187 (Santander).
? xEgialitis nivosa (nee Cass.), Stoinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 405 (Formosa).
iEgialophilus cantianus, Gould, Handb. B. Ausfr. ii. p. 234 (1865) ;
Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 272 (1872: Damara-land.
Walvisch Bay) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 40 (1873) ; Hume,
Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 571 (1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 230 (1873:
Sind) ; Adam, t. c. p. 394 (Sambhur) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 12
(1876: X. Guzerat; Kutch; Kathiawar) ; Scully, t. c. p. 186
(E.Turkestan); Ball, t. c. p. 236 (Sumbalpur ; Orissa) ; Butler.
Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877 : Karachi) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn.
Eur. Ocrid. fasc. xiii. p. 42 (1890).
riuvialis cantianus, Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 153 (1869).
iEgialitis niveifrons (nee Cur.), Blanf. Geol. § Zool. Abyss, p. 429
(1870: Massowah).
Charadrius marginatua (nee V.), Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 328
(1870).
Charadrius cantiacus, Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 33. fig. 2 (1870);
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 380 (Archangel, summer).
jEgialitis dealbatus, Stoinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 361 (Hainan) ; id. P. Z. S.
1870, p. 138, 1871, p. 404; David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 431
(1877).
JSgialitis alexandrinus, Blyth <§• Wald. B. Burm. p. 154 (1875) ;
strjn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 35 (1882); Eeichen. Syst. Verz.
Vog. Deutschl. p. 51 (1889); Brusma, Motr. etc. (Orn! Croat.),
p. 86 (1890).
yEgialitis cantiana, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 323 (1875: Mergui) ; Butler,
t. c. p. 440 (Alt. A boo): Stoinh. Ibis. 1875, p. 452 (Hakodadi) ;
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 340 (1876: Rangoon distr.); Hume, t. c.
p. 464 (Laccadives) ; Butler, op. eit. v. p. 290(1877: Island of
Astola) ; Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 456 (1878: Tenasserim) :
Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 227 (1878 : Raipur) : Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc.
p. 433 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Yidal, Str. F.
ix. p. 81 (1880: S. Konkan) ; Hume. t. e. p. 118 (Singapore; Pulo
Nbngsa) ; Peid, Str. F. x. p. 65 (1881 : Lucknow) : St. John, Ibis,
18sii, p. 170 (Kandahar, winter); Whitehead, Ibis. 1890. p. 58
(Palawan, Sept.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890. pp. 14.'. 284 (Labuan, Jan.) :
Barnes, Ibis, 1892, p. 170 (Aden, Sept. to April).
.Eirialitis placida (err.), teste Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 73, note.
.I'.^ialitis cantiana peroni, Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 10
I I x -*4 : YezQ & Japan generally).
Oharadriua cantianus minor, Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr. Charadr. p. 169
(1888).
278 CHARADRIIDJ-:.
Charadrius cantianus dealbatus, Seebohm, t. c. p. 170; id. B. Japan.
JEmp. p. 310 (1890) ; Hartl. Abhandl. not. J'er. Bremen, xii. p. 331
(1892 : Hainan) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu Kiu Islands).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above pale
earthy brown, with faint remains of paler margins to the feathers ;
wing-coverts like the back, the marginal ones blackish brown, the
greater series darker brown, with a narrow white edging to the tip ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown, the latter
fringed with white at the tip ; quills sepia-brown, with white shafts
to the primaries, which are pale brown on the inner web, the inner
primaries for the most part white towards the base of the outer
web ; the secondaries dusky brown with white tips, the inner ones
also white along the margins of both webs, the innermost long
secondaries brown like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dark sepia-brown, the lateral ones white, forming a patch
on each side ; the four centre tail-feathers dark sepia-brown, paler
towards the base, and having white shafts to the centre ones, the
three outer feathers white, the next ones smoky brown with white
shafts ; crown of head ashy brown, washed with light tawny rufous,
especially distinct towards the nape ; hind-neck and sides of neck
white, forming a collar ; forehead and a distinct eyebrow white,
with a broad black band separating the white of the forehead from
the brown of the crown ; eyelid and loral streak black ; feathers
below the eye and sides of face white, with a black patch on the
hinder ear-coverts ; cheeks and under surface of body pure white,
with a patch of black on each side of the chest ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white ; quills below light ashy like the lower
primary-coverts : "bill black, with the base of the lower mandible
of a dusky flesh-colour ; tarsi dusky, toes darker, claws black ; iris
brown " ( W. Macgillivray). Total length G - 5 inches, culmen - 7,
wing 4-15, tail 1"7, middle toe and claw - 7.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but with less rufous on the
head, this being represented by a tinge over the eye and round the
nape, the black band on the fore part of the crown absent, the
black patch on each side of the chest represented by a brown patch
with a rufous tinge. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-3,
tail 1*9, tarsus l'l.
The Kentish Plovers which attain their breeding-plumage in the
plains of India are certainly much brighter in colour than any
which are seen in Europe. The black forehead and patch at the
6ide of the chest are also strongly developed. Occasionally a rufous
tinge overshades the back.
The adidt bird in winter plumage differs from the summer
plumage in the entire absence of bright rufous on the head, and the
black markings on the face and sides of the breast are also not
developed. The head is like the back, the forehead and eyebrow
are white, the lores dusky, and there is always a more or less
distinct white collar united to the two sides of the neck.
Young birds in first winter plumage only differ from the adults in
having the whole upper surface distinctly marked with pale edges
to the feathers.
32. .WJi.u.ms.
279
Mr. Seebohm has separated " The Tropical Kentish Plover " as
Charadrins cantianus minutus. The wing is given as from 3-7 to
4 - 2, and these measurements are confirmed by the series in the
British Museum. At the same time, as Mr. Seebohm admits, there
is no difference between these two birds, except the smaller size, and
he also allows that they intergrade with the typical form. For
this reason I do not think that the small race of the Kentish
Plover can be maintained. I have added the measurement of the
wing in the Museum series to show how completely the large and
small forms intergrade. I do not see any advantage in upholding
JEgialitis dealbatus of Swinhoe, which is supposed to differ by its
paler legs. While admitting that most of the Chinese birds differ
in this way, there are many birds, also from China, which have
dark legs like the ordinary typical form, while it is equally certain
that birds from other localities have also pale legs. In one
instance I have seen a bird that had one dark leg and one pale one,
so that apparently the skin of the leg dries in various colours.
Hah. Europe generally, but not ranging very far north, eastwards
through Central Asia to China and Japan, wintering in Africa, the
Indian Peninsula, and extending as far south as Australia.
a, b. Ad. ; c, d, e.
Pull. st.
/. Pull. St.
g, h. $ ad. ; i. 2 ad. ;
A-, I Pull. sk.
m, n. d 2 acl - st.
o,p. tf ad. [w. 4*15-
4-35]; q. J ad.
j~w. 4-3] ; r-w.
Juv. sk.
x, y. $ ad. sk. [w.
4-85-4-41
BE, a', c? ad. sk. [w.
4- 15-4-3].
/>', c'. cJ $ ad. st.
d'. rf ad. st.
e'. $ ad. sk.
f',9'. 6 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-3-4-2].
h',i' . d'ad. etpull.sk.
[w. 4-1].
A-'. 3 ad. sk. [w. 4-4],
/',?«'. $ $ad. sk. [w.
4-30-4-41.
»'. ? ad. sk. [w. 4 31
A. j&gialitis ale.rand.rina.
Dimgeness Beach, Kent. Colonel Irby and
Capt. Willoughby
Verner [P.].
Dungeness Beach. H. E. Rawson, Esq.
[P.],
Dungeness Beach, May, Gould Coll.
June (J. <?.).
Lydd Beach, Kent (E. Harting Coll.
Hargitt).
Romney Marsh, Kent, May Dr. R. B. Sharpe
to Sept. [P.].
Rye Harbour, Sussex,
Sept. (J. E. Harti»ff).
Rye Harbour, May (P.
Godmari).
Hastings, Sussex.
Shoreham, Sussex.
Pagham Harbour, Sussex.
South Sweden, May, June
( W. Mews).
Holland (J. Baker).
Mouth of the Seine, France
(E. Hargitt).
Valencia, Spain, March
(H. Saunders).
Malaga, May 1 (H.
Saunders).
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe
[P.].
Dr. Giintlier [P.].
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
280
CHARADRIID.E.
o'-r'. rS J ad. sk. [w
i 4-25-4-35].
s', V. rf ad. sk. [w.
4-31.
ii , v . c? 2 ad. sk.
[w. 4-15-4-25].
w'. Ad. sk. J_w. 4-4].
x'. Ad. sk. [w. 4"41.
y'. Ad. sk. fw. 4-41
z'. Ad. sk. [w. 4-5].
a". Ad. sk. [w. 4"35].
b". (fad. sk. [w. 4 - 4].
c". Ad. sk. [w. 445
d". £ ad. sk. [w. 4-2
e". Ad. sk. [w. 4-4].
/". 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-35].
^".£ad.sk.[w.4-25].
h"-l". S $ ad. sk.
[w. 4-2-4-4].
f» . § ad. sk. [w.
^ 4-35].
n", o", p". Imm. sk.
[w. 4-3-4-45].
<?". Jad.sk. [w. 4-1].
r". J ad. sk. [w. 4'4].
s". Jad. sk. [w. 4-3].
<"-w". J $ ad. sk.
[w. 4-25-4-5].
r". Jad.sk. [w. 4-3].
»/ ". cJ ad. sk. [w. 4-3].
z'', a 3 . J ad. sk. [w.
4-3].
b 3 . <J ad. sk. [w. 4-3].
c 3 . <$ ad. sk. [w. 4-3].
d*. Ad. sk. [w.4-25].
e 3 ,/ 3 . c? ad. sk. [w.
4-1-415].
q 3 , h 3 , P. S ad. sk.
[w. 3-9-4-5].
P. $ad.sk.[w.4-35].
I 3 . 2 ad. sk. [w. 4-25].
Near Gibraltar, April.
Faval, Azores, June (F.
b. a.).
St. Michaels', Azores,
April (F. D. G.).
Marocco (Olcese).
Marocco.
Algeria (H. B. Tris-
tram).
Tunis.
Sardinia.
Missolonghi, Greece, May
30 (H. 8.).
Cape Yerd, Senegambia.
St. Vincent, Cape Verd
Islands, July 24 (J.
Macgillivray).
Damara-land (C. J. An-
dersson).
Egypt (H. Rodgers).
Thebes, Egypt (G. E.
Shelley).
Cyprus, April (II. H.
Guillemard).
River Volga, June.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug.
Persian Gulf (E. A.
Butler).
Ala Kul, Turkestan,
May 9.
Yaikand, April 26 (J.
Sou Hi/).
Mekran Coast, Feb., May,
Aug. (A.O.H. $ E. A.
Butler).
Gwadar, Baluchistan, Dec.
Muschid River, Baluchis-
tan.
Candahar, Feb.
River Chenab, Sind, Dec. 8
(A. O. H.).
River Jhelum, Nov. 23
{A. O. S.).
Bhawulpur (G. F. L.
Marshall).
Karachi, Feb., March
(0. A. H. § E. A.
Butler).
Sambhur, Sept., March
(E. M. Adam).
Meerut, Feb. 12.
Gilgit, Aug. 13.
Colonel Irby [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
L. Fraser [C.].
Capt. Shellev [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
L. Laslaise [C.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Lord Lilford [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
W. D. dimming,
Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].
W.T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.].
Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Biddulph [C.].
Col. Biddulph [C.].
32. JEGTAT.TTTS.
281
m a , »*, rf ad. [w.
4-25-415] ; o 3 , p\
q\ ? ad. sk. [w.
39-4 •;->].
r a , s 8 . cf $ ad. sk.
[w. 4-25-4-45].
t 3 , u 3 , i> 3 . J ad. [w.
4-3-4-5]; w 3 , a- 3 .
$ ad. [w. 4-3] ; g 3 ,
z' J , «'. Ad. sk. [w.
4-2-4-3].
£> 4 , c 4 . tf ad. sk. [w.
4-2-4-3].
rf'-//'. Ad. sk. [w.
4-35-4-75].
h\ i\ tf ad. [w. 4-3-
4-5] ; k\ 2 ad. sk.
/', m '. $ ad. sk. [w.
4-3-4-4].
n*-w l . S 2 ad. [w.
4-2-4-5] et j uv. sk.
**, v l , z 4 . Ad. sk. [w.
4-35].
a*. $ ad. sk. [w. 4*5].
I>\ Ad. sk. [w. 4-4j.
c 5 , <T, e 5 . Ad. sk. [w.
42].
/ 5 . Ad. sk. [w. 4-3].
g\ h 5 . Ad. sk.
i 3 . <S ad. sk. [w. 4-4].
k 5 , 1°, m 5 . <3 ad. [w.
4-2-4-3]; n\ 2 ad.
sk. [w. 4-3].
o 5 . cJ ad. [w. 4-25] ;
jo 5 , y 5 . 2 ad. sk.
[w. 4-5].
r»-t> s . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-15-4-55].
?#', .r 5 , y 5 . 2 ad. sk.
[w. 4-3].
=\ 2ad.sk. [w. 4-21.
a\ dad. sk. [w.4-2J.
b R . $ ad. [w. 4-251 ;
c e , d B , e 8 . 2 ad. sk.
[w. 4-1-4-5].
/", <f. S ad. sk. [w.
4-1-4-2].
h\ cJ ad. sk. [w. 4-0].
t 8 . 2 ad. sk. [w. 4-5].
k°, P, m e . Ad. sk. [w.
4-25-4-35].
Grurgaon Distr., Jan..
April ( W. A. ChUl).
Umbala, Xov.
Etawah, Nov., Dec.
(A. O. H.).
Badlee, March l(A.O. H.).
Oudb, Jan. to March.
Futtehgurh, March 18 (A.
Anderson).
Futtehgurh, March (A.
Anderson).
Allahabad. Dec. to March
(A. O. H. $ C. Coch-
hitrn).
Nepal.
Behar.
Saugor, Dec.
Raipur, Jan., Oct.
Deccan {Burgess).
Assam {McClelland).
Akyab, Nov. 1 (E. W. 0.).
Elephant Point, Dec. (J.
Armstrong).
Tonghoo, Nov., Dec.
(R. G. TV. li.).
Thatone, Tenasserim, Nov.,
Dec. ( Jl'. Davison).
Theinzeik, Nov. ( W.
Davison).
Phagat ( TV. Davison).
Wippitan, Dec. (J. Dar-
ling).
Amherst, Dec, Jan. (TV.
Davison).
Mergui, Nov., Jan. ( W.
l'lirison).
Singapore Island, Dec. 15
{Jl'. Davison).
Pulo KTongsa, Nov. 26 ( W.
Davison).
Eabuan, Nov. to Jan.
»* c . Ad. st. [w. 4-3]. Sarawak.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seehohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
India Museum.
Oates Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
nume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
A. H. Everett &
J. Whitehead,
EBqa [C.].
A. H. Everett, Esq.
[C.].
282
CHARADKIID.E.
o\ Ad. sk. [w. 4-31.
1-3J.
Sarawak (H. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.
p e . Ad. sk. [w. 4"3]. Sandakan. Tweeddale Coll.
q e . $ ad. sk. [w. 4'3]. Puerto Pincesa, Palawan, Tweeddale Coll.
Nov. (A. H. Everett).
r\ S ad. [w. 4-3- N. Boliol, Oct, (A. II. Tweeddale Coll.
4-4] ; s e , t 6 . 2 ad. sk. Everett) .
u e . Ad. sk. [w. 43]. Fokien, China. Could Coll.
v e , iv 6 , a s . Ad. sk. [w. Amoy, Nov. {R. Simnhoe). Seebohm Coll.
4-35-4-4].
y 6 . § ad. sk. [w. 4'35]. South-west Formosa (R. Seebohm Coll.
Simnhoe).
z". Ad. sk. [w. 4-15]. Ichang, Dec.
a 7 . Ad. sk. [4-3]. Corea.
b\ Ad. sk. [w. 4-15].
c 7 . cJad. sk.[w.4-05].
B. AZgialitis minuta.
West Africa.
Socotra, Feb. 26.
A. Pratt, Esq. [C.].
C. W. Campbell,
Esq. [P.].
L. Fraser [C.].
Prof. I. B. "Balfoii
[0.].
67. Jad. sk. [w. 4-15]. Zoulla, Abyssinia, June 3 Tweeddale Coll.
( W. Jesse).
e 7 . cJad. sk. [w. 3 - 9o]. Massowah, Abyssinia.
f. Ad. sk. [w. 4-15]. N.E. Africa.
g 1 , h 1 . S 5 ad. sk. [w. River Kishon, Palestine.
4-0-4-25].
. S ad. [w. 4-05] :
k 7 , V. 2 ad. sk.
[w. 3-7-3-9].
m 7 . $ ad. sk. [w. 4-4].
sk.
Ceylon, June, July.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.].
Mr. Parreyss [C.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
Colonel Legge [P.].
m 7 , o 7 , p 7 . Ad
[w. 5-0-5-5].
q 7 . Ad. sk. [w. 4T"
r 7 . Ad. sk. [w. 4-4]
C. JEt/iaUtis dealbata.
South Yezo, Japan (Capt. Tweeddale Coll.
Bldkiston).
Yokohama {H. Pryer), Seebohm Coll.
Talierrwan, China, July. Seebohm Coll.
Osukeo, China, Nov. (R. Seebohm Coll.
Swinhoc).
s 7 , t 7 , u 7 . Ad. sk. [w. Amoy (R. Swinhoe). Hume Coll.
4-5-4-25].
Amoy, Oct. to May (R. Seebohm Coll.
Sivinhoe).
Amoy, Jan. (7?. Swinhoe)
i<*-z 7 . tf 2 ad. sk.
[w. 4-2-4-55].
« 8 -tf\ Ad. sk. [w.
4-25-4-55].
e 8 ,/ 8 , q\ Ad. sk. [w
4-2-4-35].
h*. Ad. sk.fw. 4-3].
Canton.
Fokien.
Ad. sk. [w. 4'35]. Formosa, March
Sici?ihoe).
Ad. sk. [w. 4-4]. S.W. Formosa (R. S.).
(R.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
G. .ffigialitis marginata.
Charadrius marginatus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 138
(1818) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 298 (1867) ; Finsch 8? Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 654 (1870) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10014 '(1871) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887,
p. 338 (Natal); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 161 (1888).
Charadrius leucopolius, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 65, sp. 28
(1827) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 11, 52 (1859: Knysna).
32. .EGiAUTis. 283
Charadrius nivifrons, Ouv. R'eqne Anim. p. 501 (1829 : descr. nulla) ;
Less. Traiti d'Om. p. 544 (1631) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ;
Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 280 ; Strickl. fy Scl. Contr.
Om. 1852, p. 159 (Damara Land) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-lias, Cursores,
p. .35 (1865).
Hiaticula marginata, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mas. p. (39 (1844: S.
Africa).
Hiaticula leucopolia, Licht. Nomencl. Ac. Mus. Bern/, p. 94 (1854).
Leucopolius niveifrons, Bp. C. Ii. xliii. p. 417 (185G).
/Egialitis marginata, Gurnet/, Ibis, 1800, p. 218 (Natal) ; id. in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 272 (1872: Walvisch Bay; Coast
south to the Cape) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 85 (Durban) ; ? Sharpe
8f Boucier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 53 (1876: Landana) ;
? Socage, Om. Angola, p. 433 (1881); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 598" (1882) ; Butler, Feilden, 8f Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 341 (Dur-
ban Harbour).
/Egialitis niveifrons, Cab. in Yon der Decken, Reis. iii. p. 40 (1869).
^Egialitis albidipectus, Ridgic. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 526
(1883) ; id. Auk, i. p. 83 (1884).
? ^Egialitis mecbowi, Cab. J. f. O. 1884, p. 437 (Angola) ; Beichen.
J.f. O. 1885, tab. vi. figs. 2 a, 2 b.
/Egialitis mechorsi (lapsu), Scl. Ibis, 1890, p. 120.
Leucopolius marginatus, Heine §• Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 237 (1890).
Adult male. General colour above light ashy grey, washed with
pale rust-colour, very distinct on the scapulars ; rump and central
upper tail-coverts a little darker brown, sides of rump and lateral
upper tail-coverts pure white ; wing-coverts like the back, the
marginal ones dusky brown, forming a band along the edge of the
wing ; greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-
bar ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown, the latter
broadly tipped with white ; quills light ashy brown, blackish on
the outer webs and at the tips, the inner ones for the most part
white along the outer web ; secondaries dark brown, with white
shafts, the inner ones for the most part white, with a dark patch
near the end on the inner web, those adjoining the long secondaries
pure white, the long inner secondaries like the back : the four centre
tail-feathers dark brown, the next ones brown, externally white, the
outer ones pure white ; crown of head rust-colour, a broad frontal
band of white extending to above the eye, separated from the rust-
colour of the crown by a broad black band; a very distinct black
loral streak from the base of the bill to tho eye ; sides of face and
ear-coverts white, with a black line along the upper edge of the
latter ; throat and under surface of body white, with a delicate
blush of sandy buff from the fore-neck downwards ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; quills below ashy grey : " bill black ;
feet greyish flesh-colour; iris dark brown" (G. E. Shelley). Total
length 6*8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4 - 3, tail 2, tarsus - 95, middle
toe and claw 0*75.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but wanting the black bar
across the crown ; the forehead white, extending backwards in a
broad eyebrow ; tho black loral streak indicated by a dusky line,
and the black on tho upper margin of the car-coverts also replaced
284 CHARADEITD.13.
by dusky. Total length C - 5 inches, culinen (>75,wing 4-4, tail 2*1,
tarsus 1.
Nestling. Uniform light isabelline-grey, white below.
It must be noted that Capt. Savile Reid has marked a bird from
Durban as a " female " which agrees exactly in colour with the
male. If this view be correct, the bird described above as the adult
female is probably the winter plumage of the species.
JE. mechowi of Cabanis I believe to be the bird in full breeding-
plumage, which would account for the brighter coloration of the
neck and breast. I find considerable variation in the breadth of
the black baud on the crown, and the birds which I take to be in
winter plumage are more uniformly grey above, and lack the sandy-
rufous colour of the upper parts, this colour accompanying the
rufescent colour of the breast, and being apparently a sign of
breeding-plumage. The birds from Cape Town are all in the greyer
dress, as also is the bird from Walvisch Bay ; all the others have
the colour of ^S. mechowi.
The black loral lino, which is a specific character in some of the
Sand-Plovers, seems to be a sign of summer plumage only in others.
The present species apparently loses it entirely in tho winter, and
the specimen from Walvisch Bay is in nearly full summer plumage,
but still retains the white lores.
In the absence of an examination of the type specimen, I agree
with Mr. Seebohm that Mr. Ridgway's ^E. albidipectus is this
species.
Hah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal, north to
Damara-land and possibly Angola.
a, b. Ad. et pull. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].
sk.
c. Ad. sk. South Africa. Dr. Krauss [C.].
d, e. S ad. sk. Cape Town (E. L. Layard). Seebohm Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Cape Town (E. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll.
g. Ad. sk. George, Knysna ( T. C. Tweeddale Coll.
Atmore).
h, i. Ad. sk. East London, June (C. Major Trevelvnn
Neivby). [P.]-
h, I. cT 2 ad. sk. Durban, Natal, An?. 25 Shelley Coll.
(Capt. Savile Reid).
m, n. $ ; o. 2 ad. Walvisch Bav, Damara-land, Tweeddale and See-
sk. Oct. (C. J. A.), bohm Colls.
7. .ffigialitis pallida.
Iliaticula sp., Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mas. p. 69 (1844: River
Niger) *.
Charadrius pallidus, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 158 (Damara-
land) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 598 (1882) *.
* There is a synonym, " H. heywoodi, Thompson," of which the Museum is
Bupposed to have the type specimen, which is quoted by Hartlaub and others,
and even by Gray himself in the ' Hand-list.' The reference given by these
authors is incorrect, and I have been unable to find the place where the name is
published.
32. iEGiALins. 285
.Egialitis marginata (nee J'.), Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 216 (1857:
Gold Coast ; River Niger) ; Cass. Prov. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 1 7-">
(Camma River) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1801, p. 269; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870,
p. 487 (Fantee) ; Shelley fy Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 290 (Accra) ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1873, p. 487 (River Volta); Oustal. Nouv. Arch.
Mm. (2) ii. Bull. p. 145 (1879 : Gaboon).
Charadrius tenellus, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 72 (1861) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1863, p. 164 (Madagascar) ; Roch § E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 169 ;
E. Newton, t.c. p. 455; Grandid. Rev. et May. de Zool. 181 >7,
p. 419 ; Schl. § Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 129 (1868) ; Finsch \
Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 655, note (1870) ; Gray, Hanil-l. B. iii.
p. 16, no. 10018 (1871) ; Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 288 (1877) ;
Reichen. Vbg. Ecutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 34 (1894 : Lindi).
Charadrius niveifrons (nee Cuv.), Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 (Mada-
gascar) ; Grandid. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1867, p. 419.
Charadrius marginatum, var. tenellus, Milne-Edwards fy Grandidicr,
Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 509 (1879).
Charadrius marginatum {nee V.), Fischer, J.f 0. 1S85, p. 115 (Liudi).
.Egialitis mechowi (nee Cab.), Hartert, J.f. O. 1886, p. 610 (Benue
River).
. K.ialitis marginatum tenellus, Seebohm, Gioi/r. Distr. Charadr.
p. 163, pi. vii. (1888).
iEgialitis tenellus, Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Manda Isl.); Sibree,
Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar).
Leueopolius tenellus, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mies. Hein. p. 337
(1890).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to AZ. marginata, but
smaller and having all the secondaries of the same colour, namely
dark brown edged with white externally, more broadly towards
the tip, none of the secondaries being pure white : " bill black ;
feet lead-colour ; iris brown" (E. Newton). Total length 6 inches,
culmon 0-65, wing 4, tail 1-9, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 065.
Adult in winter plumage (type of C.jiallidus, Strickl. & Scl.). Light
grey above, without any rufous ; base of forehead, eyebrow, sides of
face, and under surface of body pure white ; lores also white, the black
loral line obsolete. Total length 6 inches, wing 395, tarsus 1-15.
J/id>. Madagascar and East Africa, from the Zambesi north to
Lindi ; West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Niger and Gaboon
and probably to the Congo and Angola.
I am unable to determine what the Charadrius marginatus of
Heuglin (VSg. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1031, tab. xxxiv. tig. 6) can
be, from the Red Sea, Dahlak Archipelago, and Jeddah. As At.
ti tu I In ranges as far as Lindi, it is extremely probable that it extends
northwards to the Red Sea.
a. Ad.sk. Liver Niger. Mrs. Hey wood [P.]. (Type
of U C. hei/woodi.")
U. A.l.sk. River OgowS, Gaboon. II. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Lake Nyasa [Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition.
d. Ad.sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition.
(. Ad.sk. Manda Lland. F. J. Jackson, Esq. PP.].
* Dr. Gadow has kindly sent me the type of this species Cor examination,
that I find that it must be the winter plumage of M. tenclla, over which name
and "f JE. pallida takes precedence.
286 flHAKADRIIDJE.
8. JEgialitis venusta.
Charadrius venustus, Fischer Sf Peichen. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 178 (Masai
Land) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 392 (1884 : Masai
Land) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 115 (Nguruman) ; Reichen. t. c. pi. vi.
figs. 4 a, 4 b.
j£o-ialitis venusta, Cab. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 437 ; Souza, Jorn. Sci. Lisb.
(2)i. no. 2, p. 117 (1889).
Adult male. Above brownish grey, the forehead white, bordered
behind with a black and a reddish-coloured band, the latter con-
tinued down the side of the neck and united to a band on the crop,
of the same colour; loral streak black ; chin, sides of the head, and
entire under surface of body white ; primary- coverts and primaries
black, with white shafts, and a white base on the inner web and
small spots at tip ; middle tail-feathers dark brown, the next with
the outer web more or less white, the outermost pure white :
bill black ; feet greenish grey. Total length 5 - 3 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 3 - 3, tail l - 4, tarsus - 9. {Fischer 4' Eeichenow.)
Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black band
behind the forehead, with a paler reddish-coloured loral streak and
paler crop-band. (F. Sf R.)
Hah. East Africa (Masai Land).
9. iEgialitis ruficapilla.
Charadrius ruficapillus, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 147. fig. 2 (1823) ;
Waijl. Syst. Ac, Charadrius, p. 67, sp. 33 (1827) : Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 544 (1847 ); id. P. Z 8. 1858, p. 197 ; id. Cat. Mamm. $ B.
New Guin. p. 62 (1859) ; Rosenb. J.f. 0. 1804, p. 135 (S. Coast of
New Guinea) ; Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 181 (1865) ; Schl. Mas. Pays-
Bas, Cuisores, p. 42 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 17, no. 10021
(1871); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 164 (1888); Bidler,
B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 5 (1888).
Charadrius marginatus (Geoff r. nee V.), Less. Trade d' Orn. p. 544
(1831); id. Compl. Buff., Ois. iii. p. 393 (1838).
iEgialitis canus, Gould, P.Z. S. 1837, p. 154.
Hiaticula ruficapilla, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mns. p. 71 (1844 : Van
Diemen's Laud); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 17 (1846); Macgitt.
Narr. Toy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852: X.E. Austr.; Torres
Straits) ; Kirk, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xii. p. 246 (18&0).
-Egialitis ruficapillus, Beichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 39, no. 330 (1850) ;
id. Grail. Novit. tab. 174. figs. 2424-25 (1851) ; Sorting, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 459, pi. lx. fig. 8 (egg); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337
(Queensland ; New South Wales, breeding) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. J(". i. p. 384 (1877 : Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria), ii.
p. 197 (1878); Salcad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 326 (1882); id.
Orn. Papuasia etc. iii p. 302 (1882: 8.E. New Guinea); North,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1164 (1887), iii. p. 1778 (1889:
Cumberland, N. S. W.) ; id. Nests $ Eggs Austr. B. p. 306 (1889) ;
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: nearly the whole of
Australia) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii p. 200 (1882) ; Leyye,
Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 40.
Leucopolius ruficapillus, Bj>. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
.E<_'i;ilophilus ruficapillus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 2'-l~> (1865) j
;12. JCGIALITI9. 1 ; S7
Ramsay, Ihix, 186G, p. 334 (Port Denison) ; Mathew, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. x. p. 335 (1886: Claremont Isl.) ; Heine § Reichen.
Nomencl. Mm. Hein. p. 337 (1890).
