o
CATALOGUE
CARNIVOROUS, PACHYDERMATOUS,
EDENTATE MAMMALIA
BRITISH MUSEUM
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., &c.
<^>»LH\Si
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1869.
/
-^
y»
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PEEFACE.
This Catalogue contains an account of all the specimens of Car-
nivorous, Thick-skinned, and Edentate Mammalia and their bones
that are contained in the British Museum, and a description of the
specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to
show what are the species which are desiderata in the Museum
Collection.
The woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate the
series of papers when they were first published in the * Proceedings
of the Zoological Society,' which have been kindly lent by the
Council of the Society for the purpose.
JOHN EDWARD GRAY.
British Museum,
February lith, 1869.
CONTENTS.
Page
Order FER.E 1
Suborder I. CARXIYORA . . 2
Section I. ^luropoda . . . . 5
Fam. 1. Felid^ 5
Tribe I. Felina 8
1. Uncia 8
2. Leo 9
3. Tigris 10
4. Leopardus 10
5. Xeofelis 13
6. Pardaliua 14
7. Gatolynx 15
8. Viverriceps 16
9. Pajeros 18
10. Felis 19
_ 11. Chaus a;!
Tribe II. Lyncina 37
12. Lyncus 37
13. Caracal 38
Fam. 2. Guepakdid^ 39
Gueparda 39
Fam. 3. Cryptoproctidje . . 40
Cryptoprocta 40
Fam. 4. Viverrid^ 41
Tribe I. Viverrina 4(3
1. Viverra 40
2. Yivemcula 47
Tribe II. GeneUina 49
3. Genetta 49
4. Fossa 52
Tribe III. Prionodantina .... 52
5. Linsaug 52
6. Poiana 54
Tribe 1\. Galidiiiia 55
7. Galidia 55
Tribe \. Hemiffalina 56
8. llemigalea 56
Tribe YI. Arctididina 57
9. Arctictis 57
Tribe YII. Faradoxitrinn .... 59
Page
10. Nandinia 62
11. Paradoxurua 63
12. Pagiima 71
13. Arctogale 75
Fam. 5. Cynogalid^ ..... 78
Cynogale 78
Fam. 6. Mcstelid.e 79
Tribe I. Mnstelina 81
A . Digitigrade 81
1. Martes 81
2. Putorius 87
3. Mustek 88
4. Yison 93
5. Gymnopus 96
B. Siibplantii,'-rade 98
6. Gulo. ': 98
C. Plantigrade 98
7. Galera 98
8. Grisonia 99
Tribe II. Lidrina 100
9. Barangia 100
10. Lontra 102
11. Lutra 103
12. Nutria 106
13. Lutronectes 107
14. Aonyx 109
15. Hydrogale Ill
16. litax 112
17. Pteronm-a 113
Tribe III. Enhydrma 118
18. Enhydris 118
Section II. Cyxopoda .... 120
Fam. 7. Melixid.?; 120
A. Plantigrade 122
Tribe I. Melina 122
1. Arctonyx 122
2. Meles 124
3. Taxidea 129
4. Mydaus 130
Tribe II. MeUiwrinn 131
CONTENTS.
Page
5. Mellivoia 131
Tribe III. Mephitina 133
C. Conepatus 134
7. Mephitia 136
8. Spilogale 138
B. Subdigitigrade 139
Tribe IV. ZoriUina 139
9. Zorilla 139
Tribe V. Helictidina 141
10. Helictis 141
Fam. 8. Heepestid.e 143
Tribe I. Herpestina 144
1. Galidictis 144
2. Herpestes 145
3. Athyla.x 154
4. Calogale 157
5. Galerella 161
6. Calictis 162
7. Ariela 163
8. Iclmeumia 163
9. Edeogale 165
10. Urva 165
11. Tfeniogale 167
12. Onychogale 168
13. Helogale 168
Tribe II. Cynictidina 109
14. Cynictis . 169
Fam. 9. Rhinogalid^ .... 171
Tribe I. Rhinoyalina 172
1. Rhinogale 172
2. Mimgos 174
Tribe II. Crossarchina 176
3. Crossarchus 176
4. Eupleres 176
5. Sm-icata 177
Fam. 10. Canid^ 178
Subfam. I. Lycamdna 181
1. Lycaon 181
Subfam. 11. Canina 183
2. Icticyon 183
3. Cuon 183
4. Lupus 186
5. Dieba 189
6. Simenia 192
7. Cbiysocvon 192
8. Can'is ." 193
9. Lycalopex 197
10. Pseudalopex 199
11. Thous 201
Subfam. III. Vidpina 201
12. Vulpes 202
13. Fennecus 206
14. Leucocvon 208
16. Urocyon 209
16. Nyctereutes 210
Fam. 11. Megalotid.*; .... 210
Page
Megalotis 211
Fam. 12. Hy.«:nid.s 211
1. liyajna 212
2. Crocuta 212
Fam. 13. Pkoteleid.s: .... 213
Proteles 213
Suborder II. OMNIVORA . . 214
Fam. 1. URsrDiE 215
1. Tbalassarctos 217
2. Ursus 218
3. Myitnarctos 231
4. Helarctos 234
5. Melursus 237
Fam. 2. Nasuid^ 238
Nasua 238
Fam. 3. Pbocyonid^ 242
Procyon 242
Fam. 4. Cercoleptid^ .... 245
Cercoleptes 245
Fam. 5. Bassarid^ 246
Bassaris 246
Fam. 6, Ailurid^ 247
Ailurus 247
Order BELLU^ 249
Fam. 1. Tapirid.s: 262
1. Tapirus 254
2. Rhinochoerus 259
3. Elasmognathus .... 261
Fam. 2. Equid^ 262
1. Equus 263
2. Asinus 267
P^am. 3. Hyrach)^ 279
1. Hyrax 283
2. Eubyrax 289
3. DendrohjTax 291
Fam. 4. Rhinocerotid.*; . . 295
1. Rhinoceros 300
2. Ceratorhinus 313
3. Rhiuaster 316
4. Ceratotherium 319
5. Ccelodonta 322
Fam. 5. Suid^ 327
1. Sus 329
2. Porcula 339
3. Potamochoerus .... 340
4. Scrofa 345
5. Centuriosus 347
6. Babirussa 349
Fam. 6. DicoTyLiD.s: 350
1. Notopborus 350
2. Dicotyles 351
Fam. 7. Phacochcerid.^ . . 352
Phacoclioeru.s 352
Fam. 8. Hippopotamid^g . . 356
1. Hippopotamus 356
Page
2. Chceropsia 357
Fam. 9. Elephantid^ .... 358
1. Elephas 358
2. Loxodouta 359
Order BR FT A 361
Fam. 1. Bradypodid.'e .... 362
1. Clioloepus 363
2. Bradypus 363
3. Arctopitliecus 364
Fam. 2. MANiDiDiE 366
1. Manis 367
2. Pholidotus 370
3. Sniutsia 374
Fam. 3. Dasypodid^ 376
1. Tatusia 377
2. Prionodos 380
3. Dasypus 380
Page
4. Euphractus 3S2
5. Xenurus 383
Fam. 4. Tolypeutid^ .... 385
Tolypeutes 385
[Fam. Gl\'ptodontid.s:] .... 387
JFam. 5. Chlamydophorid^. 387
1. Chlamydophorus. . . . 388
2. Burmeisteiia 388
Fam. 6. Ohyctehopodid.S! . . 389
Orycteropus 389
Fam. 7. Myrmecophagid^ . 390
1. Myrmecopliaga .... 390
2. Tamandua 391
3. Cyclothurus 392
Fam. 8. ORNiTHORY-NCHiD.ai: . 393
1. Platvpua 393
2. Echidna 394
CATALOGUE
OF
CARNIVOROUS MAMMALIA
(FERM, Linn.).
Order FERiE.
('iitting teeth 6 in each jaAv, regular, erect. Canine
teeth one on each side of each jaw, conical. Grinders
forming a regular continuous series, largest in the
middle of the series.
Limbs exserted, with clawed feet ; thumb non-oppo-
sible ; the fore and liind limbs used for walking and
climbing, rarely for swimming. Teats abdominal, 4
or more. Penis in a sheath.
Fei'fe, Linn. S. N. ; Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. xxv.
Carnivora genuina, Cuvier, Rk/. Aiiini.
Falculatoria (part.), Illiffer, Brodr.
The ferine Mammalia were divided by Cuviei' and Illiger, ac-
cording to the manner in which they walk, into lUijitiyrade and
plantigrade Sam/uiiiaria ; bnt this was found to separate very nearly
allied genera.
Gray, " Arrangement of Mammalia," Annals of Philosophy,
1825 :—
Didev II. FER.E.
Fam. Felid.tc.
I. 1. Hyanina: Ily.ena, Pholotes.
'1. Felina : Felis, Lvnceus, Priouodon.
a CAENIYOEA.
II. 3. Mustelina : Piitorius, Zorilla, Mephitis, Mustela, Liitra.
4. Viverrina : Viverra, Geuetta, Herpestes, Crossarclms^ Suvicata,
Paradoxiirus, Ictides.
5. Canina : Canis, Fennecus, Lj'caon.
Fam. Ursid-s;.
I. 1. Ursina : Ursiis, Danis, Proctulus, Nilarctos, Thalassarctos.
2. Procyonina : Procyon, Nasiia, ? Potos.
II. 3. Gidorina : Gulo, Galera, Grisonia^ Mellivora.
4. Mydaina: Mydaiis.
5. Taxina : Meles, Taxus.
Synopsis of Suborders.
I. Camivora. The grinders of three distinct forms : the premolars
conical and separated from the hinder (tubercular) molars hy a
sharp-edged flesh-tooth with a tubercle on its inner edge.
II. Omnivora. The grinders similar, nearly of the same form, gra-
dually passing into each other, only varying in size, from the
false to the tiibercular grinders, without any distinct sharp-
edged flesh-tooth.
Suborder I. CARNIVORA.
The grinders of three distinct forms ; the premolars coni-
cal and separated from the hinder (tubercular) grinders by a
sharp-edged flesh-tooth with a tubercle on its inner side.
Sanguinaria, Illiger, Prodr.
Carnivora genuina digitigrada, Cuvier, R. A.
Felidse, Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 182o.
I published an arrangement of the genera of the Viverridae then
known, according to the characters aff"orded by the hairiness or bald-
ness of the soles of the hind feet, in the ' Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society ' for 1832, p. 63, which is well adapted for the purpose,
though, hke other arrangements, it is not infallible nor to be used
too strictly, or it will separate genera naturally allied to each other.
The continued study of the subject has shown me several other
characters which I had before overlooked. The following arrange-
ment seems best adapted to exhibit the natural affinities of the
genera as far as they can be shown in a linear series, and one that
will enable the student to determine the species. The tribes cha-
racterized in the paper in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society '
for 1832 may be divided into two groups, according to the haiiiness
of the toes and the form of the claws, characterized by the foot of
the Cat, the Dog, and the Bear.
The bones of the toes of the animals of the first group, called
^luropoda, as in the Cats, form an angularly arched line, the last
phalange being bent up, so that the animal, when it walks, does not
blunt its claws, which are only exserted when it wants to catch or
tear some other animal.
In the second group, called the Dog-footed Carnivora (Cum-
poda) the bones of the toes form a more or less extended, sliolitlv
arched line, and the claws, being alyays exposed, and worn when
the animal walks, are more or less blunt at the tips. The more
tj-pical dog-looted animals often scratch holes in the ground • and
some have strong, elongated, arched claws for this purpose. '
1 he groups are well defined and very distinct, and the above
characters are well marked in most of the genera. Some few genera
have teet that seem nearly intermediate between the two groups
In such cases the whole appearance of the animals must be taken
into consideration, and the genus placed in the group to which it
seems most allied in habit and manners.
The animals of the different families which have sharp, retractile
claws have habits in common. Thus the Cat {Fdidce), the Civet
{l^iverndce), the Aihindce, and the Cevcoleptidcv defend themselves
by lying on their backs and using both their hind and fore feet to
claw with ; they walk softly and jump on their prey
The animals ^yith exserted claws generally scratch holes in the
ground, and defend themselves with their front feet and teeth,
home as the Surieates and the Bear, sit on their haunches ; and the
iiear, the Coati, the Raccoon, &e. use the fore feet as hands to take
their tood, as well as in defence.
_ _ The first group, the Cat-footed (yELUEOPODA), contains the follow-
ing fainilies -.-Fehdce, Viverrida', 3IustdUh^, Alhtrkhe, Cercoleptidce,
and -rroa/omdce, ^ '
The Dog-footed or CrN0P0DA:-Cr,«,,W«., HyanidcB, Hermstidm,
Melmidce, and Ursidce. ^
Syno^ms of the FamiUes.
Section I. Cat-footed Carnivora (.-Elnropoda). Toes short, regularly
arched ; tlie last phalanges bent up, withdrawing the claws
into a sheath ; claws sharp.
* Head short rounded. Tubercidar {/rinders 1.1, only in the upper
iZ:/r 77 \'": ^ "' eachjaio. Nose simple, flat, naked,
U'lth a centra/ f/roove bchw. •< 7 ./ ; ,
Fam.l. Felidje. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders 1 1
m tipper jaw; false grinders 2 . 2 in each jaw ; the flesh-
tooth subtrigonate, with a large internal lobe. Sole of heel
hairy.
Fam 2. GuEPARDiD.15. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders
1 . 1, in upper jaw ; false grinders 2 . 2 in each jaw ; the
flesh-tooth compressed, without any internal lobe. Sole of
heel hairy.
Fam. 3. Crtptoproctid.e. Head short, rounded. Tubercular
grinders 1.1, only in the upper jaw : false grinders 3 .3 in
each jaw ; flesh_tooth subtrigonate, with a distinct internal
lobe. Sole of heel bald.
b2
CARXIVURA.
* * Head I'loiu/ate. Tiibcrcidar ijrinclers in upper ami lower Jaics.
Fain. 4. Viverrid^e. Head" elongate. Tubercular grinders 2 . 2 in
the upper, and 1 . 1 in the lower jaw. The nose simple, flat,
bald, and with a central groove beneath.
Earn. 5. Cynogalid^. Head elongate. Tubercular grinders 2 . 2
in the upper, and 1 . 1 in the lower jaw. Nose rather pro-
duced, rounded, hairy, and without any central groove below.
Fam. 6. MusTELiDiE. Head elongate. Tubercular grinders 1 . 1
in each jaw. Nose simple, its under surface tlat, bald, with
a central groove.
Section IT. Dog-footed Carnivora (Cynopoda). The feet elongate.
Toes straight; the last phalange and claws extended. The
claws blunt and worn at the end ; the front ones are often
elongated. Head elongate.
Fam. 7. Melinid^. Tubercular grinders one on each side of
each jaw. Nose flat and bald beneath, with a central
groove.
Fam. 8. Herpestid^. Tubercular grinders two on each side of
the upper, and one on each side of the lower jaw. Nose flat
and bald, beneath with a central groove.
Fara. 9. RniNOGALin.5:. Tubercular grinders two on each side of
the upper, and one on each side of the lower jaw. Nose
broad, convex, and hairy, beneath without any central
groove.
Fam. 10. Canidje. Tubercular grinders tAvo on each side of the
upper and under jaws. Nose f^at and bald, beneath with a
central longitudinal groove.
Fam. 11. Ht^nid^. Tubercular grinders one on each side of the
upper jaw only. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central
longitudinal groove.
Fam. 12. PROTELEiDiE. Tubercular grinders none in cither jaw.
The grinders very small, far apart. Nose broad.
Cat-footed,
Mluropoda.
Dog-foot«l,
Oynopoda.
Tubercular grinder i . .
. . 1.
Felidas.
11. HyffinidfB.
2.
Guepardidffi.
3.
Cryptoproctidfe.
Tubercular grinders f
. . 4.
Viverridae.
8. Ilerpestidse.
5.
Cynogahdffi.
9. Rhinogalidas.
Tubercular grinders \
.. 6.
Mustelidse.
7. Melinidffi.
Tubercular grinders |
10. Canidse.
Tubercular grinders §
12. Proteleida;.
Section I. CAT-FOOTED CARNIVORA {^LUROPODA).
Toes short and regularly arched ; the last phalange bent up,
withdrawing the claws into a sheath. Claws sharp.
* Head short, rounded. Tvhercular f/rmdo's 1 . 1, odi/ in the upper Jaw ;
false grinders 1 or '2 in each Jaw. Nose simple, Jlut, and naked, beneath
with a central loni/itiidinal t/roure.
Fam. 1. FELIDtE.
Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders small, one on each
side of the i;pper, and none in the lower jaw. The flesh-tooth with
a well-marked, prominent internal lobe on the front part of its
inner side. Legs moderate.
Tribe I. Felina. Head oblong ; face slightlj- produced. Legs
moderate, nearly square.
Tribe IT. Li-ncina. Head short, subglobose ; face short. Legs
elongate, hinder longest. Ears with a pencil of longer hairs.
The examination confirms the separation of several of the genera
that have been proposed, and shows the distinctness of some species
which it has been suggested should be united.
The British Museum Collection contains the skulls of a large
number of species of Felida — the largest series of skulls of that
group, I believe, that has ever been brought together — nearly twice
as man}' as are figured in M. de lilainville's ' Osteographie,' which
embraces figures of all the species contained in the French collec-
tions, in Paris and elsewhere. Of most of the species there are
several examples, and almost all of them are obtained from the skins
of the specimens in the collection : therefore there can be no doubt
of the accuracy of their determination ; and should any doubt arise,
it can be solved by the examination of the skin fj-ofn which the skull
was obtained. Reference is made to the work in which the best
figures of the skuJl of each species is to be found, and figures are
added of some of the more interesting forms, which are now pub-
lished for the first time.
The peculiarity in the formation of the skull, which separates the
Lynxes from the Cats, is not veiy striking ; but as it is coinmon to
the skulls of all the species of Lynxes, both from the eastern and
western hemispheres, it shows how important it is to observe even
slight differences.
In the Felidee generally the upper processes of the intermaxilla
and the front edge of the frontal bone on each side are provided with
a more or less elongated conical process, which separates a part of
the nasal from the maxilla ; and in the Lynxes these processes are
very slender and so much elongated that those of the intermaxilkc
and the frontals nearly or quite unite and entirely separate the nasals
6 FELIDiE.
from the upper front edge of the maxillae. This is not altogether
peculiar to the Lynxes, the same structure being found in a Cat
which has been called F. marmorata ; and the process of the inter-
maxillary, often very long, reaches up one-third tlie length of the
side margin of the nasal in some of the larger Leopards. But the
lateral process of the frontal not being so long in F. marmorata as
in the Lynxes, the two processes do not unite and separate the nasal
bone from the maxilla as is found in aU the species of the genus
Lyncus.
The skulls of the species of true Cats are so similar and uniform
in their structure that they present very few tangible characters
for the separation of the species into groups. In looking at a small
series of skulls it is easy to perceive that some are remarkable for
having a broad rather lengthened nose and moderate-sized orbits,
and others a narrow short nose, pinched up behind, and above with
a more or less distinct concavity on the sides in front of the orbits,
and the orbits generally large. The former structure is confined
to the skulls of the larger species, as the Lion, Tiger, Leopard,
Ounce ; and the second is more marked in the small kinds. If
a larger series of skulls is examined, the two forms gradually pass
into each other, and it is found that the intermediate gradations of
fonn occur in the skulls of some of the species that are intermediate
in size between the two extremes ; while some of the skulls of the
middle-sized species retain the characters of the larger broad-nosed
species.
In some species, while the skulls of the adult animals are similar
to those of the larger broad-nosed group, the skulls of the younger
or half-grown specimens have the sides of the nose more or less con-
cave and narrower behind, like those of the second group.
The skuU of a Chinese Leopard, presented by Dr. Lockhart, from
Pekin, presents one of those anomalies in dentition which now and
then occur in most families of MammaHa. It has a small subeylin-
drical short tubercular grinder behind the flesh-tooth on one side of
the lower jaw, and none on the other, thus having on one side the
formula of dentition that is peculiar to the genus C'anis. But no
one could make a mistake as to what it is, as the teeth are all
those of the Cats (Felidce).
The skulls of species of FeJis which have the same system of
colouring are not always alike : thus the skulls of Felis uncia, F.
marmorata, and F. macrocelis, of Felis vivenimi; F. hengalensis, and
F. nepalensis, and of F. pardina and F. macroura are very different
in form and structure. On the other hand, the skulls of the Lion,
the Tiger, the Leopard, and the Jaguar are nearly similar in form
and teeth, and chiefly to be distinguished by their size and other
slight characters.
Keyserling and Blasius have pointed out the differences in the
skulls of the Wild Cat and the Lynx of Europe. The characters
mentioned are common to most of the species of the genera Fdis
and Lyncus ; hwt Felis marmorata has a skull like that of the
Lynxes ; and the Chans group, which have the pencilled ears of
the Lynxes, but not thoii' long legs, have a skull like that of the
Domestic Cat,
The Felis macroceUs has very long, rather compressed canine
teeth in the upper and lower jaws. Its skull presents the nearest
approach to those of the fossil Cats with very long sharp-edged
canines, such as Felis cultridens of England, Germany, France, and
Italy, F. megatherion and F. smilodon of Brazil. The latter has ex-
ceedingly long, sword-like canines in the upper jaw. These animals
form the genera Machairodus and A(/notherium of Kaup (see Blaui-
ville, Osteographie, FcIis, t. 17 & 20).
In most Felidce the orbits are furnished with an imperfect bony
ring; in F. viverrina, F. suhrugosa, F. planiceps, and some other
spotted Cats these orbits are complete even at an early age.
The Domestic Cat has nocturnal eyes, with elongated erect
pupils ; and this has generally been given as the character of the
entire genus ; but the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and some of the other
larger sijccics have round pupils, and do not, under any circum-
stances, ever contract them into an erect linear shape ; so their eyes
may be called diurnal eyes.
The Domestic Cat, and the species of the genus that are known
to have nocturnal eyes ■with linear erect pupils when contracted,
have very large eyeballs and large orbits in the skull, while the
Lion and other Cats, which are known to have diurnal eyes, have
moderate- sized eyeballs and orbits.
Observing that the Cats which are well Icnown to have vertical
pupils have large eyeballs and orbits in the skull, I have taken it
for granted that all Cats which have large orbits in the skull have
vertical pupils. This is important, as we can observe the size of the
orbit in museums, while the form of the pupil can only be obsei'ved
in the living animal. The animals which have nocturnal eyes, gene-
rally have short small faces to the skulls ; but Felis viverrina,
which certainly has nocturnal eyes, has a rather elongated nose to
the skull.
As regards the form of the pupil in the Felidce there is a great
want of information. Years ago I remarked that, contrary to the
general belief, the larger species, such as the Lion, the Tiger, the
Leopard, the Jaguar, and some other species, had round pupils,
and I therefore separated them from the true Cats, which had
linear erect pupils; but the number of species that belonged to
each group was left for further verification. Very few zoologists
have noted the form of the pupils in the species they have de-
scribed. Sometimes two observations on the same species do not
coincide : thus Burmeister describes the pupils of the eyes of F.
jaguarondi and F. cgra as round ; but Berlandier represents the
pupils of the latter {F. egra) as linear and vertical. Then Mr.
Hodgson has figured the pupil of F. macroceUs as circular ; but Mr.
Bartlett says that in tlie example living in the Society's Gardens it
is oblong erect.
Mr. Bryan Hodgson had prepared b)' native artists a scrit'S of
drawings of Nepalcsc animals from life, with the intention of pub-
lishing a ' fauna of Nepal.' These drawings he presented to the
British Museum along with his large collection of specimens ; and
I find that tlie eyes of the Leopard, the Ounce, the Tortoise-shell
Tiger {F. macrocelis), and the Murma Cat {F. murmensis) are re-
presented with round pupils. The Viverrine Cat of the Tarai (F.
viverricejis, Hodgs.), the small Nepal Cat {F. nepalensk and F. ])ar-
dochrous, Hodgs.), the F. 7iigripectiis, the Chans {Chaus J;/bicus),
and the Lynx of Thibet (Lynx isabelUna, Blyth) arc all represented
with Hnear erect pupils.
Mr. Bartlett, in reply to my inquiries, kindly observes, " A great
difficulty exists in determining the form of the pupils in the eyes of
many of the Cats, as in some lights and conditions they are all round ;
it depends upon the light and other causes that yoxi find them some-
times oblong. But, from careful and oft-ropeated observation of the
following list, I feel safe in saying that in the Ocelot, Puma, Jaguar,
Leopard, Tiger, Lion, and Cheetah they are round, and in the
Caracal, Clouded Tiger, Chaus, and Serval are oval.
" There are no others on your list that I can speak of wdth cer-
tainty."
" P.S. In my former list I told you the Ocelot had a roimd pupil.
I have this day had the animal in the suiilight, and I must say the
pupil of the Ocelot is oblong when exposed to the bright sunlight."
Tribe I. True Cats— FELINA.
The head oblong ; face slightly produced. Legs moderate, nearly
of equal length. The skull oblong ; intermaxillae and frontal bones
with short processes, which extend between the ends of the nasal
bones and the maxillic. The front ujiper false grinder small (rarely
deciduous and wanting).
Felina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 261.
A. Diurnal Cats. — The eyes diurnal, with a round pupil. The orbits of
the skull moderate-sized, compared with the size of the skull ; face of
the skidl elongate, hUjh, broad, flattened above.
* Forehead of skull suddenly elevated above the line of the face.
1. UNCIA.
Skull broad ; face broad, short, flat above ; forehead suddenly
raised ; crown convex in front and on the sides, concave behind ;
nasal bones broad, short, not reaching so far back as the upper edge
of the maxillae ; upper processes of the intermaxillce rather elongate,
extending about one-third up the sides of the nasals ; orbits mode-
rate, incomplete behind ; canines conical, moderate ; zygomatic arches
very strong and high.
Uncia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 262.
This genus is at once known from the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and
2. LEO. 9
Tortoise -shell Tiger by the shortness and breadth of the face, and
the sudden elevation of the forehead. " Pupil round." — Hodgson.
Fig. 1.
Uiwia trbi-s.
Uiicia ii'ljis. B.M.
Felis uncia, Schreb.
Felis pardus, Palhts.
Felis panthera, Erxl.
Felis ii'bis, Ehr.
Felis TuUiana, Valenc.
Felis imcioides, Hodqson.
Uneia irbis, 6'm/, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 2&2. fig. 1 (skull).
Hab. Tibet (? Smyrna, Val).
SkuU imperfect behind, nearly to the occiput. Length 6| inches,
width 4| inches.
** Nose on the same j)kme as the forehead.
2. LEO.
Head, neck, sides of body, and legs maned. Tail elongate, tufted
at the end. Pupils round. Skvill — nose on the same plane as the
forehead ; nasals Hat, nearly as long as maxillaj ; the orbits of the
skull moderate, incomplete behind.
I.eo, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 263.
Leo uobilis.
Felis leo, Linn.
Leo afi'icanus ct L. persicus, •S'«y»'«*.
B.M.
10 FELIDJ3.
Leo g-ambianus, Gray.
Leo goorgrattensis, Gmel. 8)-c.
Leo nobilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 2G3.
Blainv. Osteogr. Felis, t. 5 & 9.
Hob. Asia ; Africa.
Skull, length 14| inches, width 9| inches.
3. TIGRIS.
Cheeks with spreading whiskers. Tail elongate, tapering at the
end. Pupils round. Skull — nose on same plane as the forehead ;
orbits of the skull modei'ate, incomplete behind. Nasals very large,
reaching beyond the back edge of the maxillaj. Internal nostrils
broad. Palate truncated behind.
Tigiis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263.
Tigris regalis?^., B.M.
Felis tigi'is, Lhm.
Tigris regalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263.
Blainv. Odeuyr. Fulis, t. 7.
Hob. Asia.
Skull, length 14 inches, width lOg inches.
4. LEOPAEDUS.
Hair of head and neck uniform. Tail elongate (rarely sliorter
than the body). Pupils round. Orbits of the skull moderate, in-
complete behind. Nose on same plane as the forehead. The upper
process of the intermaxilla very narrow, and much produced up the
side of the maxilla, often one-third the length of the nasal.
Leopardus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 2G3.
t Large rose-spotted Leopards.
1. Leopardus pardus. B.M.
Felis leopardus, F. varia, et F. imcia, Schreb.
Felis pardus, Liiin.
Felis panthera, UrxJ.
Felis chalybeata, Herni.
Felis minor, Ehr.
Felis antiquorum, Fischer.
Felis poecilura, Valenc.
Felis palieopardus, Fitz.
Leopardus pardus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263.
Blmnv. Ostcoyr. Felis, t. 8; Tenun. Monoyr. t. 9. f. 1, 2.
Var. Black.
F. melas, Peron ; F. ftisca, Meyer.
Hah. Southern Asia; North, South, and West Africa.
Pupil round. — Barthtt ; Gray.
4. LEOPAKDTJS.
11
Very variable in the size and number of the sjiots. Skull — nasal
elongate, back edge in a line with back edge of maxiUa ; internal
nostiil rather narrow. Length 9| inches, width 5| inches.
2. Leopardus japonensis. B.M.
Leopardus japoueusis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 262, t. 33 ; 1867, p. 264.
Uab. Japan.
3. Leopardus cliinensis. B.M.
Leopardus chiiiensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 264. fig. 2 (skidl).
Bab. Pekin, mountain-forests of the west.
Skull (in British Museum) very like that of a leopard, but shorter ;
and tlie nose, instead of being nearly flat, is regularly arched before
the orbits. Length CJ inches, width 4§ inches. Nasal wide, flat ;
apex produced rather behind the back edge of the maxilla. Pro-
cess of the intermaxilla very^slender, short ; forehead broad, convex.
Fiff. 2.
Leopardus chincnsis.
There are two or three skulls of Leopards in the Museum, re-
ceived from the Utrecht collection, without habitats, that i-ather
resemble the Pekin specimen, which was presented to us by Dr.
Lockhart. They may be the skuUs of L. hrachijurus.
4. Leopardus ouca.
Felis onca, Linn.
Felis panthera, Schreh. ; Cui-ier, Oss. Fos'^. t. 34. f. 3, 4.
.Jaguar, Buffon.
Leopardus onca. Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, pp, 264. 402.
B.M.
12 FELin.i:.
Var. 1.
Leopardus llemandesii, Gmij, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 278, t. 18; 1867,
p. 402; Blainv. Osteogr. Felis, t. 3.
Hah. South America.
Pupil round. — Burtlett.
Skull — nasals broad, tlicir hinder end and the back edge of maxillic
nearly in a line ; forehead convex ; nose broad, flat above ; orbit
with a promineuce in the middle of the front or nasal edge. Length
9 inches, width 6 inches.
Var. 2. Black. Skull, length t)| inches, width (ij inches.
Felis nigra, Erxl.
Hah. Brazil.
The skull of the Jaguar {Fells onca, Linn.) is known from the
skulls of all the other species of the genus Leopardus, and from the
Lion and the Tiger, by having a distinct, but more or less deTelojjed,
tubercle (probably for the attachment of one of the muscles of the
eyeball) on the middle of the inner or nasal edge of the orbit ; and
there is also a well-marked half-ovate notch in the middle of the
truncated front edge of the internaljiostril, which is not so distinctly
developed in other large feline anin«
The specimen which I described ii^Wer the name of Leopardus
Hernandesii in the Proc. Zool. Soc. (ll|^, p. 278, Mamni. t. 58),
from Mexico, has come into the British Ifcuseum collection ; and I
cannot find any difference in the skull to^3istinguish it from the
other specimens of the Jaguar ; so I suppose^t must be considered
one of the varieties of that species, marked ^' the distance at
which the small spots are placed from each other, only now and
then forming anything hke a distinct ring or row of spots.
tt Large one-coloured Cats.
5. Leopardus auratus. B.M.
Felis am-ata, Tcmm.
Felis chrysotbrix, Tennn.
Felis moormensis et F. mimnensis, Hodgson.
Jtmior. Felis Temmiuckii, Vigors.
Leopardus auratus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 265.
Hcdj. Himalaya, Sumatra ; Borneo.
Pupil round. — Hodgson.
6. Leopardus concolor. B.M.
Felis concolor, Linn.
Felis discolor, Schreb.
Felis puma, Shaw.
Felis fulva, Brisson.
Pimia, Penn.
Leopardus concolor, Grag, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 265.
Blainv. Osteogr. Felis, t. 6; Baird, Mam. N. A. t. 71 (skull).
y. NKCFFJ.TS. 13
Var. Black.
Hab. North niul 8011th America.
Pupil round. — Bdrth-.lt.
Slcull, length 7ji inches, width 5^ inches. Nasals rather narrow,
with a central sunken line rather behind the back end of maxillae ;
cheeks in front of the orbits rather concave ; the upper part of the
intermaxilla much produced up the side of the nasal for one-third
the length of that hone.
5. NEOFELIS.
Skull elongate ; face broad, ratlier produced, on the same i^lane
as the forehead. Nasal large, elongate. Orbit moderate, very in-
complete behind. Lower jaw truncated and high in front. Canine
teeth, upper and lower, very long, conical, with a sharp cutting
hinder edge; the front upper and lower false grinders distinct, early
deciduous. The front lateral process of the frontal bone rather
elongate. The hinder entrance to the nostrils very narrow, elon-
gate; sides parallel ; front edges rounded. Pupil round (//or^(/soji),
oblong erect {Bartlett).
Neofelis, Graij, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 2G5.
Fiff. 3.
Xeofi'lis macrocelis.
This skull most nearly resembles that of the celebrated fossil i^fZ/s
.rmdodon (Blainv. Ostcogr. Fells, t. 20), with a very much elongated
upper canine.
1 . Neofelis macrocelis.
Fells macrocelis, Temm.
Felis Diardii, De-^mouf.
Felis macroceloides, Hodgson.
Felis nebulosa, H. Smith.
Neofelis macrocelis, Graj/. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 2GG. fisr. .3 (skull).
B.M.
14 FELIDiE.
Hah. Himalaya {Hodgson) ; Malacca (Tcmm.) ; Siam.
Pupil oval. — Bartlett.
Skull : length 7| inches, width 4| inches.
Var. Smaller. SkuU, length 5 inches, width 3| inches (adult).
Hah. Siam.
2. Neofelis brachyiirus. B.M.
Leopardus brachyuriis, Swinlioe, T. Z. S. 1802, p. 352, t. 43.
Neofelis brachyuriis, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 265.
Hah. Formosa {Swinhoe).
B. Nocturnal Cats. — The pupil of the eye oblong or linear erect when con-
tracted ; the ei/eball larr/e. The orbits of the skull large for the size of
the face. The nose of the skull generally short, compressed above behind,
with a more or less marked concavity in front of the orbits. — Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 266.
In some genera and species the orbits of the eyeballs are much
larger, compared with the size of the face and skull, than in others.
* Skidl short and high.
6. PARDALINA.
Face round. Eyes moderate ; pupil — ? Skull short, high ; face
short; forehead arched in front; brain -case swollen, short ; orbits
moderate, incomplete behind. First upper false grinder small.
Canines conical, moderate. Hinder aperture to the nose truncated
in front.
Pardalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 266.
This genus differs from Leopardus in having a much shorter-faced
skull.
Pardalina Warwickii. B.M.
Fur short, dusky whitish brown ; chin, streak on cheek, and
throat white ; chest and underside paler, black-spotted ; crown and
nape with four, cheek with two, and between the withers one black
streak ; the four feet and body covered with very numerous, equi-
distant, nearly equal-sized small black spots ; throat, chest, upper
part of the inside and outside of fore and hind legs black-banded ;
tail spotted at the lower half, ringed at the end, with a black tip ;
oars black, with a large white spot.
Leopardus himalayanus, Gray, Cat. Manim. B. M. p. 44.
" Felis himalayanus, Warwick," Jardine's Nat. Libr. t. 24 (not
Fells viveri'ina, var., Blyth.
Pardalina Warwickii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 267.
vMi*"\f Hah. Himalaya {Gross, Wanvick).
Skull short, broad, length 4^ inches, width 3 inches 2 lines ; face
short, broad ; nasals moderately broad ; forehead convex, rhombic ;
7. CATOLYNX.
15
orbits rather small, incomplete behind. The skuU is very unhke
that of Felis viverritut.
Fig. 4.
Pardalina Wancicldi.
There is in the British Museum a Cat that -was formerly alive in
the Surrey Zoological Gardens, and was there called the Himalayan
Cat, and which, in the ' List of Mammalia in the British Museum,'
published in 1842, 1 called Leopardus hlmalaymms. This animal is
figured, from the specimen at the Surrey Zoological Gardens, in Jar-«
dine's ' Naturalist's Library' as Felis hhnalayanus, Warwick. The
figure is by no means a characteristic one. The Cat has not been
brought from Himalaya by any of the numerous sportsmen and col-
lectors that have searched that country. It is not knoMTi to Mr.
Blyth, nor to any other Indian zoologist to whom I have shown it ;
indeed Mr. Blyth states that he believes it to be a South American
Cat.
The examination of the skull shows that it forms a group by itself;
and in my paper in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 266, I formed for it a
genus under the name of Fin-dnlina. As the species has not been well
described, 1 have given a description of the tjpe specimen.
7. CATOLYNX.
Head round. Ears rounded. Pupil oblong erect. Tail very
long, cylindrical. Skull ovate; face short, rather broad; nose slightly
flattened on the sides ; forehead arched ; the nasal bones moderate,
elongate, separated from the maxillte by the long slender processes of
the intcrmaxilla) and frontal bones. First upper false grinder small,
distinct. Orbits large, subcircular, complete or nearly complete be-
hind. Internal nostril narrow, arched in front,
f'atoh-nx. Gra;/, P. Z. S. li^CT. p. 2(;7.
16 FELIIJ.E.
This genus is peculiar for having the same form of the nose-bones
as the Lynxes. ,
1. Catolynx marmoratus.
Felis marmoratus, Martin.
Fells Diardii, Jardine.
Felis Og'ilbii, Hofhjson.
Felis long-icaudatiis, Blainv. Osteogr. Felis, t. 9 (skull).
CatohTix marmoratus, Gray, P. Z. S, 1SG7, p. 267.
JJah. India; Borneo.
2. Catolynx Charltoni.
Felis Charltoni, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 396.
Catolynx Charltoni,' Gray, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 268.
Hab. Nepal; Darjeeling (C7irtr?/o»).
The spotting of this species is rather different from that of F.
marmoratus ; they may be only local varieties.
The separation of the nasals from the maxiUaries is uniform in all
the six specimens of this skull in the British-Museum collection.
> ** Sl;idl eloiu/ate ; face and brain-caffe elomjate.
^| 8. VIVERRICEPS.
^ift^rather elongate. Ears rounded, not pencilled. Eyes noc-
tui-nal ; pupil erect, linear. Fur spotted. Tail moderate, tapering.
Skull elongate ; face produced, narrow above, concave on the sides
in front of the orbits ; orbits rather large, complete behind ; nasal
bones elongate, very narrow above. Canines conical, moderate.
Viverriceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 268.
Hab. Asia.
There are small-sized Spotted Asiatic Cats which have a long head,
with an elongated skull, and complete bony orbits. The skulls are
longest and the orbits more developed in the Felis viverrina of Ben-
nett and the Felis j^lnniceps of Vigors and Horsfield. But, besides
these, Felis nibigimsa of I. Geoffrey, in Belanger's ' Voyage,' and the
Cat which I described under the name of Leopardus EUiotl in the
' Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.' for 1837 (x. p. 260) have a rather
elongated skull and complete orbits, though Mr. Blyth regards F.
Ellioii as only a variety of his F. heiufalensis.
t Skull clonyatc ; nose lony.
1. Viverriceps Bennettii.
J^ Felis viverrina, Bcnndf, P. Z. S. 1833, p. m.
Felis viverriceps, Hodgson.
'»*X'i^</a*«^**-o Felis bengalensis, B. Hamilton.
Felis himalayana, Jardine.
FeUs celidogaster, Gray, List of Hodysoii's Collection, B. M. (not
Temm.).
Viverriceps Beimettii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 268. fig. 5.
Hab. East Indies.
S. VIVKRRICEPS.
Pupil linear erect. — Hoihison.
Skull, length 5 inches 5 lines, width y inches 8 lines.
Fio;. 5.
17
Viverriccpx Beimettii.
tt Skull — nose shorter, concave oh sides.
2. Viverriceps planiceps.
Felis planiceps, Viffors ^- Horsfeld, Zool. Journ. vii. t. 2; Blainv
Osieogr. tehs, t. !).
Felis Diardii, Crmcfurcl
A-iveiTiceps planiceps, Gra;/, R Z. S. 1807, p. 269. fig. G. ^t^^^^-^f-CL-^e-
Hah. Malacca; Sumatra; Borneo. >6^^a-«:^y^ J^^^
Fig. (!. ^e^/^7/
Virerrirppx piniiirep.
18 FELID^.
Skull elongate ; crown flat, rhombic ; face rather produced, broad ;
the orbits moderate, complete behind. Length of adult 3f inches,
width 2 inches 5 lines. Very Hke that of F. viverrbui.
3. Viverriceps Ellioti.
I^eopardus Ellioti, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. II. x. p. 260.
Felis benoalensis, var., Bh/th?
Viverriceps Ellioti, Gray', P. Z. S. 1807, p. 269.
Hah. Madras.
Skull elongate ; crown flat, rhombic ; face concave in front of the
orbits ; orbits moderately complete beliind.
The skull very like that of F. ruhicjinosa, but larger, 3 inches 10
lines long, and 2 inches 7 lines wide.
4. Viverriceps rubiginosa.
Felis rubiginosa, /. Oeoffr. Voy. Belanger, t.
Viverriceps rubiginosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 209.
Hah. India ; Madi'as.
Skull 2 inches 10 lines long, 2 inches wide at the back of the
zygomatic arches ; crown flat, rhombic.
9. PAJEROS.
Head elongate. Ears rounded. Pupil round ? ? Skull elongate
mid swollen behind; face short, broad ; orbits moderate, incomplete
behind. The front upper false grinder very early deciduous, always
wanting in the half-grown skull.
Pajeros, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 269.
The skull of the Pajeros is like that of the Common Cat ; but the
orbits are small, as in the other diurnal Cats, and the face broader,
and the brain-case is rather more produced behind ; but it differs
from that of the Leopards and Cats in the upper front false giinders
being very early deciduous, as in the Lynxes.
In the four skulls in the Museum the holes for these teeth are
only to be observed in the skull of a very young animal ; in the other
three older skulls the holes even are obliterated.
Pajeros pampanus.
Felis pajeros, Desni. Mamm. p. 231.
Pajeros pampanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 269.
Hah. South America ; The Pampas.
Skull elongated ; face short, broad, slightly concave in front of the
orbits ; nasal bj'oad below, suddenly narrowed above ; orbits mode-
rate, incomplete behind ; brain-case rather swollen ; forehead slightly
convex, rhombic. Length 4 inches 2 lines, width 2 inches 4 lines.
The skull differs from that of the common Felis domestica in the
orbits being; smaller and the brain-case larger.
]0. FELIS. 19
'** Skull ovate ; face short ; brain-case moderate.
10. FELIS.
Tail cylindrical, elongate, sometimes shorter than the body. Ears
oblong, rounded at the tip, without anj' pencil of haii's. Pupil erect,
linear. Skull moderate ; face short, conical ; nose moderate, narrow
above behind, concave in front of the orbits ; brain-case oblong,
broad ; front upper false grinders distinct, small ; orbits large, or
very large, incomplete.
Felis, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 270.
t Moderate-sized large-headed Cats, tvith lines of spots on the side.i.
Pardalis, or Ocelots.
Face of skull elongate.
Pupil round, oblong, erect in sunlight. — BartJett.
1. Felis pardalis. B.M.
Fells pardalis, Linn. ; Baird, Mam. N. A. p. 87, t. 72 (skull) : Gnn/,
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 270.
? Felis armilliita, F. Ciirier.
P Felis Griflithsii, JI. Smith.
Huh. America, tropical or subtropical.
Skull, adult, length 5|, width ^ inches.
2. Felis grlsea. B.M.
Leopai'dus griseus. Gray, Ann. c*j- Mag. N. II. x. p. 200, 1842.
Felis grisea, Graij, P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 270, 403.
IIr(b. Guatemala.
Skull, adult, length 5^, width 3g inches. Nose rather concave
on the sides before orbits.
3. Felis melanura. B.M.
Felis melanura, Ball, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 128 ; Grau, P. Z. S. 18G7, pp.
270, 40.3.
Hah. America.
Skull, adult, length 5|, width 3| inches.
The skulls of these three species are very similar, only differing
a little in size ; perhaps they are only local varieties of the same
species.
4. Felis picta. B.M.
Leopardus pictus, Gray, Ann. iy Maq. JN'. //. x. p. 260, 1842.
Felis picta, Graxj, P. Z. S. 1867, pp.' 271, 40.3.
Hah. Central America.
Skull, length o4, width ?>h inches.
c2
20
5. Felis pardoides. ^•^^■
The fur is grey, with a very largo number of nearly equal-sized
round or oblong dark spots; the spots on the loins and rump arc
larger, with a pale centre ; the cheeks and nape with black streaks ;
beUy white, with large black spots ; tail ringed. Length ot bofly
and head 26, tail 13 inches.
Felis pardoides, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 403.
Hab. Tropical America. _ r r- •
The skull of F. pardalis and the typical specimens ot 1\ gnsea
and F. melanura are very similar in shape, size, and structure. The
nasal bones vary in shape ; in some skulls they are short, broad, and
o'radually attenuated ; in others the nasal bones are longer, very
broad in front, and then suddenly narrowed at about half their
length ; but the different skulls vary in this respect, and the two
forms gradually pass into each other.
The skull of an adult F. pardalis is 5 inches long and 6^ inches
wide, of the tj-pical F. grisea 5^ inches long and 3^ incheswide ;
the nose rather concave on the sides behind. In the typical i'.
melanura the length of the adult skull is 5| inches, width 3 inches
7 Unes ; iutermaxilliB elongated ; orbits moderate, incomplete be-
hind ; face broad, rather produced.
The Ocelots are extremely variable ; and though there is a very
large series of specimens in the British Museum, I cannot make up
my mind whether they are all one, or whether there are three or
more species. There are two most distinct varieties as regards size
—the large Ocelots, with very large heads, and the smaUer Ocelots,
with more moderate-sized heads ; but each variety presents several
variations of colour, and there are examples intermediate in size.
The differences in the size of the Ocelots may depend on the tem-
perature, the geographical disposition, and the abundance or scarcity
of food in the district which they inhabit. I can well believe that
the large variety is as dangerous and destructive as the Jaguar, as
travellers assert. . „ ,, i
Leopardus pictus (Mag. N. H. x. p. 260, 1842) is one of the larger
kind, and it has the spots very different from those of any other
specimen in the collection ; but this is such a difference as one may
expect to find only a variation when one examines a large series of
specimens.
Leopardus griseus (Mag. N. H. x. p. 260, 1842) differs from the
other Ocelots in having a grey fur with whitish sides. There are
several specimens which agree in this peculiarity. The grey spe-
cimens offer several variations in the spotting, like the fulvous
specimens. One specimen has a rather yeUow tint in the middle of
the back ; otherwise the grey colour seems permanent. Mr. Blyth
has observed that the smaller and darker Spotted Cats become more
fulvous as they attain full age ; but that cannot explain the greyness
10. I'ELIS. 21
of these specimens, as there are adult as well as j'oung specimens of
the grey colour.
Felts melanara (Ball, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 128) is a most strongly
marked specimen, and in the whole series of specimens in the Mu-
seum stands alone for the intensity and clearness of the markings,
both black, white, and fulvous. It may be a variety in which the
colours, especially the black, are verj' much more developed than
usual, and therefore the spots have become confluent, until the whole
animal may be described as black with white and fulvous spots. It
is not the common melanism, whei'e the whole fur has become moi'e
or less black, tlie black spots being only a little more intense. We
have an Ocelot of this latter variety in the British JLuseum ; but it
bears no resemblance to the type specimen described by Mr. Ball,
which is also in the Museum collection.
In the British Museum there is a very small Spotted Ocelot,
which is here recorded as a species or variety under the name of
F. pardoides.
The species or varieties are to a certain extent permanent ; the
young, in some instances at least, are like their parents ; and the
markings do not change with age (that is to say, they are the same
on the kitten as on the adult) ; and there are adult specimens that
are grey as well as fulvous, or fulvous and white ; so that the grey
colour does not depend on the youth of the specimen, as has been
suggested.
ft Sinaller, small-heaih'd, spotted American Cats. Margay.
Three species of small Spotted Cats have been described as inha-
biting South and Tropical America. All these three species may be
distinguished from the Ocelots {Felts pardiiia) by the smaller size
of the head, and the spots not being united together in chains ; but
the latter character is not to be observed in all Ocelots. As these
Cats, like the other Spotted Cats, vary greatly in the form, size, and
disposition of the spots, the determination of the species has been
attended with considerable difficulty, and it has been suggested that
perliaps there are more than one species of the long-taUed Ame-
rican Tiger Cat called F. macroui-a. There is a veiy large series of
specimens of the long-taUed species in the British Museum (two
Chatis and several Margays) from different localities. And if there
were not so many offering such different variations of the first
species in the collection (I had only a few selected specimens to
describe from), I should have been inclined to separate them into
more than one species ; indeed, in 1842, when we had only four or
five specimens, 1 did name one in the ' List of Mammalia' as a dis-
tinct species under the name of Leopitrdus tigviiiotdes.
These three species may be easily distinguished from each other
by the kind and colour of the fur, and the colour and length of the
tail. Thus F. macroiira and F. ui'itls have soft bright fulvous fur.
22 FELIDiE.
and tail distinctly ringed ; and t. ii(/rina has a harsher grizzled fur,
and the tail marked with series of dark spots, not forming distinct
rings. They may be characterized thus : —
6. Felis macroura. (The Kuichua.) ^ ' -
Fur soft, bright fulvoiis, black-spotted ; spots variable in shape
and size, often with a pale centre ; tail elongate, cylindrical, longer
than the body, with from eight to ten broad, well-marked, often
interrupted, black rings, and a black tip.
Skull, adult, 4 inches long, 2 inches 2 lines wide. The nasals
narrow, with the outer edges curved inwards.
Felis macroura, Pr. Max. Ahhild. t. ; Gray, P. Z. SAQQl, p. 271.
Felis Wiedii, Schinz.
" Felis brasiliensis, Cuvier."
Var. Paler, spots larger.
Leopardus tigi'inoides, Gray, List. Mamm. P. M. 1842, p. 42.
Hah. Brazil.
7. Felis mitis. B.M.
Fur soft, bright fulvous, black-spotted ; spots variable in size and
disposition, often with a pale centre ; tail cylindrical, rather taper-
ing at the end, nearly the length of the body without the head, with
six weU-marked, broad, sometimes interrupted black rings, and a
black tip.
Felis mitis (Chati), F. Cul\ Mamm. Lithoqr. t. ; Gruij, P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 271.
Felis chati, Griffith.
Jaguar, Buffon, H. Nat. ix. t. 18.
Felis onca, Sclireh. (from Baffon).
Hah. Mexico? Paraguay?
8. Felis tigrina. B.M.
Fur rather harsh, dull, grizzled, varied with black spots and rings
varying in size and form ; tail moderate, nearly as long as the body,
cylindrical, rather thick, truncated at the end, marked with small
black spots often confluent but not forming continuous rings.
Skidl as in F. macroura ; the nasals rather wider, and the orbits
not quite so large, compared with the size of the skull. Length about
3| (rather imperfect behind), width 2| inches.
Felis tigrina, Schreb. t. 100; Buffon,H.N. xiii. t. 38; Gray, P. Z. S.
1867, p. 271.
Felis margay, Griffith.
Felis guigna, Molina.
Margay, Buffoii.
Hnh. South America.
10. FEUS. 23
>J. FeUsGdoffroyii. ^^^//.V-, ^ Jj f^
Felis OeottVoyii, D' Orb. Voij. Amef. Mend. 1. 13 (skullj ; O'rai/, P. Z. £ ^^
18G7, p. 2t2. /
Zfa6. South America. '
10. Felis colocolla.
Felis colocolla, Molina ; F. Cuv. 3£umm. Lith. t. ; Gray, P. Z. S.
ZTaft. South America ; Chili (Molina) ; Surinam (II. Smith). ^^J^ /T^^H^^^
ttt Smaller one-coloured American Cats. " American Tigers. ^^^_y^/\ji ^L
11. Felis jagTiarondi. B.S^^^^g^^^
Felis jagiiarondi, Lacep. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 272. ''^^f^^ A £^Y
Felis mexicana, Desm.
Felis calomitli, Baird, 3Iam. N. A. t. 74. f. 2 (skull, adult).
Hah. South America. Skull, B.M.
Pupil round. — Burmeister.
In Blainville's figure the nose is much higher and forehead flatter
than the skuUs m the Eritish Museum.
12. Felis eyra. J^, | \/|
Felis ejTa, Lesm. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 272.
Felis unicolor, Trail, Baird, Mam. N. A. t. 73. f. 2 (skull, young).
Hab. Tropical America. Sknll, B.M.
Pupil round. — Burmeister. Pupil linear and vertical. — Ber-
landier.
tttt Moderate-sized, African, spotted Cats. Clieeks ivitkout the cheek
streaks. Skull— -face rather prodxKed. Serval. ^
13. Felis serval.
Felis serval, Schreb. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 272.
Felis capensis, Forst.
Felis galeopardus, Desm.
Serval, Buffon.
Chans servalina, Gerrard, Blainv, Osteogr. Felis, t. 10.
Length of skull 5 inches, width 3| inches. Nasals large.
Pupil oblong, erect. — Bartlett.
Hub. South and West Africa.
The Leopard and the Serval of Africa are too well known to re-
quire any observation, except to remark that the Serval is by no
means so variable in the form and disposition of the spots as the
Leopard.
14. Felis rutila. B.M.
Felis rutila, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 130 ; Grai/, P. Z. S. 18G7,
pp. 272, 394.
Red-brown, with indistinct darker spots on the back; belly white
24 I'ELID^. ,
with large brown spots ; tail moderate, nearly half the length of the
body, red-brown, with a dark central line down the upper surface,
paler with obscure indications of bands on the sides.
Hah. Sierra Leone. Type and two other specimens in British
Museum.
The skull of this sjiecies is in the British Museum. It is oblong ;
the orbit rather large, incomplete behind ; the intermaxillary pro-
duced and extending halfway up the side of the nasal ; the upper
front false grinder very small. Length 4|, width 3g inches. Very
like that of F. nerval, but smaller.
15. Fells neglecta. B.M.
Felis neglecta, Gray, Ann. 8f Mac/. N. H. 1838, i. p. 27 ; P. Z. S.
1860, p. 24G ; 1867, pp. 272, 395.
Grey ; head and body marked with numerous smaU darker spots,
spots of the lower part of the sides rather larger ; beUj^ white, with
large blackish spots ; tail quite half the length of the body, with a
dark line along the upper surface, sides paler, with obscure indica-
tions of darker bands.
Hab. Gambia {Kendal). The typical skin in British Museum.
16. Felis servalina. B.M.
Fur fulvous, beneath white, middle of the back darker, with very
numerous ismall black spots, spots on sides rather larger, on the belly
much larger ; tail short, fulvous, with five or six imperfect black
rings and a pale tip.
Felis servalina, Oqilby, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 4 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 395 (not Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401).
Hab. Sierra Leone. Three skins in British Museum.
17. Felis celidogaster.
Felis celidogaster, Temm. Monoqr. i. p. 140 ; Esquiss. Zool. p. 87
(not Gray) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 272, .39.5.
Felis chalybeata, H. Smith (not good).
Hab. Guinea (Mus. Leyden).
Teinminck has described a Cat purchased at the sale of Bullock's
Museum in Piccadilly under the name of Felis celidogaster (Monogr.
Mamm. i. 140), stating that he believes that it inhabits Chili or Peru
(more lately it has been believed that it might be an Indian Cat —
the Felis viverrina of Bennett, for example) ; but no Cat of the kind
is known in those countries. In his ' Esquisses ' he has redescribed
the species from a specimen received from Guinea. The following
is a translation of his description : —
" Felis celidogaster, Temm. Monogr. i. 140 ; Esquisses Zool. 87.
" Felis chalybeata, H. Smith, Griffith, A. K. ii. t. (not good).
" Tail rather shorter than half the length of the body and head.
Length of body and head 26, tail 14 inches=3 feet 4 inches.
10. FELIS. 25
" Fur short, smooth, shiny, grej-, with a reddish tint, M'ith choco-
late or light brown spots ; spots on dorsal line obloug, the others
round ; cheek and Hps whitish, with small brown spots ; throat and
chest with six or seven half-circular brown bands ; lower parts and
inner side of the limbs pure white, with large round chocolate-brown
spots ; two bands of this colour on the inner side of the fore, and
four on the hind feet ; tail bay brown, with paler brown rings, end
black brown ; outer sui'face of the ears black ; claws white."
? 18. Felis senegalensis.
Felis senegalensis, Lesson, Guerins May. Zuol. Mamm. t. 10 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1807, pp. 272, 39o.
Hub. Senegal.
Very like F. viverrina from India. Can it be the same?
Lesson, in the ' Magasin de Zoologie ' for 1839 (Mammiferes,
1. 10), has figured and described a Cat under the name of Felis sene-
(jaJensis, which is said to have been brought fi'om the river Senegal.
It is thus described : — " Felis rufo- fulvoque-griseus, siibtus rufes-
centi-albidus, auriculis latis intus albidis, supia nigerrimis cum
lunula nivea ; dorso et lateribus tribus vittis nigris nee non Uncis for-
matis e numerosissimis raaculis atris ; Cauda longa, rufescenti-grisea,
nigro maculata ; facie i-ufa, duabus lineis et naso aterrimis ; rostro
albo ; pedibus rufo-griseo punctatis." The description and the figure
do not agree with any of the three Cats from Africa in the British
Museum.
The Felis neglecta, like the Serval, has no dark streak on the
cheek, which is so generally found in Cats. In Lesson's figm'e only
one throat-streak (the upper one in most other Cats) is marked, the
second streak mentioned in the description being from the side of
the forehead to the end of the nose. The tail in Lesson's figure is
longer in proportion to the body than the tail of the Serval, or of
anj' of the three African Cats here described ; and the belly is not
white, as it is in all of them and in F. celidor/aster of Temmiuck.
In some respects the Cat agrees with Felis viverrina of Bennett from
India (can there be any mistake in the African habitat ?) ; but the
streaks on the side of the face are different from those of that Cat,
which has two in the usual situation ; indeed the streak in Lesson's
figure is so unlike the streak in any Cat that I have seen that I
almost doubt whether the artist has correctly represented it as going
from the orbit to the middle of the front edge of the ear.
The Cats from the West Coast of Africa are very little known ;
and, fortunately, there are in the British Museum the type speci-
mens on which three of the species have been founded, and of two
of them other and better specimens of the skins than those first
described have been received and are in the collection, showing the
distinctness of the species, which were each described from a single
imperfect skin.
The three very distinct species of Spotted Cats from West Africa,
which have been described at different times bv Mr. Watcrhonsc.
26 FELIDJ3.
Mr. Ogilby, and myself, all diifer from the one from Guinea de-
scribed by M. Temmiuck. My Fells neglecta agrees with F. celi-
dogaster in many particulars ; but the spots are much smaller than
M. Temminck describes, they are by no means of a chocolate or
bright brown colour, and the tail is not ringed. These are just
the characters by wliich the three skins in the British Museum are
distinguished from each other. It is most probable that the F.
celidogaster of Guinea is distinct from the Cats from the Gambia
and Sierra Leone which arc in the Museum. All the three, and,
indeed, very many other Spotted Cats, have the belly distinctly
spotted and the throat with a half coUar ; so that the name F. celido-
gaster would be equally applicable to auy of them. — Gnuj, P. Z. S.
1867, p. 394.
ttttt Stnall-sized spotted Asiatic Cats. Tiger Cats.
The smaller Spotted Cats of the warmer parts of Asia have all
been regarded as one species by Mr. Blyth, following in the wake of
Temminck ; but it is to be observed that the latter naturalist only
had the specimens from Java and Sumatra to examine. Perhaps if
he had had in his museum specimens from Nepal, Bhootan, China,
and the various districts of continental India, he would not have
regarded them as belonging to the same species, as he did those
from Java and Sumatra. They, no doubt, are very similar, and we
know that the Spotted Cats, as the Leopard, the Jaguar, the Ocelots,
and the Kuichua of Brazil are very variable ; but then in a large
series of these specimens the varieties pass into each other, and the
countries where the different varieties come from are contiguous,
and different varieties come from the same locality. Now that is
not the case with the small Spotted Cats of India ; and until we
have a series sufficiently large to show how the species do pass into
each other, I think it is safer to regard them as valid.
Of the small-sized Spotted Asiatic Cats, which have an ovate
skuU and incomplete orbits, there are several si)ecimens in the Mu-
seum which appear to be worthy of being noticed either as species
or well-marked varieties. They all have two weU-marked streaks
on each cheek ; and there is a pale or white streak up each side of
the forehead, and one between the cheek-streaks.
To this group belong Felis sumatrana and Felis javcmensis of
Horsfield, Zool. Java ; Felis nepalensis, Vigors and Horsfield, Zool.
Journ. iv. t. 39 ; and Felis cliinensis, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, from
China, and some others undescribed.
19. Felis minuta. B.M.
Felis minuta (part.), Temm. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 273, 400.
Felis undata (part.), Fischer.
Felis sumatrana, Horsfield, Z. Java, i.
Hah. Sumatra.
20. Felis javanensis. B.M.
Felis javanensis, Horsfield, Zool. Jara, t. :- ; Grai/, P. Z. S. 1807,
pp. 274, 400.
10. FELIS.
27
Felis Diardii, Griffith.
Felis minuta, var., Temni.
Felis undata, var., Fischer.
Hah. Java.
21. Felis nepalensis. B.M.
Felis nepaleusis, Vif/ors S,- Ilori^eld, Zool. Juwn. iv. p. .382 ; Graii,
P. Z. 8. 1867, pp. 272, 400.
Hab. India.
Perhaps a hybrid or domesticated.
22. Felis chinensis. B.M.
Felis chiuensis, Grmf, Maq. X. H. 1837 ; P. Z. S. 18(37, pp. 274, 400.
Felis bengalensis, var., BIyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 184.
Hab. China.
23. Felis pardinoides. B.M.
Fur grey-bro-mi, with large black grey-varied spots; chin and
beneath white. Spots of vertebral line black ; of withers large, ob-
long ; of loins linear ; of sides, shoulder,' and rump large, roundish,
varied with grey hairs in the centre, making them appear somewhat
as if they were formed of a ring of smaller black spots ; of thigh
and fore legs black, small, and there confluent iuto cross bands. Tail
with black rings. Length, body and heaS 19, tail 9 inches.
Felis pardinoides, Graij, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 400.
Hab. India (Capt. Tnnes; from Zool. Soc. Mus.).
Skull, length 3jV, width 2 J^ inches ; orbits moderate, oblong;
hinder nasal opening oblong, with an angular front edge.
24. Felis pardochroa. (Nepal Tiger.) B.M.
Fulvous, with various-sized and -formed black spots and streaks.
28 FEL1B.E.
Spots of the loins oblong, sejiarate ; throat, chin, and belly white,
black-spotted. Tail irregularly and incompletely ringed.
Felis pardochrous, Hodysou, Calc. Jouni. iv. p. 280 ; Horsjield, P. Z. S.
185G, p. 396; Grm/, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 273. fig. 7, p. 400.
Felis nepalensis, Hodgson, icon. ined.
Hah. Nepal {Hodgson).
Length, body and bead 25, tail 12 inches. Skull, length 3 inches
11 lines, width 2 inches 8 lines.
Pupil linear, erect. — Hodgson.
Var. Fur shorter, closer. B.M.
Hab. Tenasserim (Packman).
25. Felis tenasserimensis. B.M.
Fulvous, black-spotted ; chin and beneath white. Spots of the
body large, angular ; of shoulder round ; of thigh oblong ; of the
loins elongate, confluent ; of the back of the nock elongate, double
at the hinder part, and on the withers nearly enclosing a lanceolate
brown disk.
Felis tenasserimensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 400.
Hah. India ; Tenasserim (Packman).
Like F. pardochroa, but larger ; spots of withers and loins very
different.
26. Felis Jerdoni. B.M.
Fur grey, with a few small distant black spots. Spots of sides
and legs roundish ; of central line of the back linear, rarely con-
fluent. Tail and feet darker grey-brown, scarcely spotted ; chin and
beneath white, black-spotted.
Felis Jerdoni, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 185 (not described) ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 274, 400.
Leopardus sumatranus (var. gi'ey), Gray, Cat. 3famm. B. M. p. 43.
Hab. Indian peninsula : Madras. Adult in British Museum.
" Very like F. bengalensis, but smaller ; the ground-colour of the
upper part grey, untinged with fulvous " (Blyth). Size of F. ruhi-
ginosa. The " kitten " that Mr. Blyth refers to as being in the
British Museum is a nearly full-grown specimen.
27. Felis Herschelii. B.M.
Fulvous, black-spotted ; streak on forehead and cheeks, chin,
throat, and beneath yellowish white. Spots small, unequal-sized,
far apart ; of body oblong ; of legs round ; of loins elongate, some-
times confluent ; of withers oblong.
Chans servalinus. Gray, Cat. Matmn. B. M. p. 45 (excl. syn.).
Felis servalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401 (not Oyilby).
Hah. India; "Zanzibar?"
Like F. nunutu, but spots smaller and further apart.
10. FKLIS. 29
28. Pelis wagati. (The Wagati.) B.M.
Fur fulvous ; nose, chin, throat, and underside of body, and
streak on forehead and cheek, pale j-ellow. Spots of body few, large,
irregular-shaped ; of withers large, elongate, broad ; of loins elon-
gate, narrow, more or less confluent. TaU with round spots.
Fells wagati, Elliot (fide Blyth) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 400.
Hab. India.
Differs from F. pardochroa and F. minuta in the large size of the
spots.
tttttt Clouded or marhled African Cats. Orbits of skull very larye.
29. Fells caligata. B.M.
Lynx, Bruce, Voy. viii. no. .30.
" Felis caligata, Bruce,'" Teinin. Monoqr. p. 123 ; I. OenW. Jacq. J'oy.
t. ?,. f. 1, -2 (skull).
? Felis libj'cus, Olivier, Voy. p. 41.
Felis cattra, Desm. Suppl. p. 540, 1822 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 273.
Felis nigripes, Burchelt, Travels, 1822 ; Blainv. Osteoyr. f. 6.
Felis maniculata, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, i. t. 19 (pale variety ) ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 274.
??Chat aux oreiUes rouges ou Chat bott^ (F. caligata), F. Cuvier,
Mamm. Lithoyr. t. (pale variety).
Felis pulchella, Gray, Mag. N. H. (very pale variety).
Felis chaus, Ruppell, Atlas, i. t. 140.
? Chaus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.
Felis obscm'a, Desm. Mamm. p. 250 (black variety).
The " Chat noir du Cap," F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr., and F. caligata,
/3, Fischer, Synopsis, p. 208 (from F. Cttrier's figure), is only a
niulanisui.
Felis dongolensis, Hemp.
Felis lUippclli, Brandt.
Felis marginata, Loch, Rev. Zool. 1858.
Hab. Africa, North, South, Central, and East.
V(ir. Hybrid with F. domestica.
Skull of Felis fdffra 4 inches 5 lines long, 3 inches 2 lines wide.
Orbits subquadrangidar, li inch high, incomplete behind.
Skidl of Felis manicuhita Sg inches long, 2^ inches -n-ide. Face
short, broad ; orbits large, rather oblong, nearlj- complete behind.
This species varies from pale fulvous to grey, which is the Felis
maninilata of Riippell (Zool. Atlas, i. t. 140). There are several
specimens of this species in the British Museum. The largest and
darkest, being grey with darker bands, is a specimen from Tangiers,
received from M. Terreaux, the body and head 24, and the tail
14 inches long ; the darker bands are very indistinct. There is a
second example, not quite so large, with bands darker, that lived
s 'veral years in the Zoological Gardens, and was sent from Tunis by
Sir Thomas Eeade — and a smaller one, similar in colour, also from
the Zoological Gardens, but without any special habitat attached,
and a dark grey kitten from Kordofan.
Two other specimens are pale yellowish, slightly grizzled, with the
30 FELID-E.
streak and spot of the body rather darker yellow, and the rings on the
end of the tail are black. One of these, brought from Macassar by
Mr. Wallace, is rather darker than the other, and has the bands on
the legs nearly black, like the Tunisian specimen. The other, from
Kordofan, is rather paler, and the bands on the legs, like those on the
body, are yellow.
Very nearly allied to these, and probably only a variety, is a small
nearly white Cat, marked with pale yellow stripes, sent from Egypt
by Mr. Christie, which I described in the ' Magazine of Natural
History' for 1837 under the name of Felis pulchella. It differs
greatly from all the other specimens of F. maniculata in the very
large size of the ears ; but it resembles them so closely that I am
almost inclined to believe that it may be only a very pale variety of
that species. The size of the ears may have been produced by the
negligence of the stuffer ; but that can only be decided by the exami-
nation of fresh specimens. Mr. Blyth thinks that this specimen is
only " an Egyptian variety of the Common Cat " (P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 184, note) ; but I cannot agree with that theory.
The three large specimens in the British Museum of these Cats
come from South Africa. The largest was received from M. Ver-
reaux, the next largest from the Zoological Society's Museum under
the name of Felis caffra {Felis nigrij^es of Burchell), the other from
Dr. Andrew Smith as Felis caffra.
The first two of these are dark grey, with distinct dark, blackish
bands and spots. Dr. Smith's specimen is much paler, yellow, with
very indistinct rather darker yellow bands and spots, and very broad
black bands on the legs.
The large specimens {Felis marginata) from Tunis and Tangiers
are very like the largest dark one from the Cape.
A rather small specimen, received from Mr. Brandt of Hamburg
as F. calignfa from Africa, is only obscurely banded, is peculiar in
the tail being black at the tip for about an inch, and in only having
three or four very obscure narrow cross bands across the upper sur-
face of the hinder two-thirds of the length of the tail.
A small specimen, very obscurely banded and having a redder fur .
with darker red streaks on the back, was received from Capt. Speke,
marked " Menessa."
I suspect that what have been called the African F. cJiaus may be
only pale varieties of F. caligata ; at least I have not seen any
specimens of the triie F. chaus from Africa. M. F. Cuvier's figures
of F. chaus from Egypt are doubtful ; for he describes the body and
head as being 2 feet 4 inches long, and the tail 9 inches long ; but
the figure represents the tail as two-fifths, while the description
represents it as being only one-fourth of the entire length. In the
same manner the Chat aux oreilles rouges, figured by M. F. Cuvier,
Mamm. Lithogr., from a specimen from India, is said to measure
24 inches from the end of the nose to the base of the tail, and its
tail to measure 10 inches ; and in the figure the tail is very nearly
half the length of the head and body. Can both or either of these
figures represent F. chaus, which is known by its short tail ?
lU. FELIS. 31
The largest Cape specimen measures, bodj- and head 30, tail 15
inches.
Most of the specimens of Fdis calic/ata from Africa, like Felis
domestlcatrt , F. iiulka, and F. torquata and many other species, have
the hinder part of the feet black ; but this is not a permanent cha-
racter ; for some of the smaller paler specimens of F. ccd'njata have
the hind feet paler than the back of the animal, and some of these
have the heels more or less brown or blackish on the outer edsres.
ttttttt Smaller clouded Asiatic Cats.
30. Felis inconspicua. B.M.
Leopardus inconspicuus, Gray, 1844.
Felis torqviata (Chat de Nepaul), F. Ctivier, Mamm. Litlwgr. ii. t.
? Felis bengalensis, Dcsiu. (from F. Cuvier ?).
Felis inconspicua, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 273.
Hah. India (domesticated, or perhaps a hybrid).
Skull, length 3 inches 2 Hues, width 2 inches 1 line.
Face moderate, broad, rather concave in front of orbits ; orbits
large, rather oblong, incomplete behind ; forehead slightly convex,
rhombic. Like skuU of Chans Vihycus, but smaller, and the forehead
not so convex.
This Cat comes from India. There is a single specimen of it in
the British Museum, which in the ' List of Mammalia,' published in
1842, I named the Waved Cat {Leopardus inconspicuus), p. 42,
referring it to the Felis torquata {Chat de Nepaul, F. Cuvier, Mamm.
Lithogr. ii. t.) with doubt, because the tail of that species is repre-
sented as of the same colour as the back, with a series of trianguJar
spots forming half bauds on the lower surface for the whole length,
and there is only one streak (the upper one) on the cheek, while our
specimen, like almost all the species of Cats, has two weU-marked
streaks. As no specimen like the figure has been received from
India, I am now inclined to believe that it is intended to represent
the Cat in the Museum, and thai, the differences are perhaps the
errors of the artist. Indeed it is doubtfid. if the figure is not a copy
of an Indian drawing, like several of the animals figured in that
work, said to have been received from M. Duvaucel. I cannot
agree with Mr. Blyth in thinking that i*'. torquata is the same as
F. ornata.
Mr. Hodgson sent from N^opaul a very large specimen, which
agrees with the typical specimen of F. inconspicua in its most essen-
tial characters, but is much larger, and the waved bands are more
broken into spots ; these spots are all nearly of the same form. The
head and body of the stuffed specimen is 25 inches, and the tail 11
inches long. In the list of Jfr. Hodgson's specimens he asks " Is it
a tame Cat?"' p. 0. Mr. Hodgson, in his M8. list, called it Felis
viverriceps. There is a third, smaller specimen in the British Mu-
seum, received through Capt. Boys from India.
This Cat, like F. calicjata of Africa, is peculiar in having the
32 FEUD J-:.
body marked with transverse or, rather, perpendicular bands
which are more or less broken into spots ; and it lias more marked,
wider, and black bands across the upper part of the fore and hind
legs. The tail, which is not quite so long as the body, is of the
same coloiir as the back, and has some narrow black rings near the
tip, which is black.
The Fells Inronsp'cua of India and the F. caVigata of Africa are
nearly allied and very similar ; but one is grey and the other more
fulvous and rather differently marked — so much so that I think they
are distinct. They and Felis indica, the " Domestic Cat of India,"
differ from FeJls chaus of India (and Africa ?) in the greater length
of the tail. The first two are almost always more or less distinctly
banded and spotted, the F. chaus and F. hulica being very obscurely
(if at all) banded, except on the legs and thighs.
31. Felis domestica. B.M.
Felis domestica, Brisson ; Blasius, Wirbelt. Eur. p. 167. f. 104,
105 (skidl) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 272.
Felis sp-iaca, Aldrov.
Hah. Syria ?, and has been introduced" as a domestic animal in
most countries.
The normal coloiu- seems to be that of the Tabby Cat, grey with
black dorsal streaks and subconcentric bands on sides and thighs ;
sometimes all black from melanism, or grey, blue, yellow, or white, or
these colours more or less mixed. When black, white, and yellow,
it is called Tortoise-shell or Spanish Cat. The fur varies greatly in
length ; it is very short, close, and almost erect from the skin in
the Kabbit Cats ; it is veiy long, silky, and fluffy in the Angora (or
Angola) Cat. The tail is usually long. It is very short or almost
entirely wanting in the Isle-of-Man Cats, or the Japan Cats of
Ksempfer. The ears are generally erect ; but they are sometimes
pendulous in the Chinese Cats.
Mr. Hodgson thinks the Domestic Cat (Felis domestica) is derived
from F. nepalensis (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i. p. 341). Pennant
(Hist. Quad. i. p. 293) says the Indian Wild Cat breeds with the
Domestic Enghsh one. The Domestic Cats in India breed with F.
chaus and ruhiginosa, Elliot, with F. ornata, Scott, and with F.
viverrina, Kelaart, in Ceylon. They breed with F. caffra, Layard,
at the Cape (sec Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 184).
In the British Museum there is a specimen of FeJis domestica that
was collected, by Mr. Darwin, wild in the woods at Maldanado, men-
tioned in the ' Voyage of the Beagle,' Mam. p. 20. It shows how
nearly the Domestic Cat is to the above species : it chiefly differs
from F. caligata in the tail being more slender and tapering, the
colours more intense and defined, and in the throat being pure
white. It is dark grey, grizzled with black streaks and spots ; the
streaks on the legs are wide, those of the fore legs more or less
confluent. The tail is grey for two-thirds of its length, with black
rings, the hinder one being broadest : the hinder third of the tail is
11. CHAUS. 33
black, with a small pure-white tip. The stripes on the loins are
straight and parallel, not subspiral as in the Tabby Cats. The
check-streaks are black, the lower one indistinct and interrupted.
The toes are white.
32. FeUs manul. B.M.
Felis mauul, Pallas ; Gray, F. Z. S. 1867, p. 274.
Felis nigripectus, Hodgson.
Hah. Tibet.
Pupil linear, erect. — Hodcfson. SkuU not observed.
The Manul (Felis manul of Pallas) was regarded as a new species
by Mr. Hodgson under the name of Felis nirjropectus, and is beauti-
fully illustrated in the drawing of his Nepalese animal in the British
Museum. In the British Museum also is a fine specimen of this
Cat, presented by Mr. Hodgson, under the latter name. It has
many characters in common with the other wild species of the re-
stricted genus Felis ; but it is at once known by its very long, soft
hair, the pale whitish colour only varied by a slight black wash on
the upper part of the legs and the black on the chest. Fischer, who
only worked from books^ considers it a variety of FeJis domestica ;
but it is a very distinct and well-mai'ked species.
tttttttt Etiropean Clouded Cats.
33. Felis catus. B.M.
Felis catus, Linn. ; Grag, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 274.
Chat sauvage, Biiffon, If. N. vi. t. 1 ; Blasiits, W. E. p. 1G.3. f. 102,
103 (skull) ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. 10 (skuU).
Hah. Europe.
Tail veiy thick.
SkuU, length 3|, width 2| inches. Orbits nearly complete, 1 inch
in diameter.
The Wild Cat of Europe {Felis catus) is distinct from the African
and Asiatic species of the restricted genus Felis in the British Mu-
seum. It is at once known by its thick cylindrical truncated tail ;
but it is so well known, and has been so often described, that I need
not add any further observations respecting it. It is said that it
breeds with the Domestic Cat, and -that the skull of the hybrid, as
well as the coloration of the fur, is more or less modified by the in-
terbreeding.
34. Fella megalotis.
Felis megalotis, Miiller ; Gray. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 274.
Hah. Timor. Not seen by me.
11. CHAUS.
Tail shorter than the body, reaching to the hocks. Ears pencilled
at the tip. Pupil oblong, erect. Skull — face short : forehead of
34 felid.t:.
skull convex ; orbits very large, incomplete behind ; nasal bones
narrow, close on the maxilla ; front upper false grinder distinct ;
up])er tubercular grinder small, transverse ; the lobe on the inner
side of the upper flesh-tooth moderate.
Of the genus Chaus (as defined by the shortness of the tail),
which appears to be confined to Asia, there are what I am inclined
to regard as three distinct species in the Museum Collection.
1. Chaus Jacquemontii. B.M.
Felis chaus, Giildcnst. P
Fells Jacquemontii, I. Cieoff. Voy. Jacqxemont, t. 3. f. 1, 2 (skull).
Cliaus Jacquemoutii, Gemini, Cat. Bones B. 31.
Chaus libycus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 27o.
Hah. Africa and Asia.
In the British Museum there are two small specimens of Cliavs
with short tails from India which have more distinct dark bands
across their body and legs, and which are without doubt the Cats
that MM. F. Cuvier and Blyth have confounded with the longer-
tailed Felis maniculafa of Africa.
This Cat was figured, from a specimen then alive in Exeter Change,
under the name of the Bangalore Cat (F. chaus'), in my ' Spicilegia
Zoologica,' t. 2. f. 1. It is probably the Fdis Jacquemontii of M,
Isidore Geoffrey, in the ' Zoology to Jacqiiemont's Voyage,' the skull
of which is figured t. 3. f. 1. Unfortunately the specimens in the
Museum are few in number, and not in a very perfect state ; but I
can scarcely Ihink that this Cat can be the young state of Felis
affinis from Nepal. It is doubtless the Cat that Mr. Blyth con-
founds with the Egj'ptian Cat {F. cJuius, Geoff.), stating that it is
" the common animal of Bengal" (see P. Z. S. 1863, p. 186), and
that, as in the case of many common animals, its skins are rarely
brought to Europe. It seems spread over various parts of India, as
the specimens in the British Museum were sent from the Matoralla
territory by Sir Walter Elliot, and from Gangootra.
Having confidence in the declaration of M. F. Cuvier, that the
skins he had received from Malabar Avere exactly like those of the
animal named by M. Geoffrey in the Museum Catalogue F. chaus
which came from Egypt, and with those that M. F. Cuvier figured
and described under the same name that were received from North
Africa, and also in Mr. Edward Blyth's observation (see P. Z. S.
1863, p. 181), that "the Egyptian specimen (of F. chaus) now living
in the Society's Gardens is absolutely similar to the common animal
of Bengal," I was misled and adopted their conclusion.
These authors must have examined their specimens very cui'sorily,
and cannot have paid any attention to the length of the tail and the
distribution of the bands when present. It will be seen by my pre-
ceding observations, founded on the examination of the specimens in
the British Museum received from all parts of Africa (from Tunis
and Egypt in the north, Abyssinia in the east, and the Cape of Good
Hope in the south), that these Cats are all of one species, and of a
11. ciurs. 35
species easily (listiiiguishcd from the CJiaiis of Asia by the greater
length and development of the tail.
Mr. Blyth has kindly given to the British Museum a specimen of
the Domestic Cat of India, which is generally distributed there. It
agrees with Felis chaits in almost every character, but it is smaller
in size. The tail is rather longer compared with the length of the
body, has more narrow black rings, occupying full half of the length
of the tail, and there are two narrow pale cheek-streaks.
In the Museum there are two larger and rather darker specimens,
agreeing in almost every particular with the above. They are most
likely hybrids between F. chaus and F. domestica. The Wild F. chaus
is peculiar for having the cheek-stripes very indistinctly marked, or
one or both entirely wanting.
2. Chaus ornatus. B.M,
Fur short, pale whitish brown, black-spotted. Spots small ; on
the middle of the back smaller, linear ; on the front part of the sides
larger, oblong ; on the hinder part of the sides small, round ; on the
thighs and upper part of the legs confluent, forming iutei'rupted
cross bands. Tail reaching rather below the heel, pale at the lower
half, with some inteiTupted black rings at the end, which is whiter
than the rest of the tail, the tip black. Crown with lines of small
spots ; cheeks with two narrow dark lines ; chin, throat, and spot
over the orbits whitish ; belly with black spots like those on the
side. Body and head 19, tail 8 inches.
Fella ornata, Gray, Illust. Lid. Zool. t. ; P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 401.
PFelis Huttonii, mi/th, M.S.
Chaus oniatus, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 275.
Hab. India {Capt. Boys).
Legs long and slender. SkuU, adult, imperfect behind. Animal
very different from Felis torquata, F. Cu\-ier. The skull sent from
the Salt-range by Mr. Oldham and marked F. Huttonii, Blyth. Length
;3 inches 10 lines, width 2 inches 7 lines. Orbits moderate, incom-
plete behind, 1 inch in diameter ; crown convex, shelving on the
sides ; face rather short, broad ; nasal very long, slender.
The orbits are much larger than in a skull of F. liimalayana, of a
larger size.
This Cat is at once known fi-om all the other Indian species by
the length and slendemess of the taU, and the small size and equal
distribution of the spots. In this respect it resembles the Hunting
Leopard; but the band on the legs, the shortness of the tail, and the
terminal half of the tail being ringed at once distinguish it from
that Cat and all the other species. The tail is somewhat like that of
F. chaus.
This rather short-tailed Indian Cat has not been well under-
stood. It has been most odcUy mixed up by Mr. Blyth and others
with Felis torquata (the Chat de Nepmd of F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog.
livr. ii. 54), also named FeJis hcnr/alensis by Desmarest in the Sup-
plement to his ' Mammalia,' which is a grey-waved Cat, nearly
36 FELID,5C.
like the English Domestic Cat, and is probably a half-bred Domestic
Cat of India, as is said to be the case with the F. nepalensis of Vigors
and Horsfield (Zool. Journ. iv. t. 39), which resembles this figure in
some respects.
As the wild Indian species has not been characterized, I here de-
scribe the specimen in the Museum : —
This Chaus is the beautiful animal that I figured in the ' Illustra-
tions of Indian Zoology ' as Felis ornata. The small specimen of
the species in the British Museum is not in a very good state. Chaus
ornatus is of a pale, more or less bright, yellow-brown colour, with
transverse bands of nearly uniform-sized roundish blackish spots on
the body. The spots are larger, darker, and closer together on the
thighs and upper parts of the legs. The tail has some black rings
near the end, and a small black tip.
Hah. Northern India {Capt. Boys).
This does not appear to be a common Cat in India, as we have
only received a single half- grown example, which was purchased at
the sale of Capt. Boys's specimens ; and I do not find it described in
any systematic work, nor do I recollect to have seen any specimens
of it in continental collections.
lu his crude paper on the Asiatic species of the genus Felis (P. Z. S.
1863, p. 185), Mr. Blyth places Felis ornata. under Felis torquata,
observing that the figure is "very bad." If he had compared the
specimen in the British Museum with the figure, he must have re-
versed this note ; for it is very characteristic, but is taken from a
larger and brighter specimen. Mr. Blyth, when he saw the speci-
men in the Museum collection, in his usual ofi^hand manner, said it
is only one of the numerous varieties of the common Indian Cat.
This species is quite distinct from the Cat that Sir William Jardine
afterwards figured as Felis ornata in the •' Naturalist's Library,'
Felidce, t. 28.
3. Chans catolynx. B.M.
Felis catolynx, Pallas, Zoogr. Hosso-Asiat. t.
Felis affinis, Gray, Illust. Incl. Zool. t.
? Felis kutas, Pearson.
Lyncus erytlirotis, Hodgson, Nep.
It is known by the bright yellow colour of the fur, without any,
or with only very indistinct, indications of darker streaks across the
body, which, when present, are only to be seen when the body is
looked at at certain angles.
This is the largest species. I figiired it in the ' Illustrations of
Indian Zoology' under the name of Felis affinis, having convinced
myself that it was a distinct species years ago, when I was
studying the animals of India from the Hardwicke Collection of
Drawings. I have little doubt that this is the Cat described and
figured by Pallas in the ' Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica,' t. 2, under the
name of Felis catolynx. It is certainly the Lyncus erytlirotis of
Hodgson, whoso drawings for his ' Nepal Fauna ' contain several
good figures of it. It may be the Felis liitas of Pearson. It inha-
12. Lvxxcus. 37
bits, according to Mr, Hodgson, the central and lower regions of
Nepal. There is a well-stuffed adult specimen of this Cat in the
British Museum ; it is a magnificent animal.
Giildenstiidt's description and figure of the Fells cJiaus from the
shores of the Caspian (Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. xx. p. 483, t. 14)
agree with this animal in most particulars, and represent the short
tail of the genus Chavs, the tail being rather more than one-fourth
of the entire length of the body, or one-third of the length of the
body and head (30 + 11 in.). The fur is described as " fusco-lutes-
cens, guise et regionis umbilicalis albidus ; pectoris et abdominis di-
lute rufescens." In the figure the undcrpart is represented as much
paler than this description justifies, or than may have been intended.
Otherwise it is a good representative of the Nepal animal. I have
not seen any specimen from the Caspian. The red ear is common
to the 'Ne'pal F. ajjinis and most specimens ofi^. caUijata from Africa.
Tribe II. Lynxes— LYNCIN A.
Head short, subglobular. Legs elongate, the hind ones longest.
Tail short, or very short. Ears pencUled at the tip. Pupils of eyes
oblong. The face of the skull short ; the lateral processes of the
intermaxillee and the frontal bones elongate, nearly reaching each
other, and separating the nasals from the maxiUffi. The orbits in-
complete, large ; the lobes on the inner side of the upper flesh-tooth
moderate-sized.
12. LYNCUS.
Tail very short. Limbs elongate.
* Pads of feet overgrown with hair. Animal lurf/c. Lynx.
1. Lyncus borealis. B.M.
Fells hiix, Blainv. Odeog. Felis, t. 3 (skull) ; Blasius, W. £. p. 173,
f. lOG (skull).
Lyncus borealis, Grag, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 275.
Hub. Northern Europe and Asia.
2. Ljrncus lupulinus. B.M.
Felis lupulina, Thimh.
Lyncus lupulinus, Grag, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 276.
Hub. Northern Europe ; Sweden.
3. Lyncus canadensis. B.M.
Felis canadensis, Geoffr.
Lyncu3 canadensis, Grag, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 278.
Hub. North America.
38 FELID.-E.
** Soles of the feet nakedish. Animal small. Cervaria.
4. Lyncus pardinus. B.M,
Felis pardma, Temm.
LjTiciis pardinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277.
Hah. Southern Europe and Turkey.
5. Lyncus isatelliuus. B.M.
Felis isabellina, Blyth.
Felis lynx, Hodgson.
Lyncus isabellinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276.
Hah. Tibet.
Pupil linear, erect. — Hodgson.
K
6. Lyncus fasciatus.
Felis fasciata, Harlan.
Lyncus fasciatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276.
Hah. North America, western part.
7. Lyncus rufus. B.M.
Felis rufa, Giildenst. Voy. de la Venus, t. 9. f. 2-4 (skull).
Lyncus rufus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276,
Hah. North America.
\/ 8, Lyncus maculatus. B.M.
Felis maculata, Vigors 8,- HorsfieU; Buird, Mamm. N. A.t. 75 (skull
of adult and young).
Lyncus macidatus, G)-ay, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276.
Hab. North America : Mexico : California. ,>, i ■<'
13. CAEACAL.
Tail cylindrical, reaching to the hocks. Limbs more equal. Pads
of feet bald. Pupil oblong. The skuU is that of the Lynx ; but
the processes of the fi'ontals and intermaxillse are not quite so much
produced, and they do not entirely separate the nasals from the
maxiUse. The front upper false grinder is absent. The orbits are
rather large, and incomplete behind. The lobe on the inner side of
the upper flesh-tooth small.
Caracal, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277.
Caracal melanotis. B.M.
Felis caracal, Sc?i?-ch. ; Blainv. Osteogr. Felis, 1. 10 ; Van der Hoeven,
Zool. t. 19. i. 2 (skull).
Caracal melanotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277.
Hah. Southern Asia and Africa ; Persia and Arabia.
fiDKrAKDlII.K. 39
Fam. 2. GUEPARDID.^.
Head short, subglobular ; face very short. N"eck slightly niaued.
Legs elongate, slender, subequal. Tail elongate. Ears rounded.
Pupil round ? SkuU — face very short, convex ; the processes of the
frontals and intermaxilla) very short, not separating the nasals from
the maxiUa) ; the flesh-tooth of the upper jaw comjjressed, Tvithout
jiny lobe, but with only a very slightly marked keel on the front
part of the inner side ; the front upper false grinder distinct, small ;
orbits incomplete, moderate. Tubercular grinders one on each side
of the upper jaw.
The form of the flesh-tooth of the Hunting Leopard (Guepania)
at once separates it from all the Cats as distinctly as its long
slender legs and round face. The flesh-tooth of the upper jaw,
instead of being stout and having a more or less large but always
distinctly marked prominence with a conical crown on the front of
the inner edge, as is common to the skulls of all the Cats and
Lynxes, in the Gueparda, on the contrary, is thin, compressed lon-
gitudinally, and has only a vory slightlj' raised scarcely visible keeled
ridge on that part. Tliis process is represented as rather more pro-
minent in M. de Blainvillc's figure of the skull ( Ostoograpliie, Fells,
t. 0) than it is in the specimens in the British iluseum.
Guepardinse, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277.
Abnormal Cat, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1SC7, p. 277.
GUEPARDA.
Gueparda, Grni/, 1840; P. Z. 8. 18G7, p. 277. ^ ^ ^ ^ _?f ••
Cyn;ohu-us, Wa(jncr. •.j^* C^^tt. CLfiti.tJl^-^mc^ v **^— ,
Gueparda guttata. o^ IjjX. /
Felis guttata, Henn. ; JJhiiiiv. Odioi/r. Felis, t. 4 (^skeleton), t. 9
(skull).
Felis jubata, Schreh.
Felis venatica, A. Smith.
Felis Fearoiiis, A. Smith.
Cvnn^lurus Scemmeriugii, RiippcU.
Junior. Gueparda guttata, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1867, p. '-'lOCi, t. 24.
Jffih. Africa and Asia ; Persia ; Cape of Good Hope.
The young Hunting Leopard (Gurparthi t/xttita) I do not recol-
lect to have seen described. It is covered witli long soft hair, of a
dark blackish-brown colour, on the limbs, sides, and beneatli, and
very obscuixdy spotted ; the head, back of the nock, the back, and
40 CRYPTOPROCTIDiE.
the upper surface of the tail are pale brown ; back of ears black ;
an angular line from the front of the orbit to the angle of the month
dark brown ; the hps, chin, and sides of the nose white (see P. Z. S.
1867, t. 24).
Fam. 3. CRYPTOPROCTIDIE.
Head oblong ; face slightly produced ; nose flat and bald beneath,
with a central longitudinal groove. Legs moderate, nearly of equal
length. Soles of the feet with six pads; fore ones wider in front;
hinder ones oblong, elongate. The skuU oblong ; false grinders f . f ,
the front upper small ; tubercular grinders one only on each side of
the upper jaw, none in the lower one ; flesh-tooth with a well-
marked internal lobe.
"Vivenidfe (Ciyptoproctina), Graxj, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 545.
CRYPTOPEOCTA.
Head conical. "Whiskers rigid, very long. Ears large, covered
with short hairs externally. Nose naked, with a central longitudi-
nal groove beneath. Tail elongate. Pads of the feet naked. Toes
united by a web.
Cr\-ptoprocta, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 46 ; Trans. Zool Soc. i.
p. 137 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 545.
The Cryptoprocta " has an anal pouch, and when violently en-
raged it emits a most disagreeable smell, very like that of Mejjhites ;
when at hberty it lies constantly in a rolHng position, sleeping
always on its side or even on its back, holding with its fore feet the
small wires of its cage." — Telfair.
M. Isidore Geoffroy, in his observations on this genus (Mag. Zool.
1839, p. 25), says it is very different from Galidia — which no one can
doubt if he has studied the description of the feet. M. Joui'dan ob-
serves, "Le Cryptoprocta de Bennett, pent etre le meme que VEupleres
de M. Doyer ; il semble plutot etre le representant des Paradoxures de
Madagascar " (Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. p. 272 : 1837). This is a mistake,
as any one may prove by comparing the skuUs, which are both
figured in De Blainville's ' Osteographie.' M. Pucheran also ap-
pears to tliink that this animal and the one described as Eupleres
Goudotil may not be diff'erent (Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 40).
In my Monograph of Yiverridae I formed the genus into a dis-
tinct tribe of that family (see P. Z. S. 1864, p. 545), observing that
the teeth of the young skull, which only was known, were somewhat
like those of Viverra malaccensis ; but the discovery of the adult
animal has shown that it is very much like a Cat, but differing in
TIVERKID.'E. 41
having bald soles to the hind feet and an additional false grinder on
each side of each jaw.
Cryptoprocta ferox. B.M.
Crjptoprocta ferox, Adolph. M.-Edw. Sf Alf. Grandidier, Ann. Sci.
Nat. 1868, t. 1-4; Schlegel S,- Pollen, Faune de Madagascar, ii.
p. loj t. 8.
Jimior. Cryptoprocta ferox, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 46 ; Trans,
Zuol. Sue. i. p. 137, t. 14 ; Blainv. Osteoqr. pp. 15, 96, t. 6 & 12 ;
Graij, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 546. ^ i-f ' >
Cryptoprocta t^'picus, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. ii. p. 134.
Hah. Madagascar {Charles Telfair).
Head elmigate. Tuberctdar grinders in the vpper and loxcer jaics.
Fam. 4. VIVERRID^.
Head elongate. Nose simple, flat and bald beneath, with a cen-
tral longitudinal groove. Feet broad. Toes short, curved, arched,
covered with abundant close-spreading hairs, more or less webbed.
Claws short and retractile into a sheath. Tubercular grinders two
on each side of the upper and one on each side of the lower jaw.
The fur soft, elastic, except in the anomalous genus Arctitis, which
has a very harsh fur and a prehensile tail.
The Viverridie include a considerable number of the middle-sized
and small Carnivora. They are all natives of the Old World that
is to say, ^Ifrica and Asia (one of the species spreading itself over
some of the southern parts of Europe).
The greater number of the species are found in Africa, and several
are contiiied to Madagascar ; others are inhabitants of various parts
of Asia. Some species of the genera, as here revised, come from
Africa, and others from Asia ; but I do not know of any species but
Viverricula malaccensis which k common to the two sections of the
Old World.
The essential character of the Yivemdse is to have two tubercular
grinders on each side of the upper jaw, and one on each side of the
lower. In the genera Linsamj and Poiana the hinder upper tuber-
cular grinder is absent, and the teeth agree in number with those of
the genus Felis ; but the shape of the skull and teeth show that they
belong to this family. There are generally three false grinders
before the flesh-tooth; but in some genera the front one, which is
often very small, is entirely wanting, or sometimes falls out early.
42 VIVEEBIDJE.
Mr. "Waterhousc, in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society '
for 1839, in a paper " On the Dentition of Carnivora," observes,
"The Viverridce have the same form of skull as the Can idee, but
differ in having the posterior portion more produced ; the long palate
is carried further back, and the small back molar, observable in the
lower jaw of the Dog, is here wanting. They have, therefore, but
one true molar on either side of the lower jaw, and two true molars
on each side of the upper jaw." The form of the palate here relied
on is not found in all the genera of the family, and sometimes varies
in genera which are very nearly allied both in external characters
and dentition.
The Hyajna Mr. "Waterhouse was inclined to regard as an aberrant
form of Yiverridaj. Its carnassier has a largo inner lobe, and in
this respect also resembles the Viverra's and not the Cat's.
(See also some observations by me on the change of the teeth, &c.,
in some of the genera, in a paper in the ' Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society' for 1832, pp. 32, 62.)
There can be no doubt that the skull affords veiy important cha-
racters, especially for the division of the species into groups or genera,
and also for the distinction of the species ; but no one can examine
an extensive series of skulls, even of animals obtained from the same
locality, without being struck with the variation the skull presents
during the growth and age of the animal, and also the variation
which the specimens of the same age present, showing that the skull
and the teeth are quite as liable to vary in form in each species
(within certain limits, these limits being different in the various
species) as any other part of the animal ; so that a species cannot be
said to be firmly established until the external form, the bones, and
the habit of the species have been carefully studied, distinctly show-
ing that the labours of the palaeontologist in a zoological point of
view are very unsatisfactory, from the necessary want of material
for forming a rehable determination of species.
The late Mr. Turner made some very interesting observations on
the base of the crania of the Carnivora, with a new distribution of
the g(^nera (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 63). It is to be regretted
that he died so young, and could not continue his researches ; for I
have no doubt he would have thrown great light on the structure of
the skuUs of this group, as he always followed my studies like a
shadow. Thus when I published my "Arrangement of the HoUow-
horned Ruminants " in 1846 (Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 277), he shortly
after read his paper on their skidls (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 164);
when I commenced the study of the species of Edentata by a mono-
graph of Bradj/jrus in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 65, he read his paper
on the skull of Edentata in 1851. Being an observant and careful
osteologist, he observed many particulars that a general zoologist
would have overlooked ; but this limitation of his study confined his
views ; so that he would not allow such genera as Saiga, PantJioIops,
or Tamandua (which have such striking external characters), be-
cause he did not observe such differences in the skulls as he con-
sidered of generic importance.
TIVEBRlDJi. 43
Tlio impulse that Cuvier gave to zoology by the study of the ske-
letons and teeth of ilammalia, as shown in the ' Ossemens Fossiles,'
made such an impression on the succeeding students of zoologj', that
most of them, overlooking the importance that Cuvier himself at-
tached to external characters, have confined themselves far too ex-
clusively to the characters offered by these parts, overlooking the
fact that bones and teeth are liable to vary like other parts of the
animal, and that characters in the teeth that may be of great im-
l)ortance in most groups may be of comparatively little value in the
others. Thus in the Pamdoxuri, which every one must allow fonn
a very natural group, weU characterized by its habits as well as its
external character, the skulls and the flesh-teeth offer such varia-
tions iu form in the different species that they would be considered
good generic characters in any other tribe of Viverridte.
The notes on the skull and teeth in this work are always taken
from those of the adult animal, unless it is stated to the contrary.
The Yiverrida) have been divided into manj" genera, some only
containing a single species, while one or two other genera have been
left as magazines containing a number of heterogeneous species
which had not been particularly examined. The characters of some
of the published genera have not been made out on any uniform
plan. Indeed that is the sj-stem of the day, to search out some
animal which has some striking character, and to form it into a
genus, leaving the greater number of species in the family under
the old generic denomination, which, when examined with care,
have quite as distinct characters. This is an evil which requires
remcdj-ing ; and I have tried to obviate it by submitting all the
species of the group to the same kind of revision as M. Geoffrey
submitted the old species when he rearranged the collection in the
Jardin des Plantes more than half a century ago.
M. Temminck, in the 'Esquisses Zoologiques,' p. 100, has inquired
if Het-pestes Widdringtonii is a species or a local variety. He had
never seen the animal; but this shows the spirit in which he seems
always to have looked on the species described by others which were
not in his museum. In the same work he gives a short resume of the
species of the genera Herpestes and Paradoxurus, and states that the
catalogues are encumbered with many double and triple emjjJois,
which must be erased from the systematic catalogue. After citing
some examples of species which have been described nearly simul-
taneously by zoologists living in distant countries, as H. nrhwitor,
U. pcdiidosus, H. penicillatus, and Cijnictis Steedmani (which cer-
tainly are not instances deserving much blame, especially when we
consider the many cases in which il. Temminck himself has described
species in Holland which had been long previoiisly described in
England), he proceeds to propose to unite some species which are,
in my opinion, perfectly distinct (some even belonging to different
sections of the genus) according to characters that are almost imi-
versally adopted, and which he himself uses in other places. In
the revision of the genus Paradoxui-w^ in his monograph, and again
in the above work, he has imited together species which have not
44 VIVERRID^,
the slightest relation to each other, and which he never could have
united if he had seen authentic specimens of them. Thus he unites
P. Grcuji, P. nipaJensis, and P. lank/er to P. larvafus, and P. Crossi
and P. Pallasil to P. musanga, regarding P. hondar as separate.
Now if he had united P. Orayi, P. nipalensis, P. laniger, P. Crossi,
and P. hondar together, he would have had the excuse that they
all have some similarity of external appearance ; and he might have
been misled if he had only casually looked at them through the glass
of the cases in the museum, as he looked at some specimens which
he says he saw when in England. Synonyms cannot be determined
by such an examination, nor is science advanced by such assertions.
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Digitigi-ade. Thewidersideof the hind feet hairy, except the pads, meta-
tarsus, and sometimes a small part of the tarsus. Upper Jlesh-tooth
elongate ; vpper tuhercidar grinder small, transverse. Nose short ;
underside flat, with a central groove. Viverracea.
I. £ody robust ; tubercular grinders f . f ; back of tarsus hairy.
Viverrraa.
1. VivERRA. Legs moderate, equal. Head elongate. Tail co-
nical, ringed. Back crested. Orbit of skull incomplete.
2. VivERRiCTJLA. Legs moderate, equal. Tail conical, ringed.
Back not crested ; heel with a small bald spot. Orbit of
skull complete.
II. Body robust ; tubercular grinders f . f ; underside of the tarstis with
a narrow naked streak, Genettina.
3. Gesetta. Back with a black suberectile streak.
4. Fossa. Back without any central streak.
III. Body slender, elongate ; tubercidar grinders \. Prionodontiua.
5. LnfSANG. Back of tarsus hairy.
6. PoiANA. Back of tarsus with a narrow naked streak.
B. Subplantigrade. The underside of the toes and inore or less of the back
of the tarsus naked, callous. Flesh-tooth strong, upper tubercidar grin-
ders large, broad. Nose short, underside flat, with a central groove.
I. The hinder part of the tarsus hairy to the palm ; the tail bushy.
Galidiina.
7. Galidia
11. The iqijJi
8. Hemigalea.
11. The upjjer part of the hinder part of the tarsus hairy ; tad ringed.
Hemiaralina.
VIVERRIDJE. 45
in. The hinder jmH of the tarsus bald, callous.
a. Tail thick, strong, jji-ehensile. Arctictidina.
9. Arctictis.
b. Tail very long, stibconvolute : freniim naked, glandular ; head elongate.
Paradoxm-ina.
10. Nandinia. riesh-tooth elongate, triangular ; tubercular
teeth triangular, transverse. Orbit rather incomplete. Pa-
late narrow, short.
11. Pakadoxurus. Flesh-tooth elongate, triangular ; tubercular
teeth oblong. Orbit very incomplete.
12. Paguma. Flesh-tooth short, triangular, large. Orbit vciy
imperfect.
13. Arctogale. Flesh-tooth triangular, small. Orbit nearly
complete. Palate very narrow, elongate.
The shortness of the characters that I give to some genera has
been objected to by several writers, especially by amateurs who have
not studied the Linnean brevity and method of description. They
overlook the fact that the characters of the sections and subsections
of the family that precede the genus form an essential part of the
generic character, in the same manner that the section of the genus
is part of the specific character of the species that the section con-
tains. The definition of the subsections of the famihes and genera
requires more study, analysis, and consideration than the writing
out of a long generic character, that contains particulars that ai-e
common to a number of allied genera, such as the writers who make
the complaint usually give. At the same time, the use of such de-
tailed characters requires a greater exertion on the reader's part to
eliminate the essential particulars, which ai'e the real characters of
the group. In the above table, the most easily seen and often
empirical characters are purposely chosen, for facility of use and
bre\nty. I have even used the colour of the animal for this pur-
pose ; for it has a great influence on the formation of a natural
genus — more than many zoologists are willing to admit. Even
those who know this fact avoid making use of it, ajjparently fearing
that it might not be considered scientific ! In the body of the essay,
longer generic characters are given. Those who object to analytic
characters forget the immense number of animals now known, and
the great advantage of a rapid way of discovering the name of the
animal they seek, and whose history they desire to know. As Mr.
\V. S. Macleay justly observes, " the modern art of describing is too
long, often insufl^crably long, while human life remains as short as
ever." — Illust. Zool. !South Africa, p. 54.
46 vivEnRiDj..
Section A. Digitigrade. The underside of the hind feet hairy, except the
pads of the foes, the nu'taUirsuti, and so)twtimes a small part of the tarsus.
Thi' iippcrJIeaJi-todtli elont/dte ; upper tubercular stnall, transverse. Nose
short, underside Jlat, icitli a central groove.
Tribe I. VIVERRINA.
The body robust. Tubercular teeth \ . \. The back of the hind
feet hairy, except the pad of the toes and the metatarsus.
Viverrina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 610.
There is a deep pouch for secreting civet, in the form of a deep
cavity on each side of the anus (P. Z. S. 1832, p. 63).
1. VIVERRA.
Head long ; muzzle acute ; pupil oblong, vertical (round, Hodg-
son). Neck with large black and white marblings. Body short,
compressed ; back black-crested ; legs moderate, equal ; tail mo-
derate, tapering ringed. Toes 5/5 ; claws semiretractile. Teeth
40 ; false grinders f . f .
Viverra, Linn. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 63; 1864, p. 511.
Hah. Africa and Asia.
* Tail black. African.
1. Viverra civetta. B.M.
Tail black ; sides spotted.
Viverra civetta, Schreb. Sduqcth. t. Ill ; Bennett, Tower Menag. p. 99,
fig. ; Grail, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 511.
Civette, Btiffon, ix. p. 299_, t. 34.
Var. ? Viverra Poortnianni, Pncheran, Rev. et May. Zool. vii. p. 154,
1853.
Hal. Africa: Abyssinia; Fernando Po {Thompson); Guinea
(called " Kaukans") {Temm.); Gaboon {Aithry Le Comfe).
** Tail black-rinyed. Asiatic.
2. Viverra zibetha.
Tail black-ringed. B.M.
Viverra zibetha, Linn. S. N. i. p. 65 ; Gray, Illusf. Lid. Zool. ii. t. 5 ;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 63 ; Cat. Maimn. B. M. p. 47 ; P. Z. S.
1864, p. 512 ; Gerrard, Cat. Ost. B. M. p. 71 ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm.
i. 362 ; Jlorsjield, Cat. Mus. India House, p. 54.
Meles zibethica, Linn. S. N.
Viverra undulata, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 8.
Viverra civettoides, V. melanxirus, V. orientalis, Hodyson, J. Asiatic
Soc. Benqal, x. 909.
Zibet, Buffoti, ix. 299, t. 31.
2. VIVKRRICULA. 47
Hah. Asia : Bengal {Ilorxjield) ; India (Hanhvicl-) ; Calcutta
(Oldham) ; Nepal {Hodgson) ; China (./. lleeve) ; Formosa (Sivinhoe) ;
? Isle of Negros (Cuminy) (skuU B.M.) ; ? Malay peninsula (Hors-
field).
Skull elongate, narrow. Nose compressed. Orbit incomplete
behind. Teeth very like Genetta \ upper hinder tubercular small,
oblong, transverse, with two outer and one large inner tubercle.
Lower jaw shelving in front ; lower edge rather arched, without any
tubercles below the end of the tooth-line ; the tubercular grinders
subcircular, with three lobes on the crown.
3, Viverra tangalunga. B.M.
Tail black above, and ringed on the lower side.
Viverra tangalunga, Grai), P. Z. S. 1832, p. 63 ; 18G4, p. 512 ; Cat.
Mamm. B. M. p. 48 ; Cantor, Mamm. ; Horsfield, Cat. 3'his. India
House, p. 57.
Viverra zibetha, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 231 ; F, Cuvier, Mamm.
Lithog. t.
Hah. Sumatra (called " Tangalung ") (Raffles) ; Borneo, Celebes,
Amboyna (Midler) ; Malayan peninsula (Cantor).
WTiat is Viverra mee/aspila, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1862,
p. 321 ?
2, VIVERRICULA.
Head tapering. Throat with luuate dark bands. Bod)- elongate ;
back not crested. Legs moderate, equal. Tail almost as long as
the body, tapering, dark-ringed. Toes 5/5 ; claws acute, com-
pressed. Pupil oblong, vertical. Teeth 40 ; false grinders f . 3 ;
flesh-tooth longer than broad in front, inner lobe on the front mar-
gin ; tubercular grinders % . |.
Viven'icula, Hodqson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. p. 909 ; Gray,
P.Z.S. 1804, p. 51.3.
Hah. Asia.
Like a Genet, but with hairy soles to the feet, a shorter tail, and
no crest. Foot with a small bald spot on the side of the palm-pad
(see Hodgson, J. A. S. B. t. 31. f. 8).
Viverricula malaccensis. (Malacca "Weasel.) B.M.
Grey ; back with seven black or dark streaks more or less broken
up into spots : shovdders, sides, and legs spotted ; feet deep brown
and black ; tail vrith. seven or eight black rings,
Viven'icula malaccensis. Cantor, Cat. Mamm. Malm/, p. 29 ; Grarj,
P. Z. 6'. 1804, p. 513. ■ .
Viverra nialacconsis, Gmelin, S. X. p. 02 (from Sonn.) ; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. B. M. p. 48; Gerrard, Cat. Od. B. 31. p. 70.
Viven-a gunda, Hamilton Buchanan, Icon.
Vivm-a r.isse, Horsf. Zool. Java, t.; P. Z. S. ii. (1832) p. 2S;Schinz,
Syn. Mamm. i. p. 362.
48 VIVERRID.E.
Viverra indica, Geoff. MS. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 171 ; Desm.
Mamm. p. 210; Gervais, Mag. Zool. 1835, p. 10, t. 19; Horsf.
P. Z. S. ii. (1832) p. 23.
? Viverra bengalensis, Gray, Illust. Lid. Zool, i. t. 4.
Viverra leveriana, Shaw, Mus. Lever, t. 21.
Genetta raauillensis, Eydoux.
Genetta indica, Lesson, Man. 174.
Geuette rasse, F. Curier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.
Civette de Malacca, Sonnerat, Voy. ii. 144, t. 91.
ViveiTicula indica, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. p. 909.
Var. Paler, spots less distinct.
Viverra pallida, Chray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 63 ; I/lust. Ltd. Zool. ii.
t. 6; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 514.
Hah. Asia ; Madras {Elliot) ; Gangootra, N'epal {Hodgson) ; Java
{Horsfield) ; ? Comoi'o Islands (called " Tunga ") {Peters).
Dr. Horsfield believed there were two species combined under this
name (see Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 23, 1832) : —
V. rasse. Back with eight hroad longitudinal lines; the three
lateral lines on each side interrupted and obscure.
V. indica. Back with eight narrow longitudinal lines ; the lateral
lines continued.
I formerly thought that V. pallida from China, in which the spots
and stripes are very indistinct, might be different ; but a series of
specimens from different localities seems to show a gradation from
one to the other.
This species differs very much in colour from different localities
and perhaps in different seasons. The stripes and spots are some-
times very black and distinct ; at others, as in V. pallida, they are
very indistinct, scarcely to be distinguished from the general colour
of the fur.
The skull elongate, compressed ; nose compressed. The orbit im-
perfect behind, confluent with the temporal fossae. Grinders : —
false f . f ; front upper small, compressed ; the third rather thicker,
without any internal lobe ; the flesh-tooth trigonal, oblique, elon-
gate, half as long again as the width on the front margin — the
internal lobe trigonal, on the inner side of the front edge ; the front
tuberculars trigonal, outer side oblique ; front edge rather wider
than the length of the outer margin ; the hinder tubercular subcir-
cular, with three lobes. The lower jaw slender ; lower edge slightly
curved, without any prominence under the end of the tooth-line ;
the tubercular grinders subcircular, with three nearly equal lobes.
Length of skull 3f inches ; width of brain-case 1-i- inch, at zygo-
matic arches If inch.
I wrote to Dr. Peters to inquii'e if the Tunga of Anjuan could be
the V. fossa, and if it was not a Genetta. He assures me that it
agrees in all particulars with the Indian V. rasse, and, " like it, has
no bald streak along the sole. It has a hairy sole to the hind feet,
and a small callous spot to the pads of the palms towards the heel." —
Letter, 24th Nov. 1864.
:?. gen?;tta. 49
Dr. Peters considers the animal called the Ttoti/a (which is common
on the island of Anjuan, one of the Comoro Islands, near Madagascar,
on the east coast of Africa) the same as the Viverra rasse of Dr.
Horstield ; he says it agrees with it in colour, in the form of the
ears, and in the bristly quality of its fur, and it has the soles of its
feet covered with hair as in that animal. He also observes that the
fauna of these islands agrees more with those of Madagascar and
India than with that of continental Africa (see Peters, Reise nach
Mossamb., Mammalia, p. 113). If the animal is identical, it is the
only species of the familj' I know common to Asia and Africa.
Tribe II. GENETTINA.
The body robust ; tubercular grinders f . f ; the underside of the
tarsus of the hind feet with a narrow bald line extending from the
pads nearly to the heel. The orbit of the skull is very imperfect,
only contracted above. The fur is soft, spotted or cloudy, and the
tail ringed.
3. GENETTA.
The body elongate ; back with a broad, contiiiued, more or less
crested, black streak. Tail long, slender, hairy, ringed. Legs mo-
derate. Feet hairy. Toes 5/5 ; the sole of the hind foot with a
narrow longitudinal bald streak. Claws short, retractile. Skull
elongate, narrow. Teeth 40 ; false grinders ^ . ^; flesh-tooth elon-
gate ; tubercular grinders f . ^.
Genetta, Cuv. Mamm. LitJiogr.
Genetta, Brisson, R. A. p. 252 ; Gray, P. Z. S. ii. ( 18;!2 ) p. ()•'' ; 18G4,
p. 515.
Genettina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p . 515.
Hah. Africa and South Europe.
* Tail (aperi)iff, with elongate, rather spreading hairs, anil with niuneroui
black and white rings; tip white.
1. Genetta vulgaris. (Genet.) B.M.
Blackish grey, black-spotted ; tail elongate, with white and black
rings of nearly equal length, the tip whitish ; vertebral line black,
subcristate ; the fore legs and the feet grey, black-spotted ; the hind
legs black behind near the hock.
Genetta vulgaris, Gray, P. Z. S. ii. (1832) p. 63; 1864, p. 615.
Viverra niaculata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 9, t. 9.
Genetta afra, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t.
Viverra genetta, Linn. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 169.
Genetta Bonapartei, Loche, Mag. Zool. 1857, t. 18.
Hah. South Europe, North Africa, and Asia: in B. M., from
Nismes (^Verreau.r) \ Madrid, Algiers {Loche); Tangier {Fauier);
Barbary {Gray) ; Asia, Mount QMVxael {Tristram).
50 VIVERRIDJE.
The length of the rings varies in different specimens, depending on
the length of the hairs of the tail. In some, two or more of the rings
are more or less confluent, especially on the upper part and near the
end of the tail.
I cannot find any difference between the specimens from Europe,
Algiers, Tangier, and Mount Carmel. The distinctness and dark-
ness of the streak upon the forehead differ in specimens from the
same localities.
2. Genetta felina. (Feline Genet.) B.M.
Blackish grey, black-spotted ; vertebral line black ; tail elongate,
white-and-black ringed, rings of nearly equal length ; tip whitish ;
the outer side of the fore and hind legs black ; feet blackish.
Genetta felina, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. (1832) p. 63 ; 1864, p. 516.
Viverra felina, Thunh. Sv. AJcad. xxxii. p. 166, t. 7.
Genetta vulgaris?, A. Sim'th, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. p. 45.
Hah. South Africa: Cape of Good Hope {Verreaux) (the Musk-
cat of the colonists) ; Latakoo, common {A. Smith).
The chief difference between this and G. vulgaris is that the legs
and feet are blacker, the head is darker, with a more distinct black
streak up the forehead between the eyes.
Genetta ruhiginosa, Pucheran (Eev. et Mag. de Zool. vii. 1855,
p. 154. " Griseo-albescens, fulvo lavata, maculis dorsalibus fere toto
rubiginosis ; cauda ad basim quatuor annulis rubiginosis, quatuor
deinde nigris prsedita.
" Hah. Cape of Good Hope " — J. Verreaux), is probably the same.
3. Genetta senegalensis. (Senegal Genet.) B.M.
Pale yellowish grey, brown-spotted ; vertebral line black, sub-
cristate behind ; tail elongate, slender, yellow and black-ringed, the
pale rings the longest ; tip of tail pale ; the hinder part of the hind
legs blackish or dark brown.