Adult male. General colour above brown, a little darker on the
rump and central upper tail-coverts ; sides of rump and lateral upper
tail-coverts pure white ; wing-coverts like the back, the lesser wing-
coverts sepia-brown, extending round the bend of the wing to the
bastard-wing and primary-coverts, the latter fringed with white at
the ends ; the greater coverts tipped with white, forming a wing-
band ; quills ashy brown, blackish along the outer webs and at the
tips, the shafts white, the inner primaries white towards the base
of the outer web, the secondaries internally white, the inner ones
with a good deal of white on the inner web and at the tip, the long
inner secondaries brown like the back ; the lour centre tail-feathers
brown, the next pair white, with more or less brown on the inner
web, the remainder white ; crown of head and entire hind-neck
cinnamon-rufous, spreading slightly on to the mantle ; frontal band
white, extending above the eye, and separated from the rufous head
by a narrow band of black, also continued to above the eye ; a loral
streak of black from the base of the bill to the eye ; sides of face,
ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire under surface white ; a narrow line
of black separating the white of the sides of the face from the rufous
of the head and neck, and continued down the sides of the neck,
where there is a black patch ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white ; quills below light ashy : " bill dark reddish brown ; naked
part of legs above the tarsi dark greenish grey ; tarsi light grey ;
toes blackish brown ; iris very dark browu " (J. Gould). Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4-1, tail 1*55, tarsus 1*1, middle
toe and claw 0*75.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so brightly coloured,
and the red of the head and neck not so pronounced. Total length
6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4-1, tail 1*5, tarsus 1.
The specimen recorded below from Amoy still bears Swinhoe's
label, but was determined by him as Hiaticula cantiana. It seems
to me to belong undoubtedly to this species, having the rufous colour
of the head extending over the hind-neck, and it shows no trace of
the white collar which is characteristic of u$E. cantiana ; it has the
loral .streak cinnamon like the head, and the patch at the side of the
neck is also cinnamon. This I believe to be a character of young
birds, as it is seen in all the immature ones in the Collection. The
only other difference between the young and old birds is the mottled
appearance, the feathers having rufous margins.
Hal*. Australia and Tasmania, extending to the islands of Torres
Straits and the south coast of New Guinea. Accidental in Xew
Zealand. Probably ranging north to China.
a. //. Ad. sk. [w. Tasmania, Sept. J. B. Jukes, Esq.
4*15-4-4]. [P.].
ft A<1. sk. [w. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq.
396 1'. I.
288 CHAKADRIID^.
d, e. Ad. sk. [w. Australia. Purchased.
3-9-4-1].
/ rj. Ad. sk. [w. New South Wales. Hume Coll.
4-0-4-1].
h i. Ad. sk. [w. New South Wales. Australian Museum
'4-05-4-2]. [P.].
k, I. Ad. sk. [w. New South Wales. Goidd Coll.
4-1-4-2].
m. Ad. sk.[w.4-2]. Port Lincoln. Hume Coll.
n. Ad. sk. [w. 3-9]. Cape York. Tweeddale Coll.
o, p, q. Ad. et juv. Cape York. Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. [w. 3-95-41].
/•. 2 ad - sk - t w - Keppel Isl., Dec. (J. Mac- Voy. H.M.S. ' Bat-
4-1], yillivray). tlesnake.'
s, t. 3 $ ad. sk. Rottnest Island, West Gould Coll.
[w. 3-95-41.] Australia.
u. Ad. sk.[w.4-l]. Amoy, Jan. {E. Swinhoe). Salvin-Godman Coll
10. JEgialitis collaris.
Mbatuitui collar negro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 291 (1803).
Charadrius collaris, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xxvii. p. 136 (1817) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847) ;
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 37 (18G5) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii p. 16, no. 10017 (1871) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 173 (1888).
Charadrius azara}, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 184 (1823) ; Licht. Verz.
Doubl. p. 71 (1823) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 544 (1831) ; Neuwied,
Beitr. Natury. Bras. iv. p. 772 (1832) ; Cab. in Schomb. Reis.
Guian. iii. p. 751 (1848); Burin. Th. Bras. iii. p. 360 (1856) ; id.
Eeise La Plata-St. ii. p. 501 (1861 : everywhere) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. p. 297 (1871 : Peiby, March : Marambaya, March ; Villa de
Castro, Dec. ; Cuyaba, Jan. ; Caicara, May ; Barra de Rio Negro,
April; Cajutuba).
Charadrius larvatus, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 318 (1828).
Hiaticula azarae, Gould in Darwin's Voy. ' Beagle,' Birds, p. 127
(1841); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 70 (1844); Scl. P. Z. S.
1860, p. 298 (Esmeraldas) ; id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili).
Hiaticula collaris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 290 (Babahoyo).
yE°'ialitis collaris, Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 197 (Guatemala) ; Scl.Sf Salv.
P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 119 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 591 (Mexiana ; Rio
Tocantins), 1869, p. 252 (Lake Valencia, Venezuela) ; iid. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); iid. P.Z.S. 1873, p. 186 (Cosnipata,
Peru), p. 309 (Upper and Lower Ucavali; Santa Cruz, breeding) ;
Harting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 458, pi. lx. "fig. 7 ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. iv. p. 46 (1876: Tehuantepec) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 67
(Buenos Avres, Oct. to Feb.), 1880, p. 424 (Tucuman) ; White,
P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Punta Lara) ; Ze/edon, Cat.Aves Costa Pica,
p. 30 (1882); Barroivs, Auk, i. p. 313 (1884: Lower "Uruguay);
Tacz. $ Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119 (Ecuador) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886,
p. 178 (Bartica Grove); Tacz. Orn. P6rou, iii. p. 344 (1886:
Upper and Lower Ucayali ; Santa Cruz) ; Pidyw. Man. N. Amer.
B. p. 179 (1887) ; Scl. '# Huds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 173 (1889) ; Biker
c y Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 163 (1891 : Santarem) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis,
1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 150 (Pilcomayo River); JRichm. Proc.
U-S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 526 (1893: Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa
32. ^GIALIXIS. 289>
Rica) ; Hartert, Ibis, L893, p. 335 (Bonaire) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894,
p. 206 (Uruguay, Dec).
. Egialitia nivosa (wee Cass.), Satan, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 (Chiapam).
.•Egialitis gracilis, Cab. J.f. O. 1872, p. 158; Reichen. J.f. O. 1885,
Taf . vi. tigs. 3 a, 8 6.
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, varied with rufous
margins to all the feathers ; scapulars like the back; rump and
central upper tail-coverts dark sepia-brown, with rufous margins to
the feathers ; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts pure
white ; wing-coverts like the back, the inner marginal coverts dark
brown, forming a band on the top of the wing ; greater coverts
tipped with white, forming a narrow wing-bar ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts dark brown, with white tips ; quills ashy brown,
blackish along the outer webs and at the tips, secondaries with
white tips and with a good deal of white on the inner webs, the
long inner secondaries brown with rufous margins like the back ;
the six centre tail-feathers dark brown with white tips, the next
ones ashy brown, dark brown on the inner web and white at the
tips, the outer feathers white ; crown of head and hind-neck, as well
as the sides of the latter, dark cinnamon-rufous, separated by a broad
black band from the white forehead, which extends over and round
the eye ; a distinct black loral streak ; sides of face white ; upper
part of ear-coverts rufous like the head ; throat and entire under
surface of body pure white, with a black collar across the fore-neck,
widening out on the sides of the latter ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries pure white ; quill-lining ashy grey : " bill blackish ; feet
whitish red : iris greyish brown " (Neuivied) : " bill black ; feet
flesh-colour ; iris brown " (L. Fraser). Total length 6-3 inches,
culmen 0-65, wing 4-25, tail 2*15, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw
0-65.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so much rufous
on the upper surface. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-1,
tail 1-95, tarsus 1.
Huh. South America, ranging northwards into Mexico. Island
of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles.
«. $ ad. sk. [w. Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz, Salvin-Godman Coll.
87]. Dec. (M. TrujUlo).
b. $ ad. sk. [w. La Antigua, Vera Cruz, Salvin-Godman Coll.
8-9]. Sept. (M. Trujillo).
c. Ad. sk. [w. 3-9]. Chiapam, Guatemala (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
d~y- <5 ? a d- sk. Momotombo, Nicaragua, May Salvin-Godman Coll.
( W. B. Richardson).
h. $ ad. sk. Grenada, July {D. TV. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Smith).
>'. Ad.sk. [w.3-851. Bogota. Seebohm Coll.
k. Ad. sk. [w. 37]. Tntac, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.
ley).
I. Ad.sk. [w. 375]. Peru. Seebohm Coll.
m. tf ad. sk. [w. Laguna de Valencia, Vene- Seebohm Coll.
' ■"' . zuela, Sept. 22 (A.
Goering).
290
CHAEADRIIDJE.
71. Ad. St.
o. 2 ad. sk. [w.
3-65].
p, q. c? $ ad. sk.
[w. 3-8-S-9].
>•, s. Ad. sk. [w.
3-65].
t, u. Ad. sk. [w.
3-85].
v. Ad. sk. [w.
3-85].
w. Ad. sk. [w.
3-75.]
x, y. S 2 ad. sk.
[w. 3-95-4-25J.
z. Ad.sk.[w.4-1].
a', c? ad. sk. [w.
4-1].
V . 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-1].
c'. 3 ad. sk. [w.
3'81
d'. Ad'.sk.[w.4-ll.
e'. Ad. sk. [w. 4'1J.
f. Ad. sk. [w.
4-05].
British Guiana.
Bartica Grove, British
Guiana, May 18 (H.
Whitehj).
Island of Mexiana, Dec. (A.
R. Wallace).
Rio Tocantins, Sept. (A. R.
Wallace).
Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes).
Bahia (Dr. Wucherer).
[Bahia.]
Corumba, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, Jan. ( D. W. Smith).
Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul
(Joyner).
Rio Grande, Brazil.
Marambaya, Brazil, March
(J. Natterer).
San Paulo, Brazil (Joyner).
Brazil.
Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres,
Oct. 19.
Mendoza (Burmeister).
11, iEgialitis nivosa.
Sir R. Schornburgk
[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Durnford, Esq.
[CO
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hiaticula azara3, Darwin, Voy. ' Beagle,' Birds, p. 127 (1841).
iEp'ialitis nivosus, Cass, in Baird"s B. N. Amer. p. 696 (1858 :
Presidio, California, May).
Charadrius cantianus (nee Lath.), Heerm. Pacific It. Rep. p. 64
(1859).
v^Egialitis tenuirostris (nee Hume), Laivr.Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 455
(1862: Cuba).
iEgialeus tenuirostris (nee Hume), Gundl. Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba,
i. p. 359 (1866) ; id. J. f. O. 1875, p. 336 (Cuba) ; id. Orn. Cuba,
p. 183 (1876).
iEgialitis nivosa, Cones, Ibis, 1866, p. 274 (San Pedro, California) ;
Scl. 8r Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 176 (Tambo Valley, Peru) ; Harting,
Ibis, 1869, p. 305; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 209 (1870:
Yucatan) ; Cones, Ibis, 1872, p. 53 ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.
ii. p. 307 (1874 : Mazatlan) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 559 (Cborillos) ;
Beldiny, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 395 (1878 : Central California) ;
Cooper, op. cit. ii. p. 251 (1879 : San Pedro, California) ; Ridgw.
op. cit. iii. p. 199 (1880) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15; Zeledon,
Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882) ; ' Saloin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 428
(Chili) ; Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 113 (1885) ;
Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 346 (1886: Chorillos) ; Fverm. Auk, iii.
p. 92 (1886 : Ventura Co., California) ; Goss, t. c. p. 409 (Kansas) ;
id. Auk, iv. p. 8 (1887 : Kansas), p. 344 (Central Kansas,
breeding); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 163 (1886); Cory,
Auk, iv. p. 229 (1887) ; Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 134 (Paraguay) ;
32. JEGIALITIS. 291
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 178 (1887) ; Sennett, Auk, v. p. 110
(1888 : Corpus Christi, Texas) ; Cory, B. West Ltd. p. 229 (1889) ;
Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. xiii. p. 136 (1890 : Pacific Coast,
N. Calif.) ; Berkeley James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1882) ;
Cory, Cat. West In'd. B. p. 95 (1892) ; Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna,
no.'7, p. 25 (1893).
Charadrius cantianus (pt.), Gray, JLand-l. B. iii. p. 17, no. 10020
(1871).
Charadrius tenuirostris, Gray, t. c. p. 16, no. 10011.
^Egialitis cantianus (nee Lath.), Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 245
(1872) ; Seton, Auk, ii. p. 335 (1885 : Toronto).
./Egialitis cantiana, var. nivosa, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 109
(1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 456 (1874); Ridgw. Rep. 40th
Parallel, p. 604 (1877 : Warm Spring Lake, Utah).
PJEgialitis microrhyncha, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 109 (1874).
vEgialitis cantianus nivosus, Corns, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 97
(1882) ; id. Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 603 (1884).
vEgialitis alexandrina nivosa, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 35
(1883); Belding, t. c. p. 528 (1883: St. Quentin Bay), p. 530
(Santa Rosalia Bay), p. 545 (Peninsula of Lower California) ;
Baird, Brewer, 8f Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 164 (1884).
Adult male. Similar to ££. alexandrina, but easily distinguished
by its white lores, which entirely want the blackish or dusky streak
between the base of the bill and the eye ; the black forehead and
the black patch on the sides of the chest, as well as the black ear-
streak, are all well developed, but the rufous colour of the head
is never so strongly pronounced as in 2E. alexandrina, and it
disappears rapidly after the bird has arrived at its breeding-
quarters, so that the bead is ashy brown like the back, shaded with
hoary white. Total length about 6*5 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 4 - 15,
tail 1*7, tarsus 0-95, middle toe and claw 0-7.
Adult female. Similarly coloured to the male. Total length
about 6-5 inches, culmon 0"65, wing 4-3, tail 1*8, tarsus 0"9.
Adults in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
entirely wanting the black on the fore part of the crown, ear-coverts
or sides of the chest, these parts being brown like the rest of the
upper surface ; forehead and eyebrow conspicuously white. There
is a slight indication of a white collar round the hind-neck.
Young. Itesembles the winter plumage of the adult, but has the
upper surface varied with pale edges to the feathers, producing a
somewhat scalloped appearance, the margins to most of the dorsal
feathers, the inner secondaries, and tail-feathers being pale sandy.
Hub. Western North America, throughout Central America and
Western South America to Peru and Chili. ? Cuba.
a-e. $ ad. [w. 4 - 15 Corpus Christi, Texas, June, Salvin-Godman Coll.
-*3] ; f-l. 2 ad. Oct., Nov. {F. B. Arm-
sk. [w.*4-l-4-2].
strong).
m, n. Ad. sk. [w.
California.
Seebohm Coll.
4-2-4-351
o, c? ad. sk. [w.
Santa Cruz, California. Mav
Salvin-Godman Coll.
4-15].
(W. H. Collins: Henth.
Coll.).
p. d juv. sk.
Monte Rev, Cal., Sept. 30
( 11. W. Henshaw).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
u2
292
CHAEADEIID^;.
q-x. tS ad. [w. 4 1-
4-3]; y-V.2 ad.
[w. 4-0-4-2]; c'.
Pull. sk.
d'. c? ad. [w. 4-1] ;
e', /' 5 ad. sk.
[w. 4-1].
a', h'. Ad. sk. [w.
4-15J.
i', 2 a d. sk. [w.
4-15].
k'. 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-151
I'. 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-35].
m'. Ad. sk. [w.
4-3J.
n', o . <$ ad. sk. [w.
4-1-4-2].
p. $ ad. sk. [w.
4-0].
q'. Ad. sk. [w.
4-25].
»•'. Ad. sk. [w.
4-15].
s' . Ad. sk. [w.
4-4].
t'. Ad. sk. [w. 4-1].
u', v' . Ad. sk. [w.
4-15-4-2].
w'.Ad.sk. [w.4-2].
Santa Barbara, Cal., July,
Sept., Oct. (H. W. Hen-
shaw).
San Diego, Cal., Dec. (H.
W. Henshaw).
San Pedro, Cal., Nov. (E.
Coues : Hensh. Coll.).
San Francisco, Cal., Sept.
(H. W. Henshaw).
San Jacinto, Cal., Aug. 4
(F. Stevens).
San Jose del Cabo. Lower
Cal., Sept. 26 (M.'A. Fra-
zar).
South America (A. Boucard).
Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct.,
Nov. (H. Whitely).
Tambo "V alley, Oct. 25 (H.
Whitely).
Valparaiso (G. F. Mathew).
Chili.
Chili (A. H. Markham).
Chili.
Central Chili (Landbeck).
Valparaiso (C. Darwin).
12. .ffigialitis melodus.
Salvin-Godman Coil-
Sal vin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebobm Coll.
Mr. Bridges [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Berkeley James Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Charadrius hiaticula, var., Wilson, Amer. Orn. v. p. 30, pi. 37. tig. 3
( 1812 )-
Charadrius melodus, Ord in Wilsons Amer. Orn. vii. p. 71 (1824) ;
Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccxx. (c. 1826) ; Bp. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 74,
pi. 24 (1832) ; Audub, Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 154 (1835), v. p. 578
(1839); id, B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 223, pi. 321 (1842) ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Hoc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860 : Cuba) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 29 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10010
(1871) ; Fmsrh, Abhandl. Bremen, iii. pt. i. p. 62 (1872 : Alaska) ;
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 121 (1888).
Charadrius okeni, Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 63, sp. 24 (1827).
Piping Kinged Plover, Nuttall, Man. B. ii. p. 18 (1834).
iEgialitis melodus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 45
(1838); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 330 (1847); Reichenb. Grail.
tab. cccbriv. figs. 2842-43 (1849) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Amer.
p. 695 (1858) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 121 (1859 :
Bahamas) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 80 (Jamaica) ; Gundl. J. f. O.
1862, p. 88 (Cuba) ; Albrecht, t. c. p. 205 (Jamaica) ; Allen, Bull.
Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 355 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 245
(1872); Scl. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); Reid,
Zool. 1877, p. 475 (Bermuda, Sept.) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 148
(1880) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 218 (1881) ; Coues,
32. .EGIALITIS. 293
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 602 (1884) ; Butcher, Auk, ii. p. 37 (1885 : Long Isl.) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 162 (1886); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 230
(1887) ; id. B. West Ind. p. 230 (1889).
Hiaticula meloda, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 69 (1844).
^Egialeus melodus, Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. iv. p. 86 (1864) ; Gundl.
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 359 (1866) ; id. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 386
(Cuba); id. Om. Cuba, p. 183 (1876); id. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist.
Nat. vii. p. 385 (1878 : Porto Rico).
Charadrius (/Egialitis) melodus, Ridgiu. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 383
(1874).
iEgialitis meloda, var. circumcincta, Corns, Check-l. N. Amer. B.
p. 133 (1873); Ridaw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 109 (1874) ; Coues, B.
N.-West, p. 455 (1874); Baird, Brewer, $■ Ridgw. Water-Birds
N. Amer. i. p. 160 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 602 (1884).
^Egialitis melodus circumcincta, Ridqio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii.
pp. 199, 221 (1880); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B.^. 97 (1882);
Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 285 (1885 : S.E. Dakota) ; Brewster, Auk,
iii. p. 408 (1886 : S. Carolina) ; Allen, t. c. p. 482 (Long Beach,
Barnegat Bay) ; Smith 8c Palmer, Auk, v. p. 147 (1888 : Potomac
River); Brown, Auk, vi. p. 70 (1889: Maine) ; Scott, Auk, vii.
p. 309 (1890 : Dry Tortugas) ; Allen, Auk, x. p. 134 (1893).
^Egialitis meloda circumcincta, A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 163
(1836) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 178 (1887).
Charadrius melodus circumcinctus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 122 (1888).
JBTgialitis meloda, Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer.
i. p. 160 (1834); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 102 (1886: Lake Manitoba;
Lake Winnipeg) ; Ridgw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 178 (1887) ;
Bishop, Auk, vi. p. 147 (1889: Magdalen Isl.) ; Scott, t. c. p. 159
(Punta Rassa, Gulf of Florida); Shick, Auk, vii. p. 328 (1890:
New Jersey) ; Palmer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 260 (1890 :
Magdalen Isl.) ; Thomps. t. c. p. 500 (Manitoba) ; Cory, Auk, viii.
p. 351 (1891 : Magua Isl.) ; id. Cat. B. West Ind. p. 95 (1892 :
Bahamas ; Greater Antilles) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (1892 : Ja-
maica), p. 212 (Florida) ; Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Massachusetts) ;
Dwight, Auk, x. p. 8 (1893: Prince Edward Isl.); Mackay, t. c.
p. 370 (Muskeget Isl.).
Adult. General colour above pale greyish brown, including the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-
coverts white ; scapulars and wing-coverts pale greyish browji like
the back, with the lesser series rather darker brown, forming a line
along the bend of the wing ; the greater coverts tipped with white,
forming a band across the wing ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
blackish, the latter fringed with white ; primaries blackish at the
ends and along the outer webs, the greater part of the inner web
white, extending across the shaft and forming a conspicuous white
mark for nearly the terminal third of the quill, being accompanied
by a white shaft ; the inner primaries with the outer web white
for nearly the whole length, forming a wing-patch; secondaries
white, with a blackish mark near the end of the outer web, gra-
dually diminishing in size towards the inner secondaries, which are
pure white ; innermost long secondaries very pale brown, with ashy
margins, only slightly darker than the back ; tail-feathers brown,
294 CHARA.DRIlD.aE.
with a white base, and inclining to blackish towards the end of the
leathers, forming a band, which diminishes in size towards the
outside ones, where it becomes confined to the inner web and dis-
appears altogether on the outer feathers, which are pure white ; crown
of head pale greyish browD like the back, separated from the mantle
by a broad white collar ; forehead white, succeeded by a narrow
band of black, which extends from eye to eye ; a tolerably well-
marked white eyebrow ; ear-coverts pale greyish ; lores, feathers
below the eye, cheeks, and under surface of body pure white, with
a large patch on the sides of the fore-neck, not quite meeting in the
centre, though a few of the feathers have black margins ; under
wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining pure white: " bill orange
at base, tipped with black ; feet orange-yellow " (Baird, Brewer, $•
Ridgway). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4 - 5,
tail 1-9, tarsus 0-85.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but apparently never putting
on a complete prsepectoral collar. Total length 6-4 inches,
wing 4-85.
Adidts in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but
wanting the black line across the fore part of the crown, and having
the patch on the sides of the fore-neck ashy brown, becoming
gradually mixed with black and lastly entirely black as the season
advances. The bill is wholly black.
Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but with ashy-
fulvous margins to the feathers of the upper surface ; the brown
patches at the side of the fore-neck scarcely developed.
Mr. Ridgway has separated two races of this bird, which he de-
fines as the true j?E. meloda, chiefly from the Atlantic coasts of the
United States, north to Southern Labrador, and to the West Indies
in winter, and -M. meloda circumcincta, from the Mississippi Valley
north to Lake Winnipeg. This last race has the black band con-
tinuous across the chest ; but I do not see any reason for supposing
that this is any more than the sign of a very old bird, for every in-
termediate link is shown in a series in the Museum. Thus we
have two fully adult birds from the 49th Parallel Survey, one with
a complete band, and one without, and the same thing is found in
birds from Waukegan, Illinois. Winter birds from Texas show
every possible gradation.
Bab. North America, wintering to the south. Bermudas ; Baha-
mas ; Cuba ; Jamaica.
a. Ad. sk.
Hudson's Bay.
Sir G. Back [P.].
b. Ad. sk.
North America.
Old Coll.
c, d. c? ad. sk.
Lake of Woods (G. Dawson).
N. A. Bound. Comm.
e. Ad. sk.
49th Parallel [G. Dawson).
N. A. Bound. Comm.
/, 9,h. 6 2 ad.
Waukegan, Illinois, April,
Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk.
June (J3. W. Nelson :
Hensh. Coll.).
?'. Ad. sk.
St. Andrews, New Brunswick,
May (Osburn).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
k. Ad. sk.
New Jersey.
J. J. Audubon, Esq.
/, m. Ad. sk.
New Jersey.
Salvin-Godman Coll
32. .sgialitis. 295
n, o, p. Ad. sk. Massachusetts (Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
q. Juv. sk. Cobb's Island, Virginia, Aug-. 1 Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Hensh. Coll.).
r-a'. 3 2 ad- Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll.
hiem. sk. Nov. (F. B. Armstrong).
13. JEgialitis occidentalis.
^Fgialitis occidentalis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1872, p. 158; id. J. f. O. 1885,
pi. vi. fig. 1 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 188(5, p. 403 (Tarapaca) ; Berkeley
James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892).
Charadrius occidentalis, Seebohm, Geot/r. Distr. Charadr. p. 174
(1888).
Adult male. Similar to M. nivosa, and like that species having
perfectly white lores, but differing in its slightly larger size and
black legs: "bill and legs black; iris dark brown" (Rahmer).
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 075, wing 4*7, tail 2, tarsus P05,
middle toe and claw 0*8.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so rufous on the
head. Total length about 6-8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-6,
tail M), tarsus 1*05.
Hab. Province of Tarapaca, Chili.
a-d. $ ad. [w. Tarapaca, Jan., Feb. (Rahmer). Berkeley James Coll.
4-6-4-8]; e. 2
ad.sk. [w.4-6].
f,g. cf ? ad.sk. Sacaya, April, May (A. A. Berkeley James Coll.
[w. 4-6-4-65]. Lane).
h, i. $ 5 ad. sk. Laraquete, Tarapaca, Aug. (A. Berkeley James Coll.
A. Lane).
14. JEgialitis falklandica.
Charadrius falklandicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 747 (1790 : Falkland
Is.) ; Vieill. N. Diet, a" Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 141 (1818) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Sehl.
Mus. Pai/s-Bas, Cursores, p. 36 (1865 : Falklands) ; Gray,
Hand-/. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10006 (1871) ; Seebohm, Geocjr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 156 (1888).
Charadrius trifasciatus, Lieht. Verz. Doubl. p. 71 (1823 : Montevideo) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847).
Charadrius pvrocephalus, Garnot, Ann. Se.i. Nat. vii. p. 46 (1826 :
Falkland Is.) ; Less. Man. dOrn. ii. p. 331 (1828).
Charadrius pyrroeephalus, Less. Voy. Coquille, p. 719 (1826).
Charadrius annuligerus, Way I. Si/st. A v., Charadrius, p. 59, sp. 13
(1827).
ffiaticula bifeaciata, Frmer, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 118 (Andes of Chili).
Iliaticula falklandica, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mux. p. 71 (1844).
Hiaticula trifasciata, Licht. Nomencl. At: Mus. Bcrol. p. 94 (1854 :
Montevideo t.
yEgialitis falklandica, Scl P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.) ;
Abbott, ZJm, 1861, p. 155 (Falkland Is., breeding in Sept.); Scl.
<§• Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 188 (Sandy Point, Dec; Gregory Bay,
Mav) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 144 (Conchitas, Buenos Avres) ;
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (llio Negro, Patagonia) ; Scl. Sr
296 CHAEADEIID^;.
Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Neotr. p. 143 (1873) ; Harting, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 457, pi. lx. fig. 6 (egg) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 402 (Central Pa-
tagonia) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos
Ayres, breeding in Aug. & Sept.) ; Barroius, Auk, i. p. 313 (1884:
Concepcion, Lower Uruguay); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 134
(Paraguay) ; Scl. Sr Suds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 172 (1889) ; Ridgw.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 136 (1889 : Laredo Bay) ; Holland,
Ibis, 1891, p. 19 (Argentine Rep., Julv) ; Berkeleg James, New
List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia
Espartilla, March to Sept.), 1893, p. 468 (migrant from Patagonia).
Charadrius (yEgialitis) falklandicus, Oust. Miss. Set. Cap Horn, Ois.
p. 114 (1891).
Adult male. General colour above dark ashy brown ; wing-coverts
like the back, with a narrow fringe of white to the ends of the
greater series ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black,
the latter brown on the inner web, which is lined with whitish, the
shafts of the outer primaries entirely white, those of the inner pri-
maries white for the subterminal portion only, the base of these quills
being white on the outer web, causing a speculum ; secondaries
ashy brown, fringed with white at the ends, the inner secondaries
like the back; lower back, rump, central upper tail-coverts, and
central tail-feathers blackish brown, darker than the rest of the
back ; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts white ; all but
the centre tail-feathers light ashy, the three outermost with white
shafts and white at the ends, the white extending down the middle
of the penultimate feather, the outermost one being entirely white ;
central and hinder part of crown, nape, hind-neck, and sides of
neck cinnamon-rufous ; forehead and lores white, separated from
the red crown by a broad band of black ; ear-coverts black, this
colour extending along the sides of the throat ; feathers below the
eye, cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure white, with a
band of black across the fore-neck, and a second, much broader,
black band across the breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white ; the outer coverts mottled with ashy bases, the lower
primary-coverts ashy like the quill-lining: "bill, feet, and claws
black: iris wood-brown" (H. Durnford). Total length 7 inches,
culnien 0-8, wing 4-95, tail 2, tarsus LI.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with the black
band on the forehead and ear-coverts less strongly defined ; the
rufous on the hinder crown and hind-neck paler and less pro-
nounced, and inclining to ashy grey on the hinder crown and nape.
Total length 7 inches, wing 4-9.
Young. Light brown, all the feathers having pale ashy margins ;
wings and tail as in the adults; crown of head and hind-neck like
the back, and mottled in the same way with ashy margins to the
feathers ; but no rufous apparent anywhere, though there is a
slight tinge of buff over the eye and behind the ear-coverts ; fore-
head, lores, cheeks, and under surface of body white, the two black
bands of the adult being replaced by brown ones.
Hob. Falkland Islands. Patagonia to Chili and the Argentine
Republic.
32. .fiGIALITIS.
297
a-d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g. Imm, sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. S ad. ; &• ?
imm. sk.
I, m. <$ 2 ad. :
w, o. Imm. sk.
p, q. Imm. sk.
r, s, t. Ad. sk.
u. j imm. sk.
Falkland Islands.
Falkland Islands.
Uranie Bay, Falklands, May.
South America.
Port Julian, Patagonia.
Rio Negro, Patagonia, July
( W. H Hudson).
Cliupat, Patagonia, Sept., Dec.
Chili.
Central Chili.
Province Santiago, Chili {Ley-
bold).
AntarcticExpedition.
Gould Coll.
McCormick Bequest.
The Admiralty [P.].
Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Durnford, Esq.
[C.].
Bridges Coll.
Berkeley James Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
15. iEgialitis pecuaria.
Charadrius varius (nee Linn.), Vieill. N. Diet. oVHist. Nat. xxvii.
p. 143 (1818).
Charadrius pecuarius, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 183 (1823) ; Licht. Verz.
Doubl. p. 71 (1823) ; Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 60, sp. 17
(1827); Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 544 (1831); Kittlitz, Kupf. Voy.
p. 26, tab. 34. fig. 1 (1833) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ;
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn.
pp. 11, 52 (1859: Knysna; Cape Town) ; Schl, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 34 (1865) ; Gh-and. Rev. etMag. de Zool. 1867, p. 419;
Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 297 (1870 : Zoulla, June) ; id. $■
Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 662, note (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l, B. iii.
p. 16, no. 10015 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. 1,
p. 1035, Taf. xxxiv. fig. 7 (1873); Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 291
(1877) ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 11 ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1879,
p. 284 (Mambrui) ; id. Sf Beichen. t. c. p. 337 ; Milne-Edwards #
Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 511 (1882) ; Fischer, J.f. O.
1885, p. 115 (Mambrui); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 158
(1888) ; Beichen. J.f. O. 1890, p. 107 (Cameroons) ; Emin,J.f. O.
1891, p. 58 ; Beichen. t. c. p. 141 ; id. J.f. O. 1892, p. 7 (Bukoba) ;
id. Vbg. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 34 (1894: Ugogo ; Karema ; Masai
Steppe3; Tanganyika; Kagehi ; Bukoba); Shelleu, Ibis, 1894,
p. 74(LakeShirwa).
Charadrius pastor, Guv. Mus. Paris ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p 319
(1828) ; id. Compl. Buff. ix. p. 394 (1837).
Iliaticula pecuaria, Biipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 118 (1845: E<rpt) ;
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854 : Nubia).
-Egialitis pecuarius kitlittzi, Beichenb. Grail. Taf. cv. fig. 1063 (1851).
Charadrius isabellinus, Miiller, Naum. 1851, pt. iv. p. 29 (Sennaar).
, -^ape Liopez) , .
Proc. Phi/ad. Acad. 1859, p. 173 (Camma River) ; Heine, J. f. O.
1860, p. 199; Hart 1. J. f O. 1861, p. 268; Taylor, Ibis, 1867,
p. 68 (Nile, near Girgeh) ; Layard, t. c. p. 250 ; Gurney in Anderss.
B. Dam. Ld. p. 274 (1872 : Otjimbinque, Pamara-land, not
breeding) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 239 (1872) ; id. * Buckler/. Ibis.
1872, p. 293 (Cape Coast Castle) ; HaHing, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 457,
pi. Ix. fig. 4 (eg«r) : Sharpe Sf Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. Frame, i.
p. 313 (1876: Chiloango, Landana) ; Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. Mus.
(2) ii. Bull. p. 14-J (1879: Gaboon); Socage, Orn. Angola, v. 182
(1881 : Benguela) ; Hartert,J.f. O. 1886, p. 610 (Kaura; Sokoto ;
298 CHAKADRIID.E.
Anassawara) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 30-3 (Manda Isl. ; Jipi) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49 (Kibiro).
Hiaticula pectoralis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854:
Kafir aria).
Hiaticula frontalis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 94 (S. Africa).
^Egialitis longipes (nee Temm.), Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856:
Blue and White Niles ; Nubia).
Leucopolius pecuarius, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Antin. Cat.
descr, Ucc. p. 96 (1864: Egypt) ; Seine § Reichen. Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. p. 337 (1890 : Egypt).
Leucopolius kitlittzi, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
Charadrius kitlittzi, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 297 (1867 : Cape
Colony); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10016 (1871 : Egypt &
Nubia).
^Egialitis kitlittzi, Newton, Ibis, 1867, p. 251 (Cape Town) ; Ayres,
Rm, 1869, p. 300 (Transvaal).
./Egialitis varius, Sorting, Ibis, 1873, p. 262, pi. viii. ; Ayres, Ibis,
1878, p. 299 (Transvaal, breeding in August), 1880, p. 267 (Trans-
vaal) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 598 (1882: Kordofan) ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 218 (1884 : Lake Cialalaka, Shoa) ;
Sharpe, cd. Layard 1 s B. S. Afr. p. 661 (1884).
Adult male. General colour above brown, with paler margins to
most of the feathers of tho upper surface ; the lower back, rump,
and central upper tail-coverts blackish brown, the sides of the rump
and lateral upper tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts like the back, with
pale margins to the feathers, but with no more than a white fringe
to the greater coverts, so that there is no conspicuous wing-bar ;
marginal coverts blackish, forming a band along the edge of the
wing ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, with white shafts to the
first primary and with little or none on the inner primaries, the
secondaries blackish brown, narrowly fringed with white at the
ends, the innermost secondaries like tbe back ; the four central tail-
feathers blackish brown, the next pair smoky brown with white
tips, tho lateral feathers white with a shade of smoky brown on
the outer web ; crown of head brown ; forehead white, extending
backwards in a broad eyebrow and forming a collar round the nape,
this succeeded by a blackish shade on the upper mantle, which is
united to a broad black band traversing the ear-coverts and joining
the lower eyelid and black loral streak, the white forehead
separated from the crown of the head by a tolerably broad
band of black, which is again followed by an indistinct line
of white ; sides of face, throat, and underparts white, with the
exception of the chest and sides of breast, which are tinged with
rusty ; on each side of the chest a brown patch ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white like the breast : quills below white,
internally ashy : " tibia and toes bluish black, the tarsus greyish :
iris very dark brown " (C. J. Andersson). Total length 6*5 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 3*95, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw
0-85.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
6 inches, culmen - 7, wing 3 - 9, tail 1"6, tarsus 1*15.
The third primary never seems to have a white shaft, though
32. .EGIALITIS.
299
sometimes an infinitesimal line of white occurs on the latter, and
this is mostly the case with East-African individuals. Some of
those from the Cape Colony are not only rather larger in size, but
have two or three primaries uniformly brown-shafted.
Young birds differ from the adults in wanting the black band on
the forehead, so that the crown is entirely like the back ; the fore-
head, eyebrow, and sides of face are tinged with rusty, and there is
no black on the upper mantle.
Hah. Africa generally, extending into the Delta of Egypt.
a. Ad. sk. [w.3-9]. Egypt, March 8.
b. Ad. sk. [w. Tani, Soudan.
3-95].
c. d. (S 2 ad. sk. Kibiro, Equatorial Africa,
[w. 4'0]. June.
e, f. J $ ad. sk. Lake Jipi, Aug., Sept.
[w. 3-9-3-95].
g, h. <$ 2 ad- sk. Manda Island.
[w. 3-9-3-95].
*, k, I. Ad. sk.
[w. 3-9-4-0].
m. d" ad. sk. [w.
4-25].
n. 2 ad. sk. [w
4-1].
o. 2 ad. sk. [w.
4-3]
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk).
Transvaal (T. Ayres).
J. H. Gurney, Esq.
[P.].
Capt. Willougkby
Verner [P.].
Emin Pasha [P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
Livingstone Exped.
Sharpe Coll.
Gurney Coll.
Potchefstroom, Aug. 16 (7".
Ayres).
Kingwilliamstown, April 30 Major Trevelyan
(C. Newby). [P.].
p. 2 "ad. sk. [w. Port Elizabeth, May 18 (J. V. Seebohm Coll.
4 - l]. Rickard).
q, r. Ad. sk. [w. Cape Colony (E. L. Layard). Salvin-Goduian Coll.
4-3-4-35].
s. Ad.sk. [w.4'1]. Cape Colony. Seebohm Coll.
t. Ad. sk. [w. South Africa. Sir A. Smith.
4-35].
u, v. S 2 ad. [w.
4-2] ; w. 2juv.
Seebohm Coll.
Otjimbinque, Damara-land,
Nov., March (C. J. Anders-
son).
Otjimbinque, Jan., Nov. (C. J. Gurney Coll
A.).
Angola (J. J. Monteiro).
x. d ad. : y, z
Juv. sk.
a'. Ad. sk. [w. Angola (J. J. Monteiro). Seebohm Coll.
3-95].
b'. Ad. sk. [w. Gaboon (Duchaillu). Tweeddale Coll.
4-0].
c'. Ad. sk. [w. Fantee (H. T. UssJier). Seebohm Coll.
3-95].
d'. Ad. ; e', f . Cape Verd, Senegambia. L. Laglaize [C.].
Juv. sk. [w.
3-95].
16. iEgialitis sanctse helenae.
Charadrius pecuariua (nee Temm.), Layard, Ibis, 18G7, p. 251 :
Neioton, t. c. pp. 261, 252, note; Baker, Zool. 1868, p. 147 5 ;
Melius, Ibis, 1870, p. 104.
iEgialiris sanctie heleme. Sorting, Ibis, 1873, p. 266, pi. ix. ; Melliss,
St. Helena, p. 95, pi. to p. 88 (1875).
300
CHARADRIID^.
Charadrius sanctse helenpe, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 160
(1888).
Total length
Adult. Similar to ^E. pecuaria, but much, larger.
7*5 inches, culmen 0'9, wing 4*4, tail 2, tarsus 1*55.
Bab. Island of St. Helena.
a, b. Ad. sk. St. Helena. Old Collection.
c. Ad. sk. St. Helena. J. H. Le Keux, Esq. [P.].
d. Imm. sk. St. Helena. Dr. Gillespie [P.].
e. Ad. sk. St. Helena. Seebohm Coll.
(Type of species.)
f,9- 6 2 ad. sk. St. Helena. Seebohm Coll.
17. JEgialitis inelanops.
Charadrius melanops, Vieill. N Diet. d'Sist. Nat. xxvii. p. 139
(1818) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847).
Charadrius nigrifrons, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 47. fig. 1 (1823) ; Less.
Traite cVOrn. p. 544 (1831) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Schl.
Mas. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 31 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 16, no. 10008 (1871).
^giahtis nigrifrons. Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 978 ; Gould, Syn. B. Austr.
pi. 32. fig. i ( 1837) . Gould ^ Snndh . B Austr . ii. p . 232 (1865) ;
Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 334 (Port Denison) ; Bli/tn, Ibis, 1867,
p vV Kartim J' p - % S. 1874, p. 459, pi. lx. n>. 9 ; Ramsay,
R. Z. S. 1877, p. 337 (Queensland, breeding) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. A. W. ii. p . 197 ( 18 78) ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 438 (1878), viii.
?iocl (1879 ); M>rth, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) i. p. 1164
(188/); Ramsay, op. cit. (2) ii. p. 171 (1888: Derby, N.W.
Au str.) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Australia generally,
except N. Austr. and Cape York) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 138 (1888) ; North, Nests # Eggs Austr. B. p. 304
(1889); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) iii. p. 1778 (1889:
, 1 "™ berland - N - S - W -) ; Cor # Hamilton, op. cit. (2) iv. p. 419
(1890: Mudgee District); North, t. c. p. 1025 (Raeburne, N.W.
Australia) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 39.
Charadrius russatus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 213 (1840: Madras).
-Uiaticula nigrifrons, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1844) ;
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 20 (1845) ; Start, Exp. Ce n tr. Austr. ii.
App. p. 49 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 264 (1849) ;
Reiehenb. Vog. NeuhoU. p. 42 (1850) ; Lickt. Nomencl. Av. Mus.
Berol. p. 94 (1854).
Adult male. General colour above dark sandy brown, with darker
.°wn bases to the feathers ; rump slightly washed with rufous ;
sides of lower back and sides of rump white ; lesser wing-coverts
dark brown ; median and greater series ashy brown, with blackish
shaft-stripes, and mottled with the white inner webs to the
feathers : the greater coverts paler ashy brown, with white tips ;
scapulars deep maroon-chestnut, forming a conspicuous patch down
each side of the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries
black, the secondaries white on the inner web, dark brown on the
outer one, the brown decreasing in extent towards the inner
feathers till it becomes obsolete and disappears on the inner
32. ^IGIAIITIS. 301
secondaries, so that two at least of these are pure white ; the inner-
most long secondaries brown, externally lighter brown, washed with
rufous ; upper tail-coverts rufous, with blackish centres to most ol
them ; centre tail-feathers blackish, the next ones ashy brown at
the base and tipped with white, before which therejs a sub-terminal
black band, decreasing in extent towards the outer feathers, the
outermost being entirely white, with a little spot of black near the
end of the inner web only ; crown of head brown ; forehead and lores
black, as well as the leathers above and below the eye, extending
in a band along the ear-coverts, and joining a black patch on the
hind-neck ; this black band separated from the brown crown by a
broad superciliary line of white, which starts from behind the
lores, encircles the sides of the crown, and meets on the nape ;
cheeks, throat, and underparts white, with a broad black collar on
the fore-neck, descending to a point on the breast, and uniting
laterally with the black collar round the hind-neck ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, those round the bend of the wing
blackish like the lower surface of the primaries : " bill orange at
the base and black at the tip ; feet orange Mesh-colour in some, in
others palo flesh-colour ; eyelid bright red ; iris dark brown "
(J. Gould). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4--A-, tail 2-1,
tarsus 09.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage, but with the
maroon scapulars somewhat paler. Total length 5-8 inches, wing
4-3.
Young. Reproduces the colours of the adult, but has the whole
of the upper plumage mottled with sandy-buff edges to the feathers,
with generally a sub-marginal line of dusky blackish ; scapulars
blackish, with maroon tips to the feathers as well as to the lesser
wing- coverts ; head entirely brown, with no black on the forehead ;
eyebrow sandy buff ; nape with a white patch ; under surface of
body white, with no black band on the fore-neck, but some of the
lateral feathers of the latter mottled with dusky bases. #
Bab. Australia. Supposed to have occurred once in Madras.
a. Ad. st. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.],
b. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell |_P.J.
c.Ad.sk. Australia. Lady Carriugton |_P. .
d. Ad. sk. Australia. Tweeddale Coll.
e. Ad. sk. South Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.].
/, y. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey (_P.J.
h, i. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum.
k. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Wellington, N.S.W. Lord Leigh [P.].
m, n, o. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Codman Coll.
p,q. J $ ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll.
r. Ad. sk. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll.
s. Ad.sk. N.W. Australia. J. It. Llsey, Esq. [P.
t. 6 2 ad.; u, Derby, N.W. Australia (2*. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower
v. Juv. sk. liowyer Bmoer), [P.].
to. cf ad. sk. River Avon, Western Aus- Gould Coll.
tralia, June 17.
302 CHAKADRnD^.
18. JEgialitis cucullatus.
Charadrius cucullatus, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xxvii. p. 136
(1818) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847).
Charadrius monachus, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 60, sp. 15
(1827) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 545 (1831) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bat,
Cursores, p. 35 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10007
(1871) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Disir. Charadr. p. 127, pi. v. (1888).
yEgialitis nionachus, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. pi. 32. fig. 2 (1837) ; id.
B. Austr. part 2, pi. 10 (1838, cancelled) ; id. Handb. B. Austr.
ii. p. 231 (1865) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. p. 197
(1878), vii. p. 57 (1883 : egg) ; North, op. cit. (2) i. p. 1164
(1887) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888 : Wide Bay
distr. ; Richmond and Clarence Rivers ; N. S. W. ; Victoria ;
Tasmania ; W. Australia) ; North, Nests ty Eyys Austr. B. p. 304
(1889) ; Heine 8f Reichen. NomencI, Mus. Hein. p. 336 (1890)
Leyye, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 39.
Hiaticula monacha, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 70 (1844)
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 18 (1848) ; Reichenb. Vbg. Neuholl. p. 207
(1850).
Hiaticula cucullata, Licht, NomencI. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854).
Leucopolius monachus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
Adult male. General colour above pale ashy grey, the rump ashy
only in the middle, the sides being white ; wing-coverts like the
back, but the median series rather lighter, the greater series broadly
tipped with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish brown, and slightly fringed with white at the tips ; the
quills with a large white patch across both webs, including the
shaft, and leaving the end of the feather blackish ; the secondaries
white, with a sub-terminal mark of brown, decreasing gradually in
extent and becoming obsolete on the inner secondaries, which are
pure white ; the innermost long secondaries ashy like the back ;
central upper tail-coverts blackish brown, the lateral ones white ;
centre tail-feathers blackish brown, the others white for the most
part and tipped with white, before which is a sub-terminal band of
blackish brown, which becomes gradually smaller towards the
outer feathers, which are entirely white ; crown of head and nape,
as well as the sides of the face, sides of neck and throat, black,
enclosing a broad white collar round the hind-neck, which is
followed by a black mantle-patch, which joins the black throat
laterally ; a whitish spot below the eye ; remainder of under surface
of body pure white, with a black patch on the sides of the chest ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, like the quill-lining :
"bill rich orange at the base, passing into yellow and black at the
tip : legs flesh-colour ; eyelid rich reddish orange or scarlet ; iris
yellowish or orange-brown " (J. Gould). Total length 8-3 inches,
culmen 0'7, wing 5-4, tail 2*6, tarsus 1-05.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
8 inches, wing 5-5. Mr. Gould says that the female differs from
the male in having the crown mottled with black and white, the
face and throat white, and in having only a narrow line of black
at the base of the neck behind.
IS3. PLUVIANELLUS. 303
Young birds, according to Mr. Gould, may be known by having
the feathers of the back and upper surface narrowly fringed with
brownish black.
Hah. Australia and Tasmania.
a. Ad. ; b. Juv. Australia. Purchased.
St.
a Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.
d. Ad. sk. Australia. II. Brown, Esq. [P.].
e,f. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll.
y. J ad. sk. Ulladulla, New South Wales, Hume Coll.
July.
h, i. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grev [P.].
k. <J ad. ; I. Ad. Flinders Island, Bass' Straits, Voy.H.M.S. 'Herald.*
sk. Jan. 17 (F. M. Rayner).
33. PLUVIANELLUS.
Type.
Pluvianellus, Jacq. et Pitcher. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii.
p. 124 (1853) ' P. sociabilis.
Range. Confined to Patagonia.
1. Pluvianellus sociabilis.
Pluvianellus sociabilis, Jacq. et Pucker. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii.
p. 125, pi. 30 (1853 : Straits of Magellan) ; Gray, Uand-l. B. iii.
p. 22, no. 10071 (1871).
Pluvianellus soeialis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 549 (1846).
Strepsilas sociabilis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 541 (1877).
Charadrius sociabilis, Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 107, pi. ii.
(1^88: Tova Harbour, Patagonia); Oust Miss. Sci. Cap Horn,
Ois. p. 288 (1891).
Adult. General colour above light grey or dove-colour ; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series tipped with white, forming
a wing-bar ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown,
the inner ones of the latter series tipped with white ; quills blackish
brown on the outer webs and at the end of the inner web, paler
grey on the inner web, the feathers white-shafted for more than
their terminal half, and the inner primaries white for some distance
along the outer web ; secondaries white at the base, brown near
the end of the outer web ; this brown colour gradually diminishing
in extent towards the inuer secondaries, which are quite white,
the innermost long secondaries grey like the back ; median upper
tail-coverts blackish, the lateral ones white; centre tail-feathers
blackish, with some white on the outer web, the next pair white on
the outer web, blackish on the inner one, the remainder white,
dusted with brown on the outer web ; crown of head like the
back, the forehead inclining to whitish ; lores dusky ; sides of face
and throat greyish white, becoming darker grey on the car-coverts
and sides of neck, which resemble the back ; across the fore-neck
and chest a broad band of light brown, washed with ashy ;
304 CHAEADEIID^;.
remainder of under surface of body, including the under wing- and
tail-coverts, white : " iris, legs, and feet, pink " (J. Young). ^ Total
length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 5-35, tail 235, tarsus 0-7.
Hah. Patagonia.
a. Ad. sk. Patagonia. Capt. King [P.].
34. THINORNIS.
Thinornis, Gray, Voy. Ereb. fy Terr., Birds, p. 11
(1846)
Type.
T. novae zealandiae.
Mange. Confined to New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.
1. Thinornis novae zealandiae.
New Zealand Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. i06, pi. lxxxiii.
(1785 : Queen Charlotte's Sound).
Charadrius nova? zealandiae, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 684 (1788) ; Vieill.
N Diet, a" Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 143 (1818) ; Seebohm, Geoyr.
Distrib. Charadr. p. 128 (1888).
Charadrius dudoroa, Way I. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 60, sp. 14
(1827).
Hiaticula novae zealandiae, Gray in Dieffenb. Trav. N. Zeal. n.
App. p. 195 (1843).
Charadrius torquatula, Forst. Icon. ined. tab. 121 ; id. Descr. Amm.
p. 108 (1844).
Thinornis novae zealandiae, Gray, Voy. Ereb. fy Terr., Birds, p. 12,
pi ii. (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 545 (1847) ; Bp. C. B. xliii.
p. 417 (1856) ; Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 234 ; Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 394
{Great Barrier Isl.) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1870, p. 431 ; Gray, Hand-L
B. iii. p. 17, no. 10022 (1871) ; Hutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 246
(Mangare, Chatham Isl.) ; Buller, B. New Zeal. p. 214, pi. 23
(1873) ; Hutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 34 ; Potts, Zool. 1875, p. 4485 :
Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, App. p. 29 (1875) ; Potts, Zool.
1885", p. 422 ; Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 11, pi. 26. fig. 1
(1888) ; H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 528, pi. xiv. figs. 5, 6 (eggs),
pi. xv. fig. 2 (pull.).
? Charadrius atricinctus, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7469 (New Zealand).
Strepsilas novae zealandiae, Sehl. Sfics. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 45
(1865 : New Zealand).
Adult male. General colour above dark brown, with slight
margins of paler brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the
median and greater coverts rather greyer, with dusky streaks, the
greater coverts tipped with white, forming a wing-bar; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts blackish, the latter tipped with white ;
quills li°bt brown on the inner web, blackish on the outer web
and at the end of the inner web ; the shaft of the primaries white
before the ends, extending a little on each side of the shaft, and
occupying the base of the outer web, forming a wing-patch ;
secondaries blackish brown, edged with white at the ends, and with
white bases, the white increasing in extent and the brown on the
outer web decreasing, until on the inner secondaries the latter colour
disappears, and these quills are entirely white ; the long innermost
:J4. THINORNIS. 305
secondaries dark brown, with narrow whitish margins to some
of the feathers ; rump and central upper tail-coverts black, the
lateral ones white ; centre tail-feathers black, the next ones ashy
brown, tipped with white, and with a distinct sub-terminal mark of
black, almost obsolete on the penultimate feather, the outermost
being pure white ; crown of head brown, slightly varied with darker
brown centres, and surrounded by a band of white, not quite so
strongly marked round the nape ; forehead, lores, entire sides of
face, and throat black, extending over the sides of the neck and
forming a collar across the mantle ; remainder of under surface of
body pure white, excepting for some brown feathers on the sides of
the upper breast and on the outer aspect of the thighs ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pure white, the lower primary-coverts grey,
like the quill-lining : " legs pale yellow ; iris light red with blue-
black centre" (T. Hawkins): "eyelid red; bill orange for more
than half its length, then black to the tip ; tarsi and toes orange ;
claws black ; iris black " ( W. L. Butter). Total length 7 inches,
culmen 1-05, win? 4-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9.
Adult f emaL . Bather smaller and duller in colour than the male,
and with less orange on the bill and feet (IF. L. Butter).
Young. Differs from the adult in having only the basal part of
the bill 3'ellow, and the forehead white like the eyebrow and sides of
face ; throat also white instead of black. In a young male obtained
by Mr. W. Hawkins in the Chatham Islands in May, the forehead
and throat are much dappled with black, apparently signs of the
approaching adult plumage. There appear to be no additional
sandy margins to the feathers of the upper surface, usual in the
immature Sand-Plovers ; but certainly these white-throated birds
cannot represent the winter plumage of the species, as black-
throated specimens were killed on the same day.
Sir Walter Buller believes that the type-specimen of Thinornis
rossi, from the Auckland Islands, represents the young of T. novas
zealand'uv, ; but this is certainly not correct, for the bird in question
is quite adult, and must, in my opinion, belong to a distinct species.
Nestling. Principally sandy-coloured above, with minute spots or
freckles of black and greyish white, with an indication of a black
line round the nape ; the region of the wing rather more rufous ;
entire under surface pure white.
Hah. New Zealand ; Chatham Islands.
". !'. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq.
c-f. d $ ad. et imm. ; Chatham Islands, May. Dr. 11. 0. Forbes rC.l
g. Pull. ,-k.
2. Thinornis rossi.
Thinornis rossii, Gray, Vm/. En bus V Terror, Birds, p. 1:?. pi. xi*.
(1846); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 546 (1847); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417
i L866); Gray, Ibis, L862, p. 236; Fin*ch,J. f. O. 1870. p. |:;i :
Gray, Hand-l, B. iii. p. 17, no. 10023 (1871 ) :' Mutton, Ibis. 1874,
p. 84.
TOL. \xiv. x
306 CHARADRIID.E.
Adult (type of species). Similar to T. novce zealandice, but differ-
ing in its much darker colour, which is uniform brown, and by
having the sides of the body extensively mottled with brown bases
to the feathers. Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-8,
tail 2-4, tarsus 0-95.
Hob. Auckland Islands.
a. Ad. sk. Auckland Islands. The Admiralty [P.]. (Type of
species.)
35. ANARHYNCHUS.
Type.
Anarhynchus, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de V Astrolabe,
Zool. i. p. 252 (1830) A. frontalis.
Banqe. Confined to Xew Zealand.
1. Anarhynchus frontalis.
Anarhynchus frontalis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de VAstrol., Zool. i. p. 252,
pi. 31. figs. 2-5 (1830: Chourika Bay, N.Z.); Less. Compl. Buff.
ix. p. 427 (1837) ; Gray in Dieffenb. Trav. A. Zeal. ii. A pp. p 196
(1843); id. Voy. Ereb. §• Terr., Birds, -p. 12 (1846); Bp. C. R.
xliii. p. 597 (1856) ; llarting, Ibis, 1869, p. 304, pi. viii. ; Button,
Ibis, 1870, p. 394 (Auckland) ; Newton, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 673,
674 (N. Z.) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 169 ; Buller, B. New Zeal.
p. 216 (1873) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1874, p. 194 (X. Z.) ; Button, Ibis,
1874, p. 40 ; Barvie-Brotcn, t. c. p. 97 (Otai River-bed, Canter-
burv Settlement, breeding, Oct.) ; Buller, t. c. p. 118 ; Barting,
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 549, pi. Ix. fig. 11 (egg) ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. $
Terr., Birds, App. p. 29 (1875) ; Barvie-Brotcn, Ibis, 1875, p. 519 ;
Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 9, pl. xxvi. fig. 2 (1888).
Thinornis frontalis, Graxj, Gen. B. iii. p. 545 (1847) ; id. Band-l. B.
hi. p. 17, no. 10024 (1871).
Anarhynchus albifrons, Reiehenb. Grail, tab. civ. fig. 658 (1848) ;
Sehl. Bandl. Dierk. i. p. 435 (1857).
Charadrius frontalis, Ellinan, Zool. 1861, p. 7469 ; Gray, Ibis, 1862,
p. 234; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 152 (1888).
Hasmatopus frontalis, Finsch, J.f. O. 1867, p. 346.
Adult male. General colour above pale slaty grey ; wing-coverts
like the back, the greater series slightly fringed with whitish ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish, the latter
greyer on the inner webs, blackish at the tip and on the outer web,
shafts white for the greater part, and the inner primaries white
near the base on the inner webs ; secondaries ashy brown, paler
externally and fringed with white at the ends ; the long inner
secondaries entirely grey ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
slightly darker than the back, the tail-coverts with black shaft-
streaks ; centre tail-feathers dusky blackish with grey edges, the
outer feathers gradually paler grey and whitish at the tips, the
outermost feathers white with a little grey before the ends ; head
like the back ; a broad white forehead extending above the eye and
separated from the crown by an indistinct line of blackish ; lores
36. PEW0HYA8. 3Q-
dusky grey, as also the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; cheeks, throat
and under surface pure white, with a black band across the fore'
neck; axillaris and under wing-coverts white; the lower greater
coverts ashy like the quill-lining : " bill black ; legs and feet blackish
green tinged with grey ; iris black " ( W. L. Buller). Total len-th
/ inches, culmen H, wing 4-75, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95.
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7-5 inches
culmen 1-1, wing 4-75, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95.
Hah. Xew Zealand.
f ah' £" ? ew ! , Zea i antl Sir Samuel Scott dp.].
j a 7 * A f kland. Sir G. Grev rp.l J
c. d ad. ; d, e,f. Selwyn River, Oct., Feb. Colonial Wuseuui
yaasjf. Wellington HP.!
^. Ad. sk. \\ est Coast of South Island. Tweeddale Coll. J
Subfamily V. PELTOHYATINtE.
36. PELTOHYAS.
Eudromias, pt., auct. recent.
Range. Confined to Australia.
1. Peltohyas australis.
Eudroniias australis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 174 (interior of S. Aus-
tralia) ; id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 15 (1843) ■ Gray, List Grail. Brit
Mm. p. 68 (1844) ; Start, Exp. Cent,: Austr. ii.App. p. 49 ( 1849 :'
S 8 ™ ?x Adelaide); Reickenb. Grail. SuppL tab. cv. figs. 106-5-
Z { « ): j; lcht -^ ome " c/ - Av - M " s - Berol. p. 9-5 (1854); Schl.
Mus. Paus-Bas, Cursores, p. 47 (1865) ; Gould, Handb. B. iustr
ii. p. 22, (1865) j Hurting, Ibis. 1870, p. 202; J2a»igo» p w
Lam. Soc.N.S.W.1. p. 187 (1877 :N.S.W.; Queensland; Victoria:'
interior; S. Australia); -D^/fet, 0;-«. ^ ws />. pi. 97 (1877) ■
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.8. W. ii. p. 197 (1878) : id. oa at
vn. p. 410 (1883 : Darling & Lachlan Rivers, breeding) ;' Xorili
Proc. Lam. Soc. N.8. W. (2) i. p. 1167 (1887); Ram S au,Tab. List
vfi"**- 1 ?* 188 ^ N - S - W - : Interior ' slAustrala);^?
-V .7,- .v i. w , 4j*lu 303 (1889) ; Jfc** f Beichen. Xomenct.
Mus. J/em. p. 330 (1890).
Charadrius australis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p 25 (1849)- id
Hand-l £. iii p 14, no. 9991 (1871) ; Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr.
( naradr. p. 110 (1888).
Morinellus australis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856).