Genetta senegalensis, Gray, P. Z. S. ii. (18.32) p. 63 ; 1864, p. 516.
Viverra senegalensis, Fischer, Syn. p. 170 (from F. Cuv.).
Genette de Senegal, F. Cuv. Mamm. Liih. t.
PGenetta Aubryana, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. vii. (1855) "p. 154.
Fossane, Brown, Illust, t. 43.
Hah. West Africa: Senegal {Verreaux); ? Gaboon {Auhry le
Comte); Sennaar (5r<7. iliits. 46, 6, 15, 43). East Africa: Abyssinia
(5. M. 44, 5, 17, 27) ; Dongola {B. M. 46, 9, 2, 27). North Africa
{B.M. 43,12, 28,2).
Skull tapering in front ; nose compressed. Orbit very large, very
incomplete behind ; the zygomatic arch confluent with the lower
edge of the orbit, moderate. False grinders ^ •^; upper rather far
apart, front small, second compressed, with a smaU lobe on each
end ; third compressed, with a small lobe on the middle of the inner
side and one at the hinder end. The flesh-tooth triangular, miich
longer than the breadth at the front edge, with a moderate-sized
3. GENETTA. 51
internal lobe rather behind the front inner angle. The tubercular
grinders trigonal, with a sloping outer edge ; the front twice as wide
as long on Die outer edge ; the hinder small. The lower jaw slender,
erect, with a shelving chin or short symphysis and a curved lower
edge without any tubercles under the end of the tooth-line ; the
tubercular grinder roundish, with two large anterior lateral and a
similar-sized posterior central lobe. Length of skull 3^ inches ;
width of braincase 1 jL, at zygomata If.
** Tail siibci/liiidn'cal, with shortish fur ; end black, rrith imperfect rings ;
tij) black ; base with alternate, nearly equal black and ichite rings.
4. Genetta tigrina. (Tigrinc Genet.) B.M.
Gi'ey-brown, with black spots, the larger more or less brown in
the centre ; the hind feet darker ; the tail elongate, cylindrical, black,
with rather bi-oad white rings, but narrower than the black ones ;
tip of tail black.
Genetta tigi-ina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. 31. p. 49 ; P. Z. S. 18(>4, p517.
Viverra tigrina, Schreb. Sliugetk. t. 115.
Genetta vulgaris, Rilppell.
Genetta amer, Itiipjiell.
Genetta abyssinica, liiippell, Fauna Abyss, t. 11.
Viverra abyssinica, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 71.
Viven-a genetta, Peters, 3fossamb. 3Iamm. p. 113.
Hab. South Africa : Cape of Good Hope (the Musk-cat of the co-
lonists) ; Natal and East Africa ( Verremuv) ; Mozanibi(]ue {Peters,
Kiric) ; Abj'ssinia (lUippdl).
*** Tail subcylindrical, loith shortish fur, black ; middle part icith some
imperfect rings be)ieat.h, tJie base with a few narrow white rings.
5. Grenetta pardina. (The Eerbe.) B.M.
Fur reddish grey-brown, with black spots more or less brown in
the centre ; the feet and hinder part of hind legs brown ; tail elon-
gate, covered with shortish hairs, with narrow pale or reddish rings
on the basal half, black at the end, with very indistinct narrow
pale rings.
Genetta pardina, /. Geaf. 3Iag. Zool. 1832, t. 8 ; Gratj, P. Z. S. 18G4,
p. 518.
Genotte pantharine, F. Curier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.
Genetta poensis, Watcrhousc, Proc. Zoul. Soc. 1838, p. 59 (from aflat
skin).
Viverra gonettoides. Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 89, 1853 ?
Genetta Fiekliana, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston X. H. Sue. vii. (1800)
p. 302 (from (he Gaboon).
Genetta servalina, Pucheran, Jicv. et 3Iag. de Zool. \-ii. (1855) p. 154.
Rerbe, Bosmann, Voy. Guinea, p. 31. f. 5; Buffon, H. N. xiii.
Ilah. Fernando Po (IFrt^f/'/joitse); Guinea (Teix/H.) ; Gaboon (/)«
ChaiUn); "West Afrien (B.M.): interior of Senegal (/. Geoffro;/).
The specimens varv considerablv in the size of the spots ; in some
e2
52 VITEEPaDiE.
they are brown with black edge, in others almost uniformly black ;
but I can see no characters by which they can be separated.
Genetta poensis seems to be the same variety as that described by
I. GeofFroy and M. Dii Chaillu.
4. FOSSA.
The back without any black subcrested vertebral streak ; the soles
of the hind feet.hairy^-with — ?
Fossa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 518. ' /
Fossa Daubentonii. ' ^ / <
Fossa Daubentonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 518.
Viverra fossa, Schreh. Sduqeth. t. 114 (from Buffon).
Genetta fossa. Gray, P. Z. S. 1822.
Fossane, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 163, t. 21.
Hah. Madagascar {Mus. Paris.).
" Fur grey-black, rufous-varied, awhite spot over the hinder angle
of the eye ; back and nape with black lines, four of which extend
from the nape to the tail, continuous to the middle of the back, and
the last of their length broken into very close spots ; the sides,
shoulders, and thighs with spots placed in three lines on each side ;
hps, chin, and beneath dirty white ; tail with many narrow half-
rings, of a reddish colour, which do not extend to the lower side ;
feet yellowish white. Length of body and head 17 inches, of tail
8| inches. There are no subcaudal glands.
" Hah. Madagascar (Poivre, Mus. Acad. Sci. 1761)." — Buffon.
I do not know any other description of this species ; that by all
other authors, including Dr. A. Smith, is a mere copy of the above.
There does not appear to be anj- central dorsal strips, so characteristic
of the Genets ; the soles of the^^iM^ feet have not been described.
Tribe III. PRIONODONTINA.
Body slender, elongate ; limbs very short ; tubercular grinders \ ;
fur soft, close, erect ; the tail very long, cylindrical, ringed.
5. LINSANG.
Prionodon (subgenus otFelis), llorsf. Java; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 519.
Linsang, Gray, Cat. Ma^nm. B. M. p. 48 ; Muller, Zoog. ind. Arch.
Body very slender ; back not crested. " Pupil linear, erect "
(Hodgson). Legs short. Tail very long, cylindrical, dark-ringed.
Toes 5/5. Claws very acute. Skull elongate. Teeth 38 ; false
grinders f . f ; flesh-tooth elongate ; tubercular grinders g . g.
Hah. Asia and Africa.
1. Linsang gracilis. (Linsang,) B.M.
Fur white ; back with broad black cross bands ; sides of neck with
5. LIXSANG. 53
a broad black streak coutinued along the sides of the body, con-
fluent with the bands of the back ; back of neck with five parallel
black streaks. Tail with seven black and white streaks ; a second
streak, broken into spots, from the side of the neck to the haunches.
Legs Av^th smaK black spots.
Linsang gracilis, MilUer, Zoog. ind. Arch. i. p. 28, t.
Viverra? linsang, Harclw. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 256, t. 24; DeBluiiiv.
Osteogr. t. 12 (teeth).
Felis (Prionodou) gi-acilis, Horsf. Zool. Java, t.
Viverra Hardwickii, Lesson, Man. p. 172 (not Gray).
\'\\ erra genetta, Descharnps, JIS. B. 31.
Paradoxurus prehensilis, !Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. iv. p. 349.
ViveiTa gracilis, Desm. Mamm. p. 539.
I'aradoxurus linsang, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 159, 1829.
Prionodon gTacilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 519.
Mab. Asia: Malacca?, Siam ?, Sumatra?, Ja.\a? (Horsjicld).
2. Linsang pardicolor. (Nepal Linsang.) B.il.
Pale whitish grey ; back of neck and shoulders with three streaks
diverging from the vertebral line ; back with two series of large
square spots ; the shoulders, sides, and legs with round black spots ;
an elongated spot on the middle of the front part of the back, between
the square spots on the sides of the body.
Prionodon pardicolor, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. p. 37, t. 1.
f. 3 & 6, 1841 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 519.
Linsang pardicolor, Gray, Cat. Mamm. P.M. p. 49.
Viverra perdicator, Schitiz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 366 (misprint).
Hah. Nepal.
The sktdl elongate ; nose rather short, compressed ; brain -case
narrow in front, swollen over the ears, and contracted and produced
behind. Orbits not defined behind, confluent Avith the temporal
cavity ; zygomatic arch slender. Palate contracted behind. Teeth
38 ; upper false grinders compressed ; flesh-tooth narrow, much
longer than Avide in front, the outer edge three-lobed, inner tubercle
on the front edge; tubercular grinders transversely trigonal, much
wider than long, the outer edge sloped, and the hinder lobes in
the middle of the hinder edge. There is no hinder tubercular ;
but the one present is quite like the front tubercular in the t}'pical
Viverridae.
The skulls of Z.r/crtc/7('s and L. pardicolor are very similar ; but
the skull is rather larger, the palate narrower in front and behind,
and the bullai of the ears are narrower and less ventricose in L,
(/racilis than in L. pardicolor.
The following are the measurements in inches and twelfths in L.
gracilis: — length of skull 1" 7'", width at brain-case 11'", width of
zygomatic arch 1" 3|"', length of nose 9'". L. pardicolor : — length
of skull 2" 6"', width of brain-case 10|"', width of zygomatic arch
1" 2k'", length of nose 84"'.
54
VIVKERlD^^i.
6. POIANA.
Head small ; ears rounded. Body slender, elongate ; fur soft, close,
short, nearly uniform in length, spotted ; no central dark vertebral
line. Legs rather short. Feet hahy, cat-like ; toes 5/5, short ;
hind soles covered with hair ; with a short narrow naked line, forked
below, and onlj^ reaching to the middle of the foot above. Claws
retractile. Tail cylindrical, black-ringed.
Poiana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 520.
Ifab. Africa.
Very like Linsang in external appearance, but with the feet of a
Genetta.
Poiana Richardsoni. (Guinea Linsang.) B.M.
Pale brown, black-spotted ; spots on the back larger, square ; spots
on sides and feet smaller, rounded.
Linsang Richardsoni, Gerrard, Cat. Boties B. M. p. 72.
Yivei-ra geiicttoidi's, Tmiin. Eaq. Zool. p. 89, 1853?
Genetta 1-vichardsuni, Tlwmpson, Ann. N. H. 1842.
Genetta poensis (jun.), Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 59.
Poiana Ilichardsoiii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 520.
Hah. West Africa: Fernando Po (jTAow^jsoh); Gvinen. {Temiu.).
Fit?. 8.
Poiana Piclia) chont
Skull and teeth very like Linsang ; but the brain-case is ovate
atid more ventricose. The orbits not deiincd behind, and confluent
with the tenipofal cavity; zygomatic arch stronger. The nose is
compressed. The palate is very narrow behind. Teeth 38 ; the
upper false grinders compressed ; the flesh-tooth considerably longer
than broad in front, with a roundish inner lobe on the front edge,
separated from the other lobe by a notch ; the tubercular grinders
transverse, triangular, broad, with a small lobe in the middle of the
hinder edge. There is no second tubercular grinder in the upper
jaw. Length of skull 2" 9'", of nose 9'" ; width of brain-case 11'",
of zygomatic arch 1" 5'".
Section B. Subplantigrade. Tlie underside of the toes and more or less
of the back of the tarsus near the foot bald and callous. The flesh-
tooth is massive and strong ; the tubercular grinder lan/e, broad. — (Jrav,
P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 521.
Tribe IV. GALIDIINA.
The hind part of the tarsus hairy to the sole ; the tail bushy.
7. GALIDIA.
Ears elongate. Body slender. Legs short. Tail elongate, cylin-
drical, rather larger at the end, ringed "? Toes 5/5, arched, webbed ;
front subequal ; the toes and sole bald ; the tarsus hairy behind.
Claws acute, compressed, retractile. Skull rather ventricose ; face
short ; forehead arched ; crown flat. Teeth 36 or 38 ; false grinders
^ . ^, fi-ont very small ; flesh-tooth triangular, elongate, longer than
broad, and falls early ; tubercidar grinders ^, transverse, the second
very small (see skull, G. elegans, Geoft'. Mag. de Zool. 1839, t. 17).
Galidia, I. Geoff. Conipt. Remlus, 1837, p. 580 ; 3/«//. de Zool. 1839,
pp. 27, 38, t. 14, 17; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G1, p. 522. '
We only possess Galidia elegans ; and the feet of that species have
no relation to those of an Ilerpestes, to which M. I. Geoffrey com-
pares them ; they are much more those of a Genet, having short,
arched, webbed toes and very acute retractile claws.
* Tail ringed ; " soles nf hind feet narroiv." Galidia.
1. Galidia elegans. B.M.
Dark chestnut-brown ; tail nearly as long as the body, black-ringed.
Length 15 inches, tail 12 inches.
Galidia elegans, 1. Geoff. Mag. de Zool. 1839, p. 27, t. 14, 17; Grai/,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 523.
Margusta (Galidia) elegans, Blainv. Ost. t. 9.
Genetta?, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 52 (see /. Geoff.).
Vounsira, Flacourt, Ilistoirc de Madagascar, p. 154, 1(301.
Vausire, Buffon <^- Dauhenton Y
H(th. Madagascar (called Vounsira).
SkuU oblong, rather elongate ; forehead shelving, rather convex ;
the crown flat ; the brain-case nearly two-thirds the entire length.
False grinders 4}, the flrst very small, deciduous, the second and
56 VIVERRID^.
third compressed ; the flesh-tooth trigonal, considerably longer than
broad at the front edge — the internal tubercle large, and a little
behind the front margin. Tuberciilar grinders — the first subtruncate,
oblong, rather wider than long, contracted on the inner side ; the
second very small, transverse, oblong (see I. Geoff. 7. c. t. 17).
In the figure cited the brain-cavity is nearly three-fifths the entire
length of the skull (that is, measured to the back of the orbits) ; and
the zygomatic arch is rather wider than half the length of the skull.
** Tail one colour ; " soles of hind feet moi-e bald." Salanoia.
2. Galidia concolor.
E,ed-brown, black-dotted ; tail like back, much shorter than the
body ; ears broad and short. Length 13 inches, taU 7 inches.
Galidia concolor, /. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 30, 1. 15 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 523.
Galidia unicolor, I. Geoff. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1837, v. p. 581.
Hah. Madagascar.
3. Galidia oUvacea. ^^
Olive-brown, yellow-dotted ; tail same colour as the body ; false
grinders f ; tubercular grinders broader than in G. eler/ans, especiallj'
the hinder ones.
Galidia olivacea, I. Geoff. Maq. de Zool. 1839, t. 16; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 523.
? La petite fouiue de Madagascar, Sganzin in Rev. ct Muq. de Zool.
1855, p. 41.
Hab. Madagascar (Bei-nier) (called " Salano").
Tribe V. HEMIGALINA.
The toes and the middle of the lower part of the tarsus bald ; the
upper part and sides of lower part hairy. Tail ringed. Fur soft.
Frenum hairy. Orbit imperfect.
8. HEMIGALEA.
Head conical. Nose bald, flat, and with a distinct central groove
below ; nostrils lateral. Ears moderate, ovate, covered with hair
externally. Whiskers numerous, very long, rather rigid, with tufts
of slender bristles on the throat, cheeks, and eyebrows. Toes 5/5.
Claws acute, semiretractile. Hind feet semiplantigrade ; the upper
part of the sole hairy, -with a narrow bald sole in front below.
Frenum covered with hair. Teeth 40 ; false grinders ^ .^i tuber-
cular grinders f . f.
Hemigalea (Hemigaliis), JoMz-f/r/M, Compt. Rend. 1837; Ann. Sci. Kat.
viii. p. 276, 1837 (not characterized) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 624.
The genus is only very indistinctly characterized by M. Jourdan
in the papers referred to.
9. AKCTICTIS. 67
Hemigalea Hardwickii. B.M.
Pale yellow ; three streaks on the head, two streaks on the nape,
some marks on the ears, five crescent-like bands across the back, two
rings on the base of the tail, and the end of the tail black.
Viverra Plardwickii. Gray, Spic. Zool. ii. p. 9, t. 1 (not Lesson).
H^migale zebrd, Voyage de la Bonite, t. ; Jourdan, Ann. Set. Nat. viii.
p. 277.
Viverra boi<5i, S. Miillei; Zoog. ind. Arrh. t. 18 ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm.
i. p. 363.
Paradoxurus derbianus. Gray, Loudon's Mag. N. H. i. (1837) p. 579 ;
De Blainv. Ost. Atlas, t. 7, t. 12 (teeth).
Paradoxurus P zebra, Gray, Loudon's Mag. N. II. i. (1837) p. 579 (from
a dra-\ving).
Paradoxurus philippensis (partly), Schinz, Syn. Mamtn. i. p. 387.
Hemigalea Hardwickii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 524.
Hah. Malacca {Major Farqiiliar) ; Borneo {Lowe).
The skull agrees with Oenetta and Nandinia in the hinder opening
of the palate being onlj^ a short distance behind the line between
the back edges of the hinder tubercular grinders. The orbit is very
incomplete. The teeth are short, broad, and very unlike those of
Genetta and Nandinia — somewhat similar to those of the genus
Paguma. The first and second false grinders are comjjressed, the
third has an inner lobe on the middle of the inner side. The flesh-
tooth is triangular, scarcely longer than the width of the middle of
the tooth, the large inner lobe occupies nearly the whole inner side.
The tubercular grinders are oblong, triangular, much wider than
long, rounded on the inner side ; the hinder one like the front, but
only about half the size. The nose of the skull is elongate. The
brain-cavity ovate, ventricose, not suddenly constricted in front.
Forehead shelving, rather convex. The bulla) of the ears are oblong,
elongate, vesicular, truncated behind, and keeled on the outer edge.
Length of the skull 3" 9'", of nose 1" 4|"', of zygomatic arch and
orbit ] " 6'" ; -nidth of brain-case 1" 3'", of back of mouth 6" 1^'",
of zygoma 1" 10'".
Tribe VI. ARCTICTIDINA.
The hinder part of the tarsus bald and callous. The tail thick,
strong, and prehensile. Fur harsh, bristly. Ears pencilled. Fre-
num hairy. Orbit of skull imperfect, onlj' defined by a prominence
above.— Gra^/, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 523.
9. ARCTICTIS.
Head conical. 'Whiskers numerous, long, rigid, more slender on
the cheeks, throat, and eyebrows. Nose acute ; underside flat, with a
broad central groove. Eyes small. Ears closely covered with long
hairs, forming a pencil. Toes 5 5. Claws compressed, acute, re-
tractile. Soles of hind feet broad, entirely bald and callous to the
heel. Tail conical, covered with long hair, convolute. Frenum
58 VIVERRIDJ;.
covered with hair ? Teeth 36 ; false grinders f . f ; tubercular
grinders f • f .
Arctictis, Temm. Monogr. xx. p. 21, 1820 ? ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 525.
Ictides, F. Cuvier ; Valenciennes, Ann. des Sci. Nat. iv. p. 57, 182o ;
Ferns. Bull. Sci. v. p. 266, 1825.
Hah. Asia.
Major Farquhar says, " It climbs trees, assisted by its prehensile
tail, in which it has uncommon strength." M. F. Cuvier (Mem.
Mus. ix. p. 46) doubts this fact ; but he is wrong, as any one may see
by observing the li\ing animal in the Zoological Gardens.
Arctictis bintiirong. (Binturong.) B.M.
Black. Younger with more or less long white tips to the hairs ;
young, pale dirty yellow. Varies in the quantity and length of white
tips of the hairs.
Viverra ? binturong, Baffles, Linn. Trans, xii. p. 253.
Arctictis binturong, Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 308 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 525.
Arctictis penicillatus, Temm. Monogr. ii. t. 62 ; Miiller, Zoog. iiul.
Arch. p. 32.
Paradoxurus albifrons, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. ix. p. 44, t. 4 ; Matnm.
Lithogr. t.
Ictides,'i^. Cuv. Dents des Mamm. p. 104, t. 34.
Ictides ater, F. Cuvier, 3fa7nm. Lithogr. t.
Ictides albifrons, Valenc. Ann. Sci. Nat. iv. p. 57, t. 1 ; F. Cuvier,
Mem. Mus. ix. t. 4.
Hah. Malacca (Mn-^'iJirtr, 1819) ; Sumatra (i?f«^es) ; Java (yem-
mlnclc); Tenasserim and Arracan {Cantor); Assam, Nepal (5i'?/^^).
Skull of young animal elongate. Teeth 36 ; canines slender ;
grinders small and far apart ; the false grinders, first and second
conical, the third compressed ; the flesh-tooth small, triangular, inner
side rounded ; tubercular grinder oblong, trigonal, with a rounded
inner edge, larger than the flesh-tooth. Length of skull 4" 6'", of
nose 1" 6'"; width of brain-case 1" 7", of zygomatic arch 2" 4'".
In the adult skull, false grinders ^ . §, compressed, the third
triangular ; the flesh-tooth triangular, as broad as long, inner edge
rounded, Avith the inner tubercle in the middle ; the tubercular
grinders small, the first triangular, somewhat hke the flesh-tooth, but
smaller, the hinder very small, cylindrical (Temm. Monogr. ii. t. 50).
The skeleton agrees with Parado.varns in the large number (34)
of caudal vertebrae, but difl'ers from it in having a more plantigrade
character in the bones of the feet (Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 307).
M. Temminck (Monogr. ii. p. 308) proposed to arrange P. aureus of
F. Cuvier with this genus, as it could not be classed with any other
group, observing that it is described from a very young specimen not
more than one or two months old ; and he objects to species being
described on such specimens.
PAKADOXURIXA. 59
Tribe VII. PARADOXURINA.
The hind part of the tarsus bald ai)d callous. The tail cj'lindrical,
liairy, very long, of many vertebra, rcvolute. The frenuni with a
secretory gland. Head elongate. Pujnl linear, erect. Orbit of skull
generally only defined by a slight prominence above. — Omij, P. Z. S.
18G4, p. 526.
This is an exceedingly natural group, well defined by its external
characters and general appearance ; at the same time the form of
the skull and the teeth of the dift'erent species present so great an
amount of variation that, if one studied the skull only, one would
be inclined to distribute them among several diiferent tribes of
Carnivora — an instance, among many, which shows the necessity of
studying the animal as a whole, and of not devoting one's attention
more to the osteological than the external characters, or vice versa.
The gland on the frenum, which is the peculiar character of the
genus Paradoxwus, was known to PaUas, who called the species
Viverra hermaphrodita on accoimt of it. It was redescribed and
figured by Otto, but overlooked by F. Cuvier when he named the
genus from a specimen ■v\ith a distorted tail !
M. Temminck observes, " Nom generique donne a tout hasard par
F. Cuvier, dont il faut se garder de ne rendre I'application strictc-
ment applicable a aucune des espcces de ce groupe.
" La forme et le pouvoir que M. F. Cuvier attribue a cette queue
sent bases sur des observations faites sur un sujet soumis a I'etat
captif, mais ne sont nuUeraent caracteriscs pas moins specifiquement
pour son Pougonne, noirL^ Pai-ado.vitrus ti/pus — la Marte des Palmiers
du Buffon." — Mo)K Mamm. ii. p. ^512.
KM. Temminck had observed many of these animals alive, he
would have found that many of them have the habit of curling up
the end of the tail as it lies on the ground, and that the ends of the
tails of those in confinement are often worn away on the side from
this habit (see also Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 118).
M. Temminck describes the claws as " not retractile " (Monogr.
ii. ]}. 312) ; but Mr. Turner, in his interesting observations on the
anatomj' of Parudo.vurus typiis, describing the feline habit of the
animal, states that the claws are quite as retractile, and scale off at
the ends to keep them sharp, as in the Cat ; he also says the pre-
putial gland secretes the odorous exhalation (see Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, p. 24).
" The Parado.vuri are in habits like the Civets ; their glandular
secretion is peculiar, not civet- or musk-like." — Cayitor, Cat. p. 32.
Tail very long ; caudal vertebmc 36 or 38.
The species of this group have been very imperfectly understood.
In the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society' for 1832 I gave a
monograph of the species which the specimens and other materials
thou available afforded ; and I revised the species in the ' ^fagazine
of Natural History ' for 1837. The number of species described
60 VIVEIlttlD^.
being so niucli larger than was then known on the Continent, seems
to have excited the distrust of the continental zoologists as to their
distinctness.
M. Temminck, in the second volume of his ' Monographic,' pub-
lished an essay on the genus, and states that he was indebted to Mr.
Ogilby for his assistance. But I fear he must have misunderstood
some of Mr. Ogilby's observations ; for I can hardly think that an
English zoologist, who, from his position as Secretary of the Zoolo-
gical Society, must have seen many species of the genus alive, could
have had such an imperfect acquaintance with the specimens that
are to be seen in our menageries.
M. Temminck's ' Monograph ' is accurate as far as regards the
species which inhabit the Asiatic possessions now or formerly under
the Dutch rule. But M. Temminck seems to be entirely unac-
quainted with the species of continental India and China ; he con-
fused, under the same description, species that are very unlike in
external characters ; some of his figures of the skull do not agree
with the skulls of the species which we have extracted from the
skins. I maj' observe that it was formerly the great defect of the
osteological collection at Leyden that many of the skeletons had been
purchased at sales of private collections in London and elsewhere ; so
that the accm-acy of the determination of the sjiecies from which the
skulls were obtained solely depended on the accuracy or knowledge
of the proprietor, generally more of an anatomist than a zoologist ;
and as the skin was not kept, there wfis no means of verifying the
name. Hence it is very likely the Nepal P. Gray I was called in the
collection from which it was obtained P. musanga of Java. M.
Schlegel has been remedjing this defect by the preparation of ske-
letons from well-determined specimens.
M. Jourdan observes, " Ce que nous pouvons dire c'est que dans
la collection osteologique du Museum il existe des tetes osseuses qui,
sous le nom commuu de Paradoxurus ti/pus, indiquent an moins
quatre especes, et que dans chacune d'elles on pent aisement di-
stinguer une difference tranchante de disposition carnassiere." —
Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 275, 1837.
The development of the auditory bulla is variable in the genera
and species. In Paguma, Paradoxurus, and Arctogale the bulla is
large, ventricose, slightly keeled along the lower edge, with a trian-
gular end. In Nandinia it is very small, not inflated, and scarcely
raised. It varies in form in the different species of Paradoxurus,
being smallest in P. bondar.
The hinder part of the palate of the skull also affords good cha-
racters, thus : —
1. The hinder opening of the palate is wide, and nearly in a line
with the hinder edge of the last grinder, in Paradoxurus and Nan-
dinia.
2. The hinder opening of the palate is wide, and further back
than the hinder edge of the last grinder, in Paguma and Arctictis.
PARADOXURINA. 61
3. The hinder opening of the palate is narrow, at the end of a
narrow depressed tube, and considerably further back than the
hinder edge of the last grinder, in Arctogale.
The specimens which are in the British Museum Collection may
be divided and arranged thus, from what has been called the "most
carnivorous " to the " most omnivorous " form of teeth : —
1. The flesh-tooth very narrow, with a small internal process on the
front edge. Nandinia hinotata.
2. The flesh-tooth rather narrow, with a rather small internal lobe
on the fi-ont edge. Paradoxurus hondar.
3. The flesh-tooth rather wider, with a moderate-sized internal lobe
on the front edge ; teeth moderate. P. Orossii, P. nir/rifrons,
and P. zeylanicus.
4. The flesh-tooth triangular, broad, massive, with a large internal
lobe occujjying a great part of the inner side.
a. The teeth elongate, large, massive. Paradoxurus mxi-
sanga, P. pMUppensis, P. macrodus, and Paguma leuco-
mgsfax.
b. The teeth shorter and broader, moderate or small. Pa-
guma Grayi, P. Jarvata, and Arctogale trivirgata.
They may be arranged, according to the form of the adult skull
thus : — '
1. The brain-ease wide in front, scarcely constricted. Orbit indi-
stinctly marked. Nose broad. Paguma larvata and P leu-
comystax.
2. The brain-case wide in front, and distinctly constricted. Nose
rather elongate.
a. Orbit marked only with a short blunt process on the
upper hinder edge. Paguma Grayi.
h. Orbit marked with a rather short, acute, well-marked
process on the upper hinder edge. Nandinia binotata.
3. The brain-case narrow, and evidently and distinctly constricted
m tront. The orbit undefined.
«. The foce broad; width at the tubercular grinder about
four-fifths the length of the palate. Paradoxurus phi-
hppemis, P. Orossii, P. nigrifrons, P. fasciatus, and P
b.
The face rather elongate ; width at the tubercular grinder
two-thirds of the length of the palate. P. zeiiUnicus P
bondar, and P. hermaphroditus.
4. The brain-case narrow suddenly and distinctly constricted in
front. The orbit well defined behind. Arctogale trivirgata.
02 VITERBID.E.
The following table may facilitate the determination of the species
in the Museum from their external appearance : —
a. Fur thick; very hairy, i-iyid, not striped, without any spots
under the eyes. Paguma leucomystax.
b. Fur very thick, long, with longer rigid hairs, not striped or
spotted, hut tuith a spot under the eye. Paguma Grayi, Pa-
radoxurus bondar.
c. Far thick, soft, with longer rigid hairs, ivith a spot \mder the
eye. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.
d. Fur very thick, close, soft, of nearly uniform length, with a
spot under the eyes ; cheek whitish, ivith small dark spots.
Paradoxurus Crossii, Paguma larvata, Paradoxurus philip-
pensis, P. nigrifrons, P. musanga, and P. dubius (cheek:
dark).
e. Fur soft; back striped; with no spots under the eyes or on
the face. Arctogale trivirgata.
f Fur soft, thick, close ; back spotted; ivith two yellow sp)ots on
the shoulder. Nandinia binotata.
g. Fur very soft, of a uniform colour, with no spot under the eye
or on the face. Paradoxurus zeylanicus.
10. NANDINIA.
Nose conical ; underside flat, with a distinct central groove.
Frenum covered with hair (?). Nose of skull compressed, produced.
The brain-case rather constricted in front behind the orbit. The
orbit incomplete, with a well-marked acute process from the fore-
head, and none from the zygomatic arch behind. The forehead flat,
rhombic; produced, angular behind the orbit. Palate wide behind.
Teeth 40 ; false grinders | . f ; flesh-tooth elongate, narrow,
with a small internal lobe on the front edge ; the hinder tubercular
very small, circular.
The skull is figured by De Blainville (Osteogr., Viverra, t. 6) as
that of Paradoxurus ? Hamiltonii.
Nandinia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 529.
Nandiuia binotata. (Nandine.) B.M.
Nape with three black parallel streaks, one from the forehead,
the other from the ears. Back with numerous black spots. Withers
each with a yellow spot. Lips, throat, and beneath rufous grey.
Legs grizzled, not spotted. Tail elongate, tapering, with many
narrow black rings; end blackish. Length 23 inches, tail 19
inches.
Nandinia binotata, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 54 : P. Z. S. 1804,
p. 530.
Viven-a h'moiSita., PcinirarcU, MS. : Gray. Spic. Zool. p. 9.
11. I'ARADOXUKUS. 63
Paradoxurus Ilamiltonii, Gratj, P. Z. S. 1832, p. G7 ; llhtst. Ind.
Zool. t. ; Tvmrn. Motwijr. ii. p. 336, t. (55. f. 1 .
Paradoxurus ? binotatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. QS ; Temm. Munoyr.
ii. p. 336, t. 65. f. 7-9 (skull).
Hah. AVest Africa: Fernando Po (^Oross); Ashantee (3/ms. Lnj-
den) ; Guinea (J/»s. Lcyden).
Varies in the brightness and rufous tint of the fur, and also in
the size of the spots ; in some they are much larger, and apparently
fewer, than in others.
Orbit of skull not defined behind, confluent with the zygomatic
cavity. Upper false grinders 3, compressed, first small, third with-
out any distinct inner lobes ; flesh-tooth elongate, outer edge con-
siderably longer than the width of the front edge, inner tubercle on
the front edge ; tubercular grinders two, front triangular, lather
wider than the length of the outer edge, hinder small, circular.
Length of skull 3" 4'", of nose 1" 1'" ; width of brain-case 1" 2|"',
of zygoma 1" 10'".
11. PARADOXUKUS.
Head conical. Nose flat, and with a central groove beneath.
Whiskers numerous, strong, elongate. Pujnl linear, erect. Toes
5/5. Frenum bald,_glandiilar. The skull with the brain-case
strongly an(ri5turdeiny constricted in front ; forehead small, trans-
verse, truncated behind. The orbit very incomplete, with only a
short conical prominence above behind, and none on the zygomatic
arch below ; hinder part of the palate moderate, with only a very
slight notch at each side on its front edge. Teeth 40, large ; false
grinders f • f ; the flesh-tooth triangular or subelongate ; the tuber-
cular oblong, transverse.
Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithof/r. ii. t. 1821 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 530.
Platyschista, Offo, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. xvii. p. 1090, 1835.
Viven'a berniaphrodita, Pallas.
M. Temminck, in his ' Monographies de Mammalogie,' vol. ii.
p. 312 (published in 1855), has given a monograph of this genus ;
the synonjnns are very incorrect.
* The skull elo)if/afc ; the nose slender ; the width of the head at the last
tooth two-thirds the length of the palate ; the Jlesh-tooth elongate,
rather narrow, tcith a small internal lobe on the front edge. Boudar.
—Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 531.
1. Paradoxurus bondar. B.M.
Fur veiy long, hairy, rather rigid, dirty yellowish white varied
with the long black tips of the longer and more rigid hairs ; end of
nose brown, generally with a white central streak. The feet, outer
side of fore legs, and end of the tail blackish.
Ichneumon bondar, Bi/rhanan, ^fS'.
Viverra bondar, I)e lilaiinille, Journ. de Phj/s.
Patrunin bondar, Jforstirld, Cat. Mas. E. Ind. C'oiitp. p. 68.
64
VIVERRID^.
Paradoxurus bondar, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 60 ; Illust. Lid. Zool. t. ;
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 531.
Paradoxurus Peunantii, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 66; Illust. Ind.
Zool. t.
Paradoxurus hirsutus, Hodgson, Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 72, 1836.
Genetta bondar. Lesson, Mamm. p. 175.
Hab. Nepal: North Behar and Tarai (ifof?(7SO«).
This species is easily known from P. Orayi by the rigid harsh-
ness of the fur and the dark colour of the outside of the legs.
Skull narrow, elongate. False grinders distant, the third trigo-
nal ; flesh-tooth narrow, elongate, the outer edge longer than the
width of the front edge, with the inner lobe on the front margin ;
tubercular grinder oblong, transverse, rather nari'ower and rounded
on the inner side, wider than long ; the hinder tubercular small,
oblong, subcircular. Length of skull 4" 1^'", of nose 1" 5'" ; width
of brain-case 1" 4|'", of zygoma 2" 3'".
** The skull 7noderatehj broad ; the width of the head at the last tooth about
four-Jifths of the leiu/th of the palate ; the jlesh-tooth rather longer than
wide in front, with a moderate-sized internal lobe on the front edge.
Platyscliista.— Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 531.
2. Paradoxurus zeylanicus. B.M.
Nearly uniform brown or dark brown : the longer hairs with a
bright golden tint : ears nearly naked ; whiskers pale brown ; tail
subcylindrical, sometimes with a single yellow or pale subtermiual
band ; heel of hind feet hairy. Length of body and head 21 inches,
tail 17 inches.
Paradoxurus zeylanicus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55 ; P. Z. S.
1864, p. 531.
Viverra zeylanica, Pallas in Schreb. Sdngeth. 45.
Viverra ceylonensis, Bodd.
? Paradoxurus aureus, Desm. 3Iamm. p. 540 ; F. Cuvier, Mem. Mtis.
ix. p. 47, t. 4.
Paradoxurus typicus, De Blainv. Osteogr. Viverra, t. 12 (teeth), t. 7
(skull, good).
? Arctictis aureus, Fischer, Syti. Mamm. p. 158.
Hnh. Ceylon (Pallas, Kelaart).
These animals differ in the intensity of the colour of the fur ;
some are bright golden, and others much more brown ; the latter is
P. fuscus of Kelaart. One of the Museum specimens has a bright
yellow ring near the tip of the tail.
Third upper false grinders with only a slight indication of a lobe
in the middle of the inner edge ; the flesh-tooth with the outer edge
scarcely longer than the width of the front edge ; first tubercular
large (with the inner edge narrower than the outer one), larger than
in P. pMlippensis.
Dr. Kelaart has described, and we have in the British Museum,
two varieties of P. zeylanicvs differing in the intensity of the colour
of the fur. In the British Museum we have three skulls, with their
permanent teeth, said to have been sent from Ceylon, one being from
]]. PAKADOXURUS. 05
the skin in the collection sent by Dr. Kelaart : one is larger and
rather broader than the other two, which are younger. In two of
them the tlesh-teeth are nearly similar, with a moderate-sized in-
ternal lobe, and the first and hinder upper tubercular grinders are
much larger in one of these than in the other. In the third skull,
which is the larger, the internal lobe of the flesh-tooth is much
longer, compared with the size of the outer ijortiou, than in the pre-
ceding skulls ; and the first tubercular grinder is much larger,
longer, and more massive compared with its width than in either
of the preceding; in this skull the hinder tubercular is not yet
developed.
Is it that these skulls belong to, and are characteristic of, the two
animals which we have thus wrongly called varieties ? or does the
difference mcrelj' arise from their being of two sexes? Genera
have been formed on less differences in the Carnivora.
3. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus. B,M.
Fur long, rigid, harsh, blackish more or less varied with the pale
colours of the lower part of the haii's, scarcely showing three indi-
stinct black streaks on the back ; under-fur thick, soft, and very
pale reddish ; the feet and end of the tail black ; spot under the eye
and the forehead paler, more or less grey or whitish.
Viverra hermaplirodita, Pallas, Schreb. Saugeth. p. 426.
Paradoxurus hermapbrodita, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 69; 1864,
p. o:32.
Platyschista Pallasii, Otto, N. Act. Leop. xvii. p. 1089, t. 71, 72.
Viverra nigi-a, Desm. Mamm. p. 208 (from Buffon, Suppl. iii. t. 47).
La Marte des Palmioi-s, ou le Pougoune, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr.
Paradoxurus tA^pus, F. Cuv. Mamm. LitJwgr.; Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 215.
Genetic de France, Buffon, H. N. vii. p. 58 ; Suppl. iii. t. 47.
Musk or Musky Weasel, Penn. Quad/:
Hah. Continental India, in the plains: Bengal {Temm.); Madras
(Jerdon).
This species differs fi'om the preceding in being small and much
blacker. Only one of the wild specimens in the Museum, in a good
state of fur, shows any indication of the three black dorsal streaks;
but the fur can easily be placed so as to make three more or less
internipted ones apparent : and some of the specimens, which have
the tips of the longer hairs worn off, have a somewhat striped
appeai'ance on the back ; but this evidently depends only on the
bad state of the specimens from their having been kept in confine-
ment.
The skuU is very like that of P. zeyJanicas ; the teeth are rather
larger, the nose rather narrower in front ; the flesh-tooth is rather
broad and thick ; the front tubercular grinder is transverse, nar-
rower on the inner side, and contracted in front and behind in the
middle; the hinder tubercular is very small and circular; the palate-
edge is arched behind. The skuU is very old, and the orbit is rather
more defined behind than usual.
The Viverra hermaphrodita of Pallas is thus described : — " Ashy-
6G VIVERRlD.Ti:.
black hairs, grey at the base, black at the tip ; beneath pale, a white
spot luidcr the eye ; ears, throat, and feet black ; nose, whiskers,
and back with tlirec blaclv streaks ; tail longer than the body, black
at the tip ; claws yellow." Most probably this species is also the
Fhif)/schista PaUasii of Otto ; but his figure makes the stripes on
the back more distinct than they are usually seen, and the sides of
the body too spotted ; but it is easy to make a specimen look like
the figure.
The figure of the teeth of P. ti/jnis, in De Blainville's ' Osteogra-
phie,' better represents the teeth of our P. zeyhniciis than of F.
ti/pus. Perhaps it is not from the skeleton figured on plate 2, which
is said to be the animal described by F. Cuvier. The chief diifer-
ence between the skulls of the two species is, that the internal lobe
of the flesh-tooth in P. zei/lanicus is in a straight line with the front
edge of the tooth, whereas iu P. tijpus it is rather in front of the
outer part of the front edge of the tooth.
The skeleton of the animal first described by F. Cuvier as Para-
doxurus typus is engraved by De ISlainville, Osteogr. t. 2.
4. Paradoxiirus Crossii. B.M.
Fur short and close, erect, jialo iron-grey without any spots or
stripes, spot on side of nose, under orbit, forehead, and base of ears
whitish ; nose dark brown ; feet and ends of the tail black.
Paradoxurus Crossii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 67, 1832 ; lUust. Tiid.
Zool. ii. t. 7 ; P. Z. S. 18(34, p. 533.
Paradoxurus musanga, var., Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120.
Paguma Crossii, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 64.
Hah. India {Brit. Mus.).
Described from an adult specimen that was confined in the Surrey
Zoological Gardens. It is very like P. Grayii ; but the fur is short,
thick, and very close, and the colouring of the face is rather difi'erent.
The nose is bro^vn in the centre, with the brown colour extending
under the eyes ; the spot under the eye is small and indistinct.
The sk\ills of the type specimens of P. Crossii and P. niyrifrons in
the British Museum are very much alike in general shape, in the
breadth of the palate compared with tlie length, and in the form of
the grinders, including the flesh-tooth. Considering the variations
which individuals of the same species present, if we had had only
the skulls, not knowing the characters of the fiu- and the colours of
the two species, we might have considered them to be varieties of
the same species. But knowing that they are the skulls of two
very distinct species, one can perceive that the nasal bones are much
longer, and the condyles of the skull larger and more oblique, in
P. Crossii than the same parts in the skull of P. nir/rifrons. The
bulla of the ears is diftcrently shaped, ending below in small acutely
liceled prominences in P. Crossii, while in P. niyrifrons the whole
outer hinder edge is strongly keeled. P. Crossii is rather narrower
at the zygoma. These dificrences might be peculiar to the indi-
vidual in each case; and 1 should not have considered them of
11. rAEADOXUUTJS. G7
specific importance, if I had not Icnown the external characters and
appearance of the animals.
The measurements of the two skidls are as follows, in inches and
twelfths : —
F. Crossii. P. nigrifrons.
Length of skull 3" 9'" 3" IQi'"
of nose 13 13
of palate 1 0 1 9
Width of last grinders 1 3^ 14
of brain-case 1 .3 1 3
of zygoma 2 41 2 1 5
M. Temminck refers Paradoxurus Crossii to P. musanga, and ob-
Fig.9.
Skull of Paradorurm Crossii.
serves that "it is established on the same specimens as served as the
model for the figure of Horsficld." How he could have made such
F 2
6S TIVEERID.^.
au extraordinary mistake I cannot conceive. P. Crossii was de-
scribed from a specimen living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens,
which did not arrive in this country until several years after Dr.
Horsfield's work was published ; and Dr. Horsfield's figure was
drawn from a stuffed specimen collected by himself in Java, and for
years exhibited in the Museum at the India House ; while the type
specimen of P. Crossii was, and is still, in the collection of the British
Museum. I feel that little reliance can be placed on M. Temminck's
statements as to his observations on type specimens. Probably in
this case he was misled by misunderstanding some observations of
Mr. Ogilby.
5. Paradoxurus nigrifrons. B.M.
Fur short, close, blackish grey varied with the black tips to the
longer hairs ; nose, crown, cheeks, and upper part of the throat and
feet reddish black ; tail-end black ; a whitish spot on side of nose,
under, and above the eyes : a streak at the base of the ears, and the
sides of the throat behind the dark cheeks, whitish.
Paradoxurus nigrifrons. Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55 ; Illust. hul.
Zool. t. ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 535.
Hab. India (Brit. Mus.). Single specimen.
The specimen is very like P. Crossii in the natiu'e and colour of
the fur ; but it is rather darker in every part, and the crown and
cheeks are reddish black, being in P. Crossii grey or whitish.
In the blackness of the cheeks and throat and the paleness of the
forehead this species is alhed to P. nwsanga ; but the fur is shorter,
and I cannot find any indications of dorsal streaks or spots, and the
whiteness of the forehead is much more indistinct and diffused than
in any specimens of that species I have seen. The specimen has
been in confinement ; but its fur is in very good condition.
*** The skull hroad ; tlie width of the head at the last tooth about two-
thirds of the length of the palate; the flesh-tooth hroad, massive, tri-
angidar, with a large internal lobe occtqnjing two-thirds of the inner
side. Macrodus.
6. Paradoxurus fasciatus.
FuT short, close, blackish grey ; back with five longitudinal black
streaks, more or less broken, especially the side ones, into spots ;
sides, shoulders, and thighs with small spots ; face, occiput, chin,
throat, and end of tail black ; forehead, spot on side of nose, and
under orbit white.
Viverra fasciata, Desm. Maimn. p. 209.
Genetta fasciata, Lessoti, Mamm. p. 174.
* Viverra Geoffrojdi, Fischer, Syn. Ma?mn. p. 171.
Paradoxurus musanga, Gray, P. Z. S. 18-32, p. 16.
Paradoxurus musanga, var. javanica, Horsf. Java, t. ; Temm. Monoqr.
ii. p. 317, t. 53. f.. 2-5, t. 54. f. \, 2, 3 (skulls).
Viverra musanga. Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 255.
Musang, Marsden, Sumatra, p 110 t. 1*^
11. I'AHADOXUEFS. (ilj
Paradoxurus typus, var. sumatranus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 159.
Paradoxurus setosus, Hontb. ^- Jacq. Voy. de VAstr. Zool. iii. p. 25, t.
Paradoxurus fasciatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 5.30.
Var. 1. Forehead more white.
? Paradoxui'us Pallasii, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 67 ; Illust. Lid
Zool. t.
? Paradoxurus albifrons, Bennett, in Zool. Gardens List (not of Citvier).
Var. 2. Tip of tail white.
Hah. Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo {Horsjiehl).
The size of the spots on the face and the extent and pureness of
the white on the forehead vary ; but the animal always has a dis-
tinct brown or black mark on the back of the cheeks, most distinctly
defined on the lower part of the face. The .species has been divided
into several on account of the-'se differences. A specimen from
Borneo in the Museum is so black that the spots are scarcely to be
distinguished ; but there are specimens in the collection that are
intermediate between it and those which have the common colour
of the species.
The skull is like that of P. nigrifrons ; the teeth are much more
thick and massive, the flesh-tooth broader and with a much larger
internal lobe ; the fii-st tubercular is more square, nearly as wide on
the inner as on the outer side : the hinder tubercular is small, sub-
circular; the palate has an angular notch behind; the zygomatic
arch is also a little wider.
Length of the skull 4", of the nose 1" 4'", of palate 1" 10|"' ;
width at tubercular grinder 1" 6'", at zygoma 2" 3'", of brain-case
1" 5'".
Parado.runis quinqiieVineatus and Paradoxurus musangoides, Gray,
Loudon's Mag. N. H. i. p. 579, 1837, are perhaps only varieties of
the young animal of this species.
Vii'Crra fasriatd, Desm. Mamm. p. 209 (not of Gmelin), described
as pale yellow, with longitudinal series of brown spots, end of the
nose and frontal cross band white, is also probably- the same. It
cannot be Vivcrrinda madogascariensis, as the forehead is not par-
ticularly white. This is perhaps the Plaii/scJiista ? which Otto
notices in ' Nova Acta Acad. Leo j).- Carol.' svii. p. 1102. — Hah. Java?
(Mu.s. Paris.).
7. Paradoxunis dubius. B.M., type.
Pale yellowish ashy brown, with three indistinct, rather inter-
rupted, darker bands and some indistinct darker spots on the sides ;
head, ears, and feet chestnut ; forehead with an indistinct whitish
band ; spot on side of nose and under eyes white.
Paradoxurus dubius, Graij, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 66 ; 1864, p. 537.
• Hab. Java (Brit. Mks.).
The skull is in the skin ; so I have not been able to examine it.
This species may be onlj- a veiy pale variety of P. fasciatus.
70 VIVEHRID.E.
8. Paradoxurus philippensis. Jj.M., type.
Fur blackish, with a silvery gloss ; spot under eyes distinct ;
cheeks dark brown ; head, feet, and the greater part of the tail
blacker ; the back with three indistinct narrow black streaks, which
converge near the rump, and with a series of very indistinct small
ones on the upper part of the sides ; sides of forehead, chest, and
beneath whiter ; whiskers white and black : ears hairy.
Var. 1. Dorsal stripes none. B.M.
Var. 2. ^Ubino, yellowish white. B.M.
Maites pliilippeusis, Camdhis, Phil. Trans, xxiv. p. 2204.
Paradoxurus zeylanicus (partly), Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. S-").
Paradoxm-us philippensis, Tenmi. Monogr. ii., Esq. Z. p. 120 (not
Joardan) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 537.
Paradoxm'us aureus, TVate7-home, Cat. Zool. Soc.
Hah. Manilla, Philippines : Casmiguind (^Cuming).
The colours vary much in intensity, and in the lighter and darker
specimens the spots and streaks are scarcely visible ; the white on
the side of the foreliead in front of the base of the ears also varies
in distinctness and extent ; the spot under the eyes is generally
distinct. This sjjecics is like P. nigrifro7is and P. mnsanga in many
respects ; but it differs from them both in the crown of the head
being paler like the back, and from P. nigrifroiis in having three
dorsal stripes ; but in one specimen, from the Philippines, these
stripes are quite in^-isible ; yet in every other respect this is like the
other specimens, and it differs from the specimen of P. nigrifrons in
the colour of the crown.
Third upper false grinder with a well-marked linear tubercle on
the hinder inner edge ; the flesh-tooth tuberciilar, the outer edge not
longer than the width of the front margin ; front tubercular tooth
oblong, the inner and outer edge of about the same width, smaller
than in P. zeylanicus.
9. Paradoxurus macrodus. B.M., tyjje.
The skull with a rather elongated nose ; the third upper false
Fm. 10. ^,-^-^^.
,,,^---^^
12. I'AUUMA.
grinder has ti well-nuukcd oingillum and a rudiuientarj- lobe on the
inner side. The tlesh- tooth is very massive, with four large and two
Figs. lO&ll. — Skull of Ptirado.riinis ynacrodus.
small cones ; the inner lobe occupies more than half the inner part
of the tooth, with two unequal cones, the front one being nearly as
large as the middle one on the enter side. The front tul>ercu]ar
very large, oblong, "wath nearly equal sides and large tubercles ; the
hinder upper tubercular much smaller, circular. Length of skull
4" 4'", of nose 1" G'" ; width of brain-case 1" o'", of zygoma 2" 3'".
Paradoxuras macrodus, Grmj, P. Z, S. 1864, p. 538.
Hah. ?
12. PAGUMA.
Nose flat beneath, with a central longitudinal groove. Pupil
linear, erect. The skull broad, short. Erain-case broad between
the orbits, only moderately constricted in front ; forehead triangular
behind, extending beyond the back edge of the orbits. The orbit
very incomplete, with a very short acute prominence above behind,
and none on the zygomatic arch below ; hinder part of palate broad,
with a very slight notch on each side of its front edge ; the front of
the palate broad, about as wide as three-fourths of its length. Teeth
small or moderate ; flesh-tooth triangular, the front edge about as
broad as long on the outer edge ; the front tubercular oblong, inner
edge shorter, rounded.
Paguma, Ortn/, Zual. Misc. p. 0, 1831 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. i. p. 95, 1831 ;
ii. p. i>>, 18:32 ; 18G4, p. 539.
? Amblyodou, Joiirddii, Compt. Eeml. 1837.
The skull of this genus is easily known by the distinct forehead,
the edge of the temporal muscles even in the oldest specimen loa\'ing
a plane triangular space over the back of the eyes.
This genus was lirst established on an aninud that had not com-
pletely shed its teeth ; but the examination of the adult skull ha.s
justified the separation.
72 VIVEKRIDJi.
The following are the most prominent peculiarities of the skulls
of the three species : —
1. P. larvata is the smallest, has the broadest nose (as shown by
the shape of the roof of the mouth or palate) and the smallest teeth.
2. P. Graj/i is next in size, has a longer and narrower nose, larger
teeth, and a larger and more convex forehead.
3. P. Jeucomi/stax is the largest, with a short, very broad nose, and
wide palate, and very large massive teeth.
The hinder opening of the palate in P. larvata and P. leucontysta.v
is angularly cut out behind ; in P. Gmiji, arched out. The brain-
case is widest and least contracted in front in P. larvata and P.
leucomystax, and most so in P. Grayi. This contractiou becomes
more decided as the specimens increase in age.
* Skull short ; brain-case scarcely constricted in front ; the nose very
broad. Paguma.
1. Paguma larvata. B.M., type.
Eur grey-brown ; head, neck, whiskers, feet, and end of the tail
black ; chest, streak up the face and forehead, and spots above and
beneath the eyes whitish grey.
Paguma larvata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 95 ; 1831, p. 65 ; 1864, p. 539.
Gulo larvatus, Temm. ; H. Smith, GriffiiKs A. K. ii. p. 281, t.
Viverra larvata, Gray, Sjnc. Zool. p. 9.
Paradoxm-iis larvatus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 67 ; Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ;
Temm. Mmioyr. ii. t. 65. f. 1-3, t. 55. f. 1-3 (skull).
Hah. China'(^. Reeves, 1827) ; Formosa (Swinhoe).
Flesh-tooth oblong, trigonal, rounded at the comers, about as
wide as the length of the outer edge ; the inner lobe occupying
nearly the whole of the inner side, rounded internally. The soles
are bald nearly to the heel. The hair is dull grey-brown, with a
black ring and whitish tips ; the hairs of the blacker part are black
nearly to the base ; the white on the chest is spread out laterally on
the front of the shoulder.
M. Temminck, after giving the proper synonyms of this species,
continues, " M. Ogilby indique encore Paradoxunis laniger, Hodgson,
et P. Grayi, Bennet" (Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1836, p. 118); and adds,
" Patrie : M. Ogilby, qui a vu a Londres une douzaine d'individus
de cette espece, me dit qu'elle vient du continent de I'lnde. Elle
vit dans toute la chaine basse des monts Himalaya. Le plus grand
nombre vient du Ncpaul. II est probable que le sujet du musee
dans les Pays-Bas vient aussi de cette contree, ayant ete acquis a
Londres." — Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 331.
The whole of these obseiwations of Mr. Ogilby refer to a species
quite distinct (indeed having no relation to P. larvata'), which does
inhabit Nepaul, while P. larvata has not hitherto been received from
unjTvhere but China, and appears to be the species of that country.
It is the less excusable that M. Temminck should have made such
a comparison, when the true habitat is given in the description of
12. PAGTJMA.. 73
tlic animal in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' which he
(quotes, and I have never yet seen the P. larvata alive in this country.
2. Paguina leucomystax. E.M., tyi)e. '
Black-brown, with elongated black shining hairs ; orbits dark
brown ; face pale, without any orbital spots, a large spot at the
lower angle of the ear; tip of the tail black (rarely white); whiskers
rigid, white ; ears large and rounded, not bearded.
Paguma leucomystax, G'rai/, Cat. Mam. B. M. p. 55 ; P. Z. S. 18G4,
p. 540.
Paradoxurus leucomystax, Gray, Loud. Mag. N. H. 1837 ; Temm.
Monoijr. ii. p. 325,"'t. 04. f. 4-G (skull).
Var. 1. Tip of tail white ; white on face more extended.
Paradoxurus Ogilbii, Fraser, Zool. Ti/pica, t. ;' Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120.
Paradoxurus leucocephalus, Gray, Voy. Samarang. (B.M.)
Paradoxiu'us pliilippensis (partly), Schinz, Syn. p. 387.
Var. 2. Albino,
Hab. Sumatra and Borneo (Mus. Leyden).
The lower and longest whiskers are white, and the upper ones
(which are placed just above them) are black and more slender.
The half-grown specimen, which I described as ParadoA-urus Jeuco-
cephcdus, appears, on recomparison with the series of specimens, to be
only a specimen with more white on the head than usual. The fur
is in a bad state, the animal having been kept in confinement. The
tip of the tail is white, as in the P. Ogilbii of Fraser, which agrees
with it in the whiteness of the head.
** Skull rather longer ; brain-case slightly constricted in front : nose
rather elongate, narroicer ; teeth small. Amblyodou.
3. Paguma Grayi. B.M.
Fur long and rigid, rather woolly, iron-grey, beneath paler ; base
of cars and sides of nose browner ; tail elongate, flat at the base.
Paguma Grayi, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 54 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 541 ;
Cat. Ilodqson Coll. p. 9.
Pai-adoxuriis Grayi, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 18 (!).
Pavadoxm'us larvatus, var., Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120 (!)
Paradoxm-us bondar, Temm. Monoi/. ii. p. 332, t. 55. f. 1-4 (skull, not
syn.)(!).
? Paradoxurus Icucopus, Ogilby, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 303 (? var.).
Paradoxurus nipalensis, Hodgson, Asiatic Research. Bengal, xix. p. 7G,
183(3 {!).
Aiublyodon dor(5, Jonrdan, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 276, 1837 (!).
Paradoxurus auratus, De Blainrille, Osfcogr. (T iverra), t. 12 (teeth).
Paradoxurus Jourdanii, Gray, Loud. Mag. N. H. i. p. 579, 1837 (from
Mus. Lyons).
Ilah. India : Nepal.
The spot on the side of the face, under the eye, is sometimes very
indistinct. The blackish ends of the hairs of the back, when crowded
74 VIVERRID.Ti:.
together at the crease of the neck, and when brushed towards the
middle of the back, give the appearance of a dark band or streak ;
but there is no real band or streak in this species.
Skiill swollen. False grindei's moderate, rather compressed, coni-
cal, blunt, without any internal process ; the flesh-tooth triangular,
rather longer on the outer edge than the width of the front edge ;
the internal tubercles triangular, rather behind the front edge, inner
side rather angular ; tubercular grinders oblong, transverse, about
as wide as the length of the outer edge, inner side narrower and
rounded ; hinder tubercular very small, circular. Length of skull
4" 6|"', uf nose 1" 5|"' ; width of brain -case 1" G'", of zygoma
2" 6'". This skull is much more vontricose, and the head is much
shorter and broader, than in P. hondar.
Paradoxiirus leucopus, Ogilby, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 303, t. 35, 1829,
Teram. Esq. Zool. 120, " band round the loins, the feet, and the tip
of the tail pure white," is probably, from the description, an accidental
variety of the P. Grai/i. The specimen does not appear to have been
preserved.
I believe the specimen which I described in 1837, under the name
of P. Jounlanii, ' Mag. of Nat. Hist.' i. p. 579, from a specimen which
M. Jourdan purchased in London for the Lyons Museum, is the same
as the one here decribed.
The only character that M. Jourdan gives for Amhhjodon is the
following : — " Cette a laquelle il a donne le nom (1' Amhhjodon dare
est celle qui oflfre la disposition dentaire la plus omnivore, celle qui,
par consequent, rappelle le mieux ce qui a lieu dans les liasores,
chez lesquels les deux bords dentaires sent presque egaux en hau-
teur et en epaisseur, egalement tuberculeux, et out les deux arriere-
molaires approehant le plus d'etre egales et semblables dans lenrs
cotes interne et cxterne. V Amhhjodon a un pelage fort grossier,
rude, assez long et presque unicolore, seulement ]A\\s fonce en dessus,
autour des yeux, avec les extremites noires en dessus, comme la
Mtistela." — Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 276, 1837.
This character suits more than one Indian species ; but fortu-
nately M. de Blainville, in his valuable ' Osteographie,' has figured
a skull under the name of Paradoxurus aurahis, which is probably
the one named by M. Jourdan, and certainly is the same as the
Paradoxurus Gray'i of Mr. Bennett. It may be observed that M.
Jourdan was in England shortly after I had described the species in
the ' Magazine of Natural History' : he saw my specimens, and even
referred to my paper in his 'Memoire' (p. 275); but he redescribed
my Paradoxurus derhlanus as Hemigale zehre, and P. Jourdan'd as
Amhhjodon dore, without reference to their synonyms, though the
latter is from the same specimen, I believe, as I described with his
permission.
See Paradoxurus laniger, Hodgson, MS. {Paguma laniger, Gray,
Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 542).
P. larvahis, var., Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120(!); Monogr. ii.
Rah. Nepal {Hodgson).
13. AROTOOALE. 75
Tliis species is only known from a skin witliont any skull, and in
a very bad state.
13. ARCTOGALE.
Head conical. Nose compressed, flat, and with a central groove
beneath. Whiskers slender, very long, brown. Ears rounded,
covered with short hair. Toes 5/5 ; claws sliort, retractile. Holes
of hind feet broad, bald nearly to the heel. Tail elongate, slender,
subcylindrieal. The frenum covered with hair. Teeth 40.
Arctogale, Peters, Handb. fiir Zool. p. 98 (iued.) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G4,
p. 542.
Skull elongate. Nose produced. ]5rain-casc i-ather wide, but con-
stricted and subcylindiical in front. Forehead broad, angular be-
hind, and extending beyond the back edge of the orbits. The orbits
nearly complete behind, there being an elongated slender process
from the side of the forehead, and a well-marked angle on the upper
edge of the zygomatic arch. Hinder part of the palate very narrow,
with a deep notch on each side in front, on a level with the hinder
tubercular ; front of palate as wide as two-thirds its length. Teeth
small ; the flesh-tooth triangular, with a long, narrow internal lobe ;
tubercular grinders oblong, the first nearly as long as broad.
" I have formed this into a genus, on account of the smallness
of the teeth and the protraction of the palate." — Peters's Letter, Nov.
11, 1864. I had already distinguished the geniis, but gladly adopt
Dr. Peters's unpublished name to prevent the useless increase of
generic names.
Arctogale trivirgata. B.M.
Blackish browni, slightly silvered with the pale tips to the hairs ;
back with three narrow black streaks ; throat, chest, and under8id(!s
dirty white ; the head and tail black ; feet blackish brown.
Paguma trivirgata, Grm/, Cat. Mainm. B. M. p. -jo ; Tcnun. Monogr.
ii. p. .SS.'), t. '}.). f. 1 (slcek'ton).
A'iverra trivirgata, liciiihanlt, in Miis. Lct/dcn.
Paradoxurus trivirgatus, Gray, P. Z. S. \'6'^^2, p. 67 ; Tcnun. Esq. Zool.
p. 120.
I'aradoxm'us la?videns, fide Parzadald's MS.
Arctogale trivirgata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1804, p. 543.
Hah. Java and Sumatra (7'f)n»i.) ; Malacca (i^m7(n/i!0/() ; Tenas-
scrim (Bli/th).
The black streak varies in distinctness and length in the different
specimens, being sometimes very black and extending from the back
of the head to the base of the tail, in others only distinctly ^■isible
in the middle of the back. The head and end of the tail are always
blacker, and the throat wliitish. Tliere is no white spot under or
above the eye ; so that it cannot be Virerra hcrmaphrodita of
Pallas, which is described as having three dorsal streaks ; and I
cannot observe any l)aldncss of the frenum in the stuffed specimens.
The tail in some lights looks as if it were very obscurely marked
76 VIVERRIDiE.
with narrow blackish rings ; but they are not distinctly defined in
any light.
The Museum procured a young specimen from M. Parzudaki, of
Paris, under the name of " P. Irev)den><, inter P. larvatum et P. Crrayi
intermedins, Ceylon." The habitat and the affinities are mistakes.
Species of this group requiring furtlier examination.
Pakadoxtjrus stigmaticus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120. Fur short and
smooth ; that of the nape, upper part of the body, the sides, the
four members, and the tail is red-bro^vn, with a silvery lustre ;
the silky hairs of all parts are tipped with yellowish white. Head
black-brown, with a fulvous lustre ; a pure-white longitudinal
7/ ,^ w band extends from the forehead to the origin of the muffle, cover
irPi^ i
f^
ing the ridg^ of the nose ; the ears naked externally, with the
base of the inner side hairy. The tail and the end of the tail
chocolate. Length of head and body 17 inches, tail 19 inches. —
Hah. Borneo (ScJiwaner, Temm., Mus. Leyden).—A single, very
old, male specimen. Size and form of P. trivirgatus.
Paeadoxurus lettcotis, Blyth, in Horsf. Cat. India House Mus. p. 66.
Fur rather long, soft, silky ; of upper 2>art of the body, neck, head,
and two-thii-ds of the tail tawny, becoming reddish brown on the
back and sides ; thighs and legs, throat and abdomen, Hghter ;
tail very long, and deep chestnut-brown ; whiskers long, blackish
brown ; nose with a central white line ; ears scarcely covered with
scattered yellowish hairs. — Hab. Tenasserim, AiTacan(J'/MS. India).
Paradoxtjrus strictus, Hodgson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi.
p. 105. General colour grey, with a slight rusty shade ; two pro-
minent white spots on each side of the head, one beneath the eye
oblong, tending forward, one behind the eye larger, triangular,
tending backward ; five continuous stripes, regularly defined and
straight, of a deep black colour, commencing on the neck, extend
over the whole length of the body, having on each side beneath an
interrupted band of black spots. Abdomen grey. Tail exceeding
the body in length ; mixed grey and black at the base ; the ter-
minal portion black, the colour increasing in deepness towards the
extremity. Legs black. Throat grey, with a medial black stripe.
Ears developed. Length from the snout to the root of the tail
23 inches, of the tail 25 inches. — Hah. India.
PAEADOXirBTTs QUADRiscErpTus, Hodgson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855,
xvi. p. 106 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191. General colour grey, with
a slight rufous shade extending over the whole of the body, over
one-half of the tail, over the forehead and the lower part of the
ear. On the back and parts adjoining, four weU-defined continuous
black stripes pass from the neck to the rump, having a shorter
interrupted band on each side. The bridge of the nose in the
middle, a weU-defined narrow streak from the canthus of the eye,
the neck, the feet, and the terminal part of the tail are black ; on
the upper part of the neck the hairy covering is slightly variegated
vivERKrD.i;. 77
black and grey, the separate hairs being grey at the base and black
at the ti}). The fur is soft, lengthened, and straggling. The entire
length of this species is 50 inches, 26 of which are occupied by
the head and body, and 24 by the tail. I could not discover any
external differences between the specimens which Mr. Hodgson
sent, under the name of P. quadriseriptus, from Nepal, and P.
musunga (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 191). The skull has not
been compared.
Pakaboxukus prehensilis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, ii. p. 06 ; Illust. Ind.
Zool. ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 543.
Ichneumon preliensilis, Hamilton, MS. India House.
Viverra prehensilis, De Blainv. in Desm. Mamni. p. 208.
Hah. India. — The species, which has only been described from
Dr. Buchanan Hamilton's drawing, copied in my ' Indian Zoology,'
has not j^et occurred to me. M. Temminck, who never could have
seen it, states it to be *' a constant variety" ot Paradoxurus musanga
(Esq. Zool. p. 120) ; but, as far as I know, P. musanga is confined
to the Malay Islands *.
Paradoxurits Finlatsonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 68, from Mr. Fin-
layson's drawing in Library of E. India Company ; Horsfield, Cat.
India House Mus. p. 65. — Hah. Malacca (^Finlaifson's draiving).—
Probably the same as P. musanga.
Paradoxurus crassiceps, Pucheran, Kev. et Mag. Zool. \-ii. p. 392 ;
Arch, fiir Naturg. 1856, p. 43.
Paradoxurus annulatus, "Wagner, in Schreber's Siiugeth. Suppl. ii.
p. 253 ; Schiuz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 386. " P. supra niger fulvo
mixtus, subtus ferrugineus, lutescens ; cauda nigro auuulata, aui'i-
culis dense pilosis. "'^ — Hab. ? (^2Iiis. JJunich).
* M. De Blaiuville paid a visit to Dr. Leach in 1816. 1 accompanied
him to the College of Surgeons and the India House, where he was
shown the drawings of Buchanan Hamilton. He took notes of these
drawings, and on his return he published a paper in the Bidl. Soc. Philom.
for 1810, which he was then editing, descrioing : —
1. Viverra prehensilis, from Ichneumon jn-ehensilis, Ham. MS.
2. Cervm nif/er, Ham. MS. (By a mistake, he says the da-awing of the
animal is in the British Museum.)
3. Capra ceyagnus coyrus, from C. (egagmis cogria, Ham. MS. n. 202.
4. Capra (egagnus imherhis, from C. imberhis harhara, Ham. MS., and
C (egagnus chaigra, Ham. MS.
5. Antilope qumlricornis, Ham. MS., of which he mistook the habitat,
" Hoormadabad," for the Indian name of the animal.
78 CYNOOfALIDJE.
Fam. 5. CYNOGALID^.
Head clougate, face pi'oduced. Nose rather produced ; underside
convex, hairy, without any central longitudinal groove. Fur very
dense, close, erect, soft, and elastic. Tail cylindrical, short. Toes
short, covered with dense hairs, slightly webbed at the base ; the
claws short, compressed, retractile ; the soles of the hind feet broad,
bald for about one-third of their length, the heels hairy. Frenum
covered with hair. Skull — orbits only slightly defined above.
Viveri-idse, tribe Cynogalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 621.
CYNOGALE.
Head elongate. Nose broad, swollen ; underside haiiy, without
any central groove. Ears small, rounded, covered with short hairs.
Whiskers rigid, elongate ; a tuft of longer, more rigid hairs under
the ears and over the eyes. Tail much shorter than the body, cy-
lindrical, covered with short hair like that on the body. Frenum
covered with hair. SkuU elongate ; face much produced, com-
pressed ; orbits not defined at all behind, confluent with the zygo-
matic cavity ; zygomatic arches strong ; forehead between the orbits
very narrow. Teeth 40 ; canines compressed ; false grinders com-
pressed, 3 on each side in each jaw, third without any inner lobe ;
flesh-tooth triangular, largely tubercular, nearly as wide as the
length of the outer edge ; inner lobe very large, rounded on the
middle of the inner side ; tubercular grinders two on each side in
each jaw, large, rounded on the inner edge, rather wider than the
length of the outer edge, the hinder one smaller, but similar to the
front one in shape.
Cvnogale, Grmj, Mof/. Nat. Hist. 1836, i. p. 579 ; P. Z. S. 1836, p. 86 ;
'1864, p. 522 (not j)« Chailhi).
Lamictis, De Blainvillc, Cumptes Hetidus, 1837, p. 56.
Potamophilus, S. Iluller, Zooy. hid. Arch. p. 103 (1839).
Cynogale velox, Du Chaillu, is an insectivorous mammal.
Cynogale Bennettii. B.M.
Cynogale Bennettii, Gray, May. N. H. i. p. 679 (183G) ; Troc. Zool.
Soc. 1836, p. 86 ; Eydovx 8f Suul. Voy. Bonite, t.
Viverra lamictis cntc\\w\&s, Jourdan, Ann. Set. Nat. viii. p. 281, t. 8 «
(1837) ; BlAiiimiUe Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii.; Ostioyraph. t. 12 (teetli).
Potamophilus toarbatus, S. Midler, Zooy. Ind. Archi^ycl, t. 17.
Cynogale barbata, Schinz, Syn. Mam. i. p. 388.
Hah. Borneo (Honeyivood).
Skull — length 4| inches ; nose 1 inch 10 lines ; width of the brain-
case 1 inch 41 lines, of zygomatic arch 2| lines.
MrSTELID-li. 79
Fain. (>. MUSTELIDyE.
Head elongate. Nose simple, undcrsurface fluted, with a central
longitudinal groove. Tubercular grinders one on each side of upper
and under jaws. Feet rounded ; the toes short, curved, more or less
united by a web at the base, the last joint bent up ; the claws short,
compressed, acute, retractile.
Mustehdre, § Acauthopoda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 100.
In my paper describing some little-known Mammalia, in the first
volume of Charlesworth's ' Magazine of Natural History,' p. 579,
published in 1837, I used the forms and number of the pads on the
feet of Mephitis to divide it into three genera, and also showed the
importance of observing the size of the bald parts of the soles of
the feet in distinguishing the species of Otters ; and in the ' Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society' for 1864 I have used the excellent
character which the form of the bald part of the sole affords for the
separation of the genera of Viverridce.
The only naturalist who seems to have followed up the subject is
Mr. Hodgson, who, in his paper " On the Tibetan Badger " in the
' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal ' for 1847, has given, in
t. 31 , figures of the under part of the feet, showing the form and
disposition of the pads, of eight species of Indian Viverridce, Miiste-
lidce, and Ursidce.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe 1. Mustelina. Head oblong. Toes slightly webbed. Tail
cylindricid. Tcn-cstrial.
A. Digitigrade. Soles oftJie kind feet hairy, with four bald pads in
front. Body elongate ; anal ylands developed. Tail slender ; tnher-
culur yrinder short, transverse.
* Teeth 38.
1 . Maetes. False grinders |. Head elongate. Feet very hairy ;
space between the pads hairy, the hairs often covering them
from sight.
•* Teeth 34.
2. PuTORirs. False grinders i. Head short, ovate. Feet and
space between the pads very hairy. Body stout ; underside
blackish.
3. MusTELA. False grinders f . Head elongate, narrow. Feet-
space between the pads very hairy. Body slender ; underside
yellow or white.
4. YisoN. False grinders f. Head elongate, narrow. Feet
slightly hairy; pads exposed. Body rather slender : under-
side same colour as upper.
80 MTJSTELID.S;.
5. Gtmnoptts. False grinders |. Head elongate, narrow. Feet
rather naked, bald beneath, between, and rather behind
the pads ; toes largely webbed. Soles hairy behind. Body
slender.
B. Subplantigrade. Soles and between the pads hairy. Body stout.
Tail short, bushy. Anal glands none. False grinders f .
6. GuLO. Tubercular grinder oblong, transverse ; flesh-tooth elon-
gate, with a small subanterior inner lobe.
C. PlantigTade. Soles of hind feet bald, callous. Body elongate. Anal
glands distinct. False grinders f ; tubercular grinder oblong,
transverse.
7. Galera. Tail elongate. Soles of hind feet with a central
longitudinal depression behind, and obscurely divided into
four large pads in front. Heels hairy.
8. Geisonia. Tail short. Body slender.'
Tribe 2. Lutrina. Head depressed. Feet normal, rounded ; toes
webbed. Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Tubercular grinder
oblong, transverse.
A. Tail conical, tapering, entirely covered tvith hair.
t The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads.
* The muzzle hairy ; otdy the thin margin of the nostrils bald.
9. Baeangia. Claws rudimentary, blunt. Toes rather elongate.
** The muzzle hairy between the nostrils; upi)er and front edge
of the nostrils bald.
10. LoNTRA. Toes rather elongate, well webbed ; claws sharp.
*** The muzzle bald, hand-like between the front and ujiper edge
of the nostrils.
X Foot oblong ; toes thick, loebbed to the claws, sharply clcnoed ;
jnids of toes and palm large, close together.
11. LuTEA. Orbit of skull defined by a conical pj'ocess behind.
Head and skull elongate.
12. Nutria. Orbit of skuU defined by a conical process behind.
Head and skull short, broad.
13. LuTEONECTES. Orbit of skull scarcely defined behind. Claws
acute, strong. Head and skull elongate.
\ \ Foot oblong ; toes rather slender, free at the etid, bluntly or imper-
fectly clawed ; pad of palm large, of toes slender, sejxirated.
14. AoNYX. Orbit defined behind. Skull broad, depressed.
1. M.Vr.TES.
81
tt Thepnhm amUohH of the f.et diyhthj hairy between the pad.; the
two inner hinder toes with a hand of hair on the iimer side of
the under surface. 3Iuzzle bald, transverse.
1/). Hydrogale. Claws acute. Skull elongate ; orbits not defined
behind, without any superior orbital prominence. Hind feet
elongate. Toes slender, broadly webbed.
ttt Pabm and soles of feet hairy between the pads. Muzzle bald be-
tween the nostrils, and produced into an angle on the upper edye.
16. Latax.
B. Tail conical, elongate, rather depressed, covered with hair, and rvith
a raised rounded ridge on each side.
17. PTERONtTRA.
Tribe 3 Enhydrina. Head depressed. Feet large, elongate, rather
fan-like, hairy above and below. Tail short, cylindrical
(jrmders massive, flat-crowned.
18. Enhtdbis.
Tribe I. MUSTELINA.
Head oblong Toes slightly webbed. Tail cylindrical. Habits
terrestrial or arboreal.
Mustelina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; P. Z. S. 18G5, p 108
Martinaj, Burmeister, Baird, N. A. M. p. 148.
^" '^'^'^nf^f''- f^'^'f f' ^■"^^^"'^ f>airy,with four bald pad. in front.
Body elongate Anal glands developed. Tail shnder. Tubercular
grinder short, transverse.
1. MARIES.
Teeth 38; false grinders |. Head elongate; feet very hairy
space be ween the pads covered ; the haii- of the feet is elongate, and
more or less completely covers the bald pads at the base of the toes
and hides the toes and claws, especially during the cold weather.
Martes, Cimer ; Gray, L. M. B. M. xx. p. 63 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 104 ;
^dsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 166. ; f • '
a. Sktdl elongate, narroiv, 2cith the nose rather produced.
Tad moderate, not so long as the body and head, bushy. Martes.
t The hinder upper tubercular grinder large, massive, nearly twice as long on
the inner as on the outer side.
1. Martes abietmn. (Pine-Marten.) B.Jl.
Brown ; throat yellow or yellow-spotted.
Mustek martes, Linn. S. X. p. 167 : Keyserl. ^- Bias. W. E. i. p 67 •
Pallas, Zoog,: I p. 85 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. t. ; Brandt, Zobel't. 3 •
Middendorf, A. u. O. Sib. Sdugeth. p. 69, t. 2. f. 1, 6.
82 jirsTELTH.T;.
ISIartcs al)ietum, Hay ; dray, List M. B. 31. p. Gi', ; P. Z. S. ISO.";,
p. 104.
Var. 1. vulgaris. Dark brown ; throat yellow.
Martes vulgaris, Gray.
Pine-Marten, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 97.
Var. 2. martes, Brandt, Zobel.
Martes sylvestris, Gesner, Quad. p. 8G7, f. 866 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna,
p. 171.
Martes sylvatica, Nihs. Sk. Faun. i. p. 41.
Length 18 inches, tail 10.
Hah. Europe : England and France, B.M. ; Russia, B.M.
Var. 3. nltaica. Paler ; nose and feet brown, tail dark, throat and
chest yellow. Intermediate between 31. ahietum and M. zihellina ;
but the feet are not so hairy. Skull and teeth like Martes ahietum
vulgaris. B.M.
Martes altaica, Pallas, Zoo(/r. Ross.-Asiat.
Ilah. Altai Mountains.
2. Martes japonica. B.M.
Brown ; shoulder and outside of thigh blacker ; feet Ijlack ; head,
chin, and upper part of throat dark red-brown ; throat and sides
of the neck yellow, crown paler ; the last upper tubercular grinder
longer on the inner side.
Martes japonica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 104.
Hab. Japan. From Mus. Leyden ?
The specimen is not in a good state ; the fur is evidently in
change, the tail being slender, with a long terminal pencil. It is
most distinct from the specimen of M. meJanopus. In the Museum
collection the upper tubercular grinder is smaller than in the M.
ahietum, and is much larger than in M. ajnericana.
There is an indistinct patch of paler hairs in the front of the car,
on the left side, not seen on the other ; the pale brown on the chest
is marked with some small dark spots on the lower part. The skull,
and especially the brain-case, is broader, compared with its length,
than that of Martes ahietum and M. zihellina, and is intermediate in
form between them and M. foina.
3. Martes brachyura. (Gezolen.)
Fur short, fine, close, pale brown ; tail short ; ears small, rounded,
whitish ; feet very hairy.
Length, body 10-17 inches, tail 3| inches.
Miistela brachyura, Temm. Fauna Japon. p. 33 ; Schrench, Amitrland,
p. 32.
Martes brachyura, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 105.
Hab. Japan, near Zezo, and the Kurile Islands (Siebold).
Described from flat skins in ilus. Leyden.
1. MARTES. 83
4. Martes melanopus. (Japanese Sable.) B.M.
Fur soft, yellow-brown ; underside scarcely paler ; orbit, and streak
from orbit to nose, and feet blackish ; crown of head paler ; sides of
nose, cheeks, and throat white.
Martes (Melampus) melanopus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. p. 63 ; P. Z. S.
1805, p. lOo; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 91.
Mustela melanopus, Temm. Fauna Japan, p. 31, t. 7. f. 3, 4 (animal
and skull).
Hah. Japan.
5. Martes zibellina, Linn. (Sable.) B.M.
Fur very soft, black, grey, or yeUow-brown ; throat like back, or
paler yellowish or whitish ; feet very hairy. Skull and the hinder
upper grinders, according to M. de BlainviUe's figure, are Hkc those
of M. abietum vulgaris.
Mustela zibellina, var. alba and fulvo-flavescens, Brandt, Zohel, t. 2.
f. 5, 6.
Mustela zibellina, Linn. ; Pall. Spic. Zuul. ; Blainr. Osteogr. t. 7 (skull),
t. 13. f. (teetb) ; Schrenck, Amurland, p. 27; Middendorff, N. v. O.
Sib. Siiugeth. p. G8, t. 2. f. 1, 2, 3, 5 (pelvis and tail).
Mustela zibellina, var. rossica, Brandt.
Martes zibellina, Brisson.
Viverra zibellina, Shaw.
Zibeline, Bt/ffon, IL X.
Sable, Penn. ; Bennett, Garden and Menag.
Martes zibellina, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 105.
a. Fur blackish, with a few white scattered hairs ; under-fur lead-
colour ; head and chin greyish, grizzled with pale grizzly hairs. B.M.
Mustela zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zohel, t. 1.
h. Fur blackish, with manj' white hairs ; under-fur whitish ; orbit,
cheeks, throat, and chest whitish. B.M.
Mustela zibellina asiatica riipestris, Brandt, Zohel, t. 2. f.
c. YcUow-brown ; under-fur yellowish white ; head, upper parts
of body, neck, throaty and chest whitish ; legs, feet, and tail darker.
B.M.
Mustela zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zohel, t. 2. f. 4.
d. Yellowish brown ; under-fur of same colour ; oars and cheeks
whitish ; tail dusky, darker ; feet blackish. B.M.
Mustela zibellina sylvestris, Brandt, Zohel, t. 2. f. 4.
e. Fur whitish or white.
Ilah. North Europe, Asia.
Middendorff (Siiugeth. N. u. 0 Sib. t. 2) figures the pelvis and tail
of M. zibellina and M. martes of Siberia ; he represents the former
as much shorter, and composed of thirteen, and the latter much longer
and larger, and consisting of seventeen vertebnie.
g2
84 MFSTEIJD.i;.
tt The upper hinder tvbereular f/rinder quadrate, rather Jomjer on the
inner than on the outer side.
6. Martes americana. (American Sable.) B.M.
Brown or yellow ; throat yeUow ; ears and head grey or white ;
upper tubercular grinder small.
Mustela americana, Turtoti, Syst. Anim. i. p. 60, 1803 ; Baird, Mamm.
N. Amer. t. 36. f. 2, t. 27. f. 7.
Mustela martes, var., J. Sabine, Franklin's Voyage ; Richardson, F.
B.-Amer.
? Mustela vulpina, Rajinesque, SiUimau's Amer. Journ. Sci. i. (tip of
tail white).
Mustela zihellina, var. americana, Brandt, Zohel.
Mustela leucopus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 91.
Martes americana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 106.
Var. 1. cihietinoides. Black-bi'own ; ears pale ; head grizzled with
white hairs, more or less grey ; throat yellow or yellow-spotted ;
throat-spot large or broken up into small spots ; the head sometimes
with only a few grey hairs, and the throat with only a few distinct
small spots. B.M.
? Martes vulpina, Rajinesque.
Hah. Eocky Mountains (Dnimmond ^' Lord).
Var. 2. huro. Yellow-brown ; head and ears whitish ; throat pale
j'ellow ; legs, feet, and tail blackish. B.M.
Mustela huro, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxix. p. 356 ; Richardson,
Zool. Beechey's Voyage.
Marten of Hudson s Fur-list..
Sable of American traders.
Hal. Fort Franklin.
Var. 3. leiicopus. The head, neck, and chest more white ; legs
yellow ; feet white at the tip. B.M.
Mustela leucopus, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 70.
Mustela leucotis, Griffith's An. K. ii. p. 270, t. (misprint?).
M. Brandt observes, " I can find no diiference between the Asiatic
and American Sables in the characters of the head, ears, tail, or
feet ; and as, even in respect to colour, the Sable of the Nischnaga
Tunzustca, sent home by Middendorif, occupies an intermediate posi-
tion between the dark Asiatic and the yellow Am.erican Sables, I
am induced to consider the American animal rather as a yellowish
or mere yellow-brown and less densely furred variety of the Asiatic
Sable than as a distinct species or as a pure Marten (Mustela martes)."
— Beitr. Sdugeth. llussland, 1855.
Dr. Baird observes, " I am myself, however, far from admitting the
identity of the American Marten with the Russian Sable, although it
occupies a position intermediate between the latter and M. martes in
size, length of tail, and coloration as well as intrinsic value of fur.
The white-headed varieties of New York are most like the Sable, and
1. MAllTES. 85
the (lark-headed one of the M'estnru country like the Pine-Marten.
I have never seen winter specimens of the latter, nor summer of the
former, and am inclined to believe that all may exhibit more white
on the head in winter than in .summer." — Baird, I. c. p. 157.
It is curious that both Brandt and Baird seem to have overlooked
the small size of the last tubercular grinder, which separates the
American from the Old- World Pine-Martens.
The brain-case in the skull of the American specimen we have in
the Museum is very thin, and so closely applied to the brain that it
shows its convolutions on the outer surface ; but this is not shown
in the American skull figured by Dr. Spencer Baird. The same is
to be observed in the Altaic specimen of M. ahietum.
There is a series of specimens of the American Pine-Marten in
the British Museum, collected by Dr. Lord during his excursion ■\\-ith
the Boundary Commissioners. They vary greatly in colour, from
pale brown to nearly black ; and the throat is variously mottled
with yellow.
The specimens fi'om llussia have whitish heads, like the M. leucopus
of Kuhl.
The. stuffed Sables from llussia have short tails; but the tail of
one of Dr. Lord's is almost as short : the tail seems to vary in
length ; but this may depend on the skinning, and, in the stuffed
skins, on the preparation of the animals.
* * Tail elongate, slender ; skull elongate^ tiarrow ; nose produced ; upper
tubercular grimier massive, broader on the inner side. Pekania.
7. Maries Pennantii. (The Wood-Shock.) B.M.
Black ; head, nape, and front of back greyish ; tail elongate. The
last upper tubercular grinder is large and massive, like that of the
European Pine-Marten (J/, ubietum).
Mustela Pennantii, ErA. Anini. p. 79, 1777 ; Baird, Maiinii. X. A.
p. 149, t. .36. f. 1 (skull).
Mustela canadensis, Schreb. Siiugeth. p. 492, t. 134, 1778; Blainv.
Osteogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Mustela melanorhyucha, Bodd. Elen. Anim. p. 188, 1784.
Vivena canadensis, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 492, 1800.
Mustela nigra, Turton, S. N. i. p. 00, 1806.
Mustela piscatoria, Lesson.
Viverra piscator, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 414, 1800.
Mustela Goodmauii, Fischer, Sgn. Manim. p. 217, 1829.
Gulo castaneus, //. Smith.
(tuIo feniigineus, H. Smith.
Martes canadensis, Gray, Cat. M. B. M. p. 03 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 91.
Martes Pennantii, Gray, I\ Z. S. 1865, p. 107.
Fisher, Tenn. Quad. p. 223.
Wejack, Hearne.
AVood-Shock, Hudson^ s Bag Comp. List.
P.'kan ( Canadians), Buff. H. N. xiii. t. 42.
Pekan Weasel. Benn. Citiad. p. 202, 1781.
Black Fox, Lewis S- Clark.
86
MUSTETJD^E.
b. Skull sivolhm, flattened ; nose short ; upper cnttin(/-teeth erect ; tail
moderate, not so long as body ; suhci/lindricai, Foina.
8. Martes foina. (Beech-Marten.) B.M.
Black-brown ; throat white. The tubercular grinder is large,
massive, narrow on the inner side, as in the M. abietum, but not
quite so lai'ge as compared with the other teeth.
The pad of the soles always exposed {Baird).
Mustela martes, var. fagorum, Linn. S. N. i. p. 67.
Mustek foiua, Briss. K A. p. 246 ; Keyserl. 8f Bias. W. E. i. p. 67 ;
Blalnv. Osteogr. Mustela, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 13. f. (teeth).
Martes fagorum, Rag.
Martes domestica, Gesner.
Martes foina, JVilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 167 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 108 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 191.
Fouine, Buffon, H. N. \di. t. 18-21.
Hab. Europe and Eastern Asia, in houses (England, France).
c. Skidl swollen, flattened ; nose short, hroad ; vjiper cutting -teeth
projecting ; tail elongate, slender. Charronia.
9. Martes flavigula. (White-cheeked Weasel.) B.M.
Yellowish ; head, nape, rump, legs, and tail black ; chin and lower
parts white. The tubercular grinder is moderate-sized, transverse,
scarcely larger on the inner side ; but this is larger, compared with
its breadth, than that of the Martes americana.
Mustela flavigula, Bodd.
Mustela Hardwickii, Horsf. Zool. Jouni. iv. t. 8.
Viverra quadricolor, Shaiv, Zool.
Mustela leucotis, H. Smith, in GriflUWs A. K. t.
Martes Gwatkinsii, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 616.
Mustela lasiotis, Tenim.
Martes flavigvda, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398 ; 1858, p. 516 ; Gray,
Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 64 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 108.
Martes Elliottii, Mus. E. Ind. Company.
Hah. Nepal Hills.
,J^ See Mustela martes Henricii, Westermann, Bijdrag. tot de Dierk.
p. 13, t.? M^Jir. IHI f'-lS. t '^ ^^^^^tf<*^JiAA^>tu^^^£^,
Hah. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. re^Aot^JiJi-r
Length of skull
nose from front of orbit
palate
tooth-line from front \
of canine f
lower jaw
width over ears
of nose in front of orbit
1 3
2 3
1 4
0 lOi
%S
in. 1.
2 10
0 9
1 5
1 0
1 1\
1 2i
0 8
Sa
in. 1.
3 1
0 lOJ
1 i
1 0
2 0
1 6
0 9
Sis
in. 1.
3 1
0 10
1 6i
1 2
1 11
1 6
0 9^
ST
M eg
in. 1
3 ^
0 10
1 7
1 1
2 0
1 8
0 lOJ
in. 1.
4 0
1 1
2 0
1 6
2 7
1 n\
0 11
^yi-<^j<f, L^^tr^^ l/ .^-*t^x,<L^ ^^/^J -^A^^ '«-j,.-i.wr1. » (T-i*i^<^'^ o^d-
87
2. PUTORIUS.
Skull short, ventricosc ; teeth 34, false grinders -| ; the uj^per
tubercular grinder small, transverse, scarcely larger on the inner
than on the outer side ; head short, ovate ; feet hairy, space between
the pads very hairy ; body stout ; underside blaclcish.
Putorius, Cuvier ; Gray, Cat. M. B. M. xx. p. 04 ; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 108.
Foetorius, Keys, fy Bl<ts.
Mustela putorius, Nilsson, Skarul. Fauna, p. 147.
* Back uniform.
1 . Putorius foetidus. (Polecat.) B.M.
Fur harsh, rigid, brown ; skull scarcely contracted behind the
orbits ; orbits small ; feet and tail black ; mouth and ears whitish.
Mustela putorius, Linn. S. N. p. 167; Balhs, Zooyr. i. p. 37; Nilsson,
Skand. Faun. p. 148 ; Ilium. Fiy. t. 30 ; Blainv. Oste'oyr. Mustela,
t. 4 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth).
Mustela foetida, Klein.
Putorius typus, F. Cuvier.
Putorius communis, Cuvier, B. A.
Putorius vulgaris, Grai/ ; Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. p. 122, f. 38, 39
(skull).
Putorius fffitidus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 64 ; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 108.
Fitchet Weasel, Penn. B. Z. p. 136.
Var. 1. furo. More or less albino ; eyes red.
Mustela furo, Linn.
Furet, Buff. IL N. vii. t. 26, 27, 28, 29.
Yar. 2. suhfuro, Polecat-Ferret. Yellow ; the legs, tail, toes, and
tips of the hairs black ; head white. Bred from two yellow Ferrets.
{ISaffroii Wahlcii Museum.)
Le Furet putoire, Buff. IL N. Supp. t. 27.
The skulls vary considerably in the width and depression of the
brain -case ; but they are never suddenly contracted in front behind
the orbit, as the slcull of F. Eversmannii.
2. Putorius Eversmannii. B.M.
Fur soft, black-brown, in winter whitish or yellowish, hairs of
back black-tipped ; limbs short ; the thighs and end of the tail black ;
the skull broad ; brain-case suddenly and strongly contracted in front
behind the orbits ; orbits large.
Mustela putorius, var., Pall. Z. R.-A. p. 80.
Mustela Eversmannii, Less. Man.; Xordm. Faun. Pont. p. 16.
Mustela putorius, vai\ .<ibirica, Fischer, Syn. Mamm.
Mustela putorius, Blyth, J. A. 6'. B. xi. p. 281.
88 MUSTELIDJi;.
Mustek putorius tibetanus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Benq. xxiii. p. 44(3, 1849,
i.; Horsf. Cat. Mus. I. H. p. 103; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398.
Putorius Eversmannii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p, 109.
Hab. Siberia (PctUas), B.M. ; Thibet (Hodgson), B.M.
The skull is considerably larger than that of the Putorius foetidus.
3. ? Putorius nigripes.
Yellowish brown above, below white ; forehead, feet, and end of
tail black. Tail and hair at end one-thii'd the length of body and
head; length 19 inches, tail 5| inches.
Putorius nigripes, And. S,- Bachni. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 297, t. 93 ; Baird,
N. A. Mamm. p. 180 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 109.
Hah. North America, Platte region. Not seen by Dr. Spencer
Baird.
** Back spotted or mottled.
4. Putorius sarmaticus. (Yormela, or Peregusna.) B.M.
Fur soft, brown and yellow, varied above ; head, belly, feet, and
till of tail deep black ; frontal band and ears white.
Mustela sarmatica, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xix. t. 41.
Mustela peregusna, Guld.
Mustela prpecineta, Ranz.
Putorius sarmaticus, Grai/, List Mamm. B. M. p. 64; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 110.
Hah. Russia.
3. MUSTELA.
The body elongate, slender. Limbs short ; feet moderate ; toes
moderate, slightly webbed, covered with hair ; space between the
pads hairy. Tail elongate, slender, subcylindrical, covered with
elongate hairs.
Skull elongate, depressed ; teeth 34 ; pra3molars f . f ; upper tu-
bercular grinder transverse, scarcely longer on the inner edge.
Fur dark above, white or yellow beneath.
Mustela, Linn. ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xx. p. 65 ; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 111.
Mustela (Mustela), Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. p. 156.
Putorius (partly), Cuvier.
Mustela (Gale), Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 342.
* Face without iiale spot in front of ears.
t Back uniform colour ; tail black-tipped.
1. Mustela erminea. (Stoat, or Ermine.) B.M.
Brown above ; upper lip, chin, and lower surface of body, inside of
limbs, and feet yellowish white ; tail brown, shorter than the body,
end black. In winter all yellowish white ; end of tail black.
Mustela erminea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 68; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. p. 157 ;
Ilium. Fig. t. 12; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 111.
3. MUSTELA. 89
I'utoi'ius eruiinea, Owen, Brit. Fuss. Mamm. p. IKS, f. 40, 41, 42
(skull).
Mustela ermineum, I'alluSj Zooyr. i. p. UO; Buffun, H. N. vii. t. 29.
f. 2, t. 81.
Stoat or Ermine, Perm. B. Zool. i. pp. 89, 67, f. 18.
Hah. Europe, England, France ; North Africa.
Var. 1. afrtcana. Tail very short, black-tipped, one-sixth the
length of body.
Ilab. North Africa, Algiers. B.M.
Var. 2. Kaneii.
Putorius Kaneii, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 172; Arch. f. Naturg. 1859,
p. 9.
Uab. Kamtschatka ; Tchucktchi country, Siberia.
Var. 3. americana. Tail more or less elongate, from one-third
to one-half the length of the body. B.M.
Putorius noveboraceusis, Belmy, N. Y. Zool. i. p. 36, t. 12. fig. 2,
t. 14. f. 2, 1842 ; Buird, N. A. Mamm. p. 166, t. 3(i. f. 3 (skull).
Putorius ermineus, And. i.V Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 56, t. 59.
Mustela Cicognani, Bonap. Fauna Ital.
JNlustela fusca, Bachman, Journ. A. N. S. Philad. viii. p. 288.
Mustela (Gale) fusca, Hchinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 243.
Mustela vulgaris, Thompson, Hist. Verm. p. 30.
Putorius fuscus, Aud. Si- Bachm. N. A. Quad. iii. p. 234, t. 148.
Putorius Cicognani, Baird, 31. N. A. p. 161.
Putorius longicauda, Richardson, Zool. Beechcy, t. 10, 1839.
Mustela (Putorius) erminea, var. long-tailed, Richardson, F. B.-A
p. 46, 1829.
Mustela longicauda, Bonap. May. N. H. 1838, p. 38.
Hah. North America, Carlton House. B.M.
Bonaparte, Richardson, and Baird have separated the Weasels
and Ermines of America and Europe into several species, on minute
diiferences in the length of the tail as compared with the body.
Dr. Spencer Baird, in his work on the Mammals of North America,
divides the Stoats into six species, by the length of the tail aud the
extent of the black on the tail. Bj- his specific characters, the ver-
tebrae of the tail in P. lliihardsonii, P. iioveloracensis, and P. longi-
cauda are about one-half, in P. Cicognani one-third, in P. ermineus
one-fifth, and in P. Kaneii one-sixth the length of the body.
"When the bodies of several Enghsh Stoats have been compared,
they show liow deceptive that character is. I do not say that they
maj' not bo distinct ; but, if they are, there must be other charac-
ters to separate them besides the mere length of the tail. They are
spread over a large extent of country, and some of the presumed
species have a largo range.
The skulls of the English Weazel and Stoat are also found to be
rather variable when a large scries of them arc compared.
They change colour when they live in a cold district, and the fur
appears to become finer and denser in the more rigorous climates.
Dr. Spencer Baird described P. novehoracensis as haWiig 52 ver-
90 MTJSTFLIDJE.
tebraj, including 4 sacral and 22 caudal ; while P. ermineus has, ac-
cording to him, only 19 caudal and 3 sacral, which are the tyincal
numbers in the genus. As this has only been observed in one
skeleton, it may be only an accidental variation.
2. Mustela Richardsonii. (Eichardson's Stoat.)
Dark chestnut-brown ; upper lips and legs entirely brown ; chin
and under surface white ; tail with a long black tip, depressed ;
distichous. In winter entirely white ; taU-end black.
Mustela Richardsonii, Bonaji. 3fa(/. N. Hist. ii. p. 38 ; Gray, P. Z. 8.
1865, p. 112.
Mustela erminea. var., Pichard. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 146.
Putorius Richardsonii, Richard, in Zool. Beecheifs Voy. p. 10 ; Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 164.
Mustela ermiuea, Thompson, Hist. Verm. p. 31, 1842.
Putorius agilis, And. §• Bachm. N. A. Quad. pp. Ill, 184, 1. 140, 1833.
Hob. North America : Fort Traveller (Richardson) ; from Halifax
to Vancouver's Island (Baird).
I have not seen this species ; but Dr. Spencer Baird describes it
very particularly. The quantity of white on the upper lip seems to
vary. There is in the British Museum an adult female Stoat from
Cambridgeshire, which has only a very thin margin of white to the
upper hp. In most specimens of the Eui'Oiaean and American
Ermines the white on the lips is very distinct and well marked.
The specimen formerly named M. Richardsonii, in the British
Museum, has the hinder part of the upper lip white, but the hair
is bent back and lost off the front part.
3. Mustela agilis.
Reddish grey ; hairs grey, with a broad yellow ring and reddish
tip ; tail shorter than the body, reddish grey, darker at the tip,
beneath greyish white ; head black, brown above, with a white
border to upper lip.
Length 10 inches, tail 4, head 1|.
Mustela agilis, Tschudi, Fauna Perxiviana, p. 110 (not Bachm.) ;
Baird, Mamm. A^. A. p. 165; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 113.
Ilab. Peru, Cordilleras.
tt Back and tail uniformly coloured. Gale.
4. Mustela vulgaris. (Weasel.) B.M.
Brown ; lower lip and beneath white ; upper lip and tail brown ;
tail less than half the length of the body. Winter-fur pure white ;
tip of tail sometimes darker.
Mustela vulgaris, Briss. R. A. p. 241 ; Erxl. M. p. 471 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 113; Blainv. Oste'oyr. Mustela, t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth).
Mustela gale, Pallas, Zoogr. p. 194 (albino in ■winter).
3. MUSTELA. !)1
Mustela nivalis, Linn. Act. Siiec. vi. t. 8 ; <S'. A', p. 16',>.
Common Weasel, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 951, t. 7. f. 17.
Hah. North Europe, North Asia, England, France (B.M.).
Var. americana. E.^I.
Piitorius vulgaris, Richardson, F. B.-A. p. 145.
Putoi-iiis Cicognani, Richardson, Beechey s Voy. p. 10.
Mustela vulgaris, Ma.v. Reise, ii. p. 98.
Mustek pusilla, Dckay, N. Y. p. 134, t. 14. f. 1.
Putorius pusillus, Aud. i^- Biichni. N. A. Qtiad. ii. p. 100, t. (34 ; Baird,
M. N. A. p. 159.
Common Weasel, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 75; Pr. 3Iax. Arch. f. Nut.
1861, p. 229.
Hob. North America.
5. Mustela boccamela. B.M.
Chestnut ; upper lij', inside of limbs, feet, and beneath white ;
tail almost half as long as the body, scarcely darker.
Mustela boccamela, Bechst. Naturr/. Deutschl. ; Stindevall, K. V. Akad.
Hand. 1841, p. 215 ; Blainv. 'Osteogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth) ;
Kuster, Isis, 1835 ; Bmiap. Fauna Pal. t. ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865,
p. 113.
Mustela subpalmata, Ehrenb. Syn. 3Iamm. p. 2 ; Sundevall, K. V.
Akad. Hand. 1842, p. 215.
Mustela vulgaris, Ruppell.
Mustela erminea, var., Nilsson, Sliand. Fauna, p. 157.
Boccamela, Cetti, Hist. Sardinice, v.
Hah. South Europe, North Africa, Algiers (B.M.) ; Cairo (Sun-
devall).
6. Mustela alpina. B.M.
PiJc yellow-brown ; upper lip, chin, and beneath yellowish white ;
head varied with black-tipped hairs ; tail cylindrical, unicolor, not
so long as the body and head.
Mustela alpina, Gray, L. M. B. M. p. 67; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 114.
INlustela altaica, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i. t. 98.
Mustela gale altaica, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 344.
Putorius alpiuus, Gehler, Mem. Mosc. vi. p. 213. jL-i / ^
Hah. Altai Mountains. fy^t^d^n-
Varies in the darkness of colour of the lower part of the body ; ^
in some specimens it is decidedly paler, ^vith the line of separation
well marked. In some specimens the feet are entirely covered with
hair ; aiul in others the pads are distinct, but covered with hair at
the base.
ttt Back streaked.
7. Mustela albinucha. B.M.
Black ; forehead, crown, aud nape white ; four stripes on the
back, converging in front and behind, palc-browuish white ; tail
white, tapering.
t)2 MUSTELIDJi.
Zorilla albiuucha, Gray, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1864, p. &J, pi. 10.
Mustela albinuclia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1805, p. 114.
Hab. Africa, Angola (^Sundevall, Tristram).
This is a Miistela having the coloration of a Zorilla.
** Face with pale spot in front of ears ; hack uniform ; tail-end black.
American. Neogale.
8. Mustela brasiliensis. (Black-faced Weasel.) B.M.
Brown; head and tip of tail blackish; spot before ears, another
on centre of forehead, chin, and throat white ; chest and belly
yeUow.
Mustela brasiliensis, Sewast. Mem. Acad. Petersh. iv. p. 356, t. 4
(good), 1813; Gray, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 114.
Mustela (Putorius) brasiliensis, D'Orb. Voy. Am^r. Merid. t. 13.
f. 3 (skull).
Mustela frenata, Licht. Darstell. Sciuyeth. t. 42; Gray, Voy. Sidpk.
t. f. 2.
Putorius frenatus, Bachm. N. A. Qitadr. ii. p. 71, t. 60 ; Baird,
Manmi. N. A. p. 173, t. 77. f. 1, 2 (skull).
Mustela javanica, &c., Seba, Thesaur. p. 177, t. 48. f. 4.
Mustela erniinea, yar., Pallas, Zooyr. Poss.-Asiat. p. 92 (from Seba).
Mustela gale leucogenis, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 344 (from Seba).
Var. 1. Spot before ears and that on forehead confluent. B.M.
Var. 2. "With a small white spot under the eyes. B.M.
In some specimens the feet are white or brown, with white toes ;
and in others the feet are brown-yellow.
-, t^ , ^Sab. Mexico, Matamoras (i?rt(Vt?) ; California.
i> fJ^Jy^ Var. 3. brasihana. Feet white ; underside bright yellow. B.M.
■^i^cto/f, U4''?X- j)j._ Spencer Baird refers M. brasiliensis, Sewastonoff, to this spe-
■tfe B-c^cJ/Z « cies with great doubt, though it is a very good description, and mo-
derate but characteristic figure.
9. Mustela aureoventris. B.M.
Dark broAvn ; head and tip of tail blacker ; chin and sides of the
tkroat white ; a spot in front of ears, throat, chest, insidcs of fore
legs, and belly golden yellow ; whiskers black ; tail rather tapering,
as long as the body ; soles of the hind feet hairy ; ears rounded,
hairy. Length of body and head 12, tail 8 inches.
Var, Fore feet brown, with one or two toes white.
Mustela aureoventris. Gray, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1804, p. 55, pi. 8
(young); 1865, p. 115; not Mustela auriventer, Hodyson.
Hab. Ecuador, Quito (ffowZf/) ; New Granada (i^raser).
This may be a darker variety of the M. brasiliensis, wanting the
spot on the forehead. The young from Quito is much darker than
the adult ; M. xccnthor/eiiys is intermediate as regards the spot on
the head.
<l.>/zz^ . t^^-yu, , ^--^4. i^g^ «^^^--> ' ^"''^•T^'^^
KX Mustela xanthogenys. (Yellow-cheeked Weasel.) B.M.
Brown ; tip of tail black ; spot before the ears, chest, and be-
neath yelloM' ; a small spot under each eye and the chin white ; feet
white.
'Miislela xanthogeuys, Gra'i, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1843, p. 118;
Zool. Vol/. Sulphur, t. 9; P. Z. S. I860, p. llo.
Putoriiis xanthogenys, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 176.
Hah. California.
Veiy like M. brasiliensis ; but the head is coloured like the back,
and the spot before the ears is yellow. There is a very small white
spot over the orbit on one side.
M. de BlaiiiviUe (Osteographie) figures the upper jaw of a Mus-
tehi under the name of M. patagonica, with small teeth and a very
short brim-like transverse tubercular grinder, that is quite unknown
to me, and very unlike M. Humholdtii, figured on the same plate.
4. VISON.
Body elongate, slender. Limbs stout ; feet rather hairy ; pads
bald, exposed ; space between them bald. Tail moderate, shorter
than the body, hairy. SkuU elongate, depressed. Teeth 34; false
grinders ^ ; the upper tuberculated grinder rather large, inner lobe
with one tubercle, outer edge with three.
Foetoiius, Keys. 4'- Bias. p. 21.
Mustela, § Lutreola, Schinz, Si/n. Mamm. i. p. 346.
ISlustfla, § Putorius, Xilsson, Skand. Faun. p. 152.
Putorius (sp. ), Baird. *
Yisou, 6'/-«y, P. Z. S. I860, p. 115.
Body nearlj' as stout as that of an Otter. Very destructive in
farmyards. The pads of all the toes are naked, not overgrowni
with hair ; the soles with four pads placed at the base of the digits,
the largest at the line of junction between the third and fourth
digits, and well furred between the pads {Baird, p. 178). Feet in
summer more nuked than in winter.
a. The upper tubercular grinder large, the inner half much larger and longer
than the outer one ; upper lip brown. American Vison.
1. Vison lutreocephala. (American Yison.) B.M.
Brown ; lower lip and chin more or less white.
Mustela lutreola, Foster, I'hil. Trans. Ixii. p. -371.
Mustela vison, Briss. ; Blainv. (htcogr. Mustela, t. 13 (teeth).
Mustela (Putorius) vison, liichardson, Fauna B.-A. p. 48.
Mustela (Martes) vison, Dism. Manim. i. p. 183, 1820.
Mustela lutreocephala, Harlan, Fauna Amer. p. 03.
Mustela vison, var. americana, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 347.
Mustela canadensis, Er.il. Syst. i. p. 447.
Miistela canadensis, /3. vison, Bodd. Blench. Anim. p. 186.
J*4 JIUSTELID.*:.
Mustela wiiiing-us, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans, vi. p. 70, 1809.
Mustela minx, Ord, Guthrie'' s Geog. pp. 281, 298.
Mustela (Lutreola) vison, TVar/n. Schrcb. Siqipl. ii. p. 241.
Lutra vison, Shate, G. Zool. i. p. 448.
Putoriiis vison, Gapper, Zool. Journ. v. p. 202 ; And. Sf- Bachm. N. A.
Quadr. i. p. 250, t. 33; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 37. f. 23 (skull).
Visou, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 308, t. 43.
Vison lutreocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 116.
Jackasli, Hearne. Fontereau, La Ilontan. Otay, Sagard. Mink,
or Minx, Fur-traders, N. A.
Var. 1. Darker; throat and chest not spotted.
Hah. Vancouver's Island {Dr. Lord). B.M.
Var. 2, Chin entirely brown. B.M.
Var. 3. Small; darker.
Putorius nigrescens, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 180; Aud. ^- Bachm.
N. A. Quadr. 2nd edit. iii. 104, t. 124.
Hab. North America.
This animal has been confounded with Mustela lutreola, which is
at once known from the Vison by the white spot on the side of the
nose and the size of the tubercular tooth.
Dr. Spencer Baird thinks that the Mustela rufa of Ham. Smith
(Jardine, Nat. Libr. Mamm. xiii. p. 189) is intended either for the
Vison or the Pine-Marten (see Mamm. N. A. p. 177).
b. The upper tuhercuJar grinder small, transverse, the inner half scarcely
larger than the outer ; ujtper lip white in front. Old- World. Lutreola.
2. Vison lutreola. (Mank, Nurec.) B.M.
Black-brown ; tail-end blacker ; spot on side of nose, on upper
lip, and chin white.
Mustela lutreola, Linn. S. A', i. p. 66 ; Pallas, Sjtic. Zool. xiv. p. 46,
t. 8. f. 1.
Viverra lutreola, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 5.
Lutra lutreola, Shaiv ; Gloqer, N. Act. Acad. N. Cur. xiii. p. 501 ;
Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 37. f. 23.
Fffitorius lutreola, Keys. ^- Bias. W. E. p. 21.
Lutra minor, Erxl. Syst. i. p. 451.
Tuhcuri leche, Vet. Akad. Hand. 1789, p. 302, t. 40.
Vison lutreola, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 117.
Mank, Kilsson, Ilium.. Fig. p. 2, t. 8.
? Marsh-Otter, Langsdorff.
Hah. Europe.
3. Vison sibirica. (Italse.) B.M.
Pale bro-mi ; head blackish, varied ; spot on each side of nose, on
upper and lower lips, and front of chin white ; tail-end pale brown,
like back. Varies, throat more or less white.
Mustela sibirica, Pall. Spic. Zool. xiv. p. 86, t. 4. f. 2.
Mustela italsi, Temm. Faun. Japmi. p. 34.
4. vrsoN. 95
Mustela natsi, Temm. Faun. Japim. t. 7. f. 2 (mispiiut).
Yison sibirica, Ormj, I\ Z. S. 1805, p. 117.
Hab. Siberia (B.M.); Himalaya (5.J/.) ; Japan (iJ.iV.); China,
Formosa (Swlnhoe, B.M.).
Like V. lutreola ; but much paler and smaller, and tail rather
longer, compared with length of the body. Varies greatly in the
quantity of white on the chin and throat. Males much smaller.
4. Vison canigula. B.M.
Pale reddish brown, scarcely paler beneath ; face, chin, throat,
sides of neck, and chest white ; tail as long as the body and head,
coloured like the back ; feet whitish.
Mustela canigula, ITodf/son, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 274, 1842.
Yison canigiila, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 117.
Var. (male ?). Fur darker ; face less white ; chest brown-and-
white mottled. 15.M.
Mustela Hodgsonii, Graij, Ann. i^- Mag. N. H. xi. p. 118, 1843: List
31. B. M. p. 06.
Hah. Nepal HUls.
5. Vison Horsfieldii. B.M.
Dark red-brown, scarcely paler beneath ; under lip white ; tail
elongate, slender, not so long as the body, rather darker at the end.
Vison Horsfieldii, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 118.
Var. 1. Chin white; a small white spot on chest. B.M.
Var. 2. Chin brown ; edge of under lip only white. B.M.
Mustela Horsfieldii, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 184-3, p. 113.
Hah. India, Bhootan (iJ.il/.).
Var. 3. Lighter brown. B.M.
Mustela italsi, Verreaux (not Temm.).
Hah. Japan ? {B.M.).
6. Vison subhemachalana. B.M.
Pale red bay, scnrcely paler beneath ; nose blackish ; sraaU spot
on each side of nose, the chin, and sides of lower jaw. and two or
three STibconfluent spots on the chest white ; tail elongate, and
shorter than the bodj- and head, black at the tip ; body and head 13,
tail to tip 7 inches.
Mustela sublicmaphalana, Gray, C. M. B. M. p. 07 ; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M. p. 95.
Putorius subheiniichalana, Hodg^. Journ. A. S. B. 1837, p. 303 ;
Wagner, Sclirch. S'lippl. ii. p. 234.
Vison suhliemachalaun. Gray, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 118.
Hah. India, Nepal.
96
MUSTELIDJ2.
Length of skull
palate
tooth-line
zygoma or orbit
lower jaw
Widtli over the ears
■ at front of orbits .
in. 1.
2 9i
1 3
1 0
1 3
1 8^
1 2
0 8J
in. 1.
2 4
1 0
010
in. 1.
2 34
1 0
0 n
1 0
1 31
1 0
0 61
in. 1.
1 10
0 10
0 8:
0 9.
1 0
0 lOi
0 5
in. 1.
1 11
0 lOJ
0 8
0 10,
1 1
0 10
0 6
6. GYMNOPUS.
The body elongate, slender. Limbs short ; feet large ; toes elon-
gate, broadly webbed nearly to the tips, covered -with scattered hair.
Tail elongate, slender, covered with long spreading hair. The soles
of the hind feet with three oblong pads, and an arched and a bald
space behind them ; the heel haiiy. Teeth 34 ; premolars | . f ;
the upper tubercular grinder small, transverse, the inner half rather
larger than the outer one.
Gymnopus, Gray, List Matnm. B. M. xx. 1842 ; P. Z. S. 18G5,
p. 119.
B.M.
head
Blainv. Osteoyr.
* Colotcr umform above mid beloiu ; head jmIv.
1. Gymnopus leucocephalus.
Golden fulvous, nearly uniform, scarcely paler beneath
white ; toes elongate, webbed, rather naked.
Putoriiis nudipes, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t.
Mustela nudipes, Desni. Mamm. ; Miiller, Verhaud.
t. 13 (teeth).
Gymnopus leucocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 119.
Var. End of tail paler ; feet darker ; front of the back with a
pale vertical streak, wider and more distinct between the shoul-
ders. B.M.
Hab. Sumatra and Borneo.
The tail of the specimen in the Paris Museum is nearly destitute
of hair ; the soles of the feet are covered with hair.
The two stuffed specimens in the British Museum are nearly alike,
but the skull of one is much larger than that of the other ; one is
2 inches 4 lines, and the other 2 inches 2 lines long.
* * Belly pale yelloic.
2. Gymnopus kathiah. (Kathiah.) B.M.
Dark brown ; upper lip, chin, throat, chest, underside of body,
and front of thiglis bright yellow ; tail dark brown, shorter than
5. GYMNOPtrS.
97
tho body and head, tapering, and of the same colour to the tip.
Length of body and head 10, tail 4 inches; the soles of the hind
feet bald, pads well developed, exposed.
Mustek (Putoriiis) kathiali, Ilodi/son, J. A. S. B. iv. p. 702, 1835.
Mustela (Kathiali) auriventer, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. p. 909.
Gymnopus kathiali, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 119.
Hab. India, Nepal.
G. leucocephalns.
G. kathiah.
in.
lin.
in. lin.
2
5
1 lOi
1
1
0 9^
0
9^
0 7
1
1
0 94
1
0
0 10
0
7
0 64
1
4
0 in
Length of skull
palate
tooth-line
zygoma and orbit
Width over ears
in front of orbit
Length of lower jaw
3. Gymnopus strigidorsus. B.M.
Fur dark chestnut-brown, with a very narrow streak of a few
longer yellow hairs down the centre of the back ; edge of upper lip,
the chin, throat, chest, and a narrow streak down the centre of the
belly (wider hindwards) yeUow, becoming whiter in the older speci-
mens ; tail slender, about half the length of the body, dark brown.
Mustela strigidorsa, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1856, p. .398.
Mustela strigodorsa, Hodgson, MS. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18*53, p. 181,
t. 491.
Gymnopus strigidorsus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 119.
Hab. India, Sikim.
Very like AI. l-athiah, but with a yellow dorsal streak, and the
yellow on the belly much narrower. The soles of the hind feet
bald ; the pads exposed, distinct, developed.
4. Gymnopus africanus.
Keddish brown ; beneath pale yellow, with a narrow central lon-
gitudinal reddish-brown ventral streak ; tail reddish brown ; hairs
long.
Mustela africana, Desm. N. lyict. H. N. xix. p. 876 ; Desm. Mamm.
p. 179.
Putorius africanus, A. Smith, South Afr. Jorn-n. ii. p. 36.
Mustela (Gale) afticana, Schinz, Si/n. Mamm. p. 345.
Gymnopus africanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 120.
The specimen of M. africana in the Paris Museum is like M. er-
minea, but lighter, larger, and the beUy with only a broad j-ellow
streak on each side, leaving the middle brown ; tail uniform reddish
brown, like the back, to the end.
98 MTJSTELID.'H.
B. Siibplautigrade. Soks and between the pads hairy ; body stout ; tail
short, bushy; anal (/lands none; false grinders ^. Gulonina. — Gray,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 120.
6. GULO.
Body and tail bear-like. Soles densely haiiy, with 6 small naked
pads. Tail about as long as head, very full and bushy. Teeth 38 ;
false grinders f . J.
Gulo, Gesner, Quad. p. 554; Storr\ Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 120.
Gulo borealis. B.M.
Brown, with a blackish dorsal disk.
Mustela gulo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 67 ; Gunnerus, Act. Nidros. iii.
t. 3. f. 5,
Ursus gulo, Cuv. Tab. Elem. p. 112 ; Schreb. Sdugeth. p. 525, t. 144,
144*.
Ursus luscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 71.
Gulo luscus, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 181.
Gulo borealis, Petz. Fauna, p. 25 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 139 ;
Ilium. Fig. xiii. t. 31.
Gulo vulgaris, Gray.
Gulo wolverene, Gray.
Gulo luscus, Richardson ; Blainv. Osteoqr. Mustela, t. 3 (skeleton),
t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth).
Gido leucurus, Hedenborg.
Taxus gulo, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 377.
Gulo arcticus, Desm.
Ursus (Gulo) sibiricus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiv. t. 2.
Glouton, Ptiffon, H. N. xiii. p. 278, Supp. iii. t. 48.
Glutton, Penn.
Qiiickhatcli or Wolverine, Edvj. Birds ^-c. ii. p. 103, t. 103 ; Ellis,
Hudson^s Bay, i. p. 40, t. 4.
Rossomaka, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. p. 188.
Jiirf, SundevaU, K. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1773, p. 222, t. 7, 8.
Carcajou, La Hontan.
Hah. North Europe and North America, North Asia, Siberia.
C Plantigrade. Soles of the hind feet bald, callous ; body elongate ; anal
glands distinct ; false grinders | ; tubercular grinders oblong, band-
like; transverse. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 121.
7. GALERA.
Tail elongate ; heel hairy ; sole with a central longitudinal de-
pression behind, and obscurely divided into four large pads in front.
Teeth 34 ; false grinders ^ . f.
Galera, Broimi, Jam. ; Gray, List M. B. M. xx. p. 67. ; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 121.
Eraria, Sund.
Eira, H. Smith.
8. GRISONIA. 99
Galera barbata. (Tiara.) B.M.
Elack-brown ; head jmler ; throat with a large white or yellow
blotch.
Oulo barbatus, lietzh/s.
Galictis barbara, Blainv. Osteor/r. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Gulo canescens, ///. Prod. , ,
Galera barbata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 121. ^ fe'^-wcv , 4(U^ . K«aw^ ^^' .
Galea subfusca, Broton, Jam. t. 29. f. 1. HC J<u»n • U\/ . lB'>- °
Galictis barbara, Wagn. Schreb. Supp. ii. p. 214.
Mustela barbara, Linn. Si/sf. Nat. i. -p. 67.
Muslebv^lerft,— -ErTi^r- iv„i.;w ut<... ,, -
Mustela fiulina, Pr. Max.
Mustela taira. Griff. A. K. t.
"S^ivena poliocephala, Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. p. 440, t. 23.
Viverra -sulpecula, Schreh.
Eira ilya, Ham. Smith, Nut. Lib. xiii. p. 202.
Guiaua Weasel, Penn. Sijn. p. 225.
Le Graud F'uret, Azara, Essai, i. p. 197.
Graucle Marte, Buff. 11. N. Supp. vii. t. 60.
Tayi'a, Cuvier, Regne Aniin. i. p. 146.
Taira, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 481.
Huron mago, Azara.
Yar. peruana.
Galictis barbara, var., Tschudi, Fauna Pertuma; Arch. f. NaUn-y.
1844, p. 248.
Hob. Tropical America : Trinidad.
8. GRISONIA.
Tail short ; body slender ; fiir black below, white above ; soles of
hind feet with an oblong pad behind and four oval pads in front
(Zool. Trans, ii. t. 36). Teeth 34 ; false grinders | . f .
Grisonia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 122.
Galictes, Beli, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 45 ; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 201 :
1841, t. .35, 36, 37.
Galidictes, Hodgson (not I. Geoff.).
Huro, I. Geoff.
Eraria, sp., Sund.
Eira, sp., H. Smith, Nat. lib. .xiii. p. 201.
Grisonia vittata. B.M.
Black ; crown and upper parts of body white or yellowish white.
Var. Back blacker.
Gulo \-ittatus, Desm. Mamm. p. 175.
Mustela quiqui, Molina, Chili, iv. p. 258.
? Mustela ouja, Molina, Chiii, p. 272.
h2
100 MXTSTELIDJE.
Viverra cuja, Sliatv, Gen. Zool. i. p. 433.
Viverra quiqui, Shaw, Zuol. i. p. 432.
Galictis vittata, Bell, Trans. Zool. Sac. ii. p. 203, t. 35.
Galictia Allaniandii, Hell, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 204, t. 37.
Grisonia vittata, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 122.
Grison, Buffon, H. N., ei. Allam. xv. p. 65, t. 5 ; F. Cuv. Mamm.
Lith. t.
Fouine de la Guyaue, Buff. H. N. Suppl. iii. p. 170, t. 22 & 25.
La cuja, Molini, Chili, p. 258.
Petit furet, Azara, Essai, i. p. 190.
Hab. Tropical and South America.
Tribe II. LUTRINA.
Head depressed. Feet normal, subdigitigrade ; toes webbed.
Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Teeth normal ; flesh-tooth acutely
tubercular ; tubercular grinders oblong, large. The nose convex
and hairy beneath, without any central bald longitudinal groove.
Aquatic.
Lutrina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 123.
Lutrinse, Baird, M. N. A. p. 183.
The first upper false grinder is small, subcylindrical, placed on
the inner side of the canine tooth ; it is often lost early ; it is
sometimes to be seen on one side and not on the other ; it is nor-
mally present in all the species, when perfect. The flesh-tooth of
the Otters presents two very distinct forms : in some the inner lobe
is moderate, its length only equalling about two-thirds of the outer
part of the tooth ; in others it is much larger, equal to the whole
length of the outer portion of the tooth. The absolute size of the
tooth seems to vary in the different species, and also in the different
specimens of the same species, as is also the case with the ujjper
tubercular grinder.
A. Tail simjile, conical, depressed, rounded on the sides.
t The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads ; the palm-pads
without any small circular tvarts on their hinder edges.
* Muzzle entirely covered with hair ; the upper inargin of the nostrils
only bald.
9. BAEANGIA.
The nose entirely covered with hair ; the narrow upper edge of
the nostril only bare ; ears short, rounded, hairy. Toes 5/5, rather
elongate, broadly webbed, well covered with hair above ; claws dis-
tinct, exposed, and blunt at the end. Palms and soles bald ; the
pads of the toes small, the central pads scarcely separated ; the
wrist-pad large and oblong. Tail conical, depressed, covered with
hair. Skull elongate ; orbit very imperfect, only defined by a slight
prominence on the upper and lower edges ; nasal and maxillary
9. BARANGIA.
101
bone produced o a line even Avith the middle of the orbit • inter-
maxiUary very slender. The flesh-tooth acutely tubercular with
the internal lobes on the front part of the inner edi zi';nll
l^htly more than half the length of the outer edge of t^e toot '
lubcrcular gnnder much broader than long.
Barangia, Gnnj, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 123.
1. Barangia sumatrana. (Barang ) bm
Barang, Jiajles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p 254
Barangia sumatrana, Gray, P. z. 6^1865' p. 123.
^ab. Sumatra (m,Jle.s) ; Malacca (B.M.)
Known from Lutra leptoni/x (Horsfield) by the hairv nose the
ffhl ^ZVf ''' T' Tf '''' ■' '""^ ' W- surlTce V the web
ot the hind feet covered with close hair, the lower surface bald -thp
SkuU somewhat like that of Hydrogale, but the nose is mor.
produced, and narrower, only as wi/e as^he' distance frolt'e f'ont
Fig. 12.
Barangia sumatrana.
sfkUrbu/lZ'^'i^''^'^^^^--.^^^ ^"^^^b^tal foramen is not
so targe, but oblong, transverse, wider at the outer end.
2. Barangia? nepalensis. (Xopal Barang.) Skull, B.M.
The nose of the skull is considerably longer and wider the nart
between the front of the orbits and the suture nf the in te maxilhn
bones being considerably longer than its width in front of tile oS;
102 MTJSTELIDiE.
the nose is arched ahove. The zygomatic arch is much more beut
out, especially at the hinder end. The hinder opening of the palate
is -wider, and arched in front ; the suborbital apertui'e is oblong,
triangular, arched beneath, and nearly as high as wide.
Hah. Nepaul {Hodgson).
The imperfect skull above described is in Mr. Hodgson's collec-
tion, and named Lutra monticola ; but it is very unlike the skull
of either of the two other siiecimens so named. It agrees with the
skull of Baranr/ia sumatrana in the entire want of the tubercular
process on the side of the frontal bone, which usually defines the
hinder upper edge of the orbit ; but it differs from it in so many
particulars that I am convinced that it must indicate a separate
species.
** The muzzle partially hairy ; front and upper edge of the nostrils bald,
with the hair coming down in an angle betiveen them in front.
10. LONTRA.
The muzzle hairy in the middle in fi'ont ; upper and front edge of
the nostrils bald and callous ; the ears oblong, hairy. Toes strong,
covered with hair above, half webbed ; webs bald ; claws strong,
acute ; palms and soles bald ; pads well developed and divided.
Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull dilated behind ; nose veiy
short, broad ; forehead broad, flattened above ; hinder edge of orbit
marked with acute tubercles above and below ; flesh-tooth with a
very large rounded internal lobe extending the whole length of the
tooth ; tubercular grinders rather broader than long. The under-
fur very soft, scattered with short stiffer hairs.
Lontra, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xxi. p. 70 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 125.
Suricoria, Lesson.
1. Lontra enliydris. (The Cayenne Otter.) B.M.
The hair on the centre of the nose forming a broad erect band ;
fur dark chestnut-brown ; the sides of the face, under the ears, and
upper part of the throat yellowish.
? Lutra enhydris, F. Cwvier, Diet. Class. H. Nat. xxvii. p. 243;
Fischer, Syn. p. 226.
Lontra enhydris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 125.
Hah. Cayenne (B.M.).
M. F. Cuvier does not describe the peculiarity of the muffle ; so
that I am not certain that this is the species he describes.
2. Lontra brasiliensis. (The Brazilian Otter.) B.M.
The hair on the centre of the nose forming a narrow erect band ;
fur pale brown ; upper lip, chin, and beneath rather paler.
Lutra brasiliensis, Pay, Blumen. Abhild. t. 93 ; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci.
Nat. xxvii. p. 244.
Lutra brasiliaua, Shaii\ Zool. i. p. 446.
n. LUTEA. 103
Lontra brasilieusis, Gni,,, List £.M.n.70: P Z S ISfin n 19^^
Lontre d Ani.5rique, Cuv. Regm Anim. i. p. Ifif, t. 1. f 3
Hah. Brazil {B.M.).
3. Lontra? insularis. (The Trinidad Otter.)
oJf^^ chestnut-brown, sides paler; sides of head and belly lips
chm, throat, and chest yellowish white; under-fur short, very soft
hairs short and very smooth. ' ^ '
Lutra insularis, i^. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 34.5
Lontra .r* insulans. Gray, P. Z. S. 18G.5, p. 125.
Hab. Trinidad.
*** 3Iuzzle bald on the upper edge and between the nostrils, forming a cross
band tcith a straight upper and loicer edge ''
X Foot oblong; toes short, wehbed to the dares, sharply dmced ; pads of
toes andpahn kirge, dose together.
11. LUTRA.
The muzzle bald, oblong-transverse, with a straight upper and
ha^ £; t" "PP*^' frr^ ^^^ ^^°^^-^« b^l^ = the earsTblo g,
t^\^. T ?^' r^^'^' '^^^^^'^'^ ^ith hair above, and bald
I^neath; toes and palm-pads weU developed; claws sti;ng! acute
Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull elongate ; orbit defined be-'
trhl^irata;tiS:r '^'-''' ^'-^ -^ ^^^°- ^^^-
a. Foreheajl and nose of skull fat ; the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth larae
of the tooth Fhe hinder dentiferous portion of the ma.villari, bone
bearing the tubereular grinder, produced to the Mnder edge of the orbit.
X Europe.
1. Lutra vulgaris. (Otter.) B.]\X,
The upper edge of the bald muzzle rather produced and ano-ular
nearly as high as broad in the middle, brown, beneath ashy -"ears'
chin, and throat reddish ashy ; edge of ears ashy. ^ ' '
Lutra vulgaris, ^,-.r/. .!/«„»«. p. 4,^8 ; Mhson, Ilhnn. Fia t •''O • Bell
Bnt Quad. p. 129, f. 4 ; Blainv. Osteogr. .Mustek, t. 8 (skuU)T 5
(skeleton), t. 13 (teeth); lionap. Icon. t. ; Gray, P.Z.Tim^,
Mustela lutra, Linn. S. N. i. p. (iG; Petz F p 18
Viven-a lutra, Linn. F. S. p. 12; Pallas, Zoonr. i.'p 76
La Loiitre, i?^/ //. X. yn. p. 134, t. 2, xiii.'p. .32.5, t. 4.5.
(Hter, Penn. B. Z. 1. p. 02, t. 8. f. It).
104
MrrsTELTDJi:.
Var. Black-brown ; throat paler.
Lutra roensis, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 110, 1834.
Hah. Europe, Bohemia (B. M.).
2. Lutra nudipes.
Pale red ; larger than L. vulgaris ; the webs of the toes bald.
The young mouse-colour.
Lutra nudipes, Melchior, Sdtigeth. des danischen Staats ; Schinz, Syn,
Matmn. i. p. 344 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 126.
Hub. Denmark, on the sea-coast.
A large Otter in the British Museum was presented by Mr. G.
Vaughan as coming from Canada ; I cannot discover any character
by which it can be distinguished from the common European Otter,
and I suspect the habitat given is a mistake.
XX Asia.
3. Lutra chinensis. B.M.
Upper edge of the bald muzzle straight, transverse. Fur pale
bro^vn ; ends of ears, Ups, cheeks, chiu, throat, underpart of the body,
undersides of the legs, and underside of the base of the tail pale
yeUow. The suborbital foramen large, oblong, trigonal, nearly as
high as wide in the middle ; lower edge arched.
Lutra chinensis, Gray, Loudon'' s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836, p. 580 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 126.
Lutra nair, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 390.
Hah. China {Reeves), B.M. ; Formosa (SwinJioe), B.M.
4. Lutra indica, B.M.
Bald ; muzzle square. Fur pale brown, grizzled with white hairs ;
lips and under part of the body pale brownish white ; under-fur short,
with scattered, slender, elongated hairs.
Var. Tip of tail white.
Lutra indica, G7-ay, Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 580 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 126.
Lutra tavayeiisis, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. viii. p. 319, 1839.
? Lutra nail', F. Cuv. Diet, des Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 247.
Hah. India, Madras {Walter Elliot), B.M.
This may be the same as the former, L. chinensis ; but I have not
been able to examine the skull.
I
11. L0TEA. 105
b. Forehead and nose of skull convex ; the inner lobe of the Jlesh-tooth very
large, occupi/in;/ the whole of the inner side of the outer 2}ortion of the
tooth; the hinder dentiferous 2wrtion of the maxillary bone, bearing the
upper tubercular grinder, ^n-oduced behind the hinder edge of the orbit.
Lutrogale.
* Asia.
5. Lutra monticola. B.M.
Grey-ash ground ; greyer beneath. Inner lobe of the flesh-tooth
very large, as long as outer edge.
Lutra monticola, Hodt/son, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 126 (not described) ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 127.
Sab. Himalaya.
The Museum has received skulls of two distinct species under the
above name, one with large and the other with small inner lobe to
the flesh-tooth.
The skins belonging to the sk^^lls with the large teeth are in a very
bad condition ; they are probably bleached.
Consult also Lutra simul, Horsf. Zool. Journ. ; MiiUer, Verhand.
p. 51 ; from Sumatra and Borneo, with strong falcate claws. I have
not seen this species, nor Lutra Tcatah (Hiigel, Eeise) from Cashmere.
6. Lutra Swinhoei.
Lutra (Hydrogale) Swinhoei, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 182.
Two imperfect skulls sent by Mr. Swinhoe from Formosa certainly
belong to two verj^ distinct species.
The most perfect skidl, which wants the cutting-teeth, belongs
to the first section of the genus as defined in this Catalogue, with
moderate-sized tubercular grinders, and a moderate-sized inner lobe
to the flesh-tooth.
The second, on the contrary, which only consists of the front
portion of the upper jaw, with the teeth in change from the milk to
the permanent series, has a very large square tubercular gi-iuder
and a very large rounded internal lobe to the flesh-tooth, as in the
second section, which I have called Lutrof/ale.
I propose to indicate this species by the name of Lutra Swinhoei.
It is easily characterized by the small size of the upper cutting-teeth,
the series forming only a width of 4^ lines ; while the scries of most
other Indian Otters occupy 6 lines (or half an inch), or sometimes
rather more.
** America.
7. Lutra macrodus. B.M.
Dark brown ; upper Hp, chin, and beneath paler. Fur rather
harsh. Upper edge of the bald muzzle straight, transverse ; the
flesh-tooth with a very largo internal lobo, as long as the tooth.
Claws large, acute.
106 MUSTELID^.
Lutra macrodus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128.
Hah. Brazil (Parzudaki). Male and female.
This Otter is about the size of Lontra brasiliensis ; but it is at
once distinguished from that species by the large size of the naked
muzzle and the harshness of the fur. It is very like L. vulgaris ;
but the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth appears considerably larger ;
and M. Parzudaki assured me that he had received the pair direct
from Brazil, from a collector who shot them.
12. NUTRIA.
Like Lutra externally, with tlie bald muffle transverse, narrowed,
and arched below. Skull short, broad. Nose broad. Forehead flat ;
the orbit defined behind by a well-marked conical tubercle alcove and
below. The flesh-tooth with a very largo internal lobe, extending
the whole length of the tooth. Hinder portion of the palate short.
Nutria, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128.
This genus is at once known from the Otter with the large internal
lobes to the flesli-tooth, by the shortness and breadth of the skull
and the shortness of the hinder contracted portion of the palate.
Nutria felina. B.M.
Fur dark brown, with scattered, flat, whitish-tipped hairs. Lips,
sides, and beneath pale brown. The web of toes scattered with hairs
above.
Lutra felina, Molina, Hist. Nat. Cliili, plate 2 (skull).
Lutra chilensis,i?«iw. P. Z. Comm. Sci. ii. 1832 (!) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
^. ikf. p. 101(!). B.M.
Lutra cahfornica. Gray, Mag. N. H. i. p. 680, 1837 (!) ; Lid Mamm.
B. M. p. 71 (!) ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 187 (?). B.M., type.
Lutra platensis, Waterh. Zool. Beag. t. 40. £ 4 (skull) ; D'Orh. Voy.
A. Merid. t. 12. f. 23 ; Gerrard, Cat. Banes B. M. ; Verreaux
(skuU), B. M.
Nutria ieliua. Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128.
Chinchimen, Molina, p. 261.
Hab. In the sea, Chili {Bennett) ; Peru, island of Chiloe (Tschudi) ;
California (P. P. King) ; Kamschatka ( Verreaux).
Mr. Tomes observes, " The Otter collected in Guatemala by
Mr. Salvin agrees with the description and figure of L. cliilensis
(Waterh.), especially in the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth having the
same angular form as in that species. In L. platensis the inner lobe
of the flesh-tooth approaches more or less to a semicircular form.
Dr. Baird figiires the flesh-tooth of L. canadensis as in L. platensis "
(P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280).
Consult : —
(1) Lutra montana, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 120. L. supra
obscura, fusco-rufa, fusco irrorata, subtus nigricans. — Hah. Peru. —
Fresh water, 9000 feet above the sea. Length of body 5-6 inches,
tail 10 inches.
I'd. LUTRONECTES. ' 107
(2) Lutra parayuensis, Rengger, Siiugeth. v. Paraguay, p. 128;
Wagner, Schreb. Siiugeth. ii. p. 21G ; Burm. La Plata, ii. p. 410.
Nutria, Azara, Quad. i. p. 304. — Hah. Paraguay.
(3) Lutra? aterrima, Sehrenek, Amurland, p. 43; Viverra ater-
rima, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 81 ; Mustela aterrima, Pallas,
MiddendoriF, Sibirisclie Reise, i. p. 70. — Hah. Sea of Ochotsk.
13. LUTRONECTES.
The muzzle bald, oblong, transverse, with a straight upper and
lower edge ; the upper edge of the nostril bald. Ears oblong, hairy.
Feet rather large ; toes strong, webbed, covered with hair above, and
bald beneath ; toes and palm -puds well developed, those of the palm
separated from the toes by a broad bald space ; claws strong, acute.
Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull elongate ; orbit very obscurely
defined behind ; the flesh-tooth with a large internal lobe about two-
thirds of the length of the outer edge.
The toes in this genus are strong, thick, and well webbed, rather
larger than in the typical Otters.
The skulls are not quite the normal skulls of the genus Lutra, as
they have scarcely au indication of any tubercle defining the upper
hinder portion of the orbit, and only a very obscure angle on the
front of the zygomatic process, defining, or rather separating the
lower hinder part of the orbit from the mastoid cavity. In this
respect the skulls are nearly intermediate in form between the skulls
of HydrogaJe and Baranr/ia ; they have the hinder edge of the orbit
above and below rather more defined than in Hi/Jrogale, and yet less
so than in Barangia, where the protuberances that define the orbit
behind are miich smaller than in Hi/drogale.
The genus differs from Hijdrogah in the skin between the pads
being bald as in the tnie Otters {Lutra). It agrees with Hydrogah
and Lutra in the muzzle being entii'cly bald and square between the
nostrils ; while in Barangia the muzzle is entirely covered with hair.
The nose of the skixll is short ; the nasal aperture very oblique,
edged on each side by the narrow intermaxiUaries, which are continued
up and separate the front half of the nasal from the maxillae ; the
infraorbital foramen is verj- large ; the nasal extends back as far as
the hinder edge of the maxilla on its sides.
Leutronectes Whiteleyi. R.M.
Dark brown ; cheeks, lips, chin, and throat greyish white.
? Lutra vulgaris, Tvmm. Fauna Japonica, p. 35 ; Schrmch, Reisen i: i
Atnurlande, p. 43.
Lutrouectes Wliitelej-i, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 181.
JIah. Japan.
l>ike many other Otters, these so closely resemble the Common
European Otter that I am not surprised that M. Temminck should
have confounded them with tliat species.
Length of body and head 17i, of tail 10 inches.
108
MUSTELIDiE.
Skull : — Length about 4 inches (back imperfect) ; width at back
of zygomatic arch 2 inches 1 line ; length of palate 1 inch 7| lines,
Fig. 13.
Liitronectes Wliiteleyi.
of tooth-line 1 inch 7| lines ; width at the upper tubercular grinder
1 inch 5 Knes.
The two skiills slightly differ in the size of the teeth and in the
width of the palate.
I have great pleasure in naming this species after Mr. Henry
Wliiteley, junior, of Woolwich, who brought it from Hakodadi in
Japan, with many other interesting animals, and who has become a
martyr to science in the course of his labours as a natural-history
collector. Some ardent " anthropologists" having requested him to
procure them some Ainos' skulls, he tried to procure them, was
informed against by a foreign consul who did not appreciate sci-
ence, imprisoned in Japan, and then sent home in confinement.
When I first saw him on his return he was almost a living skeleton,
in a most pitiable state of bodUy and mental prostration. Under
good nourishment and nui-sing he has slowly recovered, and is gone
to the Peruvian Andes to continue his labours as a zoological
collector.
14, AONYX. 109
XI Feet oblong, rather elongate; toes rather slender, free at the end, hhmtly
or imperfectly clawed ; pads of palms large, of toes slender, separate.
14. AONYX.
Muzzle bald, oblong, transverse ; upper and lower edge nearly
straight. Toes half webbed, index and middle united together to
the third joint; claws obsolete or rudimentary and blunt; the inner
toe very short, index longer, middle and fourth longest and equal,
the fifth shorter than the index. Skull rather short, ventricose, and
convex behind ; nose short ; forehead convex, arched ; orbit defined
by distinct conical tubercles above and below. Flesh-tooth with a
very large internal lobe, nearly as long as the outer portion of the
tooth, with two cross ridges on the crown ; the upper tubercular
grinder large, massive, rather wider than long.
The flesh-tooth of the Aonyx is larger and wider than in the Otters
with weU-developed claws. The outer margin of the tooth is pro-
duced outwards beyond the edge of the jaw, and furnished with a
distinct margin.
Aonyx, Lesson, Man. p. 157 ; Gray, Loudon's Mag. N. H. 1857, p. 650 ;
P. Z. S. I860, p. 129.
Leptonyx, Lesson.
Anahyster, A. Murray, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. i. p. 157 (from
skull only).
* African. Claws very rudimentary. Anahyster.
1. Aonyx Lalandii. B.M.
Brown, beneath paler ; sides of the face, to the orbits and ears,
throat, chin, and chest yellowish, divided from the darker colour by
a defined lino ; shoulders and fore legs darker.
Very young animals are greyish white ; the cheeks, chin, throat,
and chest white ; the shoulders browner.
Lutra inunguis, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 248 ; Blainv. OstSogr.
Mustek, t. 8 (skull).
Lutra (Aonyx) inunguis, Fischer, Syn. p. 228.
Aonj'x inunguis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 101.
AonjTs; Lalandii, Lesson, Man. i. p. 57 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 71 ; Ann. Sf Mag. K H. 1837, p. 119 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 129.
Lutra capensis, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. 1. t. 214.
Yar.? Anahyster calabaricus, A. Murray, Proc. Roy.Pht/s. Soc. Edinh.
p. 157 (skull, B.M.).
Lutra gambianus. Gray, Cat. 3Iamm. B. M. p. Ill (skull, B.M.).
Hab. South Africa, in rivers and lakes ; Cape of Good Hope {A.
Smith) ; Mossambique (Peters).
L. poensis, Watcrhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 60 (" Shining brown ;
chest, chin, and throat fulvcscent ; tail half as long as the animal ;
muzzle bare "), from Fernando Po, described from a skin without
feet, which is no longer to be found, is perhaps the same as the
former.
110
MTJSTELID.^O.
** Asiatic. Clmvs rudimentary, blunt. Aonyx.
2. Aonyz leptonyx. (Indian Aonyx.) B.M.
Brown, rather paler beneath ; cheeks, chest, and sides of the neck
paler ; chin and npper part of the throat white. The inner lobe of
the flesh-tooth very large.
Fig. 14.
Amiyx leptonyx.
Liitra leptonyx, Horsf. Zool. Research, vii. t. ; Fisch. Syn. p. 277 ;
Wayner, in Sc/ireb. Siqip. t.
Lutra cinerea, Illiger, in Srhinz, Cuv. Thierr. i. p. 879.
Lutra perspicillata, I. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. ix. p. 519.
Aonyx Horsfieldii, Gray, Ann. 8) May. N. H. 18.37, p. 119.
Aonyx leptonyx. Gray, List Mamm. JB. M. p. 71 : P. Z. S. 1865, p. 130
(fig. skull)."
Mustela fusca, Desch. MS. icon ined. B. M.
Mustela lutra, Marsden, Sumatra, t. 12.
Semul, Raffles, Linn. Tram. xiii. p. 254.
Hah. Java ; Sumatra.
3. Aonyx indigitata.
B.M.
Brown, paler below ; toes very short ; claws short and blunt.
Lutra indigitata, Hodys. Ann. 8; May. N. H. iv. ; Blainv. Osteoyr. t.
24. f. 8 (skidl).
Aonyx indigitata, Gray, Ann. Sf Maq. N. H. 1837, p. 119 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 131 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones' B. M. p. 101.
Aonyx sikimensis, Hodqson, Horsf. Ann. 8f May. N. H. xvi. p. 109,
1855; P. Z. S. 1856, 'p. 399.
Hah. Nepal Hills and Tarai.
Specimen very imperfect. " Colour medial earthy brown ; paler
below, especially on the head and neck. Length, snout to vent 24,
tail 13, head 4|, palm 2^, planta 3| inches." — Hodris. I. c.
1."). IIYDROGAI.K. Ill
4. Aonyx aurobrunnea. B.M.
Lutra aurobrunnea, Ilodi/s. MS. : Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. ; Proc. Zool.
Son. 1858, p. 120 ; Gray, Cat. 3Iamm. B. M. p. 71.
Aonvx aiu-obrimnea, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1837, p. 1 19 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 131.
Hab. Nepal.
Specimen in veiy bad state.
Mr; Hodgson states, " the Otters, in the upper region of the Hi-
malaya, arc represented by the small golden and bro-mi species, L.
aurobrunnea, in the central bj^ L. monticola and L. indir/ifafa, and
in the lower by the large Chinese species L. sinensis " (Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1855, p. 126).
tt T'hc wider siirf ace of the feet, beticeen thejinger-pads and pahns, sprinkled
with scattered soft hairs ; the inner jjart of the under surface of the
tivo inner hind toes with a band of close, short, soft hairs ; the muzzle
transverse and bald.
15. HYDROGALE.
Like Lutra externally ; but the feet large, elongate, very broadly
webbed ; the toes, especially of the hinder feet, long ; the pads of
the toes and palms are less developed and separated from each other
by a greater distance ; the under surface of the feet sprinkled with
scattered soft hairs, and the edges of the two inner hind toes have
a band of close, short, soft hairs. The skull elongate ; the nose
very short ; the forehead narrow; the orbit scarcely defined behind,
without any indication of a tubercle on either the upper or lower
edge. The flesh-tooth with the internal lobe shorter than the outer
portion of the tooth ; the tubercular grinder rhombic, wider than
long ; the hinder portion of the palate rather short, with an arched
posterior opening.
Ilydrogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 181.
The nose of the skull very short, much broader than long from
front of orbit to the intermaxillary bone ; nose-aperture large,
oblique ; the hinder and outer portion of the upper jaws hairy ; the
tubercular grinder produced beyond the back edge of the orbit ;
nasal bones produced beyond the middle of the orbit ; suborbital
foramen large, oblong, transverse, occupying half the imder edge of
the orbit.
Hydrogale macuHcolIis. (Fig. 15.) B.M.
Blackish brown ; throat, breast, and belly yellow-spotted ; upper
lip and beneath paler.
? Lutra maculicollis, Licldcnstcin, Arch. f. Xat. 1835, i. 89, t.
Lutra Grayi, ./. E. Verreaux, Bev. ct Mag. Zool. 1857 (type, B.M.) ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p. 101.
Hydrogale maculicoUis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 132 (fig. skull).
Hab. South Africa, Caffreland ; Natal ( VerreauA', Brit. Mus.).
112
MtrSTELID^.
Fig. 15.
Hydrogale maadicollis.
ttt. Tite palms and soles of the feet hairy between the jjads, the hinder pads
with four small circular rugosities ; the bald muzzle large, broad, and
high, angularly irroduced above, and continued by a narrow streak to
the lips beneath.
16. LATAX.
The muzzle bald, large, higher than broad, upper edge angular, pro-
duced above, the lower one arched; the feet moderately large ; toes
strong, hairy above, webbed ; claws large, acute ; tail conical, covered
with hair. Under-fur long, very dense and exceedingly soft, very
closely covered with longer silky hair. Skull rather broad, depressed,
ventricose behind; the forehead flat, rather broad; orbit defined by a
strong acute conical prominence on the side of the forehead behind,
above, but not below ; the palate rather concave ; the flesh -tooth large,
the inner lobe as large as the outer section of the tooth ; the upper
tuberctilar grinder large, massive, rather broader than long.
Lataxina, Grat), List. Mamm. B.M. p. 70.
Latax, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 118 (not Gloger) ; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 1.32.
Lutra, § c, Gray, Loudon's Mag. N. IL 18.37, i. p. 380.
Latax canadensis. (Canadian Otter.) B.M.
Black-brown, beneath paler ; cheeks, lips, chin, and throat pale
ashy-brown ; front of neck grey-brown.
Very young black above and below, with very short close fur ;
lips whitish ; claws very acute, whitish.
Var. Nearly uniform black ; under-fur very soft, brown ; the
upper and lower lip, chin, and sides of throat brown.
Lutra canadensis, Sabine, Franklin's Voy. p. 653 ; Schreb. Sdugeth.
t 126. f. 13 ; £aird, Mamm. iV. A. p. 184, t. 28 (skull) ; Gray,
Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1837, p. 119.
Lutra brasiliensis, Harlan ; Godman.
17. PTKKOXURA. 113
Lutra hiidsonica, F. Cuv. Sitpp. Suffon, i. p. 104, 1831.
Liitra vulgaris canadensis, Waf/ner, Sclireb. Supp. ii. p. 256.
Lutra lataxina, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 243.
Lataxina mollis, Grai/, List Manim. B. M. p. 70.
Latax lataxina, Grmj, Ann. S,- Mac/. TV. I£. i. p. 119, 1837.
Latax canadensis, Grm/, F. Z. S. 1865, p. 133.
Lutra canadensis, var., et Lataxina mollis, Aud. &• Bachn. N. A.
Quad. iii. p. 976, f. 122, 1853.
Lutra californica, Baird, JSf. A. 3Iamm. p. 187 (not Gray).
Var. Smaller.
Lutra destructor, Baniston, Canadian Naturalist, 1863 (fig. foot and
skull) ; see Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 133.
Hah. North America, Canada.
B. Tail elonyate, rather depressed, with a cord-like ridge on each side.
17. PTERONURA.
Head depressed ; ears hairy, small ; muzzle entirely covered with
hair. Fur very soft, short, with a fine short soft under-fur. Feet
large and strong ; toes 5/5, elongate, strong, widely webbed to the
ends ; toes on fore feet nearly equal, thumb smaller ; the three
outer toes of the hind feet are rather longer than the first toe, and
the great toe a little smaller ; claws large, compressed, acute ; soles
and palms bald to the heel, striated. Tail conical, tapering, rather
depressed, covered with short hair, and furnished with a subcylin-
drical prominent ridge on each side ; end more depressed, two-edged,
and fringed at the tip. Teats four, abdominal. Skull elongate,
rather high for an Otter ; face very short ; nose-opening large,
nearly erect ; nose with an oblong depression on each side near the
orbits ; orbits very incomplete, moderate, vnih. a very large oblong
aperture beneath the lower edge, and with an obtuse prominence in
the front of the upper edge near the side of the nose ; forehead
shelving, flat, straight, sides over the orbits straight and short,
triangular behind the very small conical supraorbital jirocess ; crown
with a veiy narrow central lidge ; brain-case very long, t\vice as
long as the face to the back of the orbits, very narrow and com-
pressed in front, broad and swollen behind ; zygomatic arch very
strong, broad, leaving a very large wide cavity beneath, infraorbital
I^roccss slightly marked ; the occipital end nearly erect, nearly twice
as broad as high ; the foramen magnum oblong, transverse ; the
upper edge of the foramen thick, concave, with two large roundish
perforations close together in the upper part for the passage of two
blood-vessels to the brain-ca%nty. Palate rather concave, narrowed
behind, with a S(]iiare hinder nasal opening. The four central
cutting-teeth in each jaw moderate, equal, the outer larger and
broader. The premolars conical ; the front veiy small, on the
inner side of the hinder edge of the base of the canine ; two others
conical, with distinct cingulum. The flesh-tooth large, with the
inner lobe nearly as long as the outer edge, oblong, the front side
being broadest. The last or tubercular grinder oblong, transverse,
nearly twice as broad as long, with four distinct tubercles. The
114 MUSTELID^,
flesh-tooth of the lower jaw oblong, more than twice as long as
broad, with three large anterior and one very large posterior lobes ;
the hinder or tubercular grinder moderate, with a nearly circular
crown.
Pteronura, Gray, Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 580 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 134.
Pteronunis, Lesson.
Pteruxa, Wiegm.; Schinz.
Pteronura Sandbachii. B.M.
Fur bright bay-brown above and below ; hairs all nearly of a
uniform brown colour; lips and a large irregular patch on the
throat and some spots on the side of the throat bright yellow.
Pteronura Sandbachii, Gray, Loudon's Mag. N. H. i. p. 580, 1837 ;
Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. ii. p. 285, t. 14, 1839; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 131 ;
1868, p. 66, t. 7 (and skulls).
Pterm-a Sandbachii, Wiegmann's Arch. iv. p. 392, 1838(publislied 1839).
Hob. Demerara {Mus. Roy. Institution, Liverpool^. Young.
Length of adult female (a tanned skin in the possession of Mr.
Bartlett), body and head 43, tail 24,= 67 inches. Throat with two
bright yellow streaks and some yellow spots.
Var. Kapplerl. B.M.
Bright golden brown above and below ; hairs brown, with nume-
rous white hairs intermixed ; lips, chin, and an elongated streak on
each side of the thi-oat, which is dilated behind, and one branch of
it extended up to the side of the chest, white.
Young duller, greyer ; Hps and throat spotted, white.
Lutra brasiliensis, Krauss, Mus. Stutgardt.
Hah. Surinam (Kappler).
The white hairs are better seen when the fur is examined by a
hand magnifier.
Skull of adult : — Length 6, of brain-ease from the back edge of
the orbit 4^, of the zygoma and orbit 3| inches ; width at the zygo-
matic arch 3|, at the back of ear-opening 3^ inches ; height of skull
and lower jaw 2J inches. The skull of the young specimen chiefly
differs from that of the adult in the space between the orbits and
masseter muscles being thicker, and in the supraorbital process
,J«;fore the upper hinder edge of the orbit not being developed.
These are the usual characters of the skuUs in young animals.
The complete hairiness of the nose at once shows that it is not
Lutra hrasiliensis, as Dr. Krauss named it, which is the type of the
genus Loyitra.
It is probable that there is another species of this genus, which
has been described under the name of Lutra solitaria, Natterer.
It was obtained by that enterprising traveller and collector at Ypa-
nema, in Brazil, and is described as " chestnut-brown, and dirty
white beneath."
During the first visit of the British Association to Liverpool in
1837 I observed a depressed-tailed very large-footed Otter in the
I
17. PTERONURA. 115
Museum of the Royal Institution of that town, which had been col-
lected in Demorara by Mr. Edmondson, and presented to the Museum
b}'- my friend Mr. Sandbach. I brought it before the Natural-
History Section, and named it Pteronura Sanclhaclui.
A description of the specimen was published in ' Loudon's Maga-
zine of Natural History ' for 1837, i. p. 580.
Mr. Gould kindly made me a drawing of the specimen during the
meeting, which was engraved, with some notes on the genus, in the
' Annals and Magazine of Natural History' for 1839, ii. p. 285, 1. 14.
This plate is copied in Wiegmann's ' Archiv ' for 1838, p. 392, t. 10
(which did not appear until late in 1839).
Professor Wiegmann at first doubted the distinctness of the genus
from Eiiliydris, but after he received the plate admitted that the
genera were distinct. He proposed to alter the name of the genus
from Pteronura to Pterura.
The Liverpool specimen has remained unique up to this time, and
Pteronura was the only well-established genus of Mammalia wanting
in the British-Museum Collection.
In the latter end of 1867 the British Museum received from Dr.
Krauss the skins of a large female Otter and its cub, under the name
of Lutra hrasiliensis, which had been obtained in Surinam by Mr.
Kappler.
As I had lately pubUshed a monograph of Mustelidce, including
the species of Lutrince, in the 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society'
for 1865, these specimens were entered in the register, and put away
for future examination. But the skin which Mr. Bartlett exhibited
at the Meeting of the Society, Jan. 9, 1868, having excited new
interest as regards the specimens of Otters, the skins in store were
examined, and it was soon seen that the Otter from Surinam was not
the true Lutra hrasiliensis, and was very nearly allied to, if not the
same species as, the skin that Mr. Bartlett had exhibited. The spe-
cimen chiefly differs from Mr. Bartlett's skin in the tail being thick
and strong, and convex on the upper and lower surface, nearly as in
other Otters ; so that the flatness of the upper and under surface of
the prepared skin was doubtless produced by the preparation or
dressing of it ; and it was this excessive flatness that gave the tail
such an artificial appearance. I believe that the tail of a Common
Otter (L. vulijaris) might artificially be made to resemble the tail of
that prepared skin. That there was considerable cause for scepti-
cism I think is proved by the experiment that Mr. Bartlett himself
made to see if the cord-like margins on the side of the tail were not
artificially made and would not disappear in soaking and stretching.
As soon as I discovered the Surinam Otter I thought it ought to
be compared with the one from Demorara. I therefore wrote to the
Secretary of the Royal Institution of Liverpool to request that they
would allow the specimen, which I originally described, to be sent
to the Museum for me to examine it, and show it to the Zoological
Society. He, most kindly and liberally, immediately granted my
request, and, on a second appUcation, allowed me to extract the
skull of the specimen, in order that there might be no doubt on the
i2
116
a. Upper svu-face of skidl of Pteronura Sandhachii.
b. Upper sectorial tooth and tubercular grinder of P. Sandhachii.
17. PTERONtJEA.
n:
Fifi-. 17.
Side view of skull of Ptenmuni Sandhachii.
118 MUSXELID^.
subject of the specific identity, as there is a slight difference in the
colouring of the throat, and also a veiy great difference in the size
of the specimens.
A careful examination and comparison of the specimen has satisfied
me that the Demerara and Surinam Otters are of the same species.
The specimen in Liverpool, from Demerara, is a very young animal,
with, its milk series of teeth. The tail of the Demerara specimen has
the same, marginal rib as the Surinam one; but in the preparation
it has been too much depressed on the sides, and the sides also are
artificially extended, giving it a fin-like appearance, which induced
me to give it the name of Pteronura. Oraspeclura, or margined-
taUed, would have been a much more appropriate one. The bones
have been almost entirely extracted from the skin of the feet, and
they have been evidently flattened by the stuffer. The size and
flatness of the feet in this specimen, which gave the animal so much
apparent relation to the Sea-Otters, do not exist in the unstuifed
specimen from Surinam, which has large feet, with very strong toes
united by a broad web extending to the end of the toes, and large
acute claws, the feet being quite of the normal or usual form of the
Otters', and having no more resemblance to those of the Sea-Otter or
Enhydns than is the case in any of the other species of the genus.
The skull is very long and has sharply tubercular teeth, which
also shows that it is far removed from the very short, broad, square
skuU, with the very broad teeth with hemispherical tubercles, that is
so peculiar to the Sea-Otter.
The Surinam specimen and the reexamination of the Demerara
specimen and its skull have enabled me to give a revised character
to the genus.
Tribe III. ENHYDRINA.
Head depressed. Hind feet large, elongate, rather fin-like, hairy
above and below, obliqvie, truncated ; the outer toes largest ; claws
small. Tail short, cylindrical. G-rinders broad, massive, flat-
topped. Flesh-tooth oblong, triangular, transverse ; inner side
narrow, tubercular : grinders similar, larger, outer edge narrow.
Marine.
Enhydrina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 135.
18. ENHYDRIS.
Tail short, cylindrical. Muzzle bald, oblong, triangular. Soles
entirely hairy, like the upper surface of the feet ; claws acute, small.
SkuU much dilated behind, and swoUen. Teeth 34; premolars
I . -I ; grinders very large, massive, flat-topped.
Enhydra, Flemirui, Phil. Zool.
Enhydris, Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. p. 228 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
xxi. p. 72; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 1.3.5, t.
IS. ENHYDKIS. 119
Pusa, Aken.
Latax, Gloyer (not Grai/).
Professor Lichtenstein's figure of the animal, in the Darst. Siiugeth.
t. 49, represents the hind feet as too small and too much like those
of a common Otter. The hind foot is like a compressed fin, quite
as much, and even more so than in the case of the Seal. It diJffers
from the foot of the Seal in the toes gradually increasing in length
from the inner to the outer one, making the foot appear obHquely
truncated. In the Seals, the inner and outer toes are the longest,
and the middle ones are the shortest. In some respects the foot of
the Sea-Otter resembles that of the Beaver ; but it differs in the toes,
as well as in being entirely covered, both above and below, with short,
close, silky hairs. The front cla^s are small, short, and very acute.
In the very yomig animal they are very acute and strongly curved
at the tip, so as to be almost subspiral. The hinder claws are small
and acute, rudimentary in the very young specimens. The muffle
is bald : it forms a bald edge round the nostrils, which are only
separated from each other by a rather narrow septum ; and it forms
a rather triangular bald space over them, the upper edge being
sloping on each side, and rather arched in the centre. The figures
in Capt. Cook's ' Voyages,' t. 57, give the best idea of tlus animal,
showing the fin-like form of the hind feet ; but the tail appears too
depressed and Beaver-like.
Enhydris lutris. (Kalan, or Sea-Otter.) B.M.
Black, grizzled with silver-white hair.
Var. Head white or grey.
Lutra marina, Stvller, Nov. Com. Petrop. ii. p. 307, t. 16, 1751; Schrcb.
Sdugeth. t. 128 ; Blainv. Osteogr. JSIustela, t. 8 (skull).
Mustela lutris, Linn. ; Shaw, Mits. Lev. t.
Phoca lutris, Pallas, Zoo(jr. R.-Asiat. i. p. 100.
Lutra lutris, F. Cur. Supp. Buffoii, Mamm. p. 204.
Enhydra niariua, Plem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 187, 1821 ; Owen, Odont.
t. 128. f. 13 ; Martin, P. Z. S. iv. p. 59, 1836, Osteology ; Baird,
M. iV. A. p. 189.
Enhydris lutris, Grag, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 72 ; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 136, t. 7 (from life).
Enhydris Stelleri, Les.wyi, Man. p. 156.
Enhydris? gracilis, Fischer, Sgn. Mamm. p. 229.
Enhydris marina, Hempr. Licht. Darst. Siiugeth. t. 19 ; Eversmann,
Reise um die Erde, t. 11, 12; Schrenck, Anmrland, p. 43.
Latax marina, Lesswi, N. Tab. R. A. p. 171.
Sea-Otter, Penn., Cook's Voy. ii. p. 64o ; Menzies, Phil. Trans. 1796,
p. 385 ; Rich. North. Zool. p. 59.
Hah. California.
^\^lat is Lutra lutris, Geoffroy, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. (xxviii.
p. 247, t. ), Lutra marina, Desm. Mamm. p. 189, Schreb. Siiugeth.
(t. 129), with the feet one-third of the length of the body, from
Kamtschatka ? Is it a badly described Enhydris ?
120 MELIiSlD.i:.
Section II. DOG-FOOTED CARNIVOEA [CYNOPODA).
Head elongate. Feet elongate. Toes straight ; the last phalange
and the claws extended. The claws blunt and worn at the end;
the front ones are often more or less elongated, for digging.
Fam. 7. MELINIDvE.
Head moderate, elongate. N"ose simple, flat and bald beneath,
with a central longitudinal groove. Tubercular grinders one on
each side of the upper and lower jaws. Feet elongate. Toes
stright, exserted. Claws spread out, blunt.
Mustelida3, § Platypoda, Gray, P. Z. S. ]865, p. 102.
The flesh-tooth of this group is peculiar. In some genera it is
of the usual normal shape, with a small internal lobe crowned with
a single conical tubercle, as in Mephitis, ZoriUa, and MelUvora ; in
Cunepatus the inner lobe is broader, and has an elongated arched
ridge on its inner edge. In some other genera, where the inner
lobe is broad, it is crowned with two tubercles ; they are distinct
and well developed in Taxklea and HeVtctis, confluent, forming an
obhque ridge, in Mydaus, and rudimentary and marginal in Arctonyx.
The genus Bassaris has, like these genera, two conical tubercles
on the inner process of the flesh-tooth.
The form of the hinder part, and the position of the hinder open-
ing, of the palate vary in the different genera.
In Conepatus and Mephitis it is wide and scarcely produced, and
nearly in a line with the hinder edge of the grinders.
In MelUvora it is wide, but rather further back, in a line with
the hinder edge of the orbit.
In Meles and Taxiclea and Mydaits it is rather contracted, and
placed still further back, being in a line with the middle of the
zygomatic arch.
In Arctonyx it is produced still further back, the opening being
rather behind, in a line even ^\'ith the condyles ; the binder part of
the jjalate behind the tooth-line is concave below, keeled on the
sides above, and swollen on the sides in front.
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Plantigi'ade. Hind feet broad, depressed ; soles bald, callmis nearly to
the heel ; toes short, thick ; claws thick. Body heavy. Tail shwt.
Ears short, rounded.
Tribe 1 . Melina. Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate.
Palate produced behind. Flesh-tooth with two more or
less distinct tubercles on inner lobe.
MELINIDJ5. 121
* Palate much produced behind ; hinder openim/ in a linetvith the condyles.
1. Akctoijyx. Tubercular grinder elongate. Nose of skull
rather produced aud contracted.
** Pcdate ^nuderately produced behind ; hinder operiing in a line with the
middle of zygomatic arch.
2. Meles. Tubercular grinder elongate, oblong. Nose of skuU
broad. Flesh-tooth moderate, trigonal ; inner lobe with a
single ridge.
li. Taxidea. Tubercular grinder large, triangular, oblong ; inner
side broad. Flesli-tooth large, trigonal, with a broad inner
lobe with two tubercles. Nose short, broad.
4. Mydaus. Tubercular grinder oblong, nearly square ; flesh-
tooth moderate, trigonal, outer edge compressed, inner with
two unequal tubercles on a ridge. Nose of skull produced.
Tribe 2. Mellivorina. Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like ;
palate only slightly produced behind ; flesh-tooth with a
small inner lobe and a single tubercle. Fur black below.
o. Melliyora. SkuU short, broad.
Tribe 3. MepMtina. Tiibercular grinder oblong, four-sided. Palate
scarcely produced behind ; hinder opening in a line with
the hinder grinders. Skull short. Nose broad. Fur black,
white- striped.
6. CoNEPAXus. Sole of hind feet only di%-ided across. Tail
short, bushy. False grinders 8.
7. Mephitis. Sole of hind feet with three pads in front. Tail
elongate, flaccid. False grinders 4.
8. Spilogaee. Sole of hind feet with four pads in front. Tail
short, bushy, flaccid. False gxinders 4.
13. Subdigitigrade. Hind feet rather narrate ; soles hairy, ivith a narrow.,
elonyate, triangular, bald space in front; toes unequal; chnvs elongate,
slender. Tubercular grinder transverse.
Tribe 4. Zorillina. Flesh-tooth elongate, with a small anterior
inner lobe with a single tubercle.
'J. ZoEiLLA. Tail elongate, with flaccid hair.
Tribe 5. Helictidina. Flesh-tooth triangidar, having a broad in-
ternal h)bc with two conical tubercles.
1(». Helictis. False grinders 3. Tail elongate, subcvlindrical.
122 MELINID^.
A. Plantigrade. Hind feet hroad, depressed; soles bald, callous nearly to
the heel; toes short, ' thick ; claws thick. Body heavy ; tailshoH; ears
short, rounded.
Melina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 182.5.
Tribe I. MELINA.
Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate; palate produced
behind ; flesh-tooth with two more or less distinct tubercles on the
inner lobe.
Melina, Gray, P. Z. S. 186.5, p. 1.37.
a. Palate much jiroduced behind; hinder opening rather behind, on a line
level xoith the condyles. Nose of shull rather produced.
1. AECTONYX.
Arctonyx, F. Cuvier, 3Iam7n. Lithogr. p. 51 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M.
xxi. p. 70 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 137.
Synarchus, Gloger, 1842.
Skull elongate, broad and truncated behind. Nose elongate,
rather compressed, rounded above. Forehead elongate, rounded on
the sides. Orbits small, oblong, very incomplete behind ; zygomatic
arch strong, wider behind ; the suborbital foramen circular ; the
palate concave in front, much produced behind, concave below, pro-
minent and keeled on the sides ; hinder opening far back, in a line
with the condyles of the lower jaw ; opening angular, acute in front ;
the bulla of the ear obloug, scarcely raised ; the tube of the inner
nostril vesicular and very thin at the sides. The cutting-teeth un-
equal, truncated, worn ; the two middle ones smallest ; the second
on each side rather larger ; the lateral pair much larger, very oblique.
Canines conical, compressed, nearly straight, worn on the front edge,
bent out at the end. False grinders 4 ; the fii'st very small, sub-
cylindiical, separated by a long diastema ; the second compressed,
trigonal. The flesh-tooth moderate, triangular, nearly as wide in
front as the outer side ; the outer edge with a compressed tubercle ;
inner lobe with two small compressed marginal ridges. Tubercular
tooth four-sided, massive, rather longer than broad, truncated in
front, and obliquely truncated at the outer hinder side ; outer edge
with two compressed tubercles. Lower jaw elongate, produced and
flattened in front. Cutting-teeth unequal, much worn, rather pro-
duced in front. Canines compressed, curved, worn on the front
edge. False grinders 2, separated from the canines by a large
diastema, compressed. The flesh-tooth large, elongate, oblong-ovate,
with two conical tubercles in front, and two pairs of tubercles behind.
Tubercular grinder circular.
Arctonyx coUaris. (Balisoar.) B,M.
Yellowish, black-washed ; throat yellow ; feet and a double streak
Skull of Ardoni/x col/an'^
124 JIELINID.'E.
on each side of the head black; tail elongate; cars very short,
white-edged.
Males taxus, Harcho. MS. B. M. (!)
Arctonyx collaris, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. 51 (from Hardivicke' s
Draicing) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 138, G81 (fig. skull).
Arctonyx taxoides (Balisoar), Bhjth, Journ. Adat. Soc. Beny. p. 689.
Arctonix, Evans, J. A. S. B. vii. t. 43.
Mephitis assameusis, M' Clelland, Ind. Rev. 1858, p. 309.
Meles collaris, OijUby, Penny Encyc. iii. p. 264.
Mvdaus collaris. Gray, Illust. Lid. Zool. X.
Arctonyx isonyx, Hodys. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398, t. 50.
Sand-Bear, Bewick's Quad. p. 257.
Hah. Assam and Arakan.
I can find no diifereuce between the specimen of A. isomjx (Hodg-
son, P. Z. S. 1856, t. 50) and A. collaris.
b. Palate moderately lirodticed behind; hinder ojjeniny on a line level loith
the middle of the zygomatic arch.
2. MELES.
Head pointed ; nose prominent ; ears rounded. Body thick,
heavy. Limbs short ; front claws elongate, for digging. Tail short.
Skull elongate, rounded behind ; orbits incomplete, only contracted
above. Teeth 36 ; false grinders f . f . Flesh-tooth moderate-sized,
triangular. Tubercular grinder very large, four-sided, oblong, rather
longer than broad.
Meles, Gesner, Quad. ; Briss. R. A. ; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. p. 182 ;
Gray, List Mamm. B. 31. xxi. p. 70 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 138.
Taxus, Cuvier.f.
The bald soles of the hind feet of Taxidea Jeucurus are oblong,
occupying about two-thirds of the length of the foot, hairy behind,
with four pads in front ; the front and outer one smaller, triangular.
The sole of the fore foot is oblong, with four unequal-sized pads in
front and one oblong transverse one on the hinder margin (Hodgson,
J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 2, t. 31. f. 4).
* Skull ovate, sicollen behind; the forehead and tipper paH of the nose
broad, flat above, and rounded on the sides ; the face short, thick ; the
Jlesh-tooth of the loioerjaiv moderate, shorter than the tooth-line occupied
by the three premolars.
Taxus, Eumeles, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 139, 140.
Meles, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 206.
1. Meles taxus. (Badger.) —^m^ B.M..
Yellowish grey, black-washed ; Umbs and beneath black ; face
white, with a streak enclosing the eyes and ears black.
Ursus taxus, Blumenb. Handl. p. 10.
Ursus meles, Liim. Syst. Nat. i. p. 70; Sehreb. Siliiydh. p. 516.
2. MELKS. 125
Meles taxufi, Buddaeii, Elench. i. p. 80; Schrcb. Sdti(/eth. t. 142;
Blainv. Ode'<></r. Snbursiis, t. 2 (skeleton), (5 (skuU), 9 (teeth) ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 139 ; 1808, p. 207.
Meles europreus, Desm. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. iii. p. 465.
Meles vulgaris, Dcmn. Mainm. p. 173.
Taxus Tulg-aris, Tiedin. Zoo/, i. p. 376.
Blaireau, Buffon, H. N. rii. p. 104, t. 7, 8.
Blaireau d'Europe, Cuvier, B. A. i. p. 145.
Common Badger, I'enn. Brit. Zool. p. 30 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. p. 122.
Hub. North Europe ; North Asia.
SkiiU ovate-elongate ; face large ; forehead flat ; nose broad, flat
above ; orbits incomplete ; supraorbital hole large, subquadi-augiilar ;
brain-case ovate, narrow behind, obliquely truncated ; j^alate rather
concave, flat and produced behind, with a sharp keeled ridge on each
side behind ; the hinder aperture angular in front, in a line with
the middle of the zygomatic arch. Cutting-teeth largo, subequal,
truncated. Canine conical, slightly curved. False grinders 2 ; front
small, conical ; second larger, compressed. Flesh-tooth moderate,
trigonal, sides subequal, outer edge with two conical tubercles, outer
lobe ■with two indistinct minute tubercles on the edges. The tuber-
cular grinder large, massive, rather longer than broad, front edge
concave, hinder rounded, obscurely truncated on the outer hinder
margin, outer margin Mith three unequal slightly raised tubercles.
Lower jaw strong ; chin arched ; cutting-teeth truncated, unequal,
the middle one on each side rather behind the others ; canines
conical, short, curved ; false grinders 3, first very small, deciduous ;
second and third compressed, conical ; flesh- tooth oblong, elongate,
with throe tiibercles in front and two pairs of tubercles behind ;
tubercular grinder small, ovate.
Length of skull 5" 3'", of nose 9'", of palate 2" 11'", of lower jaw
3" 9'" ; width over ears 2" 3'", of nose iu front of orbits 1" 4'".
Skull large ; face very broad and rounded in front ; the nasal
aperture large, broad, as broad as high, postorbital aperture mo-
derate, subcircular .—(?/■«?/, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 206.
2. Meles anakuma, Temm.
Skull small ; face broad, tapering, narrow, and rounded in front ;
the nasal aperture oblong, moderate, higher than broad ; the post-
orbital opening very large, oblong.
Meles anakuma, Temm. Fauna Jajwnica, t. ; Grai/, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1853, p. 191 ; I860, p. 139.
Meles taxus, var., Middendorff, N. tmd O. Sibir. Sditr/eth. p. 3.
Meles taxus, var. amurensis, Sehrenek, Amurland, xvii. 1. 1. f. 1, 4.
Hah. Japan.
The skull'ran'ers from that of il. ta.vus and M. leucurus in being
much shorter, and with a rather broad nose (Gray, P. Z. S. 1853,
p. 191).
The skiiU is well figured by Temm. & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
t. 6. The name of this animal is erroneously printed M. anhuma,
in P. Z.S. 1865, p. 140.
126 MELINID^.
** The skull ohlong, elongate ; the forehead and upper 2'xirt of the nose nar-
row, subcylindrical above ; face elongate, tapering, rounded in front ;
nose-hole moderate, rounded, as hroad as long ; the jiesh-teeth of the
lower jaw large, longer than the line occupied hy the three premolars.
Pseudomeles, Hodgson.
3. Meles leucurus. (Tampha or Tumpha.)
Fur long, flaccid, dark iron-grey, black, grey, and white mixed ;
hair long, white, with a broad sublunate black band and a white
tip ; under-fur abundant, long, white ; a streak on each side of the
forehead blackish-grey-varied ; chin, throat, legs, and underside of
body black ; tail, sides of head, and body whitish.
Taxidea leiicura, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 763, t. 31, 1847 ;
Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. xii. p. 221, 1853.
Pseudomeles leucm-us, Hodgson, MS. 1850.
Meles leucurus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191 ; 1857, p. 768 ; 1865,
p._ 139 ; 1868, p. 207 ; Horsf. Ami. ^ Mag. K H. xvi. p. 108, 1855.
Taxidea leucurus, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 116.
Hab. Thibet, " Bhote Plains : " called Tampha (Hodgson).
Very like Arctonyx coHaris ; but the fur of the back is longer and
more flaccid, and the chin and throat are black, as well as the belly
and legs, which is not the case in that animal. The skull is rather
more tapering and more compressed than in the European Badger
(M. taxus), which it most resembles.
Consult also Meles alUgularis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bang.
1843, p. 589, which is imknown to me.
As I observed in the ' Proc. Zool. Soc' 1865, p. 140, the skin is
very like that of Arctonyx coUaris, but dififers in the chin and throat
being black, and in the black streak on the face commencing on the
side of the front of the nose, including the eyes.
4. Meles chinensis.
Fur short, harsh, yellow-brown, varied with black and grey ; tips
of the breast-hairs rigid, moderately short, yellow, with a narrow
black subterminal ring and yellow tip ; under-fur almost entirely
absent.
Streak from end of nose on each side of the face, including the
eye, the back of the ears, chin, throat, legs and feet, and underside
of the body black ; tail slender, harsh, yellow ; some of the hair of
the upper part with a black subterminal ring.
Arctonyx collaris, no. 206, c, Gerrard, Cat of Pones P.M. p. 98.
? Meles taxus amureusis, Schrcnrli, Anuirliind, xvii. t. 1. f. 1-4.
Meles chinensis. Gray, P. Z. -V. l?^(iS, p. i.'()7.
? Meles leptorhynchus, A. Milnc-Pdwards, Ann. So. Nat. s6v. 5. viii.
(not described).
Hab, China, Hongkong (Br. Hartland), Amoy (H.M.C. Swinhoe).
The general colouring is so like that of the European Badger that
it is probably the M. taxus, var., of Middendorff (N. u. 0. Sibir.
Mamm. p. 3), and Meles taxus, var. amurensis, Schrcnck, Amurland,
2. MELES.
127
xvii. t. 1. f. 1-4; but the fur is much shorter, and the hair not so
distinctly variegated as that of the European Badger, and very much
harsher.
Fig. 19.
Meks chinensi\i. a. Iliiidt'r upper grinders.
The skull (figs. 19, 20) is so like that of Meles leiiciinis from Thibet,
that I sliould have regarded them as the same, if there -were not so
much difference in the length and flaccidness and coloration of the
fur, and the abundance of the under-fur. This may depend on the
climate.
The shortness and peculiar colour of the fur are exactly alike in
128
JIELINID-E.
the specimens sent by Dr. Hartland from Hongkong and by Mr.
Consul Bwinboc from Amoy.
I may observe that when Dr. Hartland's specimen was sent it was
regarded as a young Arctonyx coUaris.
Fig. 20.
Side view of skull of Meles chinensis.
I cannot see any appreciable difference between the skull of
Meles leucurus from Thibet, given to the Museum by Mr. Hodgson,
and the skull of the M. chinensis, sent with the skin from Amoy.
Dr. Hartland's specimen is very young, but it agrees with the other
two skulls in aU particulars.
The following are the measurements of the skulls of the four
species of Meles in the British Museum : —
Length, entire
from nose to front of orbit
of zygomatic arch
of lower jaw
Width of nose in front of line of orbi-
tal apertures
at back part of zygomatic arch
of occipital end
■ of forehead between orbits
in. lin.
4 9
1 9
2 6
3 4
1 3
3 0
1 10
1 2
M. ana-
kuma.
in. lin.
4 8?
1 6
2 0
2 9
1 0
2 7
2 0
0 11
in. lin.
4 9
1 8
2 2
3 0
1 0
2 8
2 2
1 0
in. lin.
4 4
1 4i
2 1
2 10
0 10
2 5
2 0
0 10
3. TAXIDEA. 129
3. TAXIDEA. (American Badger.)
Nose prominent. Ears rounded. Body heavy, stout. Limbs short.
Feet plantigrade. Toes 5/5 ; front claws elongate, for digging.
Tail short. Fur soft, with longer hairs. Skull broad, depressed,
and truncated behind. Teeth 34 ; false grinders f . ^. Flesh-
tooth very large, triangular. Tubercular grinder triangular, not
exceeding the flesh-tooth in size (see P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191).
Taxidea, Waterhouse, Trans. Zool. Sue. ii. p. 313, t. 59, 1841 ; Grai/,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 140.
Skull depressed, subtriangular, broad and truncated behind ; nose
short, broad ; forehead small and slightly convex ; suborbital fora-
men small, trigonal ; orbits incomplete behind. Palate flat, rather
produced behind ; liinder opening arched, not so wide as the side
margin. The auditory bulla large, convex, half ovate, vesicular,
thin. The cutting-teeth short, strong ; four central truncated, outer
large, conical. Canines conical, nearly straight. False grinders
two, conical ; the hinder larger, with a thickened margin on the
inner hinder edge. Flesh -tooth large, triangular, nearly as broad
in front as on the outer side ; outer side with two compressed con-
fluent tubercles ; inner side broad, with two conical tubercles, the
hinder small. The tubercular tooth large, broad, subtrigonal, the
inner edge long, the outer short, the hinder edge obliquely truncated.
Lower jaw strong ; condyles transverse ; cutting-teeth in a close
line, two middle small, two next larger, and outer largest, the four
outer obli(]uoly truncated ; canines conical, curved ; false grinders
three, the first and second small, conical, third compressed, with
two confluent tubercles, outer edge thin ; flesh-tooth oblong, with a
single large tubercle in front and two pairs of others, the hind pair
curved ; tubercular tooth subconical, with three tubercles.
Taxidea americana. B.M.
Grey, black- and white-varied ; neck and beneath white ; spot
before the cars, a narrow streak from nose, above the eyes, to the
back, black ; feet dark brown.
Ursiis taxus, Schi-cb. Sliugeth. p. 520, t. 142 ; Buffon.
Meles taxus, var. americana, Bodd. Elencli. i. p. 13G.
Meles aniericanus, Zimm., from Pom. Arct. Zool. i. p. 7G.
Ursus labradorius, Gmeliu, S. X. i. p. 102; Shaw, Zool. i. p. 409,
t. 106.
Meles labradoria, Sabine, App. Parn/'s Travels, p. 049 ; PicJiardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer. p. 40; Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. p. 151.
Meles Jeffersonii, Harlan, F. Anu-r. p. 309.
Taxidea labradoria, Waterh. Trans. Zool. Sac. ii. p. 348, t. 59 ; Grat/,
List 3Iamm. B. M. p. 70 ; Gerrard, Cat. Banes, B. J/i p. 99 : Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 202, t. .39. f. 2.
Meles labradorius, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 31.5.
Taxus labradorius, Saij, Long's Rvjied. i. pp. 261 & 369, 1823.
Cai-cajou, Buffon, X. H. Sujip. iii. p. 242, t. 49 (not La Houtan).
Taxidea americana, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 202 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 141.
K
1 ."^0 MEIJNID.E.
American Badger, Penn. Si/n.n. 204.
? Brairo (French Canadians), Leivis ^ Clarke, Trav. ii. p. 40.
Siffleur, French Canadians.
Flacjotlj Hei-nandez.
Var. Berlandieri. Smaller ; reddish above, with a narrow white
dorsal streak.
Taxidea Berlandieri, Baird, Mamtn. N. A. p. 205, t. 39. f. 1 (Mexico).
Var. californica, pale line continued from nape to base of tail
(Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 42). (Skull, B.M.)
JJab. California (David Douglas) ; Texas (skull, B.M.).
in. lin.
Length of skull 4 10
of nose 1 3g
of palate 2 6
of orbit and zygoma 2 5
"Width of skull over ears 2 6
of nose at orbits 1 3
of skull behind 3 0
Length of lower jaw 1 5
4. MYDAUS.
Head conical. Nose attenuated. Muzzle rather produced, mo-
bile, obliquely truncated ; beneath rather bald, with a distinct cen-
tral longitudinal bald groove. Nostrils inferior, lateral. Body
short ; limbs short. Feet plantigrade, soles broad, bald to the heel.
Toes 5.5; front claws elongate, strong, unequal ; hinder strong,
rather acute.. Tail short ; anal glands distinct. SkuU elongate ;
orbit not contracted behind. Teeth 34 ; grinders f . | ; false grin-
ders f , f , one-rooted (Blainv. Osteogr. Suhursus, t. 1).
Mydaus, F, Cuv. ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxi. p. 60 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 143.
Mephitis, sp., Desm.
Mydaon, Gloger, 1842.
SkuU elongate, slender in fi-ont ; nose elongate, tapering, shelving
on the sides ; orbit very incomplete, small ; suborbital foramen mo-
derate, ovate, zygomatic arch flattened, slender; brain-case ovate,
ventricoso, truncated behind ; palate slightly concave, esj^eciaUy in
the middle behind ; hinder opening to the nostrils ovate, in a line
with the middle of the zygomatic arch ; bulla of the ears low,
slightly convex. The cutting-teeth broad, in an arched line, trun-
cated, the outer ones rather the largest, with a slight notch in the
hinder edge ; canine compressed, far from the cutting-tooth ; false
grinders two, the first small, second compressed ; the flesh-tooth
roundish, trigonal, outer edge with a compressed marginal tubercle,
inner lobe broad, rounded, with two conical tubercles, the hinder
small, and \inited to the ridge on the outer margin ; the tiibercular
grinder oblong subrhombic, rather longer than wide, the front and
'). MELLIVOEA. 131
hinder edges obliquely truncated, with two compressed tubercles on
each edge, the inner tubercle largest. Lower jaw rather slender ;
chin flattened, shelving ; the cutting-teeth truncated, the middle on
each side rather behind the rest ; canine cui-ved ; false grinders
three, compressed, the front small, the third ■wath a conical lobe on
the hinder edge ; the flesh-tooth oblong, with three compressed
tubercles on each edge ; the hinder outer and the front inner being
the largest and single, the front outer and hinder inner lobe being
double-coned ; tubercular grinder moderate, circidar.
Length of skull 3" 2'", palate 1" 7'", of lower jaw 2", of nose 1",
width of brain-case over ears 1" 4|"', of nose at front of orbits 9'".
Mydaus meliceps. B.M.
Brown ; crown, nape, dorsal streak, and tip of a very short tail
white.
Vav. a. Dorsal streak broad in fi-ont, and continued to tip of
tail. B.M.
Var. b. Streak interrupted on withers, narrow behind ; tip of tail
white. B.M.
Var. c. Streak dilated into a broad patch over the withers, narrow
behind ; tail, great part Avhite. B.M.
Ursus foetidus, Desch. MS. Icon, in B. M. !
Mydaus meliceps, F. Ctivier, Mamm. Lith. t. ; Horsf. Java, t. ; Cuvier,
Oss. Fuss. iv. p. 474 ; Gra;/, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 142.
Mephitis javanensis, Desm. Mamm.^. 187.
Mydaus javanicus, BIninv. Osteor/r. Subursus, t. 1 (skeleton).
Mydaus javanensis, Blainv.Ostkicir. Subursus, t. 7 (skull), t. 9 (teeth).
Stinkkard or Teledu, Marsden, Sumatra, p. 117.
Hah. Sumatra {Baff.es).
Tribe II. MELLIVORINA.
Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like ; palate only slightlj'
produced behind ; flesh-tooth with a small internal lobe, with a
single tubercle. Fur black below, white above.
MeUivorina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 14.3.
5. MELLIVOEA.
Head depressed ; nose blunt ; ears indistinct. Body stout, de-
pressed ; legs short, strong ; plantigrade. Toes 5.5; front claws
elongate, very strong, the bald sole of hind foot occupying the
whole undersurface, onlj- slightly divided across about one-tliird of
its length from the front (Hodgson, J. A. S. B. t. 31. f. 2). Tail
short, subcylindrical. Skull contracted behind ; orbits very incom-
plete, scarcely contracted behind. Teeth 32 ; premolars f . f ;
grinders | (Blainv. Osteogr. Mtistela, t. 2).
K 2
132 MELINID3.
Mellivora, Stor.; F. Cuv.; Grm/, L. M. B. M. y. p. 68 ; P. Z. S.
1865, pp. 143, (i80.
Eatelus, Grai/, Ann. rial. 1825; Schinz, Syn. p. 329.
Lipotus, Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hmull. 1811, p. 211.
Ursitaxus, Hudf/son, Asiat. Mesearch. xix. p. 60, 1836.
Melitonyx, Glo'ger, 1842.
De Blainville figures the skull and teeth of M. indica and 31. ca-
pensis, t. 11 and t. 13 ; he represents the tubercular grinders of
M. indica as much smaller than those of 3f. capensis, and the flesh-
tooth as more unequally triangular (see t. 13).
1. Mellivora indica. (Bharsiah.) B.M.
Black ; the back iron-grey ; crown of head white. — Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. G80.
Ursiis indicus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 470, 1800.
Meles iudica, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 151.
Indian Badger (Ursus indicus), Hardw. Linn. Trans, ix. p. 11 5, t. 9.
Indian Bad^rei", Fenti.
Ratekis mellivorus, Benn. Zool. Gard. p. 13 (fig. good).
Mellivora ratal, Gerrard, Cat. Bunes B. 31. p. 96.
Mellivora ratelus (Indian var.), Fraser, Cat. Zool. Gardens, 1862,
p. 9 ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1835.
Eatelus indicus, Schinz ; Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 113.
Mellivora indica, Blainv. Osteoyr. Mustela, t. 6 (skidl) ; Gray, P. Z. 8.
1865, pp. 143, 680 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 98.
Mustela iudica, BIaim\ Os^e'0.9?-. Mustela, t. 13 (teeth).
Ursitaxus mauritiis (Bharsiah), Hodgson, Asiat. Research, xix. p. 60,
J. A. S. Beng. 1836, p. 671.
Hah. India (called " Beejoo "), Nepaul (called " Bharsiah ").
Skull ovate, elongate ; nose short, concave on the sides, flat
above ; forehead short, convex ; orbits incomplete ; suborbital fora-
men small, ovate. Brain -case swollen behind and truncated. Palate
nearly flat in front, concave behind and slightly produced ; hinder
opening of the palate large ; keeled on the sides, front edge arched ;
as wide as long. Four middle cutting-teeth equal, truncated, the
side ones conical, with a recurved tip ; canines conical, nearly
straight ; false grinders two, crowded, thick, conical : flesh-tooth
trigonal ; outer edge rather the longest, with two conical confluent
tubercles; the inner lobe anterior, roundish, with an acute conical
tubercle : tubercular grinder transverse, band-like ; outer half nar-
row, inner half considerably wider, roimded on the inner edge.
Lower jaw strong ; chin arched ; cutting-teeth crowned, truncated,
the middle one on each side behind the others ; canines conical,
curved back ; false grinders three, rather crowded, thick, conical ;
the flesh-tooth oblong, of moderate size, with three conical tubercles
in a single longitudinal series ; tubercular grinder none (or small or
early deciduous). -^^ ^xxi.
Length of skuU 5 4
palate 2 4
lower jaw 3 6
orbit over cars 2 3
nose in front of orbits 1 54
MEPUITIXA.
133
The skull is very like Guh in general form ; but the upper flesh-
tooth is triangular, and the larger internal lobe in Gulo is oblong,
longitudinal, ^vith a smaU internal lobe near the front end.
2. Mellivora ratel. (llatel.) B.M.
Black ; the back iron-grey ; the crown and a broad streak down
each side to the tail white. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 680.
Known from M. indica by the greater quantity of white on the
head and the broad white lateral edge to the ii-ou-grey colour on the
back. Skvdl higher.
Gulo capensis, Desm. Manuii. p. 176.
Ursus mellivcirus, Cm: Tab. Elem. p. 112, 1798.
Viverra capensis, ISchreh. Saiigeth. p. 450, t. 135.
Viverra ratel, Sparrm. Act. Stockh. 1777, t. 4. f. 2.
Mellivora capensis, F. Cuv. ; Ulainv. O.deoyr. Mustela, t. 6 (skidl),
t. 2 (skeleton) ; Sc/ater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 98.
MelUvora ratel, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 68 ; P. Z. S. 1865,
pp. 145, 680.
Viverra mellivora, Bhimenh. Natiiry. p. 97.
Ursus meUivorus, Blumenb. Natury. edit. 10, p. 99.
Taxus mellivorus, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 377.
Lipotus mellivorus, SundevaU, Kony. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1841, p. 211.
Mellivora capensis, Peters.
Ratelus capensis, Scliinz.
Meles mellivora, Tltunb. in Mem. Pefersb. iii. p. 107.
Ratelus typicus, A. tSmith.
Mustela capensis, Blainv. Osteugr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Stinkbiukseu, Kulbe.
Blaireau puant, La Caille, Voy. p. 182.
Fizzler Weasel, Penii. Syn. p. 224.
Honey-Weasel, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 395.
Ratel, Sparrm. Kony. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1777, p. 49, t. 4. f. 3.
Hah. South Aiiiea (Sjjarrman) ; East Africa, Sennaar (iSunde-
vall); Tette (called " Seve," Peters).
3. Mellivora leuconota.
Smaller : black ; back white, purer towards the crown.
Mellivora leuconota, Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 98, t. 8.
Hah. West Africa. Zoological Gardens. Smaller than M. ratel.
Mr. Sclatcr, when describing this species, copied my specific
characters for the two known ones (see V. Z. S. 1865, p. 680 ; 1867,
p. 98).
Tribe III. MErHlTINA.
Tubercular grinder oblong, quadrangular. Palate scarcely pro-
duced behind, nearly in a line with the hinder end of the tooth-
line. Fur black, white-streaked. SkuU short.
Mephitina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 145.
The flesh-tooth in the three genera which Lichtenstein and most
compilers have kept together under the name of Mejihitis differs
134 MELINIDJi.
very considerably. In Mephitis and Conepatus it is short and
broad ; in Mepliitis the inner lobe has a conical tubercle, and iu
Conepatus it has a long, marginal, semilunar one. In ZoriJla the
flesh-tooth is elongate, slender, much longer than broad, and it has
a conical tubercle on its subcentral small inner lobe. The tubercular
grinder in the fii'st two genera is broad, massive, and square ; iu
Zorilla it is oblong and transverse.
6. CONEPATUS.
Head conical ; nose produced, hairy, and vpithout any central
groove beneath ; muzzle produced, bald above, obliquely truncated
beneath ; nostrils inferior ; ears orbicular, scarcely visible. The
hind feet large, broad ; the soles naked, half the length of the foot,
oblong, broad, rugose and warty, rounded behind, divided into two
convex parts by a cross groove, scarcely subdivided into smaller
pads ; front claws very long. Tail short, bushy, subcylindrical.
Teeth as in Mepliitis. Teeth 32 ; false grinders f . f ; but flesh-
tooth with long, marginal, semilunar tubercle.
Conepatus, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837 ; P. Z. S. I860, p. 145.
Marpatius, Gray, 3Iag. Nat. Hist. 1837, i.
Thiosmus, Licht. Ahhand. Akad. Berl. fiir 1836, p. 214, published
1838.
Lycodon, D'Orhigny.
Ozolictus, Gloyer, 1842.
It has been supposed that Lichtenstein has the priority for the
subgenus Thiosmus, because the paper ajjpears nominally in the
' Transactions ' for 1836, and my paper in the ' Mag. Nat. Hist.'
1837 ; but there cannot be a doubt that my paper was anterior, for
Lichtenstein quotes it throughout.
Conepatus nasutus. B.M.
Black, with one or two white dorsal streaks. Tail short, bushy,
white or white-and-black varied.
Conepatus nasutus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 145.
Yar. 1. nasuta. Black, with a very broad white dorsal streak;
from forehead to taU white. B.M.
Mephitis nasuta, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 39 ; Gray, May. N. H.
1837, i. ; Fraser, Zool. Typica, i.
Mephitis mesoleuca, Licht. Ah. Akad. Berl. 1838, p. 271; Darstell.
t. 44. f. 2.
Thiosmus mesoleuca, Less.
Marputius nasuta. Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, i.
Viverra putorius, Mutis, Act. Holm. 1769, p. 68.
Viverra marputio, Gmelin, S. N.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) marputio, Licht. Abh. Ak. Berl. 1836, p. 270.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) leuconota, Licht. Abh. Akad. Berl. 1836, p. 270
(1838).
Mephitis intermedia, Satissure, Rev. Zool. 1860, p. 6.
Mephitis mesoleuca ?, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280.
6. CONEPATUS. 135
Mephitis longicaudata ?, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280.
The Chiuche (Viverra chingu), Molina, JEnsai H. N. du Chili, p. 240.
Hah. Mexico ; New Granada ; Santa Fe de Bogota ; California.
The Mephitis (Thiosmus) Molince, Licht. I. c. p. 272, with the
white dorsal streak broken into five oval spots, is probably only an
accidental form of this variety.
Var. 2. HumhoMtii. Black or blackish brown, with a very broad
dorsal streak, like var. 1, with a narrow black streak up the centre
of the back, widest in the middle. B.M.
Conepatus Ilumboldtii, Gray, Mai/. Nat. Hist. i. p. 581, 1837.
Mephitis Ilumboldtii, Blainv. Osteof/r. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Conepatus Ilumboldtii, Owen, Odont. t. 11, 12.
Mephitis patagonica, Licht. Abhandl. Akad. Beii. 1836, p. 275, t.
(1838).
? Mustela (LAmcodon) patagonica, D'Orb. Voy. Amer. ix. t. 13. f. 4
(skull).
? Mephitis Westeraiaunii, Reinhardt, K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. 1856,
p. 270.
Mephitis conepate, Desm., Waterh. Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. pp. 29, 176.
Yaguare, Maikel, Falk. Patayon. p. 128.
Hah. Magellan Straits. B.M.
Var. 3. chihnsis. Black ; back with two broad white streaks,
which are confluent on the forehead and continued to the tail ; tail
black and white. In one specimen the lateral streaks are narrow,
interrupted on the side of loins, and in another, very young, narrow
and not united on the forehead. B.M.
Conepatus Ilumboldtii, \w.,Gray,Mag.N. H. i. p. 581, 1837 (!). B.M.
Conepatus amazonicus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 69, 1812 (!). B.M.
Mephitis furcatus, Wayner, Schreb. Siiuyeth. Siippl. ii. p. 129.
Mephitis chilensis, F. Cur. Diet. 8ci. Nat. xiii. p. 126.
IMephitis suflbcans, Llliyer, Licht. Dar.^teU. t. 48.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) amazonica, Licht. Abhand. Akad. Berlin fiir
18.36, p. 275, t. (1838) (!). Type, B.M.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) chilensis, Licht. Abhand. Ak. Berl. 1838, p. 272;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1848 (!). B.M.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) quitensis, Licht. I. c. p. 273.
Gulo quitensis, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 346.
Moufctte du Chili, Bufon, H. N. Siippl. vii. p. 233, t. 57.
Mephitis of Chili, Griffith, A. K. ii. t.
Conepatus chilensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bwies B. M. 97 (!). B.M.
Mar^nitius chilensis, Gray, May. Nat. HUt. 1837, i. (!) B.M.
Hah. Chili (Bridges, B.M.) ; Magellan Straits {Kimj, B.M).
Biiffon's figure represents the tail too long and broad ; it is a
subcylindric tuft only, not so long as the body without the head.
Yar. 4. Lichtensteinii. Black ; crown and nape with a broad
white blotch, separated behind into two narrow nearly parallel
white streaks on the middle of the back, reaching nearly to the
loins ; tail, end-half white. B.M.
Hah. Tropical America.
This specimen is much distorted in stuffing : the tail is elongated
136
JlELINIDiE.
by the stretching out of the hinder part of the body, so as to make
it look like a Mephitis, for which the stuffer evidently mistook it.
Prom the examination of the stuffed and unstuffed skins, I have
considered aU the specimens we have in the British Museum to be
varieties, because the differeuces iu the coloration appear to pass
into one another ; but when we have the power to compare the
living animal and the skeleton of each, we may discover that some
of them are distinct species, ha\dug a peculiar geographical range.
Professor Lichtenstein notices another species, under the name of
M. GumiUce, on the authority of a notice of Skunk called " Maskutio "
and " Mafutiliqui " in Giimilla's 'Oriuoko' (vol. ii. p. 276), which is
said to have many decurrent streaks and a villous tail.
7. MEPHITIS.
Nose short, underside hairy, with a distinct central groove ; muzzle
small ; ears ovate, hairy, exposed. Hind feet moderate, siibplanti-
grade ; sole bald nearly or quite to the heel, the front portion di-
vided into three large pads, placed in an arch ; front claws elongate,
arched, strong, white. Tail elongate, as long as, or longer than the
body, with long, flaccid, dependent hair. Skull ovate ; orbit incom-
plete. Teeth 34 ; false grinders f ; upjjcr tubercular grinder small,
moderate-sized.
Mephitis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 147.
Mephitis, § 1, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837.
" The foetid hquid is secreted by two glands, which empty directly
into the rectum, and are enveloped in a thick muscular membrane, the
contraction of which causes the ejection of the fluid to a considerable
distance ; it is said, however, to be restrained by holchng the animal
up by the tail ; when first discharged, it is said to be phosphorescent
at night." — Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 191. See also " Anal Pouches
of the Mephitis conencana," Warren, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii.
p. 175, 18.50 ; Wyman, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1844, p. 110.
Prof . Lichtenstein divides this into two subgenera — "planta pilosa"
for M. mesonielas, and " planta subnuda " for 31. chinr/a and the other
species. I find the extent of the baldness of the sole varies in the
diS'erent specimens of the same variety, both in the young and old
specimens. The form and number of the pads are always alike, only
becoming more marked in the older examples.
* Tail as long as body.
1. Mephitis varians. B.M.
Black, with two white streaks, converging and united on the
crown ; tail elongate, bushy; hair flaccid, black, generally white at
the base, or all white.
Mephitis varians, Gray, Mag. N. H. 18-37 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 148 ;
Baird, Mamm. JV. A. p. 193; Mexico, pp. 19, 192 (skull).
Mephitis macroura. And. i$- Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. t. p. 102 (not
Licht.).
/ . ilEPniTIS.
137
Var. a. mesomelas. Crown white ; streak broad, continued from
the crown to the end of the tail ; face with a narrow white streak.
Mephitis mesomelas, Licht. Darstell. d. Sdugeth. t. 45. f. 2 ; Abh.
Akad. Bed. 183G, p. 277.
Mephitis occidentalis, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 194.
Moui'ette de TAm^rique Septentrionale, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith.
Var. h. mephitka. Like a, hut no white streak on the face ; back-
streaks narrowed and almost interrupted on the loins. B.M.
Mephitis mephitica, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 195.
Yar. c. varians. Like a, with face-streak; but back-streak not
reaching beyond (and some specimens not even to) the middle of the
back, the white on the crown varying in size at the same time. B.M.
Mephitis variaus, Gray, Maq. N. H. 1837, t. ; Baird, Mamm. N. A.
p. 193 ; Mexico, p. 192, t."60. f. 2 (skull).
Var. d. Like c ; but no white face-streak ; the spot on the
crown with a pair of short streaks behind, not reaching to the
shoulders. B.M.
Var. e. cMnga. Face-streak broad ; crown-spot and dorsal streaks
very broad, occupying nearly the whole upper surface of the body, a
short black dorsal streak from the base of the tail to or towards the
shoulders.
Mephitis chinga, Tiedemann, Zool. i. p. 361 ; Licht. Darstell. d. Situ-
geth. t. 45. f. 1 ; Pr. Max. Arch. f. Katurg. 18G1, p. 218.
Jlophitis mephitica, Baird, Mamm. N. A. i. p. 195.
Mephitis cliiuche, Fischer.
Mustela chinga, Blainn. Os^e'oyr.^Mustela, 1. 13 (teeth), 1. 1 (skeleton),
t. 6 (skuU).
Viven-a mephitis, Griffith.
Chincha ameiicana, Lesson.
Mephitis amerieana, De Kay, Zool. N. 1'. t. 12. f. 1.
Mephitis amerieana, vav. hudsonica, Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. i.
p. 55.
Chinche, Btiffou, H. N. xiii. p. 300, t. 39 ; Pennant, Arct. Zool. Mamm.
p. 40 ; F. Cuv. ^- Geoff. Mamm. Lith. t.
Skunk, Kalm.
AVegak, or Skunk, Hearne.
Enfant du Diable, Charlevoix.
Hub. North America.
Mephitis
varians, c.
Mephitis
varians, 6.
Length of skull
noso
zygoma and orbit
palate
lower jaw
Width of brain-case over ears
nose in front of orbit
tooth-line of canine and grinders
in. lin.
3 0
0 lOi
3i
U
1
0 11
0 11
in. lin.
2 9
0 10
1 2
1 Oi
1 n
1 .3J
0 lOA
0 10
138 MELINID^.
Speaking of the Skunk, Dr. Baird observes, " The species varies
considerably in marking, though individuals from the same locality
are usually quite similar." He also states, in his specific characters,
" The dorsal stripe sometimes broader, sometimes wanting, as also
the nuchal patch." Dr. S. Baird has kept the M. mesomelas distinct
because Lichtenstein describes the sole of that species as hairy ; but
some specimens of M. var'ums are so in the young state.
2. Mephitis vittata. B.M.
Black ; sides with a white streak from each shoulder ; tail elon-
gate ; base of tail bushy ; hairs flaccid, the greater part of them
white at the base.
Mephitis vittata, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 149.
Var. a. vittata. Face with a narrow white frontal streak ; streaks
on sides veiy broad, arched in front over the shoulder. B.M.
Mephitis vittata, Liclit. Sliuqeth. t. 47 (var. ?) ; Abh. Ahtd. Berl.
1838, p. 278; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 200. '
Var. h. intermedia. Face-streak none ; streaks on sides moderate,
straight, of same width. B.M.
Var. c. concolor. Face mth a veiy narrow indistinct streak ; fur
all black ; streaks on sides none, or reduced to a small white spot on
the hinder part of one side, not seen on the other ; hair on underside
of tail white at the base. B.M.
Mephitis concolor, Verreaux, MS. ? B.M.
Hab. Mexico (M. Sailed).
Lichtenstein's figures above quoted (t. 47) represent a variety of
this species I have not seen, vdth spots on the withers, and the tail
very long.
** Tail longer than the body.
3. Mephitis mexicana. B.M.
Fur very soft, silky ; tail elongate, hair flaccid, long, and pendent,
black ; a narrow streak on the nose, a broad vertebral streak from
crown to tail, and a narrow streak on each side of the back.
Var. a. With a small white spot on each shoulder.
Mephitis mexicana, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 581, 1837 : P. Z. S.
1865, p. 149.
Mephitis maeroura, Licht. Abh. Akad. Berl. 1838, t. 77 ; Darstell.
t. 46. f. 1, 2. "j^
Hah. Mexico.
8. SPILOGALE.
Head conical. Nose short, underside with a distinct central
groove; muzzle small, bald, rather notched in front ; nostrils lateral.
Tail short, cylindrical, bushy, not so long as the body, ending in a
long pencil of hair. Hind feet moderate ; sole bald, flat, the front
portion divided into four oblong pads, the central one small and
9. ZORILLA. 139
triangular, before the others, hinder part narrow ; front claws elon-
gate, brown. False grinders | ; upper tubercular grinder square,
moderate-sized (Lichtenstein, Abh. Akad. Berl. 1836, t. 1. f. 2, skull).
Mepliitis, § 2, Gray, Mag. N. H. i. 1837.
Spilogale, Gray, P. Z. 6'. 1865, p. 150.
Spllogale interrupta. (Little Striped Skunk.) B.M.
Black ; a spot on forehead, a spot on each temple, four streaks on
back of neck and withers, a streak on side of body, that is bent up
to the middle of the back behind, an interrupted band across rump,
a spot on each buttock, and the base and tip of tail white.
Mepliitis interrupta, Eaftnesqne, An. of Nat. iii. No. 4, 1818 ; Licht.
Abh. Akad. lierl. 183(5, p. 281, t. 2.'f. 1 (tail not good).
Mephitis bicolor, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. p. 583, 1837 {B. 31.) ; Baird,
Mamm. N.A. p. 197, t. 19 (Mexico).
Var. Tail-end black.
Mephitis zorilla, Licht. Abh. Akad. Berl. 183G, p. 281, t, 2. f. 2 (not
Durstell.).
Le Zorille, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 302, t. 41.
Hah. North America, California {Douglas).
Prof. Lichtenstein has described two species — one with an oval
nose- spot and white tail, the other with a smaU triangular frontal
spot and black tail. I have only seen three specimens : one had a
black, the other a white, and the last a black-and-white tail. They
each had a different-sized and -shaped nose-spot.
Prof. Liclitenstein has determined that the Zorille of BufFon
is the American animal. It had been previously regarded as the
Meer-Cat of South Africa. It is figured by Buffon as from America ;
but his figure does not accurately represent cither species.
B. Subdigitigrade. Hind feet rather narrow ; soles hairy, with a narrow,
elongate, triangular bald space behind the 2)abn-pads ; toes unequal;
elates elongate, slender; tubercular grinders band-like, transverse. —
Gray, I. c. p. 150.
Tribe IV. ZORILLINA.
Flesh-tooth elongate, Avith a small anterior inner lobe with a
single tubercle.
Zorillina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 150.
9. ZORILLA.
Head conical. Nose acute, hairy, with a central groove below.
Muzzle small, bald, notched in front ; nostrils lateral. Ears rounded,
covered with hair. Fore feet strong ; toes imequal, three middle
longest ; claws elongate, compressed, acute. Hind foot digitigrade ;
sole flat and bald in front, with four unequal, large, convex pads, the
hinder part compressed and covered with hair : toes unequal, the two
140 MELINID^.
middle longest and uneqiial ; claws acute, short. Tail elongate, co-
vered with long flaccid hair. Teeth 34 ; false griuders | . f ; upper
tubercular grinder short, oblong, transverse (Licht. Abh. Akad. Berl.
1S36, t. 1. f. 3, skuU).
Zorilla, Gray, List. Mamm. B. M. xx. p. 67 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 150.
Ictonyx, Kaup; Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1841, p. 214
(1842).
Rhabdogale, Wagner.
1. Zorilla Striata. (The ZoriUe.) B.M.
Black ; spot on forehead, and each temple, and four stripes on the
back (which are dihited on the sides, only leaving a broad black
patch ou middle of the back, and then curving to the base of the taU)
white ; tail black-and-white varied.
Viveri'a zorilla, Thunb. Act. Petrop. iii. p. S06.
Mustek zorilla, Cuv. Tabl. Elem. p. 116 (1798).
Viverra striata, Shaw.
Mustek zorilla, Ciwier, B. A. ; Blainv. Osteogr. Mustela, t. 13. f.
(teeth).
Zorilla capensis, Waterh. Cat. 2^ol. Soc.
Putorius zorilla, A. Smith.
Mephitis africana, Licht.
Mephitis zorilla, Licht. Darstell. d. Sdiigeth. t. 48. f. (not Ahhand.) .
Zorilla leucomelas, F. Cuv.
Rhabdogale mustelina, Wagner, Schreb. Suppl. ii. p. 219, 1. 133 a.
Ictonyx capensis, Smuhv. IC Veten. Akad. Hand. 1841, p. 214.
FMephitis Hbyca, Ehrenb.
Zorilla striata, Gray, List Mamtn. B. M. p. 67 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 161.
Mustela libyca, Blainv. Osteogr. Mustek, 1. 13. f. (teeth).
Putois du Cap, ou Zorille, Biiffon, H. N. xii.
Muis-hond, Cape Colonists.
Hah. South Africa.
Yar. senegalensis. White streaks broader, leaving only very nar-
row dark dorsal ones ; tail whiter. B.M.
Hah. Senegal.
2. Zorilla frenata. B.M.
Brown ; fur elongate, very soft, fluffy ; lips, chin, a broad band
encircling the face, two broad bands diverging from the crown and
two narrower diverging from shoulders, and some spots on the hinder
part of the back white ; taU white-and-black varied.
Mephitis (Ictonyx) frenata, Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1841,
t. 4. f. 1.
Mephitis africana, var., Licht.
Mustela zorilla, var., Riqipell.
? Rhabdogale multivittata, Wagner, Schreb. Sdugeth. Supp.
Zorilla frenata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 151.
Hah. Sennaar.
See also Zorilla VaillantU, Loche (Rev. Zool. p. 497), from Algeria,
which I have not seen.
10. nELicTis. 141
Tribe V. HELICTIDINA.
Flesh-tooth trigonal, with a broad internal lobe with two conical
tubercles. Tail cylindrical.
Helictidina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 152.
10. HELICTIS.
Head tapering ; nose acute, conical ; muzzle bald, obliquely trun-
cated ; underside hairy, with a central groove ; nostrils inferior ; ears
ovate. Body slender ; logs short ; toes 5.5; front claws elongate,
curved ; hinder short and acute ; solo of hind foot hairy behind,
bald in front, and rhombic, for half the length of the foot, with three
large oblong pads on the front and three small ones on the hinder
edge ; toes elongate ; thumb short, far back, Uke Herpestes. Tail
moderate, subcylindi-ical. Teeth 38 ; premolars 4.4; grinders ^
(see Hodgson, J. A. S. B. t. 31. f. 6). 4 4 b ^
Helictis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 94, 1833 ; 1805, p. 152.
Melogale, I. Geoff. ; Guerin, Mag. Zool. v. p. 1, t. 16, 1835.
Rhinogale, Gloyer, 1842.
Mydaus, sp., Temm. ^- Midler.
Galictis, Wieymann.
The external appearance of the species of this genus is very similar ;
and there appeai-s to be an indication of the differences in colour
l^assing into one another.
The skulls are very distinct. 1. The skull short and ventrieose ;
nose short, thick ; the hinder part of the palate flat, with a broad
opening, as wide as long on the sides, the front edge arched. H.
orientalis. 2. Skull elongate ; the nose produced, attenuated ; the
hinder part of the palate concave, and contracted behind the aper-
ture ; longer than wide ; the front edge arched. H. moschata and
H. 'ni2K<Jensis.
The teeth and size of the aperture in front of the orbits also differ
thus in the different species : — 1. The flesh-tooth large, with three
lobes on the outer edge, the front one small, with two acute tuber-
cles on the broad inner lobes ; the aperture in front of the orbits
moderate. H. orientalis and H. nipalensis. 2. The flesh-tooth
small, shaped like those of the other species, but rather more
slender ; the aperture under the front of the orbits veiy large.
H. moschata.
* FlesJi-tooth large; aj7ertiirc in front of orbits moderate.
Melogale.
Melogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 152.
1. Helictis orientalis. (Xycntek.) B.M.
Brown, paler beneath ; cheeks, upper lip, chin, throat, sides of
neck, chest, thi-ee spots across forehead, and a naiTow streak from
142 MELINID^.
nape to middle of the back yellowish white ; eud of tail grey ; feet
brown.
Gulo orientalis, Horsf. Java, t.
Mydaus macrurus, Kiihl, Temm. Monogr. pi. 20.
Mydaus orientalis, S. Ifiiller.
Melogale fusca, I. Geoff. Guer. Mag. Zool. 1835, t. 16.
Helictis orientalis. Gray, List Matmn. B.M. p. 195j P.Z.S.lQQb,
p. 152.
Hab. Java {Horsjleld, called " Nyentek ").
2. Helictis nipalensis. (The Oker.) B.M.
Grey-brown ; forehead and nape darker ; cheek, band between
orbits, chin, throat, sides of neck, chest beneath, and a streak from
nape to loins white ; end of tail greyish. Teeth large.
Gulo nipalensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. 1836, p. 237.
Helictis nepaulensis. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 191.
Helictis nipalensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 98 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 153.
Hab. Nipal (Hodgson) ; Tibet.
** Flesh-tooth small; aperture in front of orbits very large. Helictis.
3. Helictis moschata. B.M.
Brown ; spot on crown, temples, broad band across forehead, a
small spot on cheek and on side of nose, the chin, throat, chest, and
beneath white. Teeth small ; upper tubercular grinder transverse,
narrow, oblong.
Helictis moschata. Gray, P. Z. S. ii. p. 94 ; 1865, p. 153.
Melogale personata, /. Geoff. Voy. de Belanger, t. 5.
Mustela personata, Blainv. Osteogr. Mustela, t. 13. f.
Hab. China {John Reeve) ; Pegu (/. Geoff.).
4. Helictis subaurantiaca. B.M.
Brown ; face white-varied ; with a white streak from the crown
to the middle of the back. Upper tubercular grinder transverse,
broadly oblong in shape.
Helictis subaurantiaca, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 365, pi. 44;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 153.
Hab. Formosa.
This species is nearly identical in external appearance and colouring
with the H. orientalis ; but it has the small tooth, elongate nose, the
large suborbital aperture, and narrow hinder opening to the palate of
H. moschata. It differs from H. moschata in its teeth — the flesh-
tooth and the tubercular tooth being relatively rather larger — and
especially in the tubercular tooth being longer and more massive,
being a broad oblong instead of a narrow one.
HEKPESTID.E.
143
Length of skull (rather imperfect)
nose
zygoma and orbits
palate
Width of brain-case over ears
nose at front of orbit
Length of tooth-line of canine and grinders . .
lower jaw
WE
o
in. 1.
?2 10
0 10
1 5
1 4
1 2i
0 8
0 9^
1 9
in. 1.
3 0
1 0
1 3
0 8i
1 0
1 lOi
3 1^
1 Oi
0 8i
1 I
2 0
W3
in. 1.
2 11
1 0
0 11
1 lOi
Fam. 8. HERPESTID^.
Tubercular grinders two on each side in the upper, and one in
the under jaw. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central longi-
tudinal groove. The hind feet slender ; underside bald, or more or
less covered with scattered hairs. The toes slender, free, com-
pressed, straight, slightly hairy ; the claws exserted, exposed, blunt
at the end. The body elongate ; legs generally short. The fur is
generally harsh, grizzled. The back is not crested. The tail conical
or cylindrical, hairy, not dark -ringed. The anal pouches shallow,
or not present. The orbit of the skull complete, or only slightly
imperfect on the hinder edge.
Viverridse (Cynopoda, or Dog-footed Viverridae), Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 546,
Herpesteacea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 647.
Tribe 1. Herpestina.
drical.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Head elongate, conical ; tail conical or c^-lin-
* Front claws elomjate, compressed ; back streaked.
1 . Galidictis. Toes 5 . 5. Tail subcylindrical, covered with long
hair. Back striped.
•• The front claws short, compressed ; back grizzled ; flesh-tooth long,
narroiv.
2. Heepestes. Toes 5 . 5. Tail conical, with long hair. Teeth
moderate.
3. Athylax. Toes 5 . 5. Tail conical, with long hair. Teeth
very large.
4. Calogale. Toes 5 . 5. Tail cylindrical, elongate, covered with
shortish hairs ; tip pencilled.
144 HEEPESTIDiE.
5. Galekella. Toes 5 . 4. Tail cylindrical, elongate, covered with
short hail'.
*** The front claws short, compressed ; Jlesh-tooth broad, triangular.
6. Calictis. Toes 5 . 5. Tail conical, with long hairs. Back
grizzled. PupU oblong, transverse.
7. Aeiella. Toes 5 . 5. TaQ elongate, subcylindrical. Back
cross-banded.
8. IcHNEUMiA. Toes 5 . 5. Legs rather high. Tail conical, bushy.
Back grizzled
9. Bdeogale. Toes 5 . 4. Legs moderate. Tail conical, bushy.
Back grizzled. Soles hairy ?
**** Front claws elongate, produced; tail conical, with long hair ;
back grizzled. Lutronectes.
10. Urva. Toes 5 . 5. Head elongate. Soles of hind feet hairy.
False grinders |.
11. TiENioGALE. Toes 5 . 5. Head elongate. Soles of hind feet
bald. False grinders |.
12. Ontchogaxe. Toes 5 . 5. Head elongate. Soles of hind feet
hairy; front claws very long. False grinders |.
13. Helogale. Toes 5. 5. Nose short. False grinders |. Body
slender. Soles bald.
Tribe 2. Cynictidina. Head short, ventricose ; tail bushy, -expanded
laterally ; claws elongate.
14. CrNiCTis. Toes 5 . 4.
Tribe I. HERPESTINA.
Head elongate, conical ; tail conical or cylindiical ; back streaked ;
claws elongate, compressed.
1. GALIDICTIS.
Nose flat, and with a groove below ; ears moderate ; tail bushy ;
whiskers slender. Toes 5/5; front claws elongate," compressed,
much arched; thumb low down, with a long claw ; hinder toes : —
third and fourth longest, subequal ; great toes low down ; claws all
moderate, compressed. Soles broad, bald the whole width to the
heel. False grinders |. Tail subcylindrical, curved, with long hairs.
Back streaked.
Galidictis, 1. Geof. Compt. Hend. 1837, p. 580 ; Mag. Zool. 18-39, 1. 18 ;
Oray, P. Z. ^.'1848, p. 21 (not Hodgson) ; P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 547.
Galictis, I. Geof. Compt. Rend 18-37, p. 581.
2. HEEPESTES. j^g
1 . Galidictis vittata. B ^
Pn,?nl'^' ^^^f.-^^'i-^liite-grizzled; back and sides with eight nearly
equal, parallel narrow, black-brown streaks; chin and beneath p2
brown ; hmd feet and outer sides of fore legs reddish brown T.U
nS^'hlretnt'i^^^ ''''^^'' ^^^^^ '-"^^ ^he
Hack rings. ^' '"^ ''^'^'' ^^^ *^"' '^''^y ^^''^' broad
I 2 (skun). ' ^' ' ^''^'^'^' ^«^- <^^ Zool. xi. p. 465, t. is!
Hah. Madagascar {T. Thompson, Mus. Brit )
2. Galidictis striata.
Pale brown ; seven or nine longitudinal black streaks, the middle
whitish. '^"'^ '''''''' ^''^ ^^-^ l^'^b^ P^l^ brown; tail
^Sfp.1j?.*^' ^' ^"'^- ^"^- '^'^°'''- ^^^^' *• IS' 19; &r«y, P. Z &
Galictis striata, I Geoff. Compt. Rend Acad. Sci. 1837, p 581
Mustek striata, Geoff Mus. Paris. ; Fischer, Srpi. Mamn p 224
Pictonus striatus, Cnvier, Rkcfne An. ed 2 p 144 ^'
La^B^ektte gnse de Madagascar, Sganzin, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855,
Eab. Madagascar.
lpjjl>,*^.f fr^'^i *?,^ brain-cavity is nearly three-fifths the entire
length of the skull, and the skull at the widest part of the zygo-
matic arch IS as large as the brain-cavity. Sk^m oblong, rather
elongate; brain-cavity rather more than half the entire len-^th-
orbit very mcomplete behind; forehead arched; crown ilat • u^pe;
false grinders two, compressed; the flesh-tooth elongate, trigonal
much longer, than broad at the front edge-the intfma tuberde
moderate, on the front edge; tubercular grinders transverse the
lirst rather tngonal, narrow on the inner side, the second oblons
much smaller (see I. Geoff. I.e. t. 19). "oiong,
2. HERPESTES.
Body elongate ; limbs moderate ; back grizzled. Tail conical
covered with long hairs. Toes 5 . 5 ; claws short, compressed. Pupil
bnear, erect. Skull elongate. Teeth 40 ; false grinders | 3- flesh
tooth elongate, narrow, longer than broad on the front edge -'tuber-
cular grinders transverse. '
Herpestes, Illiger ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 548
Mangusta, Olivier.
Ichneumon, Geoff.
146 HERPESTIBJi:.
* Animal large : hair of hodi/ and tail long, harsh ; tail ending in a
black pencil.
1. Herpestes ichneumon. B.M.
Grey, hairs largely ringed ; head and middle of the back darker ;
legs reddish ; feet and end of tail black, with a long flaccid pencil ;
under-fur short, reddish.
Herpestes ichneumon, Gray, Cat. Matnm. B. M. p. 61 ; P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 548.
Viverra ichneumon, Linn. S. N.
Herpestes Pharaonis, A. Smith, S. A. Quart. Journ. i. p. 49 ; Schinz,
Syn. Mamm. i. p. .367.
Ichneumon Pharaonis, Geoff. Mem. Egypt.
Mangusta ichneumon, Fischer, Syn. p. 163.
Ichneumon ^gypti, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 364.
Mangouste d'Egypte, F. Cm. 3Iamm. Lith. t.
Mangouste d'Alger, F. Cuv. Manwi. Lith. t.
Hab. North Africa ; Egypt; Senegal (iira(7c, B.M.) ; Cape Filpila,
1850.
The skull is elongate, rather slender ; the brain-case (that is,
from the occiput to the back edge of the orbit) is three-fifths of the
entu'e length ; the crown is straight ; the forehead arched and rather
convex ; the orbits are not quite complete behind. The teeth are
normal, moderate-sized ; the flesh-grinders of the upper jaw rather
narrow, the front being two-thirds the length of the outer edge ;
the front tubercular trigonal, transverse ; the hinder one small and
oblong, transverse. Length 3^ inches, width at zygomatic arch
2 inclies — the same as the length of the brain-case ; mdth of brain-
case 1| inch. The skull is contracted in front, just over the back
edge of the orbits. Lower jaw very shelving in front ; false grinders
^ ; tubercular grinder oblong, elongate, moderate, with a very
obscure anterior lobe, two lateral, and one larger hinder lobe.
2, Herpestes caffer. B.M.
Like the preceding, but darker ; under-fur shorter, red ; end of
tail with a long, black, flaccid pencil.
Herpestes cafier, Licht. Verz. der Saugeth. 1835 ; Gray, F. Z. S. 1864,
p. 549.
Viverra caffra, Gmelin, S. N.
Ichneumon Pharaonis, Verreaux.
Hah. South Africa, on plains away from the sea ; K^atal (Krcnts).
The skull of H. caffer is elongate, larger and longer than that of
the adult //. ichneumon, and is more convex on the forehead and
behind the orbit. The front of the brain-case is contracted some
distance behind the back edge of the orbit, while in H. ichneumon
this contraction is just over that part. The zygomatic arch is very
long, much longer than in H. ichneumon, and not so arched out as
it is in the latter species. Like as the two species are externally,
they are veiy distinct in the form of their skuUs. The teeth of the
2. HEHPE8TES. 147
two species are very similar ; biit the teeth of II. coffer are consider-
ably loT)gor, stronger, and rather ^Wder proportionately, especially
the tubercular teeth. Length of skull 4 inches ; width at zygomatic
arch 2^ inches, of middle of brain-case 1^ inch. Lower jaw very
shelving in front, with a prominence on the lower edge under the
end of the tooth-line ; false grinders |- ; tubercular moderate, oblong,
with two anterior lateral and one larger posterior prominence.
The great difference between the skulls of tliese two species,
which are so like externally, should act as a caution to naturalists,
who complain so frequently that species are often separated on too
slight external characters. Teraminck, for example, would unite
H. ichneumon, II. caffer, and H. W iddrinc/tonii as one species, and at
most only as "permanent local varieties," whatever those may be.
3. Herpestes dorsalis.
" Back with a narrow, moderately distinct, golden-yellow stripe
from nose to tip of tail, and another on each side of the face, which
diverges from the fi-ont, passes over the eyes, and terminates on the
side of the head.
Ichneumon pliaraonis, var., A. Smith, S. A. Q. J. p. 49.
" Huh. South Africa.
" Length -head and body 18 inches; tail 15 inches (not adult)."
4. Herpestes Widdringtonii. B.M.
Like II. pharaonis ; but fur shorter, under-fur more abundant and
longer, giving the animal a reddish tint ; tail pencilled, distinct, but
shorter.
Herpestes Widdringtouii, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 49, 1842 ;
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 549.
Hub. South of Europe ; Sierra Morena ( Widdrimjton).
5. Herpestes nmnidianus. B.M.
Like H.ichneumonyhut blacker ; the rings of the hairs very chstinct ;
throat, legs, and feet black.
Herpestes numidianus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. ; Verreaujc, MS. ;
Graij, P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 550.
Ilab. ]>\ixmidia (Verr£hnx). (jo^^f^^'- ^Cv-L.-* — .
H. Herpestes madagascariensis.
" Hair of the head, throat, breast, bcUv, and lower part of the
extremities short, that of the other parts longer. The colour of the
upper and lateral parts of head and of lower parts of extremities
brown-red, f^dy speckled with black and white ; the upper and
lateral part^^rthe neck, bodj-, and the whole of the tail specltled,
being black, brown-red, and pale reddish white, each hair annulated
with these three colours, which are darkest upon the back ; throat
l2
148 HEEPESTID^.
and lower part of the neck pale tawny ; breast, belly, and inner side
of extremities dirty pale rufous, speckled with white ; woolly hair
yellowish white ; tail rather thick towards the root, very slender at
the point ; outer surface of ears thickly covered with short brownish-
yellow hairs, inner surface more thickly with a dull tawny sort ;
whiskers black ; nails dark horn-colour. Length of body and head
log inches, of tail 14 inches."
Ichneumon madagascariensis, ^4. S)nith, S.African Quart. Journ. p. 56 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 550.
" Hab. Madagascar {A. Smith).
" Size and form of H. cajfer, but colours much lighter ; and when
placed side by side, various other differences are evident."
7. ? Herpestes Bennettii.
Red-brown, slightly grizzled with whitish ; tail rather depressed,
underside pale red, tip black-penciUed.
Herpestes Bennettii, Gray, Loudon's Mag. N. H. i. p. 578 ; P. Z. S.
1864, p. 550.
Hah. Madagascar {Mus. Zool. Soc). Specimen not to be found.
8. Herpestes Jerdonii. B.M.
Grey, closely and broadly white-ringed ; the head darker ; the
feet darker brown, only slightly aunulated ; tail conical, with a black
pencil of elongated, iiaccid, black hairs.
Herpestes Jerdonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 550.
Bab. Asia : Madras {Jerdon, 1846).
Very like H. ichneumon, but rather paler.
Length of head and body 19 inches, of tail 17.
Skull (aged) elongated ; orbit complete. The false grinders | ;
the front very small ; the second and third triangular, with an
internal lobe. The flesh-tooth narrow, elongate; outer edge much
longer than the width of the front margin ; internal lobe small,
slender, on the front edge. Tubercular transverse ; first triangular,
very short and broad, outer edge oblique, inner part very narrow,
acute ; second very small, oblong. The hinder part of the palate
contracted, with a small wing on each side on the upper, and with
an acute keel on each side of the lower edge, ending in a long pro-
cess behind, with a nodus on the outer side near the end ; internal
opening narrow, transverse. Lower jaw rather strong; chin shel-
ving, lower edge straight, angle produced, lobe keeled on the inner
upper margin. Length of skull about 2" 3'" (imperfect), of nose 11'" ;
width of back of mouth 1" 1'".
See 1. Ichneumon Eclwardsii, Geoff. Egypt, p. 138, from Edw.
Birds &c. p. 199, t. 199.
2. Ichneumon major, Geoff. Z. c. p. 139, from Grande mangouste.
Buff. Supp. iii. p. 173, t. 28. These species are only known from the
figures cited.
2. HERPESTES. 149
** Smaller animal : hair shorter ; tail ivith a small black or red tip.
9. Herpestes apiculatus. B.M.
Fur harsh, dark grey, grizzled with broad black-and-white rings ;
hair rather elongate, with black tip and a broad white subterminal
band ; tail -ndth a very slight black tip, from the dark end of the
terminal hairs.
Length 14 inches ; tail 11 inches (B.M.).
Herpestes apiculatus, Grai/, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 51 ; P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 551.
Herpestes pulverulentus, Wagner, Supp. Schreh. Siiitgeth. t. IIG. f. 2.
Herpestes caffer, Verreaux, MS.
Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope, on rocks near the sea
{A. Smith).
*** Smaller animal : hair of hochj shorter ; tail coloured like the back.
t African.
10. Herpestes punctatissimus.
Fur short ; the hairs at the base of the tail twice as long as those
of the body; the upper part of the body and limbs pale yellow,
dotted with very fine blackish-brown rings, covering aU the parts
except the chin ; the middle part of the neck and beUy dirty white ;
the bail's of the tail, to the extreme point, have many rings ; the tip
of the tail pale reddish.
Length of head and body 10| inches, tail 9 inches.
Herpestes punctatissimus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 108 ; Graxj, P. Z. S.
1804, p. 551.
Hah. Central and Eastern Africa (Temm., 3Ius. Leydcn).
Teeth very strong, much larger than in other skulls of the same size,
11. Herpestes loempor-' K^*^ B.M.
Fnder-fur pale ochraceous ; longer hairs black - tipped ; fur of
head, neck, and back yellow-dotted ; back and nape blacker ; tail
variegated at the base and tufted with long black bail's which are
yellowish at the base ; legs deep black.
Herpestes loempo, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 93, 1853 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 551.
Herpestes mutgigella, Verreaux, MS. (not Riippell).
Arompo, Bosnian, Guinea, p. 33, f. 8.
In the specimen not in complete fur the ochraceous undercoat is
seen through the longer hairs.
Hah. Guinea, near the graves. (Called " Loempo" by a negro at
Guinea.)
The skull is long, vcntricose ; face and forehead flat, shelving
gradually to the back of the orbits, and thenshelving in a straight
line towards the hinder part of the head. The ca^-itics for the
temporal muscles are very large, and they extend in front, and meet
150 HEEPESTTDJE.
together on the forehead at a line rather in front of the hinder edge
of the orbit. The orbits are large, the hinder edge entire ; the hinder
part of the skuU is broad ; the hinder part of the palate between the
temporal muscles is narrow and elongate, the hinder opening being-
nearer the hinder than the front edge of the temporal fossae. The
hinder grinders are slender ; the crown of the flesh-tooth is trian-
gular, the froot side being the shortest, with the inner tubercle on
the straight front edge.
12. Herpestes^a^rter-" ■ ' "" B.M.
Black ; sides of the head, neck, and front of the body pale brownish,
with broad white subterminal bands on the ends of the hairs ; hairs
harsh ; tail black, grey at the base, hairs not ringed at the end ;
front of thighs, legs, and feet black.
Hei-pestes Pluto, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 93, 1853 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G4,
p. 552.
Rab. Guinea (Temminck) ; West Coast of Africa (Gerrard), adult ;
? East Africa ( Verreaii.v).
The adult specimens from Gerrard and Verreaux are rather paler
than the younger one from Leyden ; length of head and body 20
inches, tail 14 inches. Younger from Guinea, length of body and
head 16 inches, tail 11 inches. They have also a slight indication
of a crest of longer black hairs on the back of the neck.
Skull short, broad ; nose shelving ; forehead convex ; crow n flat ;
orbits complete. False grinders | ; first conical, blunt ; the second
compressed ; the third trigonal, with a distinct internal and hinder
tubercle. Flesh-tooth rather longer than wide on the front edge ;
the inner tubercle on front edge, broad, rounded. Tubercular grinders
transverse ; the front about twice as wide as long, rounded on the
inner edge ; the second smaller, rather oblong, with two well-marked
tubercles, rather narrower and more acute on the hinder part of the
inner edge.