Adult. General colour above sandv buff, mottled and streaked
with dark brown centres to the feathers ; wing-coverts like the
back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown
edged with sandy buff at the ends ; all the primaries lighter brown
on the inner weba except at the tips, the first primary with a white
shatt. the next ones with the shaft pale cinnamon, this colour
x2
308
CHARADRIID.E.
extending on each side of the shaft of the inner feathers and also
towards tho base of the outer webs of the inner primaries, forming
thereby a speculum of cinnamon-buff ; the secondaries brown, edged
with sandy rufous and inclining to cinnamon-buff towards the base ;
the long inner secondaries like the back ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts ashy brown, with pale cinnamon-buff margins ;
Foot of Peltohyas australis, to show the scales on both aspects of tarsus.
tail-feathers dark brown, paler at the base and edged with sandy
buff, more broadly at the tips, especially of the outer ones, which
have whitish ends, with a sub-terminal dusky shade before the end
of the inner web ; crown of head sandy buff, spotted with blackish,
and separated from the forehead by a broad band of black, reaching
across from eye to eye ; forehead, lores, and feathers round the eye
isabelline, with a black patch below the eye extending backwards
on to the ear-coverts, which are otherwise vinous buff like the throat
and centre of the fore-neck ; round the hind-neck a black collar
descending on to the chest and skirting the fore-neck in the shape
of a triangle ; remainder of under surface sandy buff, the region of
the pra3-pectoral collar whitish below ; centre of breast maroon-
chestnut, dividing out on to the flanks ; lower abdomen, thighs, and
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries vinous
buff or pale cinnamon ; lower primary-coverts and quill-lining ashy
washed with pale cinnamon : " bill dark olive-brown ; feet yellowish
37. niMANTOPUS.
309
brown " (J. Gould). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 5-35,
tail 23, tarsus 1-35.
Young. Similar to the adult, but more sandy buff on the upper
surface, the black band on the crown absent, the patch on the sides
of the face and the collar round the hind-neck merely indicated by
a blackish shade, and the triangular collar down the fore-neck
absent, though the chestnut breast is present.
Hob. Australia.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. st.
d. e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g, h, i. Ad. sk.
k. Imm. sk.
Australia.
South Australia.
South Australia.
South Australia.
South Australia.
Queensland.
Queensland.
Old Coll.
C. Wood, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Capt. Sturt [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Subfamily VI. HIMANTOPODIN^E.
Key to the Genera.
a. Toes with scarcely any web, and divided to
the base ; no hind toe ; tarsus more than
twice the length of the middle toe and claw ; [p. 309.
bill nearly straight 37. Himantopus,
b. Toes webbed ; no hind toe ; tarsus more than
twice the length of the middle toe and claw ; [p. 324.
bill with a slight upward curve 38. Cladobhynchus,
c. Toes fully webbed; a hind toe; tarsus not
more than twice the length of the middle
toe and claw ; bill strongly recurved ; base [p. 326.
of genys flattened 39. Recurvtrostba,
37. HIMANTOPUS.
Type.
Himantopus, Briss. Orn. \. p. 33 (1760) H. himantopus.
Macrotarsus, Lacep. Mem. de I'Inst. Ra?-is, iii. p. 518
(1801) H. himantopus.
Himantellus, Rafin. Analyse, p. 219 (1815) H. himantopus.
Hypsibates, Nitzsch in Ersch u. Gruber's Encycl. xvi.
p. 150 (1827) H. himantopus.
Range. Almost cosmopolitan, but not extending beyond the
temperate regions of either hemisphere.
Key to the Species.
a. Under surface of body white.
a'. Head and neck entirely white.
a' 1 . Mantle and inner secondaries black . .
b". Mantle and inner secondaries brown . .
[p. 310.
himantopus c? ad.,
himantopus $ ad. ,p. 310.
310
CHARADR1IDJ3.
V . A white or grey collar round the hind neck
above the mantle.
c". A black or grey mark on the ear-
coverts.
a". Forehead white, the black of the
hind-neck extending over the crown
as far as the line of the fore part of [p. 310.
the eve himantopus, 2nd year,
b'". Forehead white ; crown grey like the
hind-neck ; back black ( d 1 ) or brown
($ or djuv.). . [p. 310.
a i . Ear-coverts ashy himantopus, hornot.,
b\ Ear-coverts black, like the hind-neck ?>ielanurusju\., p. 3lG.
c'". Forehead and fore part of crown
white, the black of the hind-neck not
reaching far before the occiput .... melanurus ad., p. 316.
d". No black or grey on the ear-coverts,
which are entirely white like the
entire head ; hind-neck black from the
nape leucocephalus, p. 317.
c'. Head and neck black ; no complete white
collar on the latter : forehead white .... picatus, p. 319.
e". Ear-coverts and sides of neck for the
most part white, excepting a black line
under the eye ; culmen 2'45 inch ; tail
grey with no black tip me.iicanus, p. 320.
/". Ear-coverts and sides of face black like
the sides of the neck ; tail tipped with
brack knudseni, p. 323.
Under surface of body black like the upper
surface melas, p. 324.
1. Himantopus himantopus.
The Black-winged Stilt.
L'Echasse, Eriss. Orn. v. p. 33, pi. iii. fig. 1 (1760) ; UAubent. PI.
Enl. ix. pi. 878 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 114, pi. viii. (1781).
Charadrius himantopus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 255 (1766) ; Scop. Ann.
i. p. 103 (1769) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 690 (1788) ; Chapm. Trav.
S. Afr. ii. App. p. 420 (1868).
Charadrius himantopus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 53 (1783).
Long-legged Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 195 (1785).
Himamopus candidus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 24 (1790) ; Less. Traite
d'Orn. p. 550 (1831) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 97 (1844) ;
id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal j)res. Hudys. p. 138 (1846) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 577 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 483 (1859) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 238 (Oude
& Kumaon) ; Simpson, t. c. p. 366 ( Dobrudscha) ; Gray, List
Brit. B. p. 163 (1863) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 704 (1864) ; Schl.
Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 105 (1864) ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc.
p. 109 (1864 : Kordofan & White Nile) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 61
(Pisa) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 328 (1867) ; Grand. Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1867, p. 4 (Madagascar) ; Deql. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 246 (1867); Loche, Expl, Sci. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 285 (1867);
Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 69 (Egvpt) ; Blijth, t. c. p. 169 ; Tyrwhitt
Brake, t. c. p. 429 (Tangier) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 326 (Palestine) ;
Beavan, i.e. p. 395 (Umbala); Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal);
Schl. Sr Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 160 (1868) ; Doderl. Avif.
'37. IIIMANTOPUS. 311
Sicil. p. 198 (1869) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 181 (S. Spain) ;
Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 145 (Grurgaon) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 295 (Secun-
derabad) ; Ehces 8[ Buckley, t. c. p. 332 (Kustendji) ; Fritsch, Vbg.
Eur. tab. 34. Bg. 5 (1870) :' Gould, B. Great Brit. iv. pi. 34 (1870) ;
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 208 (1871); Gurnet/, Una, 1871, p. 299
(Algeria) ; Swinh. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 405 (Pekin); Hurting, Handb.
Brit. B. p. 135 (1872); Shelley \ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 293
(Accra); Shelley, B. Fyijpt, p. 200 (1872); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis,
1873, p. 417 (Kathiawar); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 164 (1875) ;
Bartl. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 329 ; Blanf.
East. Persia, ii. p. 286 (1876: Baluchistan, winter; Shiraz Lake,
June); Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 263 (1876: Akmednuggur) ; David
Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 462 (1877) ; Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 328
(1877) ; Dresser, />'. Eur. vii. p. 587, pis. 535, 536 (1877) ; Prjt v.
in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 89 (1878: Huang-ho, breeding);
Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 464 (1878 : Tenasserini) ; Davidson
Sf Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 (1878: Dec-can): Ball, t. c. p. 229
(Rajmehal Hills; Lohardugga) : Cripps, t.c. p. 304 (Faridpur) ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879) ; Timut, Bull. Comite Agric. et
Industr. Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 156 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind,
Kutch Sf Kathiawar, p. 65 (1879 : cold weather visitant) ; id. Cat.
B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 78 (1880) ; Leqge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 919 (1880) ;
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 430 (1880: S. Bombay) ; Finsch, IbU, 1880,
p. 79; Beid, Str. F. x. p. 73 (1881: Lucknow); Biddulph, Ibis,
1881, p. 97 (Gilgit) ; Scully, t. c. p. 590; Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital.
fasc. xii. (1881) ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 122 (Kandahar) ; David-
son, Str. F. x. p. 321 (18*2 : W. Khandeish) ; Oates, Handb. B.
Brit. Burm. ii. p. 379 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caucasus) ;
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 163 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit.
B. iii. p. 305 (1883) : Tristr. Faun. # Flor. Palest, p. 131 (18-^4) ;
Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Aft: p. 675 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.
Genov. (2) i. p. 220 (1884: Lake Cialalaka) ; Whitehead, Ibis,
1885, p. 42 (Corsica) ; Swinh. Sf Barnes, t. c. p. 134 (Mhow) ; Beid,
t.c. p. 253 (Marocco) ; Ai/res, t. e. p. 347 (Transvaal) ; Gigl. Avif.
Ital. p. 380 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 215 (1886);
Scully, J. A. S. Bang. hi. p. 87 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 388
(( Iporto) ; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 406 (1887 : Mysore) ; Hume, Str. F.
xi. p. 326 ( I sss : Manipur) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi.
p. 31 1 (1888) ; Chapm. Ibis, 1888, p. 488 (Spain) ; Saunders, Man.
Brit. B. p. 547 (lss9); Eric-hot. Si/st. T'erz. Vbg. Deutschl. p. 50
(1889); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. i77 (S. Afghanistan: Kelat) ;
Gigl. \st Besoc. Avif. Ital. p. 582 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 653 (1890),
3rd Besoc. p. 512 (1891) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests Sf Eggs Bid. B.
iii. p. 353 (1890) ; Heine \ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. p. 332
(1800); Sibree, Ibis, L892, p. 116 (Madagascar); Barnes, t. c.
p. L66; Eendall, t. c. p. 229 (Gambia) ; De Lu Touehe, t. c. p. 497
(Foochow; Bwatow): Mradv-U'aldn, Ibis, 1893, p. 204 (Fuerte-
ventura); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 475 (Palombi K\, Nyasaland) ;
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 271 (l,s95).
Bimantopus vulgaris, Bechst. Orn. Tasehenb. pt ii. p. 325, pi. 28
(1803); RUpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 126 (1846: Lower Egypt); Heugl.
Syst. Uebers. p. 63 (1866: S. of Cordofan); Pafe. Verh. z.-b. Ges.
li'irn. xxxi. p. OOti (1S81: l.ado. Jan., Feb.); Haiti. Abhandl.
nut. Vcr. Bremen, viii. p. 231 (1883).
Cursorius bimantopus, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 62 (1807).
Bimantopus rufipes, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. I''' 11 (1809);
Bream, Fog. Deutschl. p. 681 (1831); Reichenb. Grail, tab. xcviL
tigs. 038-40 (1850) ; Licht. Xomencl. Ar. Mus. Bend. ,». 93(1854);
312 CH ARADRIID-ffi .
Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. xxxiii. b. fig. 1 (1851) ; Midler, J. f. 0.
1879, p. 391 (Cyprus) ; Blasius, J.f. 0. 1884, pp. 215-222 (Bankau
Lake); Matschie, J. f. O. 1887, p. 138 (Boga-Katani, Feb.);
Koenig, J. f. O. 1888, p. 282 (Tunis) ; Reiser, Vogels. Landesm.
Sarajevo, p. 128 (1891).
Himantopus atropterus, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 315, cum tab. (1810) ;
Webb $• Berth. Orri. Canar. p. 33 (1841 : accidental).
Limosa himantopus, Pall. Zoogr . Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 186 (1811 : Caspian).
Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer, Ann. Wetter. Gesel/sch. iii. p. 177
(1814); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 528 (1820); Werner, Atlas,
Coureurs, pi. l' (1827); Brehm, Vbg. Deutsehl. p. 682 (1831);
Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cane. p. 54 (1832 : Salt Lakes near Baku) ;
Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 289 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. fy
N. Amer. p. 54 (1838); Maeq. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 87 (1840);
Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 354 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 123
(1«42) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. 96 (1844) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit.
Mus., Grail, pis. 91, 91 a. no. 556 ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86
(1844) ; Heicits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 298, pi. lxxxii. fig. 2 (1846) ;
Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 221 (1850) ; Macg. Brit. B. iv. p. 312
(1850); Strickl. $ Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 (Dainara-land) ;
Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 236 (1857 : Senegal; Casamance ; Accra;
Ashanti ; Gaboon) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 53 (Egypt) ;
Salvin, t. c. p. 356 (E. Atlas), p. 360 (Zana) ; A. E. Knox, t. c.
p. 395 (.Sussex) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79 (N. Sahara) ; Poivys,
t. c. p. 344 (Corfu) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 271 (Bissab) ;
<$'. S. Allen, Ibis, 1863, p. 157 (Egypt); Leith Adams, Ibis,
1864, p. 33 (Cairo) ; Wright, t. c. p. 149 (Malta) ; Sperling,
t. c. p. 287 (Gulf of Arta) ; B/i/th, Ibis, 1865, p. 35 ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 147 (Angola)'; Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 240
(1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (Majorca) ; R. Gray, B. West
Scotl. p. 303, cum tab. (1871) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. .".38 (Sardinia) ;
Saxby, Ji. Shell, p. 197 (1874); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 149 (1875);
Taez. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 154 (1877 : Polnnd) ; Dmif.
Ibis, 1880, p. 84 (Djend, Asia Minor) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii.
p. 79, pi. 24 (1885) ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 235 ; Lilford, Phis, 1889,
p. 339 (Cyprus) ; Everett, J. Straits Ji ranch As. Soc. 1889, p. 206
(Bangkau Lake); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xiii. (1890);
Sharpe, Sci. Res. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 142 (1891) ; Styan,
Ibis, 1891, p. 330 (Lower Yangtse), p. 504 (Shanghai) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland).
Himantopus albicollis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 41 (1817).
Hypsibates himantopus, Nitzsch in Ersch u. Grub. Eneycl. xvi. p. 150
(1827) ; Naum. Vbg. Deutsehl. viii. p. 191, Taf. 203 (1836) : Keys.
Of Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 209 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Russ.
Merid. iii. p. 248 (1840: Black Sea, nesting) ; MUhle, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl. p. 99 (1844) ; Linderm. Vbg. Griecheid. p. 137 (1860) ;
Borggr. J'ogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 112 (1869) ; Severtz. Turkest.
Jevotn. p. 69 (1873 : Turkestan, breeding) ; Bogdanoff, B. Cuuc.
p. 165 (1879); id. Consp. A v. Imp. Ross. p. 79 (1884) ; Radde,
Orn. Cane. pp. 44, 425 (1884) ; Hartert, J. /. O. 1886, p. 608
(Sandbanks of Benue), 1889, p. 436.
Himantopus plinii, Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim. p. 112 (1828) ;
Dubois, Faun. III. Vertices Belg. ii. p. 274, pi. 221 ( L894).
Himantopus longipes, Brehm, Vbg. Deutsehl. p. 683 (1831).
Himantopus asiaticus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 44 (Pondichery).
Black-winged Stilt, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 559 (1843).
Himantopus intermedins, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 265 (1849 :
Agra; Calcutta); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 47, no. 10293 (1871 ) ; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ink. B. p. 589
37. HIMANTOPUS. 313
(1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 248 (1873: Sind) ; Adam, t. c. p. 397
(Sambkur); id. op. cit. ii. p. 339 (1874: Sambhur, breeding);
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 183 (1875 : Pegu) ; Legge, t. c. p. 373 (Ceylon,
breeding) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 18 (1876 : Mount Aboo) ; Scully,
t. c. p. 190 (Yarkand) ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877: Deesa);
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 258 (1884).
Hiruantopus melanocephalus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 324 (1855).
Himantopus nigricollis (nee V.), Brehm, t. c. p. 324.
Ilimantopus leucocephalus (nee Gould), Brehm, t. c. p. 325.
Himantopus brevipes, Brehm, t. c. p. 325.
Ilimantopus minor, Natterer, MSS. ; Hartl. J. f. 0. 18G0, p. 170
(Madagascar) ; id. Faun. Madag. p. 78 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 48, no. 10297 (1871).
Ilimantopus autumnalis, Hasselq. ; Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii.
p. 300 (1870: Senafe) ; id. $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 758 note
(1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 47, no. 10292 (1871) ; Gurnei/ in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 315 (1872) ; Holdsxo. P. Z. S. 1872, p.475
(Ceylon) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1177 (1873) ; Blyth
# Wald.B. Burm. p. 154 (1875 : Arakan ; Karen Hills) ; Reichen.
J. f. O. 1877, p. 12 (Loango) ; Finsch, Yerhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien,
xxix. p. 253 (1879 : Sassyk-Ala-Kul) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 470
(1881); Milne-Edwards fy Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madcuj., Ois.
p. 635 (1882) ; Bohm, J.f O. 1885, p. 72 ; Matschie, J.f. 6. 1887,
p. 159; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 141 (1891); Emin, J.f O.
1891, p. 345.
Ilimantopus europams, Sand, teste Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 47 (1871).
Ilvpsibates himantopus /3. niyricollis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69
(1873 : Turkestan, breeding).
Ilimantopus himantopus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 114 (Fao) ; Reiehen.
J.f. (). 1892, p. 8 (Mengo, Uganda, Dec.) ; id. Yog. Deutsch-Ost-
Afr. p. 40 (1894: Wembaere Steppes; Massai Steppes; Tanganyika).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black
with a greenish gloss ; entire back and rump pure white ; upper
tail-coverts pale ashy grey, the outer feathers with a certain amount
of white on the inner web ; wings entirely black, glossed with green ;
head and neck all round, upper mantle, and entire under surface of
body pure white ; under wing-coverts black ; axillaries white :
bill blackish ; feet rose-pink ; iris deep carmine. Total length
i3 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 9-G, tail 3, tarsus 4"65.
The changes of plumage through which this species passes are
extremely difficult to understand. Young males and females are
at first alike, and have brown backs and inner secondaries, and
may be distinguished by the white tips to the inner primaries aud
secondaries.
In the next plumage, when the black back is assumed, the hind-
neck is ashy grey, and the crown of the head is dusky brown. It
is possible that the white head and neck are only assumed in the
third or fourth season; but there is another stage, which probably
follows the ashy-necked one, when the forehead and lower hind-
neck are white, but the crown is glossy black, this colour extending
down the hind-neck. This may be a stage of coloration worn for a
very short period in the spring, as it appears to merge into the
pure white of the head and neck. 1 strongly suspect tli.it the species
has a brown-backed winter plumage, but have been unable to prove
it to my satisfaction.
314
CHAKADKTIDJi.
Adult female in breeding -plumage. Similar to the male, but having
the mantle, scapulars, and inner secondaries brown instead of black.
Total length 13 inches, culmen 2 - 2, wing 9*1, tail 3, tarsus 4*7.
Nestling. Covered with down of an isabelline colour above, varied
with rather broad lines of black, with a streak of black down the
lower back and rump ; the first feathers being sandy rufous, barred
with black ; entire under surface of body creamy white.
Young in first plumage. Similar to the adult female, and brown
on the mantle, scapulars, and inner secondaries, which have sandy-
buff margins to the feathers ; the wings are black, but have sandy-
buff margins ; the quills brown on their inner webs towards the tips,
which are broadly fringed or tipped with white ; forehead and sides
of face white ; the crown of the head and nape brown ; the hind-
neck ashy grey ; under surface of body pure white, with a shade of
grey on the fore-neck.
Hob. Southern Europe, straggling occasionally to the Northern
and Central portions of the continent. Throughout Africa in suitable
localities ; extending eastward to Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula
and Ceylon, Cochin China and Western China.
a. <$ ad. sk.
b. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk.
d. cJ ad. ; e, f. ?
ad. sk.
ff, h. <3 2 a( l- sk.
i. (5 ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. $ ad. sk.
m, n. <S 2 a( i- s k-
o. cJ ad. sk.
p. 2 imm. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. 2 a< l. sk.
t, u. (5 2 acl - sk.
?». 2 ] uv - sk.
iv. 3 ad. sk.
.c. 2 a d- sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z, a', d 2 a d. ; b'.
3 juv. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
d' . Juv. sk.
e',f. c? 5 ad. sk. Persia
Sicily (C. A. Wright).
Spain.
Zana, Algeria, June (0. S.).
Tangier (Favier).
Mogador.
Dobrudscha, June 10 (H. S.).
Sarepta, Lower Volga.
Fnmagasta Lake, Cyprus,
Mav (F. A. Guillemard).
Delta of the Nile (G. E. Shel-
ley).
Senate, Abyssinia, April
( W. Jesse).
Central Soudan (Baron J.
W. von Midler).
Angollala, Shoa, Jan. (Har-
ris).
Accra, Gold Coast (J. Smith).
Katumbella, Benguela, Nov. 5
(G. Sala).
Benguela.
Rio Coroca, Benguela, Jan.
(J. Anchieta).
Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
July 27 (T. Ay res).
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk).
Palombe River, Sbirwa Plain,
Oct. (A. Whyte).
Madagascar.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Jul}-.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Cell.
Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Lord Lilford [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Seebohm Coll.
Monteiro Coll.
Monteiro Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gurney Coll.
Livingstone Exped.
H. H. Johnston, Esq.,
C.B. [P.].
G. F. Scott Elliot,
Esq. [P.].
W. D. Cumming,
Esq. [P.].
K. Loftus, Esq. [P.].
UIMANTOPCS.
315
;/'. 3 ad. sk.
h', i'. 3 ad. sk.
k'. 3 ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m', «'. 3 ad. sk.
«'. 2 ad. sk.
p' . 3 ad. sk.
q', ?•'. 3 ad. ; s', t' .
2 ad. sk.
m'. 5 ad. sk.
v'. j ad. sk.
w'. Ad. sk.
x'. 3 ad. sk.
i/-a". cfad. ; 6". 2
ad. sk.
e", d". Pull. sk.
e", f". 3 2 ad. sk.
g". 3 ad. sk.
h"-m>". Pull. sk.
n"-y". 3 ad. ; r",
s". $ ad. sk.
t"-g".3,~"-f 3 . 2
ad. et juv. ; g 3 .
Pull. sk.
h 3 -P. 3 ad.; m*.
2 ad. sk.
w 3 , o 3 . 3 2 ad. sk.
p 3 -r 3 . 3 ad. ; s 3 . 2
ad. sk.
t 3 . 3 juv. sk.
K 3 . cj juv. sk.
v 3 , ?o 3 . cJ 2 ad. ; x 3 .
Juv. sk.
g 3 . Ad. sk.
z 3 . c? juv. sk.
a*. 3 ad. sk.
t>\ .Iuv. sk.
c*. 3 juv. sk.
rf 4 . (^ imm. sk.
e*. Juv. sk.
/',//'. Juv.sk.
A 4 . 2 juv. sk.
f. 2 ad. sk.
ft 4 . 2 juv. sk.
I*. 3 juv. sk.
m*,n*. 3 ad.etjuv.
sk.
»'./•'. 3 2 ad.sk.
Near Teheran, March (Sir O.
St. John).
Mesopotamia ( Commr. Jones).
Ala Kul, Turkestan, May 9
(Dr. O. Finseh).
Yarkand.
Tarim Itiver, May.
Quetta {Griffith).
Kandahar, March, April.
Kandahar, April 9 (Sir O.
St. John).
Gilfrit, Aug. 10.
Sind, Jan. (Dr. H. Gould).
Cutch (Stoliczka).
Sirza District, Punjab.
Sambhur, Jan. to March (R.
M. Adam).
Sambhur, August (R. M. A.).
Jaipur, March 23 (A. 0. H.).
Ajmere, Dec. 18 (A. O. H.).
Gurgaon District, May, July
( W. N. Chill).
Gurgaon District, Dec. to May
(W. N. Chill).
Delhi, March to Oct. (C. T.
Bingham).
Eta-wan, Sept.-Nov. (A. O.
H.).
Oudh, Dec, Feb.
Oudh.
Lucknow, May 20.
Futtehgurh District, Feb.
(A. Anderson).
Nepal.
Nepal.
Behar.
Darjiling.
Darjiling.
Calcutta, Dec. 16.
Mliow, Nov. '.).
Hoshunghabad, C.P., Dec.
(J. A. Betham).
W. Khandeish, Dec, Jan.
(J. Davidson).
Deccan (Sgkes).
Deccan (Burgess).
Ahiuednuggur District, Nov.
30 (S. B. Fairbank).
Wadale,Ocfe (S. B. F.).
Coromandcl Coast.
S.E. Ceylon, Nov., July ( W.
V. Legge).
India Museum.
India Museum.
Geogr. Soc Bremen.
Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.].
St. George Littledale,
Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
Col. Biddulph [C.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pimvill Coll.
Col. Way [P.l
Seebohm Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Dr. P. B. Sharpe
[P.].
316
? 4 . $ ad. sk.
r*. $ juv. sk.
s 4 . $ ad. sk.
£ 4 . Juv. sk.
c? imm. sk
■1'', y'- ? ad. sk.
. ; w 1 .
z\a 5 . J ad.; ft 5 . 2
ad. sk.
c\ Ad. sk.
d 3 . Ad. sk.
e 5 . § ad. sk.
/ 5 . d 1 skeleton.
//\ liones of trunk.
h 3 . Sternum.
CHAKADRIIDJ2.
Batticaloa, Ceylon, Feb. 17
(H. C. Buchanan).
Putlam, Ceylon, July 14
(Hart).
Ceylon.
Pegu (B. G. W. R.).
Lower Pegu, Oct. (E. W. 0.).
Karen-nee, Jan., March (jR.
G. W. R.).
Tkatone, Tenasserim, Oct.,
Nov.
Cochin China.
Pa-chow, Ichang, China.
Sa-tschen, June (Prejevalski).
R. Volga.
Nepal.
Algeria.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Oates Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
M. E. Pierre [P.].
A. Pratt, Esq. [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Purchased.
Hodgson Coll.
Purchased.
2. Himantopus melanurus.
Mbatuitui zancudo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 297 (1805).
Himantopus melanurus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 42 (1817 :
Paraguay) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 577 (1847).
Himantopus mexicanus (nee P. L. S. Milll.), Neuwied, Beitr. Na-
turg. Bras. iv. p. 741 (1833) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 25 (1847) ;
Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 367 (1856).
Himantopus nigricollis (nee Vieill.), Gould, in Darivin's Voy. 'Beagle,'
Birds, p. 130 (1841 : La Plata, swamps near Buenos Ayres) ;
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Chili) ; Gay, Faun. Chili, Zool.
p. 424 (1847) ; Burm. Reise La Plata-St. ii. p. 502 (1861) ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 (Chili) ; id. Sf Salv. P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 144
(Buenos Ayres) ; Pels. Orn. Bras. pp. 310, 457 (1871 : Ypanema,
June ; Irisanga, Dec. ; Caicara, March) ; Barrows, Auk, i. p. 314
(1884 : Azul, Jan. ; Puan, March ; Concepcion, March to Aug., not
observed breeding) ; Tacz. Orn.Pirou, iii. p. 382 (1886: Tumbez).
Himantopus nigricollis (pt.), Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 98
(1844); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 107(1864: Brazil,
Chili) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 48, no. 10294 (1871).
Himantopus mexicanus (pt.), Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 421 (1856).
Himantopus brasiliensis, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 684 (1831) ;
Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 454 (Buenos Ayres) ; iid. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 198 (Baradero,
Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 67 ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 162 (Cape San
Antonio) ; Seeboh?n, Ibis, 1886, p. 225 ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 281 (1888) ; Scl. $ Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 179 (1889) ; Scl.
Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Arg. Rep.) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150
(Pilcomayo) ; Holland, t. c. p. 211 (Arg. Rep.) ; Berkeley James,
New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 207
(Uruguay).
Adult male. Similar to II. mexicanus (infra, p. 320), but larger,
always with a white collar on the upper mantle, and distinguished
by the greater amount of white on the head, which occupies nearly
the whole crown, almost as far as the occiput ; a black streak on
the ear-coverts joins the black on the hinder neck. Total length 14
inches, culmeu 2 - 45, wing 9'5, tail 3*2, tarsus 4"5.
37. HIMANTOPUS. 317
Adult female. Differs from the male in having a brown back.
Total length 14 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 8-9, tail 3, tarsus 4 - 25.
Young. Similar to the adult female, and having a brown back,
with ashy-whitish margins to the feathers of the back and whitish
edges to the inner primaries, which are brown on the inner
webs. The crown of the head is ashy grey, the forehead and sides
of the face white* and the collar on the hind-neck is light ashy
grey.
Hah. Brazil and Chili.
a, b. S ad. ; c, d. Central Chili (Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll.
$ ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk. Chili. Salvin-Godman Coll.
f. c? ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll.
<j. 2 ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and
Admiral Fitzrov
[P.].
!. Ad. sk. Maldonado. Sir W. Burnett and
Admiral Fitzrov
[P.].
k. £ ad. sk. Buenos Avres, Mav. H. Durnford, Esq.
[C.].
/. cJad.sk. Buenos Ayres( W. II. Hud- Salvin-Godman Coll.
son).
m. Jimm.sk. Caicara, Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
3. Himantopus leucocephalus.
Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26; 8. MM.
Verh. Land- en J'olkenk. p. 153 (1839-44: New Guinea; Java;
Sumatra) ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 24 (1841) ; Gray, List Grail.
Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 577 (1847) ; Reiehenb.
Grail, tab. xcvii. figs. 642-43 (1848) ; Sturt, Exp. Centr. Austr.
ii. App. p. 49 (1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93
(1854: Australia); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Scl. Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. p. 169 (1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 ; id. Cat.
Mamm. # B. New Gain. pp. 52, 62 (1859) ; Wallace, Ibis, 1861,
p. 350 (Timor); Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 (Mysol) : Wallace,
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 4*7 (Timor) ; Rosetib. Nat. Tijdsc'hr. Nederl. Ind.
xxv. p. 255 (1863); id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 137 ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Scolopaces, p. lot; (1864); Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 246
(1865); Blyih, Ibis, 1865, p. 35; Fi?isch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181
(1865) ; Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 334 (Port Denison) ; id. P. Z. S.
1867, p. 600 (Grafton, Clarence R., breeding) ; Gray, lland-l. B.
iii. p. 48, no. 10295(1871); Wa/d. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 91
(1872: Celebes); Ramsay, Ibis, 1874, p. 259 (Perth; Rottnest
1.4.) ; Sorting, P. Z. S. 187), p. 459; Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 321
(1874); Wold. Trans. Zool Soc. ix. pp. 228, 251 (1875: Philip-
pines) ; Rosenb. Reistocht. Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875); Cab. \ Reichen.
J. f. O. 1876, p. 827 (Amboina) ; Ramsay, P. Z.S. 1877. p. 337
(eggs); id. Proc. Linn. Sue. N. S. W. i. p. 384 (1877: Norman K.,
Gulf of Carpentaria), ii. p. 198 (1878), iii. p. 115 (1879: Hall
Sound, New Guinea) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 141 (Tondano; Lim-
botto) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 27s (1878-79: Celebes), p. 324
(Ceram), p. 407 (Ternate), p. 563 (New Guinea); Salvad. Ann.
318
CHARADRIID.E.
Mtts. Gen. xviii. p. 326 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 309
(1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, pp. 225-234 ; Rumsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1099 (1887), ii. p. 172 (1888: Derby, N.W.