Skull — length 3i inches ; width at zygoma 2^ inches, of brain-
cavity 1| inch.
" Like the ff. hempo ; the head and muzzle longer ; tail shorter,
covered with hairs like those of the body ; fur of body, limbs, and
tail intense shining black ; under-fur sombre or dark brown ; the
fur of the chin, throat, and cheeks black, with very small yeUow
dots ; all the rest intense black. The younger are marked with very
fine dots, produced by the yellow rings on the black hairs." — Temm.
This does not agree with the specimen (which appears to be chan-
ging its teeth) which we received from the Leyden Museum.
13. Herpestes iodoprymnus.
"Supra ex albido griseoque variegatus, capito, coUo, maniculis
atque podariis cinerascentibus, hypochondriis viridi-griseis, prymna
saturate castanea, pectore, abdomine cristaque uuicoloribus ex ru-
fescente isabellinis ; cauda longe disticha, basim versus villosissima.
2. HERPESTES. 151
supra et infra ad apicem nigrum usque castanca, rhinario et plantis
(Icuudatis iiigris.
" Long, tota 24"."
Herpestesjodoprymnus, ^e2</7^m, Nov. Acta Leap. xxix. p. 23; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 553.
" Hab. Eastern Abyssinia."
14. Herpestes Lefebvrii.
Herpestes Lefebvrii, DeaMiirs et Prwost; HeiujUn, Nov. Act. Lecqy.
xxix. p. 23 ; Lvfi'bvre, J'oi/. Mamm. t. 1 (not described ) ; Gi-ay,
P. Z. *'. 18(i4, p." 5.53.
Hab. North-oast Africa (Heiiglln).
tt Asiatic.
15. Herpestes griseus. B.M.
Palo grey, largely white-ringed; head and legs darker; hairs harsh,
elongate, with a very broad white subterminal ring ; feet blackish ;
tail bushy ; cheeks and throat more or less reddish.
Herpestes gi-iseus, Dcsm. 3Iamm. p. 212 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 553.
Ichneumon griseus, Geoff. JEyypt. li. p. 157.
Mangusta giisea, Fischer, Si/n. Maiiun. p. 164.
Herpestes pallidus, ScJiinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 373.
Viverra grisea, Tlainb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. p. 306.
Hub. India: Bengal (Oldham); Travancore {P.Poole); " Sn-
m.a.tra,''' [Raffles, Waterh. Cat.) ; I)ukh.im. (Sy Ices) ; No^al (Hodgson).
Var. Paler, with a reddish tinge, and the pale rings rather nar-
rower.
Hab. India (Hardivick).
Skull and teeth normal ; orbit complete ; nose short, thick ; false
grinders 3 . 3, first conical, roundish, third triangular. Flesh-tooth
rather longer than broad in front. Tubercular transverse ; the first
with the outer side sloping ; the hinder small, oblong, short. Lower
jaw shching in front. Skull — length 2J inches ; ^vidth of brain-
case 2^ inches, at zygomatic arch l^Aj- inch.
16. Herpestis persicus. B.M.
Pale ashy, very closely and abundantly black- and white-punctu-
lated ; hair short and soft, with black ends and a broad white band
near the tip ; the chin and underside unifonn ashy ; tail conical,
tapering, coloured like the back ; feet like the back, but with shorter
hair.
Herpestes persicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1 864, p. 554.
Hab. Persia : Rhugistan and Mohammerah, date-groves (Kennet,
Loftus, 1853).
Skull (adult) rather elongate ; nose short, forehead very broad,
convex ; the orbits complete ; lower jaw moderately strong, chin
shelving. Teeth 40, normal ; the third false grinder subtriangidar,
152 HERPESTID^.
with small, central, prominent lobe ; the flesh-tooth elongate, sub-
trigonal, the outer side considerably longer than the front one, the
inner tubercle small, on the front edge ; the front tubercular trian-
gular, transverse, with a very sloping outer edge. Length of skull
2" 6'", of nose 7|"' ; width of under palate behind 9|"', of brain-case
10'", of zygomatic arch 1" 3'".
Somewhat like Calogale nyula, but much paler and more uniform
in dotting ; the head shorter and broader, and the taU conical,
tapering, thicker at the base.
17. Herpestes fuscus. B.M.
Black-brown, white-dotted ; hair very long and harsh; ends black,
with a narrow pale band very near the tip ; throat and belly reddish
brown ; taU bushy, like the back.
Herpestes fuscus, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 55 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 554.
Hah. India (Waterhouse) ; Madras (Jerdon, 1846).
Mr. Waterhouse's type is iu the B. M. : length of body and head
10 inches, tail 17 inches. The one from Madras is smaller.
The skull is intermediate in form between that of H. ichneumon and
that of Athylax paludosus ; the brain-case is nearly of the same ex-
ternal form as the latter, but not quite so ventricose ; the orbit is small
and rather incomplete behind ; the zygomatic arch is rather convex,
but, as in H. ichneumon, the convexity is more on the hinder end,
while it is regularly bowed out in A. paludosus. The teeth of the
upper jaw are very like those of If. ichneumon ; but the outer edge
of the front tubercular is not so oblique, and the hinder tubercular
is even smaller ; they are very much slenderer and less bulky than
the teeth of ^. paludosus. Lower jaw very shelving in front ; lower
edge arched, narrow behind ; false grinders 4.4; tubercular oblong,
elongate, rather small, crown four-lobed, one lobe at each end and
two in the middle portion.
The length of the skuU 3^ inches ; the width of the brain-case
1^ inch, of the zygomatic arch IJ-i inch.
18. Herpestes javanicus. B.M.
Dark black-brown, very minutely punctured with yellow ; head
redder ; tail conical ; claws short, conical.
Herpestes javanicus, Desm. Mamm. p. 212; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 554.
Mangusta javanica, Horsf. Zool. Java, t.
Mustela galera, Desm. (fide icon. ined.).
Viverra mangusta, Temtn.
Ichneumon javanicus, Geoff. M^m. Egypt, ii. p. 157.
Hah. Java and Sumatra (Horsfield, Miiller) ; Penang and Malay
peninsula (Cantor).
Young. — Pale bay ; some of the hair of the tail with long grey tips.
Hah. Sumatra (Raffies).
2. HEBPESTES. 153
19. Herpestes semitorquatus. B.M.
Dark red -brown, very slightly punctulated ; cheeks and sides of
th(! neck uniform pale bay ; legs and feet black ; tail black, with
some white tips to the hairs. Length of body and head 18 inches,
tail 11 inches.
Herpestes semitorquatus, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, t. 3. f. 1-3, 1849;
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 555.
Hah. Borneo (Belcher).
The sknU is not quite adult, much broader compared with its length
than even that oi At In/lax pal mIosus. The contraction in the front
of the brain-cavity is sKght, and rather in front of the hack edge of
the orbits. The orbit is rather large, and sHghtly incomplete behind ;
the zygomatic arch is rather short, and not much bowed out. The
teeth are normal, and very Hke those of II. ichneumon ; they occupy
a rather shorter space. Length of the skull 3^ inches ; width of the
brain-case 1^, of the zygomatic arch IJ-^ inch. Skull short and
broad.
Lower jaw — chin shelving; lower edge arched, without any pro-
minence under the end of the tooth-line ; false grinders 4.4; the
front false grinder small, deciduous ; the tubercidar grinders oblong,
longitudinal, with two unequal anterior and one large posterior
tubercle.
Like H. hracliyurus in some respects ; but the tail is longer, and
the sides of the neck bright pale red, separated from the other parts
by a defined line.
20. Herpestes exilis.
" PaUide flavo nigroque aunulatis ; capite et dorso cinnamomeo et
nigro annulatis ; pcdibus nigrescentibus, gula cinnamomea, ventre
pallidiore ; cauda pilosa, non penicillata, palmis plantisque nudis.
" Long. Corp. 10| poll., caudoB 8 poll."
Herpestes exilis, JSi/doux, Zool. de la Bonitc, t. 3. f. 7-9 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 5.55.
" Hah. East Indies, Touranne {Eycloux)."
21. Heirestes malaccensis.
Dull ashy, beneath rather paler ; hairs black, white- and yellow-
ringed ; orbits, ears, and tip of nose naked, violet ; tail the colour of
the body, very thick at the base, ending with yellow hairs.
Herpestes malaccensis, F. Cuv. 31. Lithoy. t. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 555.
Mangusta malaccensis, Fischer, Syn. p. 164.
Hei-pestes pallidas, var., Schiiiz, Syn. Matnm. i. p. 373.
Herpestes Frederici, Desm. Diet. S. Nat. xxix. p. 60.
Herpestes Lescbenaidtii, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. t.
Hah. Malacca, Pondicherry (Leschenault).
154 HERPESriD^.
**** Smaller : tail like back, much shorter than the body.
22. Herpestes brachynrus. B.M.
Black, hairs yellow -ringed ; under- fur brown ; face, cheeks, and
sides of neck yellower ; belly and tail darker ; throat pale yellow-
brown ; fore legs and feet blackish ; tail thick, about half as long as
the body. Length of head and body 18 inches, tail Vg inches.
Herpestes brachyiu'us, Gray, Mag. N. H. i. p. 578, 18.36; Voy. of the
Samarang, Mamm. t i. £ 123, 1849 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 556.
Mangusta bracliyura, De JBlainv. Ost. Atlas, t. 6.
Hah. Borneo (Malacca).
The skull is most like that of H. caffer, but shorter ; the brain-
case, the zygomatic arches, and the face are shorter and more ven-
tricose ; the forehead broader and regularly convex. The constric-
tion of the front of the brain-case is rather behind the orbit, and
not very great ; the orbit is rather small, and complete behind.
The teeth are normal, and very like in proportion and form to those
of H. ichneumon, but rather larger in all parts, as the skull is larger ;
brain-case five-eighths of entire length. Length of the skull 3^
inches ; width of brain-case 1| inch, at zygomatic arch 2yL inches.
3. ATHYLAX.
Atilax, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. 1826, iii. t.
Athylax, I. Geoff. 3Iag. Zool. 1837 ; De Blainv. Osteogr. ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 656.
Galera, IJroicn, Hist. Jam. i. p. 85, 1756.
Like Herpestes, but teeth and jaws stronger. Toes 5.5; claws
blunt. SkuU elongate. Teeth 40, normal, very massive, with large
acute tubercles on the crown ; the false grinders |. The lower jaw
very strong, with a well-marked chin, and a tubercle on the lower
edge under the posterior end of the tooth-line (De Blainv. Ost.
Viverra, t. 5). The grinders much longer and broader, with larger
and higher tubercles, and the hinder upper tubercular grinder much
larger than in most, if not in any other, of the genera ; but in the
disposition and number of the tubercles they are just like those in
the other species.
M. I. Geoffrey compares this genus with his Galiclia, and concludes
that they are distinct (see Mag. de Zool. 1839, p. 25),
This genus is separated from Herpestes by the large size and thick-
ness of the teeth and the strength of the lower jaw, with its two
distinct prominences. The skull and lower jaw of both species, if they
are distinct, are figured by De Blainville, as above referred to.
1. Athylax vansire.
Atilax vansire, F. Cuvier, Mamm.. Lithog. p. 411, t. ; Diet. Sci. Nat. t.
Atliylax vansire, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 557.
Mustela galera, Fr.rl. Syst. p. 453 ; Schreb. Sliugeth. t. 155.
Viverra galera, Shaw.
3. ATHTLAX. 155
Ilerpestes galera, Desm. Mamm p. 212 ; Wagner, Gel. Anzeig. Lx.
Mangusta galera, Fischer, Syn. p. 165.
Mangouste vansire, Geoff.
Mangusta (Atliylax) galera, DeBlainv. Osteogr. Viverra, t. 5 (skull).
Ichueumon vansire, A. Smith, S. A. Q. J. p. 53.
Ichueumon galera, Geuff. Mem. Egypt, p. 138.
Vansire, Biiffun, H. N. xiii. p. 157, t. 21.
Hah. Madagascar.
According to De DlainviUe's figure, the skull is more solid and
stronger than that of A. ^alwlosus. Temmiuck thinks this a
variety or local state of Herpestes paludosus (Esq. Zool. p. 100).
The description of the Vmisire, from a stiitted specimen, is as
follows: — -"The fur is less long than that of a Marten or Polecat,
of the same dark brown colour on all parts of the body ; the under-
fur is brown ; the longer hairs are brown at the roots ; the remain-
der blackish and redchsh, which succeed each other at small inter-
vals to the tip. These two colours occupy all the length of the hairs
of the tail. Toes 5 . 5. Length of body and head 13 inches, tail
7 inches, hair 2k inches long. Madagascar." — Buffon, H. N. xiii.
p. 169, t. 21.
In the figure, the claws are represented as long, compressed,
arched, acute.
The skull of the animal figured by F. Cuvier is engraved in
De Blainv. Osteogr. t. 5,
2. Athylax paludosus. B.M.
Brown, closely yellow-punctulated ; hair elongate.
Ilei-pestes paludosus, Cur. R. A.
Mangusta luinatrix, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 237.
Herpestes palustris, Ri'qipeU.
Ilerpestes griseu.-J, BurvhcU, Cat.
Herpestes cali'er, Mas. Statfgard.
Herpestes paludiaosus, I'cferx, Beise Mossamb. Saugeth. p. 119.
Herpestes atilax (partly), Schiiiz, Sgii. Mamm. i. p. 371.
Ichneumon m'iuatrix, yl. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. i. p. 51.
Mangusta paludiuosa, Be Blainv. Odeog. Viverra, t. 5 (skull ), t. 12
(teeth).
Athylax paludosus, Graij, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 557.
Hab. South iifrica. Cape of Good Hope, on the banks of the rivers,
a great diver (A. SmitJi) ; East Africa, Quillimane (Peters).
Var. Black-brown, only very slightly punctulatcd, except on the
side of the throat.
Var. Canine teeth very strong.
Hall. Guinea (Gervais).
The skull is wider, compared with its length, than in most species
of the genus ; the brain-case is more convex; the contraction in the
front of the brain-case is not so great or so sudden as in Ilerpestes
ichneumon and //. cajj'er, and is only a very small distance behind
the hinder edge of the orbits. The orbit is very incomplete behind.
156 HEEPESXID^.
The teeth are normal ; they are all much more bulky and broader
than in any of the other species of the genus which I have seen ;
the hinder upper false grinder is triangular, with nearly equal sides ;
the flesh-tooth is veiy strong, the front edge being nearly four-
fifths of the length on the outer side ; the first tubercular is not
twice as broad as the length of the outer edge. The brain-case is
about five-eighths of the entire length. The hinder part of the
palate contracted, flat, with a diverging crest on each side above,
and a ridge on each side below, with the aperture transverse, in a
line with the base of the lateral crest. The bullae large, vesicular,
rounded below and behind. Length of the skull 3|JL inches ; width
of brain-case 1|-^ inch, at zygomatic arch 2^ inches. The zygoma-
tic arch, in comparative length and convexity, is very like that of
the skull of H. ichneumon. Lower jaw strong, short, with a distinct
chin-angle in front ; teeth very large and strong; tubercular oblong,
longitudinal, large, with two anterior and one broad hinder lobe ;
the angle behind with flattened expanded processes.
3. Athylax robustus. B.M.
Brown, very minutel}' and closely punctured ; the head blacker,
with a subvertical band; the edge of the lower jaw and cheeks under
the ears yellowish, not punctulated ; legs and feet nearly black ; tail
black-brown, punctulated.
Athylax robustus, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 558.
Eah. Africa : " White Nile " (no. 6168, adult; no. 6169, younger)
{ParzudaJci).
Very like A. paludosus, but paler, and with pale cheeks ; the
teeth are very large and strong, like those of the A. paludosus variety
from Guinea.
Lower jaw like that of A. paludosus, biit not quite so strong, and
more sloping in front ; the compressed teeth rather large ; the tu-
bercular oblong, elongate, moderate, with two large lobes in front,
and one larger behind.
Skull elongate ; nose short, thick ; forehead convex ; orbits com-
plete. Teeth 36 ; the false grinders ^, with a short space be-
tween the canine and the first false molar, where a small tooth may
have fallen out. The false grinders triangular, with a triangular
tubercle on the middle of the inner side. The flesh-tooth massive,
triangular, nearly as wide in front as long on the outer side, with a
large internal tubercle in a line with the front edge. Tubercular
grinders transverse ; the front triangular, much wider than long,
outer edge oblique, inner edge narrow ; hinder one oblong, much
smaller. The hinder part of the palate produced nearly to a line
with the condyles, keeled on each side, and with a strong keel on
each side of the lower surface, edging the very narrow contracted
hinder opening. Ear-bullae very large, vesicidar, rounded below and
behind. Lower jaw strong, solid, nearly as high behind as in front;
chin shelving ; gonyx long, the angle produced, bent up at the end.
4. CALOGALE.
157
and keeled on the outer lower edge. Length of skull 4^ inches,
of nose 1| inch; width of brain-case 1| inch, of back of mouth
1 i inch, of zygomatic arch 2| inches.
Fi-. 21.
Skull of A fin/lax rnbii.stKS.
4. CALOGALE.
Body elongate. Tail very long, slender, cylindrical, covered with
short hair, with longer at the tip. Toes 5.5; claws short, triangular,
acute. Pupil linear, erect. Skull elongate ; brain-case elongate,
two-thirds the length of skull (see Peters, Reise, t. 28). Teeth 40 ;
false grinders | . f , compressed ; flesh-tooth narrow, much longer
158 HBRPESTIB^.
than broad, with inner tubercles on front edge; tubercular grinders
^ . f, transverse, hinder very small.
Calogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 560.
* Tail like back, rather thick. Pupil ohlong, horizmdal.
1. Calogale nyxda. B.M.
Pale grey, very closely and minutely black- and white-punctulated ;
tail elongate, rather tapering, coloured like the back.
' Ilerpestes nyiila, Hodffsoti, J. A. S. Beny. 1836, p. 236.
Herpestes pallidus (partly), Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 373.
Herpestes nigula, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. p. 287.
Calogale nyula, Gray,' P. Z. S. 1864, p. 560.
Hah. India: Nepal, Open Tarai (Hodgson); Salt Eange {Old-
ham).
Length of head and body 15 inches, tail 12 inches.
The largest species of the genus, but much smaller than Her-
pestes griseus, which it somewhat resembles.
Skull very like H. griseus, but nose longer ; orbit complete, and
more compressed and tapering ; the flesh- tooth and the front tuber-
cular grinder rather larger and more massive. Skull — length
2| inches; width at brain-case 1 inch, at zygomatic arch 1^ inch.
These animals have the tail rather more bushy than the more
typical Calogale ; but they have the narrow skull and longer narrow
brain-case and slender narrow flesh-tooth of the genus.
2. Calogale nepalensis. B.M.
Dark grey, very minutely and closely punctulated, with black and
pale-whitish hairs, with a broad subterminal pale band ; tail subcy-
lindrical, pencOled at the end, coloured Hke the back.
Length 13 inches, tail 11 inches.
Herpestes nepalensis. Gray, Mag. N. JB. p. 578, 1836; Hodgson,
J. A. S. Peng. p. 235.
Herpestes auropiuictatus, Hodgson, J. A. Soc. Peng. i. p. 578.
Hei-pestes javauicus, Hodgson.
Herpestes griseus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 346.
Herpestes pallipes, Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 346.
Calogale nepalensis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 560.
Hah. India: Nepal, hill regions (jyoc^^rson) ; A.mam {M'Clelland);
Affghanistan {Griffith).
Skull — orbit complete, like C. grisea. and C. nyida, but smaller ;
the nose short, like C. grisea, but more compressed ; teeth normal,
very like C. nyxda, the hinder tubercular being larger than in C.
grisea. Skull — length 1^^ inch ; width at brain-case A inch, at zy-
goma I5 inch.
3. Calogale rutUa. B.M.
Grizzled chestnut-brown, variegated with black and white rings
on the hairs ; head and limbs darker chestnut, with scarcelj' any,
4. CALOGALE. 159
or very narrow, white rings ; lips and throat and underpart of the
body uniform duller brown, not giizzled ; cars brown ; the nape
with longer hairs, forming broad short crests.
Ileriiestes rutihis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 136.
Calogalo rutila, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561.
Ilab. Cambogia (Mouhot, one specimen).
4. Calogale microcephala.
Head very small ; teeth very small ; ears close, short; nose very
short and narrow. Fur finely dotted all over, deep brown and dull
yellow, of the underpart dirty white ; the under-fur ashy at the
base, with a very broad yellow band ; the hairs silky, blackish
brown, with small ochraceous rings ; the hairs of the tail with
broader rings, those of the tip similar. Length of head and body
10 inches, of tail 9| inches.
Hei-pestes microcephalus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 113. L .^r\sX^oSiiL'\.^/:^^^
Calogale microcephala, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561. .
Hah. ? {Mus. Leydeii, procured at Havre). ^
** Tail-end bright hay, very slender.
5. Calogale sanguinea.
Head ashy, black-dotted ; body isabcUa-red ; hair with tip and
rings browTi ; throat, chest, and belly white ; feet pale ; tail Isabella
and black, varied, tip bright red-brown. Length of head and body
1 1 1 inches, of tail 12i inches.
Plerpestcs sanguineus, Piipp. Fauna Abyss, p. 27, t. 8 & 10 (skull).
Calogale sauguiuea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561.
Hab. Abyssinia.
6. Calogale Grantii B.M.
Palo yeUow-brown, nearly uniform, very slightly grizzled, with
white tips to the hairs ; end of tail hetj. U ,■ > ■ -
Herpestes badius, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 100.
Calogale Grantii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561.
Hab. East Africa : Mgunda Mkali (Capt. Spehe).
*** Tail-end black, very slender.
7. Calogale mutgigella, E.M.
Dark olive-brown, very minutely punctulated; tail-end black.
Length of body and head ISg inches, of tail 11|^ inches.
Heiiiostcs mutgigella, Jiiipp. Fauna Abyss, t. 0. f. 1.
Calogale mutgigella, Gray, P. Z. S. 1804, p. 561.
Hal). .Vbyssinia.
SkuU rather elongate, narrow, like that of C. nyula ; nose flat ;
forehead and crown in one line ; brain-case ovate, flat-topped, con-
tracted in the front over the orbits ; orbit incomplete ; false grinders
160 HERPESTIB^.
I or I", front small, hinder rather compressed, with a small internal
and a small hinder acute tubercle ; flesh-tooth much longer than
broad — inner tubercles small, on front edge ; tubercular grinders
transverse, the first trigonal, the outer edge broader, the inner nar-
row, acute ; the second very smaU, nearly like the first in form.
Skull 21 inches wide at the broadest part ; brain-case 1 inch.
8. Calogale ornata.
Herpestes ornatus, Peters, Monatsh. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 81 ; J2ee.se
n. Mossamb. Sdugeth. 1. p. 117, t. 26, 1852.
Calogale ornata. Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 562.
Hab. Eastern Africa: Tete, lat. 17° (Smith).
The figure is very like C. mutgigella ; but the grizzling of the
back seems to form more irregularly waved cross streaks ; perhaps
this is only the attempt of the artist to represent the grizzling. The
figure of the skull also resembles that of the former species.
Temminck regards this as a variety of C. mutgigella (Esq. Zool.
p. 116).
9. Calogale punctulata. B.M.
Eeddish grey, minutely black- and grey-punctured ; face redder ;
under-fur black ; long haii's brown, upper half whitish, with a broad
black subapical band and a bay tip ; tail-end black ; front claws
rather slender, acute ; inner toes very short, claws short.
Herpestes pimctulatus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 11.
Herpestes badius, var. 2, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 105.
Calogale pimctulata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 562.
Hah. South-east Africa : Port Natal (TFiTZrams).
Like C. mutgigella, but redder ; face red-bay.
10. Calogale melanura. B.M.
Reddish brown, minutely punctulate ; hair short ; tail-end black ;
front claws acute, short.
Cynictis melanura, Martin, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 56 ; Fraser, Zool. Ty-
pica, t.
Herpestes melanura. Gray, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 5.
Herpestes badius, var. 3, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 107.
Calogale melanura, Graij, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 562.
Hab. West Africa, Sierra Leone {Cajpt.P.L. Strachan) ; Damara
Land (Alexander).
Var. ? Rather paler (not in good state). B.M.
Herpestes ochromeles, Pucheran (fide Verreaux).
Hab. "■ Central Africa " ( Verreaux).
Skull elongate, very much contracted in front over the orbit : the
flesh-tooth trigonal, longer than broad ; hinder tubercular very mi-
nute, transverse.
11. Calogale badia. B.M.
Bright bay, nearly uniform ; end of tail black.
5. OALEEELLA. 161
Young ? pale browii, with an obscure waved appearance from the
broad bands on the hairs.
Hei-pestes badius, A. Smith, Illmt. Zool. S. A. Mamm. t. 4, $ .
Ichneumon rathimuchi, A. Smith, Ajip. Report, 1836, p. 42.
Herpestes Cawii, A. Sinith.
Calogale badia, Gray, P. Z. S. 18(34, p. 563.
JIab. South Africa, on plains away from the sea ; ? Guinea (called
" Koukeboe ") (Temm.), perhaps a variety or species.
Skull rather elongate, compressed ; brain-case elongate, contracted
in front ; orbit complete in the adult, incomplete in the young. The
false grinders 3.3; the first very small; second compressed, conical;
third subcompressed, placed obliquely, with a very minute, scarcely
appreciable internal lobe and no hinder one. Flesh-tooth trigonal,
considerably longer than broad ; the internal lobe small, on the
front edge. The first tubercular grinder transverse, outer edge
oblique, inner (narrower) rounded ; the second very minute, linear,
with two tubercles.
M. Temminck thinks that Herpestes punctatus and Cynictis me-
lanura are varieties of this species (Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 100).
9
12. Calogale venatica. B.M. )
Dark bay, white-grizzled, the long hairs white-tipped ; tail-end
black.
Herpestes badius, var., Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 11 ; Peters, Reise n.
Mossamb. Sdiigeth. p. 119.
Calogale venatica. Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 563.
Hab. East Africa.
13. Calogale gracilis. B.M.
Bro\\ni or blackish brown, scarcely grizzled ; fur on sides of the
neck shorter and very minutely grizzled ; end of tail blacker.
Herpestes gracilis, PiippeU, Fauna Abyss, t. 8. f. 1, t. 10.
lehneumia gracilis, /. Geoff". Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 17.
Iclmeumia nigricaudatus, /. Geoff. MS., I. c. p. 18.
Calogale gracilis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 563.
Hab. Abyssinia (Bicppell).
1 4. Calogale ? thysanura.
Minor, pilis fusco et pallide lutco annulatis ; pcdibus fuscis ; cauda
longa, penicillo magno aterrimo terminata.
Length of head and body 12 inches, of tail 13 inches.
Herpestes thysanunis, Wagner, Miinchen. gelehrt. Anz. ix. p. 449.
Calogale ? thysanura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 564.
Hab. India : Cashmere.
5. GALERELLA.
Body slender. Legs short. Tail elongate, slender, tapering,
covered with shortish hairs. Toes 5 . 4. Claws short, compressed.
162 HERPESTID-E.
aciite. Skull elongate ; brain-case rather ventricose. Face short.
Teeth 38 ; false grinders f . f ; flesh-tooth triangular, longer than
broad ; tubercular grinders |- . f, transverse.
Galerella, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1864, p. o64.
Galerella ochracea. B.M.
Pale brown, minutely punctulatcd ; throat, underside, and inside
of the hmbs white ; tail-end black ; front thumb very small, low
down.
Cynictis ochracea, Gerrard, Cat. Ost. B. M. p. 77.
Herpestes ocbraceus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 138, pi. 8 ; Atm. 4'' Mag.
N. II. 1849, iv. p. 376.
Herpestes mutgigella, var., Teimn. Esq. Zool. p. 110.
CxalereUa ochracea. Gray, F. Z. S. 1864, p. 564.
Hah. East Africa : Abyssinia {F. H. Hora).
Skull elongate ; brain-case rather ventricose ; face short, fore-
head arched; flesh-tooth triangular, much longer than broad, inner
tubercle anterior ; false grinders f . f ; the hinder tubercular very
small ; orbit incomplete behind ; not so contracted in front over the
back of the orbit. Like Calogale badia in size, but brain-ease more
ventricose.
M. Temminck regards this as only a seasonal state of H. mutgi-
gella (Esq. Zool. p. 116), not observing that it has no internal toe
on the hind feet.
6. CALICTIS.
The pupil oblong, transverse. Claws rather arched, compressed.
Tail thick, conical, tapering. Ears rounded. Skull elongate, face
short. Teeth 40 ; false grinders f . | ; the flesh-tooth triangular,
scarcely longer than broad ; tubercular grinders |- . ^.
Calictis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 564.
The skuU elongate, rather narrow, much contracted in front of
the grain-case ; orbit rather incomplete ; the nose shelving ; crowTi
flat. The false giinders 1^; the first very small ; second compressed;
third trigonal, with a small internal and a small hinder lobe. The
flesh-tooth triangular, scarcely longer than broad in front, the inner
lobe on the front edge. Tubercular grinders transverse ; the first
subtrigonal, oblique, much broader than long ; the second very mi-
nute. The skull 3 inches long, and brain-cavity 1^ inch broad
behind.
Calictis Smithii. B.M.
Eeddish brown, very closely pale-grizzled, hair with red-brown
ends and subconical white bands ; feet and tip of tail black.
Herpestes Smithii, Grat/, Loudon'' s Mag. N. Hist. 1837, i. p. 2 ; Pi-oc.
Zool. Sac. 1851, p. 131, pi. 31.
CaUctis Smithii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 665.
Hab. Ceylon (A. Grace).
M. Temminck, misled by some dealer, believes that this animal
8. ICHNEUMIA. 163
inhabits Cape Coast and Guinea. He complains of the shortness of
my diagnosis ; but says himself it is well characterized by a shorter
but nearly identical one (see Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 98). (See Calo-
gale nyuJa and V. nepahnsis, p. 158).
7. ARIELA.
Body elongate. Tail slender, elongated, snbcyhndrical, thickest
at the base. Toes 5 . 5. Skull elongate. Face short. Teeth 40 ;
false grinders -f . f ; flesh-tooth trigonal, rather broader than long,
inner lobe long, rounded, on front edge ; tubercular gi'inders f . ^,
Helogale (part.), Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308.
Aiiela, Grai/, P. Z. S.' 1864, p. 565.
Ariela tsenionota. B.il. (skull only).
Hair of head, underpart of neck, and lower part of the extremi-
ties short, elsewhere pretty long; centre of the face, forehead, crown,
cheeks, and sjjace between the ej^es and ears black, freely pencilled
with white. Muzzle, upper and lower lips, and space under lower
jaw light chestnut ; outer surface of the ears brownish, inner surface
dirty reddish white ; back and sides of neck, shoidders, anterior
part of back and sides, and outer surface of anterior extremities finely
pencilled black and white ; the rest of back and upper part of sides
banded transversely deep black and yellowish white or light yellow-
brown ; flanks and outer surface of hinder extremities towards the
body pencilled didl black and yellowish white ; lower part of neck,
breast, belly, and lower surface of extremities black ; tail slender,
thickest towards the root, for about two-thirds of its length pencilled
black-brown and pale ferruginous, last third nearly uniform black.
Length of head and body 15 inches, of tail ~i inches.
Helogale t.-enionota, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308.
Hei-pestes tajnionotus, A. Smith, 8. African Journ. p. 52, 1834.
Herpestes zebra (partly), Schinz, St/n. Mamm. i. p. 371.
Ichneumon ttenionotus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Joum. p. 50.
Ariela tjenionota, Gran, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 565.
Hab. South Africa : Natal (A. S^niih).
The flesh-tooth broader than long ; the inner lobe long, rounded,
on the front edge. The fh'st false grinder conical, compressed ; the
second trigonal, with an internal tubercle. The tubercular gi-indcrs
transverse ; the first large, with a long internal lobe, rather thinner,
narrower than the outer edge, and rounded withiji. Orbit incom-
plete behind. SkuU elongate.
8. ICHNEUMIA.
Body compressed. Legs rather long. Fur grizzled. Tail conical,
bushy. Toes 5 . 5. Claws rather elongate, sharp. The greater part
of the soles of the hind feet are covered with hair. Teeth 40 ; false
grinders f . J ; flesh-tooth triangular ; tubercular grinders ^ . 2.
M 2
164 HERPESTID^..
Ichneumia, I. Geof. Compt. Bend. 1837, p. 582 ; Mag. Zool 1839,
pp. 13 & 31 ; Grai/, P. Z. S. 1864, p. .566.
Lasiopiis, -B. Geoff. Coins deVHist. Nat. des Mamm. p. 57, 1835.
The most Viverrine form of this family.
M. GeofFroy separates this genus on account of its peculiar den-
tition, which he describes : — false grinders f, true |, tubercidar \
(Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 13^. M. Geoffroy's figures are lower on their
legs and more vermiform than our specimen of /. alhicauda.
Dr. A. Smith, when first describing this species, observed, " Its
teeth exhibit a slight difference in form, and are not so closely set
as in the true Ichneumons. This peculiarity, in addition to the
state of the soles of the feet, may, when its manners and habits are
better known, require it to be separated from the present genus "
(South African Quart. Journ. p. 52, 1834).
" Shorter and more robust, and stands higher on its limbs, than
Herpestes."—A. Smith.
1. Ichneumia albicauda. B.M.
Tail white nearly to the base.
Ichneumia albicauda, I. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1839, pp. 13, 35, 1. 11 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 566.
Herpestes albicaudus, Cuvier, Pkg. Anim. ed. 2, 1834.
Herpestes albicaudatus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 181,
1834.
Mangusta albicauda, De Blainv. Osteogr. Viverra, t. 12 (teeth).
Hob. Africa : Port Natal (-4. Smith) ; Senegal (Heudelot) ; Ga-
1am (Delambre).
2. Ichneumia leucura.
Herpestes leucurus, Ehrenh. Sym. Phys. Mamm. t. 12, cop. Schreh.
Sdugeth. t. 116.
Ichneumia leucura, Gi-ay, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 566.
Uab. East Africa : Nubia and Dongola {Ehrenh.).
This may be the same as the preceding. See observations of M.
I. Geoffrey, Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 14, note.
3. Ichneumia albescens.
Pale brown ; tip of taU white.
Ichneumia albescens, /. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 35, t. 12 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 566.
Bah. East Africa : Sennaar (Botta).
Skull ovate, swollen ; the brain-cavity one-half the length ; nose
shelving ; forehead and crown rather convex ; orbit incomplete be-
hind. False grinders ^ ; the third triangular, sides of equal length,
with an internal tubercle on the hinder edge. The flesh-tooth tri-
angular, rather longer than wide in front, narrow behind; the in-
ternal tubercle anterior, rounded internally. The tubercular grinders
large, oblong, trigonal, about half as wide again as long ; the hinder
rather the smaUest (see I. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1839, t. 13).
JO. UKVA. 165
In the figure the brain-cavity is half the length of the skull, and
the skull is as wide at the widest part of the zygomatic arch as the
length of the brain-cavity.
4. Idmeumia nigricauda.
Ichneumia nigricauda, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool, vii. p. 39 ; &ray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 567.
Hab. Senegal.
9. BDEOGALE.
Toes 4 . 4, short. Heel haiiy to the soles. Claws compressed.
Tail bushy. Skull, orbits incomplete behind (Peters, t. 27 & 28).
False grinders 3.3; hinder broad, triangular. Flesh-tooth triangu-
lar, broad; sides nearly equal; angles rounded (t. 27. f. 4). Mab.
Africa.
Bdeogale, W. Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. Mamm. p. 119 (1850)j Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 567.
The teeth are like those of Rhmogale, and the nose is rather pro-
duced and rounded below in the figure ; so that perhaps this genus
ought to be arranged near to it ; but it differs from it in having four
toes on each foot.
1. Sdeogale crassicauda.
Blackish-ashy hair, black- and white-ringed; limbs and tail black.
Bdeogale crassicauda, W. Peters, Monatsb. K. Akacl. Berl. 1852,
p. 81; Reise n. Mossamb. Mamm. p. 120, t. 27; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 567.
Hab. East Africa : Tete, Boror (Peters, Mus. Berlin).
2. Bdeogale puisa.
Brown hairs, black- and yeUow-ringed ; limbs and tail blackish
bro'WTi.
Bdeogale puisa, W. Peters, Monatsb. K. Akad. Berl. 1852, p. 82 ; Reise
n. Mossamb. Mamm. p. 124, t. 28; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 567.
Hab. East Africa : Mossimboa (Peters, Mus. Berlin).
3. Bdeogale nigripes.
" Body whitish ; tail snow-white ; feet black."
Bdeogale nigripes, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. vii. p. Ill ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 567. "
Hab. Gaboon (Aubry Lecomte, Mus. Paris).
" Larger than the other species."
10. UKVA.
Head broad. Ears rounded. Nose rather produced, with a lon-
gitudinal groove beneath. Pupil linear, erect ? round ? — Hodyson.
Body elongate. Legs short. Tail conical, attenuated, covered with
](
HERPESTID^.
long hairs. Toes 5.5; claws compressed, rather short, curved ;
inner toes of fore and hind feet very short, with short claws rather
high up the foot. Claws brown. Hind part of the soles of hind
feet covered with hair, which is bent towards the centre on each
side ; the front part bald, oblong, narrow behind, occupying less than
two-thirds of the foot, ^vith three subequal pads in front and two
elongated pads on each side of the hinder edge (Hodgson, J. A. S. B.
t. 31. f. 5). Front upper false grinders 2, compressed ; the third
subtriangular, with a very small subposterior internal tubercle, and
a small posterior marginal one ; flesh-tooth large, elongate, tri-
angular, nearly twice as long as the front margin, with a large in-
ternal lobe on the front edge ; tubercular grinders transverse, twice
as broad as long on the outer edge ; hinder tubercular very small.
Urva, Hodgson ; Grmj, Cat. Mam. B. M. p. 50 ; P. Z. S. 18(54, p. 568.
Mesobema, Hodgsom.
Urva cancrivora. (The Urva.) B.M.
Black, grizzled, hairs with a very broad white subterminal ring ;
a white streak on the side of the neck ; legs and feet black ; tail
ashy red at the end.
Urva cancrivora, Hodqson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 560 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 508.
Mesobema caucrivorus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. p. 910
Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. p. 214, iv. p. 287.
Gulo m'va, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. p. 238 ; Calcutt
Journ. N. H. ii. p. 45, t. 13^. f. 2.
Hah. India — Nepal, in caverns. Central Northern region {Hodcf
son) ; Affghanistan {^Griffith) ; Arakan (Bh/th).
Fur lax, elongate, ringed, blaclcish ashy, more or less grizzled by
the white tips to the hairs ; lips and cheeks whitish ; a long streak
on the side of neck white ; legs and feet black ; tail bushy, appearing
more or less irregularly banded from the dark band on the hairs.
The not quite adidt skull of Urva cancrivora is very like that of
Tceniogale vitticoIUs, but considerably smaller. The orbit is incom-
plete ; the zygomatic arches not so bowed out, with the most convex
part nearer the hinder end. The nose is rather thick. The con-
traction of the brain-case is just over the hinder part of the orbit ;
the brain-case is rather longer (perhaps ■^^) than the face. The
teeth are normal, and vei-y like in form and proportion to those of
T. vitticoTlis ; but they are rather narrower, and the first tubercular
molar is shorter and broader, more oblong, and the hinder tubercular
molar smaller. Length of the skull 3^ inches ; width of the brain-
case 1^ inch, of the zygomatic arch 2 inches.
Lower jaw slender ; chin gradually shelving ; the lower edge
curved, arched up behind, to near the condyle. The false grinders
4.4; the front small, concave. Tubercular grinders moderate,
oblong, elongate, with two small anterior and two large high poste-
rior prominences.
11. T.KNIOGALE. 167
In the ' lUustrations of Indian Zoology ' I figured an animal under
the name of Vwerral fusca, from one of General Hardmck's draw-
ings In the 'Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.' 1842, p. 260, I proposed
lor It a genus named Osmetectis. As yet I have never seen or heard
ot an animal from India that agrees with the figure. It has been
supposed that it may be Urva cancnvora of Hodgson ; but it does
not well represent that species.
11. T^NIOGALE.
Whiskers weak, slender. Nose grooved beneath. Toes 5 . 5.
Uaws compressed, rather elongate, very acute. Thumb short ; claw
distinct rather elevated. Great toes very short, indistinct, with a
small claw ; hinder claws broader. Soles of the hind feet quite bald
to the heel. Ears rounded. Skull oval. Teeth 42 ; false grinders
t . i , first conical, second and third with tliree unequal tubercles ■
tubercidar grinders f . f, first upper triangular, large, second short,
twice as broad as long (Ogilby, /. c).
Mangos, sp. P, OffMi/, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 103.
Tiieniogale, Gra;/, P. Z. 8. 18G4, p. 509.
Mr. Ogilby described this animal as having 42 teeth, 3 false
grinders m the upper, and 4 in the lower jaw. Perhaps one tooth
in the lower jaw was clianging.
Taeniogale vitticollis. B.M.
Black, red-washed ; hair very long, soft, black, with long red tips ;
head black, minutely punctulated ; legs and feet black ; taH black ;
streak on side of throat black ; the front claw elongate, compressed.
arched.
ngos vitticollis, &/W/, Cat. Mam. B. 31. p. 50 (not Or//%
Journ.
Mangos vitticollis, Gra,/, Cat. Mam. B. 31. p. 50 (not Omlbi/).
Herpestes vitticollis, Bennett, P. Z. 8. 183o, p. 67; Madras J
1839, p. 103, t. 2. > f '
MaugustH vitticollis, Ul/iot, Madras Journ. of Lit. Sc Sci. 1840, p. 12,
t. 1 ; De Blamv. Osteof/r. p. 48, t. 96. ' r >
Mangos ? vitticollis, Or/i/bi/, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 103.
Taeniogale vitticollis, Gra}/, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 569.
Zfrti. India: Madras, in thick forests (11^. Elliot); Travancore
(P. Poole).
Varies in the greyness of the fur and the extent and darkness of
the red-bay on the sides of the neck and body, there being least on
the specimens that have the most grey and distinctly white rigid
hairs. In some specimens (perhaps in some seasons) the whole
animnl has a bright bay tint from the tips of tlie longest hairs.
The skull is elongate, like that of AtJufhi.c palwJosus; but the
bram-case is more ventricose and higher, and the orbit smaUer and
complete behind. The zygomiitic arcli is rather short and very
nuuh bowed out, the most convex part of the arch being rather be-
hind the middle of its length. The contraction of the brain-case is
rather behind the back .,f tlie orbit. The teeth are normal nearly
168 HEKPESTIDiE.
as massive as, and agreeing very generally in proportion of parts and
position or form of the internal lobes with, those of A. paludosus ; but
they are rather slender and longer comparatively in all their parts.
The palate also is much narrower and longer. The third upper false
molar has a small central internal lobe. The front edge of the flesh-
tooth is fully two-thirds the length of the outer edge ; the hinder
lobe of it is narrow, and angular behind. The front tubercular
molar has a very oblique outer edge. The brain-case is rather more
than half the entire length.
The length of the skull 3| inches ; the width of the brain-case
1^ inch, of the zygomatic arch 2| inches.
The lower jaw broad in front, narrow behind, without any tu-
bercles on the lower edge under the end of the tooth-line. False
grinders 4.4; the front very small, curved, close at the front of the
second. The tubercular grinder very large, oblong, subcircular, with
two large unequal tubercles on the front and a very large one on the
hinder part of the crown.
The lower jaw is distingiiished from that of the genus Herpestes
by having no prominence or tubercle on the lower edge under the
hinder end of the tooth-line.
12. ONYCHOGALE.
Body slender. Tail conical, hairy, about as long as the body.
Toes 5.5; inner toes small ; front claws very long, compressed,
curved. Teeth 40 ; false grinders | . | .
Onychogale, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 570.
The hinder end of the skuU deeply and sharply notched, instead
of being transversely truncated as in the small Herpestes. The
notch in the living animal is filled ap with a cartilaginous septum.
Onychogale Maccarthiae. B.M.
Red-brown ; hair elongate, flaccid, pale brown, with a broad, thick,
subterminal band and a long whitish-brown tip ; fur of hands and
face shorter. Feet blackish brown ; hair white-tipped. Tail redder ;
hair elongate, red, one-coloured. Ears rounded, hairy.
Herpestes Maccarthiae, Gray, B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones B. M.
p. 75.
Cynictis Maccai'thise, Gray, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 1.31, Mamm. pi. 31 ;
Ann. Sr Mag. N. H. 185.3, xii. p. 47.
Herpestes fidvescens, KeJaart, Ceylon.
Onychogale Maccarthia3, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 570.
Hah. Ceylon {Lady Maccarthy).
13. HELOGALE.
Body slender. Head oval. Ears distant. Toes 5.5; the inner
toe small ; front claws rather elongate, compressed, acute. Soles of
the hind feet partly bald. Tail conical, covered with elongate hairs.
14. CYNICTIS. 169
Skull short, broad. Face short. Teeth 36 (see P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308,
tig.); false grinders |-.f ; the flesh-tooth triangular; tubercular
grinders f . j-.
Helogale, Grat/, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308 ; 1864, p. 570.
Herpestes tcenionotus, A. Smith, "which I referred to this genus, is
distinct.
1. Helogale parvula. B.M.
Fur uniform blackish brown, very minutely pale-punctulated.
Length of body and head 7 inches, of tail 7 inches.
Helogale parvula, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308 (fig. skull) ; 1864,
p. 571.
Herpestes parvidus, Siindevall; Temni. Esq. Zool. p. 110.
Hah. South Africa : Port Natal (Simdeval).
The skull moderate, swoUeu ; brain-cavity ovate, conti'acted over
the back of the orbit ; nose arched ; orbit incomplete behind ; false
grinders %, front compressed, moderate, second trigonal ; flesh-tooth
smaU, broader than long, with the inner tubercle on the front edge ;
tubercidar grinders transverse, much broader than long, the hinder
about half the size of the other.
2. Helogale imdulata.
" H. nigro et rufo-flavido nndulatus, subtus undique rufus ; cauda
corjiore breviore, sine penicillo."
Herpestes undulatus, Peters, Reise nach Mossamb. Siiugeth. p. 114,
t. 25, 1852.
Helogale undidata, Graij, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 571.
Hah. Eastern Africa : Mossambique ; Quitangonka ; from lat. 10°
to 15° S.
The grinders |- ; the front claw much longer than the hinder ;
the skull ventricose, with a short noso. AUied to Herpestes micro-
cephahis, according to Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 118.
Tribe II. CYNICTIDINA.
Head short, ventricose ; tail bushy, expanded laterally ; claws
elongate ; orbit of the skull complete behind. — Grmj, P. Z. 8. 1864,
p. 571.
14. CYNICTIS.
Body slender. Ears short, rounded. Nose truncate, with a di-
stinct central longitudinal groove. Tail with long hairs, flattened
horizontally. Legs short. Toes 5.4; front claws elongate, com-
pressed, arched. Soles of feet partly covered with hair. Skull short
and broad, ventricose. Face moderate ; forehead swollen. Teeth
170 HERPESTII)^.
38 ; false grinders | . f ; flesh-tooth triangular, sides subequal ; tu-
bercular grinders ^ . ^.
Cynictis, Offilby, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 48 ; Grai/, 1864, p. 571.
1. Cynictis penicillata. B.M.
The under-fur short, soft, and black.
Mangusta penicillata, Cuvier, Bhj. Anim. (ed. 2) : Be Blainv. Osteogr.
ViveiTa, t. 12 (teeth).
Ichneumia albescens, /. Geoff. Ma(/. Zool. 1839, t. 12 (not descrip.).
Mangusta Levaillantii, A. Smith, Zuol. Jouni.
C vnictis typicus, A. Smith, South Afr. Quart. Jouni. i. p. 53.
C}Tiictis Steedmanii, Oe/ilbij, P. Z.'S. 1833, p. 49; Trans. Zool. Soc.
1835, i. p. 34, t. 3 (a skull).
Cynictis Levaillantii, Grai/, Cat. Mamtn. B. M. p. 53.
C3'nictis penicillata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 572.
Meeskal, Barroio, Trav.\ Swains. Lard. Ency. p. 159. f. 71.
Mangusta (Cynictes) penicillata, De Blainv. Ost. t. 5.
Vnr. redder.
Ichneumia ruber, Geoff.
Herpestes ruber, Licht. Mus. Berlin.
Hah. South Africa (Steedman).
The skull short and curved ; the forehead convex ; brain-cavity
rather swollen ; upper false grinders |, the first very small, the
third trigonal ; the flesh-tooth rather longer than broad ; the tuber-
cular grinders transverse, very short and broad, the last small.
Skull broad, the width about two-thirds the entire length ; the
brain-case half the entire length ; orbit complete behind ; forehead
convex, especially between and in front of the eyes. The two front
upper false grinders compressed ; the third subtrigonal, with a small
central internal lobe ; the flesh-tooth longer than broad on the front
margin ; the false grinder transverse, short, and very broad, subtri-
gonal, widest on the outer edge, the hinder much smaller.
The skull of a younger animal very similar, but larger, and the
forehead not so convex and swollen before and between the eyes.
Ichneumon rubra (Geoft'. I. c. p. 139), " Very splendid ferruginous
red, especially the head," is said to be Cynictis Steedmanii, Licht.
2. Cynictis Ogilbii. B.M.
Yellow, black- and white-pencilled ; beneath whitish ; chin, throat,
and tip of tail white ; ears reddish brown.
CjTiictis Ogilbii, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. i. p. 53 ; Illust. Z.
'S. Africa, Ilamm. t. 16, c? ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 572.
Hab. South Africa : barren plains, north part of Graaf Reynet
district and Bushman Flat (passes a great part of its time under-
ground {A. Smith).
Skull very like that of C. peniciUata (803 c) ; but the forehead
not so convex, and the skull, though longer, is rather narrower at
the zygomatic arch ; the brain-cavity of the two of the same width ;
BniNOf+ALIDJi. j^yi
i", ;!; J^"^««t «^«Uen„Part more like 803 a. The flesh-tooth is similar
to tnat 01 u. penicdlata.
3. Cynictis? fimtriata.
Fur very pale, whitish ; hairs white at the base, silky, with black
and white bauds and a white tip ; below dirty white. The black and
^^d tCf r ^'f^ ^"'' '^. '^'' ^'^ ^'-^ ^^«^^^^- ' ^he lateral hairs
and the tuft at the tip are tipped by an isabeUa baud. Tlie feet
pale brown, dotted witli white.
Length of body and head 11 inches.
Herpestes fimbriatus, Tenwi. Esq. Zool. p. 112
Cj-nictis flmbiiata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 573.
Hah. India (? Temm., Mus. Leijden)
The account of the tail would lead us to believe that this is a
s'^;;t bla^k.*'^ ^'^^-^ '' ^'^* ^^-^' -- - *^« -^ young
4. Cynictis leptura. p -^
whl^'e" ^,1^J'?'^°' ^^°7-f "f l^d; hps, chin, and tip of the iaU
M h ite taU fulvous, grizzled with chestnut-brown, hair with a broad
central chestnut-brown ring ; underside yellowish white
Cynictis Levaillantii, var., Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 77.
Hah. South Africa, in barren places.
The skuU of Ci,.ucth leptura (803., A. Smith) is very like that
of C.penunUata (803 c); the forehead is convex before and be-
tween the^ eyes, and the teeth are very similar; but the flesh-tooth
IS much shorter compared with tlie widtli of the front margin more
equa ly triangular, as the front lobe on the inner edge is longe; com-
pared ^nth the rest of the tooth; the hinder tubercular fs rather
A\-ider and more like the fron^ one.
Fam. 9. RHINOGALID.^.
Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper, and one on
each side of the lower jaw. Nose produced, underside convex
covered with short adpressed hairs, without any central bald lon-i-
tudiual groove. The toes linear, separate, extended. Claws blunt
fore one often elongated. Soles of the hind feet bald, or slightly
covered Avith hair. The fur rigid, grizzled. Tail not ringed.
Viverridse, § Rhinogaleacea, Graij, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 57.3.
Danbenton, in the description of the Suricate (Hist Nat xui
p. /o). observes. " Les narines ressemblont a cellcs du chien ;'mais
172 RHINOGALID^.
le nez. n'avait pas, comme celui du chien, un sillon qui s'etendit de-
piiis I'entre-deux des narines jusqu'a la levre ; cet espace etait con-
vexe." The character here described does not seem to have been
remarked, since, indeed, I only accidentally discovered that Dau-
benton had observed it, long after I had seen its importance as a
characteristic in a group allied to Viverridae. The same character is
fouud in the Mangouste figured by M. Daubenton (t. 19); but he does
not notice it iu his short description of a living female of that animal.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe 1. Ehinogalina. Head elongate. Nose short. Teeth 40.
False grinders |.
1. EuiNOGALE. Tail conical. Toes 5 . 5. Front claws short.
2. MuNGOS. Tail conical. Toes 5 . 5. Front claws elongate.
Tribe 2. Crossarchina. Head ventricose. Nose elongate. Teeth 36.
False grinders | . |.
3. Ceossabchits. Toes 5 . 5. Claws hooked. Hind soles bald.
4. EuPLERES. Toes 5 . 5. Claws short, hooked. Hind soles
hairy.
5. SiTEiCATA. Toes 5 . 4. Claws elongate, slender. Hind soles
hairy.
Tribe! RHINOGALINA.
Nose short ; teeth 40 ; tubercular grinders -f.
1. RHINOGALE.
Head ovate. Nose shortly produced, convex beneath. Body
elongate. Toes 5 . 5. Claws short, compressed, acute. Tail conical,
covered with elongated hair. Skull elongate, ventricose. The orbit
incomplete on the hinder edge. Teeth 40. False grinders | . f .
Flesh- tooth triangular, broad, angle rounded ; inner tubercle broad,
near the middle, and occupying the greater part of the inner side.
Tubercular grinders f . f ; upper broad, transverse, roimded on the
side, only half as long as wide.
Rhinogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 573.
This genus, in the prolongation of the nose, has some affinity
to Crossarchus and Suricata ; but the elongation is much less de-
veloped.
1. EHINOGALE.
173
Fig. 22.
.^^TTf^
Skull of Rhinogah Melhri.
B.M.
Rhinogale Melleri.
Grey-brown, very minutely and closely white-speckled ; the middle
of the hinder part of the hack with an obscure, broad, darker longi-
174 RHINOGALID^.
tudinal streak ; tail (all but the base) black ; nose and feet rather
brown ; under-fur brown.
Rhinogale Melleri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 575.
Hah. East Africa {Dr. Meller).
The skull is narrow, more especially the hinder portion. The face
is short and rather narrow. The forehead and crown of the head
form a gradually arched line from the end of the nose to the occiput.
The cavities for the temporal muscles are moderate ; they meet on
the crown, just over the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, leaving a
large lozenge-shaped convex forehead between the orbits. The orbits
are rather small, the hinder edge incomplete ; the hinder part of
the palate between the temporal muscles moderately broad and short,
the hinder opening being in a line with the middle of the temporal
fossffi. The grinders are short, broad, and solid ; the carnassier
is triangular, the sides very nearly equal, the inner lobe being
broad and rounded and placed nearly in the middle of the outer side.
The tubercular grinders are oblong, transverse, with the inner side
rounded and nearly as broad as the outer one ; they are much worn,
showing that the animal was fully adult.
2. MUNGOS.
Head elongate. Nose slightly produced ; underside convex, with
close-pressed hairs, without any central groove. Body slender. Fur
rather harsh. Tail subcylindrical, covered with harsh hairs. Toes
5.5; front inner toe strong, hinder smaller. Claws strong, acute ;
front rather elongate, compressed, arched. Teeth 40 ; false grinders
f . |- ; flesh-tooth triangular, as broad as long ; tubercular grinders
|- . ^, upper transverse.
Mimgos (partly), Ogilhy, MS. (see Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 103, 1835).
Mungos, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 575.
Ogilby separated the genus, because in the two African species he
examined there were only | false molars.
M. Temmtnck, overloolang several organic peculiarities, unites
these animals and Herj^estes vitticoUis as a single species (see Esq.
Zool. p. 111).
* Hack and tail (frizzled.
1. Mungos gambianus. B.M.
Grey, grizzled with black and grey, hair rigid, with a broad pale
ring and large black tip ; streak on side of neck, feet, and end of the
tail black ; lips, chin, and throat white ; beUy reddish ; hair of hind
limbs elongate, reddish.
Young greyer ; the black tips of the hairs shorter.
Herpestes (Mungos) gambianus, Ocjilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 102 ; Schinz,
Syn. Mamm. i. p. 374; Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 111.
Mimgos gambianus. Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 50 ; P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 575.
Hah. West Africa ; Gambia (Rendall).
2. MTINGOS. J 75
** Back cross-handed ; tail obscurely ringed.
2. Mungos fasciatus. B.M.
Blackisli, minutely grizzled with ashy ; back and nimp washed
witii redfhsh, Mith many blackish and white cross bands : nose, feet
and end of tail blackish.
Young paler, obscurely cross-banded.
Mungos fasciatus, Gratj, Cat. Mamni. B. M. ; P. Z. S 1864 p 576
Viverra ichneumou, >^chreb. Stiuyeth. t. 116 (from Buff.)
Herpestes fasciatus, Dcstn. Diet. S. N. xxix. p. 58.
Herpestes mimgo, De.sm. Mamm. p. 211.
Herpestes zebra, R'lippell, Fauna Abyss, t. 9. I 2.
Kjzeua sm-icata, CltiUlren, Clapperton's Trav. Append
Herpestes (Mungos) fasciatus, Oqilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p 102
Mangusta mungo, Fisch. 8yn. Mamm. p. 16.3.
ffab Africa: Cape of Good Hope (A. Smith); Lake Tschad (Clap-
perton) ; (^amhm(RendaU) ; Abyssinia (caUed "Gottoni ") (Biippdl).
The not quite adult skull is rather elongate, ventricose behind, the
contraction of the brain-case being in a line with the hinder part of
the orbit The orbit imperfect behind. The zygomatic arch mo-
derately bowed out, the more convex part being nearer the hinder
end The nose tapering on the side and above, making a shelving
forehead and a shghtly arched crown-Une. The false molars arl
only two on each side, there being a short space between them and the
base of the canine ; the second false grinder triangular, with a good-
sized lobe on the inner part of the hinder edge, and with only a very
rudimentary point on the hinder outer margin. The flesh-tooth
triangular the front edge being as broad as the outer one, with a
large, thick, rounded inner lobe. The first tubercular grinder trans-
verse, short, narrowed on the inner edge; the second similar, but
smaller. '
Length of the skuU 2^ inches; width of the brain-case 1 inch
ot the zygomatic arch 1| inch.
Lower jaw rather sle'nder, with a rounded angle under the con-
dyle. Ihe false gnnders f ; the fii-st compressed, sharp-edged,
lubercular grinders rather large, with two high lateral anterior and
one large posterior rather high prominence.
3. Mungos adailensis.
" Cinereo-flavicans, pilis nigro-fusco annulatis, vertice cerviceque
nigro-schistaceis, dorso faseiis transversis obsoletis nigricantibus •
abdomme dilutioro, m flaWdum vergente ; antepcdibus obscurioribus •
Cauda corjiore parum longiore, apice attenuata hand pcnicillata
dorso concolon, in ultimo triente nigra, plantis denudatis ; ocuUs
pupilla vertico-elliptica, iride fusca.
"Long, tota 22|, caudaj 15 poll."
Herpestes adailensis, Jfciiylin, Pderm. Mittlieil. 1861, p. 17- Nova
Act. Acad. Leap, xxviii. p. o, t. 2. f. 4 (skidl). '
Mungos adailensis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 576.'
ffab. AdaU coast {HevejUn).
176 RHINOGALID^.
I do not see how this differs from M. fasciahis ; but Herr Heuglin
has them both in his list.
Tribe II. CEOSSARCHINA.
Nose elongate ; teeth 36 ; tubercular grinders |-.
3. CROSSARCHUS.
Head roundish. Nose elongate, much produced ; the underside
convex, hairy, without any central longitudinal groove ; hair rigid,
short, shorter on the head and throat ; muffle large, callous. Pupil
round. Ears rounded. Body slender. Fur harsh, with longer and
more rigid hairs. Tail slightly compressed, tapering, covered with
shorter hair. Toes 5 . 5, free ; two middle toes longest ; front inner
toe large, hinder smaller. Soles naked. Claws rather elongated,
compressed, hooked, acute, sometimes very much so. Teeth 36 ;
false grinders f . | ; flesh-teeth y . |- ; tubercular grinders f . f.
Crossarchus, J^. Cuv. Mmmn. Lithog. iii. p. 47, 1825 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 677.
Crossarchus obscurus. B.M.
Uniform deep brown ; head rather paler ; hairs brown, with yel-
low tips.
Length of body and head 12 inches, of tail 7 inches.
Crossarchus obscurus, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 158 ; Martin, P. Z. S. 1834,
p. 114 (anat.) ; De Blainv. Osteogr. pp. 49, 99, 1. 12 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 577.
Crossarchus typicus, A. Smith, S., African Quart. Journ. ii. p. 1.35.
" Crossarchus dubius, F. Cuv.," A. Smith.
La Mangue, F. Cuvier, Mmnm. Lithogr. ii. pi. 199.
Hah. Western Africa : Guinea (called " Aevisa "), living in deep
holes with many openings (Temm.). Eastern Africa ?
See Crossarchus rubiginosus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. ii. p. 329.
Bay-brown; feet and tip of the tail black. Length 16| inches, of
tail 12 inches.
Jffab. East Indies ( Wagner).
4. EUPLERES.
SkuU ventricose, very much produced, slender, compressed ; lower
jaw compressed and produced in front. Nose elongate, slender,
acute, proboscidiform ; underside ?, with a small muffle. Eyes
large. Ears large and triangular. Body vermiform. Legs mode-
rate. Tarsi elongate, hairy beneath ; a very slender bald streak to
the heel, like Genetta, but not so distinct. Toes 5 . 5, apparently
united, with scattered hairs above ; thumb very short ; great toe
short and high up. Claws acute, semiretractile. Eur thick, formed
of silky hairs, with a short close under-fur. Tail elongate, cylin-
drical, rather tapering, covered with hair. Cutting teeth f ; canines
small, compressed ; false grinders 3, very small, compressed, far
\
O. STTRICATA.
177
apart, the hinder with a small central internal lobe ; the flesh-tooth
triangular, ahout as long as wide, the inner lobe central ; tubercular
grinder trigonal, somewhat like the flesh-tooth (see De Blainv.
Ostcogr. Viven-a, t. 8. f. 1-4, from a young animal).
Eupleres, Doyere, Ann. Set. Nat. 183o, iv. p. 281 ; De Blainv. Osfciu/r.
Viverra, t. 8 ; Grai/, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 577.
According to M. de Blainville's figure of the skuU, this genus
(which I have never been able to examine) was properly referred by
Flacourt, who first noticed it, to the Civets.
M. Doyere referred it to the Inscctivora (see Ann. Sci. Nat. iv.
278) ; but, to make this aUiauce, he corusiders the front double-
rooted tooth in the lower jaw a canine.
M. de Blainville, in his essay on Mamm. Insectivorcs, in ' Au-
nales Fr. et Etrang. d'Anat. et de Physiol.' ii. p. 1, justly observes,
" the Eupleves, which has been referred to the Inscctivora, on ex-
amination has proved to be aUied to Manc/usta, or to the section
Genetta of the Viverri'he " (I. c. p. 37).
Eupleres Goudotii.
Fur very dark brown ; under-fur fulvous, \vith black transverse
streaks over the shoiilder ; throat and beneath whitish.
Eupleres Goudotii, Doyere, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1835, iv. p. 281, t. 18 (ani-
mal and skull) ; De Blainv. Osteogr. Viverra, t. 8 (skull); Gray,
P. Z. S. 18(J4, p. 578.
Falanouc, Flacuurt, Madayascar.
Length 12 inches, of tail 5 inches.
Hah. Madagascar, at Tamatave, in burrows (called " Falanouc ")
(Go^ulot) {Mm. Perns).
5. SUEICATA.
Head spherical. Nose elongate, produced ; underside haiiy, con-
vex, ■without any central groove ; muftle callous; nostril long, open-
ing on the sides. Ears rounded, nakcdish internally. Body elon-
gate ; hair soft, annulated. Legs moderate. Toes 4.4; hind soles
hairy. Claws long ; front very long, slender, compressed, arched ;
anal glands two. Tail tapering, slender, covered with short hair,
and rather pencilled at the tip. Teeth 3(5 ; false grinders f . f- ;
flesh-teeth j- . f ; tubercular grinders i . ^.
Suricata, Des)n. N. Diet. II. N. xxi\. p. KJ, 1804; Grai/, P.Z.S.
18(54, p. 578.
Ryztena, Illiyer, Prodr. Mamm. 1812.
Suricata zenick. B.M.
Grey ; orbit and tip of the tail black ; hinder part of the back
with dark cross bands ; chin, throat, aiul vent whitish; tail rather
redder, underside lighter, luider-fur reddish.
Suricata zenick, Gray, C(d. Mamm. B. M. p. 53 ; /'. Z. S. 1S(>4, p. 578.
Mvevra suricata, Er.r/. Syst. p. 488.
178 CANID.E.
Viverra tetradactyla, Pallas; Schrcb. Saiit/eth. t. 117 (from Buffon).
Suricata viverrina, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxxii. p. 297.
Suricata capensis, Desm. Mamm. p. 214.
Viverra zenick, Gtnd. S. N. i. p. 02 (from Smin.).
Mangusta (Sm'icata) tetradactyla, De Blauiv. Osteogr. p. 28, t 5.
f. 12.
Hyzffina typicus, A. Smith, S. A. Q. Journ. i. p. 53.
Ryzfeua capensis, Lesson, 3Iamm. p. 178.
Ryzsena tetradactyla, Schiiiz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 380.
Ryzjena .suricata, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 167.
Siirikate, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 8.
Zenic, Sonnerat, Voy. t. 92 ; Miller, Cim. Phys. t. 2.
Hah. South Africa (called " Meer Kat " at the Cape).
Skull short and broad, the width three-fourths the length ; the
brain-case broad, half the length of the skull ; orbit eomi)lete be-
hind ; forehead .shelving, arched ; crown convex. The first upper
false grinder compressed ; the second suhtrigonal, with a lobe on the
middle of the inner side. The flesh-tooth subtrigonal, broader than
long in front. The tubercular grinders transverse ; the front with
the inner nearly twice as broad as the outer edge ; the hinder similar,
but much smaller. Hinder palate-opening contracted.
Fam. 10. CANIDiE.
Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper and lower
jaws ; false grinders 2 or 3 on each side of each jaw ; molars ^ . ^
or more. Feet produced ; toes 5 . 5, straight, free, with blunt, ex-
posed, worn -tipped claws ; the front inner toe high up, rarely want-
ing. The upper sectorial grinder compressed, three-lobed, "nith a
small tubercle on the front of the inner edge. Head elongate ; nose
more or less produced, flat and bald, beneath with a central longitu-
dinal groove,
Canida>, Baird, 3fam. N. Amer. p. 103, 1859; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 493.
The Canidfe have been separated by general consent into three
natural groups, according to the length and form of the tail, — the
Wolves having a short and straight tail, the Dogs a more or less
elongated tail bent to the left and more or less curled, the Foxes an
elongated bushy tail. In South America there is found a group with
the skull like the Wolves', but with a long slender tail, which maj-
be called long-tailed Wolves. The Foxes are generally nocturnal,
and have the pupil of the eye elliptical and erect when contracted.
The form of the contracted pupil of the eye has yet to be observed
in a large number of species. Mr. Bartlett, in reply to my inquiry,
states that " the females of the Long-eared Fox, the Arctic, and the
Common Fox have oblong erect pupils. The Black-backed and
CAXID.D. 171)
Common Jackals have roiiiul pupils like the "Wolf and Dog " (March
28, 18GS).
Mr. Bryan Hodgson, in his collection of Drawings of Nepalese
Animals, represents the Buansu (Citon), the Jackal or Shidar {!Saca-
hus indicKs), the Cabnl Greyhound {Oanls cabulensis), the Tibetan
Terrier, Tibetan Mastiff (with four and five claws), Vuljjes fcn-'datus,
V. nuUcus, and V. suhldmachalus, as all having round pupils ; but I
doubt if in the three last-mentioned this is not a mistake of the
artist.
Dr. Iliippell, in his * Atlas,' figures the Fennec and the North-
African Foxes -with round pupils.
The dentition of the family is generally uniform. The normal
number of teeth is 42, viz. cutting-teeth {J, canines \ . \, premo-
lars 1 . 3, sectorial teeth \ . J-, tubercular grinders 4 • '^- The incisors,
canines, and the last lower molar have a single fang ; the second and
third upper premolars and all the premolars and molars below, but
the last, have two fangs. The upper sectorial or fourth premolar
and the last upper true molar have three fangs, the first upper pre-
molar four fangs. (See De BlainviJle, Osteogrcqjhie.)
Some genera of the family present certain anomalies. Thus
Ictici/on has only 38 teeth, there being only one tubercular grinder
on each side of each jaw ; Cuon has 40 teeth — that is, has two
tubercular grinders on each side of the upper, and only one on each
side of the lower jaw. On the other hand, Tlioiis and Megalotis have
44 teeth — that is, two tubercular grinders on each side of the upper,
and three on each side of the lower jaw. Sometimes some anomalous
specimens present an excess over the usual number of teeth : thus
M. de Blainville has figui-ed a Mastiff with three tubercular grinders
on each side of each jaw, the hinder small, cylindrical. {Ann. Fran^.
ff Etrmui. d'Anat. 4t. ii. p. 313, t. 1. f. 2.)
The sectorial teeth in the upper jaw, in all the tj-pical Canidce,
are compressed, three-lobed, with a small internal lobe close to the
front edge. In the aberrant 0/oc>ion, on the contrary, the sectorial
tooth is nearly triangular, almost as wide as long, very unlike those
of the other Dogs.
Si/nojitdfi of the Geneva.
Section T. HJPIN.ffi. The skull thick, solid; the postorbital pro-
cess thick, convex above and bent down at the tip.
Subfam. 1. LYCAONINA. Head short, broad ; nose short, broad. Teeth
large, close together. Palate very broad, short. Tail short, straight.
1. Ltcaox.
Subfam. 2. CAXIXA. Head more or less elongate : na^c tapering. Teeth
moderate. Palate elongate.
A. WoT.AT.s. Tad short, straight, bu.^hg. Skidl elongate. Old World
and Ameriea.
* Head short : teeth .I"* ,• tiibercidnr grinders ] . \.
2. IcTiCYOX. South America.
X 2
180 CANIDiE.
** Head xJiort : teeth ^0 ; tuhercular grinders \ .\.
3. CiTON. Old World— Asia.
*** Head elongate ; teeth A2 ; tnbercidar grinders ^ . ^. Temporal mvscles
separated by a narro2v linear central ridge.
4. Lupus. Head moderate ; nose broad. Upper sectorial grinder
in a line -witli the other grinders. Europe and North
America.
5. DiEBA. Head moderate ; nose broad. Upper sectorial grinder
placed oblique as regards the other grinders. Africa.
6. SiMENiA. Head very long ; nose slender. Premolars far apart,
small. Africa.
7. Chrysocton. Head very long ; nose slender. Premolars ap-
proximate, large. South America.
B. Dogs. Tail elongate, bent or curled, Skidl short or elongate.
8. Canis. Domesticated.
c. Fox-tailed Wolves. Tail elongated, hairy. Sotd.h America.
* Teeth 42 ; tubercidar grinders \ . |.
9. Ltcalopex. Pupil circular. Upper tuberculars large.
10. Pseudalopex. Pupil elongate. Upper tuberculars moderate.
** Teeth a ; tubercular grinders \ .^.
11. Thous.
Section II. VULPIN.S3. Skull slight, thin, elongate ; nose taper-
ing, long. Postorbital process thin, concave above, and
spread out horizontally at the tip.
Vulpina, Burmeister.
Subfam. 3. VULPINA.
D. Foxes. Tail elongate, bushy, with a gland covered with coloured hair
on the upper part, near the base. SJcull ve)-y long. Upper sectorial
gritiders compressed, three-lobed, ivith a small tubercle on the front part
of the inner side ; tuberctdar grinders f . f . Pupil often elliptical, erect.
12. VuLPES. Ears moderate ; ear-buUa5 moderate.
13. Fennecus. Ears very large ; ear-buUae large.
14. Leucocyon. Skull broad in front of orbits.
E. Bristle-tailed Foxes. Tail elongate, hairy, ivith a crest of bristles
along the upper edge. Teeth like Fo.res\
15. UpvOcyon.
p. Raccoon Dog. Tail short, straight, bushy. Upper sectorial grinders
compressed, three-lnbed, 2vith a small anterior infernal lobe ; tubercular
grinders | . f .
10. Nyctereutes.
1. Lvc.uix. 181
The subfamilies intiy be thus urranged : —
(1. Lycaonina \
2. Canixa I Tail short, straight, bushy.
Wolves J
Cani7ua (Dogs) Tail elongate, curled to the left.
^^ Fox-tailed Wolves... Tail elongate, straight.
II. Skiill thin; postorbital f 1. Foxes Tail elongate, soft, bushy.
process thin, concave j 2. Bristle-tailed Foxes. Tail elongate, bristly, bushy,
above. Vulpin.e [3. Eaccoon Dog Tail short, straight, bushy.
Section I. Lupine. Shiill thick, solid; pontorbifal process thick, convex
above, ami bent down at the end.
Lupinse, part., Bunneister and Spencer Baird ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8,
p. 495.
Subfam. I. LYCAONINA.
Head short, broad ; nose short, broad. Teeth large, close toge-
ther. Palate very broad, short.
Lycaonina, 6V«y, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 495.
1. LYCAON. (Hyana Dog.)
Skull short, broad ; nose short, broad, swoUcn ; palate short, very
broad ; internal nasal opening broad. Postorbital process thick,
convex above, bent down at the end. Teeth 42 ; false grinders | . ■}^ ;
sectorial j •{ ; molars '^ .% ; the upper and lower premolars acutely
dentated on the front and, especially, on the hinder edge ; upper
sectorial teeth strong, elongate, trigonal, broad, with a small but
wcR-marked interior lobe in front. First upper tubercidar tooth
large, with a broad rounded internal lobe ; the second upper tuber-
cular oblong transverse, much smaller ; lower hinder tubercular very
small, cylindrical.
Lycaon, Brooks ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 495.
This group is intermediate between the Hj'tena and the Dog.
The manner of copulation is said to be different from the Dog's, and
similar to that of the Hyaena.
, Lycaon venations. (Simir or Mebbia.) B.M.
Kynos pictus, KitppcU.
Lycaon tricolor, Brooks.
Lycaon typicus, A. Smith.
Lycaon venaticu.t, Graif, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. G7 ; /'. Z. S. 18(58,
'p. 497; Gerrard, Cat", of Bones in B. M. p. SKI.
Oanis aureus, Thunbery, Mem. Acad. Pe'tersb. iii. p. .■)02.
Ilyajna picta, Temm. Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. iii. p. o4, t. 35; Kiihl,
Beitr. p. 75.
Ilya^na venatica, Burch. Travels, i. p. 4.5(!, fig., ii. pp. 222, 232.
Chion hvenoide, Car. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 38t!.
HyaMia Do-. Griffith, A. K.
182
Skull of Lycaon venatinis. (No. 1141.)
3. cuoN. 1S3
Canis tricolor, Griffith, A. K. v. p. 288, t.
Canis pictiis, Dcsm. 3Iamm. Suppl. p. 388; Blainv. Osteon,: t. 8
(skull), t. 9 (teeth). -^
Var. ? Canis pictus, Cretsch. in Hiippell's Atlas, p. 35, t. 12.
^ Hab. Africa : Cape of Good Hope (Bun-JieU) (called " Mebbia ") ;
East Africa, Cordofan {liupiDell) (called " Simii-").
Subfam. II. CANINA.
Head more or less elongate ; nose tapering. Teeth moderate.
Palate elongate.
Canina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 497.
A. ^^^OL^-ES. Tail short, straight, bushy, not rcachiivj below the heel.
* Mead short. Skull elongate. Teeth 38 ; tubercular grinders | . |,
rarely | . f or l . i.
2. ICTICYON.
Head short, broad. Teeth 38; false grinders 3 . 3 in each jaw;
flesh-teeth large, thrce-lobed ; upper with a small internal lobe on
the front edge; the lower sharp-edged; tubercular grinders J- . 1 ;
upper large, triangular, transverse; lower small, circular; Valse
grinders |- . |.
Icticyou, Lund, 1842; Burmeister, Fauna Bras. ii. n 1- Grau
7^. Z. «. 1868, p. 497. ^ ' ^'
Cyualycus, Gray, Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1846, xvii. p. 293
Melictes, Schins, 1849.
Icticyon venaticus. B.M.
Icticyon venaticus, Lund, Fauna Bras. p. 184; Wagner Wiegm.
Arch. 1843, p. Soo ; Burmeister, Fauna Bras. i.'t. 18-20; 'Gerr'ard
Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89; Van der Hoeven, Kais. Ak. d. IViss
vii. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498.
Cj'nalycus melanogaster, Gray, Ann. <^- Mag. N. H. 1846, xvii. p. 293 ;
Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 15. (B.M.)
Cjiiogale venatica, Lund, K. D. V. Selsk. 1842.
Melictis Beskii, Schinz, Wiegm. Arch. 1849, p. 10.
Canis brachyotiis, Blainv. Osteogr. t. 9 (skull), 1. 12 (teeth).
Uah. Brazil.
Teeth 40 ; tubercular grinders | . f Temporal mmcles sejuirated by
a narrow cranial ridge.
3. CUON.
8kull short ; nasals elongate. Teeth 40 ; tubercular grinders 2 . 2
the lower hinder tubercular grinder deficient.— J^/rt/xc. Ann. Franr.
it Etram/. d'Anat. i. t. 8. f. 4. '
184 CANID^.
Cuon, Iloihjson ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 498.
The small hinder tubercular grinders of the upper and lower jaw
deficient. (See Blainv. Osteogr. t. 9?)
1. Cuon primsevus. (Buansixah.) B.M.
Skull — nose short, broad, swollen ; forehead broad, convex, gra-
dually shelving from the nose-line ; nasals produced behind the
hinder upper edge of the maxillaries.
Canis primaevus, Hadfison, P. Z. S. 1833, p. Ill ; Blainv. Osteogr.
Canis, p. 49, t. 8 (skiiU), t. 9 (teeth) ; Laur. Sf Bazin, Ann. iTAnut.
et Phys. i. t. 8. f. 4 (skull) ; Hodgson, Trans. Asiat. Soc. , t. ;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 57 ;' P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498.
Cuon prima3vus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. B. M. p. 81.
Canis himalayauus, Lesson.
Hah. Nepal {Hodgson, B.M.) ; Cashmere {Abbott).
2. Cuon alpinus. B.M.
Canis alpinus, Pallas, Zooc/r. Rosso- Asiat. i. p. 34 ; Van der Hoeven,
Kais. Ahad. d. Wiss. vli. 1. 17 (teeth) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 57 ; Schrenck, Amurland, p. 48.
Cuon alpinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of
Mamm. B. M. p. 81.
Hob. Siberia, Altai Mountains {Brandt) (skull, B. M.).
Skull very like that of the preceding species, if diiferent.
3. Cuon sumatrensis. B.M.
Skull — nose short, broad, swollen, slightly raised above the nose-
hne ; nasals produced behind the hinder upper edge of the maxil-
laries.
Canis (faniiliaris, var.) sumatrensis, JIardwicke, Linn. Trans, xiii.
p. 235, t. 25 ; Bajies, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 249.
Canis sumatrensis, P. Cur. Diet. d'H. N. viii. p. 557.
Cuon sumatrensis, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. B. M. ^. SI;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 498, 499 (skull).
Hab. Sumatra {B.M.) ; Malacca {Carlton, B.M.) ; Java {Les-
chenatdt, B.M.).
The skull figured by De BlainviUe (Oste'ogr. t. 8) is that of a
domestic Dog, perhaps from Java. The skull in the British Mu-
seum is very like that of the Cuon alpinus. A skeleton sent from
Paris, and marked " Canis javanicus" (160 e), is a Cuon; and the
skull is so like that of C^ioti sumatrensis that I cannot discover any
diiference between them. I suppose this is the animal named Canis
rutilans by Boie, and C. liodophyla.v, C. Iwdophilax, and C. liip-
jjophyla.v by Temminck in the ' Fauna Japonica,' called Jamainu,
said to have small, erect ears, and to be of the form and size of a
Wolf.
SkiUl of Con mmatrenm. (Sumatra, Xo. 160 a.)
186
4. Cuon dukhunensis. (Dhole.)
B.M.
Skull — nose slender, elongate ; nasal bones the same length.
Forehead much raised above the nose-line.
Canis dukliimensis or Kolsum, Sykes, P. Z. S.
Cuon dukliimensis, Grai/, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 37 ; P. Z. S. 18U8,
p. 500; Gerrnrd, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 81.
Canis dliola, Gray, Griff. A. K.
Canis familiaris, var., Elliot, Madras Journ. x. p. 100.
Wild Dog or Dhole, Williamson, Wild Sports.
? Dhole, Wooler.
Hah. India; Deccan (Sykes, B.M.).
The skull, in the British Museum, from Col. Sykes is of a young
specimen changing its milk-teeth. There is a second skull in the
Museum (158 h), received from the Zoological Society under the
name of Canis duJchunensis ; but it appears to be rather the skull of
C. jprimcevus.
Length from nose to occipital condyle
of nose from front of orbits ... 2 9
of lower jaw 5 4
Width of brain -case, over ears 2 6 2 7
of forehead between orbits ... 1 4 1 6
of nose at preorbital foramen .16 19
at back of zygomatic arches ... 4 1 4 3
Height of jaw at front of orbit 3 3 3 3
All adult but 162 a
C. pri-
mainis.
158 c.
in. lin.
6 9
C.al-
pinus.
161a.
in. lin.
7 0
2 11
C. sumairensis.
160 a.
in. lin.
6 3
2 7
4 11
2 4
1 3
1 5^
3 8
2 11
160 e.
in. lin.
6 3
2 8
5 2
2 4
1 24
1 64
3 11
3 3
C. dukhu-
nensis.
162 a.
in. lin.
6 6
3 0
4 10
2 2
1 1
1 5
3 6
2 11
4. LUPUS. (Wolf.)
Head moderate, elongate ; nose moderate, tapering. Upper pre-
molars slightly separated ; the upper flesh-tooth in the same line as
the other grinders.
Lupus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501.
1. Lupus vulgaris. (European Wolf.)
B.M.
Canis lupus, Linn. Fauna Suecica, p. 3 ; Syst. Nat. i. p. 58 ; Gerrard,
Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84.
Lupus Vulgaris, Brisson, R. A. p. 2.35 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501.
Lupus sylvestris, Aldrov. Digit, p. 173, fig
Wolf, Pennayit.
Loup, Bufo7i, H. N. vii. p. 39, t. 3 (skidl).
Loup d'Eiu-ope (C. lupus), Blainr. Osteoyr. t. 3 (skeleton), t. 6
(skull).
Hah. Europe, France {B.M.).
4. LUPUS. 187
Var. Black. Black Wolf.
Canis lycaon, Erxhien, Syd. p. 560 ; Schreher, Siiin/eth. p. 353, t. 89.
Canis lupus niger, Herm. Obs. Zool. p. 32.
Loup noir, Biiffun, II. N. ix. p. 302, t. 41 ; F. Cuv. Mainm. Lith. i.
Blad£ Wolf, Shcno.
Huh. Europe, Pyrenees.
2. Lupus chanco. (The Chanco or Golden Wolf.) B.M.
Fur fulvous, on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black and
grey hairs ; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs piu'c
white. Head pale grey-brown ; forehead grizzled with short black
and grey hairs. Length of the body and head 42, tail 15 inches.
Skull 8j inches long.
Canis cliauco, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 94 ; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. ser. 3.
xii. p. 47o ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. oOl.
? Lupus laniger, Hodgson, Blyth, Jouni. Asiat. Soc. Peng. 1847.
Hah. Chinese Tartaiy {Lieut. W. P. Hodnell, B.M.).
The skull 1422 a is that of a normal European Wolf and about
the same size (but the nose is longer, rather more slender) ; and the
teeth, as well as the shape of the skull, are very similar to those of
that animal. Two small grinders below behind the canines.
3. Lupus occidentalis. (American Wolf.) B.M.
Skull — forehead convex, rounded ; internal nostrils broad in front
and narrow behind.
Canis lupus griseus et albus, Sabine, Joum. p. 6-54 ; Aud. ^- Bachm.
N. A. Quad. iii. p. 270, 1854.
Canis lupus occidentalis, var. griseus et albus, Richard. F. Bor.-Am,
i. p. 60, 1829.
Cams occidentalis, Dekay, Z. N. Y. i. p. 42, t. 27. i. 2; S. Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 105 j Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84.
(SkuU165e.)
Canis variabilis, Pr. Max. Reise N. A. ii. p. 95, 1841.
? Lupus gigas, Toimisend, Joum. Acad. N. S. Phil. ii. p. 75, 1850.
Lupus occidentalis, Gi-ag, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 501.
Canis lupus canadensis, Blainv. Osteogr. t. 7 (skidl).
Hah. North America (B.M.).
Var. 1. nuhilus. " Colour light sooty or plumbeous brown."
Canis nubilus. Sag, Long's Exped. i. p. 168, 1822.
Canis occideutalis, var. nubilus, Spencer Baird, 3Iamm. N. A. p. 111.
Var. 2. mexicanu.'y. " Fur varied with grey and black ; neck
maned more than usual ; a black or dusky band encircling the
muzzle ; a dusky slope down the fore leg." — Baird.
Canis mexicanus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 00.
Canis occidentalis, var. mexicanus, S. Baird, Mamm. N. .1. p. 113.
Xoloit cuintli, Hcrnaiid. 3Icj: p. 479, fig.
Lupus me.vicauus, Bri.'fson, R. A. p. 237.
188 CANID.Ti.
Loup de Mexique, Uiiffun, N. II. xv. p. 141).
Mexican Wolf, Pcnn.
Cuetlachti, Fei-nand. N. Iliap. p. 7.
Hab. Mexico (Hernand.) ; Santa Cruz ; Sonora.
Var. 3. ater. Black Wolf. BM.
Forehead of skull concave in the central line ; internal nostrils
narrow, parallel.
Canis lycaon, Harlmi, Fauna Amer. p. 126, 1828.
Canis lupus ater, Rich. F. Bor.-Am. i. p. 70; Ami. ^ £ach/n. N. A.
Quad. p. 126, t. . f. 7, 1851.
Canis occidentalis, var. ater, S. Baird, Jilamm. N, A. p. 113. (Skull
165 c, B.M.)
Hah. Florida; Georgia.
Var. 4. rufus.
Mixed red and black above, lighter beneath.
Canis lupus, var. rufus. And. ^ Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 240, t. 82,
1851.
Canis occidentalis, var. rufus, S. Baird, Mumm. N. A. p. 113.
Hah. Texas.
4. Lupus aureus. (Jackal.) B.M.
Skull — nose sloping on the sides, broad in front of orbits. The
sectorial tooth is placed obliquely in respect to the line of the pre-
molars and tubercular grinders.
Canis aureus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 59 ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. i. p. 39,
t. 3 ; Gray, Cat. 3Iamm. B.M. p. 58 ; F. Cur. Mamm. Lith. t. ;
Blainv. Osteogr. t.- 4 (skuU, var. barbarus), t. 6 (var. mareoticus,
skull rather wider).
Canis barbarus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. _54.
Barbary Jackal, Pennant, Quad. i. p. 260.
Lupus aureus, Kampf. Ama-n. Exot. p. 413, t. 407. f. 3 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 504.
Canis micrurus, Reichenbach.
Thos, Pli7iy.
Chacal adive, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 255, Supp. ni. t. 16.
Schakall, S. G. Gmelin, Reise, iii. p. 80, 1. 13 : Olildenst. in Nov.
Com. Petrop. xx. p. 449, 1. 10.
Jackal, Penn., Slum.
Hah. India ; Ceylon (Reid).
The several skulls in the British Museum differ from each other.
163 c is very wide at the zygomatic arches. Length 5 inches 4 lines, '
width 3 inches 3 lines. The aperture of the internal nostril is wide,
8 lines, much wider than in other skulls. The skull of a Jackal from
Barbary, sent to the Zoological Gardens by E. W. Dnimmond Esq.,
163 (?:— length 5 inches 1 lino, width 3 inches 1 line; aperture of
internal nostril 6 lines.
163 c. Nepaul. Presented by B. Hodgson, Esq.
A skeleton with skull in the British Museum, 163 k (Canis aureus,
part., Gerrard), from the Zoological Gardens is peculiar. Length
5. DIEIiA. 189
5 inches 4 lines, width 2 inches 2 lines, internal nostril 5 lines. The
skull like that of Lupus aureus; biit the coronal ridge is rather
dilated or vase-shaped in the middle of the length, and the upper
hinder tubercular grinders rather larger in comparison with the
other grinders. They are perhaps different species.
5. Lupus pallipes. (The Landgak.) B.M.
Coronal crest linear, high ; upper sectorial teeth large, elongate.
Canis pallipes, Syhen, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 101 ; Gray, List Mamm. B.M.
p. €8 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 82.
Canis lupas, Hodgson ; Elliot, Madras Jimrn. x. p. 101.
Sficcalius indicus, Hodyson, MS.
Lupus pallipes, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 504.
Hah. Nepaul (Hodgson) ; India {Oldham, 163 e).
5. DIEBA.
Head moderate, elongate ; nose rather elongate. Upper pre-
molars slightly separated ; the upper flesh-tooth prominent in the
tooth-line and placed obliquely to the other teeth. Tail straight to
the hocks.
Dieba anthus. (Dieb.) B.M.
Skull (81G e) — ^forehead flatfish, rather concave ; pterygoid bones
converging behind. Sectorial teeth prominent in the tooth-line and
pkiced obliquely to the other teeth. Internal nostril narroAV, sides
parallel.
Cauis antlius, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. xxii. t. ; Riippell, Zool. Atlas,
p. 44, t. 17 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones
of Mamm. p. 85.
Lupus anthus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 502, f. 3 (skull).
Jfab. West Afi-ica, Senegal (F. Cuvier) ; Algiers ; Tunis (Frazer) ;
North Africa ; Egypt; l^whia (l{u2)2^ el I, Christie).
Var. Head narrow. Skull (816 a) very like that of D. anthus
(816 c), from the Zoological Gardens. The forehead and face veiy
much narrower compared with its length ; the whole length of the
face, from the end of the palate to the front teeth and the canines,
is smaller.
Ifab. Algiers and Tunis.
There is another skull, 816 h (fig. 25, p. 190), from Tunis, that
is somewhat intermediate in width ; it wants the occiput.
816 c. Slrti. 816 a.
in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.
Length of skull '. 0 7 0 .5? (i 2
VVidtli at zyuomata 4 2 3 9 .'} G
at foramen — — —
before orbits 16 15 13
of palato at outer hinder edge of sectorial teeth 2 .'J 2 1 2 1
190
canid;e.
Fig. 25.
Skull of Dieha anthu.. (Tuni., No. 810 i.)
1
191
Slnill of Siinoiia dinrnsis. (Abyssinia. Xo. I(i2 u. )
192 CANID.E.
6. SIMENIA. B.M.
Head elongate ; nose very slender, elongate. SkuU with a very
slender elongate nose ; the ijremolars small and very far apart.
Simenia, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
Simenia simensis. (Abyssinian AVolf.) B.M.
Cauis simensis, Riippell, Abijss. Fauna, t. 14; Grai/, Cat. Mamm.
B. M. p. 58 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones Mamm. p. 82.
Simenia simensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506, f. 4.
Hab. Abyssinia {llilppeU, type in B.M.).
Skull 162a (fig. 26). Length 7 inches 9 lines. Coronal ridge linear.
7. CHEYSOCYON.
Head very long ; nose slender. Pupils round. Tail short, reach-
ing only to the hocks.
Skull elongate ; nose very long, slender ; coronal crest single,
linear ; postorbital process thick, convex above, bent down at the
tip. Premolars approximate, large. Sectorial tooth in the same
line as the other teeth. Internal palate narrow.
Chrysocyon, Ham. Smith, Dogs ; Bunneister, Faun. Bras. p. 24 ;
Graij, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
* Upiwr sectorial tooth moderate. Chrysocyon. — Gray, I. c. p. 500.
1. Chrysocyon jubata. (Guara.) B.M.
Canis mexicanus. Sunn. Koitv. Diet. vi. p. 505 (not Linn.).
Canis jubatus, J[)e.i-Wi. Mamm. p. 198 ; Burm. Faun. Bradl. t. 21, t. 26.
f. 1.
Chrysocyon jubata, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
Cauis campestiis, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 334. n. 1 ; Blainv. Osteogr.
t. 7 (skull).
Loup rouge, Cm. R. A. i. p. 154, iv. t. 1.
Hah. South America (solitary) ; Paraguay {Azara) ; Brazil (Pr.
Max.) ; Buenos Ayres.
** Upper sectorial tooth transverse, very large. Neocyon. —
Gray, I. c. p. 506.
2. Chrysocyon latrans. (Prairie -Wolf. Coyote.) B.M.
Skull 171 a very like Lupus anthus ; but nose longer and more
slender. Muzzle short, like that of a Fox ; tail short, like a Wolf's.
Canis latrans, <SV((/, in Lonefs Exped. i. p. 168 ; And. iy Bachm. N. A.
Quad. ii. p. 150, t. 71, 1829; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 113; Ger-
rard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 85 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 58; BlaiJtir. Osteogr. t. 7 (skull).
Vulpes velox, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. n. 1237 a.
Chrysocyon (jSTeocyon) latrans, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
8. CANis. 193
Var. Small.
Canis frustror, Woodhouse, Proc, Ac. N. S, Philad. iv. p. 147 (1850),
V. p. 157 (1851).
Small Wolves, I>upretz.
Burrowing Dog, Leicis 4" Clark.
Cased Wolves, Fio-i-ier's List.
Lyciscus cagotis, Sam. Smith, Nat. Lib. Dogs.
? Canis ochropus, Eschsch. Zool. Atlas, i. t. 11 ; Crray, List. Mamm.
B. M. p. 59 ; Zool. Sulph. p. 32, t. 10.
Hah. North America (in packs) : Upper Missouri (Long) ; Cali-
fornia (B.M.).
" Replaces the Jackal of the Old World. Brings forth its young
in a burrow. Barks like a Domestic Dog." — ;S'. Baird.
Skulls 171 a, b, c. Width at zygomata 3 inches 4 Knes ; length
of palate 3 inches 5 lines, of the upper jaw at the hinder edge of
the sectorial tooth 2 inches, at the base of the canines 1 inch 1 line.
1237 a. " Vulj^es velo.v, Rich."
Skull 171c. Length 7 inches; width at zygomata 3 inches 10
lines, at preorbital foramen 1 inch 3 lines, at outer hinder end of
the sectorial tooth 2 inches 1 line, of the upper jaw at the base of
the canines 1 inch 1 line ; length of palate 3 inches 9 lines.
B. Dogs. Tail ekmy ate, curved or curled; te^nporal rmtscle only separated
by a line or coronal ridge. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 508.
8. CANIS. (Dog.)
Head moderate or elongate. Ears often dependent or recurved.
The small hinder tubercular grinder of the upper and lower jaws
well developed.
Canis, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 508.
1. Canis familiaris. (Dog.) B.M.
Canis familiaris, Linn. S. N. i. p. 56 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 57 ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 508 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm.
p. 82.
Canis domesticus, Linn. Mvs. Adolph. Frid. i. p. 6.
Canis familiaris Terrffi Novae, Blainv. Osteogr, Canis, t. 8 (skull). •
Chien, Buffon, H. N. v. p. 300, t. 15.
Chien domestique, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 152.
Dog, Penn.
Common Dog, Shaw.
Hah. The World where inhabited by man.
Skull 166/. Bhotea Dog (black and tan). Nepaul {Hodgson).
Length 8 inches 2 lines. Very like the skuU of the Wolf of Europe.
B.M.
Skull 166 6. Tibetan Mastiff. Nepaul (Hodgson). Length 9
inches. B.M.
Skull 166. Bull-Dog (fig. 27, p. 194). Utrecht Collection. B.M.
Var. 1. Canis familiaris nepaletisis, Blainv. Osteogr, t. 7 (teeth).
194
CAWroiE.
Fio-. 27.
Slaill of Bull-Dog. (No. 166.)
S. CANIS. 195
Var. 2, Canis famlliaris japonkus, Temm. Fauna Japon. t. 10.
f. 5, 6 (skull) ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm, p. 84.
Var. 3. Canis familiar is chinensis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, f. (skull).
B.M.
Var. 4. Canis famiUaris Novte Hibeniice, Fischer, Syn. p. 186
(called "Poull").
Var. 5. Native Dog of New Zealand. Fur rather long, black- and
white-varied. B.M.
2. Canis ceylauicus.
Chien sauvage indien, Vossmar, Bescript. 1775, t.
Canis ceylanicus, Sliaw, Zool. i. p. 312 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 509.
Ceylon Bog, Penn.
Hah. Ceylon.
3. Canis tetradactyla.
Chien sauvag-e de Cayenne, Actes de la Sac. cVH. N. de Paris, i.
p. 115 ; Meyer, Zool. Am. i. p. 1.34.
? Canis familiaris cavanensis, Blainv. Osteoqr. i. 7* (skull).
Canis tetradactyla, Fischer, Syn. p. 292 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 509.
Hah. Cayenne.
4. Canis dingo.
Ears erect. Tail elongate. Tubercular grinders |. — Blainville.
Canis dingo, Blumenb. Handh. p. 103 ; Gray, List of Mamm. B. M.
p. 57; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 509; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm.
p. 84.
Canis familiaris Austi-alasise, Desm. Mamm. p. 190 ; Blainv. Osteogr.
t. 8 (skuU).
Dingo or Austi-alasian Dog, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 277, f. 76.
Hah. Australia.
Var. sumatrensis. Skull short ; face short, broad. Tubercular
grinders |, well developed.- — Gray, I. e. p. 509.
Canis familiaris sumatrensis, Hardw. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 235, t. 23.
Canis sumatrensis, Fischer, Syti. Mamm. p. 186.
Hah. Sumatra.
The Domestic Dog has been bred into various weU-marked varie-
ties, some of which have existed from the earliest historical period,
and are to be found everywhere the companions of man. New
varieties are very rarely if ever produced ; and some of the old or
well-known varieties have a great tendency to die out, at least for
a time. Indeed all varieties are only to be retained by careful
breeding and weeding — that is, by the destruction, or at least ex-
clusion from breeding, of the examples that do not come up to the
standard. If this is not done, they soon deteriorate into the common
Cur or the Pariah Dog of India.
Most varieties occur of very different sizes — from very large to
large, middle-sized, small, or very small.
The varieties always present the same general external appearance,
and often have a peculiar colour. For example, the Poodles always
o2
196
have curly hair. Other varieties occur with either long or short
smooth hair, ■ndth bristling or rough hair, curly hair, or with a nearly
naked skin ; the latter generally also have imperfect teeth, or teeth
that early decay or drop out.
1. Straisht-Laired
Large-sized . . ,
Small-sized . .
Soft silky hair. .
Soft curly hair
Harsh wiry hair
Naked or nearly so.
Short - legged or
Turnspit.
Bull-head mth im-
perfect upper jaw.
5.
6.
7.
8. Small variety
9, Large-eyed Dog
Greyhound Black - and -
! Terrier.
Deerhound. |
Italian Greyhoundl Toy Terrier.
Thibet Greyhound
tan
Irish Greyhound . .
Naked Greyhound
Wiry or rough-
haired Terrier,
Naked Terrier. .
Turnspit Dog . .
Scotch Terrier.
Bidl-Doff
Bull-Terrier.
Pus-Dos: . . . .
Toy Terrier.
Spaniel.
Spaniel.
Poodle.
Naked Spaniel.
Turnspit Dog.
King Charles
Spaniel.
Japan Sleeve-
Dog &c.
Japan Sleeve -
Dog.
Some varieties are malformations, as (1) the BuU-Dog and the
Pug Dog have a short, imperfect upper jaw and a broken nose ; but
this malformation occurs as a subvariety among Spaniels, as in the
Japanese Sleeve-Dog; and (2) other Dogs (continued by breeding)
have the hps, on the sides of the mouth, very large and pendulous,
as the Mastiff. Several varieties also occur presenting (3) short-
legged long-bodied breeds, — as the Turnspit, the Scotch Terrier,
and the Muff-Dogs or Short-legged Spaniels. There is another
variety (4) with very large, protruding eyes, which, in some of
the Dogs of Japan, where this breed is esteemed, are sometimes
so large and prominent as to be easily knocked out of the orbit by
accident.
The Domestic Dog presents three distinct forms of ears. (1) Some,
as the Spitz Dog, have short ovate, erect, hairy ears ; (2) others,
like the Greyhound, have elongated ears that are folded together,
bent backward on the sides of the head ; while (3) the Hound and
Spaniels have broad ears bent down on the sides of the head.
When the varieties with different forms of ears are bred together,
intermediate forms may be observed.
The tail, in most varieties, is elongated, tapering and generally
white at the end ; it is often more or less curved, and sometimes
closely spirally bent. But the tails of many Domestic Dogs are cut;
and some few breeds are said to be bom tailless. But I have never
seen any examples of the latter.
Varieties which are very distinct in their external form, length
and kind of hair, and colour, have skulls so alike that they are not
to be distinguished by any appreciable character. Thus it is im-
possible to distinguish the skull of a Terrier from that of a Spaniel,
9. LYCALOPEX. 197
or either of these from that of the Pariah Dog of India, or the
" Mongrel Cur " as it is called in England.
Some of the figured and named varieties, as the Lion-Dog {Chien-
lion, Buffon, v. t. 40. f. 2 ; Vanis famiUaris leoninus, Gmelin), are
described from Dogs that had been artificially trimmed ; and of
some, as the Prick-Eared Dog, the ears had been artificially clipped;
and the same is the case with some of the short-tailed Dogs.
If the varieties of Dog are stumblingblocks to the systematic
zoologist, which some say they are (for what reason I cannot con-
ceive), they are never mistaken by their wild allies. It is true that
a Wolf mil breed with a female Dog, but so will a wild Pheasant
with a domestic hen. The system of improving the breed of do-
mestic animals by breeding and weeding seems to have been coex-
istent with human civilization ; and to keep up the good breeds it
is as necessary to be carefully attended to now as in the earliest
period, showing that the varieties produced have no tendency to
become perpetual.
The varieties of the Dog, like the varieties of Oxen, Sheep, Pigs,
Poultry, and Pigeons, are limited ; and the limits seem to have
been early discovered, as most, if not all, of the varieties now exist-
ing seem to have been known in the earliest historical period, and
even anterior to it.
How any one can think that the differences between varieties of
domestic animals are such as zoologists would use to distinguish
genera and species, is a mystery that I cannot understand ; and
the theory that the variation produced by breeding and weeding,
or selection as it is called, is to be regarded as the origin of the dif-
ference between natural species, is more astonishing, and can oidy
have arisen for want of careful study of tlie subject. There are some
minds so constituted, even among the well educated, who beHeve
in animal magnetism, metallic tactors, table-turning, phrenology,
spiritualism, mesmerism, the great pyramid, natural selection, and
mimicry of animals — and some even two or more of these theories in
succession, or at the same time.
I do not know of any work giving a systematic or scientific de-
scription of the varieties of Dogs. Professor Fitzingcr, in the ' Trans-
actions of the Vienna Academy,' has written a long paper on the
history of the difierent varieties and breeds, similar to the paper on
the breeds of Sheep.
C, Fox-tailed Wolves. Tail elongate, reaching below theJu'eU, more or
less curved, and covered with more or less elongated hair not forming
a full brush. South America.
Fox-tailed Wolves, Gray, P. Z. -S. 1868, p. 511.
9. LYCALOPEX.
Pupil circular. Tail reaching below the hocks. The upper tu-
bercular teeth oblong, taken together much longer than the fiesh-
tooth. South-American.
198 CAKID.E.
Oerdocyon, Ham. Smith, Dogs, p. 289, 1839.
Lycalopex, Burmetster, Fauna lirasil. pp. 24, 31 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 511.
1. Lycalopex vetulus. B.M.
Tail very long, bushy ; underside pale yellow. Snout reddish
brown. Coronal ridge narrow linear.
Canis vetuhis, Sund. Bras. p. 21, t. 40.
Canis Azarie, Pr. Wied, Ahild. t.
Canis (Lycalopex) vetulus, Buiineister, Faun. Bras. p. 37, t. 23, t. 28.
f. 1, t. 29. £ 1.
Lycalopex vetukis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 51 1.
Sab. Brazil.
2. Lycalopex fulvicaudus. B.M.
Underside of tail reddish yellow. Temporal muscles separated
by a well-marked narrow lanceolate crown, which is linear for one-
fourth of its length behind (see Burm. t. 28. f. 2). The upper
sectorial tooth short, broad, tliick; upper tubercular teeth large,
nearly similar in size and form.
Canis fulvicaudatus, Sund. Bras. p. 20.
Canis (I^ycalopex) fulvicaudus, Burm. Faun. Bras. p. 40, t. 24, t. 28.
f. 2, t. 29. f. 2.
Lycalopex fulvicaudus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 511.
Hah. South America.
Skull 820 a is very like those figured by Burmeister, t. 28. f. 2,
t. 29, f. 2 ; but the lower edge of the lower jaw is not so much
arched.
Skulls 821 a and h both differ from 820 a in the upper sectorial
and the tubercular grinders being smaller than they are in that skuU.
In 820 a the upper sectorial tooth is thick, nearly triangular, broad,
and with a well-marked lobe on the front of the inner edge. In
821 a it is nearly of the same form — if anything, rather more equi-
laterally triangiilar ; but it is smaller than in 820 a.
ill. lin.
Skun820a 4 3 long. .
Skull 821 a 4 0 „
It is evident that the teeth of these Dogs vary in size in the same
species.
Var. 1. chiloensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 511. B.M,
Upper sectorial tooth compressed, with inner front lobe rather in
front of the front edge of the tooth ; crown of skuU flat, narrow,
sub-vaseshaped. Hinder opening of the palate broad, expanded.
SkuU 821 6, 4 inches 2 lines long.
Vulpes AzarPB (Chiloe), Waterhoune, MS.
Vulpes vetulus (partly), Gerrard, Cat. Bones of Mamm. (821 b).
Hah. ChUoe.
10. rSEUDALOPEX. 199
10. PSEUDALOPEX.
Tail elongate, reaching below the hocks. Pupil elliptical in the
daylight. Skull ^vitll a linear coronal ridge ; the upper tubercular
teeth taken together scarcely so long as, or very little longer than
the flesh-tooth.
Pseudalopex, Biirmeister, Faun. Bras. pp. 24, 44; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 512.
* The fore legs grey extertially; soles of the feet blackish hrotcn.
1. Pseudalopex Azarae. (Agoua rachay.) B.M.
Tubercular gTinders 3 ; front always largest.
Canis Azarse, Pr. Max. Peitr. ii. p. 338 ; Ahbikl. t. ; Darwin, Zovl.
Beagle, xIt. t. 7 ; Blaine. Osteogr. t. 4 (skull).
CanLs brasilieiisis, Schinz, Ctiv. Thierr. i. p. 222.
Vulpes Azarre, Gray, Vat. Mamm. B. M. p. 60; Gerrard, Cat. of
Bones of Mamm. p. 87.
Agoua racliay, Azara, i. p. 317.
Canis melanostomus, Wagner, Wiegm. Arch. 184-3, i. p. 358.
Canis (Pseudalopex) Azarse, Burm. Faun. Bras. pp. 24, 44, t. 28. f. 3,
t. 29. f. 3.
Pseudalopex Azarfe, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 512.
Cauls Azarre, Van der Hoeven, t. 1. f. 8.
Hah. South America : BrazU {Pr. Max.) ; Paraguay {Azara) ;
Patagonia {Dariuin).
** The fore legs entirely red-yellow ; soles of the feet red-broivn.
2. Pseudalopex griseus. B.M.
Fur reddish-yellow-grcy ; legs red-yellow. Size small.
Canis griseus, Gray, P. Z. S. iv. pp. 88, 123, t. 6 ; Mag. X. H. 1837,
p. 578.
Vulpes griseus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88.
Canis (Pseudalopex) griseus, Burmeister, Faun. Bras. pp. 28, 48,
t. 25.
Pseudalopex griseus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 512.
Hab. Patagonia {King).
3. Pseudalopex mageUanicus. (Colpeo.) B.M.
Fur fox-red ; back blackish. Large-sized.
Canis mageUanicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 88 ; 3fag. A\ H. 1837,
p. 578 ; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, x. t. 5 ; Burmeister, Faun. Bras.
t. 6. f. 3.
Canis (Pseudalopex) mageUanicus, Burm. Fatin. Bras. pp. 24, 61 ;
Beise La Plata, ii. p. 405 ; Wiegm. Arch. 18(>2, p. 329.
Pseudalopex mageUanicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 512.
Canis caucrivorusi americaiuis, Burmeister, Fauna Bras. t. 27 (skull).
Vulpes mageUanicus, Gray, Mag. N. II. 1836, p. 578; List Mamm.
B. M. p. (il : (lerrard, Cat. Bones of Mamm. p. 87.
? Canis AzHr;c, ll'alerluni.se.
'f Colpeo, Canis colpaceus, Molina.
200 CANIDiE.
? Canis tetradactyla, Meyer.
Chile Fox, Shaiv, Zool. p. 329.
Hah. Chili and Bolivia {Bridges); Strait of Magellan (Dartvin).
In the British Museum there are skulls from Chili, marked 184 a,
184 c, arid 184/, Vulpes magellanicus, which are those of adult
animals, and have a linear crest extending the whole length of the
crown.
There is another skull, evidently from the same series, no. 184 e,
also without any skin belonging to it, which has its adult teeth, but
is not so large or aged as the others. It has a broad flat crown
(separating the temporal muscles), which is wide in front and taper-
ing to the occiput ; and the side margins are rather curved in, giving
it a slightly vase-Uke form. Length 5 inches 7 lines, width 2 inches
11 lines.
There are also a skuU and skeleton (no. 184 b) foom Chili, of
which the skull is intermediate in size between the larger skulls
and the small one. The coronal crest is linear ; but there is an
indication of the vase-shaped crown-plate on each side of the central
ridge.
Nos. 817 a, b, c, d, e are five smaller skidls, named Vulpes Azarce,
sent from Bolivia by Mr. Bridges. They are very similar externally,
but they vary considerably in the size of the upper tubercular grinders
as compared with the other teeth, and slightly in the form of the
lobes of the upper sectorial tooth. The hinder upper tubercular is
always of the same form as the penultimate, but smaller. The
internal lobe of the sectorial tooth of V. mcujellankus from Chili,
184 e, is rather larger, with the front edge on a level with the front
edge of the body of the tooth ; in the small skulls from Bolivia
the lobe is very slightly in front of the line of the fore edge of the
tooth.
I believe these all belong to one species ; and they are very like
the skulls figured as Canis cranerivorus, var. hrasilietisis, by Bur-
meister. Fauna Bras. t. 27. They are very different in the form of
the crown and other details from the skull figured as 0. Azarce by
Blainville, Osteogr. t. 4, and by Burmeister, Fauna Bras. t. 28. f. 4,
4. Pseudalopex antarcticus. B.M.
Canis antarcticus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 331 ; Besm. Mamm. p. 199 ; Gray,
List Mamm. B. M. p. 69 ; Dartvin, Zool Beagle, ii. t. 4.
Antarctic Fox, Penn.
Pseudalopex antarcticus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 513.
Hab. Falkland Islands.
5. Pseudalopex gracilis.
Canis (Pseudalopex) gracilis, Burm. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 406;
Arch. Naturg. 1862, p. 130.
Pseudalopex gracilis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 513.-
Hah. Pampas of Mendoza.
n. xnous. 201
11. THOUS.
Skiill elongate ; nose tapering, moderate. Temporal muscles se-
parated by a vase-shaped crown. Teeth 44 =|^; two tubercular
grinders in each side of the upper, and three in each side of the
lower jaw, the two hinder circular, the hindmost very minute.
Lvcalopex, § 1, Burmeider.
Thous, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 514.
There are three skulls in the British Museum, aU showing the
additional hinder lower grinders. One, 1033 h, has a group of four
small hinder tubercular grinders on one side of the lower jaw, which
displaces and throws out of the regular line the larger penultimate
tubercular lower grinder.
1. Thous crancrivorus. (Crab-eating Dog.) B.M.
Tail moderately long. Snout blackish.
Canis cancrivorus, Desni. Mamm. p. 199 ; Blainv. Osteoyr. i. 9 (skull),
t. 12 (teeth), t.
Viverra cancrivora, Meyer, Zuol. Ann. i. p. 135 ; Actes tie la Soc.
(VH. N. a Paris, i. p. 115.
Canis brasiliensis, Lund, Bras. 1842, t.
Canis melampus, Wagner.
Vulpes brasiliensis, Gerranl, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88.
Cams (Lvcalopex) cancrivorus, Burm. Fauna Bras. p. 24, t. 22, t. 27.
f. 1, 4."
Thous crancrivonis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514.
Lvcalopex cancrivorus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89.
Chien des bois, Bujfon, H. N. Supp. vii. p. 146, t. 38.
Chien sauvage, Fermin in Hull. Eqidn. p. 10.
':' Canis thous, Linn. 8. N. i. p. GO.
Surinam Dog, Pcnn.
Huh. French Guiana, in small packs.
2. Thous fulvipes. B.M.
Canis fulvipes, Martin, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 11 ; Waterhoitse, Zool. Beagle,
t. 6 (1839) (type in B.M.).
Vulpes fulvipes, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88.
!'' Canis (Lycalopex) entrerianus, Buryneister, Uehersicht der Sdugeth.
von La Plata, ii. p. 400, 1801 ; Arch. Katurq. 1862, p. 130.
Thous fulvipes. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514.
Hah. Chili {Bridjes).
Section II. Vulpine. Skull thin, elongate. Postorbital jyrocess of the
frontal hones hetit hut little dotcnicard, the anterior edge turned up ; a
longitudinal .■shallow pit or indentation at its hase. Pupil of eye often
elliptical, erect. Head slender. Upper incisors scarcely lobed.
Subfam. III. VULPINA.
Vulpina, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 121 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514.
202 canid.t:.
D. The Foxes. The tail elongated, reaching to the yroimcl, covered tcith
ahundance of soft hair forming a brush, with a gland above the base.
Eyes often nocturnal, with oblong erect ^mpils. — Gray, I. c. p. 51o.
12. VULPES.
Muzzle long. Temporal crests of the skull linear or nearly
linear. Ears moderate, erect, acute. Tail with soft fur and long
hairs uniformly mixed. Bullae of the ear-bones moderate, oblong,
strongly keeled, angular.
Vulpes, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 121 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515.
* Large. Mirojieau.
1. Vulpes vulgaris. (Fox.) B.M.
Canis vulpes, Linn. S. JV. i. p. 59; Blainv. Osteogr. t. 4 (skull);
Grag, Cat. 3Iamm. B, M. p. 59.
Vulpes vulgaris, Brisson, B. A. p. 239 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of
Mamm. p. 86; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515.
Var. 1. Tail-end black.
Canis alopex, Litm. S. iV. i. p. 59. B.M.
Renard cliarbonnier, Buffon, H. N. vii. p. 82.
Brant Fox, Penn.
Var. 2. crucigera. Fulvous, with a black dorsal cross.
Vulpes crucigera, Brisson, R. A. p. 240 ; Gesner, Quad. f. at p. 90 ;
Aldrov. Quad. Digit, p. 221, f. at p. 222.
Cross Fox, Penn.
Hah. Europe.
Var. 3. melanogaster. B.M.
Vulpes melanogaster, Pr. Bonap., Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of 3Iumm.
p. 86.
Hah. Italy.
** Large. African.
2. Vulpes nilotica. (Sobora or Tahaleb.) B.M.
Skull — crown-lino narrow behind, elongate triangular in front
half.
Canis niloticus, Geoff. Cat. Mus. Paris; Destn. Mamm. p. 204 -fLcchl.
Douhl. p. 4 ; Biippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 41, t. 15 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm.
B. M. p. 60.
Canis asgyptiacus, Sonnini, Nouv. Diet. cVH. N. vi. p. 524 ; Biippell,
Zool. Atlas, 1. 15 ; Ehrenb. Symb. Phgs. 1. 19.
Vulpes niloticus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 85 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515.
Hah. North Africa ; Egypt. Called " Tahaleb " by the Egyptians,
" Sobora " by the Arabs.
Skulls 172 a, h, c, d. Length 5, width 2^ inches.
^'2. VULl'ES.
203
3. Vulpes adusta. (The Burnt Dog.)
Canis adusta, Sunck-val/, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Ma mm. p. 85
V ulpes adusta, Gratj, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 515.
Hab. South Africa. Caffraria (SmuIevaN) (caUed " Caudue ").
4. Vulpes variegata. (Schom or Abu.) B.M.
Cania variegatus, Hiippe//, Zool Atlas, p. .31, t. 10; Ehrenb. Symb.
Phi/s. t. ; Oral/, List Mamm. B. M. p. 59. ^
Cams mesomelas, var., Riippell, Cat. Mm.
Vulpes vai-iegata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 516.
5. Vulpes mesomelas. (Tenlie.) b.m.
Cams mesomelas, ^/»-.,,6. ««,,^,<;,. p. 370, t. 95; Gray, List Mamm.
Canis variegatus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 30
\ lUpes mesomelas. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p 516
Jackal, Kolbe, Besch. cks Vorgeb. d. q. Hoffn. p 150
Cape Jackal, Shaw.
Reuard du Cap, Cm. R. A. i. p. 158.
. ^«^- South and East Africa: Cape of Good Hope (Kolhe); Abys-
sinia {Rupj3ell). ' •'
*** Laryc. Asiatic.
6. Vulpes flavescens. (The Persian Fox.) B.M.
Skull— crown-line of adult narrow Unear, of young tapering back-
wards to occiput. ^010
Vulpes flavescens 6V«y^,»,. S,- May. N. II. 184^3, xi. p. 118; List
of Mamm B.M. p 60; P. Z S. 1868, p. 516; Ger/ard, Cat. of
Bones of Mamm. -^.80,. ' ^ ' , k. ^. vj
Hah. India, Salt Range (Oldham).
Skulls 1175 «, b, c. Length 5 inches, width 2^.
7. Vulpes montana. (Hill-Fox). B.M.
Vulpes montanus, Pearson, J. A. Soc. Ben,,. 1836, p 313 • Gra„
f.st Mamn.B.M p^l95; P Z. S. m^, ^.old^fC^ar^^cl
of Bones of Mamm. ^.SG. , ^"(.
Vulpes nepaiilonsis. Gray, Mar/. N. H. 1837
^""ZrXfB.Tj. ^'^"^'^' ^- ^- ^- ^^^*^' p- ^^^' ^"j^'' ^""''- 1'"--/'-
Hah. Nepal {Rev. R. Ewinq) ■ Thibet.
Skull 176 a.
8. Vulpes Griffithsii.
^'"te ^^^l^ll*'^"' ^^y*^>^ J- ^- ■">'"<■■ Ji^'Hi. I,s54, p. 729 : Gray, P Z S
18C)8, p. olO. '^' ■ "
Hah. .ifghanistan.
204
CAUIDiE.
**** Small. Asiatic.
9. Vulpes ferrilatus. B.M.
Vulpes ferrilatus, Hochjson ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 516.
Hab. Thibet.
10. Vulpes leucopus. B.M.
Vulpes leucopus, Blijth, J. A. Soc. Benq. 1854, p. 729 : Graxj, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 516.
LLa._ Hab. North-west India : Mooltan.
11. Vulpes japonica. B.M.
iSkull — crown-plate elongate, slender, tapering behind to the occi-
put (adult).
Vulpes iapouicus, Gernurd, Cat. of Bmies of Mainm. p. 86; Gray,
P. Z. 'S. 1868, p. 517.
Hah. Japan.
SkuU 180 a. Length 5 inches, width 2^.
Fig. 28.
Skull of Vulpes benffalensis. (India, No. 1746.)
12. Vulpes bengalensis. (Koki-ee.) B.M.
HkuU — crown-plate wide towards the occiput, vase-shaped.
Canis bengalensis, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 230.
Cauis rufescens, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 3.
Canis kokree, Sykes, P. Z. S. i. p. 101.
Canis corsac, Blyth.
Vulpes corsac, Ogilby, P. Z. S.
Vulpes indicus, Hodgson.
Vulpes bengalensis, 'Gray, III. Lid. Zool. ii. t. 2 ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 517,
f. 0 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 86.
Bengal Dog, Penn. Quad. i. p. 160.
12. vui,PEs. 205
Var. Canis xtintlniriis, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1837, p. G8.
Canis chrysurus, Gi-ai/, May. N. H. 183G, p. 577.
Hah. India ; Bengal.
Skiills 174 a-/. Length 4| inches, width 2|.
13. Vulpes pusilla. (Small Fox.)
Vulpes pusilla, Bh/th, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Benn. 18-'j4, p. 729 ; (?;•«//,
P.Z.S. 18(38, p. 517.
Hah. Pendschab?
14. Vulpes karagan. (Karagan.)
" Larger than the Corsac."
Canis karagan, Er.rl. S;/sf. p. 556.
Vulpes karagan, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 517.
Cams melanotus, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- Asiat. i. p. 44.
Karagan, Schreh. Siiayeth. p. 359.
Karagan Fox, S/iaw.
Hah. Fral and Tartaiy.
15. Vulpes corsac. (Corsac.) B.M.
Canis corsac, Lmn. S. N. i. p. 223 ; Tiks. Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur.
xi. p. 400, t. 49 ; Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- Asiat. i. 41, t. 4 ; Blainv.
Osteoc/r. t. 5 (skull).
Vulpes corsac. Gray, List, ilanun. B. 31. p. 62 ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 518.
? Isatis or Adive, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 17.
Corsac Fox, Penn.
Corsac, Cui\ Rl-gne Anim. i. p. 155.
Bah. Tartary, in deserts ; Siberia.
***** Large. American.
16. Vulpes pennsylvanica, (Cross Fox.) B.M.
Hair long, silky and soft ; tail very full, composed of an under-
fur with long hair distributed uniformly among it. Tail with a
white tip ; feet and ears black. Ears with both sides covered with
hair.
Canis fuh-us, Rich. Fauna B.-Amer. p. 93, 1829 ; And. S^- Bach. N.
A. Quad. ii. pp. 263, 414, tt. 87, 116, iii. p. 70 ; Desm. Mamm.
p. 203.
Canis argeutatus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 328.
Canis vulpes, var. 5. pennsvlvamcus, Bodd. Eletich. i. p. 96, 1784.
Canis decussatus, Geoff'. Mif!. Pur.; Desm. Mamm. p. 203.
Canis cruciger, Schreh. Siiiiyeth. \. 91 a.
Kenard argente, Charlerois, N. France, i. p. 196 ; Cur. R. A. i. p. 155 ;
Geoff. Mam. Lithoy.
Renard de ^'irginie, Palisot de Beaurois, Bull. Soc. Philom.
Peinisyhaniau Brant Fox, Penn.
Vulpes ful\-xis, S. Baird, N. A. Mam. p. 123; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones
of Mamm. p. 85.
US>Q
206 CANIDiE.
Canis vulpes iiigTa americana, Blainv. Osteogr. t. 2 (skeleton).
Vulpes pennsjdvauica, Grai/, P. Z, S. 18G8, p. 518.
Hab. Iforth America.
Var. 1. fulva. "Reddish yellow; back behind grizzly; throat
greenish ; a narrow line on the belly white ; ears behind, and tips of
caudal hairs, except terminal brush, black." Skulls 173 a, h, c, d.
Var. 2. decussatus. " Muzzle and underparts, with the legs, black ;
tail blacker than in var. 1 ; a dark band between the shoulders, crossed
by another over the shoulders."
Canis decussata, Desm. B.M.
Canis fulvus decussatus, Rich., Baird.
Vidpes fulvus decussatus, Aud. ^- Bach.
Cross Fox.
Var. 3. argentata. " Entirely black, except on the posterior
part of the back, where the hairs are annulated with grey ; tail-tip
white ; " foot-pads often covered with hair.
Canis argentatus, Shmv.
Canis fulvus argentatus, Bich., Baircl.
Vulpes fulvus argentatus, Aud. S,- Bach.
Renard noir d'Amerique, Blainv. Odeoyr. 1. 12 (skeleton).
Silver or Black Fox.
Var. 4. macrura. Larger, varies in colour like the smaller
varieties ; foot-pads covered with hair.
Skulls 1402 a, h. Length 5| inches, width 2|.
Vulpes macrourus, Baird, in Stansbtiry's Explor. Great Salt Lake,
p. .309, 1852 ; Mamm. N. A. p. 130.
Vulpes Utah, Aud. ^- Bach. Proc. A. N. S. Philad. v. p. 114; N. A.
Quad. iii. p. 255, t. 151.
? Vidpes fulvus, Pr. Max. Beise, ii. p. 98, 1841.
Hab. Great Salt Lake.
17. Vulpes velox. (Burrowing Fox.) B.M.
Canis velox, Say in Banff's B.vped. i. p. 486, 182-3.
Vulpes velox, Aud. ^ Bach. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 13, t. 52, 1851 ; S.
Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 133 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm,
p. 88 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 519.
Burrowing Fox, Leiois & Clarke's Travels, ii. p. 351.
Kit-Fox, Leivis c^- Clarke, ibid.
Canis cinereo-argentatus, Sabine, Frankliti's Jour. p. 658; Blainv.
Osteogr. t. 4 (skull).
Canis vulpes cmereo-argentatus, Bich. F. B.-A. p. 98, 1827.
Vulpes cinereo-argentatus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 60 ; Gerrard,
Cat. of Boms of Mamm. p. 87.
Canis microtis (or Kit-Fox), Reichenb. Regne Anim. i. p. 10, f 72, 73.
Hab. North America, Missouri, burrowing in the earth.
13. FENNECUS.
Ears large, elongate, hairy, spreading. Tail elongate, bushy,
covered with soft hairs. Pupil roundish ?
13. FENNECUS. 207
Skull elongate ; brain-case ovate. Temporal muscles separated
from each other by a very wide urn-shaped crown to the occiput.
Upper premolars compressed ; flesh-tooth compressed, with a small
internal process in front ; tubercular grinder much wider than long.
Bullae of ears very large, thin, swollen and rounded below. Africa.
Fennecus, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 519.
1. Fennecus dorsalis. (Sabora.) B.M.
Canis dorsalis, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 132. (B.M.)
? Canis famelicus, Piippcll, Zool. Atlas, p. 15, t. 50.
Canis Riippellii, Sc/iinz, Cm: Thierr. iv. p. 508.
Fennecus dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 519.
Hah. Sandy deserts of Nubia and Cordofan (called " Sabora " by
the Arabs) ; West Africa, Senegal (B.M.),
2. Fennecus zaarensis. (Fennec.) B.M.
Canis zerda, Zimmcnn. Gcoqr. Gesch. ii. p. 242 ; Leuckart, Isis, 1825,
p. 211 ; RiippeU, Zool. Atlas, p. 5, t. 2.
Fennecus zaarensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 519.
Canis cerdo, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 75.
Canis fennecus, Lesion, 3Ian. p. 168.
Megalotis cerdo, Touj. Prod. p. 131.
Fennecus cerdo, Gray, Denham, i. p. 85.
Fennecus arabicus, Soiuiiiii ^- Dvsm. N. Diet. (TH. N. xi. p. 342.
Fennecus Brucei, Desm. Mamm. p. 235 ; Enc. Meth. t. 108. f. 9.
Viverra aurita, Blumenh. Ilandh. p. 95.
Vulpes minimus zoarensis, Skjoldehrand in K. Vetens. Akad. Hand.
1777, p. 265, t. 6.
Vulpes zoarensis. Gray, List Mamm, B. M. p. 62; Gerrard, Cat of
Bones of Mamm. p. 87.
Femiec, Bruce, Travels, v. p. 128, t. 28. ___
Animal anonj'me, Buffon, H. N. Snppl. iii. p. 148, t. 19.
Whitish Bog, Shaw (from Bruce).
Hah. Northern Africa {Bruce, RilppeU), iUgiers,
SkuU 182 c.
3. Fennecus pallidns. (Hosseen.) B.M.
Canis pallidus, RiippeU, Zool. Atlas, p. 33, t. 11.
Vidpes palhdus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 87.
Fennecus pallidus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 520.
Hah. Darfur and Cordofun {RiippeU) (called " Abu Hosseen'' by
the Arabs).
SkuU 814 a -. orbits very large. Skull 814 h, described by M. de
Blainvillc when in the Museum of the Zool. Soc.
4. Fennecus caama. (The Asse.) B.M.
Skull — the crown broad, vase-shaped, rather contracted behind,
and linear near the occiput.
208 CANID^.
Canis caama, A. Smith, South African Quart. Jburn.
Vulpes caama, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mavim. p. 87.
Hah. South Africa {Dr. A. Smith).
The skull 815 rf in the British Museum, out of this skin, is very-
like that of Urocyon virginianus in the form of the crown-plate,
but it differs from that skull in the bullae of the ear-bones being
longer, more ventricose and rounded, and in the last upper tuber-
cular grinder being small and more triangular, narrower on the
inner edge.
Fiff. 29.
Skull of F&Miecus caama. (South Afiica, No. 815 a.)
14. LEUCOCYON.
Tail very full and bushy ; soles of feet densely furred. Fur, of
the adult, white ; of the young, greyish lead-colour. Pupil oblong,
erect. Skull short ; nose broad below the orbits.
Leucocyon, Ch-ay, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521.
Leucocyon lagopus. B.M.
Canis lagopus, Linn. Fauna Siiec. p. 4 ; S. N. i. p. 59 ; Pallas, Zoog.
Mosso-Asiat. i. p. 51, t. 5 ; Tilesivs, Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xi.
p. 375, t. 47 ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. 5 (skull).
Canis (Vulpes) lagopus. Rich. F. Bor.-Amer. i. p. 8.3, 1829.
Vulpes lagopus, Aud. <^- Bach. N. A. Qmul. ii. p. 89, t. 121, 1829 ;
Gray, List Manini. B. M. p. 60 ; Gerrard, Cat, of Bones of Mamm.
p. 88.
Leucocyon lagopus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521.
Renard blanc, Bvffon, H. N. Snppl. vii. t. 51.
Arctic Fox, Pennant, Shaw. (Skulls 780 a, c, d.)
Junior ? Sooty black. Skull shorter and broader.
Canis fuliginosus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 351. (Skulls 1316 a, b, c.)
Sooty Fox, Pennant.
15. FROCYON. 209
Isatis grin, F. Cuv. Mniiun. Lithog.
Viilpes fiiliginosus, GcrranI, Cat. of Bones of Mnmm. p. 88.
Viilpt>3 laffopus (Arctic Fox), Aud. lij- Bach. N. A. Quad. iii. t. 122 ;
Baird, Manmi. N. A. p. 137.
Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. v. p. 358.
ITab. Arctic region : Newfoiiiiclland (^Mf^w^von).
Var. smaller? Pessez or Golubri.
Cauis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. v. p. 358 ; Thienem.
Ciinis lagopus, Pallas, Zoor/r. R.-Asiat. i. p. 51, t. 5 ; Tiles. N. Act.
Nut. Cur. xi. p. 375, t. 47.
Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. v. p. 358 ; Baffon, H. N. xiii. p. 372
(part.).
Uab. North Asia.
E. Bristlk-tailkd Foxes. Tail elongate, covered toith soft elongated hair
and with a central concealed crest of stiffs hairs unmixed toith soft
fur. SkuU — temporal muscles separated !»/ a wide jiat crown, narroto
at the occiput.— Gniy, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521.
15. UROCYON.
Muzzle short. Temporal crests of the skull always widely sepa-
rated. Postorbital process thin, spread out, concave above. A
supplementary tnbcrcle on the lower sectorial. The under jaw with
an angular emargination below. Pupil ? Bulla; of ear-bones
moderate, ovate, swollen. Upper tubercular grinders large, long and
broad.
Urocyon, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 121 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 521.
1. Urocyon virg^anus. (Grey Fox.) B.M.
Canis virginianus, Hr.vl. S. A. p. 507, 1777 (from Cateshy).
Canis viilpes virginianus. Rich. F. B. A. i. p. 90, 1827.
Vulpes \arginianus, Dekay, N. Y. Zool. i. p. 45, t. 7. f. 2, 1842 ; Aud.
^ Bach. N. A. Quad. i. p. 162, t. 21.
Canis cinereo-argenteus, Erxl. S, A. p. 576, 1777 ; Schreber, Siiugeth.
p. 360, t. 92, 1778.
Canis griseus, Bodd. Flench. Anim. i. p. 97, 1784.
Urocyon virginianus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 522.
Grey Fox, Catesby, Carol, ii. p. 78, t. 78, 1731 ; Pennant.
Corsak Fox, Penn. Quad. p. 235, 1781 (not Linn.).
Vulpes (Urocj-on ) virginianus, 6'. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. l.'}8.
Fulvous-necked Fox, Shaw.
Renard tricolore, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 155.
Hab. North America. Skulls 179 a, b, c, d, e, female adult.
2. Urocyon littoralis. (Coast-Fox, or Short-tailed Fox.)
Tail one-third the length of the body, with a concealed mane of
stiff hairs and with a l>lack stripe above. Fur above liairy and
210 MEGALOTID^.
black ; sides of neck, fore legs, and lower part of sides dull cinna-
mon ; chin and sides of muzzle black.
Yulpes (Urocyon) littoralis, <S. Baird, Mumm. N. A. p. 143, t. 1
(animal), t. 35. f. 2 (skull).
Urocyon littoralis, Gray, R Z. S. 1868, p. 522.
Hah. California, Island of San Miguel.
Scarcely more than half the size of the Grey Fox {U. vircjrmanus).
F, Raccoon Dog. Tail short, bushy ; upper sectorial tooth compressed,
ihree-lobed, with a small internal tubercle. Temporal muscles separated
by a vase-shaped crotcn. — Gray, I. c. p. 622.
16. NYCTEEEUTES.
Tail short, bushy, straight. Teeth 42 ; premolars f . f , molars f . | ;
sectorial tooth compressed, with a small internal tubercle rather in
front of the fore edge of the body of the tooth.
Skull broad ; nose moderate, tapering ; postorbital process thin,
rather concave above, bent down at the tip. Crown of the head
broad, vase-like, separating the temporal muscles nearly to the occi-
put. Lower edge of lower jaw straight.
Nyctereutes, Temm. ; Gray, List of Mamm. 1840 ; P. Z. S, 1868,
p. 522.
Nyctereutes procyonoides. (Tanate, or the Raccoon Dog.) B.M.
Canis procyonoides. Gray, Uhist. Ind. Zool. ii. t. ; Mag. N. H. 1837,
p. 578 ; Schrenck, Amurland, p. 53, t. 5.
Canis (Nyctereutes) viverrinus. Tern. Fauna Japon. t. 8 ; Schrenck,
Reisen, tigs. 2-6.
Nyctereutes procyonoides, Gray, List of Mamm. B. M. p. 62 ; P. Z. S.
1868, p. 522; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89.
Hah. China? Japan (iJeeue) ; Amoorland.
Fam. 11. MEGALOTIDtE.
Teeth 46 : molars |- . f ; premolars | . f . Sectorial grinders | . \,
small ; upper triangular, with a broad internal lobe ; lower com-
pressed. Tubercular molars f . f ; upper oblong, transverse ; lower
four-sided, front lower largest, last lower least, the rest subequal.
Upper sectorial grinder short, triangular, as wide as long. Tail
short, straight, bushy, not reaching to the heels.
Megalotina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 523.
HYiENID^. 211
Skull elongate ; nose slender, elongate. Temporal muscles sepa-
rated by a broad flat crown to the occiput, which is formed with a
raised edge. The three first upper grinders are compressed ; the
front one in the middle of a wide space, veiy small; the hinder pre-
molar triangular, about as long as broad, and the three following
oblong transverse, the two front subequal, and the hinder smaller ;
the lower premolars compressed ; the flesh-tooth small, with a fine
tubercle ; these teeth become worn down with a flat crown.
MEaALOTIS.
Forehead and crown flat, broad, with a raised margin, and sepa-
rating the temporal muscles to the occiput. Skull elongate ; face
very long, tapering. Teeth 48. Grinders f . f . Premolars | . f .
Sectoiial J- . \, small ; upper triangular, with a broad internal lobe ;
lower compressed. Tubercular molars f . |^ ; front lower largest,
last lower least, the rest subequal.
Megalotis, Blainv. Ann. Franq. et Etrami. iVAnat. i. t. 8. f. 1, 1 «, 6
(skull and teeth ) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 523.
Agrodius, H. Smith, 1839.
Otocyon, Licht.
This genus has the teeth very like those of the suborder Omnivora.
Megalotis Lalandii. B.M.
Canis megalotis, Desm. Mumm. Sitj>p/. p. 538; Blainv. Ostengr. t. 1
(skeleton), t. 4 (skull).
Canis Lalandii, Desin. Diet. Class. (T H. N. iv. p. 18, t.
Megalotis Lalandii, Gray, Grif. An. Kinqd. t. 54 ; V. Z. S. 18(38.
p. 523.
Otocyon caft'er, Licht.
Otocyon Lalandii, Gerrard, Cat. of B. of Mannn. p. 90.
The Fennec of Delalande, Griffith, A. K. ii. t. 54, p. 372 (from Mas.
Paris).
Hah. South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope (^Lalande).
Fam. 12. HYiENID^.
Head rather elongate ; nose rounded, flat and bald beneath, with
a central longitudinal groove. Skull — muzzle narrowed in front.
Teeth large, well-developed, 34. Tubercular grinders single, only
in the upper jaw. Feet produced ; toes straight, free, with blunt,
exposed, worn claws. Tail sliort, bushy.
p2
2] 2 HTiENID^.
Synopsis of the Oenera.
1. HviENA. With a large, deep subcaudal gland. The tubercular
grinders of upper jaw elongate, with three roots. The flesh-
tooth with three equal-sized lobes, the front lobe large.
2. Crocuta. No subcaudal gland. The tubercular grinders of
upper jaw small, with two roots. Flesh-tooth with unequal
lobes, the front one small, and the hinder elongate.
1. HYiENA.
A large, deep subanal gland. The tubercular grinders of the
upper jaw elongate, transverse, with three roots. The flesh-tooth
with large, broad, equal-sized lobes. Legs subequal.
Hyana, Linn. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 524.
* The brain-case of the skull co7)i2)ressed. Fur clouded ; hair very long.
1. Hyaena brunnea. B.M.
Hysena brunnea, F. Cnv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxii. p. 294 ; Husk, Proc. Linn.
Soc. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 524.
Hysena fusca, Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. vii. p. 444, t. 2. f. ; Fischer,
Syn. p. 195.
Hyena, Buffon, H. N. Sujjpl. p. Ill, t. 46.
Hab. South Africa.
•* Shdl with the brain-case swollen behind. The fur banded.
2. Hyaena striata.
Canis hysena, Limi. S. N. i. p. 58.
Hysena striata, Zjwwierwj. Geogr. ii. p. 256; Gray, P. Z. <S'. 1868, p. 524.
Hyiena vulgaris, Desin. Mamin. p. 215.
Hysena orientalis, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 500.
Hysena antiquoruin, Temni. Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. iii. p. 51.
Striped Hysena, Penn.
Hysena virgata, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 397.
Hah. North, West, and South Africa.
2. CEOCUTA.
Subanal gland none. Tubercular grinders of the upper jaw small,
with two roots. Flesh-tooth of the under jaw with unequal lobes ;
the front lobe small, and the hinder one broad. Fur spotted. The
hinder legs short.
Crocuta, Gray, Kaup ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 625.
PROTELEIDJE. 213
Crocuta maculata. B.M.
Canis crocuta, Erxl. 8yd. p. 578.
Hytena crocuta, Zimmerm. Gencj. ii. p. 25G ; Busk, Froc. Linn. Soc.
Hyaeua capensis, Desm. Mamm. p. 216.
HvJeria maculata, Thunb. Acad, de St. Petersb. iii. p. 303.
? Tlyieua rufa, Citv. Oss. Foss.
Crocuta maculata, Gnii/, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 525.
Spotted Ilyrena, Pmn. Sijn. p. 162, t. 17.
Tygerwolttj Kolbe, Vurgeb. p. 171, t. 8. f. 5.
Hab. South Africa.
Fam. 13. PROTELEIDtE.
Head elongate, nose very broad. Back slightlj' crested with long
hairs. Legs elongate, hind legs rather the longer. Claws com-
pressed, exposed, rather blunt ; hind part of heel hairy, Digiti-
grade. Skull oblong, face very broad, and rounded in front ; bullae
of ears large ; palate broad, concave, as wide before as behind ;
internal nasal opening wide. Cutting- teeth f ; canines conical,
small ; grinders ■5- . |, very small, far apart ; false grinders conical,
compressed, small ; flesh- tooth of upper jaw very small, triangular ;
the fourth grinder in lower jaw very small, rudimentary; tuber-
ciilar grinders none above or below ; the front lower false grinder
largest, conical, carved like a canine, and separated from the canine
by a wide space.
They have " the habit as well as appearance of Hijcena, and have
the same mode of endeavouring to save their feet from iujiiry when
fighting or defending themselves, by doubling them under them and
walking or crawling on the wrist- or ankle-joints." " He \^Proteles
Lalandii~\ snarls or snajjs at you, and has the same kind of face,
eyes, and growl as those animals." — Bartldt, 5th Dec. 1868.
PROTELES.
Grinders \.^, far apart, rudimentary ; no hinder upper tubercular
grinder.
G. and F. Cuvier arranged this genus with the Vivcrrcr, Blain-
ville with the Dogs. It has the external form and colours of the
Ihjina. The skull is unlike either of these families ; indeed it is
ve\y milike any genus of Carnivora that I am acquainted with.
214 OMNIVORA.
Proteles Lalandii. (Aard Wolf.) B.M;
Grey, black-banded.
Proteles Lalandii, I. Geoff. 3Iem. Mtis. xi. p. 370, t. 20 ; Blmnville,
Oste'og. Canis, t. 4 (skeleton).
Viverra hysenoides, Desm. Mamni. p. 538.
Genette hy^noide, Cuv. Os. Foss. iv. p. 388.
Civette hyenoide, F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xii. p. 300.
Proteles cristatus, I. Geof. Mai/, de Zool. 1841, i. t. 30 (skull) ; Ger-
rard, Cat. of Bones ofMamvi. p. 70; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 525.
Hab. South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope.
Suborder II. OMNIVORA.
The grinders all of neariy the same form, and gradually
passing into each other, only varying in size from the false
grinder to the tubercular grinder, and without any distinct
sharp-edged flesh-tooth.
UrsidiB, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 678.
Synopsis of the Families.
Section I. Brachypoda. Toes straight, claws exserted.
Fam. 1. Uksid^. Nose short. Body massive; limbs short. Tail
very short. Teeth 42.
Fam. 2. Nasuid^. Nose elongate, mobile, underside convex,
rather bald, without any longitudinal central groove. Tail
elongate. Teeth 40.
Fam. 3. PEOCTONiDiE. Nose short, bald, underside flat, hairy, with
a central longitudinal groove. Tail elongate. Teeth 40.
Section II. Dendropoda. Toes short, arched, webbed ; claws re-
tractile, sharp-pointed. Head short.
Fam, 4. Cercoleptid^. Tail elongate, prehensile ; soles of the
feet bald.
Fam. 5. Bassarid^. Tail subcyhndrical, elongate, not prehen-
sile. Soles of the hind feet hairy.
Fam. 6. Ailurid.'e. TaU bushy, not prehensUe. Soles of the
feet hairy. Grinders very tubercular.
TJRSID.E. 215
The Omnivorous Mammalia (Omnivorci) are differentiated from the
Carnivora hy haviiij^ the hind upper grinders (that is to say, the
hinder false grinder, the flesh-tooth, and the tubercular teeth) very
similar in form ; they are broad and strongly tubercular. The three
hinder teeth in the lower jaw are similar, but they are narrower
and more elongate.
They form a very natural group, consisting only of a limited
number of species. The species require particular study, as they
are very similar externally, and the skull and teeth, which are very
similar in many of the specimens, appear to be liable to a consider-
able amount of variation in specimens from the same locality, and
with the same habits.
The examination of the bones, and especially the skulls, of the
Ursidce shows still further than the study of the bones of the Viver-
ridce the necessity of great caution in depending on the study of
osteological specimens for the distinction of species. The fact that
M. de Blainville considers the Californian Grizzly Bear, after a veiy
careful study and comparison of its bones, to be only a variety of
the common European Bear, shows how a most experienced and
accurate osteologist may be misled by placing too much confidence
in a single branch of study. If such a naturalist may be so misled
by the study of the bones of recent animals, how much more caution
is required in giving any opinion or forming any theory on the
study of fossil specimens of bones, where the determination of the
osteologist cannot be verified by the examination of other parts of
the animal in its perfect state !
The species of Omnivora are distributed over Europe, Asia, Africa,
and America, and they are generally inhabitants of the mountainous
.regions of these countries. One species is marine, and common to
the Arctic parts of Europe, Asia, and America.
Section I. BROAD-FOOTED BEARS {BRACHYPODA).
The feet broad and short, generaUj^ bald and callous below ; toea
straight ; the claws exserted, more or less curved, blunt.
Brachypoda, Gray, Pruc. Zool. Soe. 18G4, pp. 506, 079.
Fam. 1. URSID^.
Tail short or none ; body massive, limbs short.
Ui-sina, Grmj, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 72 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 679.
They sometimes climb trees, but usually descend backwards. When
running, they carry their young on their back.
The young born naked and blind, of a very small size ; their eyes
open and they become covered with short thick black, fur when
about five weeks old (Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 130).
216 T7HSID-E.
lu the 'Annals of Philosophy' for 1825, I divided the Bears into
groups, according to the characters of their feet and claws, and into
the genera Ursus, Banis, Prochilus, and TlutJassarctos.
The examination of the series of sknlls of Bears in the Museum,
like the examination of the series of bones of the Yiveiridae, has
strongly impressed me with the uncertainty that must alwaj'S attend
the determination of fossil bones, or indeed of bones of all animals
when we have only the skulls or other bones of the body to com-
pare with one another. There can be no doubt that the study and
comparison of the bones of the different species is very important
— that the skull and teeth aiford some of the best characters for
the distinction of the genera and species ; but few zoologists and
palaeontologists have made sufficient allowance for the variations
that the bones of the same species assume. In the Bears I have
observed that there is often more difference between the skulls of
Bears of the same species from the same locality than between the
skulls of two undoubted species from very different habitats and
with very different habits. Thus I have the skulls of some Bears,
the habitat of which is not certainly known, which I have doubts
whether they should be referred to the Thibet Bear {U. iorq^tatus)
or to the North-American species ( U. americanus) ; but I have re-
ferred them to the latter with doubt, as they were said to have come
from the latter country. It is the same with regard to the skull
of a Bear that lived in the Zoological Gardens for years, which has
the general form of the skull and the wide palate of the European
Bear, but the long last grinder and some other characters of the
Ursus ferox.
This similarity of the skull is more remarkable, as no two Bears
can be more distinct from each other than the species above named
which have such similar skulls, showing that similar skulls do not
always imply very nearly allied or doubtfully distinct species.
The Bears may be arranged, by the size of the tubercular grinders,
thus : —
Very large, more than half as long again as the flesh-tooth. (The
number gives the medium measurement of the flesh-tooth, in inches
and twelfths.) 1" 4'", Ursus isabeUiiiKS. 1" 5'", U. cinereus. 1". 4'",
U. grandis. 1" 3'", U. torqiiatus.
Moderate, above half as long again as the flesh-tooth. Thalas-
sarctos maritimus. 1" 2'", Ursus arctos. 1", U. arhoreus. 1", U.
americanus. 1" 6'", 3Ii/rma7-ctos.
Small, only rather larger than the flesh-tooth. Helarctos mcday-
anus, Melursus libycus.
1. THALASSARCT03. 217
Si/nopsis of the Genera.
A. Sea-Bears. Soles of the feet hairy, with a few bald pads. The tuber-
cular grinder lonyer than the Jlesh- tooth. Lips slightly extensile.
Cutting-teeth f . Ears rounded, hairy.
1. Thalassarctos. Nose of skull produced, longer than broad.
Front false grinders small, far apart ; upper tubercular
moderate.
B. Land-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callotts. Cutting-teeth j. Lips slightly
extensile. Cover of nostrils moderate. Ears rounded, hairy. Under-
side of the base of the toes hairy.
2. Uesfs. Nose of skull produced, longer than broad, rounded
above. Forehead convex, separated from the nose by a cross
line. False grinders far apart, small. Palate flat. Brain-
case swollen. Lower jaw moderate.
3. Mtemarctos. Nose of the skull produced, much longer than
broad, flat above. Nose, forehead, and front of crown all
on one Kne. False grinders far apart, small. Palate concave.
Brain-case compressed. Lower jaw large, elongate.
4. Hel.uictos. Nose of skull very short, as broad as long, form-
ing a line with the forehead. False grinders crowded, large.
Palate broad, flat.
C. Honey-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth f. Lips
very e.rtensile. Nostnls large, tcith a large cover. Front of jxdate
bent up. Ears tufted. Underside of base of toes bald.
6. Melurstjs. Nose of the skull produced, longer than broad,
rounded above. False grinders far apart ; upper hinder
tubercular short.
A. Sea-Bears. Soles of the feet covered with close-set hairs, with a fno
small bald pads. Head elongate ; forehead scarcely raised above the line
of the nose ; cutting-teeth f ; lips slightly extaisile ; nostrils moderate.
1. THALASSARCTOS.
Head elongate ; ears rounded, hairy ; forehead scarcely raised
above the line of the nose. Neck elongate. Feet broad, large ; front
claws elongate, cnrvcd. Fur short, soft, dense. SkuU elongate.
The upper tubercular grinder elongate. The palate broad, concave,
rather contracted behind, and then suddenly contracted behind the
last tooth. The hinder nasal aperture elongate, narrow, the sides
much longer than the front edge, which is arched ; the sides bent in
towards the middle, contracting the aperture.
Sea-Bears (Thalassarctos), Gray, Ann. of Philos. 18L^5 ; P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 080.
Thalassarctus, Gloger, 1842.
Ilab. Arctic Seas.
218
Thalassarctos maritimus.
B.M.
White or yellowish white.
Ursus maritimus, Desm. Mamni. p. 165 ; Schreh. Siiugeth. p. 513,
1. 141 * ; Fischer, Sipi. 3Iamm. p. 145 ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 44
{ skull) ; Temm. Fauna Japon. p. 29 ; Schrenck, Amurlaml, i. p. 16.
Ursus marinus, Fnllas, Rets. iii. p. 691 ; P. Z. S. 1859, p. 102.
Ursus polaris, Shaw, Mus. Lever, i. p. 7, t. 2.
Ursus albus, Frisson, F^gne Anim. p. 260.
Thalarctos polaris, Gray, Ann. Fkilos. 1825, p. 62.
Thalassarctos maritimus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. F. M. p. 73 ; F. Z. S.
1864, p. 680.
Om-s blanc (Ursus maritimus), Buffon, H. N. xv. p. 128; Suppl. iii.
p. 200, t. 34 ; F)e Flainv. Osteogr. t. 1 (skeleton $ ), t. 4 (bones),
t. 5 (skull 2 ).
Ours polaire, Cm. Metiag. Mus. ; Oss. Foss. iv. t. 20. f. 4, t. 21. f. 4.
Polar Bear, Fmn. Sijn. p. 192, t. 20. f. 1. ; Shaw, Zool. i. p. 257,
1. 105.
Hob. Arctic Seas of Europe,
Asia, and America :
Japan (Siebold),
Skulls.
3 1
3°
ll
*3
a <s
■si
Is
tifiO
1-^
'Z o
W
221(7. Adult
in. 1.
1 2
1 0
1 0
in. I.
15 3
12 6
12 6
in. 1.
9 6
in. 1.
S 7
in. 1.
4 0
3 0
2 11
in. 1.
7 9
6 6
6 7
in. 1.
2 7
2 0
2 3
in. 1.
4 9
3 11
3 9
in. 1.
2 2
1 9
1 6
221d Young
8 02 9
7 02 8
22U. Young
B. Land-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth 6 . 6. Fars
rounded, hairy. Lips slightly extensile. Nostrils oval, ivith a moderate
lid. Underside of the base of the toes hairy. The upper tubercular
grinder elongate.
2. URSUS. (Carrion Bear.)
Head elongate. Ears rounded, hairy. Nose rather produced,
compressed. Forehead rounded. Nostrils ovate, covered with a
moderate lid. The underside of the base of the toes covered with
hair, making a hairy band between the toe-pads and the soles of
the feet. Nose of the skull produced, as wide or wider than the fore-
head between the orbits, rounded above, separated from the more or
less convex forehead by a cross Hne, which is less distinct as the
animal becomes aged. Front false grinders small, far apart ; hinder
tubercular grinder large, elongate, larger than the flesh-tooth. Pa-
late flat or slightly concave. The aperture of the hinder nostrils
with the sides longer than the width of the front edge. The aper-
ture for the blood-vessel to the palate is behind the front edge of
the tubercular grinder.
Ursus, Gray, F. Z. S. 1864, p. 681.
MiddendorfF, in his ' Mammalia of North and East Siberia,' has a
very long essay on the Bears. He regards the species found in
2. T7ESUS. 219
Europe and Northern Asia and the Grizzly Bear of North America
as varieties of Ursus arctos. Ho enters into a minute examination
and comparison of the external and osteological characters, and gives
most minvite measurements, in elaborate tables, to support this con-
clusion ; but I think that his not having been able to distinguish the
Ant- from the Carrion-Bear (and he tigures a skull of each as a
subvariety of Ursus arctos, var. heringiana) must make one cautious
in accepting his theory without more examination.
Von Schrenck, in his ' Amurland,' says that the size of the tuber-
cular grinder varies in the Bears of North Asia ; but I suspect
he also has combined the Carrion-Bear and the Ant-Bear into one
species.
a. Old-World Bears. The fur shaggy. The hind feet elongate. The
claws moderate. The palate flat, rather broad. Ubsus.
European Bears, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Old-World Bears (Ursus), Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 682.
• Fur shaggy, hroivn, or grey, or whitish,
1. Ursua arctos.
Brown or blackish ; fur shaggy ; hair longer on the withers.
The palate broad. The upper tubercular grinder nearly half as
long again as the flesh-tooth,
Ursus fuscus, Albert. Magn. de Anini. lib. xxii. p. 183.
Ursus arctos, Linn. S. N. p. 1G9 ; Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. 1. p. 64 ;
De Blainv. Osteogr. t. 6, t. 7 (adult skull) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 682.
Oiu-3 brun d'Europe, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. .332.
Ursus cadaveriuus, Erersm. Bidl. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1840, p. 8, pi. 1. f. 1.
Brown Bear, Pennant, Arctic Zool. i. p. 61.
Var. 1. normaJis. The upper tubercular grinder nearly half as
long again as the flesh-tooth. Lower edge of lower jaw straight.
Subvariety a. scandinavicus, Gray, I. c. p. 682. B.M.
Ursus arctos, Linn, Faun, Suec. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, fig. t. 23
(ring-necked variety).
Hah, Sweden.
Nilsson describes six varieties found in Sweden : — 1. Black ;
2. Dark bro-rni ; 3. Brown, washed with white (the Silfver hjorn) ;
4. Iled-brown ; 5. Brown, with a white ring on the neck ; 6. Varie-
gated or Albino Bear {l,c. p. 193).
Subvar. h. Ildrjeesdjur, Worm. Mus. p. 318.
Hab, Norway.
Subvar. c. rossicus, Russian Bear,
Hah, Russia.
Subvar, d. sibiricus.
Hah, Siberia,
Fur in all states and ages brown.
220 URSID^.
Subvar. e. meridionalis, Middendorff, Sibir. Reise, p. 74 ; Schrenck,
Amurland, p, 13.
Hah. Caucasus.
Subvar. /. polonicus.
Ours brun de Pologne (premiere varitSt^), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332,
t. 22. f. 3 ; De Blaimille, Osteogr. t. 7. f. (adult skull).
Crown of the skull very high over the condyles, and sloping down
rapidly behind and before ; canines very large, lower edge of lower
slightly curved.
Subvar. g, 2>yrenaicus.
Ours brun des Alpes, Btiffon, H. N. viii. pp. 24, 86, 61 ; Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. iv. t. 22. f. 1, 2.
Ours brun des PjT^nees, Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332.
Ours des Asturies, fcem. (U. arctos), De Blainv, ^Osteogr. Ursus, t. 3
(skeleton), t. 7 (skull c^, adult).
Ursus arctos, Schi-vb. t. (from Bifffon).
Ursus pyrenaicus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. xlv. t. (young).
Ursus arctos pyi-euaicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 683.
Hub. Pyrenees.
Fur of young yellowish ; hairs brown, yeUow-tipped ; head deep
yellowish ; feet black.
Subvar. h. niger. Fur black-brown.
Ursus niger, Albert. Magn. de Anim. lib. xxii. p. 183.
Ursus arctos niger, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 100.
Ours noir d'Europe, Dauhenton ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 333, t. 20.
f. 2-5, t. 21. f. 1, 2, 6-8.
Ursus niger, jP. Cuvier ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 143; Keys. Sf Blasius,
Wirh. Ettr. xix. p. 64.
Ursus arctos, var., Nikson, Skand. Fauna.
Hah. Europe {Dauhenton and Cuvier).
■sS .
««
V.
*«
<«
Skulls.
lit
^^8
ll
4=-
J3 -g
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
218 e. Nose above rounded. . .
1 2
13 6
9 8
3 6
4 0
6 10
2 4
4 3
2 2
218/. „
1 2i
13 0
8 3
3 0
3 0
7 0
2 H
4 5
1 10
218 a. Nose flattened above. . .
1 2i
13 4
y y
3 2
3 5
7 3
2 5
4 10
1 11
Skull of adult from Sweden. Presented by the Earl of Selkirk.
— Like former, 218 e, the palate is rather concave ; but the hinder
part in front of the inner nostril is flat, and the cavity of the
inner nostril contracted, with a thick arched front edge, of nearly
the same width as the back one. The lower jaw with a long, regu-
larly arched suture. Length of the skuU, from the front teeth to
the end of the condyle, 13^5. inches ; width at back of zygoma
2. uRSus. 221
lOi inches, of the nose 3| inches ; the hinder nostrils wide in front
(1-jL. inch) and behind (lyV inch) ; the length of the suture of the
lower jaw 3| inches.
Skull of adult, of largo size. — The nose very broad, swollen, evenly-
rounded above. The palate rather concave, deeply concave and
rather contracted behind, in front of the large hinder opening of the
nostrils, which contracts on the sides behind, and with a thin regu-
larly rounded front edge. The front of the chin of the lower jaw
rather short, keeled on the suture. Length of the skull, on the inner
side, from front teeth to the end of the condyles, 13| inches ; width
of the skull at the hinder edge of the zygoma, in a line with the
condyles of the lower jaw, 10 inches ; width of the nose at the aper-
ture of the vessel in front of the zygoma 3| inches ; width of the
front part of the hinder opening of the nostrils 1| inch, of hinder
part 1 inch. Length of suture of lower jaw 3 inches.
SkuU of a nearly adult, collected by Mr. Lloyd in Sweden. — The
palate is rather concave in the middle in front, and is raised on a line
with the false grinders ; it is flat behind, with a thin edge to the
broad internal nostril, which has a transverse front edge ; the aper-
ture is large, rather wider behind than in front. Lower suture of
lower jaw long and regularly curved. Length of skull, from
cutting-teeth to end of condyle, 13 inches ; width of skull at back
of zygoma 9 inches ; width of nose 4 inches, of hinder nostrils
1| inch ; width of nose-aperture 2^ inches, rather wider than high.
Length of suture of lower jaw 3 inches; length of grinder 1^ inch,
of all three.
Cuvier, from the examination of two skulls in the Paris Museum,
regards the Black Bear of Europe as a distinct species (see Oss.
Foss. iv.). Kcyserling and Blasius, in ' Die "Wirbclthierc Europa.s,'
1840, separate it from the U. arctos, because it has the " last upper
grinder shorter than the flesh-tooth," probably misled by Cuvier's
figure (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 21. f. G) ; but if they had looked at the
other figures, they would have seen that the last grinder is repre-
sented long, like that of the other European Bears. Blasius, in his
* Naturg. der Saugethiere Deutschlands,' 1857, does not give the U.
niger as a distinct species ; and Nilsson (Scand. Daggdjur, 1847,
p. 208) evidently considers it only a variety of U. arctos.
Ursus falciger of lleichenbach, which is said to have rather fal-
cated claws, is probably from a specimen which had been long kept
in confinement without exercise, when the claws lengthen and curve.
Var. 2. c/ranJis. B.M.
The upper tubercular grinder elongate, more than half as long
again as the flesh-tooth ; lower edge of lower jaw straight. Fur
dark red-brown, of uniform length, smooth.
PGrajssdjur, Worm. Mits. p. 328.
r'rsus arctos, Fraser, Cat. Zanl. Gard. (male).
Ursus arctos grandis, fVray, P. 7,. S. 1804, p. 684.
Hab. Xorth of Europe. A male, purchased at Hull, living in the
Zoological Gardens from 1852 to 1863.
222
Skull.
33"
51
€ o
.S3
J"
"S
218o
in. 1.
1 4
1 4
in. 1.
11 6
14 6
in. 1.
6 7
in. 1. in. 1.
•2 9 \-2 8i
in. 1.
6 3
7 6
in. 1.
1 Hi
2 3
in. 1. (in. 1.
3 102 7
9 9:3 iijS 4|
1 1
4 6|2 1
Skull of very old animal, witli the crown-crests very high. — Nose
broad, as broad as the width of the forehead between the orbits,
rather flattened above. Forehead concave in the middle, in front
and between the orbits. The zygomatic arch very broad and con-
vex. The orbit small, rather oblong, oblique. The palate nearly
flat, broad. The tubercular grinders very large, elongate, full half
as long again as the flesh-teeth.
This skull is full as large as that of U. ferox, but more ventricose ;
the palate is broad, as in U. arcios ; but the tubercular grinder is
longer, and as long as that of U. ferox. I am inclined to regard it
as a good species, but wait for further specimens.
In a smaller skull of an adult Bear, sent from Sweden by Mr.
Lloyd, the palate is even and rather concave. The hinder aperture
of the nostiils is rather wide, scarcely contracted behind, and regu-
larly arched in front, with a sUght central tubercle. The length
of the skull below, from front teeth to condyle, 1| inch, of palate
6^ inches ; width at condyles of lower j aw Gi inches, of nose in front
of orbit 2^ inches, of nose-aperture 1| inch, higher than wide ;
length of suture of lower jaw 2| inches ; length of hinder upper
grinder 1| inch, rather longer than in the other larger skulls, and
much longer than in the skulls of nearly the same size from Nor-
way, where the tooth is only 1-^^ inch long ; width between orbits
2|- inches, at back of orbit 3| inches.
Var. 3. collans.
Fur shaggy, hair long, with closer under-fur, black-grey ; the
legs and feet blacker ; the head pale brown ; the shoulders often
marked with a white oblique streak, making a collar.
Ursus collaris (Ours de Siberie), F. Cuvier, Mavim. Lithogr. xhii.
Ursus arctos coUaris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 685.
Ursus arctos, var. beringiana (partly), Middendorff, Sib. Reise, i.
pp. 53, 74, t. 1. £ 1-4 (skull) ; Von Schrenck, Reisen im A?mirlan(le,
i. pp. 11, 13, 16.
Ursus ferox, Temm. Fauna Japon. (not Leiois and Clark).
A Brown Bear from Hakodadi, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 374.
Hob. Kamtschatka and Amurland ; Japan, Northern Island ;
Zool. Gardens.
The French naturalist of the ' Venus ' obtained a Brown Bear at
Kamtschatka, and carried it alive to Paris ; and they considered it
like the true U. arctos (Baird, Rep. p. 221).
Thi.« Bear is very unlike the Ursus arctos of Sweden, with which
alone I have the opportunity of comparing it.
2. tJRSus. 223
It is only necessary to compare the figures of the two skulls given
in the jilate of Middcndorff, above referred to, to see the distinction
between the skulls of the Carrion- and Ant-Bear of Northern Siberia.
The Carrion-Bear (U. coIJaria) has a short, broad skull, with a short
nose and small, short lower jaw ; the Ant-Bear has an elongated,
narrow skull, with an elongated nose and a large, strong lower
jaw : the lower jaw in the first is three-fifths, in the second five-
sevenths the length of the skull.
Var. 4? stenorostns.
Nose of the skull produced, attenuated. Lower edge of lower jaw
arched.
Ours brun de Pologne (seconde var.), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332,
t. 22. f. 4.
Oui's brun elancd de Pologne, De Blainv. Osteogr. t. 7 (skidl).
Hah. Europe, Poland.
Only known from a skull in the Paris Museum. It is very diffe-
rent from the other skull from Poland ; the nose is much more pro-
duced ; the crown more evenly convex ; the forehead raised more
suddenly from the nose ; the lower edge of the lower jaw curved,
much arched up behind. I have not seen it : it may be only an
accidental variety.
2. Ursus lasiotus.
Black, nose brownish. Ears covered external! j with soft and
internally with long hairs, fonning a projecting taft. Fur elongate,
forming a large tuft on the throat.
Ursus lasiotus, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. ser. 3. xx. p. 301.
Ursus piscator, Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 817 (fig. head), not
Pucheran.
Hub. Siberia, Northern.
Dr. Sclater thinks that the Bear here described maj^ be the Ursus
arctos, var. du Kamschatka, of I. Gcofii-oy, in the ' Zoology of the
Voyage of the Venus,' t. 4, to which M. Pucheran has given the
name of U. piscator, Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 392. One might think
that it is very probably the same Bear by the habitat given ; but the
figure does not represent any of the peculiarities of the Bear as seen
living in the Zoological Gardens, and is much more like a figure of
the common Ursus arctos of Europe, both in form and colouring. Did
the artist make his sketch from the European Bear instead of the
one found in Siberia ? As the description does not point out any of
the characters which induced me to regard the living Bear as a dis-
tinct species, I am inclined to use the name I described it by.
3. Ursus isabeUinus. (Indian White Bear.) B.SI.
Fur dirty white or yellowish : hairs of the back and nape elon-
gated, very soft, curled, of the sides rigid, adpressed ; claws short,
straight, and blunt ; forehead of skull convex over the orbits, sepa-
rated from the nose ; palate flat, rather slender, narrow ; the upper
224 URSiD^.
tubercular grinders long, considerably more than half as long again
as the flesh -tooth.
Ursus isabelliniis, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 332; Fischer, Syn.
Mamm. p. 143 ; Gra;/, P. Z. S.ISCA, p. 686.
Ursus arctos albus, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 100.
Ours blauc terrestre, Buffon, H. N. viii. p. 248, t. 32.
Hob. Nepal, Thibet (called " Eitck " by the Wepalese).
■3 fe
go.5
1^ S,
hi
g a
rg-g
ga
■s
■&0
1^
\OlOd. (? Cashmere, old
1010c. ? Cashmere
in. 1.
1 31
I 34
1 4
1 4
in. 1.
12 6
10 6
9 9
11 6
in. 1.
7 3
6 8
5 Gi
6 11
in. I.
2 8
2 6
2 0
2 7
in. 1.
2 6
2 7
2 0
2 9
in. 1.
6 9
5 8
5 34
6 1
in. 1.
2 0
1 9
1 6
1 104
in. 1.
4 3
3 7
3 3
3 11
in. 1.
2 0
1 9
1 6
1 9
lOlOe. 9 CashQiere,young .
1010/. Cashmere
The skull rather short. Nose narrowed, compressed, flat at the
top, with a very large nasal aperture, not so wide as the forehead
between the orbits. Porehead broad, flat, convex, on, a line, at the
back edge of the orbit, with a concavity in the middle in front of
the orbit ; the most convex part of the crown over the condyles.
Orbit oblong, oblique, much higher than broad ; zygomatic arches
regularly convex, more prominent in the middle of their length.
Cutting-teeth normal ; the outer in both jaws larger, with a lobe ;
the two front upper false grinders small, first smallest ; the hinder
upper grinder very large, elongate, much larger than the flesh-tooth.
The palate flat, moderately broad, suddenly contracted behind, on a
line rather behind the hinder edge of the last tooth ; inner nasal
apertures moderate, truucatcd in front, the sides half as long again
as the fi'ont edge. Lower jaw with a rather large chin and a flat
lower edge.
The British Miiseum received, in 1853, three skulls {c, d, e) of the
" White Bear of Cashmere " from Lieut. Abbot, belonging to a male
and two females. They aU have a rather convex forehead, which is
well separated from the nose by a depression in front of the orbits.
This depression is much more deep and decided in the females than
in the males ; in one it forms a deep concavity in the middle of the
forehead between the orbits. In one female the crown behind the
orbits is flat, short, rhombic, broad ; and in the other it is much
larger, more oval, and convex. In the male and one female the
nose-hole is higher than broad, and in the other female broader and
lower. They aU have a large elongated upper tubercular grinder.
4. Ursus syriacus. (Syrian Bear.) B.M.
Fur dirty yellowish ; the palate narrow, concave ; the tubercular
grinder very broad, strong, not half as long again as the flesh-tooth ;
2. UHSDS.
225
tho forehead flat, nearly on a line mth the very broad nose ; the
aperture of the nose large, broad, as broad as high.
Ursus syriacus, Ilempr. i^- Ehrenh. Symh. Physicce, i. t, 1 j Gray,
P. Z. "S. 18(34, p. 687.
Hah. SjTia, Mount Lebanon {Elirenh.) ; Persia ? (Fmser).
This Bear is very like U. isabelUnus in external appearance ; but
the form of the skidl is very different. The nose is broader, stri-
ated, and only separated from the forehead by a very slight depres-
sion. Tho upper tubercular grinder is shorter and thicker than in
the generality of the skulls of the Indian White Bears.
The skulls of tho adidt and half-grown Bears from Syria are very
like that from Cashmere of the same age ; but the forehead is rather
broader and more convex, and it extends further back between the
temporal muscles. The nose is considerably broader at the end,
being 3 inches and 1 line over the canines, and only separated from
the forehead by a very slight depression ; while in the male U. isa-
bellimis it is only 2 inches and 9 lines wide. The outer maxillas on
the sides of tho nasal broad. The lower jaw is stronger and higher,
cs])ecially at the hinder part. Tho zygomatic arcla is much wider
and stronger, especially in the front part under the orbit. The
upper tubercular grinder is thicker, but shorter than in the skuUs
from Cashmere.
Sknlls.
11
1^
Width of
skull.
Width of
nose.
1.1
it
|§
in. 1.
4 1
3 9
in. 1.
1 9
1 8
lOlOi. Zool. Gard.
1010 a. „
in. 1.
Syria 1 3
1 2|
in. 1.
12 9
10 9
in. l.lin. 1.
7 63 0
6 22 4
in. 1.
2 8
2 4
in. 1.
6 7
5 8
in. 1.
1 11^
1 9
Tho skins of each of these animals are in the British Museum
6 is a large whitish animal ; a is a smaller pale-brown one.
Thoy were both formerly living in the Zoological Gardens.
** Fur short, close, uniforin, dce^i black. Asia.
5. Ursus torquatus. (Indian Black Bear.) B.M.
Fur black; chin white; a broad, forked, white mark on the chest,
rather contracted behind ; cheeks with prominent bushy hairs ; face
brownish ; palate of skull narrow, concave ; upper tubercular elon-
gate, half as long again as the flesh-tooth.
Ursus thibetiinus, F. Cuvier, 3Iamm. Lithoyr. t. ; Owen, P. C. S. Z.
S. i. p. 70, 18.")1 (anatomy) ; Hackle, Melaiiyes Bioloyiques de St.
Pctersbonr'f/, iii. p. 077, 1801 ; Ilodyson, J. A. S. B. i. p. 340, x,
p. 910 ; P. Z. S. i. p. 00 ; Odcut. J. N. II. iv. p. '28S ; Swinhoe, P.
Z. S. 1802, p. 351 ; Srliitrr, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 818 ; liaddc, livisen
Nord-Osi-Sib. Siiuycth. p. 12.
Q
226 rRsiD.^.
Ursus ferox, Robinson, Assam, p. 69.
Helai'ctos malayaniis, Hock/son, J. A. S. B. i. p. 340.
Helarctos tibetanus, Graij, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 73.
Ursus torquatus, Schinz, Si/n. Mamm. p. 302 ; Warner, Suppl. Schreh.
t. 141 D ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1564, p. 688.
Ursus formosanus, Swinfwe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 380 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 689. B.M.
Hah. India, Nepal, central hilly region (Hodr/son) ; East Siberia
(Eadde). Not found in Thibet (Hodgson, J. A. S. E. xi. p. 282) ;
Formosa i^Swinhoe).
Skulls.
■s i
tA 3,
0 .
"0
p
1-
•s
.a i
to
1°
tl
m
219i
in. 1. in. 1.
1 3I1I 3
in. 1.
6 6i
6 6
in. 1.
2 6
in. 1. in. 1.
2 9L5 8
in. 1. in. 1.
1 53 6
1 83 4
in. 1.
1 6
1 5i
219/j
1 3 11 0
2 62 7!5 9
The specimen h, which has the wider palate, also has a much more
convex forehead.
Var. 1. arhoreus.
Upper tubercular and nose shorter.
Ursus hindaicus arhoreus, Oldham, MS. B, M, (young skull).
Hah. Darjeeling {Oldham, Hodgson).
The skull has a broad short nose, rounded above ; the nose-open-
ing as high as wide ; forehead convex, broad, rounded on the sides ;
nasal bones very broad, large, extending back to a liue even with
the middle of the orbits ; lower edge of lower jaw straight ; the last
tubercular grinders broad, larger than the flesh-tooth, oblique, trun-
cated on the outer hinder side, not wider than long ; palate nearly
flat, slightly concave in front, rather contracted behind, on a line
with the last edge of the tubercular grinder ; hinder opening of the
nostrils elongate, scarcely contracted behind, sides longer than the
width of the front edge.
SkuUs.
■s i
m
eg
1-^
Length of
palate.
Width of
palate.
Length of
nose.
"o
II
W
in. 1.
1 0^
1 0
1 Oi
in. 1.
10 9
9 9
8 6?
in. 1.
6 9
5 11
5 4
in. 1.
2 6
2 4
2 1
in. 1.
2 11
2 5
2 4
in. 1. in. 1. m. 1.
5 71 7,3 4
5 31 5 2 9
4 9,1 42 6
1 i
in. 1.
1 6
1 6
1 3
219(7
219 c. Oldham's (yoiing) ...
Two of these specimens {g and c) have a much shorter nose than
the generality of the skulls of U. torquatus ; but /, which has also
a short tubercular grinder, like them has the nose of the skull of the
I
2. uKsus. 227
usual length ; they all have rather narrow palates. The forehead
of/ is convex and rounded.
Skull elongate. Nose broad, compressed, the sides sheh-ing above,
and fiat over the nasals ; nasals short, scarcely reaching to the front
edge of the orbits. Orbits oblong, ovate, longitudinal. The fore-
head between the orbits convex, rounded, rather wider than the
hinder part of the nose. The crown arched, the most convex part
being in front of the condyles. The zygomatic arch narrow, elon-
gate. The palate narrow, deeply concave in front, narrower between
the tubercular teeth, narrower behind, with a large elongate opening
to the hinder nostrils, which has an arched front edge, and the side
more than twice the length of the width of the front edge. The
tubercular grinder veiy large, wide, oblong, as wide and much longer
than the flesh-tooth.
As in the other Bears, the skull varies in the width and form of
the front edge of the opening of the hinder nostrils, and also a little
in the surface of the palate. There is in the Museum a specimen of
a young Bear, received from Mr. Oldham under the name of (Jrsus
hindaicus arhoreus, that has a wide front edge to the hinder nosti"ils ;
and the palate in front of the opening is concave, with a slight keel
on each side ; but we have a skull of a young Uvsus tibetunus, from
Mr. Hodgson, snih. a similar opening to the hinder nostrils.
6. Ursus japonicus.
Black; fur short, dense, polished ; hair on sides of neck longer ;
face black, clothed with short hair ; ears large ; throat with a slight,
undefined whitish line ; head short, rounded ; muzzle rather short.
Ursus japouieus, Sclatcr, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 2(31, pi. 32 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
^ 18C>4, p. 089.
Ursus tibetanus, Temin. Fauna Japan, p. 29.
Uab, Japan (^Vivar. Soc. Zooh).
7. Ursus inomatus.
Ursus mornatus, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. viii. p. 392; Arch, fur
Natunj. 1856, p. 43 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 690.
Hub. Ceylon. A young specimen.
b. Long-clawed American Bears. The fur shaggy. Front claws much longer
than the hinder one, broadly depre-nsed, ichitish. The palate narroio and
contracted behind. Ears small. Hind feet elongate. North America.
Daxis.
Grizzlv American Bears (Danis), Gray, Ann. of Philosophy, 1825 ;
P. Z. S. 1804, p. 090.
The skuU of these Bears more resembles that of the European
Bears than that of the short-footed, smooth-haired American Bears ;
for De Blainville calls the Pacific Grizzly Bear only a variety of Ursus
arctos.
u2
228 U11SID.E.
8. Ursus (Danis) cinereus. B.M.
Fur very long, very dense, longer on the neck and occiput, dark
brown, with ashy tips.
Ursus cinereus, Desm. Mamm. p. 165 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 690.
Ursus griseus, I)es?n. Diet. H. N. xxiv. p. 266.
Ursus horribilis, Orel, in Ids, 1819, p. 107 ; Say, Long's Exped. ;
Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 41, 42 (skull).
Ursus ferox, I. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. xii. p. 621 ; Lewis ^ Clerk,
Travels, i. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 144 ; Prinz 3Iax. von Neuioied,
Acad. Nat. Cur. xxvi. p. 33, 1857.
Ursus arctos, var., Middendorff, Sihirische Reise, ii. 4. p. 54, 1853.
Oui's de Californie (Ursus arctos ferox), De Blainv. Osteogr. Ursus,
t. 2 (skull), t. 6 (skull, old and young).
Danis ferox. Gray, Ann. Pliilos. Iv.
Ursus candescens, H. Smith.
L'Oiu's noir d'Amdrique, Curier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332, t. 23. f 1, 2.
Hab. North America ; California (Bouglas).
" Size very large. Tail shorter than ears. Hair coarse, darkest
near the base, with light tips ; an erect mane between the shoulders.
Feet very large ; fore claws twice as long as the hinder ones. A
dark dorsal stripe from occiput to tail, and another on each side
along the flanks, obscured and nearly concealed by the light tips ;
interval between the stripes lighter; all the hairs on the body
brownish yoUow or hoary at tips ; region around ears dusky ; legs
nearly black ; muzzle pale, with a dark dorsal stripe." — Baird,
Mamm. N. A., San Francisco.
SkuUa.
Ill
3=1
^3
5°
o .
3 "
u
a d
3
1137a
in. 1.
1 5i
in. 1.
14 0
in. 1.
8 6
8 3
in. 1.
3 2
3 1
in. 1.
3 64
37
in. 1.
7 9
7 8
in. 1.
2 3i
1 llf
in. 1.
4 6
4 9
in. 1.
2 0
2 3
11376 Douglas's
1 5|I15 0
The two skulls vary considerably : the first is much broader, the
palate wider, the nose shorter, and the orbit smaller, rounder ; the
second, from the Rocky Mountains, is narrower, the nose longer, the
palate much wider, and the orbit much higher and more oblong.
The lower jaw with a straight lower edge, very slightly bent up
behuid the chin, and scarcely bent up at the hinder end. The outer
lower cutting-teeth larger, and lobed on the outer side. The outer
upper cutting-teeth larger, Avith a lobe on the inner side. The two
front iipper false grinders very small, far apart ; the third larger,
three-lobed.
There arc two skulls in the Museum collection ; they both agree
in being narroAver than the skuU of U. arctos of Europe, in having
a much larger hinder tubercular grinder, and in having a narrow
opening to the hinder nostrils, which are oval at tlie front edge ; the
size of the opening differs considerably in the two specimens, being
2. uRSUs, 229
smaller and narrower in the oldest one. Nasal bones elongate, nearly
to a lino in middle of orbit. Length of the hinder grinder in aU
long, about li inch.
The skidl collected by Mr. Douglas and sent to the Zoological
Society is 14| inches long, from front teeth to end of condyle ;
palate 7| inches long ; width at back of zygoma 8| inches ; width
of nose, at aperture of artery, 3^ inches ; length of last grinder
l^ inch; length of suture of lower jaw 3|. The hinder nostrils
wide, I5 inch in widest part, rather narrower behind ; length 3
inches.
The skull of an old specimen that lived many years in the Tower
and in the Zoological Gardens, with some of the grinders and the
canines worn down. — The internal nostril is narrow, rather wider
behind than in front ; the front edge ovate. Length of the skuU
below, from front cutting-teeth to end of condyle, 14 inches, of
palate 7| inches ; width at back of zygoma 10 inches, of nose, at
hole for artery, 3^ inches ; length of suture of lower jaw 3| inches ;
width of nose-aperture 2 inches, rather higher than wide.
9. TJrsus (Danis) horriaceus. B.M.
Ursus arctos? (Ban-en-gi-oimd Bear), Richnrdson, Fauna Borcali-
Atnericana (see Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 229).
? Ursus horribilis, var. horriaceus, Baird, N. A. Mamm. t. 80 (skull) ;
Rep. Mexican Boundary.
Hah. New Mexico, Sonora.
This Bear, according to Sir John Richardson, exhibits peculiarities
not found in the Grizzly Bear of the Pacific Coast. Dr. Spencer
Baird's figure represents a Mi/rmarctos. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 691.
Ursvs Jiorribilis, var. horriaceus, Baird, Mexican Mamm. p. 24
{Sonora Grizzly Bear) is less than the Grizzly Bear of the Pacific Coast.
Head very broad ; ears and tail nearly equal ; fore claws twice as long
as the liinder ones. General colour dark brownish, with the tips of the
hairs mucli lighter, of a dirtj^ amber-colour ; no distinct indications
of dark stripes on back and sides.
Hah. Los Nogales {Dr. Kennerly).
r. Sliort-clawed American Bears. Fur short, uniform. Front claivs mode-
rate, not much lonr/cr than the hind ones. Hind feet short. Xrpper
tubercular moderately kmq, narrowed behind. Euaectos. — Gray,
P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 091.
American Bear, Gray, Ann. Phil. 182-'5.
10. Ursus (Euarctos) americanus. B.M.
Fur entirely uniform throughout, either black or brownish ; hair
darkest towards the tips ; nose brown ; feet moderate ; fore claws
not twice as long as the hinder.
L'rsus americanus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. ; Schreb. Sdugcth. t. 141. f. B.
(Jur.s (noir) d'Amdriquo (U. americanus), Cuvier, Menay. Mm.; Ann.
230 URSIDiE.
Mus. vii. p. 333, t. 18. f. 7, t. 21. f. 1-3 ; Oss. Foss. v. p. 318, t. 22.
f. 5, 6, t. 23. f . 1 ; J^. Cuvier, Mamni. Lithoqr. t. ; Fischer, Syn.
Mmnm. p. 145 ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 225, t." 43. f. 10-13 (skull) ;
Grcni, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 72 ; De Blainv. Osteogr. Ursus, p. 20,
t. 5 (skull of adult and young), 1. 11 Cbones), t. 12 (teeth) ; P. Z. S.
1859, p. 477 ; 1860, pp.' 130, 180, 417 ; Gra;/, B. Z. S. 1864, p. 692.
Ursus niger americanus, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 301.
Ours gulaire, I. Geoff. Mus. Bans.
Black Bear, Penn.
Hah. North America.
Mr. Bartlett notices the two hybrids, believed to be from a male
Ursus americamts and a female U. arctos (P. Z. S. 1860, p. 130).
The series of skulls of North-American Bears in the British Mu-
seum offers a very considerable amount of variation : in some the
nose and forehead are nearly on the same plane ; that is to say,
there is very httle depression in front of the orbits ; but in others
the depression is more decided ; and in the skull of the Cinnamon
Bear it is as great as in the usual form of the European Bears. The
greater number of the skulls have the forehead and front of the
crown more or less convex, sometimes decidedly so ; but in a few
the forehead is nearly flat.
Skulls.
Length of
upper
tubireular
grinder.
►3
3
o .
11
€ o
o
■£-£
Hi "
"o
g §
Hi
1^
11
W
217 c
in. 1.
1 1
0 11
1 0
in.
10
10
9
1.
6
6
3
in. 1.
6 9
6 5
5 4
in. 1.
2 6i
2 34
2 0
in. 1.
2 11
2 7
? 1
in. 1.
5 8
5 6
4 n
in. 1.
1 7
1 8i
1 6
in. 1.
3 3
3 7
3 0
in. 1.
1 5
1 1
1 3
217A-
217^
The specimens h and I have the opening for the vessel of the palate
in front of the front edge of the upper tubercular tooth. In a skull
({) in the British Museum it is opposite the middle of the tubercular
on one side, and opposite the front edge on the other. The specimen
k is from the western slojje of the rocky mountains (Lord).
The skull elongate. Nose rather produced, compressed on the
sides, rounded above ; nasal bones long, of the same length as the
upper part of the maxUlffi, and extending to a Hne level with the
middle of the orbits. Forehead convex, rounded, rather shelving
on the sides. The nose-aperture higher than broad, oblique. Orbits
small, oblong, longer than high. The zygomatic arch moderately
strong. The palate rather contracted at the line of the last tooth,
and more so behind towards the inner nasal opening, which is
rather narrow, with a transverse front edge, and with the sides
considerably longer than the width of the front edge. The tuber-
cular grinder large, broad, considerably longer than the flesh-tooth.
The outer cutting-teeth largest, lobed. The front false grinders
small, subequal, far apart.
There is an adult skull in the Museum, received from the Zoolo-
3, 31YRMARCT0S. 231
gical Society as the skiUl of a Bear said to have como from North
America. It is very like the other specimens of U. auierlcanus ; but
the nasal bones are shorter, and do not extend so far up the nose as
in the other specimens, stopping nearly a third of an inch short of
the upper hinder angle of the maxillary bones. The palate also is
rather more concave. The length of the skuU is 11 inches, of the
palate 5J inches, of tubercular grinder 1^ inch ; width of zygoma
61, of nose 2|, of forehead between the orbits 2/V-
11. Ursus (Euarctos) cinnamomeus. B.M.
Ursus luteolus, H. Smith, Griffith's A. K.
Ursus americanus cinnamomeus ?, Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 79 (skuU).
Small Brown Bear from the copper-mines of New Mexico, Baird,
Mamm. N. A. pp. 217, 228.
Ursus cinnamomeus, Baird, Mex. Mamm. p. 29 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 693.
Ursus americanus cinnamomeus, Bachm. N. A. Journ. ii. 1. 127, 1853?
" Size equal to or less than that of the Black Bear. Colour varies
in different shades of brown, very rarely black. Skull broader than
in the common Black Bear" (Baird).
The skull of an adult Cinnamon Bear in the Museum agrees with
the skulls of the other North-American Bears in most particulars ;
but the orbit is oblong, obliipie, much narrower from before back-
wards than in the common U. americanus, and the tubercular grinders
longer and broader. The palate is concave, and the hinder aperture
of the nose with an arched front edge. The nasals are broad, ex-
tending up as far as the maxilla, and in a line with the middle of
the orbits. The lower jaw is not so high. The length of the skull
9| inches, of the palate SyV inches, of the tubercidar grinder L| inch ;
width at zygoma 6| inches, of nose 2y^ inches, of forehead between
the eyes 2| inches.
Ursus ambJiiceps (Baird, MS.). " The skull shows conclusively a
different species from the American Bear of the eastern States"
(Baird, 1. c. p. 217).
3. MYRMARCTOS. (Ant-Bear.)
Head elongate, narrow. Lips moderately extensile. The skull
flat above, the nose, forehead, and front of the crown forming a
regular shelving line ; brain-case compressed. The nose moderate,
flat above, compressed on the sides. The forehead narrow ; the
space between the orbits narrower than the nose. The last grinder
moderate, longer than the flesh-tooth. Palate deeply concave; the
hinder luisal apertuie large, broad ; the sides longer than the width
of the front edge. Lower jaw large, elongate.
INlyrmarctos, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 694.
The Ant-Bears seem to have been long known, but somehow most
unaccountably overlooked. They are evidently very distinct from
the carrion or omnivorous Bears ( Ursus).
Worm (Mus. p. SIS) mentions three Bears as inhabiting Norway:
1. the Brown Bear, which is called Gra-ssdjur (Herb- Bear), the
232
largest and most dangerous, living principally on vegetables ; 2. the
Black Bear or Ildyiesdjur, the most carnivorous, attacking horses ;
3. the Ant-Bear or Miji-ehjorn, the smallest, but still dangerous (see
Cuvicr, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 313).
Pallas, in ' Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,' observes, *' Rossi distinc-
tioncm faciunt Ursorum inter formicarios (MuraveniJci) et cada-
venvoros {SterveniJd), sed nullo solido argumento : variunt solum-
modo colore vol nigriore, vel e fusco magis rufescente ; et magis
minusve iracundi et crudeles fiunt anni tempore, setate et alimenti
copia vel inopia."
Dr. Edward Eversmann, in the ' Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Nat.
de Moscou' for 1840, p. 8, says that in the east of Moscow there
are two kinds of Bear, one the Aasbciren {Stervenihi), or Carrion-
Bears, and the other the Ameisenhciren (Murcweniki), or Ant-Bears ;
and he gives the characters which distinguish them, and figures the
skulls of the two species. He states, " In the Ant-eating Bear the
skull is more elegantly formed. The anterior level of the frontal
bone forms a plane with the nasal bone ; the forehead also does not
stand forwards, and forms no depression, but is flat. The molar
teeth arc narrower and longer ; the zygomatic arch is thinner and
more slender ; altogether the entire skuU is proportionally longer,
not so high, and not so robust as in the carrion-cater ( Ursus arctos)."
1. U. cadaver inus (= U. arctos, Linn.). Fronte supra oculos con-
vexa, rostro abrupte attenuate brevi ; veUere fusco, regione humero-
rum coUoque pallidioribus ; pedibus nigris (t. 1. f. 1, skuU). Called
" Sterveniki."
2. U. formicariiis (=^ U. hngirostris). Fronte plana, modico in
rostrum attenuata ; vcllere flavicanti-fusco, pilis apice flavidis cete-
rum fuscis ; pedibus nigris (t. 1. f. 2, skull). Called " 3IuraveniH."
1. Myrmarctos Eversmanni. B.M.
Myrebiom, Worm, Jllnj. p. .308.
Muraveniki, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
Ursus formiearius (U. longirostris), Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mosc. 1840, p. 8, t. 1. f. 2 (skull) ; Bonap. 3Iamm. Eur. p. 11.
Ursus arctos, var. beringiana (partly), Middendorff, Sib. Reise, i.
p. 53, 1. 1. f. 5, 6 (skull).
Myrmarctos Eversmanni, Gi-ay, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 69-5.
? Young or var., white-collared.
Ursus norvegicus, F.Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr.yn. t. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm.
p. 142.
? Ours brun de Norvege, De Blainv. Osteogr. t. 7 (skull of young).
Hah. Norway (skeleton, B.M.).
Skull.
3^1
Length of
skull.
Width of
skull.
ft
-s
?§
3
218c. Brandt
in. 1.
1 IH
in. 1.
11 3
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
2 2
in. 1.
5 10
in. 1.
1 9
in. 1.
3 9
in. 1.
1 7
3. MTEMARCTOS.
233
Skull of nearly adult Bear from Norway. The palate is very con-
cave, especially in the midcUe of its length, in a line with the first
large false molar; the hinder edge rather concave, and smoothed
hehiud, near the front edge of the internal nostrils, which is thin and
regularly arched ; the aperture of the hinder nostril large, rather
broader in front than behind. The hinder tubercular grinder rather
short. Forehead quite flat, produced behind to a line over the ears,
not convex above the orbits, narrow between the orl)its. Nose broad,
flat at tip ; nasal bones only extending to rather behind the front
edge of the orbit, not nearly so far as in U. arctos of Sweden. The
aperture for the passage of the artery to the palate in a line with
Fig. 30.
Skidl of 3Iynnarctos Eccrsmanni, from Norway.
the front edge of the hinder grinder. Length of the skull below
11^ inches, of palate 5^ inches; width at condyle of lower jaw 6g
inches, of nose behind, at aperture 2|, at canines 21, of uosc-aper-
turc 1 1 inch, between orbits '2\ inch, at back of orbits 3| inches.
T think that the skeleton which is in the British Museum, which
was received from Mr. Brandt of Hamburg as that of a Bear from
234 URSiD^.
Norway, and named U. norvegicus, is the Myrebiorn or Ant-Bear of
Worm.
T am not so sure that it is the Ant-Bear of Eastern Siberia,
figured by Eversmann as U. formicarhis. as the figure of the skull
does not quite agree with the Museum specimen : the flat plane of
the forehead is not carried so far back on the crown as in the skull
here described. If it is not the same, the U. fonnicarius of Siberia
must be, from the description, a nearly allied species of the same
genus.
The figure of the skull of the young Brown Bear from Norway,
fig-ured by De Blainville (Osteogr. t. 7), is probably a young skull
of this species : it difi"ers from the figures of the skull of the other
European Bears in the same work, in the forehead not being sepa-
rated from the nose by any frontal cross line. De Blauiville does
not give an account of its origin, but, by mistake, says it is the same
as the one figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 22) ; but no skull from
Norway is figured in that work. It is probably the skull of the
animal figured by M. E. Cuvier.
2. Myrmarctos horriaceus.
Ursus horribilis horriaceus, Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 80. f. (skull).
Hah. North America, barren ground.
The figure of the skull in Dr. Spencer Baird's work above quoted
is more like Myrmarctos than Ursus (see p. 229).
4. HELARCT03.
Head short, subglobose. Nose short, forming with the forehead
and crown an arched outline. Lips rather external, very mobile.
Front claw very long, strongly arched. Fur short, rigid. Nose of
skull very short, as broad as long, forming a line with the forehead.
Nasal bones short. Front false grinders crowded, large. Upper
hinder grinder broad, scarcely larger than the flesh-tooth ; the outer
upper cutting-teeth much the largest ; the first false grinder large,
second very small, third two-lobed.
Hah. Southern Asia, South America, and Europe.
Asiatic Bears (Prochilus) (partly), Gi-ay, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Helarctos, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 221, 1825; Feruss. Bull. Set,
N. vi. p. 396, 1825 ; Isis, 1830, p. 1023; Graij, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 696.
a. Australasian. Clares compressed, much curved.
1. Helarctos malayanus. (The Bruang.) B.M.
Black ; nose ferruginous ; chest with a semilunar or semioval
yeUow patch ; claws very long.
Ursus malayanus, Baffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 254 ; Horsf. Java, t. ;
F. Cuvier, Mainin. Lithoyr. t. ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 322. t. 22.
f. 3, 4; Be Btainv. Osteogr. Ursus, p. 25, t. 8 (skull), t. 12 (teeth) ;
Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 144.
4. HELARCTOS.
235
Prnchilus malayanus, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, p. 61.
Helarctos malayanus, Horsf. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 221, t. 7; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. B. M. p. 73 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 697.
Helarctos euryspilus, Horsf. Zool. Joui-n. ii. p. 221, t. 7 ; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. B. M. p. 73.
Malay Bear, Griffith, A. K. t.
Hah. Malayan islands — Sumatra, Borneo, Java; Malay penin-
sula. Called " Bruumj " by Malays.
■c o
■eg
1140a. E {H.) eurysjpilus ..
1140 J. Borneo (younger) ..
959a. H.malayanus (jery old)
in. 1.
0 10
0 9
0 8
1. in. 1. in. 1.
3,6 52 4
6 6 3 2 4
8 7:7 02
82
1
l.in.
5|4
04
94
l.lin. l.in
6|1 1 |2
01 I2
41 8 2
l.m. 1.
7;1 3
31 0
61 1
The skull of a very old animal, labelled U. malayanus, received
from the Zoological Society's Museum, has a much shorter tuber-
cular grinder than any of the others in the Museum, -which are called
U. etiryspilus ; but the teeth of the specimen rather differ in size,
and the figure that Cuvier and De Blainville give of the skuU of the
specimen of U. inalnyanus which we sent to Paris by Dr. Leach,
from the species that was fii'st described, appears to be intermediate
in size and form between the skulls in the British Museum. But
perhaps the Bornean specimen may be found to have a rather larger
tubercular grinder which is more contracted behind than in the
Javan specimens.
Skull short, swollen. N'ose very short, broad ; end as broad as
the forehead between the orbits ; nose-opening elongate, higher than
broad. Orbits small, ovate. Forehead broad, convex, arched on
the sides and extended far back between the temporal muscles. The
palate broad, short, concave, with parallel sides, contracted behind ;
the opening of the hinder nostiils broad, equal, the sides about
as long as the width of the front edge. The last tubercular grinder
moderate, broad, as bi'oad and rather longer than the flesh-tooth,
obli(iuely truncated on the hinder half of the outer margin. The
side cutting-teeth larger-lobed. False grinders close together, form-
ing a crowded series : the first oblong, longer ; the second small, on
the outer side of the series ; the third longer, three-lobcd. The
lower jaw short, stout, with a rather long chin and straight lower
edge. The nasals are short, and broad at the end, reaching to a
line level vaih. the middle of the orbit.
b. FAiropoan. daws ?
2. Helarctos eurjrrhinus.
Fur dark brown.
236 URSIDJ5.
^t^ n. H^^U/. £v Ursus euryi-hinus, Nilsson, Skand. Diiggdjur, p. 212.
VI ■ - "• ^^5_ Hungary (Mus. Acad. Lund.).
• Professor Nilsson notices a species of Bear (which he saw in the
Academical Museum at Lund, said to have come from Hungary ;
the fur is coloured like U. arctos) under the name of U. euryrliinus
(Skand. Daggdjur, p. 212), which is thus characterized: —
" The length of the nose (reckoned from the foramen infraorbitalc
to the anterior margin of the intermaxillary bones at the suture) is
equal to the breadth of the nose, taken either at the foramen infra-
orbitalc or over the roots of the canine teeth."
•
c. African. Claws straight.
3. Helarctos? Crowtheri.
Fur long, shaggy, blackish brown, beneath orange-rufous ; nose
very short, acuminate, black ; toes short ; claws stout.
Ursus arctos, Shaw, Barhary.
Ours en Afrique, Olivier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 325.
Bear of Mount Atlas, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 65 ; Wieqm. Arch.
1842, p. 27.
Ursns Crowtheri, Schitiz, Syn. Mamm. p. 302.
Helarctos? Crowtheri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 098.
Hah. North-west Africa ; on mountains, Morocco ; Tetuan.
"Adult female, inferior in size to that of the American Black
Bear ; more robustly formed ; the face much shorter and broader,
though the muzzle is pointed ; toes and claws remarkably short ;
the claws partici;larly stout. Hair black (rather, brownish black)
and shaggy ; the under parts of an orange-rufous colour ; muzzle
black. Feeds on roots, acorns, and fruit ; does not climb with
facility, and is stated to be very different-looking from any other
Bear."
d. American. Front claws .
4. Helarctos ornatus. B.M.
Fur black ; the uose short, and a semicircle over each eye fulvous ;
jaws, chocks, throat, and chest white. Length 3| feet.
" Upper hinder grinder broad, not much longer than the flesh-
tooth, suddenly contracted behind."
Bear, Condamitie, Toy. Perou.
Ursus ornatus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833,
p. 114; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 143.
Ours des Cordilleres (U. ornatus), De Blainv. Osteogr. Ursus, t. 4
(skeleton), t. 8 (skull), t. 12 (teeth) (of F. Cuvier's specimen).
Helarctos ornatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 698.
Hah. South America, Cordilleras (Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 184).
M. de Blainville describes the skull as being so like that of H.
mcdayanus that at first he thought they were the same ; but on more
careful comparison ho found the bones of the nose rather broader
proportionally, the mastoid processes rather unhkc and nearer to-
5. MELTJEST7S. 237
gethcr, tho pterygoid processes rather more rounded and recurved,
the palatine edge less deeply cut in trefoil, the zygomatic arches
broader and more arched, &c.
Tho other parts of the skeleton present more essential differences
(De Elainv. Ostcogr. p. 2G).
C. Honey-Bears, Soks of the feet bald, callous; the underside of the base
of the toes bald. Cuttinff-teeth A. Nose snhcylindrical, tnmcated;
nostrils larye, covered icith a large upper jlap. Lips very extensile.
Front of the palate of the skull bent tip.
5. MELURSUS.
Head elongate. Nose produced, subcylindrical, truncated. Lips
very large, extensile, and mobile. Nostril large, with a larger upper
lid. Forehead convex, arched. Ears tufted, exposed. Fur very
long, flaccid, with a pendent cervical mane. Claws elongate.
Skull elongated. Nose longer than broad. Forehead rather con-
vex, separated from the nose by a cross line. Palate broad, concave,
flat, and bent up in front. Chin high, regularly produced below.
Two central upper cutting-teeth abortive.
Asiatic Bears (Procliilus) (partly), Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Melursus, Meyer ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1804, p. 699.
" They never have more than four incisors in the upper jaw. This
is the case even in the crania which have the milk-teeth just giving
way to the adult ones. They feed on the black ant, termites, beetles,
fruits, and particularly the seeds of Cassia Jisttda, of the date-tree,
and honey. When piu'sued, they carry their cubs on theii' backs,
even when chased for nearly three miles. They are said to have
Kvcd in captivity for forty years." — Elliot, Madr. Journ. of Litera-
ture and Science, 1840, p. 9.
Melursus labiatus. (Tho Aswail.) B.M.
Fur very long, flaccid, nape maned ; chest with a white cross
band ; cars very haiiy, prominent.
Ui-sus labiatus, Des7n. Mamni. p. 16G ; Fischer, Syn. 3Iamm. p. 144 ;
Hodgson, J. A. S. B. 1. p. 340, x. p. 910; P. Z. S. 1834, p. 9; Cal-
cutta J. X. II. iv. p. 288 ; Tickell, Calc. Journ. X. II. ii. t. 7 ; I)e
Blainv. Bull. Soc. I'hilom. 1817, p. 74; Ost^of/r. Ursus, p. 23, t. 8
(skull), t. 11 (bones) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p". 320, t. 23. f. 0.
Ursus longirostris, Tiedem. Abhandl. 1820, p. 4 (not Fveismanu^ ;
licichenbarh, Xov. Act. Nat. Cur. xiii. p. 323, t. l5.
Bradypus ursinus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 159, t. 47.
Bradvpus iirsifonnis, Shaiv, Nat. Misc. i. t. 58 ; Ilorsf. Cat. Mas. E.
I. 'Comp. p. 124; Cut. Hodyson Coll. B. M. p. 13; Wvlf, Ahhild. ii.
p. 18, t. 7.
Mf'lursus lybius, Meyer ; Gray, Cat. Alamm. B. M. p. 73.
I'rochilus ursinus, Illi(ier, Prudr.
Prochilus labiatus, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. GO.
Slow Bear, Hamilton, Mysore, ii. p. 197 ; Bewick, Quad.
238 NASiriD^.
Ursifoi-m Sloth, Pemuint, Quad. ii. p. 243, t. 92.
Petre Bear, Canton, Figures of Animals, t.
Ours Jongleur, F. C'ltv. Mamm. Lithog. t. ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv
p. 320, t. 23. f. 6 : Belametherie, Journ. de Phys. 1792, 1. 136. f. 1.
Eah. India, plains (Syhes) ; Southern Mahratta country (Elliot) ;
Nepaul (Hodgson) ; Benares (Pennant) ; Dukhun.
SkuUs.
Length of
upper
tubercular.
■3
"3 .
"S .
£-2
go
3^
i
220h
in. 1.
0 8i
lost.
0 10
lost.
rO 9 r. \
to loii. ;
0 10
0 9
0 8|
in. 1.
11 6
12 0
12 6
12 0
12 0?
11 0?
in. 1.
7 3
7 3
8 3
7 10
7 7
7 3*
in. 1.
2 6
2 6
2 9i
2 8
2 9
2 6
2 6i
•? 9*
in. 1.
2 6
2 6i
3 0
2 9i
2 m
2 7
2 64
•2 7
in. 1.
6 H
6 6
6 9
6 6
6 8
6 3
6 3
fi 7
in. l.'in. 1.
2 63 6
in. I.
1 8
1 7
1 8
1 10
1 8
2206
2 23 6
2 5:4 0
2 43 8
220 l. Very old .
220c
220/.
220e
2 6
3 9
220t^
11 0 6 10
12 0 7 0
220/t
Skull : — Nose broad, rather flattened above, rather wider than the
forehead between the orbits; nasal opening broader than high.
Forehead rounded, regularly sloping down before and behind. Orbits
oblong-ovate. The chin very long, sloping ; the lower edge of lower
jaw straight. The upper cutting-teeth four; the inner ones ab-
sorbed ; the outer on each side larger. The last upper grinder
oblong, almost as long as and narrower than the upper flesh-tooth.
The palate broad, concave, bent up in front of the canine, broader
behind, especially in the line of the hinder grinder, rather contracted
behind towards the hinder aperture of the nostrils. The nose-aper-
ture broad, with a thin transverse edge ; the sides not quite as long
as the width of the aperture. The zygomatic arches most prominent
at the hinder end, rather in front of a line with the condyles.
Fam. 2. NASUID^E.
Nose elongated, produced, truncated; the underside rounded,
rather bald, without any central longitudinal groove. Body and
limbs moderate. Tail elongate, hairy, black-ringed. Teeth 40.
NASUA.
Head elongate, tapering. Nose elongate, produced; underside
roimded, without any groove. Nostrils in front of the muffle, and
reaching only haKway along its sides ; upper surface of muffle twice
NASTTA. 239
as long as broad, and ending forwards in a cartilaginous snout
(Baird). Ears short, rounded. Toes 5.5. Claws strong, acute.
Tail elongate.
Skull elongate. Nose produced, compressed. Teeth 40. Cutting-
teeth moderate ; outer ones elongate, conical ; four central upper in
an arched line, rather in front of the lateral teeth ; lower shelving
out in front. Canines large ; the lower strong, sharp-edged behind ;
the upper compressed, conical, and bent out at the ends. Grinders
f . f ; the three front conical, compressed ; the fourth like the flesh-
tooth. The tubercidar triangular, similar to the flesh-tooth. Lower
jaw without any prominent angle behind.
Nasua, Storr.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 701.
Coati, Lac^j)bde.
1. Nasua rofa. B.M.
Fur fulvous ; back darker ; sides of nose and head ashy ; tail ful-
vous and black-ringed.
Viverra nasua, Lhm. S. N. i. p. 64; Schreb. Sdugeth. 1. 118.
Ursus nasua, Cumer, Tab. Elem. p. 113, 1798.
Nasua rufa, Desm. Mamm. p. 170; Gray, Cat, Mamm. B. M. p. 74;
P. Z. S. 1804, p. 701.
Nasua socialis, var., Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 283.
Nasua socialis or N. rufa, Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. p. 148.
Coatimonde, Perr. Anim. ii. p. 15, t. 37; Shau\ Zool. i. p. 38-'5.
Coati uoiratre, Biiffuii, II. N.
Coati roux, Cuiier, Rh/. An. i. p. 144; F. C/icicr, Mamm. Lithoyr.t.
Brazilian Weasel, Penit. Si/n. p. 229, t. 22. f. 1.
Coati, Marct/r. Brazil, p. 228.
Myrmecopliaga anniUata, Desm. Mamm. (ffoni Krusenstern's Voy. t.) ;
Griffith, A. K. t. (figui'e altered).
MjTmecophaga striata, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 51, 1786.
Tamandua , Buffon, II. K. Supp. lii. t. 50.
Mr. Turner (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 218) professes to have rediscovered
the fact (though it is stated in the ' Catalogue of the Mammalia in
the British Museum,' p. 74, 1843) that Krusenstern's M. annulata
in onl}' a Coati-momli ; but he is puzzled to explain the figure in
Grifiitii's ' Animal Kingdom.' This figure is engraved from a draw-
ing of Major Hamilton Smith's, no doubt copied from Krusenstern's
figiu'c, but altered and improved, as was his habit when making his
very large collection of drawings — a bad habit, that has rendered
them of comparatively small value for scientific purposes, as it is im-
possible to determine whether they arc from a figure or a specimen.
2. Nasua narica. B.M.
Fur blackish brown, beneath yelIo\dsh ; head ashy; tail black
and yellow, obsciavlj- ringed. The sides of the nose arc sometimes
marked with a black and white streak.
Viverra narica, Linn. S. X. i. p. 04; Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 1 19.
l^rsiis narica, Cuvicr, Tab. Elem. p. 113, 1798.
^'iverra quasie, Gmelin, S. X. i. p. 87.
240 NAStriDiE.
Nasua quasie, Geoff. Mim. Pan's.
Nasua leucorypha, Tachiuli, Arch, fur Natury.
? Nasua nocturna, Pr. 3Li:v. Pcitr. ii. p. 298.
Nasua obfuscata, lUu/er, Prodi:
Nasua mondie, Illiger, Prodr.
Nasua fusca, Desm. 3Iamm. p. 170; P. Z. S. 1859, p. 435; 1860,
pp. 243, 333.
? Nasua solitaria, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 299.
Nasua socialis fusca, Fischer, Syn. Mannn. p. 149.
Nasua narica, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 74 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 702.
Coati brun, Cuvier, Jlkpie Anim. i. p. 444; F. Cuvier, Manmi.
Lithoyr. t. ; Bvffon, H. N. viii. t. 48, 49.
Dusky Brazilian Weasel, Penn. Syn. p. 330.
Couati, Azara, Essai, i. p. 334.
Meles surinamensis. Brisson, Reyne Anim. p. 255.
Narica, Linn. Act. Holm. 1768, p. 152, t.
Le Coati noiratre, Bnffon, H. N. viii. t. 47.
Hah. Surinam (/. H. Lance).
I have examined with care a series of skiUls which are said to
have belonged to these two species, but have been unable to discover
any characters by which the skuUs belonging to one species can be
distinguished from those belonging to the other. The skuUs of
animals of each species vary considerably in the breadth and flatness
or convexity of the palate, in the form of the palate behind near the
hinder nasal aperture, and in the length of the line occupied by the
upper canines and grinders.
In most of the specimens of N. rufa and N. narica the upper
canine teeth and the grinders occupy a line of-l^ inch ; but in two
large skulls, with very strong occipital ridges and expanded zygo-
matic arches, the teeth occupy a line rather more than 2 inches
long ; in another large skull, with the occipital ridge less developed,
and the zygomatic arches less prominent, they occupy the same
length : the skuUs are each 5 inches long ; and one is 3|, the other
31, and the last 3 inches wide. But I can find no other characters
to separate them, nor can I find any young specimens having similar
characters.
If I had only two or three skulls, I might have perhaps seen dif-
ferences which I might have regarded as distinctions ; but when a
series of some twenty or more are examined, it is impossible to de-
fine any distinction.
3. Nasua dorsalis. B.M.
Fur red-brown ; under-fur dull brown, longer hairs thin, pale,
with thick red-brown tips ; chin, throat, and chest whitish ; face
pale, blackish-grizzled ; feet and broad streak on hinder half of the
back black ; tail blackish, with irregular interrupted grey rings.
Nasua dorsalis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 169, 1. 17.
Hah. South America.
The skull is imperfect, the face with the teeth only having been
preserved. The face resembles that of the skuU of Nasua narica in
the Museum Collection, no. 225 a (the measurement of which is
NASUA. 241
given in my paper on Ursichv, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 703), in having a
long narrow compressed nose and elongated canine teeth. It differs
from the skuU of N. narica in the upper jaw being rather shorter
from the middle of the cutting-teeth to the end of the last molar,
and rather wide at the hinder jiart at the sides of the hinder molars,
and rather narrower at the end of the nose. The upper cutting-
teeth are narrower ; that is to say, the space occupied by the series
is considerably narrower than the space they occupy in the skull of
JV. narica above referred to. These may all be mere individual
peculiarities, since the skulls of the different specimens of Nasua in
the Museum, as I observed in the article on Ursidce above quoted,
are very variable.
N. narica. '220 g. Aged
225 A. Aged
225ffi. Aged
225 e. Adult
225;.
225>: Skull BM
N.riifa... 224(7. Adult
2246
224c
1,
3 4
0
9
8
5
2 6
2 7
t; o
in. 1. in. 1. in. 1.
1 10 1 0 is 3
1 llil 0^3 3
1 lUO 11
1 0
1 0
0 11
0 11
1 0 !2 11
1 8 lO 9i,3 0
3 2i
3 0
3 1
2 lU
3 0"
1.
0 11
0 11
0 9
0 10
0 9
0 9
0 9i
0 11"
0 8ii
in. 1.
2 0
2 OJ
2 1
1 9
1 10
4. Nasua olivacea. B.3I,
Olive-brown, grizzled ; hairs black-brown, with a yellowish sub-
terminal ring ; under-fur black ; face pale ; orbits, legs, and feet
blackish brown ; chest yellowish grey ; tail short, with black rings
and a black tip.
Nasua olivacea, Gray, Cat. Manim. B.M. App. p. 195 (not described).
Hab. Santa Fc de Bogota.
I do not know : —
1. Nasua solitaria, Pr. 3Iajr. Beiir. ii. p. 292.
2. Nasua noctunia, Tr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 292, from Brazil.
3. Nasua monticoLi, Tschwli, Faioia Peruana, p. 102, t. o,from Peru.
Are they distinct ?
242 PROCYONID^E.
Fam. 3. PROCYONID^.
Noso sliort ; underside flat, with a central longitudinal groove.
Tail elongate. Teeth 40.
Procyonina, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 703.
PROCYON.
Head broad, depressed. Ears small, ovate. Muzzle short, conical.
Muffle large ; under surface covered with hair, without any central
groove. Nostril subhorizontal, on hinder edge of muffle. Body stout.
Tail moderately long, black-ringed. Toes 5 . 5, front toe elongate.
Soles bald, furrowed, but without pads. Claws falcate. Skull short ;
orbit incomplete, only contracted above and below. Teeth 40 ; ca-
nines sharp-edged ; premolars A.i, three front small, conical ; hinder
set broad, like flesh-teeth ; flesh-teeth \, upper oblong, transverse ;
molars ^ . 1, upper ovate, transverse.
Procyon, Sforr ; G. Cvrier, 1798 ; De Blaiiiv. Osteor/r. Subursiis, t. 3 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 703.
Lotor, Tiedem.
" Prefers the vicinity of running water, where bushes are thick,
or hollow trees, in which it makes its bed ; when pursued, it takes
immediately to the water, swimming with great rapidity and ease.
The flesh is highly esteemed by the Mexicans (who call it Tejou) as
an article of food. It throws itself on its back in a state of defence,
showing its teeth in a threatening manner ; but I never heard it
utter auy cry." — C. B. Kennerly.
* Tail hisJii/, four- or Jive-ringed ; forehead of sknJl high, convex ; brain-
case moderate; jjcdate much produced and nari'oiv behind; grinders
moderate. Procyon. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 704.
1. Procyon lotor. (Ilaccoon.) B.M.
Tail reddish, with four or five black rings. Fur ashy, more or less
black-washed ; lower side, ears, and feet whitish ; oblique streak
under the eye blackish ; face whitish, with a narrow streak across
the forehead before the eyes, becoming broader on the checks ; outer
side of the limbs and feet palish.
Ursus lotor, Linn. S. N. i. p. 70, 1766; Schreb. Stiugeth. t. 143; De
Blainv. Osteogr. Subursi, t. 3 (skeleton).
Raccoon, Laicson, Carolina, p. 121, fig. ; Penn. Sgn. p. 199 ; Shaw,
Zool. i. p. 464.
Eaton, Piifon, H. N. vii. p. 337, t. 43 ; St(pp. iii. p. 215.
Procyon lotor, Storr, Prod. 1780; Desni. 3Ia?nm. p. 168; Fischer,
Si/'n. Mamin. p. 147 ; Gray., Cat. Mainm. B. M. p. 74; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 704.
Males lotor, Bodd. Elenclms. Anim. i. p. 80, 1784.
Lotor vulgaris, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 380.
Procyon gularis, H. Smith, Jard. Cab. Lib. xiii. p. 222, 1842.
Prnovon biachviirns, IViegm. Arch. iii. p. 369; Srltrch, Siippl. t. 143 C
1
PROCYON. 243
Var. 1. melanns; nearly black.
Procyon obscurus, Wiegm. Arch. iii. p. 370; Schreb. Suppl. t. 142 D.
Var. 2. albina.
Meles alba, Brissmi, Rhpie An. i. p. 255.
Ursiis meles alba, Erjrl. Syst. p. 1(>4.
Procyon nivea, Gray, Mag. Xat. Hist. i. p. 580, 1837.
Hab. America : Mexico ( dipt. Lyon).
General colour greyish white ; the tips of the long haii'S black,
imparting this colour to the back ; under-fur black -brown ; a large
oblique black patch on the cheek, continuous with a paler (5ne beneath
the jaw ; another behind the ears ; end of the muzzle, except the
upper line, together with the portion on the border of the cheek-
patch, whitish ; tail not tapering, with tip and four annuli black,
these as broad as the rusty-white interspaces ; hind feet not exceed-
ing 4 inches, above dirty whitish ; fore feet not exceeding 2| inches.
Varies in being nearly black, with the markings obscured ; some-
times more or less yellowish or white, with obsolete markings or
none — a decided tendency to albinism (Baird, I. c. p. 201).
Var. 3. Feet black, rather large.— (?*•«//, P. Z. S. 1S64, p. 705.
Procyon Hemaiidesii, Wagner, Isis, xxix. p. 514, 1833 ; Wiegm. Arch.
iii. p. 367 ; Baird, Mamm. X. Amer. p. 215.
Hab. Mexico.
Var. 4.
Procyon Ilernaudesii, var. mexicana, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 215.
Var. 5. Yellowish ; cheek-patch small.— &;-«y, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 705.
Procyon psora, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1842, p. 261 ; Voy. Sulphur,
pi. 9 & 17 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 38 ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 215 ;
Wiegm. Arch. ]S48, p. 2.
Raccoon, CooJis J'uyage ('f); Richardson, Beechey^s Voy. p. 4. no, 10.
Talyocovth, Heniand. Me.r. p. 12. no. 37 (?).
Hub. Sacramento. Called " Psora."
This species varies rather in the tint of its colours in the different
parts of North America. It is very apt to become white, and is the
Procyon nivea (Gray, Mag. X. Hist. 1837, p. i. 580) from Texas.
"Wagner, in 1833, described the Mexican variety, which sometimes
has black feet, as /-*. Ilernaudesii (Isis, xxix. p. 514) ; I described a
specimen from California, with the tail iujui-ed, as P. psora (Ann. &
Mag. N. H. 1842); and "Wiegmunn described two other varieties
under the names of P. brachi/urus and P. obsciiriis (Arch. iii. p. 369).
Dr. Baird, in the ' Mammals of Js'orth America,' considers P. Her-
nandesii as pecies, and caUs it the black-footed Procyon, including
P. psora, which has feet as pale or paler than P. Jotor.
The skulls vary considerably in the width and concavity of the
palate ; in some the width is half the length to the end of the tooth-
line, in others less than half the length. In general there is only
a single large suborbital perforation ; but in specimen d there are
two small well-separated pores.
K 2
244
PROCYONIl)^.
SkuUa.
4-1
3
Hi
^1
5'3
•5 "8
ii
1 =
ll
V.htor. -211h
in. 1.
4 6A
4 0
4 0
4 0
4 7
in. 1.
2 9
2 5
2 4i
2 6
2 10
3 ■ 4J
2 11
2 11
3 0
3 5
in. 1.
3 2
2 9
2 9
2 2
3 3
in. 1.
1 0
0 10
0 9
0 9
0 11
in. 1. 'in. 1.
1 3^1 6
in. I.
2 H
1 9
1 n
1 9
2 n
222(f
1 1
1 0
1 n
1 3
1 3
1 2i
1 4
1 6
222e
222^. Injured (young)...
P.psora. 223. Adiilt
Tail slender, eight- or nine-ringed. Forehead of skull flat, in a line ivith
the nose ; brain-case swollen ; palate only shortly produced, and broad
behind: grinders large. Euprocyon. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 705.
2. Procyon cancrivora.
B.M.
Tail reddish, with eight or nine black rings. Fur ashy, blackish-
washed ; feet brownish, beneath whitish ; face Avith a large black
patch, extended on to the cheeks ; and one side of the limbs black.
Ursus cancrivorus, Cuv. Tabl. Elhn. p. 118, 1798.
Procyon cancrivorus, llliger, Prod. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. ; Gray,
Cat. Mu7nm. B. M. p. 74 ; De Blainv. Osteogr. Subiu-si, t. 5 (skull) ;
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 432.
Eaton crabier, £iifo7i, H. N. Siippl. vi. p. 236, t. 32.
Hob. South America ; Demerara (Mus. Z. S.) ; Paraguay ; Brazil.
Skull Avith one very large suborbital foramen. The palate con-
cave. The grinders are longer, and occupy a longer line than they
do in P. lotor and its varieties.
•s
"s.
"sg
•R
"o "S
"ss
Skull.
11
|l
1?
^'s>
^1
nil
!l
hi
^'
^1
&"
^-
in. 1. in. 1.
&.S
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
837 «.
Adult;
imperfect
behind ...
4 9?
2 8
3 7
3 3i 0 lOi
1 Ijl 4i
■2 2\
Section II. CAT-FOOTED BEARS {DENDROPODA).
The feet moderate ; toes short, webbed, covered with hair, arched ;
last joint bent up ; claws compressed, short, acute, retractile. Head
rounder.
Dendi-opoda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 506, 706.
These animals climb trees, and defend themselves witli their four
feet. Iving on their backs.
CERCOLEi'XID^. 245
Fam. 4. CERCOLEPTIDiE.
Tail elongate, subejiiudrical, covered with shortish hairs, pre-
lieusile. Soles of the feet bald.
Cercoleptiua, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 706.
CEECOLEPTES.
Head rounded. Nose short, acuminated. Ears oblong. Toes 5.5.
Soles naked. Claws short, sharp. Tail elongate, hairy, prehensile.
Teats two, venti'al.
SkuU ovate. Nose short, shelving. Forehead arched. Teeth : —
cutting |, regular, lower rather shelving out ; canines grooved ;
giinders f . |-, two front conical, third like flesh-tooth ; tubercular
ovate, flat. The lower jaw thick, with a well-developed inferior
angle. Brain ovate ; case ventricose. Orbit incomplete ; suborbital
foramen large, single. Chin long, well marked.
Cercoleptes, Illiffer; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 706.
Kinkajou, Lacepkle.
Potos, Ciivier.
Caudivolvulus, Desm.
Pi'ofessor Owen has pubhshed some notes on the anatomy (see
P. Z. S. 1835, p. 119).
Cercoleptes caudivolvulus. B.M.
Fulvous.
Viveri'a caudivolvulus, Pallas, in Schreb. Saugeth. p. 453, t. li'5 B.
Ursiis caudivolvulus, Cut: Tab. Elern. p. 113, 1798.
Potos caudivolvidus, Gcuff. Mm. Pariit; Desm. Mamm. p. 171.
Caudivolvulus fla\-iis, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 381.
Cercoleptes megalotus, Martin, P. Z. S. 18.36, p. 83; Schinz, S, M.
p. 311.
Cercoleptes brachvotus, Martin, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 83 ; Schinz, S. M.
p. .311.
Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, Illiffer, Prod. p. 127 ; FiscJier, Syn. Mamm.
p. ir)0; Gray, Cat. Mamm.'B. i)/. p. 7.5; P. Z. 6'. 1848, p. 76.
Lemur flavus, Schreb. Siiiiyeth. p. 14o, t. 42 (fig. Pom.) ; De Blainv.
Oste'oyr. Subursi, t. o (skeleton), t. 7 (skidl).
? Lemur bicolor, Penn. ; Miller, Cim. Pliys. t. (badly coloured).
Yellow Maucacoco, Pe7in. Syn. p. 138, t. 16. f. 2.
Potto, Vosmaer, Descrip. AmMerd. 1771. t.
Poto, Btijfon, H. N., ed. AUam. Suppl. iv. p. 160, t. (Mi ; Cuvicr,
Reyne Anim. i. p. 144.
Kinkajou, Bufon, 11. N. Suppl. iii. p. 24o, t. 50, 51.
Prehensile Weasel, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 403.
The two species described by Mr. Martin only depended on the
artifice of the preserver.
Skull — length '3^ inches; breadth 2 inches, of brain-case l-fLyinch;
length of palate 1 1 inch : breadth of nose |$ inch, of palate 8i lines;
length of tooth-line 1 inch, of lower jaw 2 inches.
246
BASSAKII)^.
Fam. 5. BASSARIDtE.
Tail elongate, subcylindrical, covered with long hair, not prehen-
sile ; soles of the feet covered with hair.
In the P. Z. S. 1864, p. 510, 1 observed that this genus is peculiar
in having two tubercles on the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth, while
this tooth in all the other genera has only a single tubercle on the
crown of that process of the tooth.
The genus Bassaris has hitherto been arranged as an anomalous
genus of Viverridce ; but Mr. Flower has shown that the skuU is
more Uke Procyon, and that Bassaris has no caecum, like the other
Omnivora (see P. Z. S. 1869).
BASSARIS.
Body elongate ; back not crested. Legs moderate, equal. Tail
elongate, bushy, dark-ringed. Toes 5.5, separate ; claws acute.
Teeth 38 ; false grinders f . f ; tubercular grinders f . f . Hub.
Mexico.
Bassaris, Licht. Isis, 1831, p. 510; Grai/, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 512.
Bassaris astuta.
Fur grey.
Bassaris astuta, Licht. Isis, 1831, p. 510; Darst. Saur/eik. t. 42;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 512 ; Baird, 31amm. N. Amcr. t. 74. f. 2 ;
Eyctoux, Voy. Bonite, t. (skeleton) ; De Blainv. Osteogr. Viverra,
t. 12 (teeth).
Tepe maxthalon, Hernand. Voy. Fav. t. 4 & 18.
Var. fulvescens. Fur more fulvous, perhaps of a different season.
Bassaris astuta, var. fulvescens, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 512. B.M.
Bassaris Smnichrasti, De Samsure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 6,
t. 1.
Hah. Mexico (called " Cat Squirrel," often domesticated) {Phil-
lips).
Skull ovate, rather produced in front, more compressed. Orbit
large, incomplete behind ; lower edge confluent with the zygomatic
arch ; zygomatic arch slender, short, and much bowed oiit. The
brain-case swollen ; the contraction rather in front of the hinder
edge of the orbit. The teeth normal. False grinders f . f ; the
upper compressed, second without any internal lobe. The flesh-
tooth triangular ; inner lobe broad, oa the inner side of the front
edge, with two distinct conical tubercles ; outer side about one-
third longer than the front margin. The tubercular grinders large,
rather broader than long, with four small tubercles on the oxiter and
three' on the inner side; inner edge rounded; the hinder tubercular
oblong, transverse, like the fore one, but smaller. The lower jaw
shelving in front, the lower edge arched ; the tubercular grinders
AILUKID.K. 247
large, oblong, longitudinal, with two large tubercles on the front
and two smaller in an oblique line on the hinder part of the crown.
Length of skiUl 3| inches ; width of the brain-case 1^ inch, of the
zygomatic arch 2-jV inches.
De Saussure's figures represent the animal as if it were spotted,
and the tail with only a few broad rings.
Fam. 6. AILURIDiE.
Tail not longer than the body, subcylindrical, covered with lung
bushy hairs, not prehensile ; soles of the feet covered with hair.
Ailmina, Gmi/, Cat. Mamm. B. M. ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 707.
AILURUS.
Aihu-us, F. Ciivier, Mamm. Lithoqr. ; Hodgson, Jouni. Asiat. Sue.
Benc/al ; Graij, P. Z. S. 1804, p. 707.
Head roundish, very hairy; nose acute, short; ears short, rounded,
hairj^ ; feet short; toes 5.5; claws acute ; tail elongate, tufted.
Skull ovate ; nose short ; zygoma much spread out. Teeth 3(5 ;
grinders squarish, many-tubercled. Lower jaw arched, rounded,
very large.
Lives on trees, but breeds in holes of rocks, living in pairs or small
families; feeds on fruit, roots, eggs, young birds and animals. Claws
completely retractile, half sheathed.
" I can only report the frugivorous habits, gentle disposition, ur-
sine arm, feline paw, profoundly cross-hinged yet grinding jaw, and
purely triturative and almost ruminant molar of Alhirus ■ anus, pe-
rineum, and prepuce entirely fi-ee from glands or pores ; scrotum
none ; tongue smooth ; pupil round ; feet enveloped in woolly socks,
with leporine completeness."— i/o(/r/so*i.
Ailurus fii^ens. B.M.
Ailurus fulgens, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t. ; Hanhv. Linn. Tram.
XV. p. 101; FiscJier, Sgn. Mamm. j,. 1.57; Grag, Cat. Mamm.
B.M. p. 74 ; P. Z. S. 1804, p. 707; De Blainv. Osteogr. Subm-sus,
t. 7 (skull imperfect).
Ailurus ocLraceus, Hodgson, Jonm. As. Soc. Bengal, t. .52,5.3 (skull).
Hab. India, Nepal (called " Wah ") (Hodgson).
In the paper above referred to, Mr. Hodgson gives an interesting
account of the habits and affinities of the Wah. It walks like tlie
Marten, climbs, and fights witli all the four legs at once, like the
Parado.rurl, and docs not employ its fore feet, like the liaccoon,
Coatis, or Bears, in eating.
Skiill ovate ; forehead arched ; nose short ; brain-case ovate,
ventricose; the zygomatic arches very large, expanded; crown bent
do^^^a behind. The palate concave in front between the canine
teeth, bent up behind in a Hue with the tubercidar teeth, and sud-
248
AILUKID-E.
denly contracted behind them ; the hinder opening of the nostrils
triangular, narrow in front. Lower jaw very strong, lower edge
Fi?. 31.
Skull of Aihirus fulgens.
arched ; the ramus very large, elongated, extended far above the
zygomatic arch, and bent forwards and then backwards at the tip.
Teeth 36 ; cutting-teeth f regular, the upper lateral larger ; ca-
nines \ . \, upper straight, grooved, lower curved ; grinders 4 . 4,
the fii-st upper conical, triangular ; second and third and the tuber-
cular grinders like the flesh-tooth, squarish, with many conical pro-
cesses, but smaller ; the lower grinders similar, but longer and
narrower ; the condyles of the lower jaw very large, transverse.
o
o
'o . ° .
^ . i .
O § 1 o 1"
SkuUB.
►3"
II
J= 6
r
11
n
tlD-J
1-1
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1.
in. 1. in. 1. in. 1.
in. 1.
226 g. Darjeeling (adult)
4 1
•6 0
1 a*
1 3^
2 20 9|1 9
1 10
2-2Qd
3 10
2 b
1 3^
1 U
2 00 81 9
1 9
226 A
4 0
3 1
1 4
1 9.
2 10 91 9
1 9i
CATALOGUE
BELLU^ AND BRUTA (Linn.),
Order BELLUiE.
Teeth of two forms. Upper cutting-teeth 6 or none.
Grinders all similar. Canines often wanting or rudi-
mentary. Limbs exserted ; toes hoofed. Skin thick,
with scattered bristly hairs. Mammte pectoral or
inguinal.
Belluie, Linn. Syd. Nut. ed. xi. ; Fischer, 8yn. p. 00.
Rruta, pars, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii.
Pacliydermata, Cuvier, Ri-yne Aniin.
Multungula et Solidungiila, lUiyer, Prudr. 1811.
Paclivdermata peiitadactyla et P. tridactvla, Latr. Fam. Reyne Anim.
p. y!)(i, 18.30.
I'ngulata anisodactyla and Proboscidians, Owen, Odont. i. 1840-
1845.
Ungulata perissodactyla et U. proboscidea, Owen, Quart. Jourit. Geol.
Sue. 1848.
Prince Charles Bonaparte, in his ' Prodromus Systematis Masto-
zoologiaj,' divided the Belluse into four families, according to the form
of the feet : —
I. Elkphantice. The toes hid in the integument, the hoofs only
visible. 1. Elcpliantina, 2. lihinocerotinct, and 3. Uipjjo-
potamina.
II. SuiD-E. Toes separate. 1. Taplrina, 2. Sidna, and 3. Ano-
plotheriaa.
III. HYR.\ciDiE. Toes covered with skin, claws lamellar.
IV. Equid.e. Toes in the solid hoof.
250 BELLU^.
Synopsis of Suborders and Families.
Section I. ORTHOGNATHA. The jaws of the usual shape, the
dental edge nearly straight ; the three kinds of teeth of the
usual form and shape. Teats abdominal or inguinal.
Subsection 1. Skull and jaws tapering in front; nostrils termi-
nal ; eyes lateral. Terrestrial animals.
Suborder 1. Nasuta. Nose produced into a short proboscis.
Toes 3 . 3 or 4 . 4 ; hoof subtriangular.
Fam. Tapieid^.
Suborder 2. Solidun^ula. Nose rounded, soft, simple ; upper
lip prehensile. Toes 2, united and enclosed in a single
lunate hoof; lateral toes none.
Fam. Equid^.
Suborder 3. Laminiuigula. Nose rounded, simple ; upper lip
prehensile. Toes elongate, separate, applied to the
ground the greater part of the length ; hoof small,
nail-like.
Fam. Htracid^.
Suborder 4. Nasicornia. Nose rounded, with one or more
central horns of agglutinated bail' ; upper lip prehensile.
Toes 3 . 3, rudimentary and reaching the ground ; hoof
nail-like.
Fam. RniNOCEKOTiDiE.
Suborder 5. Setifera. Nose truncated, with a bony button on
the edge. Toes 4, triangular ; hoofs in pairs, hinder
pair not reaching the ground.
* Pre}nolars permanent, forming one series loiih the molars.
Fam. Sthd^. Teeth 40 or 44. Toes 4 . 4, outer hinder
as long as the other. Tail thin.
Fam. DicoTTiiD^. Teeth 38. Toes 4 . 3, the outer hinder
toe wanting. Tail none.
** Premolars deciduous, their 2}lctce ocetipied hy the development of the
molars.
Fam. Phacochcerid^. Toes 4 . 4, hinder ones small. Molars
very large.
Subsection 2. The front of the jaw truncated, very wide and
dilated. Nostrils and eyes high up, on a line with the base
of the ears. Aquatic.
Suborder 6. Obesa.
Fam. HippopoTAMiD-E.
Section II. HETEROGNATHA. The front of the jaws contracted,
the upper jaw bent down on the non-produced, sloping lower
251
jj^^^
one. The upper and the lower cutting-teeth, when present,
produced in the form of projecting tusks. Teats pectoral.
Suborder 7. Proboscidea. Nose produced into a proboscis with
a k««d- shaped end.
Fam. Elephantid.?:. Nose in the form of a proboscis. The
upper cutting-teeth produced Hke tusks ; lower ones ab-
sent or rudimentary.
Suborder 8. Sirenea. Nose truncated, with open bald nostrils.
Fish-shaped, with a broad horizontal tail and fin-like
fore limbs.
Fam. SiEENiD^.
Cutting- teeth chisel-shaped,
in both jaws, erect.
Cutting-teeth, upper ordi-
nary, lower shelving.
Cutting-teeth, upper and
lower cyhndrical, exserted.
Cutting-teeth, upper cylin-
diical, tusk-like ; lower
1. Nasuta or Ta-
piridae.
2. Solidungula or
Equidas.
3. Laminungulaor
Hyracidae.
4. Nasicornia or
Ehinocerotidse.
5. Setigera or
Suidse, &c.
6. Obesa or ilip-
popotamidie.
7. Proboscidea or
Elephantidffi.
Nose proboscis-
shaped.
Nose rovmded, nos-
trils open ; upper
lip prehensile.
Nose truncated, with
a button above,
nostrils open.
Nostrils superior,
valvular ; mouth
very large.
Nose produced into
a proboscis, with a
prehensile hnger
at tip.
Section I. ORTHOGNATHA.
The jaws of the usual shape, the dental edge nearly straight ; the
three kinds of teeth of the usual form and shape. Teats abdominal.
Subsection 1. Skull and jatcs taperin;/ in front. Nostrils terminal: eyes
lateral. Ten-estrial auimals.
Suborder I. NASUTA.
Nose produced into a short proboscis, soft at tlie cud.
Lower jaw narrow in front. Cutting-teeth of each jaw normal,
subcqual ; canines normal or wanting. Toes 3.3 or 4.4,
subequal, radiating, more or less fi'ce, all reaching the ground,
with triangular hoofs. Neck short.
Nasuta, Illiger, Frodr. 1811.
TapiriniC, Orai/, Ann. Phil. 1825.
252
Fam. 1. TAPIRIDiE.