Australia) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888 : Australia gene-
rally, except Cape York) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 283
(1888) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1889, p. 558 (Ferguson Isl.) ; North, Nests $
Eggs Austr. B. p. 310 (1889) ; Salvad. Agq. Orn. Papuasia etc.
iii. p. 201 (1891) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc! 1892, p. 29.
Himantopus melanopterus (nee Temm.), S. Mull. Verh. Land- en
Volkenk. p. 22 (1839-44: New Guinea) ; JRosenb. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xxv. p. 255 (1863) ; id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 137. '
Himantopus novse kollandise, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856).
Himantopus rufipes {nee Bechst.), Martens, J. f. O. 1866, p. 28
(Luzon).
Himantopus autumnalis (nee Hasselq.), Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix.
p. 228 (1875: Philippines).
Adult. General colour above glossy black, including the wings ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white ; tail white, washed
with smoky brown on the centre feathers and on the outer webs of
the outer ones ; head all round pure white, as also a very broad
collar extending round the hind-neck above the mantle ; hind-neck,
from the nape down to this white collar, black ; entire under surface
of body white ; under wing-coverts black ; axillaries white : " bill
black : legs and feet deep pink flesh-colour, becoming red after
death ; iris pink, margined externally with a deep red ring " (J.
Gould). Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 9-4, tail 2-3,
tarsus 4 - 5.
Adult female. Similar to the male and almost as black on the
back. Total length 14 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 8-4, tail 2*4,
tarsus 4-15.
Young. Brown on the upper back and inner secondaries ; the
hind-neck, from the nape to the mantle, ashy grey, mottled with
dusky sub-terminal bars to the feathers ; crown of head dull ashy
grey ; lores and fore part of face white like the under surface of
the body.
Bab. Australia, extending to New Guinea and the Moluccas.
a, b. Ad. etimin.
sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d, e. Ad. et juv.
sk.
/. J ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i, k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. c? ad. sk.
o, p, q. 6 2 ad-
et imm. sk.
;•. Ad. sk.
Australia.
Lachlan River, N.S.W.
South Australia.
South Australia (J. Gould).
South Australia.
Queensland.
Brisbane (J. T. Cockerell).
Cape York.
Cape York.
Port Essington.
N.W. Australia (W. H.
Bowyer Bower).
Saibai," S.E. New Guinea.
Seebohm Coll.
Lord Leigh [P
Capt. Sturt [P.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Sir D. Cooper.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
J. B. Jukes, Esq.
[O.l
Capt. Bowyer Bower
[P.].
Rev. G. McFarlane
[C.].
'.\~. rriMANTOPus.
319
«>
t. <S ad. ; u, v.
$ ad. sk.
E. Timor.
Wallace Coll.
to
x. <S 2 a d- sk.
E. Timor (A. R. Wallace).
Seebohm & Tweed-
dale Colls.
.'/•
2. Ad. sk.
Celebes.
Tweeddale Coll.
a'
cJ ad. sk.
N. Celebes (Dr. Meyer).
Seebohm Coll.
i;
cJ ad. sk.
Ayer Pannas, Celebes (Ro-
senberg).
Salvin-Godman Coll
c'
d'. cJ $ ad.
Mindanao.
Hugh Cuming, Esq
sk.
[6.1
e'
2 ad. sk.
Laguna de Bai, Mindanao,
Nov. 12 (A.H.Everett).
Tweeddale Coll.
f
Ad. sk.
Java.
Gould Coll.
//'
Ad. sk.
Java (Horsfield).
India Museum.
h'
Sternum.
S. Australia.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Subsp. a. Himantopus picatus.
Himantopus picatus, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7470.
Himantopus albus, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7470.
Himantopus nova? zealaudia? (nee Gould), Reichenh. Grail, tab. cxvii.
fig. 1045 (1850) ; Potts, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. ii. p. 70 (1870).
Himantopus spicatus, Potts, Trans. Neiv Zeal. Inst. v. p. 198 (1872).
Himantopus leucocephalus (nee Gotdd), Butter, B. New Zeal. p. 203
(1873) ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. # Terr., Birds, p. 30 (1875) ; Firisch,
Ibis, 1882, pp. 392, 399 (N. Z.) ; Butter, B. Neiv Zeal. 2nd ed. ii.
p. 21, pi. xxvii. fig. 2 (1888) ; WLean, Ibis, 1892, p. 252 (N. Z.).
Himantopus albicollis, Bu/ler, Tr. N. Z. Inst. vii. p. 224 (1874) ; id.
B. New Zeal. 2ud ed. iii. p. 27 (1888).
Himantopus leucocephalus picatus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p. 284 (1888).
Adult male. Similar to //. leucocephalus, but distinguished by the
admixture of black markings on the crown and on the hind-neck,
the tail-feathers being also edged more or less broadly with black
near the tips : " bill black, sometimes horn-coloured at the tip ;
legs and feet deep pink flesh-colour, and sometimes beautiful pale
lake-red ; claws black ; iris and eyelid brick-red " ( W. L. Butter).
Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 9-5, tail 3"1, tarsus 4.
Of all the specimens examined by me from Xew Zealand, not one
is true H. leucocephalus. All of them seem to me to have a taint
of H. melas in their plumage, and the young birds have every
appearance of being hybrids between the two forms.
Hab. New Zealand.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. 2 ad. sk.
d. Juv. ^k.
e. $ ad. sk.
/-/• 6 2 ad.
imm. sk.
et
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
Selwyn, N. Z., March.
Rakaia, N. Z., Nov.
Otago, N. Z., Nov., Dec,
July.
Percy Earl, Esq. [C.].
Sir S'amuel Scott [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
320 CHARADRIIDJE.
4. Himantopus mexicanus.
L'Echasse du Mexique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 36 (1760: Mexico, winter).
Charadrius mexicanus, P. L. S. Mull. Sijst. Nat., Anhang, p. 117
(1776) ; Ord, ed. Wilson' slAmer. Orra. vii. p. 52 (1824) ; Cass. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 246.
Charadrius himantopus (pt.), Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 690 (1788).
Himantopus mexicanus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 741 (1790: e.r Briss.) •
Bp.Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 54 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 577 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (18-56) ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 237 (S. Domingo) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost Soc. N. H. xi. p. 97
(1867: S.Domingo); Ridgw. Rep. -10th Parallel, p. 606 (1877 :
Carson, Nevada ; Salt Lake) ; id. Proc. If. S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 10,
201 (1880) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 99 (1882) ; Belding,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 534 (1882: Lower California), vi.
p. 352 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 611 (1884);
Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 345 (1884) ;
Cory, B. S. Dominqo, p. 146 (1885) ; Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. viii. p. 113 (1885: Costa Rica) ; Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885:
Colorado) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1886) ; Ferrari-
Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. ix. p. 178(1886: Puebla); Goss, Auk,
iii. p. 114 (1880: S.W. Kansas) ; Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 87 (1887:
Ventura Co., Cal.) ; Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 163, 198,
235 (1887 : X. Calif.) ; Beckh. t. c. p. 637 (Bexar Co., S.W. Texas),
p. 651 (San Antonio) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 47 (1887) ;
Seebohm, Geogr. DUtr. Charadr. p. 279 (1888) ; Scott, Auk, vi.
p. 156 (1889 :' Sanibel Isl., Gulf Coast of Florida) ; Ridgw. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 116, 120, 123, 128 (1889: James Isl.) ;
Cory, B. West Ind. p. 231 (1889) ; Mortimer, Auk, vii. p. 338
(1890 : St. John's River, Florida) ; Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiii. p. 134 (1890: Clarion Isl.); Cory, Auk, viii. p. 46 (J891 :
Anguilla Isl.) ; Northrop, t. c. p. 78 (Andros Isl.) ; Biker Sf
Chapman, t. c. p. 163 (Santarem) ; Cory, t. c. p. 351 (Inagua) ; id.
Cat. B. West Lid. p. 92 (1892 : Bahamas ; Greater and Lesser
Antilles) ; Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, no. 5, p. 91 (1891 : Idaho) ;
Scott, Auk, ix. p. 12 (1>92 : Jamaica) ; Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana
Isl.) ; Scott, t. c. pp. 212, 215 (Caloosahatchie Region, Florida) ;
Butcher, Auk, x. p. 272 (1893 : Long Isl.) ; Richm. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xvi. p. 526 (1893 : Rio Frio, Costa Rica) ; Jouy, t. c. p. 791
(Lake Patzcuaro, C. Mexico); Fisher, N. Amer. Faun. no. 7,
p. 22 (1893).
Recurvirostra himantopus (nee Linn.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 48,
pi. 58. fig. 2 (1813).
Himantopus nigricollis, Vieill. N Diet, a" Hist. Nat. x. p. 42 (1817:
N. America) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccexxviii. (c. 1826) ; Vieill.
Gal. Ois. ii. p. 85, pi. 229 (1834); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv.
p. 247 (1838) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $ X. Amer. p. 54 (1838) ;
Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 31, pi. 354 (1843) ; Gray, List
Grail. Brit. Mas. p. 98 (1844: pt); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 386
(1847); Lembeue, Av. Cuba, p. 102 (1850); Rekhenb. Grail.
tab. xcvii. fig. 641 (1851) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa) ;
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 704 (1858) ; Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set.
Philad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico) ; A. $ E. Newton, Ibis, 1859,
p. 258 (St. Croix) ; Scl. # Salv. t. c. p. 228 (La Antigua) ; Bryant,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N H. vii. p. 121 (1859 : Bahamas) ; Brewer, t. e.
p. 308 (1860: Cuba) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1802, p. 129 (Florida) ; March,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
157. iiiMANTorus. 32 L
1864, p. 178 (near the City of Mexico); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bag,
Scolopaces, p. 107 (1864 : pt.) ; Cones, Ibis, 1*65, p. I ",!) (Arizona) ;
Salvia, t. c. p. 192 (Guatemala) ; Dresser, t.c. p. 319 ; id. Ibis,
1866, p. 35 (S. Texas) ; Cones, t. c. p. 363 ; Leot. Ois. Trinid.
p. 464 (1866); Lawr.Ann. Lye. X. V. viii. p. 12 (1866; Panama),
p. 295 (New York) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 591 (Mexiana) ;
* Sundev. (Efv. E. Vet.-Alad. Fork. 1869, p. 602 ( Porto Rico);
Scl. $ Salv. P.Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable Isl.) ; Allen, Bull.
Miis. C. Z. ii. p. 356 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 48, no. 10294
(1871) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 (Cienaga) ; Allen, Bull. Mus.
C. Z. iii. p. 171 (1872 : Great Salt Lake) ; Coues, Key X. Amer.
B. p. 247 (1872) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 453 ; iid. Xomencl.
Av. Xeotr. p. 144 (1873) ; Sorting, Ibis, 1874, p. 254; Coues, B.
N.-West, p. 462 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. X. H. ii. p. 308
(1874: Rio de Coahuana, Mazatlan); Hensh. Pep. Zool. 100th
Merid. p. 450 (1875 : Colorado ; Utah) ; Coues, Ibis, 1875, p. 498;
Salvia, Trans, Zool. Soc. ix. p. 502 (1875 : Indefatigable Isl.) ;
Lain: Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. iv. p. 40 (1876 : Telmantepec, Aug.) ;
Peid, Zool. 1877, p. 475 (Bermudas) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv. iv. p. 54 (1878 : Browusville, breeding) ; Lawr. Proc. U.S.
Xat. Mus. i. p. 197 (1878 ; St. Vincent), p. 238 (Antiirua), p. 242
(Barbuda) ; Maynard, B. East. X. Amer. p. 368 (1879) ; Cory,
B. Bahamas, p. 153 (1880) ; A. $• E. Xeicton, Handb. Jamaica,
p. 115 (1881) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 402 (Yucatan) : Sain,,,
Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (British Guiana) ; Cory, Auk, iv. p. 231 (1887) ;
Salvia, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 492 (Bar-
bados) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, 2nd ed. p. 153 (1890).
Himantopus leueurus, Vieill. X. Diet. d'Hist. Xat. x. p. 42 (1817 :
Mexico).
Black-necked Stilt. Xutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 8 (1834).
Hvpsibates nigricollis, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 758 (1848).
Macrotarsus nigricollis, Gundl. J. f. O. 1856, p. 422 (Cuba), 1874,
p. 313 (Porto Rico), 1875, p. 329 (Cuba); id.Orn.Cub.-p. 177(1876) ;
id. Anal. Soc. Es2). Hist. Xat. vii. p. 377 (1878 : Porto Rico).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy
black -with a slight oily-green tinge ; wings entirely black slightly
glossed with green ; entire back, excepting the mantle, pure
white, including also the rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers
pale smoky-grey, with white shafts and a great deal of white on the
inmr webs, increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is
almost entirely white, with a little smoky grey on the outer web ;
forehead white, extending over the fore part of the crown, as far as
in a line with the eyes ; lores, cheeks, and under surface of body
pare white, the latter with a slight pinkish tinge ; ear-coverts
black, extending in a line underneath the eye ; below the latter and
behind the hinder part of the eye a white spot ; under wing-coverts
(jack : axillaries white: "bill deep black ; legs and feet tine rose-
pink or delicate pale lake-red (in life): iris rosy carmine" (Baird,
/'•<; km /•. \ Ridgway). Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 2-45, wing
8-3, tail 2-65, tarsus 4.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the back, scapulars,
and inner secondaries browner. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen
2*5, wing 8-4. tail 2-65, tarsus 4-2.
Young birds have brown back? like the Mil females, but have
VOL. XXI \ . V
322
CHARADRIID.E.
narrow whitish fringes to the feathers of the hack, and the inner
primaries arc hrowner at the end of the inner web, which is fringed
with white. The back of the neck is also greyish brown, and the
eye-spots and forehead are tinged with ashy. The first winter
plumage of the young birds is like that of the old female, and the
birds moult into the full black plumage in the following spring.
In young birds there is a tendency to a broad grey collar round the
hind-neck, and some old birds in black plumage have more or less
of an indication of a white collar round the neck. So rarely does
this plumage occur in collections that I believe it to be peculiar to
young birds that have donned their nuptial dress for the first time.
Hob. Temperate North America ; Central America and South
America to Peru, Guiana, and Amazonia. Galapagos, West India
Islands.
a. 5 ad. sk.
b. 2 ad. sk.
c. 5 ad. sk.
(1, e,f. d ad. sk.
g, h, i. cS ad. sk.
k, I. J ad. ; m,
n, o. 5 ad. sk.
p, </. c? ad. ; r, s.
2 ad. sk.
t. 2 juv- sk.
u, v. (5 2 ad. sk.
w. c? ad. sk.
.r. $ juv. sk.
;/. S ad. sk.
z. 2 ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
b '. $ ad. sk.
c', d'. Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.
/', g'. Ad. sk.
A'. Ad. sk.
i'. Imm. sk.
k'. c? ad. sk.
San Bernardino, California
(F. Stephens).
St. Lewis Lakes, California,
June (H. W. II.).
Salt Lake, Utah, June 19
(J. W. Jacox).
Aransas Bay, Texas, June
(F. B. Armstrong).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May
( F. B. Armstrong).
Brownsville, May (F. B.
A.).
Texas (F. B.A.).
Presidio, Mexico, Dec. 20
(A. Forrer).
Tres Marias Is., Feb. 20
(A. Forrer).
Zapotlan, Jalisco (W. B.
Richardson).
Taniesi, Tampico, March
( W. B. K.).
Santana near Guadalajara,
Jalisco, Dec. 3( W.Lloyd).
Santa Ana, Jalapa, Oct.
(F. Perez).
Progreso, N. Yucatan, (E.
C. G. Devis).
Progreso, Oct. (G. F.
Gavmer) .
Cozuniel Isl., June (G. F.
Gaumer).
Buatan Isl. (G. F. G.).
Jolbox Isl., Dec. (G. F. <?.).
Guatemala ( Constancia).
San Jose, Jan., Guatemala
(O.S.).
Momotombo, Nicaragua,
May 29 ( W. B. Richard-
son).
Salvin-Godman Cull.
Sahin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sahin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
37. ii i.man mrrs. 323
/'. Ad.sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll.
in 1 . Ad. sk. San Domingo. M. Salle [C],
»'. $ ad. sk. Anguilla, W. I., Apr. 6 (C. Salvin-Godman Coll.
a. Winch) : Cory Coll.
o'. J ad. sk. Antigua, Feb. (6b/. Fell- \V. India Committee
den). Royal Soc.
p'. 2 ad. sk. St. Vincent, May 9 (Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll.
D. W. Smith).
q . Ad. sk. Magdalena Valley, Colom- Salvin-Godman Coll.
bia (C. W. Wyatt).
>•', s'. Ad. sic. British Guiana. Sir R. Sckomburgk.
t! . Ad. sk. Isl. of Mexiana, Lower Salvin-Godman Coll.
Amazons(^1.7i > . Wallace),
u', v'. Imm. sk. Indefatigable Isl., Gala- Salvin-Godman Cull.
pagos, Sept. (Dr. A.
llabel).
to' . Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll.
5. Himantopus knudseni.
Himantopus nigricollis (nee 1'ieill.), Pels. Verhandl. z.-b. ties. Wien,
xxiii. p. 159 (1873: Honolulu, Feb.).
Himantopus caudidus {nee Bonn.), Dole, Hawaiian Aim. 1879, p. 52 ;
Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 79 (Honolulu).
Himantopus knudseni, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. x. p. 81, pi. vi.
tig. 2 (1887: Kauai Isl.), xi. p. 96 (1888: Niib.au), xii. p. 381
(1889); Seebohm, Geoff r. Distr. Charadr. p. 280 (1888); Scott
Wilson 8f Evans, Aves Haicaiienses, pt. iv. (1893).
At I nU. Similar to H. rnexicanus, but larger and with a longer
bill. General colour above sooty black with a greenish gloss; the
wings deeper black, glossed with green ; entire back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts white, the latter edged with black ; tail-feathers
ashy grey, with white shafts and a good deal of white on the
inner webs; all the feathers tipped with black; head and neck
black, including the feathers in front of the eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and sides of neck : below the eye, and behind the upper
part of the latter, a white spot ; base of forehead, lores, cheeks, and
under surface of body pure white ; under wing-coverts black ; axil-
laries white. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 3*1, wing 9'3,
tail 3, tarsus 4 - 7.
Hah. Sandwich Islands.
8. Ad. sk. Hawaii. Prof. Oollett [P.].
6. 2 ad- sk- Molokai, May 10 (P. C. L. Joint Comm. Roy. Soc.
Perkins). & Brit. Assoc.
6. Himantopus melas.
Himantopus melas, Hombr. §■ Jacq. Ann. Sci. Nat. i2) xvi. p. 320
(1841: Otago); Potts, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. ii. p. 70(1870:
llakaia river-bed, Oct. to Due, breeding) ; Seebvhm, Geor/r. Distr.
Charadr. p. 286 (1888).
Himantopus novae zealaudis, Gould, P. Z, 8. 1841, p.8 (Port Nichol-
bou), | > t . ; id. /;. Austr. \i. pi. 25 (1841) ; Gray, in Dieffenb. Trav.
N. /.ml. ii. App. p. 190 (1843: Tort Nicholson); id. Voy.
r2
324
CHARADRIIDiE.
Ereb. Sf Terr., Birds, p. 13 (1844); id. List Grail. Brit. Mus.
p. 98 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 577 (1847); Reichenb. Grail.
tab. xcvii. fig. 1046 (1850) ; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 421 (1856) ; Gray,
Ibis, 1862, p. 237 ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, Scolopaces, p. 108 (1864);
Mutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 394 (Auckland) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 48, no. 10296 (1871); Butter, B. New Zeal. p. 205 (1873);
Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1874, p. 96 (Otaio) ; Sorting, P. Z. 8. 1874,
p. 459, pi. lx. fig. 10 ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. # Terr., Birds, p. 30
(1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1866, p. 234; Butter, B. New Zeal. 2nd
ed. ii. p. 24, pi. xxvii. fig. 1 (1888) ; M'Lean, Ibis, 1892, p. 252
(N.Z.) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 30.
Ilimantopus iriger, Elhnan, Zool. 1861, p. 7470.
Adult male. Entirely black above and below, the wings and tail
glossed with green ; the under surface of the body duller and more
sooty black than the upper surface : " bill black ; legs and feet
pinky red, the claws black ; iris and eyelids crimson " ( W. L.
Buller). Total length 12 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 9'8, tail 3-1,
tarsus 3 - 55.
Young. Black, more or less blotched with white, with a good
deal of white on the base of the tail, and the throat and breast white.
I believe, however, that the back and rump always remain black in
the young bird.
Hab. New Zealand.
a. Ad. st,
New Zealand.
Percy Earl, Esq. [C.].
b. Ad. st.
New Zealand.
Captain Stokes [P.].
c. Ad. sk.
New Zealand.
Captain Stokes [P.].
d, e. Ad. sk.
New Zealand.
Sir Samuel Scott [P.].
/. I mm. sk.
New Zealand.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
y. Imm. sk.
New Zealand.
New Zealand Co. [P.].
New Zealand Co. [P.]
h. Ad. sk.
Port Nicholson, N. Z.
i. Ad. sk.
Saltwater Creek, N. Z.,
May.
Selwyn, N. Z., Sept. ( Von
Seebohm Coll.
k. Ad. sk.
Seebohm Coll.
Haast).
1. Ad.sk.
Wellington, N. Z.
Seebohm Coll.
m,n. J ad. et 5
Otago, N. Z., May, Sept.
Hume Coll.
imm. sk.
38. CLADORHYNCHUS.
Type.
Leptorhynchus, Z)u Bus, Bull. B. Acad. Bru.v. ii.
p. 419 (1835) C. leucocephalus.
Cladorhynchus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 69 . . C. leucocephalus.
Xiphidiorhynchus, Reichenb. Vbg. Neuholl. ii.
Abth. i. p. 28 (1845) C. leucocephalus.
liange. Confined to Australia.
1. Cladorhynchus leucocephalus.
Pecurvirostra leucocephala, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 103
(1816) ; id. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. eclxxi. (1834).
Recurvirostra orientalis, Cur. Eigne An. i. p. 496 (1817) Temm.
38. CLADORHYNCnUS. 325
Man. tPOrn. ii. p. 593 (1820); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847);
Reichenb. Grail, tab. l.vii. fig. 520 (1851 ).
Leptorhynchus pectoralis, Die Bus, Bull. R. Acad. Belgi(/ue, ii.
p. 420, pi. vii. (1835) ; id. Mag. de Zool. 1835, pi. 45.
Ehmantopus palmatus, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. part ii. (1837).
Cladorhynch.ua pectoralis, (fray, List Gen. B. p. 69 (1840); Gould,
B. Austr. vi. pi. 26 (1841) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 98
(1844 : S. Australia) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 557 (1847) ; Start. Exp.
Centr. Austr. ii. App. p. 49 (1849: Lepson's Lake; Strezlecki's
Creek) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 248 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 47, no. 10291 (1871) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
i. pp. 188, 217 (1877), ii. p. 198 (1878), vii. p. 57 (1883: eggs) ;
North, op. cit. (2) i. p. 1165 (1887: eggs); Ramsay, Tab. List
Austr. B. p. 20 (1888 : N. S. W. ; Victoria and S. Australia ; W.
and S.W. Australia); North, Nests $■ Eggs Austr. B. p. 311
(1889).
Xiphidiorhynchus pectoralis, Reichenb. Yog. Neuholl. p. 28 (1848) ;
id. Grail, tab. xcvii. fig. 1047 (1851).
Cladorlivnchus orientalis, Selys-Longch. Bull. Acad. R. Beb/ii/w,
xviii.pt. 1, p. 9 (1851) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856).
Ilimantopiis pectoralis, Schl. Mas. Pai/s-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 108
(1864) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Dist. Charadr. p. 288, pi. 14 (1888).
Cladorhynchus leucocepbalus, Salein, Ibis, 1874, p. 252 note ; id.
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 604 (1882).
Adult. General colour above white, including the scapulars :
paraptcral plumes and wing-coverts black ; primaries black, browner
on the inner web, the inner ones more or less white on the inner
webs ; the secondaries entirely white, except the innermost, which
are black ; tail white, shaded with ashy grey, principally on the outer
webs ; head and neck all round pure white as far as the fore-neck,
which is separated by a line of black from the chest, which, with the
breast, is dark chestnut, coming to a point on the centre of the latter
and joining a broad black band down the centre of the abdomen ;
sides of body, under tail-coverts, and axillaries pure white ; under
Aving-coverts blackish, those near the edge of the wing and the lower
primary-coverts with white spots : " bill black ; feet yellow " (J.
Gould). Total length 13 - 5 inches, culmen 2 # S, wing 7 - 7, tail 3*1,
tarsus 3-05.
Mr. Gould imagined that the chestnut breast-band disappeared
during the winter and was a mark of breeding-plumage. This seems
very possible, judging by the specimens in the Museum, which are
changing from white to chestnut. As they appear to be perfectly
old individuals, the acquisition of the chestnut breast cannot be a
sign of passing from youth to age.
Young birds differ from the adults in being entirely white below,
and in some specimens the wings are ashy brown instead of black.
Hah. Australia.
a. Emm. st. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].
b. Ad.sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P A.
c. Imni.sk. Australia. Salvin-Goaman Coll.
</, <,/. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir (J. Grey [P.].
v. Juv. sk. South Australia. Seebohm Coll.
326
h, i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. st.
/. Juv. sk.
CHARADRIIDJJ.
Victoria. S. and W. Coast
(J. T. Cockerel!).
New South Wales.
West Australia.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Australian Museum
[P.J-
Purchased.
39. RECURVIROSTRA.
Recurvirostra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 256 (1766)
Avocetta, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 538 (1760)
Mange. Nearly cosmopolitan.
Type.
R. avocetta.
R. avocetta.
Key to the Species.
a. Greater wing-coverts and secondaries white ;
back white, with a broad line of black down
the scapulars.
a'. Crown black or blackish brown ; sides of
face and throat white avocetta, p. 326.
V . Crown cinnamon like the hind-neck, sides
of face, and throat (ad. sestiv.) ; crown
pearly grey like the hind-neck (juv. et
ptil. hiem.) americana, p. 330.
c'. Crown chestnut like the hind-neck, sides of
face, and throat nova kollandus, p. 33J
b. Greater wing-coverts and secondaries blackish
brown like the mantle, wings, and tail ; head
white andina, p. 334.
1 . Recurvirostra avocetta.
The Avocet.
The Avosetta of the Italians, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 96, pi. 101
(1738).
L'Avocette, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 538, pi. xlvii. fig. 2 (1760) ; IfAvbent.
PL Enl. ix. pi. 353; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 466 (1781).
Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 256 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 693 (1788) ; Bechsi. Orn. Taschenb. pt. 2, p. 329, pi. 29
(1803) ; Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 160 (1811 : S. Dauria) ;
Temrn. Man. d'Orn. p. 380 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
iii. p. 102 (1816) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 590 (1820) ;
Bon.v, Orn. Prov. pi. 338 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 3
(1827) ; Brehm, Toy. Deutschl. p. 685 (1831); Less. Traite d'Orn.
p. 591 (1831 ) ; Naum. Fog. Deutschl. viii. p. 213, Taf. 204 (1836) ;
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 308
(1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. .V N. Amer. p. 54 ( I.S'.SI ; Mac/ill.
Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 87 (1840) ; Orespon, Orn. Gard, p. 398 (1840) ;
Keys. 8f Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 209 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy.
Ritss. Merid. iii. p. 248 (1840) ; Selys-Lonqch. Faun. Bely. p. 123
(1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xevi (1844) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit.
Mus. p. 97 (1844); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 98 (1844);
Hodgs, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pis. 90, 100, no. 573 ; id.
in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 126
(1845: Lower Egypt in winter); dray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal
39.
RECURVIROSTRX. ,",07
pres. Hodgs. p. 1:58 (1846) % Hewits. Eggs Brit. B ii n 227
V * '/. XU ,V tis ' l (1 ^ 4ti) ; G"*' Gen - B - iiL P- 676 ( 18 *7)'; W*!
■ ,,n ,'o,n 4 '- ^ P- 26S ( 1849: Calcutta); Tkomps B. Ire
r '// 7 \ ,; !- ; *<&*•&*.*. iv. p. 30.! (1850) fifeibW
( *;f, {ft ^ '• fe f 3-987 (1861) ; Rjarb. Dmm. Fugle, pi. 33 /,
fig. 2(1852) ; m .Vog Nederl pi. 250 (1854); Z&S A*, „,,,„■/.
£». Mm. Berol . p 93 (1854) ; fleaa* A« £/^ r ,. p. 63 (1856-
Kordofen and Red Sea); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856) ; Marti.
Orn II -Afr. p 235 (1857: Congo); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm.
Rich. Om. p. 484 (18»9) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 79 flWurfl ■
^m"' \?kh¥I ^ ^^ ?• 359 ( D Jendeli); Aayt //^
I860, p. 345 (Butrinto) ; Lmderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 136 (1860) •
8wmh . Ibts 18110 p. 66 (Anioy), 1861, p. 343 (Peiho River h
T f'n 1 ^ de ^\ T T l . S > P l 25 ' fi - s - 10 < 10a ( 1801 )= Bart.
J.f. O. 1861, p. 271; Stomh. Ibis. 1863, p. 406 (Ape's Hill Creek
Formosa) ; Bad.de, Reis. Sibir, Vbgels, p. 326 (1863 : Tarei-nor
P .m UrT y \ Zi f Brlt B - P" 162 ( 1863 ); Wright, Ibis, 1864
p. 149 {Mzlte). Stafford Allen, t. a. p. 241 (E./pt) ; Je£ ft
p. -32 (Zambesi) ■ Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pl. 52 (1864) ; Collett
Overs. Chnstiama Omegns orn. Faun. p. 195 (1864); Schl.
i nZ\f ay n- B , ( ' s ' S ~° n 1 o P aces ' P- 10;3 ( 186 ^) i J^ i?.W id. p. 707
1 . 1 864) ; <?** . Jfc, L865, p 61 (Pisa) ; More, t. c. p. 436 ; Lauard,
B. 8 Afr.jt. 328 (1867) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 400 ; Deal, et Gerbe,
i IrJUP't -J^ 1868 ' PP 133 »32« (Palestine); Smith, t. c.
ft t' J i ( v Sa U : P - ^ 7 ' , ' ao - * ^ "■ A PP- P- 42( > (1868) ;
fS^SBT Sfi? VW 8 ! ; AW- ^gel/Norddeutechl.
v,i ( o- ; ,f^* ^ ^ P L ;58 - fi - * ( 18tJ °) J DoderLAvif.
fto* .p. 197 (1869); Zajwn^ Z&w, 1869, p. 76 (Colesberg,
bleeding; Hopetown); D«wfc, %/w. Ambam, p. 168 (1869)
H TU V n -n ' '# % p - 755 (187Ul : «"» '"*• 5 - ^4
. p 237 (1870) ■FltcesJ- Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Macedonia
Kustendji); Iritsch, Jog. Eur. Taf. 34. fig. 7 (1873)- to™
p. 209 -(18,1); fai. P. z. « 1871, p. 405 (China Coast in
llnndb. hrit. B. p. 46 (1872) ; Shelle,,, B. Egypt, , p. 260 (1872) !