Nose produced into a short proboscis. Toes two or three, sub-
equal, all reaching the ground, without any prehensile process on
the upper edge, nail short ; each with a separate hoof. Face not
horned. Neck short. Cutting-teeth in each jaw, erect, normal.
Tapirina, Gray, List Mamni. B. M. p. 184.
Tapiridffi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 877.
iSIiutimgula geuuina, Giehel, Siiugeth. p. 177.
Ouguligrades, Blautville.
Mr. Sclater has kindly presented to the Museum the skull of an
adult Baird's Tapir from Central America, which had been sent to
him by Capt. Dow ; and more lately Mr. SaMn has obtained for
the Museum the skin and the skull of a half-grown specimen of
the same animal. Thus we have the skull of this interesting genus
in two very distinct states of development. Mr. Sclater has also
kindly shown me a photograph of the very young animal, in its
spotted and banded state, which is on its way to the Gardens of the
Society. These materials have enabled me to study this very inter-
esting animal in considerable detail. To understand its characters
more completely I have compared the skuU with the series of skulls
of Tapirs in the British Museum and in the Museum of the College
of Surgeons, and with the figures of the skulls to be found in Cuvier's
' Ossemens Fossiles ' and De Blainville's ' Osteographie.'
These examinations have enabled me to point out the craniological
cliaracters by which the species may be distinguished, and also to
record the differences which occur in the skulls of the different kinds
as the animal passes fi-om youth to adult age.
These researches have induced me to believe that one of the skuUs
of Tapirs in the British Museum indicates the existence of a South-
American species that has not yet been observed in the living state.
This is not extraordinary when we recollect that the Tapir of
Central America, which belongs to a peculiar group, was not dis-
tinguished from the common Tapir until the very peculiar formation
of its skull was observed and figured.
There is a peculiarity in the change of the teeth of the Tapirs
which I do not find noticed in Owen's ' Odontographia,' or in De
BlainviUe's ' Osteographie,' or in any work that has occiu'red to me.
In most mammalia the second series of the cutting-teeth are deve-
loped rather within the base of the milk series ; but in the Tapirs
they are developed so far within their hinder edge that, when the
milk scries are about to be shed and the permanent series are just
about being developed, there are two distinct series of apertures to
be observed in the intermaxillaries and the front edge of the lower
jaw.
TAPIEINA. 253
The skulls of the American Tapir and of S. Baird's Elcismognathus
in the British Museum show this peculiarity.
The skull of a young American Tapir in the Museum Collection
shows the same pecuUarity. In this specimen, which has lost all its
milk-teeth, the development of the alveoles is not so uniform, the
cavities left by the milk-teeth being much larger and more or less
broken away on the outer edge ; while the inner series of pits, from
which the permanent teeth are to be developed, are much smaller,
shallower, and far apart ; perhaps they would have been larger and
more developed if the animal had been allowed to live ujitil the per-
manent teeth were more developed.
The space between the two series is much larger in the skull of
the ElasmognatJiHS Bairdi. The skull of the younger specimen of
E. Bairdi in the British Museum has lost aU its milk cutting-teeth
in each of the jaws, each leaving a well-marked, regular, circular,
conical cavity on the edge of the jaw. Just within these cavities,
but well separated from them by a bony plate, and alternating with
the cavities of the milk-teeth, is placed a regular series of six well-
developed similar, but not quite so large, circular, conical cavities.
At the base of each cavity is to be observed the commencement of a
tooth, being the teeth of the permanent series. But the cutting-
teeth of the lower jaw are more unequal in size, the central cavities
being the largest, and gradually diminishing in size to the outer one.
In the skulls of the young American Tapir and of the E. Bairdi
there is a second cavity on the inner side of the base of the milk-
canine. In the skull of T. araericanus one of the milk-canines is
remaining; it is of very small size, and compressed lancet-shajied
in form. In the skull of E. Bairdi the milk-canines are shed.
In the skull of the young Tajiirus americanus in the British Mu-
seum, which has shed its cutting-teeth, there is an abnormal tooth
(probably a false grinder) to be observed on each side of the maxilla,
rather in front of the middle of the space between the base of the
canine and the front edge of the first grinder. They are each placed
on the outer side of the jawbone, near the lower edge, and are co-
vered with well-developed enamel, and are similar in form and size.
Are these teeth similar to the front or false grinders in Anoplo-
therium ?
llie family may be divided into two groups or tribes.
Tribe I. TAPIRTN^.
The nasal aperture elongate, gradually contracted into a narrow
opening in front, extending nearly to the root of the upper canines.
The upper jaws only united in front as far as the root of the canines ;
the upper part of the sides of the nasal aperture broad, rounded.
The internasal cartilage only ossified at the hinder part under the
nasal bone.
il. Cuvier. in the ' Osscmens Fossiles," vol. ii. p. 14."). gives the
254 TAPIKID^.
osteology of the American Tapir {T. amerlcanus) with considerable
detail, and devotes a chapter to the comparison of the bones of the
Indian Tapir {T. indicus) with those of the American Tapir (p. 156) ;
he figures the skeleton and skull of the two species and some of the
other bones. The figures of the separate skull and of the skeleton
of the American species are very incorrectly drawn ; they are very
unlike, and both give a very false idea of the form of the nose. It
is to be observed they are some of Cuvier's earliest works, drawn
and etched by Cuvier himself, and certainly not to be compared with
those drawn and engraved by his humble but talented colleague M.
Laurillard.
BlainviUe, in his ' Osteographie,' " Mammiferes Onguligrades,"
figures : — the skeleton of Tapirns indicus (t. 1), and the details of the
skull (t. 2), details of the members (t. 4), and of the dentition (t. 5) ;
the skull of Tapirus americanus (t. 3), details of the members (t. 4),
and of the dentition (t. 5) ; the skuU of Tajjirus inncliacxis (t. 3),
and details of the dentition (t. 5).
1. TAPIRUS.
The internasal cartilage ossified just at the hinder part under the
base of the nasal ; foramen magnum nearly circular. Occipital crest
narrow, high. Forehead small, narrow. Canines in the maxilla
just behind the intermaxillary suture. The hinder upj^er edges of
the intermaxillaries produced behind, and forming part of the upper
margin of the nasal aperture.
Teeth 42 :— Inc. I . |. C. | . f Pm.|.|. M. f . f . Milk-molars
4. i
Hah. South or Tropical America.
Tapii-us, Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 293 ; Owen, Odont. p. 604, t. 96. f. 4, 5 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 879.
Rhinochcerus, part., Wagner, Syst. Amph. p. 19.
These animals are generally brown, with white edges to the ears.
The hinder part of the back above the tail is generally more or less
destitute of hair.
1. Tapirus terrestris. B.M.
Fur short, dark brown, rather paler beneath. Skull with a high
regulai^y arched crest over the brain-case ; nasal bones over the
back of the orbits elongate, triangular, acute ; the front edge of the
cavity of the internal nostrils in a line with the hinder edge of the
sixth grinder in the adult series, or with the back edge of the last
well-developed grinder in the imperfect series of grinders ; the front
part of the nasal apertures contracted, and gradually tapering in
width towards the front end ; face rather elongated ; the space be-
tween the grinders and canines rather longer than the length of the
outer edge of the two true grinders ; the occipital end of the skuU
triangular, arched above, higher than broad ; lower jaw with an
arched lower edge.
Var. 1. The front edge of the cavitv of the internal nostrils in a
1. TAPIRTJS. 2o5
line with the middle of the inner edge of the penultimate or sixth
grinder in the complete series.
Var. 2. The space between the grinders and the canines larger.
In other respects both these skulls are exactly like the normal
skull of T. ierrestris.
Var. 3. With a small additional premolar close in front of the
base of the usual first premolar on the right side of the lower jaw.
Hippopotamus terrestris, Linn. S. K. p. 174.
Tapu-us americanus, Schreb. Sliuqeth. t. 319 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iii.
p. 277, t. GO-68; Bhihiv. Osteogr. Ono-ulig. t. 1, 5 ; P. Z. S. 1850,
p. 102 ; 1851, p. 121 ; 1859, p. 51 ; 18(50, pp. 181, 261.
Tapirus anta, Zimin.
Tapirus ten-estris. Gray, List Mamm. B. 3L p. 184; P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 877 ; Gerrard, Catal. Bones B. M. p. 275,
Tapirus suillus, A. Waqner, Schreb. Siiiiqeth. iv. p. 777, t. 319 ; P. Z. S.
1860, p. 261.
Tapirete, Marcg. Bras. p. 229, fig.
Tapirou I'anta, Buff. H. N. xi. p. 444, t. 4:3.
Junior. Cabani ^Mpbantipede, Geoff. Mus. Paris ; Demn. N, Diet,
H. N. p. 503.
The British Museum possesses six skulls of this sjiecies. Four
skulls arc of full-grown or nearly full-grown animals ; one is young,
with only four grinders ; and another is young, with only the milk-
teeth.
These skulls show that this species is found in Brazil (where it
was obtained by Mr. Miers), and also in Berbice and Demerara.
The specimen from the latter country was obtained by Sir Robert
Schomburgk.
The skull of the younger animal, which has only the four or five
grinders developed (even when the other grinders are being de-
veloped), has the front edge of the hinder nasal aperture in a line
with the hinder edge of the last well-developed grinder — that is to
say, the fourth or fifth, as that tooth may happen to be the last well-
developed one. A skull in this state is figured by Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
ii. t. 2. f. 2 ; but the last or fifth grinder, canines, and cutting-teeth
are represented more developed than they ought to be to agree with
oui' specimens. This position of the aperture has been verified in a
series of five skulls of animals with the teeth in five different states
of development ; in the adult skull the aperture is figured in its
proper position.
In the skull of the nearly adult animal, in which the last or
seventh grinder is not completely formed, but of a moderate size and
nearly ready to pass through the gums, the front edge of the internal
nasal aperture is in a line with the back edge of the sixth or penul-
timate grinder, as in the skulls of the adult animals wliich have cut
the last or seventh grinder. The internal nasal aperture probably
slightly changes its place when the animal increases in age, or is
sometimes liable to variation.
In the skull of an adult (perhaps rather aged) animal, which has
all the seven grinders well developed, in the British Museum, and
256 TAPIRIDJE.
which agrees with the adult skull of the common Brazilian Tapir,
the front edge of the hinder nasal aperture is rather more forward
than in the other adult skull ; that is to say, the front edge is in a
line with the middle of the sixth or penultimate middle grinder.
The skull figured by M. de Blainville in his ' Osteographie,' t. 3, as that
of Tapirus americanus agrees much better with this skull than with
any other of our skulls of T. americanus, as, in this skuR, the face is
more elongated and slender. The upper line of the central crest of
the skull is regularly arched, and not arched in front and with a
nearly straight line on the hinder part of the crown. It differs from
the skull of T. LaurUlardi in the nasal bones being long, tapering,
and acute, as in the skull of the normal T. americanus.
The length of the space between the hinder edge of the canine
and the front edge of the first grinder in the figure agrees with that
found in the T. americanus ; that is to say, it is only rather longer
than the length of the first two grinders.
There is a skull of an American Tapir in the Museum of the Col-
lege of Surgeons which is rather more elongate than the rest of the
skidls ; and in this respect it bears some resemblance to the skull of
Tapirus LaurUlardi.
2. Tapirus LaurUlardi. B.M.
Skull with a high, regularly- arched crest over the brain-case ;
the nasal bones over the back of the orbit very short, broad, broader
than long, and with rounded ends ; the front edge of the cavity of
the internal nostrils in a line with the middle of the last or seventh
grinder in the complete series ; the face rather elongate, the space
between the canines and the grinders as long as the length of the
outer side of the first three grinders ; the front part of the nasal
aperture suddenly contracted, and then continued as a narrow linear
groove to the front of the nose ; the occipital end of the skull tri-
angular, arched, higher than broad ; the lower edge of the lower jaw
slightly arched, the front part rather produced and contracted ; the
grinders are rather small, the complete series being about 5 inch
shorter than in the former species, being 5| inches in T. Jaurillardi,
and 5| in T. terrestris.
Tapirus Laurillardi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 881, figs. A & B, 1-4.
The skull here described was purchased of Mr. Brandt of Ham-
burg in 1852 as that of " Tapirus americanus from South America,"
without any more special habitat. I know that Mr. Brandt had a
collector in Venezuela; so it may be from him, who '"shot and skinned
himself " — that is, the animals from that country ; and Dr. Seemann
says he has seen many Tapirs in that province.
I have named this species after M. Laurillard, the Assistant in the
Museum of Comparative Anatomy of Paris, who made most of the
drawings of M. Cuvier's ' Ossemens Fossiles.' He was a most kind,
attentive, modest man, who was always vsdlling to give assistance to
all students, and devoted much time to assist others in their labours :
1. TAPIKUS.
25;
it is to his industry and accuracy that great part of the value of the
' Ossemens Fossiles ' is to be attributed. I am personally indebted
Fig. 32.
Skidl of Tapinis LauriUarcli.
to him for great kindness and an imccasing desire to facilitate any
258 TAPIBID^.
researches that I might have in hand. He was one of those men
who seem satisfied — so that the work of science progressed, any one
Fig. 33.
a. The nasal hones and upper part of the skul! of T. LmiriUardi.
h. Internal nasal openings of T. LauriUardi.
c. End of the upper jaw of T. Lanrillardi.
d. End of lower jaw of T. Laurinardi.
e. Front of the upper jaw of Tapirus terrestris, showing the rudimen-
tary premolar.
might claim the reputation of doing it ; and few men have done
more for osteology and pala;ontology than il. Laurillard.
This skull, in the length of the front of the face and in the com-
2. EiiiNocncEKus. 259
parative straightness of the lower edge of the under jaw, agrees in
some respects with the skull figured by De Blainville under the name
of Tapirns pim-hacns (t. 3). It differs from the figure of that skull
in the shortness and breadth of the nasal bones, and also in the front
of the upper jaw not being so much produced, and the lower edge of
the lower jaw not so straight, and in the narrow linear form of the
grooves in the maxiUte, between which is the internasal cartilage.
The position of the internal nostril on the palate at once separates
it from the other American Tapirs.
3. Tapirus pinchacus.
" Neck round, without fleshy crest. Body covered with very close
blackish-brown hair, which is darker at the tips. Chin with a
white spot, which is elongated behind, and bent up to the middle of
the lip."
Tapirus pinchaque, RouUn, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 1829, p. 107 ; Wagner,
Schreb. Sauqeth. vi. p. 392 ; Goudot, Comjit. Rend. A. S. Paris, xvi.
1843, p. 33i.
Tapirus pinchacus, Blainv. Osteogr. Onqxdig. t. 1-5 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1807, p. 884.
Tapirus Eoulini, Fischer, Sgn. Mamm. p. GOG ; Giehel, Sdugth. p. 182.
Tapirus villosus, Fischer.
Hah. Cordilleras.
Skull, as figured by De Elainville, de^jressed behind, the crest
being nearly straight over the brain-case ; the nasal bone is elongate,
acute over the hinder part of the orbit ; the front edge of the cavity
of the internal nostril is in a line ^\^th the back edge of the sixth or
penultimate grinder in the complete series ; the Space between the
canines and grinders is rather longer than the length of the outer
side of the first two gi'inders ; the occipital end of the skull low,
broader than high ; the lower jaw is nearly straight beneath.
I have never seen tliis species, aud only know it from M. Roulin's
description and the figures of the two skulls in De BlainvUle's
' Osteographie.'
2. RHINOCHffiRUS.
The internasal cartilage ossified at the hinder part; the bony
plate extcnchng above nearly the whole length of the nasal, not so
far below ; foramen magnum subquadrangular, large. Occipital
crest very broad, flat-topped. Forehead and crown broad. Lower
jaw straight beneath.
Hab. Asia.
RhLnochcerus, part., Wagner; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 884.
1. Rhinochoerus sumatranus. (The Kuda, Ayer.) B.M.
Fur very short, black ; back and sides white.
Tapmis indicus, Desm. Mamm. p. 411 ; F. Cuv. O.-is. Foss. iii. p. 297,
t. G9, 70; Giehel, Siiugeth. p. 183; Blainv. Osteot/r, Ougulig. 1. 1-5.
s2
260 TAPIRIDiE.
Tapinis sumati-anus, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821.
Tapirus malayauus, Unffles, Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 270 ; Griffith, A. K.
iii. t; Horsf. Zool. Jj>urn., Zool. Java, t. ; Gerrard, Cat. £o7ies,
JB.M.-p.27Q. ^^^^AY^/Ji~
Tapiras bicolor, A. Wacpier, Schreh. Siiugeth. vi. p. 400.
Rhinoclioerus sumatranus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 884. _
Hah. Malacca. ^^^4^4. 'M^y ^/^^ .J'..>^-/^'l ^**^^,^
The upper hinder edge of the intermaxilla triangular, narrow,'^ "■
produced, with a part of the maxilla on the inner side separating it
from the margin of the internasal aperture. The fi-ont edge of the
cavities of the internal nostrils in a line with the hinder edge of the
sixth tooth when aU the seven grinders are developed, and in a line
with the hack edge of the fifth grinder when the sixth grinder is
being developed, and also when it is completed and the seventh
grinder is being developed. This last or seventh grinder is de-
veloped very late in life ; indeed I have not seen any skulls, either
in the British Museum or in the College of Surgeons, where it is
developed. There are three in each of these collections.
De Blainville (Osteographie, Tapirus, pi. 2) figui-es the skiiU of
an adult animal with aU the seven grinders developed ; and he re-
presents the fi-ont edge of the hinder nasal opening as in a line with
the hinder edge of the sixtJi or penultimate grinder, as in the skuU
of Tapirus americanus. The skull of the skeleton figured in platel
of the same work, like the skuU in the British Museum, has only six
grinders in the upper, and five in the lower jaw.
Cuvier (Oss. Foss.) states that the Malay Tapir was discovered in
India by M. Duvaucel. It does not inhabit India ; and M. Du-
vaucel only knew the animal from the drawing of it that was in
General Hardwicke's collection, from a specimen obtained by Major
Farquhar in Malacca, and from a skull which he obtained from the
same source.
2. RhmoclKBrus me.
Me des chiuois, Remitsat, Ann, Set. Nat. xviii. p. 5, 1. 1.
Hab. China.
Tribe II. ELASMOGNATHINiE.
The nasal aperture short, broad, subcordate, and truncated in
front by the bony ridges of the maxilla. The upper jaw with a high
sharp-edged crest on the upper inner edge, embracing the sides of
the very large internasal cartilage, which early become entirely
ossified into a bony plate, permanently dividing the nasal cavity,
and forming a high bony crest on the front of the skuU.
Elasmognathiuffi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 885.
3. ELASMOGNATHTJS. 261
3. ELASMOGNATHUS.
The internasal cartilage ossified nearly the whole length, the
bony piirt produced beyond the end of the nasal.
Elasmognathus, Gill; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 885,
Elasmognathus Bairdii. B.M.
Fur very short, close, dark black-brown ; lower part of the cheeks
and sides of the neck bay-brown ; chin, throat, chest, and front edge
of the shoulders greyish white.
Young, bom with pale sti-ipes, VerriU, Silliman's Amer. Joiati. Sci.
July 1867 ; Ann. ^- Ma;/. N. H. 1867, xx. p. 232.
Elasmognathus Eairdii, Gi'l(?), fide VerriU; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 885, t. 42.
Hab. Panama : skull, Mus. CoU. Surgeons ; Brit. Mus., adult and
young skull.
The internasal septum is continued between the elevated sharp
upper edges of the maxillaj, and even between the upper edges of the
intermaxilla. It remains cartilaginous until it reaches its adult size,
and then becomes ossified, forming a thick bony erect plate.
In the younger skuU the cartilaginous septum is produced nearly
to the root of the cutting-teeth ; but in the older skuU, where the
septum has become ossified, the front parts of the iutennaxilla are
produced, and the septum ends over the root of the canines. The
shortness of the nasal cavity and the sharp-edged crest of the
maxilla) distinguishes the skull from those of the Tapirs in aU ages.
The sides of the face of the skuU are flattened ; the zygomatic
arch and the front of the orbit over the prcorbital foramen is ex-
I^anded, flattened, and compressing the foramen into an oblong erect
shape ; the upper edge of the orbit is narrow and flat, not produced
into lobes as in the American Tapir ; the nasal bones are narrow,
longer than broad at the base, with an oblong deep concavity on
each side of their base, which is continued upwards behind it, so
as to be only separated by a small central ridge ; the hinder pala-
tine nasal opening varies in size in the two sexes, or it becomes much
wider and broader in front as the animal increases in age. In the
skull with the cartilaginous internasal septum, and only four grinders
in each side, the conca^ity containing the internal nostrils is narrow
and oblong. In the older skull with the septum entirely bony, and
with seven grinders in each side, the concavity containing the intenial
nostrils is much broader, being nearly as wide as long, and the vault
is more evenly rounded.
The young animal, like the young of the Brazilian and other Tapirs,
is spotted and striped with white, ilr. Sclater kindly lent me a
photograph of a yoimg Panama Tapir ; and a copy of the photo-
graph was added to Mr. Wolft"s figui-e (P. Z. S. 1867, pi. 42) of
the half-grown animal, which Mr. Salvia obtained for the British
Museum.
262 EctuiD^.
The young animal is described by Mr. Verrill as above quoted;
and the description is printed in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural
History ' for 1867, xx. p. 232.
The animal is similar to the Brazilian Tapir externally ; indeed
all the naturalists and zoologists who have observed it at Costa llica
regarded it as the same as that species until the skull was examined ;
and it is said that one was exhibited alive in the Jardin d'Acclimata-
tion at Paris for some time as a Brazilian Tapir ; but it is easily
distingiushable by the bay cheek and white chest.
A large number of fossil genera belong to this suborder, as Ano-
plotherium, Xiplwdon, DicJiotriclnts, Cainotherkmi, Merycopotmmis,
Aclapis, Mic7-oclicerus, Hippos, Cholieoiherium, Palceotliermm, Ste-
reognathus, Gymototherium, Lophiodon, ThoracotJierion, Anthracoihe-
rion, Corypliodon ; but many of these are only known from a few
bones or teeth.
Dr. Burraeistor gives a restoration of MacraucJienia (Annales,
p. 252, t. 12) with a slender, short, cylindrical nasal trunk; but
there does not appear to be anything in the form of the nasal
organs of the skull to give any authority for the existence of a pro-
boscis, not even such a small one as is figured.
Suborder 2. SOLIDUNGULA.
Nose rounds soft, simple. Neck elongated. Upper lip
prehensile. Cutting-teeth in each jaw normal, erect. Ca-
nines normal or wanting. Toes single (formed of two united
together) and covered with a single hoof; no false hoofs.
Stomach simple.
Eqiuis, Linn.
Solidungula, Illiger, Prodr. i. p. 84.
Solipedes (Solidipedes), Cuvier, Rhg. Anim.
Equidaj, Bonap. Prodr. Mastol.
Fam. 2. EQUID^E.
Two middle toes soldered into one, covered with a single hoof ;
lateral toes subequal. Teeth 40 : cutting-teeth |^ ; canines \ .\;
grinders -[? . f ; in milk series, grinders f . ^ ; premolars ^. Gullet and
stomach simple. ' Using the hind feet in defence.
Quadriipeda Solipeda seu Solidungula, Rai. Syn. p. 62.
Soliduii^iilii, Illiyer.
Mam. .luinenta, Storr.
Solidipedes, Cuvier.
EquidfB, Oray, Lond. Med. Repos. xv. p. 307 ; Cut. Manim. B. M.
p. 262.
1. EQUUs. 263
Equus, Liiin.
Horses, Oray, Knowsley Menat/. p. 70 ; Cat. Ungulat. B. M, p. 2G7.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. EaTJTJs. Tail covered with long hair to the base. The fore and
hind legs with a wart (seUander) on the inner side. Fur with
round jialc spots.
2. AsiNus. Tail with short hairs at the base and long at the end.
The hind legs without any wart on the inner side. Fur striped.
1. Eauus.
Tail covered with long hair to the root. The fur marked, dappled,
or coppered with round pale spots, leaving a dark network. The
fore and hind legs furnished with hard horny bodies, called warts or
chestnuts, on the inner side above the " knees " or " wrists " on the
fore legs, and below the hock or heel on the hinder ones.
Equus, Linn. ; Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 261, 1825 ; Knowsley Metiag. ;
Cat. Unyulata, B. M. p. 263, t. 37. f. 1 (skull).
The warts are rarely absent on the hind legs, for it is stated that
" the bay mare ' Eaglet ' was without sellanders on the hock-joint."
— Jamaica Times, 1845, Aug. 26.
Equus caballus. (The Horse.) B.M.
Brown, grey, or black, with roundish pale spots.
Equus ferus, Pallas, Hoss.-Asiat. i. p. 260 ; EicJiw. Faun. Casp. Cane.
p. 29.
Wilde Pferde, S. G. Gmelin, Reise Russland, i. p. 44, t. 9 (cop. Shaw,
Zool. t. 414 ; Schreb. t. 109) ; Pallas, Eels. i. p. 211.
Takij a or Wild Horses, Hamvay, Hist. Caspian aScw, i. p. 349 ; Bell,
Travels, i. p. 212 ; Smith, EquidcB, p. 146.
Var. 1. Domestic.
Equus antiqiiorum, Gesner, Quad. p. 132.
Equus caballus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 100 ; Gmcl. S. K. i. p. 209 ;
Desm. Mamm. p. 416; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 45o ; Fis-
cher, Syn. Mamm. p. 429 ; Gray, Zool. Jotim. i. p. 260 ; Cat. 3Iamm.
B. M. p. 263, t. 37. f. 1 (skull) ; List Mamm. B. M. p. 182 ; List
Osteol. B. M. p. 70 ; List Hod y son Coll. p. 35 ; Bcnyyer, I. c. p. 331 ; ,
Blainr. Ost^oyraph. Ouguligrades, t. 1. t. 2 (skeleton). /T^^ ^a/^. /cj
Equus, l"]qua, Pliny, H. N. ; Gesner ; Pallas Z, JR.-A. i. p. f:-)5.
Horse, Penn. B. Z. i.
Generous Horse, Pvnn. Quad.
Cheval, Buf. H. N. iv. p. 174 ; Cuvier, S. A. i. p. 243.
Pferd, lledinycr.
Ivoss, Schrank.
The Horse, Yuuatt, The Horse, its History, Breeds, SfC., Ham. Smith,
Etpddte, Jardine's Naturalist's Library.
The Tarpau Wild Horse (primaival bay stock), //. Smith, Fquidce,
p. 160, t. 3.
The Andalusian Horse, H. Smith, Equidcf, p. 247.
264 EQtriD^.
South-American Horse, H. Smith, Equiclce, p. 247.
The Parameros of Peru, //. Smith, Equid(P, p. 248, t, 12.
Mexican Horse and Seminole Horse, //. Smith, Equiclce, p. 249.
Feral Horses of America, H. Smith, Equiclce, p. 173.
The Arabian Horse, Bewick, Hist. Qiiacl. p. 4, fig. ; Low, Dom. Anim.
Brit. Isl. t. 1 ; Smith, Equiclce, p. 210, t. 8.
The Eacehorse, Bewich, (iuad. p. 0, fig. ; Low, Dom. Anim. B. 1. 1. 2.
English Racehorse, Smith, Ecjuidce, p. 251, t. 9.
Hunter, Bewick, Quad. p. 8, tig.
The Old Iiish Hunter, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 3.
The Connemara Horse, Lotv, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 4.
Black Horse, Bewick, Quctd. p. 10, fig.
The Old English Black Horse, Loiv, Dom. Anim: B. I. t. o.
The Cleveland Bay Horse, Loic, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 6.
The Suflblk Punch, Low, Dom. Anim. B. L. t. 7.
The Clydesdale Breed, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 8.
Old English Road-Horse, Bewick, Quad. p. 9, fig.
Common Cart-Horse, Be^vick, Quad. p. 13, fig.
Improved Cart-Horse, Bewick, Quad. p. 14, fig.
The Barb of Morocco, //. Smith, Equiclce, p. 224. a. The Shrubat
\vc Reech, t. 11.
The Bomou (white) Race of Africa, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 228, 1. 10.
The Dongolo (black) Race, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 229, t. 10*.
The Turkish Race, //. Smith, Equiclce, p. 231.
The Persian Race, H. Smith, Equiclce, p. 233.
The Toorkee Races, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 238.
The East-Indian Races, H. Smith, Equiclce, p. 241.
The New-Holland Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 24-5.
The Transylvania Horse, IT. Stnith, Equidce, p. 24-5.
The Moldavian Horse, I£. Stnith, Equidce, p. 24-5.
The Greek Horse, S. Smith, Equidce, p. 2i5.
The Spanish Horse, IT. Smith, Equidce, p. 24G.
Cheval dTslande (var. islandicus). Quo!/ ^- Gaim. Voy. Lslcmde, Mam.
t. 11 ; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 166.
Equus mongolicus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 166.
Thibet Horse, Hodgson, Jotirn. Asiat. Soc. Benc/cd, i. pp. 348, 349.
Cheval a port frisien (E. frisius), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.
Equus cabaUus frisius, Lesson, N. Ted). R. A. p. 166.
Villous Horse (primaeval of the white stock), H. Smith, Equidce,
p. 262, t. 4.
The White or Grey Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 262 (^larengo,
Bonaparie' s Arab), t. 8.
The Crisp-haired Horse (primaeval of the black stock), H. Smith,
Equidce, p. 266, t. 5.
The Black Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 266, t. 14 (the English
Draught-Horse), p. 269.
The Dun or Tan Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 274.
The Decussated Horse, or the Eelback Dim Horse of Ukraine, H.
Smith, Equiche, p. 274, t. 6.
The Myautzee, or the Pied Horse of China, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 277.
The Bhooteahs' Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 278.
The Pickarrow Pomes, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 278.
The Yaboos' of Aftghanistan Ponies, II. Smith, Equidce, p. 278.
The Hungarian Horse (with slit nostrils), H. Smith, Equidce, p. 278,
t. 11.
The Common Bashkir Horse, H. Smith, Equiclce, p. 278.
1. EQTJTTS. 265
The Morea Ponies, H. Smith, Eqiddcp, p. 282.
The Swedish and Noi-wcpan Ponifs, //. Smith, Equidce, p. 282.
The Shetland Ponies, //. Smith, Equidce, p. 283, 1. 15.
The Galloway, H. Smith, Equida, p. 283.
The Dartmoor and Exnioor Pony, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 284.
Sardinian Wild Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 285.
The Tatto or the East-Indian Pony, H. Smith, Eqvidcs, p. 285.
Tuttoo or Mahratta Pony, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. (Sedulously propa-
gated in the Dukhun : much used to transport luggage, and very
vicious. — Si/Jics. )
Tattoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon. ined. no. 10,975.
t. 110, no. 10,974. t. 81.
The Tanguni Piehald or Skewbald Horse, Equus varius, JS. Smith,
Equidce, p. 288, t. 7.
The Tanpum (or Taughans), Primaeval Piehald stock of Thibet,
H. Smith, Equidce, t. 7.
Skewbald of Achin in Sumatra, J£. Smith, Equidce, p. 293.
Tangham of China, Hodqson, Icon. ined. JB. 31. t. 212. f. 1.
Tangham of Lhassa, Hodqson, Icon. ined. B. 3L t. 212. f. 3, t. 213,
Tangham of Gyanche, Hodc/son, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3.
Hubstee of Deo Dharnia, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 214.
The Koomrah, or Equus hippargus, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 294.
The Koomrah, Equus Lalisi, H. Smith, Equidce, t. 16.
Hippargus, Oppian.
Boiyes, Herodotus.
Boun-a of Koldagi, Biippell. Northern Africa. Not gregaaious.
The Kuda or Saran Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 287?
The Javan Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 287.
The Tamboro or Binna Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 287.
Horse with a cm-led moustache on the upper lip, of Asiatic Russia,
Pcdlas, Spic. Zool. xi. p. 5, t. 5. f. 0 : Zuoyr. Bosso.-Asiat. i. p. 250.
Horse covered with curled woolly hair, of Asiatic Russia, Falk.
Itiner. iii. p. 529 ; Ballu.^, Zooc/r. Russo-Asiat. i. p. 250.
Naked Horse of a beautiful form, of Asiatic Russia, BaUas, Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 250.
The Argamaki of Bocharis, a TMiite Horse with very close, minute,
orbicular, brown spots, of Asiatic Russia, PaJlm, Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat. i. p. 250.
Cheval, Daubenton, Buffon, H. N. iv. t. 10 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii.
t. 1, 2, 3 ; Volkmmm, Anat. Anini. i. t. 11. f. 8 ; Stevetis, Book of
the Farm, 1284, f. 577.
Ohs. — The specimen in the British Museum, which Col. H. Smith
mentions as being like the Koomrah (E(juida?, p. 296), was a Dart-
moor pony which Dr. Leach had stuffed to place in the collection
of British animals.
The figure of the Wild Horse, as given by Gmclin, very much
resembles the ponies left at liberty on the commons of Cornwall and
mountains of Scotland, and it appears very doubtful if they are not
rather to be regarded as domestic horses Avhich have escaped and
deteriorated. Pallas observes that the very young are easily tamed,
but the adult never (Z. R.-A. p. 260). It is to be observed that
tliis is not the case with the horses which have become half- wild in
the rich prairies of America, where they have nearly retained the
size and form of the well-bred horse.
266 EQTTID-S;.
The drawings of the following varieties are in the British
Museum : —
Drawing of Chinese Tangliam, Hodgson, Icon, inecl. B. M. t. 212. f. 1.
Drawing of Lhassa Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 2,
and t. 213.
Drawing of Gyanche Tangham, Hodqson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212.
f. 3.
Drawing of Hubstee of Deo Dharnia, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 214.
Tuttoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975.
t. 116, u. 10,974. t. 81.
Var. 2. The Dun-coloured Horse.
Dun-coloured, more or less like the Ass, with a black medial dorsal
stripe, and sometimes also a cross stripe on the withers and very-
distinct bars on the limbs.
Dim Horses, Zoophilus {Blyth), Land and Water, 1866, Oct. 27,
p. 326.
Sometimes it has a faint longitudinal stripe on the cheek and jowl.
Tail and mane copious (" Burmese Ponies " at Calcutta).
Hah. Western India, Gujerat. Bred in the Independent Shan
States, geldings only being brought down to the British provinces.
See also " Eelback dun " Horses.
Horses were" introduced by the French in the Falkland Islands in
1764, since which time they have greatly increased. They have
never left the eastern end of the island, although there is no natural
boundary to prevent them from roaming, and that part of the island
is not more tempting than the rest. The stallions are said to be
constantly roaming from place to place, and compelling the mares
to accompany them, whether or not the young foals are able to
foUow, and they are left to die. The predominant colours are roau
and iron-grej'.
All the horses bred here, both tame and wild, are rather small-
sized, though generally in goo4 condition, and they are not so strong
as the horses from the Plata. — Danvin, Journal, p. 192.
The Horse was first landed at Buenos Ayres in 1537, and, the
colony being then for a time deserted, it ran wild : in 1-580, only
forty-three years afterwards, one hears of them at the Strait of Ma-
gellan. The natives of Terra del Fuego are weU stocked with horses,
each man having six or seven, and all the women and even children
their own horse. — Darwin, Journal, p. 233; liengger, Natar.
Sdugeth. Paragua, p. 334.
The soldiers in Bahia Blanca eat mares' flesh for food. — Darwin,
Journal, p. 101.
In Banda Oriental they think it ridicidous to break in or ride a
mare ; they are of no value except for breeding, and, rarely, to tread
out the wheat from the ear, for which purpose they are driven round
a circular enclosure where the wheat sheaves are strewn. Numbers
are slaughtered for the sake of their hides, although only worth about
half-a-crown apiece. — Danvin, Journ. p. 134.
2. AsiNus. 267
Darwdn gives an interesting description of the breaking-in of the
■wild young horses of Banda Oriental. — Journal, p. 151.
Horses do not breed on the southern face of the Himalayas, but
are imported from Thibet. — Mimdy, Journ. ii. p. 75 ; Ogilby in
lioj/Ie, Hlmal. i. Lxxi.
Skins of horses are used for cloth, to make churns, &c. — Simpson,
Overland Journey, ii. p, 307.
The roundish marks are called copper-marhed in brown, dappled
in grey horses. These marks become more visible in the brown
horses when the)' are in high condition.
Horses are technically called according to their colours. Bay —
brown, with black mane and tail ; some have black legs, they are
then called bay with black points. Chestnut — red-brown, either
dark or light. Brown — nearly black ; if they have a tan mouth
they are called hroivn-muzzles. Blach. Dun-colour. Roan, Straw-
berry— very red-grey. Piebald — with three colours. SJceivbald,
— two colours. Cream -colour. The white mark on the forehead is
a star ; if down the face, a blaze.
2. ASINUS. (The Zebras.)
The upper part of the tail covered with short hair, and the lower
part covered ■\nth longer hair forming a tuft ; the fur marked with
darker stripes ; the fore legs only furnished with hard horny warts
in a similar situation to those in the front legs of the Horse, but
there are none in the lower part of the hinder legs. Fur marked
with a dorsal and more or less distinct humeral stripes.
Asinus, Gray, Zuol. Journ. i. p. 2G1 ; Cat. 3Iamm. B. M. p. 268, t. 37.
f. 2 (skull j.
* Colour nearly uniform, with a dark longitudinal dorsal stHpe ; some hare
a black stripe across the shoulders. The Asses of Asia.
Asses of Asia, Gray, Knoicsley Menag. p. 74.
t Ears elongated, aciUe. The Tame or Domestic Asses.
These animals vary greatly in size and appearance according to
the climate. They are large and smooth-haired in the warmer
climates ; small and shaggy in the colder countries.
It is very doubtfid if the Domestic Ass is found in a truly M-ild
state ; the asses which have been described as wUd appear rather
to be domestic animals which have escaped, or mules between the
Domestic Ass and the allied wUd species; for when caught they,
after a short time, submit themselves to man, which is not the case
with what I have here considered the wild kinds.
PaUas justly obser^-es, " In extensis AsiiE desertis primam patriam
esse quajrendam Equi feri et Onagri a Nomadibus in domesticos usus
domatorum, sii\u.e ac Hemioni hactenus indomiti.'' — Zooyr. Bosso-A.
i. p. 255. This is equally applic;ible to the African species.
1. Asinus vulgaris. (The Domestic Ass.) B.M.
Grey, with a longitudraal dorsal streak and a dark streak across
the shoulders ; ears elongate ; facial line arched. Skull with sub-
orbital foramen as in E. hemionus. . .
Equus asinus, Linn. ; Pallas, Zooc/r. R.-A. i. p. 2G.3. ^yT '
Asians vulgaris, Gray, Zool. Juurn. i. p. 244 ; Knowsley Menay. p. 71 ;
Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 268.
Equus asina, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii.
Asinus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 44.
Ass, Penn. ; Bewick.
Asne, Buffon.
Ane, Cuvier.
Asians onager, " Gray,'''' Bonap. Index Mamm. Eur. p. .34, 184-5.
Asinus domesticus (Domestic Ass), II. Smith, Eqnidce, p. 314.
Equus hemippus, Geoff. Compt. Bend. xli. ; Ecv. de Zool. vii. p. 39.3.
Hab. Palmory and Bagdad.
Var. 1. Without any cross.
Var. 2. Legs and body more or less banded.
Var. 3. Domestic.
Guddha of the Mahrattas (veiy little larger than a good mastill" or
Newfoundland dog), Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831.
Domestic Ass of Ispahan, II. Smith, Eqidd(P, p. 314.
Domestic Ass of Beloochistan, H. Smith, Equid(P, p. 314.
Domestic Ass of Thibet, with a cross band, Strachey.
The Pico of ancient Egypt, H. Smith, Efpddcf, p. 314.
Tasandunt of the SheUuhs, H. Smith, Eqiiidce, p. 314.
The Djaar of Ai-ahia, H. Smith, Equidfc, p. 311.
The Lalisiones or Wild Ass Colts, H. Smith, EquidcB, p. 311.
Lalisio, Martial, xiii. p. 97.
Wild Ass, Le7iant, Voy. on the Bahar el Ahad ; Hoskins, Travels in
Ethiopia.
. Egyptian Ass, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 312.
Osteology.
Asne, Dauhenton, Buffon, H. N. iv. \. 12, 13.
Hah. Europe, Asia, and Africa, always domesticated.
The common Domestic Ass is sometimes of the usual grey colour,
without any appearance of the cross. They are sometimes black,
and at others white, rarely skewbald ; but this is the common albi-
nism and melanism of domestic animals, and when of these colours
the cross is not apparent, or at least sometimes only to be seen when
the animal is observed obliquely. The legs are generally destitute of
cross bands, but they are often seen more or less distinctly cross-
banded, especially just over the hocks (the Eibbon-legged Ass, A.
vulrjaris fasciatus, Gray, Zool. Joum. i. p. 245, and Guddhas of India),
Var. 4. tceniopus. Zool. Gardens.
Equus tseniopus, Heuylin, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 374.
Zeiu-a, Loho, Abyssinia, i. p. 291.
2. AsiNus. 269
Onag-re d'Abyssinie, /. Geoffr.
Wild Ass, Blyth.
Wilder Esel, Lesson.
Hub. Abyssima, North-eastern Africa, in a wild state.
The ears are long and acute, and it brays distinctly, like the Domestic
Ass. Other -wild asses have a mule-like, shrieking bray. — Bhjth.
tt Ears moderately short, rounded. The Wild Asses.
2. Asinus onager. (The Koulan or Wild Ass.) B.M.
Pale reddish (in winter greyish) ; dorsal streak black, rather wider
over the small of the back ; skull with the infraorbital foramen high
up, about one-thii'd the space between the face-line and the back
edge of the teeth, far back, being dia-ectly over the front end of the
cheek ridge and the back edge of the' third grinder.
Asinus sylvestris, Plht. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 44.
Onager, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 44 ; Raii Quad. p. 6 ; Pall. Act. Acad.
Soc. Imp. Petrop. 1777, p. 258, t. 11 ; Neue Nord. £ei/tr. ii. p. 22,
t. 2, iv. p. 80.
Equus asinus onager, Schred. Siiugeth. t. 312. --/'>'// /7<"
Equus onager, Brisson, Pl-g. Anim. ; Pallas. ./hUr/i CaV-Jt- • fJ f
Wild Ass, Bell, Travels, i. p. 212 ; Heber's Travels.
Koidan or Wild Ass, Penn. Quad.
Equus hemionus (Wild Ass of Kutch and the Indus), Si/lies, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 18.37, p. 91 (not Pallas) ; I. Geoff. Nouv. Ann. Mm. H. N.
iv. p. 97, t. 2 , .3 years old.
Asinus hemionus. Gray, Osteol. Spec. B. M. ; H. Smith, Hquid^e,
p. 316, t. 20; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 29; Knowsley Menag.
p. 71.
Asinus onager. Gray, Cat. Ungtdcda B. M. p. 269.
Equus Khm- (Ane Khur) , Lesson, Manuel Mamm. p. 347, 1827.
Wild Ass or Gour, Ker Porter, Travels Georgia, Persia, i. p. 460.
Wild Ass or Khur of the Persians, Isis, 1823, p. 764.
Onager, Xenophon ; Barhoza, Collect. Ramusio. i. p. 300, b. {Malabar
and Golconda).
Hemione or Dziggtai, Lesson, Comp. Buffon, x. p. 379 (fromGeoffroy) ;
F. Cuvier, 3Iamm. IB23 (not Pallas).
The Hjonar or Hamar of Mesopotamia, H. Smith, Eqiiidce, p. 313.
Asinus Ilamar (the Hamar), H. Smith, Equidce, t. 19.
Chamor of the Hebrews.
Hah. The Plains of Mesopotamia (B.M.) ; Persia. Kutch, shores
of the Indus, Punjab. /J-'t^/ d^j2. i^^' ^. l^. C^ J^» J*.
In the British Museum is a skuU and bones of body from India,
Kutch, presented by the Earl of Derby.
They are abundant in Mesopotamia, and are evidently the Wild
Ass of Xenophon. The adults arc very difficult to approach within
rilic-rangc. The young are sometimes caught alive. — Lagard.
The Khur inhabits the deserts of Persia in troops, frequenting the
hiUs in summer and the plains in winter.
Pallas, in a paper entitled " Observations sur I'Asne dans son etat
270 EauiB^.
sauvage, ou sur le veritable Onagre des anciens" (Act. Acad. Sci.
Imp. Petrop. 1777, p. 258, 1. 11), figured a Wild Ass which was sent
by sea from Derbent to Astracan. The figure greatly resembles the
mule between the Hemione and the Ass in the Zoological G-ar-
dens ; but the ears appear a trifle longer. It is coloured in the
same manner as the Hemione ; that is to say, the more prominent
parts of the body are dark, and the middle of the back, the front
of the haunches and thigh, and the under part of the body are
paler. The figure represents but a very indistinct cross band on the
shoulder.
On this PaUas observes, " L'etalon dififerait encore de la femelle
en ce qu'U avait tout le corps plus robuste, I'encolure plus grosse,
le poitrail et la croupe plus large, et surtout par un barre ou raye
transversale (tab. xi.), qui croisait sur les epaules avec ceUe qui
s'etend le long de I'epuie dans I'un et I'autre sexe. C'est cette
croix que la plupart des anes domestiques males ont conserves,
et qui embellit surtout ceux qui ont la couleur du poll claire.
Cette barre transversale bien plus etroite que I'autre manque
entierement aux Onagres femelles: quelques Tartares m'ont au
contraire assure qu'eUe se voyait assez souvent double dans les
males"(?.f. p. 269).
This paper is translated into Gennau, and a copy of the plates
•with a second figure of the back of the animal is given in Pallas,
N. Kord. Beytr. ii. p. 22, t. 2 ; but in this figure the cross band on
the shoulders is not marked. From this description it woidd appear
that the animal which is called the Wild Ass is not always marked
with the cross band on the shoulder which is so peiTnanent in the
domestic kind and has hitherto been considered its specific cha-
racter.
The chief difference between PaUas's figure of the Wild Ass and
the Hemione is the greater length and more acute form of the ears ;
of the latter the mule varies in this character.
" No attempt has been made to break the Wild Ass (of Rajpootana)
in for riding, nor did it appear that the natives ever thought of such."
— Bisliop Heher; H. Smith, Equidce, p. 311.
" The Wild Ass of Cutch has the cross stripe on the shoulder, and
differs in colours and heavier proportion from the Wild Ass of Ker
Porter." — Bishop Heher; H. Smith, Equidie, p. 311.
Col. Ham. Smith confounds the domesticated Guddha with the
Wild Ass of the Deccan described by Colonel Sykes, and states, on
the Colonel's authority, that "it is not larger than a mastiff"
(Equidse, p. 307).
Eversmann states that many specimens of the Kxdan or Equus
onager, PaUas, have been brought to Orenburg from the high steppes
between the Caspian and the Aral seas. A good specimen and a
skuU are in the Museum of the University of Kasan. All these
specimens are without the cross band, and have only the longi-
tudinal dorsal streak. Eversmann considers that the cross band is
either not the character of the species, or perhaps a sexual mark,
as he observes that he is not able to discover the specific cha-
2. AsiNus. 271
racter which separates the E. hemionus from the E. onager. He
further observes that the Mongoliaus have no particular uame for
the E. onager of Pallas ; the Tartars no name for E. hemionus : the
Mongolians called the E. hemionus "Dshiggetei," or more properly
" Tschikitei," meaning lowi ears, and the Tartars caU the E. onager
" Kulan."
Eversmann remarks that PaUas (N. Nord. Beytr. ii. p. 34) states
that the male M. Hablizl brought from Persia had no cross, but
that the female which was shot on the Miu'ecy had one. He pro-
ceeds to calculate the length of the ears of these animals, com-
pared \v\ih. the other measurements of them, and he tinds that the
ears of the male appear to be considerably (near 2 inches) shorter in
proportion than the ears of the female (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc.
1840, p. 57).
The Mule with Asinus clomesticus has the short smooth fur exactly
like the sire, but with a short narrow cross band on the shoulder,
the ears rather longer and black-tipped.
3. Asinus hemionus. (The Xiang.) B.M.
Fur short, smooth, bright red-bay ; legs straw-colour (in winter
long, rather wooUy, greyish, legs whitish), with a broad longitudinal
dorsal streak, broadest over the small of the back, without any cross
band on shoulders. Skull — the infraorbital foramen low do^\Ti, in
the centre of the space between the face-line and the base of the
teeth, and placed in a Line over the back edge of the second grinder,
some distance in front of the end of the cheek-ridge.
Midiis dauricus foecundus, Messersch. MSS.
Equus hemionus, Pal/as, Kuv. Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 394, t. 7 (cop.
Neiie A'ord. Beytr. ii. p. 31, t. 1) ; Reise, iii. p. 217 (cop. Schreber,
SiiiH/eth. t. 311) ; Eichic. Faun. Casp. Caur.
Equus hemionus (Kian^^), Oejilhij, inlioyh; Ilimal. i. p. Ixxi ; Walker,
Jotirn. Asiat. Sue. 1848, t. L / if y I ■> y
Equus hemionos, i?of7f/. 6-^'^^ LM- /i./^^
Asinus hemionus, Gray, Zool. Jmirn. i. p. 244 ; Cat. Ungulata B. M.
p. 272 (not Knowsley Menat/.).
Equus onager, Ei'e>-s)»ann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1840, p. 56.
? jVsinus onager (Onager koulan, or "\^'ild Ass of Tartary), //. Smith,
Equidec, p. 307, t. 18 ?
Asinus equioides, Hodf/san, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bene/, xi. p. 287 ; Blyth,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 287.
Asinus kiang, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. t. 37. f. 2 (skidl).
Wild Ass, floorer oft, Travels.
Equus Idaiig, Moorcroft, Residence at Ladack, i. pp. 311, 443 ; Lesson,
Manuel ; a ray, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1840, p. 29 ; Enoicsley Menag. p. 72 ;
Ilodgson, Join-n. Asiat. Soc. Cole. 1842, p. 286.
Equus varius, part.. Ham. Smith, Equidec, p. 289.
Asinus polvodon, Ilodgsm, Calcutta Journ. N. U. 1847, p. 409, t. 6
(animal and skidl).
.likta, Shaw, Zool. ii. p. 427.
Dshikketee, Penn.
Dgiggetai, Cuvicr, R. A. i. p. 244.
272 EdTJIB^.
Dzigethai, Bitfon, Siq^^h vi. p. 37.
Wild Mule, Half Ass, or Fecund Mule, Penn. Quad. i.
Wild Ass, Enylish in Thibet.
Hemionos, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 44,
L'Hemione, Ency. Method, t. 42. f. 4.
The Ghoor or Khur, Moorcroft ; H. Smith, Equidce, p. 310.
Wilder Esel, Eveismann, iiidl. Mosc. 1840 ; Wagner, Wiegmann,
Arch. 1842, viii. p. 49.
The Kiang, H. Smith, Eqidda>, p. 289.
Wild Horse, Gerrard, Asiat. Research, xvii. p. 247.
Hah. Thibet. ^'^^ ^jZ^i^ha^-
There is a male between winter and summer fur, from Thibet,
presented by Lord Gifford, and a male from Thibet, presented by the
Hon. East-India Company, ia the British Museum.
Var. 1. With a distinct cross band on the shoulder like the Domestic
Ass.
Hah. Thibet {Capt. StracJietj).
Var. 2. With the vertebral dorsal streak very obscure or entirely
wanting.
Hab. Thibet (Capt. Strachey).
There are in the British Museum: — a skull from Thibet, pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. ; two skulls, lower jaw wanting,
presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. (the specimens referred to by
Mr. Gray in the P. Z. S. 1839) ; and a skull from Thibet, north of
Ladack, presented by the Earl of Gifford.
The forehead of all the three specimens of the skull of E. hemionus
from Thibet is rather convex between the eyes, and the centre of
the face is narrow and keeled on the sides ; while in the skull of E.
onager from Kutch the forehead is flat between the eyes, and the
centre line of the face is rather broader and rounded gradually off
on the sides, and the incisive bone is longer and more gradually
arched, making the incisors more perpendicular in the latter than in
any of the former.
But the most distinctive character between the four skuUs is in
the position of the infraorbital foramen. In E. onager it is high
up, about one-third the space between the face-liae and the back
edge of the teeth ; it is far back, being directly over the front edge
of the cheek-ridge and the back end of the thii-d grinder ; while in
all the three specimens of the skulls of E. Hang this foramen is
lower down, being nearly in the centre of the space between the
face-line and the base of the teeth, and it is placed on a line over
the back edge of the second grinder, some distance in front of the
end of the cheek-ridge. The under surface of the body of the
posterior sphenoid is narrow and convex in E. hemionus, and broad
and flat in E. kiang. The vomer is much more compressed in the
latter than in E. hemionus. I am not certain that the distinctions
here described may be sufficient to show that these two animals are
separate species ; but they indicate the necessity of the subject being
more fully examined.
2. ASINU8. 273
The position of the suborbital foramen in the E. hemionus more
nearly resembles the E. asiaus, and the E. onager the E. zebra and
E. Bun-hellii (Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 29).
Two of the skulls of the Equu>^ kiam/ show the small rudimentary
grinder in front of the other ; but this tooth is to be more or less
distinctly observed in the skulls of the other Equidse in the Museum
coUectiou. In the skull of Equus Burchellii in the British Museum
collection, this tooth is placed on the inner side of the first true
grinder.
The suborbital foramen in the skulls in the India House from
Thibet rather varies in position, but in all it is placed over the
middle or third tooth. In the old male it appears to be rather higher
than in the nearly adult female and in the young skull, where the
hinder grinder is just springing out.
This animal must not be confounded v^ith the domestic asses
■which are used for burden in Thibet (Capt. Strachey).
The male Kiangs are larger and deeper-coloured. They live, in
troops of from eight to ten under the care of a solitaiy male, where
the thermometer is below zero. They live partly on the plains
and partly on the mountains ; and the lower surface of the hoof
varies considerably in form and concavity, pei'haps from that cir-
cumstance.
The Ghoor Khur of Ladakh, according to Moorcroft, is white about
the nose and under the neck, the belly, and legs ; the back is light
hay, and the mane dun. They herd in droves, fly at a trot, stop,
and look back. — //. Smith, Equidce, p. 310.
Moorcroft saw the Kiangs on the highest summits of Thibet in
their shininr/ summer coats and with their Antelope-form, scouring
along in numbers. — II. SmitJi, Equkhe, p. 286.
Dr. Walker observes : — The Kiang neighs like a horse. The Wild
Ass of Cutch brays like an Ass. The Kiang has no Zebra-stripes,
neither in the adult nor in the foal. The Wild Ass of Cutch : trans-
verse Zebra-stripes are seen on the shoulder in the adult, and still
more in the foal. Sometimes also the shoulder-cross has been seen.
The habitat of the Kiang is on the high tableland of Thibet ; of
the Wild Ass of Cutch, in the sultry plains near the mouth of the
Indus.
The Kiang of Chinese Tartary greatly exceeds that of the Donkey
of Cutch in size ; the stallions often stand 14 hands high. Major
Charlton and Major Biddulph state that they neigh like a Horse.
"When taken young they will become so tame as to be led about
like a Horse, and will foUow horses almost anywhere. They live
in a climate where the temperature is below the freezing-point
in the middle of the summer ; yet they throw off their pale
wooUy coat during that season and become bright bay (Major
Charlton).
The Donkey of Cutch is often domesticated in India (idem).
274 EQTJID.E.
??4. Asinus equuleus. (The Yo-to-tze.)
Yellowish - red clay - colour. Tip of ears, mane, long hairs of
tail, well-defined line down the back to middle of tail, and cross
band on shonlder, three or four cross streaks on knees and hocks,
black.
A sinus equulens (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Equidce, p. 304; Gray,
Cat. UnffidataJ3.M.^. 275.
Asinus liippargus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Sinith, Equidce, 1. 17.
The specimen described by Col. H. Smith was alive in a livery-
stable near Park Lane, London ; it was said to have been brought
from the Chinese frontier north-east of Calcutta. It was most
probably a Kiang, or perhaps a mule between it and the Do-
mestic Ass.
** Body with a block dorsal streak and many more or less distinct trans-
verse or curved streaks. Ears rather short and hroad-tijyped. The
Zebras of South Africa.
Hippotigris, H. Smith.
Hippotigrine group or Zebras, H. Smith, Eqiiidce, p. 320.
t Hoofs slightly concave beneath ; legs white, not or only slightly cross-
streaked. Living on the open plains.
5. Asinus quagga. (The Quagga.)
Brown. Head, neck, and withers or front of body blackish-
streaked ; lower part of body, legs, and tail white. Hoofs flattish
beneath,
Asinus quagga, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 246; List. Mamni. B. M.
p. 183 ; Cat. Unqiilata B. M. p. 275 ; J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. p. 20,
1828.
Equus quoagga, Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 347.
Equus quagga, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 213 ; Schreb. Seiur/eth. t. 317 ; F.
Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. p. 473, t. ; Harris, W. An. Afr. t. 2.
Female Zebra, Edio. Glean, i. t. 223.
Le Couagga, Bvffon, H. N. Sup}}, iii. t. 4 ; Cuvier, Mus. Menag. t. ;
F. Cuvier, Mum. Lithog. t.
Kwagga or Couagga, Btiff. Supp. vi. p. 85 ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat.
f. 480.
Opeagha or Quagga, Masson, Phil. Trans. Ixvi. p. 297.
Hippotigris quaclia (the Quagga of the Cape Colonists), H. Smith,
EquidcB, p. 330, t. 24.
Quagga, Shaw, Zool. ii. p. 240.
Quacha, Pe^m. Quad. i. p. 14.
Hah. Cape of Good Hope, on open plains.
? Young, stripes very indistinct. South Africa. Presented by W.
Burchell, Esq., LL.D.
Equus Isabellinus, Temni. MS. ; H. Smith, Equidc?.
2. AsiNus. 275
Hippotigris IsabelHiius (the Isabella Quagga), H. Smith, Eqmdce,
p. 332, t. 25.
Aue Isabelle, Le Vaillant.
Lesson places the Quagga with the true Horses, because the hair
extends nearer to the base of the tail, overlooking the warts and
other natural characters (Nov. Tab. R. A. p. 16(3, 1842).
The Quagga is found in herds near the Cape Colony.
Le Vaillant, as Col. Smith observes, only saw, and did not pos-
sess, the Ane Isahelle. The specimen in the British Museum de-
scribed and figured by Col. H. Smith was certainly only a young
Qiiagga in a very imperfect condition, having lost nearly the whole
of its fur before it was stuffed. It was presented by Dr. Burcheli
as the skin of a Quagga.
6. Asinus Burchellii. (The Peetsi or Peochi.) B.M.
Pale brown, underside of body whitish ; head, body, and upper
part of leg black-streaked ; tail, inside and lower part of leg white.
Hoof rather broad, only slightly concave beneath. Skull — sub-
orbital foramen as in E. hemionus.
Equus zebra, Burcheli, Travels, i. p. 139, vig. at p. 252.
Asinus Burclielli, Grm/, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 247, t. 9. f. 1 (animal), f. 2
(hoof), 1824; List 'Mamm. li. M. p. 183; Cat. Unyulata B. M.
p. 27(3.
Equus zebroides, Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 346; Nov. Tab. R. A.
p. 166, 1842.
Equus Burchellii, Bennett, List Ani7nals Zool. Gard. 1830, p. 40.
u. 62 ; Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. p. 432.
Equus zebra (male), F. Ciivier, Mus. Menag. t.
Equus montanus (the Dauw), F. C^ivier, Mamm. LHhoej. t. (female
and foal) (not Burcheli) ; Lesson, Mammiferes, i. p. 248.
Ilippotigris Burchellii (the Dauw), H. Stnith, Equidce, p. 329, t. 23
( ? & jun.).
Burchell's Zebra, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 5 ; Knight, Mm. Anim.
Nat. f. 481.
Striped or Bonte Quagga of the Cape Colonists, Harris, I. c. p. 7.
Peet-sey of the Mafahtdi and Bechuanas.
Dauw, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithoy. t.
Hab. South Africa, plains.
Var. Leg more or loss banded.
Equus Chapmani, Layard, P. Z. S. 1865, t. 22.
Hah. South Africa (Baines).
The skuU of a female from South Africa is in the British
Museum.
Found in herds in every district north of the Orange River. It
admits of being tamed to a certain extent with considerable facility,
and occasionally a half-domesticated specimen is exposed for sale in
Cape Town with a rider on its back : even in the most tractable
state to which it has yet been reduced, it is regarded as wicked,
treacherous, obstinate, and fickle. — //. >Smlth.
t2
276 EQUID^.
M. F. Cuvier has applied the Hottentot name for the true Zehra
to this sjiecies, and used for it the name E. montanus (which Burchell
gave to that animal), though it only inhabits the plains.
tt Hoofs narrow, deeply concave heneath ; ler/s cross-banded. Living on
the mountains.
7. Asinus zebra. (The Zebra.)
White ; head, body, and legs to the hoofs black-banded ; nose
reddish ; belly and inside of thighs not banded ; tail-end blackish.
Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath. Skull — suborbital foramen
as in E. hemionus.
Zebra indica, Aldrov. Solid, p. 416, fig. ; Rail, Syn. p. 64.
Equus indicus, Jonston, Quad. t. 5.
Equus brasUiensis, Jacob. Mi(s. Reg. p. .3, t. 2. f. 1.
Hippotigris, Dio Cass. Hist. 1. 77.
Equus zebra, Linn. S. iV. i. p. 101 ; Schreb. Saugeth. t. 316.
Asinus zebra, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 248, t. 9. f. 3 (hoofs); Cat.
Mamni. B. M. p." 183; Osteol. Spec. B. 31. p. 70; J. Brookes, 3Ius.
Cat. p. 20, 1828.
Zebre, Buffon, H. N. xii. 1. 12.
Zebra, Ray, Quad. p. 69 ; Penn. Quad. ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat.
f. 479, 508.
Sebra, Stuhb.
Hippotigris campestris, H. Smith, 3IS. I. c. p. 329.
Equus montanus, Burchell, Travels, i. pp. 139, 265, ii. p. 270 ; Harris,
W. A. Africa, i. 24. f. 1.
Male Zebra, Edwards, Glean, i. t. 222.
Wild Paard or Wild Horse of the Dutch Colonists, Burchell, Trav. ;
Harris, I. c. p. 7.
Wilder Esel, Kolbe.
Daow (or True Zebra) of the Cape Colonists, Harris, I. c. p. 7.
Zeura or Zuora, Lobo, Abyss, i. p. 291 ?
Wild Ass, Kolbe, Cape, ii. p. 112.
Var.? Hippotigris zebra (the Zebra), H. Smith, Equidee, p. 324,
t. 21.
Hippotigris antiquorum (the Congo Dauw or Zebra of Pigafetta),
H. Smith, Equida, p. 327.
Hippotigris antiquormu (Angola Dauw), H. Smith, Equidee, t. 21,
Sab. South Africa, mountains.
There is in the British Museum a skeleton from South Africa,
two skulls from South Africa, a skull of a male Mule between Zebra
and Ass, and the skull of a hybrid between Asinus zehra and Asinus
vulgaris, presented by the Zoological Society of London.
3Iules or Hybrids of tJie different species of Horses.
1. The Common Mule (the hybrid between the Ass and the
Mare).
Mulus, Rail Quad. p. 64.
Equus asinus mulus, Gmelin.
Equus mulus, Schreb. t. 214.
2. Asi^us. 277
Mule, Fe/inant.
(iraud mulet, Buffon, II. N. iv. t. 12.
INIaulthier, Bcchstfin.
Mule, Bewick, Hist. Quad. p. 16, fig. ; II. Smith, Equidce, p. 334.
Common Mule, //. Smith, Equidce, p. 344.
Grey Mule of Egypt and Barbary, //. Smith, Eqtiidee, p. 345.
Black Mule of South of France and Spain, H. Smith, Equidce, p. .^45.
The Dun-coloured Mules of Volterra (Italy), H.. Smith, Equidce,
p. 346.
2. The Hinny (the hybrid between the Horse and the she Ass).
Hinnus, Arist. H. A. i. c. 7.
Equus asinus hinnus, Gmelin.
Eqims hinnus, Schreb. t. 215.
Petit Mulet, Buffon, II. N. iv. t. 13.
Maulesel, Bechntein.
The Ilinny, H. Smith, Equidce, p. 346, t. 30.
3. Mule of a male Hemione and a female Zebra (Kuowsley Menag.
t. 57. f. 1). The shoulders and legs are banded. B.M.
An adult, bred at Knowsley, presented by the Earl of Derby.
4. Mule of a male Maltese Ass and a Zebra (Knowsley Menag.
t. 57. f. 2).
The body and legs are striped ; the stripes on the head and body
are narrow, except the shouldei"-cross, which is very distinct and
forked ; the rump is covered with small spots.
Ribbon-legged Ass (Asinus vulgaris, var. fasciata). Gray, Zool. Juurn.
i. p. 245.
An adult, bred at Windsor Park. B.M.
5. Mule between a male Ass and Zebra.
Grey indistinct cross, and a few narrow dark stripes on the shoul-
ders and fore legs ; tail elongate, end tufted, upper part slightly
banded ; ears moderate.
Mdtis femelle d'Ane et de Zebre, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Ltth. t. 2 ■
This is very different from the Mule with the Maltese Ass. It has
scarcely any stripes.
6. Mule between a male (?) Burchell's Zebra and a common Ass
(Knowsley Menag. t. 58. f. 1).
Grey, "with very indistinct bands on the front of the back ; a more
distinct, short, narrow cross band, divided into three below, and with
some black cross bands on the outside of the legs.
An adult. Used to draw in a tandem. Bred in the Zoological
Gardens. B.M.
7. Mule between a male domestic Ass and an Hemione (Knowsley
Menag. t. 58. f. 2).
It is very like the mother, but has a distinct black cross-band
and some indistinct cross bauds on the outside of the hocks and
knees.
278 LAMINUNGULA.
This animal was living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society.
It changes its colour and becomes greyer in winter, like its female
parent. I have seen another example of this Mule, exactly like the
one here described.
8. Mule between an Hemione and a Burchell's Zebra (Knowsley
Menag. t. 59. f. 1).
Reddish grey ; head, neck, and front part of the body with very
narrow, rather darker streaks.
9. The Hybrid Ass and Zebra (H. Smith, Equidse, p. 343, t. 28 ;
Mus. Paris, from F. Cuvier).
Quagga Mide, H. Smith, Eqiddte, p. 343, t. 29.
Zebra Donkey or Mule Zebras (bred between the two species of Zebra
and the Donkey), Bennett, List Anim. Zool. Gard. 1830, p. 13.
n. 63 & 43.
10. Mules between Male Quagga and Mare (Morton, Phil. Trans.
1821).
The Hybrid first foal of Brood Mare and Quagga, H. Smith, Equidcs,
p. 342, t. 26.
The Filly bearing marks of the Quagga, H. Smith, Equida, p. 342,
t. 25.
The Colt, the tbird issue of Brood Mare and the second by the Black
Ai-ab, H. Smith, Equidcp, p. 324, t. 27.
The Brood Mare and the third foal with marks of the Quagga, IT.
Smith, Equidce, p. 324, t. 14.
11. The offspring of a Mule (the produce of a male Ass and a
Zebra) with a bay mare Pony (Knowsley Menag. t. 59. f. 2).
Iron-grey ; with a short narrow cross band on withers, very faint
indications of stripes on the sides, and more distinct dark stripes on
outsides of the hocks and knees ; tail bushy from the base, like a
a horse's ; head heavy ; mane brown and grey.
This animal was used to di'aw a smaU cart about London. It
stood 8 hands high.
Suborder III. LAMINUNGULA.
Nose rounded, simple. Upper lip prehensile. Upper cut-
tiug-teetli elongate, produced, triangular, like tusks ; lower
normal, erect, three-lobed. Canines none or rudimentary.
Toes elongate, separate, applied to the ground the greater
part of their length, with nail-like hoofs.
Laminuugula, Illiger, Prodr. 1811.
HYRACID^. 279
Fam. 3. HYRACID^.
Nose blunt, without horns. Body covered with hair, with scat-
tered longer bristles. Toes rather elongate, blunt, with flat claws.
Tail short or none. Teeth 34 : incisors | . I ; canines § . § ; pre-
molars i . {; molars ^ . |.
ITjTax, Hermann.
Lipm-a, I//ir/er.
Hyracidse, Bonap. Prodr. Mmtol. ; Schinz, Syst. Mamm. p. 328 ;
Gray, Ann. 8c Mag. N, H. ser. 4. vol. i. p. 35, 1868.
The species of the Hyraces are well marked both externally and
anatomically ; but there is great confusion as to the names that have
been given to them in the systematic catalogues.
Prosper Alpinus, in his list of animals of Egypt and Arabia, indi-
cated a species of Hyrax under the name of Aynus JiUorum Israel,
which Shaw regarded as a large Jerboa ; but Bruce corrected this
error in his account of the Ashkoko.
PaUas described and figured the Cape species under the name of
Cavia capensls, and Buffon as the Marmotte du Cap. It is well
known to naturalists as Hyrax capeiuis.
Bruce notices a Hyrax ujider the name of Ashkoko, which he de-
scribed as colom-ed Hke a wild rabbit, with scattered black bristles
and white beneath. This wcU agrees with a Hyrax, now found in
Abyssinia, Dongola, and Upper Egyj^t, which is in the British Mu-
seiun. Bruce states that the animal is also found in Moimt Lebanon
and Arabia Petraja.
Schreber, who only knew the animal from Bruce's figure and de-
scription, applied to it the scientific name of Hyrax syriacus. The
Asiatic species is very like the African ; but I believe it is distinct ;
and in that case Schreber's name is not applicable to the African
animal to which Bruce gave the name of Ashkoko ('■ coloured like a
wild rabbit and white beneath"), and which has a yellow dorsal streak.
Capt. Harris, who collected animals in Abyssinia, sent home several
specimens of a large blackish Hyrax having a large black dorsal spot
•and grey beneath, which he says is called Ashkoko by the natives ;
but it can scarcelj- be the Ashkoko of Bruce, as it does not agree
with either his description or figure : perhaps this name is generic.
Hyrax is also c;illed Gike in Abyssinia, according to Salt.
Mr. Tristram informs us that the Hyrax in Palestine and Sinai is
called Weber, and Thofun in Southern Arabia. Bruce evidently
confounds these Hyraces together as one species.
Several zoologists have doubted whether the Ashkoko of Bruce
was distinct from Hyrax ca2)e)isis : no one can doubt the fact who
compares the two. But the large blackish animal which is also
found in Abyssinia, and called by the same name as Bruce applies to
his species, is so Uke the //. capoisis that it would be doubtful if it
280 HYKACID^E.
is a distinct species, if there were not such a difference in the skull.
Hemprich and Ehrenberg regard it as distinct, and call it H. habes-
sinlcus.
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, in the ' Symbolaj Physicse,' described
and characterized by their colours and osteological characters four
species of Hijrax, viz. : — 1. H. capensis, 2. H. syriaciis vel sinaiticus,
3. H. Jiabessinicus, 4. H.rujiceps vel dotufoUcus. They figure three;
for the dark animal figured with H, syriacus represents a young
Hyrax hahessinkus.
There is no specimen in the British Museum that has a red head,
although Prof. Ehrenberg called one of his species If. rujiceps ; but
I think that probably he gave that name to the species which we
received from Dr. Riippell as A. abyssinicus, and which I beUeve to
be the Ashkoko of Bruce.
There are specimens of four distinct species in the British Museum
that have a more or less distinct yellow dorsal streak ; and there is
another, discovered by Dr. Welwitsch. Pour came from Africa, and
one from Arabia in Asia. They differ fi-om each other in the tex-
ture and the general colour of the fur and of the hairs of which it
is composed. Most probably two of these are the species with yeUow
dorsal spots, characterized by Hemprich and Ehrenberg, viz. Hyrax
syriacus or sinaiticus of Asia, and H. rujiceps vel dongolicus of
Africa.
Two of these species have rather harsh rigid hairs.
Three specimens of the first were sent from upper Egypt by Mr.
James Burton. They are larger in size and much paler in colour
than the other species of the group, and very slightly punctulated
with black. They have the dorsal streak comparatively slightly
marked and of a pale colour, and the fur is short and close. There
is a single young specimen, received from a French collector as from
Senegal, very like those from Egypt, showing that this species has a
very wide distribution in Africa.
The second, of an iron-grey colour, was brought from Angola by
Dr. Welwitsch. Dr. Peters names it H. arboreus ; but it is quite
distinct from that species. I have called it H. WelwitscMi.
The other three species have very soft close fur ; and they differ
from one another in the colour of the fur and of the separate hairs.
The first, which I believe is the Ashkoko of Bruce, is very like a wild
rabbit in general colour, and is white below ; the hairs have a black •
sub terminal band and a yellow tip, which gives the fur a minutely
and closely punctulated appearance. The second is somewhat like
the former, and also said to come from Abyssinia ; but the fur is
jjale yeUow-grey, minutely and slightly varied with black hairs, biit
not punctulated, and the hairs have no subterminal band ; and the
underside is yellowish. The third, which is the species found in
Palestine and Arabia, is of a nearly uniform reddish-yellow colour,
and has longer and softer hairs of a nearly uniform colour.
Sir Andrew Smith, in the Trans. Linn. Soc, described a South-
African species under the name of H. arboreus ; and Mr. Eraser de-
scribed a West- African species under that of i/. dorsalis. Both these
ttl
UTRACID^. 281
species are distinguished by having a white dorsal spot. The type
specimen described by Mr. Fraser, and a young specimen received
from Sir Andrew Smith of his //. arhoreus, are in the British
Museum.
M. BlainviUe and other French zoologists have confoimded the H.
dorsalis of West Africa with the //. arhoreus of the Cape, which are
most distinct species, as proved by the types in the British Museum.
Dr. Peters described the H. arhoreus as found on the coast of Mo-
zambique and also in the interior at Tete.
The animals with the white dorsal spot have a very different skull
and teeth from the other species, which have a black or yellow dorsal
spot. Sir A. Smith observed the peculiarity of the teeth when he
described 11. arhoreus.
The colour-spots on the back consist of the hair that covers the
situation of a dorsal gland on the vertebral line, about halfway
between the shoulders and the pelvis.
In the species which have the hair yeUow or white the streak is
generally narrow and linear ; in the species in which the spot is
black it is generally broad and diffused. In some specimens of H.
sinaiticHS the yellow streak is deeper and brighter- coloured than in
others. It appears more marked in the younger and smaller speci-
mens in the British Museum than in the larger and older ones ; and
it is rather indistinct in the two skins which I believe may be H.
ruficeps from Abyssinia.
Professors Hemprich and Ehrenberg proposed to use the form of
the interparietal bone as a distinctive character for the species : thus
the}' described it as large and trigonal in H. capensls, small and
pentagonal in H. sijriacus, large and nearly tetragonal in B. rttficeps,
and large and semiorbicular in JI. hdhessiniciis.
M. de Blainville, in the ' Osteographie,' " Ongidigrades," figures
the hinder part of the skull of three species to show the interparietal
bone ; he figures it as elongate and subtriangular in H. si/riaciis,
large, broad, and roundish four-sided in H. capensis, and very broad
in H. riijiieps. The part figured as the interparietal in the last
species is the broad upper edge of the occipital bone.
Dr. G. V. Jaeger, who has several skulls from the Cape, collected
by Dr. Ludwig, and from North Africa by Dr. Heuglin, has written
an essay to show that the interparietal bone of the same species
varies much in form and size ; he figures ten varieties of it in H.
capensis and three in H. hahessinicus. He seems to have confounded
two species under the latter name ; for fig. 14 is evidently a Dendro-
hyrax, Dr. Jaeger having mistaken the broad upper edge of the
occipital bone for an interparietal : he also figures the interparietal
of a species sent from West Africa by Mr. Dieterle. which he names
H. siflvestris, which is also a DendroJn/ra.v ; but the inter])arietal is
of a very difierent shape from those of the two skulls of the West-
African D. dorsalis in the British Museum.
Dr. Jaeger shows that the interparietal is variable in shape in
Caria a</uti (Wiirib. naturw. Jahresb. ISOU, xvi. p. 158, t. 2).
There is considerable difference in the form of the bladcbone in
2i>2 HYRACIDJi.
the genera Hyrax and Dendrohyrax. In Hyrax (Nos. 7246, 724 (/,
& 724 li) it is elongate, half as long again aa broad, with a short,
broad process at the lower side of the condyle. In Dendrohyrax
(No. 1142 6) the bladebone is broad, irregular, four-fifths as broad
as long, with an elongate compressed process on the lower side of
the condjde ; the lower edge of the bone in Hyrax is sloping for
half its length, and then nearly straight ; in Dendrohyrax this edge
is arched from the condyle to the end, the broadest part being near
the middle of the lower edge (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. t. 3. f. 1 ; Blain-
ville, Osteogr. t. 3). The following are the measurements, in inches
and lines : —
Hyrax, Dendrohyrax,
72ib. 1142 b.
Length of upper edge 2 2 .... 1 9
„ lower edge 2 1 .... 1 7
Width at widest part 1 7 .... 1 6
Skulls with the teeth in change show the mUk and permanent
cutting-teeth at the same time, thus having four upper cutting-teeth,
A skull with teeth in this state is figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ii.
p. 135, t. 2. f. 5).
In most skulls there is a small hole on each side near the back
edge of the cutting-teeth, which Cuvier calls the frous incisifs (t. 2.
f. 2n) ; see also Jaeger, Wiir^b. naturw. Jahresb. 1860, xvi. t. 2.
f. 20 X, who regards it as the remainder of a deciduous second cut-
ting-tooth. This pit is less distinct and nearer the base of the
cutting- teeth in the skull of Dendrohyrax.
Professors Hemprich and Ehrenberg propose as a specific character
the length of the feet compared with the tibiae ; but this is difiicult
to observe in dried specimens or in set-up skeletons, as the length
of the feet must depend greatly on how the specimens are mounted.
It is the fashion with certain naturalists (as M. Claparede, for
example) to find fault with zoologists for describing specimens in
museums ; but, as far as mammalia are concerned, it is much more
difiicult to describe them from living specimens ; for then one cannot
observe their teeth and bones, or compare many specimens with one
another, and can rarely have the opportunity of compaiing several
species at the same time, — all much greater evils than not being
able to tell the sex &e. of the specimens contained in museums. I
must say that I think the accusation that " museums are a great
incubus to science " must have arisen from the naturalist making it
taking a very limited view of the subject. Museums may cause
some evil (what does not ?) ; but the advantages of a large collection
far exceed any evil I have ever experienced or can ever conceive to
arise from them.
The species may be thus arranged : —
1. Hthax.
a. Dorsal spot black . ... 1. Hyrax capensis. South Africa.
h. Dorsal spot yellow.
* Fur harsh 2. Hyrax Burtonii. North and West Africa.
3. Hyrax Wehiitschii. Angola.
1. HYRAX. 283
** Fur soft 4. Hyrax Brucei. Abj'ssinia.
5. Hi/ rax A/pin i. Abyssinia ?
G. Hijrax sinaiticus. Sinai.
7. Hyrax ferrugineus. Abyssinia.
8. Hyrax irrorata. Abyssinia.
9. Hyrax Bocayei. Angola.
2. EuHYHAX 1. Eiihyrax ahyssinicus. Abyssinia.
3. Dendbohyeax 1. Dendrohyrax dorsalis. West Afi'ica.
2. Dendroliyrax arhareus. South Africa, Tete.
3. Dendrohyrax BlainviUii. (Skull only.)
1. HYEAX.
Skiill with a distinct narrow sagittal crest on hinder part of crown
when adiilt ; nose short. Diastema short, not equal in length to
the outer sides of the fii'st three premolars ; grinders in an arched
line ; molars large, broad, square, much larger and broader than
the compressed premolars, the first one very compressed. Orbit in-
complete behind. Lower jaw very broad behind. Bladebone elongate
trigonal.
Skull — nose short ; forehead flat or rather convex below the orbit ;
orbit incomplete behind ; the lower jaw much dilated behind. The
diastema between the canines and the first premolar short, not so
long as the outer edges of the first three premolars. Lower cutting-
teeth elongate, narrow at the base, broader above, with three lobes ;
but the lobes are soon worn away, only leaving indistinct grooves
on the surface of the teeth. The lobes of the lower cutting-teeth
are distinct in the very young animals which have not yet cut their
premolars and last grinder. The upper cutting-teeth of the milk
series are roinided in fi'ont, broad and spathulate at the end ; those
of the adult series ax-e trigonal, with a strong central keel in front.
The grinders form an arched series ; the true grinders large, much
larger than the rather compressed premolars ; the first (permanent)
premolar (that is, the second in the series) small, compressed ; the
first premolar in the upper jaw of the milk series is triangular, with
three roots, the two hinder ones being close together.
Ilyi-ax, Gray, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 40.
De BlainviUe, in the ' Osteographie,' figures the skeleton and the
skull of a species of this genus under the name of Hijrax syriacus ;
but I am not able to detennine to which of the species of this genus
it belongs. H. syriacu.'i has almost a generic signification.
The skull in the British Museum (72.5 c) that agrees with De
Blainvillc's figure of the interparietal bone of H. syriacus is rather
larger and has the front upper premolar rather larger than the
skulls of II. cajiemis according with the same distinctive mark, viz.
724 b, 724 c, and 724 d, which were all received from the Zoological
Society without skins ; and the hinder openings to the nostrils are
more contracted in those named II. capcnsis than in H. syriacus.
De Blainville (Osteograph. t. 2) figures the skull of the very young
Hyrax ca^ensis as having all the four lower cutting-teeth three-lobed.
284 HYEACID^.
They are so in a young skull so named in the British Museum ; but
the lobes are much less distinct and narrower than in skulls of the
half-grown and adult H. dorscdis in the same collection ; and the
lobes of H. capensis evidently wear away much sooner than in the
Tree-Hyraces or Dendrohyrax.
The skulls named Hyi-ax capensis in the British Museum are
without skins, and therefore cannot be determined with certainty ;
they differ in the width of the forehead at the hinder edge of the
orbits being greater compared with the length of the skuU ; they
diifer considerably in the form of the flat space on the crown, even
the skulls of adult animals.
No. 725 c (of Gerrard's Catalogue). The front of the crown is
triangular, uniting into a very narrow sagittal crest level with a Una
over the condyles ; the teeth are very large, and the palate wide.
No. 724 h. Rather smaller and wider than 725 c, with the teeth
equally large and the palate wide ; but the crown is flat, wider in
front, becoming narrower and continued behind, and forming a
smooth space above.
Nos. 724 c and d are smaller than either 725 c or 724 h. The
teeth are very large, the nose is narrower and more compressed ;
and they diifer from both the above in the crown being wider and
forming a broad band to the occipital crest. In 724 d the crown is
only slightly broader in front, and more nearly of the same width
throughout its length. In 724 c it is quite as broad behind as in
724 d, but much wider in front.
The interparietal bones of these two skuUs are visible ; they are
nearly four-sided, and the width of the crown similar to, but not so
large as the interparietal bone figured by Blainville (Osteograph. t. 2)
as that of H. capensis.
There is the skull of a young animal, with the milk cutting-teeth,
developing the second true molar, in the British Museum (724^),
that has the interparietal similar to those of 724 c and d, but con-
siderably larger, though the skull is smaller, like the figure refeiTed
to in De Blainville.
The skeleton with a skull (724 e), in the British Museum, of a
young animal with milk cutting-teeth, has a subtriangular inter-
parietal, somewhat like that of H. Burtonii.
"in the British Museum there is the skull and skeleton of a very
young animal, received from the Zoological Gardens (No. 724 h),
which is pecidiar in having a very broad, half-oblong interparietal
bone occupying the hinder edge of the crown, with only the narrow
upper edge of the occipital bone behind it. The front edge of the
interparietal is regularly rounded, and the hinder one straight. The
orbit is incomplete. De Blainville figiires a skuU of a young spe-
cimen (Osteog. t. 2) as H. capensis which somewhat resembles this
skull. This skull, in the form of the interparietal, agrees with the
nearly adult skull of Dendrohyrax dorscdis (No. 1142 c); but we
have a skuU of a very young animal of that genus in the Museum
Collection which has the orbit complete and the upper part of the
occipital bone dilated. This skuU is so distinct from any other in
1. HYHAX. 285
the collection that I propose to designate it provisionally Hyrax
semidrnikiris.
The interparietal bone being on the edge of the occipital region
of the skull is a character (as well as the incomplete orbit) that
separates the skull of Hyrax from Dendrohi/rax, even in the
yoimgest state.
* Dorsal sjyot black, well marked. Africa.
1. Hyrax capensis. (The Klipdas.)
Fur black, minutely punetulated with white, with a black dorsal
streak.
Hyrax capensis, Schreh. Saugeth. p. 920, t. 240; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii.
pp. 127, 141, t. 1, 2, .3; Grai/, List Mamm. Brit. Mm. p. 187;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Brit. Mus. p. 283 ; Blainville, Osteograph. t. 2
(teeth & skuU) ; W. Read, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 13 ; Gray, Ann. Sj-
3Iag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 42.
Cavia capensis. Pallas, Misc. pp. 34, 35 ; Spicil. ii. p. 22, t. 2.
Marmotte du Cap, Bitffon, Suppl. iii. p. 177, t. 29.
Hub. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope (Dr. Aiulrew Smith).
Var. Dorsal streak indistinct. — Gray, I. c. p. 42.
Cape of Good Hope (Dr. Krauss). Skull and skeleton. B. M.
For anatomy, see Pallas, Miscell. I. c. ; Owen, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 202 ;
Martin, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 13 ; Murie, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 329. But I
am bj' no means sure that several species may not be confounded
under this name in these papers, as all the specimens formerly re-
ceived at the Zoological Gardens were called H. capeiisis.
** Dorsal streak yelloto, linear.
a. Fur harsh.
2. Hyrax Burtonii.
Fur rather harsh, pale yellow-grey, very slightly punetulated
with blackish ; dorsal streak small, yellow ; the hairs of the back
rather rigid, black or dark brown nearly the whole length, with a
moderate yellow tip ; imderside pale yellow ; interparietal bone half-
ovate, as long as broad.
Hyrax syriacus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.
Hyrax abyssinicus, J. Burton, MS. B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
p. 284.
Hyrax Burtonii, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 43.
Hab. North Africa, Egypt (James Burton, Esq.) : three speci-
mens and a skull in B. il. Senegal (Parzudaki) : a young specimen
in B.M.
The imperfect skull sent by Mr. James Burton from North Africa,
with the skins, which I have named IT. Burtonii (No. 725 b), is not
quite adult, as the hinder or third upper true molar is not quite de-
veloped. It is very like No. 724 c in size, form, and in the form of
286
IITRACrBJ2.
the crown ; but the notch left by the interparietal (for it is lost with
the hinder part of the skull) shows that that bone was of a half-oval
shape and rather longer than broad, being rather wider but not near
so long compared with its width as the interparietal figured as that
of H. si/riacus by De Blainville (Osteograph. t. 2). This skull differs
from those numbered 724 c and d in being higher behind when
placed on its upper grinders, and in the forehead being slightly more
convex in the middle below the orbit.
3. Hyrax Welwitschii.
Fur short, rather harsh, iron-grey-grizzled ; hairs of upper part
of the back black, with a large white subapical ring ; of the sides
dirty brown, with a white ring ; dorsal streak yellow, moderate.
Hyrax arboreus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 401 (not A. Smith).
Hyi-ax Welwitschii, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 43.
Hah. Rocky places on the shores of the river Maiomba, in the
district of Mossamedes {Welwiisch, I. c).
The adult skull of H. Wehvitschii, lent to me by Dr. Welwitsch,
differs from all the preceding in being considerably broader in pro-
portion to its length. The nose is compressed, the crown is flat to
the occipital ridge, wide in front, and gradually narrowing behind.
The interparietal bone (which is partly destroyed by a hole made to
extract the brain) is very small and nearly triangular ; the teeth are
large, and the palate rath«r narrow, compared with the other skulls.
The diastema is very short, not exceeding the length of the outer
side of the first two premolars. The shortness and width of this
skull at once separate it from the skulls of all the species of true
Hyrax that are in the Museum Collection. This species is only
known from a flat skin and a skuU collected by Dr. Welwitsch and
named by Dr. Peters as above.
Dr. Peters, in a note to me, observes, " I probably made a mistake,
and the Hyrax (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 401) with rather harsh
and short hair does not belong to H. arhoreus. Smith. It has, if I
am not mistaken, much shorter ears than H. arboreus ; and there-
fore I said the H. arboreus has much shorter ears than H. capensis,
which is not the case. Dr. Welwitsch's specimen resembles more
the H. habesshiicus of Ehrenberg in this respect, and may prove to
be identical with that species."
I may add that it differs from H. abyssinicus in the skull, the
short diastema, and the colour and nature of its fur. It is more
allied to H. Burtonii, but differs in the colour of the fur. It is very
difficult to state the size of the ears of the different species from
stuffed or dried skins.
Dr. Welwitsch says, " It always differs by its larger size from a
second species living in the interior of Angola." He probably refers
to the species received from the Lisbon Museum, which I have called
H. bocar/ei.
/
1. HTRATC. 287
b. Fur soft, close.
4. Hyrax Brucei.
Fur soft, close, yellow grey-brown, closely and minutely punctu-
lated with black ; underside white ; dorsal streak distinct, dark
reddish yellow ; hairs of the back soft, dark grey-brown to the
base, with a narrow subterminal blackish band and a yellow tip.
Skull — " interparietal bone oblong, longer than broad."
Ashkoko, Bntce's Travels, t.
Daman d'Israel, Buffon, Suppl. vi. p. 270, t. 24 (from Bruce).
Hyi-ax syriacus, Schreh. Sdui/eth. iv. t. 240. f. 1.3 (from Bruce) ; Blain-
ville, Osteoffraph. t. 2 (skull and teeth).
Ilyrax abyssinicus, Biippell, 3IS. B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
p. 284; Burton, MS. BM.
? Ilyrax ruficeps vel dongolanus, Ehrenherg, Sijmbohe Bhi/s. t. 2 (not
Blahimlle).
Hyiax Brucei, Graij, Ann. ^- 3faff. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 44.
Hah. Africa, Abyssinia {Dr. Riippell) : type in B. M. ? Dongola
(Ehrenberf/) : adult skull in B. M.
The name of //. syriacus cannot be retained for this species, as it
does not come from Syria.
Dr. Peters, in a note which he sent to me respecting Ehrenberg's
specimen in the Berlin Museum, observes, " His Ilyrax ruficeps is
hardly different from H. syriacus." By the second name which
Ehrenberg gives to this species it evidently came from Dongola in
Africa ; so it can scarcely be the H. sijinacus of Ehrenbei-g from
Mount Sinai.
5. Hyrax Alpini.
Fur very soft, rather long, pale yellowish brown, veiy slightly
washed with blackish ; hairs soft, of uniform length, blackish brown,
with yellow tips, and a few scattered black hairs ; hps, chin, throat,
chest, beUy, and inner sides of the limbs pale reddish yellow ; hairs
yellow to the base : crown and cheeks grizzled, with white tips to
the hairs ; hairs at the outer base of the ears yellow-white ; dorsal
spot small, reddish yellow.
Hyi-ax Alpini, Gray, Ann. 4" Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 45.
Hob. NorthiAflierinr, "Abyssinia (Leaclbeater) ."
There is only a single specimen of this species in the British Mu-
seum ; it was purchased in 1843, with the skin of a Capra nubiana,
from Mr. Leadbeater, who said they came from Abyssinia. The
special habitat may be doubtful ; but there is no doubt they were
from North Mrica, and probably from the borders of the Nile.
It agrees ■w^ith the H. Brucei of Abyssinia in the softness of the
fur, but differs from it in its general colour, not being closely punc-
tulatcd, and also in the separate hairs not ha^•ing any indication of
the subterminal black band that produces the punctulatcd appear-
ance of the fur of that species ; and the underside of the animal is
yellower. It differs also from H. sinaiticus in the general colour
288 HTRACID,E.
being much darker and slightly washed with black, and in the dark
colour of the hairs.
H. Burfonii, which we received from Mr. James Burton, with
specimens of Gapra nuhiana, is at once known from it by the rigid
harshness of the fur, as weU as by the colour of the hairs.
6. Hyrax siniaticus.
Fur rather long, soft, pale yellow-brown; dorsal streak bright
yellow ; head and front slightly puntulated with whitish ; chin,
throat, and underside of the body pale reddish grey. " Interparietal
bone small, pentagonal " (^Elir.).
Hyrax syriacus vel siniaticus, Hem}}. S,- Ehrenb. Symh. Phys. t. 2,
lower front figure (not Schreber).
Coney (H. syriacus), Tristram, Nat. Hid. Bible, p. 75 (not figured).
Uabr, Forsk. Fauna, p. 5.
Hyrax sinaiticus, Grray, Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 45.
Hah. Asia, Palestine (Tristram) : B. M. Arabia, Mount Sinai
(Ehrenherg).
There is a young specimen in the British Museum, that was pur-
chased at a sale with Capra nuhiana, which appears to belong to
this species ; it has the same long hair and fur, showing no sign of
the punctulation characteristic of the African species with a yellow
dorsal spot.
Mr. Tristram gives a good account of the habits and manners of
this animal in his interesting ' Natural History of the Bible,' pub-
lished by the Christian-Knowledge Society.
7. Hyrax ferrugineus. B.M.
Fur soft, rather short, close, iron-grey, minutely punctulated with
black and white ; hinder part of body and rump rusty brown ; hair
of the back short, blackish to the base, with short grey tips ; dorsal
spot small, pale yellow, hair of the spot light ycUow above and
black at the lower half of its length ; chin, throat, and belly greyish
white, hairs sparse.
Hah. Abyssinia (Jesse).
Skull — length 3-1- ; the crown with a broad flat space between
the temporal muscles ; teeth aU developed.
8. Hyrax irrorata. B.M.
Fur soft, elongate, blackish, punctulated vpith grey ; hair of the
back long, blackish grey at the base, with a broad pale whitish ring,
a broad black subterminal ring, and a well-marked white tip; chin,
throat, and belly white ; dorsal spot small, linear, pale yellow, hair
of the spot elongate, yeUow- white to the base.
Hah. Abyssinia (Jesse, " no. 1187 ").
SkuU with the back cut off.
Var. h(teof/aster (B.M.). The chin, throat, and belly yellowish : the
2. ETTHTKAX. 289
hair of the tail less black at the base, and the subapical band nar-
rower. Skidl perfect, otherwise like the preceding.
Hah. Abyssinia (Jesse).
A second specimen, purchased of Mr. Jesse with the former,
differs in the chin and underside of the body being yellowish, the
fur longer, and the dorsal spot smaller.
There is a specimen in the Eritish Museum, received by Brandt
of Hamburg as Hyixtx syriacus, said to be from Africa, that is veiy
like the specimens from Abyssinia above described.
It is probable that they belong to a distinct species ; but unfor-
tunately Mr. Jesse's animals were received without anj- notes as to
when and where they were obtained. I therefore wait for more
material, and simply describe them as a variety.
*** Dorsal streak linear, white.
9. Hyrax Bocagei. B.M.
Fur rather long, soft, pale grey ; hair of back pale grey, blackish
at the base, with a very narrow whitish subterminal band and minute
black tips ; nape paler ; chin, throat, and underside of body white ;
dorsal spot linear, white, hair white to the base. Ears grey, black
and naked at the tip.
Hah. Angola (Bocmje, from the Lisbon Museum).
Skull with a long and very narrow com2)ressed nose. Length
of skull 3yL. inches, width at back of orbit If inch.
Thei'c is an indistinct very narrow variety with black rings round
the upper part of the neck in front of the shoulders, formed by the
crowded tips of the hairs of this part ; but this may have been pro-
duced by the shrinking of the skin of the neck and the manner in
which the animal is stuffed. This specimen, which was called Hy-^.
rax arhoreus, is very distinct from all the other species of the genus
Hyra.v in the length and narrowness of the nose of the skull, and.
the whiteness of the dorsal streak.
2. EUKYRAX.
SkuU with a distinct narrow sagittal crest the whole length of the
crown when adult ; occipital not dilated above ; nose elongate, pro-
duced. Diastema elongate, longer than the length of the outer sides
of the first three premolars ; grinders in a nearly straight scries ;
molars scjuare, larger than the compressed premolars. Orbit iucom--
lilete behind.
Euhyrax, Gray, Ann. <§• 3Iay. X. H. ser. 4. i. p. 46.
The skull is very similar to that of Hyrax syriacus?, H. Brucei, Hi
Burtonii, and //. ciq^ensis in general form ; but the space betwcea
the upper cutting-teeth and the first premolar is nearlj- twice as long
as in those species. In the H. Brucei it is as long as the length of
the outer sides of the first thrco premolars and the half of the fourth
one ; in //. capensis it is only as long as the outer sides of the first
two premolars and onc-tliir<l of the tliird one. The grindei's are
V
290 HTRACID^.
large, the first upper one being compressed as in H. capensis ; but
they are all smaller, compared with the size of the skull, and are
placed in a straighter line, than they are in the skulls of the other
species named, and the inner sides of them are more nearly parallel, so
that the palate is scarcely -wider in the middle of the series of grinders
than it is at the front and hinder ends of them. Lower jaw dilated
behind. The bladebone elongate trigonal like that of Hyrax.
Mr. Gerrard, in his ' Catalogue of Bones of Mammalia in the
British Museum,' pointed out that there is a distinction in the ske-
leton between this species and H. capensis. He states that the spe-
cimen 724 a, in his Catalogue, " has twenty-two pairs of ribs, the
first of which are articulated to the last cervical vertebra, and five
sternal bones," the H. capensis, 724 b, in the same collection having
only twenty-one pairs of ribs and seven sternal bones. (See Cat.
Bones, p. 283.)
It is well worthy of observation that all these osteological charac-
ters exist in two species scarcely to be distinguished by their skins.
The skull of Euhyrax ahi/ssinicus is intermediate between Hyrax and
Dendrohyrax, but more aUied to Hyrax.
Euhyrax abyssinicus.
Fur blackish, minutely pmictulated with white, with a black
dorsal spot.
Hyrax habessynicus, Hemp. ^ Ehrenh. Si/ni. Phys. (specific charac-
ters).
Hyi'ax abyssinicus, Giehel, Mam. p. 213.
Hyrax syriacus, Hemp. S,- Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 2 (hinder figures
only).
Euhyrax abyssinicus, Gray, Ann. Sf May. N. H. i. p. 47,
Hah. Abyssinia, Ankober, Dec. 1847 (male and female) ; called
" Ashkoko " (Capt. Cormuallis Harris). B.M.
Ehrenberg describes the interparietal of H. capensis as trigonal,
and of H. habessiniciis as semiorbicular, and the space between the
canine and grinders of H. habessinicus as being longer than in H.
capensis ; he also says that the fur of H. capensis is soft, and of H.
hahessinicus more rigid ; but I cannot discover any appreciable dif-
ference in this respect between the Cape and the Abyssinian species.
The skuU of the adult Euhyrax abyssinicus, from the Abyssinian
skin, is larger than that of any species oi Hyrax, and nearly as large
as that of Dendrohyrax dorsalis ; it is narrow, and the smooth space
on the crown is linear, of nearly equal width from a line on a level
with the front of the condyles.
The second skull (from the skeleton 'No. 724 a) which I believe to
belong to this species has decayed grinders, having been kept in
confinement. It is very like the type specimen, but it is rather
shorter, and the hinder part of the crown or sagittal crest is nar-
rower. This skuU is exceedingly like the skuU figured with its ske-
leton under the name o{ Hyrax syriacus by M. de Blainville (Oste'o-
graph. t. 1 & 2). It differs from the figure a little in the form of
3. DENDROHTRAX. ' 291
the process of the lower jaw in front of the condyle; but in this
respect it uko differs from the type specimens of i^«;,^,:J 6 ylv^ ■
as in /;;'f ^'""'^ ''^ "i^l"^" "^^-^ "^' ^'- «-^Pit-l ^«- is nfrro;;
Dr. Peters has since the above was written, sent me thefollowino-
seum • ";; ;'/-f--r Ehrenberg's speeim'en in the Eel^IrM;;?
uie same as the H dorsahs. There is a figure of a you i-er sneci
men in his work ' Symbola, Physica.,' Mammalia, pi. 2^2^ toofther
diffeient from that of //. «y,ms/., ^. s>,nacus (rufirens), and //^«7
io..... The zygomatic arch is lower than on its^juict on with he
simr"" ''il\^.'^''r '°^^'^' b-^ ^'^^ teeth are sman
as 1 ff. arhoreus. The hair is harsh, black and grey ; and the hair
onhe belly is much shorter, greyish, sometimes yioVS, w5ho"t
S- *!'^,/^^5"?""«^'''^ "f Mossambique ') agrees pretty well with that of
H.hahessmicm and with another skull sent by Heuglin from ibrs
^h'^^.J^^-^' '-- ^''^ «P-- could b^^Zb^JS
//. oJi/ssmi'ms cannot be //. *„■„;,>, ,,., ,1,5 f„r„„ i . , ,.
^peci*: '"""' " ""■"' "'"■»' ''»'■ '■'■"■" ■' ->' ---S i" Mh
3. DENDEOHYEAX.
m„f,f S ■ f "; "'"' "^'"■'•f "f «'« »™e form, the front nro-
Deudrohyrax, r?;-«y, .-/„,,. ,5. i»/„,/. J^:. j/ ,,pj. 4 j ^ ^g
Nose rather produced; forehead flat; temporal muscles mnr^or.^.
separated in the adult skuU by a broad flat ^ciwi^ itu ^t d^^!
of the occipital bone thick, broad, forming part of the crown lowe
jaw broad, rounded beliiud. Lower cutting-teeth n odeiTtclV W
ra her contracted at the base ; upper edgc^Ulated d di vk d , iS
hree nearly square, rather spathulate lobes. The lower cu ti^?„
teeth are rather elongated in the older animal, but never so W ind
slender at the base as in the true IL/raas. The upner cuttiu ""t. «
si>a hulatc at the end. The canine of the adult series is trio-onal
vnh the keel in the front as in the true Horaces. Tlie d a^Sa
betM-eou the eanine and the first premolar, in the adult skuls
elongate, as long as the outer margin of the three premolar The
g nders form a very slightly arched series. Tlie true gri iVrs n
crate, not much larger than tlie broad square premolar^. The fit
permanent premolar nearly as large as the second one
L- 2
292 nYRACIDJE.
The skull of Dcndrohyrax dorsalis may be known from those of
Hymx and EuJii/rax, in the youngest state, by the large size of the
half-oblong interparietal bone, which is nearly twice as wide as
long. In the nearly adult skull it occupies the whole space of the
hinder part of the crown. The skull of this genus is also peculiar
for the upper part of the occipital bone being produced and ex-
panded, and forming the hinder part of the crown, the hinder edge
of the flattened part being keeled and sharply produced in the
centre.
There is the skull, with only a few teeth, of a very young animal
iu the British Museum (No. 724/) that agrees with the skull just
described iu having the upper part of the occipital bone broad and
forming part of the crown, and in having complete orbits. It also
has a very large, broad, transverse interparietal bone, nearly as wide
as the convex crown of the skull ; but this is four-sided, and twice
as wide as high, as if formed of two squares united in the middle ;
the outer sides of the bone are rather angular in the middle. I
suspect this is the young animal of D. dorsalis.
a. Orbit complete. Dendrohyrax. — Grai/, I. c. p. 49.
1. Dendrohyrax dorsalis. B.M.
Fur rigid, bristly, blackish ; dorsal spot e'longate, pure white.
Young — fur soft, silky, reddish brown ; back with a broad dorsal
streak,
Hyrax dorsalis, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1852, p. 99 ; Verreaux, Cat.
Hyrax abj'ssinicus, Read, MS. Mus. Zool. Soc. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 284 (no. 72oa).
Hyrax arboreus, Blainv. Osteugr. t. 2 (skull and teeth; not .4. Smith) ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 284.
Dendrohyrax dorsalis, Gray, Ann. ^ Mac/. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 49.
Hah. West Africa ( Verreaiuv) ; Fernando Po (Fraser) ; Ashantee
(Bead).
There are two adult skulls of this species in the British Museum
■ — one obtained from Fernando Po, and the other received from Mr.
James Read, who obtained it from the cap of an Ashantee negro. In
both the forehead is flat, rather concave between the orbits, and the
orbits have a complete bony ring ; they both agree exactly with the
figure of the skull of //. arboreus in De Blainville's ' Osteographie,'
and with the skull without a lower jaw in the British Museum.
There are the skeleton and skull of a young specimen in the
British Museum, purchased from Mr. Jamrach ; and this skuU
agrees with the two adult ones in the concavity of the forehead
over the orbits and the complete bony rings to the orbits.
2. Dendrohyrax arboreus. (The Boomdas.) B.M,
" Fur reddish fulvous, varied with black ; sides reddish white
mixed with black ; underside and inner sides of limbs whitish ;
3. DENDROnYRAX. 293
with a central white dorsal streak." — A. Smith. Young — fur very-
soft, long, abundant, dark black-grey, varied with paler grey ; lips,
chin, throat, underside of body, and inner sides of limbs white.
Skull ?
Hyrax arboreus, A. Smith, Linn. Trans, xv. p. 468 ; Peters, Mossamb.
p. 182 ? (not Blainville) ; Kirk, P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 656 ?
Dendrohyrax arboreus, Gray, Ann. ^- Mag. N. II. ser. 4. i. p. 49.
Hah. South Africa {A. Smith): a young specimen with milk-
canines. South Africa, from Sir Andrew Smith. Mossambique, Tetc
{Peters, Kirk).
There is no adult sjiecimen of this species in the British Museum ;
there is a young specimen, with the milk-teeth, received from Sir
Andrew Smith, the original describer of the species. It is so dif-
ferent from the j'oung specimen of the West-African species received
from M. Verreaux, which agrees with the adult tropical species de-
sciibed by Mr. Fraser, in the British-Museum collection, that there
can be no doubt that the South- and West- African species are dis-
tinct, though the French zoologists and osteologists have confounded
them.
The young specimen is at once known from the young of D. dor-
salis by the paler colour of the fur, the want of the dark dorsal
streak, and the whiteness of the under surface.
Dr. Peters, in his ' Mammalia of Mossambique,' says that D.
arboreus is the only species of Hyrax he found in Mozambique. It
occurs near the capital of Mozambique, on the coast, and at Tete in
the interior, where it is called Mbira.
It would be intei'esting to know if this is the same as //. dorsuJis.
as the latter occurs at Ashantee.
Common on rockj- hillsides, living in colonies. Caught by spring-
traps ; flesh good to eat (Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864).
Dr. Peters, in a note to me respecting the Hi/races mentioned in
his ' Mammalia of Mossambique,' observes, " It may be that there
arc two species of Hyrax in Mossambique — one on the coast, and
the other in the interior. From the coast I oidy got a female spe-
cimen : the skull of this species shows small grinders compared with
those of H. syriacus, and seven in number." See further observa-
tions on this skull under Euhyra.v ahyssinicus. " The other spe-
cimen from the interior, the Camera Hills near Tete, agrees perfectly
■w'ith the //. arboreus from the Cape." This species is easily to be
distinguished by its soft fur and want of rusty colour ; the hairs of
the underside are wliite, and brownish grey at the base.
b. Orbit incomplete. IleterohjTax. — Gray, I. c. p. 50.
3. Dendrohyrax Blainvillii.
Dt'iulrohyrax I'lainvillii, Gray, I. c. p. 50.
An adult skuU in the British Museum (Xo. 724 e), without its
lower jaw, was received from the Zoological Society without any
habitat or history attached to it. It has small, more cquid-sized
294
HYEACIBiE.
K/
molars and premolars, in a nearly straight line, and the great length
of the diastema which is so cliaracteristic of this section of the
genus. It may be the skull of the D. arhoreus of South Africa. It
diiFers fi-om the skull of D. dorsalis in being small, in the forehead
being convex in the centre between the orbits, and in the orbits
being incomplete behind. It has the alveoli of the upper cutting-
teeth each raised into a cup round the base of the tooth ; but this
may be only an individual jieculiarity.
This skull has all the characters of the genus Dendrolujrcuv, ex-
cept that the orbit is incomplete behind. I think that it indicates
a new group, to which the name Heteroliyrax may be given. The
skull is much smaller and the tooth-line much shorter than in D.
dorsalis ; and I propose to name it ])vovisionaI\.j IleleroJiy rax Bhi'm-
vilUi. The skull which M. de Blainville figures as that of Hyrax
rufipes (Osteograph. t. 2) exactly represents the hinder part of that
in the Museum. It cannot be the H. rujiceps of Ehrenberg.
Dr. G. V. Jaeger figured, under the name of Hyrax hahessinkus
(t. 2. f. 14), the upper part of the skull of a Dendrohyrax obtained
from Gondar by Dr. von Heuglin. Dr. Jaeger, by mistake, figures
the upper edge of the occipital for the interparietal. This skull is
interesting as showing that the genus is found in Abyssinia.
Dr. G. V. Jaeger also figures the back of the skuU and interparietal
bone of a species he calls Hyrax sllvestris, collected in West Africa
by the missionary Dieterle. It is probably a Dendrohyrax. The
hinder part of the figure is the upper edge of the occipital. The
interparietal is urn-shaped, broader in front and contracted behind,
very unlike that found in the skulls of either of the two species in
the British Museum, and especially diff'ering from D. dorsalis of
West Africa ; so it may be a new species of the genus, Dendrohyrax
Sllvestris (Wiirkb. naturw. Jahresb. xvi. p. 162, t. 2. f. 15).
The Measur
ements of the
SIrulls, in inc
Jies a
ndl
'nes.
i
•s
IS
i5
t
B
s
■■o
IS
c5"
c
•s-2.
Is
3
.1
Length of skull
„ tooth-line.
Width, at centre of]
zygoma, of fore- >
head J
Width at back end of \
orbit /
Width of band at]
middle of crown >
oTer condyles ... J
Width of nose
„ at outer edge ]
of tooth-line, at ^
first molar J
Widtli of palate at),
first molar S
4 0
1 6
1 7
0 3
0 7
1 3
0 7i
3 7
1 4i
2 0|
1 6
0 2
0 7
1 2
0 7^
3 6
1 6
2 01
1 6
0 01
0 8
1 4
0 8
3 6
1 6
2 1
1 6
0 6
0 7
1 2
0 7
3 2
1 4
1 9
1 3
0 6
0 6
1 1
0 6
2 11
1 2
1 ei
1 3
0 7
0 5|
1 01
0 7
1 8
121
0 61
0 7
1 0
0 61
3 2
1 8
2 0
1 6
0 8
0 61
1 01
0 61
2 7i
1 7
1 2
0 6
0 101
0 6
2 2i
1 3
1 0
0 5
0 9
4 0
1 7
2 3
1 9
0 9
0 81
121
0 9
3 4
110
1 ^
1 0
0 7
1 0
0 8
2 1
1 21
1 0
0 5
3 4
1 21
1 U
1 51
0 10
0 7
0 Hi
0 6
EnixocEROTiD.!:. 295
Suborder IV. NASICORNIA.
Nose rounded, witli one or two liorns, on a central line,
formed of agglutinated hair. Upper lip prehensile. Cutting-
teeth of upper jaw rudimentary or wanting, of lower jaw un-
equal, shelving; outer one elongate, projeeting; central ones
cyliiulrical, deciduous. Toes 3 . 3, nearly of same length,
radiating, more or less free, all i-eachiug the ground.
Nasicomia, Illiger, Prodr. 1811.
Fam. 4. RHINOCEROTID^.
Nose simple, with one or two horns on the central line. Upper
lip subpreheusile. Toes three or iSve, united into a broad clavate
foot, each with a separate broad nail-like hoof. Teeth : — Incisors
variable or wanting, C. ^ . ^, P.M. | . f , M. | . |, =28. Molar teeth
with distinct roots.
Rhinocerina, Grai/, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 186,
Rliinoceroten, Giehel, Sdugeth. p. 191.
Ehinoceratidte, Owen, Odont. p. 587 ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 332,
1845.
Rhinoceratina, Bonap. Prodr. Mast. p. 1 1 ; Gray, Ann. Phil. 1828.
Rhinocerosidise, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1858.
Rhmocerotidas, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1005.
St/nojysis of the Genera.
I. The skin divided into .^hield^ by well-marked folds. Skull icith the inter-
maxillary free, elongate; upper cutting-teeth long; nasal bones produced,
conical. Asiatic Rliinocerotes.
1. llniNOCEROs. Horn single, anterior. Lumbar and neck-folds
of the skin weU developed. Part of the occipital bone, near
the occipital condyle, and the condjdes themselves prominent.
2. Ceratorhinus. Horns two, one behind the other. Lumbar
and neck-folds of the skin rudimentaiy. Occipital end of the
skull flat. Condyle not prominent.
II. Skin uniform, not divided into sJiields. Honis two. Skidl — internasal
cartilaginous ; intermaxillary free, very small; upper cutting-teeth
none ; nasal bones broad, rouiuled. African Rbinocerotes.
3. Hhinaster. Head short, compressed ; upper lip with a cen-
tral prominence. Skull short beliind ; occiput erect ; nasal
bones rounded in front; lower jaw thick in front; grinders
small, in arched series.
4. CERATOTUERira. Hoad elongate, truncated ; upper lip square.
Skull elongate and produced behind ; occiput erect, produced
above ; nasal bones broad, convex, truncated and sharp-
296 KHINOCEEOTID.E.
edged in front ; lower jaw tapering in front ; grinders large,
in straight lines.
III. Skin uniform, not divided into shields. Horn single. SkuU— inter-
nasal bony ; nasal, internasal, and intermaxillary all united into one
mass. Asia and Europe.
5. CCELODONTA.
The Rhinocerotes of Asia and Africa are known by the conforma-
tion of their jaws. The African species are easily distingnished by
the form of the head and of their nose-horns. The species of Asia,
on the other hand, are very difficult to separate from each other by
any external character, and are only to be characterized by the form
of their skulls and the locality which they inhabit, each zoological
district having a peculiar species ; and very probably there are yet
species to be described, as the Rhinoceroses of China, of Beloochis-
tan, and other countries which have not been examined by zoologists.
The British Museum contains a good series of preserved specimens
of this family, and a large series of skeletons, skulls, and horns ;
and there is also a very rich collection of skulls from different loca-
lities in the Museum of the Royal CoUege of Surgeons,- — the two
collections affording good materials for the revision of the species of
this group. I have to thank the Council of the College of Surgeons,
and Mr. Flower, the energetic Curator of their Museum, for their
kindness in allowing nie to examine the skulls' in their collection.
In the British Museum there are specimens of five species, viz.
one R. unicornis and two R. javanicus from Asia, and four specimens
from Africa (viz. two R. hicornis, one R. simus, and one R. Iritha),
the three latter species being the animals that were collected and
preserved under the superintendence of Sir Andi-ew Smith.
The Indian species (R. unicornis) has been ofteii figured from
life, amongst others by Dr. Parsons, in the ' Phil. Trans.' 1742,
1743, t. 1, 2 ; R. sumatranus by Mr. BeU from life in the ' Philoso-
phical Transactions;' and R. jamnicus, hj Dr. 'Korsiield; and the
two latter also by Solomon Miiller, in his ' Verhandlung,' who gives
good figures of the adult and young.
Thi-ee African species have been well figured by Dr. Andrew
Smith, in his ' Illustrations of the animals of South Africa.' and two
of them by Capt. CornwaUis Harris, in his ' Portraits of the Wild
Animals of South Africa,' t. 16 ife 19 ; so that the external appear-
ances of these animals are well known.
The osteology of the species has been well represented by Camper,
by Pallas (in 'Nov. Com. Petrop.' 1777), by Cuvier (in the second
voliime of his ' Ossemens Fossiles '), and further illustrated in De
Blainville's valuable ' Osteographie.'
In the British Museum there are three skeletons and ten skulls
of the Asiatic species, and a sheleton and four skulls of the African
Rhinocerotes.
The osteological collection in the British Museum is quite a
modern creation, and has been made under great difficulties and with
KnlNOCEROTID^. 297
very limited funds. The Trustees at first objected to have any skulls
or other bones ; but it was proved to them that mammalia and other
vertebrates could not be stuthed without a collection of skuUs. The
fact was, one of the Trustees, Sir R. Inglis, was also a Trustee of the
Hunterian CoDection (certainly offices that are not incompatible with
each other ; for my uncle, Dr. E. W. Gray, one of my predecessors
in my present office, was, on the purchase of the Hunterian Col-
lection, named one of the Trustees) ; and he stated to me that he
was urged to prevent the collection of ostcological specimens in the
Uritish Museum, as being a rival and injurious to the collection at
the College of Surgeons. The difficulty was to a groat extent re-
moved when Mr. Eryau Hodgson offered the Museum his very large
collection of skins and skeletons from the Himalayas, which were to
be accepted together or declined together. Since that time the col-
lection has rapidly increased, and, though it was much depreciated
by Professor Owen in his evidence before the Eoyal Commissioners
on the affairs of the British Museum, was then, and I behove is now,
the best-determined and largest ostcological collection in Europe.
As to the rivalry, if any exists, it is to the benefit of both collec-
tions, for it is conducive to the activity of the Curator of each ; but
I have always felt, and the present Curator of the Museum of the
College of Surgeons believes, that they are able greatly to assist each
other. I only know that I take almost as much interest in the col-
lection of the College as in that under my own care.
In the British Museum there is a skull belonging to the Indian
one-horned type ; it is the skull of a yoi;ng animal with premolars
of the milk series and the first permanent grinder appearing. It is
considerably larger than the skuEs of the Indian species of the same
age, and therefore inchcates a species fully as large as that animal.
The skull is so cHff"erent from that species in its compressed form
and proportions that there can be no doubt that it belongs to a veiy
distinct species, which has not before been observed. There are also
two skulls from Borneo, which belong to a distinct and hitherto
undescribed species.
The Museum of the College of Surgeons contains two skeletons
and thirteen skulls of the Asiatic and three skulls of the African
Rhinocerotes. One of these skulls is very interesting ; it belongs to
the one-horned Inchan group, and is much like that of li. miicorms
in general characters. It is an adult skidl, with aU the permanent
teeth ; and it is so much smaller than the skull of the adult or even
a half-grown animal of that species, that it inchcates an animal not
more than half, or perhaps one-third, of the size of the common
Indian Rhinoceros.
There are generally one or more skulls of the animals of the genus
to be seen in tlie larger local museums, as, for example, at Man-
chester, Leeds, and York. If these skulls could be collected together
and compared, they woidd form a most interesting collection for
study ; iinfortunately they are generally 'without any certain history
as to habitat &c.
Cuvier, in his essay above cpiotcd, has given an excellent resume
29S EHIN0CEKOTID.E.
of the history of the former knowledge of the animals ; and I have
only to observe that he did not discover that the skiill figured by
Camper, which he copied (t. 2. f. 7) and regarded as the skull of
the adult Rhinoceros biconiis, is the skull of the liJtinoceros keitha.
He mentions li. slmits as a distinct species, from M. de Blainville's
note on the animal (from Mr. Burchell's MS.) in the ' Journal de
Physique.'
The horns of these animals attracted the attention of Dr. Parsons,
who figured several of them in a paper in the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions' for 1742 and 1743, among the rest the horns of some
African sjjecies, which have, since Cuvier's time, been determined,
chiefly by the form of the horn, to be distinct species. Some of
these horns are still in the British Museum.
t. 3. f. 4, 5. Rhinoceros bicornis, in B. M..
t. 3. f. 6. Hhinoceros simns, in B. M.
t. 3. f. 7. Rhinoceros OsweUii, in B. M.
t. 3. f. 8, 9. Rhinoceros Tceitloa ?
In the British Museum and in the Museum of the College of
Surgeons there is a large series of the horns of both the Asiatic and
African species.
I. The Asiatic Rhinocehotes. Skin divided into shields, separated by
distinct folds. Nose-horn single, or with a small second hinder one ;
•nasal hones produced, conical, acute ; intei-nasals cartilaginous ; inter-
maxillary well developed, free ; vpper cutting-teeth two, compi-essed,
well developed. Lotver jaw attenuated in front, with a straight loiuer
edge. Teeth 3i -.-I. i . ^ C. f.f P-M.^.^. .1/. |.f.— Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1006.
Rhinoceros, § 2, Giehel, p. 205.
Eliinoceros, Gray, List, of Ma mm. B. M. 1840.
llliiuoci^ros munis de dents iucisives, C'uvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 89.
The British Museum has a series of skuUs of the four Asiatic
species, showing the form of the skull in the different ages of the
animal, from the just born to the adult or senile state.
There is a considerable difference in the form of the skull between
the species which has one and that which has two horns, especially
in the form of the occipital end of the skuU and in the size of the
occipital condyles. The difference is well represented in Bell's
figure of the skuU of the Sumatran animal.
I at first had a difficulty in distinguishing the difference between
the skuUs of the Javan and Sumatran species ; but this arose from
the British Museum having received from the Leyden Museum,
through Mr. Franks, a skeleton of the Javan species under the name
of R. sumatranus. But when I received a skuU. of the two-horned
species from Pegu, the mistake in the name of the skeleton was soon
discovered.
Some of the specimens of skulls of R. unicornis and R.javanicus
in the British Museum have the foramen in the front of the orbit over
ItniNOCEKOTIDJi.
299
the front and others over the hinder edge of the second premolar.
In both the specimens of 2i. sumutmnus it is over the back edge of
the first preraohir.
The first premohxr in the three adult specimens of E. unicornis
is smaller than the same tooth in li. jacanicus, and appears to be
earlier shed ; for in two of the skuUs it has entirely disappeared with
the alveolus that contained it, and in the other one the tooth is there,
but it is nearly rootless and the alveolus is nearly absoi'bed.
The two large lateral lower cutting-teeth have a sharply keeled
inner edge ; but the teeth often wear almost entirely away, so that
this form is lost.
The grinders of the milk or first series have much larger and more
equal folds on the outer side than those of the permanent set ; in
the latter the front fold is linear and near the front margin of the
tooth.
The teeth in some specimens appear to be rather smaller than in
others ; but there is a difference in the comparative size of the teeth
with regard to each other in the series.
As to presence or absence the small central lower incisor teeth seem
to be liable to considerable variation. In one adidt skull from India
there are two incisor teeth ; and in another there are two holes, but
they are crowded together and are closing up.
In three specimens of li. javanicus there are no central lower in-
cisor teeth, nor space for them ; between the two large ones in the
two other skulls, which are from younger animals, the central lower
incisor teeth are well developed and cylindiical, being much the
largest in the smaller and younger specimen.
The lachrymal bone varies in the difi"erent species, and is very
characteristic. In R. javanicus and li. nasalis it is large, roimdish,
nearly as wide as high. In R. unicornis and 11. stenocqjJialus it is
narrow, oblong, erect, about twice as high as wide. In Ceratarhinits
gumatranus it is very large, rather irregular-shaped, forming a con-
siderable part of the cheeks of the skull. It differs a little in size
and form in the specimens of the same species, but retains its general
and distinctive forms.
There is a considerable variation in the size and form of the cavity
under the zygomatic arch in the skulls that appear to belong to the
same species. Thus in the four specimens of R. unicornis, which
are nearly adult, two of them have the cavity short and broad, and
two long and narrow. The same may be observed in the skulls of
R.javanicits and R. nasalis. The aperture is widest, compared with
its length, in the oldest specimens. This may probably be a sexual
distinction ; one of the skulls with a short wide opening is known
to have belonged to a male. The size and form of the cavity is, no
doubt, greatly influenced by the age of the animal. The masseter
muscle becomes thicker and shorter as the animal increases in age,
the transverse width of the skull under the muscles becoming less
as the animal becomes more aged (see some measm-ements, showing
the fact, under R. javanicus). The same is shown to be the case in
the series of skuUs of R. unicornis.
300 RHINOCEEOTID^.
Mr. Edward Blyth has published a memoir on the living Asiatic
species of Rhinoceros, with figures of some of the skulls in the Mu-
seum of the Society, which may be consulted with advantage (see
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxxi. 18G2, p. 151) ; but
unfortunately I have not had the opportunity of comparing the skulls
with those in the London collections : —
Rhinoceros indicus : narrow typo of skuU, t. 1. f. 1, t. 2. f. 1.
li. sondaicus: broad type of skull, t. 1. f. 2, t. 2. f. 2, from the
Bengal Sundarbans and Tenasserim ; t. 1. f. 3, t. 2. f. 3, aged, from
Java.
M. sumatranus, t. 3. f. 1, 2 (male), t. 3. f. 3 (female).
R. sumatranus, Tavoy, t. 4, f. 1-4.
The figures are from photographs, and they show the form of the
occipiit in the three species, confii'ming the fact that the occiput of
the two-horned species is always flat and erect.
1. RHINOCEROS.
Skin divided into distinct shields by deep folds. Lumbar fold
well marked, and extending from the groin to the back. Horn one,
short, conical. Upper Hp with a central prominence. Skull : — fore-
head broad, flat, or only slightly rounded ; the occipital end shelving
from the occipital condyle to the occipital crest ; the occipital con-
dyles lai'ge, oblong, very prominent ; lachrymal bone moderate.
The skulls of the larger number of species of this genus have the
forehead and the upper surface of the nose flattened ; this is seen in
the living animal. But one species, of which there is only a single
skull of a young animal in the British Museum, has the forehead
and nose subcyKndrical (that is, high on the central line and arched
on the sides), as is the case with the Sumatrau and the African
Rhinoceroses. This character, I have no doubt, is equally visible in
the living animal.
A. Forehead and nose behind the horn flat.
Nose square on the sides above; nasal short R.javamcus.
Nose shelving on the sides above ; upper jaw slightly contracted
before the grinders.
Nasal broad, elongate R. unicornis.
Nasal narrow, short li. nasalis.
Upper jaw much contracted before the grinders; nasal narrow,
short R. Floiveri.
B. Forehead and nose subcylindrical, shelving on the sides above ; nasal
elongate R, stenocephalus.
A. The forehead and the nose behind the base of the hoi-n fiat, both in the
living animal and skull. Eurhinoceros. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1009.
* Upper jaiv slightly contracted in front of the grinders.
1. Rhinoceros javanicus. (Javan Rhinoceros.) B.M.
Skull broad ; forehead behind the horn broad, flat, or sHghtly
1. RTIINOCEUOS. 301
concave, ohscurely keeled on the sides near base of horn ; intcnnax-
illary bone elongate, slender, straight, without an)- upper process ;
lachrymal bone roundish, nearly as wide as high ; nasal bones not
quite two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown.
Rhinoceros javanicus, F. Cm\ et Geoff. Mam. Lith.; Gray, Cat.
Maiiuii. B. M. j/Holoin. Mii/ler, Verk. t. 33 ( cj 2 ) : Grai/, P. Z. S.
1SG7, p. 1009. V
llhinoceros javanusS^««c. Osteogr. t. 1 (skeleton), t. 2 (skull, adult
aud jun.), t. 7 (teetlT^
llhinoceros soodaicu^^fll, unicorne de Java), Ciivier, Oss. Fo.^s. ii.
p. 33, t. 14. f. 2 (skull), t. 17, 18 (skeleton) ; Hojles, Trans. Linn.
Soc. xiii. ; Horsf. Zuol. Java, t. . (animal) ; Bh/th, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1802, p. 151, 1. 1. f. 2, 3, t. 2. if. 2, 3 (skidl ?). i^aj-.ljj'i
Hah. Java. Skull of type from Mus. Leyden. /
In the British Museum there are three skulls belonging to this
species : —
1. A skeleton of an adult animal with a skull, purchased from the
Leyden Museum, from Java.
2. An adult skull, received from the Zoological Society.
3. A skeleton with the skull of a half-grown animal, received
from the J^eyden Museum through M. Franks as li. Sumatra nus, from
Sumatra. The skull agrees in all particulars, especially in the form
of the occiput and the concavity and breadth of the forehead and
nose, with the adult skidl oi R. javanicus from Java ; so that there
must have been some mistake in the name and habitat ; perhaps the
wrong skeleton was sent.
There is also an adult skuU which has had the nasal bone cut off
(722 7(), which was received from the Zoological Society under the
name of li. unicornis ; but I have little doubt it is a Ii. javanicus,
perhaps from Sir Stamford Eaffles.
In the oldest skidl (723 c?) the apertiire under the zygoma is
3 inches 7 lines wide in the widest part, and 4 inches 9 lines long.
In the adult skull (723 «) the aperture is 3 inches wide and G inches
1 hue long. In the skull of the young specimen (723 c) the aperture
is 2 inches 2 Hues wide, and 4 inches 7 lines long. The greater
width is produced by the skull under the zygoma becoming so much
narrower as the animal becomes aged. In 723 d this part is only
4 inches 7 lines, and in 723 « it is 5 inches 9 lines wide.
In the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons there are Jive
skuUs that appear to belong to this species, but one or two of
them are in a bad condition (nos. 2970 and 2971, the rest are not
numbered).
Camper, who paid great attention to this species of Rhinoceros, in
a letter to Pallas, printed in the ' Xeue nord. Beytriige ' (vii. p. 249),
first pointed out that there were two Asiatic one-horned Rhinocerotes
with upper incisors. His s])ccimen, by the misfortunes of war, fell
into the hands of Cuvicr, and was described by him in the ' Ossemens
Fossiles ' (ii. p. 26). Cuder regards the height of the occipital arch
and the want of the apophysis on the upper edge of the intermaxil-
lary as the chief character of the Javan species ; but the apophysis
302 RHINOCEROTIDJE.
is generally absent in the Indian species, it appears only to be found
in the skulls of the very old males of that kind.
2. EMnoceros unicornis. (Indian Rhinoceros.) B.M.
Skull : — Forehead broad, flat, concave ; nose behind the horn
convex, subcylindiical, rounded at the sides ; lachrymal oblique,
longitudinal, oblong, rather four-sided ; intermaxillary bones broad,
thick, with a bony process on the middle of the upper edge ; nasal
bones short, broad, about two-fifths of the entire length of the nose
and crown ; zygomatic arch of the adult rather convex.
Rhinoceros unicornis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 104 ; Gray, List Mamm. B.M.
p. 186 ; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1010 ; Gerrard, Cat. B(mes B. M. p. 286 ;
Cuvier, Oss. Fuss. ii. t. 4. f. 1 ; Blciinv. Osteogr. t. 2 (skull, adult).
Rhinoceros asiaticus, Bliimenh. Handb. p. 10, Abhild. t. 7 B.
Rhinoceros indicus, Cuv. Mem. Mm. t. ; Oss. Foss. ii. p. 5, t. 1-4
(bones) ; F. Cm\ 3Iamm. Litlwqr. t. ; Schiiis, Syn. p. 33.3 ; Owen,
Cat. Osfeol. B. C. S. p. 513, uos. 2975 to .3074. /^r^/t/W/. /J 7
Indian Rhinoceros, Parsons, Pldl. Trans. 1742-43, p. 525, 1. 1, 2 (from/
life).
Rhinoceros inermis. Lesson, Cat.
Hab. India.
The skull figured by Cuvier and by De Elainville for the skull of
R. unicornis, probably from the same skull in the Paris Museum,
has a broad bony process on the middle of tlie upper edge of the
intermaxillary bones. The skeleton and skull in the British Museum
(722(7), from an adult male specimen that lived for several years in
the Zoological Gardens, has this bony process well marked ; so that
it seems common in the species, if not a peculiar character of it.
Mr. Blyth thinks that " the adult male Rhinoceros that lived in
the Zoological Gardens for several years, stated to have been captured
in Aralx-an, was R. sondaicus." He proceeds, " The two Asiatic one-
horned species, indeed, resemble each other a great deal more nearly
in external appearance than the pnbhshed figures of them would
lead to suppose ; certainly no sportsman or ordinary observer would
distinguish them apart, unless attention had been specially called to
the subject." — Joiirn. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 132. This
explains how the species, now described for the first time, may have
been overlooked.
In the British Museum there is the skeleton (722 g) with the skull
of an adult animal that hved for several years in the Zoological Gar-
dens, referred to by Mr. Blyth, and a skull from a just born animal,
which was presented by Mr. Bryan Hodgson from Nepal.
There are in the British Museum other skuUs which have been
received from various persons without any special habitat that can
be relied on, which appear to belong to this species. The}' are
all without the process on the upper edge of the large thick inter-
maxillaiy bones.
1. A fully adult skull (722 d), marked " India?".
2. An adult skull (722 f) that was purchased of a dealer, without
any specified locality.
1. RniNOCEROS. 303
In the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons there is the
skeleton of an adult animal (no. 2909 a) that formerly had the Ion-
front horns of an African Elephant plaecd on its nasal bones, M'hich
JVlr. flower, the present Curator, has properly removed.
There are also skulls of half-grown or female animals, with the
seventh grinder just showing itself, of this species (nos. 2975 9976^
with a large oblong erect lachrymal. ' " ''
All these skulls have thick iiitermasillaries, and the front of the
upper jaw, at the base of the intermaxillaries, is not suddenly con-
tracted. In the three adult skulls it is 3 inches 9 lines wide • in
the younger skidl in the College of Surgeons (no. 2975) it is 3 inches
3 lines. The width of the diastema between the cutting-teeth and
the front premolar is 2 inches 6 lines in all the specimens.
There is a stuffed specimen and a mounted skeleton of a youno-
animal, just showing the horn, in the Free Museum at Livcrpoof
and the skull of a second of the same age. These two animals died
on the voyage from Calcutta to Liveq.ool, were named R. sonchdcus
J ^\ IJ ' ''"""^ preserved by Mr. Moore, the energetic Curator
of that Museum. Mr. Blyth informs me there is a skeleton of
> B. sondcucus m the Anatomical Museum of Guy's Hospital called
it. tndicus. '
The Indian Ilhinoceroses are long-lived. Mr. Blyth speaks of a
pair that lived about forty-five years in captivity 'in Barrackpoor
park : they were exactly alike in size and general appearance ; they
never bred ; there is no difference in the horns or form of the skulls
m the two sexes (Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxi. p. 155).
The f(Etal skull otB. taiicorms (no. 722 D) in the British Museum
received from Mr. Bryan Hodgson, is short ; the brain-case is oblong'
ovate, swollen, and convex behind ; the nasal bones are about as
long as they are broad at the hinder edge, transversely convex above
in the middle of their length and in the deep central groove in front
above; the nasal cavity is long, high, and wide; the nasal bones
are three-eighths of the entire length to the occipital crest • the
length of the skuU from the nasal to the front of the orbit is two-
Wths of the entire length to the occipital condyles. The inter-
maxillaries arc well developed, rather thick and 'short ; they each
bear two blunt teeth, scarcely raised above the alveolus, the first on
each side is much larger and thicker than the hinder one which is
smaU and conical. There are three grinders developed on each side
the second and third being rather more developed than the small
front one. There appears to have been a fourth tooth on each side
more or less developed ; but it and the cavity have been lost The
palate is narrow and deeply concave, nearly of equal width but the
sides are less erect and more expanded behind than in front • the
front edge of the hinder nasal aperture is narrow, and rather in
front of a line even with the hinder edge of the third gi-inder • the
length of the palate from the front edge of the intermaxillaries is
rather more than from the end of the palate to the suture lietweeu
the basal sphenoid and the basal occipital hone. The vomer is com
pressed, and forms a weU-marked broad ridge, which is much hi-her
304
EKINOCEROTID^.
in front, and divides the internal nostrils. The lower jaw has the
incisors just developed, and slightly projecting beyond the alveolus ;
they are oblong, with a rather sharp edge on each side. There are
cavities for four grinders on each side ; the small first ones are lost ;
the second and third are equally developed, just projectiag and with
smooth enamel edges ; and the fourth are being developed, the crown
being sunk rather below the aveolar edge.
Rhinoceros citculhitus (Wagner, Schreb. Siiugeth. vi. p. 317 ; Giebel,
Saugeth. p. 202), described from a specimen in the Munich Museum,
appears to be only a specimen of R. unicornis, with a second horn
added by the preserver.
3. Rhinoceros nasalis.
B.M.
Skull elongate, the forehead and nose flat above, nose rounded on
the sides in front ; the nasal bones narrow, tapering, short, about
two-fifths of the entire length of the skull from the nasal to the
occipital crest ; the zygomatic arch flat ; lackrymal bone narrow,
oblong, erect ; the upper jaw only slightly contracted in front of the
grinders (3| inches wide).
Ehinoceros nasalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1012, figs. 1, 2 (skull).
Hab. Borneo ?
There are two not quite adult skulls in the British Museum (nos.
723 b and 723 c) which appear to belong to this species. They
slightly differ from each other ; but this may be sexual. They agree
with R. unicornis in the flatness of the crown, forehead, and nose,
and in the nose being rounded on the sides, and also in the slight
contraction of the upper jaw in front of the grinders, and in the
comparative flatness of the zygomatic arch. They chiefly diflPer from
the skull of that species of the same age, — 1, in the greater length
of the skull ; 2, in the breadth and flatness of the forehead ; 3, in
the line of the forehead not being so concave ; 4, in the comparative
slenderness and shortness of the nasal bones, they are only two-fifths
of the entu-e length of the skuU from the end of the nasal to the
occipital crest, while in the skull of R. unicornis, nearly of the same
age, in the College of Sirrgeons (no. 2975) the nasal bones are at
least four-ninths of the entire length. The nasal bones are narrower
and more tapering, their length being about once and one-half the
breadth of the base. The upper jaw behind the internasal is only
slightly contracted. They are at once known from R. javanicus by
the greater length and narrowness of the skull, and the rounded form
of the upper part of the nose, but they agree with the non-adult
skull of that species in the shortness of the nasal bones.
The two specimens rather vary from each other in the width of
the nasal. 723 6 is a not quite adult animal ; it is just showing the
last or seventh grinder, but it wants the intermaxillaries. It was
purchased of a dealer, and has been marked " R. sondaicus, Cuvier,
Java," by some previous possessor. The habitat may depend on the
person having decided it to be R. sondaicus. The skuU differs from
723 c in the nasal being broader and more gradually tapering.
1. KHlNOCEItOS.
305
Fiir. •'!!. Skull of lihiii-nvniK ii(i.sa/i'<
306
EHINOCEKOTID^.
Fiff. 35,
Skull of Rhinoceros nasalis.
1. RHINOCEROS. 307
723 c is nearly in the same state of dentition, as the seventh molar
is just appearing. This was purchased of a dealer, who said that
he received it direct from Borneo. The forehead, nose, and especially
the nasal bones are narrower than in the preceding.
Those skulls, from their size, indicate a species about the size of
or rather smaller than B. unicornis.
** Upper Jaw much contracted and very narrow in front of the yrinders.
4. Rhinoceros Floweri.
Skull : — the forehead and nose Hat above, the nose rounded on
the sides in front ; the nasal bones very slender, rather more than
two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown ; the zj-gomatic
arch convex, arched outwards, having a veiy large roundish cavity
for the temporal muscles ; lachrymal bone elongate, expanded on the
cheeks ;'tho upper jaw suddenly contracted and very narrow (only
2i inches wide) in front of the grinders ; the diastema very long,
longer than in the adult li. unicornis, being 2| inches long.
Rliinoceros sumatrensis, Owen, Cat. Osteol. Prep. Mus. Coll. Sura.
p. 500. no. 29.34.
Tennu, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 209.
Rhinoceros Floweri, Gray, P. Z. i>. 1807, p. 1015, figs. 3, 4.
Ilah. Sumatra (liajles). Skull, Mus. Coll. Surgeons, no. 2934.
A skull of this species is in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons, described by Professor Owen, as above cited, who calls it
the cranium of a male Suniatran Ehinoceros (presented by Sir Stam-
ford Itaffles, P. Z. S.), observing that "the cranium offers no indica-
tion of the short hinder horn of this two-horned species." It is so
distinct in form and size that I have no doubt of its belonging to
a most distinct species. I propose to designate it after the energetic
Curator of the Museum of the College of Surgeons, who in the few
years that he has had charge of the collection has wonderfully im-
proved it and increased its usefulness, not only to the zoological stu-
dent, but for professional studies.
The skidl is at once known fi'om all the others I have examined
by the convex prominent form of the zygomatics, and the contraction
of the front of the upper jaw behind the cutting-teeth. It indicates
a small species, not more than half the size of the common Indian
Ilhinoceros (It. unicornis).
The skull no. 2934 is that of an adult animal with all its perma-
nent teeth. It was named M. sumatrensis by Professor Owen : but
it certainly is not a skull of that species ; for the occipital end of the
skidl is projected and the condyle produced, and, though the skull is
that of an adult animal, there is no mark of the root of the second
horn, wliich is always well marked in the adult skull of that sjjecics.
It is also distinguished from that species, as it is from li. unicornis
and II. Javanicus, by the convexity of the zygomatic arch and the
size of the cavity for the temporal muscles.
It has been suggested that this skidl mav have belonged to an
X 2
308
KHINOCEROTIDiE.
Fig-. SC.
Skull of Rhinoceros Floweri.
1. RHINOCEROS.
Fio-. 37.
309
Jihiiiorcros Floireri.
310 RniNOCRROTIDJi:.
Indian Rhinoceros that had been kept in a menagerie, and so very
poorly fed that it never arrived at its full growth. The sknll shows
no sign of disease of any kind ; the teeth are well worn down, as if
it had had abundant food. Starvation is not likely to produce any
such change in the proportions of the parts as this skull presents
when it is compared with the skull of the adult R. xmicornis, or even
when compared mth the skull of a J'oung li. unicornis of nearly
the same size. Starvation is not likely to have decreased the growth,
and at the same time to have extended the size and thickness of
the temporal muscles, M'hich is so characteristic of this interesting
species.
This skull having formed part of the collection of Sir Stamford
Eaffles renders it probable that the animal was a native of Sumatra.
Sir Stamford had in his collection a few specimens fi'om other loca-
lities— some obtained from Singapore, that being the general entre-
pot for the productions of the Malay peninsula and islands. There
being in this collection only the upper jaw preserved goes far to
prove that it is not the skull of a menagerie specimen as has been
suggested.
Sir Stamford Raffles observes, " There is another animal in the
forests of Sumatra never yet noticed, which in size and character
nearly resembles the Rhinoceros, and which is said to bear a single
horn. The animal is distinguished by having a narrow Avhitish belt
encircling the body, and is known to the natives of the interior by
the name of Tennu. It has been seen at several places ; and, the
description given of it by several persons unconnected with each
other corresponding generally, no doubt can be entertained of the
existence of such an animal " (see Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 269 ; Blyth,
I. c. p. 164). I have little doubt that the skull here described is
that of the Tennu.
B. The forehead and nose suhci/lmdrical, rounded on the sides. Rhinoceros.
5. Rhinoceros stenocephalus. B.M.
Skull (half-grown) like that of M. unicornis of the same age, but
narrower and compressed: the forehead is narrow and subcylindrical ;
the nose much naiTowor and more slender; the nose is scmicylindrical
at the base of the horn ; the nasal bones narrow, gradually tapering
in front, more than twice the length of the width at the base of the
nasal, more than four-fifths of the length of the forehead from the
internasal suture to the occipital crest ; lachrymal narrow, oblong,
erect, about twice as high as wide.
Rhinoceros stenocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1018, f. 5, 6.
Ilab. Asia.
There is a single skull of a half-grown animal of this species in
the British Museum (722 e), which was received from the Zoological
Society, without any special habitat. In the roundness of the nose
it shows some affinity to the skull of JR. sumatrensis ; it is different
from that species in many particulars, in the prominence of the
1. RHINOCEROS.
311
Fi^. 38.
k«^'
Ithinocei'os sfeiiocephalus.
312
EHINOCEROTIDjJC.
FiR. 39.
Ehinoceyos stenocephalus.
2. CERATORUINUS. 318
occipital portion of the skull, and especially of the occipital condyles.
When placed by the side of a li. unicornis of the same size and con-
dition of teeth it stands rather higher, and is immediately known by
the length and slenderness of the nose and nasal bones.
The following fossil species probably belong to this genus : —
1. EniNOCEROs LEPTOEHiNus, Cuvicr, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 71, t. 9, 10,
11 ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. ; Gray, J. c. p. 1021.
Illiinoceros Cuvieri, Desm. Maiinn. p. 402.
Hah. Fossil.
2. Rhinocekos iNcisivrs, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 89, t. (1. f. 9,
10 ; Blainv. Osteogr. p. 1 ; Gray, /. c. p. 1021.
lYab. ?
Cunor (Oss. Foss. ii. p. 71, t. 9. f. 7) figures a fossil skull of a
species of this genus from a drawing made at Milan by M. Adolphe
Brongniart. ^ee also an imperfect skull figured by Blaiuville (Os-
teographie, t. 14, figure at left upper corner of the plate).
2. CERATORHINUS.
Skin divided into shields by deep folds, the lumbar fold rudimen-
tary, short, only occupying the middle of the space between the
groin and the back. Horns two : front longer, curved backwards ;
hinder small, conical. SkuU : — forehead narrow, flat ; the upper
part of the uose on each side of the horns narrow, rounded, sub-
cylindrical ; the occipital region erect, the part near the condyles
rather concave, the occipital condyle short, broad, oblong, placed
obliquely inferior, scarcely prominent ; lachrymal bone very large,
iiregular-shaped.
Coratorhimis, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 1021.
1 . Ceratorhinus sumatranus. B.M.
RhinoctSros bicorue de Sumatra, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 27, t. 4, iii.
p. 42, t. 78. f. 8 (from Bdl, sk-uU).
Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuvier ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. 2 (skull $ ), t. 7
(teeth).
Rhinoceros de Java, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Litlwy. t. (not good).
Sumatran lihinoceros, W. Bell, Phil. Trans. 1793, p. 3, t. 2,3,4;
Home, Phil. Trans. 1821, p. 270, t. 3*, 22.
Rhinoceros simiatranus, Raffics, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 268 ; Blainv.
Osteogr. X. (skull) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 282 ; Midler,
Verhand. t. 3o (old and voung) : Blijth, P. Z. S. 1801, p. 306,
1802, p. 1 ; Journ Asiat. Soc. Benqa'l, xxxi. 1862, p. 151, t. 3.
f. 1, 2, 3. /^// ^/»/ J) yJj
■— ^ Rhinoceros Crossii, &'/■«;/, P. Z .S'.yi854, p. 270 fig. (horns); Gerrard,
Cat. Bones B. M. p. 282.
Ceratorhinus sumatranus, Grag, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 1021.
//ah. Sumatra {Bell) : Tavoy, near Siamese frontier {Bh/t/i) :
Pegu (Theohahl, B. M.).
314 EHINOCEROTID^.
There are two skulls of this species in the British Museum : —
1. Adult, with a roughness on the forehead and nose made by the
roots of the horns, from Pegu. 2. A skuU of a two-thirds-grown
animal, with the seventh grinder just appearing ; it has the fore-
head and nose smooth. This was received from the Zoological So-
ciety, and is probably from Sir Stamford Eaffles's collection from
Sumatra.
The horn in the British Museum named B. Crossii, I have no
doubt, from the figure that Mr. Blyth gives of the skuU (Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1862, t. 4), he is right in referring to this
species.
When I described this horn I was told by several persons that it
was only the horn of an African Ehinoceros that had been artifici-
ally prepared and bent back after being boiled ; but the colour and
structure of the horn showed that that could not be the case, and
that it was the horn of a Rhinoceros which I had not before seen.
In the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons there is a beau-
tiful skeleton (no. 2938) of this species, received from Sir Stamford
Eafiles. There are also three skulls of adult or nearly adult age, —
viz. nos. 2935, 2936, and 2938 ; the latter is cut open longitudinally
to show the brain-cavity. From the roughness on the forehead in
the adult skuU, the hinder horn must be situated further back in
this species than in the African Rhinocerotes ; the centre of the
roughness is over the orbit. One of the skulls shows a rudimentary
canine on one side of the upper jaw, placed in the front edge of the
intermaxillary suture ; this animal was just obtainmg its first per-
manent molar.
The skull figured by BeU, and copied by Cuvier, represents the
erect position of the occipital plane, as also does De Blainville's figure
of the skuU of a female. Mr. Blyth, who has seen these animals
alive, tliinks the horn that I provisionally described as R. Crossii is
the horn of an adult male C. sumatranus. He says that the horns
of the females are smaller than those of the males — observing, at the
same time, that there is no difference in size in the horns of the two
sexes of R. unicornis of India. In Bell's figure of the skull the
intermaxillaries are represented as curved downwards. This may
have been an individual peculiarity ; they are more or less bent down
obliquely in the skulls I have seen, but always in a straight di-
rection.
The Rhinoceros de Java of M. F. Cuvier (Mamm. Lithogr.) is only
a more accurate figure of the R. suniatrensis.
M. Cuvier, in the first edition of the the ' Regno Animal,' says the
Rhinoceros de Java is smaller than the R. sumaframcs ; but in the
second edition he refers to his brother's figures in the ' Mamm.
Lithogr.,' and alters his description ; so that both R. suniatrensis
and R javanensis are established on the Sumatran Eliinoceros.
This species is erroneously called by Jardine, in the ' Naturalist's
Library,' " R. suniatrensis, the Lesser one-horned Rhinoceros."
The horns of the Ehinoceros are exceedingly difiicult to procure ;
they are eagerly bought up at high prices by the Chinamen, who
2. CERATORHINTJS. 315
not only value them as medicine, but carve them into verj' elegant
ornaments (Elj'th, I. c. p. 158).
2. Ceratorhinus monspeUianus.
Rhinoceros de Moutpellier, Marcel de Serres.
Rhinoceros monspeUianus, Blainv.
Rhinoceros megarhinus, De Cristol; Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Franq.
ii. p. 43, iii. t. 2.
Ceratorhinus monspeUianus, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 1023.
Fossil, Herault, France.
This species chiefly differs from R. sumatranus in the nose behind
the base of the front horn being prolonged and subeylindrical. This
species has been mixed up with R, tichorh'mus (see Gervais, I, c).
II. The African Rhinocerotes. The skin uniform, witltoiit any strong
fold, except at the junction between the head and body. Nose ivith two
horns, one behind the other, front langest. Skull — occiput and condyles
yiut produced; nasal bancs free, produced, broad, rounded in front ;
interma.rillarics rudimentary, very small ; tipper cutting-teeth none.
Lower Jaw arched beloic, thick. Teeth 28 : — /. ^ . g^. C. ^ . ^.
P.J/.f.A J/. |.|.
Rhinaster, Gray, List Mamm. B. 31. 1840 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.
3L p. 281.
The Afi-ican Rhinocerotes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1023.
I am not aware that any adult African Rhinoceros has been seen
living in this country ; and the external appearance of the species
is chiefly known by the excellent figures given by Dr. Andrew
Smith, in his * Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa,' Avho
figures Rhinoceros hicornis, R. simus, and R. l:eitloa. The speci-
mens of these three species which he collected and had stuffed by
M. Vcrreaux under his own superintendence, are in the British
Museum.
There are two-weU marked forms of these animals, characterized
by the shape of the head and skull. The first (or short, blunt-
headed, narrow-nosed group) includes two, and the second (or long-
headed, broad, square-nosed group) includes one well-marked
species, and probably another distinguished by the form of the
horns, of which only the bonis are known.
There is a not quite adult skull of R. hicornis, and two adult
skulls and two very young skulls of R. simus, in the British Mu-
seum ; and a skeleton of R. liitJoa, previously only known from
the dcsciiption and flgurc of Camper. Cuvier figured two of these
skulls, but considered them the adult and young of the same species.
Unfortunately, R. OsweUii is only known from the horns ; I am not
aware that any skin or bones of the species have been broiight to
Europe. There is a large number of the horns of each of the
species in the Museum collection ; and they were known to Par-
sons, who figured them in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for
31(5 EniNOCEEOTID.'E.
1742 and 1743 ; and the specimens which he figured are now in
the British Museum.
There is considerable divergence of opinion among travellers re-
specting tlie horns of the African lih'mocerotes. Dr. Andrew Smith
observes, " I do not think that the horns of the same species of
African Rhinoceroses are subject to any great variations in respect
to relative length."
Capt. CornwaUis Harris, ou the contrary, after describing the
horns of C. hicomis as unequal, says " the horns are sometimes
nearly of the same length." Further ou he observes " that some-
times accident or disease renders the front horn the shortest of the
two."
" The relative length of the horns varies a little in different indi-
viduals of R. hicomis ; hut the hindermost one in both sexes is inva-
riably much the shortest, and in young specimens it is scarcely visible
when the other is several inches in length." — A. SmifJi.
" In E. Jceitha the young have horns of equal length." — A. Smith.
3. EHINASTER. (Black Rhinoceros.)
Head short, high ; forehead convex ; nose rounded in front. Upper
lip with a central conical process. Horns two, unequal. Skin
smooth, not divided into shields by plaits. Skull short, high ; the
jjortiou of the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or seventh
grinder not so long as the portion in front of it, the occiput erect,
the upper margin only slightly produced over it ; forehead concave,
shelving ; nasal bones on the sides convex, subsjiherical above,
rounded in front. Tooth-line ciirved, bent up at each end. Lower
jaw thick in front. Shoulder with a more or less developed hunch.
Rhinaster, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1024.
" Living in herds ; a ' browser,' feeding on leaves and j'oung
shoots of trees. It frequents forest and bush countiy, avoiding
grassy plains." — Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 6.55.
A. Horns cylindrical, conical, front recurred, hinder short; head short and
high, compressed in front ; forehead flat, narrow ; vpper lip sub-
truncate; shoulder-humjy rudimentary. Rhinaster. — Gray, P. Z. S.
1867, p. 1024.
1. Rhinaster bicornis. (Bovili.) B.M.
Horns unequal, cylindrical at the base, and conical, blunt, the
hinder smaller, front recurved ; shoulder-hunch rudimentarj', neck-
grooves well marked. " Pale brown ; " upper lip truncated, scarcely
produced in the centre.
Rhinoceros horn, Pa7-sons, Phil. Trans. 1742-43, t. 3. f. 3, 4.
Rhinoceros bicornis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 104; Sparrm. K. Vet. Akad.
Handl. 1778, t. 9; A. Smith, III. Z. S. Africa, t. 2.
Rhinoceros bicome du Cap (part.), Giehel, p. 200; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
ii. p. 29, t. 4. f. 7,t. 16. f. 10 ; Blainv. Ost^ogr. Onguligrades, t. 3,4
(skull kc).
'^^. RniXASTKK. 317
Rhinoceros africanus, Desni. Muinin. p. 400 ; Harriii, Purtruits of
Wild Animals of 8. A. p. 81, t. 11 (horns at p. 85); Duvertwy,
Arch, (lu Mus. vii. t. 8.
Rhinoceros Briicei, Blainv.
Rhinoceros niger, Schinz, Syii. Mamm. p. ;}3o.
Rhiuaster bicornis, (iray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1024; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 2S2.
In the British Museum there is the skull of a nearlj' adult animal.
In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine
skull of an adult of this species (no. 2941), and the upper jaw
covered with skin (no. 2942) and with the two horns attached to
it. The horns are both circular at the base, regular conical, and
blimt at the tip.
Schinz, who compiled a monograph of the genus, in his Synopsis
named a species li. ni(jer, after Gapt. Alexander's description of the
Black lihinoceros in his ' Travels into the Interior of South Africa.'
B. Hums compressed, conical, elom/ate. Head short, swollen in front ;
forehead convex, slielving on the sides. Upper lip acute in the middle.
Keitloa.
2. Rhinaster keitloa. (The Keitloa or Ketloa.) B.M.
Upper lip with a central prominence, acute ; horns elongate,
hinder compressed, sharp-edged, often as long as the front one,
front one rather compressed, recurved ; shoulder without any
hunch ; skin pale yellow-brown. Skull short ; face short from
front edge of the orbit to the end of the nasal, not so long as from
the front edge of orbit to occipital condyle.
Rhinaster keitloa, Grat/, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1025.
Yar. 1. l-eitloa. The horns of nearly equal length; the hinder
compressed, sharp-edged before and behind ; the front one rather
compressed, broad and flat in front.
Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans, hi. p. 32, t. 2. f. 8, 9. B. M.
Rhinoceros ketloa or keitloa, A. Smith, Cat. S. A. Mus. p. 7, 1837 ;
Ilhist. Zool. .S'. A. t. 1 : Schinz. Syn. Mam. p. 337.
Rhinaster keitloa, Gray, List Manun. B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M.
Yar. 2. Campcri. The horns both compressed and sharp-edged
in front and behind, the front one twice as long as the hinder;
upper lip with an acute central jirominence.
Rhinoceros bicornis capensis, P. Camper, Act. Pefrop. 1777, ii. p. 193,
t. 3, 4, 5, (> (copied Bhimenbach, Abhild. t. 7. f. a).
Rhinoceros bicornis (adult), Cnvicr, Oss. Foss. ii. t. 4. f. 5 (skull
copied fi-om Camper).
Rhinoceros , Sparrinan, Toy. ii. t. 3.
Rhinoceros Camperi, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 335; Monoyr. t. 1.
Black Rhinoceros, Baher. Albert Xyanza.\\.\\. 275; Xtle Tributaries,
lig. at p. 3()5 (head and horns).
J fab. South Africa (IJr. A. Vmilh'g t;ip( in B.JL).
318 RHINOCEROTID^.
There is a skeleton of this species in the British Museum, pur-
chased of Mr. Jesse, obtained during the Abyssinian expedition.
" The length of the head of R. Iceitloa, in proportion to the depth,
is very different from that of li. bicornis. Upper lip distinctly pro-
duced ; inside of the thigh black. The horns are of equal length
and development in the young animal." — A. Smith.
This species is peculiar from the length of the hinder horn ; but
Schinz describes the front horn as very long, and the hinder short,
conical.
Peter Camper (in 'Act. Petrop.' 1777, part 2, p. 193) described
the head of a two-horned Rhinoceros which he received from the
Capo of Good Hope. He figures the head and the skull in great
detail. The upper lip has a distinct central process, or prehensile
lobe ; and the horns are both compressed and shai'p-edged before
and behind, the front one is the longest and regularly curved, the
hinder well developed and elongate. The end of the nose of the
head and skull is rounded and not squai-e, and the nasal bones are
not truncate, as in the skulls of B. simus in the British Miiseum.
I believe Camper's to be the first description of the li. Jceitloa of Dr.
A, Smith.
Schinz gave the name of R. Oamperi to a species which he says is
R. bicornis of authors, and which is figured by A. Smith under that
name in the ' Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa ; ' but he
describes the front horn as very long and recurved, and the hinder
horn as small, triquetrous, compressed ; while the hinder horn of
R. bicornis is always conical, with a circular base. Schinz's R.
Camperi appears to be a compilation from the figures of Sir A.
Smith's R. bicornis and Camper's description and figure of the head
of R. Jceitloa.
P. Camper, in giving the figures of this species, properly made
the drawings like a diagram, without attending to the rules of per-
spective, so that the compass can be applied to any part. He gives
a particiilar name to these figures, and calls them Catograph.
In Camper's figure the length from the back edge of the seventh
molar to the front edge of the small intermaxillary is considerably
greater than the distance behind the hinder edge of the last molar to
the occipital condyle. In De Blaiuville's figure of R. simus, and in
the two specimens in the British Museum, the length from the hinder
edge of the seventh molar to the front edge of the small intermaxil-
lary is rather less, or about the length behind the hinder edge of
the seventh molar to the outer part of the occipital condyle.
The Keitloa is recognized as a species distinct from R. bicornis
by the tribes of natives ; they have a different name for the two
species.
If Cuvier had had a series of the skulls of R. bicornis he would
never have thought that the skull figured by Camper was the adult
of R. bicornis. The skulls of the different species alter very Uttle
in form during the growth of the animal when they have passed
the very youngest, nearly foital, state.
4. CERATOTHERIXJM. 319
4. CERATOTHERIUM.
Head elongate, produced behmd ; forehead flat ; nose very broad
square at the end; upper lip bovine, rounded. Horns two very
unequal, hinder small. Skin smooth, not divided into shields
Shoulder with a well-marked hunch. Skull elongate ; the portion
ot the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or seventh grinder as
long as the one in front of it; occiput erect, the upper margin
much produced behind the condyle ; forehead concave ; nose straight
rounded; nasal bones very broad, convex above, truncated, with a
shai-p edge in front ; lower jaw thick, tapering in front; molars large •
teeth-lme straight. "
The skull of the very young animal has a very convex, nearly
hemispherical prominence on the nasals, and is broad and rounded
in tront ; but the prolongation of the hinder part of the skull is
shown m the foetal skull m which the milk-grinders are only just
appearing, the proportion of the hinder and anterior portions bein-
nearly the same as in the adult skulls; the occiput is erect, without
any marked projecting crest.
Ceratotherium, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1027.
"Gentle and a 'grazer ;' Hving in open plains, feeding on grass "
—A ^mit/i "The first animal that disappears before firearms."—
Air/c, I . Z. b. loo4, p. 655.
1. Ceratotherium simtun. (Mahoohoo.) B.M.
The front hom very long, slender, subcylindi-ical, recurved; hinder
very smaU conical ; nose broad, high, square. " Pale grey-brown •
shoulder buttocks, and beUy darker." The face of the skull from
the ti-ont edge of the orbit longer than the portion of the skuU behind
tnis place.
Khinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742-43, t. 3. f. 6 (front hom)
Khmoceros simus Purchdl ; Blainv. Journ. de Phys. Lxi. p. 163'
t. (head^ horns bad) ; Cumer, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 28 ; Burchell, Travek
n'c)^ifi-^7' ^nA""^^A 5''"^- ^ ^-.t- 1^ (^'i™^!) ; Gat. S.A. Mus.
p. J, 1837 ; Jilamv. Osteogr. Onguligrades, t.4(skuU &c.) ; Duvemmi
^fselp 100. *• ^' ^ ^'''"^^' *^ ("^'^^^'i^^^^) ; *>^«'4 Pz.
Rhinoceros Biu-cheUii, Desm. Mamm. p 401
Kliiuoceros simus (Chicore), A. Smith. Pep. p. 08, 1836; Harris
''ijiorts in i>. Africa, p. 371. '
Rhinoceros camus, Ham. Smith ; Griffith, A. K. v. p 740
Rlmia^^er simus, Gray, List Mam. B.M. 1840; Gerrard, 'Cat. Bones
? Rhinoceros Gordonii, Blainv.
Ceratotherium simum, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 1027
The Square-nosed or White Rhinoceros (Rliinoceros simus), Harris,
Po>-f'l>s of If dd Animals of S A. p. 07, t. 19 (horns at p. 101).
\\ lute Rhinoceros or ^^ itte Rhina.^ter, Colonists, Cape G H.
Llnckore or Mohoohoo, Bnlmana and Matabitv.
Uah South Africa {BunheU ■ Dr. A. Smith, ti,pt spec. B.M)-
Central Afnca (A7rA). -^ -f ■),
320 lilllNdCEIlOTIU^.
There is a well-stuifed young specimen of this species in the
British Museum, aud two skulls of adult and two of very young
animals.
In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine
adult skull of this species (no. 2960 «) with the two horns attached
to the skin. It was obtained from Mr. Gordon Curaming's col-
lection. It is 35 inches long from the end of the nasal to the
occipital crest. The front horn is very long, slender, straight, and
recurved ; the front edge of the horn is worn by the animal rubbing-
it on the ground.
De BlainviUe obtained, when he was in London, from Mr. Burchell
the drawing of the head of this species (engraved in the ' Journ. de
Physique') ; but the horns were added after it passed out of Bur-
chell's hands, and are not the horns of the species.
In the British Museum there are two skulls of very young ani-
mals of this species that were received with the adult skulls in the
collection ; the milk-grinders are being formed, but could only just
have been seen through the gums. The skulls are elongate, sub-
cylindrical, and have a rounded nose, with a large nearly hemi-
spherical prominence near the end of the upper surface for the
support of the front horn. The grinders are very large compared
with the size of the skulls, and occupy a great part of the cavity
of the mouth ; the hinder one is placed in the centre of the length
of the underside of the skidl fi'om the nose to the condyle. The
larger of these young skulls (1003 h) is very like the smaller one ;
but there is a fourth grinder being developed behind the third one ;
it is not elevated above the edge of the alveolus, and has no smooth
enamelled edge. The small first grinder is only very little moi-o
developed than in the smaller skull. The line of grinders occupies
65 inches. The intermaxillary bones are deficient. The palate
ends, as in the smaller skull, in a line even with the back edge
of the third grinder. The hinder part of the skuU has lengthened
more rapidly than the paz't in front of the edge of the palate. The
nasals are slightly longer, compared with the length of the skull,
than in the smaller specimen ; they are 4i inches long, the entire
length being very nearly 14 inches — that is to say, nearly three-
tenths of the entire length. The front of the nasal is more dilated
on the sides, and becoming broader and more tnincated as in the
adult skiiUs.
The lower jaw of this specimen is considerably longer than the
other ; and there is little difference in the state of the teeth, except
that the second a)id third grinders on each side are higher out of
the gums, rather more worn on the edge, and the first and fourth
grinders are rather more developed and larger, the first on the two
sides not being quite equally developed, but one more exposed than
the other.
The smaller specimen (1003 c) has three grinders appearing ; the
smallest front one is least developed, hardly raised above the alveolus,
and not showing any smooth enamel ; the second and third grinders
4. CERATOTHEEIUM. 321
are nearly equally developed, the ridges being high and edged with
enamel ; the rest of the teeth are minutely riigulose ; the hinder
edge of the third grinder is on a line even with the front edge of the
hinder nasal opening. The skull is 12 inches from the intermax-
illary to the convexity of the condyle ; the teeth-line is 4^ inches
long. The facial portion (that is, the skull from the front of the
intermaxillary to the front edge of the internal nostril) is only two-
fifths of the entire length ; it is the same length as fi'om the front
edge of the internal nostril to the suture between the basisphenoid
and the basioccipital bone. Length from intermaxillary to front
edge of internal nostril or end of palate 4 inches 7 Hues, from end
of palate to convexity of occipital condyle 7^ inches. The inter-
maxillary of one side is lost ; the other has a narrow lower edge,
not showing anj^ appearance of cutting-teeth. The nearly hemi-
spherical prominence on the nose is hollow, with thin even parietes ;
the cavity extends far back, and is open behind. The face, from
end of nasal to the front edge of the orbit, is shorter than the
part of the skull behind it, being from front end of nasal to front
edge of orbit 5 inches 4 lines, from front edge of orbit to occi-
pital crest 7 inches 2 lines. Nasal bones short and broad, being
about two-sevenths of the entire length of the skull to the occipital
crest.
The lower jaw shows four grinders and a cavity behind the fourth ;
the second and third grinders are most developed, raised above the
alveolus, and furnished with a smooth enamel edge ; the fii'st small
grinder is just showing, as is also the case \vith the fourth grinder,
which is rather more developed than the front one ; neither of these
teeth is raised above the edge of the alveolus ; the front edges
marked with two or three series of small circular pits ; but no cut-
ting-teeth are visible.
In the Free Museum at Liverpool is the head of a large specimen,
collected by Mr. Burke in Lord Derby's exploring paxty. The skin
of the head is stuffed, and the skull kept separate.
An adult skuU without the lower jaw is in the Museum of the
London Missionary Society in Bloomfield Street, London, E.G., that
was obtained by the Rev. John Campbell.
The llev. Jolan Campbell gives a figure of the head of this animal
before the skin was removed, in his work entitled ' Travels in South
Africa, Second Mission '(2 vols. 8vo, London, 1822), where it is
called the " head of a Unicom killed near the City of Mashow "
(plate at p. 294 of the second volume). The artist has added a
regular series of nearly equal-sized square teeth all along both
jaws.
This figure is copied in Froriep's ' Notizen ' for 1822, at vol. ii.
p. 98 ; and a notice of the skull is given at p. 152 of vol. i. of the
same journal.
i
"322 KHIXOCEROTID^.
2. Ceratotherium Oswellii. (Kobaaba.) B.M. (horn).
The front horn very long, thick at the base, bent back and then
forward at the end, the front of the tip worn flat.
Tres-graude come de Rhinoceros, Biiffon, N. H. x. t. 8. f. 5.
Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742, 1743, t. .3. f. 6.
Rhinoceros Oswellii, Gi-ay, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 46, f. (horn) ; Ann. ^
3Iag. N. H. xv. p. 145.
Rhinoceros Oswelh, Andersson, Lake Nyaini, p. 386, f. (head), p. 388,
f. (horn).
Ceratotherium Oswellii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1029.
Kobaaba, Haines, Land and Water, July 28, 1866, f.
Hab. South Africa.
I have not seen any specimen, or even a skull, of this species, and
I do not believe there is one in any European Museum.
Camper probably knew B. Oswellii. He observes, " Cornu an to-
nus A D in hoc specimine incurvum adeo fuit ut alterum E F H,
tamquam inutile reddiderit. Verum non ita in omnibus ; possideo
alterius cranii partem, cujus cornu anterius rectum, et antrorsum
inclinatum est." — Camper, I.e. p. 186.
Mr. Baines gave a foetus of the Kobaaba to the Roj'al College of
Surgeons (killed 3rd of June, 1862). He has shown me a series
of drawings of the recently killed Kobaaba. One group represents
the R. sinms and i?. Osivellii side by side. The horns of the two are
very different in ajipearance.
Mr. Baines saj's Mr. Chapman was informed by the natives that
they had never seen a young Kobaaba = C. Oswellii. Mr. Baines
says that it is possible that the horn, being worn away at the end
by the constant friction on the front as it passes through the bushes,
may bend forward in the older specimens. The Kaffii'S make the
boms of the cattle bend by scraping them on the sides towards which
they wish them to turn.
Schinz gives the name of niger to the Rhinoceros horn figured by
Andersson ; but he describes it as curved back, in the same words as
he described the horns of the other African species.
Camper compares the labial process to a finger, and says it is not
unlike the lobe at the end of the trunk of the Elephant.
See M. F. Fresnel's " Sur I'existence d'une espece unicome de
Rhinoceros dans la partie tropicale de I'Afrique " (Comptes Rendus,
xxvi. 1848, p. 281). See also A. Smith's ' Hlust. Zool. S. A.' t. 1,
where he says the natives mention a one-horned African species.
III. Skin smooth, even. Skidl elmigate. Intermaxillary bony, short ; the
nasal, internasal, and the intermaxillaries nnited into one inass. Asia
and Europe, fossil.
5. CCELODONTA.
Nose with two horns. Skull elongate ; face rather produced ; nasal
bones broad, rounded in front ; cutting-teeth none ; intermaxillaries
5. CCELODONTA. 323
very short ; internasal bony, uniting the nasals, the intermaxillary,
and maxilla; into one mass. Hab. Asia, Europe, Africa.
Rhinoct5ro9 a nariues cloisonni5es, Cuviei; Oss. Foss. ii. p. 64.
Coelodonta, Broimi, 18.31 ; Grarj, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1030.
Ccelodonta Pallasii. B.M.
Rhinoceros, Pallas, Acta Acad. Petrop. 1777, ii. p. 210, t. 9; Nov.
Com. Petrop. xiii. p. 447, t. 9, 10.
Rhinoceros tichorinus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 64, t. 7. f. 1 (skuU),
t. 8, 9, 11, 14 (bones) ; JBlainv. Osteogr. t. 13 (from Pallas).
Rhinoceros Pallasii, Desm. Mam. p. 402.
Rhinoceros antiquitatis, Blainv.
Rhinoceros de Siberie, Cuv. Ann. Mus. xii. p. 19, t. 1, 3, 4.
Ccelodonta Pallasii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1031.
Hab. Siberia, in the ice ; fossil, Himalaya &c.
The following measurements are given in inches and lines, taken
by a pair of callipers ; so they are a straight line (or chord) from
point to point indicated, and not a line over or along the surface.
I believe they are sufficient for all zoological purposes ; but it is
the fashion of some zoologists and comparative anatomists to give
measurements with three, and sometimes even four places of deci-
mals, this arising from theu* taking a metre, aboiit 39 inches, for
the unit, which requires one decimal place for any measured or part
of a measured inch or space under 39 inches, two for any similar
measurement imder 4 inches, and three for any under 5 lines.
Others, to avoid this evil, write of 20 or 130 mm. (millimetres) ;
but this is as inconvenient, as the latter iinit is as much too small
as the other is too large.
On pointing out this evil to a naturalist, who has published long
tables with such admeasurements, he replied, did it not look very
scientific ? I fear, unfortunately, there is a desii-e to mystify general
readers, and a quackery in natural history as in other less ennobling
studies.
I have never yet met with a naturalist, even German or French,
that could show me the size of a bone marked in the French me-
trical system ; few cannot do this with considerable accm-acy when
marked in inches or feet. The having a measurement of well-known
different lengths, as yards, feet, inches, or lines, which bear a relation
to some parts of our own bodies, is a great advantage not found in
the metrical system.
t2
324
RHINOCEROTID^.
^ O
CO
CO
CO o
o
CO
O O CO
CO
•vojfts:^ Q
A t-
nn
o
01 Tj<
C-l
,_,
O 05 ■*
CD
.3 <N
c^
cq .-1
(M
(M
'"' ^
■d
«• 03
CO
o
CO
o
CO
CO O CO
CO
CO
s
•S ^
nn
■*
(M :
(N
^
rt O CO
,_<
CD
Oi
<N
C^
(M
.-< rt .— 1
'-'
e
- 05
CO
CD
CD CO
o
CO
CO CD O
01
CO
1
1
.3 S
,_,
TJH
C-l (M
,_^
^
1-H O CO
0
CD
CO
<M
•s
_• 05
o
CD
Oi O CO
05
o
CD 05
1^
ft^
o
.3 3
^
CO
t-l t--*
,_,
05
CO lO :
fl
-I
'— '
«
^ o
o
CO
CD coo
05
o
CO O C5
0
CO
•a
8
d i^""
:zl
>o
C» tHCO
05
00
CO lO CO
^
05
.s
6
-; <N.
CD
o
CD O O
CD
C5
CD O 00
CO
0
■snuooiq -jf
s
.3 ^
o
00
t~ 05 CD
t^
lO
t- Oi i?1
t~
0
3
2
'"'
^
,
,c
-i CO
CO
CD
CO CD 00
oo
CO
Oi CO CO
CO
0
.3 2
00
OS
CD I> t-
LO
CO
CO » o
0
'^^
^;3
e
-i CD
o
05
Ci 00
05 CO
00
CD
ij
N
^
.3' (M
,_,
o
t^ 00 :
: t- ^
CO
^
^
<N
•snjviid
«;
• CO
Oi
o
CO coco
oo
o
O 05 C5
00
0
a
-DDOUSfS s
H
.3 Si
00
Ci
t^ t-QO
t-
CO
05 00 --H
1
u
• 00
CO
o
O CD CO
o
CD
CO O CD
05
05
CO
a CI
G5
C5
Ci 05 Ir-
r^
'^
t- 05 O
CD
■*!
t-
-c
^ o
05
o
es CO O
05
o
O O CO
0
CD
p^
«
a =^
O
o
C5 O 00
r-
CD
O O CO
t-
-*
0
t™
-^
_■ O
CO
c;
O CD
CO CD
CO
CO
-li
■iM.noij: s
1
.3 ??
C3
C3
C5 a ■
: o CO
t-
05
s
in
^ o
CD
CO
O C5 CO
oo
O
05 Ci OO
0
CO
Si
m
C5
CO 1^00
t>-
CO
00 00 iM
t-
^
;3
■i
-IM
.2 CI
^
lo
-J o
cs
05
ro o
00
CO
CO O CO
00
0
g
C'l
H '=o
CO
,_l
oi rt :
o
O
^ r-t -H
00
lO
1
t-
.3 c-i
CI
1 — 1
Ol ^
(M
<M
•^
-i o
CO
C5
CO «2
CD
O
O O 05
CO
CO
5=
gj
d ^
?;
,_l
(M o :
O
,_
rt <M O
05
10
ft5
r-
i-H
T-H 1 — \ 1—*
s
-4 CO
o
CD
CO o
CO
CD
O CD O
05
CO
■ CO
CO
1
CI .-H :
O
O
rH ,-( CO
00
in
t-
.3 (M
i-H
IM rt
(M
Ol
1 — 1 1 — 1 t— I
oi
^ o
Oi
CD
CD O C5
OS
CO
CO 05 CO
0
CO
•
<0
s^
-• 00
lO
t^
m t- CO
-*
(M
CO 00 o
CO
CO
3
"S
•S ^H
1—1
r— <
T—t
r-(
'^
•«
_• CO
CO
CO
00 05
CD
CO
O Oi 05
05
C5
1
"
d :?
o
o
o o :
00
CD
05 -^ CO
t-
■*
Ol
OI -^
e
-; C5
o
o
CO OS
a>
a
Ol CO o
C5
CD
Cl
.3 S
rt
^
o C5 :
t-
t^
00 — Tt*
00
-*
t^
Ol
1 — 1
Ol
I— 1
s ;
1|
t3 S
o
o
d
o
1
o
T3
o
S3
R
O
ra '■
•S :
o j3
.£ S
ft
i
o 3
%
o
=^
o
0
1
i
a
1
from en
lar cavity
of teeth-I
of nasal,
h
si
•1^
a
^1
0 0 =c
f2
03
©
0
0
bjD"c
fl
4l
c o 0 c C 5
li
'53 D^^;- E
^ &
■5 ^
^
..
^^^
1-1
oo^..,
w
^^
^^
325
Suborder V. SETIFERA.
The nose truncated, with a bouy button on the crest over
the nostrils, used for grubbing up roots. The toes in tri-
angular hoofs in pairs ; front pair large, posterior pair not
reaching the ground ; the outer one sometimes wanting.
Cutting-teeth in each jaw normal, subequal; canines of male
recui'ved.
Sus, Lin)!. ; Cuvier.
Setifera, IlUrjer, Prodr. 1811.
Siiidre, Bunap. Prodi: Syst. Mastol.
Paclivdermata fissipeda, Latr. Pei/. Anim. p. 596, 1830.
Seti;^vra, Fih. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. 1804.
I'achydemia paridigitata, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ; Bunneister, 1840.
Uugulata isodactyla sen artiodactyla, Otven, Odont.
The distribution of Swiue into species and the species into genera
and families is attended with considerable difficulty ; this probably
arises from three pccuHarities of the group : —
1. That most of the wild or presumed wikl species are easily re-
duced to a domestic or semidoraestic condition.
2. That the domestic breeds return to their wild condition, even
in countries situated far away from their native habitats, and that,
under favourable circumstances, the newly enfranchised animals are
able to hold their own against the native and colonial cultivators.
3. That the domestic, and possibly the wild species have a great
facility in breeding together, having fertile offspring.
There are veiy few countries that have, or are presumed to have,
a native race of Pigs, where some of the kinds are not kept in a more
or less domestic state. This is even the case where the animal is
regarded with disgust and never eaten as food, except by the lowest
class of the inhabitants, as in India.
" "Wild Hogs abound in the Dukhun, and the male attains to a
verj- great size. I am not satisfied that there is any specific differ-
ence between the European and Asiatic Wild Hogs. Every village
abounds in hogs. The Village Hog is of the same colour as the wild
animal, mostly a rustj- black, and the only variations are slate-black
or slate-brown ; but it is not above two-thirds of the size of the
latter. Tail never curled or spirally t^visted. They dispute with
the Pariah dogs the possession of the oftal matter thrown out of the
houses, and are the public scavengers." — Sj/l-es, P. Z. >S. 1831, p. 11.
" The Indian Wild Hog differs considerably from the German ;
the head of the former is longer and more pointed, and the plane of
the forehead straight, while it is concave in the Eiu'opean ; the ears
of the former are small and j)ointed, of the latter larger and not so
erect. The Indian is altogether a more active-looking animal. The
German has a stronger and heavier appearance. The same (Uffer-
euces are perceptible in the domesticated individuals of the two
countries."' — Sifhes, I. c. p. 30.
In some of the islands of the Pacific the woods are stocked with
326 SETIFERA.
wild swine that are the produce of the litter of one breeding sow
that has been introduced.
As an instance of the facility and rapidity with which the Pig
may be completely naturalized and become a pest, one may mention
New Zealand, where some of the pigs introduced by the colonists
have escaped and their offspring have spread themselves over the
country, and are now a pest to the colonial farmer and breeder of
sheep, destroying the crops of the former, and following the ewes
and eating the lambs as they are dropped on the sheep-walk. A
reward of so much per head is paid for all the pigs that are desti'oyed
in several parts of that colony.
I have attempted to arrange the genera of Suidte in natural groups.
All the genera are well defined, and, I believe, distinct. The only
doubtful one is my genus Ceniuriosus, which was established on an
animal wliich is as yet only known in a domesticated state, and one
that breeds with facUity with the Domestic Pig of Europe, and the
mules are fertile.
The species of Pigs have been very much misunderstood. Pigs
belonging to very distinct genera have been considered varieties of
the same species, or only domestic varieties of the Common Hog.
The genera and species have been gradually unravelled.
As an example, I may here observe that Desmarest regards Sus
porcus {Potamoclicerus porcus) as only a domestic variety oi Sus scrofa.
Fischer considers Sus Icoiropotamus {Potamochcerus larvatus) a
synonym of Sus larvatus, the type of the genus Phacochoerus.
Fitzinger, in his Essay on the Setifera, in the ' Sitzungsberichte '
of the Vienna Academy for 1864, has brought together what has
been written on the subject, and has given a useful synoj)sis of the
species as characterized by their external characters.
Unfortunately we have not any good works on the Domestic Pig,
or clear history of the origin of several of the most approved breeds,
some of which are most probably the result of the interbreeding of
several varieties.
Desmarest, in his ' Mammiferes,' gives a list of the domestic varie-
ties divided into subvarieties (see Mamm, p. 390).
YouaU (' Pig,' 1860) and Richardson (' On the Pigs and their
Origin,' 1847) have written on the English breeds.
Little information respecting the species of the family is to be ob-
tained from travellers ; they are generally satisfied with stating that
a wild boar was observed, sometimes adding that it afi'orded good
sport, and rarely make any observations respecting the Domestic
Pigs. They often include under the name of " wild boar " species
of different genera, as the French naturalists do under the name of
sanglier. The skins of Pigs are rarely preserved, except by profes-
sional collectors ; and they only collect the wild specimens ; so that
the specimens in Museums are limited in number and kinds, and
afibrd very imperfect materials for the systematic zoologist.
The domestic animals of the different countries inhabited by man,
and especially the effect of the chmate or local circumstances on
those that have been introduced from other countries, have yet to be
suiDiE. 327
studied. There is no subject which naturalists living in a diiferent
countiy have so entirely negiected, because they have supposed that
everything respecting it is known, while the truth is no animals are
so imperfectly known or understood. Take, for instance, the Horse,
which is so completely naturalized in North and South America, and
so locally distributed in Africa — abundant, prosperous, and high-
bred in some parts, very rare and, when present, greatly deteriorated
in others, even in the same latitudes. It is the same with the Pig.
Indeed these large animals, common to a great part of the inhabited
world, are less known than the species of the Eats, Mice, SquiiTcls,
Bats, and such small and comparatively unimportant animalsj as far
as man is concerned, who generally classes them with vermin.
* The preinulars ]»'r7n(ineHt, forming with the molars a continuous series
of teeth.
Fam. 5. SUID^.
Head pointed. Snout blunt, slender. Ears large. Body com-
pressed. Legs slender. Skin covered with close bristly hairs.
Grinders tubercular, with a few separate roots. Canines prismatic,
triangular ; upper recurved fi'om the base. Teeth 44 or 40 : — Cut-
ting-teeth |- . f ; premolars i • |^ or |- • f ; molars | . | . Tail elongate,
rarely absent. Teats 10 or rarely 8. Young of wild races striped
on the sides.
Suina, Grai/, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; List Mamm. B. M. p. 284 ; Bmiap.
Prod. p. 5 ; Giehel, SdiK/eth. p. 221.
Setigera, Fitz. Sitz. Akacl der Wiss. 1864, p. 383.
Suidfe, Owen, Odont. i. p. -543 ; Grat/, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 22.
Suidere, Lesso7i, X. Tub. E. A. 1842, p. 160.
Suidre, § 3, Schinz, Si/st. Verz. ii. p. 344.
The change in the dentition of the Pig is represented by De Blain-
viUe, ' Ostoographie, Onguligrades,' Sus, t. 8, and by Owen, ' Odont.'
p. 524, t. 140. Buffon (Hist. Nat. v. p. 110) erroneously says that
the milk-teeth of the Pig are not changed, and remain permanent.
At page 181 he quotes (Aristotle, Dcs Animaux, lib. 2. chap. 1)
further that the Pigs never lose any of their teeth. The crown of
the grinders ai'e many-lobed, especially the hinder one, which is
larger than the rest.
"The progressive increase of size in the molar teeth as they are
situated further back in the mouth may also be noticed as a family
characteristic, which, with the complication of the crown and deve-
lopment of the teeth, reaches its maximum in the Phacochoeres." —
Owen, Odont. p. 544.
328 suiD^.
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Typical Swine (Suina). Cutting-teeth f ; intermaxillary short;
diastema between the cutting-teeth and grinders short ; canines thick,
S2wead out ; the sheaths of the upper canines spreading out and then
bent up at the end ; premolars |- . f ; molars | . | .
a. Wild Swine. Face elongate. The ears erect, modei-ate, hairy. Colour
uniform or grizzhd ; young yellow, streaked. Skull elongated ; facial
line straight ; forehead convex.
1. Strs. Ears ovate, hairy. Tail moderate, tufted at the end.
Skull — nose convex, rounded and smooth on the sides above ;
concavity on the cheeks reaching to the edge of the orbit.
Male with a ridge across the upper part of the base of the
sheath of the canines.
2. PoRCTJLA. Ears ovate, hairy. Tail rudimentary. Skull — nose
tapering, rather thickened on the edge in front of the orbit.
Canines small, spreading ; upper not recurved, without any
ridge on the sheath.
3. PoTAMOcncERus. Ears elongate, tapering, acute, and pencilled
at the tips. Tail thick, high up on the haunches. Skull —
nose flattened above and rather thickened on the upper edge ;
conca\dty of the cheeks separated from the orbit by a broad
ridge. Males with the upper edge of the nose warty in front,
and with a large process from the upper part of the sheath of
the canine tooth. Eemales with only a ridge across the base
of the sheath of the canines.
b. Domesticated Swine. The ears more or less dependent, often very large.
Colour black, vjhite, or variegated ; young like parents. Skull short ;
facial liiie sunken ; forehead and top of nosejlat ; nose margined on the
sides.
4. ScROFA. Face smooth or nearly so. Sheath of upper canine
with a longitudinal ridge at the base.
5. Centfriostjs. Face strongly concentrically wrinkled. Sheath
of upper canine with a large rounded tubercle at the base.
B. Abnormal Swine (Babieussina). Cutting-teeth f; ititertnaxilla,
and ma.villa in front, forming a large diastema between the cutting-
teeth and grinders; canines erect, parallel; the sheaths of the upper
canines bent up from the base, and closely apiplied to the side of the jaw ;
irremolars ^ . f , the front ones early deciduotis.
6. Babirtjssa.
A. Typical Swine (Suina). Cutting-teeth f (the outer upper rarely
deciduous) ; intermaxilla short ; diastema betiveen the cutting-teeth and
grinders short; canines thick, spreading out on sides of head; sheath
of upper canine sjn'eading out and bent up at the end ; premolars a . |.
—Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 22.
The depi'ession in the skuU behind the hinder nasal opening is
without any pits on the sides behind.
1. sus. 329
a. Wild Swine. The ears ei-ect, hairy. Colour of fur unifortn or inore or
h'fs (jrizzled. Yuumj yellow, streaked. Skntl elongate; facial line
draiyht ; forehead conve.v. — Gray, /. c. p. 22.
1. SUS.
Face conical, simple, or with two or three small warts on each
check. Ears ovate, haiiy. Tail moderate, tufted at the end. SkuU
elongate ; the forehead and upper part of nose rounded on the sides ;
upper part of the intermaxillary bone smooth ; nose very long,
tapering, convex, I'ounded and smooth on the sides above ; concavitj'
on the cheek deep, continued nearly to the orbit behind. Canines
well developed, of upper jaw recurved ; the sheath of the upper
canine (of the males at least) with a longitudinal ridge across the
U2)per part of the base.
Hah. Europe, Asia, and the Malay Islands.
SiLS, Linn. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 130, 1868, p. 22 ; Ozven., Odont.
p. 534, t. 140.f. 1; Fitz. Sitz. Akad. der Wiss. 1864, p. 384; F.
Cuv. Dent. Mamm. p. 208, t. 85.
The head and skull lengthened absolutely, and as compared with
its ■vsadth, as the animal increases in age, and especially as it reaches
adult and old age. The nasal bones of the skuU elongated as the
animal increases in age. In the young they seldom extend beyond
a line even with the larger foramen on the side of the face ; but in
the adult they are generally much produced behind it (P. Z. S. 1852,
p. 131).
The descriptions and the figures of the two jaws in F. Cmaer's
' Dent. Mamm.' p. 20S, do not agree ; he says there are 14 grinders
in each jaw, and divides them into 6 false molars and 8 molars in
the upper, and 2 false and 6 molars in the lower ; the 2 is perhaps
a mistake for 8. The front lower premolar is far from the canine
and second premolar ; three upper and four lower premolars com-
pressed; the last grinder elongate, longer than broad.
Fitzinger, in his monograph, divides the Pigs thus, according to
the presence or absence of warts on the face : —
Warts none : — Sus leucomystax, S. timorensis, S. vittatus, S. har-
batus, S. cristatus, S. scnnaariensis.
Warts small, under eyes : — S. scrofa.
Warts three — one large, on the mandible, covered with long
bristles, and a smaU one under the eye, and the other above the
canines : — S. verrucosus, S. ceJehensis.
The Pigs may be divided geographically : — Europe, S. scrofa ;
Asia Minor, S. Ul>;/cus ; IncHa, S. cristatus, S. andamanensis ; Africa,
S. scnnaariensis ; Malay Islands, ;S. verrucosus, S. celehensis, S. bar-
hatus, S. vittatus, S. titnorensis ; Japan and Formosa, S. leucomys-
tax.
330 SUID^E.
t Head moderate, unth three small warts, and one at the back angle of
lower jaw. Shdl tcith the lower Jaw above half as long again as the
height at the occiput; concavity in front of orbit deep, and narrow
behind. Nape erect. — Gray, I. c. p. 23.
1. Sus verrucosus. B.M.
Ears moderate, nakedish. Fur with scattered bristles : yellowish
or blackish brown, beneath yellowish white ; bristles above the man-
dibular wart white. Warts three : — one on the cheek, large, covered
with long bristles ; another below the eye, smaller ; a third above
the canine teeth, small.
Sus verrucosus, Boie, MS. ; S. Midler, Verhand. i. 42. p. 175, t. 28
(adult), t. 32. £ 1-4 (skuU) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278;
Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 23.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 225.
Mab. Java ; Borneo ; Ceram.
The skulls in the British Museum are : —
No. 712 c. An adult skull from Java. Length 16 inches, height
at occiput 8| inches (see Midler, Yerh. t. 32. f. 3, 4). Nose rather
broad behind, tapering from the orbits, more compressed in front ;
concavity on cheek very deep ; forehead convex ; zygomatic arch
very large, swollen, convex extei'nally. The side of the lower jaw
much swollen and prominent. The nose of this skull is much wider
than that of the skuU fi'om Ceram (712 d).
No. 1362 a. An adult skull, without ciitting- teeth and canines,
and rather broken on the nose, received from Mr. Wallace as the
skull of S. vittatiis from Borneo, is very similar to no. 712 c from
Java, 14| inches long, 8| inches high at the occiput. The forehead
not quite so convex ; but in almost all other respects they agree,
except that the sides of the lower jaw are not so much swoUen
and convex. These skulls are known from those of S. vittatus by
the concavity in the front of the orbit being veiy deep, ovate, and
narrow behind, instead of broad and square (that is, ending in a
nearly straight Hue).
Three other adult skulls, apparently belonging to the same species,
were received without any habitat (but probably from Java or some
other Dutch colonj') from the Utrecht Museum. One is 15 inches
long, 9| inches high at the occiput ; the second 16 inches long,
9^ inches high at the occiput ; the third, length 15, height at the
occiput 8| inches.
Var. ceramica. No. 712 d. Skull, adult. A Wild Boar from
Ceram, collected by Mr. Wallace. Length 15 inches, height at
occiput 8 inches. Nose tapering, very narrow, compressed and
deeply concave on each side in front of the orbits ; the zygomatic
arch large, swoUen, and convex externally ; the crest on the sheath
of the upper canine is narrow and short.
No. 712/. An adult skull, obtained from the Utrecht Museum,
named " Siis larvatus," without any habitat, which is very like
712 r/ from Ceram, but considerably larger, being 16| inches long
1. sus. 331
and 8| inches high ; the nose is broader and rather wider in front
over the camnes ; the crest on the hinder part of the sheath ofSe
upper canme is similar, smaller, but thicker
In both skulls the crest on the canine is much shorter and less
marked, and the sides of the lower jaw are swoUen bu not so
swollen and convex as in 712 e from Java. '
Ihe specimen from Coram (712 rf) differs from all the others in
the nose being much narrower, more compressed, and apparently
longer compared with the length of the brain-case ^PP^^^^^ly
from jTaT-ltf"" 'V' ^''^ \^^ ^''''^' ^"«^^™ ^^^ the one
II om Java (/ 12 r) are aU very much alike.
XX T,'' f-^^ f ^siders his Sus ceyhnensis (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
XX. p i,.3; ^„s zajlanensis, Blyth, MS. photogr.) a varietv of I
Judtin'V "S ^'^'^^ ""'' ^^"^ "^^™^-^d fr°- J^-neo to Cey In'
written on it it is much shorter and thicker than the sk4 of ^'
Maus. The photograph is much more like that of 8r^ "It
tt Head moderate, and tmthorrt warts. Skull xcith the loicer jarv about half
2. Sus celebensis. p ^
Black-brown above and below ; bristles on upper mandibular
H T '^. .?'' °'''^^^'^^^' ^^^'^di^'^' f»r ^th scattered biSs
Head with three warts; the wart on the upper jaw lar'e he
Sua celebensis, S. Midler, Verhandl i ob 172 177 + 9S • / • ,
Hah. Celebes (.S^. Midler). -p ,,
Skull rather more than half as long again as high ; concavitvon
the cheek in front of the orbit very deep\ehind, sepal-ated frlm'tbe
S ^ ^ ^f" -T^y "^-^ ' ^^'^''^th of upper cinine with W
light crest-like ndges (see MiiUer, Yerh. t. 28*. f. 2, 3). ^
3. Sus vitattus. B j^
YeUowish or brown-black, ^^•ith a white streak from the end of
the nos^e to the angle of the mandible. Ears moderate, nakeSish
fur with scattered bristles. Head M-ithout any warts. Skuu' hort-
Xriil^ittyl tlfrit^^ -' ^-^' - ^^^ -'^' -^
332 suiD^.
Sua vittatus, Bote, MS. ; S. MUller, Verhand. i. 42. pp. 172, 173, t. 29
c^ I (animal), t. 32. f. 5 (skull) ; lilainv. Osteogr. Onguligr. t. 5 (skull);
^ P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 442, 443; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 277;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 25.
Sus scrofa, var., Giehel, Sdugeth. p. 225.
Hah. Java ; Borneo ; Amboyna ; Macassar ; Banka.
A skeleton (712 e) of a Pig, received from the Zoological Society
under the name of the Javan Pig {Sus verrucosus), seems to belong-
to this sjjecies ; but the concavity in front of the eye is scarcely as
deep as usual, perhaps arising from its having been long in confine-
ment.
No 1362 c. Skull of an adult male of Sus vittatus from Amboyna,
from Mr. Wallace. Nose rather wide before in front of the orbit,
and then with parallel sides ; concavity in front of orbit deep and
large, separated from the front of the orbit by a narrow raised con-
vex edge. Canines thick; crest at base strong. Length 12|, height
at occiput 8 inches. The processes of the sheaths of the upper ca-
nines are curved back, sharp-edged above, and straight and truncated
at the end.
No. 1362 d. SkuU of adult, very like 1362 c, also from Amboyna,
from Mr. Wallace's collection. Length 12, height 8| inches. The
concavity in the front of the orbit is deeper and the ridge separating
it from the cavity of the orbit more marked. The process of the
sheath of the upper canine is similar, but rather larger, the upper
edge is sharp-edged at the end, longer, more ovate, convex, and
rugose.
No. 1362 li. Skull of an old male from Batchian, from Mr. Wal-
lace's collection. Length 13, height at occiput 8} inches. Very
like 1362 d from Amboyna ; but the forehead is narrower and flatter,
and the nose broader, being rather wider in front over the canines
than in fi'ont of orbits ; the concavity in front of the orbit similar
and deep, and with well-marked outer orbital ridges. The process
of the sheath of the upper canine is shorter, tliicker, blunter, with
a rounded end, and without any distinctly sharp-crested front edge.
No 1362 b. SkuU of an adult, with well-worn grinders, a " Wild
Boar fi-om Java," from Mr. Wallace's collection. Length 13^,
height 8| inches. Very similar to S. vittatus from Amboyna
(1362 c and 1362 d) ; but the nose of the skull is rather broader,
especially in front, and the sheath of the upper canine is only fur-
nished with a well-marked ridge behind. The concavity on the
cheeks is very deep and wide in front, but not so well mai-ked and
deep on the hinder edge, where it is separated from the orbit by a
wide flattish space.
No. 1362/. Skull of an animal developing the hinder molar ; the
concavity in front of the orbit not so deep and well marked, as usual
behind ; zygomatic arch and lower jaw swoUen on the sides ; the
ridge of the sheath of the canine slight and sharp-edged. Trom the
Utrecht Museum ; probably from Java or some of the Dutch colonies.
Length 13, height 7 inches.
No. 1362^. A skidl of an adult, received from the Utrecht Mu-
1. sTis. 333
seum without any habitat, but most probably from Java, is very like
the preceding- ; it is 12.| inches long and 7| inches high at the oc-
ciput.
4. Sus leucomystax. (Japanese Pig.) B.M.
Blackish brown ; fur dense, bristly ; streak on lower jaw and
underside of body white. Ears rather large, densely pilose. Head
without any wart.
Sus leuconivstiix, Temm. Fauna Japon. Mamm.-^.Q,t. 20; Fitzinger,
Setiqera, "p. .387 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 4G6 ; Gi-ay, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 20.
Sus scrofa, var., Giehel, Sdugeth. p. 220.
Sus taivanus, Sicinluw, P. Z. S. 1864, p. .382, 1806, p. 419.
Porcula taivana, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 360, 1864, p. 381.
Hah. Japan ; Formosa (Sivinhoe) ; Nagasaki (Swinhoe).
Mr. Swinhoe gave an account of the habits of the Pig in Formosa
(P. Z. S. 1862, p. 361). It is a Sus, and not a Porcula.
Mr. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1862, p. 361) thinks this is a WHd Pig, the
original stock of the Chinese Domestic Pig.
Mr. Blyth says this is the animal from which the Chinese Do-
mestic Pig is supposed to be derived. There are three animals in
the Zoological Gardens (Feb. 1867) which appear to be a domestic
race from Formosa, although not much altered save in colouring
from the wild animals (Blyth, Land and Water, Feb. 16, 1867,
p. 84).
" Mr. Fraser has just received from the Island of Formosa, per the
' Maitlaiid,' one Boar and one Sow of a red variety, and one Sow in
pig, black variety, of a new species of Pig (Sus taevanus, Swinhoe,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend.) supposed to be the wild origin of the weU-
known Chinese Pig (Dec. 1867)."— P. Z. S. 1868, p. 27.
5. Sus cristatus. B.M.
Bristles of forehead, occiput, and back elongate, forming a mane;
cheeks with a beard. Yellowish brown, black-varied ; beneath dirty
white. Hose and extremity brownish. Ears moderate, nakedish,
covered with scattered bristles. Head without any warts. Hoofs
white.
Sus .fcrofa, Elliot, Madras Journ. x. p. 216, 1839, 1 ; Adams, P. Z. S.
1860, p. 531.
Sus scrofa, var. indicus, Jlorsfield, Cat. Mamm. M. E. I. C. p. 193 ;
Blainv. Osteogr. t. 5.
Sus indicus. Gray, List of Mamm. B. M. p. 185, 1840; Horsfield,
P. Z. S. 1852, p. 130, 1856, p. 406 : Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xv.
p. 201 ; Schinz, Si/n. Mamm. ii. p. 350 ; Blainv. Osteor/r. Ouguligr.
t. 5 (skull) ; P. Z. S. 1848, p. 73, 1850, p. 158, 185^ p. 1.30, 1860,
p. 181 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p. 277. fji^O. d*/ />./C^O
Sus bengalensis, Blyth, Jaiirn. A. S. Bengal, xxix. p. 304.
Sus cristatus, War/ner, Mihich. qel. Anzeiq. be. p. 535, 1839; Fitz.
Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss. xlix. pp. 389, 417, 1864; Gray, P. Z. S. 1808,
p. 27.
Sus aper, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 911.
334
r
Sus affinis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. p. 71, 1847.
Sus serofa, var. isonotus, Hodgson, Icon. B. M. t. p. 216.
Hah. India ; Malabar (Blainv.) ; Nepal, Tarai and mountains
(Hodgson); Banks of Punjab (Adanis) ; Penang, Singapore, and
Lanedy Island (Fitzinger).
Ml-. Bryan Hodgson describes two varieties (see Journ. A. S.
Bengal, i. pp. 245 & 911) as inhabiting the Tarai and mountains of
Nepal: — 1. aipomus : tusk large ; forequarters high. 2. isonotus:
tusk small ; back nearly horizontal. There is a figure of the latter
variety in his drawings in the British Museum (t. 216) : the nape
and back are much crested.
716 u. Skull of adult male. Length 15, height 9| inches. '• Mar-
quis." ij^epal ; B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
716 p. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 8| inches. Marked
" Bilmareeah, 8. indicus."
716 A.-. Skull of adult male. Length 15|,height9i inches. Marked
" Sus babirusa." Malabar (see Blainv. Osteog. t. .).
716 n. SkuU of adult male. Length 14|, height 8| inches.
716 ^r. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 9 inches. "Mar-
quis." Nepal ; B. H. Hodgson.
716 0. SkuU of adult male. Length 15|, height 9^ inches. India;
Sir John Boileau.
716 /. Skull of adult male. Length 15, height 8| inches. Nepal;
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
716 b. SkuU of adult male. Length 13, height 8| inches. India ;
General Hardwicke.
716 ?/. SkuU of adult male. Length 14, height 9 inches. India ;
Gr. H. Money, Esq.
716 X. SkuU of adult male, broken. India Museum, Zoological
Society.
716 I. SkuU of adult male. Length 13, height 9 inches. Nepal ;
Tarai ; Professor Oldham.
716. e. SkuU of adult male. Length 13^, height 8 inches. " WUd
Boar of the plains." Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Forehead nearly
fiat.
716 d. SkuU of adult male. Length 14, height 8| mches. " WUd
Boar of the plains." Nepal ; B. H. Hodgson.
716 w. SkuU of adult female. Length 14|, height 8| inches.
India. Professor Oldham.
716 w. SkuU of nearly adult female. Length 12|, height 7| inches.
NeUgherries. Sus affinis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. p. 71, 1847.
716 c. Skull of young male ? Length 13, height 7| inches. Tarai,
Nepal ; B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
716 w. SkuU of young male. Length 10, height 6f inches. Tarai,
Nepal ; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Sus hemjalensis, Blyth (type).
716 m. SkuU of young female. Length 10|, height 7^ inches.
Tarai, Nepal ; Dr. Oldham.
716 2. SkuU of young female. Length .height inches. Nepal;
B. H. Hodgson. Nose much narrower and contracted behind in
«i*tA;ai^ Av^-2U-*^
/.
^•^•^rio^t
^/
.^^ f-t^ ^^^i^£^^^ / y>*c.A«-^>'J*»l
1. sTJs. 335
front of the orbit, perhaps the character of the female sex. The
skulls of female exotic Pigs are very rare iu collections.
This series of skulls differ in the depth of the concavity on the
hinder part of the cheeks in front of the orbit. It is very deep, and
■with a well-defined wide ridge behind in 716 o, 716 c, and 716 Ar.
It is less marked in the others, in difierent degrees of distinctness
and depth.
In the skulls of the younger animals the concavity is very shallow
behind, and gradually shelving off to the orbit, as in 716 c, 716 w,
716 m, 716 (/, 716 .r. It is one of these skulls (716 w) that Mr.
Blyth marked as like his type of S. bengalensis.
The skull of this species is like that of Sus verrucosus from the
Malay Islands ; but all the skuUs differ from the skulls of S. verru-
cosus in the flatness of the zj-gomatic arch, compared "svith the thick
swollen form of the zygoma in all the skulls of that species. The
sides of the lower jaw are convex and swollen, but not so much so
as the lower jaw of S. verrucosus.
b. Concamty on the cheeks of the skull in front of the orbit shalloio behind,
only separated from the orbit by a narrow ridge.
6. Sus timorensis. B.M.
Yellowish or blackish brown, generally with a white streak from
the nose to the angle of the jaw. Ears moderate, nakedish ; fur
with scattered bristles, maned. " Head without any warts." Skull
(young) — the concavity in front of the orbit shallow behind, and
only separated from the orbit by a slight ridge.
Su8 timorensis, S. Miiller, Verhand. i. pp. 42, 173, 178, t. 31. f. 1-3 ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 28.
Sus vittatus ,8, Wagner, Schreb. Sdugeth. Suppl. iv.
Sus sci'ofa, var., Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 225.
Sus, sp., from Dampier Straits, Sclater, List of Vert. Animals Zool.
Gard. ed. 3. p. 37. n. 235.
Hah. Timor and Rottie.
Like S. vittatus, but smaller.
15C*1 a. A skull of a young animal, very like the one figured
by Miiller (Yerhand. t. 32. f. 2, 3) ; it is marked " young female
Babirussa/' from Mr. Wallace's collection. It is certainly not a
Babirussa, having six upper cutting-teeth and short intermaxillaries,
but is more probably a young female of the preceding. It has the
concavity in front of the orbit shallow, and only separated from the
orbit by a narrow ridge.
1501 c. SkiiU ■svith the last grinder being developed (on one side
only), perhaps young male ? Inscribed " a Wild Pig, Makassar."
Length 10|, height at occiput 6 inches. Nose broad behind, taper-
ing iu front from orbit ; concavity in front of orbit large, not deep,
and extending close up to the edge of the cavity ; the hinder suture
of the parietal bone is produced and angular behind.
1501 b. A rather larger skull, also developing the last molar, and
336 STjiDJs.
probably a young male. A "Wild Pig, Ternate, from Mr. Wallace's
collection. Length 12|, height 5| inches. It is very similar to the
above in all particulars, particularly in the shallowness of the con-
cavity in front of the orbits, and in the crest-like form of the ridge
behind the base of the sheath of the upper canines ; hinder suture
of the parietal produced and rounded behind.
The shallowness of the concavity on the cheeks of these specimens
may depend on the youth of the animal, as it is to be found in the
skull of the young Sus indicus. It is not always a character of youth,
as it is found shallow and shelving off behind in the skull of the very
old Sus andamanensis and S. scrofa.
There is the skin and skeleton (1501 d) of a " Wild Pig from
Dampier Straits, in the Eastern archipelago," that was brought to
the Museum by Mr. Swinhoe. It does not appear to differ from
/S. timorensis of S. Midler ; and the skull is very like the skull
from Ternate (1501 h). A specimen was living in the Society's
Gardens. Mr. Bartlett thinks that the latter is " a domestic Pig
running wild, because he has seen two specimens of them, both of
which had white markings about the legs in a very irregular manner
and other characters of the domestic Pig."
7. Sus andamanensis. (Andaman Pig.) B.M.
The concavity of the cheeks in front of the orbit deeply concave,
shallower behind, shelving off to the orbit, and only separated from
the orbit by a narrow ridge ; in the male the sheaths of the upper
canines with a well-marked ridge ; the concavity in front of the
orbit very wide ; in the female the concavity narrower, and sheaths
of the canines not developed. i^^ 4 //^/ J.^.tA^>^^rf< P^y
Sus andamanensis, Blyth, i^hotogi: MSj^ Sclater, List of Vert. Anim. ^ ' •*« '
Zool. Gard. ed. 3. p. 37 ; Gray, P. Z7S. 1868, p. 30.
Eah. Andaman Islands.
Living in the Gardens of the Society. Also a hybrid between the ,i
female Andaman Pig and the male Wild Pig from Dampier Straits.
A skull of an adult male in the British Museum, without lower
jaw (no. 1497 «) : — The four front upper cutting-teeth very large,
entire, square ; the hinder lateral one very small, early deciduous.
Lower cutting-teeth six, subequal, close together ; upper canines very 11
large, recurved, with a deep central ridge on the upper edge ; con- I
cavity in front of the orbits very wide and deep ; sheath produced,
with a well-marked longitudinal crest on the upper reflexed edges. . |
A complete skull of an adult female (no. 1497 b) very similar to
preceding, but concavity in front of the orbit narrower behind : —
Upper canine small, compressed, without any developed sheath ; no
ridge above its root. Lower canines very large, subtrigonal ; the
first, two-rooted premolar on the hinder part of its base separated
a short distance from the second premolar. Upper cutting-teeth
three, the first very large ; the second on the right side, and both
the hinder ones have fallen out, and the cavity left is filled up.
1. sus. 337
The skull of this species is more nearly allied to the Bafnrussa
tlian any others of the Pigs (Sus), the part in front of the canines
being rather more produced than in other species, but not nearly so
much so as in Babirussa ; and the two hinder upper cutting-teeth
are very small and often deciduous. In the skull of the adult
male, for example, they were veiy small, but the pits they filled are
present ; in the adult female, the pits they filled are entirely oblite-
rated. By a curious coincidence, the second upper cutting-teeth on
the right side of the jaws of the skulls of both the male and female
animals are wanting, and the pits they filled are obliterated ; but
this may be only an accidental circumstance, as the tooth on the
other side is well developed.
8. Sus scrofa.
Ears large, densely hairy. Fur blackish brown, densely bristly.
Wart under the eye small. Skull elongate, slender ; the concavity
on the cheek in front of the orbit wide, shallow behind, shelving
towards the orbit, and only separated from it by a narrow ridge.
Sus aper, Bvissm ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 130, 18oG, p. 400.
Sus scrofa, Zhm. ; Gie'bel, Siiiu/efh. p. 22o ; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 158,
1858, p. 5;il, 1860, pp. 183, 448 ; Bhiitw. Osteogr. Onquligr. t. 1.
f. 4-0 ; Fitz. Sctii/era, p. 348 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 30.
Sus setosus aper, Budd. Elench. A/iun. i. p. 157.
Sus scrofa aper, lir.vl. &';/st. li. A. i. p. 176.
Sus fasciatus, Graij, LiM Mamm. B. M. p. 184. /(viv
Sus scrofa fasciatus, Schrch. S. p. .322 (jun.).
Sus scrofa ferns, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 217; Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 1.3,
f. 1,2, 3 (skull and palate) ; Blainr. Ostcoqr. t. 4 (skull, J ).
Sanglier, Buffm, H. N. v. p. 176, t. 24. f 1 (skull).
Hab. Europe.
Var. Domesticated. Head short, slender. Ears erect, pointed.
Limbs short, slender. Hair of body rather crisp, ferruginous or
blackish brown. Junior fasciatcd.
Cochon turc, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ix. p. 512.
Cochon turc ou de Mongolitz, Desm. Mamm. p. .391.
Sus scrofa domestica turcica, Fischer, Syn. p. 422.
?Sus scrofa, var. (Maltese Pig), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 139.
Hah. European Turkey ; Hungary ; Vienna ; Borneo.
Skull of adidt (713 c), with diseased teeth and alveoli. Length
14, height 9 inches. From the ZuologictJ Gardens ; probably from
Germany. The concavity on the cheeks wide, shallow behind, and
•gradually shelving ofi" to the orbit. The sheaths of the upper canines
with a well-marked elevated ridge behind.
Skull of adult (713 »;)• Length L'), height 8 inches. From Ger-
many.
Skull of adult (713/'). Length 15, height 74 inches. From the
Museum of the Zoological Society.
Skull of adult (713./). Length 14, height 7| inches. Germany,
from Dr. Giinther.
338 suiD^.
Skull developing the last molar (713 it). Length 13, height 0^
inches. Germany, from Mr. Gerrard.
A skin and skeleton of a Wild Boar from Barbary (Sus scrofa har-
hurus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S60, j). 443), received from the Zoological
Gardens. Skull {~\2 j) does not differ from the skuU of the Wild
Boar from Germany.
713 7l and 713 ('. Two skulls of young animals from the Zoological
Society.
713/7- Skull of a nearly adult animal ; purchased of a dealer.
9. Sus libycus.
Animal ?
Sus libycus, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 31.
? Sus scrofa, Trikram, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 84.
Hab. Asia Minor (Xantus). Skidl in the British Museum, pre-
sented by Sir Charles Fellows.
Sknll of adult (713 a). Length 14|, height 8^ inches. The
concavity on the cheeks in front of the orbits very broad and very
shallow, with a broad concavity in the middle ; the hinder jjart
moderately deep, separated from the orbit by a rather narrow well-
marked prominent ridge. jN^ose narrow, and compressed over the
lateral foramen. The sheath of the canine with only a slight ridge
behind it.
The skull is very distinct from all the skulls of the Wild Boars
from Germany in the British Museum.
The Wild Boar of the Holy Land, described by Mr. Tristram, may
be the same. He observes : —
" Abundant in the wooded hills and maritime plains alike.
Swarms in all the thickets by the Jordan and Dead Sea, and in the
forest-(!Ountry east of Jordan. Extends even to the bare wilderness
of Judsea, and almost into the desert, where there is no cover, and
where its only food is the roots of the desert bulbs." — Trisfravt,
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 84.
10. Sus sennaareusis.
Fur dense, bristly, dull olive-black yellow- varied. Ears moderate,
densely pilose. Head without any warts.
Sus sennaarensis, Fitz. Sitz. Ahad. d. Wiss. xix. p. 365, 1864 ; S(4i-
gera, p. 388 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p 32.
Sus larvatus, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss. x. p. 362.
? Sus scrofa (Egypt), Blainv. Osteoijr. t. 5 (skull).
? Cochon des oVegres, Biiffon, H. N. Quad. v. p. 123.
Hah. North Africa : Sennaar ; Kordofan ; Sudan. Called " Qua-
druk" by the Arabs.
Dr. Mm-ie says he has often seen and eaten the true Wild Boar of
the genus Sus in Africa, as well as the Potamochcerus on the west
coast. I have never seen any, or the skull of one.
2. poRCULA. 339
t+t Head very long, slender, without loarts. The skull elow/tife, more titan
twice as long as high ; concamtg in front of the orbit deep. Cheeks
bearded. Euhys.
11. Sus barbatus. B.M.
Back covered with ochraceous, sides and beneath with black
bristles ; nose, extremities, and tuft at end of tail blackish. Skull
much compressed, very long, slender. Ears moderate, nakedish. Fur
with scattered bristles. Head very long, slender ; sides of the jaws
covered with crisp hairs ; crown and occiput covered with short hairs.
Head Avithout any warts.
Sus barbatus, S. MiiUer, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. 1839, v. p. 140 ;
Verhandl. i. pp. 42, 17.3, 179, t. .SO, 31,: Gerrurd, Cat. Bones B, M.
p. 278 ; Fitzinger, Setigera, p. 392 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 32.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, iSdugcth. p. 22o.
Hah. Borneo. Called "Wite Warken."'
712 a. Skull of adult, from Borneo, presented by J. Brooke, Esq.
Length from end of nasal to occipital crest 19 inches, 9| high
at occiput. Exactly like the figure in Miiller's ' Yerhand.' t. 31.
f. 4.5.
712. SkuE of a young animal changing its teeth, from Borneo.
C'apt. Sir E. Belcher. Length 11 1 inches, 5 inches high at occiput.
Nose very slender, attenuated ; nose from the orbit double the length
of the distance from the front of the orbit to the occiput ; the zygo-
matic arch flat, thin.
2. FORCULA.
Head conical, moderate. Ears small, erect, hairy. Cheeks with-
out any tubercles. Tail very short, rudimentarj\ Cutting-teeth f ,
two upper front largest, the lateral lower small ; intermaxillary mo-
derate, not produced ; canines small, scarcely elevated above the
other teeth, the upper one rather spread out, but not reflexed ;
premolars \ ■ \-
Porcula, Hodgson ; Gerrard, C(rt. Bones B. M. p. 278, 1852 ; Fitz.
Sitz. Akad". d. Wiss. 1864, p. 404 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 33.
The skull chiefly difters from Sus in being shorter and much
smaller. The number and form of the teeth and of the intcrmaxil-
laries arc the same as in Sus.
* Back and nape maned.
1. Poixula papuensis. (The Bene.) B.M.
Ears moderate, erect, nakedish, internally white. Fur very
bristly above, with scattered bristles beneath ; bristles of nape and
back longer, forming a black mano ; brown and reddish above, black
and white beneath.
Young. Dark brown, with five fulvous streaks.
Ben, Forrest, Voy. p. 97, t, 2, 3.
Sus papuensis, Lesson S,- Gam. Bull. Set. Xaf. vii. pp. 80, 96; I)u-
z 2
340 STTID^.
2)errey, Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. t. 8 ; Oray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 18o •
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 107.
I'orcula papuensis, Fitz. Sitz. Akacl d. Wiss, 1864, p. 23 ; Gray,
P. Z. & 1868, p. 33.
Papuan Hog, Lotc, Breeds of Domestic Anim. ii. p. 1.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sauyeth. p. 220.
Hah. New Guiwea. Called ' Ben ' or ' Bene.'
Lesson and Garnot described the skull as having only five grinders
on each side of each jaw ; hut this animal was probably not full-
grown. Canines not longer than the other teeth. Tail very short.
** Back and nape withoid any mane.
2. Porcula salviania. B.M.
Fur very bristly above, nakedish beneath ; black-brown, grey- or
yellowish-washed. Ears naked. Back without any crest.
Porcula salviania, Hodyson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xvi. pp. 423, 593,
1. 12, 13, xvii. p. 480, t. 27 ; HorsfiM, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191 ; Fitz.
Sitz. Akud. d. Wissen. 1864, p. 25 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 33.
Porcula salvania, Gerrard, Cat. Bones, p. 278 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 185(),
p. 400, Mamm. pi. 37.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sauyeth. p. 226.
Pygmy Hog of the Saul Forests, Iludyson.
Hah. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Saul Forests in Tarai.
Skull (1077 rt) from the Saul Forests. Presented to the Museum
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. It is that of an animal developing the last
molar. In form the skull is very hke that of i^us, but shorter ; the
forehead is convex ; the nose tapers in front of the orbit, is rather
swollen and wide over the deejily concave cheeks ; the concavity is
deepest in the middle of the cheeks, and it is only separated from
the orbit by the narrow edge of the orbit. The canines are small,
the upper ones not rcciu'ved.
3. POTAMOCHffiRUS.
Face elongate, with a bony protuberance on each side, halfway
between the nose and eyes. Ears elongate, suddenly tapering, and
ending in a pencil of hairs. Tail thick, elongate, high up on the
rump. Skull elongate ; brain-ease swollen ; nose nearly of the same
width the whole length, rounded above, with a rather thickened
upper margin, and a deep concavity on the cheeks extending nearly
to the front of the orbit, and partly over and nearly covering the
malar process that supports the zygomatic arch.
Male swollen and often warty on the sides in front ; sheath of the
canine with a large broad process on the upper part of its base.
Female, side of the nose simple, and the sheath of the canine
with a well-marked ridge across the upper part of its base.
Teats four. Young four at a birth, with longitudinal stripes.
Koiropotamus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 185.
t'hoivojwtamus, Gray, Ann. 8,- Mag. N. H. 1852.
I
■i. POTAMOCnCERUS. 341
Potamochoerus, Gray, Ann. ^- Muq. N. II. xv. p. 0(3 ; P. '/,. S. 18(38,
p. 34 ; Sc/ater, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 301 ; Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss. 18(54,
p. 19.
Phascochcerus, sp., Jardine.
Phacoclicerus, sp., Lesson in Tabl. R. A. 1841, p. 162.
1. PotamochcErus africanus. (Bosch Vark.) B.M,
Ears densely hairy ; internally white, with black edge and tuft.
Fur black. Head and back whitish or yellowish ; foi'ehead and back
black-varied ; large spot beneath the eyes black.
ISlidl. — Jlale, the lateral tubercular ridge prominent, and elevated
above the upper surface of the nose ; lateral process on the base of
the sheath of the upper canine broad, compressed, reaching to the
level of the upper surface of the nose. Female with transverse ridge
at the base of the sheath of the iipper canine,
African Wild Boar, Daniel, African Scenery, t. 22.
Sus africanus, Schreb. SitiKjeth. i. p. 327 ; P. Z. S. 1852, p. 131 ;
Blainv. in Lain: et Bazin, Anat. Phys. t. 11. £ 9 (teetli) ; Blainv.
Osfeof/r. t. 8. f . 1 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. t. ; Beichenb. Natiirq. d.
Pach'yd. t. 33. £ 129.
.Sus larvatus, F. Cur. Mem. Mus. vii. p. 447, t. 22; A. Smith, S. A.
Quart. Joui-n. p. 90 ; Blainv. Osteoyr. Onyuliyr. t. (.skull).
Sus koiropotamus. Desmoid. Diet. Class. H. N. vii. t. 1 ; P. Z. S.
^ 18o2, p. 131.
Koiropotamus africanus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. IBo.
Choiropotamus larvatus, Gray, Ann. ^ May. N. H. 1852.
Phacoclicerus koiropotamus. Lesson, N. Tab. B. A. p. 162, 1841.
Sus koiropotamus, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. H. N. t. 7, 2 ■
Sus choiropotamus, Beichenb. Natnry. d. Pachyd. t. 33. £ 48.
Potamochcerus larvatus, Gray, Ann. i!) May. N. H. xv. p. 60 ; Fitz.
Sitz. Akad. d. IFissen. 1864, p. 19.
Potamochcerus africanus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 131, 1858, p. 58,
1800, p. 443, 18(58, p. 34; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. 3L p. 279; Kirk,
P. Z. S. 1804, p. 050.
Phascochcerus larvatus, Jardine, Nat. Libr. p. 232, t. 28.
Sauglier a masque, Syanzin, Mem. Strasb. iii. p. 1, t. 1.
Female, skull with only a ridge across the base of the sheath of
tlie upper canines. — P. Z. S. 1808, p. 35.
Sus capensis, Gray, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones B. M. p. 277 (skull).
/lah. South Africa, called "Bosch Yark ;" Central Africa, Zam-
besi delta, called " Njulvi " (Kirk).
" Scarcely any two s])ccimcns of this species exhibit the same
colour ; some are brownish black variegated with white, and others
are almost entirely of a liglit reddish-brown or rufous tint without
the white variations ; indeed such are the varieties tliat it is scarcely
possible to say what are the most prevailing colours." — A. Smith,
S. A. Quart. Jonrn. p. 90.
1. In the British iluscum there is a skeleton (1364 6) of a spe-
cimen that lived several years in the Zoological Gardens. In the
skull the malar process is very broad, reaching nearly to the level of
342 suiD-E.
the top of the nose ; it is thin on each edge, and thickened near the
outer hinder edge by a strong angular keel.
2. A skull (1364 rt) that was purchased of Mr. Argent in 1851
as coming from ii-'outh Afiica. It has the process of the sheath of
the canines nearly as long as the preceding (1364 6) ; but it is not
so broad from side to side, and the outer surface is evenly rounded,
without any keel. This skull very nearly resembles the one figured
by De Blainville as that of Stfs lurvatus (Osteograph. t. 5), and the
skull figured by M. F. Cuvier (Mem. Mus.).
3. A skull from the ]^Iuseum of Dr. de Jeude, probably from the
Capo of Good Hope (1364 c).
The front of the lower jaw behind the canine is more dilated and
swollen in P. larvatus (1364 6) than in the lower jaws of the two
other skulls ; but they aU differ from each other more or less in this
fespect. ,
^^' f> 4. A skull without its lower jaw (715 «) was brought home by
\A 1^' Captain Alexander from his Expedition to Damara, and presented
>J-^\/ to the British Museiim. It is recorded iji Mr. Gerrard's catalogue
of the bones in the British Museum as Sits ccq'iensis (p. 277). It
is the skull of an adiilt animal, with the crown of the grinders much
worn. It is probably the skull of a female, as it agrees with all the
characters of Potomochoerus, but it has only a well-marked ridge
across the upper part of the base of the sheath of the upper canine,
and the upper margin of the nose is not dilated or swollen.
2. Potamoohcerus porcus. (Red River-Hog.) B.M.
Ears densely hairy ; edges of ears and pencil white. Fur red-
brown, beneath greyish white. Head and ears black ; whiskers on
the cheek, streak over and below the eyes, and dorsal mane white.
Sl-ull. — Male, the prominence of the canine flat-topped and not
raised above the surface of the nose ; the lateral process of the
sheath of the upper canine narrow at the base, dilated above, short,
not reaching to the level of the upper surface of the nose. Fe-
male with only a ridge across the base of the sheath of the upper
canine.
Porcus guineensis, Marcf/r. Bras. p. 230, fig. (good).
" Coclion de giiinee, Buffun, H. N. v. p. 146."
Guinea Pig, Broun, Jam. p. 487.
Sus porcus, Linn. S. N. p. 1032.
Pore de guinde, Desm. Mamm. p. 391 ; Enc. Meih. t. 39. f. 1 (from
Marcg?).
Sus scrofa, var. porcus, Fischer, Si/n. p. 423.
Sus guineensis, Brixson, i?. A. p. 109.
Sus africanus, Smith ; GriJAfh, A. K. (not Desm.).
Sus penicillatus, Sv/tinz, Monor/r. d. Siiuyeth. t. 10; Rev. Zoul. 1848,
p. lo2 ; Gray, F. Z. S. 1852, p. 132.
ChoiropotaAus' pictus, Crray, Ann. Si- Mag. N. H. x. pp. 280, 281.
Painted Pig of the Camaroons, lUustr. London News, fig., 1852.
Sus pictus, Wagner, Schreh. Sauf/ctJi. Siipp. v. pp. 302, 800.
Potaniochoerus albifrona, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston N. H. S. vii. p. 301,
1861 ; Travels, p. 422, t. 62 : Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 277.
I
3. POTAJiociicERrs. 343
Potamochcerus penicillatus, Gray, Ann. Sr Maq. N. H. xv. p. (36 ;
P. Z. S. 1852, p. 131, t. 34; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.M. p. 279;
Fitz. Kais. Akad. d. Wissen. xix. p. 3G5 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18(31, p. 62,
t. 12 (adult aud young).
Potamochcerus porcus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 3G.
Ilab. West Coast of Africa ; Camaroons liiver ; Guinea ; natu-
ralized in Brazil {Marcgrave).
Skeleton (no. 13G3 a) of a male specimen from the Camaroons,
that lived for several years in the Society's Gardens. The skull of
this animal is figured by Mr. Sclater in the ' Proceedings of the Zoo-
logical Society,' 186(J, p. 301. The process on the base of the sheath
of the canine is much shorter than in the skulls of P. afrkanus
(1304 «, 6); it does not reach the upper surface of the nose, is sub-
cylindrical at the base, without any keel on its outer side, and broad
at the end. It diverges much more from the side of the nose than
in the skull from South Africa.
Two skuUs, collected by Dr. Baikie in the interior of Africa
(1363 c and 1363 (7). They are very like the skull of the male
animal from the Camaroons (1303 «). The process of the sheath
of the upper canine in 1363 c is rather shorter and broader at the
top than in that skull ; and in 1363 a it is unfortunately broken off.
With these skulls Dr. Baikie brought another without the lower
jaw (715 /)) which is veiy like the others, only the side of the nose
over the canines is not dilated, and there is only a slight ridge across
the base of the uj)per surface of the sheath of the upper canine, as in
the female from the Gardens (1363/*). The skiiU has adult den-
tition, and it is nearly of the same size, but not so aged, as the skull
sent by Captain Alexander ; it difiers from it in the nose being more
compressed and narrowed in front of the orbit. The condyles of
this skull are large, and separated by a broad space beneath, as in
aU the other skulls of the genus, except that received from the
Zoological Society.
A skeleton of a female, from the Camaroons, that lived in the
Society's Gardens (Gerrard, Cat. Bones, no. 13(33 6). In the ' Cata-
logue of Bones of Mammalia in the British Museum ' the sexes of
1363 a and 6 are accidentally reversed. The skull had the denti-
tion of an adult animal ; the canines are very imperfectly developed,
cylindrical, and smooth, and the sides flattened and grooved longi-
tudinally beneath. The side of the nose of the skull is not swollen
or warty over the canines, and there is only a well-marked ridge at
the base of the upper surface of the sheath of the upper canine.
This skull differs from the others of the genus I have compared
it with in the small size of the occiijital condyles, which are also
closer together on their under edge. The hinder nasal opening is
wide and rounded.
The three skulls also differ in the form of the upper jaws in front
of the base of the canines. They are longer and narrower in the
two skulls which have been named P. Jnrvatas (1364 rr, 1364 6) than
thej- arc in the skull from the Camaroons named P. penidUatus or
P. porcus (1303 rt). But the two skulls with the longer intcrmaxil-
344 suiD^B.
laries differ from one another, the intermaxillaries of 1364 b being
longer and narrower than in the sknU 13(j4 a.
The ridges on the underside of the canine of P. lieyiicillatus
(1363 h) are fewer, coarser, and more irregular than they are on the
canines of the two other skulls (1364 a and h). The back and front
sides of the canines are rounded in 1363 «, while they are fiat in
1364 a and h ; but the two latter differ considerably in flatness.
This species has bred in the Society's Gardens, and reared the
progeny. It will not breed with the Domestic Pig, or at least has
not done so.
Marcgravc describes it as having a cyst on the navel, and says
that it had been introduced by the negroes, and naturalized in
Brazil.
I suppose that the Pig has not been found profitable, or was not
fitted for the American climate, as the breeding of it has been dis-
contimied. I have inquired of persons who have lived in different
parts of Brazil ; they all state that they have never seen or heard
of the Painted Pig in that country ; nor do I find any account of it
in the modern works on the natural history of the country. Mr. J.
Miers, F.E..S., has observed that Marcgrave only knew of the north-
ern provinces of Brazil, then in possession of the Dutch, and that
perhaps it still breeds there. My son and daughter, who travelled
in those districts, and first made entomologists acquainted with the
smaller Lepido])tera of the country, of which they collected very
many new species, state that they never saw any Ked Pig there.
/ v\ 3. Potamochoerus madagascariensis.
Sanglier de Madagascar, Dcmhenton ; B^jfon, H. N. xiv. p. SOl ; Fla- Q
court's Hist. Madagusc. p. 151. K
IX-'W Potamochcerus , Gray, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 38. *
Hah, Madagascar.
Mr. Sclater informs me that a species of this genus from Mada-
gascar is living in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. I am not aware
that any specimens from that coimtry have reached England.
b. Domesticated Swine. Face short. The ears more or less clependent, often
very larye. Animal black, white, or mottled. Young like parents {not
yellow-streaked). Skull short ; facial line sunken ; forehead and upper
surface of the nosejiattened, more or less distinct ; nose margined on the
sides. — Gray, I. c. p. 38.
I do not believe that the Domestic Pig is derived from the Wild
Boar of Europe, any more than the Domestic Cat is derived from the
Wild Cat of Scotland, or the Dog from the Wolf of Europe ; nor do
I know of any exotic species of Pig from which it is likely to have
been derived.
There is no doubt that the Domestic Pig will breed with the Wild
Boar, and that there are hybrid breeds which are more like the Wild
Boar than the normal domestic animal. On the other hand, the
4. scROFA. 345
wild species are' often more or loss domesticated in the countries
they naturally inhabit; but these animals differ little from their
M'lld i>rogenitors, and are very different fi'om the true domestic
animals.
4. SCROFA.
Face conical, smooth, or nearly so. SkuU— sheath of the canine
with a more or le«s distinct longitudinal crest across the base.
Scrofa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 38.
Scrofa domestica.
Scrofa domestica, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 38.
Siis \'en-es,P/mius, Hist. Nat. \iii. p. irA.
Sus doniesticus, Urissun, Beg. Anim. p. 106.
Sus scrofa domesticus, Er.vhb. Syst. p. 179; Fischer , Siin. Mnntm
p. 422.
Cochon, Buffon, II. N. v. p. 99.
Verrat, Buffon, H. N. y. p. 99, t. 17. i. 2 (t. 24. f. 3 skull)
Hog, Penn. '
Hah. Domesticated in most parts of the inhabited world.
Some varieties have small erect hairy ears and strong long legs
like wild swine.
Var. 1. CoJion de Siam,'K\i^on, v. pp. 125, 137, t. 17. f. 1 (i. '?4
f. 2, skull?). ^
Sus scrofa sinensis, Schreh. t. .324 (copied from Buffon ; not S. si-
nensis, Brissoti).
Black. The young black, without any streaks. Face tapering.
Skull rather short; crown rather convex {Buff'on).
Hah. Siam. I have not seen the variety.
Daubenton describes the skeleton (H. 2^. v. p. 181). This has most
unaccountably been confused with the Chinese Pig by Desmarcst,
Fischer, and others, which has very short thin legs, with the belly
almost to the ground. I have not seen this variety.
A young hoar from Ahjiers. Rusty brown ; hair black, with long
rusty ends. Nose, orbits, edge of oars, and a longitudinal streak
on the whiskers black. Chest nakedish. No warts on the cheeks.
Ears moderate, densely hairy.
Hah. Algiers {B.M. ; Henry Christy, Esq.).
Skull in the British iruscum (no. 713 r). This animal lived some
time in the Zoological Society's Gardens. The skull is short, with a
flat forehead and nose like that of a Domestic Pig. It is, in many
respects, very Kkc the Cochon de Siam of Buffon.
Var. 2. Pore noir a jamhe courte, F. Cuv.
Sus scrofa domestica meridioualis, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 442.
Huh. Italy.
Black. Ears small, nearly erect. A fold over the cvcbrow.
34:6 STJIDJ;.
Var. 3. sinensis.
Sus scrofa sinensis, Brisson, Ji. A. p. 108 ; Ur.vl. p. 181.
Chinesisches Schwein, Linn. West Goth. p. 62.
Small. Black, white, or variegated. Back rather naked. Body
very large ; legs very short and thin.
A short-headed, swollen-cheeked, full-bodied Pig, with short thin
legs, like our prize Pigs, was well known to the ancient Greeks.
There are several representations in marble of such Pigs in the
British Museum, which were procured by Captain Spratt from the
Temenos of Demeter Cnidus, and are inscribed " Pig sacred to Per-
sephone." These models chiefly differ from the form of the English
prize Pig in the back being furnished with a well-marked, high
compressed crest of bristles from the crown of the head to the tail.
Similar Pigs are represented on (ireek silver coins.
J.ong-legged, flat-sided sows with their young are represented
among the reeds on the Assyrian Marbles in the Museum collection.
The Pigs naturalized in Para and Pernambuco are black, like the
Berkshire or Chinese breeds, with very thin legs, short nose, and
thick cheeks. They were introduced from Portugal. In Eio they
send the Pigs out in the marshy places to destroy the snakes before
the negroes are turned in to cultivate the land ; they eat the snakes
greedily, and are said never to be injured by the bite of a snake,
however poisonous.
Var. 4. Wattled, with a cylindrical wattle on the hinder corner
of the lower jaw on one or both sides.
Irish Greyhound Pig, Richardson on Pif/s, p. 30.
Var. 5. Solid-hoofed Pigs, with two front toes united into one hoof.
Sus scrofa mononyclms, Linn. Anim. v. p. 461.
Sus migulis solidis, Plinii H. N. x. p. 146.
Sus scrofa mononyx, Fischer, Syn. p. 423.
Solid-hoofed Sow, Stmthers, Edinb. N. P. Joum. 1863; Blainv.
Osteoyr. p. 128 ; Darwin, Dom. Anim. ii. p. 75.
The British Museum has a series of thirteen skulls of the Do-
mestic Pig ; all have very similar characters (see Gray, P. Z. S. 1862,
p. 16). They are known by the shortness of the skull, the side of
the nose being bluntly keeled, the cheeks concave, the concavity
extending up to the edge of the orbit and separated from the aper-
ture of the orbit by only a narrow ridge ; the frontal line is more
or less concave.
The skull of the male has a distinctly marked transverse ridge on
the base of the sheath of the upper canine ; in the young male it is
only slightly indicated ; in the skull of the female and young pigs it
is not to be seen.
r 717 a. Skull of an old male from Africa, from the Gambia {Sus
c/ambiamis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
277). Forehead flat (see Sus scrofa hyhridus, West- African Pig,
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 325).
O. CENTURI0SU9. 347
713 h. Skull of an old male, from Africa. Forehead rather convex.
713 r. A very similar skull of an old mule, purchased at a sale.
713 0 and 713 t. Two nearly adult skulls, from the Museum of
Dr. de Jeude.
713 y). A skull of an old specimen, diseased, from the Zoological
Society's Gardens.
716 »•. A skull of a young specimen from India, from the Museum
of the Zoological Society ; inscribed with Indian characters. Named
Sus indicus.
713 q. Skull of a young Berkshire Sow.
71 3 e. Skull of a young Domestic Pig.