V";"'^ '" ^t'T-J- Dam - LrL P- ;5U (1872: Otjimbinquej
Ondun,;,; Walhsh Bay; Sandwich Harbour; Angra Pequefia
Hmgl. On<XO.-A/r. n. pt. l.j,. 1175 (1873) ; Pahnen. Finland*
Fogl .p. 246 (1873); Sfewrfo. ZfcrAcs*. J«-o/». p. 69 (1873)-
Brooke, line 1873, p. 338 (Sardinia); 7/ayes Z/o^/, t«. p, 117
(Kathiawar); Hume, Sir. F. i. pp. 133, 248 (1873: Muncbur
Lake) ; Adam,t. c. p. 397 fSambhur) ; Hurting, Ibis, 1874, p. 245 ■
•V</y/, />. &%etf. p. 196 (1874) ; Adam, Str. F. ii. p. 339 L874 •
Sambhur) ; Dresser, B. Fur vii. p. 577. pl. 534 1 1876) : Irhy, Om
Str. Gtbr. p. 164 (1876); Dan/ £ flame fl«w«, 7/>,. s 1875 p 420
( rransylvania); /; ; /A w , O/,-. fl<*,. p. L64 (1875); ffjrffcr, «r. >.
iv. p. 18 (1876: Deesa) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 286 (1876-
BhixazLake, June) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 3J9; 7V/« Bull Sac'
Zool JW, i . p 249 (1S7.I), ii. p. 166 | IS77: Poland) ; Finsch \
J»w, L877,p. 50 (Lake Ala-Kul) ; Butler, .Str. F. v. p 233 Q877-
Guzerat) ; VaridJ Oust 07, r/,/,,. p. |,;i ,|-77i: Prjer. i„
Bowlegs Orn. Mise „,. p. 89 (1878: S.E. Mongolia, March;
lellow River, breedin K ; Koko-nor, March); Hume, Str. F. vii
p. h, (1878: Jodhpur), p. 189 (Calcutta); Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis
328 CUAItADBIIB-E.
1878, p. 220 (Sasaki, Tokio) ; Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 165 (1879) ;
Finsch, Verhandl. z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix. p. 251 (1879 : Omsk) ;
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 65 (1879 : winter visitant) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 925 (1880) ;
Da/if. Ibis, 1880, p. 84 (Asia Minor) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 469
(1881 : Mossamedes) ; W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 644 (ana-
tomy) ; Milne-Edwards fy Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois.
p. 628 (1882) ; Butler, Feilden, $ Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 425 (New-
castle, S. A.) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 604 (1882 : Smyrna) ;
Blakiston fy Fryer, B. Japan, p. Ill (1882) ; Simson, Ibis] 1882,
p. 90 (Dacca) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 222 (Astrackan) ; B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 162 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caspian and
Black Seas) ; Irby, t. c. p. 186 (Santander) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 398
(Dobrudscka) ; Saunders, ed. Yarrelts Brit. B. iii. p. 299 (1883) ;
Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 30 (1884: doubtfully
recorded); Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 131 (1884: Sea
of Galilee) ; Boyd. Consp.Av. Imp. Boss. p. 79 (1884 : Black Sea ;
Sea of Azof ; Aralo-Caspian region ; Russian Songaria; Dauria) ;
Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 424 (1884) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun.
Sind, p. 258 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 673
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 221 (1884: Lake
Cialalaka) ; Swinhoe fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 134 (Gungra, Central
India) ; Giql. Avif. Ital. p. 379 (1886) ; Salvad. Flenco Ucc. Ital.
p. 214 (1886); Sundev. Ibis, 1886, p. 456; Buckley $ Harvie
Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Sutherl. p. 215 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887,
p. 388 (Portugal) ; Iieid, Str. F. x. p. 453 (1887 : Lucknow) ;
Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 45 (1888) ; Chapman, Ibis, 1888,
p. 448 (Spain) ; Buckley Sf Harvie Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer
Hebrides, p. 128 (1888) ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vby. Deutschl. p. 50
(1889); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 545 (1889); Gigl. Avif.
Ital. 1st Besoc. p. 581 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 660 (1893), 3rd Besoc.
p. 510 (1891); Brasina, Motr. etc. {Orn. Croat.), p. 88 (1890) ;
Li/ford, Col. Fiy. Brit. B. pt. xiii. (1890); Buckley $ Harvie
Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 206 (1891) ; Evans, Ibis,
1891, p. 80 (incubation) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 114 (Fao) ; Styan, t. c.
pp. 330, 504 (Lower Yangtse) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 141
(1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland); Sibree, t. c.
g. 115 (Madagascar) ; Be la Touche, t. c. p. 493 (Foochow ;
watow) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 516 (E. Prussia) ; Chapm. Ibis, 1894,
p. 349 (W. Jutland); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 274
(1895).
Scolopax avocetta, Scop. Ann. i. p. 92 (1769).
Avocetta recurvirostra, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 21 (1783).
Scooping Avoset, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 293 (1785).
Avocetta europaea, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. iii. p. 339 (1816).
Recurvirostra tepkroleuca, Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 360 (1820 :
Senegal) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 236 (1857).
Recurvirostra fissipes, Brehm, Vby. Deutschl. p. 686 (1831).
The Avocet, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 555 (1843).
Recurvirostra avocetta fissipes, Beichenb. Grail, tab. Ixvi. fig. 988
(1851).
Recurvirostra helebi, A. E. Brehm, Jf. O. 1854, p. 84.
Recurvirostra helevi, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 326 (1855).
Recurvirostra europasa, Antinori, Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 110 (1864).
Recurvirostra sinensis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1867, p. 401 (Amoy).
Himantopus avocetta, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 74 (1885); id.
Ibin, 1886, p. 228 ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 289 (1888).
39. RECURVIROSTKA. 329
Adult male. General colour above varied with black and white : the
upper part of the mantle and scapulars black ; the rest of the back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white, as also the outer scapulars,
which form a white band on each side of the lateral black bands on the
back ; small wing-coverts along the carpal edge of the wing white,
median coverts black, forming a broad band down the wing ; bastard-
wing and greater coverts puro white ; primary-coverts white with
black tips, the inner ones pure white ; outer primaries blackish with
white at the base, the inner ones pure white as well as the second-
aries, the innermost secondaries blackish ; tail-feathers pale ashy-
grey, the outermost feathers whitish ; crown of head black, extending
in a broad line to the hind-neck ; lores also blackish, and the feathers
below the eye, sides of face and ear-coverts, sides of neck, and entire
under surface of body, including the under wing-coverts, axillaries,
and quill-lining, pure white : " bill black ; feet and toes pale blue ;
iris reddish brown " (Howard Saunders). Total length 16-5 inches,
culmen 3*3, wing 8 - 6, tail 3, tarsus 3.
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
17 inches, culmen 3 - 15, wing 9, tail 3'55, tarsus 3 - 3.
In winter both the old and young birds appear to have the white
of the upper parts sullied with grey, and the black of the head is
confined to the crown, not reaching beyond the nape ; some spe-
cimens, probably young ones, have a good deal of brown mixed with
the black of the upper parts. The tail is light grey in winter, and
becomes pure white in summer.
Nestling. Ashy grey, slightly mottled with dusky bars ; on the
sides of the mantle two incomplete streaks of black ; a black streak
on the middle of the rump and a black line extending along the sides
of the body across the base of the root of the tail ; minor black
markings are seen upon the head and on the wings ; under surface
of body yellowish white.
Hab. In suitable localities throughout Central and Southern
Europe, Africa, and Temperate Asia, east to Mongolia in summer,
and south to the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. Formerly breeding
in the British Islands, but now only an occasional visitor.
a. Imm. st.
Pagham, Sussex.
Sharpe Coll.
Old Coll.
b. Ad. st.
Norfolk.
c. Ad. st.
S. Wales.
Montagu Coll.
</, e. Juv. st.
Europe.
Purchased.
/. Ad. Bk.
Jutland, June (A. Benzon).
Hume Coll.
//. Ad. sk.
Zuyder Zee, Holland.
Sal \ in ( i. Mhiian Coll.
h, i. Juv. st.
Holland.
Gould Coll.
k. Pull. sk.
Holland (F. Bond).
Could Coll.
/. $ ad. sk.
Seville, May 29 ( 11. SaundersX
Tweeddale Coll.
in, ii. o imm. sk.
; Algeria.
Seebohm Coll.
o. Ad. sk.
/>. Ad. st.
Athens.
Consul Merlin [P.].
q, r. & ad. sk.
Egypt, March (G. E. Shelley).
Seebohm Coll.
a, t. Juv. st.
Cape Colony.
Sir A. Smith [C.].
a. Ad. sk.
Daniara-land.
O.J. Andersson, Esq.
1
330
chakadiuid.t:.
v. Ad. sk.
to. <J ad. sk.
.r. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z. d ad. sk.
« '. 2 ad. sk.
//, c', <l'. $ $ ad.
sk.
(•' ■ 2 juv. sk.
f'-h'. d 2 ad. sk.
i'-m'. $ 2 ad. sk.
»'-?'. c? 9 ad. sk.
r', *', «'. Ad. sk.
u'-rf . Ad. sk.
«/'. Ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
a", b". Ad. sk.
c", <Z". £ 2 ad.
sk.
c". Ad. sk.
/". 2 ad. sk.
$-". 2 ad. sk.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Jan. 6.
Narkot, Sind, Jan. 18 ( W. T.
Blcmfurd).
Loodiana, Jan.
Sind {Dr. Gould).
Munckur Lake, Jan. 27 (A.
O. II).
Sambhur, Jan. 14 (R. M.
Adam).
Ahmedabad, April 19 (.4. O.
H.).
Aj mere, Dec. 10 (A. 0. H.).
Delhi, Jan. to March {A. O.
H.).
Gurgaon district, Jan.
March (A. O. //.).
Guro-aon di.-tiict, Nov.
March ( W. N. Chill).
Eta wah.
Sohnpur.
Nepal.
Assam (McClelland).
Calcutta (Bhfth).
Amoy, Feb. 5 (R. Swinhoe)
Fokien.
Swatow (R. S.).
Tientsin, Dec. (R. S.).
W.D.Cumming,Esq.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
to Hume Coll.
to Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Seebohm ( !oll.
(Types of R. sinensis.)
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
2. Recurvirostra americana.
American Avoset, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 502, pi. xxi. (1785);
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 225, pi. xcii. (17*")) : Nutt. Man. Orn.
ii. p. 75 (1834;.
Recurvirostra americana, Gni. Syst. Nat. i. p. 693 (1788) ; Wilson,
Amer. Orn. vii. p. 126, pi. 63. fig. 2 (1813) ; Leach. Zool. Misc. ii.
p. 114, pi. 101 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 103
(1816) ; Atidub. B. Amer. pi. eccxviii. (c. 1826) ; Swains. Faun. Bor.-
Amer., Birds, p. 375 (1831 : Saskatchewan, Mav) ; Audub. Orn.
Biogr. iv. p. 168 (1838) ; Bp. Comp. ListB. Eur.fy N. Amer. p. 54
( 1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 24. pi. 353 (1843) : Girand,
B. Lang Id. p. 269 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 97
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 576 (1847) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 389
(1847); Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxvi. ris. 991 (1851); Licht. Nomencl.
Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854 : Mexico) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421
(1856) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 703 (1858) ; Henry, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico) ; Xantus, t. c. p. 192
(Fort Tejon, California) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308
(1860 : Cuba) : Gundl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 88 (Cuba) ; Albrecht, t. c.
p. 206 (Jamaica) ; Blakist. Fois, 1863, p. 130 (Saskatchewan
Plains ; Fort Carlton ; Mackenzie River) ; March, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Scolopaces, p. 104 (1864) ; Cones, Ibis, 1865, p. 158 (Arizona);
Salirin, t. c. p. 192 (Guatemala); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 35
(S. Texas) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 198 (Chiapam) : Cones, t. c. p, 263 ; id
39. RECCRVIROSTIM. 331
1'roc. Actul. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18«M5, p. 97 (Arizona) ; id. Pro-.
Host. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 124 (1868 : S. Carolina) ; Stevenson, Geo/.
Surv. Ten: 1871, p. 466 (North Platte River) ; Gray, lland-l. B.
iii. p. 47, no. 10288 (1871); Allen, Bull. Harr. Coll. ii. p. 357
(1871 : Florida) ; Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1871, p. 33
(Fort Macon, N. Carolina) : id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 247 (1872) ;
Allen, Bull. Harr. Coll. iii. p. 171 (1872: Great Salt Lake,
breeding); Aiken, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H. xv. p. 209 (1872:
Arkansas River) ; Sci. # Salt: Nomencl. An. Neotr. p. 144 (1873) ;
Merriam, Geol. Surv. Terr. vi. p. 701 (1873: Great Salt Lake) ;
Ridgw. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xvi. p. 328 (1874: Lower Wabash
Valley); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 460 (1874) ; Hartiny, Ibis, 1874,
p. 2.33 ; Law,: Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 308 (1874 : Rio de
Coabuana ; Mazatlan) ; Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xvii. p. 66
(1874: Yellowstone) ; Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 384 (1874:
Illinois) ; Rensh. Rep. Zool. Rvpl. 100th Mend. p. 448 (187-",) ;
Gundl. J.f. O. 1875, p. 330 (Cuba); id. Om. Cubana, p. 178;
Ridgw. Rep. Survey 40th Parallel, p. 605 (1877 : Carson, Nevada;
Salt Lake); Sennet t, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 54 (1878:
Galveston Bay); Coues, t. c. p. 635 (Milk River, breeding);
Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 84 (1879: Lake
Kennedy) ; Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 368 (1879) ; Ridgw.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880), iv. p. 219 (1881) ; Belding,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 351 (1882: Lower California) ; Coues,
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 99 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. II. 2nd ed.
p. 611 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer.
i. p. 341 (1884) ; Cory, List B. West Ind. p. 26 (1885) ; Drew,
Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Beckh. i.e. p. 144 (Pueblo);
Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota) ; Everm. op.cit. iii. p. 91 (1886:
Ventura Co., California) ; Scott, t. c. p. 386 (S. Arizona) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1886) ; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 185 (1887 :
YV. Texas); Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 163, 198 (1887:
N. California) ; Beckh. t. c. p. 642 (S.W. Texas), p. 651 (Corpus
Christi Lav) : Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1887) ; Jeffries,
Auk, vi. p. 223 (18S9 : Santa Barbara) : Cory, B. West Ind. p. 232
(1889) ; Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 497 (1890 : Mani-
toba ; Winnipeg ; Souris R. ; Plum Creek) ; Merriam, N. Amer.
Faun. no. 3, p. 88 (1890), no. 5, p. 91 (1891 : Idaho) ; Fisher,
op. cit. no. 7, p. 22 (1893) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 12 (1892 : Jamaica ) :
Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio) ; Anthony, t. c. p. 360 (S.W.
New Mexico) ; Cory, Cat. B. West Indies, p. 92 (1892 : Greater
and Lesser Antilles); Butcher, Auk, x. p. 272 (1893: Long
Island).
Recurvirostra occidentalis, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 356 (1829:
San Francisco); Wayl. Isis, 1831, p. 520 : Vigors, in Beechey's
J'oy. Blossom, p. 28, pi. xii. (ls:?9); Gray 8f Mitchell, Gen. B.'ni.
p. 576, pi. 155 (1847) ; Reichenb. Grail, tab. eclxxxviii. tigs. 2364-
r<r, (1851) : Bp.C. B. xliii. p. 421 (1856).
Himantopus americana, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 75 (1*85) : id.
Geogi: Distr. Charadr. p. 291 (1888).
Adult malt in breeding-plumage. General colour above black and
white, the mantle and scapulars black, the upper mantle white ;
wing-coverts black, the greater coverts broadly tipped with white,
forming a wing-band; the coverts separated From the black of the
back by a bioad hand of white, which occupies the outer scapulars
332
CHAEADRIIDj;.
and parapteral feathers ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and pri-
maries black, the inner ones black edged with white, which increases
gradually on the inner ones, which have only a black mark near the
end of the outer web ; the inner secondaries entirely white, the long
innermost quills brown, grey at the ends ; tail-feathers pearly grey ;
head and neck all round vinaceous chestnut, becoming paler on the
hind-neck and on the lower throat, where it gradually overspreads
the breast ; the rest of the under surface being white, including the
under wing-coverts and axillaries ; base of forehead and base of chin
also white : " bill deep black ; feet ashy blue ; iris umber-brown "
(R. Ridgivay). Total length 16 inches, culmen 3-7, wing 8-9,
tail 3 - 4, tarsus 3' 7.
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 15 inches,
culmen 3-5, wing 8*9, tail 3 - 3, tarsus 3-5.
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in
having the head and hind-neck pale lavender-grey.
Young. Similar to the adults, but brownish black where the full
plumage is deep black ; the head and face pale lavender-grey ; the
hind-neck and sides of neck washed with pale cinnamon ; and the
white of the mantle sullied with brown.
Ilab. Temperate North America, north to the Saskatchewan and
Great Slave Lake, south (in winter) to Guatemala, Cuba, and
Jamaica (R. Ridgivay).
a. Ad. sestiv. st.
b. Ad. sestiv. st.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
g. 3 pestiv. sk,
h. 3 ad. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk.
k, 1. 3 ad. sk.
to. 3 ad. sk.
n-s. 3 $ ad. hieni.
t-w. 3 sestiv. ; x.
5 sk.
y-b". 3 $ sestiv.
sk.
c". 5 hiem. sk.
d". Ad. sk.
Hudson's Bay Territory.
Hudson's Bay Territory.
49th Parallel, July (G.
Dan-son).
Near Chief Mountain, Da-
kota, Aug. 29 (E. Cones :
Hensh. Coll.).
N. Dakota, May 3.
Washoe Lake, Nevada, May
(H. W. H.).
Fort Larned, Kansas, June
2 (E. Coues).
Fort Garland, Colorado,
June 2 (H. W. H.).
Colorado Springs, Colorado,
May 2 (H. W. R.).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Feb.,
March, Nov. {F. B. Arm-
strong).
Brownsville, May (F. B.
Armstrong).
Aransas Bay, May, June
(F. B. Armstrong).
San Patricio, Dec. {F. B.
Armstrong).
Avocet Camp, Utah (C. S.
McCarty).
Sir G. Back [P.].
Sir John Richardson
. E p J-
N.A. Bound. Conmi.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
E. S. Cameron, Esq.
[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
39. RECTJRVIROSTKA.
333
e'
, /'» <j"-
Ad.
California.
aestiv. ; //
', i".
Ad. liifin.
sk.
k'
'. Ad. sk.
Laguna, California, Oct. 1
(C*. E. Aitken).
I"
. Ad. rcstiv
. sk.
Santa Cruz, California,
June 10 {H. W. H.).
hi
'. 2 rcstiv
sk.
Mexico.
n'
'. $ aestiv.
sk.
Zacatecas, Aug. ( W. B.
Richardson).
. Ad. sk.
S. Mexico (Boucard).
P'
', q", >•".
Ad.
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jau.
hiem. sk.
{O.S.).
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman and
Tweeddale Colls.
3. Recurvirostra novae hollandiae.
Recurvirostra novas bollandia3, Vieill. N. Diet, a" Hist. Nat. p. 103
(1816) ; Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 237 (New Zealand) ; Buller, B. New
Zeal. p. 201 (1873); Harting, Ibis, 1874, p. 258; Buller, B. New
Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 20, pi. xxvii. fig. 1 (1888).
Recuxviroetra rubricollis, Temm. Man. d"Orn. ii. p. 592 (1820) ;
Gould, B. Australia, vi. pi. 27 (1842) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit.
Mus. p. 97 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847) ; Reichenb. Vbg.
Neuholl. p. 20 (1850) ; id. Grail, tab. lxii. figs. 989 990 (1851) :
Up. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856) ; Schl. Mus. Pags-Bas, Scolopaces^
p. 104 (1864) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. '249 (1865) ; Gray,
Iland-l. B. iii. p. 47, no. 10287 (1871) ; Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Sot:
N. S. W. i. p. 217 (1877 : N. S. W.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337
(eggs) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. p. 198 (1878), vii. p. 411
(1883 : Lacblan distr., breeding, Sept. -Dec.) ; id. op. cit. (2) i.
p. 1099 (1887: Derby, N.W. Australia); North, t. c. p. 117.; ;
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: Australia generally
except Cape York) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 171
(1888) ; North, Nests # Eggs Austr. B. p. 309 (1889).
Avocetta novas bollandiae, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7470 (New
Zealand).
llimantopus novaa bollandiae, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 75
(1885).
llimantopus rubricollis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 229 ; id. Geogr. Distr.
Charadr. p. 292 (1888).
Adult. General colour above white, with a longitudinal line of
black down the sides of the back, formed by the scapulars ; outer
scapulars white, forming a broad band which skirts the black sca-
pulars ; small wing-coverts on the edge of the wing white, the
remainder of the lesser wing-coverts black, the greater series white,
with more or less black on the outer webs ; bastard-wing pure
white : primary-coverts blackish, white at the base, the inner ones
entirely white; quills blackish, primaries white at the base and
along t ho inner web, the inner primaries and secondaries pure
white, the innermost secondaries black; upper tail-coverts and tail
ashy grey, the outer feathers white, shaded with ashy externally ;
brad all round bright chestnut, extending round half the neck
and occupying the whole of the throat; remainder of the under
surface, from the fore-neck downwards, pure white, including
334 CHAHADRIJDJE.
the under wing-coverts and axillaries : "bill black; legs greyish
blue, tarsi and feet tinged with olive ; iris bright red " (J. Gould).
Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 3-6, wing 8-9, tail 31, tarsus 3-35.
Hah. Australia and New Zealand.
a, Ad. st.
b, Ad. st.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/,(,. Ad.sk.
h. 3 ad. sk.
*. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
m, n, o. Ad. bIj
p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
Australia.
Australia.
Australia.
S. Australia.
S. Australia.
Port Adelaide, S. Australia,
May.
S. Australia.
Lachlan River, N. S. W.
Queensland.
Queensland.
Derby, N.W. Australia ( T.
H. Bowyer Bower).
N.W. Australia, Sept. 19.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
Ladv Carrington [P.],
Old "Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebolim Coll.
Capt. Sturt [P.].
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Seebobm Coll.
Lord Leigh [P.].
Seebobm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt. Bowyer Bower
[P.].
J. Il.Elsey, Esq. [P.].
Sir Samuel Scott [P.I.
Colonial Museum [P.J.
4. Recurvix*ostra andina.
Eecurvirostra andina, 1'hilippi §■ Landb. Arch.f. Naturg. xxix. p. 131
(1863: Paruncota, 16,000 ft.); Gray, Hand-l. B. hi. p. 47,
no. 10289 (1871) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873) ;
Hurting, Ibis, 1874, p. 257, pi. ix. ; Baird, Brewer, fy Bidyw.
Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 341 (1884); J'aez. Orn. Perou, iii.
p. 384 (1886) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Iluasco, Tarapaca) ;
Ridfjw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1887).
Ilimantopus andinus, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 232; id. Geoyr. Dislr.
Charadr. p. 286 (1888).
Adult female. General colour above sooty black, including the
win«-s and tail, the secondaries with a certain amount of white
towards the base of the inner web ; lower back and rump white,
the upper tail-coverts sooty black, with white on many of these
feathers ; head and neck all round, as well as the upper mantle and
the entire under surface of the body, pure white, including the
under wing-coverts and axillaries : " bill black ; feet bluish grey ;
iris orange, with a yellow rim" {A. A. Lane). Total length
17 inches, culmen 2-9, wing 9 - 5, tail 4, tarsus 3-5.
Nestling. Covered with white down, the back mottled with brown,
the black appearing on the scapulars, sides of body, and upper
tail-coverts.
Hah. Andes of Chili.
a, b. 2 ad. sk.
c. J ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. et pull sk.
Lake Huasco, Tarapaca,
Jan.,Feb.(^4.^.Zrtwe).
Sacaya, March 18 {A.
A. Lane).
Lueva Negro, Tarapaca,
Feb. 9 (Balmier).
Berkeley James Coll.
Berkeley James Coll.
Berkeley James Coll.
4<>. ii!iDoruiY.\'cnrs. :;:;.",
Subfamily VII. IBIDORHYNCII1N M.
40. IBIDORHYNCHUS.
Type.
lbidorhynchus, J /</"r*, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 174 I. struthersi.
Clorhynchus, Jf<»/;/s. J. A. S. Beny. iv. p. 701 (1835) . . I. struthersi.
Falcirostra, Severtz. Tvrkest. Jevotn. p. 146 (1873) .... I. struthersi.
"Range. The mountain streams of the Himalayan Region to
Central Asia and eastwards to China.
1. Ibidorhynchus struthersi.
lbidorhynchus struthersi, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 174 (Himalaya
fitts.)"; Gould, Cat. B. Himal. Mts. pi. lxxix. (1832) ; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. fyc. Nepal pre*. Hodgs. p. 138 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 568 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 265 (1849:
Bhotan; Nepal); Beichenb. Grail, tab. xevi. fig. 1044 (1850);
Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 61 (1856) ; Jerd. U. Ind. iii. p. 685 (1864)
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 41. no. 10238 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 411 (near Pekin) ; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xl. p. 400 (1871),
xli. p. 72 (1872 : Sihhim) : Brooks, t. c. p. 86 (Cashmere) ; id.
Str. F. iii. p. 257 (1875: Derali, Bha^irati Valley) ; Dresser, Ibis,
1876, p. 329 (Turkestan) ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 466, pi. 118
(1877) ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 51 (1878: Koko-nor
Mts., Nov. ; Kan-su Mts.) ; Hume, Str. I', viii. p. 112 (1879), xi.
p. 323 (1888 : Manipur) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 314
(1888); id. Ibis, 1891, p. 378 (Western Szechuen, 14,000 ft.);
Beret, fy Bianchi, Ares Gan-m. p. 4 (1891) ; Oust. N. Arch. Mas.
(3) vi. p. 89 (1894: Tatsien-lou).
Clorhynchus strophiatus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. iv. p. 701 (1835) ;
id. Icon, ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pis. 82, 82 a, 99, App. pi. 46,
no. 576; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844).
Ardea P, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344 (between Takoo & Pekin).
Numenius struthersi, Schl, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 102 (1864 :
Nepal).
Falcirostra kaufmanni, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 69, 146, pi. x.
tigs. 1,2(1873).
Falcirostra longipes, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 69, 147 (1873).
Adult. General colour above ashy grey, a little clearer grey on
the wing-coverts : bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts blackish ;
quills dusky grey, blackish at the ends, the inner primaries with a
round sub-terminal spot of white, increasing in extent towards the
secondaries, the outermost of which have white bases, forming a
large wing-patch ; remainder of secondaries ashy grey, with more
or less white toyvards the base of the inner web ; innermost long
secondaries like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts clearer grey than the mantle, the central coverts blackish
with grey tips, the others grey externally ; tail-feathers ashy broyvn,
with wavy bars of dusky blackish, all but the centre feathers with
.i large black spot at the ends, the external one barred with black
and white on the outer web onlv, and the bars on the inner wch
336
Cn.VKADEIID^.
very indistinct ; centre of crown black, ending in a point on the
nape ; the forehead somewhat hoary, as also the fore part of the
cheeks ; lores and remainder of sides of face, as well as the throat,
black, which extends to below the eye and then in a diagonal
direction across the face to the lower throat ; a white line skirting
this black mask from the sides of the nape and joining on the
throat ; ear-coverts and sides of neck, as well as the whole of the
hind-neck and fore-neck, lavender-grey, everywhere separated by
the line of white before mentioned ; across the chest a broad band
of black, separated from the grey fore-neck by a line of white ;
remainder of under surface of body pure white, including the under
tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries : " bill deep crimson ;
feet blood-red ; iris red " (T. G. Jerdon). Total length 13 incbes,
culmen 2 - 9, wing 9-2, tail 4*2, tarsus 1-85.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the black of the face
and the band on the chest rather browner. Total length 16 inches,
culmen 3, wing 2*2, tail 45, tarsus 1*75.
Young. Much more dingy than the adults in colour, but freckled
with ochreous buff and dusky lines : the black of the face replaced
with dusky and also on the crown ; the forehead, cheeks, and throat
hoary ; the black baud on the chest feebly developed, dusky blackish,
obscured with whitish margins to the feathers.
Hah. Himalayas from Cashmere to Assam. Central Asia from
Turkestan to Tibet, and eastwards to Mongolia and Northern
China.
a, b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
e-i. Ad. et juv.
k, I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o~u. Ad. sk.
v. (S juv. sk.
w-z. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
b'-d'. Ad. sk.
e . Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
g", h". <S ad. sk
i. 5 iunu. sk.
Gulcha, Pamir, May.
II imalayas.
Rembiara River, Cash-
mere, June 12 ( W.
E. Brooks).
Nepal.
Native Sikbim, Dec,
March (L. Mandelli).
Native Sikhim, March
(J. Biddulph).
Sikhim, Sept.
Sikhim, Dec. to March
(L. Mandelli).
Sikhim (12,000ft.), Sept.
14 (H. J. Elwes).
Davjeeling.
Tibet, Oct. (L. Mandelli).
Bhotan (Pemberton),
Upper Assam (Chinese
Frontier).
Saddya, Assam, Feb.
Noa Dihing, Assam, Feb.,
March (II. H. God-
win-Austen).
Pekin.
St.GeorgeLittledale,Esq.
[P.].
India Museum. (Ivpe
of species.)
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Colonel Biddulph [C.].
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Godwin-Austen Coll.
F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.].
TOTANIN.&.
337
Subfamily VIII. TOTANIN^E.
Keij to the Genera.
a. Bill distinctly arched.
a'. Tarsus transversely scaled and reticu-
kted beLiad 41. Numb™, p. 340.
Foot ol Kumcnius pheopus, from nature, to show the scutellation
VOL. XXIV.
338
CHAEADEIID^.
b'. Tarsus transversely scutellated in front
and behind
b. Bill straight or slightly upturned.
c'. Bill long, the culnien exceeding the tail
in length.
a". Bill with the tip scarcely widened,
with a slight upward tendency,
but not pitted ; the groove at the
base of the under mandible not ex-
tending beyond the half of the bill.
b". Bill widened at the tip, which is
pitted ; the groove on the lower
mandible extending nearly to the
tip of the latter, which is also pitted.
<V. Bill moderate, not exceeding the tail
in length, and generally exceeded by
the latter,
c". Culnien exceeding the length of the
middle toe and claw.
a'". Bill long and slender, straight
and widened at the tip, which
is pitted : outer and inner toes
united at the base to the middle
one by a distinct membrane . .
b'". Bill straight, the tip of the upper
mandible slightly decurved at
the tip.
a 4 . Tarsus longer than middle toe
and claw.
« 5 . Inner and outer toes joined to
the middle one at the base
by a distinct web
b 5 . Outer toe joined to the middle
one by a distinct web at the
base, the inner toe scarcely
united to the middle one.
a 6 . Tarsus much longer than
middle toe without claw,
being more than one and
a half times as long as the
toe
b 6 . Tarsus much shorter and
scarcely exceeding the
length of the middle toe
and claw
b*. Tarsus about equal to the middle
toe and claw, and not exceed-
ing the latter ; bare part of
tibia scarcely exceeding the
length of the hind toe and claw.
c 5 . Secondaries falling far short
of the primaries, by more
than the length of the tarsus.
d 5 . Secondaries equal to the
primaries, the distance be-
tween them being much less
than the length of the tarsus.
[p. 371.
42. Mesoscolopax,
43. Limosa, p. 372.
[p. 393.
44. Maceoehamphus,
45. MlCEOPALAMA, p.401.
46. Symphemia, p. 405.
47. Totanus, p. 409.
48. Helodeomas, p. 457.
[p. 449.
49. Hetebactitis,
50. Teixgoides, p. 456.
TOTANINJS. 339
c'". Bill with an upward curve.
c 4 . Both inner and outer toes united
at the base to the middle one
by a distinct membrane.
e 5 . Bill slender; inner secondaries
rather long in comparison
•with the primaries, and
reaching to aoout the fourth
primary 51. Terekia, p. 474.
f s . Bill much stouter; inner se-
condaries shorter and reach-
ing to about the sixth [p. 479.
primary* 52. Pseudoglottis,
d*. Inner toe united at the base by
a membrane to the middle toe,
but the outer toe scarcely con-
nected ; bill with a distinct
upward tendency of the lower
mandible, rising from a point
a little beyond the terminal
half of the latter 53. Glottis, p. 480.
. Bill short ; the tail exceeding the
culmen in length.
d" . Tarsus very long, exceeding the bill
in length ; the bare part of the
tibia equal to about half the length
of the tarsus.
d'". Toes long, the tarsus not twice the
length of the inner toe and claw.
e 4 . No ornamental shield ; sexes
alike in size ; tail nearly square,
the centre feathers exceeding
the outer rectrices by less than
the length of the hind toe and
claw ; feathers on the angle of
the chin reaching only to about [p. 490.
the level of the forehead .... 54. Rhyacophilus,
/'. A conspicuous shield of feathers
in the male, which is much
larger than the female ; tail
strongly graduated 55. Pavoxcella, p. 499.
«'". Toes much shorter, the tarsus
twice the length of the inner toe
and claw ; tail much graduated,
the outer feathers falling short
of the middle ones by more than
the length of the hind toe and
claw ; feathers on the angle of
the chin produced forwards, far
bevond the line of the forehead ;
a dertral swelling slightly indi-
cated 56. Bartramia. p. 509.
* These two genera are very closely allied, much more so than would be at
first supposed; but Ttrekia is evidently a long-billed genus akin to Tringoide?,
while Fseiuloyluttis is a web-toed Greeushank.
340 CHARADRIID.33.
e". Tarsus short, about equal to the cul-
men in length ; hare part of the
tibia nearly equalling the tarsus in
length ; hill flattened and some-
what widened at the end ; feathers
of the chin-angle nearly equal to
the feathers on the edge of the
forehead 57. Ereunetes, p. 514.
41. NUMENIUS. „
Type.
Numenius, Briss. Orn. v. p. 311 (1760) N. arquatus.
Phreopus, Cuvier, Bec/ne An. i. p. 485 (1817) N. phaeopus.
Cracticornis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 88 (1841) N. arquatus.
Range. Nearly cosmopolitan.
Key to the Species.
a. Quills barred with whitish or rufous on the
inner web.
a . Colour of crown of head similar to that of the
back, not showing a mesial pale longitudinal
band. (Curlews.)
a". Axillaries pure white, or with traces of a
few dusky lines ■ lower back and rump
white, either uniform or with longitudinal
streaks and spots of black.
a". Size larger : culmen 4"75-6'l inches ;
tarsus 2 - 9-3"2 inches ; rump white
(juv. vel hiem.), or white spotted and
streaked with blackish (ad. restiv.) . , arquatus, p. 341.
b'". Size smaller : culmen less than 3 inches ;
tarsus 2 - 4 inches ; lower back and rump
always pure white tenuirostris, p. 348.
b". Axillaries white, broadly and plentifully
barred with blackish like the wing-coverts ;
lower back and rump brown, not white,
mottled with blackish like the mantle
and upper back cyanopus, p. 350.
c". Axillaries and under wing-coverts vinous
cinnamon, with a few narrow dusky bars ;
quills also vinous cinnamon below, barred
with dusky ; lower back and rump dark
like the upper back, not white lojigirostris, p. 352.
b' . A central longitudinal pale band down the
crown, with the sides of the crown blackish
brown, forming a broad band along each side
of the latter. (Whimbhels.)
d" . Lower back and rump pure white, or with
some central spots and streaks of dusky
blackish; axillaries white or white barred , 7 „ r _
-^ brown phaopus, p. 355.
Lower back and" rump like the upper back, 1 varie ff atus > P- 36] •
not white.
'". Upper tail-coverts barred with buff and
dark brown ; tail ashy brown with bars
41. NUMENIUS. 341
of dark brown ; no peculiarity of thigh-
feathers hudsonicus, p. 364.
d'". Upper tail-coverts uniform cinnamon-
bun ; tail-leathers cinnamon-buff,
banded with du.sky brown ; shafts of
thigh-feathers produced into hair-like
bristles tahitiensis, p. 367.
Inner aspect of quills uniform, without bars or
notches on the inner web ; axillaries cinnamon-
rufous barred with brown ; lower back and
rump like the rest of the back borealis, p. 368.
1. Numeniu3 arquatns.
The Curlew, Atom, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 75, pi. 79 (1738).
Le Courly, Briss. Orn. v. p. 311 (1700); HAubent. PL Bid. viii.
pi. 318.
Le Courly de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. v. p. 321, pi. xxviii. (1760).
Scolopax arquata, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 242 (1706: Europe); G/n.
Si/st. Nat. i. p. 655 (1788).
Scolopax madagascariensis, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 212 (1760 : Mada-
gascar) ; Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 055 (1788).
Courly de Madagascar, D'Aubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 198.
Le Courlis, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 19, pi. ii. (1781).
Numenius madagascariensis, Bodd. TabL PL Enl. p. 1^'(1783); Lath.
Ltd. Orn. ii. p. 710 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii.
p. 306 (1817); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mas. p. 93 (1844) ; Bp. C.
It. xliii. p. 597 (1850) ; E. Neict. Ibis, lSii:!, p. 457 (Madagascar);
Schl. $ Poll. Faun. Modag., Ois. p. 133 (1868) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1869, p. 571; Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 10244 (1871);
Hart/. Joy. Madoff. p. 323 (1877) ; E. Newt. Tr. Nor/. Soc. 1889,
p. 553 (Reunion; Seychelles; Rodriguess).
Numenius arquatus, Bodd. TabL PL Enl. p. 50 (1783); Lath. Ind.
Orn. ii. p. 710 (1790; ; Pall. Zooyr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 168 (1811);
Vieill. N. Diet. d'JIist. Nat. viii. p. 304 (1817); Tenon. Man.
d'Orn. ii. p. 603 (1820) ; Boux, Orn. Prov. pi. 300 ( 1825 I ; Werner,
Atlas, Grallte, pi. 5 < 1,-27) ; Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl.y. 608 (1831) ;
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna); Naum. Viii/. Deutschl.
viii. p. 478, Taf. 210 (1830) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 302 (1837);
Bp. Coiii]>. List B. Eur. 8[ N. Atner, p. 49 (1838) ; Cresp. Orn. Gard,
p. 404 (1840) ; Keys. 8f Bias. U'irb. Eur. pp. lxxviii. 207 (1840) ;
Nordm. in Dimid. 1 r oy. Buss. Mi id. iii. p. 266 (1840); Selya-
Lonych. Faun. Bely. p. 130 (1842: spring and autumn); Schl.
Rev. Crit. p. xcv (1844); Miihle, lleitr. Orn. GriecAenl. p. 110
(1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 93 (1844) ; Hodys. Icon,
ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail. "!•«, no. 014; id. in Graifs Zoo/. Misc.
p. 86 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 125 (1845: Lower Egypt and
Abyssinian Coa.-t, m winter) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 285,
pi. lxxix. (1846); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8p. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
p. 137 (1840) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. /!. Mue.
As. Soc. p. 268 (1849: Calcutta); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 1-1
(1850: resident); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 140 (Madeira);
Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxviii. fig. 539 (1851); Macff. Brit. B.
iv. p. 243 (1862); Ejeerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. xxxiii a. tig. 4
(1852); Schl. Voy. Nederl. p. 247(1854); Brehm, J.f. O. L854,
p. 81 (Khartoum); Lichl.Nomend.Av.Mw. Berol. p. 91 (1-51:
Germany; Arabia); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1850); Heugl.
342 CHARADBIID^.
Syst. Uebers. p. 62 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 232 (1857:
Ashauti ; Red Sea; Dongola; Abyssinia; Mozambique); Grill, Zool.
Anteckn. pp. 11, 53 (1859: Knysna) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm.
Rich. Orn. p. 472 (1859) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 53 (Egypt) ;
Linderm. Vbg. Griechenl. p. 147 (1860) : Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 345
(Corfu) ; Gurney, t. c. p. 218 (Natal) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Voqels,
pi. 22. fig. 8 (1861) ; F. fy P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 86 (Bodo,
Norway) ; Irhy, t. c. p. 240 (Oudh) ; Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1862, p. 321 (Liu Kiu) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 410
(Formosa) ; Newton in Baring- Gotdd's Ice/and, p. 413 (1863 :
Reykjavik, Sept.) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 153 (1863) ; Collett,
Overs. Christiania Omegns omithol. Faun. p. 194 (1864) ; Adams,
Ibis, 1864, p. 33 (Egypt) ; Wright, t. c. p. 144 (Malta, spring and
autumn) ; Sperling, t. c. p. 287 ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 683 (1864) ;
Nordm. J.f. O. 1864, p. 375 (Lapland) ; Schl. Mus. Pai/s-Bas,
Scolopaces, p. 85, pt. (1864); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 60 (Pisa); E.
Newt. t. c. p. 150 (Rodriguez) ; More, t. c. p. 434 ; Sundev. Sv.
Fogl. pi. 38. fig. 2 (1865) ; Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 101 (Azores) ;
Swinhoe, t. c. p. 137 (Formosa) ; Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 331
(Princes Id.) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70 (Earpt) ; E. Newton,
t. c. p. 346 (Seychelles) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 322 (1867) ;
Deal, et Gerbe, 0m. Eur. ii. p. 159 (1867) ; Loche, E.vpl. Sci.
Alger. Ois. ii. p. 331 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282 (Ice-
land) ; Sioinhoe, t. c. p. 391 (Amoy) ; Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 292
(Mozambique and Zanzibar) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 327 (Palestine) ;
Beavan, t. c. p. 398 (Moulmein) ; Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal);
Dyb. Sf Parve.r, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (Darasun) ; Collett, Norges
Fugle, p. 57 (1868); Chapm, Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 419 (1868);
Borggr. Yogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 121 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil.
p. 180 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 48 (1869) : Drake, Ibis,
1869, p. 154 (Marocco); Finsch $ Hartl. Vbg. Ost-Afr. p. 736
(1870); Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 432 (1870: coast in
winter) ; Elwes 8f Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Macedonia) ; Stevens.
B. Norf. ii. p. 194 (1870) ; Godman, Azores, p. 34 (1870) ; Fritsch,
Vbg. Eur. tab. 40. fig. 4 (1870) ; Salrad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 233
(1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 410 (China ; Formosa; Hainan,
in winter) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 287 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 40, no. 10239 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 389
(Southern Spain) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 299 (1872 :
Damara and Great Namaqua Lands) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74
(Nagua R., Fantee) ; G. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 232 ( Ismid) ; Shelley $>
Buckley, t. c. p. 290 (Gold Coast) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B.
p. 53 (1872) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 (Ceylon) ; Feilden,
Zool. 1872, p. 3248 (Faroes, autumn and winter) ; Shelley, B.
Egypt, p. 243 (1872) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 34, 469, 641;
Palmen, Finlands Foylar, p. 118 (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 69 (1873 : migrant) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 243, pi. 578
(1873) ; Alston $ Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 70 (Archangel) ;
Brooke, t. c. p. 340 (Sardinia, winter) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-A/r. ii.
pt. 1, p. 1146 (1873) ; Antin. <§■ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 145
(1873 : Massaua, Dec.) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 74 (Gold Coast) ;
Buckley, t. c. p. 388 (Matabele Country) ; Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 190
(1874) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 332 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. iii.
p. 182 (1875 : Pegu) ; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 178 (1875) ;
Fallon, Ois. Be/g. p. 168 (1875 : migrant) ; Dan/, fy Harvie-Brown,
Ibis, 1875, p. 424 (Transylvania) ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 213
(Potchefstroom) ; Dresser, t. c. p. 412 ; Blan/ East. Pers. ii.
41. NTJITENIUS. 343
p. 286 (1876) ; FuucA, Ibis, 1877, pp. 57, 62 (Obdorsk) ; Ayrea,
I. c. p. 350 (Transvaal) ; Tact. Dull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 158
(1877: Poland); Reichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 12 (Loango Coast);
Finsch, Verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 249 (1879: Obdorsk,
Sept.) ; Buqd. B. Cauc. p. 156 (1879) ; Bocaqe, Orn. Angola,
p. 461 (1881: Rio Coroca; Chinchonxo) ; W. A. Forbes, P. Z. 8.
1881, p. 644 (anatomy); Sa/vin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 616 (1882:
Southampton ; Madras ; S. Africa) ; Butler, Feilden, 4" Reid, Zool.
1882, p. 494 (Umgeni R., Dec): Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 16 (Malay
Peninsula) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 224 (Astrakhan, migrant), p. 382
(Archangel) ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus, breeding on the
Steppes) ; Irby, t. c. p. 186 (Santander, May, June, November):
B.O. V. List Brit. B. p. 179 (1883); Gates, Handb. B. Brit.
Burnt, ii. p. 412 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii.p. 499
(1883) ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 99 (Spain, throughout the
winter) : Saunders, t. c. p. 390 (Pyrenees) ; Murray, Yertebr.
Faun. Sind, p. 247 (1884); Tristr.'Faun. $ Flor. Palest. -p. 134
(1884) ; Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 81 (1884) ; Radde, Orn.
Cauc. pp. 45, 436 (1884: 6300 feet, breeding) ; Sharpe,ed. Layard's
B. S. Afr. p. 692 (1884) ; Vorderm. X. T. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 204
(1884 :" Java) ; Zarudn. Bull. Mosc. 1885, p. 328 (Plain of Teke) ;
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 94 (1885) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885,
p. 43 (Corsica, winter) ; Dixon, t. c. p. 85 (St. Kilda) ; Sicinhoe fy
Barnes, t. c. p. 134 (Mhow Distr.) ; Reid, t. c. p. 253 (Marocco,
winter) ; Gif/l. Avif. Ital. p. 407 (1886) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21
(Aden) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 492 (Fao, July to March) ; Salvad. Elenco
Ucc. Ital. p. 229 (1886) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 182 (Liu Kiu
Islands) ; Tait, t. c. p. 393 (Portugal, autumn and spring) ; Harvie-
Brownfy Buckley, Yertebr. Faun. Sutheri, Caithn.,^- TV. Cromarty,
p. 226 (1887); iid. Vertebr. Faun. Older Hebr. p. 138 (1888);
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 322 ( 1888) ; Parker, Ibis, 1888,
p. 217 (anatomy) ; Seebohm, t. c. pp. 236,416 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 306
(Lamu, Nov.) ; Chapman, t. c. p. 445 i Spain, winter) ; Irby, Key
List Brit. B. p. 49 (1888) ; Koeniy, J.f. O. 1888, p. 276 (Tunis) ;
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 611 (1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 342
(Cyprus) ; Reichen, Syst. Vbg. Deutschl. p. 46 (1889) ; Gigl. Avif.
Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 621 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 656 {1890), 3rd Resoc.
p. 514 (1891); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat.) p. 92 (1890);
IV. Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 81 (incubation) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit.
B. pt, xix. (1891) ; Madardsz, Erldut. Aust. Ungar. Yoqe/f.y. 107
(1891); Frivaldski/, Aves Hunq. p. 137 (1891); Reiser, Yoyels.
Mus. Sarajevo, p. 119 (1891) ; Giitke, Yoyelw. Helyol. p. 473 (1891) :
Bucklei/ § liar vie- Brown, J'ertebr. Faun. Orkneys, p. 224 (1891) ;
iid. Argyll & Inner Ilebr. p. 184 (1892) ; Vorderm. X. T. Nederl.
Ind. li.'p. 406 (1892: Chenbon); Fatio $ Studer, Cut. distr. Ois.
Suisse, p. 46 (1892): Macphers. Yertebr. Faun. Lake/, p. 406
(1892); Dutrher,Auk,ix.y.:>M (1892 -. Long Id.) ; Seebohm, Ibis,
1892, p. 22 (Heligoland) ; Hartert, t.c. p.^514 (East. Prussia):
Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 171, 181 (Aden) ; Meade- Waldo, t. c. p. 205
(Canary Islands) ; Reichen. Jahrb. Hambun/. IVisscnsch. Anst. x.
p. 7 (1808: Zanzibar); id. Vbg. Deutsih-Ost-Afr. p. 43 (1894);
Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 290 (1895).
Common Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 119 (1785); Yarrvll,
Brit. B. ii. p. 510 (1843).
Madagascar Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1. p. 119 (1785).
Numenius major, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 26
(1824); Sharpe, Ibi<, 1886, p. 168 (Muscat).
Numenius virgatus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 521 (1829: Cape).
344 CHAKADKima:.
Numenius lineatus, Cuv. Reyne ■ Anim. i. p. 521 (1829 : India) ;
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 167 ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 237 (1873: Sind) ;
Adam, t. c. p.. 396 (Sanibhur) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1872, p. 417
(Kathiawar) ; Tacz. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 103, 1874, p. 336 ; Hume,
Str. F. ii. p. 296 (1874: Andamans, Aug. to April); Blyth Xf
Wald. B. Burm. p. 155 (1875: Arakan, Kyasoo Creek) ; Butler 8f
Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 16 (1876) ; Armstrong, t. c. p. 341 (Rangoon) ;
Hume, t. c. p. 464 (Laccadives) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i
p. 255 (1876); Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 460 (1878);
Davidson fy Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 (1878: Deccan) ; Hume,
op. cit. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Scully, t. c. p. 356 (Nepal Valley) ;
Tiraut, Bull. Comite Ayric. et Industr. Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 156
(1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 62 (1879 : winter) ; id. Cat.
B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 76 (1880 : winter visitant) ; Leyge, B. Ceylon,
p. 906 (1880) ; Blukiston, Amended List B. Jap.'y. 39 (1884);
Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 34 (Japan), p. 268 (Kiukiang) ; Hume, Str.
F. xi. p. 322 (1888 : Manipur) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As.
Soc. 1889, p. 208 (Borneo) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan) ;
Sfyan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 331, 508 (Lower Yangtze, winter) ; De la
Touche, His, 1892, p. 501 (Foochow and Swatow, winter) ; Hartl.
Abhandl. nat. Yer. Bremen, xii. p. 299 (1893: Hainan); Styan,
Ibis, 1893, p. 437 (Hainan).
Mumenius medius, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 609 (1831); id. Nau-
mannia, 1855, p. 291.
Numenius orientals s, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 610 (1831).
Numenius nasicus, Temm. Man. d!Orn. iv. p. 393 (1840).
Cracticornis arquata, Gray, List Gen. p. 88 (1841).
Numenius arquatula, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail. App.
tab. 45, no. 615 : id. in Gi-ay's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Gray,
Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 137 (1846).
? Numenius hudsonicus (nee Lath.), Brehm, J.f. O. 1854, p. 81.
Numenius assimilis, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 291.
Numenius rufescens (nee Gould), Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 291.
Numenius longirostris, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 291.
Numenius tenuirostris (nee V.), Hevgl. Syst. Uebers. p. 62 (1856) ;
id. Lbis, 1859, p. 347 (Red Sea; Gulf of Suez; Arabia Petrsea;
Massaua, Aug. ; Gulf of Aden, Oct. to Dec).
Numenius cassini, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1867, p. 398.
Numenius arquatus, var. madagascariensis, Milne-Edicards fy
Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madagasc, Ois., p. 619, pi. ecliv. (1882).
Numenius arquatus lineatus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 324
(1888) ; id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 314 (1890) ; Berez. § Btanchi,
Aves Gan-sti, p. 4 (lb91) ; Tacz. Faun. Orn. Siber. Orient, pt. ii.
p. 938 (1893).
Numenius arquatus madagascariensis, Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115
(Madagascar).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown,
with loDgitudinal black centres to the feathers imparting a broadly
striped appearance, the featbers of the upper surface being notched
with ashy or rufous, giving to many of the scapulars a somewhat
barred appearance ; wing-coverts dark brown, edged with whity
brown, the median and greater series also chequered with the latter
colour, imparting a somewhat barred appearance to this part of the
wing ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish,
externally glossed with bottle-green, the primary-coverts slightly
tipped with white, the shafts of the outer primaries white, those of
41. NUMENIUS. 345
the inner ones brown, the primaries notched or barred, on the inner
web only, with sandy buff or whitish, the inner primaries being
thus marked on both webs, the secondaries distinctly barred with
brown and white, both webs being deeply notched with ashy
whitish, the innermost secondaries ashy brown with dusky brown
cross bars, the centre of the feathers being also dusky brown ; lower
back and rump pure white with black longitudinal spots or streaks,
a little more distinct on the rump ; the upper tail-coverts barred
with black and white or with sagittate sub-terminal spots, the longer
ones tinged with sandy buff and the brown bars often not coter-
minous ; tail white or slightly tinged with sandy buff, or shaded with
ashy brown and crossed with nine or ten rather broad bars of
blackish brown ; head dark brown, the feathers edged with sandy
buff, giving a streaked appearance ; the neck more ashy, streaked
with brown ; over the eye a white streak, narrowly lined with
black ; sides of face and sides of neck, throat, and chest pale sandy
buff streaked with blackish brown, more narrowly on the sides of
the face ; chin and upper throat white ; breast, abdomen, sides of
body, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, streaked with dark
brown on the breast, and very narrowly on the abdomen and under
tail-coverts ; thighs uustreaked ; sides of body with distinct bars or
sagittate markings of dark brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pure white, mottled with blackish centres to the feathers, the
axillaries more or less regularly barred with blackish or with a
sub-terminal heart-shaped spot ; lower primary-coverts and quills
below ashy grey with white notches to the inner webs : " bill
fleshy brown, shading into dark brown towards the tip ; feet dusky ;
iris brown" (G. E. Shelley). Total length 21 inches, culmen 4*75,
wing 11, tail 4-25, tarsus 2-9.
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but
larger, and with a longer bill. Total length 24 inches, culmen 6-1,
wing 12, tail 5-7, tarsus 3 - 2.
Adults in winter plumage. Very similar to the breeding-plumage,
but paler, and much less heavily striped, especially on the under
surface of the body ; the black spots and streaks on the rump
scarcely apparent, and concealed by the white plumage ; upper tail-
coverts white, with very few brown cross-bars ; tail white, barred
with brown : " feet pale leaden grey, claws blackish ; bill blackish
brown, flesh-colour at the base of the lower mandible " {A. 0. Hum, \.
There is evidently a spring moult, but whether partial or entire I
have not been able to determine. The breeding-plumage is gained
by a widening of the longitudinal centres to the feathers, of which
the pattern changes on several portions of the body. Such parts as
the rump and the abdomen and under tail-coverts have scarcely any
visible streaks, but these appear with the summer plumage, and
these streaks are gained by a change of the feather. The sides of
the body change from a streaked to a barred appearance, this being
effected by a preliminary widening of the brown centres to the
feathers which develop into bars without any direct moult. The
innermost secondaries, at the autumn moult, seem to be entirely
uniform, and the bars make their appearance gradually.
346 CHARADRIIB.E.
Young. Differs from the adult in being much more tawny, and,
as Mr. Seebohm has pointed out, young birds may always be dis-
tinguished from the old ones by the much lighter patterns of the
notches and bars on the innermost secondaries, these markings being
tawny buff, and the black centres to the feathers being much broader.
I have united the Indian Curlew (Numenius lineatus) with
N. arquatus, because the only character for its separation is the
white lower back, without streaks or spots. This is a sign of winter
or young plumage in A 7 , arquatus; and many Eastern birds are also
found with black streaks and spots, for the simple reason that
these are concealed at first under the white plumage, and are merely
represented by shaft-lines. The latter, as the breeding-season ap-
proaches, become wider and more distinct, and are often assumed
quite early in the year. Thus a male shot by Colonel Irby in
January is nearly in full breeding-plumage.
On the whole the Eastern birds seem to have rather longer bills,
but even these are approached by some European and African
specimens, and the reason for the occurrence of long-billed examples
in India and other parts of Southern Asia is, to a great extent,
accounted for by the curious fact that they are nearly all old birds.
As will be seen by the list of specimens given below, the immature
birds from the Eastern part of the Curlew's range are exceedingly
few in number.
Hah. Europe generally, wintering in Africa, as far south as the Cape
Colony and in Madagascar. In Asia it extends as far as Lake Baikal,
and winters in the Indian Peninsula. Accidental in N. America.
a. Juv. st. Ballynakuick, Ireland. C. Coningkam, Esq.
[P.].
b. J ad. sk. Dunglow, Co. Donegal, Jan. Colonel Irby [P.].
14.
c. S a d. sk. Orkney Islands, March 14 Seebohm Coll.
(Dunn).
d. Pull. st. Orknev Islands. Mr. Baker [C.].
e,f. Ad. st. Beauly Castle, N.B. Lord Lovat [P.].
(/, h, i. $ ad. sk. Beauly Castle, N.B., May, Lord Lovat [P.j.
June.
k. $ ad. st. [group]. Beauly Castle, N.B., June. Lord Lovat [P.].
/. $ ad. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker.
m. <3 juv sk. Cookham, Berks, June (iJ. Tweeddale Coll.
B. »S'.).
n. $ juv. sk. Romney Marsh, Kent, Sept. Dr. R. B. Sharpe
o, p. $ ad. et juv. Pagham, Sussex. Dr. R. B. Sharpe
st. [P.].
q. Juv.sk. Pagham, Sept. Dr. R. B. Sharpe [P.].
r. d juv. ; s. £ juv. Pagbam, Aug. Shelley Coll.
sk.
t. cT juv. sk. Pagham, Sept. [R. B. S.). Tweeddale Coll.
u. 2 &d. sk. Pagham Harbour, Sept. 22 Seebohm Coll.
(J. E. Harting).
v. rf ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll.
w, x. 2 ad. sk. St. Bride's, S. Wales, Jan. 4. Hon. W. Edwardes
[P.].
41. NUMENTUS.
347
y. Ad. sk.
z, a. d ad. ; b'. 2
ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
e'. Imm. st.
/". $ imm. sk.
/. d" ad. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.
i', k'. 2 ad. sk.
t. 2 J uv - Bk.
m', n . Ad. sk.
o',p'. $ 2 ad. sk.
q' . Juv. sk.
r'. $ ad. sk.
«'. $ ad. sk.
t'. 2 ad. sk.
u' , v'. 2 imm. sk.
tc'. 2 ad. s k.
x'. 2 j UT - s k-
y'. 2 juv. st.
s'. Ad. sk.
a". 3 imm. sk.
6". Ad. sk.
c"-f" . Ad. sk.
^", A". 2 ad. sk.
i"-m'. 2 ad. sk.
«". 3 ad. ; o" ,p".
2 ad. sk.
9". Ad. sk.
r". <J ad. sk.
*". Ad. sk.
t ", h". Ad. et jur.
sk.
v", w". 2 ad. sk.
x", y". Ad. sk.
z", a 1 . 2 ad. sk.
b 3 . c 3 , d 3 . rf 2 ad.
sk.
e 3 ,f,g 3 - Ad.sk.
h 3 . Ad. sk.
Bodii, Norway (F. D. God-
man).
Kiliki, Hungary, Oct.
(Kunszt).
Arrachon, France, Nov. 25.
Marocco (Olcese).
Athens.
Obdorsk, W. Siberia, Sept.
(O. Finsch).
Mesopotamia (Commander
Jones).
River Tigris (Commander
Jones).
Fao, Persian Gulf.
Muscat.
Favoom, Egypt, Feb. (G.
E. S.).
Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Jan.
15.
Nagua River, Fantee (H.
T. Usher).
Ambriz, Angola, Dec.
Rio Coroca, Benguela (An-
chieta).
Waltisch Bay (C. J. Anders-
son).
Durban, Natal (Gordge).
Natal (T. L.Ayr es).
Potchefstroom.
South Africa.
South Africa.
Cape Colony.
Afghanistan (Griffith).
Sirsa Distr.. Nov.
Mooltan, Dec. (A. O. H.).
River Jhelum, Nov. 29 (A.
O. II.) .
Chenab River, Dec. 9 (A.
O. H.).
Hvdrabad, Sind, Dec.
Karachi, Dec. 16 (A.O. H.).
Kathiawar, (Jet. 16.
Sambhur Lake, Dec, March
{A. O. H.).
Sambhur Lake, Feb., Dec.
(F. M. Adam).
Dehra Dhoon.
Gmgaon Distr., Oct., Dec.
(W. X. Chill).
Allahabad, Feb. 23 (A. O.
Etawah, Nov.
Eta, Putiala, Feb. 26 (A.
Anderson).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hungarian National
Museum [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Consid Merlin [P.].
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.
India Museum.
India Museum.
W. D. Cumming,
Esq. [P.].
Colonel Mills [P.].
Shellev Coll.
W. T.'Blanford, Esq.
Shelley Coll.
Monteiro Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
F. A. Barratt, Esq.
[C.].
Sir A. Smith [C.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Haves Llovd
[P.J. *
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
348
CHARADRIID.E.
i 3 . Ad. sk.
k 3 . Ad. sk.
P. 2 ad. sk.
in 3 . cJ ad. sk.
n 3 , o 3 . 2 ad. et <S
juv. sk.
jo 3 . 2 juv. sk.