713 s. The skull of a very young Domestic Pig. This skull has
an abnormality in the cutting-teeth. There are six in the upper
jaw ; the first two are in their natural position, and in their proper
I^lace ; the two hinder ones on each side are close together, just in
front of the suture of the intermaxillary bone, the front one being
elongated, slender, conical, and bent outwards, and the hinder one
short, broad, conical, and compressed. The canine on the right
side is double ; that is to say, the new one has appeared before the
old one has been shed.
713 «'. Skull developing its last grinder, from the Museum of Dr.
do Jeude.
713 1. Skull of an adult, with the nose of the skull more elon-
gated ; from the Utrecht Collection. Probably half-bred between
the Wild Boar and the Domestic Sow ; it has the flat forehead, con-
cave facial line, and the keeled side of the nose before the orbit of
the Domestic Pig, and the length of the face like the wild breeds.
5. CENTURIOSUS.
Face deeply and symmetrically furrowed. Ears verj' large, falling
down. Tail moderate. Skull — forehead and upper part of the nose
flat, smooth, keeled on the sides ; sides of the cheek concave ; the
sheath of the upper canine tubercular above ; upper canines coming
out in the lower edge of the jaws, and then bent upwards ; palate
broad.
Centm-iosus, Grm/, P. Z. S. 18G2, p. 17. 1868, p. 40.
(lyrosus, Oral/; (ierrard, Cat. Bwten li. M. 18(52.
Ptychochoerus, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wmcn. 1804.
This genus is most allied to PofamorJiosrus in the form of the
skidl, and to Sn.'t in its external appearance. It is not likely to be
a cross breed between the two genera.
CenturiosTis pliciceps. B.M.
Ears large, flat, roiuuled at the end, pendulous. Fur with scat-
tered black bristles. Skin blackish grey. Limbs and beneath
whitish.
Sus (Centuriosus) pliciceps, Gra,/, P. Z. S. ISCU, p. 20.3, 1862, p. 14
(fig. of skull), p. 15 (fig. of palate).
348 suid.t:.
Sus (Gyrosus) pliciceps, Oray, MS. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
p. 278 ; P. Z. IS. 1864, pp. 100, 383.
Sus scrofa, var. pliciceps, Scluter, List Vert. Aniin. Gurd. Zuol. Soc.
ed. 3. p. 36 ; P. Z. S. 1862, p. 322.
Ptychochoerus plicifrons, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wissen. 1864, p. 409 ;
Fiihr. s. Zool. Garten z. Mi'mchen, p. 23.
Centuriosus pliciceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 41.
Japanese Masked Pij?, Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 263 (figure) ; Illustr.
London Mews, 1802, no. 1126 (figure).
Chiuesisclies Maskenschweiu, Schmidt, Zool. Gart. 1862, p. 80.
Hah. Japan ; China. Male in the Gardens of the Zoological So-
ciety in 1864.
Evidently a domestic variety ; the ears are ponduloiis, like those
of most domestic animals. The young arc of a uniform colour like
the parents, and not striped like the wild species.
The skull in the British Museum (no. 1387 a), figured in the
' Proc. Zool. Soc' 1862, is very unlike any of the skulls of the Do-
mestic Pig in the Museum collection, especially in the breadth of
the nose and the rounder form of the tubercle on the base of the
slicath of the upper canine.
Skeleton of a very old animal (no. 1387 b), from the Zoological
Gardens. The forehead between the orbits deeply depressed ; nasal
bones very flat.
B. Abnormal Swine (Babirussina). Cutting-teeth f ; intermaiillary,
and ma.vitia in front, in-oduced, forming a long diastema between the
cutting-teeth and the grinders. Canines erect, parallel ; the sheath of
the upper canine bent up from the base, and closely applied to the side
of the jaw. Premolars f . f ; the front one very small, and early deci-
duous.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 4l,
There are two large oblong deep cavities at the hinder part of the
depression behind the hinder nasal opening, separated from each
other by a sharp, high, central, longitudinal lamina, that are not to
be observed in the skulls of other S2iida;.
These depressions seem to become deeper as the animal increases
in age. I have only observed them in specimens which have well-
developed canines ; they may be confined to the males.
There is in the British Museum a small skull, obtained from Hol-
land (718o), of a half-grown animal, which has developed its second
true grinder, and which is without canines, only having a slight
ridge on the bone at the place where they are developed in the other
skulls. The skull has no indication of the depression in the hinder
part of the hinder nasal opening, and the grinders are much smaller
than those in any other skull. Is it the skull of a female, or does
it belong to a distinct species allied to Babirussa alf urns'?
The prolongation of the skull in front and the length of the sepa-
ration of the cutting-teeth from the grinders are produced by the
prolongation of the maxilla in front and the elongation of the inter-
maxilla behind. The first premolar is very early deciduous ; it is
(5. BABIRUSSA. 349
only to be observed in skulls of young animals ; but the spot where
it was placed is sometimes indicated by a porous structure in the
full-grown skull, as in specimen no 718 Z.
6. BAEIRUSSA.
Face conical, simple. Ears rounded. Tail and limbs slender.
Skull conical ; nose elongate, simple; the hinder upper part of the
intermaxillary bones smooth ; the upper cutting-teeth large, equal,
equidistant ; the sheath of the upper canine bent upwards from the
base at the side of the jaw ; canines arched backwards, sometimes
even spirally recurved ; lower premolar compressed.
Ikbirousa, Gray, Ann. Phil. 182o.
Babiroussa, F. Cuv. Bent. Mamni. p. 212, t. 8G *.
Babirussa, F. Cuv. Dent. Matnm. ; Lesson, Mam. p. 338 ; Gray, List
Mamm. B. M. p. 185 ; P. Z. S. 1852, p. 131, 1808, p. 42 ; Gerrard,
Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278.
Porous, Wagler, Syst. p. 17 ; Fttz. Sitz. Akad. Wissen. 1864, p. 435.
M. F. Cuvier, when adopting this genus, described and figured
the grinders as small and nearly equal-sided (see Dent. Mamm. t.) ;
but this is a mistake ; they are as large and elongate as the grinders
of the other Pigs, compared with the size of the skull. This genus
was first distinctly characterized in the ' P. Z. S.' 1852, p. 131.
Babirussa alfurus. B.il.
" Fur ashy ; dorsal streak yellowish brown ; beneath ferruginous-
washed."
Aper orieutalis, Brisson, Beyu. Anim. p. 110.
Sus babyi'ussa, Linn. S. N. p. 50 ; Quay i)- Gaim. Vuy. Astral. Zool.
i. p. 125, t. 22, 23; Isis, 1836, t. 13; 8chinz, Monuyr. iv. p. o,t. 5.
f. a-d ; Blainv. Osteoyr. t. 2, t. 5 (skull, cJ).
Sus babiroussa, Bodd. Elcnch. i. p. 157.
Sus babirussa, Schreb. Sauyeth. t. 328 ; Blainr. Osteogr. Onguliyr. t. 2
(skeleton, 5), t. 5. f. 7 (skull and teeth).
Babirussa alfurus, Lessim, 3Iamm. p. 338 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M.
p. 185 ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 42 ; Mater, P. Z. K 1860, p. 443, t. 83
(from life) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 279.
I'orcus babyrussa, Waqlcr, Syst. p. 17 ; Schreh. Siiuqeth. Siipp. v.
p. 509 ; 'Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss. 1864, p. 43 ; Giebcl, Siiuijdh.
p. 232.
Porcus babirussa, Beichh. Kat. Pachyd. p. 67, t. 54. f. 197, 199.
Aper in India, Plinii Hist. Nat. vii. p. 52.
Horned Hog, Green, Mas. B. 8. p. 27, t. 1 (skull).
Baljyroussa, Buntius, Lid. Orient, t. 1. fig.
Babyrussa, Jacob, Mii,^,
Babi roosa, Scha, Thes. i. t. 50. f. 2.
Babiroussa, Biiffon, H. N. xii. p. 379, t. 48.
Hah. Borneo ; Malacca ? ; Celebes ; Ceram ; Timor ; Java ; Su-
matra ; New Guinea ; New Ireland {Fitzimjer).
;5;")U UlCOTTLIDJ;.
Fam. 6. DICOTYLID^.
Teefh 38 :— Cutting-teeth | . f ; canines f . y ; premolars ^ ■ I ;
molars | . |. Tail short. Teats 2.
Ohoeropotamidfe, Oiveti, Odunt. p. 559 (not characterized).
Dicotylidffi, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 43.
Dicotvles, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. p. 237, 1817 ; F. Cuv. Dent. Mamm.
p. 210, t. 86 ; Owen, Oilont. p. 559 ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 027,
t. ; Fitzinger, Setigera, p. 429, 1864.
Notophorus, Fischer, Zool. 1819.
These animals do not hreed with the Domestic Pig, or any of the
genus Sus. They have not been domesticated, and very rarely breed
in confinement. The two species, a male (Dicott/Ies labiatas) and
female {Notoj}liorus iorquatus), bred together in the Zoological Gar-
dens, 1864 ; they have only two teats, and have two at a birth.
Mr. E. Gerrard, in the * Catalogue of Bones of Mammalia in the
British Museum,' has pointed out that the Collared Peccary has six
and the "Wliite-lipped Peccary nine caudal vertebra3 (p. 289).
M. F. Cuvier, in ' Dent. Mamm.,' observes that his description of
the teeth is taken from the Peccary {N. torqiiafiis), and the figure
from the Tagassu (D. labiatus); and he continues, "The hinder
molar of the lower jaw of D. lahiatus is terminated by a single tu-
bercle as large as the others, and not by three small ones." — De7)t.
Mamm. p. 211. I cannot see any difference in the form of the
crown of the last grinder of the two species. The teeth, hke the
skull, are much the largest in D. lahiatus. See description of den-
tition (Owen, Odont. p. 560).
1. NOTOPHORUS.
Skull — side of the face in front of the orbit dilated, spread out,
deeply concave beneath ; the longitudinal ridge on the cheeks nearly
parallel with the tooth-line ; orbit small, incomplete behind, with a
concave half-ring beneath, on the cheeks and upper part of the front
of the zygomatic arch ; occipital end much dUated on the sides,
forming a case for the hinder part of the temporal muscle. Teeth
moderate. TaU rudimentary ; caudal vertebrae six (Gerrard).
Notophorus, Grag, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 43.
De Blainville's figure of the skuU on the skeleton (OnguHgrades,
Siis, t. 3) is not characteristic ; the concavity in front of the lower
part of the orbit is not sufficiently marked. The skull figured as
that of Sus torquatus on tab. 5 is that of Dicotyles Jubiatus.
Dr. Spencer Baird"s figure of the skull (t. 87) is much shorter and
more ventricose than any of our specimens ; the form of the ridge
on the cheek is very imperfectly represented.
2. DICOIYLKS. 351
Notophorus torquatus. (Peccarj.) B.M.
Elack-brown, yellow-washed ; neck and shoulders with a white
streak.
Sus tajacu, Linn. S. N. i. p. 103.
Sus tajassu, Er.c/eb. S. R. A. i. p. 188.
Sus torquatus, !?/«(«!'. Osteor/r. Onf/i(Ii(/r. Sus, t. 3 (skull), t. 8 (teeth).
Dicotvles torquatus, Ciiv. R. A. i. p. "I'M ; F. Cur. Dent. Mam. t. 86.
f. i ; Mamm. Lithoqr. i. t. ; Fitz. Sitz. Ak. d. Wiss. 1864, p. 49 ;
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 51,' 1860. pp. 181, 206, 242,262, 417, 443 ; Baird,
M. N. A. p. 627 ; maim: Ostevt/r. t. 3 (skeleton), t. 5 (skull).
Dicotvles minor, Schinz, Cuv. Thicrr. iv. p. 511 (jun.).
Dicotvles tajacu. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 186 ; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M. p. 280.
Notophorus torquatus, Graij, P. Z. S. 18(58, p. 44.
Cuche, Oviedo.
Vagassou, Leriiis, JVao. in Bras. p. 115.
Saynos, Acosta, II. ^\ Indias, p. 287.
Zainus sive Tajacu, Jonsf. Quad. p. 107, t. 46.
Tajacu, Piso, Ind. p. 98, tig-. ; Maii Syn. Quad. p. 97.
Peccary, Wafer, J'oy. p. 222.
Musk-Hog, Tyson, Phil. IVans. cliii. p. 359 ; Hill. Anim. p. 572.
Pecari ou tajacu, Biiffun, II. N. x. p. 21, t. 3. f. 27, t. 5. f. 13.
Mexican Hog, Peiin.
Pecai'i, Shaw.
Hah. South America : Mexico, Eed River, Arkansas, Guiana,
Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, California (Baird).
Notophorus torquatus had a young one in ISHO, the first occasion
that the animal has bred in confinement in England (Solater, P. Z. S.
1800, p. 448).
The skulls of the three old [males?], having large canine teeth,
are ratlier larger than the other, and they have a well-marked ol)-
long slightly sunk concavity in front of the orbits.
One adult skull, in the Museum, with large short thick canines,
has this part of the skull, which is concave in the three other skulls
above referred to, flat.
The angle of the lower jaw in the old skidl becomes much di-
lated, with a produced lower edge, making the skull appear higher
than the skull from an animal with all its teeth just developed, as
720 7i.
2. DICOTYLES.
SkuU — side of the face in front and on the underside of the orbits
flattened, with a well-marked ridge on its lower edge : orbits small,
incomplete. The longitudinal ridge on the cheeks bent up in an
arched manner in front of the orbits, and then sliglitly indicated
parallel to the line of the forehead, becoming a large concavity on
the cheek beneath. Teeth large (see Blainv. Osteogr. Ongiiiigr.
Sus, t. 5, figured as Sus toniuatus). Tail rudimentary ; caudal ver-
tebra) nine (Gerrard).
Dicotyles. Gray, P. Z. S. IStW, p. 45.
352
PHACOCH(ERrDJE.
Dicotyles labiatus. B.M.
Black-brown, varied with yellowish ; no neck-bands ; lower jaw
white.
Siis tajassu, Erxleb. S. R'cy. Anim. i. p. 185.
Sus albirostris, Illii/., Licht. Vers. d. Duiibl. Seii. Mas. p. 3.
Dicotj'les labiatus, C'liv. R. A. i. p. 237 ; F. Cuv. Dent. 3Iamm. p. 210,
t. 86. f. 2 ; Mamm. Lith. xxvii. t. ; P. Z. S. 1848, p. 70, 18G0, p. 262 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 45.
Sus labiatus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B, M. p. 281 ; Blainv. Osteogr. On-
gidkjr. t. 3 (foot).
Dicotyles albirostris, Waqner, Schreb, Sdugeth. Suppl. iv. p. 306 ;
P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 262, 442, 443.
Dicotyles torquatus, Blainv. Osteogr. Sus, t. 5 (skull).
Cucbe, Oviedo, H. N. de las Indias, p. 21.
Saynos, Acosta, H. N. de las Indias, p. 287.
Tayacutericus, Laet, Nov. Orb. p. 551.
Tagnicati, Azara, Paraguay, i. p. 25.
Hab. South America ; Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru.
The skulls are shorter, and the ridge on the cheek is not so large
and distinctly marked in younger animals as in the adults. The
alveolus for the hinder grinders, which are about to be develoj)ed,
is a kind of sheath with a slit along the middle of its exposed side.
The skulls of the young animals changing their teeth sometimes
show two small conical canines on each side of the upper jaw, as
721 a, 721 h.
* * The j}re7nolars deciduous, their place being Jilled up by the developmeiit
of the molars.— Qix&y, V. Z. S. 1868, p. 45.
Fam. 7. PHACOCHGERID^.
Grinders formed of lamina), with numerous roots. Canines cylin-
diical, conical ; the upper bent upwards. Ej-es and nostrils on a
level with the top of the head. Young not streaked.
Phacochoeridffi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 45.
Hah. Africa. Lives floating among reeds. Intermediate between
Suidce and HijppopotamidcB.
PHACOCHCESUS.
Cutting-teeth |- . |, deciduous ; canines -f . -f ; grinders f • f ; pre-
molars 1 . 3.. The premolars fall out, and their places are eventually
fiUed by the molars, as the large molar is developed and gradually
increased in length by the addition of a new plate to its hinder edge
(see Blainv. Osteogr., Sus cethiopicus, t. 8).
I'HACocncERUs. 353
Pliacochoeres (Pliacochoerus), F. Cuv. Detit. Main. p. 213, t. 87.
riiascoclioerus, F. Cm: Mem. Mu.i. viii. p. 454 ; /. Gi-off. ; A. Smith.
Phacochreius, F. Cuv. Dent. Mamm. p. 213, t. 87; Temin. ; RcicJienb. ;
Giebel, Sliugeth. p. 2.35; Pefens ; Owen, (Mont. p. 549, t. 141. f. 2;
Fitz. Sfti(iera, p. 415, 18G4 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 279.
Eureodou, G. Fischer, Zooyr.
See for dentition of Phaocherus, and the changes in it, ' Owen,
Odont.' p. 549, t. 1 40. f. 4, t. 141. f. 1. He tigures the premolars, the
fonrth being the fii'st tooth of the permanent series.
The M'liole series of teeth is never or very rai'ely to be seen com-
plete, as the last molar is rarely appaixmt until the fii-st two or thi'ee
premolars have fallen out.
Phacochoerus setMopicus. B.M.
Fur duU ashy brown, beneath whitish ; ears and beard on checks
whitish.
Sanglier du Cap Vert, Dauhenton ; Buffon, H. N. xiv. p. 409, xv. p. 148.
Sus fethiopicus, Fr.r/fb. Si/d. B. A. i. p. 187 ; Griffith, A. A', iii.
p. 410, tig. ; Blainv. (Mhxjr. Oni/idif/r. Sus, t. 5.
Sus atricanus, Gmclin, S. X. i. p. 220 ; Home, Comp. Anat. ii. t. 30
(skull, adult).
Phascoclicerus afiicanus, F. Cm. Mem. du Mtis. viii. p. 454, t. 23 ;
Les><on, Mamm. p. 341.
I'liascoclicerus incisivus, /. Geoff. Diet. Class. II. N. xiii. p. 32.
Pliaeochcerus africanus, F. Cuv. Dent. Mamm. p. 215, t. 87. f. h;
Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. p. 424 ; Peters, 3Iossanib. p. 181 ; Giebel,
Sauf/efh. p. 237.
Sanglier d'Afrique, Adanson, Senegal, p. 76.
Aper ffithiopicus, Pallas, Misc. p. 16, t. 2 ; Spicil. ii. 3, t. 1, xi. t. 5.
f. 7. _
Sus fethiopicus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 223 ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. 5 (skull),
t. 8 (teeth).
Engalla, Merol. Cong. p. 667.
Pore <a largo groin, Voxm. Dcscrip. 1767.
Emgallo, Buffon, 11. X. Supp. iii. p. 76, t. 11.
yEthiopiau Hog, Penn.
Sus angalla. Boddnert, Blench. A. i. p. 150.
Phascoclicerus ajthiopicus, F. Cuvier, 3£('m. du Mus. viii. p. 450, t. 23 ;
Dent. Mamm. p. 215, t. 87. f. a.
Phascoclicerus /Eliani, Biippetl, Atlas, t. 25, 26.
Pliacochwrus barbatus, Tenun. Monog. i. p. 29.
PbacdihdTiis liavoja, F.hrenb. Si/nd>. ii. t. 20.
I'hacochiirus .Eliani, Grai/, List Mamm. B.M. p. 185; Beichb. N.
Pachi/d. p. 36; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 106; Gerrard Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 280 ; Owen, Odont. p. 549.
Phacochcevus icthiopicus. Home, List Comp. A,iat. ii. t. 38, 39 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 186S, p. 4(!.
Cape Verd Hog, Shaw, Penn.
Phascochoerus africanus, Desm. Mamm. p. 593; A. Smith, Cat. S. A.
Mas. p. 16.
Phascoclicerus edentalus, I. Geoff. Diet. Class. II. N. xiii. p. 320.
Phascochoerus typicus (African lioar), A. Smith, S. African Quart.
Jo urn. p. 90.
Phacochcerus a?tbiopicus, Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. p. 424 : P. Z. S. 1850,
2 a
354 PHACOCIKERID.?;.
p. 78, 1860, p. 443 ; Gray, List Manim. B. M. p. 185 ; Giehel,
Sciugeth. p. 2.36 ; Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. If m,sy>«. 1864, p. 39.
Pliacoclicerus africanus, Harris ; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 656.
Phacochoerus Pallasii, Vati der Huevi'u, Nov. Act. Leojj. xix. i. p. 171,
t. 18 ; OtrCTi, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 2ud ser. xi. p. 246 ; Odont. p. 553,
t. 140. f. 4 (teeth) ; P. Z. S. 18-51, p. 63.
Pliacoclicerus aper setliiopicus, Reichenb. N. Pachi/d. p. 35, t. 32. f. Ill,
112.
Hah. Africa : Central Africa, Tete, tfec. (Kirk) ; Guinea, Senegal
(Adanson) ; Mossambiquc (Peters) ; South Africa, called " Kau-
naba ;" Abyssinia ; Arabia.
" Native name • Jiri' or 'Njiri' at Tete ; in Sechuana, ' Kolobe.' "
—Kirl; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 650.
M. F. Ciivier divides Phacochoe)~us into (1) Phacoclioeres a inci-
sives, P. africanus ; (2) Phacochceres sans incisives, P. cethiopicus,
Gmel. (Dent. Mam. pp. 257, 213). He adds, " Notre dessin est tire,
pour la machoiro superieure d"uu Phacochoere sans incisives, et pour
la machoire inferieure d'un Phacochoere pourvu d'incisives, et nous
ferons remarquer que les disques des dernieres molaires du premier
sont morns grands ct moins nombreux que ceux de la derniere mo-
laire du second, serait-ce encore un caractcre specifique?" — Bent.
Mamm. p. 213.
The size and number of the disks on the crown of the last grinder
depend on the age of the tooth and how much of the surface has
been worn down.
In the British Museum there are three skeletons and fourteen
skulls or parts of skulls. The skuUs of ten of these have two inci-
sors in the upper jaw, and seven are Avithout any incisors in the
upper jaw, as marked in Mr. Gerrard's ' Catalogue of Bones,' p. 280.
Two of these skulls belong to skeletons of a male and female Phaco-
chere that were brought together from Africa, and lived several
years in the Gardens ; they are both destitute of upper cutting-teeth .
Another skeleton of a female that lived in the Zoological Gardens
has two cutting-teeth, in the upper jaw ; so the existence or non-
existence of the upper cutting-teeth is not a sexual character.
The presence or absence of the upper cutting-teeth does not de-
pend on the age of the animal ; for there are specimens without any
cutting-teeth that have the premolars still present and the hinder
molar small, and there are specimens which have the cutting-teeth
that have lost or are losing the premolars and have the hinder
molar very large and weU developed.
Nine of the skidls or front parts of the upper jaws were bought
of Mr. Argent, who purchased them aU together with a collection of
Cape skins ; five of these upper jaws have distinct cutting-teeth,
and four of them are without any indications of them ; therefore the
presence or absence of the upper cutting-teeth is common to animals
inhabiting the same locality, not peculiar to the Phacocheres of cer-
tain districts of Africa as has been supposed.
Professor Sundevall observes, " Sus (Phacoch.) Pliant, Crzm. ;
Ph. harroya, Ehr., in Caffraria a Wahlbergio inventus est. Plura
I
PlfACOCHCERUS. 365
specimina utriusque scxus retulit, nullum vero Suis cefJiiopicl ibi
vidit:'—(Efi'ersl(/t K. V. Ahtd. Fork. 1846, p. 121.
I cannot discover any difference between the skull which we re-
ceived from Professor Sundcvall as P. JEUani from Caffraria and the
skulls without cutting-teeth which were obtained from Mr. Argent,
which are called P. (Pthiopiciis.
There is no difference, as far as I can see, except size, between the
very large skull of a male from Cape Verde, that was given to the
Museum by Mr. T. Tatum, and the skulls from South Africa and Caf-
fraria in the Museum collection, and the skull figured by Dr. Riip-
pell as the tj'pe of his F. ^iani.
It is said that P. (ethioj^inis, without upper cutting-teeth, has a
soft sac under the eyes, which is not to be observed in P. africamts,
that has cutting-teeth in the upper jaw. Perhaps this may be a
sexual character ; for it was a male P. (ethiopicus that was first de-
scribed, with a large mane of slight bristles.
The teeth in the lower jaw are generally well developed and large.
There is one skull in tlie British Museum, from Mr. Argent, in which
they are nearly worn away to the roots ; they are small. This skull
has no upper incisors. De BlainviUe figures a lower jaw in which
they are entirely absent, and another in which there are only two
very small teeth (Osteogr. Sits, t. 5, Sus ccthioplciis).
It has been proposed to divide Phacochcerus into two species, thus
characterized : —
P. cethiopicus. Head short ; forehead convex ; cutting-teeth none
above, and small and deciduous below.
P. ^Uani. Head elongate ; forehead convex ; cutting-teeth two
in upper, six in lower jaw, l)oth large and exserted.
I cannot find any difference in the form of the head and forehead
between the specimens with and without cutting-teeth in the upper
jaw. The head is as long and the forehead is as concave in the
skulls that are destitute of upper cutting-teeth as in those that have
them well developed.
There is a considerable variation in the skulls. The slmll of the
male from the Zoological Gardens is much broader, and the forehead
more concave, than the skulls of the females from the same collection ;
but these are from animals that have been kept in confinement.
The teeth of the old male are greatl)' deformed, the grinders being
absent on one side of the upper and on the opposite side of the lower
jaw, the teeth working into cavities in the alveolar surface. The nose
of the skuU below the base of the canines is much broader and more
rounded and arched in the males than in the females. The upper
canine teeth are nearly of the same form in the two sexes ; those of
the males are much the thickest.
The skull from Cape Verde is longer in proportion to its width
than any of the other skulls, the line along the upper surface of
the skull being full three times the length of the width between
the upper edges of the orbits. In other skuUs it is twice and a half,
or rather more than twice and a half, the width at the same part of
the skull. I cannot see any other character to separate it.
2 A 2
356 niproi'OTAMii)J5.
"The Wild Pigs of Obbo, Central Africa, live underground; they
take possession of the holes made by the Manis ; these they enlarge
and form cool and secure retreats." — Baker, ' Albert N'yanza,' ii.
p. 66.
Subsection II. The front part of the jaws dilated ami truncated. The nos-
trils on the upper surface of the nose, closed by a valve. Eyes hiyh up
on the sides of the head, on a line with the base of the ears. Aquatic.
Suborder VI. OBESA.
Face wide, depressed ; eyebrow and orbit higher than the
forehead; mouth very wide, large. Cuttiug-teeth of each jaw
cyliudi'ical, elongate, projecting, tusk-like. Canines in each
jaw ,_very large, obliquely truncated. Limbs weak. Toes
4 . 4, nearly of the same length, radiating, all reaching the
ground, more or less free. Tail compressed, short.
Obesa, Illiyer, Prodr. 1811.
Fam. 8. HlPPOPOTAMIDiE.
Hippopotamus, Linn., Illiyer ; Cuvier, Heyne Anim.
Ilippopotamidaj, Schinz, Si/sf. Verz. p. 342 ; Owen, Odont. p. 56.3,
t. 141. f. 4 ; Falconer, Pal. Mem. ii. pp. 405, 406.
Hippopotamina, G}-ay, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Giebel, Sduycth. p. 214.
They live in lakes and rivers ; on the coast they go to the sea and
play among the surf. — Kirh, P. Z. S. 1864.
"Essentially a gigantic Hog." — Oiven, Oclont. p. 371.
The fossil genera Hexcvproctodon, Falconer, Merycopotcmms, Fal-
coner, and Chcerotherium, Brandt, appear to belong to this family.
1. HIPPOPOTAMUS.
Cutting-teeth four in each jaw; premolars j- . f, molars f . f = 28.
Hippopotamus, Linn. S. N.
Hippopotamus, § 1. Tetraproctodon, Giebel, Sduyeth. p. 217.
Hippopotamus amphibius. (Zeekoe or Eiver-horse.) B.M.
Hippopotamus amphibius, Z/h«. S. H. p. 101 ; Gray, List Mamin.
B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 284 ; P. Z. S. 1849, p. 163,
1850, p. 160, 1860, p. 195 ; Smith, Illust. Zool. 8. A. t. ; Blainv.
Osteoqr. Onqtdiyr.t. 1-7 (var. du Cap,duSt5u(?gal, d'Egypte); Peters,
Berlin Mmlatsb. 1854, p. 367.
2. ciicERorsis.
357
Hippopotamus capensis, Dcsm. Journ. P/ii/s. v. p. 3-'54 ; Diet. Class.
H. N. viii. p. 22:J.
Hippopotamus senegsXensis, Destn. Journ. Phys. v. p. 354; Diet. Class.
H. N. viii. 222.
Hippopotamus abyssinicus, Lesson, 3Iamm.
Hippopotamus tj-picus et Hippopotamus australis, Duvernoy, L^In-
stitiit, 1846, p. 333.
Hab. North, South, West, and Central Africa.
I have not been able to discover any difference between the skulls
received from South, North, or Central Africa.
There is a foetus in spirits in the Uritish Museum. — Gi-ai/, P. Z. ti.
1868, p. 491, f. 2.
Fig. 40.
I"\etus of Hippopotamufs of the natural size.
Cuttiug-tecth four in each jaw. >'/tc^<X<- ir^^^^ Z^^-*-^ / ^S^w
Chreropsis, Lcidy, .Town. Acad. N. S. Philad. ii. 3. p. 207, 18")3.
? Diproctodon, I)iive)-noy, 1849.
Tetraproctodon, sp., Falconer, Pal. Mem. ii. p. 405.
Chceropsis liberiensis. B.M.
Hippopotamus minor, Morton, Journ. Aead. N. S. Philud. 1844, p. 14 \
Ann. Sc May. N. II. 1844, xiv. p. 75.
Hippopotamus liberiensis, 3Iorton, Trans. Acad. JV. S. Phiiad. 1849;
Fror. Tayxber. 1850, p. 73 ; Davernoy, Instifut, xvii. 1849, p. 299.
Chceropsis liberiensis, Lcidi/, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philud. 1853, p. 207,
t. 21.
Hippopotamus (Tetraproctodon) liberianus, Cwvn/Y/, C«<. i^owesi;. J/. > > .
^P--^^^- ... V...
Tetraproctodon liberiensis, Falconer, Pal. Mem. ii. p. 405.
Hippopotamede Liberie, Milne-Edicard.t &,- Alpl. ]\l.-Edu: Pecherches
des Manvniferes, 18l>8, t. 1. f. 2, 3 (animal and skeleton).
Hah. West Africa ; Liberia (il/o/'?o«).
Cast of skull in British Museum, presented by G. S. Morton, J^sq.
358 ELKPHANTID.E.
Section II. HETEROGNATHA.
The front of the jaws contracted and bent down ; the upper one
bent down on the slanting upper surface of the lower one. The
upper and lower cutting-teeth, when present, produced in the form
of projecting tusks ; canines none. Teats pectoral. Limbs well
developed or rudiraentarj- and fin-shaped.
Suborder VII. PROBOSCIBEA.
Nose produced into a flexible proboscis, with a prehensile
lobe on the upper edge. Limbs well developed, separate, for
walking. Toes 5 . 5, subequal, radiating, imbedded in the
fleshy club-shaped foot, with nail-like hoofs.
Proboscidea, llUijer, Prodr. 1811 ; Cuvier, Segne Aiiim. 1817.
Proboscidians, Owen, Odont. p. 610.
Elepliautidfe, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
In each jaw two deciduous incisors, followed by two permanent
incisors developed as tusks ; three deciduous molars on each side,
followed by one premolar and three molars on each side. The lower
tusk-like incisors are sometimes wanting (see Owen, Palaeontology,
p. 356, f. 114).
See collection of observations on the fossil Elephants of Eiu^ope
and America in different collections, in Falconer's ' Pal. Mem.' pp.
71-307.
Fam. 9. ELEPHANTID^.
The grinders with a flat upper surface, with transverse enamel
ridges formed of compressed plates united. Lower jaw smaller,
tapering in front, regular-shaped, or rather produced in front, with-
out any tusk ; the upper cutting-teeth produced into tusks ; the
lower rudimentary or entirely absent. Neck short.
Eleplias, Linn.
1. ELEPHAS.
Lamina of the grinders flat, with a linear crown. SkaU high,
forehead concave, vertex high. Trunk subcylindrical at the base.
Ears moderate.
Eleplias, Linn. ; F. Cuvier, Dents Mamm.
Elephas indicus. B.M.
/j^ /y/ / 7 / Elephas indicus, Linn
Elephas maximus, Linn. S. N. p. 4').
Eleplias asiaticus, Lhnnenh. Allild. t. 10. f. 10.
2. LOXODONTA.
359'
Elephas indicus zeylanicus, Ulainv. Osteof/r. t. 1, 23.
Elephas iudicus beugaleusis, BUtinv. Osteogr. t. 7.
Var. ? Elephas sumatramis, Temm. Coup cTceil (B.M.) ; P. Z. S. 1849,
Hah. India; Ceylon (?) ; Sumatra (B.il.). <^^ (^U-^a- M'i^'^ ^^
The skeleton of the SumatranElephant, which the British Museum <^»<y j
received from the Leyden Museum, has not the difFereuces in the
number of vertebroj from the Indian one that Temminck gives as
characteristic of the Sumatran species.
Foetus in the British Museum.— (?ra?/, P. Z.fi. 1868, p. 491, f. 1.
Fig. 41.
I
Foetus of Indian Elephant of the natural size.
2. LOXODONTA.
Lamina of the teeth with lozenge-shaped crovm. Skull subglo-
bular, forehead shelving, crovm rounded ; front of lower jaw acute,
produced. Trunk conical, thick at the base. Ears very large.
Loxodouta, F. Cuvier, Dents Mamm.
Loxodonta africana. (African Elephant.)
B.M.
Loxodonta africana, Gray, List Mainm. B. M. 1843 ; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M.
Elephas africanus, Blmnenb. Alhild. t. 19. f. c ; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 654; Giebel, Siiuc/eth. p. 159; Blainv. Osteogr. Gravigi-ades, t. 3
(skull), t. 7 & 1) (teeth).
Elephas maximus (part. ), Linn.
Huh. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope; West^Vfrica; East Africa,
Mossambique.
See E. insiijmis and£'. planklens, Falconer, Palaeont. Mem. i. t. 4;
E. ganesa, Falconer, Palteont. Mem. i. t. 6. f. 1.
Professor Owen thinks that the depth of the cleft between the
laminne of the teeth of some of the Asiatic fossil Elephants may-
form a passage to the Mastodons (see Palceont. p. 356).
This suborder is particularly rich in fossil genera. The family
of Mastodonlidcp, with their tubercular grinders and elongated cylin-
drical tusks in the lower jaw, contains the genera Mastodon (Cuvier),
300
ELEPrrANTID.i:.
Stegodon, TrUophodon, and Tetrahphodon (Falconer), and iicrhaps
Elasmotheniim (Fischer).
Here also should probably be referred the family Dinotheriidrp ;
but unfortunately a part of the head of these animals only is known.
They seem to form a passage to the fish-shaped Sikenea, which
are evidently much more allied to these Bruta than to the Cetacea,
with which they have hitherto been classed. I refer, for the speci-
mens of these animals in the British Museum, to the ' Catalogue of
Seals and Whales,' which has lately appeared.
It is impossible to arrange with certainty a multitude of genera or
pseudo-genera established upon fragments of bones.
It is constantly asserted that if you give a paleontologist a frag-
ment of a bone, or even a single tooth, he will be able to build up
a complete animal and show you its proper position in the system ;
but one has only to observe the history of some fossil species, as
shown by their synonyms, to see that this is a very great over-
statement of the case, and that even with large portions of the
skeletons and many teeth there is great uncertainty as to their
position in the system, and as to the alliances of fossils, even in the
works of the leaders in the science. Cuvier described the Dino-
iherium and some Manatl as Tapirs ; but then only the teeth were
known. More recently a fossil skull with teeth from Australia has
been described as a carnivorous Marsupial (TJn/lacoho). It is now
balieved to be only a leaf-eating Marsupial, nearly allied to the genus
CuscHs. A multitude of similar instances might be mentioned.
i
Order BRUTA.
Teeth of one or two kinds, all very similar, often
entirely wanting; grinders rootless. limbs four,
I. free. Toes united in the skin to the claws. Claws
< conical or compressed, elongate. Tongue elongate.
f. Mammae pectoral or abdominal.
Bruta, Linn. S. N. ; Bonaj). Prod. Mastos.
Synopsis of Suborders and Families.
Suborder 1. Tardigrada. Face short. Limbs elongate. Pelvis simple.
Herbivorous.
Fam. 1. Bradtpodid-e. Grinders rootless, cylindrical; canines
distinct, acute. Body covered with dry crisp hair. Fore
limbs long. Tail very short or wanting. Teats pectoral.
Tongue elongate.
Suborder 2. EflFodientia. Face and tongue elongate. Limbs short.
Pelvis simple. Insectivorous.
Section 1. Body covered with scales, revohite. Teeth
none. Cataphracta.
Fam. 2. Manidid^. Body and tail covered with scales. Tail
expanded. Claws of the feet bent on the sides in walking.
Section 2. The body corered with a bony convolute armour, divided
into rings or bands farmed of tesscree, generally revohite. Teeth'
many.
Fam. .3. Dasypodid.i:. The dorsal disk closely attached to the
back of the animal, divided in the middle into three parts by
free rings separating the scapular and pelvic shielcLs ; pelvis
free from the pelvic shield ; scapular or pelvic shield mode-
rate ; central rings many ; foot strong ; hind toes free ; claws
large. Skull not soldered to the frontal shield. Tail elon-
gate. PELTOCnLAMYDKS.
Fam. 4. Tolypeutid.t-:. Scapular and pehnc shields large, con-
vex ; central rings throe, only attached to the middle of the
back, which is covered with hair on the sides under the
shields. Feet weak ; front with elongated unequal claws, on
the top of which the animal walks; hinder feet clavate, with
flat ovate nails; hind part of feet rounded, .sliielded. Skull
attached to the frontal shield. Tail short. SpjrjEBOCHLAiiYnEs.
I
362 BRADTPODID^.
Fam. 5. Clamtdophobid^. The dorsal disk divided behind into
a dorsal and a pelvic shield. The pelvic shield agglutinated
to the pelvis. Feet strong ; toes united ; claws large.
Section 3. Body covered ivith hairs or spines, not with scales or
armour.
Fam. 6. OiiTCTEROPODiD^. Body covered with bristles. Head
conical ; mouth small. Teeth numerous.
Fam. 7. Mtrmecophagid^. Body covered with hair. Head
conical ; mouth small. Teeth none.
Suborder 3. Monotremata. Pelvis with marsupial bones. Tongue
elongate. Face like a beak. Insectivorous.
Fam. 8. Oenithoehynchid^. Body covered with hair or spines.
Mouth in the form of a flat or cylindrical beak. Hind feet
of males spurred.
Suborder I. TARDIGRADA.
Face short. Limbs elongate. Pelvis simple. Herbivorous.
Tardigrada, Illiger.
Bruta, Dahlbom.
Fam. 1. BRADYPODID^.
Grinders more or less cylindrical ; canines distinct, acute. Face
round ; neck short. Fore[^limbs very long. Tail very short or want-
ing. Body covered with dry crisp hair. Teats pectoral. Stomach
2- or 3-lobed. Tongue largely extensile (see Ball, P. Z. S. 1844,
p. 93 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 207). Malar bone with an addi-
tional inferior process.
Osteology.— ^ee Gray, P. Z. S. 1849 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 206.
BradvpidjB, Gray, Annals of Philos. 1825 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 192 ;
P.'Z.S. 1849, p. 65.
Bradvpodidfe, Bonajy. Prod. Mastoz. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 206.
Bradvpodina, Bonap. lu n , , (\ , , r-i- .
Bradypoda, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 621.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Chol(epus. Hands two-clawed ; feet three-clawed. Front grin-
der large, like a canine.
2. Bradtpus. Hands and feet three-clawed. Front grinder small.
Pterygoid swoUen, hollow, vesicular.
3. Arctopithecus. Hands and feet three-clawed. Front grinder
small. Pterygoid compressed, crest-like, solid.
2. BRADTPUS. 363
1. CHOLffiPUS.
Hands two-clawed ; feet three-clawed. Front grinder large, like
a canine. Pterygoid bone rather swollen, vesicular.
Osteohy y.—Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 73, t. 6, 7 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849,
p. 65 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 207 ; Wainville, Osteogr. t.
Choloepus, I/Iic/er, 1811 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 65 ; JRaj>p, Edent.
Bradypus, F. Cuv. Dents Mam. t. 77.
1. Cholcepus didactyliis. (Unau.) B.M.
"Cervical vertebra 7; arms and claws long."
Bradypus didactylus, Linn.
Bradypus unaii et Bradypus ciui, Link.
Choloepus didactylus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 192 ; Proc. Zoo!.
Soc. 1849, p. Go'; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 206 ; Owen, Odunt. t. 81.
f. 3, 4 (from Blainv.) ; Rapp, Edent. p. 4, t. 3. f. 2 (skull j.
Hah. Brazil and Guiana.
2. Choloepus Hoffinaniii. B.M.
" Cer\acal vertebra) 6 ; arms shorter ; claws short."
Choloepus HofFmanni, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Bert. 1858, p. 128 ;
Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865, p. 300.
Hah. Porto Rico.
Dr. Peters has described the Sloth from Porto Rico as a species
under the name of Choliepus Hoffrnannl (Monatsb. Berl. Akad. 1858,
p. 128), because it has six cervical vertebrae ; but the number of
the free vertebra;; in the genus appears from his own observations
to be variable.
" Dr. Peters had received five skeletons of this Sloth, in all of
which the number of cervical vertebrae was six. In four of the spe-
cimens these vertebrae were all separate ; in the fifth specimen the
second and third had become united, as is sometimes the case in C.
didactylus ; and in this example, moreover, the sixth cervical had
coalesced with the first dorsal vertebra." — Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865,
p. 300.
2. BRADYPUS.
Hands and feet three-clawed. Front giinder small. Pterygoid
swollen, hollow, vesicular (P. Z. S. 1849, t. 10). Skull flattened
above on the forehead.
Osteolog>i. — Cuviei-, Oss. Foss. v. p. 73, t. 4, 5, 7 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1849 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 207.
Brad\^ius, lUiger, 1811 ; Gray, I. c. 1849, p. GO; Rapp, Edent. p. 5.
? Acheus, F. Cin\ Dents Mam. t. 78.
Arctopithecus, Gesner.
" The female brought forth a yoiing one whilst in my custody ;
she did not carry it on her back, but in her lap. Nevertheless,
when the young one is older, it appears to me that the most con-
364 BRADYPODIDJE.
vcnient place would be the mother's back, with its long arms round
her neck, and legs round her waist." — H. Blrchall, Zooloijist, 1865,
p. 9517.
1. Bradypus crinitus. B.M.
Grey, sides reddish ; back of the neck with a mane formed of
elongate black hairs.
Bradypus tridactylus, Linn. ; Owen, Odont. t. 81. f. 1, t. 82.
Bradypus variegatus, Schinz.
Bradypus torquatus, Illiger •. Oicen, Odont. t. 81. f. 2 ; Rapp, Edent.
^ ft. uifV^^^ Bradypus cristatus, Temm.
) i>'iyt ^f^''- Brad\T)us crinitus, Brown, Jam. p. 89 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 67,
'^♦^•^-^^ t. 10. f. 1.
. L J^ ■ Acheus torquatus, Geoffr.
' Bradypus cucidliger, Peters.
Hah. Brazil.
2. Bradypus aflanis. B.M., type.
Fur unknown ; forehead of skull rather convex, &c. — Grcty,P.Z.S.
1849, p. 68, t. 10. f. 2.
Bradypus affinis, Gray; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 208.
Bradypus torquatus, JBrandt, MS.
Hah. Brazil.
3. ARCTOPITHECUS.
Hands and feet three-clawed. Skull rounded above on the fore-
head. Front grinders small. Pterygoid compressed, crest -like,
solid. — Gra^i, I. c. t. 11.
Osteologij.—Qrsij, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 69 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 208 ; C'lvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 4, 5, 7.
Arctopithecus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 69^
Acheus, part., -F. Ciivier, Dents Mam. t. 78.
a. Fur moderately riyid, the back ivMte-sjJotted, du7-sal streak dunyafe.
ntoUl vu*^ 1. Arctopithecus gularis. B.M.
|&-(>offfrvi,.X2r Dark grey-brown; back white-varied, with an elongated black
/i''3V«7»^$'.^^'^®^'^ ^*'^ ^ broad patch of soft hair oi each side between the
'a / - shoulders. Skull, &c. — Gray, I.e. t. 11. f. 6.
7-~Jfc jP ^ Bradypus gularis, RuppeU, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 138. t. 11; Cii-ay, Cat.
^IvAt'^ A. < JJradypus cucuUiger, Wagler u Rapp, Edent. p. 5, t. Sf. f. 1 (skull).
4j^A ^T^MXA-vw -Arctopithecus gularis, Tumef^P. Z. S. 1851, p. 208.
h . 1*') I • Hah. South America ; Guiana {Ruppell) B.M. ; Bolivia {Bridges).
2. Arctopithecus marmoratus. B.M., type.
Grey-brown, back and outer side of the arms white-varied, with
an elongated narrow streak extending nearly the whole length of
C//W^ 5^^^/w .«.».^^ <^tu*-^ r^'-^^
3. ARCTOriTIIECUS. 365
the back. The angle of the lower jaw much produced, narrow, siih-
acute.— Gray, Z. c. t. 11, f. 3, 4.
Arctopithecus marnioratiis, Gmi/, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 71, t 11 f 3 4-
Turner, F.Z.S.l8rA, -p. 208. ^ ■ i. o, * ,
Bradypus infuscatus (female), War/kr, Isis, 1831, p. G03: Waoner,
^ Hchreh. iSdur/eth. Supp. ; Rapp, Edent. p. 6.
Hah. Brazil ; Para {Hoffinannsecj(i).
3. Arctopithecus Blainvillii. !» >
Grey-brown, back and outside of tlie arm white-varied, with an ^ ■ 'p-f^
elongated narro\\^ streak extending nearly the whole length of the ^^^^^Ma^.V^J
back. Forehead very convex and swollen over the orbits. Teeth 3*^4 /?!/ '
rather large ; front lower compressed. i /'.
Arctopithecus Blainvillii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 71, t 11 f •' • Tur- ' P /
ner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 209. ' ' ' ^A<?vt^ ^i^
Bradj^jus tridactylus brasiliensis, i5/rtmy. O.'j^eV//-. Brad. t. 2, 3 , f^i I „i'
Bradypus tridactylus, var., Peto-s. ^iTl'V: jf> . I QQ
Hah. Tropical America ; Brazil.
b. Fur elom/ate, very flaccid, tvhitish ; dorsal streak very short, indistinct,
only seen where the hair is worn.
4. Arctopithecus flaccidus. B.M.
Pale grey-brown ; back, sides of the back, and hinder part white-
Yaii«d, with a short blackish dorsal streak between the shoulders.
Skull with a broad rather convex forehead.
Arctopithecus flaccidus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 72 : Turner P. Z S
1851, p. 209. ) • • •
Bradypus tridactylus, Tcmm. ; Eapp, Edent. p. 5.
Ai seconds et Ai jeuue, Bujfun, II. N. xiii. p. 02, t. 5.
Yar. 1. Dy.sonti. Whitish grey-brown ; hair of the back blackish,
back with a short black streak and a white spot on each side be-
tween the shoulders. Hah. Venezuela (Dyson). — B.M.
Var. 2. Smithii. Nearly uniform whitish grey-brown ; base of
the hair blackish, without any dorsal streak. Hah. Para (J" F G
Smith). — B.M. V • • •
Hah. South America.
5. Arctopithecus problematicus. B.M.
Fur unknown. Skull rather elongate ; forehead broad, rather con-
vex on each side over the middle of the orbit. Lower jaw with a
rather broad produced angle.
Arctopithecus problematicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 73 t. 11. f. 5.
Hah. Para {J. P. G. SmitJi).
This may be the skidl of A. Jlaccidu.t Smithii.
BnADYroniDA ouAviGRADA, OM'en, Burm.
See fossil genera :— 1. .Me:/ath<riam, (.'uvier ; 2. MyJodon, Owen ;
3>-io.cl^^ j^MA^ Xfc^i^y^M., Yd. 12:. ,^-/k^
366 ITANIDIDJ,.
3. Lestodon, Gervais ; 4. Scelidotherium, Owen {Platyonyx, Lund,
and Glossotherium, Owen) ; 5. Megalonyx, Jefferson ; 6. Sphenodon,
Lund?
Suborder II. EFFODIENTIA.
Grinders none or rootless. Canines sometimes entirely
wanting ; if present, like the grinders. Face elongate ; mouth
mostly small. Body armed with scales, spines, or rigid hairs.
Limbs short and strong, hinder ones longest. Stomach
simple ; malar bone simple or wanting.
DasypidiB, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 188 ; P. Z. S.
18(35, p. 3, f. 2.
Effodientia, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 021.
Insektenfresseude Edentaten, Papp, Pdent.
The species of this family of animals have been so well described
by Cuvier, Sundevall, Luud, Burmeister, and others, that I have only
one or two new species to describe. I have attempted to arrange
the genera, especially of the Dasypodince, in more natural gi'oups.
The osteological characters have been well studied by Cuvier, De
Blainville, Owen, Eapp, Turner, and others.
Figures of the skulls of a few species which have not before been
published.— (?m^, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 360-61.
Section I. Teeth none. Body covered with scales ; revolute. Cataphracla. —
Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 362.
■A^^ ti/ ^am. 2. MANIDID^.
Body covered with scales. Tail flat, expanded. Toes bent up.
Walking on the outer side of the feet. Fossorial ; slow ; forming a
globe when contracted.
Osteology. — See Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 99 ; Sundevall, Kong. Vet.
Akad. Hand. 1842, p. 274; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 219.
Manina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 188.
Manidffi, Turner, I. c. 1851, p. 219 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 362.
Vermihuguia, Giehel, Sdugeth. p. 394.
Cuvier only knew of two species, the long- and the short-tailed
Manis (see Oss. Foss. v. p. 98).
1. MANIS. 367
Dr. Sundevall, in the ' Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handlingar ' for
1842, p. 245, published an excellent essay on the species, the ana-
tomy, and the history of the genus. The essay is nearly repro-
duced by M. Ad. Focillon, ' Kev. ZooL' 1850, pp. 465 & 513.
Rafinesque has described a species under the name of M. cceonyx,
because he believed it had a bifid claw ; but he seems to have mis-
taken the bone that bears the claw (which in all the species is bifid)
for the claw.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Manis. Upper part of fore feet hairy, without any scales. Tail
very long, slender. Scales elongate, narrow, keeled; central
series of caudal scales continued to the end.
2. Pholidotus. Upper part of fore and hind feet covered with
scales to the toes. Scales broad, short. Tail moderate, taper-
ing ; central series of caudal scales continued to the end.
3. Smutsia. Upper part of fore and hind feet covered with scales
to the toes. Scales broad, short. Tail moderate, very broad
to the end ; central series of caudal scales not continued to the
end.
1. MANIS.
The upper surface of the fore feet hairy, without any scales.
Scales of the body slender, oblong, with nearly parallel stria;. Tail
much longer than the body, narrow. The central series of caudal
scales continued to the end. Claws compressed ; the first or outer
claw of each foot verj' small, retracted behind. Africa.
Manis, § 1, Sundevall, I. c. p. 2ol ; Grai/, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 363.
The nose bald ; the side of the face, chin, underside of the body,
the upper surface of the hands and wrist without scales, and covered
with short hair ; the conch of the ear not developed.
* Scales of the body dark hrinrn, in eleven series, ilanis.
1. Manis longicauda. (Pangolin.) B.M.
Dark brown ; hair of face and underside of body black. Scales
of the body in eleven series ; end rounded, with a central promi-
nence. Tail very long. liody and head 11, tail 24 inches.
Manis tetradactyla, Linn. S. X. i. p. 53 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 188; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 220.
Manis macroura, JSrxl. Syst. p. 101.
Var. ? Manis africani, Desm. Mamm. p. 376.
Manis longicauda, Geoff., Sundevall, I. c. p. 251 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 303.
Pholidotus longicaudatus, JBriss. E. A. p. 31.
Manis longicauda /3, Stmdevall.
368 MANIDID.E.
Mania longicaudata, Rapp, Edcnt. p. 15; Shmv, Zuol. i. p. 180, t. 5o.
Paugolin d'Afrique, Cuv. Oss. Fo.is. v. p. 98.
Hab. Africa : Guinea, Gaboon.
*■* Scales of the body horn-coloured, in twetity-one series. Phatagin.
2. Manis tricuspis. (Phatagin.) B.M.
Pale brown ; hair of face and underside of body grey ; scales of
the body in twenty-one series, truncated, with a central prominence,
often appearing three-pointed. Body 12, tail IS inches.
Phatagin, Buffun.
Manis tricuspis, Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. de Bruxelles, vii.
p. 214 ; Sundevail, I. c. 1841, p. 252 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18(35, p. 363.
Manis multiscutata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1843 ; Cat. Mainm. B. M. p. 188;
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843 ; Zool. Typ. p. 15.
Manis 4-dactyhis, Thompson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 28.
Manis tridentata, Focillon, Rev. de Zuol. 1850, t. 1.
Hab. West Africa : Fernando Po {Fraser) ; Guinea ; Sierra Leone
{^niompsmi). Skeleton and skull (B.M.).
The face of the skull, from the front of the orbit, is rather more
than half the length of the brain-case.
A specimen of this species in spirits in the British Museum has
the nose produced, conical, bald, smooth, with three series of plates
on the front of the forehead, commencing about halfway between
the tip of the nose and the eyes. The nostrils are lateral, covered
with a well-developed flap. Tlie cheeks and orbits with scattered,
short, black hairs, like the hairs on the back of the hand and wrist.
Ears without any external conch. The underside of the body with
scattered, very short, rigid hairs. The skin of the back between the
scales bald. The scales elongate, with straight sides for two-thirds
of their length, then contracted, with rather concave sides, with two
deep broad notches on each side of the tip, forming three more or
less distinct projections, the middle one being the most produced.
Soles of fore and hind feet bald and callous, covered with a hard
skin, which peels oif in spirits. Toes 5,5; the front inner small;
the fifth, second, and then the fourth larger ; the middle or third
largest : hinder inner small, the outer larger ; the second and fourth
larger, and the third rather larger stiU, but not so much larger as in
the front foot. The upper part of the fore feet and wrist unarmed,
and covered with short, scattered hairs. The hind feet covered with
scales nearly to the claws, and haiiy on the sides and at the base of
the claws.
Professor Rapp separates the specimens from Fernando Po as a
species, because in the latter the tail is shorter and all the scales are
tricuspid ; but the specimens from West Africa vary in the length
of the tail, and in perfect specimens all the scales are tricuspid.
In the British Museum there are a skull (fig. 42) and a complete
skeleton (fig. 43) which were extracted from the skins of two animals
from West Africa, which are so very miich aUke in form, and in the
1. MANI9.
369
number and form of the scales and the length of tail, that I should
have referred them without doubt to the same species. The skulls,
Fiff. 42.
Skull of Manis tricuspis (separate).
however, are so exceedingly unlike that I believe they might be con-
sidered to belong to two species, unless the differences arise from a
Fig. 43.
Skull of Mollis tririi.yyi" (from thp skplpton).
2b
370 MANIDID^.
difference of sex, which the state of the specimens does not allow me
to determine.
The separate skull (fig. 42) is very ventricose, thin, light, and
showing the sutui'es.
The skuU belonging to the complete skeleton (fig. 43) is smaller,
narrower, more conical, solid, and with the suture much less dis-
tinctly visible.
A foetus of this species, 10 inches long, was noticed by Mr.
Thompson under the name of M. tetradactyhis (Proc. Zool. Soc.
1834, p. 28).
2. PHOLIDOTUS.
The fore and hind feet entirely covered with keeled scales ; the
internal claw of the fore foot nearly equal to the outer one, and not
retracted behind. Scales of the body broad, short. Tail moderate,
tapering at the end ; the central series of caudal scales continued to
the tip. Hab. India and Asiatic Islands.
Pholidotus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 365.
Manis /3. Pholidotus, SundevaU, I. c. p. 253 ; Rapp, Edent. t. 6. f. 1, 2.
* Scales dark brown, in seventeen longitudinal series ; the three or four
series on each side sliorter, keeled. Tail as long as body and head.
Face of skull elongate, nearly as long as hrain-case.
1. Pholidotus javanus. B.M.
Dark brown ; taU as long as body and head ; scales of the sides
and of the hind feet acutely keeled, the front and hinder claws
nearly equal-sized. Head and body 15, tail 15 inches.
Manis pentadactyla, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 249.
Manis javanica (partly), Fischer, Syn. p. 400 (not oi SundevaU).
Manis aspera, SundevaU, I. c. p. 253 ; Rapp, Edent. t. 2 a (good), t. 6.
f. 1, 2 (skull); Besm. Mamm. p. 377; Gerrard, Cat. Bodies B. M.
p. 285.
Phohdotus javanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 366.
Hab. Sumatra {Baffles). Male nnd female (B.M.).
Teats two, pectoral ; penis pendent.
Manis aspera is described from a single specimen in the Paris
Museum, sent from Sumatra. It is evidently the same as that which
Eaffles described and figured under the name M. javanica, and which
has been so named in the English museums.
The M. javanica of Dr. SundevaU, which he described as having
fulvescent scales, is the same as his M. Dalmanni and the M. aurita
of Hodgson, which is common in India and has been generally con-
founded with the larger-scaled M. pentadactyla or M. laticamla.
Desmarest describes, under the name of M. javanica, the Java
animal with keeled scales on the legs, and refers to Raffles.
Manis guy.. Focillon, Rev. Zool. 1850, t. 10 : Rapp, Edent. 17.
2, pnoLiDOTUs. 371
" Tail shorter than the body and head ; twenty-one longitudinal
rows of scales ; end of the tail naked on its lower surface ; scales
broad, ending in an obtuse point, striated to the tip ; with bristles
between the scales."
Described and figured from a young specimen preserved in spirit,
said to have been received from Africa. Appears to me to be only
a young specimen of PhoJidotus javanicus.
The front feet are covered with scales to the claws, and it has the
ear-conch moderately developed, not so much so as in P. Dalmanni.
What is Manis leucura, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxx.
p. 91 ; llapp, Edent. p. 18, thus described, " Tail as long as the
body and head ; scales of the tail adpressed, so that the margin is
entire, not dentated " ? The habitat is unknown.
Manis javanica. Motley & Dillwyn, N. H. Labuan, p. 51. Body
with lo rows of scales ; tail ^vith 29 marginal scales.
" Penc/oJinr/ signifies an animal rolling itself up, which the Manis
occasionally does, presenting only its impenetrable scales. It in-
habits hoUow trees, feeds on ants alone, of which its stomach con-
tains thousands. It is a slow-moving animal, but very strong, and
by means of its powerful prehensile tail (which is furnished with a
little naked callosity) climbs tolerably well among rocks and dead
trees. The tongue is exceedingly long, round, and fleshy, and is
used to obtain its food by being laid across the tracks of ants, which
stick to a glutinous secretion with which it is provided." lie
favourite prey is said to be a black species of Termites.
** Scales hom-col(mred ; of the hack, in seventeen longitudinal series. Tail
as long as the body. Conch of ear produced.
2. Pholidotus Dalmannii.
Pale brown ; tail short, as long as the body without the head ;
scales of the young striated, of the middle of back truncated, of the
sides of hind feet keeled ; of the older specimen worn smooth ; ears
large ; hair of head and underside of body short, grey. Body and
head 22, tail 15 inches.
Manis, Dalmann, Act. Stoclch. 1749, p. 265, t. 6.
Mauis, Forsfer, Act. Berol. 1789 (pnnted 1793), p. 90, t. 5, 6; Sun-
devall, I. c. pp. 2G2, 2G9.
Manis Dalmannii, Sundevall, I. c. p. 256, t. 4 a. f. 10 (toe-bones),
1842 ; Happ, Edent. p. 17.
Pholidotus Dalmannii, Grag, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 366.
Manis aurita, Hodgson.
Manis pentadactyla (partlv), Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 285.
Mauis javanica, Sundevall, I. c. p. 254, t. 4 a. f. 11 ; Turner, P. Z. S.
185], p. 219?
Pangolin, Buffon, x. t. 34.
Hal). India, Himalaya (Hodfjson) ; China (^Dahnann) ; ? Java
(Sundevall).
A small specimen of the species, preserved in spirit in the British
2 B 2
372 MAXIDID.1!.
Museum, may be thus described : — The head ovate, convex above
and on the sides. The end of the uose, the side of the face, inclu-
ding the orbit, to the back of the ears, the throat, underside of the
body, and the inside of the legs bald, with a few very slender, elon-
gated hairs on the front of the chin. The forehead with one scale,
and five series of scales behind it. The ears large, with a well-de-
veloped, oblong, nearly flat conch behind ; an oblong prominence for
a tragus in front of the small auditory aperture. The fore and hind
legs covered with series of scales down to the base of the toes ;
the toes united to the claws. The palms of the fore feet and the
soles of the hind feet hard, callous, well developed. The fore feet
with five elongated conical claws, which are strongly inflexed on both
palms ; the inner and outer small, then the second and fourth, and
the centre or third the largest. The hind feet with five short, coni-
cal , compressed claws ; the inner and outer small, the three middle
larger, tlie middle one being rather the largest. The skin of the
back, between the bases of the scales, bald ; the lower part of the
scales and the middle of the scales striated. The tongue elongate,
exsertile, flat, linear, tapering to the tip, which is rounded. The
eyelids soft, distinct, not ciliated, but the outer surface entirely
covered with very short bristles.
Professor Sundevall, in his Monograph, places considerable re-
liance on the form of the claws, and on the comparative size and
form of the claws of the fore and hind feet, as a specific distinction.
The specimens which I have examined from the same locality seem
to differ verj^ much in this respect.
Manis Dahnannii was described from specimens from China, which
looked like the young of M. laticauda. It is probably the same as
the many-scaled species from India, or at least must be very nearly
allied to it, more especially as the large size of the cars, which caused
Hodgson to call it M. aurifcf, is mentioned.
Dr. Sundevall states that his M. javanica is from Java, and he
believes that it is common there ; but he describes all the scales as
fulvescent. I have never seen any Javan or Sumatran specimen of
that colour. They are always dark brown, while the Indian species
is always pale-coloured ; and I am inclined to believe that it must
have been the Indian species that was described.
There are two skuUs of this species in the British Museum, re-
ceived from Mr. Hodgson as belonging to his M. aurita ; they are
very solid, considerably stouter in proportion to their length than
the skull of M. indica figured by Cuvier, and they have very broad
nasal bones, which are rounded at the hinder end.
Professor Sundevall believes that the skeleton of Pangolin a courte
queue, or, as he quotes it, " Pangolin des Indes," figured and de-
scribed by Cuvier in the ' Ossemens Fossiles,' is the skeleton of his
M. javanica. I think this a mistake. Compare the skull with the
skull of M. javanica figured by Rapp, which I am assured was taken
out of the skin which he figures (which is the true M. javanica of
this essay). I believe that the M. javanica of Sundevall is an Indian
and not a Javan species : and it differs from the Indian species
2. I'HOLIDOTUS. 373
iigured by C'uvier in the skull being shorter and broader, as men-
tioned above.
*** Scales JwiTi-coloured , pale; of the hack, iti clevc7i or thirteen longitu-
dinal series. Tail as long us the body. Eais with only a slightly raked
edge, xvithoiit any distinct conch. Phatagea.
3. Fholidotus indicns.
Pale brown ; scales striated at the base ; tail more slender than
the bodj", tapering to the end, as long as the body without the head ;
ears not prominent.
" Varies in the width of the tail and the cnrvature of the claw." —
Simdevall.
Manis pentadactyla, Linn. S. X. i. p. 51 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
p. 28o (partly) ; Gray, List Mam. B. M. p. 188 ; Turner, P. Z. S.
1851, p. 210.
Manis laticauda, Illiger ; Sundevall, I. c. p. 259,
Manis niacroura, Desm. Mamm. p. 376.
Manis brevicaudata, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 497.
Manis brachyui-a, Erxl. Syst. p. 98.
Manis crassicaudata, Gray in Griff. A. K. ; Rapp, Edent. p. 10.
Pholidotus indicus, Gruy, P. Z. H. 1865, p. 368.
Broad-tailed Manis, Penn.
Pangolin a courte queue, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 8 (skeleton).
Hal). Asia — India : Bengal, Madras, Pondicherry, Assam.
The skull in Cuvier's figures (Oss. Foss. v. t. 8. f. 2-4) is much
more slender and less Tentricose behind than the skulls of J7. Dal-
mannii in the British Museum. The face is represented as being
about two-fifths the entire length of the head ; and the nasal bones
are narrower and longer.
In a foetus in spirit in the British Museum, the eyelids are soft,
the ears are only fringed with a slightly raised edge, and there are a
few bristles projecting between the scales of the back.
Mr. MacClelland describes the Mauls brachi/ura of Assam as
having fifteen longitudinal series of scales, with bristles in paii's
passing out between the scales. The lower part of the head and
body and inside of the legs covered with coarse white hairs (Proe.
Zool. See. 1839, p. 153). Is this 31. Dahnnnnii?
4. Pholidotus giganteus. (Ipi.) B.M.
Pale brown ; scales striated at the base ; tail as long as the body,
tapering to the end. Body and head 30, tail 25 inches.
Manis gigantea, Illiger, Mad. Berl. 1811. pp. 78, 84, 1815.
Pholidotus at'ricBuus, Gray, P. Z. .S". 1805, p. 308, t. 17.
Ipi (Pholidotus africanus), Dn Chaillii, Jour. Ashangoland, p. 43, t.
Hah. West Africa, River Niger {Dr. B. Baikie) ; txuinea (lUic/er) ;
Fernand, Yaz {Du Chaillu): Cape-Coast Castle (B.M.).
Verj- like P. indicus ; but the scales arc larger, and the tail is
374
MANIDID^.
longer. lUiger says M. gigantea from Guinea is like M. hrachyura,
but 4 feet long. The Museum specimen from Cape-Coast Castle is
upwards of 5 feet long.
Fiff. 44.
Skull of PhoUdotus (/iyanteiis.
Du C'haillu sent to the British Museum two specimens of Manis
longicauda and one of PhoUdotus gigantetts, all under the name of
the " Ant-eater," evidently regarding them as one species.
Which is the species called I^n, or is it common to both ?
What is Manis leptura (Blyth, Joum. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, xn.,
Arch. f. Natiu'g. 1849 ; Rapp, Edent. p. IS) ?
8. SMUTSIA.
Upper part of the fore and hind feet covered with scales. Scales
broad, short, and pale-coloured. Tail very broad, rounded at the
end ; central series of scales interrupted before reaching the end of
the tail.
Smutsia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 369.
3. SMUTSIA. 375
Smutsia Temminckii.
Scales striated, elongate ; of the middle series only on the base of
the tail.
Manis Temminckii, Smuts, 3Iantm. Cap. p. 54; Smith, III. S. Afr^
Zool. t. 7 (scales had) ; Bennett, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 81 ; Turner,
P. Z. S. 1851, p. 219; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p. 285; Sun-
devall, I. c. p. 2G0, t. 4. f. 2 (youug skidl and toe-bones) ; Peters,
Reise n. Mossamh. i. p. 174, t. 32. f. 8 (os hyoides) ; Rapp, Edent.
p. 17; Riipp. Mns. Senck. iii. p. 179.
Smutsia Temminckii, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 369.
Hah. Eastern Africa, Sennaar, Calfraria, Kordofan (^Hedenhorcj),
Latakoo {Steed ma ti).
Sundevall figures the skull of a very young specimen of this spe-
cies. It is short, ventricose ; the face broad, short, not half the
length of the brain-case ; the nasal bones are short, broad, wide
behind ; the lower jaw simple, without any process in the front of
the upper edge (see Vet. Akad. Hand. 1842, t. 4. f. 34).
Section II. Body covered tcith a hony convolute armour , formed of imbedded
tessera placed in transverse rings.
Dasypus, Linn., Cuvier.
Dasipiua, Grat/, Ma?nm. B. M. p. 189.
Dasvpodida;, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 211 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p* 370.
Fodieutia, lUiyer ; Bunneister, Thiere Bras. p. 208 ; Giehel, Sdugeth.
p. 417.
Loricata, Vicq-d'Azyr.
Osteology.— See Cuv. Oss. Foss. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 211.
Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 117. 1) divides the Armadillos into three
groups according to the number of the toes : —
I. Hind feet with four claws, the two central equal : Dasypus
novemciiu-tus, Linn. = Taiusia ; D. tricinctus, Linn. = Toly-
peutcs.
II. The hind feet with five claws, one of the middle ones larger :
D. se.vcinctus^= Dasypus ; Tatou pichey and Tatou veJu = Eu-
phractus.
III. The hind feet with five claws, the three outer ones very large :
D. un{c!nctus=Xc7iurus ; Tatou geant=Prionodos.
Cuvier observes, " The Armadillos with four toes have a short
penis with a large three-lobed gland, and those with five toes a very
long penis." The Apar (Z>. tricincius), which is arranged with those
having four claws, has five claws, and has a penis like those of that
division.
These animals walk in three different manners, each having a
particular conformation of the foot for the purpose.
The Tatusice are digitigrade.
The Dasypodes are plantigrade.
The Tolypeutce walk on the tips of the front claws, and may be
called unguliaTade.
/^
376 DASYPODIDJi.
The differences in the form of the bones of the feet are described
and figured in Cuvier's ' Oss. Foss. ; ' but he does not appear to have
been a\Yare of the differences in the habit and mode of waUdng.
Dr. Burmeister, in ' System. TJebers. der Thiere Brasiliens,' p. 276,
1854, divides the genus Dasypus of Linne into two subgenera —
Dasypus and Pmopvs — the latter for D. 9-cinchis of Linnaeus, and
synonymous with the genus Dasypus as restricted by AVagler.
Fam. 3. DASYPODID^.
The dorsal disk closely attached to the back of the animal, divided
in the middle by free rings into scapular and pelvic shields ; pelvic
shield free from the pelvis. Scapular and pelvic shields moderate ;
central rings several. Feet strong ; hind toes free ; claws large.
Skull smooth above, and separate from the frontal shield. Tail
elongate. Peltoclilamycles. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 371.
Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 371.
See development of teeth, Flower, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 378, and Ger-
vais, Hist. Mam. ii. p. 252, fig.
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Digitigrade. Backs of feet round, covered icith plates ; toes of the front
and hind feet separate ; claics conical. Head elongate ; ears close to-
gether. Choerochlamydes.
1. Tattjsia. Toes 5 . 4. Tail with rings of plates.
B. Plantigi-ade. Soles of feet fat, callous, ivith a prominent heel; toes of
forefeSt united to tlie claws, compressed ; claws compressed, sharp-edged
below. Toes of hind feet separate; elates elongate. Head broad; ears
far apart. Platychlamydes.
* Head conical. Teeth many, small.
2. Prionodos. Toes 5.5; middle front very large ; outer front
toes very small. Intermaxillary toothless. Four front bands
of tesserae of the scapular shield partially free.
** Head Jiat, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large; interma.rillary with
one tooth on each side.
3. Dasypus. Tail round at the base, tesserae convex. Marginal
plates of the dorsal disk small ; nuchal band linear, broad to
the end ; first band of plates of the scapular shield fixed like
the rest.
■»* Head broad, conical. Teeth feio, nine or ten, large ; intermaxillary
toothless.
4. EuPHEACTUs. Tail ringed at the base ; tesserae convex. Mar-
ginal plates of the dorsal disk falcate ; nuchal band narrow at
the sides ; first band of the scapular disk more or less free.
5. Xentteus. Tail rather naked, with sunken shields.
.1. TATCSIA. ;577
A. Digitigi-ade. The toes of the fi-ont and hind feet separate : flaws conical,
similar ; paltns and soles covered with sfiiclds, ivithout anij marhed heel.
Head elonyate, ovate ; forehead rounded ; nose slender ; ears close to-
gether, on the top of the head. Body suhcylindriccd. Chcerochla-
mydes.
These animals walk on their toes, and are very porcine in their
character, as Avell as in the general form of the feet ; the hinder part
of the wrist and feet is covered with plates like the rest of the legs.
1. TATUSIA.
Central rings 5 to 8. Toes 4 . 5, subequal, the two front and
three hinder middle largest ; inner and outer small ; claws conical.
Tail conical, elongate, annulated ; lower rings of two or three series
of plates. Cutting-teeth none ; grinders 8 . 8, moderate. The penis
short, ending in a three-lobed ^lunA {Cuvier, v. p. 118).
Ostcolorpj, — See Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 1. 10 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 212.
Tatus, Gesnei\
Tatusia, sp., F. Cuvier ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 371.
Dasj'pus, War/ler.
Dasypus 2 (Tatusia), Rapji, Edeyit. p. 8.
Praopus, Burmei.'tter, Si/st. Ueher. d. Thiere Brasil. i. p. i?Co, ly.54;
Arch.f Nutury. 1802, p. 98.
* Face suddenly contracted ; the nose subcylindrical ; hinder part of palate
rather narrow, flat, rounded on the sides. Tatusia.
1. Tatusia peba.
Ears one-third of the length of the head ; shields smooth ; under-
side with scattered bristles ; tail as long as the body.
i-^tu.sia s(?j)temfincta, Gray, Cat. Jl/Jmjjm?. B. M. p. 189; Gerrard,
^ Cat. Bo7i\^3f. p. 286 ; Turner, P. Z>S^18ol, p. 212.
U t Dasypus septeiotcinctus, Linn. Am. Acad. i. pT"S81.
Dasypus octocinctus, Schreh. Sciugeth. t. 73.
Dasypus novemc-inctus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 54.
Dasypus nifrcr, Illit/er.
Da-sVpus Idiip-icauil'iis, P. M. Ahbild. t. 83?
Tatusia affinis, Liitid.
Dasypus peba, i't'swi. Mamm. p. 368 ; Ouen. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 141;
Krams, Arch.fiir Katury. 1862, p. 20, t. 3. f. (skull).
Praopus 7-cinctu8, Burniei.ster, La Plata, p. 428.
Tatusia peba, Ouen, Odont. t. f<2. f. 2 ; Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 372.
Dasypus tatusia peba, Lesson ; Papp, Edcnt. p. 8.
Praopus longicaudatus, Burm. Thier. Bras. p. 298, 1854 ; Ahhandl.
Nat. Ges. zu Halle, 1861, p. 147.
Tatou noir, Azara ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 10 (skeleton ).
Cachicame, Buffon, H^ X. x. p. 215, t. 57; Cm: Oss. Foss. v. p. 124,
t. 10 (shield).
? Tatouele, Buffon, H. K. x. p. 212.
Hab. Central and South America : Texas (Baird) ; Guiana
(Kraiiss) ; BrazU (Pr. Ma.v.) ; Paraguay (Azara).
378 DASYPODID^.
" Texan Armadillo. The people of Matamoras esteem its flesh,
and the women attribute imaginary properties to its shell. Living
on the kitchen-refuse. Nocturnal ; burying flesh and vegetable
substances for food." — Baird.
The head of the animal and the skulls in the Museum collection
seem to increase in width, compared to the length, as the animal
increases in age. The width of the head and skull does not depend
on the sex ; for we have broad-headed and narrow-headed males in
the collection. The sides of the stuffed specimens are pale whitish,
with black backs. The specimens vary in the size of the scapular
disk. In one male in the Museum it appears much smaller than in
most of the other specimens ; but they all vary more or less in this
character. The tail varies considerably in length, compared with
the length of the body ; but the shortest is as long as the body.
See a. Tatou verdadeiro, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 118 ; Turner, P.Z. S.
1851, p. 213. Dasypus uroceras, Lund, Dausk. Vedensk. Natur.
Afh. viii. pp. 65, 225 ; Eapp, Edeut. p. 8. Hab. Brazil (M. de St.-
Hilaire). Tail terminated by a horny sheath of one piece, the bands
broader ; plates of pelvic shield larger.
There is no specimen agreeing with the above description. May
not the peculiarity of the tail be an accidental malformation ?
Dr. Burmeister gives Tatu verdadeiro as one of the common Bra-
zilian names of the species ; and he gives D. uroceras as a synonym
of his D. (Praojnis) longkaudatus.
Dr. Peters, in the ' Monatsberichte ' for 1864, p. 179, very shortly
indicates, but gives no diagnostic characters nor descriptions of,
Dasypus 2yentadactylus, D. fenestratus, and D. novemcinctus, var. mexi-
canus. The latter is probably the animal described by Dr. Spencer
Baird. It is to be regretted that every zoologist who wishes to
name a species does not append to it a diagnosis : in this respect
the Scandinavian zoologists of Sweden and Denmark set a good
example.
2. Tatusia hirsuta.
Tail elongate, tapering ; the head, body, limbs, and dorsal shield
covered with elongated hairs ; the head elongate ; nose slender ;
ears large.
/Praopus hirsutus, Burni. Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Halle, 1861, p. 147;
?/ ,j i Rcise ilurch d. La Plata Staaten, 1861,; p. 2^38; Arch. f. Naturg.
^'7/ 1862 p. 144. ^
( Tatusia hirsuta, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 373.
^ "-**"/ Dasypus hispidus, Burm. La Plata, ii. p. 428.
Hab. Guayaquil (Mus. Lima, Burmeister).
Length of head 4|, body 11|, and tail 10| inches. The rings
and the plates of the shield are very indistinctly marked, indeed
only shown at the shoulders and by slight folds on the lower part of
the sides.
See Dasypus hispidus, Burm. Thiere Brasiliens, i. p. 287. Hah.
Brazil ; said to be distinct from D. hirsutus, Burm.
I3A1,
]. TATTJSU. 379
3, Tatusia hybrida.
Ears abote one-fourth the length of the head ; plates of the pelvic
, shield convex and elevated ; tail about half ©r »**-third(ithe length
y of the body. /^
I Basypua hyhndua, Desm. Mam?n. ^. 368 ; Martin, P. Z. S. 1837, f. 13
'\j I (nm^) ; Darivin, Voy. Beagle, i. p. 92.
Tatusia hybrida, Less. Mamm. p. 311 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 213 ;
J Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 373.
Dasypus (Tatusia) hybridus, JRapp, Edent. p. 9.
■\ . ^Dasypus septemcinctus, ^ScAreZ*. Siiugeth. ii. p. 220, t. 72 & 76.
sK^ Dasj-pus (Praopus) hybmus, Burm. La Plata, p. 428. r i | I
Tatou mulet, Azara. 'J fXAMpi^
Hah. Paraguay, very common ; Rio Negro ; North Patagonia. ^(Cv^ ">^ /.-
** Face attenuated ; nose elongate, conical ; hinder part of the palate Iroact,' -•- — /.. .»
concave, ivith raised edges on the side. Praopus.
4. Tatusia Kappleri.
Das-s^ua Ka.\)'pleTi, K7-ams, Arch, fitr Naturg. 1862, p. 24, t. 3. f. 1, 2
(skull).
Dasj^ius (Praopus) peba, Burm.
Tatusia Kappleri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 373.
Ifab. Surinam (Krauts).
Carapace vciy mucli like Tatusia peba ; but there are two series
of claw-like plates, with free projecting ends, on the anterior side of
the lower part of the hind legs ; there are five plates in the upper
series. The skull is large, and nose much more produced ; the palate
keeled on the sides in a line with the zygomatic arch.
In D. ])eha (1. c. t. 3. f. 3, 4) the palate is rounded on the sides,
without any keel, and the nose shorter and more slender. Neither
of the four skuUs in the British Museiim is near as large as the one
figiu'ed by Dr. Krauss ; but some of them have the palate keeled on
the sides, more as in his figure of T. Kappleri than as the palate is
represented in the one he calls T. pcha.
See Dasi/puf! punctatus, Lund ; Tatusia, sp.. Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 313. Defined from a denuded skin in Mus. Coll. Surg.
B. Plautigi'ade, Palms and soles bald, callous, with a pi-ominent heel. The
toes of the fore feet united to the claws, compressed ; clairs compressed,
sharp-edged beneath. Tics of hind feet separate ; elates elongate, acute.
Head broad ; forehead Jl of tened ; nose short ; ears far apart, on sides
of the head. Body depressed. Platychlaiuydes.
The body is depressed, expanded, more or less covered with hair,
which sometimes almost hides the tcssera^' of the shield. Legs short,
strong ; the whole of the feet applied to the ground in walking.
3b0 BASYPODIlJ.i:.
A. Head ovate ; forehead convex ; teeth mimerous, small ; intermaxillaries
toothless. The first three or four rings of tesseree of the scapular rings
partially free. Tail not ringed. The soles of the hind feet with tesseree
on the sides and behind.
2. PRIONODOS.
The three or four front rings of the scapular shield deeply divided,
free when young ; central rings numerous. Tail not ringed, with
the tesseree placed alternately. Plantigrade ; soles of the feet parti-
ally covei'ed mth tesseree. Toes 5.5; two inner front toes small ;
outer very small, rudimentary ; third and fourth large ; the third
very large, with a very large claw. Skull broad ; nose broad. Teeth
1^ . -2^, small ; intermaxillary toothless.
Osteology. — See Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215 ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v.
t. 11. f. 1,'3; Eapp, Edent. t. 11.
Prionodontep, F. Cuv. ; Less. Mam. p. 309 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851.
Priodonta, Grag, Cat. Manim. B. M.
Dasypus (Priodontes), Rapp, Edent. p. 10.
Cheloniscus, IVagler ; Krauss.
Prionodos, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 374.
The skeleton is figured by Eapp, Edent. t. 4 6. f. 1. The two
inner toes of the fore feet elongate, slender, with small claws ; the
three others short ; the third very stout, with a very large claw ;
the fourth similar, but smaller ; the fifth or outer very small and
short. The pelvis very broad behind ; the second cervical vertebra
elongate, with a very high superior central crest, and very rudi-
mentary lateral processes.
Prionodon gigas. (Tatou.) B.M.
Dasypus gigas, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 128, t. 11. f. 1, 5 ; Pr. Max. Beitr.
\\. p. 516 ; Burm. Brasil. p. 277.
Dasypus giganteiis, Desm. Mamni. p. 368.
Priodonta gigas, Gi-ay, Cat. Mamm. B.M. p. 120 ; Ou-en, Odont. t. 85.
f. 1 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 287.
Priodontes gigas, Turner, I. c. ; Gervais, Fxped. de F. L. de Castelnau,
3Iatmn. t. 18 ; jR<yjp, Edent. t. 4 & (skeleton).
Prionodos gigas, Gj-ay, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 374.
Priodontes giganteus, Less. Maniin. p. 309.
Cheloniscus gigas, Wagler ; Kratiss, Arch. f. Natnrg. 1862, p. 19.
Kabalassou, Bitffon, H. N. x. t. 41.
El Maximo, Azara.
Hah. Paraguay (^r«r«); Surinam (Zrawss) ; Brazil (called " Tatu
canastra").
B. Head fiat, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large; intermaxillary hone
with a tooth on each side behind. Tail shielded.
3. DASYPUS.
Head broad, covered with large plates ; a series of small shields
under the eyes ; frontal plate large, broad. Central rings six or eight.
3. DASYPTJS. 381
Two short bands of large equal plates, not so wide as the head,
betwet^n the back of the head and the front edge of the scapular
shields. Toes 5 . 5. Teeth j^^ . -Aj ; the first upper in the inter-
maxillary.
Encoubert, Buffon ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. ; Rapp, t. 3. f. 4, 5.
Dasypus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 376.
Dasj'pus (Eupliractus), Burmeister, La Plata, ii. 1861.
Euphractus, Wagl.
Dasj'pus (1. Dasypus), Rapp, Edent. p. 7 (skuU t.).
* Dorsal shield with two short hairs on the hinder margin of each tessera ;
underpart of the body ivith scattered bristles.
1. Dasypus sexcinctus. B.M.
Dorsal shield bald, with two hairs on the hinder side of each of
the dorsal tesserae.
Dasypus sexcinctus, Linn. S. N. p. 154 ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 1. 11. f. 456 ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 286 ; Bimn. Thier.Bras. p. 290 ; Owen,
Odont. t. 85. f. 3, 4 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 189 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 375 ; Tu)7ier, P. Z.'S. 1851, p. 214 ; Rapp, Edent. p. 7, t. 3.
f. 4, 5 (skull).
Dasypus encoubert, Desm. Mamm. p. 370.
Dasypus setosus, P. Max. ii. p. 520 ; Abh. Bras. t.
Encoubert, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 11. f. 4-6 (skull).
Dasypus villosus, Giebel, Zeitschrift, 1861, p. 93, t. 346. f. 1 (skull).
Dasypus gilvipes, llliyer, Abh. Berl. Akad.
Dasypus octodecim-ciuctus, Erxl.
Hah. Brazil and Paraguay.
One of the young specimens in the British Museum has only four
toes on the hind feet ; but the outer toe on one foot appears to have
been destroyed, and on the other foot there is a scale where the
fifth ought to be placed. This may be the normal state of a difi'erent
species.
The skull which Giebel figures as that of D. villosus, Burmeister,
evidently belongs to this species.
** Dorsal shield with numerous elongated bristles from the hinder edge of
each te.ssera ; underpart of body very hairy.
2. Dasypus vellerosus, sp. nov. B.il.
The forehead convex, with many polygonal shields ; the dorsal
shield covered with abundant elongated bristly hairs ; the underside
of the body covered with close hairs. Toes 5 . 5, the outer and inner
hinder small.
Dasypus vellerosus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 376, t. 18.
ffah. Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bridge.'!).
382 DASTPODID^.
c. Head broad, depressed ; nose very slender, hroad, depressed ; interinaxUlary
toothless.
4. EUPHRACTUS.
Head conical, covered with a shield of very many polygonal plates,
with a tuft of hair under the eyes. Nape with a narrow short hand
of small plates. Dorsal disk very hairy, the first row of plates ou
the front of the scapular shield forming a free ring ; the lower mar-
ginal plates of the pelvic shield large, falcate. Tail conical, covered
with rings of plates. Toes 5.5 ; claws acute, triangular, front largest.
Skull broad, very depressed. Nose very slender, elongate ; inter-
maxillary bone toothless. Teeth |.-|, moderate. — Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 376.
Dasypus (Euphractus), partly, Burmeister.
Euphractus, partly, Wagler.
Dasypus, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214.
Tatusia, sp., Burmeister.
* Nose short, broad; ears long.
1. Euphractus villosus. (Peludo.) B.M.
Muzzle broad ; ears large ; forehead broad, covered with rugulose
tubercular plates ; back covered with abundant long black hairs,
more or less deciduous.
Dasypus villosus, Desm. Mamm. p. 370 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mainm.
p. 286 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214.
Tatusia villosa, Lesson, Mam. p. 3l2.
Dasypus (Tatusia) villosus, Rapp, Edent. p. 10.
Dasypus (Euphractus) villosus, Burmeister, La Plata, ii. 1861.
Euphractus villosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 376.
El Peludo, Azara, ii. p. 140.
Hah. Buenos Ayres, Pampas.
The skull which Giebel (Zeitschrift, 1861, t. 345. f.l) figures
under the name of D. villosus is evidently that of D. sexcinctus.
** Nose slender, elongate ; ears S7nall.
2. Euphractus miuutus. (Pichy.) B.M.
Nose slender, elongate ; ears small ; forehead convex, covered
with irregular smooth polygonal plates. Back with scattered elon-
gate, slender, black or grey bristles.
Dasypus minutus, Des7n. Mamm. p. 371 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 214.
Dasypus patagonicus, Desm. N. Diet, H. N. xxx. 11. p. 491.
Tatusia minuta, Lesson, Mam. p. 847; Gray, List Manwi. B. M. p. 190:
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 286.
Dasypus (Euphractus) minutus, Burmeister, La Plata, ii. p. 427,
1861.
Dasypus (Tatusia) minuta, Rapp, Edent. p. 10.
O. XENUETJS.
383
Euphractus minutus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 377, fig. (skull).
Tatou pichey, Azara,
Hah. Chili ; La Plata.
Skull of Euphractus minutus.
" The four Chilian species of Armadillo {Dasijpus) are nearly
similar in habits. The Peludo (Z*. vUlosus) is nocturnal ; while the
others wander by day over the open plains, feeding on beetles, larvae,
roots, and even small snakes. The Pichy (D. mimdus) prefers a
very dry soil and the sandy dunes near the coast, where for many
months it can never taste water. In soft soil the animal burrows
so quickly that its hinder quarters would almost disappear before
one could alight from one's horse." — Darivin's Journ. p. 96.
5. XENURUS.
Head elongate. Scapular and pelvic shields convex ; central
rings many, ten or eleven. Toes 5 . 5. Tail nakedish, with a few
imbedded tessera;. Teeth f . f ; intermaxillarj- teeth none. SkuU
elongate ; brain-case constricted over the back of the orbit, swollen
in front ; forehead convex ; nose conical, truncated. — Gray, P. Z. S.
1805, p. 377.
The plates on the inner side of the two inner toes of the fore and
hind feet arc ciliated with a scries of bristle-like hairs.
Cabassou, Buffon ; Cuv. Oss. Poss. v. t. 11. f. 7. 9.
Xeniu-us, Waykr; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215 ; Krauss; Gray.
384 DA8YP0DID.«.
* Nose of skull elongate, j^roduced. Tatoua.
1. Xenurus unicinctus. (Kabassu.) B,M.
Tail nakedish, with some scattered shields ; those of the base of
the tail immersed ; becoming more abundant, closer, and more deve-
loped at the end, esptciallj' on the underside of the tip.
Dasypus unicinctus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 52.
Dasypus gymnurus, Illiger ; P. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 529.
Dasj^pus tatouay, Desm. Mimini. p. 369 ; Tschudi, Faun. Peru, p. 206;
Guerin, Icon. Mamm. t. 34. f. 2.
Dasypus duodecim-ciuctus, Schreb. Siiiigeth. p. 225, t. 75, 76.
Tatusia tatouay, Lesson, 3Iam. p. 311.
Dasypus niulticiucta, Thunb. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1818, p. 68, t. 1.
Xenurus unicinctus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 120 ; P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 378 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
p. 285.
Dasypus xeniu-us et D. 12-cinctus, ^rawss. Arch. f. Nat. 1862, p. 19.
Tatusia gymnura, Rapp, Edent. p. 9.
Cabassou, Cuv. Oss. Foss v. p. 120, t. 11. f. 7-9 (skull).
Kabassou, Buff. H. N. x. p. 218, t. 40.
Tatou Tatouay, Azara.
Hah. Brazil, S'* Catharina ; Surinam (Krauss) ; Guiana ; Peru ;
Paraguaj^
In a young specimen not in a good state, in the British Museum,
the plates of the dorsal shield are eroded, with a prominent ridge on
each side.
See also :- — 1. Dasypus verrucosus, Wagler, Seba, Thesaur. t. 30.
f. 4 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 120 ; Burm. Thier. Bras. p. 287.
2. I), gymnurus, P. Max. and Wagner. Appear hke varieties or
synonyma.
What is Xenurus nudicaudus, Lund, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 219, from " Tail shorter and more entirely naked " (Cuvier, Oss.
Foss.) ?
** Nose of skull short, compressed. Xenurus.
2. Xentmis hispidus.
Skull short ; nose short, compressed ; nasal bones short.
Dasypus hispidus, Burmeister, Thiere Bras. i. p. 287 ; Giehel, Zeit-
schrift, 1861, p. 93, t. 2, 34. f. 3, 4 (skulls of old and young).
? Tatu,' Seba, Thes. i. t. 30. f. 2, according to Burmeister.
Cabassou, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 120.
Xenurus hispidus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 378.
Hab. Brazil.
In our skuUs of X. unicinctus the distance from^the perforation
under the orbit to the end of the intermaxillary isl| inch ; in Gie-
bel's figure it is ly'^ inch.
I have not seen this species. The skuU figured by Giebel is that
of a Xenurus, judging from the constriction of the brain over the
orbit ; but the face is very much shorter than in the skulls of X.
unicinctus in the British-Museum collection.
•n)LYrEUTiJ).T£. 385
Fam. 4. TOLYPEUTID^.
The dorsal disk only united to the body by the centre of the back,
free from the hairy skin on the sides. The scapular and pelvic
shields large, convex, separated by thi-ee free central rings. Feet
weak ; front vdth elongated unequal claws, on the tips of which the
animal walks ; hind feet club-shaped, with flat ovate nails ; palms
and soles covered -with plates. Tail short. Skidl attached to the
frontal shield by two or more bony prominences. Sphcm'ocldamydes.
Tolypeutina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 361.
The animal has the power of bending the body so as to form a
nearly perfect sphere, the shield on the head and the short tuber-
cular tail filling up the aperture occasioned by the notches in the
scapular and pelvic shields. It walks on the small end of the
elephant-like hind feet, and on the tips of the slender, elongated,
middle claws of the fore feet.
TOLYPEUTES.
Head with a flat frontal shield, hinder edge prominent ; ears gra-
nular. Frontal shield narrow, produced above the head, and trun-
cated behind. Nape without any j)lates. Scapular and pelvic shields
large, convex ; central rings three, free. Tail conical ; base broadly
expanded ; end conical, rather compressed ; luider surface convex.
Toes 4 before, 5 behind ; inner and outer small ; front claws
unequal ; two middle elongate, large. The hind feet small ; toes
indistinct, united ; claws ovate, flat, nearly like the human nail.
Skull elongate, slender ; nose conical ; intermaxillary toothless.
Teeth large.
Osteology.— CvLv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 123 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 215.
Apar, Geoff. Compt. Rend. 1847, xxiv. p. 572.
Cheloniscus, Fah. Column.
Tolypeutes, Illiger, Prod. 1811 ; Gi-ay, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 379.
The underside of the body covered with long bristly hairs ; the
outer plate of the moveable rings thin, with a frill of elongate rigid
hairs on the outer edge. The bodies of the males are less ventricose
and more elongate than those of the females ; the hair on the under-
side of the males is grey, in the femahvs it is blackish ; the male
organ is verj- large and, when contracted, cvlindrical and pendulous.
They are very active, running with rapidity, but looking very in-
secure, on their slender limbs. They are called " Tatu bola " by the
Brazilians.
386
TOLyPEUTIDJE.
1. Cheloniscus. Skull ivith a bo7ii/ prominence above each orbit for at-
taching the frontal shield. Toes 5.5,- tail conical, base thick, end
broad, Jlat, truncated, underside Jlattish ; frontal shield broad and
arched above.
Tolypeutes, § Cheloniscus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 379.
1. Tolypeutes tricinctus. (Apar.) B.M.
Frontal shield flat, broad ; tlie hinder margin not produced ahove
the head ; regularly arched. Nape with three bony plates in front
of the scapular shield. Front claws five ; the inner and outer ones
small ; the middle one moderately large.
Basypus tricinctus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 53 ; Schreb. Sdugeth. p. 215,
t. 71.
Dasypus apar, Desm. Mamm. p. 3G7, t. 26. f. 3.
Tatusia apar, Lesson, Mam. p. 310.
Tatusia tricincta. Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 181 ; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M. p. 286.
Tolypeutes tricinctus. Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215 ; Grat/, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 379. _
Dasj^us (Tatusia) tricinctus, Rap^), Edent. p. 9.
Apar, Buffon, H. N. x. p. 206.
Hah. Bolivia; Bnenos Ayres.
Fig. 46.
Skull of Toli/peiites tricinctus.
2. Tolypeutes. SkuU without any bony jnwninence above each orbit.
Toes 4 . 5. Tail, base broadly expanded, end conical, beneath convex.
Frontal shield narrow, flat.
2. Tolypeutes conurus. (Mataco.) B.M.
Frontal shield flat, narrow, produced behind the head into a kind
CnLAMYDOPHORID^E. 387
of hood, and truncated on the hinder edge. Nape without any tes-
serae. Front claws four, the outer one small, the middle one very
large and strong.
Dasj'iDus (Tolypeutes) couurus, 7s. Ocoff. Compt. Mend. 1847 ; Rev.
Zuol 1847, p. l;3o ; Burmekter, lieise d. La riata-St. ii. p. 427 ;
Giebel, Zeitsvhrift, 18G1, p. 93, t. (skull).
Tolypeutes conurus. Gray, P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 380.
Mataco, Azara, ii. p. 161.
Hah. South America, La Plata (Burmeister).
The specimen living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, I
have been informed by Mr. Bartlett and Dr. Peters, has only three
front claws ; all those in the British Museum have foui', which ap-
pears to be the noi-mal number. In other respects the animals are
similar. The shell of the living animal is blackish brown. The
skin between the central rings is brown, bald, and smooth. The
animal sleeps roUed up with its head downwards.
The skull that Giebel (Zeitschrift, 1S61, t. 234. f. 2) figui-es as
that of Dasi/jnfs conurus, I am assured by Dr. Burmeister, belongs to
this species ; it is unlike the skull of Tolypeutes tricinctus in not
having any tubercles over the orbits ; I was doubtful, as one of the
skulls figured on these plates is wrongly determined, the one named
D. viUostis being D. sexclnctits.
[Fam. GLYPTODONTID^.
Dorsal shield entire, not revolute, immoveably affixed to the upper
part of the very large pelvis.
Genera: — 1. Gh/pfodon, Owen; 2. Panochthus, Burm. ; 3. Ho-
plophorus, Lund (Schistopleurum, Nodot.).
Dr. Burmeister thinks there is a ventral shield ; but in the figure
it is only " hyp)otheticalhi indicated ; " and he calls the group Bilori-
cata (Burm. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1864; Anales del Museo Publico
de Buenos Aires, iii. 1866, p. 183, t. 6). The head is probably con-
tractile under the dorsal shield.]
Fam. 5. CHLAMYDOPHORIDiE.
The dorsal disk divided into two parts behind, forming an elon-
gated dorsal and short pelvic shield ; the latter is attached to the
bones of the pelvis.
Chlamydophorina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 381.
388 CHLAMYDOrnOEIT)^.
Synojosis of tlie Genera.
1. Chlamtdophoetjs. The dorsal shield only attached by the
middle of the back, which is covered with hair on the sides.
2. BuRMEisTEEiA. The dorsal shield attached to the skin to its
/ - edge.
ft ^<^ 1. CHLAMYDOPHORUS.
/^J^ The dorsal disk free beneath, only attached to the middle of the
back. Pelvic shield and the tail covered with tesserae. The sides
of the back under the shield, the underside of the body, and limbs
covered with silky hair.
Osteology.— Yaxve]]., Zool. Journ. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 213 ;
Gray, P.Z. S. 1857, p. 8 (fig. pelvis) ; Ann. N. H. xix. 1857, p. 492.
Chlamydophorus, Harlan ; Happ, Edent. p. 12 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 381.
Dasypus (Chlamypliorus), Fischer, Syn. p. 394.
Chlamyphorus, Gray; Stirmeister.
Chlamydophorus tnmcatus. (Pichiciago.) B.M.
Chlamydophorus truncatus, Harlan, Acad. Lye. Nat. Hist. W. York,
1825, t. ; Burmeister, Reise La Plata-St. i. p. 297, ii. p. 429 ; Rapp,
Edent. p. 22 ; Yarrell, Zool. Jo^irn. iii. p. 544, 1837 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 381.
Chlamyphorus tmncatus, Gray, P. Z. S. xxv. 1857, p. 9 (skeleton) ;
Burmeister, Ann. ^ May. N. H. xi. (1863) p. 308.
Hab. Chili, Mendoza.
2. BURMEISTERIA.
The dorsal shield attached to the skin of the back to the edge.
The pelvic disk and the tail only partly covered with tesserae. The
sides and underpart of the body and limbs covered with woolly
hair.
Burmeisteria, Gray, P. Z. S.^ 1865, p. 381.
Clamydophorus, sp., Burmeister.
Burmeisteria retusa.
The plates of the dorsal shield with one or two bristles on the
hinder edge ; those on the sides of the back with many bristles on
the lower edge. The upper part of the pelvic disk with pencils of
bristles.
Clamyphorus retusus, Burmeister, Ahh. Naturf. Ges. zu Halle, vii.
p. 167, t. 1, 1863 ; Ann. ^ May. N. H 1863,* xi. p. 308.
Burmeisteria retusa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 381.
Hah. BoHvia ; Santa Cruz de la Sierra {Burmeister).
Larger than Chlamydophorus truncatus.
ORyCTEROPODID.T:. 389
Section III. Body covered with hair or spines, not mth armour.
Fam. 6. ORYCTEROPODIDyE.
Body covered with bristles. Head conical ; mouth large. Teeth
numerous. Toes 4.5; inner front wanting ; three middle longest.
Claws broad.— Gray P- ^- ^- 1865, p. 382.
Osteoh(ni.—Cxi\{ci\ Oss. Foss. v. p. 139, 1. 12 ; Turner, P. Z. S.
1851, p. 220 ; Rapp, Edent. t. 4 ; Suudevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand.
1841, X. p. 236, t.
Myi-mecophaprina ("partly), Graij, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 190.
On'cteropodidfB, Turnr'r, I. c. p.' 220; Grai/, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 382.
Fodieutia, Gicbel, Siiugetli. p. 412.
ORYCTEROPUS. n^/y ,,.. /q,JJ iL,
Character of family. ^^^A
1. Orycteropus capensis. (Aard Vark.) B.M.
Facial line nearly straight ; the nose elongate, thick, scarcely
attenuated.
Myrniecophagus capensis, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 53.
Myi-mecophagus afra, Pall. Misc. Zool. p. 64.
Orycteropus capensis, Geo^. ; Desm. Mamm. p. 372 ; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. B. M. p. 190; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 382; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 287; Smuts, Mam. Cap. p. 52; Sundevall, I. c. 1841,
p. 228; Owen, Odont. t. 76. f. 8, 9, 11, t. 77, 78; Rapp, Edent.
p. 13, t. 1-4 (skull) ; Duve)-noy, Ann. Sci. Nat. xix. p. 192, t. 96
(skull).
Cochon-de-terre allemand, Buffon, H. N. v. t. 2 ; Camper, Act.
Petrop. 1777, p. 222, t. 4. f. 6 (skull).
Orycterope, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 12 (skeleton).
Oryct(5rope du Cap, Ciiv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 117, t. 12 (skull).
Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.
2. Orycteropus aethiopicus.
Forehead before the eyes, shelving ; the nose short, thin ; the
first front toe longer than the rest.
Orycteropus aethiopicus, Sundevall, Kong. V. Akad. Hand. 1841,
p. 226, t. 3. f. 1-5; Rapp, Edent. p. 13; Gi-ay, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 382.
Hab. Sennaar (Hedenborff).
I
3. Orycteropus senegalensis
senegalensis. Lesson, Mam. p. £
. p. 192, t. 9, 1863.
Ifah. Senegal. May be the same as the former
? Orycteropus senegalensis. Lesson, Mam. p. 277; Ihivemoy, Ann.
Sci. Nat. xix. p. 192, t. 9, 1863.
390
MYEMECOPHAGID.E.
Fam. 7. MYRMECOPHAGID^.
Body covered witli hair. Head conical, elongate ; mouth small.
Teeth none.
Ci/i u A Edentata genuina, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 97.
l/^'^tiAc Myrmecopliagidcie, Turner, I. c. p. 217 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 383.
A / .*< MjTniecophagina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 190.
l^i^"^ /"a V Myrmeeopbaga, Linn. S. J^. i. p. 52,
y / Jjipodouta, Nitzsch.
/ Vermilingua, III. Prodr.
The ribs of the animals of this family are flat and more or less
dilated on the outer side ; they are most dilated in the Cyclofhuri,
where they are expanded nearly their whole length, and so much so
that they overlap each other, and form a complete armour to the
thoracic viscera. The figure given by Rapp agrees with the skele-
tons in the British Museum. The ribs of the skeleton of Myrme-
copMcja figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. t. 9) and Rapp (Edentata,
t. 6) are only dilated on the middle of the outer side, and not there
to such an extent as in the above-named genus.
Synojjsis of the Genera.
* Terrestrial. Tail bristly. Teeth 5.
1. Mtrmecophaga. Tail covered with long hair.
** Arboreal. Tail conical, prehensile.
2. Tamandua. Teeth ^ ; covered with short hair.
3. Cyclothurtis. Teeth | ; covered with silky hair.
a. Terrestrial. Tail bristly ; loalking on side of feet, with elates curved up.
1. MYEMECOPHAGA.
Toes 4 . 5. Palatine and pterygoid bones united beneath the
nasal canal for its whole length. Fur of body and tail elongate,
flaccid. Tail \ev\ bushy, lax. Skull very long, very slender ; nose
very slender, much longer than the brain-case. Terrestrial, living
solitary in marshes.
Osteology. — Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 97, t. 9 ; Rapp, t. 46.
Myi-mecophaga, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 383.
Myrmecopliaga jubata.
Fur blackish grey, mixed ; hind Hmbs and a mark rimning ob-
liquely from the shoulders upwards and backwards black.
Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 52; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B.M. p. 288; Rapp, Edent. p. 14, t. 46 (skull); Gray,P.Z.S.
1865, p. 383.
2. TAMANUUA. 391
Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, p, 35.
Myrmecophag'a sciurea, Pallas, Misc. p. 60.
Tama noir, Buffon, H. N. x. p. 144, t. 29; S'upp. iii. t. 55; Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. V. p. 97, t. 9.
Great Ant-eater, Peun.
Hah. South. America, La Plata.
Anatomi/.—Hee Owen, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 22 ; Ann. & Mag. N. H.
xix. p. 59 ; Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 117; Rapp, Edent. t. 4G (ske-
leton) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 9 (skeleton).
b. Arboreal. Tail conical, prehensile ; feet claspinr/ the branches.
2. TAMANDUA.
Toes 5 . 4. Palatine and pteiygoid bones united beneath the
nasal canal for the whole length. Fur of body and tail short, bristly.
Tail tapering, prehensile. Skull long, slender ; nose nearly as long
as brain-case (Rapp, t. 5). Living on trees.
Tamandua, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 383.
The tongue (figured by Rapp, Edent. t. 6. f. 4) is elongate, cylin-
drical, rather tapering, covered with rings of acute tubercles, and
with a globular end.
1. Tamandua bivittata. (Collared Tamandua.) B.M.
Head, shoulders, fore limbs, outside of hind limbs, and middle of
the tail white ; a stripe from each side of the neck over the shoulder
and remaining part black. " Tail but little longer than the body ;
its terminal third scaly." — Turner.
Var. Black less intense.
^Ivi'mecophaga tridactyla, Linn. S. N. p. 51.
Mvrmecophaga tetradactvla, Linn. S. JV. p. 52; Happ, Edent. p. 14,
t. 3 b, t. 5 (skull).
Mymiycopbaga tamandua, Cuv. ; Desm. Mamni. p. 374 ; Blainv.
Osteof/r. t. (skeleton).
Tamandua tetradactjda, Lesson ; Oray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 191 ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 288; Turner, P. Z. H. 1851. p. 218 ;
Besni. N. Diet. H. N. xii. p. 107 ; Masstnann, Descr. 1823, t. 2
(skull).
Myrmecophaga bivittata, Desm. A\ Diet. H. N. xii. p. 107.
Myrmecophaga nigra, Geoff. : Desm. N. Diet. H. X. xii. p. 107.
Myrmecophaga myosura, Pallas, Miscell. p. (54.
Myrmecophaga ursiua, Griff. A. K. p. 16.
MyTuiecophaga crispiis, Rilpp. 3L/s. Senck. iii. p. 179.
Tamandua bi^-ittata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 384.
Tamandua, Buffon, H. X. x. p. 144; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. lOL
Middle Ant-eater, Penn.
Hah. Brazil ; Paraguay.
Myrmecophaga annulata (Desm. Mamm. p. 374, from Kruscn-
stcrn. Voyage, t. fig., altered Griffith, A. K. t. 144) and M. annulata
et M. striata (Shaw, from Buff. H. N. Supp. iii. t. 5G) are only a
Coati {Nasua) disfigured.
392 MYKMECOPHAGID^B.
2. Tamandua longicaudata. (Yellow Tamandua.) B.M.
Uniform light ochraceous, with a paler vertebral line ; tail nearly
double the length of the body, its terminal half covered with small
scales and a few scattered black hairs ; ears large, rounded, about
one-third the length of the head ; no shoulder-streak.
Myrmecophaga longicaudata, Wagner ; Tui-ner, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 218 ;
'Biirm. Thier. Bras. p. 304.
Tamandua longicaudata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 384.
Hab. ? (B. M. and Zool. Soc).
3. CYCLOTHUEUS.
Toes 2.5; the outer front one much the largest. Pterygoid bones
meeting, presenting two long, parallel, and little-prominent crests,
and much extended backward, and not forming a canal. Skull short,
broad ; nose moderate, slender, shorter than the brain-case. The
ribs ai-e very broad, dilated, forming a solid armour to the chest, and
overlapping each other (see Eapp, t. 5. f. 3, 4, 5).
Cyclotluu-us, Gra)/, List Mamm. B. M. ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 384 ; Turner,
P. Z. 6: 1851, p. 218.
1. Cyclothurus didactylus. B.M.
Fulvous, blackish-washed ; feet and tail grey ; longer hairs with
minute black tips.
Myrmecophaga didactyla, Litm. S. N. i. p. 51 ; Bapp, Edent. p. 15,
t. 5. f. 3-6 (skiill) ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. (skeleton) ; Massmann, De-
script. 182.3, 1. 1;
Myrmecophaga minima, Brisson, R. A. p. 28.
Cyclothmus didactjdus. Lesson ; Gray, Cat. Manim. B. M. p. 191 ;
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 385.
Little Ant-eater, Edw. Glean, i. p. 220, t. 220.
Fom-milier a deux doigts, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 103.
Hub. South America, Brazil.
2. Cyclothurus dorsalis. B.M.
Golden yellow, silky ; back with a broad, weU-defined black stripe ;
feet and tail yellow.
Cyclothurus dorsalis, Graij, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 385, t. 19.
Hab. Costa Rica (Salvin).
The back and sometimes the sides are washed with blackish. Al-
ways known by the distinct, well-defined, broad dorsal streak, and
the yeUow colour of the feet and tail.
ORNITHORYNCUIDJJ. ii'J3
Suborder III. MONOTREMATA.
Pelvis witli marsupial bones. Tongue elongate. Pace like
a beak. Insectivorous.
Monotrema, Geoff.
Reptantia, llliger.
Fam. 8. ORNITHORYNCHIDtE.
Body covered with haii' or spines. Mouth in the form of a flat,
depressed, or slender beak, subcylindrical. Hind feet of the male
spurred. Skeleton with marsupial bone, and a merrythought (/'■"'-
cula) like that of birds.
Ornithorliyuchidc-e, Gray, P. Z. 8. 18G5, p. 385.
S[inopsis of ihe Genera.
1. Platypus. Head depressed. Body covered with fui'. Feet ex-
panded, webbed.
2. Echidna. Head slender, conical, tapering. Body covered with
spines. Feet with long claws.
1. PLATYPUS.
Beak depressed. Body covered with hair. Tail broad, short,
depressed. Feet very short. Toes 5.5; front toes united by a
web. Hind feet with an acute spm- on the inner side.
Platypus, S/iair, Viv. Nat. 179!> ; Graij, P. Z. S. 186."), p. 385.
Ornithorhynchus, Blumeribach, Handh. p. 135, 1800.
Ornitliorhynque, Cxv. Oss. Foss. t. 14.
Demipus, Wiedcm. Zool. Arch, i, p. 175.
Platypus anatinus.
Platypus anatinus, Shan; N'af. 3Ii.sc. t. 385 ; Gen. Zool. i. p. 229, t. 66,
67, 1799; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.M. p. 288 ; Grai/,P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 385.
Demipus anatinus, Wtedm. Zool. Arch. i. p. 175, t.
Omithorhj-ncluis paradoxus, Blumoib. Handb. ed. 10, p. 135 ; Abbild.
i. 41, 1800; Home, Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 87.
Omithcirln luhus anatiuus, Goidd, Mamm. Austr. i. t. 1.
Omithmliynchus brevirostiis, Or/ilbii, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 150.
OrnithorliyuL'hus rufus, Leach, Zool. Mine. p. 136.
Ornithorhynchus fuscus, Leaeh, Zool. Misc. ii. p. 136, t. 111.
Omithorliynchus crispus et O. la;vis, Macgillivray, Mem. Tfe/vi. Soc.
v. p. 127.
IHick-billed Platypus, Shaw.
Omithorhynque, Cuv. Os.s. Foss. v. p. 143, t. 14 (skeleton).
JIab. South-eastern Australia and Van Diemen's Land.
2d
394 OBNITHOBTNCHTD^.
2. ECHIDNA.
Beak elongate, cylindrical, attenuated. Mouth small, terminal.
Tongue very long. Body covered with spines. Tail very short.
Osteology. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 13 (shield).
Echidna, Cuv. Tahl. Elhn. p. 143, 1797; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 386.
Tachyglossus, Uliger, Prodr. 1811.
Omithorhynchus, sp., Home.
Mynnecophaga, sp., Shaic.
Echidna aculeata.
Echidna aculeata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 386.
Echidna australiensis, Less. Main. p. 318.
Echidna hystrix, Chiv. R. A. i. p. 226 ; Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. t. 90 ;
Gu^d(I, Mamm. Atistr. i. t. 2; Gerrard, Cat. Banes B. M. p. 288.
Echidna longiaculeata, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 592.
Mynnecophaga aculeata, Shaiv, Nat. 3Iisc. t. 109, 1792.
Tachyglossus aculeatus, Eliger ; Schreb. Sauyeth. t. 63 B.
Tachyglossus hystrix, Wayner ; Schreb. Sdvyeth. iv. p. 242.
Ornithorhj-nchus hystrix, 'Home, Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 348.
Porcupine Ant-eater, Shaw. •
Echidne, Ctivier, Oss. Foss. v. pp. 144, 613 (skeleton).
Hob. Australia.
Var. More hairy.
Echidna setosa, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 226, 1817: Gould, Mamin. Austr. i.
t. 3.
Echidna brevicaudata, Tiedcmann, Zool. i. p. 392.
Tachyglossus setosus, Llliyer ; Schreb. Sauyeth. t. 63.
Hab. Van Diemen's Land.
Fig. 47.
Skull of Chinese Tug-nosed La^-Aog (Cam's familiarix ehinmsi-'^, p. 195)
c, fontanel ; (/, hinder end of skull.
ADDITIONS.
Viverricula malaccensis (p. 47), add : —
Viverra rasse, Peters, Reise Mossamh. Mamm. p. 113.
Viverra Schle^eli, Poll., Schl. Contributions, Nederl. Tijdsch. iii. p. 78 ;
Schl. 4" Poll Faune de Madcuj. p. 16, t. 10.
Eab. Madagascar. B.M.
A young specimen in the British Museum, received from Mr.
Plant, agrees in all particulars with the Indian animal, and its head
has not the coloiir.s that induced Dr. Schlegel to consider it a distinct
species.
Bdeogale crassicauda (page 165), add :— B.M.
Specimen in spirits, sent from Zanzibar by Dr. Kirk, 1869.
Canis familiaris, var. 3. chinends (p. 195), add: —
Fig. 47, skull.
After Vulpes mesomelas (page 203), add : —
5 a. Viilpes variegatoides (Vaal Jackal).
Canis variegatoides, A. Smith, >S. A. Quart. Journ. ; Chapmein,
Travels.
Hah. South Afiica, in the mountains.
" Smaller than V. mesomelas, the back never black, and not found
in the plains." — Bhjth.
See also Shvnlfe or Barking Jackal, Chapman, ' Travels,' p. 299.
After Helarctos ornatus, add (page 237) : —
4 a. Helarctos ? nasutus.
Black ; nose brown ; a triangular white spot on chest.
Ursus nasutus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 72. fig. a, t. 8.
? Venezuelan Bear, Ker Porter, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 114.
Hub. America, Venezuela ?
ADDITIONS. 397
Ah. Helarctos? frugilegus.
•' Uniform blackish brown, beneath brown."
Ursus frugilegus, Tachudi, Faun. Peru. Mam/ii. p. 90.
Ifab. Peru.
Cercoleptes caudivolvnlus (p. 245), add : —
The Kinkajou was formerly considered a Lemur ; and the manner
in which it uses its feet as hands might well mislead a casual ob-
server. I saw one the other evening in the Zoological Gardens
resting on its rump -with the tail coming out in front between its
hind legs. It was holding in its fore feet a slice of bread ; and
every now and then it would take off a piece with one or the other
of its fore feet, and hold it as in a hand to its mouth, or take fi'om
it small pieces with the other hand like a child eating a cake, and
(piite as handily ; yet this animal has no opposite thumb on any of
the feet, and only short fingers and toes webbed nearly to the claws.
—Grmj, P. Z. S'. 1865, p. 680.
Ehinaster keitloa (page 317).
A skeleton of a full-grown female animal in the British Museum,
collected by Mr. Jesse in Abyssinia (wanting the hinder horn).
The front horn is 16 inches long ; it is nearly circular at the base :
the upper half is much more slender, tapering and rather com-
pressed at the end. The hinder horn is said to have been about half
the length of the front one, compressed and rather sharp-edged, the
section in the middle of the horn being about thi'ee times as long as
wide.
Compared with the skull and horns of a younger animal of R.
Iiiconiis in the British Museum, received from Mr. Petherick.
The horns differ in being more compressed and the front horn
more slender at the upper part ; but this may depend on the sex.
The skull differs from It. bicornis in being much broader in front,
at the hinder part of the base of the front horn, and especially be-
tween the orbits ; the face is much more bulky and convex on the
sides, not flat and tapering in front as in R. bicornis. The hinder
occipital crest is more expanded backwards, the forehead flat and
broad behind, but wide, convex, and shelving on the sides under
the base of the hinder horns. There can be no doubt of this being
a distinct species.
Length from nasal to condyle 23 inches, from nasal to occipital
crest 22 inches, from nasal to orbit 10 inches, nasal to condyle of
jaw 19 inches 6 lines, of teeth-line 10 inches 6 lines, of lower jaw
18 inches; height of skull 18 inches, of ramus of lower jaw 8
inches ; width at occipital end 9 inches 8 lines, between zygomatic
arches 12 inches 6 lines, of forehead 9 inches 6 lines, of nose
5 inches 6 lines.
The skull of i?. keitloa described by Camper is in the Museum at
Groningen. — Vrolik, Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. p. 24.
398 ADDITIONS.
After Potamoclicerus africanus (p. 341), add: —
" The Bosch Yark (Sus larvatiis) inhabits the reedy margins of
vleys. It is said that they intermingle ■vsdth the domesticated breeds,
and that the hybrid is prolific." — Layard.
Printed by Tayloe AND FRANCIS, Eed Liou Court, Fleet Street.
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11