2 3 . Ad. sk.
r 3 . 2 ad. sk.
s 3 . 3 ad. sk.
< 3 , u 3 . J ad. ; v 3 , w 3 ,
.f 3 . $ ad. sk.
y 3 . 2 ad. sk.
2', a 4 , d 2 ad. sk.
b\ c 4 . c? $ iuini. sk.
d { . <3 ad. sk.
e*. c? ad. sk.
/',^ 4 . 2ad.sk.
/* 4 . cf ad. sk.
i l . 2 ad. sk.
& 4 . 2 ad. sk.
J 4 . S ad. ; m\ n\ 2
ad. sk.
o 1 . 2 ad. sk.
p i , </'. d 2 ad. sk.
r\ 2 ad. sk.
s 4 , £ 4 . Imrn. sk.
u i . Ad. sk.
y 4 , 2^ 4 . Ad. et juv. sk.
x\ 2 ad. sk.*
y 4 -b 5 . d 2 ad. sk.
c 5 . 2 a< i- sk.
<Z 5 , e 3 . (J 2 ad- sk.
f 5 -i 5 . Ad.etjuv.sk.
k b , I'. Skeletons.
m s . Bones of trunk.
Oudli, Dec.
Oudh.
Shahjehanpur, Aug. 25 (A.
Anderson).
Futtehgurh, Nov. 12 (A.
Anderson).
Nepal.
(Tv
Nepal Valley, Oct. 2 (J.
Scully).
Darjeeling (Pearson).
Laccadive Islands, Feb. 18
(A. O. H.).
Calcutta (J. Biddulph).
Calcutta, Dec. to March
(A. 0. H.).
Aberdeen, S. Andamans (F.
A. de Roepstorff).
Port Blair.
South Andaman, Aug., Sept.
Trinkut Isl., Nicobars, Feb.
7 (R. J. Wimberley).
Kyasoo Creek, Burma, Oct.
(R. G. W. R.).
Lower Pegu (E. W. Oates).
Eastern Grove, Burma, Feb.
14 (J. Armstrong).
Deserter's Creek, Burma,
Jan. 3 (J. Armstrong).
Sittang River, Tenasserim,
Feb. 14 ( W. Davison).
Tavoy River, May (TV.
Davison).
Amherst, Dec. 16 (TV.
Davison).
Mergui, Nov. (TV. Davison).
Tonka, Dec. 13 (J. Darling).
Fenang (Dr. Cantor). %
Malacca (Dr. Cantor).
Malacca (Dr. Maingay).
Amoy, China, Dec. 2b (R.
Swinhoe).
Amov, Jan., Feb., Oct., Dec.
(R. S.).
Formosa, Feb. (R. S.).
Nagasaki, Japan.
Yokohama (H. Pryer).
England.
Nepal.
Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Seebohm Cull.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
pes of N. arquatula.)
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Cell.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Oates Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Purchased.
Hodprson Coll.
2. Numenius tenuirostris.
Numenius tenuirostris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 302
(1817); Rout, Orn. Prov. pi. 308 (1825); Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital.
fasc. iii. tav. 42 (1833) ; Naum. Fog. Deutschl. viii. p. 527, Taf.
218 (1836); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 394 (1840); Werner,
Atlas, pi. 469; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 407 (1840) ; Keys. Sf Bias.
41. NTTMENITJS. 349
Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxviii, 78 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Ruxx.
Mirid. iii. p. 256 (1840) ; 8chl Rev. Crit. p. xcv (1844) ; Miihle,
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 110 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 569,
pi. rliii. -, 1847) ; Lie/it. Xmnrnrl. Av. Mux. Berol. p. 01 (1854);
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Javh. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich.
Orn. p. 308 (1859) ; Salvin, t. ft p. 359 (Tunis) ; TrUtr. Ibis, I860,
p. 80 (Biskra) ; Poivys, t. c. p. 345 (Corfu, Sept.) ; Linderm. Vog.
Griechenl. p. 147 (I860) ; Schl. Mux. Pay 8- B as, Scolopaces, p. 92
(1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 145 (Malta) ; Git/1. Ibis, 1865, p. 60
(Pisa) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 54, cum tab. (1867) ; Degl. et Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 160 (1867); Locke, Expl. Set. Alger., Ois. ii.
p. 335 (18(37); Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal); Borr/yr. Vogdf.
Norddeutschl. p. 121 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. i82 (1869) :
Elwes fy Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Dobrudscha) ; Saunders, Ibis,
1871, p. 389 (Spain); Salvad. Faun. Hal., Ucc. p. 224 (1871);
Gray, Hand-/. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10241 (1871) ; Dresser, B. Eur.
viii. p. 237, pi. 577 (1871): Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 245 (1872):
Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1149 (1873: North coast of
Egypt) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia) ; Irby, Orn. Str.
Gi.br. p. 179 (1875 : spring and autumn) ; Fallon, Ois. Belq.
p. 167 (1875) ; Ftanf. $ Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 424 (Tran-
sylvania) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 224 (Astrakhan, autumn) :
Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 83 (1884); Reid, Ibis, 1885,
p. 253 (Morocco, winter) ; Zarudn. Bull. Mosc. 1885, p. 328 (Plain
of Te"ke) : Gigl. A oif. Ital. p. 408 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Hal.
p. 230 (1886) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 393 (Portugal) ; Salvad. Ibis,
1888, p. 321 ; Seebohm, Geoyr. Disbr. Charadr. p. 325 (1888) ;
Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 342 (Cyprus) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc.
p. 623 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 656 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 514 (1891) ;
Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 325 (1890) ; Gatke,
Vogelw. Ilelgol. p. 476 (1891) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligo-
land) : Fa/ in .v Studer, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 4(3 (1892) ; Graaf,
Ibis, 1893. p. 150 (Spaarndam, X. Holland, Dec.) ; Irby, Orn. Sir.
Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 290 (1895).
Numenius svngenicos, Mi/Mr, Beitr .Orn. Griechenl. p. 14 (1844); Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 147 (I860).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to N. arquatus, but
readily distinguished by its smaller size ; the lower back and rump
always pure white, with no black spots or streaks ; the upper tail-
coverts with longitudinal black centres, very distinct ; the tail
always white, with no ashy or buff shade, and distinctly barred
across with dark brown. A white eyebrow is generally visible and
the nape and hind-neck are also more or less whitish, forming iu
some specimens an indication of a pale collar. Total length 16
inches, culmen 2-Jo, wing 9-7, tail 3"5, tarsus 2 - 4.
A, hilt female. Similar to the male and only slightly larger. Total
length 16 inches, culmen 3 - 5, wing 9*9, tail 3-9, tarsus 2*4.
Adult in winter 2>lumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but
rather more sandy rufous in tone and with fewer streaks and spots
of black on the rump : the under surface longitudinally streaked
and spotted, but the streaks much narrower aud the spots less
heart-shaped.
Young. Similar to the winter plumage of the adults, but always
to be distinguished by the light notches on both webs of the inner-
most secondaries.
350
CHAEADEIIB^!.
Hob. Countries
Central Europe.
a, b. Ad. sk.
c. c? ad. sk.
d. cJ ad. sk.
e. J ad. sk.
/. d ad. sk.
g. c? ad. sk.
h. $ juv. sk.
i, k. Ad. st.
I. 2 ad. sk.
m. 2 j u v. sk.
n. $ ad. sk.
o. tf ad. sk.
of the Mediterranean, ranging occasionally into
Eome (E. C. Taylor).
Sicily.
Sicily (Doderlein).
Sicily (Doderlein).
Palermo.
Malta, April 9 (C. A.
Wright).
Malta, Sept. (C. A. W.).
Guelma, Algeria.
El Djen, Tunis, Feb. 28
(O. Salvin).
Asia Minor, Dec. 17 (T.
Robson).
Ismid, Asia Minor, April 1
( T. Robson).
Egypt {Birkbeck).
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
3. Numenius cyanopus.
Numenius cyanopus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 306 (1817:
Australia) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 93 (1844) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 569 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856) ; Gould, Handb.
B. Austr. ii.p. 277 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10242
(1871) ; Cab. $ Reichen. J. f. O. 1876, p. 32/ ; Bidler, Trans.
N. Z. Inst. ix. p. 333 (1877) ; Haast, t. c. p. 427 (Kaiapoi Bay,
April ; Ashloy River, June) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool.
xiii. p. 320 (1877 : Yule Isl., S.E. New Guinea) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 339 (Queensland) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 190
(1877) ; Cast. Sf Ramsay, t. c. p. 385 (Norman 11.) : Ramsay, op.
cit. ii. p. 198 (1878), iii. p. 296 (1879 : Port Moresby), iv. p. 101
(1880 : S. Cape and Louisiades) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii.
p. 330 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 330 (1882) ; Blakist.
Amended List B. Jap. p. 12 (1884: Yezo and Japan generally) ;
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 317 (1885 : Kamtchatka) ;
Gigl. Sf Salimd. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 588 (Corea, Aug., Oct.) ; Seebohm,
Geogr. Distr. Charudr. p. 326 (1888) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 459
(Corea) : Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888 : the whole of
Australia except the N.W.) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As.
Soc. 1889, p. 210 ; Seeboh?n, B. Japan. Emp. p. 315 (1890) ; Salvad.
Agg. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 204 (1891) ; De la Touche, Ibis,
1892, p. 501 (Foochow, Oct. ; Swatow, spring) ; Tacz. Mem. Acad.
Imp. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 940 (1893).
Numenius australis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 155; id. B. Austr. vi.
pi. 42 (1848) ; Reichenb. Vbg. Neuholl. p. 198, no. 532 (1850);
id, Grail., Novit. tab. xcvii. tig. 2824 (1851) ; Macgill. Narr. Voy
Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852: N.E. Coast Austr. and Torres Straits);
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (N. Austr.) ; id. Cat. Mamm. $ B.
New Guin. p. 62 (1859) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amur I. p. 426 (1859) ;
Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 79 (N. China) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 318
(Pekin, Aug.) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vbg. p. 338 (1863) ; Schl.
Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 90 (] 864 : Japan ; Amboina ; Bouru ;
Australia; Tasmania); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vbg. p. 128 (1865:
Australia) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 333 (1874) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1876,
p. 334 (Hakodadi) ; Blakist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 222 ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1879, p. 271 (Luinbidan) ; Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,
41. NUMENIT/S. 351
xxxi. p. 767 (1881 : Sumba) ; Blakist. $ Pryer, B. Jap. p. 115
(1882 : Yezo ; Eturop ; Yokohama) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss.
p. 82 (1884 : Bering Isl. ; Kamtchatka) ; Seel/ohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 34 ;
Tacz. Bull. Sue. Zool. France, 1 885, p. 475.
Nnmeniua major («« Steph.), Temm. $ Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 110, pi. 6G
(1850); Iteichenb. Grail, Nooit. tab. lvi. fig. 2564 (1851); Sioinh.
Ibis, 1861, p. 343 (Pekin); id, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 318 (S. China;
Formosa, winter); id, Ibis, 1876, p. 334 (Hakodadi) ; Blakist. fy
Pryer, B. Jap. p. 115 (1882 : Hakodadi) ; Vorderm. N. T. Nederl.
Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884: Java), xlix. p. 416 (1889 : Sumatra).
Numenius rostratus, Licht., teste Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 597 (1856).
Numenius australasianus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 364 (E. Gilolo) ;
Finsch, Xeu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865).
Numenius rufescens, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 286 (Formosa) ; Sioinh.
Ibis, 1863, p. 410 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 318 (N. Formosa, breeding) ;
Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 60 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 42,
no. 10243 (1871) ; Dresser, B. Fur. viii. p. 245 (1873).
Numenius tahitiensis (nee G?n.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 410
(Pekin; Formosa) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 104 (E. Siberia): id.
Bull. Soc. Zool, France, i. p. 254 (1876) ; David Sf Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 458 (1877).
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to N. arquatus and of
the same size, but distinguished by the dark lower back and rump
and the regular barring of the axillaries and under wing-coverts.
The general appearance is more fulvous ; the under surface is tinged
with vinous buff all over ; the lower back and rump are sandy
buff with blackish-brown centres to the feathers, thus greatly
resembling the rest of the back ; the upper tail-coverts barred with
blackish brown and sandy buff or white : " bill black, flesh-coloured
at the base of the lower mandible ; feet bluish grey ; iris dark
brown " (L. TaczanowsTci). Total length 24 inches, culmen 7*2,
wing 12-5, tail 4-6, tarsus 3-46.
Adidt male. In this species the difference in size between the
sexes is not so apparent as in some of the allied ones. Total length
21 inches, culmen 6-8, wing 11 9, tail 4-3, tarsus 3 - 2.
Young. Much more tawny than the adults and having tawny-buff
bars or notches on the innermost secondaries ; the streaks on the
under surface very fine and narrow.
Adults in winter plumage do not differ very much from the
summer plumage, but the under surface is much less distinctly
streaked ; the upper surface is very similar at both times of year.
Hah. Breeds in Eastern Siberia, and winters as far south as
Australia.
a. Ad. sk. Upper TJssuri, April 4 (Ja?i- Seebohm Coll.
kowsky) .
b, c. Ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, May. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
d,e,f. lmm.sk. Yokohama, Japan (H. Seebohm Coll.
Pryer) .
g. $ juv. sk. Hakodadi, Sept. 25 (H. Gould Coll.
White///).
h, i. Jad.sk. Xegros, Philippine Isl., Feb. E. L. Moselev, Esq.
[C.].
A-. Ad. sk. Dumaguete, Feb. E. L. Moseley, Esq.
352 CHAEA.DRIID.ffi.
I, m. Ad. sk. Labuan, Nov., Dec. A. H. Everett, Esq.
[C.].
71,0. Ad.sk. Halmahera (A. B. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.
p. cJ ad. sk. "Yule Id., S.E. New Guinea, Tweeddale Coll.
Dec. (Dr. James),
q. Ad. st. Australia. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].
r. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coli.
s. $ ad. sk. Australia. Seebohrn Coll.
t, u. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.].
(Type of N. australasianus.)
v. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll.
w, x. Ad. st. New South Wales. Australian Museum
[P.].
y. Ad. sk. Victoria. Seebohm Coll.
2. Ad. sk. Lord Howe Island, Sept. 8 Gould Coll.
( J. Macgillivray ) .
a'. 2 a( k s k- Green Isl., D'Kntrecasteaux J. Gould, Esq.
Channel, Tasmania, Nov.
8 (/. Macgillivray).
4. Numenius longirostris.
Seolopax arquata, var. /3, Gm. Syst, Nat. i. p. 656 (1788).
Numenius arquata, var. B, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 710 (1790).
Numenius longirostris, Wilson, Amer. Orn. viii. p. 23, pi. 64. fig. 4
(1814) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 231 (c. 1826) ; Sivains. Faun. Bor.-
Amer., Birds, p. 376 (1831) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 240 (1835) ;
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 49 (1838) ; Audub. Orn.
Biogr. v. p. 587 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 35, pi. 355
(1843) ; Vigors, Voy. ' Blossom,' p. 28 (1839) ; Grai/, List Grail.
Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1844); Giraud, B. Long Id. p. 271 (1844);
Denny, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 39 (Jamaica); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 560
(1847) ; Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxviii. fig. 544, ccclix. figs. 2815-16
(1850); Lembet/e, Av. Cuba, p. 88 (1850); Licht. Nomencl Av.
Mus. Berol. p.' 91 (1854); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Cass.
U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 315 (1858: Columbia to California ; Oregon) ;
id. in Bairds B. N. Amer. p. 743 (1858) ; Henry, Proc. Acad.
Nat, Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860 : Cuba) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1862,
p. 129 (Florida) ; Boardm. Proc. Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 129
(1862: Maine, migraut) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 134; March,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 68 (Jamaica) ; Schl. Mus.
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 85 (1864 : Mexico ; Texas) ; Coues, Ibis,
1865, p. 165 (Arizona) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 190 (Guatemala) ; Gundl.
Bepert Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 352 (1866) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866,
p. 40 (Matamoras, July, Aug. ; Galveston Isl., May, June ; San
Antonio, winter) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 197 (Duefias) ; Coues, t. c. p. 269
(Arizona) ; id. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philad. 1866, p. 90 (Fort
Whipple) ; id. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 123 (1868 : South
Carolina) ; Broivn, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.) ; Finsch,
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 363 (1870: Mazatlan) : Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1871, p. 32 (N. Carolina) : Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 42, no. 10247 (1871) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. C. Z.
iii. p. 182 (1872 : Kansas) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 262
(1872) ; Sci. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 146 (1873) ; Coues,
B. N.-West, p. 508 (1874); id. Amer. Nat. 1874, p. 601 (Upper
Missouri) ; Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H ii. p. 309 (1874) ; Gundl.
41. NUMENIUS. 353
J. f. O, 1875, p. 320 (Cuba) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. Evpl. 100</t
Merid. p. 461 (1875: St. Charles, R. Colorado); Lawr. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. iv. p. 48 (1876: Tehuantepec, Dec); Sennett, Bull.
U.S. Geul. Surv. iv. p. 55 (1878 : Brownsville) ; Cones, t. c. p. 645
(Dakota); Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 197 (1878: St.
Vincent) ; Belding, t. c. p. 441 (California) ; Lawr. t. c pp. 451,
488 (Guadeloupe) ; Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 398 (1879) ;
Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880) ; A. Sf E. Newton,
Handb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); Cones, Chech-list N. Amer. B.
p. 104 (1882); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 545 (1883:
Lower California) ; Baird, Brewer, § Ridyw. Water-Birds N.
Amer. i. p. 311 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 645
(1884) ; Cory, List B. West Lid. p. 27 (1885) ; Turner, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 248 (1885: Labrador); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18
(1885 : Colorado) ; Lawr. t. c. p. 273 (Long Isl.) ; Agersb. t. c.
p. 286 (Dakota) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 158 (1886) ;
Everman, Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886 : Ventura Co., California) ; Seton,
t. c. p. 152 (Manitoba) ; Scott, t. c. p. 380 (Tucson, Arizona) ;
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. ix. p. 179 (1886: State of
Puebla) ; Lloi/d, Auk, iv. p. 186(1887: Western Texas) ; Cory,
t. c p. 320; Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 199 (1887 : Upper
Sacramento Valley, California) ; Beckh. t. c. p. 637 (Bexar Co.,
Texas), p. 653 (San Autonio) ; Merrill, Auk, v. p. 145 (1888:
Fort Klamath) ; Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 327 (1888) ;
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 158 (1889 : Tarpon Springs) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1889,
p. 179 (Cozumel Isl.); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 241 (1889);
Thompson, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 505 (1890: Manitoba);
Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 95 (1890) ; Merriam, N. Amer. Faun.
no. 5, p. 92 (1891 : 'Idaho) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892 : Jamaica),
p. 21 2 (Caloosahatchie Region) ; Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio) ;
Mackay, t. c. p. 350 (Massachusetts) ; Lawr. t. c. p. 354 (Gray's
Harbour, Washington) ; Anthony, t. c. p. 360 (New Mexico) ; Cory,
Cat. B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892: Greater and Lesser Antilles);
Butcher, Auk, x. p. 272 (1893 : Long Isl.).
Numenius melanopus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'HUt. Nat. viii. p. 306 (1817 :
N. America).
Long-billed Curlew, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 94 (1834).
Numenius occidentalis, Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. 1852.
p. 194 (Rio Grande, New Mexico).
Numenius (Numenius) longirostris, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1861, p. 235 (Labrador).
Adult male in breedin<i-phin<age. General colour above brown
varied -with rufous, all the feathers blackish brown in the centre,
notched and barred with cinnamon-rufous ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts like the rest of the back ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, the greater scries barred with blackish brown
and cinnamon ; primary-coverts blackish brown tipped with pale
cinnamon ; primaries blackish brown, the shaft of the first pure
white, the shafts of all the other quills cinnamon-rufous, with which
colour the inner primaries are broadly but irregularly barred ; the
secondaries cinnamon, regularly barred with dusky brown; the
innermost secondaries like the back, and more ashy brown instead
of rufous ; tail cinnamon-rufous, regularly barred across with duskv
brown, the bars being nine or ten in number-, head and neck pale
cinnamon-rufous, longitudinally streaked with brown, morcnarrowlv
VOL. XXIV. -2 \
354
CHARABRIID^:.
on the latter ; lores whitish, extending above the eye and forming
a faint eyebrow ; sides of face and ear-coverts rufescent, with
narrow lines of dusky brown ; upper throat whitish ; remainder of
under surface vinous cinnamon, paler on the abdomen, the feathers
with more or less distinct margins of isabelline white ; lower throat,
fore -neck, and chest with narrow blackish longitudinal centres, as
on the sides of the neck ; sides of the body with a few narrow bars
of dusky brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous,
with dusky-brown bars on the primary-coverts, and to a less extent
on the lower greater coverts : " bill black, becoming dull light lilac-
brown on the basal half of the mandible ; feet grey ; iris brown "
(R. Ridgway). Total length 18 - 5 inches, culmen 5*3, wing 10-5,
tail 4, tarsiis 3-2.
Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but larger.
Total length 21 inches, culmen 7*3, wing 11, tail 3*8, tarsus 3-4.
Nestling. Buffy yellow, deeper above, tinged with sulphur-yellow
below ; upper parts coarsely and irregularly marbled with black :
" bill straight, about 1*4 inch long " (R. Ridgivay).
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage
chiefly in its uniform under surface, the streaks on the throat and
chest not being developed, and the flanks not barred.
Young birds may be distinguished from the old ones by the broad
white bands on the innermost secondaries, the contrast between
the black and light markings on the upper surface being more
marked than in the adult birds. The throat and chest are plenti-
fully striped with brownish black, the sides of the body having
numerous bars of dusky brown, these being also developed on the
axillaries and under wing-coverts, where, however, they are
generally incomplete.
Hah. Temperate North America, in winter south to Central
America, as far as Guatemala. Cuba ; Jamaica.
a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.
d, e. 6 5 ad. sk.
/, 9- 6 2 juv. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
k. <S ad. sk.
/, m, n. Ad. et
juv. sk.
o-s. 3 a d- ; t-w.
$ ad. sk.
r, y. $ ad. sk.
z. 2 a d- sk.
a'. 3 ad. sk.
h'. $ juv. sk.
North America.
49th Parallel, June (G.
Dawson).
Powder River, Montana.
British Columbia.
Iowa, May.
Lyons Falls, N.Y., Jan. 10
{A.J.Dayan-. Hensh.C'olL).
Texas (A. L. Heermari).
San Antonio, Texas, Oct.
(H. E. Dresser).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct.,
Nov. (F. B. Armstrong).
San Patricio, Texas, Dec.
(F.B.A.).
California.
California
San Diego, California, D^c.
14 (H. W. Henshaw).
J. J. Audubon [P.].
N. Arner. Boundary
Comm. [P.].
£. S. Cameron, Esq.
[P.].
LK.Lc
J.K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Goduian Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt. Kellett and
Lieut. Wood.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
41. N CM EMUS. 355
c'. 3 ad.sk. Fort Crook, N.California, Salvin-Godman Coll.
June (J. Feilner).
d'. J ad. sk. City of Mexico. Seebohm Coll.
e'. $ ad. sk. Rio Guerrero, Chihuahua, Salvin-Godrnan Coll.
Jan. 3 ( W. Lloyd),
f. $ ad. sk. San Bias, Tepioc, April 28 Salvin-Godman Coll.
( W. B. Richardson),
ff', h'. 6 juv. et Zacatecas, Aug. ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 ad. sk. Richardson).
i,k',l'. Ad.sk. Cozumel Island (G. F. Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll.
mer).
mi'. Ad.sk. Duenas, Guatemala (O. >$.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
5. Numenius phaeopus.
The Whimbrel or Lesser Curlew, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. ii.
p. 204, pi. 307 (1700).
Le Petit Dourly ou le Corlieu, Briss. Orn. v. p. 317, pi. xxvii. tig-. 1
(1760).
Scolopax phreopus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 243 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 657 (1788).
Le Corlieu, D'Aubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 842.
Le Courlieu ou Petit Courlis, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 27. pi. iii.
(1781).
Whimbrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 123 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B.
ii. p. 516 (1843).
Xumenius phseopus, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 291 (1787); id.
Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 711 (1790) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. I0t>
pt. (1811); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 303 (1817);
Temm. Man. rfOrn. ii. p. 604 (1820) ; Rou.v, Orn. Prov. pi. 307
(1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Grades, pi. 6 (1827) ; Less. Trade cTOni.
p. 566 (1831); Brehm, Toy. Deutschl. p. 611 (1831); Menttr.
Cat. Rais. Cane. p. 50 (1832: Caucasus); Naum. Vog. Deutschl,
viii. p. 506, pi. 217(1836); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 303(18:57);
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. if N. Amer. p. 49 (1838) ; Cresp. Orn.
Gard, p. 406 (1840) ; Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. lxxviii (1840) ;
Webb of Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 37 (1840) ; Nordtn. in Demid:
Voy. Russ. Mirid. iii. p. 255 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Bely.
p. 131 (1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xcv (1844) ; Miihle, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl, p. 110 (1844) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 94
(1844) ; Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm., Grail, pi. 80, no. (',16;
id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 125
(1845 : Lower Egvpt, in winter) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal
pres. Hodgs. p. 137 (1846); Hetvits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 287,
pi. lx.xix. tig. 2 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847) ; Bh/tk,
rut. B.Mus. As.Soc. p. 268 (1849: Calcutta); Reichenb. Grail.
tab. lxxviii. tigs. 540-41 (1850); Tliomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 196
(1850); Macgill. Brit.B. iv. p. 253 (1852) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle,
pi. xxxiii. a. fig. 5 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 248 (1854);
Licht. Nomencl. Ar. Mus. Berol. p. 91 (1854 : Europe ; Abyssinia ;
Arabia) ; Heugl, Syst. Uebers. p. 62 (1856 : Banks of the Nile, in
winter); Hurt I. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 232 (1857 : Gambia ; Ashantee ;
Mozambique) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 473 (1859) ;
Lindeim. Vog. Griechenl. p. 146 (1860) ; Pou-ys, Ibis, 1860, p. 344
(Corfu & Epirus, spring; & autumn); Bernhardt, Ibis. 1861, p. 10
(Greenland); F. Or P. Godman, t. c. p. 87 (Bodii, lire.'diiiL r ) :
Irby,t.c. p. 240 (Oudh) ; E. Newton, t. c. p. 276 (Mauritius);
Schl. Dier. Nederl. Foffels, pi. 22. tip?. 9, 9 a (1861) ; Maid. Notes
2 k 2
356 CHAKADRIIDJ5.
sur I' Isle Reunion, p. 163 (1862); Newton in Baring-Gould's
Iceland, p. 413 (1863 : April to Sept.) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 154
(1863) ; RochSfE. Neiot. Ibis, 1863, p. 171 (Madagascar) ; E. Newt,
t. c. p. 457 ; Schl. Mus. Pays- Bus, Scolopaces, p. 94, pt. (1864) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 684 (1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 145 (Malta) ;
Giql. Ibis, 1865, p. 60 (Pisa) ; Gurney, t. c. p. 272 (Natal) ; More,
t. c. p. 434; Godman, Ibis, 1866, pp. 101, 107 (Azores); Schl.
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 (Madagascar) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 168
(Calcutta); Baird, t.c. p. 282 (Iceland & Greenland) ; E.Neioton,
t. c. pp. 346, 359 (Seychelles) ; Degl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 162
(1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alqer., Ois. ii. p. 333 (1867) ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 322 (1867: Walfiscb. Bay; Cape Town); Grandid.
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 4 ; Chaj/m. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App.
p. 419 (1868); Schl. fy Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 183 (1868);
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 327 (Palestine) ; Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Por-
tugal) ; Borggr. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 120 (1869); Doderl.
Avif. Sicil. p. 181 (1869) ; Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 249 (1869) ;
Drake, Ibis, 1«09, p. 154 (Marocco) ; Godman, Azores, pp. 34, 41
(1870 : Madeira & Canaries) ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur. tab. 40. fig. 2
(1870) ; Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 199 (1870) ; Finsch fy Hartl. Vbg.
Ost-Afr. p. 739 (1870)*; Saload. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 225 (1871) ;
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 49 (1871); R. Gray, B. West Scott.
p. 288 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 389 (S. Spain); Gray,
Rand-l. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10249 (1871) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B.
p. 53 (1872) ; Sundev. 8v. Fogl. pi. xxxviii. fig. 3 (1856-72) ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 (Nagua R., Gold Coast) ; G. C. Taylor,
t. c. p. 232 (Constantinople) ; Shelley Sr Buckley, t.c. p. 290 (Gold
Coast) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 300 (1872 : rare in
Daruara & Great Namaqua Lands) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 244
(1872) ; Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3248 (Freroe Isl., April to Sept.) ;
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 (Ceylon) ; Palmen, Finlands Foglar,
p. 122(1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1150 (1873:
Lower Egypt ; Khartoum ; Abyssinia ; coast of Arabia) ; Antin.
fy Saload. Viagg. Bogos, p. 145 (1873 : Rhas-Gherar, Dec.) ; Brooke,
Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 417 (Kathia-
war) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 227, pi. 576 (1873) ; Ussher, Ibis,
1874, p. 74 (Gold Coast) ; Durnf. t. c. p. 399 (N. Frisian Isl.) ;
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 132 (Chefoo, May) ; Danf. $ H.-Brown, t. c.
p. 424 (Transylvania) ; Irby,Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 178 (1875) ; Fallon,
Ois. Belg. p. 167 (1875 : spring & autumn) ; Sharpe Sf Bouvier, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 53 (1876 : Chinchonxo, March) ; Butler,
Str. F. iv. p. 16 (1876 : Sind) ; Hume, t. c. p. 464 (Laccadives) ;
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 286 (1876) ; Seebohm fy H.-Brown, Ibis,
1876, p. 311 (Ust Zylma, May) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii.
p. 157 (1877 : Poland) ; Ayr'es, Ibis, 1877, p. 350 (Transvaal,
Nov.); Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 322 (1877); Butler, Str. F. v.
p. 233 (1877 : Deesa) ; Hume, t. c. p. 329 (Sind) ; Oust. Bull.
Soc. Philomath. 1878, p. 185 (Seychelles) ; Sharpe, Report Traits.
Venus Exped. p. 462 (1878: Rodriguez); Butler, Str. F. vii.
p. 187 (1878 : Karachi Harbour) ; Hume, t. c. p. 487 (Calcutta) ;
Ai/res, Ibis, 1878, p. 301 (Transvaal) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 156
(1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind,
etc. p. 62 (1879: cold weather visitant); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb.
Pres. p. 76 (1880 : winter) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 910 (1880) ;
Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 85 (1880 : S. Konkan) ; Butler, t. c. p. 429
(Deccan & S. Mahratta Country) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii.
p. 230 (1880 : Greenland) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 
